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ISSOED AMWMXT
MINERAL INDUSTRY
ITS STATISTICS, TECfWOLOGY AND TBAfiE
IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES
N annual technical encyclopedia,
incorporalkg tke most recent de-
velopments and advances evolved
in ike mining and metallurgical
world. Fmhrjiriafl ik^ lafA«» •»«
«f tbe
•Ulntvcreit^ of Mteconsln
VOL. L FRvM iliK KARLIEST TIMES TO THE CLOSE OF 1892. Sa 50
VOL. n. " « « - - jg^^^ J ^
VOL. m. ^ - - - - ,g^^^ J QQ
VOL. IV. • - « - - ,g^5^ J ^
VOL. V. - - - - - ,8^6^ 5 ^^
VOL. VI. - « . - - ,g^y^ 5 00
VOL. Vn. - « « - « ,g^g^ 5 00
VOL. vm. " « - - - ,8^^^ J ^j^,
VOL. IX. - - - - - ^^^^ J ^^
VOL. X. " - « - - jp^,^ J Q^
VOL. XL ** « - « - ,^2^ 5 ^^
VOL. xn. " - « - « ,Qo^^ 5 QQ
£ t d
o 10 5
o
o
The Engineering & Mining Journal
26J Broadway, New York
20 Bucklersbury, London^ E* C
The Mineral Industry
ITS
STATISTICS, TECHNOLOGY AND TRADE
IN THE
UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES
TO THE END OP
1902
FOUNDBD BY THB hkTB
RICHARD P. ROTHWELL
EDITED BY
JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D
VOL. XI
SUPPLEMBNTING YOLnilBS I TO X
SECOND IMPRESSION
NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL
1905
COPTRIORT, 1903
BY
THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL
155832
JUL 1 4 1911 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XL
(Artldee marlrod With an asteriqic (*) are mustnted. and those wiUi tttles in ^
ML
■ 7 M &6 INTRODUCTION.
BAM
/ / Total Value of the Mineral and Metal Production of the United
States — ^Methods of Compiling the Statistics — Statistical Tables of the
Production of Ores and Mineral^.in the United States — ^Production of
Metals — Secondary Mineral Products — ^American Production of Metals
from Foreign Ores — Summary of the Mineral Industry of the United
States in 1902 — Metals — Aluminum — Antimony— Copper— rFerro-
manganese — Ferromolybdenum — Gold — Iron — Iridium — ^Lead — ^Molyb- .
denum — Mckel — Platinum — Quicksilver — Silver — ^Tungsten — ^Zinc —
Ores and Non-metallio Substances — Asbestos — ^Asphaltum and As-
phaltic Products — ^Barytes — Bauxite — Bromine — Calcium Borate —
Cement — Chrome Ore — Clay Products— Coal — Cobalt Oxide — Corun-
dum and Emery — ^Feldspiar — Fluorspar — Fullers Earth — Garnet —
Graphite — Gypsum — Iron Ore — Magnesite — ^Manganese Ore — ^Mica —
Molybdenum Ore — ^Monazite — Natural Gas — Ocher and Iron Oxide Pig-
ments— ^Petroleum — Phosphate Rock — ^Precious Stones — ^Pyrites— Salt
— Silica (including Diatomaceous Earth, Flint> Pumice Stone, Grind-
stones and Whetstones, and Tripoli)— Slate — Soapstone — ^Lithographic
Stone — Strontium Sulphate — Talc — ^Tungsten Ore — ^Uranium Ore-
Zinc Ore — Secondary Products — ^Alum — ^Aluminum Sulphate — ^Am-
monium Sulphate — Carborundum — Coke — CJopperas — Copper Sulphate
— Crushed Steel — ^White Lead, Red Lead, Orange Mineral, and Litharge
— ^Mineral Wool — Soda— Venetian Red — ^Zinc Sulphate— Zinc White — 1 — ^10
ALUMINUM AND ALUM.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Bauxite — Statistics of the United States
— Imports and Exports of French Bauxite — ^World's Production of
Bauxite — ^France — Italy — ^Alabama — Georgia — Arkansas — Corundum
and Emery — Production in and Imports into the United States —
Progress in the Corundum and Emery Industry during 1902 (by Joseph
Hyde Pratt, p. 1%)— Montana— {By L. S. Ropes, p. isy-^anador^^
(by B. A. C. Craig, p. 19) — Emery in Greece — ^Turkey — ^Emery Wheel
Manufacture — Cryolite — Imports into the United States — Aluminum-^
Production, Imports and Consumption in the United States — ^Duly—
World's Production and Commerce — Progress in the Aluminum Indus-
try in 1902 (by John B. C. Kershaw, p. 23) — Production, Market and
Prices — Companies — Utilization of Aluminum — Use for Electric Con-
ductors— ^Alloys — Balloon, Cycles and Motor Cars— Printing — ^Foun-
dry and Metallurgical Uses — ^Miscellaneous Uses — ^Properties of Alu-
minum— Alum and Aluminum Sulphate — Production, Imports and
Consumption of Artificial Alum in the United States — ^Market Condi-
tions— Natural Alum — Italy 11 — 36
iv CONTENTS.
AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM SULPHATE-
»JiiA
(By Henry Fisher.) — ^Production of Ammonia and Imports of Am-
monium Sulphate in the United States — ^World^s Production of Am-
monium Sulphate and Sodium Nitrate — ^Prices — Germany — ^United
Kingdom 86—38
ANTIMONY.
(By Joseph Struthers) — ^Production, Imports and Consumption in ,
the United States — World^s Production of Antimony Ore and Metal-^
Algeria — Australasia — ^Austria — ^Bolivia — Borneo— Canada — China —
France — Hungary — ^Italy — Japan — Mexico — Portugal — Servia — Spain
— ^Turkey — Market Conditions in New York — ^Technology — ^Electrolytic
Extraction of Antimony from Ores— Improved Method of Antimony
Smelting — White Antimony Oxide — ^Determination of Antimony and
Arsenic — Specific Grayily and Composition of Hard Lead 89—46
ARSENIC.
(By Joseph Struthers) — ^Production and Imports into the United
States-^Market Conditions — ^World's Production of Arsenic — Canada —
France — Germany— India — ^Italy — Spain — ^United Kingdom — Determi-
nation of Arsenic and Copper in Iron Ores — ^Determination of Arsenic
and Antimony in Sulphides — ^Becovery of Arsenic Fume from Furnaee
Gases 46—49
ASBESTOS.
(By Henry Fisher) — Production, Imports and Market Conditions
in the United States — Fireproof Asbestos Preparation — ^World^s Pro-
duction of Asbestos — Canada 60 — 61
ASPHALTUM.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production of Asphaltum and BituminouB
Sock in the United States — ^Asphalt Companies — ^Arkansas — Califor-
nia— ^Indian Territoiy— JSTen/wciy (by William E. Burk^ p. 64) — Texas
— ^Utah — World's Production of Asphaltum and Asphaltic Eock — ^As-
phaltum in Foreign Countries— <7w6o (by H. C. Brown, p. 66) —
France — Germany — Italy — ^Trinidad and Tobago— Turkey — ^Venezuela
— ^The New York & Bermudez Co. — Ozokerite — Austria — ^United States
— Petroleum and Maltha Products Used in the Paving Industry (by A.
W. Dow, p. 60)— Patents 68—63
BAEYTES.
(By Joseph Struthers and Henry Fisher) — ^Production, Imports
and Consumption in the United States — Production of Baiytes in the
World — Missouri — North Carolina — ^Tennessee — Virginia — ^Market
Conditions — Canada — ^Technology — ^Barium Chloride — ^Barium Oxide—
Lithophone — Patents 64—67
BISMUTH.
(By Joseph Struthers) — ^Production of Bismuth Ores in the United
States — ^Market — ^Bismuth in Colorado — Imports of Bismuth into the
OONTBNTa.
United States — ^AuBtralasia— Beview of Analytical Ghemistiy — ^Leach-
ing Frooeea for Bismuth Ore 68 — 69
BOBAX.
(By Joseph Struthers) — ^Production and Imports of Borax in the
United States — ^The California Borax Fields — Oregon Borax Deposito—
Market — ^World's Production — Borax Consolidated, Ltd. — Argentina —
Bolivia— ChUe— Italy— Peru— Turkey 70—72
BROMINE.
(By Joseph Struthers) — ^Production of Bromine in the United
States — ^Michigan — Companies Manufacturing Bromine — Process for
Beeovering Bromine — Dow Process 73—74
CALCIUM CAEBIDE AND ACETYLENE.
(By Henry Fisher) — ^Acetylene Generators — Patents — ^Lamps^—
Car Lighting — ^Acetone as Absorbent for Acetylene — Explosion of Acet-
ylene— ^Burners — ^Purification — Calcium Carbide Market — ^XJnion Car-
bide Co. — ^Uses of Carbide — Carbide as a Reducing Agent 75—77
CARBORUNDUM.
Production and Consimiption of Carborundum in the United States
—Grades 78
CEMENT.*
Production of Portland and Natural Hydraulic Cement in the
United States— Output of Slag Cement — ^Imports and Exports— Tfca
Cement Industry in the United States during 1902 (by Charles F.
McKenna, p. 80) — ^Portland Cement — ^Rate of Increase in the Annual
Production — Consumption in the United States — ^Testing of Cement —
Technology — ^Prices — Natural Hydraulic Cement — Slag Cement and
Slag Brick Manufacture during 1902 (by Edwin C. Eckel, p. 85) —
Slag Cenmit — ^Method of Mlanuf acture at the Stewart Iron Co.— In
France — Slag Bricks — Analyses — Slag Blocks — The Mechanical Equip-
ment of a Modem Portland Cement Plant* (by Frederick H. Lewis,
p. 88) — History — Quarrying — Reduction of Raw Materials — Crushing
Plant of Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Ind. — ^Belt Conveyors and Stone
House — Grinding Raw Materials — ^Arrangement of Griffin Mills — Mill
Layout — Kominuter Ball Mill — Tube Mill — Plan and Vertical Section
of a 60-Ton Plant for Crushing Raw Materials — ^Arrangement of Mod-
em Ball and Pebble Mill — ^Kiln Practice — ^Rotary Kilns for Burning
Portland Cement— Cylindrical Kiln — Clinker Cooler— Wet Raw Mate-
rials— Grinding Clinker — Coal Grinding — Cummer Dryer — Machinery
in Coal Grinding Building— Packing and Shipping — Coal Dryer 79 — 119
CHROMIUM AND CHROME ORE.
(By Joseph Struthers and Henry Fisher) — ^Production, Imports
and Congmnption of Chrome in the United States — Output of Ferro-
chromium — California — Chrome Ore Mines — ^World's Production of
Chrome Ore — Canada — Greece — ^New Caledonia — ^New South Wale
vi 00NTSNT8.
PJJStL
New Zealand — ^Norway — ^Turkey — ^Technology — Composition of Metal-
lic Chromium — Duty on Ferrochrome — Chrome Solutions for Tanning
Leather — ^Use of Hydrazine Sulphate in the Estimation of Chromates. . . 120 — 124
CLAY.
Economic Conditions — ^Production of Brick, Clay Wares, and Clay
Building Material in the United States — ^Value of the Clay Products —
Review of the Literature of Clay and Clay Products in 1902 (by Hein-
rich Eies, p. 129) — Clay Deposits — Colorado — Missouri — North Caro-
lina— ^Washington — ^Austria — Canada — France — Germany — Russia —
Properi;ies of Clay — Softening Temperature — Dehydration — Plasticity
—Permeability — Composition — Mechanical Analyses — Chemical Analy-
ses— ^Pyrometers — ^Manufacture of Zinc Retorts — Pottery Qlazes —
Bodies— Porcelain— Tiles— Brick 125—133
COAL AND COKE.*
(By Samuel Sanford, D. H. Newland and Henry Fisher) — Statis-
tics of Production, Imports, Exports and Consumption of Coal and Coke
in the United States — Ohio— Pennsylvania — ^West Virginia — Other
States — Production of Coal in the Chief Countries of the World — ^Africa
— ^Australasia — Canada — China — Europe — India — Japan — Mexico —
South America — Anthracite Coal Trade in 1902 (by Samuel Sanford,
p. 140) — Trade by Months — Seaboard Bituminous Coal Trade (by Sam-
uel Sanford, p. 143) — Trade by Months— fieccn^ developments in the
Anthracite Coal Trade (by Samuel Sanford, p. 145) — General Review
— Shipments from the Anthracite Regions and Percentage of Coal
Handled by Each Road — Circular and Selling Prices of Stove Coal at
New York Harbor — By-Product CoJce Ovens* (by F. Schniewind, p.
158) — ^By-Product Coke Ovens in the United States and Canada in
1902 — Otto-Hilgenstock By-Product Coke Oven — Quenching Car— Test
of the Temperature of the Oven Charge — ^Report of the Chief Inspector
of Alkali Works in the United Kingdom 134—161
COPPER.*
(By Joseph Struthers, D. H. Newland and Henry Fisher) — Sta»-
tistics of Production and Consumption in the United States — ^Imports
and Exports — ^Production of Copper Sulphate — ^Alaska — Arizona (by
James Douglas) California — ^Idaho — ^Michigan (by D. H. Newland) —
Reports of-Michigan Copper Mines — Montana (by W. H. Weed) Nevada
— New Jersey — ^New Mexico — North Carolina— South Dakota — ^Tennes-
see— ^Utah — Wyoming (by Wilbur C. Knight) — ^Philippine Islands-
Copper Mining in Foreign Countries — ^Australia — ^World's Copper Pro-
duction, 1898-1902 — ^Argentina— Bolivia — Brazil — Canada (by Samuel
S. Fowler, p. 177) — Cuba — Italy (by Giovanni Aichino, p. 179)Mexico
(by James W. Malcolmson, p. 179) — ^Newfoundland — ^Norway — Portur
gal — Russia — South Africa— Spain — ^United Kingdom — Copper Mar-
kets in 1902 — ^New York Market — ^London Market — Progress in the
Metallurgy of Copper during 1902* (by Joseph Struthers and D. H.
OOKTENTS, Vii
PAOB
Newland, p. 188) — Automatic Ore Sampling — Smelting Ore and Matte
.at Leadville and Robinson, Colo. — Smelting Raw Sulphide Ores at
Duektown, Tenn. (by W. H. Freeland, p. 191) — New Copper and Lead
Smelters at Salida, Colo. — Smelting Practice at Santa Fe, Mexico. —
Trail Smelter (by W. H. Aldridge) — Granby Smelter — New Copper
Smelter at Crofton, B. C. — Smelting Practice at Greenwich, B. C. —
Blast Furnace Capacity — Reverberatory Furnaces for Smelting Copper*
(by E. P. Mathewson, p. 200)— Cost and Profit in Pyritic Smelting of
Low-grade Copper Ores — Heated Blast in Copper Smelting — Herreshoflf
Roasting Furnace — Furnace Construction* — Garreston Furnace —
Treatment of Low-grade Siliceous Copper Ores (by Edward E. Peters,
p. 206)^ — Proposed Process for the Extraction of Copper from Low-
grade Ores — Elimination of Impurities from Copper Matte* — Process
for Treating Copper Matte — Copper Residues, Precipitates avid Scrap
(by H. A. Mather) — ^Analysis of Copper Slags — Trogress in the Elec-
trolytic Refining of Copper in 1902 (by Titus ITlke, p. 216) — ^Electro-
lytic Copper Refineries — Output, Cost, etc., of Copper Refineries — Cur-
rent Densities in Refining— Use of Heavy Anodes — Regeneration of
Foul Solution— Metallurgical Crane 162—220
COPPERAS.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production of Copperas in the United
States — Manufacture and Uses — ^Producers — Prices at New York 221 — 222
PROGRESS IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROMETAL-
LURGY IN 1902.*
(By John B. C. Kershaw) — General Progress — ^Alkalies and Bleach
— Caustic Soda — ^Aluminum — ^Antimony — ^Arsenic — ^Barium Hydrate —
Bullion Refining — Calcium Carbide — Carborundum — Chlorates — Cop-
per— ^Ferrochromium and Similar Alloys — Graphite — Hypochlorites —
Iron and Steel — Electric Furnaces — ^Lead — Magnesium — Molybdenum
and Other Rare Metals — Nickel — Nitric Acid and Nitrates — Organic
Products — Oxygen and Hydrogen — Ozone — Sodium, Sodium Peroxide
and Sodium Cyanide— Tanning— Tin— Zinc 223—236
FELDSPAR.
Production of the United States — Market and Prices 237
FLUORSPAR.
(By Henry Fisher) — ^Production and Producers of Fluorspar in the
United States — Market — ^Arizona — Illinois — Kentucky — ^Tennessee —
Production in the Principal Countries of the World— TAe Use of So-
dium Fluoride for the Purification of Water (by Chas. A. Doremus,
p. 240) 238—240
FULLERS EARTH.
(By Henry Fisher) — Production and Imports of Fullers Earth in
the United States — New York Market — Arkansas — Florida — Georgia —
viii OONTEKTS.
France — Tiirkey — Technology — Experiments on the Diffusion of Crude
Petroleum through Fullers Earth 241 — ^242
GARNET.
Production of Garnet in the United States — ^North Creek Mines —
Pennsylvania — ^Connecticut — North Carolina — Prices 243
GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.
(By Joseph Struthers and Henry Fisher) — Production of Precious
Stones in the United States — Diamonds — ^United States — South Afri-
can Mines — ^Australasia — ^Brazil — British Guiana — Dutch East Indies
— India-r-Artificial Diamonds — ^Technology — ^Emeralds — Opals — ^Ruby
— Sapphires — ^Turquoise — Tourmaline — Chrysoprase — ^Amethyst 24X — ^251
GOLD AND SILVER.*
(By Joseph Struthers, D. H. Newland and Henry Fisher) — ^Pro-
duction of Gold in the United States — ^Production of Gold in the World
— Production of Silver in the United States — Silver Production of the
World — Charts of the Gold and Silver Production of the Principal
Countries of the World — Coinage of the Mints of the United States —
Imports and Exports of Gold and Silver of the United States — Imports
and Exports of Coin and Bullion of Austria-Hungary — France — Ger-
many— ^United Kingdom — Gold and Silver Mining in the United
States — ^Alaska — Arizona — California — Colorado — Gteorgia — ^Idaho—
Montana (by W. H. Weed, p. 261) — New Mexico — ^North Carolina —
South Carolina — South Dakota — ^Tennessee — Utah — ^Virginia — ^Wash-
ington — Wyoming (by Wilbur C. Kjiight) — Gold and Silver Mining
in Foreign Countries — British Columbia (by Samuel S. Fowler, p.
267) — ^Dawson — Newfoundland — Nova Scotia — Ontario — Mexico (by
James W. Malcolmson, p. 270) — Costa Rica — ^Honduras — ^Nicaragua —
Salvador — Argentina — ^Bolivia — Brazil — Chile — Columbia — ^Ecuador
— Guiana — ^Peru — ^Uruguay — Russia — Servia — Spain — • Egypt — Gold
Coast — Ivory Coast — Madagascar — ^Rhodesia — ^Transvaal — ^West Africa
— China — Dutch East Indies — India — Japan — Corea — ^Malay Peninsula
— New South Wales — New Zealand — Queensland — ^South Australia —
Tasmania — Victoria — ^Western Australia — New Guinea — Progress in
Gold Milling during 1902 (by R. H. Richards, p. 296) — Stamp Mill
Construction — Mortar Foundations in Oregon — ^Mortar Foundations in
California — Individual Mortar Stamp Mill — Sluice Plates — Morison's
Open-Front Mortar Box — ^Theory of the Patio Process of Amalgamation
— Mill Practice in Arizona — In Colorado — ^In South Dakota — In Cali-
fornia— In Bendigo— At the Kalgurli Gold Mines, Ltd. — ^Hydrau-
licking and Placer Working — Hydraulic Mining — Gold Bug Mining
Co., Cal. — ^Distribution of Gold in Sluice Boxes — ''Crown Gold" Dry
Concentrating Plant — ^Dry Blowers in Australian Gold Placers — ^Placers
of La Cienga, Mex. — Hydraulic Practice in Oregon — Gold Dredging —
Recovery of Fine Gold from Snake River Sands— Snake River Suction
Dredge — ^Advance Stripping, New Z^and — Dredging in New Zealand
aONTBNTS, ix
PAGI
— ^In Britiah Columbia— In California — ^In Nevada — ^In West Siberiar—
Platinum Washing in the Urals — A Review of the Cyanide Process in the
Year 1902* (by Charles H. Pulton, p. 305)— Arizona— California-
Colorado*— Idaho— M0ntana—-Neyada — New Mexico— Oregon — South
Dakota — Utah — ^Warfiington — Cyanide Practice in Foreign Countries
— ^West^3i Australii^-New Zealand — ^Wet Crushing and Direct Cyanid-
ing — Treatment of Slimes — ^Bromo-Cyanogen Process — Befining of
Precipitates — ^Treatmient of Concentrates — Commercial Pbtassium —
Cyanides — ^Treatment of Cuperiferous Gold Ores — ^Patents — MisceUa<-
neous — Cyanide Poisoning — Cyanide Patent Decisions — Cyaniding Sul-
phO'Telluride Ores (by Phillip Argall, p. 334)— Diehl Process-
Comparison of Cost of Diehl and Boasting Processes — The Treatment
of Sulpho-Telluride Ores at Kalgoorlie (by W. A* Prichard and H. C.
Hoover, p. 338) — Introductory — ^Diehl Process — ^Boasting Process —
Workii^j Costs 262—342
GBAPHITE.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production, Imports and Consumption of
Graphite in the United States — Grinders — ^Manufacturers of Crucibles
— ^Paint — Stove Polish — Foundry Facings — Grease and Lubricants —
Dealers — Beview of Progress in the Graphite Industry in 1902 — Ala-
bama— ^Massachusetts — Montana — New Mexico— New York — ^North .
Carolina — ^Pennsylvania — ^Bhode Island — • Washington — Wisconsin —
Wyoming — ^World's Production of Graphite — Australasia — Canada —
Graphite Industry in Canada in 1902 (by W. E. H. Carter, p. 349) —
McDonald Mine — ^McConnell Mine — Artificial Graphite — ^Production
and Value from 1897 to 1902 — ^Manufacture — Graphite Electrodes —
Analytical Determination of Graphite in Ores 343 — 353
GYPSUM.
Production and Imports of Gypsum into the United States — ^Produc-
tion of Gypsum in the Principal Countries of the World — California —
Washington — Oypsum and Oypsum Cement Plaster Industries in Kanr
SOS during 1902 (by Erasmus Haworth, p. 356) — United States Gyp-
sum Co. — ^lowa — ^Kansas — Michigan — New York — Oklahoma — Canada
— France 354r-^6
IBON AND STEEL.
(By Frederick Hobart) — (General Conditions of the Iron and Steel
Industries during 1902 — ^Iron Ore — Iron Ore Mined and Consumed in
the United States— Production of Lake Superior Iron Ore by Banges,
1899-1902— Pig Iron— Pig Iron Production According to the Puer
Used — Pig Iron Production by States — ^Annual Consumption of Pig
Iron in the United States — ^Pig Iron Production by Grades— Pennsyt
vania and Ohio— Steel — ^Production of Steel in the United States-
Finished Iron and Steel — Steel Bails — Iron Manufactures — United
States Steel Corporation — Production — Imports and Exports- of Iron
Steel— Technical Changes— /ron and Steel Markets in iPO«— Oenerally
X CONTENTS.
PAOI
— Alabama (by L. W. Friedman, p. 376) — Ohio (by George H. Gush-
ing, p. 377) — Iron Ore Receipts at Lake Erie Ports — ^Pig Iron — ^Prices
— Bar Iron and Steel — Bar Iron and Steel Market — Sheet Market —
Plates and Structural Material Market — Steel Rails — Pennsylvania (by
S. F. Luty, p. 383) — Average Prices of Iron and Steel in Pittsburg —
Iron and Steel Production of the World — Gharts of the Production of
Pig Iron and Steel in the Principal Countries of the World — ^Austria-
Hungary — Belgium — Canada — France — Germany — ^Italy — ^Russia —
Spain— Sweden — United Kingdom — Other Countries — Iron Ores in
Sweden and Norway — Notes on Progress in Iron and Steel Metallurgy
during 1902 (by Frederick- Hobart, p. 398) — ^Electric Furnaces— New
Economic Possibility of the Electric Reduction of Iron Ore — ^Establish-
ment of an Electrometallurgical Iron Industry in Countries Possessing
no Iron Industry — Steel Obtained from the Reduction of Iron Ores —
New Blast Furnaces — ^The Blast Furnace as a Power Plant 357—404
LEAD.*
(By Joseph Struthers, D. H. Newland and Henry Fisher) — ^Produc-
tion and Consumption of Lead in the United States — Review of Lead
Mining in 1902 — Colorado — Idaho — Iowa — ^Kansas — Missouri — Mon-
tana— Nevada — Tennessee — Texas — Utah — ^World's Production of Lead
— Chart of the Production of Lead in the Principal Countries of the
World — ^Production, Imports, Exports and Consumption of Lead in the
Principal Countries of the World — Lead Mining in Foreign Countries —
Algeria — ^Australasia — Austria — Hungary — Bolivia— Canada (by Sam-
uel S. Fowler, p. 415) — Chile — France — Germany — Italy — Mexico (by
James W. Malcolmson, p. 417) — Portugal — Spain — Turkey — ^Lead Mar-
kets in 1902 — Monthly Prices of Lead in New York — ^London Market —
Production and Imports of White Lead, Litharge and Orange Mineral
— Price in New York of Corroding Pig Lead and White Lead in Oil —
Progress in the Manufacture of White Lead (by Parker C. McUheney,
p. 423) — General Progress — Gabel Process — Manufacture of Orange
Mineral — Recent Improvement in Lead Smelting* (by H. 0. Hoffman^
p. 425) — New Publications — ^Distillation of Lead — Market Lead — Cor-
rosion of Lead Service Pipes by Water — Melting and Boiling Points —
Lead-Tellurium Alloys — ^Lead Ores of Southeast Missouri — ^Importation
of Lead Ores — Sampling Ores — Johnston Sampler — Sampling Milla—
Foster-Coolidge Sampler — ^Assay Balances — Assay Furnaces— Cupels —
Assay of Lead Ores — Assay of Lead in Slags — Silver-Gold Assays — ^De-
termination of Antimony in Hard Lead — ^Lead Smelting in Southeast
Missouri — ^Lead at Freiberg — Laurin — Murcia — Smelting of Lead Ores*
— Roasting Furnaces — Blast Furnace Table — ^Blast Furnace Construc-
tion— Mechanical Feeding of Blast Furnaces — Chemistry of the Blast
Furnace — ^Blast Furnace Slags — ^Waste Heat of Blast Furnaces — Flue
Dust-^Briquetting of Ores — Cost of Smelting — Crude Oil in Smelting
— New Method of Smelting Galena — Electrolytic Reduction of Galena
CONTENTS. xi
PAOS
— Desilverization of Base Bullion — Pattinson Process — Parkes Process
— ^Howard Alloy Press — Electrolytic Refining of Base Bullion 405—454
MAGNESITE AND EPSOM SALT.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production of Magnesite — Uses — ^Value
— Imports — Magnesite in Hungary — Epsom Salt — Monthly Prices —
Epsom Salt in Wyoming (by Wilbur C. Knight, p. 458) — Analyses 465—458
MANGANESE.
(By D. H. Newland) — Production — Prices — Imports and Consump-
tion of Manganese Ore in the United States — Colorado — Georgia (By
Thos. L. Watson, 460) — North Carolina — Virginia — Production of
Manganese Ore in Foreign Countries— ^Brazil — Colombia — Cuba —
France — India — Italy — Queensland — Russia 459 — 465
MICA.
(By Henry Fisher) — Production in the United States— Market —
Mica Plant at Ottawa — Patent Machine for Separating Flake Mica —
California — Idaho — North Carolina — South Dakota — Brazil — Canada
— India — Mica Industry of New Hampshire during 1092 (by Albert J.
Hoskins, p. 468) 466—469
MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL WOOL.
(By Edwin C. Eckel) — Mineral Wool — Production — Growth of the
Industry — ^Rock Wool — Method of Manufacture — Physical Properties
— Analyses — Bibliography 470 — 476
MOLYBDENUM.
Production — Ferromolybdenum — California — Canada — Newfound-
and — Australasia — Technology — ^Mechanical Concentration — Analytical
Determination of Molybdenum 477 — 478
MONAZITE.
(By Henry Fisher) — Production of Monazite in the United
States — North Carolina — South Carolina — Technology — Analytical
Determination of Thorium in Monazite Sands .479 — 480
NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY.
(By W. H. Hammon) — Production and Consumption of Natural
Gas in the United States — Indiana — Kansas and Indian Territory^—
Ohio — Pennsylvania — ^West Virginia — Other Fields — Consolidation of
Gas Companies 481 — 483
NICKEL AND COBALT.
(By Joseph Struthers and D. H. Newland) — Production — Imports
and Exports of Nickel in the United States — Production and Imports
of Cobalt Oxide — Nickel Market — National Nickel Co. — Canada — Mond
Nickel Co., Ltd.— Canada Nickel (by A. McCharles, p. 487)— Chile-
Germany — New Caledonia (by F. Dan vers Power, p. 488) — New South
Wales — Switzerland — Cohdlt in New Caledonia (by F. Danvers Power,
p. A%^)— Progress in the Metallurgy of Nickel during 1902 (by Titu5
xii CONTENTS.
PlOl
Ulke, p. 490) — ^Developments at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario — ^Develop-
ment in the Sudbury District — ^Mond's Hefinery at Clydach, Wales —
Developments in Germany — Magnetic Behavior of Nickel Alloys — Per-
ron's Process of Treating Copper-Nickel Ores — ^Haas' Process of Melt-
ing Nickel — Browne's Process for Separation of Copper and Nickel —
Present Development of Electrolytic Nickel Refining — Nickel-Steel
Hails 459—465
OCHRE AND IRON OXIDE PIGMENTS.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production of Mineral Paints in the
United States — California — Georgia — Illinois — New York — Pennsyl-
vania— ^Tennessee — ^Vermont — ^Chief Manufacturers — Imports of Ocher,
Umber and Sienna into the United States — Manufacture and Manufac-
turers of Iron Oxide and Venetian Red — Market — ^Uses 495 — 496
PETROLEUM.
(By D. H. Newland) — ^Production of Petroleum in the United
States — Chart of the Production of Petroleum in the United States and
Russia — Production of Petroleum in the Countries of the World —
Monthly Price in the Appalachian and Lima Fields — Exports of Mineral
Oil from the United States — Exports of Oil from Russia — Imports of
Petroleum into the United Kingdom — Imports into Germany — Liquid
Fuel — ^Alaska — ^Appalachian Field — ^California — Colorado— Indiana —
Kentucky — Louisiana — Montana — New Mexico — ^Texas — ^Utah — Wyo-
ming (by Wilbur C. Knight) — Production of Petroleum in Foreign
Countries during 1902 (by Paul Dvorkovitz, p. 507) — Austria — Canada
— Dutch East India — Germany — India — Mexico — ^Persian-Peru — Rou-
mania — Russia — Exports of Petroleum from Black Sea Ports — South
Africa— Spain— Turkey 497—515
PHOSPHATE ROCK.
(By Josq^h Struthers) — Production, Prices, Shipments, Imports
and Exports of the United States — Phosphate Mining Industry of the
United States during 1902 (by C. G. Memminger, p. 519) — ^Alabama —
. Arkansas — Florida — ^North Carolina — Pennsylvania — South Carolina —
Tennessee — General — Porto Rico — Phosphate Mining in Foreign Coun-
tries— Algeria — Australia — Canada — Dutch West Indies — Egypt —
France — ^Polynesian Islands — Norway — ^Russia — Tunis 516 — 525
PLATINUM AND IRIDIUM.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production and Prices of Platinum in the
United States— Sources of Supply — ^New Discoveries — Imports — ^Market
— Production of Platinum in Foreign Countries — Australia — Russia —
Technology — ^Action of Potassium Cyanide on Platinum — Markings on
Platinum 526—531
POTASSIUM SALTS.*
(By Joseph Struthers and Henry Fisher) — United States Potash
Co. — Imports and Exports — The Kali-Syndicate — Imports and Ex-
aONTENTa. xiu
ports of Staesfurt Salts to the United States — Stassfurt Salt Industry —
Output and Utilization of Crude Potassium Salts — Production of Con-
centrated Salts — ^History of the Potash Industry at Stassfurt — ^Markets
in 1903 — ^United States Market — ^Alkaline Hypochlorites and Chlorates
— ^Aitkins^ Hypochlorite Process — ^McDonald Electrolytic Cell* — ^Potas-
sium Cyanide 532—639
QUICKSILVER*
(By Joseph Struthers) — ^Production and Exports of Quicksilver in
the United States — ^Monthly Prices at New York and San Francisco —
California — ^Oregon — ^Tezas — ^Utah — Quicksilver Production of the
World — ^London Quicksilver Statistics — Chart of the Production of
Quicksilver of the Principal Countries of the World — ^Algeria — ^Austria
— ^Australia — ^Brazil — China — India — ^Italy — Mexico — ^Peru — ^Russia —
Spain — ^Technology — ^Analytical Determination, of Mercury — Spirek
Furnaces* — Construction— Cost of Furnace 540 — 650
— EABE ELEMENTS.
(By W. J. Huddle) — ^New Discoveries — Cerium — Germanium — ^Hy-
drides— Iridium — Neodymium — Nitrates — Osmium — Palladium — Polo-
nium — Badium — Strontium — Terbium — ^Tellurium — ^Thorium — ^Tita-
nium — Uranium — Vanadium — ^Yttrium — ^Ytterbium — ^Zirconium 531 — 569
SALT.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Production of Salt in the United States —
Imports and Exports — Chart of the Production of Salt in the Principal
Countries of the World — Salt Production of the Chief Countries of the
World ; 560—662
SILICA.
Diatomaceous-Earth — ^Arizona — Production of Diatomaceous Earth and
Tripoli in the United States — Grindstones — Production in the United
States — Pumice — ^Utah — Silica — ^Quartz Glass — Output of Quartz in
the United States — Siloxicon Manufacture 563 — 664
SODIUM SALTS.
(By Joseph Struthers and Henry Fisher) — Production of Sodium
Salts in the United States — Principal Producers in the United States —
Electrolytic Alkali Co., Ltd. — Imports of Soda Products into the United
States — Market Conditions in New York — Natural Sodium Carbonate —
Sodium and Potassium Chlorates and Hypochlorites — Sodium Nitrate
(Chile Saltpeter) — Production in Chile — Saltpeter Companies — Con-
sumption of Chile Saltpeter — ^Market Conditions in New York — So-
dium 565 — 569
STONE.
Leading Varieties in the United States — Value of the Production —
Limestone— Granite — Sandstone — Marble — Testing of Building Stone
, (by Edwin C. Eckel, p. 571)— Crushing Strength— Transverse Strength
xiv CONTENTS,
— Hardness — Expansion — ^Absorption — Chemical Test — Microscopic Ex-
amination— Field Examination 670 — 572
SULPHUR AND PYRITES.
(By Joseph Struthers) — Statistics of Production and Consumption
in the United States — Monthly Price of Brimstone in New York — Ne-
vada— Utah — World's Production of Sulphur — Chile — Hungary — Italy
— Shipments of Sulphur from Sicily to the United States — Exports
of Sulphur from Sicily — Japan — Mexico — Peru — ^Russia — Spain — Py-
rite — Production, Consumption, Exports and Imports in the United
States — Canada — Newfoimdland — Imports and Exports of the United
States — Market Conditions — Pyrite Mining in the United States during
1902 — Massachusetts — New York (by W. H. Adams) — ^Virginia — Ten-
nessee (by W. H. Adams) — Domestic Consumption of Sulphur and Py-
rite— World's Production of Pyrite — Monthly Prices of Sulphuric Acid
— Progress in the Sulphuric Acid Industry in the United States during
1902 (by Frederick J. Falding, p. 580) — Contact Process — Chamber
Process— Sulphuric Acid Plants 573—682
TALC AND SOAPSTONE.
Statistics of Production and Consumption in the United States —
Talc in North Carolina — in Canada 583
TIN.
(By D. H. Newland)— Tin Deposits in the United States— Tech-
nology— Manufacture of Tin and Scrap Metal — Imports — The World's
Principal Supply — Production of Tin in the World — Alaska — Bolivia —
Stocks and Consumption of Tin in England, America and Holland — Bo-
livia (by J. B. Minchin, p. 588) — Malay States — New South Wales —
Queensland — South Africa — Spain — Tasmania — United Kingdom —
Western Australia — Tin Markets in 1902 — New York Market — London
Market .584—597
TUNGSTEN.
Production of Tungsten Metal and Ore in the United States —
Idaho — Uses — ^Tungsten Alloys i . . . 598
ZINC AND CADMIUM.*
(By Joseph Struthers, D. H. Newland and Henry Fisher) — Pro-
duction, Imports and Exports of Zinc and Zinc Oxide in the United
States — Arkansas — Colorado — Kentucky — Missouri — Kansas — ^Leadand
Zinc Ore Market in the Joplin District — New Jersey — ^Virginia — Pro-
duction of Zinc and Zinc Ores in the Principal Countries of the World —
Production of Cadmium in Foreign Countries — Chart of the Produc-
tion of Zinc in the Principal Countries of the World — Algeria — Aus-
tralia— Austria — Belgium — France — Germany — Italy — Spain — Swe-
den— United Kingdom — Spelter Markets in 1902 — New York — T^ondon
— Breslau — Review of Progress in the Metallurgy of Zinc in 1902 (by
Walter Renton Ingalls, p. 609) — Economic Conditions — Reduction of
OOlTTBirTS XV
Zinc Oxide — ^Physical Properties of Zinc-Blende Boasting — ^Roasting
Fnmaces — Betorts — Distillation Furnaces — Refining Furnaces — Treat-
ment of Mixed Sulphide Ores — ^Magnetic Concentration — Hydrometal-
lurgical Processes — Patents — Electrometallurgical Processes — The Prog-
ress in the Zinc Industry in Missouri during 1902* (by Frank Nichol- •
son^.p. 624) — Mining Operations — New Machinery — Mills — ^New Cen-
tury Jig — Cost of Exporting Ore from Joplin 599 — 631
LITERATURE OP ORE DEPOSITS.
(By J. P. Kemp) — Primary Derivation and Distribution of the
Metals of the Earth — ^Primary Concentration of the Metals in Veins
or Other Forms of Ore Deposits — Study of Contact Effects — Springs —
Hot Springs — Lime Veins — Ore and Gangue Mineral Precipitation —
Secondary Changes^ Re-Arrangements and Enrichments of Ore Deposits.632 — 638
ORE DRESSING.*
(By Robert H. Richards) — Crushing Machinery — ^Pamell-Erause
Stamp Mill Mortar — Perfection Ore Crusher — Mills in Australia — Great
Boulder GriflSn Mills — Lake View Consols, Ltd., Ball Mills — Kalgurli
Gold Mines, Ltd., Ball Mills — Sturtevant Toggle Separator — Screen vs.
Hydraulic Sizing — Klein's Hydraulic Classifier — Cammett Table —
Sampling Machinery — ^Byme Automatic Pulp Sampler — Johnson Sam-
pler— Sampling and Dry Crushing in Colorado — Charts showing Peed
Speed Capaciiy of Rolls — Percentage of Reduction and Production
of Rolls — Notes on Sampling — Overstrom Sampler — Brunton Sampler
— Vezin Sampler — Park City Sampling Works — General Milling Prac-
tice— ^New Anaconda Reduction Works — Mill Practice in St. Francois
County, Mo. — Standard Mill, Idaho— Morning Mill, Idaho — Silver
King Mill, Utah— A. M. W. Mill, Colo.— Detroit Copper Co., Ariz.
Australian Practice — Concentration Practice in Southeast Missouri —
Practice in the Slocan District, B. C. — Ore Dressing at Santa Fe,
Mexico — Tin Dressing — Treating of Tailings in Cornwall — Cornish
Stamp Mill — Tin Dredging — Corundum Dressiitg — Magnetic Concen-
tration— ^Wetherill Separators, Washington, Ariz. — ^Mechernich System
of Magnetic Concentration — Magnetic Separation of Zinc — Iron Sul-
phide— ^Wenstrom Separators at Grangesberg, Sweden — Separating
Lead, Zinc and Iron Sulphide at Rico, Colo. — Frodings' Magnetic Sepa-
rator— Oil Concentration— Expenmental Results of th3 Elmore Proc-
ess— Coal Washing* — ^Allard Coal Screening Method — ^Maurice Centri-
fugal Coal Washer — Craig Coal Washer — Campbell Coal Washing Table
— ^Baum Washer — ^Washer at Bruay and Maries, Prance — ^Seitz Portable
Coal Loading and Screening Machine 639—658
PROGRESS OF METALLOGRAPHY IN 1902.*
(By William Campbell) — Publications — Metallographic Laborabh
ties— Crystalline Structure of Metals — Platinum — Crystalline Growth
of Metals — ^Aluminum — Platinum — Silver — Cadmium — ^Bismuth — ^Tin
— ^Zinc — ^Lead — Electrolytically Deposited Metals — Fracture of Metals
xvi CONTENTS.
under Repeated Alternations of Stress — Iron and Steel — ^Hardenite—
Ferrite — Cementite — ^Martinsite — Overheating of Mild Steel — Effect of
Beheating Steels — Structiu^ and Finishing Temperature of Steel Bail —
Carbon and Graphite in Steel Alloys — Copper and Iron — ^Antimony
and Tellurium — Lead Tellurium — Lead, Tin and Bismuth — Copper
and Tin — Aluminum Alloys 659 — 670
ALLOY STEELS.
(By John Alexander Mathews) — ^Besearch Work on Alloys —
Chemical Constitution of Steel Alloys — Becently Observed (General
Properties of Iron Alloys — Segregation in Steel Alloys — ^Electrical
Activity of Steel Alloys — High Speed Steels — Special Properties of
Some Steel Alloys — Silicon — ^Phosphorus — Cadmium — Nickel — ^Man-
ganese— ^Titanium — Copper — ^Boron 671 — 684
NOTES ON PYBITIC SMELTING.
(By E. C. Eeybold, Jr.) — Carpenter Smelter — ^Heat of Forma-
tion—Specific Heat— Heat Production — ^Heat Consumption 685 — 692
PBOGBESS IN THE MANUFACTUBE AND USE OP TITANIUM AND
SIMILAB ALLOYS.
(By A, J. Bossi) — ^Test of Ferrotitanium — ^Applications of Ti-
tanium Alloys— Manufacture of Ferrotungsten and Other Alloys 693 — 695
CONCENTBATION OP OBES BY OIL.*
(By Walter McDermott) — Elmore Process — Experiments — ^Work-
ing Plants — ^Plan of a 60-Ton Oil Concentration Plant — ^Applications
of the Process 696—707
SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF OBE IN A MINE.*
(By T. A. Bickard) — Introductory — ^Determination of Costs —
Determination of the Average Value of the Ore — ^Work of Sampling —
Size of the Sample — ^Beduction of the Samples — Precautions in Sam-
pling— Wrong Methods of Sampling — Calculations after Sampling —
Question of High Assays — Possible Discrepancies between Sampling
and Mining — Estimation of Ore Beserves — Inferences from Sampling —
Future Prospects of a Mine — Collateral Evidence — Conclusion 708 — 749
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANGES IN 1902.
Sales of Mining Stock and Fluctuations in Price — ^Boston —
Colorado Springs — ^New York — Philadelphia — San Francisco — Paris
— London — Salt Lake City — Dividends Paid by American Mines and
Industrial Companies and Assessments Levied 751 — 775
GENEBAL SUMMAEY OF THE IMPOET DUTIES OF THE PBINCIPAL
COUNTBIES IN THE WOBLD.
Import Duties Levied by the Principal Countries — ^Alum — ^Alumi-
num— ^Antimony Ore and Metal — ^Arsenic and Arsenious Acid — ^Asbes-
tos— Asphalt — Barytes — Borax — Cement — Coal — Coke — Copper —
Copper Sulphate— Copperas — Fluorspar — Graphite — ^Hydrochloric Acid
ooirrjunnsL xvii
— ^Iron — Lead — ^Manganese Ore — ^Nickel — Petroleum — ^Pyrites — Quick*
slyer — Salt — Slate— Soda — Sodium Nitrate — Sulphur — Sulphuric
Acid— Tin— Zinc— Zinc White 776
MINERAL STATISTICS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Summary of Statistics of Mineral Production — ^Imports and Ex-
ports— ^Australasia (including New South Wales, New Zealand^ Queens-
land, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia)-^
Austria-Hungary (including Bosnia) — ^Belgium — Canada (including
British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec) — Chile— China-^
France (including Algeria, New Caledonia and Tunis) — Germany (in-
cluding Baden, Bavaria, Prussia and Saxony) — Greece — India — Italy —
Japan — ^Mexico— Norway — Portugal — Russia — Spain — Sweden — ^The
United Kingdom 77 7— 848
THE UNITED STATES.
Summary of Mineral Imports and Exports 849—868
THE BUYERS' MANUAL.
THE PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY.
XVIU
C0NVBR8I0K TABLES.
TABLES VOR CONYERTINO UNITED STATES WEIGHTS AND MEASURfie TO METRIC.
LlNSAB.
H
3
i
Capacity.
il
III
Hi
§3*
85-4000
00-8001
76-8001
101-6008
127-0008
168*4003
177-8008
808-8004
888-6004
0-804801
0-609601
0-914402
1-219808
1-684003
1-828804
2-188604
8-488405
2-748ii05
0-914408
1-888
8*748805
8-667807
4-678009
6-486411
6*400618
7-316816
8-229616
1-60986
8-81869
4-88804
6-48789
8-04674
0-66606
11-96643
18-87478
14-48418
= 1 =
= 8 =
= 8 =
= 4 =
s6 =
= 6 =
= 7 =
= 6 =
= 9 =
8-70
7-80
1109
14-79
18-48
88-18
85-88
80-67
88 86
99-67
50-15
88-78
118-80
147-87
177-44
807-08
886-69
86616
0-94686
1-88872
8-88906
3-76544
4-78180
6-67816
6-68458
7-67088
8-51734
8*78544
7-67086
ll-8»
16- 14176
18-98780
88-71864
86-49606
80-86358
84-06800
16*887
88-774
49-161
66-649
61-036
96 883
114-710
131-097
147-484
0-
0-06668
0-06496
0-11887
0-14166
0' 16090
0- 19888
088664
085486
0-785
1-689
8-894
8-068
8-888
4-5«r
fr-858
6-116
6-881
0-3
0-70485
1-0679?
1-40969
1-76811
8*11454
8-46696
9-81988
8-17161
SquARB.
6-458
18-608
19-855
85-807
88-868
86-710
46161
61-618
68-066
9-990
18*661
27*6n
87*161
46*458
55-748
65-038
74-r'
88-6131
0-686
1-679
8-506
8-844
4-181
6-017
6-858
6*689
7-585
0*4047
0*8094
1-8141
1-6167
8-0884
8-4881
8-8388
3-8375
8-6488
WXIOHT.
64*7960
180-6078
194*8968
860-1957
3880946
388-7935
453-5084
518*8014
583*1908
88*8496
66 0991
85*0166
118-8981
141-7478
170-0978
196-4467
886-7962
855-1457
0
0-90719
1-88078
1-61487
8*96796
8-78166
3*37:116 217
308874
4-08233
1084H
90696
81044
41809
51740
78487
82765
93183
1 chain ss 90*1189 meten.
1 aquare mfle = 950 hectares.
1 fathom = 1-899 meten.
1 nautical mile s 1868-97 meters.
] foot=0-aM801 meter, 0-4840168 log.
1 avoir, pound s 468-6084877 gram.
15489-85680 grains s 1 kilogram.
TABLES FOR CONVERTING METRIC TO UNITED STATES WEIGHTS AND MEASI7RES.
LcrxAR.
I
Capacrt.
CS3§
ills
1-^
ill
■z'y
II
hi
J
3
a=5
^H
¥"
80-3700
78-7400
116*1100
157-4800
196-8500
986-9200
275-6900
814-9600
854-8300
8*98063
6*56167
0*64950
13-19888
16*40117
10-68600
9806583
86-94667
90-58750
1*008611
9-187229
8-880H38
4-874444
6-468056
6-661687
7-6658r8
6-748880
0-848500
0-88137
1*94874
1*80411
9*48546
8*10685
8*78899
4-84050
4*07096
6*60933
= 9 =
= 8 =
= 4 =
s=6 =
s6s
= 6 =
= 9 =
0-97
0-64
0*61
1*08
1-86
1*69
1-89
9*16
9-48
0-338
0*076
1*014
1*858
1091
9090
8*366
8*706
8*043
10687
9-1134
8-1700
4-9867
6-9834
6-8401
7*8866
6-4534
0-5101
2-6417
6-8884
7*9861
10*5668
18*8066
15-8509
18-4010
91*1386
93-77&8
9-8875
6-6780
8-6185
11*3600
14-1875
17-0850
10-8886
98-7000
95-6876
0-061C
0198(]
0-1881
0-8441
0-3061
0-8661
0-487S
0-488S
0-540^
85-814
70-689
105048
141-868
178-679
811-887
947-801
1-808
9*616
8-994
6*939
6-640
7-848
0*156
464
817-830 11 -7?!
1*516 10
SquARl.
0-1550
0-8100
0-4660
O-690O
0-7750
0-0850
1-0650
1-9400
1-3960
10-764
91-698
88-908
48*055
68*810
64*683
75*847
86*111
06-874
1-106
9-802
8*688
4*784
6-080
7*178
6-878
0*668
10*784
9-471
4-049
7-418
0-884
19-855
14-886
17-897
10-786
28-8
:1 =
:8==
:8 =
:4 =
:5 =
:6 =
:7 =
:6 =
:0=:
Weight.
15438-86
80864-71
46897-07
61789*43
77161-78
085N-14
106036-40
183458-85
188«91-81
8-6874
70548
10-5828
14-1096
17-6370
91-1644
94-6918
9R-9103
81-7466
9-90469
4-40994
6-61386
6-81840
11 08811
13-88778
15-43235
17-68607
19-84150
0-03216
0*06430
000646
0-18660
0-16075
0-19890
0-88506
0-85791
0-5
The onlr mat<*rial standard of customary length authorized by the U. S. Oovemment Is the Troughton
scale, whose length at 60<>.68 Fahr. conforms to the British standard. The yard in use In the United States Is
therefore equal to the British yard. . _
The only authorised material standard of customary weight is the Troy pound (6«700 grains) of the Mint
It is of bnas of unknown density, and therefore not suitable for a standard of mass. It was derived from
CONVERSION TABLM,
ZIZ
the Britlah standard Troy pound of 1768 hj direct comparison. The British avoirdupois pound was also
derived from the latter, and containB 7,000 grains troy.
The grain Troj is therefore the same as the srain avoirdupois, and the pound avoirdupois in use in the
United States is equal to the British pound avoirdupois.
The British gfdlon = 4 64846 liters.
The British bushel = 80-8477 liters.
Bv the concurrent action of the principal Governments of the world an International Bureau of Weights
and Measures has been established near Paris. Under the direction of the International Ck>mmittee, two ingots
were cast of pure platinum-iridium in the proportion of 9 parts of the former to 1 of the latter meiaL FVom
one of these a certain number of kilograms were prepared, from the other a definite number of meter bars.
These standards of weight and length were interoompared, without preference, and certain ones were selected
as International prototype standaras. The others were distributed by lot to the different Qovemments and are
called National prototype standards.
The metric system was legalized in the United States in 1866.
The International Standard Meter is derived from the Metre des Archives, and its length is defined by the
distance between two lines at O'' Centigrade, on a platinum-lridium bar deposited at the Intemational Bureau
of Weights and Measures.
The Intemational Standard Kilogram is a mass of platlnum-iridium deposited at the same place, and Its
weight in vacuo is the same as that of the Kilogramme des Archives.
• The liter is equal to a cubic decimeter of water, and it is measured by the quantity of distilled water which,
at its maximum aensity, will counterpoise the standard kilogram in a vacuum, the volume of such a quantity
of water being, as nearly as has been ascertained, equal to a cubic decimeter.
Long ton: 2940 lb. avoirdupois =1016 kflogram. Barrel of petroleum = 48 gal. = 1*50 hectoliter.
Short ton: 8000 " " =r iWr-2 ^ " "salt = 2801b. =127 kilogram.
Pound avoirdupois = 4586 gromi. •» " lime = 900 " = W790 ^*
Flask of Mercui7=:76'5 lb. avoir. = 847 kilograms. " ." natural cement =800" =186080 "
Troy ounce = 81 '104 grams. " " Portland cement = 400 " =181*440 "
Galloo = 8-786 Uters. Gold coining value per oz. Troy $80'6718a|0*6646 per gram.
Silver * Troy $1-2B29=$004157 "
OFFICIAL UNITED STATES VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS, JANUARY 1, 1008.
Country.
II
Unit.
Value
U.S.
Gold.
Coins.
Argentina.
Gold
AustriarHungary. . 'Gold
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Central America.
Costa Rica
British Honduras
Guatemala. . .
Honduras....
Nicaragua. ..
Salvador
Chile
Peso...
Crown..
China
Colombia.
Cuba
Denmark .
Ecuador. .
Egypt....
Finland
France
German I2mpire.
Greece
Haiti
India
Italy
Japan ,....
Liberia
Mexico
Netherlands.
Newfoundland...
Norway
Persia.
^m
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom.
Uruguay
Venezuela.
Gold
Silver
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Silver
Gold
Silver
Silver
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Silver
Gold
Gold
Gold
Silver
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Franc
Boliviano..
Milreis....
Dollar
Colon..
Dollar..
Peso...
Peso..*
Tad*.
Peso...
Peso..
Crown.,
Sucre..,
Pound...
Mark
Franc
Mark
Drachma..
Gourde...
Pound t...
Lira
Yen
Dollar.....
Dollar.....
Florin...
Dollar...
Crown...
Kran....
Sol
Mflreis..
Ruble. . .
Peseta...
Crown..
Franc...
Plaster .
Pound...
Peso....
Bolivar .
cts.
96-5
90-8
19-8
861
54-6
100-0
46-6
100-0
861
86-5
69-4
86-1
98-6
86-8
48-7
494-3
19-8
19-8
888
19-8
96-6
486-66
19-8
49-8
1000
80-8
40-8
101*4
28-8
66
48-7
108-0
61-5
19-8
86-8
19-8
44
486-66
10:3-4
19-3
Gold: argentine ($4*884) and k argentine. Silver: peso and divisions.
(Gold: former system— 4 fiorins ($1*989), 8 florins ($8-868). ducat
\ ($8-887), and 4 ducats ($9149). Silver: 1 and 8 florins.
f Present system— (3old: 80 crowns ($4'068> and 10 crowns (88026).
Gold: 10 and 80 francs. Silver: 6 francs.
Silver: boliviano and divisions.
Gold: 6, 10, and 80 milreis. Silver: i, 1, and 8 milrois.
Gold: 8, ^ 10, and 80 colons (|9'807). Silver: 6, 10, 8R, and 60 oentlmoa.
Silver: peso and divisions.
Gold: e8cudo($l*ft26V, doubloon ($8*660), and condor ($7*800). Silver:
peso and divisions.
Gold: condor ($9 647) and double condor. Silver: peso.
(}old: doubloon Isabella, centem ($6*017). Alphonse ($4*888). Silver:
peso.
Gold: 10 and SO crowns.
Gold : 10 sucres ($4*8666). SU ver: sucre and divisions.
Gold: pound (100 piasters), 6, 10, 80, and 60 piasters. Silver: 1, 8 6,
10 and 80 piasters.
Gold: 80 marks ($3-860), 10 marks ($1-96).
Gold: 5, 10, 80, 50, and 100 francs. Silver: 6 francs.
Gold: 6. 10, and 80 marks.
Gold: 5, 10, 80, 50 and 100 drachmas. Silver: 5 drachmas.
Gold: 1, 8, 6 and 10 gourdes. Silver: gourde and divisions.
Gold: sovereign (pound Hterling). Silver: rupee and divisions.
Gold: 5, 10, 80, 50 and 100 lire. Silver: 5 lire.
Gold: 5, 10, and 80 yen. Silver: 10, 80, and 60 sen.
Gtold: dollar ($0983), 8i, 6, 10, and 80 doUara. SUver: dollar (or
peso) and divisions.
Gold: 10 florins. Silver: i, 1, and 2k florins.
Gold: 8 dollars ($2-087).
Gold: 10 and 80 crowns.
Gk>ld: 14 1 and 8 tomans ($8-409). SUver: U, U, 1, 8 and 6 krans
Gold: fftra ($4-8665). SUver: sol and divisions
Gold: 1, 8, 5. and 10 milreis.
Gold: imperial 15 rubles ($7*718) audi imperial, 7U rubles (18*869).
Silver: i, i, and 1 ruble.
Gold: 85 pesetas. Silver: 5 pesetas.
Gold: 10 and 20 crowns.
Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 francs. Silver: 5 francs.
Gold: 25, 50, 100, 850. and 500 piasters.
Gold: sovereign (poun<1 sterlinir) and \ sovereign.
Gold: peso. Silver; peso and divisions.
Gold: 5. 10, 80. ,50, and lOObolivars. SUver: 5 bolivars
* Haikwan (Customs), t The soverei^ is the standard coin of India, but the rupee ($0*324) is the money
of account, current at 15 to the sovereign.
Fac-stmile of the Gold Medal Awarded to The Mineral. Industry
BY THE
SociiTK d' Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationals de France,
in recognition op
Its Services to the World's Industry and Commerce.
JOSEl'H STKUTHERS.
CONTRIBUTORS.
It is impossible to name here all who have aided us in the collection of statistics and
other information for the present volume, but we give in the following pages brief
biographies of the most of those who have contributed special articles, in order tiiat readers
may appreciate the high professional standing of those who have assisted in the work.
Besides the contributors of special articles, however, the preparation of this volume has
been aided by the courteous co-operation of many thousands of producers who have
furnished statistics of their output, and by many persons prominent in various branches
of the mineral industry who have given special information. Exceedingly valuable
assistance has been furnished also by the officials of many railways in the United States
and Mexico, and by the State geologists, commissioners of mines, and inspectors of mines
in most of the States of the Union. The statisticians of foreign countries have been
extre^iely courteous in their co-operation, by furnishing copies of their latest publications,
often in manuscripts. Professional men and experts of the whole world have rendered
exceedingly valuable assistance, as have also the officials of the United States Government
at Washington and abroad, and have added greatly to the value of this work. Among
the thousands who have thus aided us, and by their assistance made possible the publica-
tion of this volume, as well as its predecessors, it would be invidious to select names,
and in making such an attempt we should not know where to draw the line, since the
contributions of almost all have been indispensable. Consequently we have decided to
limit ourselves to this general acknowledgment, relying upon the belief that each of our
friends will feel amply repaid for his work in the knowledge that he has contributed to
the preparation of a volume which is everywhere recognized to be of the highest value
to the mineral industry of the world. This high appreciation has been generously and
delicately expressed by the French "Soci4t6 d'Encouragement pour Tlndustrie Nationale,"
which, since the appearance of Vol. VI., has granted to The Mineral Industry and its
founder, the magnificent gold medal of the society, which is voted tp the work or the
author of the work, which, during the six preceding years, has contributed most to the
cause of the national industry.
Argall, Phujp, was bom in 1854, near Belfast, Ireland, and gained his first experience
in mining at the Wicklow copper mines of that island. Since then he has been engaged
in important mining and metallurgical work in Wales, England, France, New Zealand,
Mexico, and elsewhere. He came to the United States early in 1887 as manager of La Plata
Mining ft Smelting Co., of Leadville, Colo. During the last nine years Mr. Argall has de-
voted his attention to the treatment of ores by the cyanide process, and has taken a leading
position in this field. He designed the works of the Metallic Extraction Co., at Cyanide,
Colo., in 1895, and managed them until February, 1901, when he resigned to resume the
practice of consulting mining and metallurgical engineer. His success in the treatment of
telluride ores are on a large scale, has commanded much attention in metallurgical circles.
For The Mineral Industry, Volume VI., he wrote an article on "Cyaniding Telluride
Ores," which is recognized as the most authoritative discussion of this subject published.
To the present volume Mr. Argall contributes the paper "Cyaniding Sulpho-Telluride Ores."
Campbell, William, entered the University of Durham College of Science, England, In
October, 1895, with a Yorkshire County Council scholarship. In September, 1896, was
made a corporation exhibitioner. In June. 1897, obtained the title of A. Sc, and the follow-
ing year the degree of B. Sc. (honors). During 1898-9 acted as instructor in metallurgy
xxii CONTRIBUTORS,
and lecturer in geology. In June, 1899, the Royal Commissioners for the exhibition of
1851 awarded him a scholarship for scientific research. Entered the Royal School of Mines,
London, October of same year. Scholarship renewed for a second year to continue research
under Sir William Roberts- Austen, and renewed June, 1901, for an exceptional third year
to worlc under Prof. H. M. Howe at Columbia University.- October, 1901, post-graduate
work in metallurgy. Carnegie scholar of Iron and Steel Institute, May, 1902; University
Fellow in Metallurgy, June, 1902; M. Sc. Durham University, June, 1903. To the present
volume he contributes the paper "Progress of Metallography in 1902."
Douglas, James, was born in Canada, but has made his home in the United States since
1876. His first experience in mining and metallurgy was acquired in trying to unravel the
complicated affairs of an unsuccessful Canadian mining enterprise. He came to the States
in order to take charge of copper works established in PhoBnixville, Pa., for the utilization
of local copper ores, whose supply, however, proved deficient ; but he is best known through
his connection with the copper industry of Arizona and Northern Sonora, with which he has
been intimately associated almost since its initiation. He is a past president of the Ameri-
can Institute of Mining Engineers and president of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining
Co.,' of other Arizona and Mexican concerns, including the El Pa«o and Southwestern Rail-
road and the Nacazari Railroad. Such original work as he has done was chiefly in
connection with the late eminent chemist. Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, in the field of the hydro-
metallurgy of copper. Mr. Douglas has contributed to the present volume the notes on the
copper industry in Arizona.
Dow, Allan W., was graduated from the course of analytical and applied chemistry of
the School of Mines, Columbia College (now Columbia University), New York, N. Y.,
receiving the degree of Ph. B. in the year 1888. He spent one year studying in the quanti-
tative laboratory of the university, and in 1889 accepted the position of first assistant
chemist in the laboratory of the Barber Asphalt Paving Co. in New York City. This
position he held until the year 1894, when he was appointed inspector of asphalt and
cements for the District of Columbia by the United States Government, which position he
still holds. Besides his work for the Government, he has > private practice as specialist
on oils, bitumens and bituminous paving construction. He has written several articles
pertaining to hydraulic cements, bitumens and bituminous paving, and to the present
volume he has contributed the paper "Petroleum and Maltha Products Used in the Paving
Industry."
DvoRKOViTZ, Paul, in 1877-78 was appointed sanitary chemist to the hospital of the
Princess of Oldeburg in the Russo-Turkish war. Afterward he studied chemistry at the
University of Moscow, and in 1883 he took the position of technical manager of an oil re--
finery at Baku. There he discovered a method of utilizing the soda and acid by-products
obtained in course of refining, and invented a special still for continuous distillation.
Later, in England, Mr. Dvorkovitz worked to develop the use of solar oil for enriching
water gas, and invented an apparatus for gasifying oil and producing aromatic hydro-
carbons. Five years ago he built for the Mineral Oils Corporation in London the first re-
finery in England, and prepared all the plans for another large refinery erected by the Shell
Transport & Trading Co., Ltd., in Borneo. In 1899, he started the Petroletim Review.
In August, 1900, Mr. Dvorkovitz was instrumental in forming the jsetroleum con-
gress in Paris, which resulted in the establishing of a permanent commission for organ-
izing international petroleum congresses every two years in the future, with a central
committee in Paris, and local committees all over the world. In 1901 he founded the
Petroleum Institute in London. Mr. Dvorkovitz contributes to this volume the paper,
"Petroleum in Foreign Countries during 1902."
Eckel, Edwin C, was graduated from the School of Civil Engineering, New York Uni-
versity, in 1896, and supplemented his college work with a post-graduate course in
geology under Prof. J. J. Stevenson. In 1899 he became connected with the New York
State Museum, receiving an appointment as Assistant in Geology in 1900. While holding
this position, Mr. Eckel published reports or the cements of New York State, on the quarry
CONTmBtlTonS. xxiil
industry, the emery deposits, and on several minor economic products. In 1902 Mr.
Eckel received an appointment on the U. S. Geological Survey, and has reported on the
Mississippi and Tennessee clays, Virginia salt and gypsum, and other mineral products.
In addition to this work in economic geology, Mr. Eckel has published a nimiber of
papers on various phases of cement technology and slag utilization. Mr. Eckel is a mem-
ber of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and of the Society of Chemical Industry,
and to the present voluipe he contributes the articles on *'The Manufacture of Mineral
Wool" and "Slag Cement and Slag Brick Manufacture during 1902."
Faldino, F. J., was born in England and was educated at Amersham Hall, London,
and at the Bergakadamie at Freiberg in Saxony, although he did not graduate from the
latter. In 1878-79 he made a study of the Canadian apatite deposits, and in 1880
returned to Europe, where he studied the manufacture of sulphuric acid and fertilizers
in England and Germany. In 1881 he returned to Canada and unwatered the Capelton
pyrites mines, now worked by the Nichols Chemical Co. From 1882 to 1886 he practiced
as a mining engineer, with headquarters in New York, making a specialty of pyrites
and phosphate mining. In 1888 he entered the employ of the Grasselli Chemical Co. as
engineer, in charge of its mines, becoming in 1890 the chief engineer. During this time
he designed the company's new works at East Chicago, 111. In 1889 he was one of the
charter members and first directors of the Canadian Institute of Mining Engineers. In
1895 he established himself in New York as a consulting chemical engineer, since when
he has constructed and rebuilt many sulphuric acid plants in various parts of the United
States. He contributes to this volume the paper, "Progress in the Sulphuric Acid Industry
in the United Stotes during 1902."
FisHEB, Henry, was graduated in 1895 from the College of the City of New York,
and in 1899 from the School of Chemistry, Columbia University, receiving the degree of
B. S. from both institutions. For one year after his graduation, he was assistant in
the department of analytical chemistry and assaying at Columbia University, and then
was chemist for Ricketts & Banks, New York. He is a member of the American Chemical
Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. Fisher has been assistant on the
editorial staff of the present volume.
FowTEB, Samuel S., born in New York, 1860, was educated at Columbia College (now
Columbia University) and graduated from the School of Mines with the degree of
E. M. in 1884. After his graduation he was engaged for two years in civil engin.eering
work in New York and vicinity. In 1886 he was connected with the Iron Hill Minin'^
and Milling Company at Black Hills, Dak., and from 1887 to 1889 he was engaged in
smelting works in Texas and Idaho. In 1889 he went to British Columbia, and since
1896 he has been affiliated with the London and British Columbia Goldfields, Whitewater
Mines, Ltd., Ymir Gold Miles, Ltd., and Enterprise Mines. To the present volume Mr.
Fowler has contributed notes on gold, silver, lead and copper mining in British Columbia.
FuLTOW, Charles H., educated in the Brooklyn public schools, Pratt Institute Technical
High School, and the School of Mines, Columbia University, graduating from this latter
institution with the degree of mining engineer in 1897. He has been assistant in assaying
in the School of Mines, Columbia University, assayer and superintendent of a gold mine
and cyanide mill in Colorado, and instructor in mining and metallurgy in the University
of Wyoming for a year. For the last three years he has been professor of mining and
metallurgy in the South Dakota State School of Mines, and has had a private practice
as mining and metallurgical engineer. Mr. Fulton has written for the technical press on
metallurgical subjects, and to the present volume contributes "A Review of the Cyanide
Process in the Year 1902."
HAMH017, W. H., was bom in 1860. He was graduated at Allegheny College, Meadville^
Pa., in 1881, and afterwards spent one year in post-graduate work in Columbian University,
Washington, D. C, and two years in advance physical and mathematical work at Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y. In the early eighties he was employed on the engineering corps
of the Standard Oil interests in the Bradford and adjacent Helds, and was afterward
rxiv C0NTBIBUT0R8.
connected with the United States Weather Bureau, serving as observer at Cleveland and
St. Louis, and as Forecast Official in St. Louis and San Francisco. Li January, 1899,
he was appointed professor of meteorology in the Weather Bureau, which position he
shortly afterward resigned to accept a position as assistant to the general manager of
the Philadelphia Company, at Pittsburg, Pa., which position he has held for the past
four years. Mr. Hammon contributes to this volume the paper ''The Natural Gas Industry
of the United States during 1902."
HoBAST, Fbedebick, A. M.,'was graduated from the College of the City of New York,
and served in the United States Army. He has been connected with the Jersey. City
Locomotive Works, the Bullock Ore-dressing Machine Co., Jersey City; the Wrigley
Machine Works, Newark, N. J. ; the Camden & Amboy Railroad, and the Grant Locomotive
Works, Paterson, N. J., and has been assistant editor of the Railroad Cktzette, as well
as coiitributor to various technical periodicals and the translator of "Notes on Steam
Hammers, Economies in the Combustion of Fuel," and other technical works. Since
1893, Mr. Hobart has been an associate editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal,
from the death of Mr. R. P. Rothwell, on April 17, 1901, until the appointment of Dr.
David T. Day, and from the period of Dr. Day's resignation until the close of 1902,
he had entire charge of the conduct of the paper. Mr. Hobart acted as associate editor
of The Minebal Industbt, Volumes III. and IV., and to the present volume he con-
tributes the paper on "Iron and Steel," and the reviews of the various metal markets.
HoFMAX, H. O., was born in 1852 at Heidelberg, Germany. He studied at the Berg-
akademie at Clausthal, where he graduated in 1877 in mining engineering and metal-
lurgy. He was then appointed chemist and assistant at the smelting and refining works
at Lautenthal in the Harz. In 1881 he came to the United States and was employed
successively at Mine La Motte, in Missouri, at the Argentine smelting and refining works
of the Consolidated Kansas City Smelting & Refining Co., and as metallurgist of the
Delaware Lead Co., in Philadelphia. When the last named works were closed he went
to Colorado, and after running the Rico smeltery for a short time went to Park City,
Utah, to study the amalgamation and lixiviation of silver ores at the Onlario mill.
After a short time spent in charge of a smeltery in Mexico he was appointed assistant
to Prof. Richards at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston; from there
he went to the School of Mines of South Dakota as professor of metallurgy and assaying,
where he remained until called back to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to the
professorship of metallurgy, which he now holds. Dr. Hofman has made numerous con-
tributions to technical literature, his most important work being the admirable treatise
on The Metallurgy of Lead, For his paper on the "Dry Assay of Tin Ores" the degree
of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the University of Ohio. To the present volimie he has
contributed the article, "Recent Improvements in Lead Smelting."
Huddle, W. J., born in Attica, Ind., in 1878, was graduated from the course of chem-
istry at Indiana University in 1901, receiving the degree of M.A. in 1903. In 1902
he was engaged by the Western Storage Battery Co., Indianapolis, Ind. From 1902 to
1903 he has been a member of the staff in chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. Mr.
Huddle is at present chemist in charge of the by-products recovery plant of the Western
Gas Construction Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. To the present volume he contributes the review
on "Rare Elements."
IiVGALLS, WALTira Rentox, was bom at Lynn, Mass., in 1865, and was graduated from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1886. In 1886-90 he was engaged in mining
at Leadville and elsewhere in Colorado. In 1890-92 he was assistant editor of the
Engineering and Mining Journal, resigning that position to go to Mexico to open tin
mines in the State of Durango for the Pittsburg & Mexican Tin Mining Co. In 1893
and 1894 he established himself in New York, and visited professionally various mining
districts in the United States, Canada, Belgium, Germany and Poland, devoting himself
especially to the metallurgy of zinc. During a part of 1894 he had charge of the
operations of the Illinois Phosphate Co., in Florida, and later in the year became -connected
PHILIF ARCALL.
WILLIAM CAMl'nELL.
JAMES DOUGLAS.
ALLAN W. DOW.
PAUL DVORKOVITZ.
FUEDEKICK J. FALDING.
EDWIN C. ECKEL.
TAMES F. KEMP.
CONTRIBUTOBS. xxv
with the Gold & Silver Extraction Ck>. of America^ Ltd.» as metallurgist. In 1895 he was
manager of a cyanide works at Cripple Greek^ Ck>lo., and in 1896 of copper-matte smelting
works in Durango, Mexico, returning to New York in 1897. He was assistant editor of
The Mineral Iwdustbt, Vols. V., VI. and VII., and is now located in Boston, Mass.,
as consulting engineer. For this volume he contributes the paper, "A Review of Progress
in the Metallurgy of Zinc in 1902."
Kemp, James Fubman, was bom in New York in 1859, and was graduated from
Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, in 1876, from Amherst College in 1881, receiving the degree
of A. B., and from the School of Mines, Columbia College (now Columbia University) in
1884 with the d^ree of £. M. After graduation, he was private assistant to Prof. J. S.
Newberry for one year, and then studied at the University of Munich. On his return he
became instructor of geology at Cornell University and assistant professor in 1888. In
1891 he was made Adjunct Professor of Geology in Columbia College, and professor in
1892. Professor Kemp has been connected with the New York State and the United
States Geological Surveys. He is a member of many scientific societies, vice-president of
the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and associate editor of the Zeiiachrift fuer
praktiache Oeologie, He has also been vice-president of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and the New York Academy of Science. He is the author of
"Ore Deposits of the United States and Canada*' and "Handbook of Rocks," and has
been a contributor to all the volumes of The Mineral Ikdustbt. To the present volume
he contributes "A Review of the General Literature on Ore Deposits during 1901 and
1902."
Kebshaw, John B. C, was born at Southport, £ng., and was educated at Bickerton
House School, Southport, and at Owens College, Manchester. In 1879 Mr. Kershaw
entered the Sutton Lodge Chemical Works, St. Helens, Eng., and remained there for
twelve years, rising in this period to the position of chief chemist and assistant manager.
In 1892 Mr. Kershaw went to Grermany and pursued his studies of chemistry and allied
sciences at Bonn University. Since 1896 he has been engaged in practice as consulting
chemist, and as a technical journalist in London and Liverpool and has devoted himself
especially to work relating to electrochemical processes and industries. He is a member of
several chemical and other societies, and is also on the staff of abstractors for Science
Abstracts, Mr. Kershaw has written numerous articles in recent years upon electrochemi-
cal and electrometallurgical subjects. He is the translator and editor of Dr. Neumann's
German work on Electrolytic Methods of Analysis, and is at present engaged upon two of
the volumes of the series of monographs upon "Angewandte Electro-Chemie," now being
published by Knapp & Co., of Halle. To the present volume he contributes the articles,
"Progress in the Aluminum Industry in 1902," and the general review of the "Progress
in Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy in 1902."
Lewis, Fbedebick H., studied civil engineering at the University of Pennsylvania,
graduating in 1878. He then became heliotroper on the United States Coast Survey,
serving during the summer of 1878, and for three years afterwards was assistant engineer
of the construction department of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.'s lines west of Pittsburg.
From 1882 to 1885 he was superintendent of bridges and buildings of the Northern Pacific
Railway, being situated at St. Paul, Minn., and he was also in charge of the location of
the company's terminal lines between St. Paul and Minneapolis. In 1885 and 1886 he
was resident engineer of the South Pennsylvania Railroad, at Sideling Hill tunnel, Fulton
County, Pa. From 1886 to 1893 he was an Eastern manager of the Pittsburg Testing
Laboratory at Philadelphia. Since 1893 he has been practising as consulting engineer at
Philadelphia, and has also been consulting engineer for the firm of Booth, Garrett &, Blair,
in their department of physical tests and inspection. He is manager and chief engineer
of the Virginia Portland Cement Co., and contributes to this volume the paper on "The
Mechanical Equipment of a Modem Portland Cement Plant."
Malcolmson, James W., was born in 1866, learned the trade of machinist at Woolwich
from 1880 to 1885, and obtained a Whitworth Engineering Scholarship in 1886. In 1889
xxvi CONTRIBUTORa.
he waa graduated in mining from the Associate Royal School of Mines. He then went
to Mexico as assistant mining and mechanical engineer for the Michoacan Railway &
Mining Co. In 1802 he was engaged by the Consolidated Kansas City Smelting and
Refining Co. as mining engineer and ore purchasing agent, becoming assistant manager
in 1897. Later he became manager of the mining department in Mexico of the American
Smelting & Refining Co. Since 1902 he has been engaged in a general consulting business,
acting as engineer for several mines in New Mexico and Mexico, and is at present secretary
of the Esmeralda Mining Co. of Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua. He has contributed papers
to the transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers and the American Institute of
Mining Engineers. To the present volume he contributes notes on gold, silver, lead and
copper mining in Mexico.
Mathews, John Alexander, was born in Washington, Pa., May 20, 1872, and was
graduated from Washington and Jefferson College in 1893 with the degree of B.Sc. Later
he entered Columbia University as a graduate student in chemistry, and received there-
from the degrees of M.A. and Ph.D. He was awarded by Columbia University the
University Fellowship in Chemistry in 1897, and the Barnard Fellowship for the Encour-
agement of Scientific Research in 1900, 1901 and 1902, by the Iron and Steel Institute
of Great Britain, the Andrew Carnegie Research Scholarship in 1901,. and the honorary
degree of Sc. D. from Washington and Jefferson College in 1902. From 1897 to 1900
Dr. Mathews was instructor in the department of chemistry of Columbia University. He
resigned in 1900 to follow research work on alloys in the laboratory of the late Prof.
Sir William C. Roberts-Austen, London, which has since been continued at Columbia
University under Prof. Henry M. Howe. President McKinley appointed Dr. Mathews a
member of the United States Assay Commission in 1900, and the first Andrew Carnegie
gold medal for research was awarded him by the Iron and Steel Institute in 1902. Dr.
Mathews is a member of several societies, and is on the committee for testing the magnetic
properties of iron and steel of the American Society for Testing Materials. He has
written many scientific articles, and to the present volume he has contributed the paper
*Alloy Steels."
McIlhiney, Parker C, was born in 1870, at Jersey City, N. J., and in 1892 he was
graduated from the School of Mines, Columbia College, in the course of chemistry, receiv-
ing in 1894 the degree of Ph.D. for special work in chemistry and physics. From 1894
until 1900 he was connected with the departments of chemistry and metallurgy, Colum-
bia University, and, in addition to general chemical practice he has given considerable
time to the manufacture of glass, metal, enamel and pottery art works. Dr. McIlhiney
contributes to this volume the paper, "Progress in the Manufacture of White Lead
during 1902."
McKenna, Charles F., was born in New York in 1861, and was educated in arts at
St. Francis Xavier College and in science at the School of Mines, Columbia College (now
Columbia University), receiving the degree of Ph.B. from the latter institution in 1883,
and of Ph.D. in 1894. He is consulting chemist to the Municipal Explosives Commission
of New York City, a member of several societies abroad and at home, and is engaged
in a general consulting practice. To the present volume Dr. McKenna contributes the
review of "The Cement Industry in the United States during 1902."
Memminqer, C. Gustavvs, was born at Charleston, S. C, in 1864, and began work as
mining engineer in the phosphate industry of South Carolina. He took an active part
in the mineral development of the South, and when the Florida phosphate deposits were
opened he was prominent in the furthering of the new industry there. After building
and successfully operating the largest pebble phosphate mining plant in Florida, Mr.
Memminger, in 1900, moved to Nashville, Tenn., from whence he removed to Florida in
1901, and is at present actively engaged in the development and mining of phosphates.
Mr. Memminger contributes to this volume the paper, "Phosphate Mining Industry of
the United States during 1902."
CONTRIBUTORS, xxvii
Xewland, David H., was graduated from Hamilton College in 1894, and for three
years thereafter was a student of geologj' and related sciences at the Universities of
Munich, Heiaeiberg and Columbia. In 1897 and 1898 he was employed by the State of
New York mapping the geology of portions of the Adironaack Mountains, the results
of this work appearing in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the State Geologist. He
has been engaged from time to time in other geological investigations, particularly in
determining the petrographical relations of metamorphosed rocks, and has contributed
to scientific journals and other publications. For the past three years Mr. Newland has
been connected with the editorial stafT of The Mineral Industky.
Nicholson, Frank, born in Dallas, Texas, in 1860, was graduated from the School of
Mines, Washington University, St. l/ouis, in 1880, with the degree of M.E., and in 1883
received the degree of M.Sc. from the same institution. Since his graduation he has
acted as manager for smelting works in Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico and
Mexico, and also as consulting engineer for a large number of properties. Since 1898 he
has confined himself almost exclusively to the Joplin zinc district, Missouri. Mr. Nicholson
has done a large amount of expert work covering properties in the United States, British
Columbia, Nova Scotia and Mexico, and is a member of several engineering and technical
societies. To the present volume he has contributed the review of "The Progress in the
Zinc Industry in Missouri during 1902."
Obalski, J., was born in France in 1852, and studied at the Ecole des Mines at Paris;
after graduation he occupied several positions in connection with the mining industry in
France and Spain, and visited various mining districts in those countries, Belgium and
Portugal. In 1881 he was called by the government of the Province of Quebec to fill the
position of mining engineer and inspector of mines, which post he still occupies. He has
contributed to the present volume notes on asbestos, chrome ore, copper ore, graphite,
phosphate and mica mining in Quebec. ^
Power, Frederick Danvers, was born at Lee, England, in 1861. He received his
technical training in Swansea, South Wales; at the Royal School of Mines, London, and
at the Bergakademie of Clausthal, Germany. He has travelled in South Africa and North
Africa, but has spent most of his professional life in various parts of Australasia and
the South Seas, having arrived in Victoria in 1885. He has held various appointments
for British and Colonial companies, and has contributed several scientific papers to English
3nd Colonial journals and transactions of sclentiiic societies. He is also the author of a
Pocketbook for Miners and Metallurgists, published by Messrs. Crosby, Lockwood &
Son. He has been on the council of the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers from
its foundation, and has acted both as vice president and president; he was formerly
examiner of Mining at the University of Melbourne; vice-president of the New South
Wales Chamber of Mines, and is a life member of the American Institute of Mining
Eiigineers, the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and the Royal Geological Society,
London. To the present volume he contributes special notes on the mining industries in
the Australasian States during 1902, and "Cobalt in New Caledonia."
Retbolo, Edwin C, Jr., was graduated from Delaware College with the degree of A.B.
in 1896; and received the degree of A.M. in 1903. From 1897 to 1900 he was employed
at the smelting works of the Deadwood & Delaware Smelting Co., and the Golden Reward
Mining Co., at Deadwood, S. D., and from 1900 to the present time he has been with
the Clear Creek Mining Co., operating the smelter at Golden, and mines in Gilpin County,
Colo. Mr. Reybold contributes to the present volume, "Notes on Pyritic Smelting."
Richards, Robert Hallowell, professor of mining and metallurgy at the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology, was born in 1844 at Gardiner, Me. He graduated in 1868
from the Massachusetts Institute, being a member of its first class, and became assistant
in chemistry in the corps of instruction, passing successively to the post of instructor,
assistant professor of chemistry, professor of mineralogy and assaying, professor of
mining engineering, and in 1884 to his present professorship of mining and metallurgy.
Under his administration the mining and metallurgical laboratory, which was the first
xxviii CONTRIBUTORS.
of its kind in an educational institution, has been developed to a high degree of excellence,
and has been a model for similar laboratories in other colleges. In addition to his pro-
fessional duties, Prof. Richards has been actively engaged as a consulting engineer in
mining and metallurgical Vork, and has been the inventor of several ingenious devices,
which have found extended use in practice. He has contributed many valuable' papers
to the technical press, and to the transactions of various scientific societies. His most
recent work on the principles of ore dressing is the admiration of the entire body of
engineers engaged in that business. To this, as in previous volumes, he has contributed
the reviews, ''BeviewB of the Literature on Ore Dressing in 1902," and "Progress in (Sold
Mining during 1902."
RiCKABD, TH0MA8 A., was bom in 1864, at Pertusola, Italy, and spent his boyhood in
Italy, Switzerland and Russia (the Urals). Educated in Russia and in England, he gradu-
ated from the Royal School of Mines in 1885 and immediately afterward went to Colorado.
In 1887 he was appointed superintendent of the Union Mine at San Andreas, Cal. In
July, 1889, he went to Australia, and for two years visited and studied most of the
important mining districts of New Zealand, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and
Tasmania. In 1801 Mr. Rickard was manager of mines near Allemont, in the Isdre^
France. During 1892 he returned to Colorado and began general practice as consulting
engineer and during the next five years examined mines throughout the West; in 1895
he was appointed State geologist of Colorado holding this honorary office for three successive
terms, covering six ydars. In 1897 he examined a number of mines in British Columbia
and Western Australia for a London financial house and in 1899 became consulting
engineer to several important mines in Colorado. On January 1, 1903, Mr. Rickard
became editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal, to which he had been for many
years a frequent contributor. He has contributed largely to technical literature, especially
the Tran9acti(m8 of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the Institution of Mining
and Metallurgy and the publications of other technical societies. He is also the author
oi The Stamp Milling of Gold Orea, published in 1897. To the present volume he con-
tributes the article "The Sampling and Estimation of Ore in a Mine."
RiES, Heiitrich, Ph.B., A.M., Ph.D., was graduated in 1892 from the School of Mines,
Columbia College (now Columbia University), New York City. After his graduation he
was employed as assistant geologist on the New York Stete Geological Survey, and during
the World's Fair at Chicago he was assistant director of the New York scientific exhibit.
From 1893 to 1895 he held the University Fellowship in Mineralogy at Columbia Univer-
sity, and was awarded the Barnard Fellowship for scientific research by the same institution
from 1897 to 1900. In 1898 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Economic Greology at
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. Ries has made a special study of the economic
geology of clays, has made extensive investigations of both domestic and foreign deposite,
and since 1895 has acted as clay specialist for the United Stetes Geological Survey. He
has prepared special reporte on Uie clays of New York, Michigan, North Carolina, Alabama,
Louisiana, Maryland and New Jersey. In 1895 he was judge of clays at the Cotton
States Exposition, and a member of the jury of awards at the Pan-American Exposition
at Buffalo, N. Y. To the present volume Dr. Ries contributes the paper, "Review of the
Literature of Oays and CTay Producte in 1902."
Rossi, Auouste J., was bom in Paris in 1839. In 1855 he was graduated from the Uni-
versity of France, receiving the degree of B.A. and 6.S. and in 1859 received the degree
of civil and mining engineer from the Ecole Ceotrale of Arts and Manufactures of Paris.
Soon afterward he came to the United States, of which he has long been an adopted citizen.
Mr. Rossi, in the course of his professional practice, has been with the Morris & Essex
Railroad, with the Boonton blast furnaces and with the New York Ice Machine Co. For
the past eight years he has devoted himself particularly to electrometallurgy, and as
consulting mining engineer has been engaged in the study of the metellurgy of titenium.
He is a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Chemical
Society and of the American Electro-Chemical Society, and various articles from his pen
PKBDERICK H. LBWIS.
FRANK NICHOLS«)N,
1
1
1
Jw A
1
■ m
r
CHARLES F. MC KENNA.
JAMES W. MALCOLMSON.
JOHN A. MATHF.WS.
ROBERT !f. RICHARDS.
F. DAN\KRS POWER.
HEINKICII RIES.
THOMAS A. RICKARO. M ^^^M I AL'GUSTK J. ROSSI.
p. SCHNIEWIND.
VINCENTE SI'IKEK. .^^^^^■^fc^ ^H WALTER H. WEED.
Tins IM KE.
bave appeared in the published proceedings of these societies, and in other technical publica-
tions. To this volume Mr. Rossi contributes the paper, "Progress in the Manufacture
and Use of Titanium and Similar Alloys."
Sanford, Samuel, born in Middfetown, R. I., 1865; after taking a course in mining
geology, was graduated from Harvard' University in 1890. After graduation he was
engaged in landscape work in New^ Jersey. From 1891 to 1892 he, was employed by the
Lake Superior Geological Survey on the Marquette and Menominee ranges in Michigan,
and in 1893 he was superintendent of the field operations of the Duliith Iron Co. on the
Mesabi Range, Minn. From 1894 to 1897 he was engaged in research work, and from 1899
to 1902 Mr. Sanford has been on the editorial staff of the Engineering and Mining
Journal, To the present volume he contributes notes on anthracite and bituminous - coals
in the Uilited States. ...
SOHNIEWIND, Fredebick, was born at Bochum, Westphalia, in 1861. He studied at
the institutes of technolo^ at Charlottenburg and Munich and at the un|i^|'^ties of
Berlin, Munich and Heidelberg, receiving the degree of Ph.D. at the latter university. He
then entered the laboratory of a Westphalian blast furnace and subsequently had ^charge
of analytical laboratories at Cleveland, O., and Crystal Falls, Mich. Since its inception
he has been connected with the United Coke and Gas Co., which bi^ilds and .Qperates
by-product coke ovens, especially of the Otto-Hoffmann t3rpe. He adapted by-product,
coke ovens to the manufacture of illuminating gas and has made a number of improve-
ments in their construction. He is the author of numerous articles on coal distillation
in coke-ovens, and to the present volume he contributes the paper, "By-Product Coke
Ovens."
Spibek, Vikoente, was bom in 1852, at Bubovice, near Prague, Bohemia, and was
graduated from the Bergakademie at Pribram in 1876. He entered at once into active
mining and in 1878-1879 became an officer of the government mining bureau in Bosnia
and Herzegovina. He was employed under Exeli in Idria, and from 1876 to 1890 he was
associated there with Cermak in the remodeling of the works and the design of the well-
known CermakrSpirek quicksilver furnace. After service as an officer in the army in
Bosnia and H«rz^ovina he resigned his position of Oberhuetteningenieur in the State
Mines Direction' to take charge of the quicksilver works at Monte Amiata, Italy. Mr.
Spirek has received several government medals in recognition of his special work as an
engineer, and he has written a number of technical articles. To the present volume he
has contributed notes on the recent improvements in the Cermak-Spirek furnace for quick-
silver ores.
Stbuthebs, Joseph, was bom at New York City in 1865, and attended the School of
Mines, Columbia College (now Columbia University), graduating therefrom in the
course of chemistry in 1885, and in 1895, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from that institu-
tion. For fifteen years after his graduation he was on the staff of instructors of the
department of metallurgy at Columbia University, first assisting Dr. Thomas Egleston,
and later Prof. Henry M. Howe; later becoming honorary lecturer in metallurgy at
Columbia University. In 1896 he organized and conducted the first summer school in
practical metallurgy of Columbia University, which was held at Butte, Mont. Dr. Struthers
has visited many metallurgical plants in the United States and Europe, and he has
carried on special metallurgical investigations. He has written numerous articles for
the Engineering and Mining Journal, Mineral Resources of the United States, Twelfth
Census of the United States and School. of Mines Quarterly, and from 1892 to the present
time he has been on the Board of Editors of the latter publication, acting for most of
this period as business manager. As assistant editor of The Mineral Industry, Vols.
VIII. and IX. and editor of Vols. X. and XI., he has had entire charge of their prepara-
tion, and has contributed to them by far the greater number of the unsigned articles. In
November, 1901, Dr. Struthers was appointed Field Assistant to the United States Geo-
logical Surrey for 1901 and 1902, and in May, 1903, he was appointed special agent for
the United States Census.
XXX CONTRIBUTORS.
Ulke, Titus, was born in 1866, at Washington, D. C. In 1889 he was graduated from
the Royal School of Mines at Freiberg, Saxony, as metallurgical engineer. After spending
some time in visiting the various mines and metallurgical works in Europe, Mr. Ulke
returned to this country and was engaged as chemist to the Harney Peak Tin Co., in
South Dakota. In 1891 he became assayer for the United Smelting Co., and afterwards
was engaged by the Anaconda Mining Co., as chemist at its electrolytic copper refining
works. In 1893 Mr. Ulke acted as metallurgist to the Mines and Mining Department of
the Chicago Columbian Fair, and was later employed at the Guggenheim works at Perth
Amboy, N. J. As triangulator for the U. S, Geological Survey in 1897, he had charge
of a party to survey the Montana timber reserves. Soon after the declaration of war
with Spain, Mr. Ulke was appointed Assistant Inspector of Ordnance, U. S. A., and in
1900 he became metallurgical engineer to the Lake Superior Power Co., Sault Ste. Marie,
Ont. He is now connected with the Ordnance Department at Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y.
Mr. Ulke has contributed to the present volume the reviews of "Progress in the Electrolytic
Refining of Copper" and "Progress in the Metallurgy of Nickel in 1902."
Weed, Walter Habvet, was born in St. Louis, Mo., May 1, 1862, and was graduated
in 1883 from Columbia College School of Mines in the course of mining engineering. Mr.
Weed was appointed assistant geologist U. S. Geological Survey in June, 1883; in 1885
discovered the vegetable origin of the siliceous sinter of Yellowstone; and the following
year discovered and described Death Gulch, Yellowstone Park. Following his specialty
of economic and applied geology, Mr. Weed has investigated and reported on various coal,
gold and silver districts of Montana, and has made careful studies of the copper and
gold regions of Virginia and the Carolinas, Cripple Creek district, and others in Colorado,
Arizona, California, Wyoming and Mexico. To the present volume Mr. Weed contributea
notes on copper, gold and silver mining in Montana.
INTRODUCTION.
The total value at the place of production of the mineral and metal output
from both domestic and foreign ores and bullion of the United States in 1902
was $1,431,072,789, as compared wii;^ $1,367,983,548, in 1901, a gain of
$63,089,241 for the year.
Of these vast sums, which are without precedent in the history of the mineral
industry, ores and minerals contributed $758,562,272 in 1902 and $721,938,333
in 1901; metals, $510,553,421 in 1902 and $486,981,619 in 1901; secondary
products, $84,688,884 in 1902 and $72,935,106 in 1901 ; while the value of metals
smelted or refined from foreign material was $77,268,212 in 1902 and $86,128,490
in 1901. In these gross totals of value are included certain duplications, such
as those of the manganese and iron ore used in making ferroraanganese and
pig iron; bauxite used in making aluminum and alum; coal used in making
coke ; lead used in making white and red lead and litharge, and a few other dupli-
cations, the whole amounting in 1902 to $115,644,546 and in 1901 to
$93,629,061. Deducting these amounts and also the values of the crude foreign
ores or metals smelted or refined here, the net value of the mineral industry of
the United States was $1,238,160,031 in 1902 and $1,188,225,997 in 1901.
In the preparation of the statistics for this volume, the figures previously
reported for 1901 have been revised in the light of later and more minute
investigation, in accordance with our practice, wherefore it is important for
students to observe the caution to use always the figures in the latest volume
of The Mineral Industey. There are no statistical reports of this nature
which are absolutely correct, owing to the practical impossibility of obtaining
accurate reports from all the producers in some extensive and greatly subdivided
industries, the absence of records on the part of many producers which prevents
them from making returns, the unwillingness of a few to give figures, and
confusion as to the stage in which many products are to be reported. The last
difiiculty is especially likely to lead to errors in values, some producers estimat-
ing the worth of their product at the pit's mouth, and others reporting it in a
more or less advanced stage of completion, including thus not only the cost of
carriage, but also the cost of manipulation. These difficulties appear not only
in our own statistics, but also in the statistics reported by various governments.
In our own work, however, we make a practice of going backward and correcting
figures previously reported, whenever mistakes are discovered by subsequent
investigation.
For the greater part of the statistics relating to the domestic production of
the United States during 1901 and 1902 we have been indebted to Department
of Mineral Resources of the United States Geological Survey, and for the pro-
duction of gold and silver in the United States during these years to Mr. George
E. Roberts, Director of the Mint. Special acknowledgment is due to both of
these departments for their active and hearty co-operation.
We have made great use of the reports of several State geological surveys.
2
TBS MmSRAL INDU8TR7.
especially those of Alabama, Kansas, Iowa and Indiana, and the State mining
bureaus of California and Colorado. We have generally credited these figures
to the proper sources in the subsequent pages, but this acknowledgment may
stand for any unintentional oversights.
PRODUCTION OF ORBS AND MINERALS IN THB UNITED STATES. (FIRST PRODUCTS.)
j
CltB-
uree.
I A8brato§, Bh.T.
g AnphAltutn Hh.T.
. A^phaLtJc ILmestonc!^.. 9h, T.
6 «aryt(s,.*..... SJi.T.
B Baiiiit*^ L. T. .
71 Bismuth ore , Sli.T.
elUromlfie,..,........, U).. .
9|Ca]c.ium bomtp, r ^ lihT
l0lCVm*Mit, iiii.t.h> driLiil. ' f^lJtils
11 IVmtmT, I'l.rTland .,, ABIjla
J'J nirn'MM-rTi' L.T.
\\\ \"h\.y E.nxtn.-t,H.*
J 4 L-ual, iiiithrLu;ite.,». ♦♦
10 CiaK oannel ....,-,.*
17 ,C*i1iialt oxtile. ....»*..
IB CoplJ*^t atilphate. /. .
10 ConiDdum... .....p.
SO Einery .,,...
arKf^ld^ifMLr- *..»*....,..
ay.FluorMjiar
m FuUertt earth.,. ......
MG«n»«...
ftGllMDlto
86'araphlt<*, crjrBtflllitu*
3T fimphite, aoiorphoiis
3H (f J jpniim.....H. ......
Lepidotite ........
ItfAgneAite. c. .... -
MflDit&neiii? oro. i.
Mica^ Bcrnp. ....,,
MIcA, Hhwt.
M(ilybd*num ore.
MooiuJte
Satumlfpid
OehiT p
l^lroleum. cnide,
rhostsphiite rock..
Precious fitno(». . .
Prrtten
Salt, q
*4iSiik:a.ljrtclr........
45 nifttciia. eikrUi...
4fi QuarUB.
47 ^d, etc..
4« PuniiCT...........
4fl <lTltid«lone«
BO Whf^tflWuee......
M Trijkf>y „..
ea Slflte> roofld^
5^ ManufAcrurea. . . .
!W PCjruient. .........
55'Stm|iHlont:^.. ,
l^iSoil&, naturiLL. r. . . s
&7{sioiie, for biiaaiiif;
5B ]atoiJft.Iimttsttpnei fl ux\
flj aujne. UOiouitiphic
wBulpbur..............
fil SulphtirleaiTjd./.l,..;
Wi^Tnlc. cnnimtHi.. . . . . ► .
ft'JTuTr, flbrouA......,,,
fr* Tu n|E*t<"n ore ....
ftJ> Uriuiium ott*. . ►.....,
0^ ZiiiL- »ii]phiil«<. ...
87 Zinc (ife, exported. . .
t^ Zinc while. J. ...,
9flZfnci™d.......
TO Emt prod.uDipecLaeNl
I TotaU '
8h,T.
9h.T.
Sh.T
Lb...
Lb. .
eh.T
6h.T.
L.T.
Bb.T.
Sh.T.
Sh.T.
8h.T.
Lb...
Hh T.
L T.
Sh.T.
Sh.T,
L.T,.
Sb-T
Lb..,
;8b, T.
Lb.
8b. T.
uBblB
UT..
BblA.
Sh.T.
Sh.T,
L.T..
Sh.T
8h.T
Hh.T.
8h.T.
8b. T.
Sh.T.
L.T
Sli-T,
iL.T.,
Sb,T.
Sh.T
Bb,T.
L.T..
Bh.T
Sh.T.
Sh.T
Sh.T.
Sh. T.
im.
Quantity.
747
£0,4t&
6,ft70
49,070
1H,9Q&
3tfi
12,71 i,£25
4^
Metrtr!
TOEU.
Hl.OTB
44,5^
19,214
280
81,075
«ea,9ei
g,80e,7M
6oe
«7,G»8«6ae
SS&,7S9,9eO'
T8,0O4,3&7
4,aoe
RL019
19,1"
14.112
4,444
1,500!
B,W7,fll3
059,060
»7,SW.47U
0 110
13,173
838,71M
t,\t3S
360.060
Ifi
74a,7a«
ei,270,56S
fio4,soejio
4:3,085
og,s89,m
1,4SS,T^
so,6nft,a6i
5fi.000
dd4,oao
H,0fiO
e 900,0(10
hb 16,807
ite,oea
3S4^
a,9(»
SLfilT
17,778
4,flS3
i,e&a
jfci,eoojer
7S4
598,603
S8,93S.0T9
100
lt,949
049,016
1,964
Jt 103,322
IB
MO
89,042
8,839,263
l,S07,4ffii
£38,661
£.613,299
Value at PIbct
of ProduetLoD.a
Totals.
iPerM.
Ton.
CuBtotnary
Meaeure«.
13,498
337,360
aiJ75
isawBoi
157,944
79,914
£&,4B8
]49,04A
1, 012, lie
8,060,278:,
R532,aQ0
7,740
112,704,066'
S80,aO5,314«
%
39-91
lfl'2l
6'S8
4U
S-54
4 16
8819
696 la
48'Q«
s-i;
618
16 23
re4
115
3.647
12JT6
9H,400
24,04^1
m 3,674,600
140,040
220,423
ltS,BOa
lBfl,lB)'
46,000|
136,914
SLfliW
1,«77,49S
47,406.7141
4,070,
43,057
LM4,117|
19,7^9
750;
27,0ft7,aoo;
n 616.308,
aft,417,S3&'
&,316i,4ns
289,060
1,024,449
6.017,449
1,018.060
Ba,«50
41.R0O
< 1,3*^,912
1$Xt2.
Quandty.
Metric
Ton*.
1.010
29,003
1,8W
57JJH7
6Hw]49
27,322
37
613,913
1T,21S
1»,0^.769
36,636,000
S16
90-38
»7-4a
640
7-57
391*)
feOlie
4392
l'07t
40 66<
360
2 53
10^
614
174"S0
41,4A1,M7
Sfi8,371.Q»7
48,703.ei38
14,100
8,722
4,0S3
4,170,924
4,739
910
27,12fi
1,686
62,4l!fi
fl2,7K
27,7S9
84
2S3
16.006
1.236,1)0
3.000,0^
320
S7. 604.843
234,a93,EU39
Vatue At V\m^
of Productioa. a
Totals.
12,400
7,7^
157,093
186.718
121,466
2,660
128,4™. LUJ ON
2,4M,1»94>1A6I)I3
4,08^,692! S 31
16.037,600
4.725
doojooo,ooo
^002,229
285,574,389
Pr.M.
Ton.
$
13S4
14 S6
Am
2 99
a M
4'SS
8706
561 S9
554
14-77
2-20
in
22,119
2,028.563, 91 71
96,135
27,501
12,791
8.376
B,676i
LB»
4,299
L^.3T9
16,24-
4,865]
15,000
I.
3HC^
8,644tJ08
Nil.
6.976
9ft.<W
^^,e43
0^.200
HXt
375
T.SOO
44.156
46,600
2,500
4,413
13,608
8,679,656
7,(188
88.905
25,9H4
62.77y
162
IMO
0,804
40,058
42,18B
2,268
580,708
158,3U0
4,114.410
6^,3.116
41,«U
197,000
55,615,906
4,659,896
223.**)
12,298,200
4S4,8ia
483,600
sr^.7ar.>
10S..500
322,425
1,167,^
3,720,000
150.1100
5,000.000
1348
751
3 '53
31,630,121
3,400
^^* 15
56,320
84,2fi0.788
t,4«4,M8
4^
258
14-52
3-96
148
i3'16
931
" 14 44
0-54
aafl,i9e
23,849.221
e 60.000
4,855
13,901
e 1,000,000
100
3rfi2
25 75
103S
7'6»|
17111
30147'
47 39:
29' 15
f«l8
66 14,
ism)
10,000
9,490,000
7,443
21,640
71,100
mi
810
54.613
52,730
4,000
.751.288,333.,. .../...>.... 1768,592,272
148.«20 5- 12
109.W4O' 8'56
8e,2r0| 26' 15
61,182 I6d4
16.1.147 80 SO
55,964 12 ra
35,190.299 04.709,540' 1 84
8,144;
21,302 5 79
15
760
614
50,186
12,174.961
1,48B,10»
^1.1^9:
3.0e9,<^-
4,401 •
12,614
1,010,000
91
e 30,000,000
705,026
70,tteS,lOO
4.030,516
318,300
971,790;
5.668,636;
e 1,200,0(JO
49,974
117,423
e 1,600,000
500
656,833
219472
1405
6-80
3' 12
14,516
208,000 H-38
4 19
1 67
9' 13
1-48
54»
9,044,231 5.504,352, 0 59
J-
7,562; ;^,560 2903
19,08S
04.601
224
735
413,497
515.360
88,600
21 06
9 64
172 34
49.583 1,449.101 29 23
40,9291 4,023,299, ®-73
3,029 225,000 mm
68,915,0001
INTRODUCTION,
PRODUCTION OF KETALS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Ftoducti.
Atumlniiai .......*
Antitiiony...,,,.,.
Copper...... **..*
FerrfUimugADe^^u
Ferro n i ol yMeo *m
Gold.... ...,
Iroo. ptf. * .
Irldliim.. .
Lead
Molybdenum
NicHei....- ,
PllatiDuiD
QuickaUifer(T)....
eilTOT
86 TunicsteQ .,,,,....
Zloc .
Totals ,
Cus-
tom-
ary
Mens
uree.
Lb„.
Lb...
Lb...
L. T.
Lb...
Lb..
Ozftfi)
L. T
Sh.T
Lb....
Lb....
Qt.{w)
FL'ftks
Lb.,,.
Sh-T
1001.
Quantity.
Custom Vy
Meosurefl.
7,150,000
5,398,000
507,448,312
391.461
16,000
13,001)
8.§05,500
15,5.86,893
25a
379,9-J£
35,000
6.T0O
L40e
39,75J7
65,eiL000
75,000
140,1
Metric
TOQfl.
ta,S43.319
2,401
370,99^
293,124
k USJ
15,8ae,2N3
79
2S3,M4
16
3,040
^44
1.031
k 1,717,884
S4
137,788
Value at Place
of PtXKiuctlon,
Totala.
%
2.:^,OO0
542,030
/ 86,639,1366
l6,Kttl.g60
19.600
T8,6C6,rOO
232,^00,386
5.060
24,341,345
62,125
3.55]
37.526
t,382,:W)5
33,45H,6r>3
45,7t.0
11.365,760
PerM.
Ton,
Custom >
Measures.
S
to 69
225-4
319 67
6631
2,80000
6t28'Si
A: 064 60
1470
kfmtS,
95-46
a.SK*^l
k ]'17
62559
1,340 74
k IB 95
l,ai5'69
flSlfi
1901.
Quantity,
7.300,000
7,13S,00tt
fil0,ttl5.384
212,e«l
16,000
14.000
3,87t».000
17,608,326
30
2B0,5S4
36,000
Nil
34 .451
55,Si>0,0lXl
82.000
158,237
1486,961,019, ..,, 510,553,421
Metric
Tona.
3,312.258
3,330
277,064
ffie,^
7
6
ibl20,369
17,890,059
' 264',489
15
Value at Place
of Production.
Total*.
2,2^,590
634,5(H}
f7l,072,5W
13,853,109
19,600
4.060
79,992,800
2S9,8tV*,796
400
22,829.01.'^
02,125
1.195
Jtl, 738,229
37
148,&5'J
F^rM.
Toa.
t
039
190 44
356-55
64 01
2.eO[)00
670 66
M64 60
1619
iteJ3-63
89 70
3,68381
1,814 JtaaQ-17
1,600.142 1,255 35
2S,M8,800 A 16-77
e0,(JtJ0 1,351 R9
15,317,342 36-60
8BCONDART MINERAL AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
PAMlnotB.
Cua-
toro-
aiy
1001.
1003,
1
Quaudty.
Value at Place
of Production, a
Qtiautity.
Value at Place
of Production, a
35 1
urea.
Customary
Measures.
Metric
Tons,
Totals,
Per M.
TOQ.
Custom Vy
Measures.
Metric
Tons,
TotaU.
S
25M.500
1.938,671
4,304.650
374,150
465,099
5l.664,57S
1 18,474
51.450
110,700
ll,978.m
1,362,712
138,{H9
1,299,443
105,814
10,290.230
196,906
PerM.
Too.
m
Alum
gb.T.
Sh.T.
Sh.T.
Lb..,
Sh.T.
9h.T.
Sh.T.
U>...
5h.T.
Sh.T.
Sh.T.
gh,T,
Sh.X
H.T,.
Sh.T.
7,7M
74,721
66,138
3,838,175
2^,689
21,796,863
33,580
346
2,500,000
100,7S7
13,103
urn
9,460
6,372
460,000
9,^1
7,080
67,786
60,000
1.741
49,490
19,773,096
nm
313
it1,1&4,30]
01,433
11,887
986
8.5«2
5.690
480,000
a,347
008,846
1,a55,?30
3,606,400
345,435
196,151
44,445,933
113,366
jrr,960
iia,ooo
11,^52,05^
1,448,550
£4i,tter
68.993
8,318,400
153,467
20-66
3000
6109
19841
4-00
535
isiias
k O'VJ
I38'U7
121 i>5
11414
1215
17-33
IB 39
8,539
S7,0r5
71,ftl9
3,741,500
547,175
33,090,343
19,784
368
2,356,828
114,658
ii.era
867
12,756
10,843
5fi2,000
11,758
7.747
78,994
66.000
1,697
09.37^
20.947.421
17,948
333
1,060,99({
104,011
10,580
787
11.571
9,837
563,000
10,667
4.«
24-59
66-61
25W-48
4fiS
3-4S
6-60
154-50
0-10
115-16
119-38
175 79
113'30
m
90
91
QQ
93
94
35
06
07
on
Aluminum sulphAte.
Aeiimonmm £iilphate
Carbornodum
Cenieotr fitag..
Coko.....
Copperaa ...»
Gmslied Hteel
Graphite, artiflctal..
Lead, white..........
Lead, red
09
ton
Lead, orange mJnerl
LJtharpe,
101
103
lOR
Mineral wool
Koda, manufacturod,
Veoetiaii red . . . ^
11^-75
18-31
18-46
T0tAll...„.
172,085,106
*&4,aa8,884
METALS PRODUCED FROM FOREIGN ORES
AND BULLION, (aa)
Customary
Measures.
1001.
!002.
MflUta.
Quantities.
Values.
Quantities.
Customaiy
Measures.
Kg.
Customary
Measures.
Kg.
Values.
SSEr.:::::
Pounds.....
TJroyos....
Short tons.
Pounds
Troy OS....
108,646,068
88,860
8,664,614
46,410,065
46,580,800
68,885
80,104,878
8,080,106
1,418,404
16,586J966
86,776,704
1,087,716
4,087,710
27,850,005
85,000,000
1,680,001
84.028
10,301,478
46,067,244
88,666,747
52,664
81,681,061
4,713,544
1,405,666
0,801,450
84,082,211
2,841,062
4,520,203
25,062,306
liMMl
NiekeL
aUnsr
Total taIimJ
$66,188,400
781,088,888
466,061,610
72,085,106
$77,868,212
Total ores and miuirala
756.5Q2,2?2
Total metals.
Total sbooimUl
510,558,421
84,686,664
Gnndtotal,^
rahMS
$1,867,068,5481
$1,481,072,780
1b Qging the statistics in the f oresolng tobies reference should also be made to the detafled tables under the
raspeetl^ca|>tions further on in this volume, where many explanatory notes as to the statistics will be
round. Hie foUowIng notes refer to the four preceding tables: (a) Except where otherwise specified. (5)
Hotemnnerated. (<^ Crude mineral. In 1001 includes 5,344 short tons of^reflned borax, valued at $097,807.
W FOnly ftlmated. (e) Brtlmated. (/) Includes copper sulphate made from metallic copper, {g) Barrels
THB MINERAL INDU8TBT.
of 800 lb. (M Barrals of 400 lb. (») Inoludes manganiferous Iron ore; this is not dupUcated in the report
of iron ore. {J ) Value per square, <.e., 100 sq. ft., lapped and laid; tlie weiffhts are oalculated ou the basis
8 8quare8=:8,000 lb., but these figures are only approziniately correct (M) Kflogranis orper kilogram. (/) Re-
duced to a basis of 60" B. (m) A.Terage market price at New York, (n) Nominal, (o) Value before srinding.
(p) Includes ocher, umber, sienna, and axlde of iron. (9) Includes salt used for the manufacture of alkali ; the
barrel of salt weighs 980 lb. (r) Reduced to a basis of 6t^ ash. (<) Includes a small amount made from spelter,
(f) Average value of Lake copper at New York, less O-sSc. per lb. i«) Includes spiege»eisen, tiiough the total
value is reckoned as if the whole product were ferromanganese. iv) Average market price at Pittsburg,
(to) Troy oz. (x) Flasks of 78'5 ib. (y) Barrels of 48 gal. U) Includes a comparatively small amount made
dbectly from ores, (aa) Not included in the preceding tables. (66) Does not include 40,980 pieces of unspeci-
tted weight; the value, however, is iacludedf in the total (cc) Included with common talc, (dd) Includes
tripoli. Tee) Included with diatomaoeous earth. (//) Included with bituminous. (99) dtatlstics not collected.
Abbreviations: 8h. T., short tons (8,000 lb.); L. T., long tons (8,940Jb.); M. T., metric tons (8,804 lb.).
Metals and Alloys.
Aluminum. — The production of aluminum ui the United States in 1902 was
7,300,000 lb. ($2,284,590), as compared with 7,150,000 lb. ($2,238,000) in 1901.
Antimony, — The production of antimony in the United States in 1902 was
7,122,000 lb. ($634,506) as compared with 5,298,000 lb. ($542,020) in 1901.
Copper.— HYie productioii increased from 697,443,212 lb. ($86,629,266) to
610,815,384 lb. ($71,072,586) in 1902. The main increases were in Montana,
Michigan, Utah and the Southern States. California and Arizonia reported de-
creases. In addition to the domestic copper produced in 1902, there were
85,000,000 lb. derived from foreign sources.
Ferromanganese. — The production of ferromanganese, including spiegeleisen,
was 212,981 long tons ($13,852,199), as compared with 291,461 long tons
($16,589,960) in 1901.
Ferromolyhdenum. — The production in 1902 is estimated at 16,000 lb.
($19,600), as compared with the same totals in 1901.
Oold and Silver. — The domestic production of gold in 1902 was 3,870,000
troy oz. ($79,992,800), as compared with 3,805,500 troy oz. ($78,666,700) in
1901. The production of silver was 55,500,000 troy oz. ($28,948,800), as com-
pared with 55,214,000 troy oz. ($32,458,653). There was a slight increase in
the production of gold in Colorado; and Alaska, Arizona and South Dakota
also contributed to the enlarged production. Besides the production reported,
1,689,991 oz. of gold and 48,087,244 oz. of silver were smelted in the UniteH
States from imported ores. The average value of silver in the United States ii*
1902 was 5216c. per oz., against 58-95c. per oz. in 1901.
Iron. — The production of pig iron in 1902, exclusive of ferromanganese and
spiegeleisen, was 17,608,326 long tons ($289,304,796), as compared with
15,586,893 long tons ($232,800,328) in 1901. Of the production in 1902
10,393,168 long tons were Bessemer pig iron against 9,546,793 long tons in 1901.
The production of basic pig was 2,438,590 long tons, against 1,448,850 long tons.
The remainder of the output is classed as foundry and forge iron.
. Lead.— The domestic production in 1902 was 280,524 short tons ($22,829,043),
against 279,922 short tons ($24,241,245) in 1901. There was a large increase
in the output of the Idaho mines. The average price of lead at New York in
1902 was 4069c., against 4-33c. per lb. in 1901. Besides the above, the Amer-
ican smelters in 1902 recovered 34,922 tons of lead from foreign ore and base
bullion, against 22,260 in 1901.
Molybdenum.— Some '35,000 lb. of molybdenum ($62,125) were produced in
INTRODUCTION. 5
1902, as compared with an equal output in 1901. A considerable portion of the
ore came from Arizona.
Nickel. — There was no domestic production of nickel in 1902, as compared
with an output of 6,700 lb. ($3,651) in 1901.
Platinum. — There was a production of 94 troy oz. ($1,814) of platinum from
domestic ores in 1902, as compared with 1,408 oz. ($27,526) in 1901. The value
of bar platinimi at New York in 1902 averaged $20- 15 per oz.
Quicksilver. — The production of quicksilver increased from 29,727 flasks
($1,382,305) to 34,451 flasks ($1,500,142) in 1902. Texas contributed 6,252
flasks to the total, but there was no production in Oregon.
Tttn^«/en.— The production was 82,0001b. ($50,020) in 1902, against 76,000 lb.
($45,750) in 1901. The production of ferrotungsten in 1902 was 14,000 lb.
($4,060).
Zinc.— The production in 1902 was 168,237 short tons ($16,317,342), as com-
pared with 140,822 short tons ($11,265,760) in 1901. There was a large increase
in Kansas. The average price of spelter in New York in 1902 was 4'84c. per lb.,
against 4'07c. per lb. in 1901.
Obes, Minerals and Chemical Products.
Alum and Aluminum Sulphate. — The production of crystallized alum in the
United States in 1902 was 8,539 short tons ($229,500), as compared with 7,755
short tons ($208,846) in 1901. The production of aluminum sulphate in 1902
was 87,075 short tons ($1,938,671), as compared with 74,721 short tons
($1,355,720) in 1901.
Ammonium Sulphate. — The amount of ammonium sulphate recovered in the
United States in 1902 was 65,000 metric tons ($4,264,650), as compared with
60,000 metric tons ($3,665,400) in 1901. The value of sulphate, basis 25'^, was
$65-61 per metric ton at New York in 1902, against $6109 in 1901.
Asbestos. — ^The domestic production was 1,010 short tons ($12,400) in 1902,
as compared with 747 short tons ($13,498) in 1901. In each year the produc-
tion was made almost entirely by one mine in Georgia.
Asphaltum and Asphaltum Products. — The production of asphaltum, liquid
and solid, in 1902 was 29,903 short tons ($389,602), as compared with 20,416
short tons ($337,359) in 1901, the output coming from California and Indian
Territory. California, Indian Territory and Kentucky produced 57,837 tons
($157,093) of bituminous rock in 1902, as compared with 34,248 tons ($138,601)
in 1901. Arkansas and Indian Territory produced 1,859 short tons ($7,782) of
asphaltic limestone, as compared with 6,970 tons ($33,375) in 1901. There was
no output in Utah, and Indian Territory showed a large decrease. The produc-
tion of grahamite or gilsonite in 1902 was 4,052 tons, as compared with 1,500
tons in 1901.
Barytes. — ^The production in 1902 was 58,149 short tons ($186,713), as com-
pared with 49,070 short tons ($157,844) in 1901. Of the production in 1902,
Virginia furnished the larger part of the output, the remainder being obtained
in North Carolina, Tennessee and Missouri.
6 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
Bauxite.— "The production in 1902 was 27,322 long tons ($121,465), as com-
pared with 18,906 long tons ($79,914) in 1901.
Bromtne.— The production in 1902 was 513,913 lb. ($128,472), against
552,023 lb. ($149,045) in 1901. These figures include the bromine equivalent of
potassium bromide, which is produced in Michigan.
Calcium Borate.— The production in 1902 was 17,202 short tons, as compared
with 23,231 short tons in 1900. Most of the product is obtained from colemanite,
which is mined in California. The value of the production in 1902 was
$2,434,994, against $1,012,118 in 1901.
Carhorundum.—T!hQ production reported by the sole producer was 3,741,500 lb.
($374,150) in 1902, as compared with 3,838,175 lb. ($345,435) in 1901.
Cemenf.— The total production of Portland cement in 1902 was 16,535,000 bbl.
of 400 lb., valued at $16,637,500, as compared with 12,711,225 bbl. ($12,532,360)
in 1901. The Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New Jersey has maintained
its supremacy as a center of production, and Michigan and other States also
showed important gains. Aside from the remarkable increase in production, the
year 1902 was notable for the very low prices commanded by cement in the
Eastern markets. The production of natural rock cement in 1902 was 9,083,759
bbl. of 300 lb., valued at $4,087,692, as compared with 7,084,823 bbl. ($3,056,278)
in 1901. As in previous years, the Kentucky-Indiana district and Ulster County,
N. Y., were the largest producers. The production of slag cement in 1902 was
547,175 bbl. of 400 lb., valued at $465,099, against 272,689 bbl. ($198,151)
in 1901.
Chrome Ore, — ^The production in 1902 was 315 long tons ($4,725), against
498 long tons ($7,740) in 1901. The entire production in 1901 and 1902 was
mined in California.
Clay, — The value of brick and other clay products made in the United States
in 1901 was $110,211,587, as compared with $78,704,678 in the previous year.
Coal and Coke. — The total production of coal in the United States in 1902
was 299,823,254 short tons ($368,576,568), as compared with 293,298,516 short
tons ($349,009,269) in 1901. The production of anthracite, all of it from
Pennsylvania, with the exception of small amounts from Colorado and New
Mexico, was 41,451,267 short tons ($83,002,229) in 1902, as compared with
67,538,536 short tons ($112,704,055) in 1901. Kentucky's production of cannel
coal is included under the production of bituminous. The output of bituminous
coal, of which Pennsylvania and the Central States are the largest producers, was
258,371,987 short tons ($285,574,339) in 1902, as compared with 225,759,980
($236,305,214) in 1901. There was an increase in the output of most of the
important coal producing States in 1902. The total production of coke in 1902
was 23,090,342 short tons ($51,864,575), as compared with 21,795,883 short
tons ($44,445,923) in 1901. Pennsylvania furnished about two-thirds of the
output each year.
Cohait Oxide. — ^There was no production of cobalt oxide in 1902, against
13,360 lb. ($24,048) in 1901.
Copperas. — ^The production in 1902 was 19,784 short tons ($118,474), as com-
pared with 23,586 short tons ($112,366) in 1901. The chief producer in this
INTRODUCTION. 7
country is the United States Steel Corporation, which controls all the wire and
rod works recovering copperas as a by-product. The above statistics do not in-
clude copperas converted into Venetian and Indian reds at the works of original
production.
Copper Sulphate. — ^The production in 1902 was 48,763,538 lb., as compared
with 78,004,257 lb. in 1901. Of this the amount recovered as a by-product
chiefly by gold and silver refiners, was 35,879,212 lb. in 1902, and 51,000,000 lb.
in 1901. The remainder of the output each year was made from metallic copper
and from ore, the former being included in the production of copper. The
average value of copper sulphate at New York per 100 lb. was $4*16 in 1902,
as compared with $4*10 in 1901.
Corundum and Emery. — The production of corundum and emery in 1902
was valued at $95,135, as compared with 4,305 short tons ($146,040) in 1901.
The production of steel emery or crushed steel in 1902 was 735,000 lb. ($51,450),
against 690,000 lb. ($37,950) in 1901, the entire product each year being sup-
plied by a single concern — ^the Pittsburg Crushed Steel Co.
Feldspar. — The production in 1901 was 31,019 long tons, valued at $220,422.
The statistics for 1902 are not yet available. Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and
New York are the principal producers of feldspar.
Fluorspar. — The production in 1902 was 27,127 short tons ($143,520), as
compared with 19,586 short tons ($113,803) in 1901, Illinois, Kentucky and
Tennessee furnishing the entire output
Fullers Earth. — The output in 1902 was 14,100 short tgns ($109,980), as
compared with 14,112 short tons ($96,835) in 1901.
Oamet. — The production in 1902 was 3,722 short tons ($88,270), as compared
with 4,444 short tons ($158,100) in 1901, the output each year being furnished
by New York, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. The domestic resources of this
mineral are large, but the demand for it is limited.
Qraphite. — The production of crystalline graphite in 1902 was 4,176,824 lb.
($153,147), as compared with 3,967,612 lb. ($135,914) in 1901. The produc-
tion of amorphous graphite in 1902 was 4,739 short tons ($55,964), as com-
pared with 809 short tons ($31,800) in 1901. As in previous years, the larger
part of the crystalline product in 1902 was obtained from Ticonderoga, N. Y.,
although a considerable quantity was mined in Pennsylvania and in Clay County,
Alabama. The single producer of artificial graphite reported an output of
2,358,828 lb. ($110,700), as compared with 2,500,000 lb. ($119,000) in 1901.
Oypsum. — ^The production of gypsum in 1901 was 669, 659 short tons, valued
ftt $1,677,498. These figures represent the amount of crude rock quarried.
The larger part of the production is marketed in the form of stucco, or plaster
of Paris.
Iron Ore. — ^The production in 1902 was 34,636,121 long tons, as compared
with 27,887,479 long tons in 1901, these figures being exclusive of the production
of manganiferous iron ore reported separately under manganese. The increase
in the production was due chiefiy to the Lake Superior ranges, which furnished
by far the greater part of the output.
Lead White, Red Lead and Litharge. — The production of white lead in 1902
8 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
was 114,658 short tons ($11,978,172), as compared with 100,787 short tons
($11,252,653) in 1901; of red lead, 11,669 ($1,262,712), as compared with
13,103 ($1,448,550) ; of litharge, 12,765 ($1,299,443), as compared with 9,460
($979,586); of orange mineral, 867 ($138,349), as compared with 1,087
($224,667) in 1901. The larger part of these products is obtained by the cor-
rosion of pig lead, but a small part of the white lead product is made directly
from the ores.
lAmestotie for Iron Flux. — Iron smelters consumed 9,490,090 long tons of
limestone in 1902, as compared with 8,540,168 long tons in 1901, the increase
being caused by the greater production of pig iron.
Magnesite. — ^The production in 1902 was 3,466 short tons ($21,362), as com-
pared with 13,172 short tons ($i3,057) in 1901. The entire output in both
years was mined in California and represented but a small portion of the mag-
nesite consumed in this country. Large quantities of this mineral are imported
from Austria and Greece.
Manganese Ore. — ^The production of manganese ore, including manganiferous
iron ore in 1901 was 638,795 long tons.
Mica. — The production of sheet mica in 1901 was 360,060 lb. ($98,859) of
scrap mica, 2,165 short tons ($19,719). Mica is mined in South Dakota, New
Hampshire, North Carolina and Nevada. The imports of mica into the United
States in 1902 were 2,251,856 lb., valued at $466,332, of which 102,299 lb.
($46,970) was cut or trimmed mica.
Mineral Wool. — The production in 1902 was 10,843 short tons ($105,814), as
compared with 6,272 short tons ($68,992) in 1901. A part of this product was
made from slag and a part by the fusion of natural rock, the latter being the
more valuable.
Molybdenum Ore. — The production in 1902 is estimated at 15 short tons,
valued at $750, as compared with a like output in 1901. The value of molyb-
denum ore varies within wide limits, and a nominal value of $50 per ton is
placed upon the output.
Monazite.— The output in 1901 was 748,736 lb. ($59,262), and came from
North Carolina and South Carolina.
Natural Oas. — ^The production of natural gas in 1902 is estimated at
$30,000,000, as compared with a value of $27,067,500 in 1901.
Ocher and Oxide of Iron Pigments. — ^The production of ocher, umber, sienna
and natural oxide of iron ground pigment, the last being known commonly as
metallic paint, was 55,320 short tons ($705,026) in 1902, as compared with
43,036 short tons ($516,308) in 1901. The separation of these products is at-
tended with considerable difficulty, as they merge into one another. Pennsyl-
vania is the largest producer of these pigments.
Petroleum,— The total output in 1902 was 84,250,738 bbl. ($70,628,100), as
compared with 69,389,194 bbl. ($66,417,335) in 1901. The large increase was
due to the enormous developments in Texas and California, the Appalachian field
showing a decided falling off. The averjige value was considerably lower in 1902
tl^in in 1901, as the Western oil is valued upon a fuel basis.
Phosphate RocJc.— The production in 1902 was 1,464,668 long tons ($4,636,-
INTRODUCTION, 9
516), as compared with 1,483,723 long tons ($5,316,403) in 1901. Florida was
the only important State to report an increase.
iSaZ^.— The domestic output of salt* increased from 20,566,661 bbl. in 1901 to
23,849,221 bbl. in 1902.
Silica, — ^The production of vein and dike quartz in 1902 was 13,904 short tons
($117,423), as compared with 14,050 short tons ($41,500) in 1901. The uses
of quartz are chiefly in pottery, for packing acid towers and for grinding pur-
poses. The production of grindstones, which are made out of quartzite, or a
very hard sandstone, in 1902, was valued at $656,832, as compared with 16,807
short tons, and a value of $580,703 in 1901. The weight of the production in
1901 does not include 40,980 pieces of which the weight is not specified, but
which are reckoned in the value. The production of oilstones, scythestones and
whetstones in 1902 was valued at $219,172, as compared with $158,300 in 1901.
The production of pumice in 1902 was 100 short tons, against no output in 1901.
The production of diatomaceous earth and tripoli in 1902 was 4,855 short tons
($49,974), as compared with 4,020 short tons ($52,950) in 1901.
Slate. — The production of roofing slate in 1901 was 1,304,379 squares
($4,114,410) and the value of the production of slate manufactures, chiefly
blackboard and structural material, was. $673,115. The output of slate pigment,
including Baraga graphite and various kinds of mineral black, in 1901 was 4,865
short tons, valued at $41,211. Pennsylvania and Vermont lead in the production
of slate.
Soda, — ^The production of soda and soda products from salt, reduced to a com-
mon basis of 58% soda ash, was 562,000 metric tons in 1902, as compaY^d with
480,000 metric tons in 1901. The value of the product in the respective years
was $10,290,220 and $8,318,400, the average value of 58% ash at the works
being $18-31 and $17*33 per metric ton, respectively. There was an output of
25,000 short tons of natural sodium carbonate, equivalent to 16,000 short tons
of 58% soda ash, as compared with the equivalent of 15,000 short tons of 58%
ash in 1901. The production of natural soda in both years was made in Cali-
fornia and Nevada.
Sulphur and Pyrites. — ^Louisiana, Nevada and Utah produced 7,443 long tons
of sulphur in 1902, against 6,976 long tons in 1901. The average price of
Sicilian seconds at New York in 1902 was $22-72 per ton, compared with $23-71
in the previous year. The domestic production of pyrites in 1902 was 228,198
long tons ($971,796), as compared with 234,825 long tons ($1,024,449) in 1901.
Of the total output in 1902, Virginia contributed more than one-half, followed
by (Jeorgia, North Carolina, Colorado, Massachusetts, California, Indiana, Ohio,
Missouri and New York. The production from Indiana and Ohio was obtained
as a by-product in coal mining. The average prices of concentrated sulphuric
acid of 66°B. were $22-40 per 2,000 lb. at New York in 1902, as compared
with $23-50 in 1901.
Talc and Soapstone, — The production during 1902 of soapstone for slabs and
other manufactured articles and common talc mostly ground to powder, was
21,640 short tons ($413,497), as compared with 28,643 short tons ($424,888)
in 1901. These materials were obtained in North Carolina, Virginia, New
10 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The production of fibrous talc, all of it
from St. Lawrence County, N. Y., was 71,100 short tons ($615,360) in 1902,
as compared with 69,200 short tons ($483,600) in 1901.
Tungsten Ore. — ^There was a production in 1902 of 250 short tons of tungsten
ore, as compared with 179 short tons in 1901. The outputs in each year were
nominally valued at $38,600 and $27,720, respectively. Most of the material
produced in 1902 came from Colorado.
Uranium Ore. — In 1901, Colorado produced 375 short tons of uranium ore,
as compared with 810 tons in 1902.
Venetian and Indian Reds. — The production of these colors in 1902 was
11,758 short tons ($196,905), as compared with 9,201 short tons ($153,467)
in 1901. These figures include only the output at works where the original
copperas was made, and do not take into account any material that may have been
made by second handlers.
Zinc Ore. — ^The quantity of zinc ore of domestic origin exported from the
United States in 1902 was 54,613 short tons ($1,449,109), as compared with
44,156 short tons ($1,167,684) in }901. Most of the ore exported was mined
in New Jersey.
Zinc Sulphate. — There was a production of 7,500 short tons of zinc sulphate
in 1901.
Zinc White. — ^The production in 1902 was 52,730 short tons, as compared with
46,500 short tons in 1901. The total value was $4,023,299, as compared with
$3,720,000 in 1901. A large part of the production of zinc white in the United
States is made by the New Jersey Zinc Co.
•'\
ALUMINUM AND ALUM,
Bt Joseph Stbuthebs.
Undeb this general caption are grouped aluminum, alum, bauxite^ cryolite,
corundum and emery, substances which, previous to Volume VII., appeared
under individual captions. The present arrangement is a logical one, since both
bauxite and cryolite are used as raw material in the manufacture of aluminum
and alum, two industries so interwoven that a logical separation is impossible,
and, since corundum, though employed mainly as an abrasive, is now used in
part as a source of aluminum. In this view aluminum, alum and the aluminum
minerals — bauxite and cryolite, corundum and emery — ^bear the same relation
to one another as do copper, copper sulphate or bluestone and copper ores.
I, Bauxite.
The production of bauxite in 1902 was 27,322 long tons, valued at $120,366,
as compared with 18,905 long tons, valued at $79,914 in 1901, being a large
increase over the output of the preceding year. Of the production in 1902
Georgia contributed nearly 70% of the total output, the balance being contributed
by Arkansas and Alabama in the order named. The following companies were
in operation during the year: Republic Mining & Manufacturing Co., in Ala-
bama and Georgia ; General Bauxite Co., Harrison Bros., J. H. Hawkins, Inter-
national Aluminum Mining Co., in Georgia ; and General Bauxite Co., Pittsburg
Reduction Co., and one minor producer in Arkansas. The mines of the Arkansas
Bauxite Co., in Arkansas, and those of the Dixie Bauxite Co., in Alabama, were
inoperative during the year.
Bauxite is consumed chiefly for the manufacture of aluminum, although a
large quantity is used in the manufacture of aluminum sulphate and crystallized
alum. The subjoined table of the production, imports, exports, with values of
each, has been prepared to illustrate the annual consumption of bauxite in the
United States during the past five yeare.
PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION OP BAUXITE IN THE
UNITED STATES.
Production.
rimt
rear.
Alabama.
Georgia.
^rkansaa.
Total
Imports.
tlon.
1808 .
Lf.Tons.
18,848
14,144
060
Ur. Tons.
1S.MS
19,619
677
Long
Tons.
Long
Tons.
86,791
86,818
88,445
18,905
87,828
Value.
$66,978
101,285
85,988
79.914
121,465
Per
Ton.
82-60
2-75
8*66
4-28
4*45
Tons.
1,201
6,660
8,666
18,818
16,790
Ililll
Long
i,0o6
8,080
1,000
1,000
Value.
•2,000
4,667
8,000
8,000
Long
Tons.
26,998
41,449
81.101
86,218
48,112
Value.
809,816
120,486
115,889
144,081
175,875
1899..
1900..
lOOha
190eB.a
8,068
2,080
887
4,645
(a) Through the courtesj of the United States Geological Surv^j.
Imports and Exports. — The unusually large increase in the imports of French
bauxite during 1901 and 1902, as contrasted with previous years, resulted mainly
from the low ocean freight rates to New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore^
la TffE iitNERAL HiDUSmY,
which averaged $2*25 per ton; adding to this amount the duty of $1 per long
ton, allowed the delivery at a cost exmine of $3*30 per ton. Contrasting this
cost with the freight rates from Georgia and Alabama of $3*85 per ton to Phila-
delphia, and $5 or more to Boston, shows that the French ore can 1x3 delivered
to the seaport cities above named more cheaply than the domestic ore. On ac-
count of the high iron content of the French bauxite, its use is limited mainly
for making aluminum hydrate, which is the raw material utilized for the manu-
facture of aluminum. There was no export of bauxite from the United States
during 1902, as compared with 1,000 long tons in 1901.
Alabama and Georgia, — (By Thomas L. Watson.) — ^The mining of bauxite in
the Southern Appalachian field during 1902 was confined principally to Georgia,
a small quantity only being mined in Alabama. The principal producers of
bauxite were the Republic Mining & Manufacturing Co., of Hermitage, Floyd
County; the Southern Bauxite Mining & Manufacturing Co., of Cave Spring,
Floyd County, and John H. Hawkins, of Rome. Several years ago the Dixie
Bauxite Co. secured control of the principal properties, and it is claimed that it
has 2,500,000 tons of high-grade ore blocked out. This company is awaiting the
exhaustion of the other bauxite mines before contributing to the output in order
to obtain a higher price for the product. The Republic Mining & Mianufacturing
Co. confined its operations principally to several land lots in the vicinity of
Hermitage which were early exhausted, and to the Fat John bank in the Bobo
district, nine miles west of Rome, which yielded a large quantity of ore. The
company also mined on the Watters property, five miles north of Rome, where
the ore deposit is one of the largest, if not the largest in the State ; the product
from this mine has been uniformly of high grade. The John H. Hawkfns plant
is located near McConnel's Stiation in Walker County, near the county line at
the Armington bank. The deposit covers an area of 150X50 ft., and is stated to
have an average depth of 3*6 ft., which is equivalent to a volume of 540,000 cu. ft. ;
assuming a specific gravity of 2*5 for the ore and allowing 25% loss in prepara-
tion, the deposit will yield 31,590 tons of commercial product. The mineral is
mined by the open-cut method, and is carried in a sido-dump car to a sub-
merged, double log-washer, consisting of two 12-in. square logs, each carrying
chilled cast iron lugs placed spirally upon them. They revolve in opposite direc-
tions 10 r. p. m. The upper end is 27 in. high, and water is here fed in by a
2*5-in. nozzle. After washing, the mineral is placed in a rotary dryer, 36 in.
diameter by 36 ft. long, mounted on cast rollers 16 in. diameter, and re-
volved by an encircling sprocket chain. The flue end is 6 in. higher than the
grate end, and wood is used for fuel. The composition of the crude bauxite
averages Al^Og 62%, Fe^Oa 15%, SiO. 2%, and TiOj 2%, The water is driven
oflf by heating to redness.
On account of its freedom from iron oxide, the greater part of the bauxite pro-
duced in Alabama and Georgia is used in the manufacture of alum and aluminum
sulphate, a small proportion only being utilized in the manufacture of aluminum.
The first grade product is valued (f. o. b.) at $550, and the second grade at
$4*50 per long ton.
S^'Htematic prospecting for deposits of first grade ore was continued over the
ALUMINUM AND ALUM, 18
Georgia area during 1902, and a number of deposits not sufficiently exploited
in the past were favorably reported. The outlook, however, for much first
grade ore in the Southern Appalachian field, which in the past has been the
principal producer on the continent, is by no means encouraging, and much
attention is at present being directed to the deposits of the Arkansas area. The
Appalachian field is by no means exhausted of bauxite ores, as large quantities
of low-grade ore are abundant, for which there has not been a market in the past,
but from necessity will demand serious attention in the near future. The early
exhaustion of the first grade ore in the Southern Appalachian field was predicted
several years ago, and the shortage in the first grade ore has been felt to some
degree during the year 1902 by the uniformly higher prices over those of the
previous year. The United States Government ha« made appropriations to
dredge the Coosa River and make it navigable as far as Rome, eight miles from
the bauxite deposits, a work which will require at least two years to complete.
Water. power in the vicinity of Rome to the extent of 16,000 H.P. is available,
throughout the entire year, and it is within the range of possibility that, with
+he expiration of the aluminum patents in the United States in from two to three
years (by which time water transportation will be available), establishments for
the manufacture of aluminum salts and even the metal itself will be erected at
or near Rome.
New deposits of bauxite are not to be expected beyond the limits of the area
already defined. A brief description of the limits, general geology and mode of
occurrence of the bauxite deposits of the Southern Appalachian region is given
in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X.
Arhanms. — The bauxite industry in Arkansas is still in an undeveloped state,
and the exploration work that has been done at the mines at Bauxite is not suffi--
cient to determine accurately the depth or quantity of ore in that region nor
the character of the underlying stratum. The deposit differs from those in
Georgia and Alabama in that the material occurs in narrow veins, thus in-
creasing the cost of mining. On account of the presence of iron oxide, which
precludes the use of bauxite for the manufacture of alum and aluminum sul-
phate, the greater part, if not all of the Arkansas product is used in the manu-
facture of aluminum hydrate, from which the metal aluminum- is made. An
analysis of the commercial product is reported as AI2O3 63%, SiOg 2*25%,
FegOg 1'95%, H2O 31*5 to 32*75%. This composition conforms more closelj-
to the mineral Gibbsite (AI2O3.3H2O) than to bauxite (AI2O3.2H2O). It is
estimated that the extensive deposits contain many millions of tons of bauxite.
The new plant of the Pittsburg Reduction Co., at Bauxite, Saline County, is
expected to be completed in 1903. The plant is designed on thoroughly modem
principles, with special reference to the mechanical handling of the material?,
and elevators, conveyors and cars replace hand labor to a great extent. The
furnace equipment consists of a wood-fired cylindrical dryer and two 60-ft.
rotary calciners fired by producer gas made in a 10X12-ft. Duffs water-sealed
gas-producer. The plant includes a machine shop for building tram cars, etc. ;
a sawmill and planing mill to furnish the lumber for buildings, more than 30
houses for the workmen, an electric light plant and an ice plant with an at-
14
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
tached cold storage room. The buildings are protected with standard fire plugs
and hose well situated.
The ore is ground by a series of coarse and fine crushers and handled by
elevators and conveyors from the tram cars, which bring the crude ore into the
works, to the bins where it is stored ready for shipment. A large proportion
of the ground ore is calcined direct, the smaller quantity being washed to remove
the siliceous gangue and subsequently dried before calcination.
The new refining plant of the Pittsburg Reduction Co., three miles from East
St. Louis, will occupy six acres of ground and will be similar to the works
at New Kensington, Pa. It is stated that the calcining furnaces at the latter
plant (eight in number) will be removed to the new works as soon as the
construction is completed, probably early in 1903. During the last few years
crude or calcined bauxite ore has been shipped from the mines to the New
Kensington plant for the extraction of pure aluminum oxide, which was sent
to Niagara Falls to be reduced to aluminum. The metal was then sent to New
Kensington and rolled into sheets or drawn into wire.
The Bayer process for the purification of bauxite has been improved in various
details, and now yields a better quality of aluminum oxide at a lesser cost. At
the new East St. Louis refining plant the lime process, patented by Mr. Hall,
will be used, and at the Niagara Falls plant an electric furnace method of
purifying bauxite is in contemplation which may still further reduce the cost
of manufacture of pure aluminum metal. Additional details of the processes
of purification of bauxite will be found under the caption "Aluminum,*' given
later in this section; also in previous volumes of The Mineral Industry.
The World's Production of Bauxite.
The world's supply of bauxite is derived chiefly from France, Ireland and the
United States, and the annual production from 1895 to 1901, inclusive, is de-
tailed in the subjoined table: —
production of bauxite in the principal countries of the world.
(in metric tons.)
Country.
1895.
1806.
1897.
1808.
1899
1900.
1901.
France.
17.058
10.574
19,101
38,880
7,866
17.370
41,740
18,449
20,919
86.723
12.fi00
27,a»
48.215
S.l.W
87,402
68,580
6,878
88,566
78,620
United Kinf^lom
10,857
United States
19,807
Total
47,638
68,566
76,108
76,548
98,754
g7,«i9
106,184
France. — The principal bauxite mines are in the south of France, between the
town of Brignoles (Var) and the Department of the Herault. Formerly the
center of the industry was at the town of Baux, from which the name of bauxite
was derived. In the Department of the Var there are 31 mines, the most impor-
tant being at Ampus, Barjols, Cabasse, Carces, Le Cannet du Luc, Le Muy, Tje
Thorenet, Tx)rgues, Mazaugues, Meounes, Puget sur Argens, Rougiers, Tourves
and Vins.
Three varieties of bauxite are produced — ferruginous, aluminous and spotted.
There is but little demand for ferruginous bauxite on account of the high con-
ALUMINUM AND ALUM.
16
tent of iron oxide, which in some cases amounts to 60%. The so-called "alum-
inous" variety constitutes the highest or first grade product, and contains more
than 60% AljOs and less than 3% SiO,. It is delivered at Parabon les Baux
station at a price of 15 fr. per metric ton. Spotted bauxite is pink or violet in
color and occurs at Le Val, Le Vins, La Brasque and St. Christophe in the
vicinity of Brignoles. An analysis of this variety yielded AI2O3 63' 16%,
FegO, 21'99%, SiO^ 0*26%, TiO^ 026% and H^O 12%. With silica less than
3% and AljOj greater than 60%, the price of spotted bauxite delivered at Brig-
noles station is 12 fr. per metric ton; freight from Brignoles to Marseilles is
4'2 fr. per ton, loading on steamer, 1'35 fr., making a total of 17*65 fr. per ton
f. 0. b. Marseilles. The price f. o. b. St. Raphael is 17'1 fr. per ton.
The bauxite deposits of Var occur in two synclinal basins extending in di-
verging direction westward from Cannet du Luc. This region was once occu-
pied by lakes in which, possibly with the aid of hot springs and geysers, the
bauxite was deposited. The completion of the railroad to Bastide de Sevon,
where the bauxite mines of the Compagnie des Phosphates et Bauxite de TAriege
are situated, will permit the increased shipment from this district. Both white
and red varieties are mined, of an average content of 65% AI2O3, the silica and
iron oxide being present in small quantities only. During 1901, the exports of
bauxite from Var through St. Raphael amounted to 43,700 metric tons, as com-
pared with 24,656 metric tons in 1900. The first shipments of bauxite from.
Toulon amounted to several hundred tons in 1901, and the exports of bauxite
from Cette were 1,675 tons, as compared with 353 tons in 1900.
Germany has hitherio been the chief purchaser of red and white bauxite, the
former containing a smaller proportion of alumina, but the trial shipments of
1,700 tons of the spotted variety to Boston, Mass., in December, 1901, is expected
to develop a market in the United States, especially for consumption in the
Eastern States, where, by reason of the high railroad freight rates from Georgia
and Alabama, the French bauxite can be delivered at seaboard cities (including
the duty of $1 per shori; ton) at a lesser cost than for the domestic ore.
Italy. — (By Giovanni Aichino.) — The deposits of bauxite recently discovered
in the central Apennine district were not mined during 1902, although a small
amount of exploratory work was made at Pescolido, near Sora, on the left side
of the Lori Valley at a short distance from the Rociasecca-Avezzano branch of the
Roma-Napoli and Roma-Sulmona railways. The latter deposit is similar to that
of Leccene 'Marsi.^
The following analyses have been reported by E. Mattirolo, of the Chemical
Laboratory of the Royal Board of Mines Geological Survey : —
Components.
H,0
H^ (combined)..
Tio!.*.'.'.V.V.V.V.V.
^-:::::::-
AlaC
Total.
No. 1.
No. 2.
Xo. 8.
%
%
%
105
0-86
\'9\
11-48
12-25
11-72
5-7C i
2 62 1
1-27 f
4-68
26-60 I
94-12 t
0-71 1
24-68
55-89
58-40
57-83
00-82
100-13
00-62
» Tn:: Mikbral IWDUSTnY, Vol. X., p. 14.
16
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
As far as known the published analyses of the Italian bauxites have an alumina
content varying from 47*4 to 58-9%. The large quantity of iron oxide present,
which has not been found less than 18% FcjOj, is a serious drawback to the
commercial development of the mines. It must be noted, however, that a careful
study of the deposits has not yet been made. The occurrence of bauxite contain-
ing from 51*13 to 57*62% AI2O3 is reported in the Province of Apullia in
Southern Italy.
II. Corundum and Emsby.
The production of corundum and emery and the imports of emiEfry in the
United States during the past four years are given in the subjoined tables : —
PRODUCTION OF CORUNDUM AND EMERY IN THE UNITED STATES.
SalMtMIM.
1898.
1900.
1901.
1908.
T6118.
(6)
Value,
(a)
Per
Tan.
Tons,
(ft)
Value,
(a)
Per
Ton.
T6n8.
(6)
Value.
(a>
Per
Ton.
Tons.
(6)
Valna.
(a)
Per
Too.
ConiDdum
Emorr
970
887
$78,670
160,000
47,850
$81 00
6000
140-81
880
4,800
846
$68,100
188,000
48,800
$7000
45-00
14000
4.806
886
$148,040
49,700
$87-40
14000
(0
888
•96,186
61,460
Steel emeiy.
$140«00
Total
4,887
$875,880
6,875
$896,400
4,680
$196,740
1148,686
(a) The yalues are baaed on the prices at the mines, but except in the case of steel emery are of slight 8lg«
niflcanoe owing to the great range between the different grades of the minerals. The chuiges in the annual
averages do not indicate fluctuations in market quotations so much as changes in the proportion of different
grades of mineral in the total. (6) 8,000 lb. (c) The quantity of emery produced was 8,497 short toi
IMPORTS OF EMERY INTO THE UNITED STATES.
Year.
Gntfais.
Ore or Rock.
Other
MTm.
Total
Year.
Grains.
Ore or Bock.
Other
MTrs.
Total
Pounds
Value.
Tons.
Value.
Value.
Pounds.
Value
Long
Tons.
Value.
Value.
Value.
1896..
1898..
1807..
1898..
878,781
761,484
680,096
677,866
$86,068
^'532
80.raB
88,880
8,808
0.889
6,809
6,647
880,886
119.687
107,649
108,889
27,686
1.971
8,811
8,810
$188,088
148,168
189,888
188,899
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
788,899
661.488
1,118,789
1,866,787
189,184
88,680
48,807
60,079
7,486
11,888
18,441
7^186
Wl
$11,614
10.006
10,987
18,778
$167,181
889,608
894,990
886,814
Progress op the Corundum and Emery Industry during 1902.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
There are few changes to be noted in the corundum and emery industry dur-
ing 1902, and none of these is of special importance. The principal change is,
perhaps, the incorporation of the Blue Corundum Mining Co., which now owns
mines at Chester, Mass., and at Peekskill, N. Y., and at the present time controls
the larger proportion of the emery produced in this country. The company,
however, is doing but little with the development of the corundum deposits in
the United States, although it has done extensive work on the deposits of this
mineral near Conhemere, Ontario, Canada.
The Montana Corundum Co. continued development work on its deposits near
Saleville, Mont., and the Bozeman Corundum Co. was engaged in exploring the
Blankenship property near Bozeman. A detailed account of the year's progress
in Montana will be found later in this section.
Tn North Carolina, the North Carolina Comndnm Co. has continued operations
ALVMINUM AND ALUM. 17
(luring 1902 with the result that it has fblt warranted in installing a complete
mill for treating the ore and preparing the product for the market. Its property
adjoins the noted Buck Creek mine, formerly owned by the International Emery
& Corundum Co. ; .the corundum occurring in the same general formation as
that in the Buck Creek mine. Formerly corundum from this locality had to bo
hauled a distance of from 35 to 40 miles to the railroad, but it can now be landed
at the railroad, a distance of 18 miles over a new road that has been built
from the mine. This company reports that it will begin shipping corundum early
in 1903. While prospecting was being carried on in this vicinity a mass of solid
yellow corundum was found weighing 125 lb., which was taken to Pittsburg,
Pa., by Mr. Hugh Ferguson. The other localities in the southern field where
any considerable work has been done are the Corundum Hill mine at Cullasaja,
Macon County, N. C, and the deposits near Tate, Towns County, Qa. The
work done at both places was less, than that of the year before, and has lately been
entirely abandoned. "^
The Canadian corundum deposits have produced the largest quantity of co-
rundum during 1902, and the results obtained by the Canada Corundum Co. at
the Craig mine, Raglan Township, Ont., have been most encouraging. Its
successful work has stimulated considerable prospecting for this mineral through-
out the Province, and there are now a number of companies that have been
formed to develop corundum mines. The Canada Corundum Co. has made
a decided increase in production over that in 1901. The capacity of the mill
has been enlarged, and the company is now the largest producer of corundum
(exclusive of emerv) in the world. The experimental work in cleaning the
corundum has resulted very favorably, so that now the product marketed is of
high grade and is giving good satisfaction. Further details of the corundum
deposits in Canada are given later in this section.
There has been an increased production of emery from the Peekskill, N. Y.,
mines, while the Chester, Mass., deposits have not been operated as extensively
as in former years. Thus, although there has been an increasing demand for
emery and corundum, there has been quite h decrease in the production in the
United States, with a corresponding increase in the importation of emery and co-
rundum, the former being obtained from Naxos, in the Grecian Archipelago, and
from Turkey; and the latter principally from Canada with a much smaller
quantity from India.
The foreign emery is imported in the crude state, and can be landed on the
docks in New York or Boston as cheap, if not cheaper, than the American
emery. There have been several new companies organized who are importing
emery and preparing it for market. The Canadian corundum is imported as
the commercial product ready for manufacture into wheels. The manufacture
of artificial corundum and carborundum affects the production of corundum and
omer>' to some extent, but not equal to the total quantity of these artificial
abrasives that are manufactured. These artificial abrasives enter more into
competition with the corundum than with the emery. With the price of co-
rundum from 8 to 10c. per lb., there will be but little tendency for it to cut into
the emery market, but if the price ia lowered to 5c., it will replace a large amount
18 THB MINERAL INDU8TRT,
of emery. A decrease in price to 6c. per lb., would prevent the operation of
some of the mines that are now being developed.
The production of corundum and emery in the United States in 1902 was less
than that in 1901, which is not due to a lessened demand for these minerals, but
to the close competition with foreign emery, and to an uncertainty regarding the
price and market for corundum. There is still too mjuch tendency on the part
of the producer to believe that the market for corundum and emery is practically
unlimited, for when it is considered that the total amount of tGese abrasives used
in the United States in 1901 was only about 16,000 tons, it can readily be under-
stood how easily the market can be flooded. This would mean a drop in prices,
which would be disastrous to many companies.
Montana, — (By Leverett S. Ropes.) — ^The discovery of corundum in Mon-
tana reported in Thb Mineral Industby, Vol. X., was followed by encouraging
developments during 1902, which promise a permanent supply of high-grade
product from this source. The mine of the Montana Corundum Co. has been
placed on a producing basis, and the [Blankenship and Anceny properties have
been prospected with favorable results. The mines and prospects are situated
in the central belt of gneiss shown on the Three Forks Folio of the U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey, one property lying to the east and the others to the west of the Ells
Creek fault. The geological formation is syenite overlain by beds of homblendic
rock and heavy quartz reefs which may represent metamorphosed sediments of
Pre-Cambrian age. Near the boundary of the syenite, the corundum is found in
what appear to be veins, although they may represent thin intrusions, as the
walls show the effects of great heat. The walls are usually well defined and
bear evidence of having been subj&jted to considerable movement. On the
property of the Montana Co. the vein strikes S. 39® W. with a dip of from
42® to 50® N., while at the Anceny prospect the strike is a little south of east
and the dip 45® south. The hanging wall is the same for both veins, thus indi-
cating that they occur in the wings of a sjmclinal fold. The Montana Corundum
Co. began developing its property in the early part of 1901, and by the close of
the following year had opened up a large supply of ore. A mill was erected
during 1902, but the work was so delayed that active operations were not at-
tempted until the beginning of 1903, when the plant was started on a run of
eight hours per day, giving an output of 20 tons of graded concentrates. The
mill equipment consists of a 10X16-in. Blake crusher delivering to a belt con-
veyor that carries the crushed product to a 100-ton storage bin in the main mill.
From here the ore passes through a set of 27X14.in. New Standard rolls, and is
then passed over three vibratory screens of 8-, 6-, and 3-nun. mesh, the over-
sizes returning to the rolls. The undersizes are treated in 3 two-compartment
jigs from which the product is elevated to a storage bin over a second set of
rolls, after passing which it goes to a Pratt-Wethey separator with 2'5-mm.
screens. The oversize is returned to the rolls, while the undersize passes directly
to a muller, which is continuous in its action. From the muUer both overflow
and spigot products are sent to a hydraulic classifier making three products, two
of which pass to rubber-top Bartlett tables, and the third to the tailings pond.
The tables bring the concentrates to the required degree of purity, and the
AL UMIN UM AND AL UM, 19
latter are then fed to a revolving dryer. From this storage bin the concentrates
are fed to the "splitter," a form of reciprocating screen having four 60X30-in.
wire or silk coverings, which make five sizes. The four coarser sizes pass to
similar machines (graders) while the fines are run through 180-mesh silk.
The graders have a 48X40-in. covering, and make four sizes each or 16 in all,
which are weighed into 100 lb. canvas bags ready for the market. The results
of practical tests of Montana corundum have been favorable, and there is little
doubt but that it will find a good demand in the Eastern markets.
Canada, — (Through the courtesy of B. A. C. Craig.) — During 1902 the Canada
Corundum Co. produced 796 tons of grain corundum, and the Ontario Corundum
Co., a branch of the Levant Emery Co., for a short period shipped a daily aver-
age of two tons of ore to its works at Chester, Mass. The demand for the Cana-
dian product has proved very satisfactory, and the industry is now firmly estab-
lished upon a commercial basis. A considerable increase in the output is ex-
pected in 1903, as the Canada Corundum Co. has a new mill under construction
which, when completed in September, 1903, will handle from 200 to 300 tons
of ore per day.
There are three distinct corundum-bearing areas in Ontario. Of these the
most northerly extends for a distance of about 70 miles from Haliburton County
eastward along the boundary between Hastings and Renfrew counties, and has
an average width of two miles. It contains a number of very large deposits.
South of this area, in Frontenac and Lanark counties, there is a second belt
about 15 miles long by one-fourth mile in width, which includes two deposits
of some size. The third area, known as the Burleigh-Methuen belt, lies south-
west of the first in Peterboro County. It contains no deposits of economic
importance. The corundum is associated with syenite dikes, whose relations to
the surrounding rock have not been definitely determined. The dikes occasion-
ally rise into hills of considerable size, and it is in these localities that the richer
deposits are found. Craig Mine Mountain, which is the property of the Canada
Corundum Co., is a hill about 540 ft. high and a mile in length. The whole
hill consists of eruptive rock, more or less laminated with the planes of schistosity
dipping 30** southward. The open-cut workings have exposed the corundum-
bearing dike for a distance of from 40 to 72 ft. across the strike, but without
reaching its limits.
In the new mill of the Canada Corundum Co. the ore will be conveyed by tram-
way to a 450-ton ore bin. After passing through a 15X24-in. Blake crusher, it
will go to a series of three crushers — ^two 6X20-in. Blake crushers and one
6X21-in. Gates crusher. From the second bin the ore will pass through two
trommels, and will then be fed to four sets of 14X4p-in. rolls of extra heavy con-
struction, after which it will be elevated and passed through 10 trommels for
sizing. The different sizes will be fed to separate Overstrom and Wilfley tables,
numbering 20 in all. The middlings are to be treated on six additional tables,
while the concentrates will be carried to bins for draining and then passed through
cylindrical dryers. The concentrates after drying will be conveyed to the grader
room and passed through magnetic separators, splitters and graders. Three ad-
ditional concentrating tables and two Hooper pneumatic jigs will be placed in
20 THE MINERAL INDUSTBT,
the grader room for reconcentrating any size that may be found impure. Power
will be furnished by three 150-H.P. boilers and two engines aggregating 625 H.P.
Emebt. — Greece, — The emery deposits on the Island of Naxos are mined
by the natives under the control of the Grecian Government, which purchases
the crude product at 2'5 fr. ($0*48) per long cwt. (112 lb.). The ore is shipped
to the adjacent island of Syra at the expense of the Government, and is there
sold at 106*5 fr. ($20*55) per metric ton. The alumina content of the Naxos
emery is sometimes as high as 60%. The exports of Naxos emery during 1901
were 5,691 metric tons, valued at $121,215, as compared with 6,328 metric tons,
valued at $134,160 in 1900. Of the annual output of Naxos emery, the
United States consumes about 25%, the balance being shipped to Europe. The
Naxos emery mines have never been leased. Two years ago an American com-
.pany endeavored to secure a monopoly of the industry by offering the Grecian
Government an agreement to purchase 7,000 tons of emery per year for 10 years
at 106*5 fr. ($20*55) per ton. The negotiations, however, failed.
Turkey. — The deposits of emery in Turkey are scattered along the coast of
the Mediterranean and adjacent islands. The principal mines are at Baltizik,
Azizieh, Cosbounar, and Kuluk, near Smyrna. The Turkish Government owns a
few of the mines, but many are owned and operated -by local companies and
individuals. The mined ore is hand-picked before shipment, and is never
crushed or washed. The corundum found in the Turkish emery varies from
40 to 57% AlyOg, with the exception of Kuluk ore, which is said to contain
37% AI2O3. The Kuluk emery is brought down from the neighboring mountains
by camels and is shipped at a price f. 0. b. Kiihik of $10Ca$12 per ton. The
total annual exports of Smyrna emery range from 1 7,000 to 20,000 tons, of which
about 10,000 tons are shipped to America, the balance going to Europe. During
1901 the value of the quantity of emery exported amounted to $205,140. The
price of Smyrna emery varies with the quality from $14(irr$20 per ton f. 0. b.
Smyrna. It is reported that emery cannot be produced f. 0. b. Smyrna for less
than $12*50 per ton.
Emery Wheel Manufacture. — The Norton Emery Wheel Co., of Worcester,
Mass. (the largest abrasive wheel concern in the world) has erected an extensive
plant at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and since the latter part of 1902 this company
has been manufacturing artificial corundum from bauxite, which is claimed to
possess superior abrasive qualities, exceeding carborundum both in toughness and
cutting efficiency. The new abrasive is known as "alurundum," and is made in a
manner similar to the process used for the manufacture of carborundum, the im-
purities being reduced and volatilized by the heat of the electric furnace. The re-
sultant alumina is obtained in a molten condition and assays 985% AI2O3. It is
reported that this abrasive can be produced at a cost less than that of either na-
tural corundum or carborundum. The method of treatment is as follows: The
bauxite is charged into the upper end of a coal-fired calcining furnace, and the
calcined product when cool is charged into electric furnaces using 500 H.P. When
the material becomes molten two carbon electrodes are dipped into the bath and
fresh supplies of bauxite are add(»d from time to time as the contents become
melted. When the operation is completed the electrodes are removed and the
ALUMINUM AND ALUM.
21
molten material allowed to cool in the furnaces for from three to four hours,
after which the solidified mass is removed and placed on the floor for further
cooling. The mass is then coarsely broken and shipped to the main works at
Worcester. The product is flinty in appearance and contains at times beautiful
small crystals of pure alumina resembling sapphire and ruby. In fact these are
artificial gems but are too small in size to possess any economic value.
The plant of the Hampden Corundum Wheel Co. at Springfield, Mass., which
was destroyed by fire in 1901, has been thoroughly rebuilt with special reference
to the replacement of hand labor by mechanical devices to transport the material
in the works during treatment. Down-draft kilns are used liaving the top in the
form of a flattened dome which is utilized as a drying floor during the firing.
The wheels to be burned are packed in fire brick boxes and are surrounded with
coarse emery or corundum in place of quartz formerly used for this purpose;
this method not only saves the expense of the quartz supply, but, in addition,
the heat otherwise lost is utilized to burn the crude material. The general ar-
rangement of the new plant is as follows: The crude ore is crushed in the
crusher room and distributed to the grading room, where it is washed, dried and
elevated to the molding room, where the wheels are fashioned by hand or hy-
draulic press. The molding room is directly below the grading room, and the
wheels when molded are conveyed to the drying room directly above the kilns
and dried. They are then placed in the kilns and burned. The fired wheels
are dressed and hubbed in the turning room; and when finished are carried to
the stock room and stored ready for shipment.
III. Cryolite.
The imports of cryolite into the United States continue to be derived from
the mines in Greenland, and the statistics of quantity and value since 1891 are
given in the subjoined table. These shipments were made by the Pennsylvania
Salt Manufacturing Co., of Natrona, Pa., which possesses the exclusive privilege
to import this mineral into North and South America. The remainder of the
output of the Ivigtut mines is shipped to Copenhagen.
IMPORTS OF CRYOLITE INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM 1891 TO 1902,
INCLUSIVE. (fl)
Year.
Long Tons.
Value.
Year.
Long Tbns.
Value.
Year.
1897..
1808..
1809..
Long Tons.
Value.
$186,114
88.501
78,878
Year.
Long Tons.
Value.
1801..
1808..
1808..
8,808
9^4
$70,860
08,088
188,888
1804..
1005..
1808..
10,684
0.486
8,000
$148,404
40,066
10,115
6,201
5,870
1000..
1001..
1008..
5,187
5,383
6,188
$78,768
70,886
86.640
(a) The Talues are those reported by the Custom Houae and represent the estimated cost at the mines.
There being no United States Consul at shipping point in Greenland, a pro forma Invoice is prep'annl for
Custom Houae purposes, wherein the value represents only a small part of the actual cost at buyers* factory.
The value of cryolite in the United States is stated to be $80 per ton of
2,240 lb., and results from the following items: Cost at the mine in Greenland,
royalty to Danish Government, ocean freight, inland or domestic freight, cost
of separating the pure cryolite, grinding and packing in barrels, and other minor
expenses.
According to a report furnished by the Danish Government the total output
22
THE MINERAL MDUSTBT.
of cryolite from the mines at Ivigtut, Greenland, was 8,960 metric tons in 1900,
and 7,997 metric tons in 1901. An article on sodium fluoride will be found in
the section on "Fluorspar,*' later in this volume.
IV. Aluminum.
The production of aluminum in the United States continues to be supplied
by the sole producer, the Pittsburg Reduction Co., of Niagara Falls, N. Y., and
during 1902 the quantity produced was 7,300,000 lb. as compared with 7,150,000
lb. in 1901. The demand for the light metal in the electrical trade, particularly
for purposes of electric current conduction, and in the metal trade as a substitute
for zinc and brass, continues to be large. The details of the production and
prices of aluminum together with its utilization, properties^ etc., will be found
in the special review of progress in the aluminum industry during 1902 which is
given later in this section.
The subjoined tables give the production, imports and exports of aluminum
in the United States and other of the principal countries in the world from
1898 to 1902 inclusive.
PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION OF ALUMINUM IN THE UNITED STATES.
YeftT
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.,
1902.,
Production.
Imports. (6)
Pounds.
Value,
Per Lb.
Value.
5,200,000
6,500,000
7,150,000
7,160.000
7,800,000
$1,690,000
8,118,600
3,288,000
2,238.000
2,284,690
$0-88S
0-825
082
0-81
0-318
14,879
14,840
47,688
104.168
215,082
Exports.
Value.
$238,997
291,515
281,821
183,579
116,068
Consump-
tion, (a)
Value.
$1,454,882
1,886,825
2,063,847
8,168,589
8,888,570
(a) The consumption each year includes a certain amount of manufactures Imported; whfle the production
represents the crude aluminum only. (6) The bullc of the imports is iu crude oonoition.
The statistics of aluminum production in Europe are not authoritative, several
of the important companies being unwilling to make their figures public. The
Metallgesellschaft, of Frankfort-on-Main, gives the following statistics for
Europe in its last annual report, to which we have added our own figures for the
United States, the official figures for France, and those of C. Le Neve Foster for
England previous to 1900.
ALUMINUM: world's PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE. (iN KILOGRAMS.;
Germany.
Svritzerland.
England.
France.
United States, (a)
Total
Year.
Imports.
Profluc
lion.
Exports.
Produc-
tion.
Prrxhic-
t.on.
Imports.
Exports.
Produc-
tion.
Imports.
Produc-
tion.
1897..
1808..
1899..
1900..
1901..
942,400
1,104,000
922,000
948,400
1,089,000
800,000
800,000
1,800.000
2,600,000
2,600,000
706,000
677.800
604.200
671,200
604,100
Il.il.i
470,000
565.000
763,000
1,026,000
1,200,000
6.860
5,972
8,468
8,800
11,400
224,000
187,956
256,242
828,700
806,600
llii
854
27
84,828
116,858
866,096
8,894,448
4,083.706
6.570,889
7,888,178
7,sn,2ii
(a) The United States has been an exporter of aluminum for several years, but these exportations were not
enumerated by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department until 1896, In which year they amounted
to $299,997. (6) C. Le Neve Foster, BriUsh Mineral Statistics for 1897.
United States Duty. — The duty on aluminum imported into the United States
is 8c. per lb. on ingot metal and 13c. per lb. on sheet and manufactured metal.
ALUMINUM AND ALUM,
Progress in the Aluminum Industry in 1902.
By John B. C. Kershaw.
Production.
The number of works actually producing aluminum has not beem increased
during 1902 and the following table from The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., p.
21, still represents the production side of the industry: —
TABLE I. — details OF ALUMINUM WORKS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.
Name of Company.
Locality of Works.
Horse Power.
Process.
Capital.
i
Available
InUae.(a)
\
The Plttsburir Reduction Co
Niagara Falls
} 10,000 {
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
(?)
HaU \
HaU f
Hall .
2
The Pittsbunr Reduction Co
Nlaeara Fulls
31«000,000
8
The Pittsbunr Reduction Co. (6>
Shawinigan Falls..
Foyers
6,000
14,000
12,600
6,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
4
Tlie Britiiih ^uminium Co
Heroult.
Heroult.. ...
HaU&Minet.
Heroult....'
Heroult...
Heroult.....
$3.r60,001
5
Soci6t6 Electro-MetallurKlQue Franoaise...
Oompafcnto des Produits Chimiques d* Alais.
Society Anonyme pour rlndustrie de
rAlnnifnium. .,-..»..»».»-...- .T , t--
LePraz
2,680,000
6
7
St Michel
i Neuhausen
[Rhelnfelden
[Lend Qastein....
8
Soci6t6 Anonyme pour Plndustrie de
r Aluminium ................ r ^ - - 1-- 1 ..... -
|8,0r7,000
9
Soci6t6 Anonyme pour rlndustrie de
Y fi\\\m\TA\\Tn
(a) With tbo exception of the American and Canadian worlcs, all these works manufacture other products
In addition to aluminunL (6) The Royal Aluminum Co.
The power available for the reduction of aluminum in these nine factories,
lies between 36,000 and 40,000 H.P., but other products are made in several
of the European factories, and the total power available is no criterion of that
actually in use for aluminum production. The maximum output of the metal
possible with the present installations of plant, would be about 11,500 tons,
per annum, but it will be some years before this total is attained. Official fig-
ures for the aluminum production in Europe, in the years 1901 and 1902 are
again withheld, but there have been indications that during 1902, the leading
European companies have curtailed production, in order to work oflF the accu-
mulation of stocks, resulting from over-production in previous years.
The Neuhausen company has declined to provide any figures for publication,
and one can only base an estimate on the last pub.ished return — ^namely 2,500
tons for the year 1900. Probably this total is greater than the output of the
three works of this company situated at Neuhausen, Rheinfelden and Lend
Gastien during the years 1901 and 1902.
With regard to the output in France, M. Heroult has informed me that the
production of 1902 has not differed materially from that of the previous year.
As stocks are stated to be large, it is probable that if there has been any change
it has been in the downward direction. In 1900, France produced between
1,000 and 1,500 tons of the metal, and no advance upon the latter total is likely
io have occurred in 1901 or 1902.
In the United Kingdom, the position has been complicated by the financial
difficulties of the only producing company, the British Aluminium Co., with
works at Foyers, and no reliable estimate of the output at this works can there-
fore be made.
As regards the production in America, the output of the Pittsburg Eeduction
Company for 1901 has been given as 3,240 metric tons; while according to
24 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Prof. Richards the 1902 production in the three works situated at Niagara Falls,
N. Y., and Shawinigan Falls, Canada, will reach 4,500 tons.*
Using these figures as basis for calculation, I estimate that the total world's
production of aluminum in the nine factories manufacturing the metal in 1901
and 1902, has been as follows : —
1901.
1908.
lRi]]Y>nM|in wnrim tKi ■...
4,000 metric tona.
8,S40 metric tonn.
8,800 metric tons.
Am^ncAD worlcR {?f\ .■,,,......,,,,,,.,
4,300 metrifi tons.
Total
7,840 metric tons.
6,000 metric tons.
In spite of the fact that the production of aluminum in recent years has been
rather in excess of the demand, two new works are being planned, and one
01 these is in course of erection.
At Massena, X. Y., the Pittsburg Reduction Co. has bought land, and has
commenced to erect a works for the utilization of the water power already
developed at this spot, by the St. Lawrence Power Co. This company in the years
1898-1901 has erected large hydraulic engineering works between the Grass
River and the St. Lawrence River, developing 50,000 H.P. at Massena, at a
capital expenditure of $10,500,000. Unfortunately the St. Lawrence Power
Co. has become involved in financial troubles, and the plant and works have now
passed into the possession of a syndicate representing some of the original
bondholders. The reorganization of the affairs of the company, which is now
proceeding, may possibly retard the manufacturing operations of the Pittsburg
Reduction Co., but it is stated that the new factory will be in operation by April,
1903. The plant now being installed is of 1,200-H.P. capacity, and consists of
four 300-H.P. sets, generating current at 500 volts. It is intended gradually to
increase the plant as the demand for aluminum grows, and an ultimate utiliza-
tion of 12,000 H.P. is in prospect.^
The second new aluminum works is being promoted by a Franco-Spanish
s}'aidicate, and it is intended to erect a works at Zudavic in Spain. Water power
is to be used, but no other details of the new venture have yet been published. In
view of the present unsatisfactory state of the industry in Europe, it is prob-
able that the development of this new center for production of aluminum will
be long delayed.
As regards prices in 1902 there is little variation to report, as compared with
1901. The November, 1902, prices for the products of the Pittsburg Reduction
Co., wore as follows: Xo. 1, metal, guaranteed over 99% Al, 33@37c. per pound;
Xo. 2, meial^ guaranteed over 90% Al, 31'?7)34c. per pound; nickel-aluminum
alloy (less than 10% Ni), 33@39c. per pound; powdered aluminum, 90c.@$l
per pound ; aluminum castings, 45c. per pound.
All the above prices were subject to discounts ranging between 10% and
15%.
Rod and wire varied in price between 38 and 52c. per lb., according to
the gauge, and a rebate of from 3 to 4c. per lb. was allowed off the list
* The production of aluminum by the Pittsburg Reduction Co. at Niagara Falls daring 1008 amounted
to approximately 8,800 metric tons.— [EorroR.]
> The KUctrical Review, New York, Sept. 20, 1902.
AL UMINUM AND AL UM. 26
prices, according to the total value of the order. Excepting in the case ot the
rod and wire, these prices do not differ materially from those of November,
1901.
The prices of some of the manufactured articles of aluminum have in recent
years fallen considerably in America, and in the aluminum comb industry there
has been much competition and cutting of prices. The American Aluminum
Association has therefore been formed by manufacturers to regulate prices and
the first convention was held at Pittsburg, on Sept. 19 and 20, 1902. It
is expected that as a result of this meeting, some arrangement will be made
which will put an end to the over-competition and consequent unsatisfactory
financial position existing in the aluminum comb industry.
With regard to the position in Europe, the first meeting between the various
producers, for the purpose of regulating the output and price of the metal,
was referred to in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X. One or two later meet-
ings are reported to have occurred during 1902. No official account of the
proceedings has been published, but the new Chairman of the British Aluminium
Company has stated publicly that he is dissatisfied with the present position,*
and that an attempt is to be made, to obtain a larger share of the European
business for the British company. Early in the year, this company raised its
price for No. 6 alloy from 27 to 27'5c. per pound, and its latest price list
contains the following values: Ingot metal, guaranteed over 99% Al, 33c. per
pound, less 7*5% discount; ingot metal (98 to 99% Al), 30c. per pound, less
7*5% discount; ingot metal (No. 4 alloy), 30c. per pound, less 2'5% discoiint;
ingot metal (No. 6 alloy), 27*5c. per pound, less 2*5% discount; wolframinium
alloy, 35c. per pound, less 25% discount; aluminum wire Nos. 1-14 I. S. W. G.,
46'5c. per pound, less 2-5% discount.
In this connection it is interesting to note that at the annual meeting of the
shareholders of this company, in November, 1902, Mr. Wallace, K.C., the former
chairman, expressed the opinion that the financial difficulties of the company
were partly due to the maintenance of too high a price for their products, a policy
which had caused an invasion of the British market by foreign producers, who had
no hostile tariff to face.
Turning to a consideration of the financial position, the following are the
latest figures for the capitalization and dividends of the various producing com-
panies : —
The Pittsburg Reduction Co,, with two works at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and one
at Shawinigan Falls, Canada. Capital, $1,600,000 ($1,000,000 in ordi-
nary stock paying 10%, and $600,000 in preferred stock paying 6%).
The surplus profits of this company are reported to have been invested in
new construction work, but no official balance sheets are available and it is im-
possible to state the total sum that has been expended in this way. The low
capitalization, as compared with the European companies, is partly due to the
fact that the water power at Niagara Falls and at Shawinigan Falls, has been
developed by independent companies.
The Aluminium Industrie ATctien OeseUsclmft, with works at Ncruhausen,
« Electrical Revieir, London, Nov. 28, 1002
26 THB MINERAL INDU8TBT.
Rhednfelden and Lend Gastein. Capital, $3,077,000. Gross profits for 1901,
$391,027. Dividend for 1901, 13%, an advance of 0*5% upon that paid in
1900, It is interesting to note that this company is carrying out extended trials
with Heroult's process for the electrical reduction of iron ores, and that it also
utilizes some portion of its available power for calcium carbide production.
The Societi Electro-Metallurgique Franqaise, with works at Froges and
Le Praz. Capital, $2,880,000. No details are available relative to profits or
dividends. This company produces ferrochromium and ferrosilicon in addi-
tion to aluminum, — and it is also experimenting at Le Praz with the Heroult
process for the direct production of iron and steel in the electric furnace.
The British Aluminium Co,, with works at Foyers, Scotland. Capital
liability, $3,079,000 (authorized capital, $3,360,000). This company has never
been able to pay a dividend on its ordinary share capital, but for some years it
has kept up pa}inents on the debentures and preferred shares. In the year
1901, the profits did not admit of payment of the preferred interest, and in
1902, the profits were insufficient to meet the interest payments due on the deben-
tures. Payment falling due on Nov. 1, 1902, was defaulted, and the control of
the company is now practically in the hands of the bondholders — ^representing
$1,440,000.
The managing director of the company, Mr. Ristori, resigned in May, 1902,
and the chairman, Mr. Roger Wallace, K.C., has also resigned, but retains his
seat on the Board. A loan of $48,000 has been raised to provide the neces-
sary working capital, and it is hoped that the changes made in the businesi- and
technical management of the company under the new chairman, Mr. J. D.
Bonner, will lead in time to a more favorable financial result. The sales of
aluminum by the British Aluminium Co. in 1902, are reported to have
increased 40%, as one result of the improvements effected by the new
management. In my opinion, over-capitalization and bad management on the
technical side of the business, have contributed largely to this company^s diffi-
culties ; and time and patience will be required, before it finds itself free from the
more permanent effects of these embarrassments. In the directors' statement to
the shareholders, the following contributary causes are also mentioned: Over-
valuation of stocks; lock-up of capital in large Scotch water-power schemes;
legal expenses in attempting to prolong life of patents; and bad speculative
investments in bauxite properties in Ireland.
The Compagriie des Produits Chimiques d'Alais, with works at St. Michel, in
France. No details relative to capitalization and profits, are available for publi-
cation.
The position as regards patents has not undergone alteration in 1902. The
Heroult Patents for the United Kingdom, have now expired, but under the
conditions obtaining at present in the industry, it is unlikely that any attempt
will be made by British manufacturers to enter into competition with the Foy-
ers Works.
With regard to details of the reduction process as actually carried out in the
works, Haber and Geipcrt have published details of laboratory investigations
ALUMINtJM AND ALTJM. 27
which throw some light upon this subject.' They state that aluminum of high
purity was easily produced in their experiments with currents of 2,^00 amperes
per sq. ft. at an E.M.F. of from 7 to 10 volts. The baths contained a fused
mixture of aluminum fluoride, sodium fluoride, and alumina in equal propor-
tions, as electrolyte. It was found that these raw materials must be free from
impurities, and the carbons used as anodes free from ash, if pure aluminum
was to be obtained. The metal obtained by the authors in their experiments
contained from 0*034 to 0*30% Si, and only 0-05% C. The tensile strength
averaged 21,000 lb. per sq. in. In their opinion the recent improvements in the
reduction process are the result, not of secret modifications in the process, but
of greater care in the selection of the raw materials and of the carbons used
in the reduction baths.
Utilization.
Electrical Conductors. — The use of aluminum as a substitute for copper for
bare overhead transmission lines, is still expanding in America, and this use
continues to be one of the most important outlets for the metal produced at
Niagara. Falls and Shawinigan Falls. In Europe there is less readiness to try
the new metal for overhead work, and the number of instances in which aluminum
has been used in place of copper, are comparatively few and unimportant. This
attitude is partly due to the unsatisfactory results obtained in some of the
«arly trials of aluminum for such work, and partly due to the greater stability
of European installations, and the consequent demand for the most durable
metals and construction, in all overhead transmission work. The American sys-
tem of scrapping machinery and plant every few years has not yet become pop-
ular in Europe.
The following are the more important facts relative to the use of aluminum
for electrical purposes, which have come under my notice during
1902: In the United States, The Lewiston & Auburn Electric Co. has pur-
chased 21 miles of wire for transmission purposes; the Boston & Maine Rail-
road, 20 miles for use at Concord, N. H.; and the Boston Electric Light Co.
100,000 lb. A transmission line 84 miles in length is being erected between
the power station at Shawinigan Falls and Montreal. Seven strands of No.
6 wire are to be employed, and according to one ^count 1,000,000 lb. of alu-
minum will be required for this line. The transmission is to be at 50,000 volts.
The Massachusetts Electric Co. has recently purchased 500,000 lb. of aluminum
for overhead transmission work, and another Boston firm is reported to have
made a still larger purchase of the new metal. The Old Colony Street Railway
Co., of Massachusetts, has experimented with 10 miles of aluminum wire for
feed lines, and is reported to be quite satisfied with the results. With regard to
the condition of the existing aluminum lines in America, the following abstracts
of reports which have appeared* will be read with interest: —
1. Snoqualmie Falls, — 76 miles of cable, — erected two years. Satisfactory.
2. Bay Counties Power Co., San Frand?co, Cal. — 90 miles of wire, equal in
« ZeiUehrift ftter Kletctrochemie, Jon. 2 ond 9, 1C02. « Aluminum World, May, 1902.
28 THB MINERAL TNDVSTRT.
earryin^ capacity to No. 6 copper, — erected one year, — ^no trouble experienced,
but gauge too small.
3. Standard Electric Co., San Francisco, Cal. — 200 miles of cable, — ^time not
mentioned. Satisfactory.
4. City of Healdsburg, Cal. — 8*75 miles No. 4 wire, and the same length of
No. 10 wire, — erected 3 years. No trouble experienced.
5. Kansas City and Lcavensworth Railway, Wolcott, Kan. — feed wires in use
2 years. Satisfactory.
6. Hartford Electric Light Co., Hartford, Conn. — 11 miles of cable, — erected
3 years. Entirely satisfactory.*
These reports speak well for aluminum, but there is a note at the end of
the article referred to, which seems to indicate that the new metal in its normal
state, is not quite so resistant to weather influences as the reports would lead one
to believe. This note is to the effect that: "Weatherproof aluminum wire
is being largely introduced in the distributing systems of many of the cities in
California and Washington." "Weatherproof wire," can only mean wire coated
with some protective composition. If bare aluminum is so entirely satisfactory
when used for overhead transmission lines, why is weatherproof wire now be-
ing introduced ?
As regards the use of aluminum for conducting purposes in Europe, there is
little progress to report. Mr. J. Gavey, the English Post Office Electrician, has
informed me that no further trials have been made with aluminum wire for
telegraphic or telephonic purposes, and that at present there is no intention
to institute fresh experiments. No reports have yet appeared relating to the
condition of the three Italian transmission lines constructed of aluminum, and
there is a similar lack of information respecting the lighting installation at
Northallerton in England.
Mr. F. C. Perkins, an American writer, in an article which appeared in trans-
lated form,** gave a resume of the position, as regards the use of aluminum and
copper, for electrical purposes. This article contained little that has not been
published in previous volumes of The Mineral Industry. No reference was
made to the experiments upon durability carried out by Gavey and others, and
Mr. Perkins cannot be considered to have given a fair and impartial decision
upon the relative merits of the two metals, when used for overhead work.
My own series of exposure tests, with aluminum and other wires at Waterloo,
England, commenced in 1899, have been continued during 1902, and some de-
tails of the latest results obtained, will be found under the sub-heading "Prop-
erties/'
Alloys. — Guillet, during 1902, has read a paper before the French Academie
des Sciences, giving an account of the properties of alloys of aluminum and
tungsten obtained by the Goldschmidt process. Three alloys were obtained — rep-
resented by the formulae: AIW2, A1.,W, and Al^W. The last named alloy had
• In addition to the above- mentioned equipments 21 miles of aluminum wire were purchased by the
Lewiston ft Auburn Electric Co., for the transmission of electric power; SO miles of aluminum wire by the
Boston & Maine Railroad for use at Concord, N. H., and 100,000 lb. of aluminum wire by the Boston Electric
Ught Co.
• Zeitmshrift fuer Klektroehemie, Au?. 14, 1908.
ALUMINUM AND ALUM 29
a sp. gr. of 5'58.* Boudonard has been examining the alloys of aluminum and
magnesium, of which "Magnalium" is the best known representative. Two well
defined alloys were found to exist, reproocnted by the formula* AlMgo and AlMg.
Kaempfer has stated that magnalium turns weil and can be drilled and milled
easily. Its tensile strength is from 13 to 15 tons per sq. in., and its sp. gr. is
about 2-52. Its fracture has a fine grain, like that of steel. Siemens & Halske, of
Berlin, is reported to be using it in the manufacture of armatures, and for
motor car construction, while opticians are using it in preference to pure alu-
minum because it is harder, and the threads of screws last longer, when turned
in this alloy. The chief drawback to the use of magnalium is the difficulty of
making a durable joint with solder.*^
"McAdamite" is another patented alloy of aluminum for which considerable
sale is expected by its inventor and those at present interested in its manufac-
ture. This alloy is composed of 72% Al, 24% Zn, and 4% Cu. It is silvery
white in color and takes a high polish. Its tensile strength is reported to be
44,250 lb. per sq. in. It is intended to be used as a substitute for brass for all
purposes. Two companies have been formed in America for the manufacture
of this alloy, but according to the latest information in my hands, negotiations
for amalgamation are now taking place. The* McAdamite Metal Co., of
Canada, has a nominal capital of f$800,000 and owns a small plant at St. John.
Prof. Wilson, of King's College, London, has been carrying on exposure tests
with samples of various alloys' of aluminum, and in a paper read before the
British Association at Belfast, in September, 1902, he described the results ob-
tained in his experiments. The specimens exposed were in the form of wire 0-126
in. in diameter, and the exposure lasted 13 months. Corrosion was found to in-
crease with the percentage of copper. Xickel or iron alloyed with the copper, had
the effect of slightly increasing the conductivity of the alloy after exposure.
The conclusions based by Prof. Wilson upon these trials were: That it was a
mistake to use copper alone, in light aluminum alloys, if these were to be sub-
mitted to exposure to atmospheric influences; and that the presence of equal
amounts of nickel and copper certainly reduced conductivity, but this loss was
compensated by the gain in mechanical and non-corrosive properties.*
E. S. Sperry* has described an alloy of aluminum, called "aluminum-silver,"
which contains 57% Cu, 20% Xi, 20% Zn, and 3% Al. It takes a high polish,
and resembles silver in color and luster. It is said to be used in typewriter con-
struction.
The American Gramophone Co. is reported to be using one of the zinc-
aluminum alloys, containing 95% Zn and 5% Al, for the metallic portions of
their machines.
The use of "Partinum" for motor car construction by Paris builders, is re-
ferred to later on under the section "Balloons and Motor Cars." In this con-
nection it is interesting to note that M. Heroult reports the increased demand
for aluminum in France during 1902, to be partly due to this use of the metal.
Balloons, Cycles and Motor Cars. — The year 1902 has been rather disastrous
• Comptes rendwk, 1902. ■ Electrician, 8ppt. 19, 1902.
V Electrical Review^ London, May %), 1903. * Aluminum Worlds Februaiy, 1902.
30 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
for those aeronauts who have been experimenting with flying machines, and
there is little to record beyond a series of accidents, not, it may be remarked, in
any way due to the aluminum used in the construction of these navigable balloons.
The Zeppelin airship, which two years ago was attracting much attention,
has been broken up, owing to the financial troubles of its designer, and the
aluminum rod and wire used in its construction (reported to amount to 5 tons
in weight) have been sold. The Severo airship, in which aluminum was used
for strengthening the bamboo at many points in the structure, also came to
grief eariy in 1902, and the inventor and his assistant lost their lives at Paris,-
in the explosion which brought about the collapse of the balloon in mid-air.
M. Santos-Dumont, hitheri:o the most lucky and successful of the aeronauts
who have experimented with navigable balloons, has also made little advance
during 1902. His latest airship is constructed of cypress and bamboo rods,
strengthened by aluminum thimbles at the splices; but nothing noteworthy has
been done with it during the past year.
It will be noticed from the above that the tendency in airship construction
is to use bamboo and similar light woods for the frames in place of the metal
aluminum, and to employ the latter metal only for strengthening the frame at
the joints.
As regards the use of aluminum for cycle construction, there is also little
progress to repori; during 1902, but in motor car work the new metal and its
alloys are growing in^ favor and usefulness. The Winton Co., of Cleveland,
Ohio, is using aluminum, and J. M. Quinby & Co., of Newark, N. J., is re-
ported to have constructed a 16-H.P. automobile of the Panhard type, with the
body- of the vehicle constructed entirely of the light metal.*® At the Paris
(1902) show of cycles and automobiles, Charpentier & Co., of Valdois, had
an exhibit of aluminum which attracted considerable attention. Sheets- and
ornamental panels of strengthened aluminum (renforcee) were the chief novel-
ties of this exhibit. The use of aluminum for wheels of automobiles has also
been tried by one French builder, while the automobile firm, Charron, Girardot
& Voigt, is using aluminum and the alloy, partinimi, to a large extent in con-
struction work.
Printing, — The use of aluminum as a substitute for stone and zinc in litho-
graphic work is rapidly extending, and both in London and New York com-
panies have been formed to manufacture the special rotary printing presses,
designed for this new departure in lithography. The Aluminum Press Co.
is the name of the American company, and the Aluminium Rotary Press, Limited,
is the title of the English company, which has been floated with a r;:pital of
$960,000 to purchase the English patents and to equip a factory for the manu-
facture of the presses at Otley, in Yorkshire. Thirty of the new rotary aluminum
presses are stated to have been sold in Enrope, and the list of well-known litho-
graphic printers who have one or more of the new presses in use, or who have
ordered one, is growing in number every day. W. H. Smith & Co., of Tjondon ;
De la Kue & Sons, of Bolton, and E. S. & A. Robinson, of Bristol, are a few
of the English firms who have started during 1902 to use the new metal for
10 Electricity, New York, July 80, 1908.
ALUMINUM AND ALUM, 31
lithographic work. The first named firm has informed me, that it finds the
new metal an excellent substitute for stone in lithographic work. The manipu-
lation required is so different from that required when stone is used, that con-
siderable experience in the handling of the new material is necessary in order
to obtain the best results. The best practical information relating to this new
application of aluminum is to be found in a series of articles published in the
journal named below." A further development in this use of aluminum has
been patented by Hoz, who has devised a method of printing on textile goods
with aluminum rolls.**
Foundry and Metallurgical Use. — Although this remains one of the most
important outlets for the aluminum produced in Europe and America, little new
information relating to it has been published during 1902. In France the sales
of aluminum for foundry work are reported to reach 400 tons per annum, and
according to the chairman of the British Aluminium Co., when the metal
has once been used for this purpose it is rarely given up. In the United King-
dom the sales of the metal to the steel works have been small and disappointing ;
but in the United States this use is believed to absorb a considerable portion
of the output of the Pittsburg Reduction Co.
The industries depending upon the Goldschmidt process for the production
of intense heat by means of powdered aluminum, have made progress during
1902. At Essen, the Chemische-thermo Industrie continues to manufacture
"thermite" and alloys of iron and the rare metals. In a recent independent
engineer's report on tramway construction, welded rails were specially men-
tioned as superior to all forms of bonded joints, and the Goldschmidt method
of welding with thermite was put forward as the most convenient and useful
method of obtaining such welded joints in practice. It is possible, therefore,
that this use of aluminum may grow relatively large and important, during the
construction of the tracks for the numerous tramway and light railway schemes
now in course of development in America and in Europe.
Miscellaneous Uses, — ^Bobbins. — ^English Patent No. 12,193, of 1901, describes
the manufacture of aluminum bobbins. Machinery is used to fashion flat discs
of the metal into the ordinary bobbin with a central tube and two flanges.
Art Work. — The Indian Aluminium Co., which has grown out of Mr.
Alfred Chatterton's efforts to introduce aluminum to Indian art-workers at the
Madras School of Art, is increasing its capital and plant in order to cope with
its extending business. This company paid a dividend of 7% for the first half
of 1902, and its manufactures embrace both useful and ornamental articles in
the new metal.
Combs. — The m'anufacture of aluminum hair combs has grown into a large
industry in the United States, and according to one authority the daily output
of all the factories is 25,000." The competition has, accordingly, become severe,
and the Aluminum Manufacturers^ Association, the meeting of which at Pitts-
burg in September, has already been referred to, ^haS appointed a sub-committee
to regulate output and prices.
» Aluminum World, October and December, 1901; January and Febniarj, 1908.
» Zeitschrifi futr AnQeroandte Chemie, Dec. 18, 1908.
» Aluminum World, February, 1908.
82 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Chemical Apparatus. — According to 0. Guttman, aluminum is proving of
value in the manufacture of explosives. In the preparation of nitro-cellulose it
is requisite to use vessels which are unattacked by a mixture of sulphuric and
nitric acids. An aluminum vessel has successfully resisted the action of these
acids for some months^ although either acid alone was found to have action
upon it.**
Explosives. — ^^^Ammonal/' a new explosive patented by Fuhrer, of Vienna,
contains 25% Al in the state of powder, and ammonium nitrate. The Electro-
smelting (Zinnoxyd) Co. of London, which would appear to be a sub-
sidiary of the company operating at Essen, also manufactures an explosive of
which powdered aluminum is an ingredient, but I am unable to say whether
this compound is similar in all other respects to ammonal. This company re-
ported a dividend of 12% in 1902.
Fuse Wires. — A novel use of aluminum is found on the Niagara-Buffalo trans-
mission line, where the new metal is used not only for the main conductors but
also for the fuse wires. This transmission is at 11,000 volts.
Gramophones. — The American Gramophone Co. is trying an alloy composed
of 95% Zn and 5% Al for the metallic portions of its machines. A some-
what similar use is that of aluminum for the diaphragms of telephones.
Golf Clubs. — W. Mills, of Sunderland, England, who makes a special feature
of aluminum castings and has attained much success in this direction,, has cast
a set of golf-clubs heads in the light metal. H. H. Hilton, the noted golf player,
has seen these novel clubs and is reported to have recommended them.
Lamps. — According to a writer in the paper named below,*" aluminum is
used by several makers of miners' lamps in Germany. The new metal is also
reported to be in use for making the reflectors of acetylefne lamps, but as there
is not a great sale for these, the consumption of aluminum for this purpose cannot
be large.
Machinery and Other Castings. — At the foundry of W. Mills, Sunderland,
England, 75 men are reported to be constantly at work on aluminum castings.
Whetstones and Sharpening Wheels. — According to A. Bernard, of Hamburg,
Germany, a valuable property of aluminum has been discovered in its ability
to sharpen cutlery. Aluminum has a fine-grained structure and develops during
the whetting process an exceed in. '^^ly fine metal-setting substance which is greasy
to the touch and adheres strongly to steel. An examination of a knife blade
whetted on aluminum under the microscope at 1,000 diameters magnification,
shows the edge of the steel to be perfectly uniform and unbroken, which is not
the case when steel is sharpened on stone.
Properties op Aluminum.
Eeference has already been made to the laboratory experiments of Haber and
Geipert upon the electrolytic separation of aluminum in baths of fused cryolite.
These investi.c:ator8 examined the chemical and mechanical properties of the
>< Alnminnm Worlds Julj, lOOS. From Journal of tht Society of ChenUetU /ndiMffSf.
>* Engineering^ London, Aug. 22, 1002.
ALUMINUM AND ALUM. 33
metal obtained in their experiments, and they found that the tensile strength
averaged 21,000 ib. per sq. in. The first series of chemical tests gave 0-034% Si
and 0*05% C, but in a second series of tests made by a more reliable method, the
percentages of Si rose to 0-25 and 0*3%. These specimens of aluminum would,
however, appear to have been more pure than the "pure" aluminum of com-
merce, which is rarely guaranteed over 99*5% purity.
With reference to the influence of impurities upon the resistance offered by
aluminum to exposure, Mx. Alfred Chatterton, of the Madras School of Art,
has stated that anything above 0*1% Fe is exceedingly deleterious, even when
the metal is merely intended for domestic use.^* There is no doubt that this
fact has not been 'sufficiently recognized in the past, and many of the cases in
which the new metal has given unsatisfactory results, may be attributed to
the presence of excessive amounts of impurity. Messrs. Haber and Geipert
have shown that remarkably pure metal can be obtained by the electrolytic
process,*^ when sufficient care is given to the preparation of the raw materials
used in the reduction, and there is every reason to believe that the producers of
aluminum in the various countries are now fully alive to the importance of
carefully testing and controlling this side of the manufacture. The exposure
tests with aluminum and other wires, commenced by me in 1899, have been
continued during 1902 at Waterioo. No sample of aluminum wire has yet been
obtained, which can stand twelve months' exposure in the comparatively good
atmosphere of Waterloo, without extensive and deep corrosion. The rods of
aluminum have undergone three i^ears' exposure at Waterloo with much
less corrosion than the wires. This fact would seem to indicate that the me-
chanical properties of aluminum undergo considerable change during the
drawing operations which are necessary to produce wire, and that this change
renders the metal more liable to corrosion by atmospheric influences. Full de-
tails of these exposure tests will be published in London during 1903.
As regards plating and soldering aluminum, nothing worthy of special note has
been published during 1902.
Raw Materials of the Manufacttthe.
There has been considerable increase in the consumption of bauxite by alu-
minum producers in recent j'ears, and Liehau has suggested that this increase
indicates that a direct method of electrical reduction has been discovered."
There is no confirmation of this suggestion, however, and it is unlikely that
such an advance in the cheapened production of aluminum could have occurred
without the publication of the patents or of the process in the technical jour-
nals of London or New York. The Pittsburg Reduction Co. is reported by
Prof. Richards to be using an improved process for extracting pure alumina
from bauxite at the new plant in Arkansas. This process is known as the
'*Lime^* process, and is patented by Hall. It is reported to yield a product
of remarkable purity. According to the same authority, the electrical method
«• EUcfrochemiMt and Electrometalluvffift Maroh, 190B.
>» Zeii§chrift fuer Elektrochemie, Jan. 2 and 9, 1902.
>• EUktrochemische ZeitachH/t, August, 1908.
34
THE MINERAL INDU8TR7.
of removing the impurities from bauxite, described in The Mineral Industry,
Vol, X., and based upon incipient fusion with sufficient carbon to reduce the
iron and silicon present as oxides, is about to be operated at Niagara Falls.*'
From these statements it is evident that the Pittsburg company is alive to the
impoirtance of reducing the cost of the raw materials of the manufacture.
Interesting historical notes relating to the development of the aluminum
industry in America have appeared in the journals named below during the
past year.** •
V. Alum and Aluminum Sulphate.
Alum, Artificial. — The reported production of aluminum sulphate in the
United States during 1902 amounted to 87,075 shoit tons, valued at $1,938,671,
as compared with 74,721 shori; tons, valued at $1,793,304 in 1901, while the pro-
duction of crystallized alum was 8,639 shori; tons, valued at $229,600, as com-
pared with 7,756 shori: tons, valued at $233,250 in 1901. The apparent large
decrease in the production of crystallized alum during 1901 and 1902, as com-
pared with preceding years, has resulted from the method of calculation necessary
prior to 1901, the year in which statistics of production were first collected
directly from the prdducers.
The statistics of the production of alum and aluminum sulphate given in the
following table previous to 1901 are computed from the consumption of bauxite
and cryolite in the United States, and the production of metallic aluminum, it be-
ing assumed that what was not used for the manufacture of aluminum, was used
for making the sulphates. The yield of American bauxite, and the quantity im-
ported are well known, consequently the method of determining the production
in so far as it is expressed in terms of crystallized alum is fairly accurate. The
division into crystallized alum and aluminum sulphate is estimated, and is
therefore approximate. However, since it is apt to be misleading to report the
entire production as crystallized alum, of which really only a comparatively small
quantity is made, the statistics for 1898 to 1900 have been reported in the
modified form. Any apparent discrepancy is thus accounted for. The statistics
for 1901 and 1902 have been collected directly from the producers.
UNITED STATES PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OP ALUM FROM 1898 TO 1902.
ProductioD.
Imports, (a)
Year.
^liym.
Aluminum Sulphate.
Total
Reckoned
as Alum.
Sh. Tons.
Total
Value.
Short
Tons.
Value.
per
Short
Tons.
Value.
P.T
Ton.
Short
Tons.
Value.
Per
Ton.
Ton.
1898..
1899..
19iX)..
1901 .c
19Q9.e
18,791
27,976
20,881
7,776
8.680
1888,780
846,660
616,980
888,880
929,600
ro-00
81 00
8000
8000
90-86
66,688
81,806
61,678
74,781
87,075
11,416,075
2,106,479
1,480,278
1,798,804
1,988,071
I8500
26-75
84 HX)
9400
92-26
97.809
127,480
105,748
81.960,406
2.962,086
8,096,208
2,028,664
2,168,171
(b) 888
ib) 868
(6)1,169
(6)1,091
ib) 909
$16,187
14.968
22,288
80.781
16,806
$16-18
17-49
lO-OT
19*05
18*09
(a) Includes alumina, alum, alum cake, aluminum sulphate, aluminous cake, and ahun in crrstals or frround.
(ft) There was also imported in 1896, 1.206 short tons ($76,884) of aluminum hydrate, or refined hauxite. in 1899
1,926 short tons ($119.»2). in 1900, 2,207 short tons ($148,882), in 1901, 1,986 short tons ($146,462), and In 1908, 88i
short tons ($21,236). (c) Throui^h the courtesy of the United States Oeologrlcal Survey.
*• Aluminum Worlds (^tober, 1908.
*« SUctrockemiedl InduMtry^ No. 1. 1908; EUetrical Review, New York, Nor. 16, 19Q8L
ALUMINUM AND ALUM. 35
According to the Twelfth Census report of the United States there were 13
concerns engaged in the manufacture of alum in the United States in 1900,
whose aggregate production was as follows: 3,290 tons ($108,308) of ammonia
alum; 7,100 tons ($215,004) of potash alum; 8,014 tons ($403,100) of burnt
alum; 51,508 tons ($1,062,547) of concentrated alum, also known as aluminum
sulphate, 2,024 tons ($34,047) of alum cake; and 17,796 tons ($629,570) of
other alums. The total make was therefore 89,734 tons, valued at $2,446,576.
For this purpose there was consumed 34,000 tons ($230,000) of bauxite, 5,000
tons ($110,000) of cryolite, 2,000 tons ($4,100) of salt cake and niter cake,
360 tons ($21,900) of ammonium sulphate, 477 tons ($19,600) of potassium
sulphate, and 61,424 tons of sulphuric acid. In making the acid, there was used
3,323 tons ($66,000) of brimstone, 49,081 tons ($107,000) of pyrites, and 513
tons ($18,000) of sodium nitrate. The statistics of alum production are re-
ported in tons of 2,000 lb., and the values are for the product at the works.
Of the 13 works engaged in the business, six are in Pennsylvania, three in
Massachusetts and the remaining four in Illinois, New York and Michigan.
The following named com»panies produced either alum or aluminum sulphate,
or both of these salts during 1902: General Chemical Co., Pennsylvania Salt
Manufacturing Co., Harrison Brothers, Charles Lennig & Co., Erie Chemical Co.,
Cochrane Chemical Co., Merrimac Chemical Co., and Detroit Chemical Co.
New York Market. — New York price of lump alum during 1902 was $1*75 per
100 lb. For ground alum the price during the first three weeks of January
was $1"80 per 100 lb. for the balance of the year it remained steady at $1*85;
powdered alum was quoted at $3 per 100 lb. during the entire year. Com-
mercial aluminum sulphate was quoted at $1*15@$1'25 per 100 lb., and the
purest quality at $2.
Natural Alum. — The productipn of alum shale in the United Kingdom in
1901 was 4,019 long tons, valued at $2,470, as compared with 1,329 long tons,
valued at $820 in 1900. The Australian Alum Co., at BuUadelah, New South
Wales, during 1901 shipped to the United Alkali Co.'s works at Runcorn, Eng-
land, 3,146 long tons of alunite, valued at £9,438, as compared with 1,915 tons,
ralued at £5,745 in 1900.
JtoZy.— (By Giovanni Aichino.) — The deposit of alunite at Tolfa near Civi-
tavecchia is the only source of this mineral in Italy, and the production of alum
salts from this deposit is decreasing on account of the general condition of the
market and of the increased difficulties in mining. During 1901 the produc-
tion of alunite amounted to 6,200 metric tons, of which 4,100 tons were ex-
ported, the remainder being manufactured by the Compagnie Generale delFAl-
lume at Civitavecchia into alum 595 metric tons, refined alum 210 tons and
aluminum sulphate 860 tons.
AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM SULPHATE.
By H£Nry Fisher.
The production of ammonia (reported as its equivalent sulphate salt) and
ammonium sulphate by by-product coke oven plants in the United States during
1902 is estimated at 65,000 metric tons, and for 1901 at 60,000 metric tons,
which shows the active development of this industry due chiefly to the increase
in the number of by-product coke ovens now in operation. The manufacture of
ammonia and ammonium sulphate in the United States and in Europe during
recent years is discussed in complete detail in the paper by Dr. P. Schniewind,
on *The Manufacture of Coke, with Especial Reference to the Markets for By-
products," which is given in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., pp. 135 to 166.
The imports of ammonium sulphate into the United States, from 1898 to
1902, were as follows : —
Yew.
Pounds.
Metric Tons.
Value.
Value per
Metric Ton.
Iggg
11.067,708
17,181,968
84.084,188
81,711,06S
85,686,6fi8
5,016
7;786
10,897
14,884
16,119
406,6778
601,987
788,066
868,036
$41-88
68'86
18B9
1900
54*98
1901
BO'Vi
1908 ;
68'8S
The world's production of ammonium sulphate during 1902 exceeded 548,500
metric tons, as compared with 523,000 metric tons in 1901. Of this quantity,
Germany contributed 135,000 tons and France 65,000 tons. The product is used
mainly in the manufacture of fertilizers.
The following table shows the world's production of ammonium sulphate and
exports of sodium nitrate from Chile, the latter being practically identical with
world's production of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate, (a)
(in metric tons.)
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
. Ammonium sulphate:
Oreat Britain 7
198,800
100,000
49,000
85,000
80,000
80,000
808,000
110,000
68.000
86,000
88,000
80,000
810,000
180,000
68,000
87,000
88,000
86,000
880,000
180,000
60.000
88,000
85,000
40,000
996,600
186,000
TTnltAd HtatMi
66,000
frnuioe
40,000
88,000
Austria, Russia, Spain, and other European countries
46.000
Total production ,...,,..,,-. t
440,600
1,806,000
87,880
197,970
468,000
1,870,000
08.600
814,400
496,000
1,480,000
97,610
888,800
fill
648,600
Sodium nitrate:
Exports from Chile, -t -r --t -
1.886,000
Nitrofren equivalent in metric tons of world's sulphate )
ports f
118,980
806,980
Total
885.190
80 W
$808-80
191 05
807,080
30V
$848-80
88810
881,410
80891
$844-16
886-60
«:8
881,980
Peroentafre of sulfdiate
a6-u
Price of 8.000 lb. nitrogen at Liverpool, in-
Siilohate (iOAOl lb 1
$800*00
NItmte fia.77fi lb 1
868-80
(a) teiUchritt titer angewandte Chemie, April 83, 1901: VBngrai*^ Jan. 84, 1908 and 1908; Annual Report of
t)ke(Hnnan Sulpnate Syndicate for 1901.
AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM SULPHATE.
37
the world's production. This table shows (1) that the nitrogen equivalent of
the sulphate production is only about one-half that of sodium nitrate. (2) That
the production of sulphate has been constantly increasing even during the period
when the price of its nitrogen equivalent was higher than that of nitrate. The
progress will doubtless be continued.
The average prices per 100 lb. of gas liquor ammonium sulphate, basis 25%,
in New York in 1899, 1900, 1901 and 1902, were as follows:—
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
$8 975
8-781
8085
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dee.
ATerage.
18B9
$8-716
81W
8-788
8-987
$8*088
^-986
8-801
8ira7
$8-887
8-061
8-818
8-881
$8-810
8-961
8-700
8-978
$8-887
8-840
8-750
8109
$8190
8-786
8-781
8-001
S8-111
8-885
8-745
8-968
$8-066
8-756
8-709
;i-oi9
$8-976
8-750
8-819
8-969
$8-860
8-776
8-880
8-966
$8-995
8-776
8-794
8-019
$8-988
1900
8-888
1901
8*771
1901
8-978
Oertnany, — The report^ of the German Ammonia Syndicate of Bochum for
the year 1902 states that the year has been signalized by favorable conditions
for the production and sale of ammonium sulphate, in marked contrast to the
previous year. English competition was not as active as in 1901, and the aver-
age price obtained for the ammonium sulphate was considerably above that of
the previous year. The German syndicate prices are primarily controlled by
the position of the nitrate market, and in 1902 these prices were influenced
also by considerable stocks on hand at the beginning of the year, Which had to
be disposed of mostly at the prices ruling in 1902. The average price for 1902,
on the basis of percentage of nitrogen, was equal to that obtained for nitrate,
although this has not been the case previous to this year. The imports of
ammonium sulphate into Germany in 1902 were 44,260 tons, as compared with
44,400 in 1901, 32,000 tons being shipped from the United Kingdom. The
syndicate not only marketed its output, but sold in addition 9,000 tons of old
stock, due to the appreciation of the value of ammonium sulphate for agri-
cultural purposes, and its use in place of Chilean nitrate. The replacement was
partly caused by the speculative operations of a Hamburg importer, who at the
beginning of the year increased the price of nitrate, so that the farmers were,
forced to buy ammonium sulphate. The production of the syndicate -works
in 1902 was 67,000 tons; the deliveries were 62,465 tons, as compared with
48,957 tons in 1901; while the exports showed a decrease, being only 3,500
tons, as compared with 9,275 tons in the previous year. The production of
strong amrooniacal solution was 3,089 tons, and weak solution 15,470 tons, a
total of 18,559 tons, as compared with 9,519 tons in 1901. The syndicate?,
which added three companies to its membership during 1902, also sold am-
monium sulphate for a number of gas works and private firms.
United Kingdom. — According to the annual report of the Chief Inspector of
Alkali Works, etc., for the United Kingdom, the production of ammonium
sulphate during 1901 amounted to 217,213 long tons, as compared with 213,726
long tons in 1900. The expected increase in the output of ammonium sulphate
by the coke ovens has not taken place, due to the depressed condition of the iron
industry. The unofficial figures for 1902 state that the production amounted
to 221,600 long tons. The production from the different works was as follows : —
* Iron and Coal Trade9 Review, LXVI., April 88, 1906^ 107Q.
38
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
STATISTICS OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OP THB
UNITED KINGDOM FBOM 1896 TO 1902, INCLUSIVE. (a) (LONG TONS.)
1806.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
197,000
16,600
88.000
9.000
158,000
18,000
87,000
10,000
180,000
17,700
87,800
11,600
188,788
17,968
88,780
15,909
149,419
16,960
87,987
17,081
ilil
146,000
17,000
88,000
90.600
From shftlff works. , r ............. .
Frt>m ooke OTens, producers, etc..
Totel productioD
190,600
6^000
498,000
45,000
198,600
59,600
906,790
87,800
918,796
84,700
(6)917,918
89,800
(c) 981,600
68,748
Consumption of United Kin^om.
cep(
(a) ZeitBcnrift fuer angttoanau Ghemie^ April 88, iwi.and BraOtwry & Hirseh't Review for 1908, ex-
^>tixifr for 1899, 1900 and 1001, whfeh are from the AnntuU Rtport of ths Chief humeetoro/AUeali Worke, etc.
(h) Of this amount, Ensbrnd furnished 189,716 tons; Scotland, 76,068 tons; and Ireland. 9^ tons. (c>Of this
amount, it is estimatedf that England oontributed 145,000 tons; Scotland, 74,000 tons; and Ireland, 9,600 tons.
In the removal of hydrogen sulphide from the gases evolved in the manu-
facture of ammonium sulphate by the Hemingway iron sulphite process, the
following reaction takes place: —
PeS08+3HaS=FeS+3S+3H,0.
The exports of the United Kingdom during 1902 were 162,764 long tons,
of which 10,084 tons were shipped to the United States. The consumption of
the United Kingdom in 1902 is assumed to be 68,746 long tons, the difference
between the production and exports.
ANTIMONY.
Bt Joseph Stbuthbbs.
The process of smelting antimony ores arid refining the metallic product is
one of extreme difficulty, and very few metallurgists know the complete details
of modem practice. Successful smelting, therefore, can only be accomplished
under special conditions. This fact, together with large production of the
metal in foreign countries, the recent removal of the import duty on crude anti-
mony and cheap ocean freight rates from foreign countries, hinders, if not
precludes, the profitable production of antimony metal from domestic ores in
the United States.
There was but little, if any, metallic antimony produced from domestic
ores in the United States during 1902, due to the tariflp decision rendered April
22, 1902, before the United States General Appraisers at New York, which re-
moved the former 20% ad valorem duty on crude antimony (the partly refined
sulphide ore), thus placing it on the free list. The production of metallic anti-
mony from domestic ores during 1901 amounted to but 50 tons, an extremely
small quantity when compared with the total annual consumption of this metal
in the United States.
Practically the entire control of the production and trade in antimony is in
the hands of Mathison & Co., of London, which operates the smelting plant
at Chelsea, Staten Island, N. Y., and the works of the affiliated concern, the
Chapman Smelting Co., of San Francisco, Cal. Since the removal of the
duty on crude antimony the works of the Chapman Smelting Co., which formerly
smelted the entire domestic output of antimony ores in the United States, has
been closed. Under existing conditions it is very probable that from time to
time small lots of domestic antimony ore will be offered for treatment in the
United States, but it is doubtful if there will be any marked progress in the
production of metallic antimony from domestic ores in the United States imless
the industry is aided by legislation.
It has not been possible to ascertain the actual quantity of metallic anti-
nv)ny produced in the United States from imported ores, but on the assumption
of an average extraction of 42% of metal from the net quantity of antimony
ore imported during 1902, i.e., allowing for re-export, the production from this
source amjounted to 716 short tons, as compared with 364 short tons in 1901.
The quantity of antimony contained in the net imports of regains or metal
during 1902 amounted to 2,858 short tons, as compared with 1,837 short tons
in 1901.
The antimony content of the 10,485 short tons of hard lead produced in the
United States during 1902 as a by-product from smelting both domestic and,
foreign ores amounted to 2,904 short toi^s.
40
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The aggregate quantity of antimony metal, or its equivalent in antimony alloyg
or salts, produced from the above-mentioned sources in the United States during
1902 amoimted to 12,486,000 Ib.^ as compared with 8,971,884 lb. in 1901.
A large part of the domestic demand for antimony metal, particularly for
manufacture into anti-friction and similar alloys, is supplied in the form of
antimonial or hard lead, containing generally from 18 to 27% Sb.
The statistics of imports, production and consumption of antimony in the
United States, from 1898 to 1902, inclusive, are given in the subjoined table.
IMPORTS, EXPORTS, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF ANTIMONY IN THE
UNITED STATES.
Imports.
Tear.
Metal or Regulus.
Ore.
Total
Value.
$194,166
888,689
864,880
278,507
877,876
Metal Of Regulus.
Ore.
18B6
Pounds.
8.085,188
8,160,697
8,689,848
8,674,988
5,496,988
Value.
1148,909
240,988
285,749
266,846
886,811
Pounds
8,7^^2^2
8,982,188
6,0a5,784
1.781,966
8,887,600
Value.
150,266
47,841
78,581
24,256
67,670
Pounds.
86,276
16,816
88,680
m.
87,184
Value.
11,789
1.276
8,862
Pounds.
84,818
NiL
Nil.
40,666
806,681
Value.
1784
1899
1900
1901
4,608
1908
8,710
Tear.
Production.
Con-
sumption.
In Hard
Lead, (a)
mesticOres
From Im-
Dorted
Ores. (6)
From Im-
ported Regu-
lus or MeUl.
Total
Supply.
1896....
Short Tons.
2,118
1,586
2,476
2.286
2,904
Short Tons.
260
284
161
60
Nil
Short Tons.
870
1,041
1,609
864
086
Short Tons.
1,062
1,496
1,887
1,887
8,718
Short Tons.
4.290
4,866
6,068
4,488
6,248
1899
1900
1901
1908
(a) Estimated at 269C of the total quantity of haid lead produced, except for 1908 which was estimated at
2n%, (b) Estimated 40% extraction from net import of ore.
The large increase in the quantity of antimony ores and regulus imported
and exported during 1902 has been due to a peculiar condition of the freight
rates from China, which strangely enough were about 10s. per ton from China
to New York, and 308. from China to England. The freight rate from New
York to England being about 10s. per ton, shipments were made first to New
York, where the metal was trans-shipped to England, thus saving practically one-
third of the cost of direct transportation.
The supply of antimony for domestic consumption as metal or as lead alloy
is derived from the following sources: (1) hard lead produced as a by-product
from the smelting or refining of lead ores and bullion of both domestic and
foreign origin, (2) imported ores or crude antimony, (3) imported metal or
regulus, and (4) domestic ores. The only antimony ore of com!mercial impor-
tance in the United States is stibnite, antimony trisulphide (SbaS^), and while
many deposits of this mineral occur in the Western States, the production of
metal therefrom has never reached an important position, the largest quantity
produced annually being but 295 short tons in 1895 in an estimated total produc-
tion of 4,000 tons of metal from all sources. Since 1895 the production of anti-
mony from domestic ores has declined until there was none so produced in 1902,
ANTIMONY.
41
WObLD'S PRODUCTION
OF ANTIMONY ORB. {o)
(in METRIC TONS.)
Tear.
Austria.
BoUvia.
France and
Algeria.
Hungary.
Italy.
Japan.
Mexico. (/)
1897...
Tom.
864
679
410
901
196
Value.
$»,966
99,867
16,944
7.066
4,667
ITODS.
Value.
Tons.
6,466
4,571
7,589
7,986
9,867
Value.
$88;588
69,409
180,498
116,978
156,884
Tons.
1,800
9,901
1,965
9,878
1,691
Value.
$84,668
90,919
84,905
87,790
19,600
Tons.
9,150
1,981
8,791
7,609
8,818
Value.
$87,667
48,829
44,869
79,468
68,618
T^ns.
848
1,006
719
81
(e)
T6n8.
5,878
6,989
10,889
9,818
M08
Value.
$n,886
96,816
116.999
98,819
61,064
1886...
1899...
1900...
1901...
601 $iei,796
1,918 454,866
1,174 440,775
190 88,809
Tear.
New South
Wales, ih)
New Zealand.
Portugal.
Spain.
Turkey. (6) (cf)
United Stotes.
1897....
1896....
1899....
1900
1901....
Tbos.
179
84
889
968
90
Value.
$18,060
4,580
18,470
19,146
5,916
Tons.
10
NU.
NU.
5
80
Value.
fW8
■ ■"605
680
Tons.
417
245
59
88
6126
Value.
6,786
2,128
654
2.650
Tons.
^t
41
NU.
Nil.
Value.
*$i;666*
Tons.
864
180
60
80
10
Value.
$6,488
^149
1,660
900
160
TOJM.
400
^%
2ffr
(e)
Tons.
464
800
100
Value.
$16,000
''90^666
10,500
8,500
(a) The foreign statistics are derived from the official reports of the several governments; those for the
United States were collected specially for Trs Minbbal Ikdustrt. (b) Ebciwrt ilgures. («) Not yet reported.
id) Fiscal vears. The Turkish statistics are of doubtful accuracy, (e) Mostly crude antimony. (/) &xport
figures, values in Mexican dollars, (g) Statistics not collected, ih) Metal and ore.
world's PRODUCTION OF ANTIMONY METAL. (a) (iN METRIC TONS.)
i
Austria.
France and
Algeria.
Qermany.
id)
Hungary. (6)
Italy.
Japan.
Servia.
United
States. (/)
1897
Tons.
424
848
271
158
114
Vahie
$51,860
49,286
88,772
14,844
10,484
Tons.
1,068
1.226
1,499
1578
1,786
Value.
$141,857
163,200
243,840
246.090
840,000
Tons.
1,665
2,711
8,14«
8.888
2,526
Value.
$156,111
210,744
802.H92
847,200
268,250
Tons
698
855
940
888
705
Value.
$68,860
109,681
189.502
122,400
82,920
Tons.
404
880
581
1,174
1,721
Value.
$57,072
62,660
87,900
164,860
19^560
Tons.
824
288
229
849
(e)
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
9,777
9,987
9,596
8,884
9,406
Value
$409,846
1806
1899
1900
1901
168
180
119
948
$98,789
96,980
89,868
40,894
519,188
•526,087
764,086
425.024
(a) From the official reports of the respective countries, (b) Crude antimonv and regulus. (cf) Includes man
ganese. (e) Statistics not yet available. (/) Includes antimony content of hard lead produced during the year.
Australia. — The production of antimony metal in New South Wales during
190? amounted in value to £542.
Borneo. — The export of antimony from Borneo during 1900 amounted to 85
tons.
Canada. — The Dominion Antimony Co., capitalized at $1,000,000, was or-
ganized early in 1903 to exploit the gold-bearing antimony deposits at West
Gore, 20 miles from Windsor, Halifax County, Nova Scotia. The property is
situated two miles from the Midland railroad.
Chinaj — Antimony sulphide ore is mined in the Hanchow district, 1,000 miles
west of Shanghai. The crude ore is carried by boats to Hanchow and refined
to the so-called "Chinese-needle" antimony sulphide, which contains Sb, 72*25% ;
As, 1 to 1'5% ; S, 26'25%, and a trace of iron. The refined product is shipped
to Shanghai for export to Hamburg, London and New York. During 1902
the shipment to the last-named port was favored by cheap freight rates, as com-
pared with European ports. The export of refined antimony sulphide ore from
Shanghai during 1902 amounted to 2,200 long tons, as compared with 150 long
tons in 1901, while the exports of partly refined ore from Hankow during 1902
are reported at 3,254 long tons, valued at $83,170, as compared with 10,363
long tons, valued at $285,675 in 1901.
France. — There were 26 antimony mines in France actively operated during
1901-1902, including six on which exploratory work only had been miade. The
properties are situated in the order. of their importance in the following dis-
tricts: Haute-Loire, Mayenne, Creuse, Corse, Cantal, Arddche and Lozere.
42
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Mexico. — The totimony production from Catorce in the State of San Luis
Potosi, in recent years, has been large enough to dominate the price of the metal
in Mexico. The ore occurs as an earthy oxide in limestone near the surface,
and as shipped, contains more than 45% Sb. A metallurgical plant for local
treatment of lower grade ores containing from 30 to 40% Sb has been erected at
Wadley. Heretofore the ore has been shipped to Newcastle, England.
Portugal, — The principal antimony mines are on the Commune of Qondomar,
in the Porto district; the ore occurs also in the Braganza district. During
1902 the exports of antimony ore amounted to 54 metric tons, valued at $1,720
as compared with 126 tons, valued at $2,650 in 1901.
Turkey, — ^The supply of antimony ore is derived from the mines at AUkhar,
near Rozdau, and near Aidin. The export shipments of ore from Salonica during
1900 amjounted to 267 metric tons, valued at $13,965.
The New York Antimony Market in 1902, — ^Although the consumption of
antimony in 1902 was larger than in 1901, the market was rather depressed
throughout the year, prices ruling considerably below the figures of the previous
twelve months. Sales of wholesale lots were difficult to effect. The Italian,
French, Japanese and Hungarian brands made heavy inroads in the trade pre-
viously controlled by the standard English (Cookson's and Halletfs) brands,
partly on account of the fancy prices asked, especially for Cookson^s metal, and
partly on account of the improving quality of the cheaper grades.
The comparatively easy tone of the antimonial lead market also tended to
restrict the demand for antimony.
The year opened with Cookson's selling at 10c. ; Hallett's, 8*25c. ; Hungarian,
Italian, Japanese and TI. S. Star at 7' 75c. From month to month the prices
declined, holders being anxious to sell and willing to make concessions for fair-
sized orders. The market closed rather dull and depressed at the lowest quota-
tions of the year, 8 5@8-75c. for Cookson's, 7@7125c. for Halletffl, 6@8-75c.
for Italian, French, Japanese, Hungarian and U. S. Star brands.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF ANTIMONY IN NEW YORK. (
IN CENTS PER POUND.)
Year.
Br&nd.
Jan.
Feb.
MAr.
April.
May,
J tine.
July.
AUff.
Sept,
Oet
Not.
Dec.
Year
Oookson'B
Hallett's
8-00
7*87
7-60
7-44
9-81
8-81
8*81
10^60
9-76
9*60
10-00
912
9-S6
8-00
7-66
7-69
7-68
10-«6
988
9*68
9-82
ib-BO
9-75
9-60
lC-00
9-22
906
8-76
8-76
io'oo
8-04
7-75
7-75
77B
7-75
8-26
7-81
7-81
7-81
10-87
9-75
9-7B
975
9-75
10-60
976
9-60
10*00
8-90
8-80
876
8-76
8-06
7-76
775
776
775
8-87
7-96
7-98
7-90
10-10
9-80
9-80
9-80
9-80
10-60
9-7S
9-60
10-31
8-94
878
8-78
878
878
9-87
8-06
776
775
7-76
7-75
9-20
8-64
8-64
8-69
10-60
1000
10-00
10-00
10-00
10-60
9-69
9-50
10-26
876
8*68
8-6S
8-68
8-68
9-87
8-17
7-90
7-90
790
7-90
9-65
8-97
8-97
8-97
10-60
10-00
10-00
10-00
10-00
10-60
9-62
9-60
10-25
876
8-68
8-68
8-68
8-«8
9-87
825
800
8-0()
800
800
9-75
906
9-06
9-06
10-60
1000
1000
1000
10-60
9-68
9-50
10-26
8-76
8*68
8-68
8-68
8-68
976
8-26
8-00
800
800
8-00
976
9-06
906
9-06
10-60
9-81
9-81
"9-76
10-60
9-60
9-60
10-26
8-68
8-60
8-60
8*60
8-60
976
8-16
7-90
7-90
7-90
7-90
9-76
906
9-06
906
10-60
9-66
9-66
b-M
10-10
9-80
9-80
1018
8-50
8-87
8-87
8-87
8-87
9-69
7-92
7-65
7-65
7-66
7-65
970
9-08
9-08
9-03
10-60
9-78
9-60
b-M
1000
9-25
9-26
10-09
8-47
8-84
8-84
8-84
8-84
9-44
772
7-»r
7-87
7-87
7-87
9-26
8-81
8-81
8-81
10-60
9-76
9-50
'9-60
10-00
9-25
9-26
10-00
8-87
8-26
8-26
826
8-26
9*25
7-44
7-22
7-22
7-22
7-22
9-26
8-81
8-81
8-81
10 60
9-76
9-60
'9-56
10-00
9-25
9-25
1000
8-81
8-00
8-00
800
8-00
9-90
7-26
692
6 92
69*.;
9-08
8-51
1896....
U. a Star
Japanese'
Cookson's
Hidlett^a
8-6t
8-61
10-87
9-67
1809....
1900. . . . '
U.S. Star
Ohapmaa's.
Hun|i;ariaD
Oookion'a
Hallett^
9-65
10-84
9*58
U.S. Star
Oookfon'B
Hallett^
9-42
1012
874
1901....
U.S. Star
Hungrarian. ......
669
8-61
Italian....
8-61
Japanese
Cookson*!
Hallett^
Vdob"
817
7-86
7-86
7-88
7-86
8-48
9-71
7-96
1908....
U.S. Star
Hungarian
Italian
7-67
7-67
T-KT
Japanese
692 7-67
ANTIMONY. 43
Tbohnolooy.
Electrolytic Extraction of Antimony from Ores. — ^I. Izart* describes a process
for the extraction of antiiDony by dissolving the antimony sulphide in the ore
with sodimn snlphide. The solution is electrolyzed in a vat divided by a dia-
phragm, the antimony solution being put in the cathode compartment while the
anode compartment is filled with a 17% caustic soda solution to which sufficient
ammonium chloride is added to raise the sp. gr. to that of the antimony solution.
In an experimental plant at Cassagnes, France, a scaly, lustrous deposit of me-
tallic antimony was obtained with a current density of 0'8 ampere per square
decimeter and an electromotive force of 1'6 volts, the current efficiency being
76%. The output was 0'56 kg. antimony per kilowatt hour, which was sub-
sequently raised to 0*621 kg. (See also p. 226 of this volume.)
Improved Method of Antim/my Smelting, — Thomas C. Sanderson,* ctf Chelsea,
S. I., New York, has patented a continuous method of antimony smelting which .
has been in successful operation for more than a year. A suitable quantity of
ferrous sulphide is melted to form a bath on the hearth of a reverberatory fur-
nace, and after shutting off the draught, the hot ore is charged and quickly rabbled
into the molten bath ; when thoroughly mixed, scrap iron is added to decompose
the antimony sulphide. The temperature of the furnace is then raised, the
doors being closed, and when sufficiently hot, the contents of the furnace are
thoroughly rabbled. When the reaction is completed, the metallic antimony is
tapped from the sump of the furnace until iron sulphide fippears. The slag
is skimmed from the bath in the furnace, and a sufficient quantity of iron sul-
phide is removed to lower the level of the bath to its original position, the
furnace then being ready for another charge of ore. Metallic iron is sometimes
added and rabbled in order to recover a small quantity of antimony from the
floating slag, which being most part alloyed with iron, remains in the furnace
to be treated with the next charge. Oxidized ores may be treated in a similar
way, the metal being reduced by iron or carbon, or both.
N. C. Cookson has patented' improvements in the method of smelting anti-
mony ores in reverberatory furnaces to prevent volatilization.
White Antimony Oxide. — ^A. S. Plows has patented* a process of making white
antimony oxide, in which the ore is heated to a bright red temperature, and
the atmosphere of the furnace made alternately oxidizing and reducing as long
as antimonial fumes are evolved. Steam is injected into the fumes and the
antimony oxide is condensed and collected in a separate chamber provided with
means to extract all of the oxide so that the exit gases contain not even a trace.
Determination of Antimony and Arsenic. — L. B. Skinner and R H. Hawley*
have published a method for determining antimony and arsenic in mixed pre-
cipitated sulphides, based on distilling off the arsenic after adding CuClj and
ZnCl, and titrating the AsCl, with I, followed by distilling the antimony with
> VEUetHciett^ XXD., I., p. 807 and n., p. 88, 1908; tOao Journal of the SoeUtp of Chemical Jmduiirr, ZXI.,
p. 107, Oct IB, 1«S.
« United StfttesPMent No. 714,040, Nor. 18, 190B.
■ BogUth PMent No. 90,981 of 1908.
« United StatM FBtent No. 704,807, July 8, 1908.
• WngtuBWimg amd MbUmg Joumal, p. 148, Aug. 8, 1908.
44 THE MINBRAL INDUBTRY
HCl gas, precipitating the SbCl, with H,S, and weighing the Sb^S., formed.
The chloride solution for arsenic is prepared by dissolving 300 g. CuCla cry-
stals in 1 liter of HCl (sp. gr. 1*2), and adding a Solution of ZnClj with boil-
ing point of 180*'C. The ZnClj solution may be prepared by adding 1 lb. stick
zinc to 1,250 c.c. HCl (sp. gr. 1*2). boiling and evaporating to bring the boil-
ing point to 180** C. The I in 1 c.c. of the iodine solution corresponds to 0*005 g.
As. It is prepared by dissolving 40 g. KI in water, adding 17 g. I and diluting
to 1 liter when the I is dissolved. In order to standardize it, 300 mg. AsjOj
are dissolved in KOH or NaOH, the solution is diluted to 1,200 c.c, and slightly
acidified with HCl, 2 g. NaHCOj are added, and the titration carried to a per-
manent blue. A check should be made by dissolving 300 mg. AsjOg as before,
precipitating with HjS, distilling the sulphide (as shown below), titrating the
distillate, and deducting from assays the number of c.c. required in excess of
the standard. A check distillation of the CuClg and 200 mg. C. P. Cu is neces-
sary, and the distillate titrated ; the number of c.c. required have to be deducted.
The determination is as follows : Weigh 1 g. ore, place in a casserole, add 10 c.c.
HNO, (sp. gr. 1*42) and warm. When the evolution of red fumes ceases,
add 10 c.c. HjSO^ (sp. gr. 1-84) heat only to copious fumies of SO3, as arsenic
is liable to be volatilized. Allow the solution to cool, add 40 c.c. water and
10 c.c. HCl, and boil to dissolve all soluble mlatter. If antimony is to be deter-
mined, add H2C4H40e. Filter if necessary,, otherwise wash into a beaker, reduce
to a colorless solution with a mixture of one part NH^HSO^ and two parts con-
centrated NH4OH, adding it drop by drop, and stirring until the precipitate
re-dissolves. In case any of the hydrates formed do not dissolve, add HCL
In the presence of much Au, Se, or Te, these metals will be precipitated by an
excess of HjSOj, and will darken the nearly colorless solution. Darkening of
the solution shows that enough reducing agent has been added. Boil to drive
off excess of SOj, introduce H2S in a rapid stream until the precipitates begins
to collect, filter, wash free from iron salts, and test filtrate with H,S. Wash
precipitate with dilute HCl (1 part water to 1 part HCl, sp. gr. 1*2) into a dis-
tillation flask, connected with a Liebig condenser set vertically. Add 50 c.c.
CuClj, close flask with a rubber stopper containing a thermometer reaching to
within 0*26 in. of the bottom, and let end of condenser dip 0*5 in. into 40 c.c.
water in a beaker. Heat to 115®C. and collect distillate. If much arsenic is
present, remove rubber stopper, add 16 c.c. to 25 c.c. strong HCl and distil again.
Make the distillate alkaline with NH^OH, acidify with HCl, cool, add 2 g.
NaHCOg, then starch solution and titrate.
If antimony is to be determined, replace the stopper holding the thermomieter
by another, with a glass tube reaching nearly to the bottom of flask and connect
with a HCl gas generator. Heat the distilling flask until the contents are nearly
dry and collect the distillate in cold water as before. (Overheating causes
CuCla to pass over.) When the distillation is finished, add a little H2^i^fit\
to distillate, nearly neutralize with NH^OH and pass in HjS. If colored SbjS,,
is precipitated, repeat distillation until no Sb is precipitated. Filter the SbjS.,
through a Gooch crucible, heat in an air bath at 225**C. for one hour and weigh ;
the weight obtained multiplied by 0*714 gives the antimony oontent. The
ANTIMOIfT.
45
arppinc and antimony distillations take about 15 minutes. The results are ac-
r-urate, and 0*6% higher than those obtained by the Pearee method for arsenic.
In the presence of molybdenum, however, the results for antimony are liable to
be a little too high. Experiments to replace CuCl, with Fe^Cl, proved unsatis-
factory.
Specific Oravity and Composition of Hard Lead. — The determination of the
exact composition of a hard lead alloy containing 20% Sb has been made by F. W.
Kfifiter, Ph. Siedler, and A. Thiel* with the following results: —
SpedfloGraTity.
ADtimony.
Oorrection.
Specific Oravity.
Antimooy. '
Oorrection.
9-979
9-974
9-976
9-9W
9006
9008
9008
1^«
-^)06
--008
40-08
9-977
9-978
9-979
9*988
9000
19-98
19-97
19-98
i
000
« -4)08
-4)08
-4)08
The small quantities of copper, iron, arsenic, etc., which occur in hard lead do
not interfere with the determination. When making the determination, carp
must be taken to cool the alloy gradually, otherwise the outer layer may cool
first, leaving a hard shell with a molten interior, which on cooling contracts and
leaves air spaces.
• ChemUter ZeiUmg, XXVI., Not. 19, 1908, p. 1107.
ARSENIC.
Bt Joseph Struthebs.
The production of arsenious oxide (white arsenic) in the United States during
1902 was 1,353 short tons, as compared with 300 short tons in 1901. The
entire product was made by the Puget Sound Reduction Co., at Everett, Wash.,
which began the manufacture of this important product in 1901. The largely
increased output in 1902 is a very favorable sign of the success of the new
industry. Aside from the arsenic ores which occur in the United States, there
are several chemical and metallurgical by-products rich in arsenic — as speiss from
the lead smelters, and precipitated arsenic sulphide produced in the purification
of sulphuric acid — which should be utilized in some way to replace the large
quantities of arsenic compounds that are imported annually from Europe and
Canada. The occurrence of arsenic ores and the metallurgical practice of Eng-
land and Germany are described in Vols. II. and IV. of The Mineral Industry.
Imports. — The quantity and value of the imports into the United States of
white arsenic (arsenious oxide), metallic arsenic and arsenic sulphides (orpi-
ment and realgar) during the past five years are as follows: 1898 — 8,686,681 lb.
($370,347) ; 1899—9,040,871 lb. ($386,791) ; 1900—5,765,559 lb. ($265,500) ;
1901—6,989,668 lb. ($316,525); and 1902—6,110,898 lb. ($280,055).
New York Market — The average monthly price of white arsenic at New York
during 1902 was as follows : January, 3*34c. per lb. ; February, 3'58c. ; March,
3'5c. ; April, 3'37c. ; May, 3'25c. ; June, 3'16c. ; July, 3'04c. ; August to Decem-
ber (Inclusive), 2'94c., giving an average of 3*16c. per lb. for the entire year,
as compared with 3*92c. during 1901. The average monthly price of red arsenic
(from Gtermany) at New York during 1902 was: January, 7'03c. per lb.-; Febru-
ary, 7c. ; March, 6'87c. ; April, 6'63c. ; May, 6*72c. ; June to December (inclusive);,
6*88c., giving an average of 6'86c. per lb. during the entire year, as compared
with 7'04c. during 1901. Pure Paris green in bulk sold at ll@12'5c. per lb.
during 1902, as compared with 12@12'5c. during 1901.
Prior to 1899 the world^s supply of arsenic and arsenical compounds was
derived chiefly from the mines at Cornwall and Devon, England, and at Frei-
burg, Germany, but the closing of the Devon Great Consols mine, near Tavistock,
in 1901, called for an increased or new supply from other localities. In 1900
Canada contributed a small quota, which has since been largely increased, and
in 1901 the United States became a producer on a small scale, and more than
quadrupled its output for 1902.
ABSEma
47
The statistics of the world's production of arsenic and its compounds are
given in the subjoined table: —
THE world's production OP METALLIC ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. (a) (/)
(in metric TONS.)
1
Germany.
Japan.
United
Kingdom, (e)
Canada. («)
Prussia.
Saxony. (Jb)
Italy, (c)
Portugal.
Spain. «0
1807
1886
1889
1900
19m
Tons.
NiL
NiL
68
975
680
Value
41,676
TonB.
1,984
i;684
1,460
1,688
1,446
Value.
$148,775
191,818
188,678
188,668
108.480
Tons
1,068
1,063
968
889
1,100
Value.
$168,128
181,710
188,678
194,687
148,168
Tons.
900
915
804
190
Illil
Tons.
18
7
6
6
684
751
1,088
1081
687
Value.
180.869
44^
61,866
68,588
a6,8r7
Tons.
944
111
101
150
180
Value.
•as
18,166
18,086
14,400
Tons.
4,888
4,941
8,890
<148
8,416
Value.
$878,975
1b8,985
971,180
885,140
197,970
(a) From official reports of the respectiye oountriea. (6) Arsenious oxide, (c) Metallic arsenic and arseni-
ous add. (d) Natural arsenic sulphide; does not include the manufactured oxide, (e) Anenious oxide. (/)
874 metric tons of orpiment and realgar, Talued at $91,600, were exported from Turkey during 1900; the pro-
duction of arsenious oxide in the United States during 1901 was 978 metric tons, Talued at $18,000.
Canada. — ^The production of arsenious oxide (white arsenic) in Canada during
1902 was 800 short tons, valued at $48,000, as compared with 696 short 4ons,
valued at $41,676 in 1901. The entire production was made by the Canadian
Goldfields, Ltd., at the Deloro mine, Ontario, in connection with the extraction
of gold from arsenical pyrites by the Sulman-Teed bromo-cyanide process. Mr.
P. Barkgaard has kindly contributed the following description of the present
method of treatment: The mispickel when pure has the composition:
Pe, 34-35% ; S, 19*64% ; As, 46*01%. The mined ore is chiefly quartz, more
or less heavily impregnated with mispickel, which is gold bearing. It is crushed
in a 30-stamp mill, wherein an average of from 57 to 60% of the gold value is
recovered by amalgamation, and the tailings from the plates are concentrated on
Wilfley and [Bartlett tables to a product assaying about SiOj, 18*63%; Pe,
29-26%; S, 1544%; As, 28-75%, and undetermined, 7-92%. The gold is ex-
tracted therefrom by the Sulman-Teed bromo-cyanide process, whereby a re-
covery of about 90-5% is eflPected, which, added to the recovery by amalgamation,
gives a total winning of from 88 to 90% of the gold content of the original ore.
After the leaching of the gold, the mispickel concentrates (40-mesh size) con-
taining an average of As, 30% and S, 16% are roasted in two Oxland furnaces,
arranged in series. The first is 29*5X5*5 ft., and the second is 60X6*5 ft. A
tube conveys the ore from the first to the second furnace on the lower level. The
furnaces are divided internally into quadrants by means of tiling (evidently
an adaptation of the Roth well diaphragms) which extends to within 4 ft of
the feed end, where spiral ribs are arranged to enable the ore to pass down into
the compartments. The first cylinder is operated by mechanical draft; the
second has an independent fireplace and chimney. Nearly all of the arsenic is
volatilized in the first furnace, the burnt ore therefrom assaying about
SiO„ 43'23% ; ¥e^0^, 44*66% ; S, 5*06% ; As, 0*36%, and undetermined, 6*60%.
The fumes from both furnaces are drawn mechanically through a dust chamber
100 ft. long, arranged to discharge the settlings automatically back into the
first fomaoe and then through zigzag chambers 12 ft. wide, in which the pure
white arsenic is deposited and drawn by gravity into cars beneath the chambers.
48 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The product resulting from this operation is a crude arsenic containing about
AS2O3, 85%, and S, 2 to 4%, the balance being silica in a finely divided state.
The crude arsenic is aublimed in two specially designed single-hearth re-
verberatory furnaces, the charge in each case being 1,600 lb. Each furnace has
a capacity of three charges per 24 hours. The arsenic, upon being volatilized,
is driven through a long hot flue and thence into an uptake or hot chamber;
during the passage through these any imipurities that may have been carried
over with the highly heated gases are deposited when the cooling commences, be-
ing assisted by mechanical means, throughout a series of cooling chambers.
When the gases have been cooled to 80 °F. they are forcibly ejected into a large
condenser and made to expand and contract alternately imtil perfectly cooled and
free from arsenic. They then escape into the open air.
The resultant arsenious oxide is pure; analyses showing from 99*6 to 100%
AsaOj. The impurity is silica, doubtless derived from the mortar and brick of
which the chambers are built. The refined arsenic is withdrawn from the chambers
every two weeks; it is dropped into hutches, which are tightly closed for the
double purpose of keeping the oxide warm as long as possible and preventing
the escape of the poisonous dust into the building. Finally, the arsenic is ground
to a 200-me8h size and a conveyor takes it to the packer, where it is automatically
packed in substantial wooden kegs containing an average of 500 lb. each and is
ready for the market.
A new occurrence of native arsenic has been reported at the Corporation
(Forsyth) quarry, near Montreal, Ontarioi The mineral occurs in concentric lay-
ers forming masses often of several pounds in weight. An analysis gives As,
9814% ; Sb, 1-65% ; S, 016% ; insoluble, 015%. No silver, bismuth, or other
metal was found.
France. — The production of arsenic ore in France during 1901 amounted to
7,500 metric tons, valued at $38,000. The entire outpiut ^as derived from two
mifepickel properties in Villani^re et dn Salsigne (Aude).
Oermany. — The production of arsenic ore in Germany during 1901 was 4,060
metric tons, valued at $78,000, as compared with 4,380 tons in 1900, valued at
$79,000.
India, — Arsenic sulphide ores occur at Munsiari, in K^umaon, Chitral, in the
Punjab, and in various localities in Upper Burma and Unan. The annual
imports of orpiment and realgar during the past three years have averaged
638,400 lb. The foreign imports in 1900-1901 amounted to 309,792 lb., valued
at 56,390 rupees, and were derived mainly from Germany, the United Kingdom,
Hongkong, and the Straits Settlements. It is impossible to determine what
proportion of the imports of pigments (if any) represent arsenic, but the con-
sumption of white arsenic, orpiment and realgar in the industries of India must
be extensive.
Italy. — ^During 1901 there were produced 6 metric tons of arsenic ore, valued
at $96.
Spain. — A white arsenic works has been established at Badalona, near Barce-
lona, by Messrs. Giron^s and Henrich, to treat the arsenical pyrites of Caralps
ARSENIC. 49
in the Province of Gerona. It is reported that these works produce 10 tons per
diem of pure white arsenic assaying from 99-8 to 99-9% arsenious oxide.
United Kingdom. — The arsenic industr}'^ in England during 1902 has been
greatly depressed, as the price obtainable for white arsenic fell to so low a
figure that its manufacture from arsenic ores became unprofitable in many cases.
Undergroimd mining at the Devon Great Consols Co., Ltd., was discontinued
early in 1902 pending negotiations aflPecting the renewal of the lease of the
mines. The production of arsenious oxide in 1902 was 2,464 metric tons, as
compared with 3,416 tons, valued at $197,270. in 1901, and 4,146 metric tons,
valued at $335,140 in 1900. According to the thirty-eighth report of the Alkali
Inspector, an improvement in arsenic manufacture in Great Britain has been
the erection at one works of a condensing tower containing 2 tons of iron rods
suspended about an inch apart, whereby 70% of the arsenious acid passing
through the tower is removed. This appears to be an adaptation of the Roesing
wire system to arsenious oxide condensation.
Determination of Arsenic and Copper in Iron Ores. — P. Bischoff* passes HjS
for 30 minutes into the solution of iron, copper and arsenic, which is maintained
at a temperature of 70**C. The solution is allowed to stand for 10 hours and
is then passed through a filter; the precipitate is washed with HjS water, placed
in a beaker, a 10% NaClO solution added and CI gas passed until the solution
assumes a green color. It is allowed to stand for a few hours, filtered, washed,
HCl added, and CI expelled by boiling, then transferred to a platinum dish,
KOH added, and boiled. The precipitated copper hydrate is filtered, washed,
dissolved and determined in the usual manner. To the filtrate containing the
arsenic HCl is added, then NH^Cl and NH^OH to alkaline reaction, the solu-
tion is cooled and the arsenic precipitated with magnesia mixture.
Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Sulphides. — See under the sec-
tion devoted to *' Antimony*^ earlier in this volume.
The Westman Electric Furnace Process for Arsenic. — See page 226 of this
volume.
Recovery of Arsenic Fume from Furnace Oases: — George C. Stone has
patented* a method for the separation and recovery of arsenic fumes from furnace
gases in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, which consists in cooling the gases to
the temperature of condensation of the fumes, collecting the deposited material in
a suitable filter, and the subsequent recovery of the arsenic or similar compounds
by submitting the filter with contents to heat, whereby the volatile oxides are
expelled, condensed and collected.
s Stahl find EUen, Vol XXII., 756.
• Unitad StatM PMent Na 711,187, Oct 14, lOOflL
ASBESTOS.
By Henry Fisher.
There was an increase of nearly 50% in the production of asbestog in the
United States during 1902 over the previous year, the output being 1,010 short
tons, valued at $12,400, as compared with 747 short tons, valued at $13,498 in
1901. The value of the product at the mine decreased from $18'07 per ton in
1901 to $12*27 in 1902, a decrease of nearly 50%. The Sail Mountain Asbestos
Co., at Sail Mountain, White County, 6a., continues to be the largest producer
of asbestos in this country.
PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OF ASBESTOS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Production.
Imports.
Year.
Short Tons.
Metric Tons.
Value.
Value per
Metric Ton.
Manufac-
tured.
Unmanufac-
tured.
Total.
1898.
885
913
1,100
747
1,010
803
887
908
678
916
$18,485
18,860
16,500
13,496
12,400
$16-72
16-76
16-54
19*91
13-54
$12,899
8,949
24,155
84,741
83,818
$887,686
808,119
881,796
667,087
729,481
$300,585
IgOQ
812,068
1900
855,951
1901
691,888
19a?
762,784
PRODUCTION OF ASBESTOS IN THE WORLD, (a) (iN METRIC TONS.)
Canada.
Cape Colony.^c)
Italy.
Russia.
United States.
Year.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
Tons,
Value.
Tons.
Value.
1896 ,
81,577
22,938
27,797
86,475
86,666
$486,227
488,299
748,431
1,269,769
1,208,462
161
167
89
$10,185
7,165
181
81
(b)
(6)
id)
$9,000
7,264
1,666
2,693
(d)
If,
$80,600
97,842
803
827
996
078
916
$18,425
1899
lim
1900
16,500
1901
18,496
1902
12,400
(a) From official reports of the respective countries. (6) Not stated in the reports, (c) Exports,
(d) Statistics not yet available.
Several discoveries of asbestos have been made in 1902. Five asbestos claims
have been located in the chrome district in Tehama County, Cal., and another
deposit has been located in Pinto Creek, near Globe, Ariz. The fiber from the
latter deposit, which is reported to be large, is of the long variety. The Pine
Mountain Mica & Asbestos Mining Co. has been organized at Indianapolis. Ind.,
to develop asbestos and mica mines in Georgia and North Carolina. The Mad
River Asbestos & Talc Co. has been ihcorporated at Kittery, Me., to mine as-
bestos, talc and other minerals.
Uralite is the name given to a new fireproof material composed of asbestos
fiber, chalk, sodium bicarbonnte and silicate, invented bv a Russian artillery
ASBESTOS. 61
officer and chemist named Imschenetzky. It is a non-conductor of heat and
electricity and is practically waterproof. The manufacture of uralite consists
in teasing the asbestos iiber and freeing it from sand and other foreign sub-
stances, after which a little whiting is added, and the mixture is run through a
disintegrator, and is then separated again by air blast and sieving. A quantity
of whiting, equal in weight to that of the asbestos, is made into a paste, and the
asbestos is added and thoroughly mixed. The mixture is delivered to a re-
volving blanket, and passed through a series of rolls, where it is partly dried
and compacted. Fourteen or fifteen thicknesses are passed to a revolving drum,
and a solution of sodium silicate and sodium carbonate added to serve as an ad-
hesive. The layers are subjected to a pressure which is finally increased to 200 lb.
per sq. in. and left for 1-5 hours, after which they are dried for one day. When
dry they are gradually heated in a gas-fired oven, cooled, steeped in a solution
of sodium silicate, washed, dried and again heated. These operations are re-
peated till the proper hardness is attained.
Another fireproof asbestos preparation is called salamanderite. It is claimed
that this is not only fireproof, but that it can be used to duplicate the decorative
effects of wood in cabinet work.
Canada. — The production of asbestos during 1902 was 40,420 short tons,
valued at $1,203,452, as compared with 40,200 short tons, valued at $1,259,759
in 1901. The exports of asbestos, which are divided into three grades, for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, were 33,072 short tons, valued at $1,131,202,
divided as follows : 25,053 tons to the IJnited States, 4,088 tons to the United
Kingdpm, 2,270 tons to Germany, 827 tons to Belgium, 469 tons to Italy, and
365 tons to France. Owing to an excess of production in Quebec during 1902,
according to J. Obalski, the prices declined slightly. The asbestos mines at Dan-
ville, Thetford, Black Lake and Broughton were in operation during the greater
part of 1902, but toward the end of the year a few mills were closed on account of
the bad season and scarcity of coal due to the strike in the United States. The
Bell Asbestos Co., which owns mines at Thetford, for the year 1902 reports a net
profit of £4,395, to which is to be added the amount brought forward from the
previous year, £2,538, a total of £6,933. The company opened up new sections of
its territory, using a steam shovel instead of hand labor to remove the earth
from the surface covering the serpentine. The New England & Canadian
Asbestos Co., of Providence, R. I., purchased the Beaver Asbestos Co., and the
Black Lake and Fraser mines, in Broughton, owned by the Canadian Asbestos
Co. The mills at the Johnson and Standard Co.'s mines were put in operation.
Several mills will be erected and others completed in 1903. The total shipments
from the Province of Quebec in 1902 were 30,634 short tons of asbestos, valued
at $1,161,970, and 40,398 short tons of asbestic, valued at $12,738. Of the total
shipments of asbestos, 1,319 tons ($240,401) were first grade crude, 3,131 tons
($305,312) second grade crude, 15,502 tons ($412,388) fiber, and 10,682 tons
($203,869) paper stock.
ASPHALTUM.
By Joseph Struthkbs.
The aggregate production in the United States during 1902 of all mineral
bituminous products, embracing as well that portion of the residuum from the
refining of petroleum which is sold and used as asphaltum, was 83,651 short
tons, valued at $615,659, as compared with 63,134 short tons, valued at $555,335
in 1902.
PRODUCTION OF ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS ROCK IN THE UNITED STATES.
(in tons of 2,000 LB.)
1000.
1001.
1008.
SUIflt.
Tons.
Value.
Per
Ton.
Tbns.
Value.
Per
Ton.
Ttena.
Value.
Per
Tbn.
BitainiooaB landstoiie :
California
afl5,8S5
8,080
a|101,480
87.478
I4-80
4-80
94,806
6.048
1,000
$77,661
66,610
4,880
4*88
liii
4,680
4,000
$i-86
>06
Kentucky
4*86
ArkftniuM
5*00
84;W7
8.660
1,860
Total
||i
I406
500
800
34,818
NU.
8,070
4.000
$186,601
$405
57,887
m.
TOO
90
$167,006
18-79
MJSSl*"."'!^!^:
Indian Territory
I^xae
15,875
18,000
5-80
4-60
4,080
8*66
Arkannan
«.Bg
5*00
Cftlifomia
0*06
Total
9,010
dll,140
$16,880
818,580
14-80
10'(»
6,970
880
c 1,500
$88,875
816,660
1,000
10,600
46,000
$4-79
15-88
10-80
6000
80*87
1.860
Ay)80,9B
876
(9)846
4,008
8684101
lis
8,008
61,168
$410
18*06
Tndlan Tftrrit^rv. . r , , , r
6*66
16*80
Oilsonite:
XTtah .
8,970
06.870
8000
15*10
(a) Stetistict ot the California State Mineralogist, (b) Includes 1,000 tons of liquid asphaltum Tslued at
0,850. (c) Estimated, (d) Includes production in Indian Territorv. (e) Includes production of Oklahoma
irritonr. (/) Includes 1,600 tons of liquid asphaltum, valued at $80,187. (g) Includes by-product asphaltum
refining c""' "
; crude oil.
The production of bituminous sandstone in the United States during 1902
was 57,837 short tons ($157,093) as compared with 34,248 short tons ($138,601)
in 1901. Practically the entire output was obtained from California amd Ken-
tuck}-. The quantity of bituminous limestone produced in 1902 from the deposits
of Indian Territory and Arkansas amounted to 1,859 short tons ($7,782), as
compared with 6,970 short tons ($33,375) in 1901 ; probably a part of the by-prod-
uct asphaltum from the refining of crude oil was included in the Texan statistics
for 1901. The production of hard asphaltum in California, Indian Territory and
Texas during 1902 (including by-product from oil refining and 1,605 tons of
ASPHALTUM,
53
the liquid product, valued at $20,172) was 29,903 short tons ($389,602), as
compared, with 20,416 jahort tons ($337,359) in 1901. The quantity of gilsonite
produced in 1902 Tim 4,052 short tons ($61^182), as compared with a production
estimated at 1,500. tons ($46,000) in 1901.
A complete schedule of the various subsidiary companies that formed the
National Asphalt Co; and the Asphalt Co. of America, incorporated in 1900
with a capitalization of $22,000,000 was filed March 18, 1903, in the United
States Circuit Coiirt at Trenton, N. J., by John M. Mack and Henry Tatnall,
receivers of the .defunct trust. There are 41 subsidiary companies of the Asphalt
Co. of Avierica which show a net loss of $1,594,000, and the 25 subsidiary
companies of the National Asphalt Co., which show a net loss of $60,000, ag-
gregating a total net loss of $1,654,000. On May 16, at Trenton, N. J., the
assets of both companies were sold at auction for $6,000,000 to Henry C. Ever-
dell, representing the reorganization committee.
Arkansas, — Acciording to C. W. Hayes, in The Engineering and Mining Jour-
nal, Dec. 13, 1902, bituminous matter in the form of a heavy semi-fluid residuum
or asphalt occurs at a number of points in Arkansas, Indian Territory and Texas.
In Arkansas the rock formation consists largely of coarse unconsolidated sands,
with beds of clay, calcareous lenses and fossiliferous limestones, overlying beds
of shale and sandstone. The largest deposit of asphaltum in Arkansas occurs
near Pike City, Pike County, and is being developed by the Arkansas Asphalt
Co. The deposit is in the form of a sand stratum, varying in thickness from 6
to 12 ft., and contains various quantities of asphaltum. A pit 12 ft. deep has
been sunk through the bed, and the asphalt oozes out into the pit. Several speci-
mens of asphaltic rock have been analyzed with the following results : —
OompoiMDti.
Oray-banded
Brown Gap
Rock.
Black Sand
Rock.
Black, Oummy
Sandstone.
Petrotone
6916
90-86
,4.
sn
tt'40
8-40
siao
S-96
79-60
• 14
»■'«
Affphll]t4^IM».
MS
Bilfoa
OAliRhiin cftrboiuitA.
49-48
46-00
Test borings show that the asphaltum beds extend over an area of several
acres. A pit 100 ft. in diameter has been sunk and a tramway has been built
to the railroad half a mile distant. The occurrence of limestone with the sand-
stone in some portions of the bed makes it possible to use the material for pav-
ing purposes without the addition of other material. At other places of the
deposit the material is too rich in asphaltic matter to be used directly for paving
purposes, but tests of these portions in the preparation of a paving mixture have
been made by the St. Louis Testing & Sampling Works with excellent re-,
suits. The extent to which the deposit can be used for paving purposes in com-
petition with other asphalts will be determined entirely by the matter of freight-
rates. It should easily control the market in adjacent cities, as Little Bock,
Texarkana and Fort Smith, and the richer portions of the deposit should com-
pete advantageously with other asphalts in cities as far distant as Memphis and
St. Louis. Borings have been made for oil also, but without success, the sandstone
not being of a nature to retain oiL
54 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Kentucky. — (By William E. Burk.) — The deposits of bituminous sandstone
or asphalt rock in Kentucky occur chiefly in the counties of Logan, Warren,
Edmonson, Butler, Grayson and Breckinridge, occupying a strip in the central
part of the State that extends from Breckinridge County on the north to Logan
County oil the south. A few deposits are found also in the western parts of
Hardin, Hart and Larue counties. The asphalt-bearing territory apparently
follows the line of the Coal Measures, and is about 20 miles wide by 50 miles in
length. The main basin of highly mineralized rock is located well to the south,
the richest deposits being found in Logan and Edmonson counties. A bituminous
deposit also exists in Carter County, in the northeastern part of the State;
the material is impregnated sandstone, but it appears to lie in a basin altogether
different from that which extends into West Virginia, and portions of which
are found scattered over other eastern counties of Kentucky. The deposits occur
in fine-grained sandstone of the Sub-Carboniferous formation. The strata usually
approximate their normal horizontal position, and from geological evidence, it is
probable that the bituminous or asphalt material represents the residual matter
from pre-existing petroleum beds. The soft, porous sandstone, which once was
saturated with petroleum, has been eroded away, and the channel streams of
ancient rivers have cut deeply into the rock. This has resulted in valleys and
hills of sandstone from which the lighter products and oil have distilled and
drained away, leaving residual petroleum products constituting the asphalt or
bitumen. The fact that petroleum-bearing rock formerly existed where the pres-
ent asphalt rock occurs should not be taken to mean that quantities of petroleum
must occur at lower depths, for the underlying strata may represent altogether
different formative conditions. The bituminous deposits, though quite generously
distributed in Grayson and Edmonson counties, are in no sense uniform as te
richness and magnitude. The horizontal ledges vary in thickness from 2 to 20 ft.
In many cases the deposits are quite lean ; the material locally called "black-rock"
contains only a small percentage of bituminous material, and has no commercial
value. The known deposits of commercially valuable material are few. The
richer deposits are usually enclosed by strata of "black-rock" from 1 to 2 ft. in
thickness, while the intervening portion of asphalt ledge varies from 3 to 15 ft.
in thickness, and contains from 5 to 15% total bituminous matter. When con-
taining under 4%, the material passes under the class of *^lack-rock." Deposits
containing as high as 20% are of small extent, and usually due to local con-
centration conditions. Of the total bituminous content about 20% is of the
nature known as asphaltene, and 80% of petrolene. After the removal of the
bituminous matter the sandstone crumbles to a very fine sand. One characteristic
sample upon examination showed 8-5% of sand that passed through a 150-me6h,
and 82-5% that passed through a 75-mesh sieve. In the present state of develop-
ment only those deposits lying conveniently near railroad or river have received
attention, and of such only those have been worked which offer the least diflB-
culty in the way of uncovering. Although rich material is sometimes exposed
in bluffs, no tunnelling or drifting has been attempted. This district is entered
by the Green Eiver and its prominent tributaries. Considerable asphalt rock
has been moved by barge to Ohio River points. The Green River Asphalt Co.,
A8PHALTUM. 55
operating near Young's Ferry, on Green Biver, has shipped its product to Evans-
ville, Ind., by barge, and from there by rail, but recently the company changed
its policy, and is now shipping to Bowling Green by water. The field is reached
by two railroads, the Illinois Central Railroad crossing the field at the north,
and the Louisville & Nashville Bailroad passing in a southerly direction to the
east of, and finally crossing the Logan County deposits at Hussellville.
Among the incorporated companies owning or controlling deposits are the
American Standard Asphalt Co., the Green Hiver Asphalt Co., the Breckinridge
Asphalt Co., the Federal Asphalt Co., the Natural Asphalt Co., and the National
Bock Asphalt Co. The only companies, owning property that is developed to any
extent and equipped with mining plants, are the American Standard Asphalt Ca,
the Green Biver Asphalt Co., and the Breckinridge Asphalt Co. It is the policy
of these companies to mine material as needed, no considerable quantity of rock
being carried in storage. This occasions quite irregular production. The total
output during 1902 of the Green Biver Asphalt Co., the American Standard As-
phalt Co., and the Breckinridge Asphalt Co. amounted to 22,498 short tons ($68,-
704). The Federal Asphalt Co. shipped a few carloads of product, presumably
for experimental purposes. The first streets constructed of Kentucky asphalt rock
were laid in the city of Buffalo, in 1890, when 12 miles were paved by the Breck-
inridge Asphalt Co.
The natural asphalt rock quite often contains bitumen in percentages of
asphaltene and petrolene suited for street making purposes, but in most cases
bitumen must be added. In exceptional cases the asphalt rock as it comes from
the quarries is too rich in bitumen to admit of proper mixing, and the American
Standard Asphalt Co. is considering the extraction of bituminous matter by
solvent process. For street composition the crushed natural rock is mixed with
pulverized limestone or marl and an asphaltic cement. The asphaltic cement
consists, as the conditions may require, of Trinidad gum asphalt or petroleum
residuum, in amounts determined by the character of the asphalt rock used.
The crushing of the natural rock is usually done at or near the quarries,
while the mixing of ground material with rock and asphalfic cement is done near
the street under construction.
The property of the American Standard Asphalt Co. lies about four miles
northeast of Bussellville, in Logan County, and is quite extensively developed^
tiie quarry face showing about 17 ft. of asphalt ledge. The plant consists of a
250-ton gyratory crusher, with plain 14X18-in. rolls. Quarries, mill and tipple
are connected by 1-5 miles of narrow gauge track, with 45 tram cars in operation.
At Louisville, Ky., the same company is equipped with a plant for mixing and
preparing asphalt material for street work. One short ton of crushed asphalt
rock lays about 11 eq. yd. of 2-in. pavement. The plant of this company has a
capacity of preparing material to cover 2,000 sq. yd. of street area per day.
The property of the Green Biver Asphalt Co. lies near Green Biver, at Young's
Ferry, in Warren County. The overburden is moderately light, and the de-
posit is quarried. The location of the ledge is high above the water level, af-
fording the advantage of gravity in handling the spalls from quarry to crusher
and from crusher to barge. Becently the company has established a crushing
56
THE MINERAL INDUBTBT.
plant at Bowling Green, to which point the spalls are shipped by water. In
this plant corrugated rolls are used and hot air is injected into the stream of
ore as it comes from the crufiher to expel moisture. This plant has a capacity
of 200 tons per day.
The property of the Breckinridge Asphalt Co. is situated in Breckinridge
County near the town of Garfield. At the plant of this company the broken
asphalt rock passes through beaters revolving about a horizontal shaft. The
first beater revolves at a velocity of 600 revolutions per minute, delivering the
rock to a 2-in. screen. A second beater revolving at a velocity of 1,200 revolutions
per minute takes the material and delivers it to a 0-25-in. screen. Material over
00625-in. ( yV ) Js returned to beaters. The capacity of the plant approximates
100 tons per day.
The property of the Federal Asphalt Co., near Big Clifty, in Grayson County,
has been slowly developed, owing to a fire which destroyed the mill on the first
day of operation. The erection of another plant of large capacity is contem-
plated.
THE world's production OF ASPHALTUM AND A8PHALTIG ROCK, (a) (iN
METRIC TONS.)
AustrU.
Fmnoe.
Germany
Hungary.
Italy.
Riusia.
Spain.
I
Asph.
Rock.
Asphaltum
Asph.
limestone.
(6)
Aaphal-
tom.
Asphal-
tam.
Asphal-
(fc)
Asph.
Rock.
Asphalt
Asphaltum
Asph.
Rock.
1897
1806
1800
1900
1901
800
648
641
17,988
18,838
88,100
86,886
80,891
80,046
86,000
80,000
84,003
89,816
6!,646
67,640
74,770
89,686
00,108
8,067
8,185
8,060
8,000
8,878
18,644
17,818
41,788
38,127
81,814
66,880
08,760
81,967
101,788
104,111
88,888
18,018
88,061
8%M
8^646
8,881
1,666
8^864
84SM
<!«
8,066
Trinidad.
United States.
Venesu'la
(Bermu-
des).
(«)
Tear.
Asphal
turn.
</)
Asphal-
ticftook.
ia)
1807....
1896....
1800....
1000....
1001....
188,310
108,708
144,840
161,800
167,858
84,864
88,806
18,608
(08,886
(010^888
46.288
67,788
50,061
41,009
87,898
g:gf
88,115
NoTB.— There is a oonsi arable production of
the above table, the Swiss xSoTenmient not - "'
(a) From the official reports of the respectiTe countries,
except where noted to the contrary. Tlw productioo of
gilsonite in the United States and Blanjak in Barbados is
not included. (Jb) France produces a large amount of Utumin-
ouB shales, used for disdlllng oil, whksh is not imduded in
these statistics. (d) Not yet reported, (e) Exports (crude
equiTslent) reported oy The New Trinidad Lake Asphalt Co.
(/) Statistics reported by the California State MineralMctet,
practicaily the entire American product being derived from
California, {g) Statistics based on direct reports from the
producers, including asphaltic limestone and sandstone, (h)
including mastic and bitumen. «) Statistics of the United
States Geological Survey.
dtio stone in Switserland of which no aoooont is takan la
any mineral statistics.
The Asphaltum Industry in Foreign Countries.
Cuha.^ — (By H. C. Brown.) — ^The output of asphalt in 1901 amounted to 4,55'4
tons, valued at $96,380, of which all but 500 tons were exported. Of the total ship-
mentfe New York received 3,300 tons, while 754 tons went to Europe, the bulk
of which went to Germany and a small portion to England. The selling price
ranged from $12 to $50 per ton, according to quality. There were nine concerns
engaged in mining asphalt, and the individual output varied from 24 tons to
1,400 tons.
Province of Pinar del Rio. — A Spanish company has denounced asphalt
> Tliraugh the courtesy of the United States Geological Susvey.
A8PHALTUM, 67
property north of the Sierra de Oro, and is engaged in developing several
mines. The Magdalena and Bodas Concepcion mines, which have been worked
to some extent in the past, were re-opened, and a railroad was constructed tt)
Mariel Bay to furnish an outlet for the product. The company operating these
mines has entered into a contract with the Trinidad Asphalt Manufacturing
Co., of St. Louis, to furnish 200 tons of asphalt per month, and has arranged
also to forward shipments at their convenience to New York. An analysis
of asphalt from La Union shows: total bitumen, 63-90%; insoluble material,
3 29%; volatile oils, 0-77%; moisture, 2-83*%; rock material (principally lime-
stone), 39-21%.
Province of Havana. — Tho West Indies Co., of Nefw York, which operates the
Angela Elmira mine near Bejucal, has shipped asphalt to New York and Wash-
ington for use as paving material, it being known in trade as the "Royal Palm"
brand. An analysis of this asphalt is given in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X.
The Habana mine, situated on the United Railways of Havana, about 19 milcvs
east of the city of Havana, was worked during the year, and the product shipped
to New York and European ports. The material is pronounced a pure gilsonite
suitable for varnish and japan manufacture. The Arizona-Cuban Asphalt &
Mining Co., incorporated with a capital stock of $5,000,000, has denounced
asphalt properties near Jaruco, and is said to own 13 claims in the eastern prov-
inces.
Province of Matanzas. — ^The property known as *'La Paz " situated id miles
from the town of Perico, was operated and the product shipped from Havana to
Hamburg, Germany. This mine is owned by a Cuban company which is also de-
veloping a deposit near Ranchuelo that is said to yield asphalt suitable for roofing
and pavement. Analysis of the material shows: Carbon and combustible sub-
stances, 52% ; residue, 45-5% ; mloisture and gases, 2-5%. Of the several de-
posits around the Bay of Cardenas, the Perseverancia was alone operative last
year. It produces an inferior grade of asphalt, which sells in New York for
$20 per ton. The most productive of the mineral tar deposits near Sabanilla de
la Palma was operated by the Hamel-Eeynolds Asphalt Mining Co. The mineral
tar is won by sinking a well and removing the material from time to time which
oozes into the excavation from the surrounding rock. The well owned by the
company is 250 ft. deep, and yields about one ton per day. It is planned to erect
a refinery and to continue the development of the property. Near the mouth of
the Rio de la Palma a deposit of soft bitumen has been prospected.
Province of Santa Clara. — The most important asphalt mine in the vicinity of
Santa Clara is on the Santa Eloisa property in the Barrio de Loma Cruz. A por-
tion of the product, which is characterized as a hard glance pitch is used with
coal in gas manufacture, while some of it has been sent to New York and used in
the manufacture of paint and varnish. Of the mines in the district of Yaguajay,
near the boundary olF Santa Clara and Puerto Principe, only one, the Santa Rosa
Eufemia, is at present productive. The asphalt from this mine resembled gil-
sonite very closely, but contains a large proportion of sulphur. It is used in the
manufacture of fine varnishes.
Province of Puerto Principe. — The Talaren mine, which yields glance pitch.
58
THE MINERAL INDUaTBT,
has been operative for several years, and the product is well established in the
markets of the United States.
Frcmce. — ^The Val de Travers Asphalte Paving Co., Ltd., reports an income
of £46,199 during 1902, and expenses, including depreciation, £12,423. A divi-
dend of £20,000 at the rate of 20% for the year was paid, leaving £2,776 to be
brought forward, which, with £10,271 from the previous year, gave a total of
£13,047. This company holds the concessions from the Soci6t6 des Asphaltes du
Val de Travers for the exclusive supply to the TJnited Kingdom of rode from
the Val de Travers mine, Neuchatel, Switzerland. It has also acquired the
Compagnie Gen6rale des Asphaltes de France for £184,000, to be paid in stock,
which company owns property at Pyriment-Seyssel, Seyssel Volant, Chavaroche,
and elsewhere in Prance; bituminous property in Venezuela, mines in Sicily, and
properly in New York, Alexandria and Charenton, France.
Italy. — ^In Sicily the asphalt industry is in the hands of a few large companies,
who are increasing the capacity of their factories for extracting the bitumen
from the asphalt rock and compressing it into blocks, and also for pulverizing
the rock for shipment in bags. The three largest concerns are the French Com-
pany, which has important mines at Ragusa and Vizzini ; the TJnited limmer and
the Sicula Company. A large part of the output is exported from Syracuse and
Mazzarellis. In 1901 the exports amounted to 62,770 tons, of which the United
States received 11,870 tons, Germany 29,300 tons, Holland 3,760 tons. Great
Britain 7,630 tons, and France and Austria-Hungary the balance.
Trinidad and Tobaffo, — ^The exports of asphalt from the Island of Trinidad
are given in the following table, for which we are indebted to the courtesy of
the New Trinidad Lake Asphalt Co., Ltd. Seven-eighths of the asphalt exported
is dug from Pitch Lake, which is leased to the company till 1930. The removal
of 1,885,000 long tons of asphalt during the past 35 years has apparently made but
little impression on the deposit. The New Trinidad Lake Asphalt Co. contributes
the greater bulk of the exports, although some 30,000 tons are annually-'handled
by smaller shippers from other properties. The lake contains no liquid asphalt,
but in other parts of the island this variety, from which illuminating and lubri-
cating oils can be distilled, is found widely distributed. Glance pitch, also is
found on the island, and is used for electric insulations and for black varnishes.
Manjak, another variety, has recently been discovered in quantity, about 10 miles
north of the pitch lake.
EXPORTS OP LAND ASPHALT FROM TRINIDAD, (a) (iN TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
To United States.
To Europe.
To Other Countries.
Grand
Total of
Exports
in Crude
BquiTa-
Year.
Crude.
£pur6.
Total
EquiTa-
lentin
Crude.
Crude.
ftpurfi.
Total
EquivSr
lentin
Crude.
Onide.
Bpur6.
Total
Eqnivsr
lentln
Crude.
1808....
18W
TteM.
18,160
96.618
84,796
81,767
85,008
Tons.
m.
846
%
ino
Tons.
18,160
26,190
84,796
81,767
25,158
Tons.
700
275
251
1,704
200
Tons.
268
280
Tons.
1,087
606
261
1,704
200
Tons.
404
Tons
812
100
Tons.
872
150
107
1.446
90
Tons.
20,110
26,075
1000....
1001....
1908.,,.
197
1,446
15
85,244
84,017
25,448
ASPHALTUM.
59
BXPORTd OF PITCH-LAKE ASPHALT FROM TRINIDAD, (a) (iN TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
To United States.
To Europe.
To Other Countries.
Grand
Total of
Exports
in(>ado
Tsar.
Crude.
Dried.
Total
Equiva-
lent in
Crude.
Crude.
fipur*
and
Dried.
Total
Equiva-
lent In
Crude.
Crude.
fipui«
and
Dried.
Total
Equiva-
lentin
Crude.
18OT....
1809.
Ty>ns.
46,089
70,111
67,758
80,449
101,876
Tons.
1,698
480
8.180
NU.
9,811
Tons.
48,494
70,777
70,938
80,449
104,966
Tons.
16.708
81,887
28,886
81,218
17,711
Tons.
18,288
13,749
16,114
16,816
10,509
Tons.
85,587
41,056
47,852
64,761
88,474
Tons.
696
Tons.
1,646
1609
9,490
686
686
Tons.
8,999
8,869
4,468
844
746
Tons.
86,960
116,008
1900....
1901
1,428
188,748
186,064
189,176
190S....
(a) The exports prior to 1808 wiU be found in Tbx Uzhsbal Industbt, Vol. Vm. (b) Inchided in the ship-
ments of erude.
At the Island of Barbados^ nine manjak mines were operated during 1902^
three of which were controlled by the Barbados Manjak Mines^ Ltd., employing
from 70 to 100 laborers. No statistics of production are made to the Govem-
ment» bnt the custom returns showed that during 1901, 1,044 tons of manjak,
valued at £9,394, were exported from Barbados. The chief uses for manjak ore,
or glance pitoh, as it is sometimes called, is to make Brunswick varnish, used to
insulate electric cables, etc. The exports from Barbados in long tons during
recent years are reported as follows: 1897, 1,880; 1898, 1,160; 1899, 1,026;
1900, 1,120; 1901,1,043.
Turkey. — ^The asphalt resources of Turkey have been described by J. E. Spurr
in The Engineering and Mining Journal, Oct. 4, 1902. There are a number of
asphalt deposits, of which the best known are in Albana, near the Adriatic Sea,
and in Palestine. Selinitza is the chief producing locality in Albania, where
the deposits are operated by the Imperial Ottoman Bank. The asphalt, which is
not of superior quality, brings $13 per ton in Trieste. The deposits in the region
of the Dead Sea (Lake Asphaltsi) have long been noted, and bituminous springs
at Nebi Musa contain from 30 to 40% asphaltum. The so-called Assyrian asphalt
is mined near Hasbaya, in the Province of Damas, by the Civil List of the Sultan.
The mineral is of great purity and is used chiefly in the manufacture of var-
nishes and aniline dyes. It is marketed chiefly at Trieste, where it is quoted
at $84 per ton, boxed and delivered. The demand, however, is limited, so that
the yearly output is only a few hundred tons. An Anglo-German company, with
headquarters at Constantinople, has been formed to work other deposits in Pales-
tine, but so far, it has not obtained the concession. An effort is being made to ex-
ploit the bituminous schists near Beyrouth, and a large lot has been sent to
England for trial. Bituminous springs occur opposite the town of Nasarieh,
Province of Busreh, 100 miles from the site &t Babylon. Although near a
navigable river, the asphalt is exploited only to a minor extent by the natives,
who use it as a building cement and as a substitute for ceiling wax.
Venezuela. — ^The exports of Bermudez asphalt from Venezuela to the United
States during 1902, were 7,677 long tons crude, and 422 long tons dried, a total
of 8,099 long tons, as compared with 21,767 long tons in 1901. The large decrease
during the past year was due to the litigation in which the Bermudez Co. was
engaged.
60 TBS MINERAL INDUSTBT.
Ozokerite.
The ozokerite deposits at Boryslaw in Galieia, Austria, still continue to supply
practically the entire output of the world. The methods of mining and refining
the crude material and the uses of the refined product have been fully described
in former volumes of The Mineral Industry. Early in 1903, J. Muck pub-
lished a complete description of the occurrence and refining of ozokerite at Bory-
slaw, in Galieia, Austria, in a book entitled "Der Erdwachsbergbau in Boryslaw''
(Julius Springer, Beriin, 1903).
In the United States during 1902, the Summit Placer Minings Co. and the
Utah & Wasatch Co. produced 20 shoii tons of ozokerite from the deposits at
Soldier Summit, Utah. The properiy, consisting of 16 lode claims, is covered by
six 160-acre placer claims. The crude ozokerite is melted and cast into 10-lb.
cakes and shipped in sacks, each containing 10 cakes. In 1903, the deposits at
Soldier Summit, at Colton (seven miles east of Soldier Summit), and at Mid-
way (four miles west of Soldier Summit) will be operated.
In 1901, the exports of crude ozokerite from Austria amounted to 2,717 metric
tons ($554,400) as compared with 5,109 tons ($1,047,085) in 1900, while the
exports of the refined product (ceresin) in 1901 were 771 metric tons ($205,200)
as compared with 906 metric tons ($234,546) in 1900. Of the quantity ex-
ported in 1901 the shipments to Germany amounted to 7*3 metric tons and
those to the United States to 24-7 metric tons. The output of ozokerite in Galieia
in 1902 was 3,275 metric tons, of which Boryslaw produced 2,565 tons, Dzwiniacz-
Starunia 650 tons and Truskawiec 60 tons. There were 8 mines in operation in
1902, as follows: Galizische Kreditbank and Aktiengesellschaft 'TBoryslaw," in
Dzwiniacz; Aktiengesellschaft "Boryslaw,** Lautmann; Lucki & Co.; Wolfarth
in Starunia ; Compes & Co. and Ochrymowicz & Co., in Truskawiec. The average
price for the year per metric ton was 1,100 crowns ($220).
I Petroleum and Maltha Products Used in the Paving Industry.
By A. W. Dow.
There is practically nothing known of the chemistry of the petroleum and
maltha products, and there are no reliable chemical tests for estimating their
value for paving purposes. The greatest demand for such materials is in the
bituminous paving industry, where they are largely employed to soften or *'flux"
hard asphalt for paving cements. They are used also as paving cements with-
out the addition of any of the hard natural asphalt, and in small quantities to
grout brick and stone pavements.
Bituminous or asphalt pavements are of two classes, i,e,, sheet asphalt, which
is laid with a continuous surface ; and asphalt block, consisting of paving material
pressed into blocks and laid in this form. The same process is used in the manu-
facture of the paving material in both classes of pavement. The asphalt, if too
hard, is softened to the desired consistency by the addition of a suitable flux,
this fluxed asphalt being known as asphalt paving cement. The asphalt paving
cement, in a ^molten state is mixed with the heated mineral ingredients, and the
asphalt mixture is either hauled to the street and laid as sheet asphalt pavement
A8PHALTVM, 61
or compressed into blocks for the block asphalt pavement. In both classes of
pavements the asphalt cement should show only slight changes in physical prop-
erties as a result of evaporation or oxidation at the temperatures employed in the
manufacture of the pavement. For sheet asphalt laid in one continuous expanse,
it is essential that the asphalt cement should be ductile at low temperatures
to allow for the contraction of the pavement. It is also necessary that the
asphalt cement be but slightly susceptible to changes in temperature, so that
the pavement will not soften too much in the summer or become so hard in the
winter as to lose its ductility and permit the pavement to crack or grind away.
In asphalt block pavements the requirements as to ductility are not so rigid, as
the pavement is laid in small blocks, thus reducing to a minimum the danger of
cracking from contraction. It is important, however, that the paving cement
should not be brittle at low temperatures, for then the blocks wear very rapidly
in cold weather by chipping of the edges ; while, on the other hand, the blocks
must not be so soft as to lose their shape in hot weather. In other words especial
care must be exercised that the asphalt cement be as little susceptible to changes
in temperature as is possible. In selecting the cements used in the two classes
of pavements, it is evident that the cement for sheet asphalt must be ductile at
all temperatures, and to attain this quality the susceptibility to changes in tem-
perature may be sacrificed to some extent. In the case of asphalt block cement,
however, the effects of variations in temperature must be reduced even at the
expense of ductility. There is no cement known that shows both ductility and
non-susceptibility to changes in temperature ; and for successful work it is neces-
sary that the properties of the cement should accord with the purpose for which
it is to be used.
The flux that has been most extensively used for asphalt (imdoubtedly owing
to the cheapness in price) is ordinary residuum from the distilling of Eastern or
parafime petroleum oils. These residuums do not completely dissolve asphalts,
and they produce cements inferior to those resulting from the use of heavy oils
containing fewer of the parafline hydrocarbons, such as the residuums from oils,
chiefly from the Beaumont field, Texas, and the asphaltic oils or malthas. They
are not sufficiently objectionable, however, to prohibit their use with soft asphalts,
which require comparatively little flux to produce a cement of proper consistency.
The residuum of paraffine petroleums vary in character according to the
quality of the crude oil from which they are derived and the process used in
refining. It is generally considered that the best residuums are obtained when
low temperatures and steam are used in the refining, that is, when there is a
minimimi amount of cracking of the oil in the distillation. The better grades
of these residuums are fluid at ordinary temperatures, they have a specific gravity
ranging from 0946 to 0-921, or from 18"* to 22** Baum6, a flashing point above
400*P., they are not homogeneous liquids and contain considerable paraflBne.
The residuums from Texas petroleum have been used but little as fluxes before
1902, most of them are produced from the Beaumont oils. Their general charac-
teristics are: Fluidity at ordinary temperatures, sp. gr. from 0-972 to 0-9589, or
14* to 16* Baum^, and flashing point about 50** lower than that of the paraffine
residuums. They contain traces only of paraffine scale, and produce paving
63 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
cements that are superior to the paraffinie residuum cement in ductility and
cementing properties, but they are slightly more susceptible to changes in tem-
perature.
The maltiias or asphaltic oils from California have been used almost exclusively
in the past for fluxing hard asphalts that were only slightly soluble in parafiBne
residuums ; but during the past year they have been supplanted to a large extent
by the residuums from Texas oils, due to the cheapness of the latter. The asphal-
tic oils are very viscous fluids at ordinary temperatures, with a specific gravity
ranging from 1 to 0986 or from 10*" to 12** Baum6, and a flashing point some-
what lower than that of the average Texas residuum. They contain no paraffine
scales and are homogeneous liquids. Asphalt cements made with these fluxes
are more ductile and cementitious but more susceptible to changes in tempera-
ture than cement made with the former two oils.
In the early days of the asphalt industrj-, wax tailings or still-wax was em-
ployed in rare cases as a flux for asphalts, but owing to its variable character its
use has not expanded. Petroleum refiners state that they are never certain as
to the quality of the still-wax to be produced from the run of the still, and no
two runs are ever identical even when the same oil is used apparently imder the
same conditions.
The first solid product from oil for use in the paving industry was produced
by refining California maltha by distillation until the residue had the consistency
of asphalt paving cement. These asphalt cements were produced about 1890, but
they were not extensively used until 1895. When these cements are obtained by
ordinary process of distillation, they are characterized by great ductility and
cementitiousness, but are very brittle and very susceptible to changes in tem-
perature and in some cases they harden too rapidly by ageing.
In 1892 a patent* was obtained for an artificial asphalt, produced by treating
petroleum residuum with sulphur at a temperature of about 400® P. The action
of sulphur on the oil appears to promote the removal of hydrogen from some of
the heavier products of the residuum, forming hydrogen sulphide. This arti-
ficial asphalt known to the trade as "Pittsburg flux'* is a rubber-like substance
even at low temperature ; it lacks ductility, and is but little affected by changes
in temperature. The inventor, doubtless, intended to use this material in pave-
ments as a substitute for asphalt, but the cementing powers were so low that
it has never i-eaohed beyond the experiment stage. The material was used to a
limited extent, together with residuum, as a flux for asphalt in sheet asphalt
pavements, and although the asphalt cements showed less susceptibility to changes
in temperature, the improvement was counterbalanced by a decrease in ductility.,
and for this reason its use for the purpose was abandoned. However, as a flux
in the manufacture of asphalt blocks, where the danger from lack of ductility is
reduced to a minimum, it has proved superior to the ordinary petroleum residuum.
The same artificial process was applied in 1895 to the asphaltic oils of Cali-
fornia; the product obtained possessed greater cementing powers and more
ductility than that produced from the paraffine oils. This artificial asphalt was
manufactured and used with some success in paving for several years until the
patent was bought by the Asphalt Trust.
> United BUtes Patent No 468,867, Feb. 16, 1898.
ASPHALTtTM,
63
The action of sulphur on paraflRne oils differs from that on the asphaltic
oils. With the former, the addition of sulphur beyond a certain limit has no
influence, the sulphur remaining inert. In the case of asphaltic oil the action of
the sulphur continues until the material is changed to a coke. In 1894 a patent*
was granted on a product known commercially as "Byerlite," which is obtained
by blowing air into petroleum residuum heated to a high temperature. The re-
action is similar to that produced by sulphur, i.e,, hydrogen is removed from the
oils with the fprmation of water. The reaction between the air and the oils is
not limited, however, as in the case of sulphur. The products obtained from
residuum of paraffine pefroleums are quite similar to those obtained by treating
these oils with sulphur.
This oxidation process has recently been applied to the Beaumont residuum
oil and produces a material resembling that from the paraflfine residuum except
that it is slightly more brittle and more ductile. Products made by the oxida-
tion of paraflfine residuum and Texas residuum are now being used by the asphalt
block manufacturers as fluxes for asphalt, aud they produce a cement which is
far superior for this purpose than those formerly made with residuum oil. This
process of oxidation is now being applied to the refining of California malthas
and the material produced is itself an excellent paving cement for sheet asphalt
pavement. A patent^ has lately been granted to me on a process of treating
maltha that is similar-'to the two processes above mentioned. Instead of remov-
ing the hydrogen atoms by the use of sulphur or oxygen, I subject the oil to a
long, continuous heating at a high temperature which produces a more or lesft
severe cracking, and causes the oil to break up into light hydrocarbons, propor-
tionally richer in hydrogen atoms than the original oil, and which volatilize when
considerably dehydrogenafed.
The following tahles give the tests that illustrate the different physical prop-
erties of asphalt cements, the first as made from the same maltha, but by the
different processes mentioned, and the second table as made by fluxing the same
asphalt with different fluxes : —
Asphalt Cement from IfaltluL
Ordinary dtetillatlon
Distilled with air
Distilled with sulphw
Crackini^ process
ExoesslTe air treatment
EzoeacdTe aulphur treatment .
Susceptibility to Chanfee in Temperature
Consistency by Penetration at
S2» F.
77» F.
lOOoF.
115- F.
7-5
46
149
340
15
47
100
215
16
46
101
100
14
46
104
200
80
48
70
106
fl7
44
66
100
Ductility
at77«F.
70
26
20
22
6
4
Kind of Cement
Asphalt and residuum
Asphalt and Byerlite
A^ihalt and PittsbuiK flux. .
Consistency by Pene-
tration at 115° F.
7«
60
66
BrlttlenesB by
Impact at 82<> F.
10
S5
88
Ductility
atTT'F.
10
4
4
• United States Patent No. 684480, Aug. 7, 1894; Nos. 688,429, 686,480, Oct 24, 1899; and Nos. 694,681. 694,622,
March 4, 1008.
• United States Patent No. 688,078, Dec 18, 1901.
BARYTES.
Bt Joseph Struthers and Henry Fisher.
The production of barytes in the United States* during 1902 amounted to
58,149 short tons valued at $186,713, as compared with 49,070 short tons valued
at $157,844, in 1901, showing an increase of 9,079 short tons. The supply was
obtained from Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, and in the order
of their production.
The following tables give the production, imports and consumption of barytes
in the United States from 1898 to 1902 and the world^s output for the years
1898 to 1902, inclusive.
PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION OF BARYTES IN THE UNITED STATES.
an tons of 2,000 lb.)
Production.
Imports.
Oonsumptlon.
Ymt.
Quftntitj.
Value
Per Ton.
Value.
Quantity.
Value
Per Ton.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1896
28,247
82,686
41,466
49,070
56,149
1400
4-20
8-90
$118,988
187,071
lfil.717
1,914
4,312
6.6S5
5.601
$6-98
6-59
6-77
7-04
6-59
snip
80,161
86,948
47,091
54,674
65,986
$194,844
1899
166,478
1900
194.178
1901
8-22 167,844
197,8p6
288,424
1908
3-21 186.718 1 7.836
PRODUCTIOy OF BARYTES IN THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, (a) (iN METRIC TONS.)
Year.
Belgium.
Canada.
France.
Oermaoy.
United
Kingdom.
21,614
25,059
29,987
28,054
28,986
United
Baden.
Bavaria.
Prussia. (6)
Saxony.
States.
1896....
1899....
1900. . . .
IflOI....
1902. . . .
21,700
26.900
38,801)
22,800
(c)
971
668
1,207
502
909
2,768
4.068
8,635
4.146
(c)
1,100
2,430
2,970
3,991
(c)
4,889
6,214
10,515
8,711
8,034
48,088
62,920
60,099
76,584
(c)
478
216
516
410
(c)
28,247
29.607
37,618
44,516
52,661
(a) From official reports of the respective countrim, except the statistics for the United States. (6) Out-
put of the mining districts of Clausthal and Bonn, (o Statistics not yet available.
Missovri, — Barytes is found with galena occurring in pockets within a few
feet of the surface of thick beds of residual clay overlying limestone in Washing-
ton and Crawford counties. The mineral is graded according to quality; the pure
white variety constituting the first class ; the second and third classes consisting
of barytes stained with iron oxides. The inferior grades can be bleached by
1 Through the courtesy of the U. S. Geological Survey*
BARTTE8 66
digesting the finely pulverized material with sulphuric acid which dissolves the
iron oxide, 66*67 lb. of 60 °B. acid being required for each percent of iron per
ton.
North Carolina. — Barytes, according to J. H. Pratt* is mined in Madison and
Oaston counties, in the former near Marshall, Stackhonse, Sandy Bottom and Hot
Springs, and in the latter near Bessemer City, Kings, Crowder's and Anderson
mountains. Small seams and elongated pockets of pure barjrtes from 3 to 10 ft.
wide, are found in Madison County, and in Gaston County veins of the min-
eral occur between walls of micaceous, argillaceous schist, the width varying
from 2-5 to 6 ft. In 1901, the output of these two counties amounted to 7,390
tons valued at $22,615. The Carolina Mineral Co. cleans and grinds the mineral
at its mill at Marshall, but the other companies sell their crude output to the
manufacturers.
Tennessee, — ^According to R. A. Shiflett, there were produced in 1902, 3,265
short tons of bar}'tes valued at $14,647. Only one mine was operated during the
year, employing 26 men at average wages of $1 per day. There are mines at
Cleveland, Sweetwater and Madisonville ; also at. Sinking Springs, in Sevier ,
County.
Virginia. — ^The Tri-State Mining & Manufacturing Co;, operating mines in
Tazewell and Russell coimties, is producing daily at its plant in Richlands
30 tons of finished barytes, which analyzes 96% pure, and is sold for $18 per ton.
The doubling of the present capacity of the plant is being considered. A vein
of barytes has been uncovered showing a 30-ft. breast, but its depth has not yet
been ascertained. A tram road 11 miles long is to be built to transport the ore
from the mines to Swords Creek, where it is loaded on the Norfolk & Western
Railroad, and shipped to the mill.
Market. — Consumption in 1902 was good and prices ruled steady. New York
quotations were: Crude, No. 1 domestic, $9 per short ton; No. 2, $8; No. 3,
$7-75; for wholesale quantities. German barytes, gray in color, was $14-50 per
ton, and white, $17. Blanc fixe (artificial barium sulphate) was 2c. per pound.
Canada. — During 1902, Canada produced 909 metric tons of barytes, valued
at $3,957, as compared with 592 metric tons, valued at $3,842 m 1901. Nova
Scotia produced 545 metric tons, Quebec 484 metric tons, valued at $3,055, of
which 363 tons, valued at $2,471 were exported, and Newfoundland produced
316 tons, valued at $630, the total output being exported to the United States.
Technology.
Barium Chloride. — ^Three methods are used to make barium chloride: (1) By
the smelting process from barytes; (2) from barium carbonate with hydro-
chloric acid; (3) from barium sulphide with hydrochloric acid. In the first
method, a mixture of 300 parts of ground barytes, 176 parts of calcium chloride
and from 115 to 120 parts of coal are heated in a reverberatory furnace, the mass
being rabbled from time to time, which yields barium chloride according to the
following reactions: BaSO^+4C=BaS+4CO, and BaS+CaCLirrBaCl.+CaS.
The operation requires from 2-5 to 3 hours. The molten mass which has a black-
• ''The Mining Industry tn North Carolina in 1901," North Carolina Geological Surrey, Paper No. 8.
66 THE MINERAL INDUaTHY,
ish gray color is subsequently allowed to cool in iron boxes^ and dissolved in water,
from which barium chloride is crystallized. In the second method hydrochloric
acid is added to witherite, and the barium chloride is crystallized from the solu-
tion, in the third method, the finely ground barytes is mixed with coal, and
roasted in a reverberatory furnace at a high temperature, the mass being rabbled
from time to time. The resultant barium sulphide is cooled in iron boxes out of
contact with the air and moisture, and the cooled mass is lixiviated in iron tanks
placed in terraces, the water nmning from the highest tank to the ones set at
lower levels, until the solution is of the right strength. Hydrochloric acid is then
added to the yellow solution of barium sulphide, and barium chloride and hydro-
gen sulphide gas are formed. The barium chloride is then crystallized from the
solution.
Barium Oxide. — ^The United Barium Co., of Niagara Palls, N. Y., is operating
two furnaces of the direct heating arc type, and is producing about 12 tons of
barium hydrate per day. A third furnace is held in reserve. Each furnace
uses 400 H.P. and requires 2,500 amperes at 120 volts, the efiiciency being about
74%. One ton of barium sulphate treated, evolves SOj sufficient to make 0-5 ton
of 50% H2SO4. The barytes used was first obtained from Missouri at a cost
of $6 per ton at Niagara Falls, and was about 90% pure. The company now
owns a large barytes deposit on the north shore of Lake Superior near Silver
Island, estimated to contain 250,000 tons. Barium hydrate is used for making
white paint, blanc fixe, for the recovery of sugar remaining uncrystallized in
molasses, and for softening boiler water. The barium sulphide and sulphy-
drate in the mother liquor is used in removing hair from hides, in making litho-
phone and barium carbonate, the latter being used in the manufacture of cyanides
and bricks. When mixed in small proportions with clay it is said that it prevents
red bricks from turning white, and white bricks from turning green.
C. B. Jacobs* purifies barium hydrate crystals by a process which consists in
fusing the crystals in their own water of crystallization, and then treating with
superheated steam.
Lithophone. — The German manufacturers of this pigment have combined to
regulate the scale of prices, 23 marks per 100 kg. being asked for 30% ZnS and
16 marks for 16% ZnS, the price varying with the zinc sulphide content. The
best lithophone is white, while the inferior grades are grayish or yellowish due to
the presence of carbon and iron oxide. The United States continues to import
lithophone, although it is made in this country by several companies, chiefly the
Grasselli Chemical Co. and the New Jersey Zinc Co. Lithophone is used in
enameling oilcloth and iron. It becomes dark on exposure to sunlight, but re-
gains its whiteness when removed from the light. To analyze lithophone, accord-
ing to P. Drawe" from 1 to 1-5 g. is treated with 10 c.c. HCl (sp. gr. 1-9) and
a little KClOg, and evaporated to one-half its volume on a water bath. The
solution is diluted, H2SO4 added, and the insoluble matter filtered off. The fil-
trate is neutralized with NajCOg, the zinc precipitated, washed, ignited, and
• United states Pntent No. 790,087, Feb. 17, 1008.
* ZeiUchrift fner angewandte CAemie, XV., lOQB, 8, 174, and Journal of the Society of Clhemfoal iipui««fry«
]faroh81,190i,487.
BARTTB8. 67
weighed as ZnO, from which the t»tal Zn in the lithophone may be calculated.
A second portion of 1 g. is digested for half an hour with 1% HCaH.Oj, the
insoluble matter filtered oflf and treated as stated above. The result gives ZnO,
in quantity corresponding to ZnS of the original, the ZnO being soluble in dilute
HCjHjOj is determined by diflference. The COj and SO, in the pigment are
detennined by the usual methods, and calculated to the corresponding zinc com-
pounds. The insoluble residue is BaSO^. W. J. Armbruster* makes lithophone
by mixing solutions of zinc sulphate, an alkali metal carbonate and barium sul-
phide, and recovering the resulting precipitates. Another process*^ consists of
adding the hydrate of an alkali metal to a soluble salt of zinc, then adding a salt
of barium, and recovering the resulting precipitates.
W. G. Waring* makes a white pigment consisting of barium sulphate and
zinc oxide, by precipitating a mixed solution of zinc sulphate and chloride with an
emulsion composed of magnesium oxide suspended in a solution of barium
chloride.
• United states Patent No. 710,41^ Feb. 8. lOOD.
• United States Patent No. 734,885, March 81, 1MB.
V Ublted States Patent Na 718,66B, Jan. 18, 1008.
BISMUTH.
By Joseph Struthebs.
Colorado continuea to supply the output of bismuth ores in the United States,
which amounted to 375 short tons in 1902, as compared with the marketed out-
put of 318-6 tons in 1901. The entire production during 1902 was obtained
from the Ballard mine, but was not sold during that year. The output during
1901 was purchased by the Leadville Sampler, at Leadville, and the State Ore
Sampling works at Denver, or was shipped direct to Johnson, Matthey & Co.,
Ltd., England.
The production and price *of bismuth and its ores continue under the .con-
trol of Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd., and the Government of Saxony — ^a com-
bination of interests formed in order to maintain for the products a price at
which the mines could be operated with profit. The supply of metallic bismuth
far exceeds the demand, and unless the output be restricted the price would fall
to a point which would render the manufacture of the metal no longer profitable.
The schedule of prices of ore is based on the market price of the metal. The
latest published figures for Colorado, with metal at $1-25 per pound, were:
10% ore, $150 per ton; 15% ore, $250 per ton; 20% ore, $350 per ton; 30%
ore, $550 per ton ; 40% ore, $750 per ton ; 50% ore, $1,000 per ton. The price
in the United States for the bismlith content of the ore varies from $8 to $11
per unit, the producers being paid also for the gold and silver contents. No price
was quoted for the output during 1902, but as near as can be ascertained the
value of the output in 1901 was $80 per ton, not including charges for trans-
portation or treatment. The wholesale price for metallic bismuth throughout
1902, f. o. b. works, was $150 per lb.
Bismuth occurs both free and combined in many of the Western States. In
Colorado it has been found as metallic bismuth, bismuth carbonate, bismuth
telluride, and bismuth tellurate. A recent discovery of bismuth carbonate ore
is reported in Arizona, on Salt River, near its junction with the Verde River,
between Fort McDowell and Superstition Mountain, and excellent specimens
of bismuth tellurate (the mineral montanite, Bi2Og.TeO3.2H2O) have been ob-
tained from Salida, Chaffee County, Colo. Bismuth ore varies greatly in com-
position. That produced during 1901 assayed from 4 to 12% of bismuth, from
1 to 2 oz. of gold, and from 5 to 6 oz. of silver per ton. That produced
in 1902 contained from 78 to 27-1% of bismuth, from 3-5 to 22T) oz. of gold,
and from 3 45 to 3-5 oz. of silver per ton.
Bismuth is usually found in ores containing other motals which render its
extraction somewhat complex. The trade and the price being under control and
the domestic demand befing comparatively small, the erection of new works to
BISMUTH, 69
manufacture and refine this metal in. the United States is hardly attractive from
a commercial point of view.
I'mporis. — The imports of metallic bismuth into the United States in 1902
were 190,837 lb., valued at $213,704, as compared with 165,182 lb., valued at
$239,061, in 1901. There was imported also a small quantity of bismuth salts
in pharmaceutical compounds.
Australia. — The output of bismuth and bismuth ore in New South Wales
during 1902 amounted in value to £3,100, as compared with 21 long tons,
valued at £6,665 in 1901, and 10 tons, valued at £5,640 in 1900. Early in 1902
the price of ore containing at least 20% metallic bismuth was at the rate of 26.
per lb. of bismuth content. A 5% ore is salable, but it is doubtful if it would
be profitable. The demand being small, the market is restricted. In Queens-
land the production of bismuth ore, during 1902 had decreased to 1 long ton,
valued at £123, as compared with 20 long tons, valued at £3,684 in 1901. An
analysis of a sample of ore from the mine of the Mt. Black Proprietary Mining
Co., in Tasmania, is reported as Bi 7 44%, Cu 0 8% and 0-95 oz. gold and 0-48 oz.
silver per ton. The minerals of the deposit are quartz, tourmaline, fluorite,
pjrrite, chalcopyrite, wolframite and bismuthinite.
Review of Analytical Chemistry, — The determination of bismuth as molyb-
date, according to H. J. Riederer,* is as follows: The ore is decomposed with
HNO3 and evaporated to fumes with H2SO4, diluted, the residue filtered off
and treated again with HNO3, diluted and filtered. The filtrates are combined,
and the bismuth is precipitated with H2S, filtered and washed. The bismuth
sulphide is dissolved in HNO3, the solution is exactly neutralized with NH4OH,
using methyl orange as an indicator, and then made acid again with one or two
drope of 30% HNOg. A large excess of ammonium molybdate is added and the
solution is heated gently until the precipitate collects. It is then filtered and
washed with a 3% (XH4)2S04 solution. The precipitate is dissolved in H2SO4,
passed through a column of zinc (Jones reductor) with suction, and titrated
with potassium permanganate. If copper is present with the bismuth it may
be separated by adding to the acid solution of the ore, 30 c.c. of a saturated solu-
tion of ^^CJlfi^^ and making the solution alkaline with KOH. The pre-
cipitated bismuth hydroxide is dissolved in a slight excess of KCN, and the
solution is saturated with HjS. Bismuth sulphide only is precipitated, which is
then treated as outlined above.
Leaching Process for Bismuth Ore. — According to P. G. Eulert, of La Paz,
Bolivia,* a row of wooden vats with filter bottoms are arranged in steps. About
1,000 kg. of finely ground ore is charged in each vat, and a solution of common
salt, saltpeter and sulphuric acid is introduced into the first of the series. The
liquor flows through each vat in succession, finally yielding a concentrated solu-
tion of bismuth which flows into a vat wherein it is diluted with water; the
precipitated bismuth oxychloride is removed, dried and smelted for the metal.
> Dl^'sertatlon. " The Volumetric Determination of Binnuth and Its Separation from Copper," Columbia
tJnlTersity. 1908.
* Gerrof n Patent Ko. 180,068.
BORAX.
Bt Joseph Stbuthebs.
The production of borax in the United States continues to be supplied chiefly
from the colemanite deposits of California, although the marsh deposits of Cali-
fornia and Nevada contributed a small portion of the total output of 1903. The
reported returns of production of refined borax and boric acid during 1902
amounted to 17,202 short tons, valued at $2,434,994, of which 862 short tons,
valued at $165,000, were boric acid.
IMPORTS OF BORATES,
ETC., INTO THE
UNITED STATES.
1901.
1900.
MetrtclbDS.
Pounds.
Value.
Metric Tons.
Founds.
Value.
Borax
847S0
47-OB
§ l§
Ill
810-60
84-78
878-87
684,537
188,807
888,907
8%,796
18,007
80,48:3
Borates of lime or soda (crude sodium borate
and imflnMl iiodium borate'tt ...................
Boric add
Calif omia. — The colemanite mines at Borate, 12 miles N. B. of Daggett, which
are operated by the Pacific Coast Borax Co., continue to yield a suflBcient
quantity of ore to satisfy the market requirements. In the mining of this ma-
terial the increasing depth has added to the cost of extraction. The ore at Borate
occurs in large masses more or less connected by stringers and bands, consisting
of colemanite in bedded deposits of from 5 to 30 ft. in thickness. The re-
fined product reaches the market in the form of sodium bi borate (borax)
(Na2B407, IOH2O) and boric acid (old name, boracic acid, HsBOs). Other bedded
deposits have been f oimd in a number of places in Death Valley, and about Owens
Lake, but they have not yet been exploited sufficiently to determine their limits.
During 1902 the Pacific Coast Borax Co. has continued the search for colemanite
deposits in the Death Valley region, and has acquired much additional property.
The deposits in the Armagosa Valley are under careful examination, the ore
therefrom being carried by traction engines to the railroad at Manvel, a distance
of 100 miles, from whence it is shipped to the refinery in order to determine its
value. The extent of the deposits on this property will soon be determined.
The large refining plant at Bayonne, N. J., which was destroyed by fire in
April, 1902, ha& been entirely rebuilt. The Pacific Coast Borax Co. continues
to supply by far the greater part of the borax output of the United States as
well as a large proportion of the boric acid production, and the control of the do-
mestic market of borax is practically in its hands.
BOBAX.
71
The American Borax Co., which is under the control of the Standard Sanitary
Co., of Pittsburg, Pa., has greatly extended its plant at Daggett, and now has
installed ten 20,000-gal. digesters in which the crude material from the mud de-
posits in that vicinity is treated by sxdphurous acid. The new plant has largely
increased the output of boric acid and boric acid concentrates by this company,
and owing to the satisfactory results obtained, it is contemplated to extend the
works still further during the coming winter season. A new refinery is being
erected near Pittsburg, Pa., for the final treatment of the products from Daggett.
The Stauflfer Chemical Co., of San Francisco, is actively developing the
oolemanite mines in Ventura County, which yield at present from 76 to 100 tons
of very high grade ore per month. This ore is used solely for the manufacture
of refined boric acid at the company's works in San Francisco.
There has been a smaU output from the marshes in California and Nevada, but
the quantity is comparatively so insignificant that it has not affected the market.
The saline deposits of California have been fully described by M. B. Campbell
in Bulletin No. 200, of the United States Geological Survey (1902), and by Gil-
bert E. Bailey in Bulletin No. 24 of the California State Mining Bureau (1902).
Oregon. — In recent years the marsh deposits of sodium borate in Harney
County have contributed yearly an output of refined borax amounting to about
400 tons. For 1902, however, no production was reported, the operations at the
deposits having been confined solely to development work. The principal con-
cern in this region is the Rose Valley Borax Co., which controls 2,000 acres
of the richest portion of the marsh deposit near Lake Alvord, which extends
over a total area of 10,000 acres. The description of this deposit and the method
of obtaining the ore is given in the section on "Borax'* contained in The Min-
eral Industry, Vol. X.
Market. — ^The price of borax fiuctuated but little during 1902, averaging from
7@7-25c. for refined borax and from 6-75@7c. for concentrated borax. The
latter grade is gradually disappearing from the market owing to its non-uniform
quality. The refined article is now being marketed under guarantee.
THE world's production OP BORATES, ETC. (a) (iN METRIC TONS.)
Year.
United Sta-uss.
Calcium
Borate
Chile.
Calcium
Borate, (b)
India.
Borax.
(6)
Germany.
Boradte.
Italy.
BoricAdd,
Crude.
Peru.
Calcium
Borate, (b)
Turkey.
Pandermite
(6) (c)
1897
17,600
18,911
21,884
88,466
16^287
8,168
7,084
14,961
18,177
11,647
880
184
860
884
188
198
880
188
888
184
8,704
8,660
8,074
8,491
8,668
11,860
7,178
7,688
'}2f
11,W6
1898
1999
IflOO
MJl
(a) From official reports of the respective countries except the United States, (b) Exports, (c) Fiscal years.
The manufacture of boric acid was begun in the United States in 1896, in which year there was a production
of 681,000 ib. There are no statistics for subsequent years, (e) Not reported. (/) Total exports, 1897 to
1901 inclusive, were 48,861 tons.
The Borax Consolidated, Ltd., (the international borax combination) has is-
sued £400,000 of 5%, second mortgage debenture stock, the company now be-
ing capitalized at £2,800,000. For the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1902, gross
profits are reported of £250,209, as compared with £258,021 for the year preced-
ing. From the gross profits for 1902 the following disbursements were made:
Interest £47,625, dividends on common and preferred shares £52,000, (the total
dividends thus amounting to £99,625), income tax £3,201, which gave a balance
72 THE MINERAL USTDUSTRT.
of £147,383. Adding to this balance £15,795 brought forward from the previous
year and subtracting £17,825 for depreciation on reserve and sinking fund leaves
a surplus of £142,353, out of which it is proposed to pay a dividend of £1 per
share, less income tax, on the ordinary shares, making a total dividend payment of
17-5% for the year. The net profits for 1902 amounted to £181,658 as compared
with £190,278 in 1901. The working of the mines, deposits and factories have
been satisfactory and by effecting economies in the cost of production, the lower
prices obtained for some of the products have been counterbalanced.
Argentina. — Calcium borate deposits varying in thickness from a few inches
to several feet, are found in the "National Territory of the Andes," (now a part
of Argentina), the principal districts being Caurchari, Antuco, Partos Grandes,
Hombre Muerto, Batones and Diabillos. The altitude of these districts ranges
from 18,000 to 18,500 ft., and the transport of the mineral is accomplished by
mule-back over precipitous trails to the railroad at Salta, a distance of from
150 to 200 miles. A load of 300 lb. is carried by each mule, and the time occu-
pied in transport amounts to 7 or 8 days. Under the present conditions of
labor, the cost per ton, including mining and transportation, f. o. b. ship at the
coast is about £7 68. 5d. Adding to this amount the ocean freight of £1, and
insurance, etc.. Is. 6d., makes the total cost per ton delivered in England
£8 7s. lid.
Bolivia. — The production of calciurb borate in Bolivia during 1901 amounted
to 3,065 metric tons, valued at $410,524 (Bolivian currency), as compared with
1,485 metric tons, valued at $148,510 in 1900.
Chile. — The borate deposit of Ascotan in the interior of the Province *of An-
tofagasta produces the greater part of the total output of boracite and borax.
Of the production during 1900, which amounted to 13,177 metric tons of cal-
cined boracite and 27 metric ^ons of borax, Ascotan contributed 10,920 metric tons
the balance being obtained from the deposits in the Province of Carcota. The
exports of calcium borate during 1901 amounted to 11,455 metric tons ($1,302,410
Chilean currency), as compared with 13,177 metric tons ($1,317,676).
Italy. — ^The production of boric acid in Italy during 1901 amounted to 2,558
metric tons, valued at $194,408, as compared with 2,491 metric tons, valued at
$169,425 in 1900. The entire production is obtained from the natural steam
fumaroles in the provinces of Pisa and Grosetto.
Peru. — ^Though borates occur in many localities in Peru, the only deposit which
is operated with profit is at Salinas near the boundary of the provinces of Are-
quipa and Moquegua. In 1900 the exports of borates amounted to 7,080 metric
tons, valued at £56,638.
Turkey. — The boracite deposits in Turkey were discovered in 1856, but were
not operated until recent years. The mines of Sultan-Tcha'ir are situated within
the Sandjak of Karassi and in the Merkez-caza of Balikesser and Nahie of Ivet,
and all are now under control of the Borax Consolidated Co., Ltd. The total
quantity of mineral exported from 1897 to 1901 inclusive, amounted to 43,851
tons, valued at £789,318. The quantity reported to have been produced from
March 1, 1899, to March 1, 1902, is 28,420 tons, milking an average yearly out-
put of 9,473 tons for this period. The mineral is exported from Pandermn.
BROMINE.
By Joseph Struthbbs.
The production of bromine in the United States during 1902, including the
quantity of bromine contained in potassium bromide, amounted to 513,913 lb.,
as compared with 552,043 lb. in 1901. The price per lb. during 1902 averaged
25c., as compared with 28c. in 1901. The production of bromine in the world
continues to be controlled by the associated American producers and by the
Jjeopoldshall-Stassfurt convention, the latter being operative for several years to
come.
PRODUCTION OF BROMINE IN THE UNITED STATES.
Ytar.
Mtefaigao.
Ohio.
Pennsyl-
vania.
West
Virginia.
Total.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Total.
Per Pound.
1898
Pounds,
(a) 141,288
(a) 188,273
(a) 210,400
(0)217,995
(a) 296,408
Pounds.
106,860
82,868
91,188
186,467
100,491
Pounds.
119,998
111,160
105,592
101,595
96,595
Pounds.
118388
101,218
114,270
106,986
98,875
Pounds.
486,97h
488,00i
581,444
(6)558,048
518,918
221
196
887
860
288
$186,854
125,671
140,790
154,572
128,4:iK
28c.
1899
89c.
1900
87c
1901
28c.
1909
25c.
(a) Including the bromine equivalent of the product recovered as potassium bromide,
duction, 848,918 pounds were in the liquid form.
(b) Of the total pro-
Michigan. — The greater part of the bromine output of the United States con-
tinues to be supplied by Michigan. The brines of this State have been well
described by Alfred C. Lane in the report on Lower Michigan Mineral Waters,
U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 31, 1899. So
far as known the entire central basin of the lower peninsula of Michigan con-
tains one vast brine deposit, which carries a larger percentage of bromine than
any brines yet discovered. This deposit extends from the Indiana boundary
line on the south, to Grayling on the north, and from the Saginaw Valley on
the east to Lake Michigan on the west. The highest percentages of bromine are
reported from the wells in Midland and Gratiot counties. The supply of brine
seems to be unlimited, and wells in Midland County which have been pumped
for more than twenty years show no signs of exhaustion. Since 1883 thirteen
companies have been engaged in the bromine industry in Midland, and eight
companies at different times have manufactured bromine at other localities in
this basin. At present, however, the entire production of the State is made by
74 THE MINER iL [NDU8TRT,
two companies in Midland. The Saint Louis Chemical Co., at Saint Louis,
Gratiot County, is now drilling its second well, and it will probably contribute to
the production in the near future.
The producers of bromine in the United States axe as follows: The Dow
Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. ; Myers Bros. Drug Co., St Louis, Mo. (works at
Midland, Mich.) ; Independent Chemical Co., Saginaw, Mich.; Wayne Chemical
Co., Saginaw, Mich. ; John A. Beck & Co., Allegheny, Pa. ; J. L. Dickinson & Co.,
Maiden, W. V.; Hope Salt and Coal Co., Mason, W. Va.; Liverpool Salt and
Coal Co., Hartford, W. Va.; Hartford City Salt Co., Hartford, W. Va.; Syra-
cuse Coal & Salt Co., Syracuse, 0. ; Coal Bidge Salt Co., Pomeroy, 0. ; Buckeye
Salt Co., Pomeroy, 0.; Excelsior Salt Works, Pomeroy, 0., and United Salt
Co., Pomeroy, 0. The last-mentioned concern has made no output since 1900.
The brines found at all of the above-named localities, except Midland, have
practically the same composition. On the average 360 gal. of brine are required
for one barrel (280 lb.) of salt, and 100 bbl. of salt yield 55 lb. of bromine, but
at Pittsburg the yield is as high as 75 to 80 lb. per 100 bbl. The brines contain
calcium and magnesium chlorides, iron, and traces of sodium and potassium
sxdphates. An analysis of water from the Coal Ridge Salt Co.'s wells, near
Pomeroy, 0., published in Vol. VI. of the Ohio Geological Survey reports, showed
total solids amounting to 9 528%, with the following composition: NaCl,
79-27a% ; CaCla, 14 397% ; MgCl^, 6097% ; MgBr^, 0 097% ; Nal, 001!&% ;
SiOj, 0043%; FcjOs and Al^Og, 0082%. The composition of the Pittsburg
brine may be deduced from the above by adding 0043% MgBrj.
With the exception of the Dow Chemical Co., all of the companies use the
same process of recovery. HgSO^ and KCIO, are added to the brine in stone
stills of from 400 to 800 gal. capacity, and the liquid is agitated by steam
jets under about 40 lb. pressure. The Midland brine, which is nearly four
times richer in bromine than the brines of Ohio and West Virginia, is. treated
by a special process, briefly outlined as follows: The unoxidized bromides
contained in the brine are brought into contact first with air aijd subse-
quently with a mixture of air and free chlorine. All natural brines carry-
ing bromine contain, apart from sodium chloride, in many cases, KCl, CaClj,
MgClg and LiCl as well as FeCO.,; in other cases, HjS and traces of iodides
are present; furthermore, natural brine deposits frequently contain oil. The
Dow process^ is worked in the cold, and the oxidation of impurities is ac-
complished mainly by air supplemented by wash gases containing traces of
chlorine and bromine. Considering that natural brines contain less than
01% Br, the importance of air oxidation is evident, for if chlorine alone be used
as an oxidizing agent, several times the quantity would be necessary. The
oxidizers in present use consist of a series of electrol}i:ic cells of special construc-
tion. By the Dow process, bromide containing less than 03% CI is made with-
out difficulty, whereas by the former blowing-out process, it was impossible to
extract much more than one-half the bromine in the brine without having the
product so contaminated with chlorides as to render it unsalable.
> United states Patent No. 714,610, Nov. 25, 1902, H. H. Dow.
CALCIUM CARBIDE AND ACETYLENE.
By Hbnrt Fishbb.
That the nse of acetylene gas will increase from year to year cannot be
doubted^ when consideration is given to the simple apparatus needed for its manu-
facture, and the few substances required for its production. Especially will
this be the case, when all dangers of explosion have been eliminated as now seems
fairly in the way of being accomplished.
Acetylene Generators, — ^During 1902 many patents were taken out in the
United States and in Europe for acetylene gas generators, more than 75 patents
being granted by the United States Government alone, covering claims for vari-
ous improvements. Some of these generators operate on the "carbide-to-water"
and some on the "water-to-carbide" principle. There were 186 firms in the
United States in 1902 engaged in manufacturing various forms of acetylene
apparatus.
Lamps. — For mine lighting, a new form of acetylene lamp has been intro-
duced, which consists of a body holding the water supply, a gas chamber and a
carbide holder. Each lamp is provided with an extra gas chamber and carbide
holder in order that the supply may be renewed while the light is kept burning.
The lamp is very compact, bums from two to three hours, and gives a bright
light of about 20 candle power.
Car Lighting. — In an article^ entitled "Acetylene Stored and Transported in
Safety," J. S. Seymour states that if a steel cylinder be packed with porous brick
of 80% porosity, or with asbestos disks covered with an alkaline silicate, and a
quantity of acetone be introduced equal in volume to 40% of the capacity of the
cylinder, the latter at room temperature will hold 240 volumes of acetylene at
10 atmospheres pressure. In a cylinder of this description, all danger from acci-
dental explosions is eliminated, or if an explosion be produced intentionally, it
is localized.' In order to prove this assertion, a spark apparatus was introduced
into a tank charged with acetylene and a spark. produced. No explosion took
place, but on opening the cylinder, it was found that the asbestos disks about the
plug were covered with carbon, showing that the acetylene had been decomposed.
He also states instances where these tanks of acetylene have been used on railroad
cars and yachts with perfect satisfaction.
To prevent the explosion of acetylene within the storage apparatus with dis-
astrous results, a patent* has been obtained by M. Toltz and A. lipschutz, for
the use of a fusible valve on the storage tank, and of lengths of fusible pipe, pro-
viding piping also is used, which fusible material melts below the dissociation
point of acetylene, so that in case the gas becomes unduly heated from any cause,
instead of exploding it escapes and bums.
In studying the explosion limits of combustible gases and vapors with air,
> Journal of the Franklin Institute, July, 1908, pp. 1-18.
• EDffUsh FiAteDt No. 84,6T7, Dec. 8, 1001; United States Patent No. 090,725, Maj 18, 1008.
76 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
P. Eitner*^ found that the explosive limits of acet3'lcne in ti.e Bnnte burette,
stated in percentages of moist combustible gas in the mixture, were: Ix)wer
limit, 3-35% and upper limit, 52*3% ; the actual quantity of acetylene present
in the two cases being 3*25% and 51*3%, respectively.
According to F. Gaud,* the clogging of acetylene burners having small orifices
by the deposition of carbon due to the decomposition of 'the gas, is caused by
the presence of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphur compounds in the acetylene.
The impurities increase the tendency of the gas to decompose into its elements,
but when purified acetylene is used, there is no fouling of the burner, pro-
vided the normal rate of consumption of gas is observed, if the rate of flow be
reduced, however, clogging cannot be prevented.
According to the statements of 6. Keppler,** the impurities in acetylene
are phosphorus and sulphur compounds, ammonia, oxygen, air, hydrogen, car-
bon monoxide, hydrogen silicide, methane and other hydrocarbons. For purify-
ing acetylene five substances have been proposed, as follows: (1) ferric hy-
droxide; (2) *Tieratol," a solution of chromic acid in acetic or sulphuric acid
absorbed in kieselguhr; (3) "acagine," a mixture of bleaching powder with 15%
lead chromate; (4) "puratylene," a mixture of bleaching powder with calcium
chloride and calcium hydroxide, prepared by a special process to give it porosity,
and (5) "frankoline," a solution of cuprous and ferric chloride in strong hydro-
chloric acid absorbed in kieselguhr.
Caloium Carbide. — Market. — In Europe, the Nuremberg Syndicate at the
head of which stands the Neuhausen Aluminium Werke, with its plant at Lend
Qastein, has fixed the price of calcium carbide for 1903 for home consumption, at
24-5 marks per 100 kg. in southern Germany, at 25*55 marks in Berlin, and at
25-95 marks in Cologne. All the French carbide plants belong to the syndicate.
Lots of one ton and more in drums of 100 kg. each, cost 345 fr. at Annecy and
399 fr. in Caen. The annual consumption of Germany is estimated at 10,000
tons. The annual production in France is estimated at 18,000* tons. France ex-
ports more than 1,000 tons of carbide, chiefly to Brazil, Argentina, Madagascar,
the West Coast of Africa, China and Japan. The expense of shipping carbide
to Brazil is 143 fr. per metric ton, so that French carbide costs about 550 fr. per
ton in Brazil. Some of the plants that are independent of the Nuremberg Syn-
dicate are at Gurtnelle, Patemo, a small Hungarian works at Jadvoelgy near
Nagy-Varad, and at Terni (Italy). The last produces annually 20,000 tons of
carbide, of which one-half is exported.
In the United States, the Union Carbide Co. at Niagara Falls, N. Y., is making
daily 50 to GO tons of carbide at a reported cost of $24 per ton. Export carbide
is sold f. o. b. ship at New York at $50 per ton, but for home consumption in
lots of one ton and upward $70 per ton is charged, or $3-75 per 100 lb. The
product is graded into three sizes, the smallest including pieces from 00833
(1^2 ) to ^'25 (i) in., the next from 0-5 to 2 in., and the largest from 2 to 35 in.
» Journal ftter Oasbeleuchtung, 45 (2), pp. 21-84: (5), pp. 60-72; (6), pp. 90-93, and (7), pp. 112-115; abstract
in the JounuU of the Society of Chemical Industry, March 81, 1902, pp. 895-396.
* Comptea rendu8, 134 (3), pp, 176-177.
• Journal fuer Gnabeieuchtung, 1902, 45, pp. 777, 802 and 820; abstract in the Journal of Society of Chem-
ical Industry, Nov. 29, 1902, pp. 1886-1888.
CALCIUM CARBIDE AND ACETYLENE. 77
It is estimated that the United States consumes annually 16,000 tons, practically
all of it being used for lighting purposes.
Manufacture. — It is stated by V. Rothmund" that for the formation of calcium
carbide more than 700 watts are necessary, and that the reaction takes place at a
temperature of 1,620** C.
I. L. Roberts has patented^ a process for making calcium carbide in which he
uses anthracite coal in place of coke. The coal having a higher specific gravity
than the coke, does not separate from the lime when charged into the furnace.
The resxdting carbide is stated to be less porous, and therefore more permanent
than the carbide made with coke.
A process for making calcium carbide cartridges consists in compressing the
material and immersing it in molten naphthalene. The naphthalene is said to
retard the too rapid action of the water on the carbide, while the heat evolved
by that action volatilizes the naphthalene, which in the gaseous form mixes with
the acetylene and improves its illuminating power. As the cartridges contain
the same amount of carbide each time, they yield the same amount of gas.
Uses. — Calcium carbide is used to destroy the phylloxera in the vineyards of
^ France and Italy, and the higher the percentage of phosphorus it contains, the
/ greater is its germidical property. This seems to be due to the evolution of
hydrogen phosphide when the carbide is exposed to moisture.
R. Hopfelt uses in the arc light> electrodes made of carbide covered with
aluminum or a waterproof material, and claims that he obtains a brighter and
more powerful light
Reducing Agent. — According to Dr. B. Neumann® calcium carbide, like alumi-
num, acts as a reducing agent when brought in contact with metallic oxides and
salts, but it is not as powerful a reducer as aluminum. Warren, Moissan, Siemens
and Halske and von Kiigelgen, also, experimented with carbide as a reducing
agent. The reaction which takes place, according to Neumann is as follows : —
3M,0+CaC,=3M2+CaO+2CO ; 2M20+2MCl+CaC=3M2+CaCl2+2CO,
while von Kiigelgen claims that the reaction which takes place is : —
5M20+CaC2=5M2+CaO+2C02 ; 4M,0+2MCl+CaCj=5M2+CaCl2+2C02.
M indicating a monovalent metal. The former claims that carbon monoxide
is produced, and that one part of carbide reduces six parts of metal, the latter
that carbon dioxide is produced, and that one part of carbide reduces ten parts
of metal.
This property has recently been made the basis of a process for making the
alkaline metals. A simple or double fluoride or silicofluoride of the metal
is mixed with calcium carbide and heated to red heat when a double de-
composition takes place, and an alkali carbide and calcium fluoride result. On
heating the mixture still higher, the alkali carbide breaks up, and the liberated
metal can be distilled over. If nitrogen or ammonia gas is led over the metal
to prevent oxidation, a part of the carbide is converted into cyanide which can
be -recovered by the lixiviation of the fused mass.
• Chemiker Centramatt, 1 (18), p. 1045. » United 8tate*i, Patent No. 708,921, Sept. 9, 1908.
• Zeitaehrift fuer Ktektrochemie, Oct. 2. 1902, p. 772.
CARBORUNDUM.
Thb production of carborundum during 1902 by the sole manufacturer using
two units of 1,000 H.P. each, amounted to 3,741,500 lb., valued at $374,160, as
compared with 3,838,175 lb. of crude carborundum, valued at $345,435 in 1901,
PBODUCTION OF CARBORUNDUM IN THB UNITED STATES.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1900
Pounds.
1,741,946
8,888,176
8,741,600
$916,000
146,486
874,160
1901
1902
and 1,741,245 lb., valued at $216,090 in 1900. The average price in 1900 was
12-4c. per lb.; in 1901, 8-9c. per lb., and in 1902, 10c. per lb. It is reported
that the cost of manufacturing this material is 4 or 5c. per lb. The cost of
material is 0-75c; labor, 0-6c.; power, l-25c., and final washing and grading,
1-5 to 2-6c. per lb. The crystals are graded in 20 sizes, from No. 8, passing
througK an 8-mesh sieve, to No. 220, passing through a 220-me8h sieve. The
three grades of fineness F, FF, and FFF, known as "carborundum flour,*' are
obtained by washing the finest crystals. By stirring the fine powder in water
and allowing it to settle one, two, four or more minutes and then decanting the
water and allowing it to settle, powders called 'Tiand-washed*' one, two, four,
etc., minute powders are obtained.
CEMENT.
The production of Portland cement, natural hydraulic cement and dry cement
in the United States during 1902 was as follows: Portland cement, 16,535,000
bbl. (of 400 lb.), valued at $16,637,500, as compared with 12,711,225 bbl., valued
at $12,532,360 in 1901; natural hydraulic cement, 9,083,759 bbl. (of 300 lb.),
valued at $4,087,692, as compared with 7,084,823 bbl., valued at $3,056,278 in
1901, and slag cement, 547,175 bbl. (of 400 lb.), valued at $465,099, as com-
pared with 272,689 bbl., valued at $198,151 in 1901.
PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN BARRELS OP
400 LB.) (380 LB. NET.)
1901.
1908. (c)
States.
Barrels.
Value at WorlES.
Barrels.
Value at Woita.
TotaL
Per Bbl.
Total.
PerBbL
California
146,848
S618.968
$8-60
220,000
100,000
900,000
400,000
600,000
2,400,000
1,900,000
990,000
700,000
8,000,000
200,000
886loOO
■ lllillllli
$8-50
Colorado
110
Illinois
110
Indiana
110
Kanfuui ■
110
Michigan
1,0»,718
1,612,000
617,288
619,862
7,001,500
1,450,800
617,228
671,887
6,882,860
iio
0-90
100
110
0-90
1-10
New jensy
0-90
New York
1*00
Ohio
1-10
T^nnflvlvania. , ......tttr -
0*90
TexBB,
MO
XjtAh.
(b)
Yiridnia
247,500
1*10
OthAr StAtea (a^t
1,608,079
1,867,887
110
Ibtal
12,711,225
112,582,880
$0-98
16,585,000
116,687,600
11-01
(a) Includes Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Virginia, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas, (b) In-
cluded in California, (c) Compiled by Charles F. McKenna.
PRODUCTION OF NATURAL HYDRAULIC CEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN
, BARRELS OP 300 LB.)
States
nUnois
Indiana and Kentucky.
Kansas
Maryland ,
Minnesota
New York:
Ulster County
Onondafca County. . . . .
Schoharie Conn^. ...
Erie County ,
Other counties
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia ,
Wisoonsfai ,
Other States (a)
Total.
1901.
Barrels.
469,842
2.150,000
146,760
851,829
(b) 126,000
1,184,007
141,629
62,702
668,800
182,000
(c) 104,000
942,884
id)
(d)
481.020
80,857
7,084.823
Value
atJ9[brks.
Total.
$187,986
762,600
72,880
175,666
63,000
1,117,066
62,400
876,954
182,788
66,069
$8,066,278
Per Bbl.
$0-40
0-86
0-50
0-50
0-50
000
0-60
0-40
0-88
0-81
$0-48
1902. (e)
Barrels.
,000
8,000,000
7t)0,000
"0,000
000
Value at Works.
Total.
$112,1
^SO&^l
1,650.000
815,000
ido.r
(f)
820.000
87.600
45,000
(.9)9,083.760 $4,087,692
PerBU.
.$0*45
0-66
0-45
0-40
0-50
0-45
$0-45
(a) Includes Georeia, Tennessee, West Virginia, Texas and Nebrnnka. (b) Includes North Dakota, (e) In-
clttdas Virginia and West Virginia, (d) Included in Ohio, (e) Compiled by R W. Lesley. (/) Not separately
reported, (g) Preliminary statistics of U. S. Geological Surrey.
80
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Slag Cement. — The output of slag cement in 1902 was 109,435 short tons,
valued at $465,099, as compared with 54,536 short tons (equivalent to 272,689
bbl. of 400 lb.), valued at $198,151 in 1901. The production and value increased
markedly in sympathy with the highly satisfactory condition in the Portland ce-
ment trade during the latter half of 1902. The distinction made by the Board of
Engineers, U. S. A., that "Steel Portland Cemenf cannot be substituted for Port-
land cement in Government work where the specifications call for the latter, but is
to be classed as puzzolana slag cement, has been accepted by most of the slag
cement manufacturers ; and efforts are being made to push the sale of slag cements
only for those uses to which they are particularly adapted. A greatly increased
production should result in 1903 unless the state of the iron market is too good
to permit attention being paid to the utilization of by-products. The review of
the slag cement and slag brick industries of the United States during 1902 is
given by Mr. E. C. Eckel, later in this section.
CEMENT PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS AND CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED
STATES, (in barrels OP 300 LB.)
Productton.
Imports.
Exports, (b)
Consumptioii.
Tmt.
Natural
Hydnulic.
Portland,
(a)
Total
Barrels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
Barrels
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
1898
1898
1900
1901
1908
ill
4,989,664
8,087,161
11,809,068
18,988.914
17,088,175
18,150.748
17,763,608
80,486,874
80.068,788
86,165,9&1
$10,888,888
16,860,781
16,893,109
15,688,688
88,088,848
1
8,686,098, 18,684,888
8.810,961, 8,868,886
8,188.845 8.880,445
1,889,856, 1,806,698
8,669,781 8,581,883
70.898
147,089
186,686
884,880
488,189
$98,181
818,457
889,186
768,067
575,868
16.764,948
80,417,680
88,481,988
80,690,449
88,408,466
118,749,989
18,606,560
18,484,808
16,148.8:8
84,089,800
(a) Includes slai; cement. (b) Includes re-exports of foreifi^.
IMPORTS OF CEMENT INTO THE UNITED STATES ACCORDING TO SOURCE.
Year.
BeUdum.
Canada.
France.
Qermany.
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
1898
188,806
184,880
166,858
00,686
188,159
1,001,188
877,517
784,090
965
880
903
1,818
788
$8,858
8;868
9,896
18,180
8,888
8,469
8,180
6.648
8,854
8,984
$88,884
88,868
47;798
80,481
84.705
906,968
888,799
881,110
118,119
861.858
$1,894,651
1,698.782
1899
1900
1,728,104
804,710
1901
1908
1,098,684
Tear.
United Kingdom.
Other Countries.
Total Imports.
Exports, (a)
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
1896
47,818
80,987
58,584
7,478
16,817
$888,405
809,614
416,987
68,670
105,894
10,360
14,118
19,989
6.177
4.488
$64,847
78,872
188.098
88,894
86.887
408.764
481.648
477,837
188,978
898,958
$8.(fiS4J288
8,858,966
8,880,446
1.806,098
8,581,888
10,688
88,064
87,968
88,685
74,688
$96,181
818,457
889,186
788,057
576,868
1899
1900
1901
1908
(a) Estimated from number of barrels reported at 1 bbl. = 400 lb. Includes re-exports of f oreiipi.
The Cement Industry in the United States during 1902.
By Charles F. McKknna.
Portland Cement. — T^o other branch of the mineral industry in the United
States has ever furnished more striking figures of rapid yet healthy growth than
those encountered in the study of the manufacture of Portland cement. Econ-
omists have marveled at the continued steady expansion in the production of pig
CEMENT.
81
iron, which has shown a 100% increase in a decade; but there is more cause to
wonder at the leaps and bounds in the rate of the annual production of Portland
cement, which was measured 10 years ago bv a few thousand barrels, and by mil-
lions of barrels at the present time. The Portland cement industry, which was
already well established in 1894 with 24 operatize factories, has grown 2,606%
in eight years, the factories have increased three-fold in number and some of the
larger ones eight-fold in capacity. The annual rate of increase, which is shown by
the subjoined table, is of great interest.
RATE OP INCREASE IN THE ANNUAL PRODUCTION OP PORTLAND CEMENT IN THE
UNITED STATES, (a)
YeBT.
Production.
Rate of In-
craaae over
Previous Year.
Rate of Ill-
crease Referred
to 1894.
Year.
Production.
2Ute of In-
crease over
Rate of In-
crease Referred
to 1894.
1804...
Bbl. of 400 lb.
611,229
749,050
1,577,288
2:480.008
8,584,586
%
%
1899....
1900....
1901....
1902....
Bbl. of 400 lb.
5.806,680
7,991,689
12,711,225
16,6S5,000
0^0
87-6
49-8
800
1,178-8
1,204-6
2.0000
2,606-2
1895....
1896....
1807....
1896....
22-5
110-6
64*0
47-4
22-5
1580
297-7
486-5
(a) 1894-1901, from Thx Uinbbal Industbt, Vols. IV. to X. inclusiye: 1002, estimated bj Charles F. MoKenna.
It is the general belief that the rate of increase will be larger in 1903 than that
shown for 1902, due to the construction of new mills of which a few will begin
operation early in 19Q3. The condition of the industry classified by States dur-
ing 1901 and 1902 is best shown by the statistical table given at the beginning
of this section.
The total consumption of Portland cement in the United States during 1901
and 1902 is shown in the subjoined table (barrels of 380 lb.) :
Year.
Production.
Imports, (a)
Consumption.
1901
12,711,225
16,685,000
894,160
1.945,490
878,964
840,821
18,281,441
18,189,660
1002
(a) Includes Ronutn and other natural hydraulic cement.
The reports of delinquent companies which are now being received indicate
a very large increase in the production during 1903, due to the contemplated
•extension of works already established as well as those at new sites. This con-
tinued increase in the quantities of Portland cement annually produced, which is
almost in geometric progression, has resulted from increased number of uses and
consequent larger demand. The consideration whether or not these increments
can continue is of vital importance to all interested in the industry. The
information published in the technical journals indicates that there is much hope
for the continuing growth, as engineers and technologists seem to be following a
fad in suggesting and considering this excellent hydraulic material for positions
entirely novel, and for combinations and interweavings with other materials until
the list of its applications becomes greatly expanded. Admitting that many of
these suggestions will not be justified by necessity, economy, or structural strength,
there should still remain a reasonable number whose success will be followed
by rapid adoption at the hands of enthusiastic advocates. For the future, the
manufacturers must carefully study these new uses, and come in closer relation
to, the consumer of the material. With all the advance that has been made in
82 THE MINERAL TNDV8TR7,
engineering practice with concrete there yet remains much to be determined in
the study of the ways in which the cement, the water, the aggregates, and the
finished concrete shall be treated. Failures and discredit of this material are
more often traced to ignorance of these factors than to defective qualities of the
cement. Since it is the foreman concreter and the laborer who have most to
do with these factors it is obvious that systematic instruction furnished to them
would quickly prove its value. It is probable that if manufacturers to-day were
not pressed to supply orders, but were rather seeking trade, the eflfort would take
the form of supporting traveling schools of concreting. The influence of the
good workmanship thus taught would spread from railroad engineering and
municipal engineering to farm engineering, house building, and other fields of
activity where the economy of cement, its mode of treatment, and its successful
applications have not yet been developed to their full values.
The testing of Portland cement, which has given rise to much frictioii in the
past between manufacturers and. consumers, has become better understood and
great good has resulted from its application both in the factory and at the site
of use. The Committee on Cement Testing of the American Society of Civil
Engineers is entitled to much credit for its work in this field, and its report
published during the year 1902 is a model of simplicity when it is considered
how the subject might have been overburdened with confusing details, which
would have discouraged many an earnest experimenter and inspector. The Com-
mittee on Cement Testing of the American Section of the International Asso-
ciation of Testing Materials is now co-operating with the committee of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, and the investigation of the sufiiciency and
value of its findings will have the joint support of both societies.
The technology of Portland cement during 1902, while recording no striking
invention or improvement, affords many evidences of advance both in the effi-
ciency of apparatus and in better plan and disposition in *the works. The
rotary kiln is absolutely triumphant, and attention is being concentrated not
upon efforts to replace it with any other type, but upon improvements in the
details of form and arrangement of burner, selection and care of brick lining,
r^ulation of blast, control of draft, and many minutiae incident to uninter-
rupted operation. Undoubtedly the year 1902 can record a general increase of
jrield per kiln as a result of such attention, and both fuel consumption and labor
cost have been reduced to some extent. Heat economies are studied, and a few
works are reported to have been successful in utilizing the heat of the flue gases
for feed-water heating. The saving of the heat of the clinker also is practiced
in some types of clinker coolers, but apparatus of this character must commend
itself for simplicity before an attempt to make such a minor saving is warranted.
The mechanical engineer also is advancing the art of cement manufacture, and
trade rivalry among the promoters of milling machinery is undoubtedly a
favorable influence. The battle between the advocates of the Griffin mill and
those of the ball and tube mill has continued, and it is believed that improve-
ments have been made on both, so that a continuation of the contest may be
expected. A few new works have been designed in which the ball and tube
mills are used to grind the raw material and Griffin mills to grind the clinker
CEMENT. 88
— a practice which is recommended by some engineers when the materials are
diverse and a thorough mixing consequently becomes absolutely essential.
Advance is being made in the steam power plants of mills, in electrical equip-
ment, in the driving and carrying mechanisms, and in every feature open to the
genius of the mechanical engineer.
The crisis in the coal trade which supervened in the summer of 1902 produced
a poweriful effect upon the technology not yet fully perceived. The? cement manu-
facturer now realizes j;hat coal is a very important factor of the total cost of
manufacture, and information is being sought which will enable him to asceri»in
the economic values of the coal used and to learn the attendant economics of
its use.
With regard to the price of Portland cement during 1902 peculiar features are
to be recorded. At the opening of the year a feeling of nervousness manifested
itself among the manufacturers which was more pronounced than any before
experienced. The large stocks accumulating in certain mills appeared to some
to be a menace, while the lack of room for this accumulation at other mills ap-
peared to others as an additional menace. Reports of large increases in pro-
ducing units by resourceful companies drove the small manufacturers into a
panic, and agents of importers relaxed their efforts and ordered but little from
abroad. The lowest prices ever known in the history of the cement business
were reported and contracts of great magnitude were made. Suddenly upon the
disappearance of winter and its effects, an unexpectedly large demand arose.
Prices improved in April, grew strong in May, and in June hardly an important
producer felt able, or at least warranted in taking contracts. The enormous de-
mand for cement which began in June and lasted until the end of the year,
surpassed even the large increase in the total production, thereby creating an
unprecedented shortage of supply of amazing proportions, which created imme-
diately a demand for any grade of Portland cement. The importers were
not long in starting large shipments to the United States, and in August and
September imported cement was being shipped by the fastest ocean liners re-
gardless of the high freight charges. At the end of the year almost no stocks were
on hand in the American mills. Prices during December, 1901, and January,
1902, could be fairly stated to have been 90@95c. a barrel, f. o. b. at the mill
whereas in July and August $l-60@$l-75 were the ruling prices, followed by no
marked fall during the remainder of the year, and both demand and inquiries
continued good to the close.
The outlook for the Portland cement industry in the United States, particu-
larly in the near future, may be judged from the fact that ii\ 1902 approximately
375 kilns were in operation, a number which will be increased to 500 during
1903. But, as noted in the table given at the introduction of this review the
rate of increase for 1902 over 1901 was only 30%, while 50%' increases had been
recorded for several years directly preceding. This failure to keep abreast of the
demand produced a shortage of probably 5,000,000 bbl., which left for 1903 a
splendid legacy of orders and prospects. The amount of heavy construction
planned or contracted for in the near future in the large cities of the country
promises to afford a very great source of demand. In addition, the American
84 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
manufacturer still has the opportunity to develop the export trade almost from
the very beginning. It would secrm that there will be nothing but success for
the manufacturer who looks well to the economies, and it seems also as if as-
surance can be given the user that plentiful supplies will be available.
Natural Hydraulic Cement. — The changing influences of the natural cement
products upon the market for Portland cement continued as slight as they have
been for several years. This variety of hydraulic material holds its own, but ap-
pears to make no progress. At the beginning of 1902 a consolidation of more than
75% of the Rosendale natural cement plants at Rondout, N. Y., was consum-
mated. The production during 1902 of natural cements in this district approxi-
mated 2,350,000 bbls. of 300 lb. each. The total production of natural hydraulic
cement in the United States during 1902 would be difficult to gauge accurately
since the factories are many in number, small in size and much scattered, but it
may be stated tentatively at 10,000,000 bbl. Natural cement is produced also
at certain mills in Pennsylvania, and mixtures of this product are made with
Portland cement. These mixed quantities, however, are not included in the sta-
tistics given in the table showing tiie production of Portland cement in the United
States.
SLAG CEMENT AND SLAG BRICK MANUFACTURE. 85
Slag Cement and Slag Bkick Manufacture during 1902.
By Edwin C. Eokel.
The present paper is supplementary to the detailed discussion of the slag-
jement industry contained in Vol. X. of The Mineral Industry, and gives a
resume of progress made during the past year. In addition, however, to supple-
mentary data relative to the slag-cement industry, the manufacture of slag bricks
and slag blocks is discussed in some detail. These industries were not treated
in the article cited, and at present it seems probable that they will soon attain
considerable commercial importance in the United States.
Slag Cement. — During the past year the slag-cement industry of the United
States has been in a very prosperous condition, the production for 1902 largely
exceeding that for 1901, while the average value per barrel showed a slight
increase. The report of the board of army engineers on slag cements, while
having temporarily a depressing effect on the industry, has doubtless resulted in
permanent good. Several plants manufacturing a puzzolana cement from slag
have adopted the policy of frankly announcing both the methods of manufacture
and the known defects of the material for certain uses, relying on its equally
well-known value for other uses to accomplish its sale. An extensive corre-
spondence with municipal engineers, which was carried on by me during 1902,
shows that those who have experimented with slag-cement for such work as founda-
tions, sub-pavements, etc., regard it with favor, and permit its use in public works.
Three new slag-cement plants at various points in Pennsylvania were planned
or were under construction during 1902. Only one of these, however, was com-
pleted in time to commence operations before the close of the year. This plant,
erected by the Stewart Iron Co., and located at Sharon, Pa., commenced pro-
ducing in December, but this early start was made to test its economic and
mechanical efficiency, rather than as the opening of an active campaign. Early in
1903, operations were recommenced, and the plant has since been operated stead-
ily. The slag used is selected from that made by the Stewart Iron Co. furnaces,
and has the following average composition: Silica, 32-72%; alumina, 12-95%;
iron, 2'51%; lime, 47*67%; magnesia, 2*71%; sulphur, 1*44%. After granu-
lation, the slag is elevated and fed to three Ruggles-Coles dryers. The lime is
burned, slaked and mixed with the dried slag in a Broughton mixer, and the
mixture is finally reduced in tube mills. The finished cement has the following
composition: Silica, 27-33%; alumina, 1161%; iron, 2-43%; lime, 55-83%;
magnesia, 1*93% ; sulphur, 0*87%.
The process followed at the slag-cement plant of the Soci6t6 Frangaise des
Hauts Foumeaux de Champigneullcs, Department of Yonne, France, deserves
notice. It may be ilegarded as a method for regulating (principally, of course,
accelerating) the set of slag cements, but it is in reality somewhat more than
this, as the following brief description will show. Slag of the usual composition
is granulated. The granulated slag is not, however, dried as in ordinary practice :
but is mixed while still wet with slaked lime. If an ordinary lime be used, the
proportions are 25 to 30 parts lime to 75 to 70 parts slag; if hydraulic lime be
employed, the proportions are 35 to 40 parts lime to 65 to 60 pari«» slag. The
86
THE MINERAL INDUSTBT,
mixture is stirred up with water until of the consistency of a thick paste, and
after grinding is formed into bricks and allowed to harden for several days.
At the end of this time the bricks are broken into lumps and burned at a dark or
bright red heat, according to the rapidity of set desired, and then finally reduced
to powder. This process gives a very rapid setting cement. If it is too rapid,
the set is retarded to any desired degree by mixing with the cement a greater
or less proportion of dry powdered granulated slag and slaked lime. It will
be noted that this process is intermediate between the methods used in manu-
facturing ordinary slag cements, and that adopted in Portland cement manu-
facture. In fact if the mixing and guiding of the materials were carried on
more carefully, and the burning accomplished at a higher temperature, the
product would undoubtedly be a Portland cement.
Slag Bricks. — In a previous article^ I have made a distinction between
the terms "slag-bricks" and "slag-blocks." The distinction seems of value and
will be restated here. The term "slag-bricks" is applied to those bricks, tiles,
etc., made by mixing slaked lime with crushed or granulated slag, molding the
mixture by hand or in a brick machine, and drying the product. The term
"slag-blocks," on the other hand, refers to the blocks made by pouring molten
slag into a mold.
In Europe the manufacture of slag bricks is an important industry, though
it has not come extensively into practice in this coimtry. It is usually carried
on in connection with the manufacture of slag cement, in which case the only
additional requirements are a few machines and considerable floor space. The
processes of manufacture may be briefly stated as follows : Slags of approximately
the same type as those used in the manufacture of slag cement^ are granulated,
dried and finely ground. The following analyses of slags used in the manu-
facture of slag brick at various plants are fairly representative; No. 4, how-
snicacsio,)
Alumina )A1«Ot)
Iron oxide (Fe)
Manganene oxide (MnO),
Lime(CaO)
Magnesia (MgO)
Sulphur (S)
(1)
22-5
<2)
(8)
(4)
(6)
26-8
270
880
85-0
140
17-8
19-8
18-87
16-0
8-8
1-6
1-7
10
1-1
•0
•0
01
4-26
0-8
61 0
61-5
61-5
400
46-0
1-4
0-4
8-5
2-88
Trace.
0-8
1-8
1-8
1-88
0-4
ever, is peculiarly low in lime, requiring the addition of considerably more
slaked lime than usual, and giving a brick that dries and hardens with more than
average slowness. Sufficient slaked lime is added to the slag to bring the total
lime (CaO) content of the mixture up to about 55%, and the materials are
carefully and thoroughly mixed. If the slaked lime has been added in the form
of paste, the material is ready for the brick machine. If, however, the slaked
lime was a dry powder, it will be necessary to add a smajl quantity of water
to the mixture, in order that it may be sufficiently plastic to form good bricks.
On issuing from the brick machine, the bricks are placed on racks to dry, eithei
in the open air or in a drying house. In from 6 to 10 days' time, according to
» Thx Miksral iNDrsTRT, Vol. X., pp. 84-95, 1902.
> Engineering NevoB^ Vol. XLIX., pp. 884, 885, 1908,
SLAG CEMENT AND SLAG BRICK MANUFACTURE, 87
composition and weather conditions, they are sufficiently firm to bear transpor-
tation, and are then ready for market.
Slag bricks thus made are light in color, varying from light to dark gray.
They weigh less than clay bricks of equal size ; require less mortar in laying up ;
and are equal or superior to clay bricks in crushing strength.
At several plants, pipes and other articles are made from the same mixture as
tliat used for slag brick, the plastit; material being forced into iron molds by
rammers. These pipes seem to be satisfactory either as water or sewer pipe.
Slag Blocks. — "Slag blocks,^' as the term is used in the present paper, are
made by pouring molten slag into molds. The molds may naturally be of any
desired form, so that the slag block can be shaped like a common brick, a tile,
or a massive block. Slag blocks are made somewhat extensively in the Lehigh
Valley, and have been used as paving material, notably in Philadelphia. They
are very durable, but objectionable because of their slipperiness. This difficulty
has been overcome in practice in the Middlesboro district, England, by casting
the blocks in a double-size mold encircled by a projection, which results in a
groove encircling the slag block. The two halves of the block after cooling
are split apart with a chisel, and the rough fracture-surface of each is laid upper-
most in paving.
In ordinary practice, slag blocks are cast in iron molds, with the top uncovered.
This favors rapid cooling, and therefore requires little floor space for storage of
the cooling blocks. In the best practice, however, blocks are cast in sand, or
occasionally in iron molds, which are covered immediately after pouring with
a thick layer of sand. This treatment allows the slag to cool very slowly, giving
a tough, dense, and resistant block. More floor space for storage, however, is
required than in the first method.
83 THE MINERAL INDU8TRY.
The Mechanical Equipment of a Modern Portland Cement Plant.
By F. H. Lewis.
The Portland cement industry in America had its beginning in 1875. At
that time a small plant was started near Allentown, Pa., by David 0. Saylor,
employing as the raw materials the so-called cement rock of that section of Penn-
sylvania which had previously been used in the manufacture of natural cement,
and which was brought up to the proper composition for Portland cement by
the addition of pure limestone. An exhibit of this cement was made at the Cen-
tennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Baylor was thus the originator of
the enormous industry which has developed in this section of Pennsylvania, and
in similar rock deposits in western New Jersey since that time. About the same
date (1875) Thomas Millen started the manufacture of Portland cement at
South Bend, Ind., using the wet process, the raw materials being the wet marls
and clays of that section. This factory was afterward abandoned for a new
location in New York State, and for twenty years the growth of the industry
by the wet way in America was extremely slow. Since 1897, however, there have
been an extraordinary number of factories built in the marl sections of Ohio,
Indiana and Michigan, making Portland cement by the wet method. Yet it is to
be noted that while David Saylor^s enterprise has been growing since its incep-
tion, and is now a very large plant, none of the original marl plants has expanded
by natural development to large industries. The great establishments in the
marl regions are all of them new enterprises and not developments from small
beginnings.
During the first 20 years of its existence, the cement industry made slow
progress, the total product in the United States in 1895 being but 750,000 bbl,
85% of this being produced in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Since that date,
however, the growth of the industry in all sections of the country has been extraor-
dinarily rapid, the total product for the year 1902 being over 16,000,000 bbl.
But in spite of this extraordinary growth the proportion manufactured at the
point where the industry first began, that is, in the so-called cement rock section
of eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey, is still 65% as compared with
the total production by the wet way of about 15%.
It is probable that there is no place in the world where raw materials of equal
quality are found in such abundance as they are in this great Pennsylvania cement
section. This district has not only set the pace in manufacturing for the entire
country, but the genius of its manufacturers has developed much the greater part
of the improvements in manufacturing. The rotary kiln was developed here, as
was the method of burning by powdered coal, with all the successful methods of
cooling, storing and grinding clinker. These are the features which have de-
veloped into a distinctive American practice and have given a basis on which to
establish a successful industry.
With expensive labor and comparatively cheap power, the American manu-
facturer in competing with the European product has been compelled to follow
the same lines as those which have been successful in the American iron and steel
industry, which is now pre-eminent, that is, the substitution of mechanical de-
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT.
89
vices for hand labor at all points of the process. Indeed, this feature has been
more important in establishing an American Portland cement industry than it
has been in iron and steel, for the reason that the product is a bulk product, sell-
ing per ton at from one-half to one-third the price of pig iron. The cement
manufacturer makes but one product and his profits, if any are earned, must come
from the sale of this product. There are practically no by-products. If the
cement is produced at satisfactory cost the industry is profitable ; if not, it is un-
profitable. There is no such thing as recouping losses from one line of manu-
facture by profits on another.
Quarrying. — In producing cement by the dry process the quarrying of the
stone is much the largest element in labor cost, and in most instances it is impos-
sible to reduce the labor item excepting fractionally. In the largest plants there
L K S ^ 4 B
«ife«u«i«bi^ m, n
^•± -EM
A ^teder.
S Froot Hoofltn^.
C Buck Honsliig.
D Grip Handle.
E Lock Nut.
F Rotating Cylinder dp.
O Piston.
H Blow Tube Clamp.
J Chuck.
K Ratchet.
L Ratchet Pawl.
M RotatliLE Piston.
N Chuck Bushinir.
O DriUBitKeyfoek
P DriUBitKej.
Q Drill Bit Lock Spring.
S Ratchet Spring.
8 Ratchet Hn.
T Blow Tube Clamp Spring.
U Ratchet Regulator.
V Wrench.
Fig. 1. — Chicago Rock Drill.
has been some use of the steam shovel for loading cars. This is only applicable,
however, to certain cases and to the larger enterprises. In general quarries are
fitted up with air drills, employ high explosives, and use for the first reduction of
the material the large gyratory crushers. The larger the opening of the crusher
the less sledging and quarry work required ; and as the sledging is very generally
the largest item in the quarry cost the size of the crush^ is of importance. Ee-
cently a very valuable drill for block holing has been developed. This is a pneu-
matic drill, similar in tyipe to the pneumatic riveting hammers. It will drill
holes ten or twelve inches deep at the rate of one inch per minute. When the
materials are hard it constitutes one of the most valuable additions to a quarry
outfit that has been developed in recent years. Fig. 1 illustrates one of the driUs.
90 THB MINERAL INDUSTBT.
These drills are small, readily transported, and by using two or three of them, all
the large stone can be broken up with a very small amount of sledging.
A considerable variety of practice has developed in handling the stone between
the quarry and the mill. With pit quarries adjacent to the mill the ordinary
method is a system of skips running on overhead rope tramways. These have
the advantage of lifting and carrying by the same power. A number of these
tramways are in use in Pennsylvania carrying stone quite economically. In open
face quarries various types of side and end dump cars are used, usually of 3-5 ft.
gauge or less, a narrow gauge being desirable for dump cars.
In many cases a crusher outfit in the quarry offers advantages ; where practicable
and when the handling of the mix will permit, it should always be used. The
advantage derived from crushing material at once arises from tHe fact that it is
much more easily handled in the subsequent processes. In some cases, however,
as in a number of plants in the Lehigh Valley, this become impracticable because
the required limestone is purchased from quarries at a distance, and is delivered by
rail in standard gauge equipment. Under such circumstances it is generally
necessary to handle both stones in bulk at the plant. When both raw materials
are found at the factory site the advantage of crushing them at once and handling
them through a system of bins and pockets is considerable. It is even a question
whether it would not be economical to buy crushed stone instead of lump stone
when it is purchased at a distance. The advantage of this would arise from
the ease and accuracy with which the mix could be made and sent together through
the subsequent processes of reduction.
The size of the quarry, its distance from the mill, its elevation above or below
the level of the mill, and the character of the raw materials, all must be con-
sidered in determining the methods of quarrying to be used, but in any and every
case the largest mechanical installation which is practicable will prove to be the
most economical. In this way some type of steam shovel will prove advantageous
for handling large quantities of material. The installation of air compressors
for drilling will prove more economical than using steam direct, the loss of power
from the condensation of steam being much greater than the loss of power in com-
pressing the air. In order to economize still more when using air, some form of
reheater for heating the air in the supply pipes at the quarry adds considerably to
the eflBciency of pneumatic power, and is especially advantageous in the winter
time. Cold air in cold weather causes considerable trouble in freezing the supply
pipes and the valves on drills. A simple pipe coil installed in some type of fur-
nace will reheat the air satisfactorily.
The cost of quarrying varies considerably, and in this respect the Pennsylvania
manufacturers have the advantage over the majority of plants using dry raw
materials. The Pennsylvania cement rock is a soft shale, easily blasted, easily
sledged, easily handled by the steam shovel, and readily and rapidly broken in
crushing machinery. It is handled under favorable conditions in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey at a cost varying from 18 to 30c. per ton as compared with the
cost of handling the harder limestones varying from 30 to 50c. per ton. Off-
setting this advantage in some measure, however, is the comparatively high cost
of limestone required to bring the Pennsylvania cement rocks to a normal com-
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT 91
position. As mentioned above, the major part of this limestone is transported
by rail from a distance and delivered at a cost of from $0-85 to $1*25 per ton. In
recent years large plants employing limestone and shale have been built in Vir-
ginia, Indiana, Missouri and in West Virginia. Plants employing hard lime-
stone and softer clays have been built in New York, Illinois and Michigan. In
the majority of these plants the two raw materials are found in close proximity
to each other and adjacent to the factory, and the high cost of limestone is offset
by the low cost of shale, as compared with the conditions in Pennsylvania. The
underlying principle in this matter is that Pennsylvania and New Jersey deposits
are below the normal in lime and must be brought up in the mix by the addition
of limestone, while in the cases just cited the limestone is the major ingredient
and must be brought to normal figures in the mix by the addition of clay rock.
The economy in Pennsylvania plants is in handling the cement rock, while
the expensive feature is the lime rock. In the other districts the conditions are
reversed.
Reduction of Raw Materials. — The S3'stem of gradual reduction has been
adopted in all modem plants. The first reduction as in quarr3ring is through the
crusher. This is by far the cheapest part of the reduction process, and admits
of considerable development. The type of crusher imiversally employed for
hard materials is the gyratory crusher, a machine developed by American manu-
facturers, possessing considerable advantages in output and in the character of
the product over the old type of oscillating toggle joint machines. Probably the
most complete arrangement where both the materials are hard is to crush one of
them, at least, in the quarry, handling it through a system of bins and pockets
over scales. The cars containing the larger ingredient in lump form pass imder
these pockets, are weighed on the scales, and the smaller ingredient is added by
weight to form the mix. These cars are dumped into a crusher and the materials
crushed together, the smaller ingredient being in this way recrushed and thor-
oughly mixed with the larger. This crusher discharges onto an elevator or a
belt, as may prove most convenient, which carries the crushed ingredients to a
screen, the tailings being returned to the crusher or to an auxiliary crusher, the
latter probably being preferable since it can be of smaller size, and will not choke
the large machine with too much small material. This method of crushing in-
sures a uniform size of product which readily passes through the bins and chutes
and through the mill feeds.
In Fig. 2 is shown a very complete installation for crushing and separating
as described above, the tailings being returned to a smaller machine. The ele-
vator is of the continuous bucket type carried on a rubber belt. This constitutes
the most satisfactory type of elevator for raw material, especially for elevators
handling lump material to considerable heights. A system of belts handling
crushed stone from a crushing installation as described is shown in Fig. 3.
It will be observed that the belt carries the crushed stone to the top of the stone
house and deposits it in a series of tanks. These tanks discharge at the bottom
onto belt conveyors passing through an arch in the foundation and again carrying
the stone forward to the bins or to the dryers, (Fig. 4). The complete instal-
lation mentioned above handles stone entirely by mechanical means from the
93
THE MIKEHAL LNVUtiTMY.
-m'«^
aiPB KLKTATION
Fig. 2. — Crushing Plant of Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Mitchell, Ind.
MBOHA^ICAL EQUIFMENT OF PUliTLAJsJJ CMMJi.IiT 'PLANT. 98
n
94
THB MINBRAL INDV8TBT.
time it leave the quarry at a very considerable saving of labor and cost. With
such a plant the separation of the stone by screening after it leaves the crusher
is essential because large flat slabs in the mass of the material will always make
trouble by the choking of bins and chutes.
For handling the stone^ or indeed for handling any lumn material^ a belt con-
— ^Xotal length of
Fig. 3. — Belt Conveyors
veyor has proved to be by far the most satisfactory mechanical device. Its cost
is very high, but it has great eflBciency, and as all parts are visible and accessible
at all times it is easily repaired, seldom getting out of order seriously or in a
way which cannot be overhauled in the course of an hour or two. Properly in-
stalled the best types of belt conveyors will handle crushed stone up inclines as
high as 25°. By means of movable trippers the material may be deposited at any
point over large areas, or by means of fixed trippers it can be made to deposit at
any one of a series of points.
For cement machinery it is necessary that all the moving parts should be
thoroughly well constructed and of heavy type. The only difficulty which has
been experienced with belt conveyors has been due to the use of light fixtures such
as are used satisfactorily in handling grain. An equipment of this kind is poor
economy. First class belt conveyors installed in place vary in cost from about
$8 a running foot for narrow conveyors up to $25 or $30 for the large sizes, the
average cost for a 14-in. conveyor being about $10 or $11, and for a 16-in. con-
veyor from $12 to $15 per linear foot measured between centers of head and tail
pulleys. In the installation shown in Fig. 3 the overhead belt can either carry
the material forward directly to dryers or deliver it to the storage tanks as shown
on the drawing, or by means of suitable trippers a part can be carried forward to
the dryers and the remainder discharged into storage tanks.
The installation of belt conveyors for handling stone in many cases has not
been well considered. A belt conveyor necessarily wears much faster in the center
than at the sides; hence a belt that is unnecessarily wide costs more to install.
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT.
96
is too narrow receives the stone badly from the chutes and trippers, or requires
such small chutes that they are liable to choke up. It is essential in every case to
determine, first the size of belt absolutely necessary to carry the required quantity
of stone, and then to make it wide enough to handle material of the size which is
deliyered to it without choking the chutes or spilling the stone at the point
InstoUAtioaflBB' ^
jLST> Stone House.
where it is received on the belt. A 12-in. belt will carry 40 tons of stone an hour,
a 14-in. over 60 tons and a 16-in. belt will carry 75 tons or more an hour, and the
asctio^ through stone house.
Fig. 4. — Cross Section (Enlarged) of Stone House.
larger belts proportionately larger tonnage. A 16-in. belt, therefore, is large
enough to carry in 10 hours the stone required for a 10-kiln plant, and if this
stone is crushed so that it will all pass a 3-in. ring it will be handled without
and is worthless as soon as the center is worn out. On the other hand, a belt which
d6 TliB MINERAL mDU8TRT.
difficulty at the chutes. On the other hand a 12-m. belt should not be used even
for a small plant, unless the crushing is done to 2 in. or 2*5 in. size. The proper
speed for belts carrying stone is from 300 to 400 linear feet per minute. At
this speed, with properly adjusted chutes, the material will take the belt quietly
and without rolling except when the quantity delivered is very small. The best
form of chute is the wooden box made up of baffle plates discharging the stone
with the motion of the belt. In all cases where trippers are used or where the
material is discharged from one belt to another moving at right aiiglee, a dif-
ference in height of 6 or 7 ft. should be provided for satisfactory chutes. Some
excessively wide belts up to 24 and 30 in. in width have been used, but the neces-
sity for such belts is not apparent, and they cannot be put in with any due regard
for economy, either of first cost or of operation.
Grinding Raw Materials. — ^The old practice in grinding raw materials was
almost entirely by the use of mill stones similar to those used in grinding grain.
These stones were siliceous stones, largely the product of French quarries, and
generally known hs French buhr stones. Usually the material after crushing was
still further reduced, either by means of rolls or smaller crushers. After pass-
ing through the buhr stones some system of separation became necessary, and a
great variety of devices for this purpose were used. Of the diflferent types of
inclined screens some were simply screens set at an angle, others had a swinging
motion imparted mechanically, others were revolving screens. A great variety
of air separators was devised, and they are still on the market. It is an open ques-
tion whether separators of this type could not be used to a greater extent in
modem plants than they now are.
The method of grinding by buhr stones is expensive for several reasons. The
dressing of the stones requires skilled mechanics, and has to be done frequently.
Mills of this type are small units, yielding small output, and the grinding which
is done by them is not as fine as that done by the later types of machines. On
the whole, however, they were well adapted to the days when plants were small.
Their cost was not great, the loss of one mill at any time was not serious since
its output was small. It is evidently better with a small plant to have small
units than to have large ones. The loss of one mill out of a dozen makes little
diflFerence in output, but if the grinding were all done in two units, the loss of
one for repairs would cut down the output one-half.
The present practice in America runs along two lines. In one case the sys-
tem of grinding by ball and pebble mills is adopted, and in the other some type
of centrifugal mill like the Huntington or Griffin mills. By either of these sys-
tems the entire grinding can be done without auxiliary machinery ; the ball mill
will take quite large stone, and after passing the ball and pebble mills it will be
reduced to fineness suitable for calcination. Similarly, mills of the Griffin type
will take the product of a crusher and reduce it to the proper fineness without
auxiliary machinery. Most of the earlier installations of these mills were made
in this way. In later practice, however, considerable advantage has been de-
rived by a system of gradual reduction. A ball mill will dispose of stone of any
size that will pass the feed hopper. But it will grind a much larger output if the
material delivered to it is reduced to a uniform size of 2-5 in. or less. It has
MBCHANIOAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT. 97
been found that the Griffin mill practice can be very much improved by passing
material through a roll crusher or through a pair of crushers in tandem with the
separator between, and these are features of the present modem practice. It
is a question whether considerable advantage could not be obtained by a separation
at each stage of reduction, that is, after material passes the roll crusher and after
it passes the ball or Griffin mills; but no extensive practice of this kind has yet
been developed.
The first step in the reduction of raw materials is to dry them. The old buhr
stone practice would handle damp materials or even wet materials satisfactorily.
More modem mills will not do this, and it is necessary to dry them thoroughly
in the stone house. The type of dryer which is almost universally employed is
a revolving drum mounted on trunnions set at an inclination ; the drum receives
the stone at one end and discharges it at the other. The inclination of the dryer
varies from 0-5 in. to 1 ft. to 1 in. to 1 ft., and a speed of from 2 to 15 r. p. m.
In size these dryers vary from 4 ft. in diameter by 40 ft. long up to 6 ft. by 60 ft.
long. Some styles of patented dryers have a diameter greater than 6 ft., with
comparatively short length. Excluding the patented machines, the ordinary
dryer is simply a steel cylinder with T irons riveted longitudinally at intervals
of about 2 ft. around the periphery. These T irons act. as buckets to carry the
material up to the top of the dryers and discharge it through the hot gases com-
ing from the furnace at the lower end. A later type of dryer is divided into four
compartments by steel plates crossing through the center. One obvious advantage
of this dryer is the fact that it balances better and requires less horse power to
drive it than the other type. This is due to the fact that the material is dis-
tributed through four compartments instead of being carried largely on one side
of the drum. Either of these dryers answers the purpose very well. An ordi-
nary furnace is provided at the lower end with a flue bridge permitting the dried
stone to fall out either at the back or at one side. A stack for taking off the
spent gases is set at the upper end of the dryer. In the patented dryers sold by
the Cummer Co. and Ruggles-Coles Co. the furnace is located at the upper end
and the gases pass under the shell and return to a stack at the front end, both
these dryers having induced draft by means of fans. With a dryer of sufficient
size and length, nmning at slow speed, the ordinary type of dryer answers
extremely well. The 4-ft. dryer 40 ft. long will easily dry enough raw material
to make 40 bbl. of cement per hour and a 5-ft. diameter, 50-ft. dryer will easily
handle the material for 60 bbl. (Illustrations of dryers are given on page 115.)
The more thorough the drying of material, the more readily it grinds in the
modem type of mills. In either the Griffin or Huntington mills or in the
ball and pebble mills, the tendency of all damp or wet material is to ball up,
choke the screens and greatly impede the grinding. The difference in output
between thoroughly dry material and material which is only slightly damp is
quite considerable.
The ordinary method of feeding dryers is by means of a belt conveyor or a
continuous bucket elevator, receiving material generally from a crusher charged
by manual labor. This gives more or less intermittent feed, and a great im-
provement in drying and capacity is attained by running material to a suitable
98
THB MINBRAL INDUSTRY.
Bin for
material
PL'?5J*?fi'Jt!ff^ ^
TakeupPoDe^
shcfold be adjustable
horizontally wltb
rack and nlntpn^
or screw
Friction Clutch PaBey
12''face
Fig. 5. — Areanoement of Griffin Mills.
MEOHANIOAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT.
99
tank at the rear of the dryer and feeding it by some form of mechanical feed —
either a percussion type ot a revolving table under a spout — or by any simple
Bin for
ungroimd
material
.gg^n:^
n circninstances will permit Oie bottom olmain conveyor to be 6 8 belew top olmiU
fonndaOon, the cross conveyors may be omitted.and the mills discharc^S dArectly Into
fhe main conveyor by Inclined shates, formed in the foondafion, as shown above.
Fig. 6. — ^Details op Griffin Mii*l.
mechanical means that can supply a uniform feed which can be varied at will. It
ordinarily requires from 4 to 5 lb. of coal per barrel of cement to dry the stone.
Mill Layout. — In Figs. 5 and 6 is shown a typical GrifBn mill installation in
plan and elevation. These jBgures show the 30-in. mill driven at 300 r. p, m.,
fed from a suitable bin and discharging either to a conveyor directly under the
mill or by gravity to a conveyor running in front of the entire battery. These
mills are spaced 7 ft. from centers, making a very compact arrangement. The
details of the mill itself are familiar to all readers of cement literature and need
not be dwelt on here.
100
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
A new type of ball mill introduced two years ago and known as the Kominuter
is illustrated in Fig. 7. This mill differs from the ordinary type of ball mill in
having a peripheral discharge. The material is fed to it just as it is to a ball
mill through a suitable nave adjacent to the shaft at one end of the mill. It
can only get out of the mill, however, at the forward end through a series of
openings in the periphery of the shell. This makes it necessary for the material
to pass from one end of the mill to the other before it can reach the screens. In
FiQ. 7. — Kominuter Ball Mill.
mnrtral.lnLtjntiijyn}..11 ^ ^
lIhwnajiidMil>y,yoL3a
Fig. «.— Tube Mill.
the regular type of ball mill, the material passes to the screens freely at all points
of the periphery across the mill. The advantage gained by the Kominuter,
due to this difference, is that with the same output the material will necessarily
be finer ground. Passing out of the peripheral tlischarge of the Kominuter, the
ground raw material falls upon an inner screen set at an angle with the mill and
mus return over this screen to the feed end of the mill, passing in this way over
MSCHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT 101
Mineral Indtutrr. VoL XI.
Fig. 9.— Plan and Vertical Section of a 50-Ton Plant for Crushing Raw
Materials.
102
THB MINERAL INDU8TBT.
the entire screen before the coarser particles are returned. The return arms are
shown in Fig. 7. By means of these arms the material which the screens reject
is returned to the mill at the same point where the original feed enters. Ordi-
narily the Kominuter is equipped with double screens and provided with three
3
HI
3
n
1
8^*
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7^
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Fig. 10. — Arrangement of Modern Ball and Pebble Mill.
return arms. It can be arranged so that one of these return arms takes the
tailings from the inner screens and two of them take the tailings from the outer
screens, or vice versa. Or the inner screens can be entirely omitted and all three
return arms used to return the tailings from the outer screens. A large number
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT 108
of these machines have been sold for cement plants within the last two years. As
now built they are the largest mills of this character on the market^ carrying
40 to 50% more balls than the largest type of regular ball mill.
In Fig. 8 is shown a section of the tube mill made by F. L. Smidth ft Co., the
same firm that manufactures the Eominuter. This particular tube mill also has
a peripheral discharge. The principle of this mill, and, in fact, all of them, ia
simply the grinding of material by means of attrition with a large body of flint
pebbles, reducing the material between the pebbles and in contact with the lining.
Kfl*
in
n
t
Feeder
1
fl
^-«H»i— j»'
^ijS
17
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KiBMml Indortfy, YoL XI
Fig. 11. — Arrangement of Modern Ball and Pebble Mill.
The pebbles are the well-known Iceland flint pebbles, and the lining is silex
blocks cemented to the shell.
For simplicity of construction, ease of repairs, regularity and quality of out-
put, the pebble mills commend themselves especially for the manufacture of
Portland cement. Outside of the feed devices the mechanical parts are extremely
few and a lining well put in will last from one to three years. It takes about
80 H. P. to drive a mill of this type which will yield ordinarily between 15 and
20 bbl. per hour either of raw material or clinker.
104
THK MINERAL INDUSTRY.
A complete installation of Kominuters and pebble mills with their feed boxes
and the main conveyor systems to carry away the product is shown in Fig. 9.
This plan shows a battery of six Kominuters making first reduction of material
for a battery of six tube mills. In both batteries there are two large pulleys on
the line shaft and two small ones. The middle and the long drive mills are driven
direct from the line shaft, while the short drive mill is driven from the counter
shaft of the long drive mill. All the pulleys on the line shaft are plain pulleys.
Each mill shaft is provided with a clutch cut-off coupling making it possible to
throw out any mill without shutting down the line shaft or disturbing operations
in any of the other mills.
In Figs. 10 to 13 are shown typical layouts of ball and pebble mills as used in
recent modem plants, with their drives from the line shaft of the mill. The
illustrations do not require any detailed explanation.
I I U U MMtml iBdortfy, Vol XI
Fio. 12. — Arranoement of Modern Ball and Pebble Mill.
In all grinding of dry raw material, the finer the grinding the better the
product. This is axiomatic, but it has a practical bearing from the fact that the
finer the raw material is ground, the smaller the clinker and the easier it is to
grind. There is a practicable limit to all things, however, and it is found that
a fineness of 80% passing through a 200-mesh sieve will give an entirely satis-
factory products in both respects, that is, the cement will be homogeneous, and
the clinker will be small and readily ground.
Kiln Practice, — For dry materials two types of kilns are used. One the
cylindrical kiln of uniform diameter, the other, the taper kiln reduced in diam-
eter at the chimney end. The general arrangement of the second type is shown
in Figs. 14 and 15. This kiln has a diameter of 60 in. at the chimney end and
66 in. at the discharge end and a length of 60 ft. It is supported on trunnions on
MECHAmCAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT. lOS
two points^ is turned by a train of gears, uses powdered coal and cools the clinker
by an air blast in a suitable cooler. The inclination of the kiln is 075 in. to 1 ft.
It may be regarded as a standard kiln for dry raw materials. A large number of
kilns having the same general arrangement are in use in the Lehigh Valley in
Pennsylvania. The arrangement in plan is shown in Fig. 14, which illustrates
a group of four kilns. The cylindrical kiln, which has met with most favor, is
72 in. outside diameter, 60 ft. long, supported at two points on trunnions and is
revolved by a train of gears. This kiln is more readily lined than the other kiln
and seems to give about as satisfactory results, but theoretically the taper kiln
should give greater fuel economy. A cylindrical kiln in plan and elevation is
shown in Figs. 16 and 17.
Kilns both longer and shorter than the kilns described have been used. Within
recent years new kilns have been built having a length of 45* ft., and in a new
PatureMUl R3
RO
R8
^i^
Rl
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R5
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U
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H
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Fig. 13. — Arrangement of Modern Ball and Pebble Mill.
plant erected in New Jersey, kilns 10 ft. in diameter by 130 ft., long have been
put up. The advantages in yield, however, are not apparent. With the short
kiln the economy of coal must be lacking, since it is necessary to maintain a
very high heat in order to make the clinker in the limited length. With a very
large unit such as a 10-ft. kiln 130 ft. long, mentioned above, the length is un-
necessarily great, requiring an unnecessary amount of power to drive the kiln
and the unit is too large in any case except, perhaps, in a plant of extraordinary
size.
In the standard kilns burning powdered coal the consumption of coal per barrel
of cement is variously given by different parties from 80 lb. of coal per barrel
of cement up to 140 lb., a fair mean performance being about 110 lb. The finer
th^ coal is ground, the more effective it is in the kilns, and in general the larger
108
THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
Figs. 16 and 17. — Cylindrical
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT. 109
Kiln (Plan and Elevation).
110
TEE MINERAL INDXraTRT,
Oveijflow Casting.
To b ) placed when
ooo ler is erected,
to I lait buildlxig.
6 addmonal
com]
aimllar to
this one.
ipartmentB >»s„^^
Ail' Inlet
©■- 1;— O. 0 0 ,V
\Q 0 ^»T.:h::^v 9 P--*^
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II
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ELEVATION. .
mvM^^^^y:^-^ ://////////M/////M\
Fig. 18. — Clinkeb Cooler,
^.VlBKml IiidMl«2,T«LZr^
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT. Ill
the output the smaller the coal consumption. A 6-ft. kiln will yield in cement
from 7 to 10 bbl. of clinker per hour, 8-5 bbl. being a very good average per-
formance.
The most diflScult problem in rotary kiln practice has been the handling of the
clinker. A great variety of devices have been experimented with for this pur-
pose. In nearly all plants it is customary now to wet the clinker by a water
spray to reduce the temperature, and to complete the cooling by means of an air
blast blown through the clinker in a suitably constructed tower. In Figs. 18 and
19 is shown a clinker cooler tower of this type. By referring to Fig. 14 a tower of
this kind will be seen as a part of the general arrangement of the kiln building.
A bucket elevator carries the hot clinker to the top of the clinker cooler tower. In
the tower the height of the clinker is maintained up to or above the top of the air
FSJLSL
Fig. 19. — Clinker Cooler.
blast pipe. The air in the pipe is discharged under the mantles shown in Fig. 19>
and passes freely to the clinker between the mantles and the shell of the tower.
The hot clinker deposited at the top of the tower is discharged at the bottom, and
all of it must thus pass from the top to the bottom with a continuous blast of air
passing through it. A cooler tower such as is shown in the illustration will
readily cool 500 bbl. per day of water-sprayed clinker to 97 °F. or below. It is
probably the most effective and most satisfactory device which has been used
for this purpose. The tower has a suitable overflow at the top so that the hot
clinker can be carried to some suitable point in case the cooler is overcharged.
The material at the bottom can either be drawn from side outlets or from bottom
outleis discharging on a belt conveyor.
lia THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
A tower of this description will cool the clinker so that it can be readily and
safely handled and ground. The fact has developed incidentally, however, that
clinker which has been thoroughly cooled during a period of fcom 1 to 10 days
grinds much more readily than the clinker discharged from a cooler at 97**F.
within 6 or 8 hours after it has left the kilns. This fact has developed by reason
of the occasional necessity for accumulating clinker due to the breakdowns in
clinker mills, or for any reason which has made it impracticable to grind the
clinker at once. In several recent plants, therefore, advantage is being taken of
this fact, and, instead of running the clinker direct from the coolers to the mill,
it is carried first to a suitable building where it can be stored and seasoned. It
is found that clinker treated in this way will grind from 20 to 50% more rapidly
in ball and pebble mills than fresh clinker. If this claim is established, it will
evidently justify large expenditures for clinker storage facilities. The cost of
the clinker storage building might be even greater than the cost of the mills
required to grind the hard, fresh clinker, but as it would take very little power to
operate a clinker storage building as compared with a large amount of power to
operate mills, the clinker storage system more than justifies itself. Hard burnt,
fresh clinker will often scratch glass, and is extremely hard to break up. Well
sprayed with water and stored for some days it breaks up very readily, and has
lost a good deal of the sharp cutting quality of fresh clinker.
Wet Raw Materials, — The handling, grinding and burning of wet raw ma-
terials dififers in many important particulars from similar operations with dry
raw materials. After passing the kilns, however, the processes are essentially
the same and can be treated under one heading. For this reason the present
article deals briefly with wet raw materials under the present heading up to the
time they are clinkered.
It cannot be said that any practice has been established in the handling of wet
raw materials. The reason for this arises from the great diversity in the charac-
ter of these wet raw materials. In some cases the lime and clay rocks are both
soft, homogeneous materials, free from sand, shells or any hard particles. Such
conditions are, however, comparatively rare in this country, the majority of the
wet raw materials containing either shells, sand or some form of gritty material
which must be reduced as well as mixed. In the first case a simple mixture is
required which can be accomplished in some form of wash mill or tank in which
the two materials can be stirred together in the presence of a proper quantity of
water. In the other cases it is necessary to do more or less wet grinding. Owing
to the presence of the water, this wet grinding is difficult to accomplish. An
ordinary pebble mill will not do it because the pebbles lose so much in gravity
by being immersed in water. Steel balls have been substituted for pebbles with
a satisfactory result. In each particular case, however, the problem has to be
solved to suit the materials. The aim of all plants manufacturing Portland
cement from wet raw materials is to get them into a homogeneous mixture, finely
ground, and with a minimum of water.
XJndoubt-edly, when materials can be brought to a finely divided state, and to
an intimate mixture in the presence of water, no better mix of Portland cement
could be desired. But the practical difficulties of doing this, with a very large
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF POBTLAND CEMENT PLANT, 113
proportion of the raw materials available, are considerable, and in several recent
plants the effort has been made to use wet materials by the dry way. This, of
course, makes expensive drying, but as the fuel costs in the kilns is greatly re-
duced, and the yield considerably increased the proposition has these points in
its favor. A wet mix will ordinarily contain 60 to 65% of water, which means
that 1,500 to 1,600 lb. of material must be introduced into the kiln to yield 380 lb.
of clinker. This constitutes the great disadvantage of the wet way for the rotary
kiln practice. Evidently the lower the percentage of water the less the fuel con-
sumed in the kilns and the larger the kiln output, so that no effort has been
spared to devise means of keeping the percentage of water as low as possible. It
is claimed that it haa been successfully reduced to 40%, but this statement does
not seem to be well established.
Operating entirely by the wet way the most successful recent results in rotary
kilns have been obtained by increasing the length of the kilns. A kiln 60
ft. long, using dry raw materials will readily produce 200 bbl. of clinker per
day with a fuel consumption of 120 lb. per barrel. Operating on wet raw ma-
terials perhaps 100 bbl. per day with a fuel consumption exceeding 200 lb. of
coal per bbl. In later construction, however, kilns using wet materials have
been extended to 100 and even to 110 ft. in length with excellent results.
It is claimed that the output has been increased to 150 bbl. per day for a 6-ft.
kiln and sometimes more, and the fuel consumption has been reduced 33%.
In the rotary kiln installations in Germany in recent years, the practice has all
followed these lines. The kilns have been 24 to 32 m. in length with a diameter
of 2 m. The resultant economy claimed is very considerable.
Orinding Clinker, — Clinker grinding in American practice follows the same
lines as the grinding of raw materials. The reduction is performed either by
some form of centrifugal mill with auxiliary crushing machinery ahead of it or
by ball and pebble mills in battery. In either case the output per grinding unit
is about the same as on raw materials, but the wear and tear on machinery is
much greater. The attrition of fresh burnt clinker on either wearing or bearing
.surfaces is almost equal to emery. Girder plates of ball mills, linings of pebble
mills, gudgeons of conveyors and other wearing parts last only from one-third to
one-half as long as similar parts in raw material mills. Hence for repairs and
renewals it is necessary to have more spare mills and more repair parts in stock.
As indicated above in discussing kiln practice, these conditions, however, are con-
siderably ameliorated when seasoned clinker can be used. Portland cement,
whether in powder or in clinker, is a sensitive chemical compound, reacting with
moisture or water to form new and more stable compounds. The effect of water
on clinker is necessarily much less than on cement in powder as it is superficial.
But as the clinker is porous and spongy, the water and moisture do attack surfaces
throughout the mass, and in the course of a week or more the clinker becomes
brittle and friable and loses much of its sharp cutting qualities. The result of
such treatment is therefore much to the advantage of clinker mills both in output
and repairs. Under any conditions clinker grinding is diflRcult and expensive,
perhaps the most difficult and the most expensive reduction required in any manu-
facturing process. The tendency of recent specifications has been to increase
114 THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
steadily the expense of this feature of cement manufacturing. Tlie standard
fineness for Portland cement was formerly 95% passing a 50-mesh sieve or 85%
passing a lOO-nies^h sieve. Tliis represents good practice abroad to-day. But
in American specifications the tendency has been to push these requirements for
lineness up to 1)0%, 92%, and even in a few instances to 95% passing a 100-
mesh sieve. Tie practical advantages of this excessive fineness are not apparent,
while the increased cost of manufacturing both in power, equipment required
and repairs are considerable. It is true that the material rejected by a 50-mesh
screen is probably inert, and so is a part of that rejected by the lOO-mesh. But
as it has been repeatedly demonstrated that 35% or 40% of absolutely inert
material such as sand, ragstone, cinders or limestone can be ground with cement
with comparatively small effect to its strength or its capacity to carry sand in
mortars, the argument for excessive fineness is weak. In speed it is the last knot,
or the last mile per hour which costs in power, and a limit may be reached which
can only be surpassed at a cost which is prohibitive. Precisely the same thing
occurs in grinding. The difference in output between a mill grinding 88% fine,
and one grinding 95% fine is often 100%. And for any specification requiring
over 90% fine it becomes necessary for the manufacturer to consider carefully
ways and means of accomplishing the result. The readiest expedient is to raise
the percentage of lime in the cement. The higher the content of lime in a
cement mix the more refractory it is in the kiln. A high lime clinker is, there-
fore, softer, less vitrified, less "clinkered," in fact, than a lower lime clinker,
and it is in consequence more readily ground. Within limits such clinker pro-
duces satisfactory cement for most purposes. Yet while each increase in the con-
tent of lime renders the clinker so much easier to grind, it must be borne in mind
that the cement is so much higher in tensile strength, so much slower in set, so
much nearer the limit where unsoundness may be manifested sooner or later.
Mechanical separation, either by screens or by air, suggests itself as a remedy,
but it seems to be a fact that rotary kiln clinker does not lend itself readily to such
treatment. At all events no considerable practice has developed along these lines,
and cement grinding is for the most part simple mechanical reduction, as here
indicated.
Coal Orinding, — Coal for cement kilns must be gas coal having over 30%
volatile matter. The high grade steam coals with low volatile matter and hi^
percentage of fixed carbon do not ignite readily enough and burn too far back
in the kiln. It is claimed that a homogeneous mixture of gas coal and steam coal
will give good results, and this is quite possible. The portion of gas coal igniting
freely should bum the steam coal with it, and perhaps even with advantage over
gas coal alone. The point is, however, that the presence of high-grade gas coal
is always dangerous, as it is subject to spontaneous combustion. By slow oxida-
tion it gradually becomes heated until it smoulders or bursts into flames. In a
finely powdered condition this tendency is much more marked than in the lump
coal. Spontaneous combustion results very readily, and more or less fire in the
coal mill and storage tanks is to be expected, must be provided for and the neces-
sary precautions must always be in evidence to handle the coal without dan-
ger. These precautions are based on one important fact, namely, that while
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT 115
combustion is readily started in powdered coal, flame or explosion requires free
access of air. When suspended as dust in air either in a building or in a tank,
powdered coal can explode with results similar to dynamite. When in a stream
blown into the air, a spark will cause it to burst into flame, or if air is blown into
the smouldering mass, flame will quickly result and perhaps explosion. Without
free access of air powdered coal only smoulders, and is not an object of danger.
The necessary precautions to be taken in handling powdered coal may be
stated as follows: 1. No torch, lantern, arc light or electric motor should ever
be allowed in the coal mill when in operation. 2. From the time grinding begins
imtil the powdered coal is fed to the kilns it should always be kept from free
access of air. Elevator legs, conveyors and tanks should be closed in metal boxes.
3. In feeding the kilns the minimum quantity of air required to carry the coal
should be used, and the blast device should put no back pressure of air upon
storage tanks. With these precautions flame or explosion should be impossible,
and the smouldering fires which will occur can be readily subdued.
As in handling raw materials, coal must first be dried, and for this purpose
Fig. 20. — Cummer Dryeb.
a special dryer is required. The patented Cummer dryer shown in Fig. 20,
answers very well. A type of drj'er which has been much used is shown in Fig.
21. This dryer is a revolving steel shell, and the products of combustion from
the furnace pass under the shell and return around it. The discharge end of the
dryer is either left open or can be hooded. Owing to the inflammable nature of
the material in the dryer, it is desirable to have at hand a bag of common salt and
several packages of sodium carbonate. These compounds thrown on the fire will
generate gases which will smother flames.
The first step in grinding is usually to break the lumps by a toothed roll
cracker, then reduce it further by roll crusher, and finish in Griflfin or pebble
mills. A ball mill with coarse screens or with outer screens omitted can be used
in place of a roll crusher, and has large capacity. A general plan of the machinery
used in the coal grinding building is shown in Fig. 22.
It follows from what has been said concerning the inflammability of coal, that
no method of wind separation should be used. It provides exactly the conditions
most favorable to explosion. A disastrous explosion of this kind occurred in
116
THB MINERAL INDUSTBT.
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT. 117
118
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
1903 at a plant in New Jersey where a system of air separation had been in-
stalled.
Packing and Shipping. — ^When ground from clinker which is entirely cold,
cement powder on leaving the mills has a temperature between 125° and 160°F.
The increase above normal atmospheric temperature is due entirely to the fric-
tion of the grinding process. If the clinker is not cold, the cement powder leaves
the mills at still higher temperatures. The problem of storing cement in bulk
so as to remove this heat has received a great deal of attention with very small
results. If it could be accomplished a considerable advantage to the product
would result. Cement in bulk undoubtedlv does season and cool somewhat, but
in masses of 1^000 bbl. and upward the process is slow. The best opinion^ there-
j^
FLAN.
Fig. 21. — Coal Dryer.
Mtnmi lndB<tiy, VoLP
fore, favors seasoning the clinker, rather than the cement, and this feature is re-
ceiving the most attention.
The heat of the cement, its avidity for water and its weight prove destructive
to barrels, and no material is harder on this kind of package. The present stand-
ard cement barrel has 28 5 in. cylinder, sawed staves 0*4375 (■^) in. thick
sawed with 0-625 (f ) in. bilge. The head is 16 in. in diameter and 05 in. thick.
Eight elm hoops are usually used, though for heavy service two more hoops are
added of metal or elm. Such a barrel weighs from 20 to 24 lb.
The ordinary cement stock house is a hot and dusty place. Barrel packing is
done mechanically by a variety of machines, all on the principle of a revolving
nave pressing the cement into place as it issues from the bin. Bag packing, which
MEOHANICAL BqUIPMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT. 119
is by far the largest in amount, is done by a spout from a bin. The spout is
equipped with a suitable slide, and the bags set on a pair of sculls.
A variety of automatic bag packing machines are on the market. Their value
is not yet proven nor have mechanical means for handling the cement in bins
found mudi favor. DiflFerent types of timnels, cross conveyors, self-emptying
tanks, etc., have been worked out on paper, but the cement stock house to-day is
almost everywhere a cellular system of bins, each holding from 1,000 to 2,000 bbl.
of cement. Packing rooms are located at the center, at the ends or at both points
and conveyors in the floor of passages or aisles along the front of the bins carry
the cement from bins to packing rooms. Shovels, hoes and wheelbarrows are the
implements used to get the cement from the bins into the conveyors. The rea-
son that cement is not handled here mechanically is that the increased cost of a
stock house thus equipped is not justified by the saving eflFected in handling.
The first cost of extensive conveyor systems with tunnels, etc., is great, and the
repairs and renewals are a serious item.
In conclusion it may be said that American practice has dealt fairly well with
tiie problems encountered between the quarries and the stock house. Between the
point of origin and the point of shipment, large output and a minimum of labor
are the rule, which features are the essential ones for success in any manufacture
under American conditions. It is possible that quarry and stock house work
may later be successfully developed along the same lines. In the meantime it
may be conceded that no industry could grow twenty fold in eight years without a
correct method, nor could an industry advance in this short time from compara-
tive insignificance to the first place among the nations of the world without genius
to guide its development.
CHROMIUM AND CHROME ORE.
Bt Joseph Stbuthsbs and Henry Fisher.
The output of domestic chrome ore in the United States is but a small frac-
tion of the total consumption, the great bulk of which is supplied from Turkey.
While chromite occurs in California and North Carolina, the combined cost of
mining, treatment and transportation to Eastern chemical works is greater than
the cost of the ore abroad plus the ocean freight to the seaboard works, and as
tfiere is no duty on the ore, the development of the mines in the United States
is necessarily hindered. During 1902 the chrome ore mines in California con-
tributed the entire domestic output of 315 long tons, valued at $4,725, as com-
pared with 498 long tons, valued at $7,740 in 1901. The value of chrome ore
varies with the content of CrjOg and silica. The standard ore is 50% CrjO,,
and the price is increased from 75c. to $1 per long ton for every unit of Cr,Oj
above 50. While no fixed premium or penalty is given for the silica content,
ores contAining small quantities of this component command higher prices. The
average price of the domestic chrome ore sold during 1902 averaged $15 per
long ton. The imports of chrome ore during 1902 amounted to 39,570 long tons,
valued at $582,597, as compared with 20,112 long tons, valued at $363,108 in
1901.
Despite the increased use of ferrotitanium and ferrotungsten for purposes
previously filled by ferrochromium, the production of the last-named alloy
showed no decrease during 1902 as compared with 1901, the Willson Aluminum
Co., with mills at Kanawha Falls, W. Va., and Holcombs Rock, Va., reporting an
output of 1,200 long tons of ferrochromium for each year. There has been no
radical change in the technology of dirome ore and chromium compounds during
the past year (details of which are given in The Minebal Industry, Vols. IX.
and X.), although the use of chrome-steel rails is noteworthy. The Penn-
sylvania Railroad is experimenting with chrome-steel rails at a portion of the
road subjected to the extreme service of heavy trains and sharp curves. The
alloy used in the manufacture of the rails consists of Cr 50% and Ti 7%, and
the percentage of chromium in the finished rail is said to be within the limits
of 0-75% and 1%. The Baltimore Chrome Works has been reported sold for
$1,000,000 to the Kalion Chemical Co., of Philadelphia. This company supplies*
CHROMIUM AND CHROME ORE.
121
the greater part of the potassium chromate and bichromate salts used in tanning
and dyeing in the United States, its output being manufactured from ore im-
ported from Turkey.
PRODUCTION, IMPORTS AND CONSUMPTION OF CHROME ORE IN THE UNITED STATES.
Production.
Imports.
Consumption.
TCAT.
Quantity.
Lonic Tons.
Value
P©pTon.
Value.
Quantity.
Long Tons.
Value
Pep Ton.
Value.
Quantity.
Long Tons.
Value.
1808
100
100
498
815
$10-00
1000
NU.
16-54
16-00
$1,000
1.000
NU.
7,740
4,7»
16,804
16,798
17,648
90,118
89,670
$16-70
18-08
17-89
18-06
14-78
$878,284
884,885
806,001
888,108
688,697
16,404
16,806
17,548
90,480
89,886
$878,884
%,886
806,001
868,898
687,88;}
1808
1900.
1901
1908
California. — ^The production of chrome ore in California during 1902 was
315 long tons, valued at the mine at $4,725, as Compared with 498 long tons
($7,740) in 1901. In both years the material was sold in the crude condition.
The entire output during 1902 was derived from the Shotgun Creek mine at
Sims, Shasta County. Other chrome ore mines are : Evans & Dougherty, Duns-
muir, Siskiyou County ; Black Diamond, Glenn County ; San Luis Chrome Con-
centrating Works, San Luis Obispo County; Tehama Consolidated Chrome Co.,
Tehama County; Mendenhall, Alameda County; and the San Francisco and
San Joaquin Coal Co. The Shotgun Creek is favorably located adjacent to the
railroad ; the other mines were inoperative during 1902 as the additional cost of
haulage to the railroads did not admit of profitable working.
THE world's PBfODUOTION OF CHROME
ORE. (a) (in
METRIC
TONS.)
Tear.
Bosnia.
Canada.
Oraeoe.
New .
Caledonia
(6)
New-
found-
land.
New •
South
Wales.
Norway.
Russia.
Turkey.
(6)
United
States.
1897
1888
1880
1900
1901
806
466
900
100
(c)
8,808
1.888
1,796
8118
1,189
668
1,867
4,886
6,600
4,580
9,064
14,800
12,480
10,474
17,451
667
717
NO,
Nil.
8.488
8,146
6,887
8,888
8,088
Nil.
NU.
41
166
(c)
18,488
16,467
11,561
e 9,749
/ 40,978
168
108
108
Nil.
506
(a) From the official statistics of the respect! to countries, except for the United States, which are our own
(b) Exports. <c) Statistics not yet published, (d) Exports from Salonioa and Smyrna, (e) Esroorts from
Balonica and KossoTa (/) Exports from European and Asiatic provinces.
Canada. — The production of chrome ore during 1902 — ^reported as exports
during that year — amounted to 816 metric tons, valued at $12,400, as compared
with 1,159 metric tons, valued at $16,744 during 1901. The deposits of chrome
ore in Coleraine, Province of Quebec, continue to' furnish most of the product,
one small mine being worked for crude ore, and another for supplying a concen-
trating mill. According to Mr. J. Obalski, 900 long tons of high-grade ma-
terial, valued at $13,500, were shipped, of which 550 tons were in lumps and
350 tons in concentrated form. A reorganization of the two companies owning
concentrating mills has taken place. The success of the Wilfley table has led
to its adoption in preference to jigs. The usual jigging or other gravity method
of separation has been combined with magnetic concentration which has resulted
in raising the quantity of chromium oxide in the concentrates several per cent,
above the results obtained from either process alone, and as 50% Cr^Oa is in most
122 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
cases the critical commercial point, the extra expense of the combined method
of treatment will doubtless be more than offset by the increased values obtained.
There was no production of chronie ore in Newfoundland during 1901. A
quantity of 83 tons of ferrochromium was shipped from Buckingham, where
this product is manufactured.
Greece. — The production of chrome ore in Greece in 1902 amounted to 11,680
metric tons, valued at $140,160, as compared with 4,580 metric ton», valued at
$47,770 in 1901. The chrome ore exported from the magnesia district in 1902
amounted to 10,750 tons, valued at $40,310, as compared with 4,750 tons, valued
at $16,310 in 1901.
New Caledonia. — The production of chrome ore in 1902 was 10,281 metric
tons (value not stated), as compared with 17,451 metric tons, valued at
$189,200 in 1901. At Baige N'go where the greater bulk of the New Caledonian
chrome ore has been mined of late years, some of the mines have been closed on
account of the poorness of the ore, and the production of the remaining mines
has been considerably reduced. One or two mines have been opened recently at
Nehoue in the Qomen district on the northwest coast, from which good results
are expected. A combination of chrome interests among important chrome mine
owners is projected, and should it take place an increased output of this ore may
be expected in the near future. The mines in question are far in the interior,
and the cost of transportation is large. Two French mining companies owning
about 40,000 hectares (1 hectare=2-471 acres) have combined to form the
Soci6t6 de Chrome, capitalized at 3,800,000 fr. The company is developing
three mines, one in the South Bay, the second in Plum, and the third on Mt.
Thi6baghi. The ores contain from 50 to 56% Cr^Os. The deposit at Thi6-
baghi is leased to another company, which contracts to mine a minimum of
10,000 tons, and to pay a royalty of 15 fr. per ton. The mines on the South
Bay are said to be especially rich. A railroad is projected to connect the South
Bay with the best port of New Caledonia. A large quantity of ore has already
been obtained from the Plum mine, and when the necessary arrangements have
been made, it will undoubtedly continue to yield a large output. Unsorted
chrome ore is worth from 45 to 50 f r. per ton at the mine, and from 54 to 56 fr.
at the port of Noumea. A premium of 2-5 fr. per ton is allowed for each unit
of CrjOg above 50%.
New South Wales. — The exports of chrome ore from New South Wales during
1902 were valued at £1,740, a large decrease when compared with 2,483 long tons,
valued at £7,774 in 1901 ; almost the entire output was mined at Qobarralong.
At the chromite deposit at Bowling Alley Point in the Nundle division, the
ore occurs in pockets in serpentine and is similar in characteristics to the Qun-
dagai ore. A few tons which were assayed at Sydney were reported to contain
47% CrjOg. The great distance of the deposit from the railway rendered the
profitable treatment of the ore ver}' uncertain, although if a proper method of
ore concentration were installed the deposit might be operated successfully.
New Zealand. — The exports of chrome ore produced by the miners near Croix-
elles Harbor, during 1900 amounted to 28 tons, valued at $550; there was no
production in 1901.
CHROMIUM AND CHROME ORE,
123
Norway. — The most important deposits of chromium ore are at Boros, but
during 1901 the mines suffered from a strike which lasted from March until
the close of the year.
Turkey. — The exports of chrome ore from Turkey from March 14, 1901, to
March 13, 1902 (Turkish year 1317), were 38,752 tons, as compared with
40,972 tons for the previous year. Of this total the European provinces
Salonica, Kossovo, and Monastir produced 11,650 tons, and the Asia Minor
provinces Aidin, Konia, Adana, Angora, Broussa, and Daghardi produced 27,102
tons. The principal ore deposits are near Salonica, Broussa and Maori. A rich
deposit which has not been exploited exists at Denislie, the ore assaying 56%
CrgOg. The Broussa mines have been developed recently, most of the output
being shipped to the United States. The Daghardi mine, which has a yearly out-
put of from 12,000 to 15,000 tons of from 51 to 55% chrome ore, exports about
two-thirds of its output to the United Kingdom, the balance being divided about
equally between America and Germany. The entire output of the Cozbelen mine
is exported to the United Kingdom. There are three chrome mines in the
Province of Broussa, the Anteram, Cozlondja, and Miran, which together produce
from 6,000 to 7,000 tons of ore annually. The concessions from these three
mines, as well as the Cozbelen and Bozbelen mine, are held by the English firm
of Paterson & Co., at Smyrna. The Bozbelen mine exports about 1,500 tons of
ore yearly. The Turkish Government taxes chrome ore 20% and imposes a
customs charge of 1%. The total cost at the coast is $8-75 for Macri ore, and
$11*74 for Broussa ore. For the past two ^-ears the Government has granted no
new mining concessions, and permits the shipment of only 2,000 tons of ore from
a new mine ; when this quantity of ore has been mined a new permit to continue
working must be obtained.
Technology.
For notes on methods of analysis and former German practice in the manu-
facture of ferrochromium and chrome steel, and alloys of chromium with iron
and steel, reference should be made to The Mineral Industry, Vols VIII.,
IX., and X.
Composition of Metallic Chromium. — The specimens of chromium prepared
by the alumino-thermic method when examined by T. Doring* gave, the follow-
ing analyses : —
Cbromlum.
Iron.
Aluminum.
Silicon.
97^41
97-96
98*97
100
1-90
016
012
0-21
%
0-78
0-69
0-86
These samples, containing also varying quantities of Mn, S, As, P, and CrjO,,
were soluble in concentrated HCl with evolution of hydrogen, also in dilute
acid when the solution was heated, the action being most rapid with the sample
containing the largest quantity of impurities. The CrClg first produced was
changed to CrCl.,, the reaction being complete when the temperature of the
> Journal fver prnkttMche Chemie, 66, 14 and 15, 1902.
124 TBE MINERAL tNLUSTRT.
solution reached 20°C., but was incomplete at 100° C. This change is due to
the catalytic action of SiOj, produced by the solution of the silicon contained in
the chromium, in the presence of HCl, and does not take place when the acid
is absent.
Duty on Ferrochrome. — ^According to a decision of the Board of General Ap-
praisers ferrochromium is dutiable at the rate of $4 per ton by its similitude to
ferromanganese, and is not dutiable as a metal unwrought.
Chrome Solutions for Tanning Leather. — Chromium compounds* for tanning
leather were used as early as 1856, but early experiments were not successful
as the tannage was not permanent. The discovery of sodium thiosulphate to
make the tanning permanent was due to W. Zahn who patented his process in the
United States on June 28, 1888. The process consists in dipping the skin in a
solution of a chromium salt, acidified with HCl, and then into a solution of
NajSjOg or NaHSOa acidified with HCl or H^SO^. For tanning 100 lb. of
ekin, 4 to 6 lb. K^Crfi^, 2-5 to 4-5 lb. HCl, 8 to 10 lb. NajS^O, and 0 to 15 lb.
H2SO4 are required. A number of electric proceases for tanning skins with
chromium salts have been patented in the United States.
The Use of Hydrazine Sulphate in Analytical Methods. — ^W. Herz* recom-
mends the Upse of hydrazine sulphate in the estimation of chromates. On adding
an excess of solid hydrazine sulphate and gently warming, the chromate is re-
duced in a few minutes, and on the addition of ammonia the chromium is pre-
cipitated as chromium hydrate.
The Allgemeine Therm itgesellschaft at Essen, using the Qoldschmidt process,
manufactures carbon-free chromium containing from 98 to 99% Cr, which i?
utilized in steel works to make hardened tool steel, of a chromium content amount-
ing to from 5 to 7% ; occasionally tungsten also is added. Carbon-free chro-
mium is extensively used also for making chrome steel of a smaller chromium con-
tent to be utilized chiefly in the manufacture of cannon, locomotive bolts and
rivets.
* Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol X., Fart IV., p. 68a
• Berii^U, as, 4, 940.
CLAY.
The production of clay products in the United States during 1901 increased
considerably over the output of the preceding year, the aggregate value being
$87,747,727, as compared with $78,704,678 in 1900. The value of the output in
1902 probably showed little, if any, gain, although complete statistics are not
available at this time. The chief cause of the increased output in 1901 was the
great prosperity in the building trades, which was reflected in the very large in-
crease in the production of building brick. The drain tile trade, however, suffered
materially from the drought in the central West. At the beginning of the season
the demand was so great that almost a brick famine resulted in many places,
manufacturers frequently being compelled to refuse further orders. Despite the
increased demand for bricks lower prices ruled, which resulted ultimately to the
benefit of the trade, as thereby considerable competition was prevented, both for
the present and for the future. The number of firms reporting brick and tile
products during 1901 was 6,887.
The production of clay and clay materials in the United States is summarized
in the following table, which is compiled from statistics collected by the United
States (jeological Survey : —
PBODUOTIOiT OP BRICK AND CLAY WARES IN 1900 AND 1901.
Kilid
Oonunon britA ...••■..
Front brick
Fire brick (a)
PaTingAiulyltrffled brick
Other day btiJklioK material (b). .
Sewer pipe and drain tile.
Crude day, stoneware and misc. manTres (c)
Totals.
1900.
No. of M. Value. Per M.
7,600,868
465,771
878,886
784,870
$89,195,918
4.601,686
6,888,868
6,608,448
5,680,869
6 8,560,000
6 8,600,000
178,704,078
%
0-00
16-64
8-97
190t
No.ofM. Value. PsrM.
8,088,979
415,448
(/)
145,506,066
4,790,787
9,870,481
5,494,184
6«786,909
15,448,890
187,747,787
(a) Not including silica brick, (b) Including terra ootta lumber, hollow building tOe or blocks, roofing tile,
floor tDe and all oCImt clay building material, (c) Including the Taiue of common stoneware and Tarious mls-
oeUaneoas day manufactures and crude clay used in pottery, for laying fire brick, in paper making, as burnt
day raflway ballast, for the manufacture of gas retorts, glass pots, sine retorts, etc. (e) Estimated. (/) In-
dnded under crude day, etc.
The collection of these statistics is attended vnth many difficulties. In no
other branch of the mineral industry except that of stone is the number of pro-
ducers so large and so widely distributed. Most of them operate on a small
scale, and as but little outlay of time and capital is required to open a brickyard.
1^6
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
PRODUCTION OF BRICK AND CLAY BUILDING MATERIAL IN THE UNITED STATES IN
1900. (in THOUSANDS.)
States.
Quantity. Value.
Arizona (e>...
Arkansas....
Cailfomia(e)
Colorado
Conneotknit .
Delaware ...
Diat. of Columbia
Florida.
Georgia
Idaho...
UUnols.
Indiana.
Indliuk Territory..
Iowa
Kansas (e)
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine ....
Maryland.
Building Brick.
Common.
Michigan...
Minnesota. .
Mississippi.
Missouri....
Montana.
Nebraska.
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North OaroUna..
North Dakota...
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania. . . .
Rhode UlandCe)..
South Carolina. .
South Dakota...
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia. . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Totals.
60,700
10,000
46,000
180,000
48,680
141,881
18,060
90,000
86,180
109,048
18,107
476,860
898,820
4,000
844,804
60,000
188,041
1144M
116,000
888,517
a0^416
804,061
811,r"
48,104
886,000
48,018
108,618
68,484
866,047
8,000
1,180,000
108,060
48,106
688,949
18,681
14,788
797,681
40,000
148,887
16,886
186,768
141,840
40,906
48,867
77,898
61,884
88,018
188,727
eSOO
Quantity. Value.
7,&00.868
9894,060
70,000
881,860
660,000
816,080
709,408
87,019
760,000
810,000
977,960
189,804
8,681,817
8,186,874
80,000
1,494,808
800,000
666,466
888,916
618,700
1,461,479
1,678,478
960,864
1,074,716
868,110
867,600
840,444
648,887
886,878
1,486,088
14,000
4,849,600
616,687
867,560
8,062,783
84,879
104,68U
6,846.837
810.000
668,781
181,671
660,968
Building Brick.
Front
186
s 6,000
8,000
81,896
7,000
8,686
8,160
4,674
887,646
194,6^
480,017
471,688
116,417
765,794
8,700
$89,196,918
17,006
16,188
600
11,409
8,000
6,600
9,600
8,8»
9,614
76,860
8,868
9,884
718
80,000
T8
8,810
6,490
86,000
1,800
80,000
806
U
66,869
188
61,008
1,600
904
IK
8,048
6,799
6,607
14,671
1,890
8,400
1,760
4,460
$1,750
66,000
60,000
888,818
68.000
86,860
66,400
66,469
Fire Brick.
Alumina.
QoanUty. Value. Quantity. Value.
e 6,760
8,098
6 8,800
87,860
188,861
6,000
101,887
60,000
89,000
76,800
18,800
804,791
918,700
86,768
98,586
6,486
18^000
1,168
80,476
67,850
600,000
10,400
840,000
8,067
11,875
189,896
9,619
8,768
455,771
6,888
668,946
18,600
9,C47
6,148
80,479
63,148
60,687
66,5n
15,888
66,000
81,000
88,680
14,601,686
806
700
88,000
6,496
6,000
114
14,504
8,000
1,180
80,000
860
S 80,000
57
860
106,779
Paving Brick.
$141,960
36,668
80,400
8i,or8
87,688
8,861
6,300
890,000
101,888
96,000
8,886
179,607
60,000
6
100,774
eOOO
48
600
e400
878,886
88,600
600,000
8.600
400,000
1,143
6.800
8,114,688
4,861
190,166
66,981
30,008
80,000
8,000
6,000
160
144
4,000
$18,381
17,048
Other
Clay
Building
Materia.
Value.
e $1,000
754
66,000
6 66,000
1,689,191 784,748
608,881 6 860,000
880,466
840,000
18,000
80,000
1,800
1,899
86.000
5.176
84,781
860
6.714
944
300
84
1,606,818
6,000
481
7,500
4,800
86,000
100
1,500
6 800,000
68,887
6,000
500
160
6 18,000
8,767
1,846
850
6 85,000
16,688,866 784,870
ai,069
197,906
U,000
49,684
8,496
8,000
480,000
800
86,000
1,800,000
689,881
46,000
8,600
1,600
170,000
84,800
60,686
180,000
6,000
60,000
76,000
6 8,000
81,644
6 800,000
6 8,000,000
660,000
1.600
800
6 876,000
6 600,000
16,000
18,789
6,800
820,000
96,608,448
6 8,000
6 46,000
6 6,000
$6,680,800
its abandonment is of no serious consideration. The list of producers conse-
quently is subject to continuous revision. A further difficulty arises from the
fact that some concerns do not keep any records of their work, and are therefore
not in position to furnish accurate reports.
The production of brick and clay building material by States in 1900 and 1901
is presented in the above tables, in which the columns "common brick"
include only the ordinary red brick that is used generally in building. Under
"front brick" we have grouped pressed brick of all colors. Under "fire brick,"
however, only what is properly termed alumina brick is included. Such silica
brick as Dinas brick, which is also properly called ^fire brick" or "refractory
brick," being omitted, because it is not a clay product. "Other clay material"
includes fancy or ornamental and enameled brick, roofing tile, t«rra cotta, terra
cotta lumber, floor tile, hollow building blocks, etc. All the clay material other
CLAY,
127
production op brick and clay building material in the united states in
1901. (in thousands.)
States.
QujiBtity- V»li4fi,
4rixona,.. ......
irk oojiiis ....... i
Calif oroia.
Cdlomdo
Connecrticut &ai
Rhode I«lMid. ,
lielaware. ,,*,.*,
1JU»L of CoLumbU
Florida..........
Geongl*..., ......
Idaho
imoola.......„..
tDdlooa....
[Ddiao Territory,
lijwa. .......
Louisiana.
Maine.,...
Maryland*
Jfkli^ali.
Hisifflippi
Minsoiifi.........
MuQtana. ........
Nebnaska ,..
Nevada...
fCevr HompflMre.
New J«fver. * - -
]Cewlfexk».....
New York .......
Nopth Oarolioa. .
Nortb Dakota,..
Ohio
Oraffni(fr>.
fiontii G«f9ttiia.
South Dakota...
Utah
Vermont.....,.,.
Tinnnia.
Wafthlbffton .
WestVlrBlDia...
W|«oii«dn
WjFomini; ......*
Olb«r State« (<fj.
Total
P«r 0i?nt. of brick
and t4}«! products
f^r cetjt. of t^jtal
of c\aj products.
Buildloi? Brick.
Common,
TbouM.
1S,533
140,832
110.100
\ lflO,eK»
15,9
^\^\
9l.t,806
17,eiW
loe.Bim
n5,t77
1M,9SL
118,^57
im460
«lS,83e
15T,TS7
TB^7ie
B1,T3»
]0»,DOO
114,S33
l,0ie.g87
ia3.e9&
488.275
i3>42S
l-i4.(»l
7.S335
in,(©4
I8*.i7a
X,960
e,€a8,57ia
1742,^1
fl4,1,250
l!a&.093
1794H4
imjee
14«^M>3
],6n,(M0
6ei,7«
500,S7&
407,851
6;fl.Tce
1,€«0,409
1.096.264
44at9at»
1.5QO,OS1
068,803
16,435
741,589
],«75,74fl
nm^
4,947,fiQlJ
6(!ja,4B0
6ft.50M
8,735.513
lSfi,7K
173,C35H
546.f]SiJ
W,«r55
«10,0QN
ei3iH
i77.9fl0
S4A,4fi£
l.iriUftSP
BuUdluir Brick.
Front.
QuanUtj. Value
TboiLS.
7B6
8,^t7
le.saa
m
tU,241
(a)
8,78S
5,490
S,iSQ
3^530
5,772
0^060
0^4711
5.506
eS50
90.^1
1.24^
(a)
avt,satt
]8.:2i
(n)
ou,4iiri
875
7D,S0T
10438
17,490
n,«50
fi.527
{el
7,S!9?
1-45.603,07(1
41'eti .
4l5,3t.'}
10,990
11.571*
8ti,4aa
igc,u
(ai
(q>
(a>
65,7011
in \
S04,9e«n
3!H,775
in)
Be, 104
16.586
g2,35fJ
i8.iM^
04,{J31
W,D16
0,455
2S8a5H
18,4,^
K5,aW)
(«)
(a\
ift\
s54.eiMi
(rti
ais,7m
ti4+S^
m4.iiH^
l,l«l
S,.S50
Si5,4(e
l»»,5a^l
»57,03S
147,881
54,374
85,7W
5?tT
Fire
Brick.
Alumina.
YftlUB.
$132,783
]»,5B0
87.065
29$2,M<W
So, (MM
3tlS,510
6l.5i3ri
im
i,gin
Sr7,741
»42,«^
57,tM5
(cil
€20,11(1
lfcJ,0CO
;^&44
i,a«7,05y
("1
%U
4,7nij«ii
14,Q;f6
io) '
87JO0
aa.:ia7
5.11
8,1*71
ItTcJ.aiW
to)
1^4,* J J
9,870,421
11-2,-
Paring
Brick.
Value.
{a)
ta.
(tt>
fHiW,4&l
8SU,£^]
£41, 10^
312,1*IM
(a)
(a)
84H,343
1,445,53;
070,081
07,JBy
(a)
imnw
5ri5.H«^
<'0
3iii,:iyr
|5.4HJ,13-i
0'1^>
4'{M
Sfiwer
Valua.
tS85.69Q
05,a(X>
151,600
34^,710
20a,«2fl
MSm
10(*,71I5
7W.513
(a)
»H,77t>
a.736,?iS
la)
4a«,^iw
(a)
nH.El84
l,sjfe*,-
on
Oth*r
Clay
BuddJDdT
MAtersal.
Value, U)
fthfm
fwa
/]70,iW5
/ 109,600
(/)
/ 134,P53
3,tH6
/»6.4fiO
/ 2,040.861 <
J, 400,404
/ 4:1.300,
/2*.4^l8i
/^,230
3,8a0
«2,811
11,^111
/101,*PW
/4.*.0«U|
W1H.701
/ tjm
31,700
/'•
/i,m88e
/ JO.tUg
/ 2,TO0,«1O|
if}
/UlTTJ
1,4^,315
/aso
/ 15.W1
/ 11, ATI
/1,8^
24.407
/S.343
4,^M>lJ
ft 5.443,3^0
Total
Value.
|Q£e.429
9«,9He
l,73h,T21
i.MkJ.ie7
],oa9,7ua
131, 1«4
811.1*09
]U0.tS74
1,527.M:j3
08,328
8,9ti<i.fiJl
8,ttHr>,(iH3
1 17.234
2.7n.H05
UHl,fi30
1.374,H4d
013 M'5
7^14.«78
1,272,175
l,B8n,4(S0
1.407,1(Vn
l,2S<i,r:,2
451,eP4
4,4< y,ro6
5:*I,1H1
17,1'^
7lV>,ttJ4
5,7WM<i5
7.^14,868
751,801
76.7(S
13,fi3fi,421
aL'j.OUO
2fi3.HWl
la,a56,T30
5(i2t,S46
5t»,34]5
l,li»2,189
21^1,189
77,f^*4
1.4.H:5.3ftl
te7.9ll8
l.i^7,«i8
l,iSl4J44
:&<.UjO
$87,747,727
10000
(a) Included in " Other States/' (b) Includes Hawaii, (c) Vidue of front brick for Wyoming included in
other clay building material, (d) Includes all products made bv less than three proiiucers in one State, in order
that the operations of indiridual establishments may not be disclosed, (e) Fancy and ornamental brick, stove
linings, drain tile, ornamental terra cotta, flreproofing, ordinary tile, including adobes, assayers' sup-
plies, boiler and locomotive tile and tank blocks, building blocks, burnt clay ballast, chemical brick, patent
chimney brick, c^mney pipe and tops,' clav furnaces and retorts, conduit for underground wire«, crucibles,
eapola nick, fence poets and stubs, fire clay mortar, flue liningR, frost-proof cellar brick, furnace mantels,
gas logs and settings, gUws-melting pots and glass-house furnace blocks, grave markers, hnllow bricks, muffles,
snppOTts aod slides, porous cups, runner brick, sidewalk tile, souvenirs, stone pumps, terrarcotta vases, vitri-
fled lewer brick, wall coping, water pipe, and well brick and tile. (/) Partly included in ''Other Statea''
than brick, which is now used so extensively in the construction of fireproof
buildings is included under this classification. A slightly diflPorent classification
has been adopted for 1901, which is fully explained in the individual headings.
of the columns and in the appended foot notes.
128
TUB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS OF CLAY IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1900 AND 1901.
State.
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut and Khode Island .,
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
MassacfauBetts
Michigan —
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island ,
South Carolina.
South Dakota.
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont ,
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other States
1900.
Brick and -n^fi^.,.
Tile. Pottery.
$098,481
112,727
864,782
1,351,611
1.182,675
1,088.728
166,274
878,000
140,604
1,108,886
49,882
6,932,086
8,582,460
80,288
2,254,662
1,002,689
1,849,827
608,894
784,984
1,275,299
1,6M,877
1,147,878
1,108.802
558,916
8,665,098
850,489
683,958
9,580
486,018
6,664,77^
41,898
6,495,281
797,112
92,899
9,781,805
164,467
264,096
18,000,875
(0
098,708
48,440
866,928
1,068,568
227,621
121,(M1
1,802,085
616,029
1,881,9^
1,072,179
31,500
$20,296
26,280
24,387
al7,»44
61,250
10,878
(&)
5 24,888
(a)
776,778
c 825,900
86,589
14,001
181,497
4,800
id)
486,617
d 288,724
84.8r
0 298,895
14,452
71,474
(a)
/Vfe8,«61
g 1,165,885
18,868
A 8,578,823
i7;296
1,890,878
17,«
49,655
87,464
6,600
8,110
9,480
681,841
Total $76,418,775 $19,798,570 $96,818,845 $87,747,727 $22,468,880 $110,811,680
Per cent, of total , T^i^i 2058 100*00 79-68 20-88 100-0?
Total
$712,7»r
112,787
881,018
1.875,996
1,800,519
1,099,978
166,874
288,983
140,604
1,198,818
49.888
7,708,869
8,858,880
80,288
2,291,851
1,016,750
1,481,824
607,694
724,984
1,711,856
1,883,101
1,181,606
1,896,697
678,868
8,736,667
850.489
683.958
9,580
485,013
10,988,483
41,898
7,660,606
815,976
92,899
18,804,628
164,467
881,886
18,891,748
ni,886
48,440
915,678
l,in,017
284,881
121,041
1,805,196
625,459
2,016.765
1,072,179
81,600
1901.
Brick and p-vH»rir
Tile. «>«ary.
$988,4S9
98,966
806,888
1,786,721
1.668,107
1,089,709
181,164
811,129
190,674
1,627,853
%
8,960,041
8,986,068
117,884
8,711,805
981,020
1,874,846
612,606
784.678
1,272,175
1,580,469
1,497,109
1,256,668
451,694
4,409,906
6894281
806,478
17,685
766,964
5,781,805
81,846
7,814,858
751,801
78,706
11,686,424
8(«,060
n 268,891
18,656,780
6^,840
60.866
880,874
1,688,189
891,180
77,554
1,485,800
927,898
1,087,888
1,884,144
28,960
$18,868
11,406
88,484
86.700
ib 91,200
18,870
(6)
17,880
688,440
681,871
86,520
(m)
180.097
8,108
(m)
888,480
881,868
44,865
808.096
4,T70
64,647
(m)
S,W0;078
l,0r7,860
80,087
10,048,661
(m)
1,666,018
11,872
64,008
01,186
(m)
4,047
17,600
866,648
18,400
o 76,488
TotaL
$046,701
08,066
407,868
1,7«0,1&6
1,604.867
1,180,000
131.164
884,008
100,674
1,545,063
(5
0,648,490
4,466,454
117,224
8,787,825
081,020
1,514,648
615,708
784,678
1,006,666
1,87X1,837
1,642,064
1,548,647
466,478
4,474,658
680,221
806,478
17,625
766,0C4
11,681,878
81,846
8,801,718
771,838
76,708
81,674,986
806,060
n 868,891
16,881,748
675,818
60,866
898,067
1,728,875
801,180
77,654
1,489,847
M4,708
1,M6,480
1,847,644
88,060
0 76,488
(a) Value of the pottery products of Idaho and Montana is included with that of Colorado, (b) Value of
the pottery products of Florida is included with that of Georgia (c) Porcelain electrical supplies for Indiana
included in New York, (d) Value of the pottery products of Maine is included with that of Massachusetts.
{e) Value of the pottery products of Wisconsin is included with that of Minnesota. (/)Value of pottery
products of New Hamixihlre Is included with that of New Jersey, (a) Includes porcelain electrical supplies
for Indiana and china for Ohio. (A) Cliina for Ohio included in New York, (t) Included with Connectfentk
(fc) Produced by Connecticut alone, (i) Included in Oregon, (m) Included in '* Other States." (») Includes
Hawaii, (o) CompriRing pottery totals for the following States: Florida, K-insas, Maine, Montana, New Hamp>
shire, Oregon and Utah. This total could not be distributed among the States to which it belongs without
discloahig tlie operations of individual establishments.
As an exponent of the increasing use of burned clay products as a building
material may be cited the number of building permits issued, together with the
buildings erected under these permits in 42 of the principal cities of the United
States for the past two years. In 1900 there were 68,417 permits affecting
buildings valued at $241,516,585, as compared with 85,571 permits affecting
buildings valued at $372,l'y3,631 in 1901, an increase in mimber of 26%. and of
over 50% in value.
LITERATURB OF CLAT8 AND CLAY PRODUCTS, 129
Review of the Literature of Clays and Clay Products in 1902.
Bt Heikrich Ries.
Clay Deposits. — Glass-pot clays have been obtained in the United States from
St. Louis, Mo., and to a small extent in Pennsylvania, and have partially re-
placed foreign glass-pot clays. Their cheinical composition and physical proper-
ties, as well as similar properties of foreign clays have been described by
H. Ries.*
Colorado. — The jnannfacture of brick from both shale and clay has attained
to considerable importance in the vicinity of Boulder.*
Missouri. — The well-known St. Louis glass-pot clays have been made the sub-
ject of an exhaustive physical and chemical study by 0. Muhlhauser.'
North Carolina, — A recent development of kaolin near Bryson City, Swayne
County, is described by C. A. Crane.* The composition of the kaolin is as fol-
lows : SiOj, 46-47% ; Al^^O,, 35 87% ; Fe^O^, 1-27% ; CaO, 175% ; MgO, 0*79% ;
SO3, 0 19% ; H,0, 2-72% ; combined H^O, 10 95%.
Washington. — Plastic materials occur at several localities in this State.* They
are used for the manufacture of brick, drain tile, sewer pipe, terra cotta, etc.
The different types recognized are glacial clays, residual clays and clay shales.
Of these, the first mentioned are irregular in their occurrence, while the second
are found only in non-glaciated regions.
Austria. — ^KsDDlins are found in Carboniferous rocks near Pilsen, Bohemia,
and, according to C. V. Purkyne,* have resulted from the decomposition of an
arkose, yielding a product whose composition is SiOj, 8560% ; AI2O3, 885% ;
FcjOj, 0-70%; CaO, 078%; MgO, 019%; alkalies, 0-62%; loss on ignition,
358%.
Canada. — ^An occurrence of brick clay has been described^ from near Sault
Sainte Marie, Ontario. The clay has the following composition : SiOj, 60-28% ;
AlA, 15 73%; FeA, 4-76%; CaO, 5%; MgO, 4-59%; loss, 717%.
France. — In the vicinity of Rouen, the clay working industry includes the
manufacture of bricks, roofing tiles, porcelain and fayence.®
Oermany. — F. Kovar and A. Haskoveck® describe the occurrence of beds of
fire clay in the Quader sandstone at Vranova, near Kunstadt. Two varieties
are found, a white and dark clay — ^the former analyzing: SiOj, 62-42%; TiOj,
trace; AlA. 33-56%; FeA, 117%; CaO, 0-77%; MgO, 0-77%; alkalies,
1 21% ; loss on ignition, 10-84'%.
Russia. — A series of kaolins and pottery clays from the department of Kiew
have been described by C. Zemiatschensky,*® and a number of chemical analyses
given. Pottery** is manufactured at many localities in Bussia, but, owing to
1 Mineral Resource*^ United StAtos Geological Qarvey^ 1901 (published as a separate pampUetX
s Clayworher, Vol. XXXVlll., p. 226, 1908.
s ZeiUdirift fuer angeuMtndte Chemie, 1908, Vol. Vn.
4 Clayworker, Vol. XXXVH., p. 488, 1908.
• Annual Report, Washing^ton Geological Surnqy, Vol. I., p. 178, 1908.
• CScMopit pro prunyal cagmicky, 1901.
» Report of the Bureau of Mine», Ontario, 1908, p. 96.
• United States ConmUar Report, June, 1908, p. 866.
• Journal of the Society of Chemical Induetry, Vol. LXXXH., p. 81.
>• Beridvte und Forediunffen tur heramieche Industrie in Rueeland, VI., pp. 808-488.
" rhaninduetrie Zeitung, Vol. XXVI., p. 1998, 1908.
130 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
poor transportation facilities, the market is very limited, and at most localities
pottery is made only in a small way for local or domestic use. The region around
Nizhni Novgorod is an important one. In some districts lack of clay and fuel
gives serious trouble.
Properties of Clays. — Softening Temperature. — B. Cramer" discusses his
method of testing the softening temperature of fire clays by making small bars
and noting the temperature at which these bend when supported at two points.
He finds that the clays which bum to a dense body at comparatively low tem-
peratures are not necessarily those which soften first ; that, in fact, porous kaolins
may. soften at an earlier point than the dense-burning clays. Experiments to
determine the effect of adding finely powdered sand to the bars showed that it
did not affect all clays alike, tending to soften some and to stiffen others when
burned to the same temperature.
Dehydration. — In experiments to determine the temperature of dehydration
of calcareous clays and kaolin, W. M. Kennedy" finds that the water of hydration
of the kaolin passes off between 460** and 600 **C., and in a mixture of 70 parts
of Florida kaolin and 30 parts of whiting he found that the loss which occurred
bettveen the two temperature points above mentioned agreed with kaolin, and
represented the period of dehydration. On further heating from 600** to 725 **C.
the expulsion of volatile matter was almost as rapid as that of the water. An-
other rapid loss occurred between 850** and 900 °C. Holding the clay at a tem-
perature of 725 **C. did not seem to hasten the dehydration.
Plasticity. — A rather unique explanation of this peculiar property is given
by E. Linder.^* He explains it partly by supposing that the particles are of
extreme fineness, and further considers that weathering produces very long or
round particles, the former giving greater contact surface, and thereby increas-
ing the surface tension and the plasticity. He believes that if clays have rounded
particles they will bum dense only at high temperatures, while in those clays
whose particles are elongated the reverse occurs.
Permeability. — An interesting series of experiments has been made by W.
Spring,^* who finds that clay when under pressure and confined so that it cannot
expand on wetting is nearly impervious to water; under such conditions it will
only soak up enough water to fill the pores. The percentage of water thus
absorbed may range from as low jas 3-37% in glass-pot clays, to 24-56% in
some loams. Wet clay under pressure will part with its water, even though the
mass be entirely surrounded by that liquid.
Composition. — Mackler** discovered that the presence of magnesia in clays
results in the formation of a dense body at a relatively low kiln temperature,
and that this material exerts quite a different effect from that exerted by lime.
He found that clays containing magnesia do not vitrify and shrink so suddenly
as do the calcareous clays, nor does the magnesia exert as strong a bleaching
action on the iron of the bricks as the lime does. The effect of adding magnesia
" Tkonindustrie Zeitung, Vol. ZXVL, p. 1067.
1* TratiBoetioTiM of the American Oeramie Society ^ Vol. IV., p. 146.
>« ThonindiuMe Zeitung, Vol. XXXVI., p. 888.
» AnnaUt de la 8oei4U giologi^ue de Bdgiqne, VoL XXVm., 1901.
>• ThotUndvMtrie Zeitung, VoL XXVI., p. 706.
LITERATURE OF CLAYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS, 131
to kaolin was to cause -the material to bum dense at cone No. 1, whereas other-
wise it would not assume the same density until cone No. 16. He suggests the
possibility of using magnesia in pottery bodies as a substitute for lime or feld-
spar.
Mechanical Analyses, — Kavalowski^^ describes an apparatus for the mechanical
analysis of clays, consisting of a pear-shaped receptacle with a wide mouth and
a cork containing three openings. The first opening is for the outlet of air, while
the receptacle is being filled, the second is for the water inlet tube, and the third
for the water outlet tube. The latter can be moved up and down so that its
lower end may stand at any level in the receptacle. The disintegrated sample to
be analyzed and some water are placed in the bottom of the receptacle with the
lower end of the outlet tube raised to near the top. Water is then allowed to
run in and to pass ofif through the outlet tube until it becomes clear. The out-
let tube is then pushed further into the receptacle so that its lower end is about
the middle or in the zone in which the fine sand particles remain suspended
during the passage of the water through the tube, and these are then drained
off. Finally the outlet tube is pushed still farther into the receptacle and the
sand carried off through it. To separate the coarse sizes of sand the residue is
put inside of a small egg-shaped sieve, outside of which are two other sieves. The
meshes of the inner sieve are 5 sq. mm., those of the next sieve 1 sq. mm., and
of the outer sieve 0-5 sq. mm. These sieves are then suspended by a string in the
stream of running water, and the grains of sand are washed toward the outer
sieve, where the finest are caught while the coarsest grains are retained in the
inner sieve.
Chemical Analyses, — ^A. Sedeck*® discusses the methods for the i«ational analyses
of clay.
Pyrometers. — J. Salt** believes that the irregular working of Seger cones
is often due to improper implacement in the kiln.
Manufacture of Zinc Betorts. — The manufacture of zinc retorts and re-
quirements of the raw materials, as well a& their properties are exhaustively
discussed by 0. Muhlhauser.*®
Pottery Glazes. — The formation of crj'^stalline glazes is considered by many
to be due to the deposition during firing of willemite crystals from saturated
alkali-zinc glazes, and therefore it is looked upon as a kind of devitrification, but
others ascribe this phenomenon to the presence of titanic acid in these glazes.
E. K. Bris** after a series of tests on zinkiferous glazes with and without titanic
acid, finds that those free from titanium form crystals only sparingly in the
thicker portions of the glazed layer, whereas a difference of 1% of rutile at once
increases the dimensions of crystals. In some experiments made by R. H. Jones'^
the conclusion is reached that it is impossible to produce a crimson glaze in
which lead is the only flux, and that a better color and brighter surface are
" Tfumindtutrie Zeitung, Vol. XXVI., 546 (abstract from Stein und Mortet).
>« Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Vol. XXV., p. flO.
>• Ceramique, Vol. TV., p. 18».
** Zeititchrift fuer angeirandte Chemim, 1908, No. 7.
» Spredisaca, Vol. XXXV.. p. 138.
« Tran0action$ of North Staffordshire Ceramic Society^ Vol. I., p. 87, 1901-08L
132 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
obtained with strongly alkaline glazes when lead is excluded. He also describes
the effect of the addition of whiting to clear alkaline glaze and the production
of crimson with the combination of tin oxide, lime and chrome. The occurrence
of a golden yellow sheen on lead glazes, due to the formation of small lustrous
yellow crystals, is believed by L. Thiriot^' to be traceable to the high proportion
of lead oxide to silica in the glaze (about 1:1), when quartz sand is used. A
low temperature and gradual cooling also aids the formation of these crystals.
A solid-colored glaze consisting of crude or burned pyrite, to which is added
some clay, sand, ground glass and other substances, is used in many parts of
Germany^* for interlocking and shingle tiles. The air-dried ware is dipped in
the glaze and then set in the kiln. According to M. Heim^*^ the tendency of
some stoneware glazes to deposit sediment can sometimes be remedied by the
addition of crude plastic clay and kaolin, white lead, or chalk to the mass before
it received its final grinding. It may also be prevented by increasing the density
of the liquid portion of the glaze with gum, dextrin, syrup, milk, blood, borax,
boric acid, or acetic acid. The sediment, however, hardens sometimes, and can
only be redistributed by regrinding, but successive treatment of this kind works
injury to the glaze. W. P. Rix*' describes the conditions necessary to successful
glazing, stating that the temperature must not be lower than 1,200°C., and that
the body material should be highly siliceous. L. E. Barringer*^ also takes up
the question of the relation between the constitution of the clay and its ability
to take a good salt glaze, and finds that clays with a wide molecular ratio of
alumina to silica, viz, : from 1 : 4 6 to 1 : 2-5 can be treated in this manner.
He also states that soluble salts up to 3% may be present in a clay without
seriously interfering with salt glazing when conducted at cone No. 8. S.
Geisjbeek^* claims that he was not able to find any good natural engobe clays in
the United States, but that a good engobe could be made by adding flint and
spar to some of our domestic clays.
Bodies. — Mica, when ground exceedingly fine, is found by R. L. StulP® to exert
a fluxing action upon kaolin at temperatures below cone No. 5. He claims also
that it is plastic if ground fine enough, and that it vitrifies sufficiently to pro-
duce a non-absorbent body below the temperature of cone No. 4.
Porcelain. — A. S. Watts'® is of the opinion that every porcelain showing
a high resistance test contains moderately large quantities of AljO., and Si02,
but not over 1% Al.^Oj, and Cr2% SiOg should be used. He found that no speci-
mens below 0-8% AI2O3 and 42% SiO^ were safe, owing to their very narrow
vitrification limits. He believes that the ideal porcelain for electrical purposes
may be vitrified at any point between Nos. 6 and 12.
E. Mayer^* points out the need of finer grinding of the American pottery
materials, and finds that the English ground flint is considerably finer than
the American ground flint. H. E. Wood^^ states that the employment of bone
»» Sirrechgnal, »> [82], 1210-11.
" Cernminche RundRchau. 1902. «» Sprerhtma!, Vol. XXXV.. p. 1887.
'• Travaactionn of Knrih Staffordshire Ceramfr .SfonVfy, Vol. I., p. 28, 1901-02.
^ Tironaactions of the American Ceramic Society, Vol IV., p. 211.
«» rbid , Vol rv., p 48. »• Thid., Vol. IV., p. 256. " Afe/d., Vol. IV., p. 86. »» Ibid., Vol. IV., p. 25.
w TransactionK of fforth Staffordshire Ceramic Society. Vol. I., 1901-02, p. 21.
LITERATURE OF CLAYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS, 133
in English cliina dates from the middle of the eighteenth century. The author
believes that the bone remains as calcium phosphate throughout the firing, and
dissolves in the silicates without affecting their translucency, but that it in-
creases the whiteness and lightness of the body, and furthermore that being
present as an unalterable body, it is a safeguard against overfiring, and hence
prevents distortion and blistering, as well as crazing.
Tiles. — H. Richardo^' considers the use of enameled tiles for saving or re-
flecting light and for decoration. He reviews also the history of their use in
early times.
Brick.^ — Kuehn'* considers that face brick should not absorb more than 5%
of water, and that a transverse test is applicable in cases where brick are laid
projecting from the wall and are to support loads. Bricks with lime pebbles
are to be rejected, and the same is true of bricks containing pyrite nodules. A
face brick should invariably be proof to the action of the weather, and sulphates
contained in the clay should be rendered harmless by the action of barium.
Buff brick should be burned especially hard in order to prevent the formation
of the green efflorescence due to vanadiimi. The destruction of brickwork has
been noticed at several places in Italy, and, according to A. Cajo,**^ is due to
the presence of incrustations of alkaline sulphates in some instances, and mag-
nesium sulphate in others. In some cases a portion of the alkaline compounds
was traceable to alkaline sulphides in the clay, and a further quantity to the
sulphur in the lignite used for firing the kilns. As a result, it is suggested
that it would be desirable to set a maximum limit for the presence of such
impurities in bricks. Two tests were suggested : ( 1 ) Determination of sulphur
trioxide. One kilo of the powdered sample of brick is extracted by boiling,
filtered, and the solution tested. (2) Direct test for the influence of sulphates.
Prismatic samples of the brick 6X6X12 cm. are treated in a copper vessel with
a saturated solution of sodium sulphate by boiling for half an hour and are
then exposed to a current of air until incrustation appears. This is repeated forty
times, after which the residue is dried at 100°C. and weighed.
»« Journal of the Society of Arta, Jan. M, 1908.
** Thonindustrie Zeitung, Vol. XXVI., p. 890.
»» Ibid., Vol. XXVI., p. 115
COAL AND COKE.
The continued industrial prosperity of the United States during 1902 caused
the production of coal to exceed the enormous total registered in 1901. The
total production of anthracite and bituminous coal amounted to 299,823,254
short tons, as compared with 293,298,516 short tons in 1901. Had it not been
for the protracted strike in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, the produc-
tion in 1902 would have attained to still larger proportions. The total produc-
tion of coal in the chief countries of the world during 1901 was 787,179,967
metric tons, against 766,935,262 metric tons in 1900.
TOTAL PRODUCTION OF COAL IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN TONS OF 2,000 LB.)
Statea,
BltumiTious:
Alab^mjL ........
Arkn-nftAif . . . H . - ,^ ^
QLllfornia..
ColortMlt>(f )..... .
Georgia - * - .
minoifl
Iadiana........«..
Cndiau Territory. .
Iowa .--.....
Eani^frn ......^
JC«DLuckr
ISAryiAU^... ,
Mlofilgan
HlasouH
MoDhnniL..
North Dalcclttt<&^
Ohio -
Oregon ...*......*
PetiDsyKiuila
T«nai^£see...
Tescasfc) .,..
Utah e
VlMdnJa
Waebln^^ton fiJ>...,
West Yirgiiii*
Tot*lbUuminoa«{gi^t^^Sn;:;
]£«Dtuckj.
i Sh. teas > ■ ■
> U^t^ tons. .
Anthmcite:
Colorado ,,,,,.
Nflir Mexico *
Pe^nnsylvania.
Total anthroelte..
flrand total coal
\ Sh. tons. . .
) Met, tons. .
IflOl,
Tom.
Value at Mtne.
Total
]JlflJ36
151,079
S54.i"
37,331 ,aas
1.241, Si]
1(W,W1
*SXMS,ti07
00,0 tl
1J07,ft53
2.735,873
^,0t^.402
904,806,110
ig)
(ffj
54.tS0
flT,47l,a<i7
. Sh. ttins . . .
J Met. inns.
|10,ODO,8«S'
»,08S,ei3
3W,106
43tt.ti85
7,e^r
S.Q91,A99
5.^3,078
B,ftl«,49l
1, 753,001
K.00©,310
K&4fl.35r
m,151
173,(14fi
si,afl7.fy*e
4,oor,38»
1,QQT.0S4
3.353,089
4.271.070
^.!^,1S4
0,000, 4fla
P0r
Ton
fllO
IH
2«]
1 11
1 W
im
101
1
O-iS
O-ffii
1 a*
l'»l
1 44
i-4a
i-ao
100
3-5£
0-9»
112
I'Ta
rss
O90
im
0 87i
1':H
190S.
Tonfl.
10,3!J5>,479
^,125,700
8ft,4ao
7,45S,156
e 975,000
30,031 .SOO
8,80(XftO(>
a,74ir"
6,40r,144
C,?»,7«7
6,4a».4t9
5,aa5,7aa
4.007,158
l,707j0fl
1,090,S7B
«9d,»0
e«0,OQO
ia«e.Bos
4^23S.3SSi
f 850,000
3,041.480
^,070,104
a,(W,7HB
so,iftaj:3
4.TUO,000
l-]5 2a4,3^6a9
1103,740
fi,S9fl
1 13,504,020
tii^.T^i.osr,
|34^.O0ft,S«»
$300
2-75
l-flT
11-07
]'8l
fS!
07,767
4E,E71
41,S40,g^
4t,45l,a&7
37,001,343
i:71,ftr7,S7S
V^u^at Mine.
Total.
fis,40»,oog
S,a3S^1!T0
B,349,7!»
450,000
28,Sft0.485
7,886,000
4,880,875
7,§Da0O4
7,531,074
6.107,^
0,SM4'
l,m,4B8
1,637,""
ff7J,000
S4J4a,008
150,000
iQCKset^ew
i,flao,ooo
£,ofle,i»9
3.89S,0M
5,ll00.aM
£7,306 000
0,4m000
|3^,fiTi8»
117,070
j,oai,«5«
tO^,0O3,SS0
|SflS,57fl,WB
Per
Tim,
tl tl
1-30
in
vm
0*&4
0*96
fSO
V4ti
0-BS
V13
VU
lai
1-40
1-41
ia&
I'oe
2m
vm
1*80
]-2e
]'0G
rfl7
1-8S
I 11
13 00
(/i*'oa
tsoo
1 98
(a) Fiscal year. (6) All Ui^ite. (c) One-third lifirnite. (d) One-half lignite, (e) Estimated. (/) Estimated;
owinf? to the protracted strike in the Pennsylvania anthracite resion and the abnormal oonditions which re-
sulted in the trade, the value of anthracite at the mine can be nzed only approximately, (g) Included in
bituminous.
Ohio, — The production of coal showed an increase of about 14% in 1902,
the figures being 23,929,267 against 20,943,807 in 1901. The large increase
was due primarily to the strong demand for coal resulting from the decreased
supply furnished by Pennsylvania.
COAL AND COKE.
135
Pennsylvania. — ^The production in 1902 amounted to 98,946,203 short tons
of bituminous coal, and 41,340,929 short tons of anthracite coal, as compared
with 82,305,946 short tons of bituminous and 67,471,667 short tons of anthracite
coal for 1901. The output of anthracite showed a large falling off, owing to the
long strike among the miners.
West Virginia, — The production of coal in 1902 was 26,162,173 short tons
as compared with 24,068,402 short tons in 1901, the increase being nearly 10%.
Other States. — Large increases in production were recorded in Alabama,
Colorado, Illinois, Tennessee, Virginia and Wyoming. Iowa, alone of the im-
portant coal producing states, failed to increase its output in 1902.
TOTAL PHODUCTION OF COKE IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN TONS OF 2,000 LB.)
1901.
1902.
States.
Tons.
Value at Oven.
Tons.
Value at Oven.
Total.
Per Ton.
Total.
Per Ton.
Alabama. , r . r . . r
8,148,911
671,806
64,660
96,068,616
1,686,879
164;685
$2-88
2-42
2-88
2,210,785
6 760,000
666,000
Nil,
49,279
6 10,000
126,569
6 6,000
66,060
26,012
6 160,000
14,941,091
666.188
187,766
978,848
40,560
8,949,744
6 780,000
16,858,278
1,875,000
166,750
1810
^•.«o
Oolorado
flmvrsria aod North Carolina. . , r « - , . - - t - - -
2*85
Ukdi^a
Tndian TfMrltorr. .......... t .. - r 1 1 1 ^ -
87,874
7,188
100,286
4749
67,004
41,648
108,774
14,856,917
404,017
164,884
15,079
806,015
887,881
118,868
299,480
87,060,861
4,110,011
1,607,478
4-14
211
2-07
2-10
5-92
2-84
2-76
1-89
2-86
4-86
1-80
8-85
197,116
21,000
278,101
10.600
816,549
68,207
412.600
81,077,809
1,709,746
661,060
1,761,086
200,846
4.189,629
2,260,000
4*00
KaniiaR
2.10
KeDtuclcT
2*15
MiiBOiiri
2- 10
Montana
6-75
NewMeodoo
8*25
Ohio
2 '75
TVnnitTlTanla (r^ ............. ...... ....
2*06
TraiMflHM..
8*08
Utah
4*03
Vlndnla
Washington
90r,180
49,197
2,888,700
604;i91
l-ftO
2-00
West VTrffinia (b)
1*84
Other States. ...(fi
8*00
_ . , , 1 flhort tons.. .......... r
21,796,888
19,778,095
$44,446,928
$804
2-26
88,090,842
80,947,421
161.864,575
$8-86
^'48
^^^*^«*®'i^c tons.:::: :::.:::;:.::
(a) Fiscal year, (b) Includes 40,587 tons made in Wisconsin in 1889. and 87,486 tons made in 1900; also, 68,978
tons made in Virginia in 1899. and 64,740 tons in 1900. <c) Includes 4,600 tons made in Wisconsin in 1900. (d) In-
cluded in Colorado, (e) Estimated. (/) Includes Massachusetts, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, New Yorlc and
Wyoming.
IMPORTS OF COAL AND COKE INTO THE UNITED STATES. (iN LONG TONS.)
Coal.
Coke.
Year.
Anthracite.
Bituminous
Totals.
Long Tons.
Metric Tons
Value.
Long Tons.
Long Tons.
Long Tons.
Metric Tons
Value.
ISB8
61
118
886
78,006
1.870,667
1,400,461
1,900,268
1,919,968
8,478,875
1,278,706
1,400,688
1,909,876
1,980,248
2,661,881
1,204,066
1,422,980
1,039,906
1,950,978
2,598,208
18,578,181
8,888,675
5,000,102
6,298,278
7,889,791
41,186
27,866
108,176
72,729
107,487
41,844
88,801
104,886
78,888
109,156
9142,884
142,604
371,841
266,078
403,774
18BB
1000
1901
1908
EXPORTS OF COAL AND COKE OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION. (iN LONG TONS.)
Year.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Totals.
Coke.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
199,562
280,196
876,999
884,880
898,491
Value.
1896
1,850,948
1,707.796
1,654,610
1,908,807
907,977
95.712,985
7,140,100
7,092,488
8,987,147
4,801,946
8,158,4OT
4,044,854
6,268,909
5.890,086
5,218,909
16,099,248
8,578,276
14,431,590
13,086,788
18,927,068
4,508,406
6,752,150
7,917,519
7,888,396
6,186,946
$12,412,238
16,718,876
21,624.079
22,082,910
18,229,009
$600,931
1890
1900
1901
1,858,968
1,516,898
1902
1,786,188
136
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
PBODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COAL IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN LONG
TONS.)
Year.
Production.
Imports.
Total Supply.
Exports.
Consumption.
Domestic.
Foreipi.
Tons.
Metric Tons.
1898
1899
194,940,907
225,108,024
280,507,861
261,878,675
267,099,884
1,273,706
1,400,522
1,909,876
1,980,248
2,661,881
196,214,078
226,603,646
241.476,727
268,793,923
270,250,716
4.503,405
6,762,160
7,917,619
7,888,893
6,126,946
2,890
6,806
6,740
8,808
7,581
191,708,378
220.744.690
238,562,468
206,406,727
264,116,188
194,776,712
2^,270,606
1900
237,289,807
1901
260,609,286
1002
268^848^047
Exports and Imports. — There was a decrease in the exports of 'coal during
1902, the figures being 6,126,946 tons for 1902, as compared with 7,383,393 tons
in 1901. The imports increased from 1,920,248 tons in 1901, to 2,551,381 tons
in 1902. Both imports and exports are given in the subjoined table : —
UNITED STATES EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OP COAL CLASSIFIED AS TO COUNTRIES.
Country.
Australasia
Canada
C ntral and South America. . .
Europe ,•
Hawaii and PhiUppbie islands
Japan ••••..••
Mexico
West Indies ,
Others
Totals
Exports.
1900.
Nil.
5,422,493
223,796
686,237
' 96.870
Nil.
664,066
780,879
114,909
r.917,510
1901.
Nil.
5,080,963
291,816
589,576
71,718
Nil.
561,448
786,389
62,488
7,!
1902.
Nil.
4,468,598
181,004
188,696
67.678
Nil.
587,708
679,068
5,286
6,126,946
Imports, (a)
1900.
254.188
1,484,576
118,987
Nil.
9.045
41,826
1,141
1,9G9,268
1901.
351,106
1,438,581
77,889
Nil.
11,068
19,702
Na.
22.217
1.919,962
1902.
324,648
1,078,919
466,988
Na.
9,666
882
2,478,875
(a) Does not include anthracite coal.
Production of Coal in the Chief Countries of the World.
The total production of coal in the world during 1901 was 787,179,967 metric
tons, against 766,935,262 metric tons in 1900, an increase of 40,385,224 metric
tons during the year. Detailed statistics may be found in the subjoined table : —
COAL PRODUCTION OF THE CHIEF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. (iN METRIC TONS.)
Africa.
Australasia.
Austria-
Hungary
Belgium.
Canada.
1
New
South
Wales.
New
Zear
land.
864,142
414,461
501,913
605,252
647,624
Tas-
mania
Vic-
toria.
Western
Australia
British
Columbia
A Ter-
ritories
N. Bruns-
w'k, Nova
Scotia.
France.
1897
1898
1809
1900
1901
2,008,174
02,650,486
a 239,443
759,362
1,888,206
4,458,728
4,781.661
4,670,580
5,595,879
6,068,921
864,164
921,546
990,838
1.111,860
1,247,280
48,210
49,902
43,803
61,549
46,166
240,068
246,845
286,578
215.052
212.678
Nil.
380
66,208
120,806
119,721
85,989,416
37,788,962
38,788,372
:j9,027,92P
40,746,704
21,492,446
22,088.3a'S
22,072,068
23,462,817
22,213,410
1,187,158
1.454,452
:, 601.833
1,791,8»
1,861.248
2,267,681
2,830,890
2,866,144
3.296,888
8,788,168
30,798,000
32,886,107
32,882.712
38,404.298
82,886.802
Yr.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
Germany
120,474,485
127.958.550
185,844.419
149,788.256
162.628,981
India.
lUly.
4,128,137 314,222
4.678,640 341,327
5.016,055 888,634
6.216,822, 479,896
6.742,176 425,614
Japan.
5,647,751
Russia.
Spain.
Sweden
6,661 ,2(W 12,807,450
6,721,798 114,274,361
7,429.467 1 14,7119,866
8,945,039 j 16, 156.038
I 203,738 2,019.000
2,466.800
2,600,279
2..582,972
2,051,85:
224,343
236 277
239,344
252,820
271,509
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
All Other
Countries
205,364,010 182,216,466 e2,000,000
205,287,388 198.071,199 »^2,600.000
223.616.279 228,71 7,579 if 2,500.(X)0
228,772.886 24,8.414,164 e2,500,000
222,614.981 ,266.078.668 (-2,500,000
Totals.
688.215,229
666,480,706
724,828,145
766,936,268
787,179,987
(a) Includes estiraate of* 60,000 tons as the output of ihe Orange Free State and Transvaal, for which no sta*
Ustics are available, (e) Estimated. (/) Not including lignite.
COAL AND COKE, 137
Africa. — Coal is produced in Natal, Cape Colony, the Transvaal and Orange
Hiver Colonies. Natal in 1901 produced 569,200 long tons coal, valued at
£649,439, as compared with 241,330 long tons. Valued at £241,330 in 1900.
The output was mined at the collieries of Indwe, Cyphergat, Sterkstroom and
Molteno. Cape Colony produced 206,810 long tons, valued at £180,413, as com-
pared with 198,451 long tons, valued at £152,581 in 1900, and the Transvaal
produced 809,898 metric tons coal in 1901, as compared with 514,171 metric
tons in 1900. According to the report of the Transvaal Mines Department, the
output of coal for the year 1902 was 1,910,947 long tons, valued at £637,640, as
compared with 797,144 tons, valued at £329,113 for the previous year. This
coal was produced by fourteen mines, the bulk of the coal coming from the
Springs-Brakpan area, which contributed 61-5% of the total tonnage.
Australasia, — The production of coal in New 3outh Wales in 1902 was 5,942,011
long tons, valued at £2,206,678, and the coke was valued at £89,605 ; the exports
of coal were 3,104,735 long tons, valued at £1,628,121. The output of coal in
Queensland in 1902 was 501,531 long tons, valued at £172,286. The output in
Victoria was 225,164 long tons, valued at £155,850, and the output in Western
Australia was 140,584 long tons, valued at £86,188.
Canada. — The production of coal in Canada during 1902 was 6,930,287 metric
tons, valued at $15,538,611, as compared with 5,649,917 metric tons, valued at
$12,005,565 in 1901, an increase of 1,280,370 metric tons and $3,533,046 for the
year. The production of coke also showed a large increase, being 459,463 metric
tons, valued at $1,558,930 in 1902, as compared with 339,043 metric tons, valued
at $1,228,225 in 1901. The exports of coal during 1902 were 1,648,852 metric
tons, valued at $4,867,088, the exports of coke, 52,873 metric tons, valued at
$184,499, the imports of anthracite and bituminous coal, 4,892,096 metric tons,
valued at $13,307,838 and the imports of coke, 242,416 metric tons, valued at
$842,815. In 1902, Nova Scotia produced 4,366,869 long tons of coal, as com-
pared with 3,625,365 long tons in 1901, 3,217,559 tons being mined in Cape
Breton County. The sales of Nova Scotia coal in 1902 amounted to 3,898,626
long tons, the exports of coal to the United States were 751,382 long tons. The
Dominion Coal Co. during 1902, produced 2,952,758 tons. Coal is also mined
on the Pacific Coast. It is generally of a bituminous nature, and is mined at
collieries at Nanaimo, Wellington and Comox on Vancouver Island. Both an-
thracite and bituminous coal are found on Queen Charlotte Islands. The Crow's
Nest Pass Coal Co., of British Columbia, in 1902 produced 223,501 tons of coal
and 107,837 tons of coke, the small output being due to an explosion which
crippled their principal mine, followed by a strike of the miners. The output
of the Vancouver Island collieries amounted to 1,173,893 tons of coal.
China. — The Kaiping coal mine in Chi-li Province, near the Gulf of Pechihle,
which was operated since 1878 by a Chinese company, was sold in 1900 to a British
syndicate, the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co., Ltd. The field extends for
23 miles along the Tientsin-Newchwang Railway, and is connected both by
railway and canal with the port of Tongu. The cost of coolie labor at the mines
is 10 to 15c. per day, native labor 12 to 20c., and skilled mechanics 24 to 36c.
The company intends to ship coal to Western America.
138
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Europe, — The production of coal in the United Kingdom during 1902
amounted to 227,178,140 long tons, as compared with 219,037,240 long tons in
1901, an increase of 8,140,900 long tons during the year, the greatest individual
^t
W
18
30
1£
38
U
90
1«
Mt
19 X)
19
a
Tons
i
/
8
2.70
/
/
870,000,000
-]
/
\
/
\
3.40
/
/
»0,000,000
yT
NL
•^
•
»Tr
210,000,000
•
•••
/
i
^>
• '
j
1
/
1
1
/'
/
'
1.80
/
^\
••
1
•
>
f
180,000,000
_
'
••'
^.
•
v
/
1
"^
'a
/;-
k
Nl
/
->
r
..?
i
d
••,
•^
/
y^
>
\
/
f
1.60
.•'
\
«(/
>
/^
N
\
/
I
^*
^^
inn MM IMA
•
^\
/
\,
.•^
f
/
!•*
..i
*t.
,•<
•
/
V
%
s
>
/
1.20
4r
p^
k.
/^
/
190,000,000
V
p'
/
,/
^
[^
,r'
-'-
/
jw'
.-'
•*^
,-■•'
/
00,000,000
/
^*
Jv^'
\
/
f
^
'"C
r
/
y^
--'
■^■^
— X
>
ix
^-
^'^
60,000,000
/
y
•c^
n
>*
.--*
—
--
i
r
«<^
--
t^
*-♦
.♦♦
♦•♦
•■♦■♦
«>.0«>.0..
A«
p
-o-o
rai
vx
■P+
r*
Lfc
^r*
-fO*'
»-^
t--*
Lfltj
^.
l&l
^
0*^
id
ot^
«^
^Vj
7'+
i'^
-o-
^o-
o-o
■©-<
-o-
.-o-
'o^
J
Mineral ladiMtrj, VoL XI
Thb Production of Coal in the Principal Countries of the Wobld xk
• MM Metric Tons.
COAL AND COKE. 139
increase being Scotland. The coal exported in 1902 amounted to 43,160,143 long
tons, against 41,877,081 long tons in 1901, an increase of 1,283,062 long tons.
The output in France in 1902 was 30,196,994 metric tons, as compared with
33,404,298 tons in 1901, the decrease being due to the strike of miners at the be-
ginning of the winter. Of this total the Valenciennes coal fields contributed
18,363,791 tons, while nearly the whole of the lignite was obtained from the
Bouclies du Rhone and the Var. The output of coal in the Gennan Empire and
Luxemburg in 1902 was 107,436,334 metric tons bituminous and 43,000,476
metric tons brown coal, a total of 150,436,810, as compared with 108,539,444
metric tons bituminous and 44,479,970 metric tons brown coal, a total of
153,019,414 tons in 1901. The exports of coal, including lignite, during 1902
were 16,122,907 metric tons, as compared with 15,287,984 metric tons in 1901,
while the imports of the same products were 14,307,668 metric tons in 1902, as
compared with 14,406,331 metric tons in 1901. The exports of coke in 1902 were
2,182,383 metric tons, as compared with 2,096,931 tons in 1901, and the imports
in 1902 were 362,488 tons, as compared with 400,197 tons in 1901. In Southern
Russia for the year ending Aug. 31, 1902, the output of bituminous coal
amounted to 10,668,622 tons, as compared with 11,774,272 tons in 1901, the
output of coke 1,832,760 for the same period in 1902, as compared with 2,065,845
in 1901.
India, — The output of coal for the year 1902 was 6,849,249 long tons, as com-
pared with 6,635,727 long tons in 1901, the great bulk of which was produced in
Bengal. Of a total of 142,491 persons engaged in mining, 85,361, or 60%. were
engaged in coal mining. The best coal, known as the Gondwana coal, is found
in large quantities at shallow depths and in thick seams in Bengal, Central
Provinces, Central India and Hyderabad. The output is largely exported, Ceylon
being the chief market. Coal has been discovered in Banganapalli State in the
Kumool district. The new coal field is of considerable area, and the coal seems
to be similar to the coal from the Singareni mines farther north.
Japan. — The exports of coal in 1902 were valued at $8,635,209, as compared
with $8,771,137 in 1901. The imports in 1902 were valued at $649,187, as com-
pared with $1,271,067 in 1901. The exports of coal during 1901 from the ports
of Shimonoseki and Moji, in the consular district of Shimonoseki, amounted
to £1,141,725, of which £425,796 were exported to China. In 1901 there were
73 coal mines in North Formosa, 42 of which with an area of over 3 sq. miles
were in operation at the close of the year, the total output being 62,547 tons.
The mines are in the Kelung district, and are for the most part surface workings.
The coal is exported from Tamsui, and is shipped mainly to China. Although
the coal is brittle, it has great heating power and leaves but little ash when
burned. A poorer grade of coal carrying a large quantity of sulphur is also
found. The Takasima coal mines owned and worked by the Mitsu Bishi Co. are
located on the islands of Hasima, Nakanosima, Takasima and Yokosima, near
the entrance to Nasaki harbor.
Mexico. — The Mexican Coal & Coke Co., operating at Las Esperanzas, State
of Coahuila, produced in 1902, 2,000 tons of coal and from 200 to 300 tons of
coke per day. It is reported that preparations are being made to open new mines
140
TIIH} MINERAL INDUSTRY.
and to put in new coke ovens, and it is expected the coko output will be increased
to 500 tons daily. The company, which owns 30,000 acres of co.il, has 2,000
men on its pay-roll. Its nearness to Monterey gives the company a market for
its coal. The San Marcial coal mines, in the State of Sonora, are being de-
veloped so as to produce 150 to 200 tons of coal per diem. A railway is being
constructed from the Sonora Railway to the mines, and it is proposed to ship
coal to the interior in the summer of 1903.
South America, — The imports of coal into Chile are shown in the following
table, reported in long tons, for which we are indebted to the courtesy of Jack-
son Bros., of Valparaiso: —
Steam Coal.
Smelting Coal.
Year.
Hartly.
Orrell.
Other
Classes.
.\ustraliin.
North
Amei ican
Total.
English.
Australian.
Total.
189g
Tons.
184,177
126,042
88,655
110.280
122,965
Tons.
8,591
7,688
10,341
6,804
6,876
Tons.
100,480
151,825
121,284
217,080
255,868
Tons.
27O.08S
807,119
856,859
442,880
946,154
Tons.
10,608
3,200
85,600
8S,1.')0
84,887
mm
Tons.
8,599
24,078
15,657
25,868
10,570
Tons.
42,768
48,277
46,850
56,009
54,278
Tons.
51,862
1809
67,850
1900
60,007
igOl
80.967
1902
64,848
The Anthracite Coal Trade in 1902.
By Samuel Sanford.
The year 1902 will always be known as the year of the great strike, which
greatly curtailed shipments for about five months, caused a loss of fully $26,000,000
in gross earnings to railroad companies and of $25,000,000 in wages to mine
employees, and gave rise to much inconvenience and even distress. From its
start in May, the strike was the controlling factor in the trade.
There were few important transfers of coal properties during the year, and
there were no material changes in the general policies of the coal carrying
railroads. The Delaware & Hudson Co. turned over to the Erie Hailroad its
tidewater shipments on a sales contract and also transferred to that road its
business at Buffalo. The resignation of President Walter of the Lehigh Bail-
road, owing to dissatisfactions on the part of certain stockholders with his policy
of putting the road's earnings into substantial improvements, was an outcome
of the strike. In March, Geo. A. Holden retired as general sales agent of the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western ; his retirement marking the final reorganiza-
tion of the road under Mr. Truesdale, and the end of the long Sloan and
Holden regime. The most important event of the year was not made known till
the spring of 1903. The banking house of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. purchased in open
market almost a controlling interest in the Reading Co. The stocks bought were
first and second preferred and common, the largest purchases, relative to the total
issue of each class, being in second preferred. It is not known just why Euhn,
Tioeb & Co. made the purchases. Possibly the object was to prevent the Wabash
Railroad from getting control of the Reading and thus making trouble for the
Pennsylvania Railroad. Possibly J. P. Morgan, thinking his control of the
THE ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE. 141
Reading through the voting trust, secure, did not think that any outside interest
would try to get control — or possibly he. was willing to sell his holdings at a
profit. The. fact remains that Kuhn, Loeb & Co. bought the stock, and the
Pennsylvania Railroad afterward transferred part to the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road and part to the Lake Shore. By acquiring its large interest in Reading
the Pennsylvania took a leading position among the anthracite railroads. The
house of J. P. Morgan & Co., it is said, disposed of nearly all the Reading stock
it held.
"^ade by Months. — As the floods in December of the preceding year had
greatly reduced output, the demand at the opening of 1902 was strong. The
regular f. o. b. prices New York Harbor shipping ports were: Broken $4, egg
$4-25, stove and chestnut $4 50, while the steam sizes were in demand at $3
for pea, $2-50 for buckwheat and $2 for rice. Cold weather during much of
February stimulated consumption, but by March 1, the prospect of lower prices
affected buying. On March 5, however, disastrous floods, the worst in 40 years,
almost caused a complete suspension of shipments from the Lackawanna, Wyo-
ming and Lehigh regions for several days, the Susquehanna River rising 32 ft.
at Wilkesbarre. Great damage was done to the tracks of the Central Railroad
of New Jersey and of the Lehigh Valley along the Lehigh River, while in the
Schuylkill and Lehigh regions many collieries were flooded, some of which
were not pumped out for months. The total damage to railroads and mines
was probably not less than $5,000,000. On April 1, the principal companies
announced that the f. o. b. New York Harbor shipping port, prices for April
would be : Broken $3*75 and egg, stove and chestnut $4. Egg was thus put on a
parity with stove and the differential on broken was reduced to 25c. in accord
with practice in the West. Owing to the prospects of a strike at the mines which
stimulated buying, tl*e shipments for April were the largest on record. The
monthly advance of 10c. a ton on May 1, did not affect buying, and the outlook fa-
vored a strong market that would continue well into the summer.
The unexpected action of the Hazleton Convention on May 12, however, prac-
tically stopped mining at once, though a few washeries kept at work. Sales
agents at New York refused to take new orders and began to sell what coal they
had to regular customers only, in order to stop speculators from getting control
of the supplies. Nevertheless retailers in New York City advanced prices $1 per
ton, while in other cities retail prices rose 25c. and 50c. By the middle of June,
dealers at New York owing to limited storage capacity were running short and
were buying coal from yards beyond Cape Cod, whither it had gone in April or
May. Prepared sizes were selling for $10 per ton at retail, and cargo lots of
pea coal sold up to $5 50. By the end of the month, over $6 was paid for pea
coal at New York, and $9 for broken, the latter size being greatly needed by the
elevated railroad. Bituminous coal wherever possible, was substituted for an-
thracite in hotels, restaurants and public buildings, and gas and oil were used for
domestic purposes as never before. At some cities, for instance Buffalo, whole-
sale prices advanced but little.
By the opening of August, supplies all over the country were getting low, and
in the whole anthracite region, but seven collieries and some twenty washeries
142 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
were busy. At Lake Superior ports most docks were bare, and at Missouri and
Mississippi River points dealers were trying to get Colorado anthracite and Ar-
kansas semi-anthracite. Prices in Eastern cities showed wide variation according
to the supplies available, though egg and broken were practically out of the mar-
ket, the Manhattan Elevated Railroad taking all of these sizes it could get, even at
points as far away as Albany and Boston. Speculative coal bought up by job-
bers, was offered wholesale alongside New York Harbor at these prices: Stove
$8-45, chestnut $8-35, pea $7, buckwheat $4-40, rice, $3. Supplies continued to
get scarcer, and prices rose. By September 10, prepared sizes at Chicago sold^or
$11 and $12 at retail and $10 and $11 at wholesale, with visible supplies down to
15,000 tons. Retailers at New York were restricting deliveries to one ton or
less, and getting $12 and $13 a ton. At Boston the retail price was $10. Balti-
more and some other points along the seaboard, as well as Lake Superior ports,
were out of anthracite.
Prices continue to advance, and by the opening of October, that section of
the country north of Virginia was experiencing the worst shortage in anthra-
cite since that coal came into general use, as shown by these retail prices: St.
Paul $12, Kansas City $12, Saginaw, Mich., $12, Chicago $15 @ $16, Springfield,
Mass., $16, Boston $20, Providence $20, New York $18 @ $25, with some sales
as high as $27, Philadelphia $15 @ $20, Richmond^ Va., $10. At New York,
steam coal often of poor quality sold for : Pea $10, buckwheat $8, rice $6. By
the middle of October the strike was virtually over, prices had fallen, and sales
agents were overwhelmed with orders. The Philadelphia & Reading Coal &
Iron Co. announced on October 5 that to cover the expenses due to the strike
its regular winter prices would be advanced 50c. per ton on January 1, making
its f. o. b. New York Harbor quotations: Broken $4-75, egg, stove and chestnut
$5. Other companies followed the Reading. Fortunately, the weather during
October and November was very mild, and with actual consumption under nor-
mal, the public did not suffer, though demand was far in excess of supply and
speculative coal sold at a premium. By November 20, prices f. o. b. Chicago
were: Broken $6-25, Qgg, stove and chestnut $6 -50. In the East retail prices at
Philadelphia had fallen to $7 and $9, and at Boston and Narragansett Bay ports
to $9. At New York Harbor, where the nominal retail price was $6*50 specu-
lative coal sold as high as $10 for prompt delivery. Some lots of very poor
washery coal, steam sizes, sold at discounts.
Early in December, a cold wave with lower temperatures than for a corre-
sponding date in thirty years stimulated demand and hindered coatswise ship-
ments. Retail prices at New York rose to $7-50 and at Boston to $12, and
remained there to the end of the year. It is important to note that during the
strike some of the railroad coal companies managed to get a little coal for certain
concerns which had to bum anthracite and this coal was sold at the regular
list price, though prices in the open market were twice as high. The difference
between list and speculative prices after the strike was marked, and it is almost
impossible to say what were average selling prices at tidewater during the last
half of the year.
THB SEABOARD BITUMINOUS COAL TRADE. 143
The Seaboard Bituminous Coal Trade in 1902.
By Samuel Sanford.
The bituminous coal trade of the Atlantic seaboard during 1902 was controlled
as never before by the railroads. Stockholders in the Pennsylvania Railroad are
reported to hold large interests in three other roads shipping bituminous coal
to tidewater from the West Virginia and Pennsylvania fields, and these roads
have a territorial policy by which certain coals, to avoid long car hauls, are
sent to certain markets. Industrial activity in 1900 and 1901 taxed the carry-
ing capacity of railroads all over the country, and it is possible that in 1902
the Pennsylvania and allied railroads were unable to give the service demanded
by coal shippers. There was a serious strike in West Virginia, otherwise pro-
duction was very heavy. The great shortage in fuel over the northeastern sec-
tion of the United States due to the anthracite strike affected bituminous prices,
and it is still a question whether or not the railroads could have moved to tide-
water a heavier tonnage of soft coal ; some people contend that had the bituminous
coal roads done their best, prices during the coal strike and later would not have
reached extreme figures.
Of transfers of coal lands in West Virginia and Pennsylvania there were
many, the two most important being the acquisition by the Goulds of the hold-
ings of the Davis Coal & Coke Co., including its mines and the West Vir-
ginia Central Railroad from the mines to Cumberland. The Goulds also acquired
the Western Maryland Road, owned largely by the City of Baltimore, running
from Baltimore to Hagerstown, and by these roads will run a line from Pitts-
burg to Baltimore, making the Wabash a factor in the trade. The railroad will
not have a particularly well situated line, but it will open a large coal field, and
is likely to have much influence. In Pennsylvania, a number of mines and com-
panies holding coal lands were consolidated as the Summerset Coal Co. later
acquired by Baltimore & Ohio interests. This consolidation was largely specu-
lative, and was probably made to enable the promoters to get favorable terms by
having the Wabash compete with the Baltimore & Ohio.
Trade iy Months. — ^Though the year opened with coal selling at a premium,
by the middle of January conditions had improved, and prices were about normal
-^hat is, $2-66 and $2-85 for Clearfield grades f. o. b. New York Harbor ship-
ping ports. The best grades such as Georges Creek, were out of the market, and
practically remained out of the market throughout the year. At a meeting of the
Bituminous Association at Philadelphia in February the members favored con-
tinuing old prices for new contracts. The floods in March affected traffic and
Clearfield sold f. o. b. at New York Harbor ports for $3-50 for spot. Car supply,
which had been poor, improved subsequently to about 75% of the demand, and by
April 20, prices for poorer Clearfield fell to $2*55 f. o. b. New York Harbor. The
strike of the anthracite miners on May 12, was immediately followed by the bitumi-
nous railroads cutting car supply, which had been about 75% of the demand, to
50% of some shippers' needs. This and the fear that the anthracite strike might
spread to bituminous mines frightened the trade, and Clearfield sold up to $3'50
f. o. b. New York Harbor. Though car supply improved to 90% of demand, the
144 THB MmSRAL INDU8TRT,
Pocahontas and New River miners were preparing to go out, and the market soon
became speculative. The output fell oflE about 80% when the Virginia and West
Virginia miners stopped work on June 7. By June 25, speculative prices rose to
$4*86 for the better grades of Clearfield f . o. b. New York Harbor. When the men
began to return to work in July and transportation and car supply were fairly ade-
quate, speculative prices dropped to $3-25, and there was complaint of an apparent
connection between speculative prices and variations in car supply and transporta-
tion. By the middle of August, some Pittsburg coal was arriving at tidewater,
and a few large blocks of Nova Scotia coals had been taken for delivery at points
east of Cape Cod. At New York Harbor prices for Clearfield fell to less than
$3 per ton. By the end of the' month, the strike in the Pocahontas district
and at most of the New River mines shipping to tidewater, was practically over,
but car supply became poorer and transportation slower and Clearfield grades
advanced to $3 -55 f. o. b. New York Harbor. Then a serious car shortage began
to develop, the market became suddenly neiTous and speculative prices jumped,
the Pennsylvania Railroad getting the blame. Bituminous coal supplanted an-
thracite in hotels and public buildings, and to some extent for domestic pur-
poses; the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad unable to get coal on
its contract with the Davis Coal & Coke Co., because of the dispute between
the Pennsylvania and Wabash roads, was buying in the open market; yet car
supply on the Pennsylvania fell off, transportation was poor and less than a
normal tonnage of bituminous coal was arriving at shipping ports. Prices by
September 25, were $6 35 at New York Harbor and as high as $850 f. o. b. at
points beyond Cape Cod. Early in October, in some cases as high as $9 per ton ^
was paid for Clearfield grades f. o. b. New York Harbor ports, the railroads were
seizing coal in transmit, and many manufacturing concerns were closing down.
In the East the situation had been relieved by imports of Canadian coal and pur-
chases of Scotch, English and Welsh coals. By October 5, however, the anthra-
cite strike was virtually over, and the market much quieter, Clearfield grades
selling (in a few days) from $8 to below $6 at New York Harbor, and falling
later to $4. ' Some English and Scotch coal was arriving at North Atlantic ports,
some of it being offered at below $7 per ton f . o. b. New York. During October,
car supply continued poor and transportation irregular with demand strong and
prices rose to $6-25 by November 30, but with improved car supply dropped to
$5*50 f. 0. b. New York Harbor for Clearfield. Then car supply fell to 35%
of the demand, cold weather and storms increased buying and interrupted coast-
wise shipments. In December, speculative prices jumped to $7-25 per ton f. o. b.
New York Harbor and $10 at points beyond Cape Cod; while at Philadelphia
before the end of the month, bituminous coal was selling for $7, or for more
than the price of prepared sizes of anthracite.
RECENT DEVEL0PMENT8 IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE. 146
Recent Developments ii^ the Anthracite Coal Tbiade.
By Samuel Sanford.
The anthracite coal trade during the last few years has attracted much atten-
tion. A great wave of industrial prosperity, the crest of which is perhaps
passed, has lifted the trade from the level to which it fell in the years following
the panic of 1893, and also enabled financiers to try to give it such support that
it may not fall back to its old level when the wave of prosperity has passed.
The public, though in a general way cognizant of their efforts, has apparently no
clear idea of the problems those now in control of the trade have to solve. Two
strikes of the anthracite miners have given an opportunity for newspapers of
the baser sort to indulge in all sorts of abuse of the mining and railroad com-
panies, to advocate confiscation of the mines, etc., thus expressing a natural anger
at having to pay higher prices for coal, but little desire or even willingness to
learn the facts or to look at the situation from more than one view point-
This article will not take up except incidentally the matters discussed so ably
in the report of the Anthracite Strike Commission. Neither will it take up the
early growth of the industry, the splendid achievements of its pioneers, — ^men like
Josiah White, — ^nor trace the growth of large companies previous to 1860, the
insecure prosperity of the industry during the Civil War and in the period of
inflation following, the rule of trade imionism under the MoUie Maguires, or the
ambitious plans and utter failure of the brilliant president of the Philadelphia
& Reading Railroad — Franklin M. Gowen — ^since these have been discussed by ,
the late R. P. Rothwell in his article on the "Evolution of the Anthracite Coal
Trade," in The Mineral Ini)ustry, Vol. IV. That trenchant article, in its
keen analysis of the weaknesses of the trade and their steady development, is
perhaps one of the best short presentations of the evolution of a great industry
ever written. The present article aims simply to give a review of what has been
done in the trade during the past seven years, to show why recent attempts to put
the industry on a profitable basis may prove successful, to point out the present
tendencies in the trade and to indicate its probable future.
Mr. Rothwell summarized the evolution of the trade up to 1896 as follows:
"From the very beginning of the industry there has always been more money
invested in it than reasonable profits on a normal business could pay interest on.
There has been an overproduction of both coal and railroads. Investments in
anthracite lands and in railroads to reach them, as in other things, have generally
been on the crests of waves of inflation when all valuations were exorbitant.
Under the influence of enthusiastic, oversanguine and not always disinterested
or even honest men, unnecessary lands were purchased and unnecessary roads
were built because in T)oom' times it was comparatively easy for these men to raise
capital on stocks and bonds. When the reaction from each of these periods of
inflation arrived, and it was difficult to cover losses by increasing indebtedness,
the real condition of the industry became more or less apparent, but instead of
sealing down the excessive indebtedness the usual course has been to increase it
by making new debts on still more onerous terms to provide temporary relief.
*TYie final outcome of this magnificent industry has been that with few and
146 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
temporary exceptions, there has never been any profit in the mining of anthracite.
It is shown in the history of the trade, and it is needless to multiply the proofs of
it. Millions have been made from the royalties on coal by fortunate land-
owners, both individuals and companies. Fortunes have been amassed in the
transportation and in the marketing of coal, and immense sums have been
realized in salaries, commissions, and in various other ways connected with and
dependent on the producing of coal. But it must be admitted that in the actual
business of mining coal and selling it at the colliery, there has rarely been any
profit over a series of years. The country at large has been the chief beneficiary
of the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania. No other industry in all this broad
land, nor in all the world, has ever created such magnificent results in material
prosperity as has the anthracite trade of Pennsylvania."
At the close of 1895 the trade was in a bad way. Attempts in previous years to
restrict production to market needs and keep prices high enough to give a fair
profit had failed, and the 1895 attempt was a worse failure than most of its pred-
ecessors. The sales agents in New York City at monthly conferences estimated
what the market would take, but the output regularly exceeded the estimates,
so that by November even the pretence of restriction was abandoned, every com-
pany being free to get out as much as it chose. The net result for the year was a
record-breaking output, sold at prices which could have hardly been satisfactory.
Conditions during 1896 were also unsatisfactory, though the railroads maintained
prices fairly well and kept output in sight of market needs ; but the country had
not recovered from the effects of the pai^ic of 1893 and people managed to get
along with much less coal than the directing minds of the anthracite trade ap-
parently thought possible, and at the end of the year the companies again had
large unsold stocks on hand. At the opening of 1897 the producers resolved to
restrict production still more, and for the first half of the year succeeded fairly
well, but shipments though cut to below the figures of 1896, were still too much
for the market. The sales agents' monthly estimates of what the market would
take in 1896 made a total of 42,344,222 tons, while the actual shipments from
the mines were 43,177,400; in 1897 the estimated tonnage needed was 38,159,200
tons, the shipments 41,204,800 tons. During much of 1898 the trade was
demoralized. Anthracite prices did not reach the 1879 average — $3-30 for stove
size f. 0. b. New York Harbor — but by the end of the year were very low. In
1899 prosperity came to the anthracite as to other industries, and cama quickly.
Since 1899 strikes have interrupted production in two years, resulting in ab-
normal conditions, and the continued prosperity of the country has main-
tained demand.
During May, June and July, 1898, many mines in the Lackawanna and Wyo-
ming regions worked but 5 days a month. The miners were dissatisfied, and
the organizers of the TJnited Mine Workers found ready listeners when they
began to preach trade unionism in a region where trade unions had lost nearly
all power after the defeat of the Knights of Labor in 1887. The independent
mining companies, — ^those mining companies not controlled by a railroad, — ^were
complaining that freight rates were too high, that the railroad companies were
altogether too arbitrary in restricing car supply, though in the demoralized state
BBCBNT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE, 147
of the market it was utterly impossible for the coal companies to dispose of all
the coal the independent producers wished to sell^ and plans of all kinds^ some
good, some utterly visionary were imder discussion. The upshot of the matter
was that the independent operators, most of whom were members of the Anthra-
cite Operators' Association, became most thoroughly dissatisfied with conditions,
and a number of those in the Wyoming and Lackawanna regions took up the
project of a new railroad to run from near Pittston, Pa., to Belvidere, reaching
tide-water at New York Harbor. It was incorporated in 1898 as the New York,
Wyoming & Western Railroad, with a capital of $1,000,000. T. H. Watkins, of
Simpson & Watkins, T. L. Jones and T. C. Fuller were the executive committee.
According to the promoters about $750,000 of the capital stock was subscribed,
and operators not under contract to existing railroads pledged a tonnage of be-
tween 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 tons annually, the Simpson & Watkins tonnage
alone being 1,160,000 tons. The company had surveyors in the field in 1899 and
purchased or took an option on 7,000 tons of steel rails. The existing railroads
naturally did not look with favor on the project, and the company had trouble in
locating a right of way. In fact it is still a matter of doubt if the company could
have secured a right of way to all the collieries it proposed to reach.
According to Mr. Baer, then counsel for the Reading Co., Mr. Watkins had
a theory in 1898 that it was possible to get up a company to consolidate the selling
agencies of the principal anthracite companies. Among the stockholders in the
firm of Simpson & Watkins were certain New York men, who it is currently be-
lieved included representatives of the Vanderbilts. These gentlemen were much
opposed to Simpson & Watkins going into the construction of a rival railroad,
while not seriously believing that the road was planned wholly in good faith.
When a syndicate was formed to buy the collieries, Mr. Watkins outlined his plan
of a central purchasing and selling agency. The various railroad companies
already in the field agreed to finance the new company, by a purchase of the
stock in the future. To purchase the stock of the various collieries the charter
of the Temple Iron Co. was secured. This company had a small anthracite
blast furnace at Temple, Pa., and employed about 150 men. It was capitalized
at $240,000, Mr. Baer owning one-fifth of the stock. The Company's Penn-
sylvania charter antedated 1874, and was very liberal indeed, even empowering
the company to build railroads, transport, mine, buy and sell coal, iron ore and
other minerals, etc. By Mr. Baer's advice the stock of the company was in-
creased to $2,000,000, and bonds were issued as the Pennsylvania law permitted.
The stock was deposited in a voting trust, and the railroads guaranteed the pay-
ment of the bonds.
The railroad companies agreed to purchase the Stock when called upon by the
trustees, the call being optional in 1904 and absolute in 1907. Subsequently
Mr. Baer discovered that the scheme of a central agency was altogether undesir-
able ; possibly it had features which would have aroused public protest and legal
action. He, therefore, refused to make the Temple Iron Co. the selling agent
of the Reading Co., and the other railway presidents followed his example. Mr.
Watkins resigned as president of the Temple Iron Co., and Mr. Baer succeeded
him. The Temple Iron Co., however, continued, and still continues, to operate
148 THE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
the collieries it acquired. The presidents of the railroads guaranteeing the stock
and bonds of the company were made directors because they were most directly
interested. They control a majority of the stock. The railroads guarantee the
debt on a basis of the average percentage of the total shipments of coal from the
anthracite fields each handled during several years prior to 1898; this being
deemed the most satisfactory basis. It may be noted in passing that there are
other men than Mr. Baer who believe that the interest of Simpson & Watkins in
a projected railroad was largely a pretext to get better terms for their property.
Certain it is that they received a very good price indeed.
The New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad was reorganized as the Erie
Railway in 1895. It had a shipping arrangement with the Delaware & Hudson
Canal Co., but its own coal lands were in the northern part of the Lackawanna
region, and its subsidiary Hillside Coal & Iron Co. was not a very important
producer. The stock of the Erie Railway, except a few shares of common stock,
was deposited in a voting trust ; the three trustees, one of whom was J. P. Morgan,
were to hold the stock until 1900 and thereafter, until a cash dividend of 4%
had been paid on the first preferred stock.
In 1898 Mr. Morgan made the Erie Railroad a much more important factor
in the anthracite trade by taking over the New York, Susquehanna & Western
Railroad, which had been completed to the anthracite fields in 1894, after con-
siderable litigation over rights of way, etc., with existing lines. The road was
to take the tonnage of a number of independent operators about Scranton. who
had pledged their tonnage on contracts calling for 50% of the tide- water selling
price. The New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad handled the output
of the Jerm}Ti collieries, and of several other companies, and in 1897 handled as
an initial road 1,400,000 tons of coal. The Erie Railway paid for it by issuing
stock, and exchanging nine-tenths of a share of its stock for one of New York,
Susquehanna & Western.
Most of the independent operators were shipping under contracts by which they
turned over their coal at the breaker to a coal and iron company controlled by a
railroad company, receiving therefore 60% of the average selling price of the pre-
pared sizes of free burning white-ash coal, f. o. b. New York Harbor during the
preceding month. It is to be noted that the coal and iron company bought the
coal outright at the breaker, and the 60% of the tide-water selling price was
simply a measure of value. The coal of an independent operator bought under
one of these contracts might be shipped to some nearby point, or to Chicago,
Duluth or St. Louis, and the price which the railroad company received for it
would then have nothing to do with the New York Harbor price. The sales
contracts, therefore, were not shipping contracts, but purchase contracts pure
and simple. However, many independent operators were much dissatisfied at the
restrictions the railroads often put on output by short car supply, the railroads
being hampered by the poor market in 1896, 1897 and 1898, and these operators,
or some of them, projected another railroad to tide-water. This road was incorpo-
rated in 1899 as the Delaware Valley & Kingston, and was to run from Lacka-
v/axen to Kingston along the Delaware & Hudson Canal, which the Delaware &
Hudson Canal Co. had just abandoned as unprofitable after some 70 years of use. A
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE, 149
large part of the tonnage to be shipped over the proposed road was to come from
the mines of the Pennsylvania Coal Co., one of' the few large concerns in the anthra-
cite regions to pay good dividends over a long term of years. This company owned
its coal lands, therefore paid no royalties. It had bought the lands at a time when
lands were cheap, and its operations had been carefully managed. The company
had its own railroad, the Erie & Wyoming Valley Railroad, running from Hawley
to Scranton, and this road was to be part of the projected Delaware Valley &
Kingston Railroad. The construction of the new road was vigorously opposed by
the Erie Railroad, which had been hauling for something like 30 years the output
of the Pennsylvania Coal Co.^s mines from the terminus of the Erie & Wyoming
Valley Railroad. The Erie Railroad naturally objected to losing the haul of
something like 1,000,000 tons of coal a year, and bitterly fought every step in the
New York and the Pennsylvania courts. This litigation delayed construction,
if construction had been seriously intended, on the road, and finally in 1900 the
Erie bought the property of the Pennsylvania Coal Co. and of the Delaware Val-
ley & Kingston Railroad. The purchase was made through J. P. Morgan & Co.,
which bought up the shares of the Pennsylvania Coal Co., paying therefore
$32,000,000, and afterward transferred the shares to the Hillside Coal & Iron
Co. controlled by the Erie Railroad, taking payment in Erie Railroad bonds and
receiving a commission of $1,500,000 on the deal. As the Pennsylvania Coal
Co. was now out of it, and as the market for anthracite had greatly improved, the
other independent operators lost interest in a new railroad, and finally abandoned
the project when they made new sales contracts in 1901, by which they sold their
coal at the breaker at 65% of the tide-water price. The new contracts, however,
were to last during the life of the mine.
When the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. abandoned its canal from Honesdale
to Rondout in 1899, it turned over its Eastern shipments to the Erie Railroad,
which hauled the coal from Honesdale to tide-water at a very low freight rate,
reported to have been about 0-3c. per ton-mile, in strong contrast with the usual
charge of about 0-8c. from the anthracite mines to tide- water. At present the
Delaware & Hudson sells much of its coal to the Hillside Coal & Iron Co. on a
contract calling for 65% of the average tide-water price.
The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad was reorganized in 1896 as the final out-
come of Mr. McLeod's attempt in 1892 to control the anthracite trade. His
plan was to unite the railroads by leasing several and securing a majority in the
boards of directors of the others. The plan also included the purchase by the
railroad of all the coal produced on the line of the road at 60% of the price
realized at New York harbor, and if any independent wished to sell his own coal
he was to be brought to terms by an advance in freights. Mr. McLeod was in
some ways an abler railroad executive than Mr. Gowen, and his plan did not
rest on oversanguine estimates. It failed from external reasons. (1) The
attempt to extend the Reading's control was at a time of falling values and con-
tracting credit, making the task of raising sufficient funds very difficult. (2)
Mr. McLeod wrongly supposed that a great market could be secured by an all-rail
route to New England. In endeavoring to secure New England connections Mr.
McLeod incurred the displeasure of stockholders in the Nqw York, New Haven &
150 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Hartford Railroad, and thereby brought quick destruction on himself and his
plans. Mr. McLeod's attempt was premature, but in the main soundly planned.
After the foreclosure in 1896 the capital stock of both the Philadelphia &
Eeading Railway, successor of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, and of the
Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. were acquired by the Reading Co.,
a Pennsylvania corporation. All the stock except 2,000 shares of common stock
was deposited in a voting trust, with J. P. Morgan, F. P. Olcott and C. S. W.
Packard as voting trustees, to be held until January 1, 1902, and thereafter until
the first preferred stock should receive a 4% dividend for two consecutive years.
Speaking of the Reading Railroad, Mr. Roth well has said : "There is no com-
petitor in market so dangerous as a concern obliged to force its output and sell
its product regardless of consequences, because while running it can get extensions
of credit and can borrow money to carry it over to those better times which are
always looming up on the horizon of every sanguine financier. The condition of
unstable equilibrium, in which the finances of a number of the coal roads and
companies have always been, could not withstand the additional burden which
would be brought upon it by such demoralized markets as would result from the
frantic struggles of a bankrupt competitor. Hence the companies have unwill-
ingly been forced to hold together in an effort to support the market price of
coal. Since the weakest financially, and consequently the most dangerous of the
coal roads, is that which has the greatest natural advantages and elemeutfe of
strength, it is evident that the controlling factor in this struggle lies not in
natural advantages but in pre-eminent ability to borrow money. There is no doubt
that if the Reading had abundant capital it would promptly take a very much
larger proportion of the trade than it has, and would practically dictate to all
its competitors or absorb them."
In reorganizing the Reading, Mr. Morgan and the men he represented were of
course taking up a project out of which they expected to make money. Probably
they, like Mr. Gowen and Mr. McLeod, saw the possibilities of the Reading sys-
tem and of the anthracite coal trade ; possessed of ample resources, all they needed
to do was to take full advantage of the first rise of the next wave of industrial
prosperity. The anthracite companies had wandered in the wilderness of mis-
management long enough and were looking for a Moses to lead them out. Con-
sequently the house of J. P. Morgan & Co. met with no serious resistance in its
plans, and public opinion was not aroused till later.
In January, 1901, the Philadelphia & Reading Railway took over 145,000
shares (a majority) of the stock of the Central Railroad of New Jersey for
$23,200,000. J. P. Morgan & Co. bought the shares and charged a commission.
The purchase gave the Reading a more direct entrance to New York, and also
enabled Morgan interests to extend their holdings of coal lands, as the Central
Railroad of New Jersey controls the Lehigh & Wilkes Barre Coal Co., which has
collieries in the Wyoming Valley and in the Lehigh region. New York business
of the Reading had gone over Central tracks for 30 miles, and the Reading
hauled considerable bituminous coal to Allentown, Pa., whence the Central
hauled it to New York.
A previous transfer of the Central Railroad of New Jersey to the Reading' Co.
RJCGENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ANTHRACITE^ COAL TRADE, fsi
by lease, under the McLeod regime, had been set aside by the New Jersey courts.
Purchase of stocks in the open market is, however, a different proposition, and
the Beading Co. undoubtedly violated no law in getting control. The lines of
the Reading and of the Central Railroad of New Jersey from the anthracite fields
to tide-water are not parallel, and thus the Reading Co. does not violate that
clause of the Pennsylvania constitution of 1874, which forbids the consolidation
of parallel and competing railways.
The Lehigh Valley Railroad owns the capital stock of the Lehigh Valley
Coal Co., that has mines in the Wyoming and Lehigh regions, and has long
been an important factor in the anthracite trade. The railroad, once a magnifi-
cent property', got into financial straits by building its own line from the coal
regions to Buffalo, completed in 1892. In 1895 the railroad officials applied
to J. P. Morgan for aid, and he advanced a large sum, taking as security the
stock of the Packard estate, about one-thijrd of the total capitalization of the
company, and securing an option to purchase it.
This stock was deposited in a voting trust and held thus several years, but in
1900 Mr. Morgan exercised his rights under his option and bought the stock.
The Lehigh Valley securities are held by many stockholders, and purchase of
control in the open market would have been expensive, and perhaps not desirable.
The Packard estate stock was the largest block easily procurable. Mr. Morgan,
it is said, turned the stock over to the Erie, the Reading and the Delaware,
Lackawanna & Western, dividing it between them; the railroads paid for it by
an exchange of stock, and Mr. Morgan got his commission, it is generally be-
lieved, in some of the Packard stock.
Of the coal mining concerns not directly owned by railroads in the Lehigh
region the largest are the Cross Creek Coal Co. (Coxe estate), and the I^ehigh
Coal & Navigation Co. The Cross Creek Co. owns the Delaware, Susquehanna
& Schuylkill Railroad that connects with the Lehigh Valley, and runs its own
cars and locomotives to tide-water over Lehigh Valley tracks. The Lehigh Coal
& Navigation Co. years ago leased its railroad lines in the Panther Creek Valley
for 999 years to the Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Of the chief coal carrying roads, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail-
road enjoys many advantages. Incorporated in 1853, its Pennsylvania charter
gives it the right to mine, transport and sell coal. It has properties around Scran-
ton, near Plymouth and back of Nanticoke. Some of these are leased at high
royalties, but many were bought years ago at low prices, consequently the road
has not been burdened with a great coal land indebtedness, and as the road has
been managed very conservatively it has paid dividends when some of its com-
petitors were undergoing reorganization, or were on the verge of bankruptcy.
Being thus financially independent, the road under the administration of Messrs.
Samuel Sloan and E. B. Holden acted independently in the matter of marketing
its output. Its officials aimed to make a profit in their own way regardless of
other roads. The stock of the company was largely held by Mr. Sloan, by the
Taylor estate and by the New York Central Railroad, or stockholders in that road.
After the Vanderbilts and others became interested in Mr. Morgan^s plans to
put the anthracite trade on a more profitable basis there was a change in the
152 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
policy of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. Early in 1899 Mr.
Samuel Sloan, the venerable president of the road, resigned, and was succeeded
by Mr. W. H. Truesdale, who had shown high ability as a railroad manager.
His coming was followed by many changes in the officials, some of whom had held
their places for years, by a more open attitude of the directors toward the stock-
holders, and apparently by a changed policy regarding output and prices.
The New York, Ontario & Western Bailroad, when it built a 54-mile branch to
Scranton in 1890, had no direct control of anthracite mines, and its contracts
with individual operators did not insure tonnage. To insure tonnage it did what
other railroads had done, advanced money to operators to open mines, and later
bought a majority of the stock of the Elkhill Coal & Iron Co. and of the
Scranton Coal Co., and advanced money to these companies to buy mines, includ-
ing those of the Lackawanna Iron & Steel Co. In this way between 1898 and
1901 it secured indirectly over 80%. of the producing capacity of the mines it
reaches. The stock of the New York, Ontario & Western is largely held in
England, and its directors though willing enough to support any policy that
would increase the road's earnings, have always acted rather independently. The
Vanderbilts are believed to own stock in the road, which ships to New York har-
bor from Cornwall over the tracks of the West Shore, a Vanderbilt line.
The Pennsylvania Railroad has been interested in anthracite through its sub-
sidiary Susquehanna Coal Co. with mines near Nanticoke in the Wyoming region,
and through the Union Coal Co. and the Mineral Hill Railroad & Mining Co.,
with mines in the western part of the Schuylkill region. The company has
always given attention to hauling bituminous coal, and has had little to do with
any attempt to restrict the production or uphold the price of anthracite. When
Mr. Morgan started to control the anthracite situation he met with little or no
opposition from the Pennsylvania, and the opinion prevailed that Mr. Morgan
and the Vanderbilt roads were to take care of anthracite, and the Pennsylvania
Co. was to look out for bituminous trade. After the Pennsylvania Railroad
had secured large interests in the stocks of the Norfolk & Western, Chesapeake
& Ohio, and Baltimore & Ohio (in 1899), there was no apparent change in the
Pennsylvania's attitude until 1902. In the spring of 1903 the announcement
was made that the banking house of Kuhn, Ijoeb & Co. had purchased in open
market almost a controlling interest in the Reading Co., 1,300,000 shares out of
2,800,000, mostly first preferred stock. Why this purchase was made is a matter
of doubt. Possibly it was an outcome of the fight between the Pennsylvania
and Wabash systems, Mr. Morgan having no objection to selling out his Reading
holdings at a profit and the Pennsylvania and the Vanderbilt railroads wishing to
keep the Wabash from getting control of the Beading. The stock acquired by
Pennsylvania and Vanderbilt interests was taken over by the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, a Maryland corporation, for the Pennsylvania Railroad and by the
Lake Shore Railroad for the Vanderbilts. Thus conflict with that clause of
the Pennsylvania constitution forbidding the consolidation of competing lines
was avoided. At the same time J. P. Morgan & Co. increased their holdings of
Erie.
The house of J. P. Morgan & Co. having secured a commanding position in the
RECENT DEVELOPMENTB IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE. 168
SHIPMENTS FBOM THE ANTHBAOITE BBOION8 (TONS OF 2,240 LB.) AND PEBCBNTAOB
OF GOAL HANDLED BY BACH ROAD AS AN INITIAL LINE.
Goal BoadB.
ShlpmentB. ^^^
1896.
ShiimunitB. ^2St.
1886.
Shipments.
1897.
Per
Cent
Philadelphia & Beading. . .
OentnU of NewSJeney . . . .
Lehigh Valley ,
DeL, Lack ft WeBtern. . . .
Delaware ft Hudson ,
Pennaylvania R.R.
FenneylTaaia Coal Co
Erie
N. Y., Ontario ft Western
DeL, Sosq. ft Schuylkill.. .
N. Y., Susq. ft Western.. . ,
Total
9,906,060
5,888,104
7,800,464
6,189.861
4,817,848
6,0S6,646
1,746.888
1,880,088
1,484,407
1,906,784
81*88
11-68
16-88
18-17
9*86
10-80
8-78
8-91
807
4- 10
8*81
9,019,688
4,999,006
6,740,198
6,627,688
4,168,278
4,768,120
1,788,972
1,718,862
1,881,896
1,096,684
1,410,060
20-89
11-58
15-68
18-08
9-08
11-16
4-06
8-96
806
8-98
8-27
8,896.411
4,7«),860
6,486,227
6,690,684
6,646,868
1,777,841
46,511,476
10000
48,177,41
10000
41,687,864
90-8
11-4
15*4
18-7
18*6
4*8
100-00
Coal Roads.
1896.
1899.
1900.
Shipments.
Per
Cent.
Shipments.
Per
Cent
Shipments.
Per
Cent.
phq^AlphliL V^ l^iMilinp
8,219,814
4,006,886
6,866,677
5,796,640
6,618,186
19-6
11-0
16-6
18-8
18-4
9,088,608
6.898.560
7;M8;9a8
21-21
11-81
16-02
9.888,516
6,809,866
6.909,448
6,018,849
8,978,860
6,109,947
Geotial of New JeraeyT
Iiflhifrh VftlW.
Del., Wk. ft Western
Delaware ft Hudson
Pennf^lvania R.R. * . '.
Pfsififwi^rania Coal Co.. ................. i x x . x !! '
1,864,616
4*4
^^, ^. ":..:...;.....:..;..::.:::;.:;
6,166,070
1,658.4S7
1,568,488
N. Y., Ont. ft Western
DeLfSoBq. ft Seha^Ikill
^)tal
41,8?9,751
10000
47,066,808
100-00
45,107,484
lOO'OO
In the year 1886-1806 the highest and lowest percentages handled by the railroads were: Reading, highest-
21-84, lowest 80-80; the Lehigh Valley, highest 21-12. lowest 18-86: Central of New Jersey, highest 17-10, lowest
11*68; Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western, highest 18-48, lowest 18-08; Delaware ft Hudson, highest 11*64, lowest
9*08; FenuBylTania Railroad, highest 18*87, lowest 9*88.
anthracite trade could put through any plan which seemed likely to benefit the
railroads^ make mining more profitable, and insure steadier work at the mines.
As has been pointed out time and again, the anthracite trade has suffered not only
from the persistent tendency of operators to mine and market more coal than the
public could take at a profitable price, but also from irregular demand. Anthra-
cite being a domestic fuel is most wanted in winter, while from April to Septem-
ber but little coal is required. A demand, heavy during a few months and then
very light, has made the working time of miners correspondingly irregular, with
the result that though wages have been high, yearly earnings have sometimes been
woefully small. The wages have attracted many men to the field with the result-
ing conditions that the Anthracite Strike Commission discusses in its report.
As irregular work at the mines is more expensive than steady operation, the
mining and railroad companies have sought to keep the mines running more
steadily by storing coal during the slack months — June, July and August, long
known as the time of "midsummer dullness." This, however, gave little relief
to the independent operators since the railroad could hardly be expected to help
an independent at the cost of rehandling his coal, and the companies themselvea
aside from the expense and waste in storing coal, according to Mr. Baer, 20c.
154
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
per ton for the Readings have often found this stored coal a demoralizing factoi
in a weak market.
A new plan proposed in the spring of 1901 resembled somewhat a plan sug-
gested years before which had failed for the same reason that caused the failure
of so many other plans to m'ake the trade profitable, the lack of good faith among
officers of the companies. The new schedule of prices was on a basis of $4-50
per ton for stove and chestnut sizes of free-burning white ash coal f . o- b. New
York harbor, with egg, $4-25 and broken $4. A discount of 50c. per ton was
to be given on all coal delivered in April, 40c. in May, 30c. in June, and so on till
basis prices were reached Sept. 1. In connection with this plan, a most excellent
one for insuring a more even distribution of buying, and thereby steadier work
at the collieries, the Reading undertook the reform of another abuse, by making
prices the same to large and small dealers, and doing away with many commission
sales agencies. This meant a saving in commissions, and the removal of the
influence of the jobbers and speculators who by buying at discounts, perhaps of
some relative connected with a coal company, had helped demoralize market condi-
tions. It is to be noted that all the companies announced the same prices and
the same discounts for the same grades of prepared sizes. This at first sight
OIBOULAB AND SELLING PRICES OF STOVE GOAL P. O. B., NEW YOBK HABBOB, BY
MONTHS, 1806-1902.
1896.
1806.
1807.
1008.
Month.
Circular
Price.
Sellinfl:
Prica
Circular
Price.
Selling
Price.
Circular
Price.
SelUng
Price.
Circular
Price.
Selling
Price.
January
Ft^bruary....
March
fe::::;::
S800
8-60
8-60
8-86
8-86
386
8-86
8-86
8*66
8-87
4-00
4-00
8-58
S8-86
8-88
816
806
8-00
8-87
2-80
8-75
810
888
8-40
828
8-11
$8-75
8-75
8-75
8-76
4-00
400
486
4-85
4-60
4-60
4-50
4-50
415
$8-88
8-84
8-44
8»
8-60
8-66
8-81
8-80
8-86
4-06
4-14
8-97
8-78
$4-85
4-86-4-10
4-86
4-85
4-85
4-85-410
4-80
4-60
4*60
4-80
4-60
4-60
4-87
$8-87
8-91
8«
808
806
807
8*90
401
4-08
400
8-91
8-78
8-94
$4-80
400
400
400
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.85
4.25
4.86
4.10
$8-74
8-84
8-88
8*88
8*01
June
8*01
July
8-85
September! . .
October
November....
December....
Average
8-80
8-78
8-64
8-60
8-66
8-76
1899.
1900.
1901.
100&
Month.
Circular
Price.
Selling
Price.
Circular
Price.
Selling
Price.
Circular
Price.
SelUng
Price.
Circular
Price.
Selling
January
February ....
March
Aoril
I4 2.S
4-ir>
4-25
4-25
8-75
8-75
400
400
4-00
4-86
485
4 £5
4-10
$8-54
8-57
8S«
808
8-64
3-60
3-72
8-75
8-88
8-98
8-97
408
8-78
$4-40
4-40
4-40
8-90
8-90
8-90
4-25
4-25
4-25
4-25
4-50
4-50
4-24
$402
8-96
8-84
8-72
8-71
8-70
8-09
8-78
8-84
4-28
4-41
4-44
8-88
$400
4-50
4-50
400
4-10
4*20
430
4-40
4-50
4-50
4-50
4-60
4-87
$4-48
4-42
4-28
8-90
4-01
4*12
4-28
4*84
4-40
4-46
4-47
4*48
4*82
$4-50
4-50
4-60
400
410
4-20
4-80
4-40
4-50
4-50
6-00
600
4-46
14 60
4-48
4-48
800
Mky.:::.::::.
410
June....
i*80
July ....
August
September. . .
October
November....
December.,..
Average
5-00
5-00
The above table shows quite plainly the wide divergencies between list quotations and the actual selling
prices in the year prior to lOOO. It will be seen that the strike of September, 1000, brought selling prices up to
quotations. During the long strike of 1002, the companies nominally adhered to regular quotations, but had
little coal to sell after June, and the f. o. b. price given is that of ** speculative'* coal— coal sold'by independent
operators or brought to New York from other markets.
BEOSNT DEVEL0PMENT8 IN TBE ANTBBACITE COAL TBADE, 165
looks like a combination in restraint of trade, a violatio^i of the Sherman act,
and certain newspapers have actively denounced the plan. Mr. Baer, however,
has publicly said that he announces what prices the Reading Co. will ask
for its coal, and the presidents of the other companies follow his lead. He said
that the president of another company would be foolish to sell for less with de-
mand as active as it has been for the past two years. This is, of course, so, but
back of this is the fact that several of the anthracite railroads are owned by in-
terests that act in harmony, and those that are not have no desire to fight. In
conclusion it should be said of this sales system that it has yet to stand the test
of years of depression.
Taking the roads as they are to-day, therefore, we find the Pennsylvania
Railroad owning stock in the Norfolk & Western, the Chesapeake & Ohio,
and Baltimore & Ohio railroads, which with it transport 9Q% of all the bitumi-
nous coal reaching the Atlantic seaboard. The Reading Co. owns 63% of the
stock of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and with the Erie, the Delaware,
Lackawanna & Western, and the Pennsylvania owns a large amount of Lehigh
Valley Railroad stock. A controlling interest in the first preferred stock of the
Reading Railroad is held by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, controlled by the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and by the Lake Shore Railroad, a Vanderbilt road. The
Vanderbilts have large holdings in the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, and
possibly also in Delaware & Hudson Co., while the output of the Delaware & Hud-
son is largely handled by the Erie, a Morgan railroad. Recently there have been
many transfers of railroad securities on the Stock Exchange, and it is not known
what share of Lehigh Valley Railroad stock has been secured by men interested
in the Wabash system, but with Mr. Morgan, the Vanderbilts and the stockholders
of the Pennsylvania Railroad acting in harmony to make the anthracite industry
profitable, there is not going to be such recklessness in the management of the
anthracite roads as there has been. There is little need of sales agents agree-
ing on prices, or of railroad presidents agreeing on outputs. The presidents
are expected to make their properties pay, but, knowing the history of the trade
and how the stocks of their companies are held, they are not likely to use extreme
methods to sell coal or to secure new business. It is very doubtful if any action
brought under the Sherman law, even accepting the most liberal interpretation
given that law by the courts, would show that there was any combination in
restraint of trade among the anthracite railroads. The independent operator
has had his day, great corporations control the anthracite fields, and these com-
panies compete for business to a certain extent. Mr. Baer has stated that he
determines what price the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. shall ask for
its coal at New York harbor. The presidents of the other railroads follow Mr.
Baer's estimate because behind Mr. Baer and the other presidents are the di-
rectors and the stockholders. Thus, should some newspaper or politician suc-
ceed in having the suit brought against the Temple Iron Co., and should the
contracts guaranteeing that company's stock be set aside, yet such action would
affect the situation little. The railroads most interested would exercise the rights
given them by Pennsylvania laws ai^d the laws of the United States and buy the
stock outright.
166 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
It is frequently said that the anthracite railroads habitually violate the new
Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania, adopted in 1874. Article XVII. of the
Constitution says, "No incorporated company doing business as common carrier
in the State shall, directly or indirectly, engage in mining or manufacturing
articles for transportation over its works." But this same Article XVII. makes no
further provision for companies already chartered than to say that *^no railroad,
canal or other transportation company in existence at the time of the adoption
of this article shall have the benefit of any future legislation by general or special
hiws, except on condition of complete acceptance of all the provisions of this
article." The Pennsylvania courts have held that charters granted by the State
are inviolate, and that the Constitution is not retroactive. Hence the prohibition
does not apply to companies incorporated twenty or thirty years before, like the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, or Delaware & Hudson, the latter a New York
corporation. In the case of the Reading the situation is this: The mortgagee's
committee that bid in the road at the foreclosure of 1896 secured the charter of the
National Enterprise Co., incorporated in 1871, changed its name to the Reading
Co., increased its capitalization, and transferred to it all the capital stock of
the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad and the Philadelphia & Reading Coal &
Iron Co. The reorganization of the railroad involved its recognition of the
new Constitution, but the franchises of the Coal & Iron Co. were expressly ex-
cepted in the sale, since recognition of the Constitution would have taken from
that company the right to hold over 10,000 acres of land. The Reading Co.'s
charter antedates the new Constitution. Thus it happens that while the Phila-
delphia & Reading Railway has accepted the Constitiition, the Reading Co. and
the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. have not.
Further, it may be said that State laws have empowered railroad companies
to purchase the stock of coal and iron companies, and, according to a ruling of
the Supreme Court there is no limit on the amount of stock the railroad may own.
The distinction between indirectly mining coal and controlling a coal mining
company is a pretty fine one, but the Pennsylvania courts have made it.
Writing in 1896, Mr. Rothwell said : "The natural evolution of the industry
has always been in the direction of the union of the business of mining and of
transporting, and its concentration into fewer and fewer hands, and this tendency
will undoubtedly continue. The financially strong will devour the weak, ana
the control of nearly all the coal lands and mines by the coal roads will lessen the
chance of new roads being projected to secure this coveted tonnage. Agreements
or devices to regulate prices will become less important as the concentration of
interests goes on and as the available supply of anthracite diminishes."
The present condition of the industry shows that the time when agreements
would be unnecessary was nearer than Mr. Rothwell supposed. Viewed in this
light the evolution of the anthracite coal trade is not likely to be affected greatly
by anti-trust legislation. Unless the United States is rushing pell mell into
socialism, with State ownership of all mines, railroads, industrial establishments
and land, the anthracite trade in the future, as in the past, will be governed by
the working of that inexorable law that controls the growth of corporations or
industries, as it controls the development of organisms — the law of the survival
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE. 157
of the fittest. Since the evolution of the industry has been in the direction of
the union of the business of mining and transporting and the consolidation of
the transporting lines or the control of their policy by a common ownership of
their stocks^ it is idle to speculate on what might have happened had mining
always been conducted by mining companies and the railroads remained strictly
common carriers. Unrestricted competition among mining companies and trans-
porting companies proved unprofitable years ago; no one having the good of the
industry in mind advocates it now. Restricted competitipn will prevail in the
future.
That present industrial conditions are but temporary every intelligent person
knows. Business depression will follow prosperity as the trough of the wave fol-
lows the crest. Anthracite prices just now are influenced by a wide demand
but the strongest financial support cannot, in times of depression, long maintain
prices at an artificial level, and though anthracite coal, through increasing con-
sumption from increased population and through the increased cost of production
as mines go deeper and are exhausted, will undoubtedly sell at higher average
prices than in the past, there is no reason to believe that present prices will be
long maintained. Sooner or later they will fall, though probably not to the
level of 1879, or even to the level of January, 1898. XJltimately, it is likely that
present methods of marketing the fuel and the present wastes in its use will be
superseded by the utilization of coal at the mines and the transmission of its
c?nergy as electricity.
158 THE MINEBAL INDUSTRY.
By-Phoduct Coke Ovens.
By F. SCHNIEWIND. *
The development of the by-product coke oven in the United States is progress-
ing satisfactorily, as is indicated by the subjoined table which gives the number
of ovens of this type operative or in course of construction in the United States
and Canada during 1902.
BY-PBODUCT COKE OVENS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA IN 1902.
Company.
Location.
No. of
Ovens.
Use of Coke.
Use of Gas.
Otto-Hoffmann ovens :
Cambria Steel Co. (o)
Johnstown, Pa
Johnstown, Pa
Giassport, Pa
Everett, Mass
Sydney, C.B
Hamilton, 0
Lebanon, Pa
Buffalo, N.Y
Camden, N.J
Sparrows Point,Md
Wyandotte, Mich..
Sharon, Pa
Duluth, Minn
Syracuse, N.Y
Dunbar, Pa
Benwood, W. Va. .
Ensley, Ala
Halifax, N.S
Delray. Mich
Chester, Pa
Tuscaloosa, Ala.. . .
Lebanon, Pa
Milwaukee, Wis....
Pocahontas, Va....
Cleveland, O
100
160
lao
400
400
60
2S8
664
100
200
15
212
50
80
110
120
240
10
130
40
HO
90
80
60
66
8,(349
Blastfurnace
Blastfurnace
Fuel
Cambria Steel Co. . . . .'
Fuel
PittsbuiY Qas & Coke Co
Blast furnace and domestic
Domestic and locomotive. . .
Blast furnace
Foundry and domesUc
Blast furnace
rUtim and fuel
New England Oas & Coke Co
Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Ltd
Hamilton Otto Coke Co
Fuel.
lUuminatinr.
Fuel.
Lackawanna Iron & Steel Co
Lackawanna Iron and Steel Co. (a). . .
Blast furnace
Fuel
South Jersey Qas, Electric & Trac-
tion Co
Foundry and domestic
IHuminatiDg.
Ilium RndniaL
Maryland Steel Co
Michigan Alkali Co
BumlnfiT lime. ......
FueL
Sharon Coke Co. o)
Blast furnace
FueL
Zenith Furnace Co. (a)
Blast furnace and foundry .
Lime kilns. ... ...
Illuminating.
FueL
Semet-Solvay ovens:
Semet-Solvay Co
Blast furnace
Blast furnace .....
FueL
National Tube Co
FueL
Semet-Sclvay Co
Blast furnace
FueL
People's Heat & Light Co
Domestic
rihi7T>, and fuel
Bolvay Process Co
Lime kilns
FueL
Philadelphia Suburban Qas Co. (a). . . .
Central Iron & Coal Co. (a). . . .'
Blast furnace
niuminating.
FueL
Blast furnace
Pennsylvania Steel Co. (a)
Blast furnace . . .
FueL
Biilwaukee Coke and Qas Co. (a)
Newton Chambers ovens
Blast furnace imd foundry.
Blast f umnoe
Illuminating.
Retort Coke ovens:
Cleveland Furnace Co. (a)
Blast furnace
•
Total
(a) In course of construction.
The production of coke in 1901 from by-product ovens amounted to 1,179,900
tons, valued at $2,894,077, or about 5% of the total quantity of coke produced.
The average yield per oven in 1901 was 1,000 tons of coke. The by-products
included 12,659,150 gal. tar, 12,927,627 lb. ammonium sulphate and 2,537,510
gal. ammonia liquor, aggregating in value $1,029,876. The quantity of gas pro-
duced is estimated at 12,000,000,000 cu. ft., worth $3,000,000. From these statis-
tics, the importance of this special branch of manufacture may be appreciated.
The number of ovens erected or in course of erection during 1902 was 3,649,
as compared with 3,278 ovens in 1901. Of the former total, 2,603 ovens are of
the Otto-Hoffmann t\^e, and 920 are Semet-Solvay ovens. The tendency of
the present time is to increase the capacity of the ovens, and the new ones
of the United Coke & Gas Co., erected during the year, are 43 ft. 8 in. long,
6 ft. 6 in. high, and 17 in. wide. Of the 3,649 ovens referred to above, all are
practically completed with the exception of the plant of the Lackawanna Steel
Co., at Buffalo, X. Y., and the plant for the Zenith Furnace Co., at Duluth, Minn.
The Semet-Solvay Co. is also increasing the size of its ovens, and five horizontal
flues are now being used in the side walls instead of the three originally used.
> Supplementlnff the article by F. Rchnlewind. on "The Manufacture of Coke in the United States with
Sp^Ial Reference to the Markets for By-Products," The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., pp. 18R-174.
BY-PRODUCT COKE OVENS,
161)
The application of a number of new pieces of apparatus has been described
by Mr. C. G. Atwater in a paper read before the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, New Haven meeting, October, 1902. At the Dominion Iron & Steel
Co.'s plant at Sydney, Cape Breton, the coal used yields a brittle coke, and on
this account the charge is first compressed into a solid cake before being charged
into the oven. A rectangular mold with movable sides is used, and the coal
compressed by means of power-driven rammers. Coke of better quality results
from this treatment. A larger quantity of coal can be charged into the oven, an
advantage, however, which is partly offset by the higher cost of the compression
apparatus. There is a net increase of 30% in the quantity charged, but 20%
more time is required to coke it, so that there is a net increase of 10% in the
coke yield. This gain, however, is balanced by the cost of the installation and
Fig. 1. — Section of an Otto-Hilgenstock By-Product Coke Oven.
maintenance of the compressing plant and the condensing and ammonia ap-
paratus required for the increased quantity of gas liquor due to the 8 or 10% water
needed for the compression. The process has its greatest value^ in handling coals
that cannot be successfully coked in other ways, but it is impracticable to use it in
the case of swelling coals. In the oven illustrated in Fig. 1, designed by Mr. 6.
Hilgenstock, of C. Otto & Co., and known as the underfired oven, the regenerators
are omitted, the gas firing being introduced at different points underneath the
vertical flues instead of at one point at the end of the oven. This oven has the
advantage of simplicity as well as a better distribution of the gas, and conse-
quently more uniform heating. Dr. Schniewind has combined the advantage of
improved heat distribution with the use of regenerators, and has designed the
Schniewind or United-Otto oven, the essential points of difference between this
160
THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
oven and the Otto-Hoflfmann and Otto-Hilgenstock oven being summed up as
follows: (1) The introduction of the underfired principle in connection with
the use of regenerators; (2) the use of a columnar substructure instead of brick
arches, admitting anchorage rods beneath the ovens to facilitate complete in-
spection while in operation; (3) the entire separation of the regenerative cham-
bers from the frame work supporting the ovens. The Schniewind oven can be
more easily watched, the heats can be better controlled, and the length can be
increased from 33 to 43 ft. An 8-ton charge can be treated in place of a 6-ton
one, with a corresponding decrease in the operating costs per ton of output.
Mr. E. A. Moore, of the United Coke & Gas Co., has designed a new form of
quenching car, whereby the coke is cooled with a minimum amount of water,
and its silvery luster preserved. The coke can be handled directly to the railroad
cars. The car is covered, and receives the charge of coke directly from the oven,
quenching it by water supplied to nozzles placed inside. The top and sides
[]
r-"*
It'-"
*i
•♦
S«B«e« 7«t toil tt It 14 1« It 17 It It to Itttn 14 It M
TIME IN HOURS^
gr witte ti titVMW
.v^
Fig. 2. — Diagram showing the Temperature of the Oven Charge at Dif-
ferent Points.
of the car are of cast-iron plates, so that the steam is confined and assists in the
quenching operation. The bottom of the car is movable in order that the coke
may be discharged from the car with ease.
A series of tests was made at Sydney on the progress of coking in the oven.
Holes were bored in the oven door at various points, as shown in Fig. 2, and
temperatures were taken at intervals during the coking period. These tempera-
tures were plotted by means of curves, as shown in Fig. 2, which group them-
selyes-into two classes, those very near the heating walls rising rapidly, and those
in the middle of the oven charge remaining at a lower temperature, between
lOO"* and 200°C., until some time has elapsed, when they rise rapidly as the
coking becomes complete. The diagram shows that the gasification begins at
the oven walls and that it proceeds gradually from the wall toward the center;
also that the evolved gases pass upward along the wall and through the fissures
in the coked portion. During the passage of the gas it has an opportunity to
deposit a certain portion of its carbon in graphitic form, which accounts in part
BT-PBODVCT COKE OVENS. 161
for the increased yield of the by-product oven over that of the beehive type. The
same results were obtained by C. Otto & Co. when carrying out a similar series
of tests, the curves in the two cases being almost identical.
The building of coke ovens in Germany in 1902 showed continued progress.
According to the annual report of the Chief Inspector of Alkali Works, etc.,
for the United Kingdom, several improvements have been made in the use of
coke ovens of the Semet-Solvay t3rpe in the steel works. The washfed fine coal,
before being placed in the ovens, is molded into cakes by means of a compressor
worked with coke-oven gas. One-fourth more coal can be charged into the oven,
the time of charging is shortened, and a gain of 10% in the yield is obtained.
A needle bath is also used to quench the cake of incandescent coke, by which the
brightness of the resulting coke is increased. The time of carbonizing is now
made more regular by controlling the draught by means of a fan connected with
the flues. During 1902, five plants with 165 ovens have been constructed by
the Otto-Hilgenstoek Coke Oven Co., Ltd., the ovens all being of the Hilgen-
stock non-regenerative imderfired type.
COFFER.
By Joseph Stbuthbbs, D. H. Nbwlakd and Henbt Fishsb.
The production of copper in the United States during 1902 amounted to
610,815,384 lb., as compared with 597,443,212 lb. in 1901, an increase of
13,372,172 lb. resulting from increased activity throughout all of the copper min-
ing districts in the United States excepting Arizona and California.* The gre^^^
est increase was from the Michigan mines, followed by those in Montana. De-
tailed as to principal States, the production of copper during 1902 contrasted
with that of 1901 was as follows: Montana 240,050,000 lb. as compared with
229,870,415 lb. in 1901 ; an increase of 10,179,585 lb. ; Michigan 170,663,999 lb.
as compared with 155,511,513 lb. in 1901 ; an increase of 15,152,486 lb.; Arizona
119,841,285 lb. as compared with 126,183,744 lb. in 1901, a decrease of 6,342,459
lb., and California 25,038,724 lb. as compared with 33,667,456 lb. in 1901, a
decrease of 8,628,732 lb.
According to the reports of the American copper refiners, the quantity of cop-
per refined electrolytically during 1902 was approximately 80% of the total pro-
duction. The output of copper sulphate during 1902 was 48,763,538 lb. as com-
pared with 78,004,257 lb. in 1901, a decrease of 29,240,719 lb. The average price
of copper sulphate during 1902 was 416c. per lb. as compared with 4*lc. per lb.
in 1901. Of the total production of copper sulphate during 1902, the quantity
recovered as a by-product was 35,879,212 lb. as compared with 51,000,000 lb. so
prochicod in 1901, while that produced direct from ore was 739,801 lb. as com-
pared with 204,095 lb. in 1901.
The stock of copper on hand at the end of 1902 was 144,905,600 lb. as com-
pared with 209,587,698 at the end of 1901.
The imports of copper during 1902, as reported by the smelting and refining
companies and the United States Treasury Department were 161,551,040 lb. as
compared with 176,472,369 lb. in 1901, while the exports during 1902 were
369,402,880 lb. as compared with 227,194,184 in 1901. As given in detail later
in this section, the price of Lake copper during 1902 averaged ll-887c. per lb. aa
♦ The Rtatistics of production do not include copper recovered In the form of copper Bulphate.
REVIEW OF COPPER MINING IN THE UNITED STATES.
163
compared with 16-53c. per lb. in 1901. The average price of electrolytic copper
during 1902 was 11 -6260. per lb. as compared with 1612c. per lb. in 1901.
COPPER PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
(lb. of
FINE COPPER.)
States.
im&.
1900.
1901,
iMa,
Fcyunds,
Lour
Tern*.
PouDds.
Poundi.
Long
Tons.
PoundA.
Long
Tons.
AHlOEIB. ,...**.„*...*...*,..*.,.
Ba,m5,48Q
I0,fll4.a5«
9,Sia.»44
8,801,017
4,W».00(J
'M.36l.47£>
94M"5atl,OBf)
10.677
m,&7*
ioa,iftt9
4,166
4,^
115.40S,»I6
»9,fi88,9H7
T.8S».W9
H44S7.»I0
a&i,46ojia
18,504,736
11,31S,MIS
51,530
13,839
S.4«4
64,a87
na.5WB
5,051
195,185,744
3S,0C7,4dfl
7,»7Ta.^
lfi&,5Jl,fiia
3ai*,a7D,4l&
17,360,r.y7
1I,7^<JOO
nfLB41.^H6
5tt.50(>
ifi^gmf aB,osH,7a4
3,515! ».4«3,Wi8
(59,42.^ /mi.fifirt.9W*
ic^eiJi s!40,fl50.or)n
S,9eii*S3,9^,9tH
S.tiJBf 1S,50©,WT
7,7501 1>,ai8,490
6,33^1 ©.lM.T5a
114*>*
Dotonjao.-.-. .,....„.
HfmS^i
107.155
uuh .....,.,*..
10,6»«
All oU)er»^ , - *.
B,mi
4,115
Odppei-iD sutphAt*)(6|..»
4,0»7
Stock Jsnunq' 1h
Im ports iMirs, lugots, okl, & ort» a
250,517
4fl.3l»
, lik3,lr(as,7t*3
4«,!M:i
iri7.4tB
155Jt*9
tioi*,ir3.gis
^fcl,06O,sai0
l7>0.4?2,!ftR<
227,lii4.1H4
440,91 H.930
271,94S' <iJ9,mO,I.'«7
41.541 3lf0.5H7,CJ98
7W,7¥C iei,&5UlM0
101.42fi a69,40S.HHl
m,fla7| 47T.7^,Cim
B7fl,7T^
72.12 1
Total mipply.. , *.
Deduct. PxptirU ,» .,,,,,.
TJlMltic^t cxibBUEDDCion * •■, **«
B91.fl02,ni
!74 N2J
1
Stock December 31
88,7S3,fi50
39,60(4 ! (ta.a'ia.^90
4K&41
(M.tSlio
1
(a) This includes copper imported in low-grade Spanish and otlier pyrites chiefly for sulphur, and tlie cop-
per imported from Canada in copper-nickel matie, in which the nicKei is the metal of chief value: also the
copper in certain gold and silver ores. These items, until 1M6, did not appear in the United States statistics of
imports. (6) Including only the copper in sulphate obtaiued as a by-product and by leachine copper ores,
(c) Mot including Mexican copper en route for Europe, (e) Preliminar}- estimate of the U. 8. Qeoloiical Sur-
rey* (/) Probably includes a certain quantity of anode copper from Montana, which was refined at Lake
Superior furnaces and reported as Lake copper.
Review of Copper Mining in the United States during 1902.
Alaska. — The copper deposits of the White, Tanana and Copper River districts
were described by Alfred H. Brooks in the Engineering and Mining Journal,
July 5, 1902. The occurrence of placer copper on the headwaters of White
Kiver was first definitely determined by Dr. C. W. Hayes in 1891, although the
natives for a long time had drawn supplies of copper from this region. The
deposits are contained in benches that owe their existence to rocky barriers
through which the streams have eroded their courses. Nuggets weighing from
8 to 10 lb. are found. The source of copper may be traced to veins filling the
joints of greenstone dikes that cut through limestones and schists. So far as
observed, the veins are small and of no commercial importance. Along the
Copper and Chitina rivers, the deposits are associated with greenstones and
consist of native copper in stringers or filling cavities and sulphide in true
fissure veins. On Stretna Creek there is a mineralized zone from 8 to 10 ft.
in width carrying copper and iron sulphides. In the bed of Nugget Creek, a
tributary of the Kuskulana, a mass of copper 8 ft. in length and from 3 to 5 ft.
in width was found. Fissure veins carrying copper ores have been observed on
the ridge between McCarty Creek and Kennicott Glacier. In the Prince William
Sound region, copper prospects were opened up several years ago. The ores are
chiefly sulphides occurring in fissure veins and mineralized zones. These de-
posits have the advantage of being located on tide-water and can bo exploited
without any great outlay of capital. The developments thus far made in the
deposits of the interior are limited to a few prospect holes and cross-cuts. Ex-
164
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
ploitation on a commercial scale is dependent upon the construction of a rail-
road which it is thought would oflFer no serious diflBculties.
Arizona. — (By James Douglas.) — The works of the Calumet and Arizona Co.
at Douglas were started in November, 1902, with an output of from 20 to 25
tons of copper per day, which will be increased during 1903. The Shannon Co.
in the Clifton district closed its smelters after a short campaign in order to sup-
COPPER PRODUCTION IN ARIZONA, (a) (POUNDS OF FINE COPPER.)
Mines.
1897.
1896.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Arizona Cop. Co. . . .
Calumot & Arizona
18,737,911
18,169,096
19,078,709
19,697,086
20,686,800
80,821,842
2,066,647
SeSt .'»!'*■::::::
28,009,878
8,406,138
2,000,000
81,855,025
1,241.975
290,000
88,749,890
11,428,992
1,800,000
42,828,926
2,847,460
e 600,000
'86,96i,6t<4
18,906,268
6,.%0,000
48,996,932
4,461,180
e 750,000
84,888,809
10,749,258
7^156,000
6 8,450,000
89,781,888
17,586,000
10,094,800
84,590,096
88ai00
e 2.886,516
86,881,765
18,791,411
Old Dominion
United V€>rde
United Globe
Other mines
7,908,560
« 6,000,900
Totals
81,010,922
110,828,864
125,Sr7,768
115,408,846
126,188,744
119,841,986
(a) Reported by producers direct to Tes Minkral Ihdubtbt. (e) Estimated.
plement the works with a concentrator of 500 tons daily capacity; when opera-
tions are resumed the production of copper will probably amount to 300 tons per
month. In Yavapai County the Val Verde Co. is active and is producing a cop-
per matte rich in gold and silver. The Black Diamond Co., operating in the
Dragoon Mountains, expects to start a 100-ton furnace early in 1903. The
older companies are showing no symptoms of decay. The new Copper Queen
works at Douglas should start during the present summer; they are designed to
take custom ores of copper; gold and silver, as well as a slightly larger tonnage
from the mines of the company. The works are to be supplied with large fur-
naces and good engines, and planned so as to handle large quantities of fuel and
ore by machinery. The removal of the works to a distance of 28 miles from
the mines was made to secure space for an enlarged and better designed smelter,
water for high-class condensing engines, nearer proximity to fuel, a location
more central to the mines of the Phelps-Dodge properties, and to facilitate the
purchase of ores from Mexico and the Southwest. There is no intention of
invading the market for lead, but the company will enrich the copper bullion
with gold and silver. The completion of the El Paso & Southwestern Rail-
road, and the -extension of the Nacosari Railroad into Sonora from Douglas,
makes this town a favorable center for metallurgical works, which may hope to
secure ores from Mexico and from the reopened mines of Tombstone. The
latter are being revived by the Development Co. of America, and have been
reached by a branch of the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad. Recent explora-
tion in depth in the mines of the Old Dominion and the United Globe com-
panies reveal sulphides in quantity of a grade that promises to give life to the
mines, and, it is hoped, a better smelting mixture. The United Verde mine?
should show an increased production in 1903. During the past year this com-
pany earned net profits of $927,654. In the Clifton district the Arizona and
Detroit companies are aiming rather at increased efficiency in operation and
lower cost of production than at making more copper, assured as they are of the
BBVIEW OF COPPER MINING IN THE UNITED STATES. 165
long life of their mines, and believing in the future value of the metal. The
Arizona Copper Co., Ltd., during the year ending Sept. 30, 1902, earned
a net profit of £183,226 from the mines and £113,662 from the railroad, a total
of £296,887. Payments for mine administration were £13,888; for railroad
administration, £8,306; office, £2,506; interest, £25,718; reserve, £40,000; divi-
dend on preference shares, £24,531, leaving a net balance of £181,938 in addition
to the balance of £14,410 brought forward from the previous year. Out of the
surplus, which amounted to £196,348, a dividend of £180,488 or 9s. 6d. per share
was declared on the ordinary shares, and the sum of £15,860 carried forward to
the following year. The total quantity of ore treated in the mill was 195,849
tons, yielding 28,806 tons of concentrates. The ore and concentrates smelted
amounted to 54,849 tons, while the leaching plant handled 35,721 tons of tailings.
The average yield of all copper ores treated was 3-37%, a decrease from the pre-
ceding year, which was due in part to the reduced output of first-class ores and
in part to a slightly lower quality of the concentrating ores. In the Bisbee
group of mines the most promising feature of the year's development has been
the discovery of profitable sulphide ore bodies in the deeper limestones, in the
property both of the Copper Queen and the Calumet & Arizona companies.
The extension of the ore bodies over a large area has been proved.
California. — The Bully Hill mines in Shasta County have been consolidated
with the properties of the Mount Shasta Gold Mines Corporation, and are to
be operated under the latter title. These mines are situated about 25 miles
northeast of Bedding in the same geological district as the deposits owned by
the Mountain Copper Co. The ore bodies are composed of pyrite and chalco-
pyrite, with chalcocite, bomite and traces of carbonates and native copper. One
body of ore is said to have assayed 15% Cu, $S in gold and 6 oz. silver per ton.
The main group of mines is opened to a depth of 350 ft. by three tunnels with
extensive drifts and cross-cuts. At the Bully Hill smelter, which began opera-
tions in 1901, a matte carrying from 35 to 55% Cu is produced. The matte
is taken directly from the furnace to the converters, and the metal assaying 98%
fine is shipped to the De 1^ Mar refinery at Carteret, X. J. At the Shasta
King mine, four miles east of Iron Mountain, development work has been
actively carried on, exposing, it is reported, an enormous body of low-grade ore.
The company has secured a smelter site near Kennet, and intends to erect a
smelter of 500 tons capacity. According to the reports of the Mountain Copper
Co., Ltd., the output of copper ore in 1902 was 139,903 tons, the quantity
smelted at the Keswick works was 149,787 tons, which yielded 7,854 tons con-
verter copper, and the output of fine copper was 8,739 tons. The sales of copper
for delivery during the year were 7,822 tons, from which a profit of £117,846
was earned, while rents, interest and other sources of income increased the
profits to £124,308. Out of the latter sum £14,304 were expended for ex-
ploratory work, administration, and general expenses at London, leaving a total
net profit of £110.004. Debenture interest required £60,000, and the remainder,
after payment of income tax and crediting a due portion to purchase price, was
carried forward.
Idaho, — Owing to the lack of transportation facilities, operations in the Seven
166
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Devils district during 1902 were limited practically to development work. The
White Knob Copper Co. completed the construction of its smelting plant at
Mackay, and it is expected that production will begin early in the present year.
A large quantity of ore assaying about 9% Cu and $3 gold and silver per ton
has been opened preparatory to an active campaign.
Michigan. — (By D. H. Newland.) — ^Despite the low prices of copper that pre-
vailed during 1902, the mines on the Upper Peninsula made the largest output
yet recorded. The increase over the preceding year amounted to about 10%,
and was contributed in most part by the new mines, viz.: the Baltic, Trimoun-
tain. Champion, Isle Royale, Arcadian, and Mohawk, whose combined produc-
tion exceeded 20,000,000 lb. The larger properties made no advance in respect
to output, although improvements in both mines and mills materially strength-
ened flieir position for continued profitable working. It is expected that the
output in 1903 will reach a still larger total, due to the more extended operations
of the new producers. The production of all the mines during the past six years
was as follows: —
COPPER PRODUCTION IN MICHIGAN. (POUNDS OP FINE COPPER.)
Minet.
1897.
1808.
1800.
1000.
1001.
1902.
Arcadian
Atlantic
Na.
5,109,868
yn.
4,877,800
42.766
201.380
500,000
4,676,882
608,570
e 800,000
4,030,140
1,785,060
81,408,041
e 1,000,000
4,666,880
2,641,482
e 500,000
4,040,868
Baltic
6,886,810
Calumet & Hecla
Central
81,248.780
Na.
OhAinnion
4,166,784
rranklin
8*,081
28,050
0,600,000
16,9S24,618
12,500
20,000.000
8,568,978
Nil.
18,441
11,800,000
16,854,061
10,050,000
14,801,182
(a)
17,750,000
Na.
Nil.
11,200,000
14,116,551
18.4(»,000
8,767,410
2,171,965
e 800,000
Nil.
18,723,671
20,640,790
18,o£,862
6,260,140
Isle Royale
Maw..
National
OMceola ConsoPd
Qaincr
8,560.748
2,845,806
Na.
18,416,806
1&088,401
Ridge
(a)
16,061,508
e 6,000,000
6,478,181
1,500,000
Tamarack
Trimountain ....
22,500.000
Wolverine
All other mines..
25,000
4,588,114
e 26,000
4.780,015
2,088,000
4,778,«i0
8,200,000
4,046,126
788,888
Totals
145,830,740
]66,600,0g6
156,845,786
144,227,340
166,607,466
170,668,000
(o) Consolidated with Mass. (e) EsUmated.
In the subjoined table will be found the results obtained by ten leading mines,
their capitalization, profits and itemized costs for the period 1898-1902. Similar
information relating to previous years is included in The Mineral Industry,
Vols. I., IX., and X.
CALUMET AND HEOLA MINING CO.
Tear.
Capital
Pafd In.
Real Es
tate.
Amount
Invested.
Personal
Estate.
Amount
Invested.
D^bta.
Credito.
Produoed
Lbs.
Yield.
Average
Price per
lb. (a)
Estimat.
ed
Beoeipts.
dfinilB.
180B
1800
1900
1901
1902
1.200.000
1,200,000
1,200,000
1,200.000
1,200,000
14,288,895
14,082,991
16,545,611
ic)
(c,
4,184,82'
7,215,716
8,092.768
(c)
iv)
2.286,548
2,298,467
(c)
(c)
ic)
6,280,589
1,660,622
1,676,766
ic)
ic)
94,108,000
98,002,15^7
81,408,041
82,519,676
81,248.789
807
(c)
ic)
1201
16-92
(c)
(r)
(0
ll,801,7n)
15,788,162
5.000,000
10,000,000
7,000,000
4,600.000
2,600,000
(a) Prices obtained by taklnji: the averafi^^ prices realised hv the other leading mines, including Qulncr,
Tamarack. Atlantic; and Wolv»»rine. (6) Computed from the shlpmenfR of freight over the Hecla and Torai
Lake R-iilroAd. On this basis the yield in 1875 was 4 30^: in 1891, 8-18)(: and iq 1896, 809^. (c) Not given !»
report of the coin any.
BEVIieW OF COPPER MININO IN THE UNITED STATES,
167
ATLANTIC HINB.
Tear.
1806..
1809..
1900 .
IWI . .
looe..
Capital
I
960,000
980,000
960,000 410,674
960,000
980.000
i
I
Tons.
870,767
380,781
409,184
446,096
Fine
duoed.
^,S
Lbs
4,877,899
4
4,930,149
4,666,880 0
4,049,868 '
%
0*590
1,675,682 0-614
60016
0
•570
0-556
eta,
11-88
1715
41
16-76
11-88
T6tal
Reoeipta.
518,819-14
808,804-51
809,177-00
747,17788
588,800 78
Cost of Ton of Ore Stamped.
eta.
66 77
78-56
76-86
88*87
60-84
H
eta.
5
6-
698
7*68
eta.
66 88*84
'50 96*08
96*78
97.67
5-07 10*81
eta.
9411
88*85
94-70
81*98
96-08
Cte.
eta.
1918 16*04
90*68 17- 04
87-7514
46*72 14* 07
4*68 14*11
3^
h
|3
eta.
18-01
18*96
80
17-78
18-87
014
9
1*54
1-71
1-78
8*08
1-85
NetProflt
Cta.
-1-18
8*98
1*61
1*97
ll
I
-0-14
0-40
0-19
-0-80
—1.50 -008
BALTIC MINE.
1890..
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
35.411
85,508
114,708
876,175
608,570
1,785,080
8,641,488
6,885,810
0*868
0-070
1-150
1*142
16*06
16-40
16*48
11*87
107,896
897,180
448,551
746,97602
861*7
160-0
1718
186-7
1500
14*00
16-11
100-0
68-0
58-18
7*77
4U-00
41*40
41*08
88*80
1000..
adiio
107*7
80*60
88*57
8806
1001..
18*67
<Si
-V-aol 1^-41
CHAMPION MINE.
1902.. 2,600,000180,485 4,166,7841*78 11-88 498W86 id) (d) (d) (d) 670-99 68*21 87*98 966 -161 -5'57
FRANKLIN MINE.
1896..
•2,000;000
116,606
9,688,708
1*18
1807
(a.
817,017*68
%
(<i)
(d)
51-06
84-90
0*80
9-11
9-6R
0*61
180J..
:i,000,000
80,780
1,880,000
0-68
16-48
808,647*81
Id)
^4
8980
88-88
(d>
id)
(d>
J.^
1000..
2,000,000
968,671
8,668,710
0-68
16-90
6M,852-86
179
\i
icH
80-84
28-7017-te
9*41
-1*70
1001..
8,800,000
818,50
8,757,410
0-88
16 60
828,045-04
188
»l-76
86*76
1*0016*48)1508
9*60
0*77
0-19
1002..
2,800,000
815,687
5,850,140
0.88
11-88
688,717*87
127*9
7*28
88*81
1*81
94-84
11-48
1-80
0*46
0-08
ISLE ROYALE MINE.
1001 ..19,000,000185,175 9,171,055 0*5851 (d) 281.260 190*0 I 6-501 8*00 94*01 (d) 88-0088*57 1-861 (d) I (d)
1908.. |9,000,000|968,g78 8,569,7480*675111*91 500,rr5 96*8 | 607| 9*85 26*48 7*1 19*ao| 18-45 1*60|-1 -54 1-4)'89
OSCEOLA MINE.
1806..
8,825,000
506,006
11,800,000
1*168
(d)
1,549,89018
(rf)
(d)
(d)
88-04
18*10
^S
0-98
8*88
8-15
074
1890..
9,388,760
546,896
10,960,000
1002
1,791,471*01
id)
S
(d)
86-80
18-90
11-48
8-80
4-98
096
1900..
9,897,500
688,066
11,900,000
0*819
18-00
9,186,858-Oe
167*0
(d)
87-80
97-68
^(S
18*98
8*88
{S-15
OKS
1901..
9J»7,500
796,907
18,788,671
0-865
1,084,487-14
(d)
96*575
60 05
14*64
8-58
0-005
0-09
1908..
9,406,760
886,400
13,418.8060-808
11-78
1,504,468-76
187*0
(d)
id)
^■785
10-90
id)
10*65
1*79
0007
0-19
QUINOY MINE.
1806..
1,450,000
648.502
16,864,061
1-54
19-14
1,986,116-81
^U
fd)
id)
(/i)98*98
80-50
84-98
817
2-80
i%r
/••?.
1890..
1,460,000
560,164
14,801,188
1-97
1718
8,460,178*66
181
id)
id)
(ft^-10
79-80
27 50
1006
9-81
6-17
1-56
1000..
1,460,000
558,728
14,116,651
1-96
16-6?
8,358,416-50
908
id)
id)
{$
108-8
98-17
1868
8-44
8-04
0-77
1901..
1,450,000
686.866
80,540,790
1-10
16-08
8,800,574-80
181
id)
id)
18-87
28-28
0*61
928
6-04
161
1008..
1,450,000
968,019
18,966,491
000
11-09
8,876,810-95
156
id)
(d)
(d)
10-00
10*50
002 1.79
2-07
0-59
TAMARACK MINES.
1808..
1,500,000670,882
22,500,000
id)
id)
2,881,888-06
170
g)
id)
98-40
id)
Cd)
i^
id)
id)
1800..
lJi00,00(] 681,00Q
17,750,000
1-40
id)
2,968,098*91
}S
<d)
88*78
68*40
19-46
4*17
1-17
1900..
1,500,000 686,421
18,400,000
1*47
3,890,077-96
id)
81*48
id)
98*66
11*41
3-86
6*5fl
1-99
1901..
1,500,OOC 886,006
18,000,858
1-48
2,697.061-85
244-0
id)
id)
84*05
44*87
11*67
8*85
m
(nim
1908..
1,500,000^,790
16,061,688
1-21
11 87 1,041,007*26
280-0
7*98
id)
88*80
88-60
11-00
8 88
(00-80
WOLVERINE
MINE.
1899..
1900..
1001..
1908..
600,000
600,000
600,000
600,000
600,000
180,080
184,700
184,604
190,104
187,488
lit
1-88
1*97
1-99
1-99
1-88
11 ^S
14-85
16-86
16*74
18-21
(a)
899,888T7
675,86006
806.810-88
828,797-82
665,888-28
119
100
112
116
188-8
ll
5-86
28-51
19-66
24-01
24-16
20-70
4119
86 89
84-86
47-42
5*83
86*67
1456
141*18
83-83
84-00
32-34
80-00
32-13
9-78
7-71
9-67
8-84
18-82
2-46
2-2R
3-67
1-70
6*64
7-90
7'00
-0-61
0-45
1-69
1-86
204
-0-18
(a) Salaa of copper and intereat (6) Includea underground and aurface ezpen§ea and coata of stamping.
(e) Includea tranaportation to mill and surface ezpenaea. id) Not stated in the reporta. ie) Not including Inier-
eat if) Includea mining, tranaportation to mill, surface and stamping coata. ig) Fiacal year ending ^me 80.
(h\ Included und^r mining coata. it) Exclusive of interest and income from real estate, ik) Not including aa-
sesaroenta. it) Not deducting extraordinary construction account from annual profits, (m) Not including
taxe«»
168 THE MLNBRAL INDUSTRY.
The Calumet & Hecla Mining Co. during 1902 continued making additions
and improvements to it.s equipment, and this work will be carried on for some
time to come. The Red Jacket shaft, which is bottomed in the conglomerate at
a depth of 4,920 ft., is supplied with hoisting engines aggregating 8,000 H.P.,
and capable of raising over 2,000 tons of ore daily. A duplex air compressor
with a capacity of 550 drills is to be installed. Shaft No. 4 has been carried
to a depth of 6,900 ft. on the incline. The amygdaloid ore body was not worked,
owing, it is said, to the low price of copper. Explorations from the Red Jacket
shaft show that the conglomerate gradually decreases in copper tenor with depth.
The electrolytic plant at Black Rock on the Niagara River was started during
the year. The Osceola Consolidated Mining Co. has practically abandoned work
si the Tamarack Junior mine, and hereafter will confine its operations to the
Osceola, North Kearsarge, and South Kearsarge mines. The Osceola No. 5
shaft was idle for a large part of the year owing to a cave-in, which badly
damaged the shaft timbers. A large amount of development work was done in
the North Kearsarge and South Kearsarge mines, and extensive ore reserves have
been made available. The Quincy Mining Co. completed the construction of the
new coal dock and coal hoisting plant which will effect a considerable saving in
the cost of fuel. A new warehouse for the storage of refined copper was erected
at the smelting works. 'At the Tamarack mine the new No. 5 shaft, which is
4,938 ft. in depth, was operated for the first time in December, 1902. Seven
levels have been opened from the shaft giving facilities for a large daily output
of ore. Operations last year were restricted to some extent owing to the low
prices of copper. The Wolverine Copper Mining Co. started its new mill on
Traverse Bay in August. The mill has two steam stamps capable of handling
daily about 1,000 tons of ore, or double the capacity of the old mill. This com-
pany produces copper at a very low cost so that it was able to maintain the
regular dividend pavments throughout 1902. The year's developments at the
Baltic mine were highly satisfactory, the output of fine copper being more than
double that for 1901. The new mill at Redridge was placed in commission, but
was operated only at partial capacity, as two of the stamps were not ready until
late in the year. When the four stamps are in operation the Baltic will rank
well up in the list of Michigan mines. The Isle Royale Copper Co. started
work in its new 3-stamp mill on Portage Lake, but one stamp only was operated
during the latter half of the year in order to make possible a closer selection of
ore. The Isle Royale and Portage lodes have proven to be *T)unchy," and their
successful exploitation requires large ore reserves with close selection of ground
in accordance with the prices obtainable for copper. The Adventure Consoli-
dated Copper Co. during 1902 received $70,791 from the sales of copper and
$1,182 from the sales of silver, while tho total income, including an assessment
of $200,000, was $278,714. The total expenditures for mining and additions
and improvements to the oompany's property amounted to $718,805, leaving a
balance with that brought forward from the previous year of $69,571. Owing
to delay in the equipment of the stamp mill the production of copper was much
less than expected. The Mohawk Mining Co. in the past year received $104,417
from the sales of mohawkite and metallic copper, and $340,249 from assessments
REVIEW OF COPPER MINING IN THE UNITED STATES,
169
and other sources, making a total income of $444,666. The expenditures for
mining were $185,697, for construction $260,374, and for office, freight and
smelting charges, $17,362 — total, $463,433. An assessment of $200,000 was
levied to meet the indebtedness and for completing the equipment in course of
installation. Although it was expected that the new mill would begin opera-
tions by the middle of the year, the first stamp was not started until December.
The quantity of ore treated was 8,613 tons, which yielded 226,824 lb. copper, or
an average of 2634 lb. per ton. The Champion Copper Co. began operations in
January, 1902, employing a single stamp in the Atlantic mill, with which
120,485 tons of ore averaging 34 lb. copper per ton were stamped. Three stamps
in the new mill were placed in commission early in 1903, and when the full
equipment of four stamps are in operation the capacity will average about 2,000
tons of ore per day. The mine has been opened by four large shafts, and suffi-
cient ore is in sight to supply the mill for manj years. Among the new com-
panies organized during 1902 was the Copper Bange Consolidated Co., which
took over the Baltic Mining Co. and the Copper Range Co., issuing its shares
in exchange for the shares of the two companies. At the same time 35,000 new
shares of the Copper Range Consolidated Co. were sold at $40 per share for the
purpose of providing funds to complete the equipments of the Baltic and Cham-
pion mines and to extend the Copper Range Railroad.
Montana, — (By W. H. Weed.) — There was no marked change in the copper
mining industry during 1902. The numerous suits at law between the Amal-
gamated Copper Co. and the Heinze interests were still before the courts, and as
a result production was entirely shut off from some properties, and greatly cur-
tailed in others. The New Washoe smelter, at Anaconda, which went into
commission early in 1902, handled 4,500 tons of ore a day, a business estimated
COPPER PRODUCTION IN MONTANA. (POUNDS OF FINE COPPER.)
Mines.
1806.
1897.
1808. (d)
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
A*i#cmdA.
185,850.698
j «0.25O,00O
1 4,500,000
4,285,M7
9,000,680
812,445
8,015.648
15,049,066
4,948,588
181,471,187
60,000,000
'*7,8ffl;796"
8,911,678
815,481
14.884,487
18.047,648
804,474
107.814,050
68,000,000
7,000,000
9.685,068
7,657 938
121.080
18,444.888
18,064,000
(6)
107,914,857
[ 79,000,000
10,049.689
9,OT2,165
155,719
10,685,696
15360,679
5,775,716
5 66,800.000
1 16,950,000
18 456,778
11,468,940
181,494
88,86^568
185,011,944
e 101,850,884
]e 68,086,746
17,909,663
c 7,465.860
108,071
e 10,167,850
« 89.896,960
6 8,886,081
e 75,000,000
Boston A Montana
Biitt« ft Boston
Butte ReductioD Works. .
Colorado 8m. ft Mg.Co...
Heda Cons. MininicOo. . . .
PUTOt
e 75,000,000
e 10,000,000
e 19,400,000
e 10,000.000
54,718
e 10,000.000
80,650.000
e 9,945,887
Montana Ore Parches Oo .
other Mines
Totals.*. ... . ,..T
0888,966,164
r887,158,540
c816,979,834 i SS7.QRS.QK1
254,460,718
289,870,415
840.060,000
(a) In addition to 818,581 lb. of Canadian copper smelted by the Montana Ore Purchasing; Co. and deducted
in the above table, there was also deducted l.(XX),000 lb. more of foreitm copper estimated as having been
included in the a«?regate of the abore returns, leaving the net amount 885,956,164 lb. (6) Included In reports
of smelters iteniized above, (c) Totals reported by E. B. Braden. id) The individual reports include some
copper derived outside of Montana, wherefore their sum exceeds the total as given, (e) Estimated. (/) In-
cluoed under " Other Mines.'*
at $60,000 daily. The old works of the Anaconda Co. are idle save the electro-
lytic refinery, which is refining the output of the New Washoe smelter. The
Great Falls plant, which was completely overhauled during the latter part of
1901, started up again in January, 1902, and ran uninterruptedly. The Butte
& Boston smelter at Butte was operated successfully, and while not considered
as thoroughly modem as the larger plants of the Amalgamated Co., it probably
170 THE MINERAL INDUBTBT,
can show as good, if not a better economic record for the year. The matte
produced by the Colorado smelter and the Butte Reduction Works is being con-
verted at the New Washoe plant. In August a fire destroyed the reverberatory
department of the Butte Reduction works, but it was rebuilt and again in
operation in October. The fire did not necessitate the closing of the other de-
partments of the works. The smelter owned by the Montana Ore Purchasing
Co. continued in active operation, although a fire on August 28 completely
destroyed the compan/s concentrator, which was the means of curtailing the
output of the smelter itself. The concentrator was not rebuilt, but instead the
management leased the uncompleted concentrator at Basin owned by the Basin &
Bay State Mining Co. This plant has been put in working order, the Montana
Ore Purchasing Co. sending its crude ore to Basin, and returning the concen-
trates to the smelter at Butte to be treated. During the year Mr. Heinze
merged the Montana Ore Purchasing Co. and auxiliary companies into the
United Copper Co., with an authorized capital of $80,000,000 divided into
50,000 common shares, all of $100 par value. Of the common stock 300,000
shares have been reserved in the treasury. Early in the summer the Speculator
mine was closed by a court injunction, and remained idle during the remainder
of the year. The Minnie Healey mine, which was operated by Mr. Heinze, was
also closed by an injunction. The Pittsburg & Montana Copper Co., which
succeeded the Parrel Copper Co., prosecuted development work by sinking two
shafts to bedrock on the flat east of Meaderville. The completion of this work
has been attended by unexpected difficulties. The depth to solid formation
was found to be in the neighborhood of 700 ft., a goodly portion of the sinking
being through quicksand. The net earnings of the principal copper mining com-
panies during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, as reported to the assessors
of Silver Bow County, were: Anaconda Copper Mining Co., $1,289,610; Boston
& Montana Consolidated C. & S. Mining Co., $1,639,695; Montana Ore Pur-
chasing Co., $600,000; Butte & Boston C. & S. Mining Co., $166,136; Colorado
Smelting & Mining Co., $152,495 ; Parrot Silver & Copper Co., $577,617 ; Colusa-
Parrot Mining & Smelting Co., $397,475. Outside of Butte the copper proper-
ties have not yet reached the productive stage. The Indian Queen, near Dillon,
has shown large bodies of glance and chalcopyrite, but it is not yet a regular
producer. The Basin Creek properties, in Jefferson County, have been worked
throughout the year, and development work has been carried on in the copper
properties near Helmville. The Sweet Grass Hills and Blackfoot Reserve proper-
ties are as yet in the prospect stage.
Nevada, — The property of the New York & Nevada Copper Co., in White Pine
County, was actively developed, and construction work was begun on a 500-ton
concentrator and smelting plant near Ely. The ore is chalcopyrite and chalcocite
in a gangiie of quartz porphyry and averages about 3% Cu. A tramway will
be built to connect the mine and smelter. The Nevada Copper Co. and the Bell
Mare Mining & Smelting Co., both oporatincr in the Table ^fountain district,
were consolidated under the name of the Boll ^fining & Koduction Co., ^''hich
i)lan8 extensive developments.
New Jersey. — The reduction plant of the Arlington Copper Co., Titd., erected
REVIEW OF COPPER MtNINQ IN THE UNITED STATES. 171
at a cost of $250,000, was inactive during 1902, except for experimental runs.
New Mexico. — ^The Burro Mountain, San Andreas, Lordsburg and Black
Bange districts made good progress during 1902, and an increased output of
copper ore was recorded in each of these mining centers. The Burro Moun-
tains are situated in Grant County, about 16 miles southwest of Silver City.
Mining has been conducted in the district on a small scale since 1875, but it is
only in the last three years that the operations have assumed any marked im-
portance. The main copper bearing area is about three miles long and two
miles wide, with a general east and west strike. The prevailing rocks are granite
and porphyry, which, by metamorphism and disturbance, have been thoroughly
shattered and the seams mineralized with iron, manganese and copper oxides.
In addition the country rock contains impregnations of malachite and azurite
that constitute low-grade ore bodies. The low-grade ore is to be treated by
lixiviation with sulphuric acid, for which a suflBcient supply of water can be
obtained from the deeper workings. New discoveries of copper ore were reported
in the Sandia and Organ Mountains and in the Sacramentos.
North Carolina, — ^At the Gold Hill mine in Rowan County a 20-stamp mill
was operated on copper-gold ores. The Union Copper Co. is reported to have dis-
covered a large body of ore in the Randolph shaft, which assays about 10% Cu. A
lO-stamp mill and a leaching process are to be installed at the Rowan mine.
South Dakota. — A small copper smelter is in course of erection near Hill
City. The Central Black Hills Copper Co., which exploits a deposit of copper
carbonate, has installed a leaching plant with crushers and six leaching tanks,
and will produce cement copper.
Tennessee. — ^The two copper mining companies in the Ducktown district were
active during 1902. The Tennessee Copper Co. completed its smelting plant,
although only one of the two furnaces was in blast during the first five months
of the year. The total quantity of ore smelted was 221,194 tons, which yielded
8,103,539 lb. fine copper, or about 36-5 lb. per ton. The receipts from copper
sales were $760,450, and from other sources $2,647, making a total of $763,097,
from which after deducting all working expenses, interest, depreciation, and
other charges, there remained a profit of $231,109, or $132 per share on the
outstanding stock. An issue of bonds to the amount of $5,000,000 was author-
ized to pay the floating debt and provide working capital. The results of the
operations in both mining and smelting departments were highly satisfactory,
and there is promise of increased activity in the immediate future. Develop-
ments underground added nearly 800,000 tons to the ore reserves, which at the
close of the year were estimated at 2,050,000 tons. The smelting capacity is to
be augmented by a third blast furnace, assuring an annual production of
10,000.000 lb. copper. A summary of the working costs per ton of ore during
1902 is as follows: mining, 84c.; crushing and sorting, 8-3c. ; roasting, 34c.;
railroad, 15-5c.; engineering and laboratory, 2-7c. ; general expenses, 8-7c. ; blast
furnace, $105; converting, 21-7c. ; refinery, 10c. ; total, $2 90 per ton. The
results obtained in blast furnace operations are described under copper metal-
lurgy elsewhere in this volume. The Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Co.,
Ltd., in 1901 earned gross profits, including interest, of £24,488, from which the
1 Hi TBS MmmAL INI) V8TH Y
net profits after providing for interest on debentures and appropriating £3,000
to depreciation amounted to £14,761. An interim dividend of 5% was paid,
and a further dividend of 5% on the ordinary shares and £9 18s. per share on
the founders' shares was declared.
Utah, — The Bingham district formerly a producer of low-grade silver-lead
ores is now the largest copper mining camp in the State. The Highland Boy
shipped about 500 tons of ore per day, which were treated in its own furnaces.
New developments in the mine have exposed large ore bodies in the limestones
above the old workings so that the future of this company appears promising.
The Bingham Consolidated mines produced about 250 tons of fluxing ore daily,
which together with siliceous ores purchased in the open market was handled
in the company's smelter. The United States Mining Co. has erected a com-
plete smelting plant with three ftimaces, and during the year treated daily about
300 tons of ore from Bingham mines mixed with siliceous ore from the Cen-
tennial mine at Tintic. This plant reduces the ore in a blast furnace without
previous roasting, and produces converter matte with two smeltings. The com-
pany has large ore reserves, and will increase the output of copper during 1903.
Work has been prosecuted on a number of other properties in the Bingham dis-
trict with the result that two mines — the Boston Consolidated and the Yampa —
have been brought to the productive stage warranting the erection of smelters.
The Columbia Copper Co. operating in the main Bingham Canon has steadily
developed its mine, shipping the ore in the form of concentrates.
Wyoming, — (By Wilbur C. Knight.) — The progress in the copper mining
industry has been of development rather than production, the greatest changes
having been made in the Grand Encampment and the New Rambler camps.
The North American Copper Co. purchased the Ferris-Haggerty mine, the new
tramway that has been put in at a cost of over $250,000 to connect the mine
with the smelter, the Grand Encampment smelter, and numerous other valuable
rights. The purchase price was stated to be $1,000,000. The company has
commenced extensive development at the mine, and is erecting a large concentrat-
ing plant. It is claimed that the Union Pacific Railroad will construct a branch
into the camp. Other properties have been greatly developed during the year ;
to the southward the Pearl district has been opened up on the Colorado- Wyom-
ing line. In the New Rambler district, early in the season, a new matting fur-
nace was installed, which made several very successful runs. Later, an Eastern
company purchased the Rambler mine and incorporated it for $2,000,000. The
Laramie & Hahns Peak Railroad, now under construction, which is graded to
a distance of about 25 miles southwest of Laramie, will pass within a few miles
of this property. Several companies have opened very promising prospects near
the New Rambler. The discovery of platinum and palladium in the Rambler
vein was of more than ordinary interest, and, as far as is known, this property
is the only producer of ore carrying these rare metals. From an average of
many assays the covellite ore contains 3-5 oz. of platinum and palladium to the
ton, sometimes being all palladium. Although about 2,000 tons of this ore
was sold, nothing was paid for the precious metals contained. At Hartville, an
old-time copper camp, some very rich ore bodies have been discovered.
nsviEW OB" COPPER MiJsiNa nr the ujnitmd statejs. its
Philippine Islands. — Copper deposits of considerable importance are found
on the Island of Mindanao, in the region inhabited by the Moros. The na-
tives, as well as the Chinese, have exploited the ores on a small scale with re-
munerative residts. The ore obtained from small workings is pounded on
anvil-shaped pieces of metal, and the crushed material is then run through
rolls. These rolls are of stone or iron, and are turned by hand or by a water
buflfalo. In some places there are large furnaces for heating the rock, prepara-
tory to crushing, and several smelting furnaces have been in operation, some
of them owned by Germans. The native miners are said to be efficient work-
men and can be obtained for a few cents a day. Gold and silver as well as
copper are found in Mindanao.
By a recent enactment of Congress, the mineral deposits of the Philippines
are to be thrown open to exploration and purchase by citizens of the United
States, natives of the Philippines and Spaniards in the Philippines who have
declared their intention of becoming citizens of the Islands. Claims for lode
mining are limited for each individual to 1,000 ft. square; for placer mining
to 20 acres; and for coal lands to 160 acres. Provision has been made for
proper inspection and registration of the claims upon proof and payment of the
fees prescribed, and the publication of notice in two newspapers of the Islands.
A prescribed amoimt of work must be done upon the claims each year in order
to hold them*
174
THE MINERAL INDUSTHT.
Copper Mining in Foreign Countries.
Australia. — ^Both the depressed condition of the copper market and the severe
1888 1885 1890 1895 1000 190»
The Production of Copper in the Principal Countries op the World.
(In Metric Tons.)
drought had an unfavorable influence upon mining operations, which under more
normal conditions would have shown a greater expansion.
COPPER MININQ IN FORElON COUNTRIES.
175
The output of fine copper in New South Wales during 1902 was valued at
£308,923, against £413,902 in 1901, a decrease of £104,979. This State suffered
from the long period of dry weather, which necessitated a partial or complete sus-
pension of activity by most of the copper mines. In the Cobar district, the Great
Cobar Copper Co. was the only concern that worked continuously through the
year, and its activity was due to the fact that the company had entered into a
contract for the supply of copper. For a time water was drawn to the mine by
railway, a distance of 150 miles. The Lloyd, the Nymagee, and the Mt. Hope
mines were closed down during a part of the year. The ore from the Cobar
CSiesney mine, in which 600 mefn were employed, was smelted in the furnaces
of the Great Cobar Co. ; about 4,500 tons of ore containing 3% copper and 1 dwt.
gold per ton were shipped during 1902. A discovery of high-grade copper ore
near Cowl Creek was reported.
The Queensland Copper Co., Ltd., for the 16 months ending July 31, 1902,
reports an expenditure of £18,456, and an income of £14,277. From February to
September inclusive, 3,707 tons of ore were smelted to matte, containing 0-35 oz.
gold, 18 oz. silver per ton, and 50% Cu. Arrangements are being made to con-
vert the matte into blister copper at the smelter. The Mount Perry mine has
been opened, and work upon it is being rapidly done. Copper ores have been
found near Mount Hector, on the eastern side of the Dawes Range, about 46
miles due south of Gladstone, Queensland. Development work is being prose-
THB world's copper PRODUCTION, 1898 — 1902. (fl).
Countries.
Algeria
ATKentitxA
Australasia.
AustriarHungary.
Bolivia
Canada w
Cape of Good Hope
Gape Company.
Namaqua
Chile
Oermany— TotaL.
(Mansfeld)
Italy
Japan
Mexlio— Total . . .
(Boleo)
Newfoundland . . .
Norway
Russia
SpaIn-Port.--Total
RioTinto
lliarsis
Mason & Barry
Sevllla
Sweden
Turkey ,
United Kingdom.
United States. . . .
Totals 484,880
1896.
Tons of
8040 Lb.
60
186
18,000
1,640
8,060
8,040
Axm
24.^^10
ns/i45)
iff, ] 75
19,416)
2Am
;ViH6
f.Vi/JO
;ioiO
fJC.fKlO
:t.r-^10
I S<)0
4«
640
880,841
Metric
Tons.
61
127
18,888
1,566
2,068
8,169
4,786
2,488
25,848
20.407
25,578
16,010
8,678
6,096
8,069
64,076
84,244
12,192
8,668
818
488
660
848,009
44' 284
1899.
Tons of
2840 Lb.
Nil.
66
20,750
1,606
2,600
6,780
4,140
2,850
25,000
88,460
(20,785)
2,065
28,810
19,006
(10,222)
2,936
8,010
7,210
6,166
54,220
84,870
9,448
3,600
1,800
687
),517
468,679
Metric
Tods.
NU.
66
21,062
1,529
2,540
6.83H
4,206
2,888
25,400
23,886
(21,118)
3,01!^
28,768
19,810
8.
8,
7,825
5.248
66,068
84,920
9,699
8,668
1,219
647
268,666
1900.
Tons of
2240 Lb.
Nil.
75
28,000
1,855
2.100
6,450
4,420
8,800
25.604
20,810
(16,890)
2,763
27,640
22,119
(11,119)
8,985
aooo
8,220
62,872
85,7»2
7,965
8,460
1,460
450
8,804
765
476,194 486,684 404,422
Metric
Tons.
~Nir
76
23,868
1,877
2,184
6,596
4,491
2,887
26,016
20,685
(18,664)
2.79:
26JB66
22,478
(114897)
2,929
8,128
6,85P
58,718
86,804
8,515
1,463
457
2,841
777
272,536
1901.
Tons of
^240 Lb.
Nil.
780
80,675
1,885
2,000
16,282
4,000
2,400
80,805
21,720
(16,780)
8,000
27,475
88,618
(10.783)
2,756
8,875
6,000
9.520
58,621
85,848
7,427
3,729
1,292
450
1,639
532
271,949
Metric
Tons.
Nil.
798
81,371
1,356
2,032
16,575
4,064
8,489
81,299
22,069
(19,062
8,048
27,916
83,943
(10,966)
2.800
8,429
8,129
9.678
54,482
35.916
7,546
3,789
1,313
457
1,666
641
278,800
537,861
1901.
Tons of
2240 Lb.
Nil.
240
28,640
1,600
8,000
17,486
2,760
1,700
26,980
21,606
(16,750)
8,370
29,775
4O,C0O
(10,786)
2,566
4,566
7,660
8,000
49,790
84,480
6,710
8,330
1,545
455
1,100
600
272,685
625,857
Metric
Tons.
Nil.
244
29,096
1,624
2,a&
17,786
2,794
1,727
29,898
21,961
(19,060)
8,424
80,261
40,640
2,627
4,688
7,701
6,126
60,767
85,081
6,617
8,366
1,670
462
1,116
610
277,047
583,763
(a) The fUnires in this table are taken from the annual metal circular of Henry R. Merton & Co., except
where returns have been received by Thb Mineral Industry direct from official sources.
cuted, but SO far little is known as to the extent of the deposits. The ores are
oxidized and carry gold and silver; a trial shipment assayed 5% Cn, 1-6 oz. gold
176 THJH MIAMHAL INDUtiTRY.
and 2 02. silver per ton. The mines and smelters at Mount Garnet in the
Herberton district were operated intermittently, producing copper and silver
valued at £164,267. Systematic prospecting was carried on at Chillagoe, and
one smelter was started in October which produced copper and silver of a
value of £22,519. In the Kangaroo Hills district smelting works have been
erected, and the mines are undergoing rapid development. The ore is re-
ported to assay 16% Cu, 15% Pb, an^! 49 oz. silver per ton. The totiil out-
put of copper in the form of ore and matte in Queensland during 1902 was
3,784 long tons valued at £189,200.
In Western Australia there is only one district, the Mt. Malcolm, where opera-
tions are carried on systematically, and this is the only district in which the
ore is reduced to matte, water-jacket furnaces being erected at the mines. The
ore from the Murchison, Nortliampton, West Pilbarra, Phillips River, and other
districts is exported for treatment. In the latter district only the high-grade
ore can be exported, as the cost of treatment is considerable and the shipping
facilities poor.
The Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Co. during the semester ending Sept.
30, 1902, treated 159,450 tons of ore from the Mount Lyell mine and 5,689 tons
purchased from outside mines ; the yield being 3,608 tons of blister copper which
contained 3,608 tons of fine copper, 341,346 oz. silver, and 11,681 oz. gold. Out
of the net profits of £45,348, the sum of £34,375 was paid in dividends, making
a total disbursement on this account of £896,887. As compared with the results
of the previous half year, the cost of producing blister copper per ton of ore
shows a reduction from £1 Is. 3-2d. to 19s. 8-3d. Considerable exploration work
was carried out at the Mount Lyell, South Tharsis and Royal Tharsis mines,
and the company increased its holdings by acquiring the leases formerly owned
by the North Crown Lyell and the CentraK Lyell companies. The last-named
property adjoins blocks 13 and 14 of the original Mount Lyell leases and con-
tains the downward extension of the main ore body. The company's present
contract with the Baltimore Copper Smelting & Rolling Co. for refining the
blister copper was extended for a period of three years. The North Mount Lyell
mine during the year ending June 30, 1902, produced 61,728 tons of ore, the
larger part of which was sold to the Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Co. and
realized £188,620. Satisfactory progress was made in the erection of the com-
pany's smelting works at Crotly. The Mount Lyell Blocks mine during the
same period produced 5,066 tons of ore, valued at £21,200 and the Lyell Tharsis
mine 13,197 tons of ore. Operations at the latter mine were temporarily sus-
pended owing to the low price of copper.
Argentina, — In the Calamuchita district, 60 miles southwest of Cordoba City,
the Rosario Co. is operating a 36-in. blast furnace on ore yielding from 5 to 6%
Cu. The matte which contains about 65% Cu is exported. The Famatima De-
velopment Corporation. Ltd., capitalized at £400,000, is operating mines in the
Mexicana spur of the Famatima range. There are 14 lodes averaging 4 ft. in
width and two miles long. The ore contains silver and gold as well as copper,
and 30-ton samples show values from £7 15s. to £22 lOs. per ton. An aerial
tramway 25 miles long is being constructed to connect the mines with the smeltei
GOPPER MINING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 177
at Chilecito. The Upolongos mine in the Mexieana district has been operated
for many years and yields ore assaying 15-3% Cu, which is reduced to 66% matte
and shipped to Europe. The Carranza-Lafone Copper Smelting Corporation of
London, capitalized at $3,000,000, has acquired the mines and smelters in the
Capillitas and Atajo districts. The construction of a modern smelting plant is
proposed.
Bolivia. — ^The exports of barilla (native copper) from the port of MoUendo
in 1902 was 3,498,117 kg., which practically represented the entire output of
this country, as the ore exported from Antofagasta amounted to only 12 tons.
Brazil. — The Bahia Exploration Co. has acquired copper claims 50 miles west
of Jaguarary, which are said to cany from 2 to 40% Cu.
Canada. — (By Samuel S. Fowler.) — The copper deposits of British Columbia
are widely scattered, generally occurring in the igneous rocks and their deriva-
tives, which are extensively developed throughout the southern pari; of the Prov-
ince. The important mines are found at three general centers, viz.: Rossland,
in the southwest comer of West Kootenay ; the Boundary portion of Yale district ;
and the southern part of the mainland coast, including Vancouver and other
islands. All of the copper occurs as chalcopyrite, with pyrite and p3rrrhotite,
and carries more or less value in gold and silver. The total output of copper for
1902 was 14,818 short tons derived from the following localities: Rossland and
vicinity, 5,834 tons; Boundary, 7,478 tons; coast, 1,248 tons; other districts, 258
tons. The Rossland mines increased their output over 1901 when serious labor
troubles interfered with mining operations. All of the Rossland ores are smelted
to matte, either at Northport, Wash,, or at Trail, B. C, in both instances the
matte being converted elsewhere. At Trail a considerable quantity of the Ross-
land low-grade ore is used as a "dry"' ore in lead furnaces. Experiments in pre-
liminary concentration have been tried extensively on these low-grade ores, and
with apparent success. I believe that successful commercial results may be looked
for during 1903. The Le Roi Mining Co., Ltd., during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1902, mined and shipped to the Northport smelter 155,765 dry tons
of ore, averaging 1*53% Cu, 0373 oz. gold and 0-71 oz. silver per ton, or a total
value of $11-70 per ton. In addition there were shipped 14,333 tons of ore from
the dump valued at $10-29 per ton. The yearns sales of matte amounted to
£385,521, while the stocks of ore and matte on hand were valued at £218,571.
The costs of mining were £124,201, and of smelting £387,967. At the close of
the year there was a debit balance of £46,551 — an unfavorable showing which
was due to the overestimation of the stocks of metal on hand, the losses of copper,
new work and improvements. The Le Roi No. 2, Ltd., in the year ending Sept.
30, 1902, shipped 63,262 dry tons of ore containing 3,001,027 lb. copper,
32,436 oz. gold and 82,548 oz. silver, with a gross value of $1,068,916 or $16-89
per ton. The costs of mining were $502 per ton and of smelting $7*87 per ton,
making the total cost of realization $1289 per ton. The profits of the year's
operations were $224,935, out of which an interim dividend of 5% was paid.
In the Boundary district, near Phoenix, are the mines of the Granby Co., the
''B. C.*' Co. and the Snowshoe Co., and near Greenwood, the mines of the British
Columbia Copper Co. and the Montreal & Boston Copper Co. The operations
1?8 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
of these com])ani(»s, as well as of those in Rossland, were hampered r^erioiisly
by strikes at the* coai mines upon which they de[)end for cheap coke supplies,
and the copper output was therefore much less than it would have been under
more favorable (onditions. The copper deposits in the Boundary district are
rsually of large size and of self-fluxing composition, and although yielding ex-
tremely low values they can, with possibly one or two exceptions, be worked at
a profit. The Granby Co. is engaged in the construction of two new furnaces
which will bring its capacity up to about 2,100 tons daily. The plant is
equipped with converters and handles the matte of the two other smelters, so
that the entire shipment from the Boundary district is in the form of metal.
Mining and smelting operations in this vicinity are greatly facilitated by the
supply of electric current from the power plant at Cascade, B. C. From the
generating station lines extend to the Granby smelter and to Phoenix, a distance
of 22 miles. The Hall Mining & Smelting Co. in the Nelson district, during
the year ending June 30, 1902, mined and treated 22,661 tons of ore for a yield
of £66,179. The copper furnace treated 22,936 tons of ore from the Silv€fr
King mine and 2,558 tons purchased from other mines. The results of opera-
tions in all departments show a net loss for the year of £5,946. In the Coast
districts much activity was manifested during the year, smelting facilities being
provided by the Northwestern Smelting & Eefining Co., at Crofton, V. I., and
others. Unfortunately one of the largest mines became legally involved, and
on this account the copper output from the Coast mines was 310 tons less than
in 1901. This part of the Province appears to have a particularly bright future,
due to its many good copper prospects.
The output of copper-nickel ore in Ontario in 1902 was 265,538 tons, of which
233,388 tons were smelted yielding 38,023 tons of matte. The copper content
of the matte was 4,066 tons, valued at $616,763.
Copper mining has been carried on as usual at Capelton by the Nichols
^ Eustis companies, with an output of 32,938 tons, valued at the mine at
$121,170. A quantity of 12,152 tons has been shipped to the United States,
while the balance remains in Canada for use at the chemical works of Capelton.
The Ascot mine has been worked during the year for development purposes,
with a small output of good grade ore. The King & Norton's mines have also
been a little developed, and the old Ballarat mine, in Melbourne, has been
pumped out for examination purposes. During the year, there was talk of es-
tablishing a custom smelter in Sherbrooke or its vicinity, and if a sufficient supply
of ore could be obtained to support it several old mines would be re-opened and
new ones started, having then a ready market for their output, big or small.
The district around Sherbrooke is rich enough in copper ore to encourage such
an enterprise. A new discovery of high-grade copper ore has been made near
Matane, in the county of this name. The ore found is mostly bomite with some
chalcopyrite. Native copper is also found in small quantity. A local company
is presently sinking down with a small steam plan, and it claims to be satisfied
with the results.
Cuba. — There have been no notable developments in copper mining during
COPPER MINING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 179
1902. The copper resources of Cuba are described in The Mineral Industry,
Vols, IX.. and X.
Italy. — (By Giovanni Aichino.) — The only important centers of copper min-
ing at the present time are Massa Marittima, Tuscany, and eastern Liguria.
The once famous mines of Montecatini are now nearly exhausted. The largest
producers in the Massa Marittima district are the "Bocchegiano," the "Fernice
Massetana^' and the "Capanne Vecchie." Of these the first named is located on
a quartz vein enclosed between Permian and Tertiary schists and averaging about
6 m. in thickness. During the period 1895-1901, this mine produced 257,332
tons of ore (pyrite and pyrrhotite) which gave an average yield of 3 68% Cu
and 28-15% S. Of the total product 30,300 tons were classed as first grade,
assaying 1067% Cu and 31;97% S ; 48,040 tons as second grade, assaying 344%
Cu and 40-48% S: and 178,992 tons as third grade, assaying 267% Cu and
2419% S. The Femice Massetana and Capanne Vecchie mines also exploit a
quartz vein carrying pyrite and pyrrhotite, which ranges from a few centimeters
to 20 m. in thickness. The ore is sorted into first grade (ll%Cu) and second
grade (3% Cu). The richest ore from these mines is roasted and treated by the
Bessemer process at Leghorn, while the poorer grades are heap-roasted at the
mines and subjected to the leaching process with the precipitation of the copper
by iron. The deposits in eastern Liguria call for no special discussion, as their
product at present is mostly pyrite. The Etruscan Copper Estates Co. is develop-
ing mines at Campiglia which were worked by the Etrurians; the company^s
directors are very sanguine as to the future, but competent engineers who have
examined the property are much less confident.
Mexico. — (By James W. Malcolmson. See also under the sections "Lead"
and "Gold and Silver'* elsewhere in this volume.) — The advance of Mexico as
a producer of copper has been very marked during the past few years, principally
owing to the developments of mines in the State of Sonora. In 1897 Mexico
produced 11,370 metric tons of metallic copper, 10,170 tons of which were from
the Boleo mine in Lower California. In 1902, 40,000 tons were produced, the
production of the Boleo mine being 10,958 tons. A great amount of develop-
ment has taken place along the linos of the railroads, due to the establishment
and the growth of the custom smelting industry. In these smelters copper as a
vehicle for the concentration of silver and gold seems to be steadily displacing
lead. It is probable that recent improvements in the metallurgy of copper, and
the opening of large deposits will increase considerably the quantity of the
precious metals so handled in 1903.
Along the extension of the Mexican Central Railroad now building, between
Guadalajara and Colima, a very important and almost virgin copper-gold coun-
try is being rendered accessible, and the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railroad
now building between Chihuahua City and the United States-Mexican frontier
will open up a large field of copper ores low in silver and gold values.
In addition to the above a fair quantity of copper is produced as a secondary
product in the mining of gold and silver ores, notably at Viesca, Quinteras;
Piedras Verdes; La Bufa; The Lustre Mining Co., Inde. ; Cushing & Walkup's
180 THB MINERAL mDUBTRT.
mines, Durango; Dolores in Matehuala; Santa Fe Chapas; Bolaaoe; Barranca
de Cobre, eta
Sonora.— The completion of the Nacosari and Cananea copper smelting plants,
the building of two smelters — ^the Copper Queen, and the Calumet & Arizona —
M Douglas, Arizona, on the northern frontier, mark a new era in the history
of mining in the State of Sonora. At least one of these smelters will be a custom
smelter and will purchase gold and silver ores in addition to those of copper.
The extension of railroads from these smelters into the heretofore undeveloped
mining camps in the southeastern part of Sonora is now within measurable
distance.
The Greene Consolidated mines at La Cananea now produce daily approximately
1,000 tons of ore, assaying 7% Cu. The ore reserves opened up by exploration
work during 1902 have been phenomenal, and there is more ore in sight at pres-
ent than at any previous time, although extraction has been maintained at a high
level throughout the year. The Cananea ore occurs as bonanzas, the ore bodies
being an alteration of limestone and quartzite and as a general rule carrying
an excess of silica. Some of the ore bodies, especially in the Oversight mine,
are exceptionally rich, assaying in large lots 25% Cu. A concentrator has just
been installed with four jigs and 52 Wilfley tables capable of handling daily
600 tons of ore, which will produce 200 tons of concentrates. According to the
official report of this company the production during the fiscal year ending
July 31, 1902, was 26,665 short tons of copper matte, which contained 23,991,617
lb. copper and 194,609 oz. silver, and 3,862,880 lb. copper bullion containing
39,120 oz. silver and 342 oz. gold. The ore smelted comprised 142,968 tons
copper ore and 52,855 tons iron ore, and the average yield was 98'% Cu and
1*7 oz. silver per ton. The income for the year was $802,833, out of which
$200,000 were paid in dividends, and $417,671 set aside for depreciation and
legal requirements.
At the Moctezuma copper mine at Nacosari, 60 miles southeast of La Cananea,
the ore is a mass of crushed porphyry on a fault plane, the interstices of which
have been filled with copper and iron pyrites. All the ore is concentrated by
jigs, the jig tailings being re-crushed and passed over Frue vanners. A con-
centration of 3 to 1 is effected. The sulphide concentrates are smelted without
roasting and the resulting matte is Bessemerizea in a converter having a very
thick lining of low-grade gold-silver quartz rained from an adjacent property
of the company. The Loomis-Pettibone fuel gas installation at this plant has
given great satisfaction, the consumption of fuel being under 3 lb. of inferior
cordwood per H.P. per hour. The Santo Nino copper mines near the Yaqui
River, east of Minas Prietas, have received some attention during 1902, but
their importance as producers of copper has probably been exaggerated.
Chihuahua. — On account of the decline in the price of copper, the mines and
smelter of the Rio Tinto Mexicana Co. at Terrazas, have suspended operations,
and work at the Magistral mines, west of the city of Chihuahua, has been car-
ried forward on a very limited scale.
Durango. — Very large quantities of basic silver-copper ores have been opened
up in the Descijbridora copper mines, near Conejos, and the construction of the
COPPER MINING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 181
emelter is completed. After finishing the present contracted shipments of matte
to the American Smelting & Refining Co., a Bessemer plant will be operated and
converter bars produced. The Velardena copper properties have been acquired
by American Smelting & Refining Co. interests, and a railroad and concentrating
plant is now under construction. The Promontorio, a copper-gold mine, has
attracted considerable attention during the year ; the ore bodies are large, and a
concentrator and matte smelter is under construction. The Jimulco Copper Co.
produces monthly 1,800 tons of ore assaying 0*2 oz. gold, 20 oz. silver per ton
and from 9 to 10% copper. This property is in an almost entirely unde-
veloped region.
Zacatecas. — The Mazapil Copper Co. has maintained its high production, al-
though somewhat handicapped by the scarcity of water. The Mazapil district
produces approximately 7,000 tons of ore per month.
Guerrero. — A deposit of cupriferous pyrites has been opened up in Campo
Morado on the Balsas River, near the terminus of the Mexican Central Rail-
w^ay; the ore lies on a contact between shale and igneous conglomerate, and
assays 0-2 oz. gold, 6 oz. silver, 2% copper, 40% iron, 5% silica and 45% sul-
phur. Over a million tons are already demonstrated to be in sight in the large
lens, and smaller lenses of higher grade ore have also been discovered.
Augascalientes. — The Copper mines of Tepezala, operated by M. Guggenheim
Sons, have maintained a steady production of siliceous silver-copper pyrites.
Michoacan. — The operations of the Inguaran Copper Co. have not increased
during the year. At Chirangangueo the Angang Copper Co. has opened up large
bodies of copper pyrites, but the low price of copper has prevented very energetic
operations.
Puebla. — The p3nritic deposit of basic silver-gold zinky copper ore at Tezuitlan
has been actively worked. The ore is now being smelted at the rate of 5,000
tons per month, converter bars being shipped.
Baja California. — The Boleo Copper Co. maintains its steady production,
which is the remarkable feature of the operations of that company. The ore
is a cuperiferous impregnation of eruptive breccia. The mine is famous for the
"Boleos" or pockets of azurite, which are found at irregular intervals in the
deposit, near the outcrop. During 1901, the Boleo Co. produced 10,956 metric
tons copper from 275,635 tons of ore, the yield being 3-95%. The total operat-
ing profits were 1,206,502 fr., showing a large reduction from the previous
year. For improvements and new machinery there was expended the sum of
1,744,235 fr., while 208,844 fr. were set aside on account of depreciation, and
1,191,925 fr. for amortization and reserve funds. The smelting works have been
reconstructed with eight modem furnaces of 150-ton capacity, and two addi-
tional furnaces are in the course of erection. Under a new agreement the
companVs product of matte and bars is now shipped by rail from Quaymas to
New Orleans where it is trans-shipped to steamers for Europe. The number of
workmen on the company's rolls at the close of the year was 3,324.
Newfoundland. — ^The production of copper ore in Newfoundland in 1902
amounted to 71,482 tons, valued at $247,060, the metallic contents of which were
estimated to be 2,586 tons of copper valued at $630,326, This copper ore was
182 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
ail exported, 35,947 tons going to Great Britain and 35,538 tons to the United
States. The ore is smplted at the works of the Nichols Chemical Co., in the
United States, and at those of the Cape Copper Co., in England. The report of
the Cape Copper Co., Ltd., for the fiscal year ending Aug. 31, 1902, shows an in-
come from operations at Tilt Cove of £75,176, and a net profit of £11,748. Dur-
ing the year the East mine produced 49,147 tons of ore, averaging 3-20% Cu, the
South lode 9,417 tons, averaging 3 -85% Cu, the North lode 7,119 tons, averag-
ing 3-32% Cu, and the West mine 1,896 tons. Of the output, 23,388 tons were
shipped to Swansea, Wales, 38,578 tons to New York, and 8,319 tons to Garston.
The York Harbor property was sold in December, 1902, to an American company
for $400,000.
Norway. — The Sulitjelma mine, according to reports, produced about 66,000
tons of copper ore and pyrite in 1902. and the Roros mine about 25,000 tons.
The ore from these mines, averaging from 5 to 6% copper after roasting, is
smelted in American water-jacket furnaces to matte carrying about 40% copper,
and the latter is then treated by the converter process. The total cost of produc-
ing fine copper is about 6-8c. per pound. The sale of the Skjangli properties
to American capitalists was reported. These properties are situated in the
northern part of the Scandinavian peninsula on both sides of the Norway-Sweden
boundary line, and contain low grade ore carrying small quantities of gold and
silver. The properties are as yet undeveloped.
Portugal. — The report of Mason & Barry, Ltd., for the year 1902, states that
the quantity of ore raised was 177,563 tons, while the shipments amounted to
405,111 tons. The net profits on working account were £90,495; the stocks of
ore and copper precipitate at the close of the year were valued at £90,495.
Russia. — This country consumes annually about 22,000 tons copper, 14,000
tons being imported. About 90% of the domestic production was furnished by
the Ural and Caucasus districts. Since the Trans-Siberian Railroad has been
completed, the copper deposits of the district of Krasnoyarsk in Central Siberia
have been opened. A Russian-English corporation has been formed, which is
reported to have received a concession from the Russian Government for the
exploitation of an area of 1,200 acres, 110 miles from the Yenisei River and
directly connected with the Trans-Siberian Railroad.
South Africa. — The report of the Cape Copper Co., Ltd., for the year ending
April 30, 1902, for South Africa, and August 31, 1902, for London, shows a loss
in the yearns operations of £6,494, which with the balance brought forward from
the previous year left a credit of £158,194. Out of this sum a dividend of
£138,000 was paid, and the balance, after deducting income tax of £5,605, was
carried forward to 1903. At Ookiep 14,691 tons of ore were smelted and at
Nababiep 10,717 tons. Operations were hampered by incursions of the Boers, who
inflicted much damage upon the mining and smelting machinery. The Britii^h
South African Co. has granted mining concessions aggregating 560 square miles
in northern Rhodesia to the Northern Copper Co., who in turn have conceded 500
square miles to the Rhodesia Copper Co. The area covered by these grants has
been partially explored with the result that many promising prospects have been
located, some of which bear evidence of having been worked in ancient times
COPPER MINING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 183
Assays of ore from various localities range from 2*6 to 50% Cu. Development
work has been undertaken on an extensive scale, and the Rhodesia Railway, Ltd.,
has arranged to extend a line to the territory from Victoria Falls.
Spain. — The Rio Tinto Co., Ltd., during 1902, realized on sales of copper and
other items, including balance carried forward from 1901, a total of £1,129,662.
Of this sum the following amounts were set aside: for a fixed charge on pyrites
and overburden account, £19,053; the redemption of the 4% bonds, £68,440;
plant out of use and charged oflF, £1,100; credited to reserve fund, £50,000;
credited to provident fund, £2,000 ; total, £198,306. Out of the balance, amount-
ing to £912,304, interim dividends of 2s. 6d. on the preference shares, less income
tax (totaly £38,171), and 228. 6d. on the ordinary shares, free of income tax
(total, £365,625), were paid, and dividends of 28. 6d. on the preference shares
(total, £38,086), and 27s. 6d. on the ordinary shares (total, £446,875) were
recommended, leaving a balance of £23,547 to be carried forward to 1903 revenue
account. The total quantity of ore extracted during 1902 was 1,865,289 tons,
with an average copper content of 2-517%. The pyrite ore invoiced to consumers
in England, Germany and the United States amounted to 595,092 tons. The
sulphur ore shipped was 117,704 tons. The p3rrite shipped contained 12,819
tons of copper, which with the 21,659 tons extracted at the mines, made a total
output for the year of 34,478 tons of copper. It was estimated that the reserve
heaps at the mines contained 142,951 tons of fine copper, while the stocks at the
company's works at Cwmavon, consisting of refined copper, copper in process,
in precipitates and in matte, amounted to 4,217 tons. The Bessemer plant,
erected in 1901, was in full operation throughout the year, and has caused a sav-
ing to the company both in freight charges and ore treatment. The output of
the refinery at Cwmavon, Wales, was 20,583 tons copper. The Tharsis Copper
& Sulphur Co., Ltd., during 1902 mined 342,692 long tons of ore, and produced
6,708 tons of fine copper. Nearly all of the ore was taken from the Cataiias
mine, as the Lagunazo and Tharsis workings have been practically exhausted.
The exports of pyrite amounted to 382,053 long tons. The total gross profits
of the yearns operations were £251,268, from which the sum of £81,666 was
charged oflf for cost of management, interest, depreciation, etc., leaving a balance,
with the sum carried forward from the previous year, of £213,389, out of which
dividends amounting to £187,500 were distributed, and the balance carried for-
ward to the next yearns account. A large amount of exploratory work was done
in the Catanas mine, and sufficient ore opened up to assure the continuance of
operations for many years. The company is seeking to acquire copper properties
in other countries.
United Kingdom. — ^The Ovoca Copper Syndicate, Ltd., capitalized at £12,000, is
preparing to develop the Cronebane mines at Ovoca, County Wicklow, Ireland.
Samples of the ore assay from 005 to 26-82% Cu, and average about 2-99%
Cu. A complete analysis of the ore gave the following results: Cu, 2 79%;
Zn, 1-5% ; Pb, 0-31% ; FeA and AlA, 3705% ; S, 30-7% ; SiO„ 17-5% ; CaO,
1% ; As, COj, and HjO, 915% ; Au, 1 dwt. 6 gr. and Ag, 1 oz, 7 dwt. 12 gr.
per long ton.
184 THE MINERAL INDUBTBT.
The Copper Markets in 1902.
New York. — ^The course of the market during 1902 was very interesting in a
good many respects and was again followed with marked attention on the part
of those directly and indirectly connected with the industry, as well as by the
general public. In view of the erratic policy pursued by one of the largest factors
in forcing the output of its mines after having accumulated large stocks, and in
selling its copper in a manner surprising and inexplicable to the more conserva-
tive business men in the trade, the impression gained firm footing that the policy
inaugurated in December, 1901, was to be continued indefinitely, that is, to bring
the price down to a very low level and keep it there at all hazards. There was
comparatively slight resistance to this movement from Europe, where business
throughout 1901 was rather disappointing, and traders there took full advantage
of this carefully nursed specter, depressing prices long before our manufacturers
awoke to the fact that a further heavy decline was imminent. However, the
course of events made it apparent to the more e3q)erienced authorities in the
trade on this side that in view of the very large consumption in the United
States, the popular estimates of the available supplies were wildly inaccurate,
all signs pointing to a rapid decline of the stocks on hand. It is true, production
showed an increase, in spite of the prevailing low prices. A number of new mines
have started active operation. On the other hand, all the copper consuming
industries have been exceedingly busy throughout the year. The brass as well
as sheet mills have taken heavy quantities of copper. The railroads had to replen-
ish their rolling stock, which was acknowledged to be inadequate. The ship-
building industry was very prosperous, and last but not least, enormous quantities
have been sold for electrical purposes. The use of copper for traction purposes
seems to have only just started, to say nothing of local extensions of electrical
lines that are being, both in America and Europe, extended to longer distances
and made to connect cities as well as points within cities. This is evidently
only a forecast of the use of electricity for long distance travel, and experiments
in that direction are continually being made on both sides of the Atlantic. At
the beginning of the year the greatest uncertainty prevailed in the copper mar-
ket, and it was evident that the retrograde movement which had commenced
in November, 1901, had not yet terminated. Prices opened nominally for Jjako
at 12c., electrolytic at ll-75c., but very soon a further cut of Ic. was made, fol-
lowed by quite large sales at the parity of 10-875c. and 10-625c., respectively,
at which figures consumers at last operated freely, and speculators were not slow
to take an interest in the markets, trying to contract for whatever they could
lay their hands on. This enormous buying sufficed to put an end to the forced
depression in prices which had been systematically worked for the two previous
months, and the moment it was felt that prices had about reached bottom, con-
Bumers who had allowed their supplies to drop to the lowest ebb, purchased very
largely, not only for prompt delivery, but also as far ahead as they possibly could.
The interests which had been instrumental in forcing prices down were evidently
unable to withstand the flood of orders pouring in from all sides. Quotations
advanced quickly to 12- 5c. for Lake and 12 -260. for electrolytic, ruling at these
THE COPPER MARKETS.
185
figures for several weeks. That this advance had been too rapid was evident, and
as soon as some speculators tried to realize, the market commenced to ease oflf,
and since that time there have been persistent efforts on the part of the largest
operators to establish lower prices for copper wherever possible. During May
Lake copper declined to 12 -250. and electrolytic to 12c., at which figures the
market was fairly steady throughout June, but in July the coal strike caused
manufacturers to proceed cautiously and to restrict purchases. Consequently,
values suffered, and by the end of August had declined to 11 75c. for Lake and
11 5c. for electrolytic copper. September proved fairly steady, but in October
the flat tendency of the Stock Exchange and the unsettled state of affairs in the
coal regions, coupled \fith renewed efforts on the part of leading interests to
establish a lower range of values, tended to influence the market adversely. With
the exception of a short-lived upward movement toward the end of the month,
dullness reigned supreme for a considerable time, prices dropping slowly, until
11 -Sc. for Lake and ll-25c. for electrolytic was quoted at the end of November.
The settlement of the coal strike and a large inquiry from Europe, where business
at last showed signs of improvement, and a good demand for home trade caused
a buoyant feeling to prevail during December, to which prices quickly responded,
the year closing with Lake selling at ll-75@12c. ; electrolytic at 11 625@ll*875c. ;
and casting copper at 11 -50. The tendency was, moreover, apparently to a further
advance.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF LAKE COPPER PER POUND IN NEW YORK.
1806
1800.
1000.
1001.
1000.
Jan.
Ctg.
1000
14-75
10-88
16-77
n-8ss
Feb.
eta.
11-28
1800
1606
1600
12'»78
Mar.
Cts.
1106
17-54
16-55
16-94
12-188
April
Cts.
1814
18-48
1604
16-04
11-066
May.
June.
Ct«.
1800
18-86
16-55
16-04
18-286
Cts.
11-80
1708
1600
16-00
12-860
July.
Cte.
11-68
18-88
16- 16
16-51
11-92S
Aug.
Cts.
11-80
18-50
16-68
16-50
11-649
Sept.
Cts.
1881
18-46
1609
16-54
11-780
Oct.
Cts.
18-41
17-76
16-64
16-60
11-788
Not.
Cts.
18-86
1606
16-80
16-68
11-588
Dec.
Cts.
12-98
16-40
16-88
14-89
I1-69S
Year.
Ct««.
12-OJl
1761
16-5-»
le-.vj
11-887
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OP ELECTROLYTIC COPPER PER POUND IN NEW YORK.
Year.
Jan.
1899
Cts.
14-26
1900
16-68
1901
16-25
19(B
11-058
Jan. Feb. Mar. April May. June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Yenr
eta.
17-08
15-78
16-86
12-178
Ots.
16-85
16-29
16-42
!1*88S
Cts.
17- 18
16-76
16-48
11-618
Cts.
17-20
16-84
16-41
11-866
Cts.
16-89
15-75
16-86
12-110
Cts.
17-10
15-97
16-81
11 -m
Cts. Cts,
17-48 17-84
16-85 16-44
1685 ,16-85
11 •40411 -490
Cts.
16-94
16-87
16-85
11*449
Cts.
16-49
16-40
16-28
11-868
Cts.
15-85
16-81
18-88
11-480
16-67
16-19
16-11
ll'(S6
London, — The year under review opened rather unpropitiously. While the
visible supplies were light, amounting only to 22,051 tons, the effects of the
disastrous break in December were still felt. Although the market had steadied
itself a little, January opened with standard at £48 17s. 6d. for spot and £49
10s. for three months. There was a fair consumer's trade in tough and best
selected, but as soon as the market began to rise, Americans became free sellers,
with the apparent object of reducing the price. The European companies gener-
ally held out of the market. In February there was a gradual advance until as
high as £57 was paid for standard. Another American bear onslaught followed,
however, and prices were beaten down below £52. When this passed, the market
186 THE MINERAL INDU8TBT,
showed renewed strength, rallying to £55 10s. spot and £56 three months; at
this point some European companies made large sales of tough copper at £60.
Early in March the market was weaker, declining to £52 2s. 6d. for spot, with
a backwardation of 58. on futures, but some large purchases made by the British
Government rather improved matters. Consimiers also made some heavy pur-
chases on the lower prices. The feature of the situation about this time was
the large shipment of electrolytic copper from America made by the Amal-
gamated Co., in consequence of which the price of refined fell oflf, sales of
that variety being made at very little above the quotation for standard.
In April there was a considerable speculative movement for the advance,
which, however, failed in its object, owing to continued heavy offers from
America. The market at this time, as well as earlier, was considerably puzzled
by the tactics of the American producers, whose main object seemed to be to
keep prices at the lowest possible level. In May there was a better demand
from consumers, who generally required prompt delivery, showing that their
needs were urgent. In June the conclusion of peace in the Transvaal was used
as a bull point, but produced little effect, and later this was neutralized by the
unfavorable influence of the King^s illness. A considerable trade for the Con-
tinent sprung up, however, and large orders were placed for electrical work,
buyers being tempted by the narrow margin between standard and electrolytic.
In July, heavy offers from the United States continued, and consumers were
inclined to hold off, the reports from abroad indicating a further possible fall.
The month closed with standard selling at £53 for spot and £53 5s. for three
months. In August a temporary rise, caused by short covering, was neutralized
by further reductions offered from New York, and prices slipped back to £51 5s.
spot and £51 10s. for three months. The European producers were apparently
tired of waiting, and offered metal much more freely than in the early part of
the year. September opened uncertain, owing to the contradictory rumors as to
Amalgamated policy, but some strength was lent to the market by the statement
of stocks prepared by Dr. Ledoux and printed in the Engineering and Mining
Journal, Contradictory rumors prevailed, however, but they did not prevent
consumers from making extensive purchases. At the close of the month, how-
ever, it was found that manufacturers were generally stocked, and copper closed
rather flat at about £51 15s. spot and £52, three months.
Many people looked for some recovery in October, but the heavy bear operation
in Rio Tinto shares, which was engineered from Berlin, had an unfavorable
effect on the metal market, and prices declined to £51 10s. for spot. At this level
a considerable demand from consumers, whose stocks were again exhausted,
improved the tone, and there was a hardening to between £52 and £53. Novem-
ber opened with the visible supplies reduced to the low figure of 16,657 tons.
There was also a fair consumptive demand. Rumors from America of an increase
in stocks received some belief, however, while the unfavorable condition of the
stock markets and the unsatisfactory position of affairs in South Africa also
affected trade, and the market closed flat at £49 12s. 6d. for spot, with about Ss.
better for forward copper. The only support to the market at this time was
from the copper sulphate trade, makers of that article purchasing rather heavily
TBE COPPER MAHKET8.
187
of Chile bars. This had the effect of improving the prices of tough and best
selected.
December was a month of some excitement, prices opening flat, but early in
the month renewed rumors of a working arrangement among American producers
brought about a sharp advance of over £2. The break of the operation for the
fall in Rio Tintos, marked by a very sharp advance in those shares, also helped
the market. Unexpected assistance was derived from free purchases made by
consumers at the advance. The year closed with a firm tendency, standard being
quoted at £52 15s. to £52 17s. 6d. for spot, with some 10s. higher named for
forward copper.
One feature in the market which was noted throughout the year was the per-
sistent bearing of certain producing interests. It has happened very seldom
indeed that sellers should thus work directly against their own apparent advan-
tage, and the London market was for the most part thoroughly at sea" as to
the cause of this curious movement. It is also to be noted that Germany was a
light buyer throughout the year, owing to continued depression in manufacturing
interest there ; while in France trade was nearly stationary at a dull level through-
out the year.
AVERAOB MONTHLY PRIOES OP STANDARD COPPER (G. M. B.'S) IN LONDON.
rin pounds pterlini? per long ton of 2,iM0 lb.)
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year.
1901
igO0
71'7»
48-43
71 -17
6616
60-64
^-39
60-61
68-T9
60-60
5408
68-88
68-OS
6760
se-8e
66-84
61 06
6607
58-68
6411
62-18
64-61
61 -OB
52-84
50-06
66-70
62-46
188
THE MINERAL INDU8TET.
Progress in the Metallurgy op Copper during 1902.
By Joseph Struthers and D. H. Nbwland.
The following notes on the progress in the metallurgy of copper during 1902
have been abstracted chiefly from the technical literature of the year, in addition
to information and criticism which have been obtained by direct correspondence
or discussion with practical metallurgists.
Automatic Ore Sampling. — An illustrated description of automatic system of
sampling at the smelter of the British Columbia Copper Co., at Greenwood, B. C,
will be found in the "Review of the Progress in Ore Dressing during 1902," given
elsewhere in this volume. The results of practice at this plant are fully dis-
cussed in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., pp. 206-211.
Smelting Ore and Matte at Leadville and Robinson, Colo} — The following
data of furnace working at the Bi -metallic plant, Leadville, and at the plant of
the Robinson Construction, Mining & Smelting Co., Robinson, have been pre-
pared by Mr. C. H. Doolittle, referring to practice during the year 1900. At
Leadville, the Bi-raetallic plant was equipped with three furnaces having cross
sectional areas at the tuyeres of 36X163 in., 36X176 in., and 36X215 in.,
respectively. The two smaller furnaces were used for concentrating the ore
into a low-grade matte, and the largest one for concentrating the low-grade matte
with the addition of oxidized siliceous ores to matte of a high-grade. Cold air was
furnished by three No. 7 Root blowers, so connected to the furnaces that each fur-
nace could have its individual blower, an arrangement which was found prefer-
able. Two fans, one 9 ft., and one 6 ft. in diameter, were connected with the
dust chamber, and the gases, after having traveled a distance of 300 ft., were
forced through towers in which a water spray precipitated a large part of the
fume, rich in lead and silver. The gases escaping from the towers were damp
and were reduced to a temperature of 100® P., finally passing into the atmosphere
through a wooden stack. The power was furnished by a 450-H.P. Corliss
engine. The furnaces were operated so that the matte produced by the ore
furnaces was just sufficient for the reconcentration furnace, and the slag from
the reconcentration furnace, which had to be re-smelted, was not too burdensome
for the ore furnaces, but still sufficient to keep an open charge m the ore furnaces.
In this manner, the locking up of capital in large surpluses of low-grade matte
and rich slag was avoided.
The analyses of the characteristic ores treated are given in the subjoined table :
Name of Mine.
OoQipoDeiits of Ore.
8HV
Fe.
CaO.
Zd.
Co.
Iron Silver
l
88
8
98
86
T7
98
18
88
98
8
6
0
s
0
9
9
\
6
11
\
0
9
U
IbezM. Co ,
9*7
New Monarch
8*6
Marian
0-6
Vinnie
8-0
Commodore
0-0
C^ntennlal'ICiireln
8*0
During March, 1900, the three furnaces were in continuous operation and
treated 9,838 tons of ore containing Au 2,256 oz., Ag 159,811 oz., and Cu
t BngineMHng and Mining Journal, April 11, 1908.
PR0QRE88 IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER.
189
314,690 lb., which gives an average treatment for each furnace of 105-8 tons of ore
per day. The matte shipped averaged Au 2-249 oz., Ag 146 oz., and Cu 14 328%,
and the recovery of metals was An 98-5%, Ag 95% and Cn 90%.
A charge for the ore furnace consisted of: Ore (sulphides) 2,600 lb.; limo
rock, 250 lb. ; bricked flue dust, 300 lb. ; slag, 1,500 lb. and wet coke (containing:
20% water) 325 lb. ; total, 4,975 lb. The apparent fuel consumption was 12-57^
on the ore charged, but by deducting the water from the wetted coke, the actual
consumption was 10%.
The flue dust was bricked and fed in sufficient quantities to prevent an ac-
cumulation of this product. The slag was produced in the reconcentration fur-
nace, and was fed in order to keep the charge of the ore smelting furnace in an
open condition. Ordinarily, each of the ore furnaces averaged 120 tons of
ore per day. Great care was necessary in feeding the furnace on account of the
fine ore and the heating qualities due to the sulphur. A charge for the con-
centrating furnace consisted of : Matte, 1,000 lb. ; siliceous ore, 600 lb. ; lime rock,
100 lb. and wet coke, 125 lb. ; total, 1,825 lb. The consumption of fuel (dry)
was 16- T%. Taking the total quantity of ore treated during March — 9,838
tons — and the actual quantity of fuel consumed — 1,417 tons — ogives a fuel con-
sumption of 14-4% per ton of ore smelted.
During reconcentration the furnace was run with a cool top to avoid losses of
precious metals by volatilization, the blast temperature being maintained at
about 90® F. The physical condition of the ore was such that the charge would
keep open without the addition of slag.
The chemical conditions differed from the practice at Leadville, in that
copper appeared only as traces in the ores mined. In addition, only a small
quantity of copper ore, containing not more than 4% Cu, was obtainable on the
market, hence the collector of precious metals was practically an iron matte. A
good saving was made for matte, due partly to the copper, and more especially to a
heavy fall of matte. The specific gravity of the slag was lightened by a higher
percentage of lime than at Leadville.
The price paid for matte was $9-45 freight and treatment, 95% of the silver,
$19 per oz. for gold, and 6c. oflf New York quotation for copper. This condition
necessitated a high concentration of 30 into 1 as a final shipping matte, which was
accomplished by reconcentration.
The analyses of the ores treated are given in fhe subjoined table: —
Name of Wm,
Componentt of Ore.
810,.
Fte.
Cue.
Cu.
Wanhtagtoii
%
96
04
4
15
19
48
1
9
0
4^.
Koiiloson
Tr.
Pride
4
l^Wntergreep
1
The iron was in the form of pyrite, FeSj, except that from the Wintergreen
mine, which was pyrrhotite, Fe^Sg.
Contrary to the opinions of several metallurgists, the use of pyrrhotite in a raw
state gave no trouble whatever, and as it carried 1% Cu, it was desirable to use
it. A 24-hour run on ore smelting was as follows : —
190 THE MINKUAL INDUSTRY.
Tons.
WaahingtoD mine ore 7*60
Robinson mine ore 81 '00
Wintergreen mine ore 36*98
Total ore 125-58
Lime rock 85*66
Slag 65*50
Total charge 906*78
Coke 16*60
Percen t fuel on ore. 18 * 14
Slag assay and analysis were :
SiO, 41-OjK
FeO 80*8j<
MnO 6*6j<
CaO 17*0j<
ZnO A0%
Ag lloa.
Total 98*8)t
Analysis of re-smelting matte :
Ag 4807 oa.
Cu 0*1^
A 24-hoiir run on reconcentration matte was :
Tons.
Robinson mine ore 116*60
Pride mine ore 88*42
Total ore 144*98
Matte 181*58
Lime rock 81*90
Total cliarge 888*84
Coke. 14*60
Peraent fuel on ore 10*00
Analysis of matte :
Ag 900 OS.
Au O'Sos.
Cu 6O*03<
The average fuel consumed during the time the smelter was in operation
was 13*5%, being about 1% less than the fuel consumption at Leadville. After
smelting 3,289 tons of ore the works were shut do\nTi. The quantity of flue dust
produced was 2 5% of the ore treated. The cost of fuel and labor was $2 per
ton of ore. Labor in this case does not include management, superintendence,
etc.
The capacity of the ore furnace was 75 tons per day. The slag averaged
SiOj 36%, Fe 36%, CaO 7% and Zn 5%. A saving might have been made by
the addition of a larger proportion of lime and less iron, but from a commercial
standpoint, a $9 rate on a neutral basis on iron ore allowed a fair margin for tho
treatment of that class of ore. The average cost for the month showed $3 645
per ton of ore ti-eated, including all expenses except new construction. The
matte was shipped to the Philadelphia Smelting & Kefining Co. at Pueblo and
treated for $3-25 (freight and treatment), allowing $19*25 per oz. for gold,
95% of the silver, and 4c. off casting brand quotation for copper.
The Robinson Construction, Mining & Smelting Co. was equipped with one
stack having a cross sectional area of 36X142 in. at the level of the tuyeres. A
rx)der hot blast apparatus was attached to the furnace consisting of a series of
pipes carrying the air in a chamber through which the gases escaping from
the furnace pass on their way to the dust chamber. The highest temperature of
blast obtained was 200^ F.
To the copper metallurgist the results shown by the data given above will
undoubtedly seem small in tonnage, but the ores are similar to those handled
PROGRESS IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER
191
by lead smelters and the tonnage is fully equal to that of the 42X146-in. lead
furnace with a 20-ft. ore column and blast at a pressure of 3 lb. per sq. in.
All of the ores above enumerated carried lead and zinc, and notwithstanding
the volatilization of the greater part of the lead the resxdtant matte contained
about 3*% of that metal.
Smelting Raw Sulphide Ores at Ducktown, Tenn} — (By W. H. Freeland.) —
The following facts and statistics of operations were obtained at the works of
the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Co., Ltd., at Isabella, Tenn., covering
a period of several months. At first, little else than 6% matte, '1)reakouts'*
and "chills" resulted, but ultimately the efforts were successful, and the change
in practice is to be permanently adopted. The smelting consists of two opera-
tions^ carried out alternately in the same furnace: (1) The smelting of raw ore
to a low-grade matte, about 20% Cu, and (2) the concentration of the low-grade
matte to one containing about 50% Cu.
A HerreshoflE furnace was used, having a total depth of 8-5 ft., with a cross
sectional area at the tuyeres of 21-7 sq. ft. The forehearth, proving troublesome,
was replaced by a water-cooled, blast-trapping spout and an ordinary brick-lined
settler of 5 ft. X 4 ft. X 18 in. internal dimensions. A No. 6 Connersville blower,
driven by a direct-connected engine, supplied the blast. Several campaigns of
from two to six weeks were made without stopping the blast, the duration of time
being limited only by the necessity of shutting down to wash out the silt from
the furnace jacket, spout, etc. In a test run, hourly samples were taken of
each constituent of the furnace charge, as well as of the slags and mattes pro-
duced. These were combined into daily samples and reduced to laboratory pulps,
which, in turn, were combined in proportions corresponding to the daily ton-
nages. The final samples, thus representing reliable averages of the entire run,
were carefully analyzed. During a 165 days' campaign there were treated
1,120 tons ore, 89 tons quartz, 162 tons slag, equaling a total burden of 1,371
tons, exclusive of 38 tons coke, the coke consumption being equivalent to 3-4%
of the ore, or 2-77% of the total burden. The Ducktown ore is pyrrhotite, carry-
ing less than 3% Cu, and no precious values. Full analyses of the ore, fiuxes
and coke charged, and the matte, slag and flue dust produced are given in the
following table :—
DATA PERTAnnKO TO THE FIHST OPEBATION (ORE SMELTING).
Cu.
Pe.
8.
810,.
CaO.
MrO.
ZnO.
A1.0..
Hn.
C.
etc.
CO.,
etc.
Loss on
Igni-
tion.
Total
Materials
1,1, ,_-t. ■,_if ,
Ore
%
«-744
%
86-610
1-45
flOtO
aao
47-16
l»-64
80-80
%
S4-848
0-88
1-75
1-68
84-00
1-74
16:81
%
18-848
98TO
80-90
8-41
0-44
8800
88-99
%
7-894
0-28
8-51
Trace
010
8-94
4-46
%
2078
Trace
9-71
Trace
Trace
8-44
1-88
%
9*666
8-88
None
806
1*64
906
%
0-911
0-88
1-90
8-66
0-89
1-60
1-94
%
0-77
Tr.
0-86
None.
0-68
0-80
0-66
%
%
%
a8-188
* o-to'
%
100
Qmrts..... r
88-86
60-88
Ml -87
6100
99*88
Coke . . .....
O-TO
100*80
100-71
Products!
MAtt« . . ....
»00
S-90
a4-91
100
noedmit.'.!!'..
(6) 10-88
to) IB' 96
99-96
100
(a) By difference. (6) By calculation.
* JBn/ffineering and Mining Journal^ flLKy 8, 1908.
192
THR MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The matte produced is represented by 396 hourly samples. Ignoring frac-
tions, the variations in assays ranged from 11 to 32% Cu, averaging numerically
for all the samples 21 18% Cu, which, however, corresponds practically to a range
of from IG to 26% Cu; the extremes beyond these limits being obtained during
the blowing-in of the furnace and under other special conditions of working.
SYNTHESIS OF CHARGE AND ITS PRODUCTS (ORE SMELTING).
Cu.
Fe.
8.
SiO,.
CaO.
C.
MgO.
Zn.
A1.0.
Mn.
Difference.
(a)
Chaixe.
Ore
Lb.
lOOO
80
145
Lb.
2r-44
"i-oe
Lb.
3861P
116
56-84
0-78
Lb.
248-48
0-26
254
0-54
Lb.
185-48
77-43
44-81
2-86
Lb.
re-w
018
12-84
Lb.
Lb.
26-72
Lb
26-66
Lb.
911
026
8-76
1-21
Lb.
7-70
"i-M
Lb.
81*88
O'Tl
fl^fur
'28-5i
8-OS
418
15-81
Coke
0*10
* •"
Totals
1259
42805
28-60
25-10
428-97
65-75
251-82
235-88
810-58
6-69
85*46
1-26
28-51
28-51
ao-66
0-35
29-74
15-68
18-84
1-60
8-98
0-78
17*60
Deductions (as below)
47-60
Balance (+**0" to Fe, Zn
and Mn)— Slag
988-24
8-40
858-28
15-94
806-80
84:20
80-30
14* 11
11-84
8-15
*»0"
108' 19
DEDUCTIONS.
Products.
Matte (20]C Cu)
Flue dust recovered.
Volatilized
122-65
25-71
280-59
24-68
0-57
sr-83
7-98
29-44
4-24
Totals (deducted above).. 42895 2510 66-75 236-88 669 186 28-51 085 1568 150 0-7847-60
0-64
6- 15
012
114
88-51
0-85
8-51
0-77
18-85
1-00
0-50
0-64
0-14
604
8-96
87-58
(a) Includes errors of analysis and undetermined COj and O.
From the foregoing tonnages the average charge is readily calculated, and
based on this and on the tabulated analyses, a synthesis of the charge and its
products is constructed, which, if somewhat empirical, is nevertheless both in-
teresting and useful. A comparison of the composition of the slag calculated
from the materials charged and the results obtained by analyses varied but very
little, the results being as follows (the calculated perceutages being given in
parentheses): Cu (0-36), 037%; Fe (38183), 3884%; S (1-70), 1-74%;
SiO^ (32 39), 32 60%; CaO (8-97), 824%; MgO (3-23), 344%; Zn (I'SO),
1 54%; AI2O3 (1-26), 1-50%; Mn (087), 0-80%; 0 (11-54), 10-88%. Totals
(100), 99-95%.
DATA PERTAINIXG TO THE SECOND OPERATION (mATTE CONCENTRATION).
Materials smelted.
Matte
Ore
Laboratory)
sampUuKS . . . f
Quarts.
Coke...
Products.
Matte...
Slag
Flue dust.
Cu.
%
20.00
2-79
2-45
49-63
0'60
2-49
Fe.
%
47-16
48*26
81-07
2-80
2524
48*99
24-79
%
24-00
29*18
14*84
0*82
1-68
2800
1*19
8*91
SiO,.
%
0*44
1001
22*66
96-79
8-41
83-72
81*48
CaO.
6*10
6*82
6-71
0-28
Tr.
Tr.
2-08
8*81
MgO.
%
Tr.
1-39
9*08
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
0-67
1-18
ZnO.
%
2*06
2-56
2*05
None.
1*68
2-12
8-81
A1,0.
%
0-82
1*00
1-16
0*82
8*66
Tr.
2- 16
8-98
Mn.
%
0-5.'?
0-69
0*75
Tr.
None.
0-89
0-50
0*80
c.
0,
etc.
cp„
etc.
Loss oil
Ipi-
Uon.
Total
%
a 4-91
%
%
J
a2-80
100
017-29
100
^-86
6 0*88
61*00
o-»
90-88
100-71
100*06
(W 12*86
(a) 19-86
90*74
100
(a) By difference. (6) By calculation.
The second operation, in which occurs the concentration of the 20% matte
to one containing 50% Cu, occupied a few hours less than three days, and, in
addition to the matte, 34 tons of raw ore and discarded samplings from the labor-
PBOOBEaa m tbe metallurgy of copper.
193
SYNTHESIS OF
CHARGE AND
ITS PRODUCTS
(matte
concentration).
Cu.
Fe.
S.
SiO,.
CaO.
C.
MgO.
Zn.
A1,0,
Mn.
Difference,
(a)
Charge.
90% matte
Lb.
1000
170
84
180
890
96
Lb.
900-00
4-74
088
117
Lb.
471-60
78*64
10-50
68-72
4-78
S-19
Lb.
24000
49-60
605
8-80
1-06
1*60
Lb.
4-40
1708
7-70
49*44
819-41
7-99
Lb.
100
10-74
1-94
18-68
0-78
Tr.
Lb.
'79-67
Lb.
Tr.
8-86
0-69
4-84
Tr.
Tr.
Lb.
90*60
4*86
0*70
4-61
8-lft)
1*70
0*89
804
1-06
8-88
Lb.
6*80
117
0*96
1-86
Tr.
Lb.
49-10
Raw ore.
4-78
Laboratory samplings. . .
Slag
6-88
16-90
Quartz
2-98
Coke
0*87
TbtalB
DeducttoM (as below)
1789
788*86
906-74
199-61
686-99
104-88
80001
986-86
406-96 8806 79*67
4-81 0-40 79-67
7-89
0-14
80 16
6-60
17*77
0-«7
8*09 79-86
1-61 79-86
BaUttice(+*H3''toFe,Zn
apd Mn>=Blag
1188-18
718
580-96
1416
401-16 27-66
7-86
88*66
17*80
6*48
"O"
156-64
DEDUCnONa
Matte (49-6^
401-60
18
849-76
199-81
0-80
101-86
8-97
98*18
1-07
198*61
1*04
8*77
Tr.
0*40
W-67
Tr.
0*14
6*14
0*46
"6-47
1*67
Flue dust recoTered
Volatilised
8*88
77*48
Totals
768*86
199-61
104-83
286-86
4*81
0-40
79*67
0 14
6*60
0-47
1-61
79*86
(a) Includes errors of analysis and undetermined COi and O.
atory were smelted, the ore being added to the charge to keep the tenor of final
matte from rising too high for comfortable running.
A comparison of the calculated and actual composition of the slags during
the second operation is as follows (the calculated percentages being given in
parentheses): Cn (0-60), 0*60%; Pe (4407), 43*99%; S (120), 1*19%;
SiOa (33-93), 33-72%; CaO (2*34), 20a%; MgO (0-61), 0*67'%; Zn (2*00),
212%; AI3O3 (1-46), 2ie%; Mn (0*66), 0*60%; 0 (13-24), 12-86%. Totals
(100), 99*74%.
The average daily capacity of the furnace, including both operations, was 60
tons raw ore, or 116 tons of roasted ore. In the former case granulated slag was
used throughout the test run, and a daily average equivalent to 80 tons raw ore,
has been repeatedly attained when lump slag was available. Hot blast would
probably increase the smelting capacity, but with a HerreshoflE furnace of the
dimensions of the one used, the additional tax for fuel, coal heavers and firemen
was found to be economically prohibitive.
The average volume of the blast was 4,500 cu. ft. of air per minute at a pressure
of 17 oz. per sq. in. Some incrustation forms around the furnace top, but not
in sufficient quantity to be troublesome. At the region of the tuyeres, however,
a porous friable accretion bridges the furnace from wall to wall. Light is rarely
discernible on punching the tuyeres. It may seem unreasonable, but it is never-
theless true, that a bar has been driven through the furnace, entering a tuyere
an one side, and withdrawn from the opposite tuyere by the naked hand.
It is my belief that this condition, alarming as it would seem in ordinary smelt-
ing practice, is essential to satisfactory concentration. The condition encountered
in barring the tuyeres leaving no doubt that, for a certain area surrounding each
tuyere, the furnace is bridged from wall to wall and the molten matte and slag
must find its passage into the crucible through channels between the tuyeres. The
vertical and horizontal sections of the furnace during the operation would prob-
ably appear as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, on the following page.
Granting the condition described, the effect is that the column of charge rest-
194
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
ing upon boshes and bridge, undergoes a partial roasting in its descent^ and &
rapid, fierce oxidation as it reaches and is held in the constricted channels. The
charge sinks evenly and uniformly, rarely showing a hot top. The slags run hot
and fluid ; in fact, the furnace gives less trouble throughout than those smelting
roasted ore.
The concentrations eflfected were 7 3 into 1 in the first operation, and 2*6 into 1
i/iriicai ^fUicn of J^urnacc (furnace..
Figs. 1 and 2. — Probable Vertical and Horizontal Sections of Furnace
WHILE IN Operation.
in the second, but these by no means represent the limits attainable. Contrary
to the experience of many, the reconcentration of the first matte presents no diffi-
culties at Ducktown. There is no limit within the range of matte to the second
operation. A 6% matte may be brought up to a 50% one quite as successfully as
an initial matte of higher grade.
Occasional samples of 70% matte have been assayed from the reconcentration
of a 10% initial matte, but such conditions, if permitted to continue, would
PB00RE88 IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER. 195
speedily result in a "chill/* particularly with the scanty flow of a small furnace.
The degree of concentration, whether in the first or in the second operation is,
for the most part, proportionate to the speed at which the furnace is driven, and
is controlled by the proportion of quartz in the charge, or the manipulation of the
blast, or both. But on these seemingly simple measures hinge not only the grade
of the matte, but the life of the campaign.
Calculating the percentage of coke on copper bearing burden only, the regular
charge of 1,000 lb. ore carries 30 lb. coke, a quantity which is occasionally doubled
for an hour, or perhaps two, on a shift. It is due to these causes that the average
coke percentage on test run is raised from 3 to 3-4% in the first operation.
During the second operation, the coke averaged 8% on matte, etc. Calculating
the coke of both operations back to the original ore, the total coke consumption
is 4-4% thereof.
The losses of copper in the slag are 0*3?% in the first, and 0-6% in the second
operation. Calculating both to a basis of the slag of the first operation, the
equivalent is 0-45% of copper, a loss that should claim the attention of all
familiar with the high concentration of a low-grade ore, particularly where settler
area is limited by a small matte flow.
The flue dust recovered from both operations (almost wholly confined to the
first) was equivalent to 53 lb. per ton of original ore.
Despite the greatly reduced tonnage capacity per furnace, the economical
result of raw ore smelting gave extremely satisfactory results.
New Copper and Lead Smelters at Salida, Colorado. — The new smelting plant
of the Ohio & Colorado Smelting Co. at Salida, Colo., is designed to treat 600
tons of lead ores and 500 tons of copper ores daily. The ore bins have a capacity
of 50,000 tons. .The copper furnace building is 120X40 ft. and contains two
furnaces of the ordinary type, 180X38 in., with flanged steel jackets. These
furnaces will treat ores from various camps in Colorado and also the rich cuprifer-
ous slags from the lead furnaces at this plant, of which there are four.
Smelting Practice at Santa Fe, Mexico. — ^The special problems encountered
in the smelting of a cuperiferous garnet ore are discussed by Henry P. Collins.**
The ore mixed with 10% of lime and from 1 to 2% of wood ashes, is briquetted
and smelted in a furnace of standard type, except for an unusual angle of bosh.
In the first campaign, the separation of matte from slag proved perfect. The slag
averaged Cu 037%, gold 0-37 oz., and silver 0-85 oz. per ton. Of the copper
in the ore 96-5% was recovered, of the gold 95-6% and of the silver 96%. The
quantity of ore smelted was 1,808 tons, of which 706 tons were bricked middlings,
625 tons coarse garnet middlings, and 476 tons selected garnet ore. The aver-
age assay was Cu 8-58%, gold 0-677 oz, and silver 13-57 oz. per ton. The quan-
tity of matte produced was 301,229 tons, which averaged Cu 50-5%, gold 3-9 oz.,
and silver 82-65 oz. per ton. The ratio of concentration was about 6 to 1. The
average quantity of ore smelted per 24 hours was 62-36 tons. Of the ore charged,
34-6% was garnet sand, which had all passed a 5-mm. screen. As a rule, no
trouble was experienced by the sifting down of this fine material. The average
•• Abstract in th^ Engineering and Mining Journal, Not. 16, 1909, of a paper rmd before tbe InstituUon
of mntogaiid Metanurgy, Oct. 19,1008.
196 THB MINERAL INDUSTET.
composition of the slag was as follows: SiO, 41-50%^ AljO, 8-429{?, FeO 19 28%,
CaO 29 23%, MgO 0 3%, Cu^O 0 45%.
The Trail Sme/<er.— (Through the courtesy of W. H. Aldridge.)— This plant,
known as the Canadian Smelting Works, situated at Trail, B. C, has a capacity
of about 1,300 tons of copper and lead ores per day. It is operated by electrical
power from a station on tiie Kootenay River, 30 miles distant. The current of
20,000 volts is transformed at the smelter to 550 volts, and used to drive 16
motors aggregating 1,000 H.P., besides a lighting plant which furnishes the
smelter and the town of Trail. The ores are purchased from all parts of British
Columbia and are of such varying character that great care must be exercised
in handling and sampling. The copper-gold ores, which are furnished mostly
by mines in the Rossland district, carry the chief values in gold, the tenor in
copper being low. These ores are delivered at the smelter in 30-ton hopper
bottom-dumping cars, which discharge directly into large receiving bins in front
of the copper sampling mill. The ore is drawn from the bins into transfer cars,
dumped into a No. 6 Gates crusher, having a capacity of 100 tons per hour, and
crushed to 3-in. size; the ore is then elevated by a large bucket elevator to the
first automatic Vezin sampler. This sampler takes 17 samples per minute,
an amount equal to one-tenth of the entire lot. The sample from this machine
is then crushed to 1-5 diameter by a No. 3 Gates crusher, after which it passes
to No. 2 Vezin sampler, which takes 34 samples per minute, or one-fifth of the
original sample, being one-fiftieth of the original lot. This sample is again
reduced by crusher and rolls to 0-25 in., after which it passes to the third sampler,
taking 42 samples per minute, and one-tenth of the second sample, or one-five-
hundredth of the original lot. This sample is further rolled and divided by
Jones riffles, until it weighs about 20 lb. It is then taken to the assay office for
further crushing and reducing. The ore from the mill is either taken to the
roasting yard and roasted in heaps of 3,000 tons each, or transferred direct to the
blast furnace charge bins. There are three large copper furnaces, aggregating
900 tons capacity. The ores and fluxes are fed directly from cars into the
furnaces, hand-feeding having been discontinued. As the plant is built on a
sloping site, every advantage is gained by gravity, which reduces elevating and
shoveling to a minimum, leaving nothing but final products to be elevated. All
transferring and hauling is done by electrical locomotives of 10 H.P. each. A
description of the methods used in handling and treating the lead ores will be
found under "Lead," elsewhere in this volume.
The Oranby Smelter. — The capacity of this plant is to be increased by the
construction of two new furnaces — ^making six in all — ^which will enable it to
handle 2,200 tons of ore daily, or about 800,000 tons per annum. The furnaces
are to be of the standard type, built by the AUis-Chalmers Co., and will be sup-
plied with automatic charging devices. New electrical equipment will also be
installed to provide the extra power needed in the enlarged works.
New Copper Smelter at Crofton, B. C. — The construction of the copper smelt-
ing works at Crofton, Vancouver Island, was completed late in 1902. The plant
is situated on Osborne Bay, about 40 miles by rail from Victoria, and is owned
by the Northwestern Smelting & Refining Co. The furnace building, which
PROGRESS IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPBH. 197
is 73X45 ft., contains one ordinary water-jacket furnace of 350 tons daily ca-
pacity, one Qarretson furnace of the same capacity and a small cupola furnace
for remelting the matte. In the converter building there are two converters of
50 tons daily capacity, a 60-ton electric crane, and a hydraulic elevator. Ample
facilities for sampling and assaying have also been provided.
Smelting Practice at Greenwood, B. C. — The furnace results obtained at the
Greenwood smelter of the British Columbia Copper Co. are discussed by Mr.
Paul Johnson," who also makes some interesting observations and comparisons
on blast furnace work in general. The furnace operated at Greenwood is
42X150 in. at the tuyeres, giving a sectional area of 43-7 sq. ft., and is supplied
with a No. 7-6 Connersville blower, which furnishes 80 cu. ft. of air for each
revolution, and averages 150 r. p. m., showing an average pressure at the furnace
of about 14-15 oz. per sq. in. During 1901 this furnace gave a daily average
output of 380-5 tons of ore, or 8-7 tons per sq. ft. of furnace area; the highest
monthly run showed a daily average of 428-6 tons, or 9-8 tons per sq. ft. of
furnace area, and the highest run for a single day was 460 tons, or 10-5 per sq. ft.
of furnace area. For a period of six months the slags gave an average analysis
as follows: SiO^ 398%, CaO 19-6%, Fe 23 6%, Cu 0 321%, while the mattes
for the same period showed a daily average of 50- 1% Cu. Thus the slags con-
tained only 00064'% Cu for every 10% Cu in the matte. With an average daily
tonnage of 422-5 tons, which was maintained for several months, and with a
staff of 47 men — including those employed at the blast furnace works proper, as
well as sample mill crew, engineers, firemen, blacksmiths, masons, carpenters and
foremen — an average of 9 tons of ore was handled for every man employed. Mr.
Johnson advocates the use of ordinary blowers in copper smelting in preference
to blowing engines on the ground of economy in first cost and cost of running,
and the smaller percentage of flue dust produced. He favors also feeding by
hand in preference to mechanical feeding, especially when dealing with refractory
ores, and claims that with the former method, cleaner slags are made and a
larger tonnage can be handled. An instance is cited where hand feeding, as
compared with mechanical feeding, showed an average saving of 30c. per ton of
ore from cleaner slags alone, which, with an average daily output of 350 tons,
amoimts to $105 per day.
Blast Furnace Capacity. — ^The relative capacity of furnaces of varying width,
working on the same or different ores, has been discussed by Messrs. W. Randolph
Van Liew,* William A. Heywood,*^ James W. Neill,® and George W. Metcalfe.''
Mr. Van Liew, referring to blast furnace operations in Montana, compares the
relative elBBciency of two furnaces working on the same ores, the one furnace
measuring 44X100 in. and the other 56X180 in. at the hearth. The 56-in. fur-
nace was much higher from the tuyeres to the charging floor, but the burden on
the tuyeres was kept as nearly as possible at the same height. This furnace was
fed by charging cars while the 44-in. furnace wps fed by charging wheelbarrows,
dumping directly into the furnace. The slags produced were nearly of the same
* Engineering and Mining Journal, Aug. 2S, 1902.
•TWd., March W.1M8.
» JWd.. April 4, 1908. • /b d., April 4, 1908. » /Wd., April 85, 1908.
198 THE MINERAL INDU8TBT,
composition^ although those made by the larger furnace not uncommonly con-
ained from 2 to 3% more of iron. A monthly average of the 44-in. furnace was
about 216 tons per day, of the 56-in. furnace, 420 tons, with a range for the
latter of from 400 to 600 tons. As the former had 30*6 sq. ft. of hearth area,
its average was 7 06 tons per sq. ft. of hearth; the latter had 70 sq. ft. of area,
and its average was 6 tons per sq. ft. of hearth. The 44-in. furnace required
19 oz. blast, the 66-in. furnace required 27 oz. blast and about 10% more fuel.
A comparison of these results seems to show that the advantage lies with the
narrower type of furnace, both in regard to the tonnage smelted per sq. ft. of
hearth area and the economy of power for blast pressure. This conclusion is
substantiated by the results obtained from a trial run with a still narrower type
of furnace, measuring 35X122 in. at the tuyeres. This furnace showed a maxi-
mum capacity of 344 tons, or 11*26 tons per sq. ft. of hearth area, while consum-
ing 7% coke.
Mr. William A. Heywood states that the two 56X180-in. furnaces of the Ten-
nessee Copper Co. during a run of 28 days, smelted a total charge, not including
coke, of 30,096 tons, or 1,074 tons per day for the two furnaces. The total ore
smelted was 36,767 tons, and the coke used was 3,269 tons. The slags contained
an average of 0-44 Cu. There were 64 men and boys employed in the blast fur-
nace department per day of 24 hours, so that the charge smelted daily was about
20 tons for each person employed. Mr. Heywood is not in favor of using the
factor of tonnage per sq. ft. of hearth area as a standard for gauging the efficiency
of a furnace, and he states that the results on this basis throw the advantage
to the smaller furnace without regard to the factor of economy. The best size of
a furnace must be determined by actual experiment in each case, and tonnage is
only one of the elements to be considered. Experience in copper as well as in
iron smelting appears to indicate that the larger furnaces are the more economical.
Mr. James W. Neill expresses the opinion that the width of the furnace should
conform to the physical conditions of the ore ; that for coarse ore, which has been
previously roasted, the width is limited only by the penetrating power of the
blast, while fine material charged in a wide furnace results in a heavy mass,
through which the blast penetrates only with difiiculty. In such a case, blow-
holes" are formed with the production of large quantities of flue dust and conse-
quent losses.
The results reported by Mr. Metcalfe have reference to the new smelting plant
of the Anaconda Copper Co. The furnaces as originally constructed were
66X180 in. at the tuyeres, 72X180 in. at the top of the jackets, and 18 ft. from
tuyeres to charging floor. They are charged by hand dumping of coke barrows
and mechanical dumping of large tram cars containing approximately 6,000 lb.
each.
The materials used are Butte ores, coarse concentrates and briquettes of flue
dust and slimes fluxed by converter slag and limestone. On first starting up con-
siderable trouble was experienced from heavy crusts forming on the ends and
sides of the jackets. Much of the end crusting was done away with by cutting
off the end tuyeres — originally there were 12 tuyeres in front, 14 at the back,
and 3 at each end — ^but the side crusts seemed to be due to improper distribution
PROGRESS m THE METALLURGY OF COPPER. 199
of the charge owing to the partial separation of the coarse and fine components
while sliding from the car over a sloping charging plate and falling three or four
feet into the furnace. The tendency was for the larger and heavier fragments
to fall in the center, the finer materials remaining at the sides. The higher this
drop the more pronounced the sorting action; and, as the natural expedient of
keeping the furnaces full was found to make even worse crusts, the experiment
was tried, in building two new furnaces, of making them respectively 3 ft. and
6 ft. lower than the original five fumacefl. At the same time, as it was the in-
tention to run with less depth of charge and lower blast pressure, the jackets
were drawn in at the bottom so as to make these furnaces 48 in. instead of 66 in.
wide.
The blast used on the original five furnaces was 28 to 30 oz., on the No. 6 (15
ft. deep) 26 oz. and on the No. 7 (12 ft. deep) 24 oz. Other blast pressures were
used at times, but these were finally settled on as yielding the best results.
During a six weeks' run No. 7 furnace (12 ft. deep) averaged 352 tons of
charge per day on 10-2% of coke, while the four furnaces of the original type in
that time averaged 397 tons of charge per day on 9-8% coke. During this period
a constant attempt was made to run No. 7 on the same charge and coke per unit
as the other furnaces, but it invariably became crusted badly, and had to be put
on a more fusible and ferruginous charge with a higher proportion of coke until
the crusts were burned out. As expected, however, it made a higher matte than
the others, which averaged 404% Cu. The average slag of all the furnaces
assayed: Cu, 019% ; SiOj, 43-3% ; FeO, 260% ; CaO, 21-8%, and Al^O.^ 80%,
During another six weeks' run No. 6 furnace (15 ft. deep) averaged 383 tons
per day on 97% coke, while the four furnaces of the original type averaged 407
tons per day on 9 6% coke, all the furnaces being practically on the same charge.
Furnace No. 6 made matte averaging 42*6% Cu, the average of the others being
39-7% Cu. The slags of all the furnaces averaged: Cu, 018%; SiO,, 440%,
FeO, 260%, CuO, 21-8% ; AljO,,, 6-8%. During four of the six weeks of this
latter experiment the jackets of No. 3 furnace were drawn in to make the size
48X180 in. at the tuyeres, though remaining as before 18 ft. in depth. Dur-
ing that time it averaged 397 tons per day on 9-3% coke, while the three unal-
tered 18-ft. furnaces averaged 409 tons on 9-6% coke. The matte from No. 6
averaged 0-5% less Cu than that from the 56X180-in. furnaces. Fed high and
blown the same as the others this furnace would nearly keep up in tonnage, but
it would make the lower grade of matte with less blast, even down to 20 oz., and
fed low it still made 0&% poorer matte, and, of course, fell still further behind
in tonnage.
None of the changes seemed to have any appreciable effect in lessening the
crusts in the upper part of the furnaces, although the 18-ft. furnace contracted
to 48X180 in., at the tuyeres kept hotter and in better shape at the bottom.
As the feeders became more accustomed to the system of charging, however, it
has been possible to prevent the formation of such crusts as would seriously retard
their running. In the experiments on No. 6 and No. 7 furnaces the differences
in depth interefer somewhat with drawing, a conclusion as to the effect of the
narrower width per se; while the results on No. 3, though showing a decided
5J00 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
increase in tonnage per sq. ft. of hearth area, certainly do not indicate that the
narrower width is in itself a commercial advantage in smelting such materials.
The resxdts with No. 6 which show a slightly decreased tonnage but an increased
grade of matte, and a slightly decreased power expense owing to the lower blast
pressure, may be held, however, to indicate a commercial advantage for the
48X180-in. furnace of 15 ft. depth in a plant where cost of converting is an im-
portant item.
Reverberatory Furnaces for Smelting Copper. — (By E. P. Mathewson.) — ^Prob-
ably the largest installation of reverberatory furnaces built in recent years for
the smelting of copper is that of the Washoe Copper Co., at Anaconda, Mont.
The plant consists of 14 furnaces, originally 20X50 ft. hearth measurement, set
)ack to back in two rows and housed in two steel buildings substantially built
and well ventilated. Between these buildings is a chimney 225 ft. high, 20 ft.
internal diameter, constructed of steel and lined with brick, the connections to
the furnaces being made by four main flues. One feature of the original construc-
tion was an arrangement for pre-heating the air by the heat of the escaping
gases and the heat radiated from the bottom of the hearth. The air was ad-
mitted first to a brick chamber built around the brick-lined steel pipe, which
carried the waste gases to the main flue; thence the partially heated air passed
beneath the bottom of the furnace in a narrow channel, passing from the front
o the back four times before rising in a cast iron box to the top of the furnace ;
thence to a sheet steel box above the bridge wall, being finally admitted to mix
with the gases from the fire box, through checker work in the roof above the
bridge wall, the draft of the furnace being sufficient to draw in the hot air.
In remodeling the furnaces this arrangement was omitted, as it was considered
more important to retain the heat in the bottom of the furnaces than to use it
for pre-heating the air furnished to the top of the charge, more rapid smelting
being accomplished by keeping the matte in the furnace as hot as possible.
In building, the plant, every convenience to facilitate the handling of materials
was arranged for. The ashes from ash pits are sluiced away by waste water
from the concentrating department, and the slags are granulated and washed
away to the dump by the same means. The matte is tapped from time to time
into large ladles holding 11 tons and drawn by compressed air locomotives to the
converting department, where the still molten matte is dumped from ladle to
converter to be blown to copper. The air necessary for the combustion of the
fuel was forced under the grates by fans, the ash pit being closed by cast iron
doors. Each furnace had an average daily smelting capacity of 100 tons of
calcines. The fuel used was obtained from Diamondville, Wyo., and consisted of
"run-of-mine^* coal of the following composition: Water, 1*6%; volatile com-
bustible, 38*7% ; fixed carbon, 49-2%, and ash, 10-5%. This coal gives very
satisfactory results under natural draft, but with forced draft, it does not act
so well.
In the former practice, the time lost in grating the furnace averaged three
hours per day per furnace, and during the grating (which occupied one-half
hour at a time) the front of the furnace became cooled and the slag frequently
set near the skimming-door. At the suggestion of Capt. W. M. Kelly, Furnace
PR0QRE8B IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER.
201
No. 9 was remodeled on the lines of the best furnace at the old Anaconda works,
and an extra large fire box was constructed in order to give every chance possible
for the furnace to work without forced draft. * The grates were ordinary bar iron
with open ash pit. The flues were changed to permit of a more direct connection
without sharp bends, and the down-takes for escaping gases were enlarged. The
results obtained in the modified furnace were excellent at the start, and the good
record has been satisfactorily maintained.
In consequence of the improvements in Furnace No. 9, the other furnaces were
altered accordingly, and the work under the new conditions made a very ex-
cellent showing, as set forth by the following data: Average tonnage of calcines
treated per furnace per day was: January, 1903, 106-6; February, 115-7 tons;
March, 123-84 tons, and April, 133-53 tons. The fuel consumption averaged
one ton of coal to three tons of calcines treated, and it may be stated that this
good average will be still further improved. The total supply of coal delivered
Is I in |I
& 3 11 I as
Note:
Time
The time of stoldng is indicated thus: ou
^lUaena ladwtcjs. VoL XI
Fig. 3. — Chakt showing Variation op Temperatube during Smelting.
to the plant is charged up as weighed, and during the months under review
(January to May, 1903) much of this coal was consumed in starting up new
furnaces and in tapping out old ones. The best record for fuel consumption
yet obtained on a single furnace is 1 ton of coal to 407 tons of calcines, the
output of the furnace being 171 tons. Under the present conditions the fur-
naces carry an even heat and no time is lost in grating. The materials sent
to the furnaces are carefully weighed in charge cars (20 tons to the charge)
which are weighed back when empty each trip. The weighing and tramming
are done by a set of men entirely separate from the furnace crew and under
a separate foreman. The coal weights are checked monthly by the railroad
car weights and check within 1-5% of the latter — ^the variation being over-
weight. All material for the furnaces is handled by compressed air locomotives
and is loaded in hopper-^bottom cars which discharge into the hoppers above
the furnaces.
202
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Under the improved conditions of working, the aggregate cost of coal, labor
and repairs has been reduced by more than $1,000 per day. The following de-
_L
GTTTMl^ITr
^SgkF
=. I -%T
^0:^,j^.^txb$^^^^^^
'^^7=^^M^^^^^=^i
us^i^
les
*»-
^^Ti&d Brick
BZI CI*/ Fin? Bricic
ES auica Brlclc
Irrglt
Pig. 4. — Plan of Original Furnace.
IUmmI JMimj. Tgl. »
^^W
5^^^
^^^^^^S^S
EI3 Hed Brick
C~~J Ony Fire BriEk
1:1:3 flUlea3rlek
Fig. 5. — Plan of Remodeled Furnace.
tails of furnace operations are of interest: Draft in Down-take=l-5 in. of water:
Analysis of material charged.— Cu, lOS^o ; SiOo, 33 2% ; FeO, 39-5% ; S, "i^Jo.
PBOQUEsa TiV TUB! METALLURGY Oil' COPPSH.
203
Analysis of slag produced.— Cu, 0-39% ; SiOj, 41-4% ; FeO, 45-8% ; and
CaO, 31%. Copper content of matte produced, 47-44%.
During March, 1903, three of the old style furnaces were still in operation,
which reduced the average tonnage. The modified furnace treated on the average
135 tons of calcines per day, and each of the old furnaces when re.modeled will
have a capacity of 140 tons per day, with fuel consumption of 1 ton of coal to
3-5 tons of calcines smelted. Another important change now being installed
^ H m^H\ iLlustrj, VoLU
Fia. 6. — Longitudinal Section op Obioinal Purnaob.
ij]^4i;ijt[^p.|i;[;s.i 1^
iMi^||S^^Sl»^^H^
Jlli«r^ tniliutr^, VdL XI
Fig. 7. — Longitudinal Section of Remodeled Furnace.
is the placing of a 300-H.P. Stirling boiler between each reverberatory furnace,
and the main flue, the idea being to utilize the waste heat of the gases escaping
from the furnaces. These boilers had been tried once before at the plant, but
they were then installed in the same manner as for direct coal firing, and al-
though the boilers themselves made excellent records, the output of the furnaces
to which they were attached fell 20% below those that had no boilers. In the
new setting, the idea has been to give free passage through the boiler, and ample
204 THE MINERAL INDV8THT.
down-take beyond, in order to facilitate the escape of gases as nuich as possible.
Furnace No. 11, which was arranged in this manner, has given excellent results,
the draft on each side of the boiler corresponding to 16 in. of water. The tem-
perature of the gases at the inlet of the boiler was 2,380° F., while at the outlet
,t was 1,100°F. Allowing 34 5 lb. of water per horse power hour from and at
^12°F., and feeding the water at 47-2°F., the boiler tested 340 H.P., which cor-
responded to a saving in coal alone of $70 per boiler per day. The steam pressure
was 155-7 lb.
The chart (see Fig. 3) prepared by 6. A. Hutchinson from readings of a Le
Chatelier pyrometer, shows the variation in the temperature during the smelting
of the 20-ton charge in Furnace No. 11. The changes made in the furnace
are clearly shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7, from which it is noted that the improved
furnace has a higher roof, and that the hearth, which is 19X49 ft. in area, is
contracted toward the front of the furnace; in addition, a few minor changes
lave been made about the fire box, and the connections between the furnace and
the main flue have been altered so as to provide a more direct passage for the exit
of the furnace gases.
Cost and Profit in Pyritic Smelting of Low-Grade Copper Ores, — F. H. Pren-
tiss* gives a number of tables and charts from which may be estimated the cost
of producing copper by pyritic smelting. A series of 11 type copper ores are
taken ranging in composition as follows: SiOj, from 36 to 67%, Fe, from 7 to
22%, S from 10 to 25%, CaO 10% and Cu 3%, and the various smelting factors
of quantity and cost of fuel, flux and labor, both for cold blast smelting and hot
)last smelting, the loss of silver and copper and the power required have bet^n
calculated for each type.
Another set of tables is given which assumes a certain cost for mining and
general expenses, and shows the profit per ton by direct smelting, the loss in con-
centration that would offset gain, and the extra profit made by using sulphides
to reduce barren flux under concentration losses of 30, 25 and 20%. A diagram-
matic chart has been prepared on which are plotted the t}T)e of ores with refer-
ence to silica content, the matting value in dollars per ton of ore, and the profit
per ton derivable by smelting, as well as by concentration prior to smelting. From
these data it is an easy matter to ascertain at once the relation of the process to
be followed with reference to the composition of the ore. Other diagrammatic
charts are given concerning the quantity of flux required per ton of each type
ore and the quantity of slag resulting therefrom modified by the type of slag to
be produced, also the cost of mining, and that of smelting with both hot blast
and cold blast. Charts are also given showing the limit of concentrating and
smelting and other factors of treatment under special conditions. Absolute fac-
tors cannot always be determined from these charts as it has been impracticable
to include all the variables of smelting and concentration practice, yet they are
interesting and valuable as the graphical presentation of complex problems facili-
tates greatly the study of the various factors involved.
Heated Blast in Copper Smelting. — C. A. Grabill* gives a few notes of the
smelting of copper ores in the furnace of the Val Verde Copper Co. at Val Verde.
•Mining and Scientific iV«M, May 10 to June 14, 1902. • Engineering and Mining Journal, April 18, 1902.
PROGRESS m THE METALLURGY OF COPPER,
205
The ore and concentrates were smelted in a round shaft furnace, 48 in. in diame-
ter, having attached a Bretherton hot-blast stove. A daily average of 52,000 lb.
of ore and 45,000 lb. of slag and flux (mostly slag) were treated with a fuel con-
sumption of 4,950 lb. of ordinary coke from Colorado. The iron for the slag
was derived entirely from sulphide ores and concentrates, the latter containing
from 7 to 11% of arsenic. The lime necessary was fortunately available in a
copper ore from the mines of the company. Calculations showed a daily com-
bustion of 7,380 lb. of arsenic and 18,000 lb. of sulphur. A concentration of 12
to 1 was made in one operation with a practical elimination of all of the arsenic
contained in the charge. On account of the stated economy of the Bretherton hot-
blast stove, the fuel consumption was reduced to 4 6% calculated on the net quan-
tity of ore smelted ; the high efficiency being aided to some extent by running the
furnace with a cool top and the utilization of the heat generated by the combus-
tion of a part of the volatile sulphur and a part of the arsenic. The ores in the
vicinity of Prescott are generally siliceous in character, a factor which aids ma-
terially in their treatment by pyritic or allied smelting.
Pig. 8. — Cross- and Longitudinal Section op Furnace, showing the
Truck Support. (Mather.)
The Herreshoff Roasting Furnace, — Mr. J. B. F. Herreshoff has patented^® and
arrangement of the shelves of his circular calcining furnace whereby the ore
is passed toward the apertures of the shelves, and, in combination with spouts
extending between the shelves, is directed in its passage from one shelf to the
next shelf below in such a manner that it is protected from the influence of the
draft through the furnace.
Furnace Construction. — H. A. Mather, in a paper read before the American
Institute of Mining Engineers, 1902, described a truck support for furnace bot-
toms.
While this device is not new, it failed to be of practical utility until the upper
and lower water-jackets were supported by hanging them from an I-beam frame,
«• United states Patent No. 729,170, May 86, 1908. '
Jtod TBE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
independently upheld by iron columns^ instead of resting the entire weight of
the structure on the bottom of the furnace^ as in former construction. The Col-
orado Iron Works installed this device at two furnaces for the Westinghouse in-
terests near Ely, Vt, and the furnace of the Grand Prize Copper Co., of Gila
County, Ariz.
The jack-screw supports (Pig. 8) and the familiar iron bottom of former prac-
tice are retained as integral parts of this new furnace bottom. The jack-6crews
are supported on and bolted to two I-beams extending the length of the furnace
and placed immediately beneath and parallel to its sides. These I-beams are
bolted to and supported by three steel axles equipped with small flanged wheels,
the whole constituting a carriage which runs freely on a track. The entire ap-
paratus is movable or rigid at will, for the wheels are easily braced if the tension
of the tightened jack-screws does not serve to hold it in position. The jack-screws
have a play of 10 in., and the false bottom is 9 in. deep, including the firebrick
cover.
The time occupied in cleaning and preparing a frozen furnace for active service
is lengthened by the necessity of working in a confined place where the tempera-
ture is uncomfortably high and the debris must be removed from the bottom of the
furnace before the false bottom of fire clay, coke-breeze, etc., can be repaired or
replaced; furthermore, the superimposed bottom is almost invariably destroyed
when the iron plate is pried from the supporting jack-screws, and no renewal is
practicable until the plate is once more installed beneath the furnace. These dis-
advantages are for the most part removed by the use of the truck support. Work-
ing results have shown a reduction of at least 50% of the time lost by the freezing
up of a furnace. The work of barring down and renewing the false bottom pro-
ceeds simultaneously.
The Oarretson Furnace. — Oliver S. Garretson, assignor to Garretson Furnace
Co., Pittsburg, Pa., has patented" a process of matte or pyrite smelting which
consists in subjecting the molten matte to a converting or Bessemerizing blast
underneath a column of material which contains a flux, removing the slag, and
subjecting the slag to the action of a blast underneath a column of sulphur-bear-
ing material.
The Treatment of Low-grade Siliceous Copper Ores. — (By Edward D. Peters.) **
— ^The processes which appear economically applicable to the treatment of low
grade siliceous copper ores are: (1) Direct smelting; (2) mechanical concentra-
tion, followed by the smelting of the concentrates and the lixiviation of the tail-
ings; (3) lixiviation of the ore direct with a solution of ferrous chloride and salt;
(4) lixiviation of the ore direct with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, which are
regenerated in the solution by the precipitation of the copper from a chloride solu-
tion by means of sulphurous acid ; (5) lixiviation of the ore direct with sulphuric
acid; and (6) the Rio Tinto method of gradual lixiviation in heaps.
1. Direct Smelting. — ^Wherever it is in any way practicable, the American met-
» United states Fat«nt No. 728.701, May 10, lOOS.
>* Abstracted In the Engineering and Mining Journal, June 6. 1903, from a paper and diacuflBfon, read he-
ton the Institution of Mlnins: Enfclneera, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, May and December, 1V». Mr.
Peters' paper is a contribution to the discussion of an article by Mr. E. J. Mnir, In which the latter gave resalts
of tests nuide upon an Australian olliceous copper ore. For the interpolations, glTen within parmthesea, the
Editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal is responsible, and not Dr. Peters. The dlscuasion is repro-
duced because it concerns a practical subject and giTes the views of an authority.
PBOQRKSa m THJS METALLUROT OP COPPER. JO?
allurgist prefers smelting to any form of wet process. The perfect continuity of
the operation, the ease and simplicity with which the unpnlverized ore pursues its
steady course from the mine to the blast-furnace, from the blast-furnace to the
converter, and from the eonverter to the refinery, lend themselves to operations on
a very large scale, and permit the substitution of mechanical appliances for hand
labor to an extent unapproachable in any other method. Another great advantage
of smelting is the almost complete recovery of the precious metals present, with
but little extra cost. Direct smelting may also be used with ores containing a
very considerable excess of silica, and a corresponding deficiency of iron in the
ore. This was most clearly pointed out by Mr. P. R. Carpenter in the Deadwood
& Delaware Smelter in S. D., who demonstrated conclusively that highly siliceous
ores, containing a little pyrite, and with extremely expensive coke, could be
smelted direct in the blast-furnace, with the production of slags containing
50% SiO„ 30% CaO and MgO, and only 16% PeO. The lime and magnesia
were added to the ore in the form of barren dolomite ; 20 to 30 tons of ore pro-
duced 1 ton of matte; the slags were exceedingly clean, and the precious metals
and copper (very little) that were contained in the ore, were almost entirely
recovered in the matte.
The most interesting features of this unusual type of smelting are the fusi-
bility of the very acid silicate of lime and magnesia with but little iron, and
the high rate of matte concentration. The latter result is due to the very acid
slag, which decomposes the pyrites present, carrying their iron contents into
the slag as ferrous oxide. It is not always understood by blast furnace smelters
that, other things being equal, an acid slag means a high grade matte, while a
basic slag is accompanied with a low-grade matte. Mr. Peters has only gone into
this detail in regard to the direct smelting of very siliceous ores in the blast-
fumaoe in a raw state, in order to call the attention of metallurgists to possi-
bilities that may solve certain difficult metallurgical problems. In the case
of an absence of silver and gold in the ores, and the non-existence of limestone
ores for fluxing purposes, with a high cost of fuel, the metallurgist would be
compelled, most reluctantly, to give up the idea of direct smelting.
2. Mechanical Concentration, PoUowed by the Smelting of the Concentrates
and the Lixiviation of the Tailings. — ^Mr. Peters has met with, or been cognizant
of, so many diflBculties and failures in attempting to concentrate low-grade, dis-
seminated copper sulphide ores, that he has always advised exhaustive mill tests
on a large scale before venturing to use this method. It is only suitable for ex-
ceptional ores and conditions. In reference to the results of tests quoted in this
discussion by Mr. Muir, it is obvious that the results themselves are stronger
arguments against the employment of this process than any that the writer
could advance. (The experiments of Mr. J. J. Muir were made on an Australian
ore containing Cu 3-94%^ Pe 9-55%, SiO^ 50 15%, AlA 16-85%, S 19-51%,
and alkalies undetermined. A concentration test yielded a product representing
7-277% of the original ore, but the assay gave only 1112% Cu, with 28-40% Pe
and 14-40% SiO^. The tailings carried 3-37% Cu, so that the recovery was only
81% of the copper content.*")
>• TranmctionM of th€ Imtitution of Mining Xngineert, 190S, Vol. XXm., pp. 620 and 581.
208 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Without attempting to analyze his experiments in detail, Mr. Peters would
simply point out that the results of Mr. Muir's concentrating tests show a saving
in the concentrates amounting to about 20% of the original copper contained in
the ore, and a loss of nearly 80% in the tailings. This, of course, means no con-
centration whatever, and there must be some reason, not apparent, why Mr. Muir
attempted to concentrate at all.
If a portion of the copper in the ore were present in the shape of some mineral
that would exercise an injurious effect upon the subsequent lixiviation, and if
this mineral had a higher specific gravity than the remainder of the sulphides
present, there might be some question of attempting to remove it by concentra-
tion. But, as the 20% of the copper that was removed by concentration had, as
Mr. Peters underetands, exactly the same chemical composition as the 80%
left in the tailings, he fails to see the use of employing concentration ; nor does
he believe that these ores should be subjected to concentration. (It will be
understood that Mr. Peters is referring solely to the ordinary methods of wet-
concentration in making this statement, and that he is not expressing any opinion
as to the results that might be obtained by one or two novel patented methods
of which he has no personal experience.)
It seems to Mr. Peters most advantageous, therefore, to subject the entire
mass of ore to lixiviation, rather than to complicate matters and increase ex-
penditure by any preliminary concentration.
3. Lixiviation of the Ore Direct with a Solution of Ferrous Chloride and Salt
(old Hunt & Douglas Method). — Considerable quantities of ore have been suc-
cessfully worked by this process in the Ignited States. The method depends upon
the fact that copper oxide is decomposed by ferrous chloride solutions, forming
insoluble ferric oxide, while the copper goes into solution as cuprous and cupric
chlorides. It is precipitated in a very pure metallic form by iron, the ferrous
chloride solution being thus also regenerated, and requiring only the addition
of a little salt to fit it for further use. The consumption of metallic iron in
this method is very small, since much of the copper is in solution as cuprous
chloride. As the copper must be in an oxidized form in order to go into solu-
tion quickly and thoroughly, the ore will require a preliminary roasting of
sufficient thoroughness to convert most of the copper present into oxide or sul-
phate. This means that the ore must be crushed dry, though not to nearly so
fine a state as would be required for its concentration. Therefore, instead of
wet-crushing followed by concentration, the writer would suggest dry-crushing
followed by roasting.
It is impossible to make a comparison of the costs of these two different plans
of operation without being accurately acquainted with the physical and chemical
character of the ore under consideration. By the use of modem high-speed
rolls of great diameter and weight, and of the automatic reverberatory roasting-
furnaces so general in use in the Ignited States and elsewhere, the cost of dry-
crushing and roasting should not exceed the cost of wet-crushing and concentra-
tion, while the condition of the pulp for lixiviation is incomparably better when
produced by the former treatment. Apart from the advantage gained by the
coarser condition of the pulp, and tlie much lesser proportion of very fine powder.
PROGRESS m THE METALLURGY OF COPPER. 209
the ore undergoes a physical change in roasting, which makes it much like sand
and gravel, and enables the solutions to permeate it with a completeness and
rapidity that are quite surprising. The advantages thus gained will only be
fully appreciated by those who have had experience in leaching the same ore,
both before and after roasting. They are so great that, in several instances in this
country, tailings are roasted previous to lixiviation, solely for the purpose of
improving theil* physical condition, and of increasing the thoroughness and
rapidity of the latter operation.
Mr. Peters desires to emphasize this dry-crushing and roasting as being, in
his opinion, the most important step toward a successful leaching of these ores
by the methods that he has called Nos.'3, 4 and 5.
4. Lixiviation of the Ore Direct, with Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acids,
which are Regenerated in the Solution by the Precipitation of the Copper from
a Chloride Solution by Means of Sulphurous Acid (new Hunt & Douglas
Method). — By this method the copper is precipitated from its chloride solution,
by means of sulphurous acid gas, which throws down the copper as a very heavy
white cuprous chloride, that settles almost instantaneously. Sulphuric and hydro-
chloric acids are generated in the solution, which only requires the addition of
salt to make it ready for further use. One great, advantage of this method
is the rapid dissolving of the oxidized copper present by the strongly acid solu-
tion, which even attacks sulphides with considerable energy. Any lead and silver
present remain undissolved. The ores require to be roasted, as in the previous
process. A supply of pyrite is essential to the ec»jnomical working of this method,
and, of course, it is very advantageous if these pyritic ores contain some metal
of value.
5. Lixiviation of the Ore Direct, with Sulphuric Acid. — ^Mr. Muir has al-
ready considered this method in his paper, though he confined it to the treat-
ment of the tailings after concentration. Mr. Peters can only add that, if lixivia-
tion is at all suited to the fine tailings and slimes from the concentrating process,
it is still more feasible, and much more economical, when employed upon the
coarsely crushed and roasted ore; and, that instead of taking 11 weeks for the
extraction of the copper, it is probable that, with roasted ore an equally perfect
extraction would be accomplished within 2 or 3 days.
(In this connection reference may be made to the process patented by Mr.
James W. Neill. Sulphurous acid is used to leach the copper. This method
was described in the Engineering and Mining Journal, May 30. 1901, from
which the following is now quoted: The native copper oxides and carbonates
are readily soluble in sulphurous acid with the formation of cuprous sulphite
(CuaSOg). This salt is insoluble in water, but soluble in water containing
sulphurous acid, from which the copper can be precipitated by driving oflf the
excess of sulphurous acid by heat. The precipitate is cupro-cupric sulphite
(CuSOg, CU2SO3+2H2O), and contains 491% Cu. This salt is a heavy, crystal-
line compound, of a dark red color, which settles readily from the solution, and
can be washed by decantation, dried and reduced to metallic copper by fusing on
the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. The process is suitable, both for sulphide
and oxidized ores, the former being first roasted to expel the sulphur and con-
210 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
vert the copper compounds into oxides^ as sulphurous acid does not attack sul-
phides. The ideal ore is one carrying copper oxides or carbonates in a siliceous
gangue ; lime and magnesia are objectionable, as they dissolve in sulphurous acid
and, while they do not materially interfere with the reactions, they consume a
certain amount of sulphur and so increase the cost of the process.)
Sulphurous acid produced by roasting pyrite is the cheapest chemical procur-
able in the western country, and the plant is much simpler than that used in
making sulphuric acid. A unit of copper converted into cuprous sulphite requires
but half the sulphur that would be required to convert it into cupric sulphate.
Cuprous sulphite is precipitated from the solution without the use of scrap iron,
which is a great advantage in remote districts. In southern Utah, for instance,
scrap would cost from $40 to $50 per ton, and from 2-5 to 3*5 lb. iron are
required to precipitate 1 lb. of copper from sulphuric acid solutions, owing to
the large amount of basic salts formed. Sulphurous acid dissolves very small
amounts of other metals that may be in the ore, and the precipitated cupro-
cupric sulphite is practically pure and furnishes pure copper by a simple smelt-
ing operation.
6. The Rio Tinto Method of Gradual Lixiviation in Heaps. — ^Mr. Peters agrees
with Mr. Eissler in having a strong leaning toward this process of slow, but
inexpensive, lixiviation, in cases where the climate is suitable, and where the
chemical and physical condition of the ore favors the gradual and persistent
formation of sulphates. (In the Rio Tinto method the poor coarse ore is built up
in the form of large conical heaps, 10 to 15 ft. high and about 20 to 30 ft. apart.
A fire is then lighted in each of these and the mixed lump and fine ore is filled in
between them. The gas produced by combustion mixes with the steam generated
from the moistened mass and permeates the whole mass of 4,000,000 tons of ore.
After burning slowly for a period of four to six months, water is turned on so as
to dissolve out the copper sulphate. This percolation and leaching process con-
tinues for about five years, the liquor being caught below in dams or large reser-
voirs built of masonry, the copper being precipitated on scrap iron.^*)
At certain Portuguese mines, such as the San Domingo works, a slow process
by weathering was formerly employed on pyrites containing copper. For thi^
treatment the soft, more permeable ores are begt adapted. Heaps., containing
from 100,000 to 250,000 tons of material, are built up, their assay content rang-
ing from 1-5 to 2% Cu. About 88% of the total copper is extracted in the course
of six years, the remaining 12% being recoverable only by a long and
unprofitable continuance of the same treatment. At San Domingo as much as
3,000,000 tons have been under treatment at a given period. Plenty of stone flues
are distributed on the surface of the ground and the mineral is dumped over
them. These flues are connected one with another longitudinally and trans-
versely, and at intervals they communicate with the outer air by vertical stone
shafts. The object of this arrangement is, of course, to provide a plentiful supply
of air in order to prevent the heaps taking fire. This last is detrimental because
the sintering of the material obstructs the subsequent leaching of the copper.
Before precipitating the copper it is necessary to reduce the ferric salts present
>« Tbs Minbral Ikdubtrt, VoL n., p. 896.
PR00RE88 IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER. 211
in the solution. This is done by filtering the liquor through copper sulphide
ores. The operation takes place in large dams, by a prolonged contact in the
course of which the reduction takes place as presented by the formula: —
Cu,S+6Fe2(SOj3=2CuSO^+10FeS04+4S08.
The liquors are then run through a series of settlers and then pass to the pre-
cipitating plants, where the copper is caught on scrap iron.^*^
Mr. Peters fears, from the description of the ore given by Mr. Muir, that, in
the present instance, the percentage of sulphides might not be large enough to
maintain the energetic and persistent chemical action necessary for the gradual
decomposition of tiie chalcopyrite, and the formation of soluble salts of copper.
There is another very serious objection to the Kio Tinto method that does not
always weigh sufficiently with the metallurgist, who confines his attention too
closely to the perfection of his technical results, namely: The time and money
required to demonstrate on a large and safe 'scale that any given ore will evicntu-
ally yield up its copper to this slow and tedious process. There is also great dif-
ficulty in finding reliable deposits of sufficient size to' yield the enormous quanti-
ties of ore of a nearly identical composition that are required for the profitable
installment of this method, as well as in raising capital willing to wait so long
for returns.
Becapitulation. — After enumerating the six methods of treatment that seem to
Mr. Peters to be best suited to these ores, he has eliminated the first two, namely :
(1) Direct smelting, and (2) mechanical concentration and lixiviation of the
tailings. The slow Rio Tinto method of leaching, \vhich he has called No. 6, de-
mands most careful consideration in the few cases where the magnitude of the
ore bodies and of the financial resources will permit of its application. This
leaves only the three methods of direct and rapid lixiviation of the ore without any
previous mechanical concentration. An intimate knowledge of local conditions
and costs, wide technical experience with modem lixiviation methods, and long
and careful experiments on an extensive scale, on the ore to be treated, can alone
decide the method to be chosen. Mr. Peters is pretty well convinced, however,
that if the choice should fall upon any one of these three methods, it will be found
advantageous to crush the ore dry and to roast it, before lixiviation.
Proposed Process for the Extraction of Copper from Low-grade Ores. —
G. D. Van Arsdale** proposes to extract copper from low-grade ores by means
of a hot copper sulphate solution acidified with sulphuric acid. After the copper
has been extracted from the ore, the solution is allowed to drain through a tower
packed with coke or other materials, at the same time, allowing sulphur dioxide
gas to pass up from below, so that the gas is absorbed by the solution. The sul-
phur dioxide gas may be obtained either by using converter flue gases, or by roast-
ing sulphide ores. The solution is drawn off from the bottom of the tower and
run into a lead-lined, steel pressure tank and heated to 100°C., whereby a pressure
of about 30 lb. per sq. in. is obtained. As a result of this treatment, 50% of the
copper is precipitated, the reaction taking place in two stages as follows :
>• ** Treatment of Cupreous Iron Pyrites as Carried on at the Portuguese Mines,'* by J. Henry Brown;
Journal of the Soeiety of Chemical indu»iry. Vol. XIII., pp. 478 and 478.
t« United States Patent No. 7»,940, March 8, 1906.
212 TEE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
3CuS04+3SO»+4H,0=Cu,S03.CuS03+4H,SO, ; Cu,S08.CuS0,+4H2S0^=
Cu+2CuSO^+2HjSO^+2SOa+2H,0. By neutralizing the solution and reheat-
ing, 50% of the copper remaining in the solution may be precipitated. Instead
of neutralizing, the solution may be used to leach fresh ore, and the process re-
peated. The precipitated copper may be directly melted and cast, or if impure,
it may be added to the furnace charge. The solution used to leach the ore
dissolves iron and other metals present, as well as copper ; these impurities accu-
mulate in it and must be removed from time to time, which can be done easily by
neutralizing the solution, heating, and injecting air, whereupon the iron is pre-
cipitated, carrying down the other impurities. Before leaching the ore, any sul-
phur dioxide present in the solution must be removed, which is accomplished by
heating.
Proposed Process of Extracting Copper from Its Ores. — ^Adolf von Gemet
has patented*' a process of extracting copper from its ores, which consists in slowly
passing the ore in the'form of pulp through a current of sulphurous acid passed
in a direction opposite to that of the travel of the pulp.
Elimination of Impurities from Copper Matte.^''^ — (In connection with the fol-
lowing experiments on the relative rates and points of elimination of impuri-
ties during the Bessemerizing process, reference may be made to the article on
"The Elimination of Impurities from Copper Mattes,*' which appeared in The
Mineral Industry, Vol. IX.) — According to W. Randolph Van Liew, a con-
verter was selected which was starting on its second charge. The first charge
after lining had finished its copper ^Tiot,*' and consequently no copper was adher-
ing to the sides of the lining. All the copper and granulated slag from the pre-
vious charge were dumped, thus removing any possibility of "salting** the matte
to be tested. The converter worked fast and well during the entire test. Periods
of ten minutes were selected. The converter was brought from the stack to se-
cure each sample of matte to be analyzed, and only that time counted during
which air was being forced through the charge.
At the end of 40 minutes* actual blowing, the matte was up to white metal,
the point at which the last skimming takes place; that is, matte of approxi-
mately 76-4% Cu. From this point, of course, average samples of the contents of
a converter are impossible, since from this skimming point up to finished copper,
the contents of a converter consist of constantly varying proportions of matte
and copper, which, when a converter is brought from the stack and the blast-
pressure turned off, settle according to their specific gravity. When the charge
is completed, a granulated sample of finished copper is obtained and assayed.
Accurate chemical analyses of these equal-period samples of matte and copper
are given in the table on the following page.
The accompanying illustration (Pig. 9) shows graphically the course of the
process of elimination. In this figure, the line of abscissa represents the 10-
minute periods of blowing, and the ordinates represents percentages of copper,
etc., from 0 to 100. The ordinates of the figures at the bottom are the same,
but on a larger scale (from 0 to 1-2%), to show better the impurities in the matte
17 United States Patent No. 717,666, Jan. 0, 1908.
"• This article, which appeared in the Engineering and Mining Journal, June iTT, IMS, is to be read
before the autumn meeting: of the American Institute of Mining: Engineers.
PROORESa IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER,
218
carried to the extent of but a few tenths of 1%. The upper diagram shows that
the silver almost parallels the enrichment of the matte in copper.
Fig. 9. — Diagram showing the Elimination of Impurities from Copper
Mattes.
Tlma
Cupola tap
10 minutes
20 minutes
JW minuten
40 mlnuten (XnM. nklm)
70 minutes (blister capper)
Iron.
%
Sulphur.
Zinc.
Arsenic.
AnU-
mony.
Silver.
Gold.
%
%
%
%
Oz.
Oz.
28-81
21-28
1-19
Oil
014
44-20
0-16
28*15
20-96
1-20
0-09
0-12
42-90
0-14
17'85
19-74
0-84
0-08
0-10
61-40
0-20
10-59
18-88
0-70
008
0-18
86-80
0-24
2-40
l«-30
0-45
0-08
0-18
70-00
0-82
0-038
0159
0-09
0 0012
0006
90-80
0-86
214 THE UmERAL INDUaTRT.
The lines showing the relative elimination of the iron and the sulphur are
the most interesting. For the first 10 minutes of the blow, and while the matte
is heating up, the iron and sulphur lines are parallel. From this point there
is a marked change; the sulphur line is very gradual in its drop, showing that
but little is being burned in comparison with what is taking place with the iron,
whose line takes a sudden drop. The iron decreases during 30 minutes from
2315% to 2*4% at the skimming point, while at this point there still remain
16-3% of sulphur in the matte. From this point, however, to blister copper, it
is the sulphur that bears the brunt of elimination, the iron dropping only from
2-4% to 00038% at blister copper, while the sulphur decreases from 16-3% to
015%. This is of great interest, as it shows that up to the skimming point, it
is the oxidation of the iron to ferrous oxide, and the union of the ferrous oxide
with the silica of the lining, that affords the source of heat to carry on the opera-
tions within a converter; while from the skimming point (76*4% copper) to the
finished blister copper it is chiefly the burning of the sulphur that gives the heat
supply to finish the work started by the oxidation of the iron. The zinc is
scarcely affected during the *Tieating-up" period ; while after that its elimination
is gradual. The arsenic and antimony curiously enough, are but slightly affected
during the whole of the slag-forming period, or as long as enough iron remains
to be slagged off. At the cupola-tap of matte into the converter, the arsenic
amounted to 011%, and the antimony to 014%^ while at the end of the slag-
forming period the arsenic amounted to 0 08% and the antimony 013%. When
the iron in the matte had been oxidized and slagged off the arsenic and antimony
began to be oxidized and driven off, until, at the point of blister copper, but
00012% of arsenic and 0006% of antimony remained.
Process for Treating Copper Matie}^ — ^A patent has been issued to Messrs.
Herman Thofem and B. D. St. Seine for a process of treating copper matte
by blowing into the furnace a mixture of superheated steam, air and fine sand.
This idea of simultaneously oxidizing and scorifying the metallic substances
to be eliminated is not new, as it has been incorporated previously in patents
issued in the United States and Great Britain. With matte containing 30% Cu,
a rather large proportion of silica is used at first in the blast, and the oxidation
and soorification proceeds very rapidly. The fusible slag collects on the
surface of the bath outside of the blast zone, so as to protect the walls of the fur-
nace. From a charge of 50 tons, most of the iron is slagged, and the sulphur
driven off as dioxide in about six hours, the product being a matte of 80% Cu.
At this stage in the operations, the proportion of sand in the blast is reduced,
or the same proportion is used intermittently to slag the remainder of the iron
and to bum off the last of the sulphur ; while antimony, arsenic, phosphorus and
similar impurities are converted by the hydrogen of the steam into volatile com-
pounds and are thus eliminated. There is obtained finally a copper bath with
about 99% Cu which can be cast into anodes, or further refined in the usual
manner.
In this connection it is interesting to note the method patented** by George
Mitchell of converting copper matte into metallic copper, which consists in feed-
IB United Statee Ftttent No. 783^600, March 94, 1906. >• United State« latent No. 718,438, Feb. 8. 1908.
PROGRSaa IN THE METALLURGY OF COPPER, 216
^!ro.
ing pure or practically pure silica in a^moil-Jh condition into the molten matte
during the operation of blowing.
Copper Residues, Precipitates and Scrap. — (By H. A. Mather.) — Copper resi-
dues, precipitates and scrap are in some instances still reworked in graphite cruci-
bles, but the wear and tear on them has been so excessive and costly, that they are
being rapidly supplanted by the Schwartz melting furnace. The furnace is shaped
similar to a copper converter, hung on tnmnions and may be tilted to any angle.
The air blast and oil for fuel are supplied under pressure through pipes universally
jointed, which are attached at the top of the furnace. The oil and air blasts are
directed downward on the molten met^l at such an angle that a continuous agi-
tation of the molten mass is maintained until the proper conditions of the charge
are obtained, the furnace is then tilted forward and the charge blown out rather
than calmly poured through the spout. The cover or lid is removed for charging
and luted into place when the furnace is in operation. The linings used are
highly siliceous material molded into shapes to conform to the shell. These fur-
naces are used for a variety of melting purposes other than that of copper wastes,
especially by brass founders, and while somewhat expensive to install, they are
reported to be extremely economical in time, labor and fuel consumption.
Brass turnings containing little or no aluminum are readily purchased for re-
melting. Turnings containing much heavy oil are washed with an alkaline solu-
tion and dried before being remelted into metal or directly alloyed in the kettle.
Standard grades of brass scrap, such as old wire cloth from paper mills, skeleton
brass sheets, etc., are melted directly for casting furniture trimmings and sundry
articles of hardware. The addition of aluminum up to 1% appears to add to the
soundness of brass or other alloys when cast in sand molds, but if cast in iron
molds, the presence of 003% of aluminum will cause the casting to be dirty
and full of dross.
Analysis of Copper Slags. — ^An action of interest to copper metallurgists, and
in fact to all engaged in the smelting of base metals, has been instituted by Mr.
Thorn Smith,*® with the object of ultimately obtaining uniformity in the meth-
ods of analysis used by chemists for copper slags. Samples of a slag were sent
to 40 chemists and a report of analysis were received from 23 of them. A col-
lation of the figures showed difiFerences so great that the necessity of having
uniformity of method of analysis is strongly evident. The following differences
were not«d: SiO^ 3-88%, Fe 1-87%, AlA 3-92%, CaO 2 8%, MgO 201%, Zn
2-38%, Mn 1-42%, CuO 0-2©% and S 0-53%. The article referred to concludes
with a discussion of the methods used by the various chemists for the determina-
tion of the component parts of the slag. This subject has attracted so much atten-
tion that the New York section of the Society of Chemical Industry has decided to
discuss the whole matter before a meeting of its members and to publish the re-
sults of their proceedings in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.
M Sngineering and Mining JoumoZ, Feb. 81, 190IL
216 THE MINERAL IND U8TR T.
Progress in the Electrolytic -Refining of Copper in 1902.*
By Titus Ulke.
Electrolytic Copper Refineries. — The world's average daily production of elec-
trolytic copper at the close of 1902 was about 883 short tons, of which 764 tons,
or 86-5%^ were supplied by the United States. Of the balance amounting to
119 tons daily production, or approximately 13-5%, Great Britain furnished a
little over 8-8%, Germany about 2-75%, and France a little over 1-6%. The
United States now produces at the enormous rate of 278,860 tons of electrolytic
copper per annum valued approximately at $72,503,600. The by-product re-
covered daily contains about 74,100 oz. silver and 948 oz. gold, which equals an
annual output of over 27,000,000 oz. .of silver, valued at nearly $13,000,000, and
more than 346,020 oz. of gold, valued at $7,152,233. According to the United
States Treasury Bureau of Statistics, the copper exports from this country con-
sist chiefly of electrolytic copper, and for the year 1902, they represented a value
of $45,485,598, as compared with $33,534,899 in 1901. The value of the ex-
ports of copper was exceeded only by the value of the exports of manufactured
iron and steel and of mineral oils.
There are now in active operation, or ready to be placed in commission, 33
electrolytic copper refineries in the world, not including the plant of the Osaka
Electrolytic Refining Co. now being constructed at Osaka, Japan.
During the past year there has been a notable increase in the quantity of con-
centrates from the Michigan copper mines cast into anodes and treated electroly-
tically, and for several years a large part of both the Tamarack and the Calumet
& Hecla output has been refined electrolytically at Buffalo. The Quincy Mining
Co. casts certain grades of argentiferous "mineral," and ships the metal East for
electrolytic refining. The Isle Royale Copper Co. has found that it more than
pays to save the silver, with the small difference between the price of Lake and
electrolj'tic copper. It is reported that the copper from the Mass mine frequently
carries $65 in silver per ton of ingots. As all Lake copper, judging from numer-
ous analyses, carries noticeable quantities of silver, it is only a question of time,
in my opinion, when all the fine copper produced in the United States will be made
electrolytically, and only minor distinctions of brand will remain.
It is probable that an electrolytic refiner}' for treating the converter copper
produced on the Pacific Coast will be built on Puget Sound ; water power in large
units is available here at a price per horse-power-year considerably lower than its
equivalent, generated from coal, at the large refineries on the Atlantic seaboard,
and lumber also is much cheaper. Even though the cost of labor and of most
supplies is 60% greater in Seattle or Tacoma than in New York or Baltimore,
there would still be a margin in favor of refining on Puget Sound. The refinery,
if established, should be operated in conjunction with a plant for turning out the
main part of the metal in the form of sheet copper and wire to supply the grow-
ing demand for these materials in the Orient, Australia and the west coast of
South America, as well as that of the western part of the United States.
* The growth and technique of the electrolytic copper Industry has heen fully discussed hy Mr. Ulke in hte
work. Modem Electrolytic Copper Refining, New York, 1908. Much of the information contained in U^ifl hook
has appeared in previous volumes of The Mineral Industry.
PROORSaa IN THE ELECTBOLTTK} REFINING OF COPPER. 217
It seems very strange that not a single electrolytic copper refinery in the East
is located at the great water-power centers, such as Niagara Falls, Sault Ste.
Marie, Massena, Lachine Bapids, Shawinigan Falls, etc., where large units of
power — ^the chief item of expense in electrolytic refining — are obtainable at a
much lower figure than at the places where the seven Eastern refinpies are sit-
uated.
Output, Cost, etc., of Copper Refineries. — ^Caxl Hering^ states that, "A good
process may readily be a commercial failure if it is not properly carried out from
the industrial standpoint, while on the other hand, a poor process may sometimes,
by good design of the installation and good management, be made a commercial
success. In the first place, the cost of the power plant should approximately
be proportional to the product of the annual output of refined copper and the
current density, and in the second place, the approximate area of the refinery
buildings for a given yearly output should be inversely proportional to the cur-
rent density .''
Starting with these fundamental propositions, Philip* finds that in England
the cost of offices in poimds sterling may be stated by formula as 150X(0'lXNo.
of tons refined per year) . Secondly, that the area of the refinery buildings for a
given yearly output equals SOX (No. of tons refined per year-^current density in
amperes per sq. ft.) . The constant 30 is an average value ; in six different plants
it varied between 219 and 31-5. Thirdly, that the cost of the buildings in pounds
sterling equals 7-5X {Jto. of tons refined per year-r-current density in amperes per
sq. ft.).
When the above special formulas are applied without modification to the elec-
trolytic copper refineries in the United States, I find that they lead to erroneous
results, and that the respective factors, i.e., 150, 30 and 7-5, in formulating similar
equations holding true in the United States, would have to be largely increased,
and in most cases, made fully twice as large as those employed by Philip.
Current Densities in Refining. — The very high current densities employed by
some American electrometallurgists must surprise European refiners, who seldom,
if ever, use current densities exceeding 10 amperes per sq. ft. of cathode surface.
The average density employed in the 23 European refineries is less than 6 amperes
per sq. ft. At Great Falls, Mont., with anodes comparatively low in silver,
arsenic and antimony, and with electricity cheaply generated by water power,
current densities up to 45 amperes seem to jdeld good copper at a profit. Under
otherwise favorable conditions, therefore, the profitable use of high-current den-
sities, in order to enable the refiner to turn out copper at a very rapid rate, is
seemingly limited solely by the excessive losses of current through heating, or
boiling of the electrolyte, which occurs with currents above 45 or 50 amperes in
density.
Use of Heavy Anodes. — ^Notwithstanding the fact that much more capital is
tied up in employing heavy anodes than when light anodes are used, several cus-
tom refiners are now casting the anodes very thick and heavy, about 400 lb. in
weight, as compared with 180 or 200 lb. in former years. This is partly due to
1 EUctrochemieal htdugtry, September, 1902.
) Snffineering^ London, August, 1908.
218
THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
the fact that the percentage of scrap copper produced with the heavy anodes is
only about one-half that made with light anodes, say, 7% as compared with about
15%, the weight of the scrap falling being approximately the same in both cases.
Regeneration of Fovl Solutions, — ^The American Smelting & Befining Co.
is introducing at its Perth Amboy plant the essential features of the Ottokar
Hof mann method* for the purification of foul electrolytic solutions. This process
ELECTROLYTIC COPPER REFINERIES IN THE UNITED STATES OPERATED IN 1902.
Name of Company
and
Location of Works.
Kind of Material
Chiefly Treated.
Approximate
Daily Copper
Output in
Tons(8,0001b.)
Number and Ca-
pacity of
Generators.
Kw.= Kilowatts.
No. ot
Tanks
inKe-
finery.
Arrange-
ment'of
Electrodes.
Approximate
Daily Output
of Gk>ld and
Silver from
Slimes.
1 Raritan Copper Works
(United Metals SeU-
Ing Co.), Perth Am-
boy. N. J.
SGhiflxenheim Beflnery.
Perth Amboy plant
of Amer. 8. ft R. Co.
Perth Amboy, N. J.
Anaconda Mining Co.
Anaconda, Mont.
Baltimore Smelting
& RoUing Co. (Baf-
timore Copper
Works), Baltimore,
Md.
Boston & Montana
Cons. Copper and Sil-
ver Mining Co., Great
Falls. Mont.
Nichols Chemical Co.
Laurel Hill, N. T.
Balbach Smelting &
Refining Co., New-
ark, N. J.
De Lamar Copper Re-
fining Works, Cart-
eret, N. J.
Buffalo Smelting
Works, Black Rock.
N.Y.
Chicago Copper Refin-
ing Co., Blue Island,
m.
10
Converter Copper
from Boston &
Montana, Butte
ft Boston, Old
Dominion, Ari-
EonaCopperCo.,
Copper King,
Ltd., United
Verde. Bing-
ham, Greene
Cons, and High
land Boy.
Anodes and pig
copper from
Mexico, Utah
and Colorado.
Anaconda anodes.
Converter copper
from Anaconda,
Mi., I^eU and
8 art of the
e r m an ia
Works output.
Boston ft Mon-
tana anodes.
Converter copper
from the Moun-
tain Copper,
United Copper,
Copper Queen
and Qranby Co.
and metel from
Canadian and
Spanish pyrites
cinders.
Orford anodes
and miscella-
neous.
Blister copper
from Bully llill
mines, Cal.
Lake Superior,
argentiferous
native copper
" mineral."
By-products and
miscellaneous
pig copper.
IBO to 19001
(Cap.a)0)r
100 I
(Cap. ICO) f
] (Cap. 160)]
(Cap. 100) f
190
^ (Cap. BO) 1
60
30 I
6
Five ^ 000 Kw.
Three & 620 Kw.
Three (^ 240 Kw.
Two eaOOKw.
Four ® 290 Kw.
Eleven (^ 80 Kw.
Two ® 810 Kw.
Biz ^ 75 Kw.
One ^ 800 Kw.
Two ® 126 Kw.
One ® 620 Kw.
One (^ 610 Kw.
Two^ 48 Kw.
Two (^ 64 Kw.
1,000
816
-1,480
640 j
884
190
[ 480
408
270
490
850
Multiple.
Multiple. ]
Multiple. I
L. p. series.
8. p. multl.
MulUple. j
Series. {
Multiple. ]
Multiple. ]
MulUple. I
Multiple. \
8,000 to
10,000 OS. Ag:
175 to
2Q0OS. Au.
96,000 OS. Ag.
9Q0 OS. Au.
4,907 OS. Ag.
85os.Au.
0,400 OS. Ag.
88 ox. Au.
6,000 OS. Ag.
70 OS. Au.
6,000 OS. Ag.
904OS. Aa.
8,001 OS. Ag,
16ox. Au,
10,000 OS. Ag.
900 OS. An.
e00os.Ag.
— OS. An.
lOOos. A|r*
8 0S. An.
requires the electrolytic to be first neutralized, which is done by adding to it cupric
oxide (roasted copper matte), the bulk of solution obtained being increased.
This increase may be worked oflP in two ways. (1) By treating the surplus
solution in a separate system of tanks in which lead anodes and cathodes are used,
copper being recovered, while sulphuric acid is set free and used to acidify that
part of the electrolyte which is returned to the refinery. (3) By making blue
» Ths MiifSRAL Industry, Vols Vin. and X.
PROGRESS m THE ELEOTROLYTIC REFINING OP COPPER,
219
vitriol, in which case, of course, sulphuric acid must be bought for addition to
the refined neutral electrolyte.
ELECTROLYTIC COPPER REFINERIES IN EUROPE.
CouDtiy.
Great Britain.
Aoftrla-Hiiiifeary
Name of Companj
and
Location of Worka.
Bolton & Sons, Ltd.,
Froghall, England.
Pembrey Copper
Worka(Elliott*BHet'
al CoA Burry Port
Soaih Wales.
Bolton & Sons, Ltd.,
Widnes, England.
Leeds Copner Works,
Hunslet, Leeds, Eng.
H. H. Vivian & Sons.
Swansea, Wales.
McKechnie Bros., WId-
nes, England.
Norddeutsche AiBner-
ie, Hamburg, Ger-
many.
Slansf eld Knpf erstihief •
erbauende Qewerk-
soliaft, Bisleben.
Communion Huetten-
werk, Oker.
Borchers Bros., Goslar
Elmore Metall-Aotien-
raellschaft, Schla-
oem an der Sleg.
Stadtberger Huette,
Niedermarsberg.
▲Itenau Kupf erhuette,
Altenau, Bars.
C. Sdureiber, BoriMwdi,
Slesen.
Allg. Elektro- Metal-
lurgiscbe Gesell
sduut, Pispenburg a.
d. "*
Bergbau u. Elsenhuet-
ten - Gewerkschaft,
Wttkowits.
Berg u. HuetteuTer
waltung, Brixiegg.
TypoL
8oci6t« d^Eleetro-Met.
allurgie, DItos,
France.
8oci6t6 Anonyme des
Fonderies et Lami-
noirs, Biache St.
Vaast.
Orammont, Afllnerie,
Pont de Cheruy.
Hflarion, Rous et Cie,
Uarseflles.
Kalakeni Copper
Works (Von Siemens
ft heirs), Kalakent,
Caucasus.
NikolajaT Works, Nij-
ni Novgorod.
Gold and silTer-
bearing ''bot-
toms.'^
Gold and silyer
bearing "bot-
toms.'^
Gold and sIlTer
bearing "bot-
toms.'*^
Chile bars(96)(
Cu.).
Gold and sUyer
bearing *'bot'
Miscellaneous
crude copper.
MIseellaneous
crude copper.
Gold and silver-
bearing **bot-
toms.'*^
Chile bars.
Kind of
Material
Chiefly Treated
Argentiferons
cement oop-
Ni+Cn matte.
Pyrites dnders
from acid
works.
Black copper
(Q09( Cu.).
Chile bars.
Blister copper
Apnrozimate
Daily Copper
Output in
Tbns (8,000
Lbs.).
18 to 90
(C5ap. «4)
18 to 90
10 to 19
10 to 18
(Capacity)
8 to 10
10
6
6
1
!•
0-9 to 1
0*8 to 1
0«9*
0-9*
0-86 to 0*8
0-19 to 0-14
10 to 18
8*
l-l*
0*88^
1*8 to 1-4
0-76
Three ^ 75 Kw.*
Tte^8Kw.«
Sixteen^ 4 Kw.«
Number and
(Opacity of
Generators.
Kw.sKilowatts.
Eight ^ 75 Kw.
886 Kw.
Four ^ 75 Kw.
Four ^ 170 Kw.
OneSlKw.
One 11 Kw.
Two (^ 4 Kw.
Two O 6 Kw.
Four ^ 170 Kw.
FiveeOKw.^
One ^ 8 Kw.«
Two^MKw.
No. of
Tanks
in Re-
finery.
660
1,065
910
816
984*
600
600*
78
60
816
100*
40
108
Arrange-
ment of
Elec-
trodea
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Elmore.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Elmore.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Hoepfnei
Multiple.
Multiple.
Elmore.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
Multiple.
• Doubtful.
lietallurgicdl Crane. — ^David W. Blair,* of Perth Amboy, N. J., has patented
a metallnrgical crane, comprising a member to be disposed over a metallurgica]
« United States Patent No. 697,788, April 16, 1908.
320 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
bath and adapted to be lifted, a plurality of longitudinal shafts connected with
this member and free to shift endwise, hooks connected with the shafts and
adapted to engage electrodes, the arrangement being such that the hooks are free
to engage the electrodes when the shaft is shifted endwise.
Electrolytic Dissolution of Copper Anodes. — Woolsey MeA. Johnson** assumes
that ordinary copper anodes may be considered as being mixtures of pure copper
and copper-silver alloys, cuprous oxide, antimony oxide and arsenic oxide, or
solutions of these alloys and oxides in pure copper, and states that, in his opinion,
because the electrical resistance of copper-silver alloys and of the oxides is higher
than that of pure copper, the silver alloy and oxides would tend to "slime," under
normal conditions, and thus tend to keep the solution in a pure condition. To
explain these views, which have been more or less well recognized since 1885,
when Dr. KilianiV pioneer investigations were published, Johnson has recourse to
the following known facts: (1) Every metal has a certain specific electrolytic
tension or voltage depending upon its temperature, physical condition and the
solution in which it dips. (2) Every metal has a specific electrical conductivity.
(3) These two properties are profoundly modified by alloying with other metals.
On these properties of the resulting alloys segregated in the anode, depends the
selective electrochemical dissolution. Metals unite with one another to form
alloys, in most cases with the evolution of heat, and the atoms are then united
with a firmer bond. In other words the free energy is diminished, and as the
electrolytic solution tension is measured by the free energy of the metal, in normal
solution of its ions, it also must decrease. The resultant product is harder and
has less tendency to dissolve. That most alloys of any two metals show a poorer
conductivity than the mean conductivity of the metals composing such alloy, and
in many cases, than the conductivity of either metal alone, is well known.
These facts have an important bearing in electrolytic refining, in determining
the behavior of alloys and oxides contained in ordinary copper anodes. For
instance, if it is considered that a particle of silver-copper be surrounded by pure
copper crystals, the effect of the great difference in electrical conductivity is cer-
tain to shunt the current around this silver-copper alloy and finally dissolve its
copper backing. It then can be brushed off into the slime. This, of course,
applies to all the alloys (and oxides) that have a lower conductivity. Arsenic
and antimony, if present as metals, have a greater tendency to dissolve than
copper, because of their high electrolytic solution tension. Fortunately for the
electrolytic refiner, however, the larger portion of these elements are thoroughly
oxidized, either in the converter or reverberatory furnace. The copper is then
brought to "set** in the refining furnace, before casting, if it is not cast direct
from the receiver, mixer or converter. The heats of oxidation of arsenic or anti-
mony being many times larger than that of copper, the oxides of the former
metals are not reduced to any extent in the "poling** operation, as long as any
cuprous oxide is left. These oxides are thus present in the anodes as insulators
and as such pass into the slimes directly from "oxidized" anodes.
• Pftper roAd before the American Electrochemical Society, Sept. 16, 1008.
COPPERAS.
By Joseph Struthers.
The production of copperas in the United States during 1902 amounted to
19,784 short tons, valued at the works at $118,474, as compared with 23,586
short tons, valued at $112,366 in 1901. These figures do not include the quan-
tity calcined for the manufacture of iron pigments, which is reported elsewhere
in this volume under the caption "Ocher and Iron Oxide Pigments/'
Ferrous sulphate (FeS04,7H20), or '^copperas,'* as it is called in the trade,
is produced chiefly as a by-product of the wire, tin plate and sheet steel industries
of the country. Briefly, the usual method of manufacture (see The Mineral
Industry, Vol.- X., pp. 243 and 244) is to conduct the waste acid liquor from
the "pickling" tanks in which the wire, rods or sheet steel have been cleansed, to
a lead-lined vat where the proper strength and composition of the liquor is
adjusted by the suitable addition of acid or iron. The liquor is then trans-
ferred to boiling tanks and the excess of water is expelled by evaporation for
three or four days, until the solution becomes of proper strength, when it is
removed to the crystallizing vats and cooled. The crystals of copperas form in
from three to ten days and after drWng are packed in barrels and shipped.
Copperas is used for a variety of purposes, principally in the manufacture of
inks and blues, in dyeing cotton and woolen goods, in polishing plate glass (as
it hardens the rouge paste which is used for this purpose) and in various branches
of the chemical trade. To a minor extent it is used as a fertilizer, as a disin-
fectant, as a purifying agent in gas works, as a coagulent in water purification,
and as a precipitant for sewage. Several towns have replaced the more cosily
coagulent alum by copperas for water purification. This latter demand has
developed during the past year, due to experiments carried on at Quincy, 111.,
which have resulted verv successfully. In addition to this city. Bock Island, 111. ;
Vicksburg, Miss. ; Sandusky, 0. ; Little Falls, K". J., and several other communi-
ties are using, or arranging for the use of copperas in water purification, and the
list will probably be largely increased during 1903. Copperas is also used in the
treatment of sewage at Providence, R. I., and at several smaller places. The
impure settlings at the bottom of the tank are sometimes utilized to manu-
facture Venetian reds, Indian reds and iron oxide pigments.
2?2 TMB MtlTERAL tNDXTSTBT.
The largest producer of copperas is the American Steel & Wire Co., whose
plants are operated in connection with the manufacture of wire at Worcester,
Mass.; Cleveland, 0.; Joliet, De Kalb and Waukegan, 111. Among the other
producers are the Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co., Natrona, Pa.; C. K. Williams
& Co.,.Easton, Pa.: S. P. Wetherill & Co., Newcastle, Pa.; The Atlantic Dyna-
mite Oc., Dover, N. J.; The American Nickel Works, Camden, N. J.; Charles
Lennig & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; The American Tin Plate Co., Ellwood, Ind.,
and the Stauflfer Chemical Co., of San Francisco, Cal. Shipments of natural
copperas from Steubenville, 0., where it is formed by atmospheric oxidation of
pyrite, has been discontinued, as it was found to be unprofitable. The price of
copperas at New York at the commencement of 1902 was about $8 per ton,
against an average of $10 per ton for the previous year. The price early in
1903 was $9 per ton. These quotations are for carload lots, an additional $2
per ton being asked for lots of smaller size. There is no opportunity for ex-
port of copperas, for the reason that England, Prance and Germany also produce
it as a by-product in larger quantities and at a lower cost than it can be manu-
factured in the United States.
PROGRESS IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND
ELECTROMETALLURGY IN 1902.
By John B. C. Kershaw.
Introductwn, — The year 1902 has not been marked by any striking advance
in the electrochemical or electrometallurgical industries, and the chief features
of the year have been the consolidation and improvefitent of existing industries
rather than the development of new ones.
The alkali industry is now practically stationary in Europe, although still
expanding in America. The fall in the selling value of bleaching powder is
likely to be severely felt by some of the older works. The aluminum industry
is likewise stationary in Europe, and further progress would seem to depend
upon cheapened production of the metal. In America, however, this industry
is in a more healthy condition. The incubus of unwise company promotion and
overcapitalization still weighs upon the calcium carbide industry. The stocks
of carbide accumulated in the years 1899-1901 are only being slowly disposed
of and at greatly diminished prices. The industry is now established on a
firmer financial basis and sales bureaus control the output and price in all the
leading producing countries. The electrolytic chlorate industry is another
stationary manufacture, and at the low prices which rule at present there is
little inducement for manufacturers to extend their works or to build new ones.
Perhaps the most striking developments of 1902 have been the attempts to
utilize electricity on a large scale for the production of glass and for the smelt-
ing of iron and steel. Details of these industrial trials will be found under the
respective headings later in this section. In my opinion the prospects of per-
manent success are not hopeful. The regenerative gas furnace and the blast
furnace are the most efficient heating appliances known, and so long as fuel
remains plentiful and cheap, it will be practically impossible for the electric
furnace to com,pete with them.
At Niagara Palls two new industries are now passing through their experi
mental stages, and barium hydrate and nitric acid and nitrates are being manu-
factured by aid of the electric current. The direct production of nitric acid
by high tension discharge is a most interesting attempt to realize the dream
of Prof. Crookes, as set forth in the presidential address delivered before
the British Association at Bristol in 1898. If these trials to obtain nitric acid
from the air should prove a success financially, one of the great problems of
agriculture (the continued supply of nitrates to the soil) will have been solved,
and Niagara Falls in years to come, may provide the world with one of the
necessaries for the maintenance of its staple industries, the growth of corn and
wheat.
224 THE MINERAL INDUaTRT.
Alkalies and Bleach. — In The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., the electrolytic
alkali and bleach industry was described at considerable length and the two
latest additions to the rank of industrial processes — ^the Acker fusion process and
the *T)eH" gravity process — were illustrated and described. The most important
event during the year 1902 was the failure of the negotiations for the renewal
of the arrangement between the United Alkali Co., of Liverpool, and the
Elektron Co., of Frankfort, regarding the output and price of bleaching powder
in 1903. For the past three years these two firms, representing the chemical
and electrolytic manufacturers, respectively, have maintained the price of bleach-
ing powder in Europe at the comparatively high level of $28-80@$31-20 per
ton. The failure to renew the agreement signifies that a period of open com-
petition is now to be entered upon, and very large sales of bleaching powder for
delivery over the entire year 1903 are reported to have been made at the low
prices of $16-80@$18 per ton.
That some of the electrolytic alkali works will be heavily handicapped by the
fall of nearly 50% in the selling value of the product upon which they have
relied chiefly for profits is certain, and it is equally certain that some of tiie
smaller and less well-equipped works will be compelled to suspend operations.
In a recent series of articles^ I have discussed at considerable length the present
position of the electrolytic alkali industry, and have attempted to forecast its
future in view of this fall in the price of bleaching powder. The following
extracts summarize the position and prospects of the various processes and
companies now in operation in Europe and America.
America. — The total power now available for the manufacture of caustic alkalies
and bleaching powder by electrolytic methods is 11,500 H.P., and this will be
increased at an early date to 14,000 H.P. On the assumption that the whole
of the chlorine liberated by this process is absorbed in the manufacture of
bleaching powder, we find that 40,000 tons and 49,000 tons are the present
and prospective totals, respectively, manufactured by the American electrolytic
alkali works. This is certainly a large proportion of the home consumption,
and the striking growth of the new industry in America accounts for the con-
siderable fall in the British exports of bleaching powder.
United Kingdom. — ^The total available power at Middlewich and Weston
Point for the production of alkalies and chlorine products is now between 5,000
and 6,000 H.P. When the additions to the first-named works are completed over
7,000 H.P. will be devoted to the electrolytic decomposition of salt, which will
equal an aggregate production of about 35,000 tons bleaching powder per annum.
Germany. — The maximum output of the group of works at Oriesheim, Bitter-
feld and Rheinfelden is stated to be 25,000 tons of caustic potash and 40,000
tons of bleaching powder per annum. The electrolytic works of the Solvay Co.,
at Ostemienberg, add about 5,000 tons to the latter total. The home demand for
bleaching powder is therefore more than met by the output of the electrolytic
works.
Prance. — The position of the electrolytic industry in France is not encour-
• EUctridan, Not. 14, », and Dee. IS, 190&
PR0QBB88 IN ELBGTR0CHEMI8TRY.
225
aging. Of five works planned or actually erected, only one appears to be in regu-
lar operation for the production of caustic alkalies and bleaching powder, and
the output of this works (Lamotte) is not large. The greater portion of the
bleaching powder produced in Prance is still supplied by the old Leblanc works.
The total supply largely exceeds the home consumption, and one-third of the
aggregate output is exported.
Switzerland. — The position of the electrolytic alkali industry in Switzerland
is no more satisfactory than in France, and, although only two works have been
erected, neither is applying all the power available to the manufacture of caustic
alkalies and bleaching powder.
Other Countries of Europe. — Russia, Austria, Italy and Spain are all pro-
vided with electrolytic alkali works, operating under more or less favorable con-
ditions of local supply and demand. In these outlying countries of Europe
some development of the industry may be expected, for hitherto they have drawn
their supplies of caustic alkalies and bleaching powder, chiefly from Prance,
Gemiany and the United Kingdom.
The three tabular statements of efficiency and costs which are given below
are based upon the most reliable figures for the various processes, and are re-
printed from my article in the Electrician of Dec. 12, 1902.
CUHRENT AND BNEROie
• EFFICIENCIES OP THE VARIOUS ELECTROLTTIO
ALKALI PROCESSES.
E.M.F.
Rdquired
inTolts.
Actual Yield in Grams.
TumHfnfirm,
Pvooeti.
Per Amp. Hour.
Per Kw. Hour.
Percent
NaOH.
CI.
NaOH.
CL
Current.
Energy.
fF«f PnC€t969,
Oastner-KellDAr
40
8-4
60
40
9-8
70
4*2
1-886
1196
1-849
i-ane
1-496
1-870
1*496
1-1.96
1-067
840
851
809
966
660
196
8S6
8B4
810
01
80
90-2
87-6
100
01-6
100
62-8
64
41-4
40-0
100
640
100
HwgnwiyBfrBird
SflSTivlT. .V.;:::;::::::::::;;:.::
AnasU "Bell"
1-8S8
F^uicn ProeeMtM.
Acker
T|ieoratieal flipiNB
1-828
Using the above figures, we find that to obtain 1 metric ton of 72% caustic
soda by the various processes, the following numbers of kilowatt hours are re-
quired, and that the relative costs of power for the processes are as stated in
column 3 of the table.
KILOWATT HOURS REQUIRED TO OBTAIN 1 METRIC TON OF 72% CAUSTIC SODA
BY VARIOUS ELECTROLYTIC ALKALI PROCESSES, WITH THE RELATIVE
COSTS FOR POWER AT 0'25d. PER KILOWATT HOUR.
FlmeM.
Kilowatt Hours.
Cost at 0.26d. per Kw. Hour.
Cietner-KeOner
2,786
8,649
8,467
8.496
4,789
£2 17 0
8 16 2
8 12 0
8 12 10
4 19 4
HargfOTea-Btrd
KhMUn
Auflsls^BelP^
Acker (fniion prooefls)
In comparing the above costs, it must be remembered that the processes yield
the caustic soda solution in various degrees of concentration and pnrity. The
Acker process, in fact, is stated to yield solid 77% caustic direct from the
226
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
decomposing vessel attached to the cell, and thus, in the case of this process,
no additional costs are entailed for evaporating the cell solutions.
ESTIMATE OF CHIEF ITEMS OF COST FOR PRODUCING 1 TON OF t2Jo CAUSTIC
SODA AND 21 TONS 35% BLEACHING POVTDER BY TYPICAL
VITET AND DRY PROCESSES.
Castner-Kelliier.
Acker.
£8 17 0
1 7 0
18 0
£4 10 4
17 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
£7 8 0
£7 16 4
Power
Raw materials (salt and lime)
Fuel (for evaporaUog)
Packages
Totals
The year 1902 in the electrolytic alkali industry has been marked by unwonted
freedom from patent litigation. The patent case referred to in The Mineral
Industry, Vol. X., as pending between the Commercial Development Corpora-
tion and the Castner-Kellner Alkali Co. did not come into the courts. The ex-
planation of this ma}' be found in the fact that the plaintiff company is in finan-
cial difficulties, and in November, 1902, the shareholders decided upon liquidation.
Aluminum, — See the special article elsewhere in this volume.
Antimony, — Izart has described* an electrolytic process for obtaining anti-
mony from its ores, which is reported to be working at Nakety, in New Cale-
donia. A diaphragm type of cell is used, with the antimony in solution as poly-
sulphide. With an E.M.F. of 1-6 volts and a current density of 0-80 ampere
per gq. d.c.m. a current of 76% efficiency is said to be obtained. The Siemens
& Halske process is reported to be at work at Banya, in Hungary, and at Vienna,
while a new process, of which no details are published, is stated to be in use at
Cassagna, in France.
Arsenic, — The Westman process* for extracting arsenic from arsenical ores
was briefly referred to in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X. No further details
relating to the operation of the process by the Arsenical Ore Reduction Co., of
Newark, N. J., have been publishecl. The process has been criticized unfavor-
ably by the Electrical Times (London), which points out that it would yield the
arsenic in the form of metal, not of oxide, and that this metal would be contami-
nated with zinc, sulphur and antimony, which are volatile at a red heat.
Barium Hydrate. — A wet method for producing barium hydrate from barium
sulphide has been patented in Brussels and London, and an experimental plant
has been erected in the former city. The process depends upon the use
of a mixed solution of chlorides and sulphides as electrolyte in a diaphragm type
of cell. Barium hydrate separates at the cathode, and sulphur at the anode, the
former being separated from the electrolyte by a centrifugal machine. So far the
attempts to introduce this process into England have not been successful. (For
the Bradley & Jacob process, see under the section ^^Barytes," elsewhere in this
volume.)
Bullion Refining. — The Deutsche Gold- und Silberscheide Anstalt, of Frank-
fort, one of the pioneer firms in electrolytic refining, has increased its capital bv
» VEUctriden, July 19, 1908.
« EngliBh Patent No. 17.(»7, UOB.
PROGRESS IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY. 227
$360,000 during 1902, and has paid a dividend of 16%. This company is, how-
ever, interested in several subsidiary undertakings connected with the cyanide
industry, and this profit has not been earned solely by bullion refining. Accord-
ing to Danneel' the Norddeutsche Affinerie at Hamburg, is producing 100,000 kg.
silver, 3,000 kg. gold and 12 to 15 kg. platinum per annum by the Wohlwill
processes. The Wohlwill gold refining process has recently been adopted by the
Freiburger and Halsbergen Huettenwerken.
Calcium Carbide, — The calcium carbide industry during 1902 has continued
to suffer from the effects of the overcapitalization and overproduction which
marked the "boom" years of 1897-1900, and a large number of the works
erected for the production of carbide in Europe are still closed, or are applying
the power available, to the manufacture of other electrometallurgical products.
The position as regards patents is gradually becoming simplified by the decisions
of the courts in the various countries. In the United Kingdom during 1902 the
holder of the Wilson patents: — the Acetylene Illuminating Co.,has lost its appeal
case against the United Alkali Co., and therefore the manufacture of calcium car-
bide is now an open industry, as in Germany. In France and the United
States the manufacture is still controlled by the Bullier and Willson patents re-
spectively ; but it is possible that during 1903 an attempt will be made to upset
the monopoly held by the Union Carbide Co. in America. Tlie ground of the
decision against the validity of the Willson patents in the United Kingdom, was
the prior publication by Moissan in the Comptes rendvs, of the method of calcium
carbide production in the electric furnace.
Carborundum. — There is little that is new to report concerning the manu-
facture of carborundum. The outer micro-crystalline portion of each charge
formerly wasted, is now utilized in the manufacture of a fire-proof stone. Ac-.
cording to Hutton and Petavel, the present output of carborundum amounts to
2,690 tons per year, and over one-third of this total is used instead of ferro-
silicon in the steel industry.*
Chlorates, — The electrolytic chlorate industry is reported to be slowly expanding
in America ; but in Europe it is in a stationary position, and prices of sodium and
potassium chlorate have fallen to a level which leaves little margin of profit for
the producer. During 1902, Messrs. Gall and Montlaur, the pioneers in this
industry, have been awarded the Kastner-Bonnsalt premium by the French
Academie des Sciences, for their work in developing this new manuafacturing
process. In France, 6,000 tons of chlorate are reported to be now produced per
annum by the electrolytic process, but this total evidently includes the output of
the factory at Valorbes in Switzerland. The most important patent granted dur-
ing 1902 is British Patent No. 14,387, in which protection is claimed for the con-
tinuous addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to the electrolyte. Foerster & Miiller
have published papers relating to several important investigations during 1902.
Limits of space will not allow of an abstract of these valuable and important
addition*) to the knowledge of the theory of the electrolytic process.''
• ZHfichHft fner Elektrochemie, March 6, 1902.
• Electrical Review, \jom\on, Dec. 12. 1W2.
f ZeiUchrift fuer Elektrochemie, Jan. 2, July 81, Aiipr. 28, and Sept. 4, 1902.
228 THE MINBRAL INDUSTRY,
Copper. — The output and price of raw copper during 1902 have been dealt with
at length in The Engineering and Mining Journal, 1903, and it is only necessary
to point out here that the break in price which occurred 13 months ago, has
caused serious financial loss to the electrolytic refineries, which had accumulated
large stocks of ingot copper at the higher figure, or had delivery contracts running
for ingot copper at the date of the collapse in value. The French and German
Elmore companies appear to have been among the most unfortunate sufferers in
this manner. Both companies have been obliged to report serious losses to their
shareholders during 1902, whereas, if there had been no break in price, satisfactory
dividends would have been paid. The continuance of the slump in price is also
causing many of the new mining and smelting companies, floated during the
boom, to cease operations, and my prophecy concerning these companies (see The
Mineral Industry, Vol. X., p. 256) is rapidly being fulfilled. With regard to
the work of the English Elmore Co., at Hunslet Leeds, the reorganized plant
is now in operation, and according to the report presented to the shareholders in
May, 1902, an output of 25 tons of tubes per week was being attained in the early
part of the year. The maximum capacity of this plant is 60 tons per week.
There is nothing new to report concerning the ordinary electrolytic refining
process in Europe, and no figures of any value have been published during 1902
for the output of the electrolytic refineries in either Prance or the United
Kingdom.
Danneel, in an article upon electrometallurgy in Germany,* gives the following
figures for the production in that country: Norddeutsche (1900), 800 tons;
Mansf elder Qewerkschaft (1900), 965 tons; Altenau, 220 tons; Niedermarsberg,
1,000 tons; Schladern, 1,200 tons. The total copper production of Germany is
stated to have increased in the last ten years from 24,700 tons to 32,000 tons,
but these figures evidently refer to crude copper and not to electrolytic copper, A
new refinery is being erected by the Cape Copper Co., at Briton Ferry, Wales.
The Dessolle method of depositing copper is in use at the small works of Levallois-
Perret in Prance. This method depends upon the use of a jet for forcing the
electrolyte against the surface of the cathode. The rapid circulation obtained
in this manner enables a current density of 750 amperes (presumably per sq.
d.c.m.) to be used, and a deposit 1 mm. in thickness can thus be obtained in
15 hours.* It is questionable whether this patent could be maintained either in
the United Kingdom or in America, since in both countries, previous trials of this
method have been made. With regard to the Hoepfner process for extracting cop-
per from its ores, no new information is available for publication ; presumably the
Papenburg works are still operating this process. The Keith extraction process,
which was worked for a time at the mines of the Arlington Copper Co., New
Jersey, has been very fully described by the inventor in a paper read during 1902."
Pinancial difficulties are reported to have caused the temporary suspension of
work at these mines. An illustrated description of the Raritan Copper Works at
Perth Amboy, has been published in the paper named below.** This is practically
a brief summary of the detailed description which was published in The Mineral
• ZeiUchrift fuer EUktrochemie, March 6, 1908. >• EJecMcal Review, New York, March tt. IWft
• VEteetrocKemie, Novemher, 1908. " Scientifte American, March 15, 1908.
PBOORESa IN ELECTB0CHBMI8TR7. 229
Industby, Vol. IX. The Karitan refinery possesses 1,600 depositing vats, and its
monthly output averages 11,000,000 lb. of copper.
Ferrochromium and Similar Alloys, — ^At Holcombe Rock, Virginia, the
Willson Aluminum Co. is reported to be producing 150 tons of ferrochromium
per month, in a modified form of the Willson electric furnace. The Carnegie
and Bethlehem steel companies are believed to be using practically the whole of
the American output of this alloy for the manufacture of the hardened chrome-
steel for armor-plates. According to Krull, the crystalline product is preferred
by the steel makers, possibly because it is purer than the other variety.** The
erection of a works is planned at Orlu in the French Pyrenees, for the production
of ferromanganese by the Simon process. In principle this process resembles
the Heroult process for aluminum reduction. Manganese dioxide containing iron
as an impurity is dissolved in a bath of molten calcium fluoride, and the mixture
is electrolyzed at a temperature of 1,300** C. The reduction which occurs is
partly chemical and partly electrolytic. The cost of the product, which con-
tains 84% Mn, 8% Fe, and about 7% C, is reported to be $38'40 per ton."
The alloys or compounds of iron and silicon have been examined by Touve and
by Lebeau. The product obtaiYied by heating iron with excess of silicon in the
electric furnace, is reported by the latter** to have the formula FeSi^.
Ferrotitanium and similar alloys are being produced at Niagara Falls, N. Y.,
by A. J. Bossi, in a furnace absorbing J^OO H.P. If a market can be created
for such products in America it is probable that this industry will grow rapidly
in magnitude and importance. At present the work carried out by Rossi would
appear to be largely experimental in character. Full details of these experiments
will be found in the paper read by Rossi before the Franklin Institute.**
Glass. — A brief reference was made by me in The Mineral Industry, Vol.
X., to the proposed use of the electric furnace for glass manufacture. In spite
of the unfavorable economic conditions which appear to render such use of the
electric furnace doomed to failure, the two engineers, Becker and Volcker of
Cologne, who have devoted time and attention to this subject, have been able to
raise the capital required for trial of their electric-glass furnaces upon an in-
dustrial scale. At Matrei, in the Tyrol, the power originally developed for car-
bide manufacture, is to be applied to this new use, and furnaces to use
3.000 H.P. are now being erected. A similar works at Plettenburg in Germany,
is reported to be already in operation. At this works 2,000 H.P. is available.
The Aktien Oesellschaft fuer Elektrokeramic is the name of the company which
has been floated to develop industrially the Becker and Volcker patents relating
to glass manufacture. I am doubtful concerning the financial success of these
attempts to compete with the regenerative gas furnace, and I shall be much
surprised if the electric glass manufacture becomes an established industry, until
the coal fields of Europe are more nearly exhausted than is the case at the
present time.
Graphite, — (See page 343 of this volume.)
Hypochlorites. — ^Little information has been published during 1902, relating
!• mektroehemitehe ZeiUehrift February, 1008. »♦ Ctnnptea rendtu. Vol IM, p. 881.
i> ZeiimkHft pkvr EUktro^^emie, May 16, 1909. >• JourruU of the Frankiin Inttitute, 1008.
230 THE MINERAL INDUaTRT,
to the progress of the electrolytic bleaching industry. The fall of 50%
in the price of bleaching powder in Europe, will for the time stop expansion in the
use of electrolytic bleach solutions, and possibly some of the plants already in-
stalled may be compelled to cease operations. Foerster & MuUer have published
details of laboratory investigations relating to the behavior of hypochlorite
solutions on electrolysis.*^ A new form of electrolytic cell for producing hypo-
chlorites, has been patented, and is described in the paper named below.*^ With
this cell, a current of 50 amperes and 100 volts, is reported to produce 1 kg.
active CI per hour. This cell is manufactured by the Fabrik Elektrischer
Bleichapparate at Pfronten in Bavaria. Ahlin has patented an improved process
for bleaching wood-pulp, in which the exhausted hypochlorite liquors are emul-
sified with air, and are again used for bleaching the pulp. Remarkable effects,
as regards the color of the bleached pulp,** are obtained, supposed to be due to
mechanically held oxygen.
Iron and Steel, — The direct production of iron and steel in the electric furnace
by heating the ores with the theoretically necessary weight of coke, has con-
tinued to receive much attention throughout 1902, and a very large number of
patents are being taken out in connection with this use of the electric current.
The unsatisfactory position of the calcium carbide market, and the closing down
of a large number of the carbide works in Europe, has rendered it comparatively
easy for the inventors to obtain trial of their processes on an industrial scale; and
in every country of Europe where such works are in existence, experimental trials
of the electrometallurgical processes for iron and steel production are now taking
place. So far as the limits of space allow, the various patented processes are dealt
with below : —
The Conley Furnace. — In this furnace the reduction is effected by contact
of the ore and coke with transverse plates, placed in the throat of a conically-
shaped furnace. A current is passed through these plates sufficient to keep them
at a red heat, and the hearth of the furnace is further heated by an electricallv
heated belt. It is estimated that for a Conley furnace of 100 tons per day
capacity, 5,000 E.H.P. would be required, and that steel could be produced at a
cost of $11-85 per ton. The patents for this process are owned by the Electric
Furnace Co. of New York, and it is stated that the company is now engaged in
erecting an 8.000-II.P. plant at Elizabethtown, N. Y. The Massena Electric
Steel Co. with a capital of $500,000, has also been formed to erect and work a
similar plant at Massena.*®
The Harmet Furnace. — The Harmet furnace consists of a smelting-furnace,
a reduction furnace and a refining furnace, using both resistance and arc-heating.
The waste-gases from the reduction and refining divisions of the furnace are
utilized for heating the raw materials with which the furnace is fed. According
to the inventor, 3.600 E.H.P. hours are required to produce 1 ton of steel at an
estimated cost of $5-61.**^ The furnace is reported to be operating successfully
at St. Etienne in France.
>• Zeitachrifi ffier Elektrochemie, Aug. 28 and Sept. 4, 190B.
«▼ FJ^ktrochewische Zeitachriff, October, 1902.
>» Pnpier Zeifuitg, Vol 20. 1901.
" El^ctrorhemint and MfiaUurgUt, Mnrch, 1903.
»• l^'RJertrochemie, July, 1902.
PROGRESS IN BLBGTROGEEMiaTRY. 231
The Heroult Furnace. — This furnace is still undergoing industrial trial at
Le Praz in Savoy. According to report, representatives of Schneider et Cie.,
of Crensot, have seen the Heroult process and furnace at work, but did not enter
into negotiations for the purchase of the patents.
The Keller Furnace. — This furnace is based on the blast-furnace principle of
construction, and both resistance and arc-heating are used. The furnace has been
very fully described by Bertolus at the September (1902) Congress on ^'White
Coal'' in France. An experimental plant has been erected at Kerrousse^ Morhi-
ban, where 550 H.P. are available. According to the inventor, one metric ton
of steel can be obtained in his furnace, with an expenditure of 2,800 K.W. hours
of electric power; and the cost per ton is stated to be from $17-28 to $19-20.'^
The furnace at present in use at Kerrousse absorbs 375 H.P. A larger furnace
for production of from 15 to 20 tons steel at one charge is to be erected. The
developments at this place are controlled by the Compagnie Electrothermique
Keller Leleux & Co., which is exploiting the Keller patents. New Zealand iron-
sand from Taranaki is reported to be used as raw material at Kerrousse.
The Kjellin Furnace. — The operation of this furnace at Gussingen in Sweden,
yas referred to in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X. Little new information
concerning this experimental plant has been published during 1902. According
to a United States consular report, a larger furnace was to be erected and an
output of 1,800 tons steel per annum with a 300-H.P. plant was contemplated.**
This is equivalent to 1,162 kw. hours per ton of steel.
The Stassano Furnace. — Practically nothing has been published during 1902
relating to the progress made with the Stassano furnace trials in Italy, and it is
impossible to say whether the plant erected at Darfo has realized expectations.
It is, however, ominous that the Societa Elettro-sidercorgica Camuna, the com-
pany which was exploiting the process, has come to the end of its resources, and
is now in liquidation."
With regard to the prospects of these processes generally, I see as yet no occa-
sion to revise the forecast given in an article written and published two and a
half years ago. After an examination of the figures published for the operation
of the experimental Stassano furnace in Home (2,700 E.H.P. hours per 1 ton
of steel), I stated my belief that the electric furnace methods of iron and steel
production, could only hope to succeed in countries where fuel was expensive,
water power abundant, and where heavy protective tariffs on iron and steel shut
out products of the ordinary blast-furnace and Bessemer processes.** Given
such conditions, in conjunction with a brisk home demand for the products, these
electrical processes may pay. But this combination of favoring conditions is
somewhat unusual, and the general adoption of electric furnace methods in iron
and steel manufacture is improbable. Many of the present attempts in my
opinion are doomed to failure.
Lead. — ^The process operated by the Electrical Lead Reduction Co., at Niagara
Falls, N. Y., has been fully described during 1902, in a paper read by the in-
ventor Mr. Pedro G.Salom before the newly formed American Electrochemical
M VKcUUrage El*fctHque, Vol. 88, p. 45, 1908. •* SSeiiachrift /tier Elektrochemie, Jan. 83. 1008
•» EleeMeity^ New York, July 80, 1908. «« Electrical J^evieio, London, June 15, 1900.
232 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Society-*^ Lead sulphide is used as cathode in an acid solution, and the reduc-
tion occurs as the result of the action of nascent hydrogen upon the sulphide,
with the formation of spongy lead and hydrogen sulphide gas. The chief diffi-
culties met with in operating the process are due to incomplete reduction of the
sulphide, and to the escapes of HjS gas. Two pounds of lead are stated to be
obtained per E.H.P. hour. In August, 1902, a report, was current in New York
that the company was in financial trouble; and possibly the difficulties referred
to above have proved insurmountable. A new electrolytic process for treatment
of lead bullion is reported by Titus Ulke to be in use at Trail, B. C.^^ The process
which has been patented bv Anson G. Betts, is based on the solubility of lead in
an acid solution of lead fluosilicate. The E.M.F. required to deposit the lead
from this solution is only 0-2 volt; the slimes are worked up for gold and silver.
The works using this process are designed for the treatment of 10 tons lead
bullion per day, averaging 8,000 oz. gold and silver per ton.
Magnesium. — There is nothing new to report concerning the electrolytic
method of producing magnesium from fused camallite.
Molybdenum and Other Rare Metals, — In the United Kingdom a. company
entitled the Tungsten & Rare Metals Co. has recently been floated with a capital
of $96,000 to purchase and work patents granted to Steinhart & Vogel for the
production of rare metals. The methods by which these are to be obtained from
their ores, are presumably electrometallurgical in character; $22,560 has been
paid for the patents and the supervision by the inventors for five years.
Nickel. — The chief event of 1902 with regard to the nickel mining and re-
fining industry has been the formation of the International Nickel Co.,
with a capital of $24,000,000. This company has absorbed the Nickel Corpora-
tion of London, and several other large companies interested in the metal, and
with the Rothschilds of Paris, this company now practically controls the* world's
output of nickel. The following figures have been published during 1902 for
the world production: 1899, 6,460 tons; 1900, 7,892 tons; 1901, 10,401 tons.
As regards the progress of the Hoepfuer process at Papenburg in Germany,
little fresh information has been published during 1902. Replying to state-
ments that the process was a failure, Dr. L. Hoepfner has published official
figures showing that in 1901, 150 tons nickel were produced at Papenburg, and
that in April, 1902, the output of the metal at this works amounted to 800 kg.
per day.*^
The Frasch extraction process at Hamilton, Ontario, is reported to have failed,
and the same result is believed to have attended the trial of the Hoepfner
process at this place.
The development of nickel mining properties in the Sudbuiy district of
Canada is proceeding rapidly, but the latest reports do not indicate that either
electrometallurgical or electrolytic methods of treatment are yet being used
lor the ores obtained. The pure nickel ore from this district is to be smelted
with iron ore in ordinary blast furnaces at Saulte Sainte Marie. These furnaces
are now being erected. The mixed ores of iron and copper are being smelted
•• Bleetrical Times., June 2«. tiiba. '• Engineering and Mining Journal, Oct. 11« ImE
»» ZeiUehrift fuer Elektrochemie, April 84, 1908.
FROORESS IN ELECTROCHEMiaTRY, 233
at the mines, and the matte thus obtained containing 16% Ni and 8% Cu, is
to be purified by treatment in a Bessemer plant An electrolytic refinery is pro-
jected for separating the nickel and copper in the refined matte, at Saulte Sainte
Marie, but no details have been published concerning the process which is to be
used. According to Ulke, the Browne process, the details of which have been
worked out at the experimental works of the Canadian Copper Co., at Cleve-
land, Ohio, is the only electrolytic process for separating nickel and copper in
actual use in America at present.*' The process is based upon the use of the
copper-nickel matte as anode material in an electrolyte composed of nickel and
copper chlorides. The copper is deposited first from this electrolyte, and the
last traces of copper and impurities are removed by a chemical treatment,
before the nickel is deposited.
The development of the Mond process at Clydach, in South Wales, has been
hindered during 1902 by strikes and by a mysterious illness among the work-
people. One of the men taken ill died in December, and medical efxperts are
now engaged in trying to ascertain the cause of the trouble.
As regards the use of nickel and nickel-steel, there is little new to report.
Capt. Longridge, in his papei: upon "Motor-Car Construction," read before the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, in London, recommended the use of an
alloy containing 6% Ni and 0*35% C for rivets, pins, springs, etc."
Nitric Acid and Nitrates, — Darling has worked out the details of a process
by which metallic sodium and nitric acid can be obtained by electrolysis of fused
sodium nitrate, and the John Scott premium and medal have been awarded to the
inventor by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Pa. The chief feature of
the invention is the use of the diaphragm walls as secondary anodes, in order to
protect them from the action of the fused salts.'® This process has not hitherto
been applied upon an industrial scale, but it is possible that more will be heard
of it. At Niagara Falls, N. Y., the production of nitric acid or nitrates by high
tension spark discharges through the air, has been the subject of experiments for
many monthf?, and according to the latest report this method of producing combi-
nation of the oxygen and nitrogen of the air, promises to develop into* a com-
mercially successful process. The Atmospheric Products Co., with a capital of
$1,000,000, has been formed to exploit the Bradley & Lovejoy patents relating
to this process. The experimental plant absorbs 45 K.W., electrical energy,
and a direct current of from 8,000 to 15,000 volts is used. Mechanical devices
have been planned for breaking the 138 arcs 3,000 times per minute. The air
after passing through the apparatus contains 2*5% nitrogen oxides. A 2,000-
H.P. plant is to be erected shortly.'* The fundamental idea of this process is
old, but Bradley & Lovejoy are the first engineers who have obtained anything
approaching commercial success with their experimental plant, and the dream of
Sir William Crookes, of Niagara Falls supplying the world with sodium nitrate,
is thus one step nearer realization.
Organic Products. — There have been a large number of laboratory researches
relating to the electrolytic production of organic compounds published during
** EieetroeKemiMehe Zeittehri/t, December, 1908. *• Journal of the Franklin Institute. January, 1902.
*• Engineering. Nov. 7, 1902. " Electrochemical Induetry, No. 1, Sei>tember, 1900.
234 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT,
1902. As regards the industrial application of these methods, there is nothing
to add to the paragraph devoted to this subject in The Mineral Industry,
Vol. X.
Oxygen and Hydrogen. — There is nothing new to report relating to the com-
mercial production of these gases by the electrolysis of water, beyond the publica-
tion of a hand-book devoted solely to this branch of the electrochemical industry.
The author is Dr. Victor Engelhardt, of Vienna, and his work forms the first of
a projected series entitled, Monograph ien ueber angewcmdte Elektrockemie,
by authors who may be regarded as experts in the various subjects dealt with.
Ozone. — The year 1902 has been marked by a distinct revival of interest in
the applications of ozonized air for water purification and sterilization. At Lea
Bridge, London, the East London Water Co. has been carrying out experiments
with this method of water sterilization. No official results of these trials have
yet been published. In Holland the noted chemist, Prof. Van't HoflF, has been
devoting some attention to the subject, and has read a paper describing trials
with the Vosmaer-Lebret ozonizer and process at Schiedam. These trials were
satisfactory, and it is possible that the process may be tried on a larger scale at
Rotterdam.'* In Germany, Siemens & Halske Ijas devoted much attention to
the problem, and has erected small plants which are operating on a commercial
basis at Schierstein and at Paderborn, two small towns in western Germany.
Satisfactory results are stated to have been obtained. Illustrated descriptions
of these two installations may be found in the paper named below.'*
As regards the Marmier & Abraham ozonizer and process, full details of
which have appeared in earlier volumes of The Mineral Industry, a small
plant has been erected in the brewery of M. Velten, at Marseilles, using a voltage
of 30,000; a concentration of 12 g. ozone per cubic meter of air, is obtained
with a discharge equivalent to 5 K.W. per sq. m. of electrode surface."
Sodium, Sodium Peroxide and Sodium Cyanide. — There is little to add to
the information given in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., relating to the
electrolytic production of metallic sodium, or of its derivatives, sodium peroxide
and sodium cyanide. The English, German and French firms engaged in this
industry convert most of their sodium into the peroxide or the cyanide. At
Niagara Falls, N. Y., according to Prof. Richards, the Niagara Electro-Chemi-
cal Co. is employing 1,000 H.P. in the manufacture, and is producing daily
6,250 lb. of metallic sodium.'"
Swinburne, in the presidential address delivered early in December in London
before the members of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, referred to the
attempts that have been made to electrolyze fused sodium chloride, and to separate
metallic sodium and chlorine from this salt. Though these experiments failed
he IS still hopeful concerning this process, and predicts that in a few years
metallic sodium will be sold for a few dollars per ton. In this connection. Darl-
ing's process for electrolyzing fused sodium nitrate (see nitric acid), and the
laboratory research carried out by I^ Plane & Erode on the chemistry of th^
Castner process,'* are of interest.
n ZeiUchrift fuer Ele'ctrochemie, July 84. 1902. >« Revue de Chimie Tndutttrielle, Aiiinist, 1908.
» Ibid., Nov. 87, 1902 " K'-rfm^h^micnl tnduaU-y. September, 190«.
»• ZeitKhrift fner Elektrochemie, Sept. 11 and 18, 1902.
PROGRESS IN BLEGTROCHEMiaTRT, 236
Tanning, — There is nothing to add to the iiifonnation contained in Thk
Mineral Ixdusthy, Vol. X., relating to the use of the electric current for
tanning purposes.
Tin. — The electrol}i:ic method of stripping tin from tin scrap and waste
appears to be extending, and in a recently published memoir upon the subject^^
Mennicke gave a list of eight factories in Germany and Austria, where the
electrolytic method is employed.
The consumption of tin scrap in Germany alone is said to reach 30,000 tons
per annum, and as this is greater than the total production of the country,
scrap is being imported from Switzerland and other countries. Mennicke
recommends sodium hydrate as electrolyte, and it is believed that this is the
process generally used. At Manchester, England, trial has been made with
the Gelstharpe process, which is based upon the use of an electrolyte containing
V25% hydrochloric acid free from arsenic, and a small percentage of sulphuric
acid. Sixty tons of waste cuttings are ^aid to have been treated by this plant.**
Neuhardt has described the use of an electrolyte containing ammonium sulphate,
and 10% sulphuric acid, but this process does not appear to have been worked on
an industrial scale.'*
As regards the electrolytic extraction of tin from ores or slags, Bergsoe has
patented a process based on the use of a stannic chloride solution for leaching
the ore. It is doubtful if this will be successful, since the diflBculties that have
checked the development of the Hoepfner process for extracting copper, will
be met with in this procedure. The Robertson & Bense process for the treatment
of slags at Tostedt, in Germany, has been referred to in previous reports, and
the only new fact concerning this process is that the plant at Tostedt is to be
enlarged.
Zinc. — The electrolytic zinc industry has not made much progress during
1902. At the Winnington works of Brunner, Mond & Co., England, where the
Hoepfner process is employed, 1,663 tons of zinc are said to have been obtained
up to April 30, 1901, together with 5,000 tons of bleaching powder as a by-
product. The present output is reported to be 3 tons zinc, and 9 tons bleach
per day.*** The bulk of this company's output of zinc is reported to be used, aftei^
alloying with copper, for the manufacturing of cartridge cases.
As regards the Swinburne & Ashcroft fusion process (see Thk Mineral
Industry, Vol. X.), the erection of the plant at Weston Point, Lancashire,
has been completed during 1902, but the patentees in answer to direct inquiry
state that at present, they prefer to say nothing concerning the progress made
with the development of the process. (See also under the caption ''Zinc," else-
where in this volume.)
The Casaretti & Bertani process for the treatment of zinc ores in the electric
furnace and volatilization of the zinc bv heat, which was referred to in The
MiNEiUL Industry, Vol. X., does not appear' to have yet been tried upon an in-
>T Zeitachrift fner Elektrochemie, May 22, June 6 and 18, 1902.
*" ElectrochemUt and Metallurgist , December, 1901.
>• Chemiker Zeitung, Jan. 15, 1902, and German Parent No. 118,868, 1900.
«• ZeitschHft fwsr Elektrochemie, April 84, 1908.
236 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
diiBtrial scale. An illustrated description of the furnace and details of its work-
ing will, however, be found in the journal named below.**
The Strozda process (see The Mineral Industry, Vol. X.) is reported to be
in operation at two works in Germany. According to Danneel its success is
doubtful. The electrolytic process introduced at Friedrichshiitte for parting
silver and zinc, has proved unsuccessful, and according^ to the same authority
its use is to be dropped.
Borchers in a paper read before the general meeting of the 'fVerein'' of
German chemists in May, 1902, gave details of several electrolytic processes for
extracting zinc from mixed ores and other materials now wasted. Blende
carrying lead sulphide is charged into a revolving drum containing a dilute
solution of sodium chloride, and chlorine gas is passed into the mixture. The
sulphur separates in solid form, and the metals are converted into chlorides and
pass into solution. The solution is freed from the insoluble gangue by filtrations
and from impurities by chemical treatment; after concentration and fusion the
mixed chlorides are electrolyzed. Zinc ores containing heavy spar as an im-
purity, can also be worked by this method. For zinc ores containing silicates
Borchers recommends Dorsenmagen's procedure, which is based on reduction in
an electric furnace with distillation of the zinc and formation of silicon carbide.
This same procedure can also be applied to mixtures of iron and zinc sulphides,
sufficient quartz being added to convert all the iron into ferrosilicon.
As regards electro-galvanizing, there is little that is new to report. Each
country now possesses one or more of these works, but the electrolytic method
does not extend rapidly, and its competition with the older dipping method is
hardly felt. Paweck has patented the use of boric acid and borates in the gal-
vanizing baths.** I am unable to say whether this addition is being employed in
any of the electro-galvanizing works situated in France or other European
countries.
«> KUktroehemitthe Zeittehrift, December, \VB. «* French Patent No. 818,168, IMS.
FELDSPAR.
The statistics of the production of feldspar in 1902 are not yet available^ but
the output in 1901 amounted to 31,019 long tons, valued at $220,422, as com-
pared with 29,447 long tons, valued at $136,773 in 1900, and 26,968 tons ($137,-
886) in 1899. During 1902, veins of feldspar were worked in Connecticut, Mary-
land, Maine, New York and Pennsylvania.
For a detailed account of the occurrence, mining and uses of feldspar, refer-
ence may be made to the article by T. C. Hopkins in The Mineral Industry,
Vol. VII.
PRODUCTION OP FELDSPAR (CRUDB AND GROUND) IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1901.
Stete.
Crude.
Qround.
Quaatity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
CtmnMtkmt
Short Tom.
8,614
896
1,000
4,4go
$4,908
8,400
1,000
18,807
Short Tons.
7,8^5
14,108
80,000
Maine t.,,,,.tt r-rt-T
New York
i8s.m
. TOtalfl ......,, r T ... r ,,.. r, -
9,900
8,898
181,009
81,009
84,781
88,180
$196,768
Totals in loDR tons.
198,768
(a) Inciuded with New York.
PRODUCTION OP PELD8PAR IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1898, 1899 AND 1900.
State.
1896.
1899.
1900.
Long Tons
Value.
Long Tons.
VahK.
Long Tons.
Value.
Ooonectlcat
Maine and Peuniylvania
0,090
18,964
160
1,660
$87,M4
9,785
11,104
14,044
160
1,000
71,756
600
4,840
18,166
14,481
800
1,000
$08,878
66,901
8,800
New York
4,800
Tntahi. ...,
81,860
$107,147
80,908
$187,860
89,447
$180,778
The price of feldspar did not vary throughout the year 1902, the ground prod-
uct bringing $8@$9 per short ton, as compared with $7 per short in 1901. In
1901, unground feldspar was sold in bulk at the mine from $3@$6 per short ton.
FLUORSPAR.
BT HRNRT FI8HBB.
The production of fluorspar in the United States continues to be derived chiefly
from the mines in Crittenden, Caldwell and Livingston counties, Ky., and Har-
din and Pope counties, 111., and in 1902 the quantity produced was 27,127 short
tons, valued at $143,520, as compared with 19,586 short tons, valued at $113,803,
in 1901. The producers of fluorite were the Kentucky Fluor Spar Co., the Fluor-
spar Co., Western Kentucky Mining Co., and Lucile Mining Co., all of Marion,
Ky.; the Eagle Fluorspar Co., at Salem, Ky., the Rosiclaire Lead & Fluorspar
Mines at Rosiclaire, 111., and the Tennessee Fluor Spar Co., at Nashville, Tenn.
Early in 1902, the Kentucky Fluor Spar Co., which has been the chief producer of
fluorspar in recent years, absorbed The Fluorspar Co., and is now by far the largest
producer in Kentucky. This company and the Rosiclaire Lead & Fluorspar
Mines produced nearly 80% of the total output during 1902.
PRODUCTION OK FLUORSPAR IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN
SHORT TONS.)
Year.
Tons.
Value. 1 Per Ton
Year.
Tons.
Value.
Per Ton
Year.
Tons.
Value. Per Ton
1891....
1898....
1898....
1894....
6,890
9,000
9,700
6,400
$38,000 $6-00
54,000 600
68,060 6-50
88,400 600
1896
1896
1897
1898 ....
I
4,000
6,000
4,879
12,146
48,000
86,264
86,985
$600
800
7-66
7- 16
1899
1900
1901
1908...^.
24,080
21,666
19,586
27,187
$182,656 $6-86
118,480 5 24
118,808 5-81
148,690- 5 29
For the American market fluorspar is divided into six grades, namely, Ameri-
can lump No. 1, American lump No. 2, gravel, crushed, ground fine, and ground
extra fine. The foreign product appears in two grades only — ^lump and fine.
The prices for fluorspar per short ton during 1902 did not change throughout
the year, and were as follows: American lump, first grade, $14-40; second grade,
$13-90; gravel and crushed, first grade, $13-40; second grade, $12-40; ground,
first grade, $17-90; second grade, $16-50. The prices of the foreign fluorspar
were: lump, $8@$12; ground, $11 50@$14. The average value of fluorspar per
short ton, f . o. b. at mines, was : lump, $5 ; gravel, $4.
Arizona.— The fluorspar mined at Castle Dome, Yuma County, is being shjipped
to California, where it is used in the manufacture of Portland cement. .;
Illinois. — Golconda, on the Ohio River, is the shipping point of the Roiithern
Illinois fluorspar fields. The Illinois Central Railroad now extends from €tol-
conda to Reevesville, and will help the development of the mineral resources of
both Pope and Hardin counties. The Rosiclaire mine, at Rosiclaire, operated
by the Rosiclaire T^ead & Fluorspar Mines has attained a depth of 300 ft. in
the main shaft, and has four levels, the first at a depth of 100 ft. and the other
FLU0B8PAR
239
three 50 ft. apart. The levels have been driven 700 ft. on each side of the shaft.
At the 300-ft. level the vein of spar is 20 ft. wide. The eompan/s mill has two
large boilers and hoisting engines, an engine for operating the washing plant,
crusher, bucket elevator, five sets of jigs and a GrifiBn mill for crushing. The
large lumps of spar are separated by hand, the rest being crushed, screened to
tout sizes and jigged. The capacity of the mine is 100 tons of spar per day. The
Fair View mine near the Bosiclaire mine has been recently sold to a new coiUpanjr
after having been idle for 15 or 20 years, 'f he old mill is being dismantled, ^
new building erected, and improved machinery added. The Lead Hill mine owned
by the. Hardin County Mineral & Mining Co., four miles north of Cave-in-Eock,
began operations in 1902. The Empire Mining Co. of Cleveland, 0., is mining
fluorspar, lead, and zinc at the Empire mine, 15 miles from Golconda. The
Grand Pierre Lead & Zinc Mining Co. is also developing its fluorspar property
in Pope County. There are other fluorspar mines in this county, not as yet de-
veloped, owing to lack of transportation facilities.
Kentucky, — The Western Kentucky Mining Co. sold its property to a new cor-
poration, the Columbia Mining Co., which is now erecting a plant. The Colum-
bia mine, where lead was mined 25 years ago, and which was abandoned when
lead was discovered in Colorado, is being re-opened and will be worked for lead
and fluorspar. The Kentucky Fluor Spar Co. owns and operates the Memphis,
Yandell and Hodge mines. At the Yandell mine, the workings extend over an
era of 1,000 ft. and three shafts each 100 ft. deep have been sunk. At the Hodge
mine, at a depth of 100 ft. a 20-ft. vein is being developed. This company not
only mines the mineral, but buys the production of nearly all the small operators.
The National Lead, Zinc & Fluor Spar Co., of Cleveland, 0., has erected a 100-
ton concentrating plant at the Marble mine near Crider, Caldwell County. Two
100-ft. shafts have been sunk. The Bonanza mine, near Salem, is being operated
by the American Lead, Zinc & Fluor Spar Co., of Cleveland, 0. At the Cullen
mine, owned by the Eagle Fluorspar Co. experiments are being made to separate
the fluorspar and the zinc blende contained in the ore.
Tennessee. — Flourspar is being mined near Home, Smith County, by the Ten-
nessee Fluor Spar Co. and shipped to Nashville. The fluorspar occurs in crys-
talline masses in a vein, reported to be 100 ft. wide in some places, and assays
from 92 to 98"% CaPj, no zinc of lead being present. The material is easily
mined and the cost is said to be only 75c. per ton.
PRODUCTION OF FLUORSPAR IN THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OP THE WORLD. (o)
(in metric TONS.)
France.
Spain.
United
Kingdom
United
States.
Ye*r.
Anhalt
BararUL
Prussia.
Saxony.
Schwarz-
burg.
Total.
1807
2.7»
3,077
5.140
8,480
3.970
7,000
6,415
5.815
5.707
4.004
4 440
S«W1
7.4,'5fi
5.220
10,095
11. ««
12a«
I3.ft2n
14,978
592
775
i.aw
f/»> 2.019
(h) 1,825
641
2<M
987
1,016
S
5
310
4
808
5or
796
1.472
4,232
4,299
11.018
21.800
19.646
17.768
84.678
1808.
88.894
1809
52.852
1000
.54.862
1901
Nil
54.711
(a) From the official reports of the respective cwratries except theUnit<»d Stat«». for which the totals are based
OD direct returns of the producers, and for Anhalt. Saxe- Weimar and Schwarzbursr-So-derhansen, whtch are
doe to the oouii^v of Herr von Scheel, director de< Kaiaerllchen Statlstischen Amts. (b) Includes 667 metric
tons from Saxe- Weimar in 1900, anl 210 metric tons in 1001.
240 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The Use of Sodium Fluoride fob the Purification of Water.
By Charles A. Doebmus.
Mechanical filtration of water was first applied on a large scale during the
summer of 1888. Later in that year attempts were made near New York to
use caustic alkali to soften water, but with very imsatisfactory results; and
numerous tests were made with various chemicals to precipitate the lime and
magnesia contained in the waters in common use, sodium fluoride being finally
selected. This salt, however, could not be purchased, so that when .in May, 1889,
a patent for its use as a precipitant for lime and magnesia in water was granted
in the United States and in Europe, the question of getting a supply of the salt
became a serious one. It was thought that a cheap and abundant supply could
be easily obtained from cryolite, a compound consisting of 51% NaF, the sale
of which in the United States was in the hands of the Pennsylvania Salt Manu-
facturing Co. This company manufactured, at its works at Natrona, Pa., the
first large quantity used in this country, but the price was excessive and the
sodium fluoride had to be obtained elsewhere, chiefly from fluorspar and soda
ash.
Repeated attempts have been made to find a simple method to cheapen the
manufacture of this article. In 1900 I patented a method which consists in treat-
ing the cryolite with superheated steam. The fluorine of the cryolite is liberated
as hydrofluoric acid, while the residue consists of sodium aluminate, a commer-
cial product. Thus the cryolite in its entirety is rendered useful. The small
quantity of impurities — iron, lead, etc. — ^is left as a residue on leaching out the
sodium aluminate. The small proportion of silica is evolved as hydrofluosilicic
acid, or it can be removed by one of the several methods in common use. Experi-
ments with this process on a large scale have not been a commercial success.
The chief use of sodium fluoride is to prevent incrustations in steam boilers.
The precipitated calcium and magnesium fluorides form a non-adherent sludge
which is easily blown out, and as the calcium or magnesium salts present react
to form fluorides, the grains per gallon of calcium and of magnesium need only
be known in order to calculate the weis^ht of sodium fluoride necessary to pre-
cipitate them. If water is to be softened, the chemically equivalent proportion
of sodium fluoride must be added, but in practice one-quarter of the theoretical
quantity will prevent incrustation, the physical properties of the sludge pre-
venting the precipitated calcium and magnesium salts from adhering to the
sides of the boiler.
FULLERS EARTH.
By Hbnbt Fisher.
The production of fullers earth in the United States during 1902 was 14,100
short tons, valued at $109,980, as compared with 14,112 short tons, valued at
$96,835 in 1901. The greater part of the product continues to be supplied from
the mines at Quincy, Fla., the balance being obtained from the mines in Arkansas,
California, Colorado, Georgia, and New York.
Imports. — ^The imports of fullers earth in 1902 were 13,513 long tons, valued
at $102,580, as compared with 10,769 long tons, valued at $80,697 in 1901.
New York Market. — ^The consumption of English fullers earth during 1902
was greater than it has been for a number of years; the demand for the earth
was steady and active throughout the year. It has been used in preference to the
domestic product for refining vegetable and animal oils. Owing to the fact that
the bulk of the domestic production is generally contracted for in advance, quota-
tions remain practically unchanged throughout the year. Prices for ordinary
lump during 1902 were 75c. per 100 lb., and for powdered, 85c. per 100 lb. during
the first half of the year, and 80c. per 100 lb. during the second half.
Arkansas. — ^The Arkansas Fullers Earth Co. did no mining in 1902, but sank
more prospect shafts and developed the ore bodies on its property.
Florida. — ^According to T. W. Vaughan^ fullers earth occurs near Biver Junc-
tion, Mosquito Creek and Quincy in Oadsden County; near Tallahassee, Leon
County, and near Alachua, Alachua County. The deposits vary in thickness up
to 10 ft. The fullers earth varies in its bleaching properties, but it is not equal
to the English product. Analysis shows: SiO^, 36-73 to 70-78%.; Fe^Oj and
AlA, 11;38 to 30-99% ; CaO, 0-81 to 6% ; MgO, 064 to 315% ; H,0, 7-72 to
10-3%, and moisture, 6*41 to 7-45%. The Chesebrough Manufacturing Co.
in February, 1902, discontinued the mining of fullers earth and the product from
Florida is now limited to the Owl Commercial Co. at Quincy and the Standard
Oil interests at Manatee. The latter company does not mine the product, but pur-
chases it direct from small producers.
Georgia. — Fullers earth occurs near Attapulgus, Decatur County, Qa. Ten pits
have been sunk in the deposit of earth which varies in width from 25 to 9 ft.
> OontrOmiiom to Economic Oeolofnf, Uoit«d States Geological Surrey, 1908, p. 89S.
242 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
Two samples analyzed showed SiO^, 55-90% (57-26%) ;A1,0„ 12-40% (18-33%) ;
Fe^O,, 2-40% (187%); CaO, 1% (2 58%); MgO, 812% (106%); H,0,
10-50% (9 40%) ; and moisture, 940% (9%). Deposits of fullers earth occur
also in this county near Sears, WolflEs and Withlacooche creeks.
France. — In 1901, France produced 3,400 metric tons of fullers earth, valued
at $3,400, as compared with 3,700 metric tons, valued at $3,580 in 1900. The
output in 1901 was obtained near Louviers in the Department of Eure.
Turkey. — Fullers earth is quarried on a large scale in Turkey, the deposits
extending over 60 ihiles in length. The mines are located mainly in the caza
of Eskichehir in the Kutahia district, between the Poursaktchai and the Sakaria
Rivers. In the caza of Killis there is a mine which has been in operation many
years, the product being exported to all parts of Syria and Anatolia.
Technology.
In his paper* entitled Experiments on the Diffusion of Crude Petroleum
through Fullers Earth, Dr. D. T. Day reviews a series of experiments, which he
has carried on during the past five years, on the changes which take place when
crude oils are diffused through various substances. Quartz sand, amorphous
silica and powdered limestone exhibit practically no selective action. Different
clays show greatly differing capacities for separating the oils; the greatest effec-
tiveness being secured as the clay approaches fullers earth in composition and
texture. When crude petroleum was allowed to pass through finely powdered
fullers earth, it became separated into a series of oils differing in color and specific
gravity from the original product. The fractions varied in color from dark brown
to clear white, and the specific gravity from 0-70 to 085. The differences in
the resulting products are entirely physical, no chemical changes whatever tak-
ing place during the process of diffusion.
* Read at the meeting of the Geological Society of Waahington, April 88, 1Q06; abstract in Science^ June
96, 1908, p. 1007.
GARNET.
The production of gamet for abrasive purposes in the United States during
1902 amounted to 3,722 short tons, valued at $88,270, as compared with 4,444
short tons, valued at $168,100 in 1901. The output was derived mainly from
the mines in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, N. Y. The prices for garnet remained
unchanged throughout the year, being $26@$35 per short ton, according to
quality. In New York there were no new developments during 1902, the output
of gamet for abrasive purposes in the North Creek section being but slightly
greater than that of 1901. H. H. Barton & Sons, of Philadelphia, Pa., con-
tinues to mine its supply of gamet for its sandpaper factory in Philadelphia
from its mine located on Gore Mountain. The North Eiver Gamet Co.
mines and concentrates during the summer months enough gamet to supply the
demands for the Adirondack mineral of the other large sandpaper manufacturers.
A new mine has been opened in St. Lawrence County by the Gouvemeur Lead
& Gamet Co. The ore is composed mainly of quartz containing very small pink
garnets, unlike the standard Adirondack mineral. This company has erected
a concentrating plant, and is trying to establish a market for its product. The
concentrates carry a considerable percentage of quartz.
The geology and mineralogical character of the Adirondack deposits and the
preparation and uses of the mineral product are given in The Mineral Indus-
try, Vol. VI., pp. 20-22.
GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.
By Joseph Stbuthebs and Henry Fisher.
The value of the precious stones produced in the United States in 1902 wjia
$318,300, as compared with $289,050 in 1901. Of the total, the value of the
sapphires and turquoises produced aggregated $245,000. In 1902, the imports
were as follows : uncut diamonds, $8,230,735 ; cut diamonds, $13,852,949 ; other
uncut precious stones, $52,025, and other cut precious stones, including natural
pearls, $4,641,339 ; a total of $26,777,048.
The following table gives the value of the production of precious stones in
the United States, according to Mr. George P. Kunz : —
Variety.
1901.
190S.
Variety.
1901.
1908.
Agate
Agate (moss)
AmazoD stone
Amethjrst
Anthracite ornaments. . . .
Arrow points
Berrl (aquamarine, etc.).
Catlinite (pIpestone)
Chlorastrolite
Chrysoprase
Diamond
Emerald
Fossil coral
Qamet (almandite)
Garnet (pyrope)
Malachite
Mesolite (thomsonite)
$1,000
500
900
500
2,000
500
5,000
8,000
8,000
1,500
100
1,000
100
100
1,000
100
1,000
$1,000
500
500
8,000
8,000
Peridot .
Pyrite...
4,000
8,000
4,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
'i',666'
luartz, nitilated
!uartz, smoky
luartz, tourmallnated . .
;hodolite
Ruby
Sapphire *.
Sillcifledwood
Tourmaline
Turquoise
UtahUte (variscite)
Total.
$500
8,000
10,000
8,000
150
60
1,000
1,000
81,000
500
90,000
7,000
16,000
118,000
860
$600
8,000
18,000
8,000
800
100
8,000
1,600
115.000
7,000
16,000
180,000
$889,050
$818,800
Diamonds. — United States.^ — ^There were no diamonds found during 1902,
as compared with an output valued at $100 in 1901. There was, however, a
diamond discovered in a meteorite from Canon Diablo, at the foot of Crater
Mountain, Ariz. The stone is of irregular shape and so hard that when at-
tempts were made to cleave and to polish it, two chisels were broken and an
emery wheel ruined.
South Africa, — The report of the De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd., for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, shows that the value of the diamonds sold
amounted to £4,687,194. After deducting expenditures of £2,524,485, the profit
balance for thq year was £2,162,709. The balance brought forward from the
previous year amounted to £1,277,342, which, added to the profit balance, together
with interest and revenue from various sources, increased the balance to
> The diamond deposiU in the United States were fully described by William H. Hobbs in Tbk Mihkbax.
Ikdustbt, Vol. IX., pp. 801-801
&EM8 AMD PRECIOUS STONES. 245
£3,660,280. From this amount dividends and bonuses amounting to £2,445,000,
and life governors' remuneration of £316,594 were paid, leaving a balance of
£798,696 to be carried forward. The output of blue ground was 4,347,641 loads,
equal to 3,478,113 short tons; 3,734,241 loads were washed, yielding 2,025,224
carats of diamonds. There were also 1,151,816 loads of tailings treated, yielding
202,830 carats of diamonds, and 18,728 carats of diamonds were recovered from,
old concentrates. The average yield per load of blue ground and lumps from the
De Beers and Kimberley mines for the fiscal year was 0*76 carat, at an average
value of 46s. 5-7d. per carat. The average yield per load for the Premier mine
at Wesselton was 0-3 carat valued at 33s. 5-9d. per carat. The average yield from
the Bultfontein mine was 0 21 carat, valued at 30s. 4-7d. per carat. At the
Dutoitspan mine 4,916 loads of debris were washed producing 218 carats of
diamonds. A diamond weighing 67*5 carats was found in the Premier mine, but
on account of its irregular shape will be cut down to about 30 carats. Its value
is estimated to be $15,000. The stock of blue ground and lumps on the floors of
the De Beers and Kimberley mines at the end of the fiscal year was 2,630,040
loads; at the Premier mine, 1,573,914 loads, and at Bultfontein mine, 480,934
loads. Operations at the mines were hindered by the war and the resultant diffi-
culty of getting labor, coal and supplies. The report of the Kamfersdam Mines,
Ltd., for the year ending June 30, 1902, states that 617,899 loads of blue and yel-
low ground were hauled and washed, yielding 51,857 carats of diamonds. The dia-
monds sold realized £40,513, and the stock on hand was valued at £23,745. The
total income was £64,741, and expenditures £58,365, leaving a balance of £6,376,
which, with the balance brought forward from the previous fiscal year, makes
the present balance on hand £17,448. The Orange Free State & Transvaal .
Diamond Mines, litd., report for the four years ending Dec. 31, 1902, an ex-
penditure of £17,699, and an income of £1,151. At the end of 1902 there was
on hand cash amounting to £11,320 and diamonds valued at £46,165, also a
large quantity of blue ground ready for washing. The Lace Diamond Mining
Co., Ltd., reports that between May 12 and Dec. 31, 1902, 142,060 loads of
material were washed, and 16,562 carats of diamonds, valued at £21,412 obtained.
The cost of recovering the diamonds was £19,913, leaving a profit of £1,499.
The profit and loss account at the end of the year showed a balance of £13,661.
The output of diamonds for the second half of 1902 from Christiatia, as re-
ported by the Transvaal Mines Department, was 759-25 carats, valued at £1,983.
A new plant for the treatment of diamondiferous earth is being erected in the
Pretoria district. It is estimated that it Avill treat 200 loads per day. The
diamonds sell for 30s. per carat. Cape Colony in 1901 produced 2,747-2 carats
diamonds, valued at £5,259, as compared with 1,803 carats, valued at £3,212 in
1900. The exports in 1902 were valued at £5,427,360, as compared with
£4,930,104 in 1901. Diamonds have been found on a farm 24 miles from Griqua-
town. A reef of blue whitestone rock has been discovered, and two shafts have
been sunk. By washing one lot of 20 loads, 40 diamonds have been obtained,
and 120 diamonds were obtained from another lot of 50 loads. It is also re-
ported that diamonds have been found at Sydney on the Vaal Kiver.
The phenomena of the diamondiferous deposits have been discussed by
246 THE MINERAL mDUSTRY.
E. F. Heneage in a paper read before the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,
Nov. 20, 1902.
An article on diamond mining at Kimberley appeared in The Engineer, Jan.
16, 1903, p. 59, and Jan. 30, 1903, p. 115.
These deposits are also described by G. F. Williams in his valuable book on
The Diamond Mines of South Africa, The Macmillan Co., 1902.
Australasia, — The output of diamonds in New South Wales in 1903 is esti-
mated at 11,995 carats, valued at £11,326, as compared with 9,322 carats, valued
at £9,756 in 1901. The diamonds were chiefly obtained from the Bogg}"^ Camp in
the Copeton district, the mines in operation being the Star of the South, Malacca,
and Elliott's mine. Diamonds were also found by prospectors while searching for
stream tin. In October, 1902, the Monte Cristo mine, in the Bingara division, re-
sumed operations after a long period of idleness. The Inverell Diamond Field Co.,
Ltd., operating on an allu\'ial deposit which yields per load 125 carats of dia-
monds, valued at 28s., and tin worth 8 to 9s., is in financial trouble, and the future
policy of the company is still unsettled. The Soldier^s Hill Diamond & Tin Mining
Co., having exhausted its mine, has removed the plant to a prospecting area at
Staggy Creek. During 1901, a few diamonds were found in an alluvial deposit
near the Abercrombie Eiver in the Cowra district, of which some were reported to
be of a high value. The Australia Diamond Mining Proprietary Co. was engaged
in removing its plant, and did no mining during 1901.
Brazil. — The Brazilian Diamond & Exploration Co., Ltd., capitalized at
£225,000, obtained in September, 1902, the privilege of operating for a period of
90 years in the Republic of Brazil. Two-thirds of its capital must be raised within
two years from the date of the privilege.
According to H. W. Fumiss, the State divides the diamond region into 14
districts: I^engoes, Andarahy, Chique Chique, Santa Isabel, Cravada. Lavrinha,
Campestre, Morro do Chapero, Bom Jesus, S. Ignacio, Chapada Velha, Para-
guagu, Sincora and Cannavieiras, each region taking the name of the town near
its center. Geologically there are but two sections, one in the central portion
of the State along the Paraguagu River, and the other in the southern part along
the Pardo River. The Paraguagu>region is about 172 miles long and from 3 to
16 miles wide, the most productive area being in the foothills to the southeast
of Serra das T^avras Diamantinas. The original rock is granite, frequently broken
by gullies and crevasses. Sandstone and a conglomerate composed of round
water-washed pebbles and a very hard matrix occur with the granite, and in
these diamonds are found. The diamond-bearing material is called "cascalho."
One method of mining is by removing the surface disintegration, or mining by
tunnels between the boulders into the pockets in the deposit and taking out
the cascalho. The cascalho is collected for a week, when it is washed, either by
pouring it into ditches of running w^ater and agitating it with a hoe, or by
washing small quantities in large wooden basins. In the former case, arrange-
ments are made to catch the heavy mass containing the diamonds, which is then
washed in large wooden basins, the rock being hand picked. Another method
of mining, carried on mostly on the Paraguagu River, consisi*^ in diving to the
bottom of the river and removing the silt till the underlying layer of clay
OEMS AND PRECI0U8 STONES. 247
or stone is reached. This latter method of obtaining the stones is centered near
the village of Tamandoa, where six diving machines are located. Two men are
employed to a machine, diving alternately. Each man remains below the water
three hours and loads the cascalho into sacks. Diving without the use of the
machine is also done.
The State owns all the diamond-bearing fields, and leases them from one to
ten years to the highest bidder. A claim consists of not less than 29,040 sq. m.,
nor more than 484,000 sq. m. All diamonds exported are subjected to a tax of
13%. The output averages about 2,500 carats of diamonds a month. Stones
of more than 075 carat are bought at $24 per carat, between 0-5 and 0-75 carat
at $7-20 per carat, and less than 0-5 carat at about $2*75 per carat. In 1901, a
stone weighing 577 carats was found and was sold by the miner for $17,380.
The stones are classified as: bons, fazenda fina, melU, vitriar, and fundos.
Bons comprise stones of good color and form ; fazenda fina, small stones of good
quality and various colors ; melle, off -colored and imperfect stones ; vitriar, small
stones of good shape and luster, but of various colors, and fundos, small, imper-
fect, and badly colored or broken stones. The diamonds found in the Canna-
vieiras district are clearer and more perfect than those in the Paraguagu district.
In this district, State concessions of about 9 sq. miles have been granted, three
to native Brazilians and one to a French company. There are several cutting
factories in the diamond regions and one in the City of Bahia. The diamonds
are exported to London and Paris.
British Oniana. — The output of diamonds in 1902 was 173,744 stones weighing
11,518-5 carats. The output in 1901 was valued at $56,050. In 1902 there
were exported 12,565 carats, valued at $124,464, as compared with 4,406 carats,
valued at $56,057 in 1901. The output is from three districts: in the north on
the Barima River, between Jumbo and Five Star creeks and 60 miles southeast
at Jauna on the Barima River ; in the valley of the Mazaruni and Putareng rivers,
and south of Georgetown in the Omai district on the Potaro, a tributary of the
Essequibo River. The diamonds are found in a siliceous clay formation. No deep
mines have been found, and as yet prospectors have confined their operations to
the surface. New discoveries have been made on the Essequibo River, on the
Konawaruk Creek, a tributary of the Essequibo, and on the Cu3runi River, but
the Massaruni and Potaro are the only fields regularly worked. The question
of transportation is still a difficult one, and it was suggested that a tramway be
built to extend the Bartica-Caburi road to the diamond fields. The Massanmi
Diamond Mines, Ltd., has been capitalized in London at £10,000, in £1 shares,
to acquire 45 claims owned by the Lucky Jim S}Tidicate in the Massaruni district.
The Massaruni Co., Ltd., is operating new machinery. The Massaruni British
Guiana Diamond Syndicate in the early part of 1903 produced 60 carats of dia-
monds per week. Other companies operating in the Massaruni district are the
Demarara Diamond Co., the Maharba Syndicate, and the Hatton Garden Syndi-
cate. Work, however, has been retarded by litigation in connection with the loca-
tion of some of the claims.
Dutch East Indies. — The estimated output of diamonds from Western Borneo
?vas 1,97? carats in 1899, and 1,950 carats in 1898.
248 ms iitNBRAL mDUSTRT,
India. — ^Very little is being done in the diamond industry in India. Workings
are still carried on by the Madras Diamond Co. at Vajrakarur, but this company
made no output during 1902, nor did the Bundelkhand alluvial mines of Central
India produce any diamonds.
Dr. Albert Ludwig* showed that diamonds could be obtained by subjecting
carbon to strong gaseous pressure (pressures to 3,100 atmospheres being used)
at a low temperature in the presence of iron, or at the melting point of carbon
without using such a contact agent. For the purpose, he imbedded an iron
spiral in powdered retort carbon and raised it to a red heat in an atmosphere of
hydrogen by means of the electric current.
M. Chaumet' has discovered that a close relationship exists between the
fluorescent property and the brilliancy of diamonds under artificial light, espe-
cially candle light, which brings out the quality of the stone. Diamonds which
are non-fluorescent when exposed to violet light, become violet themselves, the
brilliant stones showing a fluorescence of a very luminous and clear blue.
Technology, — ^A patent has been granted to F. E. Hilliard* for a machine for
grinding and polishing gems, which consists of a standard, adjustable both
vertically and horizontally, which carries a screwed shaft-support capable of
being revolved about the standard and fixed in any position and at any desired
angle. Adjustment pins on the side regulate a pointer on a scale or small dial
at the top of the machine, showing the exact inclination at which the stone is
held by the shaft. It is claimed that it is possible so to adjust the position of a
stone that a series of facets, four, eight or more, may be cut on a piece of gem
material at any given angle, and each angle and facet be mathematically sym-
metrical.
Emeralds. — There was no change in the value of emeralds produced in the
United States during 1902, the outputs in 1901 and 1902 being valued at $1,000
each. The Colombian Government during 1901 offered for sale or lease the
emerald mines of Muzo and Cosouez. These mines have been worked continu-
ously for more than three centuries. The annual output is not reported by the
companies working the mines. The Somondoco Emerald, Ltd., owning mines in
Columbia, in its report for the year ending June 30, 1902, states that its opera-
tions were hindered by the revolution. Its expenditures during the year amounted
to £2,436, and the emeralds on hand were valued at £500. Emeralds are also
mined near Minne, Norway, although no statistics of production are obtainable.
Opals. — The production of opals in New South Wales in 1902 was valued at
£140,000, as compared with £120,000 in 1901. About 1,100 miners were em-
ployed during 1902. Operations were carried on with extreme difficulty on
account of the severe drought, which lasted until the month of November.
Several fine specimens were found at White Cliff during 1902; one specimen
weighed 17 oz., and another weighing 13 lb. was a solid mass of gems. One
part of this specimen, estimated to weigh 22 oz. is brilliant, and after being
polished, will be the finest opal extant. There was only a slight decrease in
the value of the opals produced in Queensland in 1902, although the conditions
* Chemical New$, LXXXYn., Jan. 1, 1008. * Comptea rendua, 134, (20), pp. 118»-114a
« United States Patent No. 701 ,879, June 10, 1000.
GEMS AND P RECTO VB STONES. 249
toder which mining was carried on were unfavorable. The output of opals in
1902 was valued at £7,000 as compared with £7,400 in 1901. Owing to the
lack of rain, 200 men were employed in 1902, as compared with 293 in 1901,
and no attempts were made to prospect new country. The output was ob-
tained from the districts of Yowah, Eromanga, Jundah, Opalton, Duck and
Horse Creeks. Two new discoveries were reported in the Eromanga district;
one called Brown's Last Chance is located about 7 miles south of the Mascotte
mine, and the other, the Federal mine, 4 miles northwest of the Exhibition
mine. The first parcel of opals from the Federal mine realized £150. Trans-
actions between producers and buyers are now almost entirely carried on by
mail, as the expense and loss of time experienced by the buyers were too great.
This, however, also has its disadvantages, as the New South Wales opal, as
mined, is 90% matrix, which greatly adds to the expense of postage. Although
milky white, resinous, bluish and brown jasperoid varieties of the common opal
are found at Bothwell, on the Clyde Eiver, Tasmania, no specimens of precious
opal have as yet been found. The common opal occurs also in the (lelantipy dis-
trict, Victoria. An opal mine at Niagara, Western Australia, was sold to an
English company for £3,500. A parcel of 119 tons was treated and yielded
83 oz. 12 dwt. of gems. As there has been a large output of Australian opals
in 1902, and as the cutting and polishing costs but 12s. per gross in Oermany,
the price of the crude stone has fallen considerably.
Ruby. — In 1901, the production of rubies in India was 210,784 carat», valued
at $384,417, as compared with 214,856 carats (value not stated) in 1900.
Bubies are produced only in Upper Burma, the mines being at Mogok, where in
1901 the Burma Buby Mining Co., Ltd., employed 1,2^7 persons and produced
210,784 carats of rubies ($384,417), 9,786 carats of sapphires, and 10,241 carats
of spinel. The dirt is raised to the surface by endless rope from open quarries
excavated to a depth of 50 ft. It is crushed in rotary pans and separated by
pulsators and hand picking. The power is supplied either directly from Pelton
wheels or by electricity generated at a distance of two miles from the mines.
A number of workings are operated by natives who pay royalty to the Burma
company, the royalty in 1901 amounting to $81,500.
M. Chaumet* states that Siamese rubies under the action of violet light
scarcely fluoresce, while all Burmese rubies fluoresce intensely and exhibit a
clear, vivid red light; by this means stones from the two districts can be dis-
tinguished.
Sapphires. — In 1902, the output of the New Sapphire Mines Syndicate, oper-
ating the Togo mines in Fergus County, Mont., was about 200,000 carats of
papphires. The sapphires occur in a dike of trap-rock in white and grey lime-
stone. The dike extends over a distance of five miles. Occasionally stones as
large as 6 carats have been foimd. The stones are obtained by means of sluice
boxes fitted with Hungarian riffles, the boxes being given a slight pitch in order
to prevent the stones from being carried over the riffles. During the winter of
1902, 16 men were employed at the New Syndicate mines, and extensive de-
velonment work was done on the property, including the opening up of the
• Compten rendns, 184, (20). pp. lll»-114a
250 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
lead and the erection of a new hoist. The largest stone found by this company
weighed 9 carats. The stones are sent to New York and London to be cut.
The American Gem Mining Co. produced about 60,000 carats of sapphires in
1902, which were cut by lapidaries in Helena, Mont. The Northwest Sapphire
Co., of Butte, Mont., is mining sapphires on the Dry Cotton'wood placers in
Deer Lodge County, Mont., by means of a hydraulic. Stones of various colors
are found in the gravel. It is reported that sapphires have been found near
Culling's Well, Ariz.
In 1901, the Burma Euby Mining Co., Ltd., India, produced 9,786 carats
of sapphires ($3,768), as compared with 7,239 carats in 1900.
The production of sapphires in Queensland in 1902 was valued at £5,000, as
compared with €6,000 in 1901. During 1902, the drought in the Anakie fields
retarded the industry, which was further hindered by the low prices obtained
for the sapphires. The surface workings are being exhausted, and the deeper
deposits will soon have to be worked.
According to B. Dunstan the sapphires from Anakie, Queensland, have cer-
tain peculiarities in color, being either parti-colored or of a very deep and
non-uniform blue, which by artificial light appears almost black, a characteristic
which distinguishes them from sapphires found in other parts of the world. The
bright green and yellow shades which are also found in this field have no optical
peculiarities. The sapphire fields comprise Retreat, Sheep Station, Policeman,
Tomahawk and Central Creeks. In some cases the wash is clayey and requires
puddling before the sapphires can be extracted, in other cases it is loose and
friable and free from clay, and the sapphires can be obtained by ^^dry sieving.''
In these deposits other precious stones are found also, notably ruby, topaz, peridot,
chrysoberyl, amethyst, moonstone, cat's eye, cairngorm, diamond and tourmaline.
Turquoise. — Turquoises are obtained from more than ten localities in Ala-
bama, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Arizona. The most exten-
sive deposits exist in New Mexico ; valuable mines occurring in the Burro Moun-
tains near Silver City, and about the Hachitas and Jarillas Mountains as far south
as Lascruces. There are six companies operating the mines : The American Tur-
quoise Co., the Azure Mining Co., the American Turquoise & Copper Co., the Tol-
tec Mining Co., the Himalaya Mining Co., and the Silver City Turquoise Co. The
formation in which the turquoise is found varies greatly. Near Santa F6, the ma-
trix is usually a white trachyte stone filled with crystals of pyrite, the matrix in
some cases being red sandstone. In the Burro Mountains, the formation is red
quartz, slender needles of which penetrate the turquoise deposit. In the Hatchitas
Mountains, the matrix is a red granite. The turquoise is mined by sinking a
shaft, blasting the rock, breaking it into shape by means of sledge hammers,
putting the pieces into buckets, hoisting them to the surface by windlass, sorting
the pieces, packing them into boxes and shipping to the cutters. Most of the
material, is shipped to New York.
In Western Australia, turquoise has been found by a copper company while
developing its property in the Murchison district. The stone occurs in pockets in
a highly ferruginous sandstone near copper and gold veins, and some blocks
have been found weighing 100 lb.
6 EMS AND PRECIOUS STONES. 251
In Egypt, a turquoise deposit is being worked by the Egjrptian Development
Syndicate in the Sinai Peninsula. The stone usually occurs as a lining to cavities
and fissures in sandstone, and it varies both in color and hardness. Small
specimens have also been found near Eridia. Turquoise veins are found 40
miles from .Nishapur in Khorassan, Persia. The annual rental charged by the
Government for the lease of the mines amounts to £4,800, and the value of the
gems produced considerably exceeds this sum.
Otiiek Gems. — During the 15 years ending December, 1902, California pro-
duced tourmaline valued at $20,500. The San Diego Tourmaline Mining Co.,
capitalized at $500,000^ bought the Gail Lewis tourmaline mines at Mesa Grande,
San Diego County, Cal. The company is also establishing a cutting and polish-
ing plant at San Diego. The deposit of chrysoprase in Tulare County, Cal., is
being developed, and a new deposit of this stone has been discovered near Sugar
Loaf, Cal., and another deposit has been located at Buncombe Couniy, N. C. An
amethyst mine has been opened in South Carolina, and two new deposits have
been found in Virginia.
GOLD AND SILVER.
Bt Josbph Stbuthebs, D. H. Nbwland and Hknbt Fishbb.
Thb production of gold in the world during 1902 was 14,414,186 fine oz.,
valued at $297,960,910, as compared with 12,606,183 fine oz., valued at
$260,877,429 in 1901. This increase was due chiefly to the United States,
Mexico, Ehodesia, Australasia, and the Transvaal.
During the year 1902 the United States was passed by Australasia, which now
occupies the foremost position as a gold-producing country, followed by the
United States, Transvaal and Russia, in the order named. These four countries
produced in the aggregate about 76% of the total world's production of gold in
1902. The largest individual increase in gold output was in the Transvaal,
amounting to 1,465,419 oz., valued at $30,310,211, due to the declaration of peace
and the resumption of work in the mines. Should the production of gold in the
Transvaal continue to increase at this rate, it will require but a year or two for
it to attain the record output of the year 1898.
PRODUCTION OP GOLD IN THB UNITED STATES.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
State or Territory.
Fine
Ounces.
Value.
(a)
fine
Ounces.
Vahie.
(a)
Fine
Ounces.
Value.
(a)
Fine
Ounces.
(c)
Value.
Alfwk#....r
847,944
124,577
780,827
1,288,471
84,eM)4
288,147
107,644
24,190
62,893
282,944
8,486
166,909
88,666
2,164
$6,126,000
2,575,000
16,100,000
26,506,675
1,750,000
4,819,167
2,225.000
500,000
1,300,000
6,848,464
175,000
8,450,000
675,000
44,725
864,886
181,8»t
757,186
1,891,486
100,000
249,158
97,910
86,284
79,842
820,518
11,127
200,296
88,703
8,145
17,581,836
2,725,000
16,660,000
28,762,036
2,067,000
5,150,000
2.023,803
750,000
1,640.000
6,685,000
280,000
4.140,000
800,000
66,000
888,096
197,515
817,121
1,889,678
229,496
148,874
88,808
87,960
818,446
11,402
88,082
8,104
$6,886,700
4,088,000
16,891,400
27,698,600
1,869,800
4,744,100
8,968,800
688,400
1,818,100
886,700
680,600
48,600
406.780
198,988
818,819
l,877,m
71,858
811,671
140,069
86,098
87.881
886,968
16,404
178,886
18,106
13»
$8,846,099
AHcraiA
^^55
California
lo^Tiam
98,400,807
Idaho
1,474,840
Montana. •
4,978,178
Nevada
8^806^090
New Mexico
Sl,S4
1,810,600
SouUi Dakota.
Southern States (h)
0^96^:796
818,400
Utah
8,694,894
$78,141
WashJnsfton . . ,
other States
Sm
Total domestic
3,891,196 ft70.096.0ei
8,781,310 178.159.674
8,806.500
1,780,866
$78,666,700
86,T76,7W
8,870,000
1,689,991
$79,998,800
Foreign
1,428,449
29,423,091
1,M8,519
40,275,888
118,486,562
84,988,811
Orand t<ottd ,
4,814,645
99,518,712
6,729,829
6,586,856
114,448,494
6,669,991
114,986.011
Total domestic-kfir
IVkfAl fnwvAan Vir...
106,471
44,274
149,745
117,611
60,606
118,863
68,885
180,809
68,604
Grand total-ksr
178,216
178,198
178,988
(a) 1 08. gold = $90-67; 1 kjc. = $664*60. (h) Vincinia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Geongfa,
aodTBSMi fc) EsUmate fuml " " * ' '^' '" "^
Dished by Mr. Q. E. Roberts, Director of the United States Mint
GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
253
GOLD PRODUCTION OF THE WOBLD.
OouDtriei,
United States...
CaoadA,
Newf DundlaDd. ,
Central America,
Amiericu, So^iTTH:
ArgfioUiQa ...
BoStIa
BraxU .*
Chile ,
Colomlila....
Ecuibdor ,.„.„„,
OuicmafBHtfah)...
aujana (Diitcbl ^^ . ,
Uruguay ,..
VeneKuelA,
Austria. .,,, , *».
Hune^ftiy
Fraooe, ♦,..♦, ,„♦..
Italy...'.,.',.,,
Non*"^,. .......
BpAlQ
fiw«dfllDH
Unil
Tranara^, . . , ,
Abrafltnla
Rbodeila......
Soudan...,....,
WflBtCbBBt.*.,
Hadagnttcar. . * ,
Hozambiquet, . ,
Bortaed(BiitIab)..,,
East Indies (IhJtchJ
luillaiBritJab;
Japao ,,,,4,.,...,
Korea..,, ,,.,,,,,.
Malay Penlnsdia.,
AtT^tlLLLASIA (cf>,„ ,
Uiiq>eciiled (/).
Totila,.
IHNU
Ounoea-
2.400 746
7,«57;
0,67e
10GJ4»
S77,
a,4H
BTfi
$48,780
7o,a&i
fi,7Dl
a47&
ais,Tio
87,882
I7,(MH
S,S68.27*>
i2,fi££,0S1
est
SSS*7
a,?75*4
1,354-5
3,460-7
a,4ivo
843-3
a,126'0
1,633*3
710
usao-0
70&
203-0
ns-0
57*5
2^
«-6
3S,354^
11-7
JOGS
8966
1,063-9
&4ti
616^
0,4701
E,I300
5SJ2
110,^78'!!
tJ77 1
3«9,4531t
Value,
(7B4S9-G74
27,9IJ«,1KI
9,400,003
800,000
4a,e55
a,64S,060
c 000,000
e 2,300,1100
200,000
559,7133
l.iia.g57
l,Ol*4JS0
47j^?r
47,1!»
a,173,3a«
r4j3&
38.315
1,738
B24ffr,S01
7JO0
70,580
7,761
263,7*9
7,a08.869
7UQ.(^W
lt&40.251
e 750,000
e 175,176,
410,033
1,300,000
650,000
I0,r*97.71S
],415,5(m
i.8ie.a25
7».75G.a2fS
4Mt,MJ
25«.a^,70S
I'JIJl.
Fine
fl3,805,r>0f>
1.183,4^
49B.7SG
8,119
7557
21,771
100,145
ia,7tM)
3W,20Q
101 .mo
1,587
aS,704
1,4SR
Nil.
a.8«4'
im
12£>
B4
1,253,6^
5I&
2,0lfl
],47»
&,18&
388,901
B3,8&5
I48.7S3
1J,T01
aO.OOD
2C,332
13,377
12,0&5!
14A,13£
S7,425
7*.729
ln.£7i!
1H,3^HS
3,71fl.103
31,771
]2,G0Q,1»3
Kll(^
granu.
Sti,ti07'4
I5,5M-S
66'
22s ''
4,l6ti6
077-1
3,114^
2,S62a
75SB
fr B,lfS 0
K,409il
403
|,U03-8
90-0
4*1
40
8-0
88,988-5
ea*7
54e-o
16H
7.432-9
J,053'3
4,0^-4
f M-0
0830
& ftlS-O
084 '9
378*2
43U0
K53D
ii,m^
a;479'9
3,4609
5TO-4
H5,07fll
ffr7l
392,09i'S
Talue,
t7Hft6e,700
^,462,^22
4S,613
IO.Si>,316
e 675,000
43,666
<f 160,000
2,7e£.»a
<;4IH^00O
p 2,I]70,OQO
e!262.fi00,
1,608,301
600,270
6 2.094,«Q8
1.061,23]
33.799
aeOD.OOOt
aO,970
e,i89,724
69,814
3,726
2,658
i.3a»
£5.911,744
10,646
4i,tm
30.671
107,207
4,93@,^44
« TOO.OfJO
3,074,730
55,82<>
630,100
544,282
25&,84U
6 250,000
8,oic,ooa,
B06,»75
9,423.855
1,647,908
e 3,m>.00(J
379,037
77,174,StW
450.000
260,Err7,420
1908.
Fiji©
Otuioea,
l,O0tl,447
4,00C^
546,873
45^900
Klk)-
2,900
7,957
J46,8y8
S4.mt
laaw
18,80e
115,744
ai£,245
1,608
B8,7W
1,4S8
105,931
2,8&J
182
lii^
04
1,188,379,
61 5
2,016
1,4TO
6,189:
1^,369-5
3l.S10"4
124-4
ie,9»4*0
1,429-B
2^*7
4,569 1>
7524
a,l6&lil
413'8
£,7626
5fi7fl
ea,flOO*0
2,668-0
e50D
1.208*8!
e46-6
Tabut
t79.9afi,800
20,74l.2tA
l«.680
ti,a93,se4
« 960,000
e 60,000
e 150,000
3pte6,38l
e 600,000
e aiOO,OL)0
e 275,000
1.829,137
390.498
S,8^,428
« 1.700,000
33,297
• 800,000
30,W0
9,189,724
e90-0
e4*l
e4*0
e 20;
86,803 8'
el6-0
ea27
e46D
« 101-2
1,704,410, S3,01£^
3fl,P«6, 1,063 3
!72,Hl>9
E,70l
19,3IW
7,«57
19.0%
108417
S1300
4«8.4g6
£ 7^1,729
2)7,700
«l8,y3d
3.9(^,083 1S4,073'4
91,771 6771
5.;fi77
601-9;
e8l9^
063-8
876*2
6,019-0
9580
14.5717
2,479^
G.771-4
570-4,
69,814
2,726
2.658
I,32S
S4,460,(M4
10,646
41,871
30.671
107,207
85.260,135
e 700.000
3,573,8^
&6.8tJ6
• 400.DQ0
H4,98a
6 150,000
« 250,000
£4,000,000
657,306
0.683.706
1,647,9SS
« 4,600,000
670,067
82,45l,fM4
460.000
14,411.186448,331^1 12^*7,960,910
(a) FIffiires based on exports and coinage, (b) As reported by the SiatUtique de Vlndtutrie Minerale.
(c) Includes outeut from domestic ores only, (d) Six States and New Zealand, (e) Estimated. (/) Includes
Servia, Persia, West Indies, Formosa, British New Guinea and Philippine Islands, (h) Statistics reported by
Hr. George £. Roberts, Director of the United States Mint.
NoTc—Tlie Talue of gold is $20*67 per Troy ounce, which is equivalent to $604*60 per kilogram.
The production of silver in the world during 1902 amounted to 163,936,704
Troy oz., valued at $85,479,547, as compared with 174,851,391 Troy oz., valued
at $102,769,792 in 1901, a decrease in production of 10,914,687 oz. The United
States no longer occupies the first position, being passed by Mexico, which during
the year 1902 showed an increase in the output of silver of 2,829,995 oz. The
United States and Mexico produced collectively nearly 709^ of the total output
of the world during 1902.
254
TUB MINERAL INDUdTBT.
:production of silver in the united states.
1899.
1900.
1901.
19Q8L
state or
Territory.
Troy
Ounces.
Commercial
Value
(o)
Troy
Ounces.
Commercial
Value.
(a)
Ounces.
(6)
Commercial
Value.
(a)
Troy
Ounces.
(b)
Commercial
Value.
(a)
'Alaska
Arixota
K^Hlifomia....
Colorado
Idaho'.
Michigan ....
150,000
2,000,000
600,000
28,114,668
4,800.000
$89,870
1,191,600
867,480
18,771,781
2,859.840
800,000
1,750,000
1,170,902
80,886,718
6,100.000
$122,660
1,078,275
nSii4
19,47^500
8,741,180
47,900
2.612,400
985,600
18,437,600
6,548,900
81,000
18,181,700
1,818.600
668,400
160,100
78,000
472,400
10,700,800
844,400
48,100
1,657,910
545,641
10,869,068
8,867,540
47,760
7,741,187
1,068,469
888,124
94,879
45,961
278,680
6,848,492
908,028
25,406
92,000
8,048,100
900,800
15,676,000
5,654,800
110,800
18,248,800
8,746.200
457,900
98,800
840,000
446,900
10,881,700
619,000
46,100
$47,967
1,687,281
409,857
8,176,602
57,796
Montana ....
Nevada
New Mexico.
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Washington..
OthBTB
16,860,756
675,000
560,000
140,000
860.000
460,000
7,188,107
800,000
68,284
10,089,680
842,685
827,690
88,412
20a580
968,110
4,879.695
178,740
87,705
17,800,000
1,800,000
660,000
160,000
210,000
625,000
9,569,188
800,000
100,000
10,610,090
797,290
887,816
91,995
128,798
821,963
^868,780
168,990
61,880
6,907,966
1,954,018
288.476
48,665
177,844
882,788
6,649,815
882,870
23,628
Totals...
57,126,834
884,086,168
59,561,797
$86,589,250
55,214,000| $82,468,658
65,600,000
$88,948,800
(a) The aTenMce Talue in 1899, 59&8c.; In 1900. 61'88c.; in 1901, 58-96C., and in 1908, 69'16e. (6) Figures
furnished by Mr. George £. Roberts, Director of the United States Mint.
SILVER PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD.
OoiutrieB.
Akbrxoa, Nobth :
United States
Canada
Mexico (a)
Central America
Amkbica, Soimi :
^Kr*::::::::::::::::;
Chile.
Colombia
Ecuador
F«ni(a)
Europb:
Austria
Hungary
France
Germany (e)
Greece
Italy
Norway
Russia
Spain
iSweden
Turkey ,
United Kingdom
i>ntch East Indies.. .
Japan
Australasia
Other countries (d).
1901.
Troy
Ounces.
65,814,000
^589.199
65,168,840
1,078,096
« 160,000
9,489,994
2,199,003
9,680,000
84,816
4,276,083
1,851,950
727,770
884,076
6,688,802
1,100,754
1,048,750
147,895
167,066
5,947,935
50,059
480,400
175,287
85,000
1,783,136
10,848,420
48.826
Totals 174,861,891
Kilograms.
1,717,888-6
172,2870
1,716,4160
88,8466
4,666*4
998,592'4
68.365-0
78,8801
2,688*1
188,0000
40,905-0
22,6860
g 11,946-0
171,7770
84,287-0
82,464-0
e 4,600-0
4,885*0
165,000-0
1,557*0
014,942*0
5,462-0
9,648*8
54,839*9
887,480-9
e 1,5000
5,438,448-9
Comroerdai
Value.
$88,4.58,668
8,265,856
82,512,804
688,000
88,425
5,564,464
1,296,312
1,485,540
60,000
2,520,749
762,006
429,020
226,418
8,255,689
646,894
615,290
87,184
92,585
8,606,805
99,510
288,196
108,882
80,107
1,039,887
6,896,144
88,499
1909.
o'SS^. Kilograms.
/ 66,600,000
4,872,988
57,962,885
e 1,800,000
e 150,000
67,600,000
b 1.660,000
e 2.580,000
« 50,000
4,276,068
1,861,960
797,770
884,076
6.682,809
1,100,754
1,048,750
147,896
146,898
6,947,9S6
50,069
480,400
175,887
110,886
1,768,186
0,794.588
48,980
1,726,220-4
186,014-0
1,806,4880
87,828-0
4,666-4
888,274*9
51.890*8
78,880-1
1,5658
6188,000-0
e4O.906-O
c 98,686-0
e 11,046-0
e 171,7770
e 84,987-0
e 88,464-0
• 4,600*0
4,6690
€186,000-0
€1,667-0
€14,049*0
€6,468-0
Commercial
Value.
$88,048,800
2,960,965
80,948,666
<K5,080
78,940
8,918,000
860,640
1,814.482
86.080
2.980,410
674,286
879,606
800,884
9,880,700
574.154
544,423
77,149
76,688
8,108,460
96.111
960,577
91,480
$109,769,798 168,086,704
8,7960 68,601
e 54,880-9 010,668
302,4646 6,a»,890
e 1,600-0 26,165
6,097,116-2 186,479,647
(a) Statistics compfled from exports and coinage. (6) Statistics fDmfshed^ by H. B. Wi^er. (c) mvet
produced from domestic ores only, (d) The output is mostly from China and Persia. («) Estimated. (/) Us-
timate fumldhed by Mr. George A. Roberts, Director of the United States Mint (g) Fhxn the Statigtique de
rJnduBtrie Minerale,
Nora.— Unless specified to the contrary, the statistics hare been taken trom official sources or have been
^oDeoted directly from the producers by The Mikkrai. Industry. The STerafe commercial Talue of silTsr for
1001 was 66*05c. per ounce, equivalent to $18*958 per Icilogram. The value for 1908 was 52- 16c. per otmce, equlY^
jJeot to $16-77 per kilogram.
GOLD AND SILVER.
256
During the period from 1875 to 1899 the production of gold in the world in-
creased from $115,576,698 (173,904 kg.) to $311,505,947 (468,695 kg.), a gain
of more than 170%. In the fifteen years following 1875 there was little change
in the annual output, the totals ranging between the high mark of $123,513,916
(185,847 kg.) for 1878, and the low mark of $95,185,564 (144,727 kg.) for
1883. From 1890, when the production was $119,600,000 (181,256 kg.), the
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The Pboduction op Gold in the Principal Countries op the World.
growth has been very rapid, owing to a variety of causes, chief among which
are the application of the cyanide and chlorination processes in treating ref rac- '
tory ores, the development of the South African fields and the discovery of the
gold placers of Alaska. A marked decline in the output occurred in 1900, when
operations in the Transvaal mines were suspended by the war, and some time must
elapse before the production in this country again reaches normal proportions.
256
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Prices op Silveb.
The average prices of silver in New York and London, as computed by the
Engineering and Mining Journal, are shown in the subjoined table. The lower
u
r5
18
30
18
»
18
M
18 15
T
UK
/
V
<
)un
»8
/
\
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r
^
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,000
.000
J
<fe
on
^
/
4-
^
^
L
nfln
1
.4^
it^'
'St,
6#«
1
k
iWW
,)C^
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^.*
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—
—
'"^
■''^
^-
Ofhwral IMartcy, VoL JQ
The Production of Silver in the Principal Countries of the World.
average in 1902 was due to the smaller demand for silver for coinage purposes
in the Far East.
Month.
January . . .
February. ,
Marcn —
April
May
June ,
July
1000.
1901.
1002.
M
ji
Jti
27-80
1^
1^
62-82
Il
1^
59-30
28-97
25-62
55-56
27-49
59-76
28- 18
61 06
25-41
55-09
27-59
59-81
2704
60-68
26-00
54-23
27-41
59-59
27-30
59-29
24-84
52-72;
27-56
59-96
27-4.3
59-64
23-71
51-31
27-81
60-42
29-42
69-57
2417
52-36
28-28
61-25
26-96
58-46
24-88
52-88
Month.
August
September .
October . . . .
1 November. .
December..
Year
1900.
Is
28-18
28-85
29-58
27-66
2817
61 14
6404
89-68 6414
61-88
1901.
26*94
26-95
26-62
26- 12
85-46
27-11
?
68-87
68*26
67-50
66 64
66-10
6806
lOOflL
84*88
88-88
88*40
82-70
88-81
84-09
68-S8
61 -SS
60-67
4007
48-OB
68-16
N()TK.— The New York prices are per fine ounce; the London quotations are per standard ounce, which
t 0 985 fine.
OOLD AND SILVER,
267
COINAGE OF THE MINTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Year.
Gold.
SUver.
Minor.
Total.
1806
$77,985,757
111,U4,820
99,872,948
101,786,188
47,109,868
$28,084,068
26.061,680
36,845,821
80,888,461
80,088,167
$1,124,885
1,887,462
2,081,187
2,120,122
2,447,796
$108,144,626
1899
189,248,102
1900
187,649,401
1901
184,098,770
1902
79,686,816
UNITED STATES : IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP OOLD AND SILVER.
1901.
1902.
Exports.
Imports.
Difference.
Exportci.
Imports.
Difference.
Qold:
Coin and bullion .......... t t
$56,771,860
1,012,689
$88,287,629
2154,261
Exp. $88,638,721
Imp. 20,511,602
$86,782,886
807,766
$28,710,967
21.482,860
Exp. $18,011,878
Imp. 21,174,004
In ores
Totals r
$67,788,989
$66,686,975
111,888
$54,761,880
$12,9W,987
18,188,796
Exp. $8,022,059
Exp. $42,668,988
Imp. 18,077,412
$86,000,691
$49,228,808
44,661
$44,196,817
Imp. $8,168,720
Exp. $40,726,689
Imp. 17,865,670
Silver:
Coi?Y and bullion ,,,,.... r r - -
In ores
Totals
$65,688,868
$81,146,788
Exp. $24,401,576
$49,272,964
$26,402,986
Exp. $22,870,019
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF COIN AND BULLION.
Gold.
Silver.
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
1898
Crowns.
44,966,000
89,876,000
41,094,000
168,6^,000
160,460,000
Crowns.
117,816,000
62,711,000
67,686,000
84,114,000
66,648,000
Crowns .
72,260,000
22,886,000
16,698,000
184,648,000
88,911,000
1,888,000
8,189,000
8,784,000
4,716,000
15,416,000
Crowns.
2,284,000
6,868,000
6,166,000
4,807,000
12,888,000
Crowns.
896,000
1899
2,104,000
1900 ,
2.481,000
1901
18],00<J
1908
2,668,000
prance: IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP COIN AND BULLION.
Gold.
SllTer.
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
1898
Francs.
196,716,821
460,111,000
428.425,000
440,457,000
Francs.
812,868,960
126,568,000
164,448,000
127,041,000
Francs.
114,148,729
888,648,000
278,962,000
218,416,000
Francs.
196,418,221
145,840,000
97,788,000
96,717,000
Francs.
189,985,299
206,786,000
140,616,000
119,614,000
Francs.
6,488,922
1900.
1901
60,946,000
42.787,000
1908
22,897,000
GERMANY : IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF COIN AND BULLION.
Gold.
Silver.
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
1896
Marks.
886,806,000
871,876,000
841,848,000
866,888,000
188,988,000
Marks.
821,709.000
185,745,000
118,880,000
51,591,000
106,082,000
Marks.
104,489,000
185,680,000
127,868,000
206,248,000
88,961,000
Marks.
a808,000
7,284,000
18,965,000
16,878,000
20,091,000
Marks.
27,811,000
28,964,000
88,885,000
26,544,000
26,645,000
Marks.
19,606,000
1899
16,680,000
1900
9,980,000
1901
10,666,000
1908.
6;664;000
UNITED KINGDOM : IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF COIN AND BULLION.
Gold.
SUver.
Year.
Imports.
Difference.
Imports.
Exports.
Difference.
1898
£48,722,960
32.588.497
26,190,878
20,716,626
21,620,049
£86,690,060
21.586,062
18,897,469
18,966,266
16,409,088
£7,188,910
10,997,446
7,798,414
6,760,868
6,219,961
£14,677,799
12,727,989
18,822,800
11,1501,678
9,764.296
£15,628,661
18.966,182
18,574,680
12,049,887
10,716,118
£945,862
1,227,148
1899
1900
262,280
1901
648,159
1903
961,822
268 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Gold and Silver Mining in the United States during 1902.
Alaska, — The gradual exhaustion of the rich placers in the Klondike and Cape
Nome fields has been followed by increased activity in prospecting for new terri-
tory, and by the development of low-grade deposits which under former conditions
could not be worked at a profit. Many new discoveries have been made in the
interior of Alaska, particularly in the region lying between the Yukon and Tanana
rivers. Glenn Creek, a tributary of Baker Creek, which joins the Tanana about
80 miles from the Yukon, and Chena River, some 200 miles further up the
Tanana, are the sites of the most recent discoveries. Operations are still con-
ducted on Fortymile River, and the Copper River district is being actively de-
veloped.
Nome District. — ^The Nome district, according to reliable estimates, pro-
duced gold to the value of $5,050,000 in 1902, an increase over the preceding
year. Work during 1902 was retarded owing to the small supply of water,
it having been the dryest season for several years. A pumping plant was com-
pleted in the middle of the year by the Wild Goose Mining, Transportation &
Trading Co., and water was pumped from Snake River, near the town of Nome,
over Anvil Mountain to Nikola Gulch, 45 miles distant, where it was used on
several claims. The daily delivery was 4,500,000 gal. The expense of operating
the pumping station was large, coal costing $15 per short ton. This company,
working 120 days, produced $1,076,000 gold from its claims in the Nome dis-
trict and on Ophir Creek in the Council City district. The Ophir Creek claims
produced $1,260,000 during 1902. The Miocene Ditch Co. has constructed two
ditches to carry water from the Snake River to Dexter Creek, and is also build-
ing a ditch to supply Anvil Creek with water from Snow Gulch. The com-
pany was operating an hydraulic lift at Snow Gulch,, and will erect four more
in 1903. Its plant has already cost about $300,000. Several other companies
are being supplied with water by the Miocene Ditch Co. The cost of mining
with the sluice-box has been from $1 to $2 per cu. yd. The Hot Air Mining
Co. has been one of the largest producers, extracting gold to the value of $250,000
during six weeks of operation. Of the other regions during 1902, that around
Boulder Creek, in the Kugruk district, produced approximately $7,000 and
Candle Creek in the Fair Haven district, produced about $150,000. The Iron
Creek district produced $100,000, and the Solomon River district about $200,000.
Juneau and Other Districts. — The Alaska Treadwell Gold Mining Co. reports
for the year ending May 15, 1902, that it mined and treated 682,893 tons of
ore yielding $665,591 in free gold and $639,129 in sulphurets, a total of
$1,304,720 or $1*9106 per ton as compared with $1,153,368 or $2*07 per ton in
the preceding year. The profits on merchandise, etc., were $34,799, which made
a total earning of $1,339,519 ($1*9615 per ton). There were 12,408 tons of
sulphurets saved from the mill tailings by concentration, of which 368 tons re-
mained on hand at the close of the year. The working expenses were $823,087
($1*2053 per ton), and the construction expenses $52,942 (7'75c. per ton), making
a total expenditure of $876,029, which left a net profit of $463,490 (67-87c. per
ton) as compared with $352,559 (77'Olc. per ton) in 1901. Dividends of
GOLD AND SILVER, 269
$300,000 or 6% on the capital stock were paid, leaving a balance of $163,490.
Adding to this the sum of $650,458 carried forward from the previous year the
total surplus for 1902 was $813,898. Three mines in the Arbacoochee district
were under development in 1892 ; the Woodward, the Pinetucky, and a third near
Goldburg. No mills or smelters have been erected.
Arizona. — The output of gold and silver in 1902 was about the same as in
1901. The Socorro Gold Mining Co. is building a 20-8tamp mill at the Socorro
mine to which is to be added a cyanide plant. The ore assays about $20 gold
per ton. The Congress mine has been sold to the Development Co. of America,
which also owns the Poland mine in the Big Bay mining district. The mine is
now being actively developed ; a 20-stamp mill and eight concentrating tables have
been installed, and a tunnel 8,000 ft. long is being driven, which will tap the veins
at from 600 to 800 ft. below the outcrop.
California. — ^The output of gold was greater in 1902 than in 1901. This was
due to the increase of milling facilities at established mines and to a larger use
of the cyanide process, many old beds of tailings being treated. The utilization
of electric and virater power and oil for fuel has materially cheapened the cost
of mining, and ores are now worked which were formerly too low grade for profit-
able treatment. Several new mills of from 10 to 20 stamps are either being
erected or have been placed in operation. In Butte County in 1902, nine dredg-
ing companies operated 22 dredges, and six new dredges are being built. The
Feather River Exploration Co. and the Boston & Oroville Co. each operate three
dredges. The dredges have a capacity of 2,000 tons of gravel daily, the gravel
carrying from 30 to 40c. in gold per cu. yd., and costs 4c. to work. The Cali-
fornia D6bris Commission in its annual report for June 30, 1902, states that
836,500 cu. yd. of gravel were hydraulicked in the San Joaquin and Sacramento
River districts. Its engineers are to be employed in the construction of dams
across the Yuba River to hold back the mining debris, the dams to be built
jointly by the Federal and State Governments. In addition, each individual mine
will have to construct and maintain its own dam. Hydraulic mining in Cali-
fornia has received a setback due to a decision of the court that the Caminetti
law, under which the California D6bris Commission acted, is not absolute, and
that the permits granted by this commission are no bar to injunction suits, when
the d6bris from the hydtaulic mines is injuring the rivers and valley lands, even
though the miners have constructed impounding dams in accordance with the
commission's plans. According to W. E. Thorne, the working cost of moving
material hydraulically at Georgetown by the Gold Bay Mining Co., was 18-3c.
per cu. yd. A controlling interest in the North Bloomfield hydraulic mine,
the largest of its kind in the worid, has been sold to the W. B. Boum Co. There
are 11,000 ft. of tunnels and 45 miles of ditches, the entire cost being over
$1,500,000. The blue gravel is about 135 ft. deep. At the Fremont mine a 60-
stamp mill is being erected. Tho California Gold King Mines Co., operating
the Picacho mines, is treating 300 tons of ore per day and intends to double its
milling capacity eariy in 1903. The cost of mining is 10c. per ton and the
ore is mined, crushed, and leached for less than $1 per ton. Two new veins are
being developed^ the ore in one averaging $5 per ton and the other, which is 20
260 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
ft. wide averaging $6 per ton. The Eagle-Sha¥niiut mine added 60 stamps to
its 40-stamp mill and began operations with the enlarged plant in August, 1902.
It is treating 600 tons of ore daily. The North Star Mines Co., during the
first eight months of 1902, treated 3,678 tons of ore yielding about $146,000 at
a cost of $40,000. The North Star Mines Co., Grass Valley, Nevada County,
reports that it mined 17,399 tons of ore, realizing $411,148. Total receipts for
the year were $431,149. The operating costs were $154,228, and total expenses
were $340,630, leaving a balance of $90,619. The balance on hand at the
close of the year was $99,001 in cash and $14,711 in supplies at the mine, making
a total of $113,712. The Bay Counties Power Co. transmits power from the
Yuba River, a distance of 30 miles, and the Butte Creek Power Co. transmits
powei* from Butte Creek, a distance of 20 miles, with which to operate the dredges.
The Valley Power Co. is building on French Creek, and at Nimshew, Butte
County, another supply is being developed. Power is sold at approximately $5
per H.P. per month.
Colorado. — Mining progress was hampered by the decline in the price of silver
and the exhaustion of several of the large gold mines without a commensurate
development of new districts. The Cripple Creek mines gave a largely increased
tonnage, but the total yield of gold was only slightly in excess of that for 1901,
which shows that a much lower grade of ore was handled than in the previous
year. This was made possible by a reduction in treatment charges ; a number of
companies contracted at the rate of $5-75 per ton, including freight charges, for
ore up to 0*5 oz. With the depletion of the rich ore bodies the future of the
district depends upon the possibility- of new discoveries, and the lowering of the
working costs. From the numerous developments that have been made in the out-
lying territory, it would appear that no extension of the ore-bearing district be-
yond the present limits can be expected. There remains, however, a large field for
exploration within the district proper, and some of this ground is known to con-
tain good ore. Rich discoveries were reported during the year in the lower work-
ings of the Last Dollar and Blue Bird mines, which are now below the 1,200-ft.
level. Plans have been formulated for a drainage adit to be driven in a north-
easterly direction from the jimction of Arequa Gulch and Cripple Creek for a
total distance of about 6,000 ft. It will be 235 ft. below the present water level,
and will drain an area extending from Gold King on the north to El Paso and
Elkton on the south. Heavy shipments of ore were made from Stratton's Inde-
pendence mine, particularly from the low-grade ore reserves in the upper levels.
The Portland Gold Mining Co., reported a production during 1902 of $2,334,024
from 89,664 tons of ore, out of which the net earnings amounted to $471,920. A
reduction of about $1-20 per ton was made on the ore treated by the company^s new
mill at Colorado City. The most important development in the Leadville district
was the discovery of an extension of the old bonanza ore-shoots in Fryer Hill. The
sinking of the El Paso shaft has made possible the un watering of a large area
on this hill and opened much valuable ground for exploitation. At the present
time the bulk of the ore tonnage of Tjeadville is in the form of fluxing iron ore?,
so that the output is largely dependent upon the rates allowed by the smelters.
The Tomboy Gold Mines^ Ltd.^ during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902,
GOLD AND 8ILVEB. 261
mined 85,726 tons of ore for a yield of $856,065; the net profits were $354,317.
In the San Juan district, the Camp Bird gold mines, which were purchased by
English capitalists for $3,500,000, have given most satisfactory returns. The
ore reserves have been largely increased under the new management, and it is
planned to sink a new shaft which will be equipped for reaching a depth of 1,500
ft. Owing to the decline in ore shipments from the Colorado and Utah mines,
the Philadelphia smelter at Pueblo was closed down.
Georgia. — According to W. H. Fluker, the vein of the Parks mine varies in
thickness from 2 to 11 ft., and assays from $10 to $200 per ton, the average free-
gold value of the ore being $32*60 per ton. The National Mining Co., of Chi-
cago, has a 20-stamp mill at its mine. The shaft has been sunk 150 ft., at which
depth the vein is 4 ft. thick and assays $21*40 per ton. The Landers mine, newly
discovered, has two veins varying from 5 to 18 in. and assaying from $20 to $30
per ton. The Columbia mine operated by the Columbia Mining Co. is still the
largest producer in the State, the ore from the vein at the 140-ft. level assaying
about $34 per ton. The geology of the Dahlonega Gold district is described by
E. C. Eckel in the Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXV., 1903, p. 219.
Idaho. — According to the report of State Mine Inspector, three counties pro-
duced over $300,000 in gold ; Owyhee Coimty, $753,277 ; Boise County, $396,864 ;
and Lemhi County, $320,385. The Thunder Mountain district where gold was
discovered in 1901, did not produce as much gold as was expected, Idaho County,
dn which it is located, producing in all but $264,452. The Dewey mine owned
by the Thunder Mountain Gold & Silver Mining & Milling Co., has a 10-stamp
mill and is erecting another of 100 stamps. The gold mines near Wardner are
being developed by a New Jersey company, which will use water power to operate
40 stamps. The De Lamar Co., Ltd., reports that during the year ending March
31, 1902, it milled 35,469 tons of ore, shipped 23 tons of ore, and cyanided 937
tons of coarse tailings and 22,985 tons of old tailings. Its income was $519,879-
and expenditures $307,793. The output amounted to 23,846 oz. gold and 39,867
oz. silver. The average recovery was 84'2% in the mill and 69*7% in the tail-
ings plant.
Montana. — (By W. H. Weed.) — There has been increased activity in the de-
velopment of the gold deposits, due chiefly to the successful investments in the
Judith district of Fergus County. The operation of the silver mines, however,
has been retarded on account of the low price of silver during the year, although
the demand for silver-lead ores by the smelters has kept many producing prop-
erties in operation. The development of electric power for mining purposes has
continued and Butte is now supplied from dams on the Missouri 72 miles away,
on the Madison, and the Big Hole rivers. The first named also supplies power
to the East Helena smelter, and to various mining and industrial plants. In
Fergus County several large cyanide mills are in operation or in course of con-
struction, notably the Kendall property in the North Moccasin Mountains, which
was treating 350 tons of ore daily at the end of 1902, and the adjacent Barnes-
King mill, which has been enlarged to a daily capacity of 240 tons. There are
also several minor cyanide plants operating in the State. In October, 1902,
the Wins?cott mine near Helena under control of the Big Indian Gold Mining
262 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Co., started with 60 stamps driven by electric power from the Canyon Ferry on
the Missouri River. The mill and cyanide plant of the Colombia Gold Mining
Co. at York was destroyed by fire during the summer. In the Marysville district
the Bald Butte mine yielded a steady output of high-grade gold ore during the
year. The Drumlummon mine is practically worked out, and on the exhaustion
of the old stope-fiUings now treated will probably be permanently abandoned.
A 600-ton cyanide mill was operated at Empire on old tailings from the Empire
mine. In the Phillipsburg district, the Sunrise Gold properiy is again operating
mine and mill ; and the Granite Bi-Metallic Co. has decided to double the capacity
of the new 600-ton concentrator which was completed late in 1901. A new 50-
drill Rix compressor has been installed, and electric haulage introduced in the
mine, the power for this purpose and for the mill being furnished by the newly
completed electric power plant at Flint Creek Falls. The Bear Gulch mines,
near the Yellowstone Park boundary, were tied up by litigation, which is said to be
now settled, with a prospect of a re-opening and working of the property on a
largely increased scale. The Mayflower mine is to be abandoned. In the
Rochester district the Watseca mine is opened up to the 500-ft. level, and a 125-
ton concentrator will be added. The Cable mine, near Anaconda, is being re-
opened by a Butte syndicate. The Jeannette Mining Co. stopped working on
the 100-stamp mill last spring at the Boss Tweed-Clipper group of mines, near
Pony, and is awaiting the results of development work. Six dredges have
operated during the season, three at Bannock, two near Virginia City and one
on French Gulch, near Anaconda. Two of the Bannock dredges will be re-
moved, having entirely exhausted the pay ground. The French Bar dredge has
handled gravel profitably at a cost less than 5c. per cu. yd., inclusive of interest on
investment, and all fixed charges. The two Bannock dredges were the pioneers
in this work in the country, and have extracted over $600,000 from an abandoned
placer field. Near Virginia City the boats operating on the old Alder Gulch
placers have cost nearly $500,000, but have operated so successfully that other
boats, it is reported, will be built. The Montana Mining Co., Ltd., for the half year
ending June 30, 1902, reported a net profit of £1,780. This company owns the
Drumlummon mine at Marysville, which during the half year treated 13,200
tons of ore for a yield of $61,631. The tailings plant between April 12 and
June 30, 1902, treated 31,649 tons of tailings from which $66,310 were realized.
The total income was $127,941, and expenses $115,501, leaving a profit of
$12,440. The ore and tailings contained 5,622 oz. gold and 31,462 oz. silver.
Nevada. — ^Development work has been done in the Tonopah district, and new
companies have been formed. The Dexter Tuscarora Gold Mining Co. for the 11
months ending Nov. 15, 1902, reports that it treated 30,093 tons of ore at a cost
of less than 72c. per ton and extracted $2-88 gold per ton. From 22,930 tons of
tailings treated by cyaniding at a cost of $110 per ton, it obtained $1*89 gold per
ton. Its total receipts were $130,713, and expenses $125,021, of which sum
$18,000 were expended in new development work. The Bamberger De Lamar
Gold Mines Co., capitalized at $5,000,000, has bought the De Lamar's Nevada
Gold Mining Co., Magnolia Gold Mining & Milling Co., Boston De Ijamar Gold
Mining & Milling Co., Mono Gold Mining & Milling Co., April Fool Gold Mining
GOLD AND SILVER. 263
& Milling Co. and the Rose and Pleides group of gold claims. The De Lamar's
Nevada Gold Milling Co., which has produced over $13,000,000 in seven years,
has an estimated ore reserve of 314,000 tons. The April Fool mill is being im-
proved, and the De Lamar mill is being increased from 200 tons to 500 tons
daily capacity. The Nevada Keystone Mining Co., with two Huntington mills
and a 30-ton cyanide plant is reported to be producing $40,000 a month. The
Lucky Girl group of mines at Edgemont, owned by the Montana Mining Co.,
Ltd., during the half year ending June 30, 1902, treated 8,165 tons of ore in
its 20-stamp mill obtaining bullion valued at $30,438. The tailings will be
treated in a cyanide plant which is being erected.
New Mexico. — Mining properties were under development in 1902 in the dis-
tricts about the Sierra de Mogollon, the Black Range and the Sierra Blanca.
I^arge bodies of medium grade ore are said to exist, which can be treated by the
cyanide process. Apart from several mills now being erected to treat those
ores four mills are in operation near the Mogollon Range. The Mogollon Gold
& Copper Co. has a 35-ton mill, and ships the concentrates to the El Paso
smelter. At the tfopeful mine in the White Oaks district a 1,000-ton pneu-
matic cyanide plant is in operation, and the Alamo Reduction Co. will erect a
500-ton concentrating plant in the Bland district. Placer mining has been
carried on in the Nogal and Elizabethtown districts. The Lake Valley and
Polomos Chief silver mines, after lying idle for several years, have again been
worked. At Chloride, two mills are treating ore containing 12 oz. of silver per
ton. The Kodoc Mining Co. has seven Hooper pneumatic dry concentrators of
10 tons capacity operating on ore assaying 20% Pb, and from 3 to 10 oz. silver
per ton. The American Gold Mining Co. and the Eagle Co. are developing claims
at Nogal and Parsons, and at the Old Abe and Somestake mines. The Helen
Rae and American mines are being connected by a tunnel and a 50-stamp mill
and cyanide plant are being erected.
North Carolina. — According to Mr. J. H. Pratt, gold occurs in an area of
from 8,000 to 10,000 sq. m. in the middle and western part of the State, either
in quartz fissure veins, carrying free gold or gold-bearing sulphurets; impreg-
nations of free gold and finehvdivided sulphurets in schists and slates; or in
placer deposits. The mines in operation are situated in six counties. Several
of them were sold during 1902, and are being developed. The lola Gold mine
with a 10-stamp mill, between June and October, produced $15,000 in gold.
The Russell, Fentress and McMackin mines, the latter operated by the Whitney
Reduction Co., each had a 10-stamp mill in operation.
Oregon. — In the Sumpter district, which is the richest in Oregon, the greatest
amount of development work was done. The Maxwell mine and 10-stamp mill
were sold for $140,000; the mill is being repaired and is expected to become
operative early in 1903. The Pole Consolidated Mining Co., capitalized at
$5,000,000, has acquired the Oregon Clipper, Deer Tjodge, Hansen and half of
the Yankee Jim mines. Four tunnels have already been started, and a com-
pressor plant will be installed. The North Pole mine with 10 stamps will
increase its mill by adding 20 stamps. In all there are 758 stamps in eastern
Oregon. The placer deposits of Josephine County were actively exploited. The
264 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT,
placer ground gives returns of from 10 to 12c. per cu. yd., the cost of working
being about 1*5 per cu. yd., the water being supplied by the Rouge River. The
Gtolden Drift Mining Co. is building a power dam across the river, and will
install ten 600-H.P. turbines, and operate three or four giants. The Galice
mines operated by the Old Channel Mining Co. has three 6-in. giants, which
obtain their supply of water by means of 18 miles of ditches and flumes. The
Eureka mine in the Soldier Creek district owned by the Oregon & California
Gold Fields Co. is developing a vein from 8 to 10 ft. wide, which assays from
$20 to $35 gold per ton. The Greenback mine on Grave Creek has 35 stamps,
and a 60-ton cyanide plant in operation.
South Dakota, — The satisfactory condition of the gold mining industry in the
Black Hills during 1902 is evidenced by the increase in output, which was
brought about by the enlarged operations of old producers, and by the contribu-
tions from mines recently developed. The steady advance recorded in the last
few years may be attributed to the introduction of the cyanide process, for with
its aid enormous bodies of mineralized material formerly regarded as too low
grade for profitable working have been made available for treatment. Pull de-
tails of the progress in the cyanide process in this State will be found on page 810
of this volume. The Homestake Mining Co. during the year ending June 1,
1902, treated 1,218,0^9 tons of ore, which yielded bullion valued at $4,314,059.
Deducting mint charges the net bullion return was $4,303,977, while the income
from miscellaneous sources amounted to $72,453, making the total working
receipts, $4,376,427 or $3*60 per ton. The working expenses were $4,017,131,
60 that the net profits of operation were $359,296, or $0*29 per ton of ore milled.
A dividend of $1,260,000 was paid. During the year the stamp mill was in-
creased by 100 stamps, making a total capacity of 900 stamps, and a 900-ton
cyanide plant was erected, which increased the cyaniding facilities to 1,900 tons.
The Horseshoe Mining Co. was reorganized during the year. The company
purchased the 300-ton smelter of the National Smelting Co., at Rapid City, and
began construction on a new 1,000-ton cyanide plant. When the improvements
and additions are completed the plant will be able to treat 1,600 tons of ore per
day. The smelter of the Golden Reward Consolidated Mining & Milling Co.,
at Deadwood, was in continuous operation, treating ore principally from the
compan/s mines.
TeoMis, — Although this State produces very little gold, its output of silver is
quite large, almost the entire quantity coming from the mine of the Presidio
Mining Co., at Shafter in Presidio County. The ore is silver chloride carrying
traces of gold, with isolated pockets of lead ore. Three or four carloads of
this high-grade lead ore are shipped yearly to the El Paso smelter. The gold ore
is treated at the 15-stamp mill of the Cibolo Creek Mining & Milling Co., one
mile from the mine. The pulp is ground for three hours with salt, mercury,
and copper sulphate in amal<?amation pans, of which there are twelve. The
amalgam is collected in six settlers, and retorted. The tailings arc again milled.
The process requires six hours for completion, the mill treating 62 tons of ore
per diem, and the average oxtrnrtion beintr S5%.
Utah, — There was no material change in the mining situation during 1902.
GOLD AND SILVER,
The large copper and lead mines shipped bullion containing gold and silver
throughout the year. The American Smelting & Refining Co. had in operation
at its two plants four and six furnaces respectively., and treated 1,400 tons of
ore daily. The United States Mining Co. with four furnaces treated 1,000 tons
of ore a day. A 300-ton mill for the cyanide treatment of the slimes of talcose
ores by a method patented by G. Moore^ has been erected at Sunshine. The ex-
traction varies from 77% to 95*6%. The South Swansea mine during the year
treated 15,715 tons of ore, realizing $363,331, out of which $39,000 in dividends
were paid. The Horn Silver Mining Co. during 1902 mined 12,159 tons of ore,
of which 4,549 tons were shipped and 7,610 tons milled. The cost of mining was
$7'45 per ton, and of milling $1*47 per ton. There was realized from the sales
of ore $109,707, and from other sources $7,001, a total of $116,708, while the
disbursements amounted to $137,406. The balance carried forward from 1901
was $87,448, leaving a surplus of $66,750 at the close of 1902. The ore shipped
contained 203 oz. gold, 112,813 oz. silver, 1,829 tons lead and 717,353 lb. cop-
per. The Park City district, in which are located the Daly- West, Ontario, Daly,
and Silver King mines, maintained its output of smelting ores, and some en-
couraging developments were reported. The Daly-West Mining Co. during the
year shipped 3,676,796 oz. silver, 1,202 tons copper, 14,953 tons lead, and 9,738
tons zinc, for which it received the sum of $1,827,586. Receipts from other
sources were $4,052, making the net revenue $1,831,638, while the total mining
expenses amounted to $625,654. Out of the surplus of $1,477,127, which in-
cluded $271,143 brought forward from the previous year, the sum of $1,049,000
was distributed in dividends, and $255,516 carried forward to the next year's
account. The company purchased the property of the Quincy Co. paying there-
for 30,000 shares of its stock, which were provided by increasing its capital to
180,000 shares. The contract with the American Smelting & Refining Co.
fixing the price of $3*50 per 100 lb. for the lead content of the company's ores
was renewed to run until March 1, 1904. The Anchor and Judge properties in
this district have been combined to form the Daly-Judge company. The Daly-
Judgier mine up to Dec. 31, 1902, produced 94,639 tons of concentrates valued
at $25-54 per ton. The crude mill ore assayed Pb 10-29%, Zn 16%, and silver
9-85 oz. per ton. The new mill has a capacity of from 300 to 400 tons per day.
In the early part of 1903, 100 tons of ore per day were being milled, making 25
to 30 tons of silver-lead concentrates, and about 25 or 30 tons of iron-zinc mid-
dlings, which were sent to the zinc plant of the Park City Metals Co. In the
southern end of the district, in Thaynes Caiion, the California Co. has enlarged
its mill, and the Comstock is now building a large mill. A new mill is also
being started in Park City to handle the zinc middlings by the combined roasting
and magnetic separation process, which will ship high-grade blende to the Eastern
refineries. The Tintic district consists of the Eureka, Mammoth, Robinson and
Silver City. The principal mines of the Eureka district are the Bullion Beck,
Eureka Hill^ Gemini and Centennial Eureka. The first two have been closed
down during the year. The Gemini has been shipping steadily during 1902.
The Centennial Eureka has completed its contract with the American Smelting
» Engineering and Mining Journal, July 12, 1802, p. 42.
266 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
& Refining Co., and has shut down its plant pending the completion of the smelter
of the United States Mining Co., which now owns this mine. The Mammoth
mine is engaged in litigation with the Grand Central mine, and until a settle-
ment has been made the work on both will be retarded. The ores of the Tintic
district are subject \j6 high smelting charges, and ores up to $16 value do not pay ,
to treat. The largest mines in the Mercur district are operated by the Con-
solidated Mercur Gold Mines Co., which during the year ending June 30, 1902,
produced gold to the value of $1,457,064. The compan/s working expenses
were $1,116,692, and the net profits $342,085. Six dividends amounting in all
to $235,000 were distributed during the year.
Washington, — It is estimated that the total production of the Republic district
in Ferry County up to Jan. 1, 1902, is about $1,400,000 in gold and silver,
the silver being only a small percentage of the whole. The ore averages from
$12 to $16 per ton, and the present cost of mining and smelting is $10 per ton.
The Republic mill treats 200 tons of ore per day, but like most mines in this
State, tbe smelting ore is shipped to the Granby smelter, at Grand Forks, or to
the Northport smelter, near the Canadian boundary. The California mine in
Ferry Coxmty from July 15 to Dec. 30, 1902, produced 3,411 oz. gold and 4,346 oz.
silver. The Hollyhock group, also in this county, mined ore which assayed on
the average 0'3 oz. gold, 5'3 oz. silver, 10% Cu, and 9% Pb per ton. The San
Poll mine, Ferry County, shipped ore to the Granby smelter, and showed a net
profit of $8*80 per ton on ore, which assayed $17*80 per ton. The reserve ore
of this mine on Oct. 4, 1902, was estimated at 22,000 tons.* The Park City
claim of the Cliff group, is developing a vein of galena 700 ft. long und 22 in.
wide, which assays 69% Pb, 33 oz. silver, and 0*2 oz. gold. In the Pride and
Mystery mines in the Monte Cristo district, the ore varies from 0*6 to 0*95 oz.
gold and from 7 to 12 oz. silver. In the Independent mine, at Silverton, Snohom-
ish County, the low grade ore assays $7 per ton, while the high-grade ore varies
from $40 to $50 per ton. The ore consists of pyrite and loUengite with a Jittle
galena and zinc blende. A mill of from 100 to 200 tons capacity is to be erected.
Wyoming. — (By Wilbur C. Knight.) — There was no marked advancement
made in gold and silver mining during 1902. As usual, the Sweetwater district
furnished nearly all of the gold and silver ore produced during the year. At
South Pass, Atlantic, and Lewiston, considerable property changed hands in
the fall and a number of new companies entered the?e fields. The indications are
that these camps will be very active during 1903. In November the Home
Placer mine on Douglas Creek near Laramie passed into the control of a com-
pany which expects to install a dredge to work the property. In the Wood River
district, near Kirwin, Big Horn County, several companies have done sufficient
work to patent many claims. The ores of this camp are lead and silver chiefly,
and assays showing upward of 100 oz. silver per ton are not uncommon. At
present this camp is too far from transportation to handle the ores successfully.
In Crook County there has been much activity in the vicinity of Welcome, and
not far from the Interocoan mine. Several companies have bonded property, and
expect to inaugurate extensive plans for work in 1903.
GOLD A^D SILVER. 267
Gold and Silver Mining in Foreign Countries during 1902.
North America. — Canada, — British Columbia. — (By Samuel S. Fowler.) —
According to returns made to the Provincial Mineralogist, Mr. William Fleet
Robertson, the combined output of alluvial and lode gold for 1902 was 290,148
oz., equivalent to $5,961,409, being an increase in value of $642,706 above the
output of 1901. Alluvial gold is derived chiefly from the central and north-
western districts of Cariboo and Cassiar (Atlin), these districts alone furnishing
90% of the production in 1901. The output for the year amounted to $1,073,140,
an increase of about $100,000 over 1901, which was less than was expected
owing to the shortage of water. Considerable expenditure was made on ditches
and flumes, and it is anticipated that 1903 will show a material gain. The out-
put of lode gold was 236,491 oz., valued at $4,888,269. This was derived, geo-
graphically, as follows: West Kootenay, 79%, Yale, 18%, other districts, 3%.
As to classes of ores, 79% was from copper ores, 13% frem free-milling ore and
2% from lead and dry smelting ore. The output of silver in the Province was
3,917,917 oz., valued at $1,941,328, a decrease of about 24% in quantity, and
nearly 33% in value as compared with 1901. This loss was perfectly natural,
in view of the low range of prices for silver, as well as for lead, with which so great
a part of the silver is associated. Most of the large silver-lead mines were closed
during a large part of the year, although many of the smaller and richer ones
remained in operation. West Kootenay provided 876% of the silver, Yale
5-6%, elsewhere 6-8%. Lead ores contained 67% of the silver, gold-copper ores
18%, and milling and dry ores 25%.
Southern British Columbia presents an enormous development of igneous
rocks, and it is from these that the bulk of the lode gold is derived. The vi-
cinity of Rossland is the center of greatest gold production, its few large mines
having contributed over 68% to the total for 1902. The Rossland ores are
essentially iron and copper sulphides, and their chief value is in gold, the silver
and copper being of minor import. The output of this district in 1902 was
nearly 330,000 tons, an increase of about 45,000 tons over 1901. The ore was
smelted either at Northport, Wash., or Trail, B. C, at both of which points are
large, modem, well-equipped plants. For various reasons the matte is shipped
elsewhere for conversion. The increased tonnage from the mines was due
chiefly to reduced smelting charges, and it would have been much larger except
for the fact that the smelters were compelled to curtail operations because of the
shorfasre in coke supplies, due to strikes and accidents at the mines of the Crowds
T^ost Pass Coal Co. As in former years, the larger producers were Le Roi,
I^ Roi No. 2, Center-Star and War Eagle ; these mines exploit a low-grade ore,
on some of which apparently successful experiments in the direction of pre-
liminary concentration have been made. The ultimate commercial success of
these experiments means much to the district. The '^oundary^' portion of the
Yale district lies about 40 miles west of Rossland. This is the second chief
mining center of gold-copper ores, but the gold value is generally much inferior
to that of copper. The deposits are of enormous size, of very low average grade
in gold and silver, and of self-fluxing composition. The chief producers are the
268
THE MINERAL INDUSTliY,
IvQob Hill, Old Ironsides, and Snowshoe, near Phoenix, and the Mother-Lode
and Sunset, about three miles wesjt of Greenwood. These mines in 1902 shipped
to three smeiters in the vicinity over 500,000 tons, an increase of 125,000 tons
over 1901, due to increased smelting facilities. At the three plants are seven
furnaces having a daily aggregate capacity of about 2,500 tons. Three other
OUTPUT OF TRAIL CREEK MINES
FROM 1898 TO 1902.
Year.
Tods of
Ore.
Gk>ld.
o«.
Value.
Silver.
Oz.
Value.
cogger.
Value,
Total
Value.
1898
111,282
178.666
857,686
288,860
829,584
87,848
102,976
111,625
188,888
162,146
$1,746,861
2,187.482
2,806,178
8,785.828
8,a')l,658
170,804
186,818
167,878
970,460
878,101
$94,689
105,178
97,648
548,468
184,871
5,288,011
5,698,889
2,071,865
8,888,446
11,667,807
$639,411
996,481
885,485
1,842,518
1,856,966
88.470,811
1899
8J229,086
IflOO
2,789,800
1901
4,621,299
1908
4,893,896
furnaces are in course of construction. Free-milling gold ores are found at only
a few widely separated points. The Ymir mine, 20 miles south of Nelson, is
the largest mine of the class, and last year produced over $300,000 in gold, to-
gether with silver and lead valued at about $45,000. The Cariboo-McKinriey
mine at Camp McKinney in the south-central portion of Yale district, is the
next largest free gold producer, and has been a steady profit payer since 1894.
The Granite-Poorman and Athabasca- Venus, near Nelson, run regularly, and
the Stem winder, near Fairview in the western part of the Yale district, is about
to be' added to the list of producers. The gold derived from this class of ores
amounted in 1902 to approximately $650,000. Some of the lead ores of Siocan
and Lardeau carry appreciable values in gold, and there are also dry smelting
gold ores at various localities in southern British Columbia. The latter class
of ores has not as yet been largely produced.
Silver-lead mining under former conditions has been a profitable industry
owing to the high ratio of silver to lead in the ores which last year was slightly
over two ounces to each unit of lead. The low prices that prevailed during
1902, together with the fact that the shortage of lead has lesv^^ened the demand
for dry ores, and also that many former clean ore mines have had to resort to
concentration, have tended, however, to extinguish profits except in a few in-
stances. Silver mining at present is in an unsatisfactory condition. The gold-
copper ores of Rossland and Boundary carry respectively, about 1 oz. and 0-5
oz. silver per ton; and although this is a small average the aggregate output
from these districts was neady 593,000 oz. The gold-milling ores also carry
small amounts of silver, e. g., the Ymir mine bullion contains about 40%, and
the concentrates about 12 oz. silver per ton. Under improved conditions East
Kootenay is capable of producing much silver, but because of the low ratio of
silver to lead in the ores low prices have affected that district possibly more seri-
ously than they have West Kootenay. The Siocan portion of West Kootenay
continued to furnish the greater part (nearly 65%) of the total output of silver.
Dawson. — According to official authorities, the production of gold in the Yukon
district during 1902 amounted to about $18,000,000, a decrease of $4,000,000
from the output of the previous year. In arriving at these statistics there are
two uncertain factors, one the quantity of gold which is carried out of the countrv
GOLD Al^D 8IL VBE. 269
by individuals, thus escaping record, and the other the quantity retained in tho
country as circulating medium. The Yukon district has now entered the transi-
tion period common to all new placer mining countries. The decreased production
has resulted chiefly from the dearth of new discoveries of placer deposits, aug-
mented by the scarcity of water. At All Gold Creek, 50 miles from Dawson,
which was abandoned in 1899 because of the unceri;ain character of the gold-
bearing ground, a pay streak was found during the summer repori:ed to be from
120 to 200 ft. wide and 2 ft. in thickness. The shipments from Dawson for the
year is recorded as $11,655,000, a decrease which is partly due to the change
from a direct royalty of 5% on the gross output of gold to a tax of 25% on
the exports. A feature of the usual development of a gold-bearing district is
shown in the number of quartz claims that have been recorded. The properties
are adjacent to Bonanza, Eldorado, Gold Run and Hunker creeks in the Indian
River slope, and on the hills near Dawson. The Hunger Mill Co. has installed
a stamp mill on Gold Run Creek. A dredge 25X80 ft. has been built at White
Horse to operate on the Stewart River; its daily capacity is rated at 1,000 cu. yd.
Piping' has been laid on Excelsior Creek above Dawson for a hydraulic plant.
The Yukon Goldfields, Ltd., for 15 months ending Dec. 31, 1902, reports sales of
gold amounting to £12,003, and an income from other sources of £937, a total of
£12,940, against a total expenditure of £26,239, a loss for the year of £13,299.
The company intends to increase its property by the addition of 5 sq. miles of
territory situated on Russol Creek, 450 miles from Dawson City.
Newfoundland. — According to James P. Howley, the production of gold in
Newfoundland in 1902 is estimated at 4,000 oz., valued at $82,680. Almost
the entire output was contained in copper ores treated by the Nichols Chemical
Co. in the TJnited States and the Cape Copper Co. in England. During the
year some promising gold finds have been made, and two mines are now in active
operation, one at Rose Blanche on the south coast, and the other at Sop's Arm
in White Bay on the northeast coast. At the latter, machinery for stamp mills
is now on the ground, and a cyanide plant is under construction which will
begin operations in March, 1903. The ore at Rose Blanche assays from $4 to $5
per ton, while that at Sop's Arm assays as high as $15 per ton.
Nova Scotia, — The production of gold during the fiscal year ending Sept. 30,
1902, was 28,279 oz. as compared with 30,537 oz. for the previous fiscal year.
The quantity of gold reported to the Mines Office during the calendar year 1902
amounted to 31,141 oz. ; of which the Brookfield Mining Co. contributed 4,692 oz. ;
the Boston-Richardson Gold Mining Co., 3,408 oz. ; the Waverly Gold Mining
Co., 2,836 oz.; the Royal Oak Gold Mining Co., 2,394 oz.; and the Bluenose
Gold Mining Co., 2,391 oz. The Brookfield Mining Co., at North Brookfield,
stamped 6,475 tons of ore ; the mining operations were confined to ground below
the sixth level. At the Waverly mine development work was carried on actively,
and an average of 20 stamps were in operation in the latter part of the year.
The Boston-Richardson Gold Mining Co. at Countn- Harbor stamped 30,405
tons of ore, yielding about $3 per ton by amalgamation. The Wilfley tables have
been abandoned, as better results are claimed by treating the tailings at the
cyanide plant and the concentrates by the bromo-cyanide process. The Royal
270 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Oak Mining Co., at Goldenville, operated mainly at the western end of its prop-
erty. The Baltimore and Nova Scotia Mining Co. was very active. The main
shaft of the mine is now 700 ft. deep, intersecting at the 500-ft. level the lentic-
ular tissue vein in the form of a chimney. The 40-stamp mill is well arranged.
Although inoperative at present the St. Anthony mine is being kept unwatered.
Ontario, ^--In Eastern Ontario the principal properties are the Belmont mine
operated by the Cordova Exploration Co. and the Deloro mines of the Canadian
Goldfields, Ltd. The Belmont veins consist of free milling quartz which is
treated in the 30-stamp mill and amalgamation plant, the pulp being subsequently
cyanided. At Deloro, the ore is mixed quartz and mispickel, from which the gold
is extracted by leaching with bromo-cyanide solutions, and the arsenic by a proc-
ess of sublimation (see ^^Arsenic" elsewhere in this volume). In the Lake of
the Woods district the Black Eagle mine, formerly known as the Regina mine,
has been actively operated during the past two years, and the mill thoroughly
overhauled. The present equipment includes a 30-stamp mill. A 260-ton
cyanide plant is being constructed for which about 1,500 tons of concentrates,
valued at from $35 to $50 per ton, have been accumulated. The Sultana jnine,
operated by the Sultana Mine of Canada, Ltd., has not proved very successful.
During the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1901, 7,000 tons of ore were milled,
which yielded an average of only $5'15 per ton. Although the mining costs of
the Mikado Gold Mining Co. averaged but $3*50 per ton of ore during 1901,
a debit balance of £5,052 is given in the report of the company. Operations at
the Sakoose mine, owned by the Ontario Gold Mining & Milling Co., were
suspended in March, 1902, owing to the exhaustion of the ore in the levels under
development. In all 7,735 tons of ore have been removed from the stopes.
Prospecting was actively carried on in the Sturgeon Lake region, and several
companies have developed mines or erected mills, notably, the United States
Gold Mining Co., the Sturgeon Lake Mining Co., the Jack Lake Gold Mining
Co., Ltd., and the Anglo-Canadian Gold Estates, Ltd. A deposit of gold-bear-
ing gravel similar to that of the Vermilion River was discovered at Savant Lake,
150 miles north of Ignace, and an examination over an area six miles long
by one mile wide, showed an average value of from 8 to 10c. per cu. yd. The
gold is in small rounded particles. Robert H. Ahn, of Toronto, reports satis-
factory experimental treatment of Vermilion River gravels by a combined amal-
gamation and cyanide process.
Mexico, — (By James W. Malcolmson.) — (The output of gold and silver is
derived largely by smelting gold and silver ores with those of copper and lead,
and it is practically impossible to classify the subject under the heads of the
respective metals without causing duplication. Therefore reference should also
be made to the "Progress of Mining in Foreign Countries," under the sections
devoted to "Copper" and "Lead," elsewhere in this volume.)
Owing chiefly to the cheap mining and the absence of labor troubles, there
has been a large influx of foreign capital seeking investment in silver, gold,
copper and lead mines. From a wage standpoint, a ton of ore can be mined
in Mexico for 40% of the cost of mining similar ore in the United States,
assuming that the miner in the latter country does twice as much manual labor
GOLD AND SILVER. 271
as the one in Mexico. Development has progressed mainly along the railroad
lines, and is due to the growth of the smelting industry. In the smelters of
Mexico, copper seems to be displacing load as a vehicle for the concentration of
silver and gold values, and it is probable that recent improvements in the
metallurgy of copper together with the large deposits of copper ore being ex-
ploited will increase considerably the quantity of gold and silver so treated.
Aguascalientes. — The copper mines of Tepezala, operated by M. Guggen-
heim's Sons, have maintained a steady production of siliceous silver-copper
pyrites. The Aguascalientes Metal Co., at Asientos, has maintained a steady out-
put, and in the same camp the American Smelting & Refining Co. purchased
the Santa Prancisca mine in March, after uncovering a very large body of
siliceous silver-lead-zinc sulphides.
Chiapas. — ^The copper-gold mines of Santa F6 have been worked steadily, and
an excelLemt record has been made by the management.
Chihuahua. — The extension of the Mexican Central Railway into Parral and
Santa Barbara has resulted in lasting benefit to the mining camps, which now sup-
ply all the smelters in northern Mlexico with siliceous ores. The Hidalgo Min-
ing Co., of Pittsburg, reopened the old San Juanico mine, and discovered a sili-
ceous vein in shale containing high gold and silver values. The Pedro Alvarado
in the porphyry overlying the shale produced regularly throughout the year.
The Veta Grande and Verde mines in the Veta Colorado ledge were acquired by
the Guggenheim Exploration Co., and a rich ore body was cut in the Morena
mine in the same ledge by the Hidalgo Mining Co. Near Chihuahua City, the
Kraft mine yielding fluxes containing gold, silver, manganese and lime was closed
down during the first of the year on account of the fire at the El Paso smelting
works, but later it was reopened, and ore was produced from the open cuts at a
rate of 3,000 tons per month. In the Sierra Madre Mountains the gold-silver
quartz ores are receiving considerable attention. In the Jesus Maria district
the ore is treated by pan amalgamation solely, with a probable loss of from
25 to 30% of the silver and gold contents. This camp is 60 miles from a rail-
road, and the cost of mule freighting is $60 per ton. The ore is high grade,
and the value of the monthly production is $100,000, the bullion averaging above
$1 per ounce. The Concheno Mining Co. is successfully treating the ore by
crushing it and passing it over Wilfley tables, which effects a 2,000 to 1 con-
centration, cyaniding the sands in the usual way, and the excessively fine slimes
by agitation and filtration. During the year the Dolores mine shipped several
hundred tons of ore, which assayed over 500 oz. silver and 6 oz. gold per ton.
The problem of the local treatment of ores in this district is receiving merited
attention, as the be?t work so far shows an extraction in cyaniding of but 80%
of the gold and 55% of the silver. The camps at Barranca de Cobre, Batopilas,
TJrique, Guazapares and Palmarejo received much attention from investors, and
a valuable silver bonanza was uncovered at the Batopilas mine. The Ardagas
mines near Jimenez producing gold, silver and lead ore, reduced its shipments
during the second half of the year. The value of the ore produced annually in
Chihuahua is greater than that of any other State in Mexico.
Coahuila. — The blowing in of the Torreon smelter stimulated mining consider-
272 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
ably in the southern part of the State, and a number of good lead-silver prospects
are being developed. At Viesca a smelter has been erected to treat the low-
grade siliceous copper carbonates, which carry some silver. The output of the
Sierra Mojada was greatly reduced owing to the burning of the El Paso smelting
works. The Fortuna mine has been actively worked, due to the discovery of a
rich deposit of silver-lead carbonates. The fire in the San Salvador mine con-
tinued throughout the year — ^the mine contains 30,000,000 ft. of lumber and
immense quantities of native sulphur. In the Fronteriza mine, a valuable
extension of the main ore zone has been discovered, but operations here and in
the adjoining Encantada mine of M. Guggenheim Sons were hindered by the
fire in the San Salvador mine. The Norias de Banjan, Cerralvo and Cuatro
Cienegas silver-lead camps were operated in a small way throughout the year.
Durango. — The silver-lead-copper mines and smelter of the Velardena Mining
& Smelting Co., of Omaha, were sold in November to the American Smelting
& Befining Co., an action which will have a radical effect on the smelter
situation. The Compania Miinera de Petioles, at Mapimi, mined 171,000 metric
tons of ore in 1902, and produced 92,000 kg. silver and 24,000 metric
tons lead. The ore occurs in a series of irregular pipes which have been ex-
plored by diamond drills to a depth of 2,300 ft. Thirty electric hoists from
1 to 50 H.P. are used successfully in opening up the ore reserves. A complete
reverberatory roasting plant has been installed. Due to the extension of the
International Railroad to Chinacates, the Promotono silver-gold siliceous mine
has installed a concentrator and a 100-ton smelter. The Lustre Mining Co.,
of Pittsburg, operating the Magistral mine near Inde, is experimenting with
the treatment of the ore which assays 0'5% copper and 0'5 oz. gold per ton.
Guanacevi, which is probably the most important siliceous district in the country,
continues to be handicapped with high freight rates and heavy milling losses —
the work on the extension of the International and Central railroads having been
suspended. Development work at the Avino Mines of Mexico, Ltd., has shown the
presence of copper oxide with native copper in the lower leads. The concentra-
tion works has been superseded by a thiosulphate leaching plant which extracts
85% of the silver and 30% of the gold. The Vacas mines shipped high grade
^ilver-lead concentrates low in silica. The ancient Rosario mine is being re-
opened, and the old workings contain large quantities of silver-gold ore amenable
to profitable treatment by leaching processes. The San Andres de la Sierra
silver-lead mine ships $100,000 of base bullion monthly. The Bacis Gold and
Silver Mines, Ltd., operates 40 stamps, and concentrates and amalgamates its
ore. The Cushing & Wallcup Co., at Trinidad smelts siliceous gold-silver-copper
ore, and ships to the Aguascalientes smelter, which yields copper matte assaying
20% copper, 350 oz. silver and 8 oz. gold per ton. The Candelaria Consolidated
Mining Co., at San Dimas, increased its yearly output, which is obtained by
stamps and pan amalgamation. At La Puerta a large body of gold-silver ore has
been uncovered and a mill is under construction. The value of the ore produced
annually in the State of Durango is second only to that of Chihuahua.
Guanajuato. — The ancient siliceous silvcr-golrl mining district of Guanajuato
has been actively operated. These mines are believed to have produced one-sixth
GOLD AND SILVER. 273
of the silver of the world; one of them, the Valenciana, having an established
record of production of over 300,000,000 oz. silver. The gold in these ores varies
from 15 to 50% of the total values, and in the patio process 75% of this gold is
lost. At the Sirena mine during October, the Guanajuato Consolidated Co. with
40 stamps, milled and treated by pan amalgamation, 100 tons of ore daily. The
extraction was 85% of the gold and silver values at a cost of mining and milling
of $10*11, Mexican, per ton. Enormous bodies of ore in sight carry values of
over $20, Mexican, per ton. The Aparecida, La Luz, Cubo, Refugio, Carmen and
Bolanitos mines have been taken up by Boston, Chicago and New York interests,
with the object of introducing American methods of mining and milling, and
a partnership mill capable of handling 1,000 tons of ore daily is under considera-
tion. The native owners of Esperanzas, Cedro, and other famous properties are
alive also to the need of reorganization, and there is no doubt that this camp will
resume the premier position it has held for 200 years in the silver mining in-
dustry. No matter to what price silver may fall, the gold content of the ores
will continue to sustain profitable operations for many years. Exploration
work has demonstrated that the deeper mines were abandoned on account of the
cost of unwatering, and very valuable ore deposits have been revealed in the
bottom of the old workings. Power in Guanajuato under the most economical
conditions cost during 1902, $350, Mexican, per H.P. per year. The Guanajuato
Power A Electric Co. has completed arrangements to transmit 6,000 H.P.
from the Duero River, near Zamora, in the State of Michoacan, a distance of
100 miles, which will reduce the cost per horse-power per year at the mines to
less than $200, Mexican currency. At Pozos, operations have been very active
and considerable interest is again being taken in mining operations.
Guerrero. — The ancient camp of Taxco is again receiving some attention.
The ore bodies are large in extent, but usually do not exceed 16 to 20 oz.
silver per ton. The ores contain silver, lead, zinc, and iron sulphides in such
proportions that it is difficult to find a process to treat them profitably. A large
body of pyrrhotite is being developed in the Campo Morado. The ore lies on
a contact between black shale and igneous rock, and assays 2% copper, 40% iron,
5% silica, 45% sulphur and 0*2 oz. gold and 6 oz. silver per ton.
Hidalgo. — The Pachuca mines treat more than 7,000,000 oz. silver annually.
The Santa Gertrudis Mining Co. and the Guadalupe mill have been amalgamated.
The electric power plant operating from a distance of 21 miles has been of great
advantage to the camp, and fair profits have been obtained. The patio process
has perhaps reached its highest efficiency in this camp, 90% of the silver and
20% of the gold being extracted from ores assaying 25 oz. silver and 0*08 oz.
gold per ton, although the rise in the cost of treatment points to its early
abandonment. In Zimapan considerable work has been done in the silver-lead
carbonate and copper properties, the English company having been bought out
by Colorado capitalists.
Jalisco. — ^Work has been started on the extension of the Guadalajara branch
of the Central Railway to the Pacific. This railway, from Sayula to Colima,
passes through an almost virgin copper-gold country. Labor is cheap, and on
account of the proximity to the Aguascalientes smelter, ore can be readily
274 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
marketed. On the Santiago River the Castellanos gold-silver mine has been
purchased by the Mexican Gold & Silver Recovery Co.
Mexico. — The El Oro gold mines have been operated successfully, but the
scarcity of fuel is becoming a serious feature. The owners of the Dos Estrellas
mine have cut a rich and productive ore body. El Oro Mining and Railway Co.
has acquired a large number of claims adjoining its properties. This camp is
the richest gold mining district in the Republic. The ore occurring as gpld
quartz in shale is crushed, carried over plates, and the residues cyanided yielding
80% of the total values. The adjoining camp of Tlalpujahua is a silver camp,
and the change to gold mining in this district resembles the similar change in
Colorado after 1893.
Michoacan. — ^The operations of the Inguaran Copper Co. have not increased
during the year. The French owners have not yet decided to build the con-
templated electric power transmission plant. In Angangueo 2,000 tons of silver-
bearing iron pyrites have been mined monthly. The ore carried over 20 oz.
silver per ton, 8% zinc blende, with some galena and 30% sulphur. This ore
was formerly roasted in open heaps and shipped as an iron flux to Aguascalientes,
but the crude ore is now shipped to the same point, and used in the copper plant.
Oaxaca. — The Oaxaca and Ejutla Railway has been extended into the district
of Taviche, and the operations in the Ocotlan mining camtp have been very active.
The principal mine in the district, the Escuadra, containing siliceous silver-gold
ore, has been purchased by Omaha capitalists. About 1,500 tons of ore, assaying
90 oz. silver, and from 0'2 to 0*5 oz. gold per ton is being shipped monthly, and
a local treatment plant is under construction by the Taviche Milling Co. The
gold-silver ore bodies of Ixtlan are being worked very actively, and large profits
are being made by the owners of the Natividad mine.
Puebla. — The pyritic deposit of basic, silver-gold, zinky copper ore at Tezuit-
lan has been actively worked throughout the year. The ore is now being smelted
at the rate of 5,000 tons per month, and the copper matte converted into blister
copper. Power is obtained from a 1,000-ft. water fall and transmitted five miles
to the mines and smelter.
San Luis Potosi. — A new bonanza has been found in the sulphide zone of the
La Paz silver mine in Matchuala, which assures the future of the mine for a long
time. The monthly production is 4,000 tons of ore assaying from 45 to 50 oz.
per ton. The Guggenheim Exploration Co. has secured in Matahuala, the Trini-
dad mine and the stock of the Azul mine, both adjoining the Dolores property,
which is a producer of copper ore carrying silver and gold. In Charcas the
Tiro General silver-zinc mine is being developed, and a considerable tonnage of
ore was shipped.
Sonora. — The Yaqui Indian uprising has disturbed conditions in the southern
portion of the State, and freighting has almost ceased in the central portion from
the lack of pasture. The Picacho mine north of Arispe, belonging to Phelps,
Dodge & Co., made regular shipments of high-grade siliceous gold ores, and the
Chispa mine, south of Arispe, again commenced to ship high grade gold-silver
ore. The development of mining in the Sonora, Oposura and Yaqui valleys is
greatly retarded by the excessive cost of transportation to the Sonora Railroad.
GOLD AND SILVER. 275
In the northern portion, the extension of the El Paso & Southwestcfm Railroad
to Douglas, Texas, and the extension of the Mexican Central Railroad to
Nacosari has considerably stimulated mining which has been further aided by
the entrance of Phelps, Dodge & Co. into custom smelting on a large scale. The
Pilar de Teras, a siliceous camp, is producing high-grade ore. On account of
their location the Lampazos silver mines and the lead properties in Sahuaripa
have received but limited attention. Shipments of lead-copper-silver concen-
trates have continued from the Dura and the Bufa mines. Progress in the
Minas Prietas gold district, south of the Batuc district, has been interrupted;
the Grand Central mine is reported to have been closed down permanently, and
the cyanide mill has treated all of the tailings available. The Creston Colorado
mines seem to be the only properties in successful operation around Alamos, the
Predras Verdes and Quinteras copper-silver mines continue to produce the bulk
of the values and ship matte assaying 40% copper, 20% lead and 200 oz. silver
per ton. The Colorado de TJres property of the Mexican Gold & Silver Re-
covery Co. has been closed down. The Dos Cabezas mine has opened up a very
large siliceous silver-gold deposit, and the problem of local treatment is receiv-
ing the attention of the leading mill-men of the United States. So far, the
best work shows an extraction of 80% of the gold and 66% of the silver content
by a combined cyanide process.
Zacatecas. — ^The San Rafael group of mines in Zacatecas City has been ac-
quired by English capitalists. The Boti mine continues to produce gold-silver
ore, and operations at the Veta Grande silver mines have been very successful.
Attention has been paid to the Zacatecas gold belt, and the introduction of the
cyanide process will materially aid the work during 1903. Development on a
large scale at the Mala Noche mine has demonstrated the value of the ore deposit
in depth. At Concepcion de Oro and Mazapil the building of a smelter and a
railroad into this gold-copper camp by the Mazapil Copper Co., has been the
cause of increased activity. The production of copper and lead ores from this
district is approximately 7,000 tons monthly. The Minillas camp produces lead
sulphides with high silver content. The San Carlos and Santa Maria de
Guadalupe properties have paid very large dividends during the past two years.
At the Sombrerete mines the lixiviation plant has been running steadily, and
the shipments of high-grade ore were maintained throughout the year.
Territory of Baja California. — ^Renewed activity is taking place in the gold
mines of this Territory, and large profits have been made in the Ensenada country.
The scarcity of fuel and water is a great drawback.
Territory of Tepic. — At La Yesca the siliceous lime- manganese ores carrying
40 oz. silver and 0*3 oz. gold per ton have been treated successfully by roasting
with salt and cyaniding. The erection of a large plant is now under considera-
tion.
Central America. — Cosia Eica. — ^The Bella Vista and Thayer mines
equipped with 20-stamp mills, were worked during 1902. The present
capacity of the Thayer mine is 100 tons per day, which yields from $8,000 to
$10,000 per month. The ore is low grade, but is easily mined. The Abengarez
goldfields include the Tres Amigos, Tres Hermanos, and Boston mines. The
276 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Abengarez Co. is substituting water power (300 H.P.) with electric transmis-
sion, for steam power, enlarging its mill and cyanide plant, and putting in air
compressors for drilling. The ore averages 15 dwt. gold per ton. The average
value of the ore of the El Porvenir mine, now owned by the Rio Grande Gold
Mining Co., is from $40 to $60 per ton. A new 1,000-ft. main tunnel was to be
built and power drills were to be installed in May, 1902.
Honduras. — ^The production of precious metals during 1902 was 23,234 oz.
gold and 1,010,204 oz. silver. The repori; of the New York & Honduras
Rosario Mining Co., for the fiscal year ending Nov. 30, 1902, states that dividends
amounting to $105,000 (7% on the capital stock of the company) have been
paid during the year, making the total dividends to date $1,800,000. The ex-
penditures for the year including dividends amounted to $631,245, while the
income from interest and sale of bullion amounted to $490,274. The surplus
at the end of the fiscal year was $842,294. The ore in sight is estimated to be
about 30,000 tons. The company is now shipping the concentrates to the United
States. A Herreshofif roaster and a reverberatory furnace are being erected in
order to reduce the quantity of concentrates to be shipped. The Aramecina mines
continued in operation. The TJlna Co. is surveying a road in order to develop
the Olancho gold mining district. It is believed that the line can be built in
two years.
Nicaragtia. — In Nueva Segovia and Prinzapulca, placer mining on a small
scale is being done. In the vicinity of Rama there are rich mines. The El
Mico mine employs a 20-stamp mill, the ore vein being 22 ft. thick.
Salvador. — The Loma Larga mine has a 3-ft. vein, which averages $20 in gold
and silver. The main shaft is 394 ft. deep, and the main level is 1,640 ft. long.
About 30,000 tons of ore have been taken from this vein, but water now pre-
vents further working. The San Francisco vein is 6*5 ft. wide and assays $10
per ton of ore in gold and silver, the gold being free. The main shaft is 230 ft.
deep with 1,640 ft. of drifts. The Mantos del Socorro and De la Senora mines
yielding ores which assay $12 gold per ton, are operative, 600 tons of ore were
treated by the cyanide process. The capacity of the plant is 40 tons per day,
and 150 men, all natives, are employed. The exports of gold in 1901 were
$192,735, a large increase over the exports for the previous years.
South Amerioa. — Argentina. — The Famatima Development Corporation, Ltd.,
capitalized at £400,000, has been formed to take over the Famatima Copper and
Gold Syndicate, Ltd. The mines are in the Mexicana spur of the Famatimn
Range. There are 14 lodes of ore averaging 4 ft. in width and two miles long.
An aerial tramway is being built to the town of Chilecito, a distance of 25 miles,
which will reduce the cost of carrying ore to the smelter from 35s. to 2s. per ton.
Water is abundant, and the cost of labor 2s. 2d. per day. The ore, which contains
gold, silver, and copper, on smelting 30-ton sample lots, gave results varying
from £7 158. per ton to £22 10s. per ton. The Rosario Co. is operating a 36-in.
water-jacket blast furnace for copper in the Calamuchita district, 60 miles south-
west of Cordoba City. The ore smelted consists of chalcopyrite and pyrite in
quartz, yielding from 5 to 6% Cu. The 65% matte product containing 30 oz., sil-
ver per ton is exported. In the Rioja province, an Otto overhead wire rope tram-
GOLD AND SILVER. 277
way 22 miles long is being installed to transport the rich ores of the Mexicana dis-
trict to the four copper smelters near Chilecito. This will also revive work in the
silver mines of the range which have been inoperative since 1893. The TJpolongos
mine in the Mexicana district, which has been in continuous operation for many
years yields ore assaying 15-3% copper, 65-5 oz. silver and 1-2 oz. gold per ton.
The 65% matte produced by smelting contains 271*4 oz. silver and 4'9 oz. gold
per ton. The Andueza mine in this district produces ore containing from
5 to 7% copper, 2 oz. gold and 30 oz. silver per ton, while the San Pedro ship-
ping ore assays up to 30% copper, 15 oz. silver and 0-5 oz. gold per ton. The
gold and silver ores are smelted with copper ores in the four furnaces in that
district, and the matte containing from 60 to 65% copper, together with the
precious metals, is crushed and shipped to Europe. The Carranza-Lafone Copper
Smelting Corporation of London, capitalized at $3,000,000, has acquired the
mines and smelters in the Capillitas and Atajo districts, and a thoroughly modem
plant is proposed which is to utilize power from an electric plant at Huason,
10 miles distant. In the Santa Catalina district the new railroad from Jujuy
City to Bolivia will aid the development of gold mining. There are several
quartz veins containing 2 oz. gold per ton, which, owing to the elevation of 12,000
ft. and lack of fuel cannot now be profitably worked.
Bolivia, — The California, Sallfria and Socorropata mines are situated in
Yani County, State of La Paz, about 100 miles from the coast, and at an altitude
of 12,690 ft. The lode consists of quartz between walls of slate, varying in width
from 35 to 400 cm. and carry from 25*5 to 54*5 oz. gold per cajon (two tons).
Lumber and water power are abundant, and the native Indian receive 25c. per
day wages. At the Huanchaca mine an electric plant of 2,000 H.P. run by
water power has been installed, the current being transmitted a distance of 80 km.,
and many improvements in the reduction works are under way.
Brazil. — According to Antonio Olyntho, the output of gold in Minas Geraes
for 1902 was 4,469 kg., valued at $2,722,780, of which 4,063 kg. were from mines
operated by foreign companies. For tho half year ending Aug. 31, 1902, the
Morro Velho Co. reports an output of 41,044 oz. gold bullion which sold in
London for £137,953. The quantity of ore raised amounted to 79,141
tons, of which 72,700 tons were crushed. The total expenses amounted to
£88,872. The Ouro Preto Gold Mines of Brazil, report an output during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, of 21,258 oz. fine gold, valued at £89,664,
which with the receipts from rents and from the sale of arsenic increased the total
income to £90,169. The total expenses amounted to £83,642, leaving a balance
of £6,527. The amount of ore milled was 67,792 tons as compared with 64,082
tons for the previous 12 months. The new cyanide plant was completed iri
January, 1902, and the company no longer uses the chlorination method, but
treats all its concentrates by the cyanide process. An extraction of 891% was
obtained as compared with 83*5% for the previous year. Development has now
reached a depth of 2,210 ft. The vein which is 13 ft. wide at this level consists
of good milling ore. No work has been done upon the Santa Anna property
owned by the same company.
The gold fields of the State of Minas Geraes have been well described by
278 THE MINERAL mDUSTRT.
H. Kilbiirn Scott in a paper read before the American Institute of Mining Engi-
neers, May, 1902. Veins of gold in quartz, assaying 470 g. per ton (equivalent to
$235 in value) are reported to have been found in Tassaras, 2 km. distant from
the Ouro Preto mines. Dr. Timothes Da Costa reports the results of 10,500
pan washings of gravels from the Camo River to average 3- 13 g. gold per ton.
Chile. — The South Chilean Syndicate, capitalized at £32,000, operated placers
near San Jose, but the Valdivia Co., with a capital of £15,000, which started
operations at Panquinlahue, suspended work. A gold mine is being operated at
Quinco. During 1902 a company operating the cyanide process on old mill
tailings, extracted and shipped gold precipitate to the value of $80,000, and the
Anglo-Chilean Exploration Co. at Huasco produced from 10 to 11 kg. gold per
month from its stamp mill. The principal silver mines which produce about
7,000 oz. per month, are located in the district of Caracoles, 150 miles inland
from Antofagasta. Operations are carried on by the leasing system, the lessees
paying the owner of the property a royalty of from 15 to 30% upon the net "
value after deducting mining expenses. The silver-lead smelting works are at
Antofagasta, one being in the suburb Bella Vista, owned by the Antofagasta
Smelting Co., and the other at Playa Blanca, owned by the Compania de Minas
de Huanchaca. American and French capitalists are interested in the Huanchaca
company. Up to March 1, 1903, the Chilean Government melted and sold in
the London market 3,300,000 silver soles, replacing the coinage by imports of gold
— a step necessary in order to maintain the gold standard.
Colombia. — The continuation of the civil war has hindered the active develop-
ment of mining, although in the interior of the country operations have been
conducted successfully. The Province of Antioquia produces 90% of the total
output of gold, which during the past few years has exceeded annually $2,000,000
in value. Silver ore is exported chiefly to Germany and England, in value
amounting annually to about $1,500,000. The Zaucudo mines operated entirely
by native management employed nearly 2,000 people in 1902, and produced about
$20,000 in bullion per month. The Frontino and Bolivia Gold Mining Co., Ltd.,
which owns the Salada and Silencio mines, operates three California and several
native wooden mills. The Ijeristales and San Nicolas mines, with a 35-stamp
California mill, are in operation again after having been closed during the revo-
lution. The Colombian Mines Co. has a native 24-stamp mill at its Venecia mine,
and will erect a California mill. The Bramadora mine is being developed, and a
Califomian 80-stamp mill will be erected. At the San Andres mine, there are
over 26,000 tons of ore reported in sight, valued at $42*63 per ton, and 5,000
tons of tailings, valued at $28 per ton. The ore is iron pyrites carrying a little
galena and zinc blende, and the vein averages about 5 ft. wide.
Ecuador. — The South American Exploration Co., of New York, continues to
operate successfully the mines in the Zaruma district. Province of El Oro. The
principal veins van* from 15 to 16 m. in width. ^ The work is through tunnels,
the lowest and principal tunnel being 2,300 ft. in length, reaching a depth of
650 ft. The ore is chiefly blue and white quartz, containing about 10% of iron,
copper, zinc and lead sulphides, with occasional free gold. The ore is extracted
chiefly by stoping large chambers and filling with surface rock, although small
GOLD AND 8ILVER. 279
chambers are sometimes stoped, and left open until convenient filling is ob-
tainable. Timber is excessively costly, and the common timber of the vicinity
becomes decayed in a few years. The mill is equipped with 40 stamps, each of
850 lb. weight. The pulp passes over three 5-f t. copper plates for amalgamation,
and thence to steel cyanide vats. Amalgamation yields 30% of the product, and
subsequent cyanide treatment of the mill pulp, to which discarded slimes are
added, yields 70%. The slimes are impounded in large reservoirs adjacent to
the vats. The strength of the cyanide solution is •0*075%. Freight from the
coast by mule back costs from $1 to $2 per 100 lb., according to the class of
material and the time of the year, travel being very diflBcult from January to
April. Native labor costs $0*50 gold per diem and native contract miners from
$0*50 to $2 per diem.
Ouiana. — The quantity of gold entered at the Department of Lands and Mines,
British Guiana, during 1902 amounted to 103,050 crude oz. (about 900 fine)
as compared with 105,945 crude oz. in 1901, while the exports for 1902 were
108,522 crude oz., valued at $1,898,672, as compared with 101,014 crude oz.,
valued at $1,771,620 in 1901. A large hydraulic plant has been installed at tho
Omari mine, which promised very satisfactory returns. The cessation of dredg-
ing by the British Guiana Co., on the Barima River, is reported to have been due
to the unwarranted large scale of operations. A foreign syndicate has been
formed to operate a dredging concession in the Peruni district. The British
Guiana Consolidated Gold Mines, Ltd., organized Nov. 29, 1902, has acquired
the Barima mine and works four miles southwest of Arakaka, in territory re-
cently awarded to Great Britain. The property aggregates 322 acres, and the
mill is equipped with a 20-stamp battery and accessories, 75-H.P. vertical boiler,
60-H.P. engine, etc. The ore is free milling quartz assaying about 1 oz. gold
per ton. A grant of 500 acres of Crown land and freedom of royalty for 10
years is oflEered by the Government to any one who discovers platinum, silver,
copper, coal or petroleum in the colony before January, 1907.
In French Guiana the higher tax rate on gold (8%), as compared with 5%
in Dutch Guiana, is accountable for the difficulty in obtaining exact statistics
of production. The reports of organized companies which cannot evade the
tax give an aggregate output of from 90 to 100 kg. gold per month, while the
actual monthly exports amount to from 250 to 280 kg. This shows that the
greater part of the output is derived from the operations of the small workers or
^'marauders,'' who are not particular as to the ownership of the territory from
which the stock of the precious metal is obtained. According to David I^evat
in his excellent work La Ouyane Franqaise en 1902, the tax is evaded by the
presentation of a sworn statement that the gold was derived for the most part
from beyond the frontier, paying perhaps the 8% tax on a small portion only.
This is especially true of the workers in the Inini placers. Furthermore, the
statistics of exports of gold from Dutch Guiana during 1901, which amounted to
23,270 oz., valued at £82,630, include 13,139 oz. of gold obtained from French
Guiana, the difference in the tax rate of the respective governments causing ship-
ments through Dutch Guiana.
The production of gold in Dutch Guiana during 1902 is officially reported to
280 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
have been 687*6 kg. as compared with 752"8 kg. in 1901. The statistics of ex-
port include a portion of the production of French Guiana,* which passes through
Dutch Guiana on account of the lower Government tax rate in the latter country.
The development of the gold mining industry is seriously hampered by the
difficulties of transport, an obstacle which will be removed by the construction of
the proposed railroad from Paramaribo to the Lawa district.
Peru, — ^The production of gold during 1900 was 52,480 oz., valued at $1,084,-
750. The Nimrod Syndicate has acquired the Chuquitambo gold mines near
Cerro de Pasco, formerly worked by the Spaniards. A large quantity of ore is
available which though not rich is of sufficiently high grade to be treated with
profit. A New York syndicate has purchased practically all of the productive
properties in the Cerro de Pasco district at a price of $2,650,000, thereby
controlling at least 80% of the mines. A railroad from this district
to Oroya is under construction, and will probably be completed before the
end of the year, which will lower the freight rates to 24 soles ($11*66)
per ton from the present rate of from 70 to 80 soles ($34 to $39) now paid for
transportation on the backs of llamas. The Caylloma Silver Mining Co., Ltd.,
operating the San Pedro, Santa Isabel tunnel, Bateas and Eureka mines report
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, gross receipts from ore and bullion
amounting to £47,541 ; deducting £2,000 for depreciation the net loss was £3,421.
The year's work showed 730 tons of ore shipped, of an average assay of 416 oz.
6 dwt. silver and 1 oz. 1 dwt. gold per ton, the total value being £29,837. Bar
silver sold during the year contained 166,051 standard oz. silver and 154 oz. gold
of an aggregate value of £17,703. Owing to the decline in the price of silver,
it is reported that the company is seriously contemplating a shut-down of the
works. The Inca Mining Co., owning mines in the interior of the country, has
recently purchased from an American company a $40,000-milling plant, consist-
ing of a 30-stamp mill, 8 Wilfiey concentrators, engines, boilers, etc. The ma-
chinery was packed in 300-lb. lots as the only means of transportation is on the
backs of llamas. During 1902 Barkis & Johnson Co. shipped to London 3,000
tons of copper matte containing from 40 to 50% copper and from 225 to 235 oz.
silver per ton. The company is developing rapidly and expects to produce more
than double its present output during 1903. The Alpa Mina in the Yauli dis-
trict, produced 250 tons of ore assaying 40% lead and from 30 to 100 oz. silver
per ton.
Uruguay, — The quartz mines of Cunapiru, San Gregorio and Santa Ernestina
in the Rivera department, have been operated by a French company, which during
1901 treated 6,183 tons of ore, yielding 72 kg. gold, valued at $47,815, as com-
pared with 7,345 tons, yielding 71 kg. gold, valued at $47,342, in 1900. The
cyanide process recently adopted has given better results. The mines are small — »'
mostly surface work — and assays from 12 workings range from 6*75 to 30*79 gi
($4-50 to $20-50) per ton. During 1901, 25 new applications for mining privi4
leges were filed in the departments of Cerro Largo, Minas, Maldonado, Canelones
and Florida. A serious obstacle to the development of the mines is the lack of *
water. A percentage of the total output of gold is paid to the Government.
Europe. — Russia. — Reports of operations at the so-called 'Finnish Klondyke*'
GOLD AND 8ILVBB, 281
on the banks of the Iraljoki and Tolosjoki in Lapland, state that several hundred
men are engaged in working the deposits. The severe climate is a serious obstacle
to development. The gold mining region of Primorski, Siberia, is divided into
two parts — ^the northern, on the Amur River and the Okhotsk Sea, and the
southern, on several small rivers along the South IJssuri district and the island
of Askold. Mining has increased in the former since the construction of the
Ussuri and Transbaikal Bailroad. Trial excavations are made at a distance
of 1 verst (0*653 mile) apart. The ground is stripped by hand, digging, the
turf being removed by horse cars; but recently ground sluicing has been in-
troduced for this purpose. A workman is paid from 61'2 to 93'7c. a day.
The richest gold placers in the South Ussuri region have been worked by ancient
Chinese processes, which limit the quantity to be washed in 34 hours to
375 cu. m. ; for this reason no deposit is worked which yields less than 1*65 mg.
gold per cu. m. For washing 900,000 cu. m. sand per year, 3,000 men and
500 horses are required. The Russian Ministry of Finance is projecting a rail-
road 600 miles in length from the upper reaches of the Angara River to the
River Vitim across the richest gold-bearing district of Siberia, lying to the
northeast of Lake Baikal. It has also decided to establish four new gold re-
fineries in Eastern Siberia; two to be installed by the Ministry of Finance at
Blagovestchensk and Kraanoiarsk, one at Nicolai'evsk, and one at Badaibo.
Servia. — The Rusman gold mine at Glogowitza on the Timok River is still
in its preliminary stage. A mill consisting of 10 stamps weighing 550 kg.
each, together with an amalgamation and concentrating plant, was set in opera-
tion toward the end of 1900. The ore consists of pjrrite averaging 30 to 40 g.
gold per ton. Two Servian companies prospected for gold in the valley of the
Pek River, near Kutchevo, where alluvial deposits containing fine and coarse
grains of gold have been found. A large number of quartz veins were found
showing free gold, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite.
Spain. — English capital has become interested in alluvial mining in the
provinces of Lugo, Orense and Leon on the rivers Sil and Mino and tribu-
taries; in all 33 properties of an aggregate area of 4,179 acres have been ac-
quired. The nature, value and depth of the alluvial is common to all, and
covers almost the entire area of each concession, its depth varies from 10 to
25 ft. of a minimum value of 6 dwt. gold per cu. yd. The cost of working the
deposit by small machines of a daily capacity of 35 cu. yd. is stated to be
2*5d. per cu. yd.
Africa. — Egypt — During 1903 the Egyptian Mines Exploration Co., Ltd.,
the Egyptian Development Syndicate, and the Egypt & Soudan Mining Syndi-
cate have explored the property granted to them by the Egyptian Government.
The first of these companies has been working on its mines at Um Rus, the
main shaft now being 350 ft. in depth. The vein varies in width from 4 to
40 in., and assays from 1 dwt. to 5 oz. gold. Native labor is in abundance at
wages from Is. 6d. to Is. 8d. per day, while the cost of fuel is 35s. per ton.
At the Fatira mine the vein varies in width from 8 to 40 in., and samples
assay from 1 dwt. to 3 oz. 15 dwt. gold. Both mines had been worked in ancient
times. The Central Egypt Exploration Co., Ltd., which is a subsidiary company
282 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
of the Egyptian Exploration Co., has been capitalized at £150,000. The district
owned by the company occupies 1,200 sq. miles. Two ancient gold mines have
been rediscovered — ^the Fowkir and the Um Esh. The quartz vein in the
latter is half a mile long and from a few inches to a foot thick. A part of the
ore assayed 11 dwt. 12 gr. gold per ton. In the Fowkir mine samples assay
from 1'5 to 5 dwt. gold per ton. Labor is abundant and cheap, but fuel and
timber will have to be imported; the mines, however, are easily accessible from
the coast. The Nile Valley Co. in its report of March 5, 1903, states that it
has received a concession of 6,000 sq. miles from the Egyptian Government. At
the Um Garaiart mine, owned by this company, there is a complete hoisting
and pumping plant and a small battery is being erected. Three shafts have
been sunk, the reef varying from 18 in. to 9 ft. in thickness, and the ore assay-
ing from 20 to 250 oz. gold. Ore valued at £11,000 has been taken out of the
mine. The Egypt & Soudan Mining Syndicate, Ltd., for the year ending
September 30, 1902, reports that its concessions in Egypt comprise an area of
2,000 sq. miles, and in Soudan about 20,000 sq. miles. On its Egyptian property
at Hamesh three shafts have been sunk, the ore assaying from 12 gr. to
1 oz. 4 dwt. per ton, and at Samut three other shafts show the vein to vary from
0'5 to 1"5 fi in width and to assay from 2 dwt. to 2 oz. 18 dwt. per ton. On
its Soudan property investigation and development work have been carried on
at Om Nabardi and Nabi, and it has been found that the ore assays from 5 dwt.
to 1 oz. 16 dwt. gold per ton.
Oold Coast. — According to the Controller of Customs at Accra, the exports
from the Gold Coast Colony during 1901 amounted to 6,163 oz. bullion, equiva-
lent to 5,224 oz. fine gold, valued at £22,187, as compared with 10,557 oz. bullion,
valued at £38,007, in 1900. The Asiakwa Hydraulicking & Mining Corpora-
tion, Ltd., owns 20 gq. miles of territory; a test on 338 cu. yd. of gravel gave
by hydraulic mining 20 oz. 1 dwt. gold assaying 930 fine. A plant is to be built
to produce 40 oz. gold per day. The New Gold Coast Agency, Ltd., has ac-
quired the Gold Coast Agency, Ltd., and obtained large concessions in the
Tarkwa district belonging to the Nassau Gold Coast Mining Co., Ltd., and
the Gold Coast Pioneer Syndicate, Ltd. The new company has formed two
subsidiary companies — the Adjak Bippo Deep, Ltd., and the Cinnamon Bippo
Co., Ltd. — both capitalized at £100,000. Both of these latter companies are
developing their properties. The reef of the first varies in thickness from 10 to
44 in. and assays from 2 to 23 dwt. gold per ton, while the reef of the second
varies from 2*5 to 18 in. and assa}'B from 3 to 24 dwt. gold per ton.
Ivory Coast. — The Consolidated Goldfields of the Ivory Coast, Ltd., increased
its capital to £1,000,000 after taking over the property of the New Austral
Co.p Ltd. The concession owned by the company covers 2,000,000 acres. The
New Austral properties are situated in the districts of the Baoul6, Sanwi,
Indeni6, Attie and Biano rivers. The sample of the ore taken from the Aman-
gara reef assayed from 1 to 18 oz. gold, and from 0*5 to 2 oz. silver. Engineers
have been sent out to investigate the property. On the bank of the Menzan River
quartz has been found which assays from 2 to 30 dwt. gold per ton. At Assikasso, •
GOLD AND 8ILVEB. 283
where the work has reached a depth of 60 ft., assays show gold throughout the
deposit.
Madagascar. — ^The exports for 1901 were gold dust, 2,374 lb., valued at
$590,765, and gold in bars, 245 lb., valued at $46,073, as compared with gold
dust, $641,355, and gold in bars, $51,114 in 1900. The property of the
Suberbieville Co. is to be developed by the South African Gold Dredging Co.,
the former company to receive 2 fr. for every hectare exploited, and a royalty
of 20% of the value of the gold recovered from the placers and 25% of that
from crushing. Three years ago the Suberbieville Co. erected a dredging plant
at Majunga, but it was not placed in operation. It is reported that placer gold
has been found near the port of Manangary. According to the mining regula-
tion, which went into effect February, 1902, a 5% tax of the value of all mineral
extracted is levied, being calculated on the quarterly production. In no case can
the quarterly tax be less than $50.
Portuguese East Africa. — The exports of gold in bars and gold dust, domestic
or foreign, in 1901, amounted to 1,136 lb., valued at £52,577. New regulations
were made for the mining fields by which the reef claims have been doubled
in size, runing 100 m. along the reef and 200 m. across. Companies floated on
properties must pay to the Mozambique Co., either 10% (a reduction from
the former 50%) of their nominal capital, or 20% of the vender's shares fully
paid up. Claim holders may pay four times the tax above specified and dispose
of their claims without any revision of share to the Mozambique Co. Con-
cessions have also been granted on the rivers of the Mozambique Co.'s terri-
tories and dredges have been installed. Some work has also be?en done on the
Richmond, Braganza, Revue and Guy Pawkes mines. Boys for working the
mines are provided by the company at £1 per head per month. More than
2,000 boys are at work in the mines. Rich discoveries have been made in
Mozambique. The Macequeci promises good results, and a valuable discovery
has been made in the Uanetz district. The formation is the true conglomerate,
as in the Witwatersrand. The reef extends for a long distance, 7 miles having
been prospected. The district is north of Incomati, near the Transvaal. It is
healthy, and there is an abundant supply of water and timber. A syndicate
recently formed is prospecting the field.
Rhodesia.— ThQ ore crushed in 1902 was 142,037 tons, yielding 194,268
crude oz., as compared with 172,150 crude oz. in 1901. The number of stamps
in operation during the year was 370, of which 60 represent prospecting batteries.
There are in course of erection 68 additional stamps, and 240 additional stamps
have been ordered. The Selukwe mine, which during 1902 paid a 20% dividend,
produced from 2,566 to 3,685 oz. of gold per month in its mill, while its c}'«nide
plant produced 1,200 to 1,812 oz. per month. About 1,000 natives are employed.
The working of all the mines in Rhodesia has been hindered owing to the diffi-
culty of obtaining native labor. Then again the laborers, from no apparent
reason, take a strong dislike to certain mines, which in consequence find the
greatest difficulty in obtaining labor. For this reason the mines are now em-
ploying Shangaans from Portuguese territory, who are more disposed to settle
down and work for a longer period. In the Geelong and Geelong Valley mines
284 THE MIIfEliA L IND USTU r
it is estimated that there are 53,000 tons of ore in sight averaging 15 dwt. gold
per ton. In the West Nicholson mine the ore in sight is estimated at 70,000
tons, assaying from 8 to 12 dwt. per ton, in addition to large tonnage of low grade
ore. The 10-stamp mill is to be increased by the addition of 50 new stamps.
The Red and White Rose mine has erected a 20-stamp mill and cyanide plant.
Its ore assays 12 dwt. gold per ton. The Rhodesia Exploration & Develop-
ment Co., Ltd., during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, was engaged in
devoloping its six mines, excavating 12,635 yd. material at an average cost of
£2 188. 2-6d. per running foot. The Ayrshire Gold Mine & Lomagunda Railway
Co., Ltd., for the year ending June 30, 1902, reports that the railroad from
Salisbury to the mine has been completed. Its mine is being developed, 62,100
tons of ore averaging 10 dwt. having been blocked out. Its 5-stamp mill,
which crushed 7,033 tons of ore yielding 3,895 oz. of bullion between April,
1900 and August 31, 1901, will be increased, and a cyanide plant added. The
V. V. (Gwanda) Syndicate, Ltd., is also developing its ten properties and ?i
10-stamp mill is to be erected. It has sold three of its properties to the Imani
Gold Mining Co., Ltd. The Selukwe Gold Mining Co., Ltd., for the year end-
ing March 31, 1902, reported that it crushed 62,301 tons of rock yielding
38,049 oz. bullion, and treated in its cyanide mill, which was completed in
October, 1901, 28,160 tons, yielding 6,472 oz. bullion. It realized from the
sale of gold £159,862, and its total income was £160,101. The net profit for
the year was £43,898, which with £52,275, the balance brought forward from
the previous fiscal year, made a total balance of £96,171. A dividend of 10%
was paid in August, 1902.
Transvaal, — (We are indebted to W. Fischer Wilkinson^ for valuable infor-
mation contained in this review.) — The opening of the year 1902 found the war
still in progress, although the British troops were able to maintain tranquil
conditions throughout most of the colony. By December, 1901, only 11 com-
panies had taken advantage of the order issued in May granting permission
to resume operations on a small scale, and the number of stamps dropping was
only 653 out of the 5,970 at work before the war. As the difficulties incident
to repairing damages, procuring supplies and getting a sufficient quota of native
laborers were overcome, the list of operative mines was gradually increased. In
January, 1902, 21 companies with 1,075 stamps were working; in April, 33
companies, 1,760 stamps; in June, 37 companies, 2,130 stamps; in August,
39 companies, 2,395 stamps; in October, 41 companies, 2,570 stamps, and in
December, 45 companies, with 2,845 stamps. Hostilities ceased on May 31,
1902, when the peace negotiations were signed by the two parties. The losses
sustained by the mining companies on account of the war were heavy, although
little wilful damage was committed by the Boers. The largest item — the costs
of care-taking, unwatering, repairs, salaries and wages — amounted to £3,400,000 ;
while the gold appropriated by the Boer Government from the mines was
£2,475,178. Exclusive of interest on capital, the total loss may be placed at
about £6,000,000. In some respects the changed conditions under the new
rule have been for the benefit of the mining companies. The latter have profited
> Engineering and Mining Journal, Jan. 8, 1908, p. 16.
GOLD AND SiLVMR.
285
by a material reduction in the price of explosives and coal, and also by the
removal of certain import duties. The high railway rates, however, have not been
altered. As an offset to the concessions granted, account must be taken of the
increase in the profit tax to 10%, which will directly affect the dividend dis-
tribution upon mining shares. The greatest difficulty in the way of rapid
progress at the present time is the scarcity of native labor. Of the 100,000
natives employed before the war less than half that number returned to the
mines in 1902, despite the best efforts of recruiting agents in all the native
districts. The experiment of replacing their labor by unskilled whites has
been unsuccessful, and there are serious objections to the importation of Asiatics.
The scarcity of natives has been due to several causes — ^the employment of large
numbers in the army, the abundance of harvests and the reduction in the wages
paid at the mines. Under the present stringent administration of the liquor
law, it is stated that the natives give much more efficient service than formerly.
The output of gold for the year ending June 30, 1902, according to the report
of the Commissioner of Mines, was 891,999 fine oz., valued at £3,788,968. Of
this amount, the mines on the Witwatersrand contributed 851,799 fine oz.,
valued at £3,618,206, while the output of the reduction works amounted
to 40,200 fine oz., valued at £170,762. Of the tailings treated during
the year 1,092,369 tons of sand and 220,997 tons of slimes were treated by the
zinc process, and 71,302 tons of sands and 41,675 tons of slimes were treated
by the Siemens-Halske process. The percentage of waste rock sorted on the
surface before milling averaged 19*012%, and for each ounce of fine gold pro-
duced, 2457 tons of ore were raised. The total output of gold for the Witwaters-
rand in 1902 was 1,690,101 fine oz., valued at £7,179,074, as compared with
238,995 fine oz., valued at £1,014,687 in 1901, an increase of 1,451,106 fine
oz., valued at £6,164,387. The increase was divided as follows: Mill yields,
897,231 oz. ; concentrates and by-products, 48,836 oz. ; tailings, 458,243 oz. ;
slimes, 46,283 oz., and other sources, 512 oz. The gold exported during 1902
amounted to £7,239,888. The mining companies of the Transvaal, excluding
investment and land corporations, represent an investment of 200 millions ster-
ling, or about a billion dollars. This is approximately equal to the cost of the
Boer war. The number, nominal capital and market valuation of the companies
are as follows : —
Description.
Number.
801
86
18
Nominal Capital.
Market Valuation.
Mining
$460,440,000
124,000,000
88,660.000
9979,090,000
496,000,000
90,000,000
Iftvofltxnfmt. t
Land
Totals
S60
9eSS,990.000
$1,564,090,000
Messrs. Tjeggett and Hatch estimate the ore lying within the depth of 6,000 ft.
and length of 46-9 miles at £1,233,560,709. The output should average
£30,000,000 per year, and at this rate it would take 42*5 years to exhaust the
fields. During 1902 the mining companies paid dividends amounting to
£1,442,375. The Consolidated Goldfields of South Africa, Ltd., for the year
ending June 30, 1902; reports a profit of £893,385, out of which £124,629 for
dividend and tax were paid, leaving £663,722; this, with amount brought for-
286 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
ward from the previous year, £1,512,206, makes £2,175,928, out of which a
dividend of £500,000 is to be paid, leaving £1,676,928 to be carried forward.
The Robinson Deep Gold Mining Co., owned by this company, re-started in
March, 1901, with 50 stamps, and between March 1 and August 30, 1901,
the company milled 48,615 tons of ore, yielding 23,934 fine oz. gold, valued at
£99,452. The working expenses amounted to £81,355, leaving a profit of £18,097.
The Glen Deep, Ltd., for the year ending July 31, 1902, states that operations
were resumed in March, 1902, and between March and July 31, 1902, it crushed
27,328 tons of ore with 35 stamps, yielding 9,380 fine oz. gold, valued at
£39,336 ; the expenditures during the same period amounted to £32,682, leaving
a profit of £6,653, from which must be subtracted interest charges of £2,481,
making the net profit £4,173. The ore reserves were estimated at 383,694 tons.
The Simmer and Jack Proprietary Mines, Ltd., for the year ending June 30,
1902, reports a resumption of operations April 23, 1902, with 50 stamps, which
were increased to 100 in June. The total tonnage crushed was 28,404, yielding
8,225 fine oz. gold, valued at £34,642, and the working expenses were £35,608.
The 40 additional stamps started before the war were completed, increasing the
capacit}' of the plant to 320 stamps, and a drjing and a reverberatory furnace
were built for drying and smelting the gold slimes. The Jumpers Deep, Ltd.,
for the year ending September 30, 1902, reports that it resumed operation in
February, 1902, and in eight months treated 74,146 tons of ore, yielding
26,115 fine oz. gold valued at £109,152, and expended £95,090, leaving a net
profit, after paying interest charge? of £966, of £13,096. The ore reserves on
September 30, 1902, were estimated at 619,137 tons. The Langlaagte Deep,
Ltd., for the year ending July 31, 1902, reports that during seven months it
milled 66,531 tons, yielding 25,433 fine oz. gold, valued at £106,448, and ex-
pended £81,284 for operating its property, and £25,161 for interest. The ore
reserves on July 31, 1902, were estimated at 762,317 tons. The Nourse
Deep, Ltd., for the year ending July 31, 1902, reports that during five months
it milled 36,008 tons of ore, yielding 10,484 fine oz. gold, valued at £43,637,
and expended £40,905 for operating its property, and £316 for interest, leaving a
net profit of £2,416. The ore reserves on July 31, 1902, were, estimated at
495,126 tons.
West Africa, — In January, 1903, the Prah Gold Mines, Ltd., the Clinton's
Gold Concessions, Ltd., the United Gold Mines of West Africa, Ltd., the Atom6
Mines, Ltd., and the Bakrobo Mines, Ltd., were consolidated. The consolidated
company owns 1,000 sq. miles in West Africa. The nominal capital at the time
of consolidation was £900,000, of which £694,000 had been paid in. The name
of the present company is the United Gold Mines of West Africa, with a nominal
capital of £500,000, of which £464,000 were issued at once, leaving £36,000 to
be issued as required.
Asia. — China. — The Syndicat du Yunnan, Ltd., has obtained a concession
from the Chinese Government for a period of 60 years to exploit the mines and
mineral deposits in 35 districts of the Pro\'ince of Yunnan. These districts cover
40,000 sq. miles and contain 59 mines: — 25 copper, 27 silver, 6 gold and one
tin mine. Of the net profits of the company, 10% is to be paid to the Provincial
GOLD AND SILVER, 287
Government of Yunnan, 25% to the Imperial Chinese Government, and 65%
to the Syndicate of Yunnan. The annual output of silver in Mongolia averages
from 80,000 to 100,000 oz., and is obtained by the natives in a very prhnitive
manner. Modem methods of treatment recently introduced were unsuccessful
owing to the high cost of coke and machinery unsuited for concentrating the
galena, which is very finely disseminated throughout the ore. The principal
silver mines are 45 miles northeast of Jehol, the capital of Mongolia, first worked
by the natives 50 years ago. There are two mines, the Ku Shan Tze and Yen
Tung Shan, about five miles apart. The vein in the upper levels is composed of
galena in iron ore from 2 to 4 ft. thick, while in the lower the silver-lead ore
occurs between quartz porphyry walls. The deepest workings are 400 ft. below
the surface. The ore is hand concentrated and roasted for a week in a primi-
-tive furnace 6 ft in diameter and 6 ft. high, constructed of blue bricks. The
roasted ore is then continuouslyv smelted with fluxes in a brick furnace 1 ft. in
diameter and 3 ft. high, until 100 lb. of lead has accumulated when the metal is
quenched with water and cupelled in a furnace having a muffle 18X12X8 in.
in size with a hearth of wood ashes. Ten hours are required to cupel 100 lb.
of charge. When the product is 995 fine the silver is cooled in water, removed
from the furnace and cut into pieces varying in weight from 5 to 50 oz.
Dutch East Indies. — (For a general description of the gold resources of the
Dutch East Indies consult The MSineral Industry, Vol. X., p. 319.) — The
development of the mining industry in Borneo, Sumatra and Celebes, where
active exploration work has been carried on for several years, has not been at-
tended thus far with financial returns. In the period 1893-1901 inclusive, 53
mining companies were organized with an aggregate capitalization of about
$12,500,000, and more than $2,500,000 were expended in exploring various prop-
erties ; of these ventures three have reached the producing stage, but as yet have
not earned sufficient profits to warrant the payment of dividends. The Bedjang
Ticbong mine in Sumatra has a 40-stamp mill and exploits a reef carrying
about 2 oz. gold, and from 7 to 10 oz. silver per ton. During the year 1902 the
mill treated 16,435 metric tons of ore for a yield of 21,982 oz. gold and 118,225
oz. silver, while 6,021 tons of ore were reserved for further treatment. Some
difficulties were experienced in operating the slimes plant, and the production
was greatly reduced by lack of water which necessitated an almost complete sus-
pension of operations during September and October. At the Lebong Soelit
mine, now owned by the Mynbouw Maatschappij Katahoen, a 20-8tamp mill has
been placed in operation. In northern Celebes, the Palehleh mine, which is
located on an irregular vein averaging about 6 ft. in width, during the first
nine months of 1902, produced 118 kg. gold and 43 kg. silver from 17,655
metric tons of ore. The production for the year 1901 was 143*5 kg. gold from
15,618 tons of ore. This property is operated by the Nederlandschindische
Gold Mining Co. The Soemalata Co., whose mine is located 40 miles west of
Palehleh, reported for 11 months of 1902 an output of 5,430 oz. gold; in 1901
its output was 8,460 oz. The most promising developments in Borneo have been
made in the southern part near the Kahajang River, but as yet no mines have
reached the producing stage.
288 tBe mineral nttotrsTRY,
India. — The quantity of gold produced from the Kolar field during 1902
was 513,220 oz. crude gold, valued at £1,959,268, as compared with 504,732 oz.,
valued at £1,921,000 in 1901. During the year the Government works for
supplying electrical power to the mines was completed, ax>d the full 8,000 H.P.
will soon be available. Of the 15 operative companies in the Mysore district,
five paid dividends amounting to £874,158, five produced gold but paid no divi-
dends, while five were non-producers. The Coromandel, Nine Beefs, and West
Balaghat mines are no longer producers; the first of these, however, will prob-
ably resume crushing in 1903. The production of gold decreased considerably
during April, May and June, 1902, due to the scarcity of water. At the Hutti
(Nizam's) Gold Mines, Ltd., at Hyderabad, a 10-stamp mill has becfn erected.
The report of the Champion Reef Gold Mining Co., Ltd., for the fiscal year
ending September 30, 1902, shows an income from the sale of gold of £671,705,
and a total income of £543,326 after deducting the royalty paid to the Govern-
ment, as compared with £576,329 in 1901. The expenditures amounted to
£259,489, leaving a net balance of £288,293, out of which £130,075 in dividends
were paid, or at the rate of 110%. The quantity of ore crushed amounted to
134,088 tons yielding 138,872 oz. bar gold, an average yield of 1 oz. 17 gr. per
ton, while the tailings and slimes amounting to 115,411 tons treated by the
cyanide process, yielded 11,873 oz. bar gold, an average of 2 dwt. 1 gr. per ton.
The total production of bar gold was 150,745 oz. A new 120-stamp mill wa^
placed in operation. The scarcity of water during the dry season (April to
July) caused a large decrease in the output. A new cyanide plant with a
capacity of 8,000 tons of tailings per month was started in August, which in-
creases the total capacity of the plant to 20,000 tons of sand per month. The
Mysore Gold Mining Co., Ltd., during 1902 milled 140,306 tons of ore yielding
by amalgamation 154,905 oz. bar gold, an average of 1 oz. 2 dwt. 2 gr. per ton.
The cyanide works treated 114,549 tons of tailings, from which 12,927 oz. gold
were obtained, an average of 2 dwt. 6 gr. per ton. The plates yielded 672 oz.,
making a total output of 168,504 oz., as compared with 164,581 oz. in 1901.
The gold realized £657,918, upon which £32,610 in royalties were paid. Re-
ceipts from various sources amounted to £3,131. Expenditures amounted to
£253,704, and £344,500 were paid in dividends, a rate of 130% for the year.
The balance on hand at the end of the fiscal year was £376,145. Since January,
1898, the company has paid £3,175,152 in dividends on a capital of £265,000.
In November, 1902, the capital was raised to £290,000 by the issue of 50,000
shares of 10s. each, 15,000 of these shares and £20,000 being paid to the Gold
Fields of Mysore & General Exploration Co., Ltd., for their 342-acre block.
The capacity of the cyanide plant is 15,000 tons of tailings per month. The
new 60-stamp mill was started in October, which increases the total number of
stamps to 210; of these, 150 are operated by electric power. The ore reserve is
estimated to be over 340,000 tons. The Ooregum Gold Mining Co., Ltd., milled
106,930 tons of oro during 1902, yielding 88,069 oz. gold valued at £327,846.
The ordinary expenditure amounted to £164,675, and the profit to £148,937.
The mills contributed 68,942 oz., the cyanide works 16,239 oz., and 2,888 oz.
were obtained from skimmings, dismantling old mills, etc. The new 120-8tamp
OOLD AND SILVER, 289
mill has been in operation for the greater part of the year. The Nundydroog
Co., Ltd., during 1902 produced 58,034 oz. gold, valued at £218,171. The
mills treated 65,940 tons of quartz, yielding 52,677 oz. gold, and 60,409 tons of
tailings were cyanided for a recovery of 5,357 oz. gold. The Balaghat Gold
Mining Co., Ltd., during 1902 produced 23,762 oz. gold from 25,635 tons of
quartz crushed, and 2,635 oz. gold from 24,030 tons of tailing cyanided, a total
of 26,397 oz., valued at £102,021. The expenditure amounted to £65,988. A
dividend of £8,945 was paid, leaving a balance of £14,211 to be carried forward.
Japan. — The placer fields of Hokkaido, which cover some 20 sq. miles, made
an output estimated at 10,000 oz. in 1901. Many of the individual operators have
combined into small companies for the purpose of adopting American methods
and working the sections more thoroughly. The development of the district
is hampered by governmental restrictions, owing to which the actual working
period in the year does not exceed three months.
Korea, — The development of gold mining in Korea has been hindered by the
Government restriction, whereby but one concession is granted to each prominent
power; so far, subjects of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and
Japan have located workings, and of these the American concession only has
arrived at a producing stage. This property of from 400 to 500 acres in extent,
is located in the northwestern section near the border of Manchuria. Thf?
principal mines with stamp mill equipment in operation are in three groups —
Chittabalbie (20 stamps) and Maihong, 40; Kuk San Dong, 20; Tabowie,
40, and Taracol, 80. The groups are 22 miles apart, and each one is under a
superintendent. In addition, prospecting and development are being carried
on, and several mines are let to native tributors. The ore is quartz in granite,
and the mills are equipped with vanners, but have no cyanide plant for the
tailings. Very rich concentrates are shipped to the United States. With
regard to the local conditions, water is plentiful except during a short period
in winter; lumber is cheap, though not plentiful, and labor is cheap. Japanese
are largely employed as carpenters, blacksmiths and engineers at about 3s. per
day ; Chinese mainly as surface coolies at the mills, although some are employed
underground at 10-5d. per day; Koreans as miners or carpenters at Is. 3d.;
coolies at 7*5d. per day. Satisfactory results are obtained by having the
natives work under direct supervision of a white man without an intermediate
native foreman. The ground is not hard, but requires dynamite and timbering,
square sets being used in large stopes, which vary from 4 to 15 ft., averaging
8 ft. The somewhat complicated occurrence of ore shoots is not conducive to
cheap systematic mining. S. J. Speak estimates mining costs at from 4s. to 5s.
per ton, with a width of stope not less than 4 ft. and moderate dead-work.
Recent milling and concentrating costs at the Tabowie mill of 40 stamps with
vanners and canvas plant, run by steam power using wood fuel were as follows :
May, 1902, treating 4,008 tons. Is. 8'8d. per ton; June, treating 4,130 tons.
Is. 7'5d., and July, treating 4,589 tons. Is. 7'ld. The average working cost of a
40-8tamp mill in this district varies from Is. 9d. to 2s. per ton. The satisfactory
work accomplished in Korea by Chinese labor under the supervison of white men
290
THE MINEBAL INDVaTBT.
is an indication of what may be hoped for in mining in the temperate zones of
the Far East.
Malay Peninsula, — The output of gold in Pahang in 1901 amounted to
23,948 oz., valued at £77,831, as compared with 17,048 oz. (£65,229) in 1900.
The Kedana Co., which owns a mine near Mt. Ophir, Malacca, has erected a
mill and has crushed ore for six months of 1902. The mill at Ketchau was not
in operation during the greater part of the year, as it had no ore to crush. The
Punjum Gold Mining Co. and the Tin Concession & Batu Bersawah Mining
Co. are still prospecting. The Raub Australian Gold Mining Co. increased its
output from 12,477 oz. in 1900, to 18,901 oz. in 1901. Four companies began
exporting gold in 1901 — the Malaysian Mining Co., 1,315 oz. ; Queensland Raub
Syndicate, 75 oz. ; Malaysian Mining Co., 1,164 oz., and Bentong, 114 oz. In the
Bentong mine a shaft was sunk 105 ft., but no defined lode was discovered;
at the Raub mine samples assayed 11*5 dwt. gold. No deep shafts have been
sunk; it is not known, therefore, if any of the mines continue in depth. The
country is covered with heavy jungle, transportation facilities are inadequate,
and means of communication are lacking, and although alluvial deposits are
known to exist from Budu to Sepan, from Benta to Lipis, and along the Seman-
tan and Krau rivers, and the tributaries of the Jelai River, the deposits have not
been worked.
Australasia. — (Through the courtesy of F. Dan vers Power, special notes on
the mining industries of the States have been incorporated in the following
review.) — The year 1902 was one of depression throughout Australasia, principally
on account of the low price of metals and the prevailing drought. The latter
has acted directly by forcing certain mining operations to cease temporarily
for want of water, and indirectly by its effect on the general prosperity of these
States, inasmuch as the wool clip was a failure and the output of wheat did not
suffice for domestic consumption, so that export was out of the question. Mining
legislation did not encourage the investment of foreign capital. Despite the
baneful effects of the drought development work has been carried on actively in
some cases. That the present depression is not due to anything radically wrong
with the mines themselves is indicated by the increased yield of gold in the
principal States over that of last year, and the fact that other mines are ready
to recommence work as soon as the prices of copper, lead and silver rise, or a
sufficient supply of water is obtained. The combination of adverse conditions
has caused a few mines to try to meet them by increasing their output with
the same management, while being satisfied with smaller profits. By this means,
PRODUCTION OP GOLD IK AUSTRALASIA.
States.
1900.
IWl.
1902.
New South Wales
New Zealand
Fine 0«.
281,616
339,395
677,024
19,37fi
74,652
752.284
1,354.848
Value.
$5,821,008
7,016,293
13,994.086
400,502
1,640,990
15,549.710
27,994,a70
Fine Oz.
816,888
412,875
606,882
21,946
69,491
780.449
1,869,072
Value.
$4,488,075
8,684,126
12,388,686
453.624
1.436.789
15,098,880
84,799,718
Fine Oz.
254,435
468,988
640,468
24,082
70,996
720,866
1,819,308
Value.
$5,269,171
9,488,145
18,288870
QueenslaQd
South Australia (a)
Tasmania
497,775
1,467.487
14,900,800
87,606,606
Victoria
Western Australia
Totals
8,408.590
172,315,864
8,719,108
$77,174,268
8,989,068
$82,464,844
(a) Includes Northern Territory.
GOLD AND SILVER. 291
as also by effecting other economies, the Broken Hill Proprietary Co. has been
able to pay a half-yearly dividend. A proposal was made to amalgamate tht
principal Broken Hill mines in order to save expenses in administration, but it
did not meet with a favorable reception.
New South Wales. — The increase in the output of gold is considered to be
due to the gold extracted by smelters from ores received from other States and
included in the returns as the actual produce of the colony. The industry has
been severely affected by the drought, and many of the mines have been shut
down from six to nine months. The Cobar district still continues to be the
chief producer, the output for 1902 being 26,956 oz. ; Wyalong contributed
20,718 oz. ; Adelong, 14,414 oz., and Araluen, 13,909 oz. Seven suction and
22 bucket dredges were in operation in 1902, the Araluen Valley, Araluen Central,
Tulloch's, Perr/s, Jembaicumbene and Kiandra being the most successful.
These dredges during 1902 produced 25,473 oz. gold, valued at £97,891, against
23,585 oz. gold, valued at £89,628 in 1901. The Araluen district contributed
52% of this total. At Nerrigundah, the Bed Creek Gold mine has two veins,
one 2*5 ft. wide and developed to a depth of 120 ft., the ore averaging 2 to 3 oz.
gold per ton, and the other 6 in. wide, and averaging lO oz. gold per ton. The
Cobar Gold Mines, Ltd., reports for the year ending September 30, 1902, that it
treated 30,730 tons of ore, 18,291 tons of tailings, and 9,965 tons of slimes,
yielding 11,216 oz. gold, valued at £32,641. The total expenditures for the
year amounted to £31,930, and the income amounted to £32,648. Besides adding
to the plant and machinery, some development work was done. The company
could ouly operate during five months of the year on account of the drought.
The King Conrad Silver & Lead mine, situated at Inverell has gone into
liquidation, while the Prince of Wales mine, at Gundagai, and the Post Office
mine, at Stuart Town, the latter belonging to the Emma Co., have closed down.
The Lachlan Gold Fields, Ltd., crushed and concentrated 7,192 tons of ore, and
obtained from the sale of gold bullion, slag, and concentrates a net return of
£17,906. The total output of silver, concentrates, ores, etc., in 1902, was valued
at £1,440,179. The low price of silver caused the temporary closing of all the
Broken Hill mines with the exception of the Proprietary, Central, Block 10 and
South mines. The Federal tariff is felt more in New South Wales than in any
other State, as in the past most goods were entered free. Its effect upon the
mining industry is illustrated by the Broken Hill mines, where Oregon timber
is used for the square sets. A duty is now levied of 6d. per 100 ft. on large
timber, and 18d. per 100 ft. on smaller sizes.
New Zealand. — The exports of gold during 1902 were 508,043 oz., valued
at £1,951,430, an increase of 52,482 oz., of the value of £197,647 over the pre-
ceding year. The quantity of silver exported during 1902 amounted to 673,-
986 oz., valued at £72,001, as compared with 571,134 oz., valued at £65,258 in
1901. The greater portion of the silver has been obtained from the mines in
the Hauraki district. The gold produced by the Otago dredges during 1901
amounted to 65,227 oz. from an avera^ire number of 46 working dredges, while
63 dredges in 1902 produced 105,786 oz. According to C. E. Turner, the
cost of operating a dredge designed to lift 2,000 cu. yd. per day of 24 hours is
292 THE MINERAL UTDUSTBT,
£53 10s. per week. The total dividends paid by New Zealand mines, but not
including the West Coast, during 1902, amounted to £145,967. On the West
Coast 44 dredges produced 30,000 oz. gold, valued approximately at £120,000.
Hydraulic sluicing is receiving increased attention, both in the Otago and West
Coast districts. The Waitekauri Gold Mining Co., for' the year ending May 31,
1902, produced 55,413 oz. bullion, valued at £46,728. The New Zealand Crown
Mines Co., Ltd., during the year ending August 31, 1902, treated 32,561 tons
of ore, obtaining 16,994 oz. gold and 13,266 oz. silver, valued at £74,238. The
expenditures amounted to £53,521, leaving a profit of £20,717, which, with
£5,236 brought forward from previous account, gave a surplus of £25,953, out
of which a dividend of £15,000 was declared. The balance carried forward was
£10,203. The 60-stamp mill now in operation is to be enlarged for 20 additional
stamps. The Waihi Gold Mining Co., Ltd., during 1902 treated 179,487 tons
of ore, yielding gold bullion valued at £520,138, and a dividend of £250,000 was
paid. The company acquired the mines and 40-stamp mill owned by the Union-
Waihi Co., so that it now operates 330 stamps. It is converting its dry crushing
into a wet crushing plant. On the average 17,000 tons per month are crushed,
and when all the stamps are converted the capacity will probably be raised to
20,000 tons per month. The Progress mine treated 55,976 tons of ore, yielding
£106,996, the expense being £44,670, leaving a profit of £62,526. An important
discovery of gold is reported from Kawhia, where the Government has withdrawn
the land from sale on the ground that it contains minerals. All kinds of mining
machinery in this colony are driven by electric power generated by the water
supplied by rapid streams and rivers, the current in many cases being carried
a considerable distance. The cyanide process has now been introduced in the
Hauraki gold fields with an 85 to 90% extraction, where formerly an extraction
of only 65% was obtained by amalgamation. The New Zealand Government,
having bought the patent rights to the cyanide process from the Cassel Gold
Extraction Co., received £4,577 as royalties for the fiscal year ending March 31,
1902.. As soon as the Government is paid a sum equal to its outlay for the
patent rights, all royalties will cease.
Queensland, — The dividends paid by the Queensland mines in 1902 amounted
to £987,541. The report of the- Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co., Ltd., for the
year ending May 31, 1902, shows an output of 213,907 tons of ore, 120,641 tons
of which were oxidized ore and 93,266 tons were sulphide ore. The plant treated
232,953 tons, 19,046 being tailings, and obtained 147,628 oz. gold valued at
£570,337. The total income was £574,573, and expenditures £313,690, leaving
a profit of £260,883. To this is to be added £22,279 brought forward from the
previous year, making a total of £283,162. Dividends of £204,167 were paid,
leaving a balance to be brought forward of £78,995. The cost of treating the
oxidized ore was $2*68 per ton, and the sulphide ore $4*07 per ton. The Char-
ters Towers mines for the year 1902 produced 378,194 oz. gold, against 336,431
oz. in 1901. The dividends paid by the various companies amounted to
£415,564 in 1902, against £319,944 in 1901. The New Queen Gold Mining Co.,
Ltd., for the year ending August 31, 1902, treated 2,889 tons of ore, obtaining by
crushing 3,367 oz. gold, valued at £11,359, and by cyaniding 1,044 oz., valued at
GOLD AND SILVER, 293
£3,474. Its total expenditures amounted to £31,882 and income £25,830, a loss of
£6,052. The Queen Cross Reef treated 16,578 tons of ore for 42,136 oz. gold, and
paid dividends of £116,667; the Brilliant Central obtained 31,020 oz. gold from
30,889 tons of ore, and paid dividends of £68,750 ; the Brilliant and St. George
United obtained 18,225 oz. gold from 26,232 tons of ore and paid dividends of
£52,200, and the Day Dawn Block and Wyndham obtained 26,510 oz. gold from
40,730 tons of ore and paid dividends of £49,840. The Croyden field in 1902
produced '44,200 oz. gold from 27,600 tons of quartz crushed, against 49,468 oz.
gold from 26,277 tons in 1901. There was a great decrease in the yield from
cyaniding due to the scarcity of water, no rain having fallen for eight months.
The Brilliant Gold Mining Co., Ltd., during the year ending October 9, 1902,
crushed 11,540 tons of ore, yielding 13,497 oz. gold, valued at £46,046. For
the half year ending October 9, 1902, this company treated 5,010 tons yielding
5,615 oz. gold, valued at £19,059, an average of 1 oz. 2 dwt. 10 gr. gold per ton.
From the tailings gold to the value of £1,020 was obtained, a total of £20,080.
South Australia. — During 1902 the Government expended £32,017 on five
plants at a loss of £26,370, each plant showing a deficit for the year. Gold has
been discovered in Arltunga, a northern district of this colony 1,000 miles from
Adelaide. In the White Range gold mines. Northern Territory, no defined lodes
have been found but the gold occurs in cellular quartz which crops out in irregu-
lar shaped masses and blocks. This quartz occurs also in irregular crevices
and fissures, whose course changes in being followed downward, so that the
workings assume a very irregular shape. The lowest depth reached is from 50
to 60 ft. and the width from 2 to 15 ft. Samples taken from the different
parts of the field assay from 2 dwt. to 8 oz. 16 dwt. gold per ton. The Govern-
ment has erected a stamp mill, which in the latter half of 1902 treated 424
tons of ore and obtained 741 oz. gold. The Northern Territories Mining &
Smelting Co., Ltd., capitalized at £175,000, owns properties at Iron Blow, Mount
Ellison, Mount Bonny, and on Howley, Yam and Brocks Creeks. At the
Iron Blow mine the lode has been developed 100 ft. deep. It is 20 ft. wide, and
the oxidized ore averages £4 Is. 8d. per ton, and the sulphide ore averages
£7 2s. lOd. per ton in copper, gold and silver. At Mount Ellison the ore varies
from 10 to 20% Cu. At the Howley mine there is a 40-stamp mill, the ore
varying from 3 to 5 dwt. gold per ton. At Yam Creek there is a 20-stamp
mill, and at Mount Bonny the ore body, which is 28 ft. wide, assays from a
trace of gold and 19 dwt. silver to 1 oz. gold and 4 oz. silver per ton. A 60-ton
water-jacket furnace and two reverberatory furnaces are to be erected, and are ex-
pected to be in operation before the end of 1903.
Tasmania, — Gold and tin in combination have been found at the Royal Tas-
man mine, near Gladstone. The Tasmania Gold Mining & Quartz Cmshing
Co., at Beaconsfield, one of the principal gold mines of this colony, has been
offered to an English company. There are silver-lead mines working on a fairly
large scale. The Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Co., for the half year ending
September 30, 1902, mined 159,634 dry tons of ore, of which 154,152 tons were
from open-cut, and 5,482 tons from underground workings. The smelter treated
240,999 tons of ore. There were 8,858 tons of matte treated in the converter.
294 THE MINERAL IND USTB Y.
yielding 11,681 oz. gold and 341,346 oz. silver. The total cost of treating the
ore was $4*73 per ton, as compared with $5*10 in the preceding half year. The
metal obtained was valued at £268,569; the total receipts were £284,325, and
expenditures £207,211, leaving a net balance for the half year of £77,114. The
company has absorbed the Mt. Lyell Reserve copper and gold mines, the Glen
Lyell copper mine, South Tharsis flux mine. Royal Tharsis and the King Lyell
mines.
Victoria. — The gold in this colony was obtained both from alluvial workings
and from lode mining. Of the seven districts, Ballarat and Bendigo still con-
tinue to be the largest producers of gold, their output amounting to about two-
thirds of the total yield. The output of gold in'Ballarat in 1902 was 62,712 oz.
gold. The Long Tunnel Extended, Walhalla, is the most productive mine. On
January 1, 1902, there were 27,777 men engaged in gold mining, 12,886 of them
working on the alluvial deposits, and 14,891 working in the quartz mines. The
receipts of the Melbourne branch of the Royal Mint during 1902 amounted to
1,016,682 oz. gold. By an act of the Government all gold buyers are obliged to
take out a license.
Western Australia. — There was a large increase in the production of gold in
this colony in 1902, the mines treating 1,888,950 tons of ore for a yield of
2,117,241 oz. gold, as compared with 1,572,951 tons of ore yielding 1,841,498 oz.
gold in 1901. The gold entered for export or sent to the Perth Mint in 1902
was 2,177,442 crude oz., or 1,871,037 fine oz., valued at £7,947,662, as compared
with 1,703,417 fine oz., valued at £7,235,653 in 1901. The greater portion of
this output was obtained from the Kalgoorlie district, but there were sub-
stantial increases in the output of the Murchison, East Murchison, Mount Mar-
garet and North and East Coolgardie; many of the other gold fields showed a
decreased output, especially the gold fields from Peak Hill northward. In the
Ashburton, Gasgoyne and Kimberley fields the alluvial deposits are being worked
out, and at Pilbarra and West Pilbarra the workings have reached water level
and the mine owners, having no capital to provide for machinery for sinking
deeper, have had to abandon their properties. The Phillips River gold field,
which was declared in 1901, has developed slowly, owing to the absence of
crushing facilities, but several batteries are now being erected. The cost of
mining in the Kalgoorlie district has been steadily reduced, and will be further
reduced as the Coolgardie water works are now completed. These works bring
water to a district 1,300 ft. above and 350 miles from the source of supply by
means of 8 pumping stations, and supply daily over 6,000,000 gal. of water.
The Government operates several batteries and cyanide works to enable miners
to treat their ores independently of the large mines. According to Mr. Alfred
James the roasting (called the Marriner process in Western Australia) and Diehl
processes have been successfully emplo\'>ed on the telluride ores at Kalgoorlie.
On low-grade ores, roasting is not required, but with rich ores, the ore must
first be roasted and then bromo-cyanided. At the Great Boulder Main Roef
mine an extraction of 90% has been obtained with this process, at a minimunl
cost of $5'25, and an average of $6*25 per ton for the year. On the richer ores
of the ITannan's Bro\*Tihill and Lake Vrpw rninos the cost was $8*19 per ton.
GOLD AND SILVER, 295
The companies operating in the Kalgoorlie gold fields during 1902 paid
£1,086,250 in dividends, and 13 of them together produced 1,057,132 oz. gold from
787,188 tons treated, an average of 1 oz. 9 dwt. 9*5 gr. gold per ton of ore. Of
these 13 companies, four produced over 100,000 oz. each — the Golden Horse-
shoe, 190,119 oz. gold from 116,276 tons of ore; tlie Great Boulder 166,510 oz.
gold from 104,231 tons of ore; the Ivanhoe, 142,291 oz. gold from 131,810 tons of
ore; and the output of the Great Boulder Perseverance. The Great Boulder
Perseverance Gold Mining Co., Ltd., during 1902 treated 140,642 tons of
ore and 41,392 tons of oxidized tailings and slimes, yielding 193,383 oz. bul-
lion, valued at £693,215, as compared with £487,733 for the previous year. The
gross profits for the year, after deducting administration charges amounted to
£412,683. The balance to the credit of profit and loss was £357,115, out of which
four dividends amounting to £350,000 were paid, leaving £7,115 to be carried
forward. The cost of mining and treating the ore was less in 1902 than in
1901. There were 383,600 tons of ore in sight at the end of the year. Two new
furnaces began operations at the beginning of the year, and the plant has been
greatly improved. It has been proposed to form a new company with a capital
of £1,500,000 to take over the present company. The Kalgurlie Gold Mines,
Ltd., for the year ending July 31, 1902, reports that it treated 22,060 tons of
ore, obtaining 24,842 oz. gold, valued at £95,648. Its total income was £95,822,
and expenditures £81,454, leaving a balance of £14,367, which, with balance
of £23,253 brought forward from the previous year, after paying a dividend of
£15,000, leaves £22,620 to be brought forward. The cyanide works of the Cum-
berland Niagara Gold Mines, Ltd., were completed and operations commenced
in February, and from that date to June 30, 11,408 tons of tailings were treated,
yielding 1,549 oz. of bullion. The Bayley's Gold Mines, Ltd., for the year end-
ing Jime 30, 1902, reports a gold production during 18 months from all sources
of 5,923 oz. gold. Its reduction works, cyanide and slimes plant were shut down
during the greater part of the year. Alluvial deposits have been discovered near
the Lady Mary mine, Norseman.
New Guinea, — In 1901 New Guinea produced 7,685 oz. fine gold, valued at
£32,646. No new discoveries have been made in the Yodda gold fields. The
ground now being worked is quite poor and requires an abundance of water.
The drought during the year dried up many of the smaller streams from which
the water supply for the mines was obtained. Many of the dry beds have been
worked, and a few have yielded fair quantities of gold. The dry weather also
affected mining at Woodlark Island. The Woodlark Island Proprietary Co., Ltd.,
reported for the fiscal year an income from the sale of gold of £10,073, and an
expenditure of £8,623. The debit balance is £6,036, as against £6,504, brought
forward from the previous half year, showing an increase of £468.
296 THE MINERAL INDU8TR7.
Progress in Gold Milling during 1902.
BT R. H. RiCHAIiDfi.
Gold Milling.
Stamp Mill Construction.^ — J. J. Deming discussed this subject in an interest-
ing manner^ the following being a few of the observations made: The back
knee frame, while it has some faults, is considered best for a battery frame.
The iron battery frame has gradually come into general use in Australia,
experience having shown the fallacy of the idea that the iron work became
crystallized by repeated shock. No serious effects have resulted in mills
using iron frames for years. The mortar should be designed to suit the ore,
i.e., along the lines of inside amalgamation, or speed of crushing, or both.
It is better to put more metal in the stem and less in the boss-head; with a sted
tappet there is less vibration in the stem and consequently longer life; with a
steel tappet, and the end of the cam chilled, there will be less friction and little
wearing of cams. Shoes and dies should not be of the same hardness; the
best results being obtained with steel shoes and chilled cast iron dies. Stamps
vary in weight up to 1,250 lb. according to the work to be done. It has been
demonstrated at the Alaska-Treadwell mill that a stamp heavier than 1,000 lb.
is a good pulverizer, but not a good amalgamator. For rapid crushing, the
order 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 will work well, while for the long, slow drop, the order, 1, 5, 3,
2, 4 will give an even distribution of the ore in the battery. The order 1, 4, 2,
5, 3 for heavy stamps and inside amalgamation will give good results. The
order, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2. commonly used in Australia, is a very good system. The
order of the drop, however, is more or less a fancy of the mill man ; rarely do
two use the same order. The Muntz metal plate, 60% copper and 40% zinc, used
in Australia is in some instances superior to the silver-plated copper plate, being
more easily cleaned as verdigris is absent, but its absorbent power for mercury
is limited. In general, the silver-plated copper plate is considered to be superior
to all others.
Mortar Foundations in Oregon.^ — ^According to W. H. Washburn, it became
necessary to place at a mill in Oregon a set of mortar blocks on what is known as
webfoot, i.e., a sort of indurated clay. The pits for each 10 stamps were 3 ft. 2 in.
wide X 13 ft. 2 in. long X 20 ft. deep. Beginning 3 ft. from the bottom, each
pit was undercut at an angle of 45° to a point level with the bottom and under-
cut 1 ft. at the ends. A layer of sand was spread over the bottom, and a row
of timbers 10X12 in.X7-5 ft. was laid crosswise, being well pounded down and
leveled. On these were laid lengthwise three timbers, each 10X12 in.X14 ft.
long and a series of 2-in. planks was spiked lengthwise along the top
row to prevent the presence of sand between the timbers, and also to serve as
an additional binder. The upper surface of the timber was made level and the
mortar blocks put in place. The blocks were built of 2-5-in. plank, 24 ft. long,
one layer being of three planks, each 10 in. wide and the next of two planks,
paoh 15 in. wide, in alternate layers. These foundations have proven satisfactory,
and no settling was noticed after a three weeks* run. (See Fig. 1, on next page.)
1 Mining and Scientfflc Pre»9, Vol. LXXXV., (1MB), p. 188. '
9 Jhid., Vol. LXXXIV.. (1902), p. 846.
PROGRESS IN GOLD MILLING.
297
Mortar Foundations in California.^ — Two years ago at the North Star Mill,
Grass Valley, the old wood foundation blocks were replaced by a concrete base
with granite foundations. As a result the stems do not break as often as for-
merly, the mill crushes more ore and the mortars are absolutely solid. When
the mortars were first erected, sheet lead 00312 in. (j^) thick was placed
between the mortar and the granite in order to fill the interstitial space, but
it worked out and left the mortars loose. Furthermore, the mortars had become
somewhat dished as a result of the pounding on a soft foundation, to counteract
which the granite surface was made slightly concave.
The Individual Mortar Stamp Mill^ — This arrangement consists of three
* 70—
t^nnpedjjaiid-
^^11
-^XO' ^
Wisn^ lm<i\Mt't. V*UXL
■Jt«-ti»ta lajen
eipilk«d togetliflr
10 X U ]cl4 0
'k6zU'0*
xlMxliV
Fig. 1. — Mortar Foundation, Special Construction.
parallel mortars, designed for the independent action of each stamp in its
separate mortar, as well as to secure the largest area of screen discharge.
Sluice Plates.^ — According to W. J. Adams, sluice plates should not be as
wide as the apron plates, a width of 20 in. being preferable. They should have
a less grade (about 1-25 in. in 1 ft.) owing to the greater clearance of the sul-
phurets, and the concentration of the pulp ; and as no free gold should be found
at this distance from mortar, it is not necessary to turn the pulp over in
waves.
» Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. LXXXIV., (190B), p. 1B7.
* Ibid., Vol. LXXXV.. (1902), p. 247.
• Ibid., Vol. LXXXV., (1902), p. 268.
298 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Morison's Open-Front Mortar Box.^ — The front of the mortar in the Mori-
son box is entirely open from the discharge lip upward; that portion of the
box above the screen opening being closed by means of a removable pressed
steel door, which is dished and flanged for strength and rigidity; when closed
the end flanges seat themselves upon suitable ledges on the main casting and arc
secured thereto by studs fitted with wing nuts.
Theory of the Patio Process of Amalgamation.'' — Miguel Bustamente, Jr., calls
attention to the difficulties experienced in extracting the gold from Mexican ores
composed principally of decomposed iron pyrites in quartz with native gold in
irregular grains; the metallic value in some portions, however, being in calcite
and siderite. At first the extraction of gold by amalgamation from 1-oz. ore
was about 10%, and was attended with an excessive loss of mercury. Direct
amalgamation combined with cyaniding of the concentrates gave an extraction
of 32%. Occasionally during amalgamation, the odor of hydrogen sulphide gas
was noticed, which accounted for the great loss of mercury. A preliminan*
roasting and washing of the ore raised the extraction to 63%, with a mercury
loss of 11%. Upon investigation, the gold which had escaped amalgamation
was found in a spongy state, similar to "platinum sponge," and in contact
with the mercury it caused an energetic electrochemical action, which decom-
posed a relatively large quantity of water; the oxygen set free being absorbed
by the sponge while the hydrogen combined with the sulphur of the pyrite, and
produced hydrogen sulphide of which a part escaped and a part attacked the
mercury causing the heavy loss of the metal. The actual chemical reactions
are quite complicated, but the formation of mercury sulphide was proved by an
analysis. The loss of gold is explained thus : "Whenever the sponge or black gold
is present under such conditions that it will act as the electro-positive element, it
will receive, condense, and hold oxi'gen which will be returned when the gold
is made the electro-negative element of the couple. Mr. Bustamente perfected
a method by which the loss of mercury was reduced to 0*03%, and the extraction
of gold raised to 95% of the assay value, at the low cost of $042 per ton for
crushing, and $0'19 for amalgamation, including the electric current. At first
the ore was roasted in a reverberatory furnace and washed abundantly with
water; it was then passed through the mortars where it was pulverized and the
amalgamation begun. The mortars were fitted with inside plates, connected
with the poles of a dynamo that produced a current of 150 amperes and 14 volts.
The two stamp batteries discharge into a common channel, in which, side by side,
were placed the large amalgamating plates, one connected with the positive pole,
and the other with the negative ; an arrangement which gave encouraging results ;
but, in view of the energetic decomposition of water, the electro-motive power
was lessened by subdividing the amalgamating plates and uniting them in parallel,
thereby diminishing the liberation of gases and reducing the loss of mercury to
an insignificant quantity. Similar arrangements were made for the pans and
the washers. An average of 9 tons of ore was treated in 24 hours with an
• Engineering, Vol. LXXIV., (1002), p. 145.
' Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, November, 1901.
PROGRESS IN GOLD MILLING. 299
extraction of 94% of the gold. The preliminaiy roasting was abandoned later,
and a maximum gold extraction of 95% was obtained.
Mill Practice in Arizona,^ — At the Commonwealth mill at Pearce, the ore con-
sisting of hard, decomposed quartz and talc carrying silver chloride and free gold,
is coarsely crushed by a Blake breaker and roughing rolls, thence it is passed to 80
stamps each of 950 lb. weight which drop 102 times per minute, and crush 210
tons of ore per day through a 35-mesh screen. There is no battery or plate amal-
gamation, the pulp passing direct to settling tanks and thence to the amalgamat-
ing pans. The tailings are impounded for future treatment. Crude oil is used
for power purposes.
Mill Practice in Colorado,^ — At the Portland mine, Cripple Creek, the fine
portion of the ore is separated by a screen; the coarse portion, which constitutes
the bulk of the ore, being hand sorted. Formerly the fine material with a value
in gold of about $4 per ton was rejected, but at present a saving of 50% of the
contained value is effected by a simple washing process. The washer consists
of an inclined iron plate perforated with holes 0*625 in. (f ) in diameter, on the
upper surface of which numerous jets of water impinge in various directions.
The waste is passed over a screen which removes the dry fines ; the coarser por-
tion, which forms the bulk of the waste, is then passed over the perforated plate,
the adhering fines being washed off by the jets of water, and collected and dried
on a sheet iron box, heated by exhaust steam. The small quantity of water
used is circulated through a boiler-feed pump operated by exhaust steam. In
this way the final waste is reduced in value to an average of about $2 per ton.
Mill Practice in South Dakota,^"^— The Wasp No. 2 Mill, at Kirk, has been
in operation since September, 1900. The gold in the ore, which varies in value
from $4 to $20 per ton, is on the cleavage planes of quartzite ; very little pyrite
is present, with an occasional trace of stibnite. Crushing and screening is done
as follows: (1) Ore; to (2). (2) Ore bin; to (3). (3) Grizzly; 4X8 ft.,
with 1*5 in. spaces; oversize to (4) ; undersize to (5). (4) No. 3 Gates breaker,
set to 1-25 in. ring, to (5). (5) Storage bin, to (6). (6) Coarse rolls, 14X24
in., to (7). (7) Stationary inclined screen, 7 ft. long, 1 ft. wide, 2 mesh,
oversize to (8); undersize to (9). (8) Finishing rolls, 40X24 in., to (9).
(9) Bucket elevator, to (10). (10) Shaking finishing screen, 2'5 mesh; over-
size to (8) ; undersize to (11). (11) Finished product bin. The ore is cyanided.
Mill Practice in California}^ — At Hedges the crushed ore is convened to the
mill bins by a hoisting tram line, and is fed automatically to the batteries of the
lOO-stamp mill which is in two sections, 50 stamps on a side, the ore bins being
above and between them. Each stamp weighs 1,000 lb. and drops 96 times per
minute, crushing 4*5 tons of ore per 24 hours. The screens are No. 10 diagonal
slot-punched, equivalent to 40-mesh. Below each battery is- a copper amalgam
plate, 28 ft. long, with a fall of 1-5 in. to the foot; 70% of the total saving is
reported as made on the plates.
Mill Practice in Bendiqo}^—Ti^ C. Boydell states that the ore trontod \^
a Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. LXXXIV., (1902), p. 108.
• Mining Reporter, March 6. (1902), p. 2S2.
" Mining and ScientiHc Press, Vol. LXXXIV.. (1902), p. 282.
" Tbid.. Vol. LXXXIV., (19071. p. 50.
>« Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers. Vol. VIII., Part II., p. 288.
.100 ta^ MINERAL INLU8TRT.
essentially free milling, and carries 1% of sulphides in a quartz gangue, the gold
being coarse. Hand breaking is the common practice except in three mills,
where Gates breakers are in use. The lack of uniformity resulting from hand
breaking is given as the cause of the low efficiency per stamp. Hand feeding
is used except in four mills equipped with mechanical feeders. The cost of a
local mechanical feeder is $121*75, while the cost per day of feeding 10 stamps
by hand is from $1*22 to $1*46. The mortar boxes weigh from 2 to 3-25 tons,
the bottoms being 5-5 in. thick. No liners are used, because the ores being mainly
custom, their removal at the frequent clean-ups would entail too much labor;
therefore, the box is of greater thickness than usual. Inside copper plates are
not used. The discharge is vertical, and with new dies is less than 3 in. in
depth, sometimes being but 1-5 in. Chock blocks are not used, and the height of
discharge increases with the wear of the dies. Punched screens with from
12 to 16 holes per linear inch are generally used. The stamps weigh from 600
to 1,000 lb. TTie average height of drop is from 6 to 8 in. with from 75 to 80
drops per. minute. In each head of five stamps, the middle stamp drops first,
and both end ones next. The stems are of best hammered iron generally 12 ft.
long and from 2-75 to 3*125 in. in diameter. With one exception screw tappets
are in use. The weight in the stamp is distributed approximately as follows:
stem, 43% ; head, 23% ; shoe, 25% ; and tappet, S^%. In all cases the cam shaft
is driven by gearing. The "horse^' battery frame is most common although in
a few of the smaller batteries the "A" frame is used. The frame is generally
constructed of wood although sometimes of cast iron. The reason for the use of
the horse frame is that the cam shaft being driven by gearing necessitates the
counter shafts on the same level. The output per stamp per 24 hours averages
but 2 tons, the low efficiency results from the absence of breakers and automatic
feeders; however, the mining conditions in Bendigo do not require a maximum
output. The main ore supply is not sufficient to keep the mills in continuous
operation, and it is. supplemented by custom ore. While increased capacity per
stamp would reduce labor charges per ton, it would involve increased first cost
which is not warranted by existing financial conditions. Clean-ups are made
weekly, the retorted gold being sold without refining. The copper plates of an
average length of 10 ft. are inclined 1 in. per foot, and have several steps
with a riffle between each set. In a few cases the last plat^ is not amalgamated.
Mercury is fed into the mortar at regular intervals from which a large portion
of the total amalgam is obtained. The loss of mercury per 100 tons of ore aver-
a.2:es one pound. The plates are usually scaled every six months by being heated
to redness; this oxidizes the" copper and causes spots to form, which tarnish
readily, and require constant attention. To within 18 months ago, concentra-
tion by blanket strakes and Halley tables was common. Recently, however,
Wilfley tables have been introduced. Apparently but little attention is paid to
the production of clean concentrates as they contain 50% silica. The concen-
trates are roasted and amalgamated in crude pans. At one plant the cyanide
process is used.
Mill Practice at the KalgurU Oold Mines, Limited}^— ^he percentages of gold
" Aiuimla»ian In$tftute of Mining Engineers, Vol. VIIT., p, 51.
PRoGUMtiS tH Gold milLiNo.
301
contained in sands and slimes by dry separation and by hydraulic separators are
as follows: Dry Separators with llO-mesh sieve. — ^The sand contained 2727%
and the slimes 7273% of the total gold content Hydraulic Separators — (aver-
age for three months). — The sands, including free gold and concentrates, con-
tained 66.67% and the slimes 43-33% of the total gold content of original ore.
Hydbaulickino and Placer Working.
Hydraulic Mining}^ — ^Wm. H. Eadford gives the cost of hydraulicking low-
grade gravel in northern California. The grade of the sluices was 7 in. in 12 ft.,
the boxes being paved with 12-in. block riffles. Long bedrock cuts extended
from the heads of the sluices to within a few feet of the banks, and were kept
to grade as the work advanced. During 9 months, 1,251,399 cu. yd. of material
were washed, averaging 1*91 cu. yd. per miner's inch of water with a yield in
value of 2-52c. per cu. yd. of gravel. The average height of bank washed was
63 ft. The itemized cost is given as follows : —
Care of ditch, reeervoir, and aiphoii: labor and BuppUes
Washing (piping)
Drillingln bedrock cuts.
Timbennf bedrock cuts
Electric l&hting
Sluice builaing and repairing: labor and supplies.
Blacksmithing.
Cleaning up
Moving pipes and'* giants"
Breaking rocks and clays
Clearing ground for piping (cutting brush).
GeneraiezpenBes, watching sluices, and odd jobs
Supplies used in mine
Taxes, oiBce expenses, legal expenses, surveying and salaries
Tbtals
t87,6n-64
Cost.
Cost per Cubic Yd.
$8,786-54
f-00888
8,40106
•00188
1,880-68
'00106
lW-89
•00018
68808
•00047
1,061-80
'00086
64408
-00061
968-78
'00077
808-86
•00071
6,184-01
•00480
168-87
•00018
8.088-68
•00860
8,015-87
-00841
4,887-81
•00841
$008188
The Oold Bug Mining Co^, Oeorgetown, Eldorado County, CaU^ — ^W. E.
Thome states that this company worked the ground through bedrock sluices,
8 ft. wide on the bottom, and laid in a cut having a maximum depth of 25 ft.
at the lower end and a minimum depth of 4-5 ft. at the upper end. At the lower
end each 12-ft, box has a fall of 4 in., while at the upper end the fall is but 1 in.
The sluices are paved with 6-in. blocks set on end. The working costs per cubic
yard of material hydraulically moved were: —
Water
Labor « . .
D4bris dams (a)
Moving of pipe, etc
" Crevicing '♦^and cleaning bed-rook..
Taxes, salaries, etc. (6)
Blacksmithing....
Lumber
Labor on sluices. .
Powder, fuse, etc. .
Total.
I00Q8
0080
0-040
0017
$0188
(a) R^resents the total cost of the work divided by the total capacity in tons of the reservoirs thus created.
(6) This item Is exceptionally large owing to the short season of operation— 16 days.
The results were not financially satisfactory. Two undercurrents were tried,
but were unsuccessful, and a hydraulic elevator is now being installed.
Distribution of Oold in Sluice Boxes.^^— At a low-grade gravel properiy in
»« American Jnttitute of Mining Engineen, Vol. XXXI., p. 617.
1* IMd., (1808).
»• Mining and Seientffic Preat, Vol. LXXXV. (1808), p. 884.
302 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
California, the distribution of the gold as caught in the sluice boxes, 6 ft.
wide X 4*5 ft. deep X 13 ft. long was: —
Boxes.
Percent.
First section
16
SO
71
78-6
18*4
1-6
11-5
Second section
Third and fourth sections
Undercuri'ent
Under the conditions that prevailed a long sluice was unnecessary, the coarse
gold being caught in the first boxes, and the fine in the undercurrent. The
gravel averages from 4 to 6c. per cu. yd., and from 2*5 to 3 cu. yd. of material
were moved per miner's inch of water at a total cost of $008219 per inch.
A "Crown Oold" Dry Concentrating Plant}'' — The capacity of the 80-ton
concentrating plant of this type which has been erected at Tintic, Utah, is
claimed to be fully up to the requirements.
Dry Blowers in Australian Oold Placers}^-^^ — ^According to B. Dunstan, the
types of dry blowers in use at the Clermont gold field are constructed on three
principles: (1) the separation of the larger pebbles from the finer portion by a
coarse punched plate; (2) the delivery of the material which passes through the
coarse screen to a fine punched plate; and (3) the forcing through the screen of
a blast of air sufficiently strong to remove the earthy particles, but not the gold.
The machines are not suited to clayey earth, although this difficulty can some-
times be overcome by heating the earth and then powdering it on a fint sheet.
The losses of gold are generally due to the presence of clay. Fans are not suited
for producing the blast as it must be pulsating. The cost of a machine varies
from $32*50 to $50, and the daily capacity under normal conditions is from
four to five loads. Dry jigs also are used successfully on gravels carrying coarse
gold.
The Placers of La Gienega, Sonora, Mex?^ — ^R. T. Hill calls attention to the
importance of underground water in arid districts.
Hydraulic Practice in Oregon.^^ — In Josephine County, along the Illinois
River, ground sluicing is being replaced by hydtaulic operations on a large scale.
The gold is coarse, and is generally saved by the ordinary pole or block riflBes
in the sluices.
Gold Dredging.
Recovery of Fine Oold from SnaTce River Sands}^ — ^Robert Bell states that
the fine gold in the Snake River placer beds is recovered on a commercial scale
up to 95% of the gross content of the gravel. The fine mat€frial after separation
from the coarser gravel by passage through a screen-floored sluice box, is con-
centrated by gravity on burlap tables, the gold in the small quantity of concen-
trates being collected by mercury in a clean-up barrel. This method is simple,
efficient and adapted for operation on a large scale.
«» Mining and Scientific Pre$n, Vol. LXXXTV., (19(»>, p. 22.
>0->0 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LZXTV., (1902), p. 482.
« Ibid., Vol. LXXm., (1902), p. 188.
« Ibid., Vol. LXXrV., (1908X p. 688.
•« Ibid., Vol LXXm., (1902), p. 841.
PROGRESS m GOLD MILLING. 303
A Snake River Suction Dredge.^^ — ^According to Robert Bell, a dredge with
a 10-in. nozzle has a daily capacity of 2,500 cu. yd. at a cost of 4-5c. per yd.,
the motive power is supplied by a 125-H.P. vertical, compound-condensing
marine engine. Under less favorable conditions a chain elevator bucket dredge
showed a capacity of 2,000 cu. yd, per day, at a cost of 5-5c. per cu. yd.
Advance Stripping in New Zealand.^^ — According to F. W. Payne, the saving
of gold in Otago has occasionally been rendered difficult by the presence of a
large quantity of clay, which, in rolling inside the screen and over the tables,
collected the gold on its surface and carried it overboard. This difficulty has
been overcome to a great extent by what is known as "advance stripping,'^ the
clay being removed first and the auriferous gravel left for the next cut. The
2lay containing no gold is not treated on the tables, but is delivered direct to
the tailings elevator. A centrifugal tailings elevator wheel has been used in this
district with reported satisfactory results.
Dredging in New Zealand,^'^ — The latest New Zealand dredge is of the bucket
elevator type. The bulkheads of the bucket ladder are set diagonally^ the device
being designed for paddock dredging, where grass, tussock, flax and small scrub
have to be removed. It is claimed that the absence of cross-stays and bracings
avoids the accumulations of debris. In the Southland dredging field several
machines are fitted with tines to loosen the ground in advance of the buckets.
Dredging in British Columhia.^^ — The development of gold dredging on the
Saskatchewan River is progressing favorably. Of the several dredges that have
been used, the bucket elevator type gives the best results.
Dredging Practice in General" — David K. Blair describes the construction
and manipulation of gold dredges, including accidents to various parts of the
machinery — their cause, effect and remedy.
Dredging in Califomia,^^ — At Oroville, a conveyor 75 ft. long, with a 28-in.
belt inclined 18** traveling at the rate of 250 ft. per minute can handle 75
cu. yd. per hour.
Dredging in Nevada.^^ — A current motor dredge is being operated in the
Colorado River, near El Dorado canyon. One man operates the dtedge, which
is claimed to have a capacity of 10 cu. yd. per hour in loose, river-bar gravel.
The dredge consists of two flat bottom scows connected side by side by a hinged
platform, having the current wheel in the intervening space between them. The
wheel is connected to the dredging machinery which is set on a second pair of
scows having the bucket ladder between them; the two pairs of boats are con-
nected by a hinged frame, forming a catamaran structure.
Dredging in West Siberia,^ — ^According to C. W. Purington and J. B. Land-
field, Jr., dredging during the past three years has received attention, -and the
dredge in operation during 1900 is reported to have been a complete success.
** Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXni., (1902), P- 941.
«* Instituti<m of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXIII.. p. 588.
«» Engineering and Mining JoumaZ, Vol. LXXIV., (1908^, p. 680.
«• Canadian Mining Review, Vol. XXI., (1902), p. 69.
«» /Wd., Vol. XXI., (1908). p. 874.
<" Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXm., (1908). p. 181
«• Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. LXXXTV., (1908), p. 48.
s> Engineering Magazine, Vol. XXII., p. 8931
3U4 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Platinum Washing in the Urals.**
According to L. St. Rainer, it is necessary to use a large volume of water in
washing the clayey gravels, and mechanical agitation is also required in order
to disintegrate the material. In one intsance a trommel 3 m. long, 1 m. diam-
eter at the feed end, and 1-6 m. diameter at the outlet is used. It is made of
strong iron plate perforated with 15-mm. holes. A strong stream of water is
played into the trommel which revolves slowly, the fines passing through to the
washing apparatus below. It is necessary to treat tough gravels in a ^Tboronka"
in order to free the rich sands. A boronka consists of a third of a conical
trommel made of cast iron plates, having suspended stirrers which are given a
slow backward and forward motion, thereby causing the gravel to be gradually
passed along to the discharge end. The stirring combined with the strong
streams of water thoroughly disintegrates and washes the gravel so that the
discharged material is practically free from rich sands. In the Plast district,
however, the gravel requires even a more thorough stirring, and for this pur-
pose a "tschascha" is used, which consists of a cast-iron cylindrical tank 21
to 3-5 mm. diameter, containing a six-armed stirrer revolved by a central vertical
shaft. Attached to the arms are vertical iron bars which disintegrate the clayey
pulp. The bottom is made of three cast-iron sectors with conical holes 15 mm.
diameter at the top. One of the sectors is fitted with a gate or trap so that from
time to time the tailings can be discharged. A machine of this type 4-16 m.
in diameter, the arms making 25 revolutions per minute, requires 13 H.P. to
operate, and has a capacity of 40 tons of clayey gravel per hour ; from five to ten
volumes of water per volume of sand is required for successful Work. The
washed material passes direct to the riffle tables from 8 to 13 m. long having
44-mm. riffles, 265 mm. apart ; the grade is from 13 to 16%. The upper portion
of the table is covered with linen or felt protected by a wooden grate. When
necessary the tailings are elevated by a machine of the Archimedian screw type.
Washing is carried on continuously for 11 hours when the feed is stopped, the
riffles removed, and the concentrates carefully washed on the table until reduced
to one-third the original bulk. The concentrates are then shoveled into buckets
and rewashed on a smaller table until there remains only a fine gray slime,
which subsequently is worked on a plane surface with a brush, the gold being
extracted with mercury. The tailings are washed in sluices, and the resulting
concentrates treated as described above. In working a gravel carrying 2-6 g.
metal per ton, the loss by washing was 0-27 g. per ton, while that by theft
amounted to 043 g. per ton, making a total of 27% of the metal content. It
would seem that improved methods especially of classification would give more
satisfactory results.
*i Berg- und Hueftenmaenniachea Jahrbuch^ Vol. L., p. S6B.
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE PROCESS. 305
A Eevibw of the Cyanidb Pbocess during the Yeab 1902.
By Charles H. Fulton.
The progress in cyaniding during 1902 has consisted mainly in the perfec-
tion of detail and a more extended application of the process, especially in
South Dakota, where a number of new and important mills have been erected.
The wet crushing of ore by stamps in cyanide solution and the treatment of the
slimes by decantation have been much improved, and are supplanting fine dry-
crushing by rolls in South Dakota. An innovation in American progress has
been the adoption of the filter press method for the treatment of slimes at the
Sunshine mine, Utah.
Arizona. — In Arizona several new cyanide plants have been erected. The
Oyclopic Co. at Gold Roads in Mohave County has added to its plant. The
cyanide plant of the Congress Gold mine in Yavapai and the tailings plant of
the Mammoth Cyanide Co. in Pinal County have been in operation. The
G. & C. Consolidated Mining Co. is erecting a cyanide plant 12 miles southwest
of Prescott.
California. — ^A number of new mills have been erected, all of small capacity,
principally in Southern California, where the ores are more amenable to treat-
ment, than are those of Northern California. Practically all of the cyaniding
is carried on in San Bernardino, San Diego, Inyo, El Dorado, Placer, Shasta,
Kern and Mono counties. According to the report of the State Mineralogist,
Mr. Lewis E. Anbury, the following plants are in existence, most of them being
in -operation : —
Capacity in
T6n8 per Day.
Capacity in
Tons per day.
Son Di^oo Ooun*y— Americsan Olrl
Bl088ora M. ft M. Co
100
18
750
4S6
60
900
48
Black Hawk Mill 7T.
96
90
California Kings O. M. Ck>
FeamotM. Co
90
Fx«e Gold Mininic Ck>
T. K. Mill
16-
Western ESztractlon Co
Rose Min. Co
70
El Dorado Cbunht— VaodaUa Mfll
Shaata dmnt^midtm Blill
ToderMlll
18
A number of small cyanide plants are in operation, and some are being erected
in Inyo County. The Standard Consolidated is operating in Mono County,
and a few scattered ones in other counties.
The tailings plant of the Free Gold Mining Co., formerly the Golden Cross
Mining Co., at Hedges, San Diego County, has been operative during the year
treating about 420 tons of tailings per dayi. The process there is described
by H. A. Barker in a private communication. There are 6 steel leaching vats
45 ft. in diameter and 7 ft. deep, which are charged from a bridge work con-
structed over them, by means of 2'5-ton side discharge cars. The mill tailings,
which are treated, are in beds from 15 to 30 ft. in depth, the tailings being
shoveled into the cars, 6 cars being loaded at a time and run down an incline about
400 yd. long. From the foot of the incline the cars are hoisted to the bridge work
over the vats. The actual treatment extends over a period of four days. The
strong solution is 0'12% cyanide, and the weak solutions 0'08 and 0*04% cyanide.
All solutions whether strong or weak pass through the same zinc box. The pre-
cipitation is very good notwithstanding the presence of considerable copper in
306 THE MINEHAL INDUSTRY
the tailings. The strongest solution, which runs lowest in gold, assays 10c. per ton
after precipitation. The total quantity of zinc available for precipitation is
from 100 to 120 cu. ft. The precipitates obtained vary in value and quantity,
the bulk of the values coming generally from the short coppery shavings re-
moved each month. These shavings are treated with sulphuric acid, and the
fcludge washed, dried and roasted with gentle rabbling. It is then returned to
the acid tank and again treated with dilute acid, and in this way the great
bulk of the copper removed. The coppery washings after thorough settling are
run to waste over scrap iron. The precipitates after this treatment are then
clean enough to be cast into a brick of base bullion.
The entire water supply is drawn from the Colorado River, 12 miles dis-
tant, at a cost of approximately 2c. per ton of ore treated. The leaching vats
are sluiced out, by pressure furnished by a steam pump, in from 3 to 4 hours,
through four 16-in. square gates. The average value of the tailings treated ap-
proximates $1"40 per ton, the residues assaying 40c. to the ton, making an extrac-
tion of 71-4%. Material of $1 per ton in value has been treated with a small
profit at the plant.
Successful experiments are being made at some of the Mother Tjode mines
in the treatment of raw concentrates by the cyanide process. The concentrates
are ground to 100-mesh size or finer, and then agitated.
The largest plant in the State is that of the California King (3old Mining
Co., at Picacho, in San Diego County, near the Arizona line. It has a capacity
of over 750 tons per day, and although constructed in 1901, it has not yet
become operative.
Colorado, — A few new mills have been constructed, mainly of small cap'acrty,
the principal one being that of the Tobasco ^Mining Co., near Lake City, Hinsdale
County. Some plants have been projected to treat Cripple Creek dumps, and one
or two small ones have been built which are said to operate successfully on $4
to $5 material when it is suitable. One of these plants is treating the dump
of the Pharmacist mine^ and another is soon to be erected in the district by
Temple & Crumb, of Colorado Springs, which is to crush coarse, and have a
capacity of 50 tons per day. The cyanide plants of the Liberty Bell and
Smuggler-Union mines near Tclluride, have been in operation during the year,
as well as the Gold Run cyanide plant, which treated old accumulated tailings
from the Tomboy and Smuggler-Union mines. The cyanide tailings plant of
the Camp Bird mine, near Ouray, has also been in operation.
The cyaniding of the Cripple Creek milling ores has received a serious check
on account of the preference for chlorination, the Dorcas mill at Florence being
the only cyanide mill in continuous operation. This mill has installed the
Begeer pneumatic cyanide process, which consists essentially in passing the
cyanide solution from the extractor boxes (after standardizing) repeatedly
through a centrifugal pump, provided with suitable pipes and cocks to allow
the absorption and mixing of air with the solution to the fullest extent, thereby
causing the solutions to absorb a maximum quantity of oxygen.
At Colorado Springs the Telluride Reduction Co. has erected a bromination
p^ant, in which it i? intended to treat the dust by the Riecken process.
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE PROCESS. 307
A small plant using the pneumatic process has been erected at the Gold
Standard mine at Idaho Springs.
The process at the Smuggler-Union mine is described by Mr. William H.
Davis^ as follows : "The plant was designed and built by F. L. Bosqui in 1901,
and began operations early in 1902. There are 16 leaching tanks arranged in
2 rows of 4 double tanks, one above the other for double treatment. The upper
tanks are 40X8 ft., and the lower, 40X9 ft. made of California redwood and
holding 475 tons of tailings, the daily capacity. Each tank gets a 16-day treat-
ment. The tailings come to the plant by launders, and the tailings are charged
into the tanks by Butters & Mein distributors. Overflow gates carry off the
slimes. The fineness of the ore is regulated by the height of the column of
water over the ore, manipulated by the overflow gates. It has been found, that
when from 30 to 35% of the deposited tailings pass a 120-mesh screen, about
the limit is reached at which the tailings will leach satisfactorily. However, as
much of the slimes as possible, without impairing the leaching, must be settled.
The filling is completed in 24 hours, the tank is then allowed to drain as dry as
possible, and the material is leveled, lime added, and a waste solution applied.
The waste solution having a high protective alkalinity distributes the lime
and displaces the water, and is applied for 18 hours, after which it is displaced
by» weak solution, which is allowed to stand on the ore for 24 hours, and it is
then leached with weak solution until tlje tailings are dried for shoveling into
the lower vats. The drying is accomplished by vacuum until 15% moisture
remains. In the upper tanks the weak solution coming off after the 24-hour con-
tact is the first to carry values in either cyanide or gold. (The weaker solutions
do not attack silver.) Usually the solutions must carry 0*5 lb. cyanide before
they have value in them. The solutions from the upper vat treatment are run
through the waste solution zinc box, and are re-used as waste solution, which
includes also all solutions in the plant containing less than 2 lb. KCN per ton.
The dried ore in the upper vats is shoveled into a 6-lb. solution in the lower
vats, and allowed to stand for 36 hours, which equalizes the density in the vat,
gives a more uniform leaching, and also equalizes the values in the solution,
which carries the highest values and passes to the weak zinc boxes. The strong
solution is succeeded by weak solution, then by waste solution, and finally by
water. The waste solution is used here in order that the solutions may not be
diluted more than is necessary.
Zinc shavings are used to precipitate the values, with good results. The
Smuggler-Union ore is a difficult one to treat, the rock being very close-grained
and hard. The values are about equally distributed between gold and silver,
the latter being present as a double sulphide with arsenic and sometimes with
antimony, which is difficult to decompose. The tailings are very low grade, but
the plant has been a success, although owing to the recent troubles at Telluride
the Smuggler-Union mines have suspended operations.
Gravity filtration was formerly used to settle out solids and precipitates which
formed in the weak solution before it entered the extractor boxes, but it was
lately displaced by a filter press.
> Private oommunlcation.
308
THE MINERAL INBUSTRT.
A canvas plant has been installed^ in which the overflow slimes from the mill
amounting to about 30% of the ore crushed^ are handled by contract.
According, to Mr. Charles A. Chase,^ of the Liberty Bell cyanide plant, the
cost of cyaniding at that plant on a 4,700-ton per month basis, is as follows : —
Labor.
Cents
Per Ton.
Supplies.
Cents
PerTba
ForemAn w*. •••••••••
Cyanide
17*8
Solution mMi
Zff»c ,-,-,,...,,--,,,,,,,„..,„,-,.,,
8*0
Lime
6*8
Assays
Miscellaneous
0*6
RbimOtr.
Sulphoric add
0*8
Supplies
Labor
17-9
86*8
Total labor and supplies
44*1
The Tobasco Mining Co. erected a mill at Lake City, which is described by
Smith McKay,' of Denver. The rough crushing is done by a 10Xl5-in. Dodge
crusher, the product from which passes to 36X16-in. rolls for the coarse crush-
ing. The ore is fine crushed by two 30X6-in. high-speed rolls. The screening
is done by flat impact screens, the final screens having S-mesh wire cloth. The
product from the screens passes to three Bartlett concentrating tables, which sep-
arate out concentrates consisting mainly of iron sulphides amounting to from
1 to 2%. The tailings from the tables pass to a tank, and from this to a
revolving distributor over the leaching vats. The slimes overflow from the
vats and are discarded. There are six 18X6-ft. leaching vats, three 10X12-ft.
solution tanks, two 8X10-ft. gold storage solution tanks, all of steel. Precipita-
tion is done in zinc extractor boxes by zinc shavings. Electric power is used at
the mill, being transmitted over a distance of 8 miles. A 75-H.P. motor runs
the crusher, elevator, screens and rolls, and a 5-H.P. motor the three Bartlett
tables. A 20- and a 5-H.P. motor operate three triplex pumps for solutions and
water supply.
Idaho. — No new cyanide plants of any size have been erected, although several
have been projected, namely, in Shoshone and Lemhi counties. The plant of
the De Lamar Co. in Owyhee County, has treated 35,400 tons of ore, valued
at $12-24 per ton. The costs amounted to $2*70 per ton, with an extraction of
84-2%. The cost of treating 22,900 tons of old tailings in cents per ton, was
labor, 62'42c. ; chemicals, 88-53c.; fuel, 15-46c.; supplies, 12-70c. ; assajring and
express, 5'lOc.; total, $1-8421. The average value of the tailings was $3'97
per ton, and the extraction 69'7%.
Montana, — A number of mills have been in steady operation, some new mills
have been built and old ones have increased their capacity. The greatest activity
is in Fergus County, where, according to Alex. N. Winchell,* the following com-
panies are active: —
The Abbey Cyanide Gold Mining & Milling Co., Barnes & King, Kendall
Gold Mining Co., McCormack Brothers. Central Montana Mines Co., Great
Northern Mining & Development Co., New Year Gold Mining Co.
The Barnes-King and Kendall properties, near Lewiston, are operating on a
large scale, the first having a capacity of 240 tons and the latter 350 tons per
* PrlTate oommunlcation.
* Private communication.
« Private communication.
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE PROCESS, 300
day. The Central Montana Mines Co., near Lewiston, has a dry crushing plant
of 250 tons capacity, but is treating at present only 100 tons per day.
The large properties above mentioned treat the ore by direct cyaniding. The
ore is quarried and crushed dry to about 0'26-in. size. As a rule, the values
are readily extracted, but clayey material is occasionally met with, which is
unfavorable to leaching. I am indebted to Mr. W. J. Sharwood, of Marysville,
Mont., for much of the information concerning Montana and Nevada.
In Lewis and Clarke County, the plant of the Montana Mining Co., Ltd., at
Marysville, has been modified during the year. Six of the seven leaching vata
have been fitted with agitators for the treatment of slimes by decantation.
Extensions of sheet iron have also been added to the vats, so that these are
38-ft. diameter and 13 ft. deep. Charges of 136 tons of slimes were run through
in 48 hours, and while the original plant has treated over 500,000 tons of tailings,
it was shut down for the winter.
At the Empire mine, near Marysville, a 500-ton tailings plant has been in-
stalled to treat the stored tailings, which are conveyed to and distributed in the
500-ton leaching vats by a system of Robins belt-conveyors. The solutions are
precipitated by an electrolytic process on sheet iron plates 3X5 ft. placed 1 in.
apart. These plates divide the tank into nearly tight compartments, and the
current passes from plate to plate, the side which acts as the anode being pro-
tected by a carbonaceous coating, while the other acts as the cathode, and re-
ceives the gold, silver and copper as a coherent film which is later removed by
stripping.
Nevada. — No new plants of any size have been built in this State, although
several have been steadily in operation on the Comstock Lode, treating old tail-
ings from the silver amalgamation mills of early days.
At Tuscarora, in Elko County, the Dexter Gold Mining Co.'s plant treated
22,930 tons of ore in 11 months, at a cost of $1*10 per ton, and an extraction of
$1-89 per ton. Near Tuscarora the Montana Mining Co. erected a cyanide plant
to treat the tailings from the 20-stamp mill on the Lucky Girl group of mines.
The sands are treated by percolation, and the slimes by decantation. The Dexter
Gold Mining Co. experimented with the Godbe agitation process on slimes, but
with indifferent success. Attempts are now being made with other methods of
treatment.
On the Comstock Lode at Virginia City, Charles Butters is treating silver-
bearing tailings by the cyanide process, using an electrolytic system of precipita-
tion with aluminum cathodes, from which the deposit of precious metals is said
to be readily removed by stripping.
At the new wet-cnishing plant of the Chainman Mining & Electric Co. a small
tonnage was treated by dry-crushing and direct leaching. The plant has
now suspended operations. The Ely Mining & Milling Co.'s plant also has
suspended operations. The De La Mar Minitig Co.'s plant in this State is
expected to resume operations shortly.
The practice in use at the mill of the Horseshoe Gold Mining Co. at Fay,
Lincoln County, is described by Ernest Gayford as follows: The ore passes
over a grizzly, with 0-5-in. spaces, to a No. 3 Gates breaker crushing to a 2*5-in.
310 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
ring. This product passes to another grizzly, again with 0*6-in. spaces, whose
oversize passes to a style H Gates crusher, all the ore below 0'5-in. size going
to 300-ton bins, which feed into a Gates revolving dryer, whose product is taken
by an elevator to a 4X8-ft. revolving 6-mesh screem. The oversize from this
goes to a set of 36X16-in. Gates rolls, the product of which is returned to thf
screen. The undersize from this screen goes by elevator to two 4X8-ft
12-mesh revolving screens, whose oversize goes to two 26X15-in. rolls. Thp
product from these rolls is returned to the 12-mesh screens whose under-
gize goes by elevator to three 4X8-ft. 24-mesh revolving screens. The
undersize from these screens is finished product, and goes to a 150-ton
bin, while the oversize goes to an extra 26X16-in. Gates rolls, whose
product is returned to the 24-mesh screens. The cyaniding is done in nine
24x5-ft. steel leaching vats, each holding 90 tons of dry ore. These vats are
charged by cars running on suspended tracks above the vats. The leaching
tanks are discharged by shoveling into cars beneath the vats through four 16-in.
discharge gates. There are also three 15X9-ft. stock solution tanks, which act
also as sump tanks, and three 16X9-ft. gold solution storage tanks. The
ore is leached with a 0*3% solution, which is first aerated by compressed air in
the sump tanks. The solution is put on from the bottom, to the extent of
25 tons, and allowed to have 12 hours' contact, when it is drained off and is fol-
lowed by 30 tons of weak solution 0'16% KCN, which is drained continuously.
This is followed by 8 tons of wash water, and the sands drained by vacuum
until they contain 15% moisture. The total time for one tank from filling to
filling is 9 days. Four pounds of quicklime per ton of ore are added at the first
crusher. Precipitation is carried on in extractor boxes, 7 compartments, eaeh
compartment is 15X9-5 in. in cross section and 16 in. deep. The consumption
of cyanide is 0*4 lb. per ton of ore, and the consumption of zinc from 0*25 to
0*30 lb. per ton. The precipitates are shipped to smelters for treatment. The
cost of cyaniding is $1*35 per ton.
New Mexico. — Cyaniding has not been very active. The new plant, that of
the Last Chance Mining Co., at Mogollon, treat 1,200 tons monthly. It is
said on good authority that a 3,000-ton per day plant is projected at Nogal.
near the Old Abe mine.
Oregon. — The North Pole and Cougar cyanide mills, at Sumpter, have not been
in steady operation. About 18 miles west of Sumpter, the Eed Boy mine has a
cyanide annex for the treatment of raw concentrates from vanners.
South Dakota. — Great activity has been displayed in building new mills, and
four large plants have been erected. The 700-ton Gayville plant of the Home-
stake Co., or "cyanide No. 2," has been in cotmmission for a few months. The
recently completed wet-crushing mill of the Penobscot Mining Co. at Garden
City, is in operation with a capacity of 125 to 150 tons per day. The Hidden
Fortune Co. is erecting a mill below Deadwood with a capacity of 200 to 250
tons per day, with a probability that another section will be added. The Horr :
shoe Mining Co. is building a large plant at Terry, wet-crushing to be employed.
This mill is to be erected in two sections of 250 stamps each, the second section
to be commenced immediately after the first begins operations. The capacity
A REVIEW OF THE OTANIDE PROCESS,
311
of the plant when finished will be in the neighborhood of 1,000 tons per day.
Aside from these three plants, there is under construction, a cyanide annex to
the stamp mill of the Jupiter Mining Co. in Blacktail Oulch, with a capacity
of 60 or 60 tons per day, and a small 5-stamp 20-ton wet-crushing cyanide mill,
at. Two Bit, for the Golden Crest Mining Co. The Pluma Mining Co. is adding
a cyanide annex to the old Hawkeye mill at Pluma, and Hall & McConnell have
built a 60-ton per day tailings plant at Pluma to treat the very low-grade tailings
which accumulated before the main cyanide plant of the Homestake Co. began
operations. The old Kildonia chlorination mill of the Horseshoe Co. at Pluma
has been converted into a dry-crushing cyanide mill, and has been in steady
operation during the latter half of the year, with a capacity of about 200 tons
per day. These additions to the mills already in operation will give the disr
trict the following plants in operation in the near future with a chance for an
increase during 1903: —
Nameof MilL
Locatioc
Ore
Treated
Per Day.
NameofMiU.
LocaUon.
On
TMated
Per Day.
Homestake, tailings plant
Homestake, tailings plant
Imperial Mining CX>.r77.
Lead
Qayville
Deadvrood.. . .
Deadwood....
Terry
Cyanide
Deadwood....
Garden City..
Tons.
1,800
TOO
196
185
900
600
260
985
196
Wasp No. 8 Mining Co
Dakota Mining ft ttUUng Co. . .
Deadwood Standard M. Co. . . .
Portland Mill, Columbus M. Co.
Rossiter or Golden Gate Mill. . .
Alder Greek Mining Co
.Timftfir IMInlnr OOt . , t . t , t . , « . ,
Flatiron
Deadwood....
Cyanide
Gayville
Deadwood....
Flatiron
BlaoktaO.....
Two Bit
Spruce Ghilch
Tbna.
100
100
125
doiden Reward Co
00
Horseshoe Co. Pluma Plant... .
Horseshoe Co. Teny Plant. . . .
flnearflsh M ft M Co
00
00
60
Hidden Fortune Hin Co
Golden Crest Sl Co.
90
Penobscot Mininir Co
Highland Ghlef Plant
60
The total tonnage treated, or to be treated shortly, is 125,250 tons per month.
The capacity of some of the plants is in excess of their present working.
The most noticeable feature of the mill construction in the Black Hills during
1902 is that all the new mills are wet-crushing mills. The method is to crush
the ore with stamps in cyanide solution, the resultant pulp being separated into
sands and slimes by hydraulic classifiers and distributors, the sands are leached
and the slimes treated by agitation with pumps, and decantation. When this
method was first introduced by John Henton in 1899 for those Black Hills
siliceous ores which had to be crushed fine, its practical applicability was doubted
by many, but the method has certainly demonstrated its usefulness during
the last three years, and has practically displaced fine dry-crushing. All new
mills are wet-crushing mills. The dry-crushing mills in the district are the
Spearfish, the Deadwood Standard, the Wasp No. 2 and the Alder Creek plants,
which crush coarse, and the Imperial, the Rossiter, the Golden Beward and the
Pluma plant of the Horseshoe Co., which crush fine, the last using dry-crushing
mainly for the reason that the plant is the old Kildonia chlorination mill, con-
verted for cyaniding, the rolls and other machinery already being in place.
Where coarse dry-crushing is sufficient to liberate the values and make them
soluble, that method is preferable to wet-crushing in solution with stamps, be-
cause in plants of similar capacities the cost of treatment will be less, but where
fine crushing is needed it is the general opinion that wet-crushing in solution
is better. The dry-crushing mill, no matter how complete its exhaust facilities
to remove dust from its crushing and screening machinery, is always troubled
312 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
with dust, especially in the tank rooms of the newer mills where belt-conveyors
are used in charging the vats. This last trouble has been overcome in an in-
genious manner by J. V. N. Dorr at the Rossiter plant. Here the ore is removed
at the finished-product bin into a trough about 6 ft long, in which is a screw-
conveyor. Just above the trough is a perforated pipe, through which a 0-26%
cyanide solution is sprinkled into the finely crushed ore (20-mesh size), to the
extent of from 6 to 10%. The screw-conveyor serves to mix the ore and solu-
tion thoroughly, and to carry it to a 12-in. belt-conveyor, which, with a short
auxiliary conveyor serves to charge the leaching tanks.
The advantages of this device are: 1. That the charging operation is prac-
tically dustless. 2. The ore is placed in the tank in such a condition that per-
colation is easier and much more uniform, channeling is avoided, and more
dust can be charged with the ore and still have a leachable product. Another
feature of fine dry-crushing which must be taken into consideration with many
ores of the district, is the quantity of dust produced in the comminution and
collected by the exhaust apparatus. This, in many cases, is too large to permit
mixing with the ore without seriously affecting the eflBciency of the percolation,
reducing the extraction by uneven leaching, and thus necessitating its separate
treatment by agitation and decantation. This introduces into the dry-crushing
mills that adjunct of the wet-crughing plant, the treatment pf slimes, to which
the advocates of dryKjrushing object, as expensive and cumbersome. Generally
the dust is of higher value than the crude ore.
In the caee of the Golden Reward plant, the dust amounts to about 4% of the
ore crushed, and at the Rossiter plant to about 6 or 7%. In both plants it is
treated separately by decantation, while at the Imperial plant, it is charged
with the sands into the leaching vats, being mixed with the sands automatically
by a conveyor. While, however, the fine dry-crushing system is open to objec-
tions, it cannot be said that no unsolved problems confront the metallurgist in
the wet-crushing with cyanide solution method. The first of these is the larger
quantity of dilute solution to be handled in the mill. The ratio of solution to ore
crushed varies bet^^een 3 and 4 to 1. The quantity of solution to be handled
in a wet-crushing mill is about 1*5 to 2 times that in a dry-crushing mill.
The second is the problem of washing the values from the slimes. This
would be simple if enough wash water could be applied, but the quantity neces-
sary is prohibitive, since it would enormously increase the mill solution. One
wash water, and in most cases, two are not suflRcient. In dry crushing it is
the general practice to use one final wash water amounting, to from 10 to 25%
of the ore tonnage, and of this from 6 to 15%, and even more, is discharged as
moisture in the tailings, depending on the coarseness of the ore and the use
of a vacuum. This practice keeps the quantity of mill solution about con-
stant. In washing slimes, the percentage of water must be increased, and in
order to remove dissolved valuep more than one wash should be employed. This,
however, would so increase the bulk of solution that at frequent intervals some
of the weaker solutions would have to be run to waste. When the precipitation
of the values is good, and it may not be very good with a weak solution, the
A BBVIBW OF TUB CYANIDB PB0CB88. 313
quantity of precious metals thrown away may be insignificant, but combined with
the loss of cyanide this factor will in time become a senrious item.
The extraction from slimes is rarely less than 88%, and in some cases more,
but in one mill even with two wash waters only from 80 to 82% is recoverable, the
balance passing out in the retained moisture "with the slimes which are, when
discharged, about 50% liquids and 60% solids. Hence, while with fine crush-
ing and the production of slimes, a higher extraction is possible, from the nature
of the case, the mills are not able to take advantage of it to the full extent and
recover it. In order to keep the bulk of solution within limits, the wash water
in most cases is cut down, on the sands as well as on the slimes, from what it
should be to wash out most of the values, and the total extraction in a wet mill
is but little above that in a dry-crushing mill, working on the same ore. Na-
turally the final test is the question of the relative cost of treatment by the two
methods. In one of the older wet-crushing 60-ton plants the cost amounted to
$1-45 per ton of ore treated, exclusive of taxes and insurance. This figure has
recently been reduced to about $1*25 per ton, and it is of interest that the esti-
mated cost of treatment by wet-crushing for a 120-stamp unit of the 1,000-ton
Horseshoe plant at Terry is 70c. per ton. The cost of fine dry^crushing is
not available, but in most instances it is higher than the figures given above. It
has been estimated that a new plant treating 4,500 tons per month can do so
for $1 to $1*10 per ton. In one of the old small mills the cost has been as high
as $3*50 to $4 per ton. The coarse dry-crushing mills, which reduce to from
4- to 10-mesh size, cyanide the ore for from 75 to 95c. per ton, based on capacity
of comparatively small plants. According to C. W. Merrill, the cost of cyaniding
Homestake tailings is now about 35c. per ton, the mill labor included in this
amounting to but 6c. per ton.
The wet-crushing method has the advantage that weaker solution can be used,
the usual battery solution being made up with 2 to 2*5 lb. of cyanide per ton,
the sands being leached with a somewhat stronger solution, 3 to 3*5 lb. per ton.
The usual strong solution for a dry-crushing plant is 5 to 6 lb. per ton. The
quantity of lime is greater for wet- than for dry-crushing, for while less is used
at the battery, a large quantity is used with the slimes to aid settling.
It has been a problem to find an efficient method of separating the sands from
the slimes, for the sands, in order to get a uniform leaching, should be as free
as possible from slimes. In the newer mills, the crude and rectangular two-
compartment separator box has been discarded, and in general a similar method
to that used by C. W. Merrill in the Homestake tailings plants is employed. At
the Penobscot mill at Garden City, two cone-shaped hydraulic classifiers in series
are employed, in which, if necessary, a rising current of cyanide solution can be
used ; the overflow from the last classifier passes to the slime vats, and the bottom
discharge of the two, passes by launders to a Butters & Mein distributor over the
leaching vats. The peripheral overflow from the sand vats again passes to the
slime vats. At the new mill of the Horseshoe Co. at Terry, Klein classifiers are
to be installed, using an afr current introduced at the bottom to aid in the
separation. The overfiow containing the slimes will pass to the slime vats while
the sands pass directly into the leaching vats. At the new Hidden Fortune mill
314 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
below Deadwood, the crushed pulp will pass directly to Butters & Mein dis-
tributors placed above the leaching vats, this separation being deemed sufficient
to eliminate the slimes, as the crushing will be coarse.
At the cyanide plants of the Homestake Co. the separation is made by a triple
s(?t of cones placed in series, the first set at the stamp mills and the other two
at the cyanide mills. The first two sets are large flat cones, with no current
except that induced by charging at the center and the overflow. The last sets
are smaller and deeper, and have a rising current introduced at the bottom, as
in the case of the regular hydraulic classifier. Aside from these, the leaching
vats are charged by Butters distributors, the overflow at the periphery of the
vats passes to waste, the Homestake plants treating sands only.
The pneumatic cyanide process has been introduced at the Pluma plant of the
Horseshoe Co., where three 35-ft. tanks are fitted with the pneumatic process,
as an experiment. An air pressure of 4 or 5 lb. is put on after the vats are
charged, and air forced through the ore for 4 hours. Then leaching is com-
menced, the time on the pneumatic tanks is 72 hours, while on the other tanks
the time is 120 hours. It is, however, questionable whether any benefit is derived
from the pneumatic process for the Black Hills siliceous ores, for while the
time is shortened, the extraction is not much increased, and difficulty is en-
countered in discharging the tanks, owing to the network of pipes. The Hidden
Fortune and the Hall-McConnell tailings plant also will use the pneumatic
process. During the year, some of the plants experimented with the Schilz
barium dioxide process, but it was found to possess no advantage for their ores.
With the exception of the Homestake mills, which use zinc dust, all mills use zinc
shavings. The method of precipitating in barrels or precipitation vats, instead
of the compartment zinc box, is finding much favor.
The new wet-crushing plant of the Horseshoe Co., in course of erection at
Terry, will have its rough crushing department separate from the mill, and above
the stamps. The crushed product from four tfo. 5 Gates crushers will be con-
veyed to the main storage bins above the stamps by a belt-conveyor 610 ft. long,
which extends the length of the bins, and is provided with a movable automatic
discharge tripper to distribute the ore uniformly in the bins. The main bins
have a capacity of 7,000 tons, while the ore bin ahead of the crusher has a
capacity of 1,000 tons. The mill is being built in two sections of 120 stamps
(500 tons) each. One section is to be completed before the other will be started.
The stamps are of 1,000 lb. weight, with a 6- to 7-in. drop. Double discharge
mortars are to be used with a depth of issue of about 1 in., crushing in cyanide
solution through a 20-mesh woven wire screen. The pulp from the stamps is
raised by two spiral sand pumps, with two extra ones to act as relays to 4 Klein
classifiers, the height of lift being 20 ft. For each 500-ton section there will
bo 8 sand leaching vats 40 ft. diameter and 5 ft. deep; 16 slime vats, 20X10 ft.,
8 gold solution storage tanks, 15X10 ft.; 8 sump tanks, 24X10 ft.; and 4
solution storage tanks, 30X16 ft. There will also be two water tanks 35X16 ft.
All tanks are of steol. It is the intention to complete the slimes treatment in
one vat, sluicing the exhausted material from it after treatment. The slimes
will be agitated with air at 30 lb. pressure by a special arrangement of pipes.
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE FH0CE88. 316
The sands^ after leaching, will be discharged through four 18-inch bottom dis-
charge gates on to belt-conveyors. The scarcity of water does not permit of
sluicing. It is estimated that the total water consumption of the plant will
be one ton of water per ton of ore treated. Precipitation will be effected in zinc
compartment boxes.
The new Penobscot mill at Garden City, erected during 1902, is well designed,
and an improvement on the older wet-crushing mills of the district. The mill
is situated a few hundred feet from the mine, with which it is connected by
a covered way. A 13X24-in. Blake breaker, on a rock foundation, does the
rough crushing. A Jeflfrey elevator, capacity 40 tons per hour, takes the crushed
product to the stamp supply bins. At the discharge from the elevator an auto-
matic conveyor cuts out 1-60 for the sampling room. The stamp supply bins,
of a capacity of 250 tons each, are flat bottomed, the ore sliding on its own cone
to the gates. Eight Challenge feeders charge the ore to forty 950-lb. stamps,
making a hundred 7-in. drops per minute. The shoes, dies, tappets and cams
are of chrome steel. Single diajharge mortar-boxes are used, with a low depth
of issue. The ore is crushed with cyanide solution. The pulp from the stamps
is raised by two Frenier 10X54-in. sand pumps to four cone classifiers/ two in a
series. The height of lift is 16 ft. The sands pass to Butters & Mein ball-
bearing distributors, having twelve l*6-in. pipe arms. The distributor is on a
trolley above the vats and can be shifted to each one in turn. The solution and
slimes overflow at the periphery of the vat over a 0'5-in. tongue of wood inserted
into the staves. This device was first used by C. W. Merrill at the Homestake
plants to secure a uniform overflow. This tongue or feather can be readily
planed and the overflow kept perfectly level, which is necessary to prevent an un-
even settling of the sands with slimes. The overflow from the sand vats is
collected in an annular launder around the tank and can be conveyed to any
slime vat in the mill by a 3-in. pipe discharge. There are six sand tanks, 30X6
ft. outside measurements; eight slime vats, 24X12 ft.; two gold solution storage
tanks, 20X10 ft.; two sump tanks of the same size, and three stock solution
tanks, 16X16 ft. All tanks are of Oregon fir. The siphoned solution from
the slime vats is filtered in sand filters, 15 ft. diameter and 2*5 ft. deep, placed
above the gold solution storage tanks. The sand leaching vats are discharged
by sluicing through three 12-in. bottom discharge gates, by water furnished
from a 50,000-gal. tank, with a pressure of 15 lb. per square inch. The slimes
are pumped and agitated by two centrifugal pumps, lined with manganese steel.
The precipitation is carried on in four 8-compartment steel boxes, 20 ft. long,
each compartment being 2X25 ft. in cross section and 18 in. deep to the filter.
Before entering the compartment boxes the solutions will pass through 25 precipi-
tating barrels. In all 400 cu. ft. of zinc are available for precipitation.
The sand leaching vats are connected beneath the filters with a Rand vacuum
pump, and a 3X10 ft. vacuum tank. The precipitates are refined by sulphuric
acid in a steel acid tank, 6X3 ft., which discharges in a vacuum steel filter
tank, 3 ft. diameter, placed over a wooden waste tank, 10X8 ft. The pumping
of solutions and water in the mill is done by three Dean pumps, two of which
are 4-75X5-25X5 in., and the other 7*5X6X6 in.
316 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The new cyanide mill of the Hidden Fortune Co. is in course of erection a few
miles below Deadwood on Whitewood Creek. As in the Horseshoe mill at
Terry, the crushing department is separate from the mill. The crushing will
be done by a 16X30-in. Blake, and the crushed product conveyed to the stamp-
bins by a 24-in. belt-conveyor discharging by an automatic tripper into 500-ton
bins. The railroad bins above the mill have a capacity of 800 tons. Challenge
feeders supply the 60 stamps, which are each of 1,000 lb. weight, making 7-in.
drops, 90 per minute. The capacity of the mill will be about 250 tons per day.
The mortars will be double discharge, with 1-in. depth of issue. Crushing will
be done in a cyanide solution. The pulp from the batteries will go to Butters &
Mein distributors, placed over the sand leaching vats, in which overflow gates
will carry off the slimes, to the slime vats. The pulp is raised to the distributor
by three Frenier- spiral sand pumps. The leaching vats will be discharged by
sliricing through six 15-in. bottom discharge gates. The five leaching vats are
40X6 ft. There are 4 sump tanks, 3 gold solution storage tanks, 2 stock solution
tanks, 7 slime vats — 21 tanks in all.
The new Gayville mill of the Homestake Co. is similar to the Lead mill.*
Utah. — During the year the Golden Gate and Manning mills have been in
operation at Mercur, the latter mill treating old Mercur tailings at a cost of
59'4c. per ton. The Annie Tiaurie mill in Piute County, built in 1901, has been
steadily at work and the new mill of the Ophir Mining Co. in Iron County,
situated near the Nevada State line, not far from the Horseshoe mill above
described, has also been in operation. At the Sunshine mine at Sunshine, the
old mill has been remodeled^ and a slimes treatment plant installed. The mill
has been in operation treating from 100 to 125 tons per day, although it has a
nominal capacity of 300 tons per day. Recently the mill was closed for further
changes. The process at this mill, which is rather an innovation in slimes
treatment m this country, has been described by Mr. M. D. Stackpole.' The
ore is crushed to 4-mesh size, and the slimes, which are considerable, on account
of the talcose and clayey nature of the ore, are separated in a special conically
shaped separator, the patent of (Jeorge Moore. The slimes are agitated in vats
by a centrifugal pump, and are separated from the solution by means of four
30-frame filter presses. This is the only plant in this country, as far as I know,
that uses the filter press method of treating slimes.
The Midas Mining Co. in the Mercur district, Tooele County, has a cyanide
plant in operation treating tailings from amalgamation.
Washington. — Cyaniding has not been active in Washington during the year;
the Republic and Mountain Lion mills at Republic have not been in operation. ^
Cyanide Practice in Foreign Countries during 1902.
Western Australia and New Zealand. — According to Alfred James* the Great
Boulder Main Reef, the Great Boulder Proprietary^ the Hannan's Star, the
Brownhill and the Perseverance and others, in the Kalgoorli district in Western
• Engineering andMinin^^J&imuU, Jan. 4, 19Q& • IWd., July 18, 190B. »iWa, Jan. 8, 1908,
A RBVIBW OF THB CYANIDE PROCESS. Si*
Australia have successfully operated the cyanide process on sulpho-telluride ores
during 1902. Of all the modified cyanide processes advocated and tried only the
Diehl bromo-cyanogen and the roasting process are still in use. The Diehl
process has been successful on the low-grade ores (0*4 oz. gold) of the Hannan's
Star mine, but it is the opinion that on the higher grade ores, roasting must be
employed, at least for some part of the ore, in order to get sufficient extraction.
The mills using the Diehl process are experimenting with concentration,
combined with the use of bromo-cyanogen, i,e., concentrating out the refractory
material, which amounts to from 15 to 20% of the ore, roasting and cyaniding
these concentrates and treating the tailings by bromo-cyanide. The process
to be employed in the future will depend on the result of experiments in con-
centration now being carried on.
If these are successful, the scheme of treatment will consist of wet crushing
by stamps (wet crushing on account of concentration), amalgamation on plates,
concentration, roasting the concentrates, regrinding them in tube mills, cyanid-
ing, with filter press treatment of the slimes. The tailings from the concen-
trators will have similar treatment except that they will not be roasted. The
Diehl process as such and with it the use of bromo-cyanide, would then dis-
appear, in favor of the above-described process.
Wilfley tables are used in the district, but suffer a considerable loss in fine
sulphides, which are carried away with the coarser tailings. At the Perseverance
mill, the canvas strakes which follow the Wilfley tables, yield a concentrate of
higher value than that made by the tables.
It is found that to treat the ore raw, without bromo-cyanogen, the sulphides
must not exceed 0'5%, so that the concentration must be carried to that extent.
Ball and tube mills have proved themselves efficient crushing machines in the
district. The tube mills are very efficient for sliming the sands, one standard
mill crushing 70 tons per day from a 12-mesh size feed, through a GO-mesh screen,
consuming 27 H.P. The agitator used in the cyanide vats is one with radial
arms on a vertical spindle, suspended over the vat, there is no step, but the
spindle is guided in a guide of cement or iron. An arrangement for raising the
agitator is rarely employed. South African tailings wheels are used to elevate
the slimes, which are thickened in multi-bottomed spitzkasten. Dehne filter
presses are used, operated by compressed air, but plunger pumps are preferable
on account of economy.
The Riecken electrical precipitation process has been tried at the South Kal-
gurli mine, and at the Great Boulder No. 1, but has been discontinued owing
to the defective electrical precipitation, which is the essence of the process.
Mr. S. J. Truscott* gives the cost of amalgamation, milling and cyaniding
for the year ending Defcember, 1901, as follows: —
Ivanhoe (Jold Corporation. — 88,084 tons milled (0-58 oz. per ton) (amalgama-
tion) cost $1*66 per ton; 46,459 tons of sands (0043 oz.), cyanided, cost $1*27
per ton; 60,624 tons of slimes (0'41 oz.), cyanided, cost $1*61 per ton.
Golden Horseshoe. — 77,801 tons (0-75 oz.) (milled, including pan amalgama-
• Jdicmal of tht Chemledl and Metattvrgiedl SocUty of South Africa, £0., It., ^ August, 1908.
6 18 THE MINERAL IND UBTR Y.
tion) cost $2*34 per ton; 40,108 tons sands (0'84 oz.), cyanided, cost $1'50 per
ton; 51,588 tons slimes (0-44 oz.), cyanided, cost $246 per ton.
Lake View Consols. — 76,571 tons milled (1*58 oz. amalgamated) cost $1*66
per ton ; sands cyanided, cost $1'44 per ton ; slimes cyanided, cost $1*70 per ton.
Mr. Alfred James, in the article already mentioned, gives the cost at the
Hannan's Star mill, which uses the Diehl process, at $5-33 per ton, on 0-4-oz. ore.
The same process on the considerably higher grade ores of the Hannan's Brown-
hill and Lake View Consuls, cost $8*19 per ton, which includes $2 alone for bromo-
cyanogen. The cost at the Great Boulder Main Beef, which uses the roasting
process, is $6*26 per ton with an extraction of 90%. Costs in Kalgoorlie are
necessarily high, for power costs about $19 per H.P. per month, and water from
80c. to $1'50 per 1,000 gal.
During 1902 in New Zealand 26 of the 26 cyanide plants were in operation.*
Wet Crushing and Direct Cyaniding. — ^Hamilton Wingate^® describes the
direct cyaniding of wet crushed ores at the Waitekauri Extended mine, Maratoto,
N. Z., as follows : Formerly the ore was dry crushed and cyanided, but this method
was found to be unsuited to the lower level ores and was high in cost. The choice
of a satisfactory process depended on a successful method of slime treatment.
In this respect the liberal use of lime was found satisfactory. The ore is a
hard, flinty quartz carrying finely divided pyrite. The gold content is uni-
formly distributed in a fine state of division, while the silver is present as a
sulphide. The base sulphides comprise h% of the ore, and the average value
of the ore is from 0*3 to 0*4 oz. gold and 1*76 oz. silver. The mortar boxes,
which were double discharge for the old dry crushing method, had one discharge
closed for the wet crushing, but were still unsuitable, as a large quantity of
slime was produced owing to improper dimensions. A higher extraction by
cyanide, however, was obtained on slimes than on sands. The ore was crushed
through a 40-mesh screen, the classification of 656 tons of ore giving 54*11%
sands, and 45*89% slimes ; 70% of the total pulp passed an 80-mesh screen, which
was the fineness necessary for a good extraction.
The crushed pulp passed to a 5-ft. square pyramid shaped spitzkasten, 5 ft. deep.
At the apex was a 2'5-in. cock to regulate the discharge of the sands. A per-
forated pipe or rose at the overflow end was necessary to prevent the settling of
the slimes with the sands. It was essential to make a clean separation of the
sands from the slimes, since those slimes that pass with the sands are lost in the
overflow from the sand vats, while any sands in the slimes cause a portion of the
elimes pulp to set hard at the bottom of the vat, in a mass too tough to be
aflfected by the agitator.
The discharged sands from the spitzkasten passed to a vat into which they
were charged by a Butter's distributor, and the overflow of the spitzkasten con-
taining the slimes passed to an agitator vat. The 30-ton sand vats were 20 ft.
in diameter and 4 ft. deep. The sands were treated first with a preliminary
alkaline wash, then with a weak sump solution, followed by a 0'5% cyanido
solution, and finally by the usual washes of strong and weak sump and wash
water. The sands in general presented no difficulty of treatment.
• New Zealand Minea Record, May, 1903.
** A paper read before the American Institute of Mining: Engineers, New Hayen meetings lOQBL
A REVIEW OF THE OYANIDB PROCESS. 319
The slime vats were 22 ft. in diameter and 7 ft. deep, holding on the average
25 tons of slimes. The overflow from the spitzkasten is run in at one end, and
the clear liquor allowed to flow ofif at the other. After charging the vat, the
slimes are allowed to settle, and the water is drained ofif by an inside siphon pipe,
leaving a pulp which contained from 42 to 58% of dry slimes. The agitator is
then started, being at the same time gradually lowered. The charge was accur-
ately sampled by dip samples. On the average 14 lb. of lime were added, and the
charge agitated for an hour to neutralize the acid in the ore. In order to econo-
mize cyanide and prevent the quantity of solution from becoming unmanageable,
the weight of cyanide required for the slimes was dissolved in 5 tons of strong
sump solution, and added to the slimes, the resultant solution containing 0*16%
cyanide. The slimes pulp was then agitated for 3 hours at the rate of 40 r. p. m.
Then strong sump solution was run on, during agitation until the depth of slimes
pulp in the vat was 6*5 ft. The agitator was then raised, and the slimes allowed
to settle after which decantation was begun. The decanting pipe consisted of
a 2-in. wired, rubber hose fixed inside the vat, and connected at the bottom and
side of the vat with the solution pipe to the extractor boxes. The end of the
hose is held in an iron collar to which is attached an arm made of 0'6 in. square
iron. This arm passes through a guide which can be moved freely along an iron
bar 3 ft. long, which is bolted to the inside edge of the top of the vat. A thumb
screw through the guide holds the arm in position, and as the hose is lowered the
guide can be moved along the fixed iron bar and the arm securely clamped. After
the first solution had been drawn off, agitation with sump solution, followed by
decantation was continued. From four to eight washes were required, the total
weight of which was three or four times that of the dry slimes present in the
charge. Each wash was passed through the extractor boxes before being returned
to the slimcfs charge. The rate of flow through the extractors was 2 tons of solu-
tion per hour per cubic foot of zinc shavings. The extraction from a test lot of
1,440 tons was 81'4'% of the gold and 45% of the silver. Consumption of
cyanide was 2*7 lb. per ton, consumption of zinc 0*75 lb. per ton, lime 7 lb. per
ton caustic soda 0*75 lb. per ton. The total cost was $2'07 per ton, including
all charges. The necessity of strong solutions owing to the nature of the ore
and the need of obtaining an adequate extraction of the silver makes the cyanide
consumption much higher than the average. Mr. Wingate states that wet crush-
ing has practically superseded dry crushing in New Zealand for the reasons
given above.
Several mills in New Zealand crush in the battery with a 0'1% cyanide solution,
the process being practically the same as that which is used in some of the South
Dakota mills. ITiis method, however, would not be applicable to acid ores
owing to the heavy cyanide consumption involved.
The Treatment of Slimes. — A patent has been issued to E. Godbe for a process
of treating slimy ores by cyaniding, which consists of stirring the pulp with
cyanide solution containing lime, in a circular vat of no greater diameter than
depth, and while stirring introducing a stream of cyanide solution from below
a false filter bottom. This solution rises up through the agitated and suspended
ore, and overflows at the top clear and free from slime. To do this the stirrer is
320 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
placed close to the bottom and does not revolve fast enough to throw the slime
to the surface, but just sufTicient to keep the entire mass in suspension and flow-
ing around the tank, leaving a few inches of perfectly clear solution at the top.
Compressed air can be blown into the vat to aid in the solution of the gold.
The overflowing solution is ready for precipitation. Weak solution and washes
axe introduced in a similar manner to the strong cyanide solutions.
J. Yates^^ states that in South Africa the cost of a plant for treating slimes
by the decantation method is from $750 to $1,000 per head of stamps. An
average of 60% extraction by the decantation method on slimes is the best obtain-
able in South Africa. Led by these facts John K. Williams is to make a test on
a working scale, side by side, of the decantation and filter press methods of slime
treatment, which will be of very great interest.
The BromO'Cyanogen Process. — The Diehl process as practiced at some of the
Kalgoorlie mines, Western Australia, and already mentioned, is described by
H. Knutzen^" as follows : The process is used at three mines, the Hannan's Star,
the Hannan's Brownhill and the Lake View Consols, at the last named mine
both the Diehl process and the roasting process were operated. A number of
analyses were made on Kalgoorlie ores, from the different mines, with the follow-
ing results : —
Insoluble matter (insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid), 40 to 78% ; iron car-
bonate (spar), 10 to 30% ; calpium carbonate, 9 to 38% ; gold, 0'8 to 5'5 oz. per
ton.
It is thought that this composition accounts for the trouble met with in the
roasting process, as the finely ground ore after roasting has cement-like properties,
forming an iron cement, which sets in the vats. The Diehl process comprises
the following essential stages: —
1. Crushing and sliming the ore.
2. Treating the slimes in agitators with a solution of potassium cyanide in com-
bination with cyanogen bromide.
3. Filter pressing the sludge and precipitating the gold from the solution by
means of zinc shavings.
According to the nature of the ore, amalgamation and concentration may be
added as part of the process.
It was fQund that in order to get a good extraction on Kalgoorlie ore it must
:e slimed. Only part of the gold is present in the metallic state, the greater part
being present as a telluride and in sulphides. The slimes from the ore are richer
than the sands owing to the brittleness of the telluride minerals. Ore was
crushed in a battery through a 40-mesh wire screen with this result : —
On 3 2o-oz. ore the sands contained 20-27% of the gold value; the concentrates,
38*49%; the slimes, 29*62%; and amalgamable gold, 11*62%.
On 0 85-oz. ore the sands contained 26 24% of the gold value; the concentrates,
37*51% ; the slimes, 35*37% ; and amalgamable gold, 0'88%.
The best extraction on sands with a 7-day leaching did not exceed 50% of the
gold. The best machine to slime the ore was found to be a Krupp tube mill,
*> Journal of the Chemical and Metallurgical Society of South Africa, III., !▼., 41, Aoiput, 19081
1* A paper read before the lostitutio" of Mining and Metallurgy, June 10, 1008.
A REVIEW OF THE OTANIDE PROOESa. 32l
using flint balls. The mill is 18 ft. long, 4 ft. in diameter and charged with 4 tons
of flints. The sands are fed by a nozzle at one end, and the slimes discharge
at the other. All of the product passes a 200-mesh screen, and less than 3%
remains on a 220-me8h screen. One of the advantages of this mill is the small
quantity of metallic iron that contaminates the slimes, From the tube mill, the
slimes containing from 3 to 5% of solids pass to a system of classifiers to separate
out any remaining sands which are sent back for recrushing. The slimes flowing
from the classifiers pass to a system of spitzkasten, where they are concefntrated
to a pulp containing from 40 to 50% dry material. This goes to agitators, which
are covered tanks from 20 to 25 ft, in diam^eter, and 7*5 to 8 ft. deep, provided
with stirrers. The capacity of an agitator is from 120 to 125 tons of pulp.
When the agitator is filled, a strong solution of potassium cyanide is added
(4"4 lb. of cyanide per ton of dry material) and agitated for 1'5 hours, when a
solution of bromo-cyanogen is allowed to flow in (I'l lb. per ton of dry
material). Then the pulp is agitated until the total time of agitation
is 24 hours. The quantities of chemical vary according to the richness
of the ore, the above quantities being for 2 to 3-oz. slimes. Two hours
before the agitator is ready to discharge to the filter presses, from 1 to 4 lb.
of lime per ton of dry slimes is added, which, has the effect of giving a clean
precipitate in the zinc boxes. Experiments were made to test the extraction with
and without bromo-cyanogen. With plain cyanide solutions ranging in strength
from 0-1 to 0'3% an extraction of from 41 to 62% was obtained. With the same
cyanide solutions plus bromo-cyanogen added from 0025 to 0075% strength
the extraction was increased from 77 to 97% on ore carrying approximately
2 oz. gold. Chloro-cyanogen was found to be non-effective in increasing the
extraction, rather the contrary.
The filter press is indispensable to the Diehl process owing to the high value
of the slimes. The filter presses used have a capacity, of from 4'5 to 5 tons.
They consist of 50 frames, the cakes from which measure 39*5 in. square and
from 2*5 to 3 in. thick. A dry cake weighs from 1*76 to 2 cwt. Bach filter press
has its own system of receivers, one for slimes, one for weak solution and one
for wash water. The presses are operated by compressed air. The cakes are
washed once with weak solution and once with wash water. * For a charge
of 6 tons from 360 to 500 gal. each of weak solution and wash water are used.
The cakes are then dry blown 10 or 15 minutes with 80 lb. of air, and then
the cakes are discharged into cars below. The time occupied from one charge
to the next is 2 hours. The solution goes to the zinc boxes, first, however, being
passed through a special filter or another small filter press for clarifying. The
plant at the Hannan's Brownhill mine is a new one, built specially for the
Diehl process, having a capacity of 75 tons per day. The scheme of working is
given on the following page.
At this mill, 2,210 tons of ore were treated during July, 1901, at a cost of
$5*84 per ton, which was rather high, the average cost being $5*34.
The Lake View Consols mine had in operation alongside of the Diehl plant
a plant using the roasting process, in which the ore was dry crushed by Krupp
ball mills. The ore treated by one plant was precisely the same as that treated
322
THB MINERAL INDUaTRT.
by the other^ hence a comparison of costs is interesting. In August, 1901, the
roasting process treated 3,411 tons of ore producing 6,287 oz. of bullion at a cost
of $908 per ton. The Diehl process treated 6,888 tons producing 9,020*48 oz.
ORE
Gbizelt.
OOftTM.
Fine.
No. 6 Krupp Breaker.
ORB BIN.
Upper itorage Unk.
EtoTator.
Battery Blna.
Battery No. 1.
Sheads.
Plata
ly table.
Battery No. 8.
61 *
Same.
Battery No. Z.
61 •
Battery No.
6 beads.
Same.
4. ji.!
,0601b.
06 7-1]
ao-meah
106 7-in. dropa.
liwttei
Ctoooentratea.
From 8 to 6it of the ore.
Betiimed to Battery No. 1
^Pter roasting in an
Ills BoastflT.
Tftll
mdlings Wheel (double, 88 feet in diameterX
I
STttbeMlfls.
8*6 tons of llintib
Product returned
toclasrifWm
TMUngs Wheat
Slimes.
Spltskastea.
Betumed to WiUoy of
Battery No. 4.
BrON.
Of erilow Water.
Intormeaiato Tank.
6 Agitators.
80x7-6 ft- loot
8 Filter rrasses, 6 tons each.
Sludge.
Water.
Na 1. Sump to i
storage tank.
Filter Press Cakes. Aurif eroos Solution.
Dump.
Zinc
Precipitates.
Solution.
T6 sump No. 1.
of bullion at a cost of $8*36 per ton. With the same kind of ore going to the
plants, the extraction by the Diehl process was $28- 16 per ton, as against $27*27
by the roasting process, the difference between these costs should be added to the
cost of the roasting process.
At the Hannan's Star mill the ore is crushed dry in 2 No. 5 Krupp ball mills,
through a 30-mesh screen, from which it goes to a mixing machine, where it is
mixed with water. From here the pulp follows the same course as at the
Hannan's Brownhill.
Refining of Precipitates, — ^Hamilton Wingate*' describes the method used at
the Waitekauri Extended mine, Maratoto, N. Z. Roasting the vacuum-dried
>* A paper ^ead before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, New Haven meeting, 1908.
A BBVIBW OF THE CYANIDE PROCSaS 323
precipitates was adopted in place of treating with sulphuric acid, the facilities
for the latter method not being available. It is also a question whether the
acid treatment presents any advantages in the treatment of bulky precipitates
such as are obtained from ores containing considerable silver. All the pre-
cipitate is first washed through a 40-mesh screen. After drying on a filter
by the aid of a vacuum pump, the precipitate was weighed and transferred to
the oxidizing furnace, consisting of a square cast iron tray 6 in. deep, built
over a brick furnace using wood fuel. The tray has a sheet iron hood over it,
to collect the fumes, which are conducted through a flue to the dust cham-
ber. The oxidation of the precipitate was conducted at a low heat, which was
gradually raised to a dull red, the precipitate being kept broken up by a rake,
care being taken to avoid dusting. The oxidized precipitate was fluxed as
follows : 50 parts anhydrous borax, 15 parts of anhydrous sodium carbonate, 100
parts of precipitate. This was charged into a No. 50 graphite crucible and
melted at a moderate heat, the pot being carefully covered during the fusion
and recharged in each case before fusion was quite complete. When the crucible
was three-quarters full, the temperature was raised and the slag, now thoroughly
liquid, was ladled into molds and the crucible recharged as before until two-
thirds full of molten bullion. The bullion was poured into molds, each bar
being again melted in a crucible of smaller size and skimmed if necessary be-
fore pouring. The bullion averaged 941 fine. This fineness was mainly due
to the passage of the precipitate through a 40-mesh screen, which eliminates
the coarse zinc. It is impossible to oxidize zinc scattered through a bulky pre-
cipitate, and as its presence causes mechanical and volatilization losses, it must
be eliminated if subsequent losses in melting are to be avoided. The slags were
crushed at the mill and yielded in shot 1*5% of the total value of the bullion.
The crushed slag after panning had a value of $121*50 per ton. The sweepings
from the dust chamber and flue yielded only $43 after the roasting of about
$30,000 worth of precipitates.
P. S. Tavener** describes a new method of treating zinc-gold slimes, which con-
sists of smelting them with litharge in a reverberatory furnace, and cupelling
the auriferous lead. The process was first introduced at the cyanide plant of
the Bonanza Co. at Johannesburg in 1899, and since the resumption of milling
14 months ago, has been in continuous and satisfactory operation. The clean-up
of the slimes is conducted in the ordinary way, except that the whole precipitate
is pumped at once from the clean-up tub into the filter press, the fine zinc
which remains at the bottom of the tub being heaped to one side and allowed
to drain before it is transferred to the smelting room. The cakes from the
filter press are dried in an oven, 15 minutes per tray being sufficient. The fine
zinc is kept separate from the filter press slimes. The dried slimes are passed
through a 4-mesh sieve and roughly weighed, for the addition of the mixed fluxes.
The charge is made up approximately as follows: Slimes, 100 parts by weight;
assay slag, 10 to 15 parts; foul slag, 10 to 15 parts; silica, 5 to 10 parts; litharge,
60 parts; fine zinc, 100 parts; slag, 20 parts; litharge, 150 parts.
The charge is shoveled directly into the furnace, the fine zinc part being
M A paper rend before the Chemical and Ifetallurglcal Society of South Africa, in., iv., 70-78, October, 1909.
324
THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
placed on top of the slime charge to prevent loss by dusting and also to have
an excess of litharge at the top of the charge. No absolute rule for fluxing
can be formulated as that depends upon the nature of the precipitates smelted.
In practice it is found that considerably less slag (30% less) is required than
<^-^
luaimj.TAXii
, PuDayfor
j OovntarpolMd
Wdght
^1»a4 lB>didtE7, VaUU)
Pig. 1. — Tavener's Furnace for Smelting Zinc-GtOld Slimes.
in smelting small quantities of precipitates in crucibles. The lead bullion pro-
duced should contain not more than 8% of gold — 10% bcMtig the limit. As
a HMlucing agent sawdust was employed to the amount of from 1 to 2% of the
weight of the litharge present. No sawdust is added with the fine zinc charge,
the zinc in the latter acting as the reducing agent. The reverberatory furnace
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE PROCESS.
325
is shown in Fig. 1, except that the roof should be that of a true reverberatory.
The pan should be filled, and the sides lined for 12 in. above the hearth with the
best quality of fire brick. The bottom is laid with close joints on a grouting Oif
crushed fire brick mixed with sufficient fire clay to make a binding material,
which is tamped into the pan to the required level and faced with cement.
The charge is placed in the furnace, covered first with a thin layer of litharge,
followed by a thin layer of easily fusible slag. The furnace is charged on the
day previous to the smelting. At 3 A.M. a slow fire is started to dry the charge,
at 5 A.M. the fire is urged, the furnace being raised to a smelting heat in 30
^^p^^^^w
Side Elevation.
Horizontal Section.
Fig. 2. — ^Taveneb's Furnace for Cupelling Zinc-Gold Slimes.
minutes. By 9 or 10 A.M. the charge is reduced, and any sweeping or foul
slag on hand is added. The charge is then well rabbled and sawdust thrown
on, repeated to reduced the excess of litharge until the slag shows clean on the
rabble. The slag is then drained off into pots. The slag door is 4 in. above
the center of the lead charge, when about 12,000 oz. of lead bullion are in the
furnace. Before charging the furnace the slag door is built up 12 in. b}'^ means
of cast iron plates laid in fire clay. In order to draw off the slag these plates
are removed one by one. The filled slag pots arc allowed to stand a few minutes,
and then are tapped 2 in. from the bottom (to recover any lead), the shells and
326 THB MINERAL INDU8TRT.
bottoms being reserved for resmelting. The last of the slag is waved off by
rabbling. The last skim of slag on the bath is thickened by cooling and throw-
ing a shovelful of lime over the charge, when it is easily detached, and reserved
for the next melt. A clean surface of lead is then exposed, and any zinc present
quickly bums off. The lead recovered is clean and soft. The bullion is sampled
accurately after stirring by taking a ladleful, and is then poured into bars.
The cupelling test is an oval, cast iron frame filled with bone ash ground to
pass a 20-me8h sieve, and moistened with a potash solution of 1 lb. of potash for
everyl 33 lb. of bone ash. The bone ash must be moistened just sufficiently so that
if squeezed into a ball in the hand it will break clean. The test requires 600 lb.
of bone ash to fill it, 300 lb. remaining after the necessary cutting out. (See
Pig. 2.)
The test has a basin cut into it, from 2'5 to 3 in. deep, and is put away to
dry at least two weeks before using. A cupel of this size is sufficient for four
charges each of 1'5 tons of lead. The last one used at the Bonanza lasted 4
months, and cupelled 7*5 tons of lead bullion, producing 14,978 oz. of bullion.
When the new cupel is placed in the furnace a slow fire is kept burning for
3 or 4 hours before starting to refine. The blast is introduced into the test by
a 3-in. pipe fiattened at the end, and turned down so that the blast may strike
the lead. The temperature is now raised to melt lead, and six bars are put into
the furnace by the working door. When these are melted, the temperature is
increased, and the remainder of the lead is introduced through the feed chute,
the ends of the bars being allowed to melt oflf gradually. Lead is thus fed in
until the bath almost reaches the level of the litharge channel, which has been
cut in the meanwhile. The temperature is then increased to the melting point
of litharge, and as soon as the bath is covered with litharge the blast is turned
on, the litharge formed running into a pot similar to a slag pot, but only 12 in.
in diameter and 8 in. deep. The flow of litharge is controlled by the quantity
of lead melted from the bars introduced through the feed chute. When the
feeding is completed, and there remains only the bath of concentrated bullion,
the temperature is raised, and the litharge channel deepened. Nearly all the
copper in the bullion enters the litharge just before the completion of the oper-
ation, which makes the litharge thick and heavy and requires a high temperature.
Just before the cupellation is finished there is danger that the bath will freeze
under the cold blast ; if that occurs the blast is shut oflf and the temperature raised
until the bath is molten again, after which the blast is turned on and the last
Impurity driven oflf. From 6 to 8 lb. of assay slag are then added and melted,
and allowed to run oflf, and by this means the gold is given a clean, bright surface.
The fire door is now opened and the gold allowed to cool to a point where it
will not crumble when a bar is inserted under the cake. This is lifted, broken
in halves, and pulled out into a slag pot. The gold is remelted in crucibles
and cast into bars. The advantages of the process can be stated as follows:
1. Saving in cost of treatment. 2. Absence of by-products. 3. Reduced loss in
handling. 4. Increased recovery of gold. 6. Facility for treating foul slag.
The results of four months' smelting at the Bonanza are as follows : Weight of
moist filter press slimes, 9,058 lb. ; of fine zinc, 7,662 lb. ; lead bullion cupelled,
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE PB0CE88, 327
15,269 lb. ; gold recovered, 12,810 fine oz. ; materials used, coal, $396'74 ; coke,
$45*24; fire clay, $14*40; fire brick and slabs, $83-32; paper bags, $9; lead foil,
$14*56 ; bar iron, $0*76 ; crucibles and liners, $8*40 ; caustic potash, $2*88 ; bone
ash, $48; sundries, $6*04; total, $631*34; loss of lead, 12% on 15,269 lb.=l
ton at $96, grand total, $727*24, or 5-5c. per fine ounce of gold recovered.
Roughly speaking, the cost of acid treatment is about 24c. per ounce of fine
gold recovered. A cyanide plant producing 2,500 oz. of fine gold per month
would save approximately $4,800 per year in the cost of refining, besides gaining
about $1,440 from the elimination of by-products, in which gold has to be sold
at a discount, and from losses in handling. The lead smelting process has shown
an increased recovery from the same slime, of 10% and even more, as com-
pared with the acid process. In one trial for the Village Main Reef Gtold
Mining Co., the smelting process gave 11% higher recovery than three acid-
treated lots ; in another trial 10% more ; although the reason for this has not yet
been carefully investigated, the evidence is too important to be ignored. The
large differences have been attributed to the incomplete mixture of the slime
and fine zinc in order to insure that in taking equal parts for the comparative
tests there will be equal quantities of gold in each, but if that were the case the
acid treatment would sometimes give higher recovery than the smelting, a result,
however, that has not once been obtained. The use of lead acetate in large
quantities which has become necessary in precipitating the very large volume of
dilute solution from the slimes plants, has caused trouble in the acid treatment
owing to the danger of introducing lead into the bullion. This trouble dis-
appears with the smelting method. It is also true that the very poor and bulky
precipitate from the slimes boxes are costly to treat by the acid process, but
readily treated cheaply by the smelting process. Recently, Alfred James stated
that the loss from the ordinary clean-up as practiced in the Rand amounts to
from 1 to 6% of the total output.
E. H. Johnston and W. A. Coldecott^*^ used MnOj as an oxidizer in refining
precipitates, although niter has a higher theoretical power, yet at the tempera-
ture of fusion MnOj is the most efficient. It also does not corrode the crucibles
so readily. The average charge was: 100 parts slimes, 20 to 35 parts borax
glass, 20 to 40 parts MnOg, 15 to 40 parts of sand. Very high-grade bullion
was reduced by this method. P. S. Tavener, however, states that the fineness
of the bullion is obtained at the expense of the silver, which the manganese
dioxide tends to drive into the slag.
Treatment of Concentrates. — C. M. P. Wright*" describes the treatment of raw
concentrates by percolation as practiced at Choukpazat gold mines in Burma.
The concentrates contain from 30 to 40% of sulphides, and from 60 to 70%
of coarse sands. The sulphides consist mainly of iron pyrite; but 5% consist
of franklinite, galena, chalcopyrite, and a little altaite. The franklinite carries
7 oz. gold, the chalcopyrite and iron pyrite from 0"9 to 2 oz. gold, and the
galena practically none, the average value of the concentrates is 1'82 oz. gold
>• Journal of the CkenUcal and Metallurgical Society of South Africa^ Vol. m., p. 81, Jnly, 1908.
1* *'CyanldiDg Concentrates by Percolation." A. paper read before the InstitutiOD of Mining and Metal-
lurgy, Norember, 1908.
328 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
per ton. The concentrates are treated first with a plain water or alkaline wash,
followed by a weak solution wash O'lO to 0"12% cyanide, and then nine washes
of 0-3% cyanide. The contents of the vat are then turned over, and are treated
until for two successive days the effluent solution runs 0*26% cyanide, when the
treatment is considered complete. Then follow two washes from the strong
sump, 0*25% cyanide, and two weak washes, 0*07%, finally one or two wash
waters. From 17 to 20 tons of concentrates are treated per month. The time of
treatment is 24 days, and the extraction is 84%. The zinc boxes are made up at
the commencement of the treatment and left untouched to the end, all solutions
passing through the box as they come from the percolating vat. The precipitates
that pass a 30-mesh screen carry nearly as much silver as gold, those that remain
on a 30-mesh screen carry practically no silver, but much copper. All the zinc
in the box becomes copper coated almost immediately on being put to use. The
method of treating the precipitates is as follows : Careful cold acid treatment is
followed by a thorough washing and drying in enameled basins, and fluxing
the slimes below 30-me8h size with 27% borax, 18% sand, 13% soda, 10%
niter. The slimes above 30-mesh size are fluxed with 45% borax, 27% sand,
22'5% soda and 16% niter. The slags run about 8 oz. gold per ton and contain
no shot. The bullion from the fine slimes is from 560 to 600 fine, and from
the coarse slimes from 600 to 540 fine. The detailed cost of treating 89 tons
of concentrates was: Pumping, 13'5c. ; supervision, 86c.; labor, lie; cyanide
(5*12 lb.), $1*345; zinc (0*85 lb.), 7c.; reduction, assaying and sundries, 69c.
Total, $3'12 per ton. The tailings assayed 0*25 oz. of gold per ton.
Herbert K. Scott," in his paper on "The Gold Fields of Minas Geraes, Brazil/'
mentions the success obtained in treating concentrates by the cyanide process
at various mines in the State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. At the Moro Velho mine,
concentrates from strakes consisting of pyrrhotite, pyrite and mispickel are
treated by an **oxygen process," which is a modified cyanide process embracing
agitation and aeriation. The Passagem mine of the Ouro Preto Gold Mining
Co. in the same district, after experimenting with the same class of material
with a modified cyanide process with good results, will replace barrel chlorination
of the concentrates by cyaniding. At the Faria mines, near Honoria Bicalho,
on the Central Kailway of Brazil, the pulp from the batteries passes over amal-
gamated plates, and into two spitzliitten, which separate out the heavy con-
centrates. The tailings overfiow from the spitzliitten pass to two spitzkasten,
which separate the sands from the slimes. The sands and the concentrates are
treated separately by percolation, and the slimes by the filter press process.
Johnson presses are being used. An extraction of 90% is obtained on the sands,
and 55% on the slimes.
At the Sao Bento mines, near Santa Barbara, oxidized siliceous ores are
crushed by Blake crushers and Gates rolls to pass a screen of 0'15-cm. opening.
An extraction of 86'6% is obtained.
Commercial Potassium Cyanide. — According to A. Whitby^® the differencf*
in composition of the salt 9nlH as "98% potassium eyaiiido," is consi(1(^rablo.
>' A paper read before the American Institute of Minin^r En^ne rs. May, 1908.
»• A paper read before the Chemical and Metallurgical Society of South Africa. Dec. 80, 1908.
A REVIEW OF THE CYANIDE PROCESS,
329
Five samples from four distinct sources were analyzed with the following
result : —
No. 1.
No. 8.
No. 8.
No. 4.
No. 6.
PotamiTim
6-5
41 0
80-4
7-6
66
780
80-6
28-9
88-8
,80
8-8
86-6
80-8
881
87-7
4-7
4-8
88-5
45-6
11-4
40-4
0-8
8-8
94-8
61-2
Trace.
1-8
98-7
Sodium
Cyanoffen
Carbonate (CO.)
Undetermined......
KCNand NaCN
The object of the analyses was to show how the present system of purchasing
cyanide left the manufacturers a wide margin for impurities. For instance,
No. 1 contained by calculation 13% of sodium carbonate and 5% of other im-
purities. No. 6 shows what a commercial sodium cyanide ought to be.
It is very easy for the manufacturer to comply with existing conditions, and yet
supply the consumer with many things he can do without.
No. 3 is heavily charged with alkaline sulphides, but it was used extensively
without complaint about its effectiveness; while laboratory tests may show alkaline
sulphide to be injurious, in working solution they are rendered harmless by
precipitation as zinc sulphide. Alkaline carbonates are beneficial in increas-
ing the alkalinity of the solution. The cyanates act the same way, in becoming
eventually transformed into carbonates. Summarizing, the facts are as follows:
The mills use a mixture of sodium and potassium cyanide nicely adjusted to
98% KCN, leaving room for extensive adulteration. The effectiveness of the
mixed cyanide being accepted, it would be desirable to adopt the use of a sodium
cy«nide, demanding an efficiency of at least 50% cyanogen. Or if a potassium
cyanide is to be used a limit should be set for the sodium cyanide present in order
to control the amount of inactive bodies. For the analyses, 10 g. of cyanide
were dissolved in 500 c.c. of water, this solution being used for all tests. For
the determination of carbonate and cyanogen freshly prepared solution must be
used. For carbonates, from 50 to 100 c.c. of the solution are taken, and a few
drops of ammonia and a solution of calcium nitrate in slight excess added.
The precipitate is filtered rapidly, and washed with hot water containing a little
ammonia. The precipitate is ignited to oxide, weighed and calculated to car-
bonic acid. The cyanogen is determined in the usual way with silver nitrate.
For the determination of the alkalies, 50 c.c. were evaporated with a slight excess
of hydrochloric acid, taken up again with a few c.c. of concentrated acid, and
again evaporated. For more accurate work it would be necessary to remove
heavy bases by dissolving the residue in water made slightly alkaline with
ammonia, and passing hydrogen sulphide through to remove traces of lead and
iron present. Should calcium be present the treatment must be followed by the
addition of a little ammonium oxalate, filtered, and the solution again rendered
slightly acid by hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness, gently ignited and
weighed. For the purpose of these experiments it was found sufficient merely
to evaporate to drjmess with acid, as even the most impure samples gave mere
traces of insoluble residue. The total chloride was then estimated with deci-
normal silver nitrate solution, and the ratio of potassium to sodium determined
bv the indirect method.
330 THE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
According to B. W. Moore/® of 80 samples of commercial potassium cyanide
imported into the United States, only 24 contained no sodium cyanide, while 50
contained from 10 to 54% of sodium cyanide, averaging 22%, it being evident
that much of the cyanide used in the process is a mixture of sodium and potas-
sium cyanide. Tinder the Dingley tariff, potassium cyanide is admitted imder
a duty of 12'5%, which is one-half that on chemical salts. The question came
ap for the Board of General Appraisers as to what duty is to be paid on a mix-
ture of sodium and potassium cyanides, and the decision reached was that the
mixture should be admitted as potassium cyanide.
Treatment of Cupriferous Oold Ores, — ^Louis Janin, Jr.,*® discusses the treat-
ment of cupriferous gold ores by the cyanide process. Three methods are advo-
cated which have in view the entire or partial elimination of the copper and the
consequent protection of the potassium cyanide. They are: —
1. Leaching by sulphuric acid preliminary to cyanide treatment.
2. Scrymgeour's method of dissolving copper minerals in a solution of
potassium cuprocyanide, containing no free potassium cyanide.
3. Bertram Hunt's method of leaching with an ammoniacal cyanide solution.
While many copper minerals are soluble in sulphuric acid, this method has
serious drawbacks in that it may have a very high consumption of acid if lime
and magnesian carbonates are present in the ore. There is also a tendency for
the ore to cement and pack in the tanks after the acid treatment. A neutralizing
agent such as a caustic soda solution must follow the acid treatment, otherwise
the consumption of cyanide will be more even than when treating the originil
ore before acid treatment. Burnt lime, as ordinarily employed, will not pene-
trate the ore mass to neutralize the acid. The acid process is then a throe-stage
process. 1. Leaching the ore with dilute sulphuric acid. 2. Neutralizing the
acid remaining with caustic soda. 3. Treatment with cyanide solution.
Scrymgcour's method depends upon the property of potassium cuprocyanide
to dissolve copper in certain minerals. The cuprocyanide is obtained by heating
the ore with dilute cyanide solution. When the cuprocyanide solution has dis-
solved the maximum of copper in the form of sub-cyanide the excess of copper
is precipitated electrolytically. Then the ore is ready for the ordinary treat-
ment with dilute cyanide solution. The method is a two-stage one employing
separate electrolytic precipitation vats, and separate storage tanks.**
Bertram Hunt's method is very simple, and essentially a one-stage process.
It depends upon the protective influence of ammonia as well as its solvent action
for copper, the ammonia and cyanide being employed in the same solution. It
is known that the double salt of copper and potassium cyanide has a solvent
action on gold. It is not so well known that the cyanides of gold, silvefr and
copper, and other base metals are soluble in ammonia. When a solution of
cupric oxide is dissolved in ammonia containing less cyanide than will combine
with the copper, then an alkali cupricwnide is formed which exerts a solvent
action on the gold equal to the cyanide itself.
1* JoumaX of the Society of CKemical Industry, Vol. 91, p. 898.
•• Engineering and Mining Journal, p. 816, Dec. 90, 1902.
" See also Engineering and Mining Journal, Au^. 17, 1901, and Tin MxvnuL IirpusTRTf Vol X., pp. 861 and W-
A REVIEW OF THE VYANIDE PROCESS. 331
In treating ores by the Hunt process the strength of solution in ammonia is
varied according to the copper content and the condition in which the copper
is found. Comstock tailings containing cupric oxide, originally introduced into
the ore as copper sulphate in the amalgamation treatment, use as high as 8 lb.
of ammonia per ton.
The strength of the solution in cyanide was 1 lb. per ton. The consumption
of cyanide was 0'6 lb. per ton. The tailings treated assayed $1'45 in gold and
3*05 oz. in silver, and the residues from the treatment assayed 25c. in gold and
1 oz. in silver. On other material, perfect extraction was attained on the gold
and 85*09% on the silver. The high extraction is probably due to the energetic
oxidizing power of the cupric oxide dissolved in ammonia. The solution em-
ployed on the Comstock tailings is higher than would be used ordinarily, owing
to the solubility of the copper in this case, which would rarely occur in an ore
where the copper was native.
At the cyanide plant of the Brooklyn Mining Co. at Dale, San Bernardino
County^ Cal., a complex ore is treated containing lead carbonate, copper bearing
pyrite, and copper in various conditions notably as silicate. This last named
mineral being soluble in cyanide, caused a loss of from 7 to 8 lb. of cyanide per
ton by the ordinary treatment. An addition of 6 lb. of ammonium chloride per
ton to a 0*16% cyanide solution brought the consumption down to 1 lb. cyanide
per ton. From 7 to 8 lb. of burnt lime are added per ton of ore, and the am-
monium chloride is added directly to the cyanide solution in the stock tanks.
The solution was allowed to remain in contact with the ore for 12 hours, then
draining and washing was continued for about 6 days. Any salt of ammonia
may be used instead of aqua ammonia, provided lime or some alkali is added to
the ore. If the ore contains ferrous salts these should be removed by adding
the ammonia solution and an oxidizing agent previous to adding cyanide.
At Dale, ordinary zinc box precipitation is used, which presents no diflRculties,
although the product is low grade, $3,500 to $7,000 in value per ton, if acid
were used in the clean-up the richness of the product could be doubled. On the
whole, however, electrolytic precipitation is preferable. In Hunt's process, the
use of peroxidized lead anodes and aluminum cathodes is advisable. The lead
anodes are peroxidized in a solution of potassium permanganate before use. A
current density of 3 amperes per sq. ft. is employed. Lead anodes alone grad-
ually become peroxidized, and when the current density rises above 1 ampere
per sq. ft. — reaction occurs with the formation of basic lead carbonates and
lead cyanides. The gold, silver and copper are not precipitated as an adherent
coating on the aluminum, but fall as a sludge.
Hunt^s ammonia cyanide process has the following advantages: —
1. It makes amenable to the cyanide process ores not before treated.
2. In cases where the consumption of cy«nide is high it may be reduced by
employing the process.
3. It is a simple process, compared to processes which aim to accomplish the
same results^ and hence is more economical.
4. The cost of the reagents employed is not high compared to the cost of
332 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT,
cyanide, part of the cost in some cases may be made up by the value of the copper
recovered.
5. Unlike the acid treatment, calcareous ores are amenable to the process.
6. There is no limitation to the copper content of the ores which can be
treated economically under local conditions, though with high-grade copper ore
a plant would have to be installed for ammonia recovery.
It presents a good field for oxidized copper-gold tailings or ores, and possibly
may be extended to pyritic ores.
Important Patents Issued during the Year. — Several patents have been
granted during the year, of which some may in time have an important bearing
on the cyanide process.
A patent has been issued to Ed. D. Kendall, of Brooklyn, N. Y., for the
electrolytic recovery of precious metals dissolved in cyanide solutions. The
gold-bearing cyanide solution is filtered through a mass of hard fragmental
carbon pocketed around the porous cup of an electrolytic cell, and connected as
the cathode of a 15-volt current. A carbon plate as anode is placed in the porous
cup and immersed in a solution of caustic alkali. The cyanogen set free collects
in the caustic alkali solution of the anode, and the precious metals Kre deposited
in a pulverulent form throughout the mass of the cathode. After the deposition
of the gold, the two compartments are emptied of their solution, a silvered carbon
plate rubbed with graphite replaces the former carbon anode plate, the current
is reversed and a strong solution of potassium cyanide is permitted to flow
through the cell, successively through the anode and cathode compartments in
the order named. The gold is redissolved from the former cathode and deposited
in reguline form on the silvered carbon plate now forming the cathode. The
idea was first suggested by Dr. Pfleger in 1895, and further developed, and its
advantage pointed out by Prof. S. B. Christy.
United States Patent No. 687,258, for the recovery of cyanide from waste and
foul solutions, has been issued to William Orr, of Salt Lake City, Utah, and con-
trolled by the Gold & Silver Extraction Co. of America. The quantity of
potassium cyanide and potassium-zinc cyanide is determined in the waste solu-
tion ; the waste solutions are then run into a suitable tank, and the proper quan-
tity of fused zinc chloride added to precipitate all the cyanogen as zinc cyanide.
The solution is then separated from the precipitate by decantation or filtering,
after which a solution of alkali hydrate is added to dissolve the zinc cyanide.
The correct quantity of potassium or sodium sulphide is then added to precipi-
tate the zinc, which is separated, the solution then being again ready for use.
Miscellaneous, — According to Wm. J. Sharwood'* selenium is found in the
precipitates from the cyanide process and may come from the presence of the
silver and copper selenides in the ores, both of which are slowly soluble in
potassium cyanide, as potassium seleno-cyanide, KCNSe, from which zinc precipi-
tates selenium. If, however,, the selenium is found in the precipitate after
treatment with sulphuric acid, the selenium probably came from the ' acid,
being precipitated from it by the zinc.
"^ M BnginseHno and Mining Journal, p. 688, Not. 28, 1908.
A REVIEW 0^ THE CYANIDE PROCESS. 333
According to T. L. Carter,*^ cyanide solutions carrying gold which have be-
come useless and foul from long standing, may be treated to recover the gold
as follows: Sufficient zinc chloride is added to precipitate the gold as a fine
gray powder, and the whole allowed to filter through sand to catch the gold.
The sand can then be used in the fluxing of precipitates.
A. F. Crosse** describes two methods for the assay of cyanide solution as
follows : —
1. Pour 500 c.c. of solution into an evaporated dish, put under a hood with
a good draft, add nitric acid until the solution shows an acid reaction, boil for
15 minutes, then add 0*5 g. of silver dissolved in nitric acid, filter and fuse
the filter paper with the precipitate, as usual with litharge and flux, and then
cupel the lead button.
2. Take 500 or 1,000 c.c. of solution, add an excess of copper sulphate, acidify
with sulphuric acid, filter and fuse the precipitate with litharge and flux, and
cupel the lead button.
Cyanide Poisoning, — The Victorian Mines Department"'* has issued instruc-
tions printed on linen, for posting in cyanide works, which give directions
how to proceed in cases of cyanide poisoning in the absence of medical assist-
ance. The credit for the work is due to Dr. Martin, of Melbourne University,
and Mr. H. Jenkins, the Government Metallurgist. In a case of poisoning,
everything depends on prompt action, for the chances of recovery are very small
after the lapse of a very few minutes if a fatal dose has b'een taken. The first
step is to neutralize the rapid poison by the antidote, and then to empty and
wash out the stomach as soon and completely as possible. The antidote consists
of two solutions, sealed up in bottles, and a sealed powder. One bottle contains
7'5 g. of ferrous sulphate dissolved in 30 c.c. of water; the other 1'5 g. caustic
soda dissolved in 300 c.c. of water. The powder consists of 2 g. magnesia put
up in a sealed tube. There should also be a gag for the purpose of opening the
clenched mouth of the unconscious person, and a stomach tube that can be
passed through the gag into the patient's stomach. If the patient is still con-
scious he must drink the antidote at once; if not a small gag is inserted in th«
patient's mouth to prevent the stomach tube from being bitten off, and the tube
passed down his throat into the stomach. The antidote is then poured down
the tube and is followed by some water. If the patient has been able to swallow
the antidote the stomach tube is inserted at this time, the patient being placed
in a reclining position, and half a pint of water poured down the tube. Before
all thifl descends into the stomach the funnel is lowered to gei it to act as a
siphon, and to empty the stomach as completely as possible. This is repeated
several times in order to wash out the stomach. If the tube is not at hand
every endeavor must be made to induce vomiting after the administration of
the antidote. When the stomach has been emptied and washed steps must be
taken to bring about artificial respiration if the patient is in a state of collapse.
This is done as in the cases of partial drowning or suffocation.
** E^igineering and Mining Journal, p. 211, Feb. 8, 1002.
*4 Journal of the Chemical and Metallurgical Society of South Africa^ May, 1002.
>• Australian Mining Standard, May 29, 1902.
334 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Cyanide Patent Decisions, — In an action in Queensland, Australia, the chief
justice of that State, upheld the validity of the MacArthur-Forrest cyanide
patents. The patents have also been successfully maintained in New Zealand
and Victoria. In West Australia and New South Wales the courts have held
that there was either no noveltvi or that the specifications were too broad. In
the United States, the matter has never been really brought to trial. In the
suit against the Mercur Co., of Utah, the latter compromised by agreeing to pay
a small royalty. In Mexico and other Spanish-American countries the patents
hold good. In South Africa, under the Republic, the patents were declared
invalid, but as the Transvaal is now a British colony under the patent laws of
the mother country, the patent which is good in England will probably be de-
clared good in the Transvaal, and will raise interesting questions of royalty
to be paid. The patents have at most but a few years to live in the different
countries, and it is questionable whether in view of the broad lines of the
process renewals will be granted.
By a decision of the Unitcfd States Circuit Court of Appeals, and held as
final, zinc dust is admitted free according to paragraph 482, Act of 1897.
Cyaniding Sulpho-Tellubide Ores.
By PHHjff Argall.
The successful use of bromo-cyanide in the treatment of the unroasted sulpho-
telluride ores of Western Australia has attracted quite a little attention in the
United States, more particularly, perhaps, from those having mining interestc?
in Cripple Creek, Colo. The very fact that sulpho-telluride ores can be treated
without roasting, appeals at once to the small producer, who immediately sees a
method for redlicing his ore to bullion without the use of the usual cumbersome
and often expensive roasting plant.
The method of working the Western Australian ores in the raw state, by means
of fine grinding and subsequent treatment with bromo-cyanide, is known as
the "Diehl" process (see preceding pages of this volume), apparently now
' established as an economic and commercial success in the treatment of Kalgoorlie
ores. I herewith propose to compare this process of cyaniding with the roasting
method as heretofore practiced on the ores of Cripple Creek.
The Kalgoorlie ores contain a large quantity of calcium and iron carbonates,
together with a small quantity of magnesia. Estimating the latter component
as CaCOg, Mr. H. Knutsen gives the following approximate analysis of three
samples: Insoluble, 5798%, 59-61%, and 76-91%; FeCOg, 19-29%, 13*94%,
and 1211%, and CaCOa, 22-55%, 2673%, and 918%.
The sulphur appears to have been neglected in the analysis. Mr. Alfred
James, however, gives as a typical analysis of these ores: SiOj about 50%,
Pe 10%, AI2O3 5 to 20% or more, MgO 1 to 5%, S 3 to 7%, Cu 01 to 0-3%,
Pb trace, Zn 002%. As trace, Sb 002%, Te 003 to 01%, and CaCO., 6 to 17%.
Ores of this character after roasting when the solutions reach them form a lime-
iron cement which sets hard in the tanks and greatly interferes with, and often
prevents, the percolation of the solutions through the charges. For this reason
OTANIDING 8ULPnO-TELLURIDE ORBS. :^35
early attempts at leaching the roasted ores at Kalgoorlie were far from success-
ful ; furthermore, these Australian ores, while containing an appreciable quantity
of free gold in a comparatively granular condition, still require to be ground
very fine in order to obtain a high rate of extraction ; the fine grinding produced
troubles iii the subsequent handling of the slime, and led to the early introduc-
tion of filter presses, which soon became standard in the cyanide practice of West-
em Australia.
One of the most successful combination processes for reducing the sulpho-
tellurides ores of Kalgoorlie is briefly outlined as follows : Crushing dry to about
30-mesh size, roasting in mechanical furnaces, fine grinding and pan amalgama-
tion in dilute cyanide solutions, separating the sands from the slimes, treating
the latter in the filter presses and the former in tanks, or, as an alternative,
reducing the ore under treatment to such a fine state of division that it is
all successfully treated in the filter presses, thereby abolishing the leaching in
the tanks. According to Mr. Alfred James, the Kalgoorlie sulphide ores yield,
without roasting, from 50 to 70% extraction when treated by agitation with
ordinary cyanide solutions. My experiments on Cripple Creek telluride ore
gave almost identical results; in fact the lowest extraction on 30-mesh size raw
ore that I have observed is 54%. It is perhaps permissible to state that fuel is
quite expensive in Kalgoorlie, and water may be said to command famine prices,
from which it is evident that roasting is at a disadvantage, costing, it is said,
on those low tenor sulphur ores, from $1 to $3 per ton, while power costs from
70 to 90c. per horse power per day. Under these conditions, a wet process
for working the ore in the raw state has at least a fair show.
The use of the halogen cyanides as accelerators in the cyanide process was
discovered and patented by Dr. Gaze in 1892, and in February, 1893, a cyanide
mill near Reefton, N. Z., used chloro-cyanide in the solutions; but owing to
difficulties in precipitation, the process was soon abandoned. In 1894 Messrs.
Sulman & Teed, of London, patented a bromo-cyanide process, and to these
gentlemen is due the credit of applying bromo-cyanide to the direct treatment
of telluride ore. It is well known that cyanogen in the semi-molecular or nas-
cent state has a powerful action on gold, that bromo-cyanide itself has but little
if any solvent power on gold, but when added to a cyanide solution, it not
only liberates a molecule of cyanogen from the latter, but also contributes its
own cyanogen, thus: KCN+BrCN=KBr+2CN.
Bromo-cyanide must be considered as a cyanogen liberator, and it is no doubt
through the intense chemical activity of the nascent cyanogen thus liberated
that the tellurides are attacked, at least to the extent of setting free part of their
contained gold. Briefly, the combination bromo-cyanide process evolved by Dr.
Diehl is as follows: —
(1) Stamping the raw ore with or without amalgamation, as may be found
expedient.
(2) Separating the heavy minerals from the gangue by concentration.
(3) Roasting the concentrates and returning the roasted tellurides to the
batteries for amalgamation, or selling the concentrates to the smelters.
336
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
(4) Sliming all the tailings from the concentrators so the material will
pass a 200-mesh screen.
(5) Agitating this fine pulp for at least 24 hours in cyanide solutions, to
which a solution of bromo-cyanogen is added from time to time.
(6) Filter pressing the agitated slimes.
The Diehl process is fully described by Mr. H. Knutsen* in a very able and
interesting paper from which the following comparative data of costs are taken.
The process is in use at one property alongside a roasting plant, both treating
the same class of ores; in the roasting plant two-thirds of the ore is treated in
filter presses and one-third in leaching tanks, while in the Diehl all the ore must
be filter pressed.
In the roasting process, 3,411 tons were treated, which yielded 6,287 oz. of
bullion and no concentrates, while with the Diehl process 5,888 tons were treated,
yielding 5,201 oz. of bullion and Iqaving 3,819-47 oz. in the concentrates. If the
concentrates represent but 0-5% of the ore, as reported, then practically 42% of
theJ value of the crude ore is locked up in about 30 tons of concentrates. These
latter are treated at the smelting works. A summary of expenditure per ton of
ore treated during August, 1901, is given in the subjoined table.
SMperint4>ndence
General 8tx>res and charges.. . .
Electric light
Assay, retorting and smeltinpr.
Fuel
Water
Compressed aii*
Filling and emptying vats —
lAbor, general
Engine driving and firing
General repairs
Screens, shoes and dies
Roasting
Process.
d.
6051
4-806
4-601
9080
2-548
5046
4 254
8-564
1W8
0 11-479
a 8-068
Diehl
Process.
d.
0013
7-4WJ
2-514
«or5
6-746
2847
0209
lo-eis
7-662
8-224
o-»to
Elevating
Cvanogen bromide
PotaHsiuin cyanide
Zinc
Filling and emptying presses
Fiiti-r cloth ..:.:. .......
Chemicals
Firing roaster
Agitation
Royalty
Totals.
Roasting
Process.
0-277
2-418
6-2B8
4-786
1049
8-968
2-728
87 4-2
Diehl
Process.
d.
8-481
0046
9-696
2227
6-m
8-098
1001
1 9196
38 9-080
Taking the differencei in fuel cost between the two processes, and adding the
expense of firing the roaster, the approximate cost of roasting is found to be
6s. 11 7G00rl. The cost of bromo-cyanido is 4s. per ton of ore treated ; to this, th?
royalty for the use of the process should be added, and a total of 58. 9'24d. is
obtained as an offset to tho roastins:, which shows Is. 2-5d. in favor of the Diehl
process. It was claimed that the same quality of ore went to both plants, but
the Diehl gave a return amounting to r3s. 8d. per ton more than that from the
roasting process. This comparison appears to me to be somewhat favorable* to
the Diehl process, if, indeed, a strict comparison of the costs of the rival processes
was intended ; for example, the capacity of the roasting plant appears to be about
Q0% of that of the Diehl, yet the cost for supervision, engine driving, etc., is
about 50% greater for the smaller plant. It is in the final products of the
plants, however, that the most unfair comparison creeps in ; the roasting process
produces all its yield in bullion, while the Diehl leaves about 42% of the bullion
content of the ore in the form of high-^ade concentrates, which can neither be
handled nor roasted without loss of metal. There is also an additional smelting
» Proceeding* of the Jngtitiition of Mining and Metallurgy, 1902, Tiondnn; see, also. The Mineral Ixnrs-
TRY. VoIh IX. and X.
OTANlDtNG 8tILPH0^TELLlfBlD£} ORJSB. 337
charge for extracting the values from the concentrates that is apparently not in-
cluded in the foregoing expense table. Furthermore the roasting plant is not
credited with flue dust or sweeps, and one cannot believe that the roasting of ores
of this character would be attempted without the usual equipment of dust flues
and settling chambers.
In a newer Diehl plant the concentrates, amounting to about 5% of the ore
treated, are roasted and returaed to the batteries for amalgamation, the pulp
from the raw as well as from the roasted ores mingling together are treated
in agitators for 24 hours with cyanide and bromo-cyanogen solutions. The
final tailings are said to "average from 1 to 2 dwt. gold per ton. no matter
whether the original ore contained 1 oz. or 4 oz. gold per ton." The consump-
tion of chemicals is given at about 3 lb. KCN and 1*25 lb. BrCN per ton of
ore. The working cost is summarized as follows: Milling, 4s. 0-59d. ; concen-
tration. Is. 719d.; treatment, concentrates, Is. 408d. ; extraction, 17s. 102d. ;
total, 248. 0-88d.
The bromo salts alone amount to 5s. per ton of ore treated. It will be
noticed, that bromo-cyanide is not depended on to break up the gold tellurides
completely, hence these minerals are first concentrated out as far as is possible,
and afterward roasted to set the gold free for amalgamation. In the next
place, a tailing approaching $2 in value can scarcely be considered a satisfactory
termination of such an elaboration of processes. Yet it is extremely interesting
to know that such good work can be accomplished by a wet process, or at least
one that eliminates from 80% to 95% of the roasting usually found necessary
in treating sulpho-telluride ores. Such a process will have a great future in
places where roasting is expensive, either through lack of fuel, or the high .
sulphur content of the ore ; provided that in either case, the bromo-cyanide will
extract the values.
The sulpho-telluride ores of Cripple Creek are virtually altered granites,
phonolites, and andesites, containing slightly more silica and considerably more
iron and sulphur than the original rocks, but on the whole practically of the
same chemical composition. Tellurium and fluorite are little more than traces
in the ores received at a custom works which contain but little carbonate, and
when roasted, exhibit no tendency to harden or set in the tanks unless an excess
of lime has been added. Ordinarily a good extraction can bjB obtained on roasted
ores crushed no finer than 30-me8h size (0017-in. opening). The sulphur con-
tent of the ores varies from 1% to 7%, and may be said to average approximately
3%. These ores are quite easily roasted, and the entire process of roasting and
cooling would vary in cost from 30c. to 50c. per ton, depending on the sulphur
content and on the arrangement of the roasting plant. About four years
ago, I made a complete estimate of the cost of cyaniding Cripple Creek ores at
a proposed new works to be erected at Cafion City. The works were designed to
treat 500 tons of ore per day, to be later enlarged to 750, or even 1,000 tons,
provided the ore market justified the increase. I had intended to use the roast-
ing process with some important modifications and improvements which were
developed during my experience at the works of the Metallic Extraction Co., and
tested to finality on a working scale at that plant. The estimate of the actual
338
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
cost of milling the ore, extracting the values, and marketing the bullion on a
basis of treating 600 tons per day, worked out to $1-75 per ton of ore. The
proposed new method of treatment not only substantially reduced the working
cost, but gave also an increased extraction over that attained at the old plant.
On the strength of this discovery and on the improvements that could be
made in a new plant, a site for the proposed works was selected near Canon City,
and the Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad extended a branch into that city to
accommodate the plant; however, before the new road was completed both the
Metallic Extraction Co.'s works and the railroads were under option for sale,
and were subsequently sold, which caused the scheme for the cheap milling of
Cripple Creek ores to fall through, and with it, for a time at least, the prospect
of treating $5 ores at a profit to the miner.
It is true that those results have not been attained in practical working on a
commercial scale, but, nevertheless, there is no question as to their accuracy or of
the fact that Cripple Creek ores can be roasted and cyanided in a modem up-to-
date plant of 500 tons daily capacity at a cost of $1*75 per ton. But one need not
enter into the question of the total cost of cyaniding Cripple Creek ores in order
to compare the Diehl with the roasting process now in use. I believe the follow-
ing will suffice: —
Diehl Prooen.
Bromo-cyanogen and royalty .
Fine grinding.
Filter preas work and agitation.
Total Tr.
Cost.
$100
•50
IS
$8-75
Roasting Prooen.
Roasting
Tank work
Total
Difference in favor of the roasting prooess
Cost
$0*60
085
roo
Assuming the cyanide consumption to be the same in each case, it is evident
that the cost of bromo-cyanide, plus grinding from 30-mesh size to 200-mesh
size, plus filter press work, plus concentration, would have to aggregate less than
$1 per ton before the Diehl process could compete successfully with the roasting
process in the treatment of Cripple Creek sulpho-telluride ores. Therefore, the
latter process must prevail at Cripple Creek, as, in my opinion, it will ulti-
mately prervail at Ealgoorlie.
The Treatment of Sulpho-Telluride Ores at Kalooorlie.^
By W. a. Priohard and H. C. Hoover.
Introductory, — The Kalgoorlie field, the mines of which practically are limited
to one square mile, has during the eight years since its discovery, to the end of
1902, produced gold to the value of £14,873,982. The feverish requirements of
the London stock markets, into whose hands fell the development of tiiese fabulous
deposits of refractory ore, coupled with the universal inexperience in dealing
with ores of this class, resulted in a number of serious blunders in metallurgical
treatment.* There has been expended in metallurgical works on this square mile
over $8,000,000, much of which has been devoted to the acquirement of experience.
Soijie companies are now operating their second or third plants, and, on the other
> Engineering and Mining JoumcU^ Aug. 1, 190S.
9 AdmiAble detailed discussion of the practice on the Great Boulder ProprleUry. by Mr. G. M. Roberts,
appeared in the Monthly Report of the Kalgoorlie Chamber of Mines for July, and of the Diehl Process by Dr.
Knutaen in the Proceedings of the Jnatitution of Mining and Metallurgy for 190B.
TREATMENT OF aULPHO-TELLURIDE ORES AT KALGOORLIE 339
hand, more conservative companies continue to operate ill-adapted machinery at
a high working cost or are only treating selected portions of their ore, with the
use, in many cases, of imsuitable machinery such as yields them a low extraction.
Some companies continue to hand-pick ores — incidentally to pick the eyes out of
the mine — and ship to smelters, while awaiting the final demonstration of the
best treatment process. Although obtained at the expense of much costly experi-
mentation and of much high priced advice, both good and bad, the treatment prac-
tice in the hands of the progressive companies to-day compares most favorably
with that of any other mining center working refractory ores.
The Kalgoorlie field possesses many disadvantages, aside from its refractory
ore, in the total absence of natural fresh water, in being limited as to supply of
fuel, in being saddled with high freights, high import duties, high cost of living,
and consequently high wages, all of which have resulted in a very high state of
efficiency and ingenuity in the conservation of water, power, labor and material.
The ores are a siliceous impregnation of the country rock, itself a diabase,
and therefore, aside from the state of mineralization, presents a great difficulty in
the large percentage of slimes produced — ^both from oxidized and unoxidized
material. In the sulphide ores the gold occurs, in a minor proportion, free, but in
richer ores it is intimately associated with tellurides and iron sulphides. The ore
also contains considerable amounts (from 4 to 8%) of iron carbonate.
In some mines the tellurides occur in more or less definite shoots, so that the
most refractory ores can be separately treated, and in all mines the refractory
character increases with the values, i.e., proportion of tellurides. The percentage
of free gold varies from 10% in the Oroya Brownhill to 30% in the Ivanhoe, and
the average contents of the ores treated varies from 15 dwt. in the Lake View
to 2 oz. of gold in the Oroya Brownhill. The percentage of concentrates varies
from 4 to 10%. The percentage of slimes in the sulphide ores varies ¥nth the
•mine, and of course with the character of treatment, but the inherent slimes)
crushing wet through say 20-mesh scieen, would probably average 50% in tha
eastern mines and somewhat less to the west, the Ivanhoe showing a minimum, f
The ores near the surface were oxidized, and in these ores the treatment, except
for the heavy proportion of slimes, was a matter of no especial difficulty by ordi-
nary milling, amalgamation and cyanide. Most of the oxidized ores have now
been exhausted. The oxidation extended as far down as 200 ft.
The distinctive feature of Kalgoorlie practice is that all ores are now reduced
to a slime for final treatment, but this has been developed in two general and dis-
tinctly different lines, with excellent results in both cases. First: Wet milling
of the ores, concentration and roasting of concentrates and treatment of tailings
by grinding to slimes the entire product and treating with cyanide or bromo-
cyanogen, and, second, by dry crushing, roasting the entire product, grinding to
slimes and treating roasted residues by cyanide. Other methods have been tried,
but not with commercial success. The two successful processes have been ap-
plied with wide variations as to detail, owing to the unsettled state of opinion
existing at the time of constructing the nuclei of the present plants.
The wet milling process is usually referred to as the "Diehl Process,'* and it
is in use at the Oroya Brownhill, Lake View Consols and Hannan's Star mines.
340 THE MINERAL ^ IND U8TR T.
The other form of treatment, which usually goes by the name of the "Roasting
Process," is in use on the Great Boulder Proprietary, Great Boulder Perseverance,
Associated Gold mines, Kalgurli, South Kalgurli, and Great Boulder Main Reef.
The Ivanhoe mine, whose output ranks fourth on the field, is not yet completely
equipped for treating the whole of its ore, nor for securing the most efficient ex-
traction. The working cost is the lowest on the field, but the work is incomplete.
The Golden Horseshoe mine, whose output ranks second, is in the same position
but with the highest cost. The line of development on both these mines is, how-
ever, toward wet crushing by stamps, amalgamation of free gold, concentration
and incomplete treatment of tailings being secured by ordinary cyanide and
filter press treatment. In both these mines, the richest telluride ores are either
mined separately or sorted, and then treated either by smelting or in a small
roasting plant. Neither mine has yet solved the problem, i.e., efficient extraction.
Diehl Process. — The essential metallurgical features of this process in its best
development are given on pp. 335 and 336 of this volume.
In the Lake View mill, stamps of 1,100 lb. are used, and, as prior to concen-
tration coarse crushing is advantageous, an average duty of 5 tons (of 2,240 lb.)
is obtained. Of the product 38% (slimes) will pass 150-mesh screen. If the
fineness be increased to 55% slime, the duty is lowered to 3-5 tons, but sliming
is secured more economically in the tube mills and, therefore, furnishes a
second reason why the high mill duty is desirable. After concentration, the
sands are separated in spitzkasten, and run into the tube mills filled with
flint cobbles. From these mills, all tailings which will pass the outlet spitz-
kasten join the slimes from the entrance spitzkasten, and the sands return
again to the tube mill. The slimes pass to closed agitators, where bromo-
cyanogen is introduced, the period of agitation being about 24 hours. Tl.t»
slimes are then introduced either by pumps or montejus to the filter presses, for
recovery of solutions, and the gold precipitated therefrom in the usual way.
The concentrates are amalgamated and then roasted in Edwards or Merton
furnaces, the residues being treated by plain cyanide. For roasting concentrates
but little fuel is needed, the sulphides furnishing much of the required heat. It
has been found in treating concentrates that a much larger tonnage can be roasted
when a considerable portion of* coarse sand is included with the concentrates.
The inclusion of coarse sand with the concentrates has the advantage of throwing
more gold, sulphides and tellurides into the concentrates, thereby decreasing tlie
consumption of cyanide and bromo-cyanogen in the slimes treatment. A close
concentration, though unnecessary, is very desirable in the bromo-cyanogen process,
and it is found, as stated above, that in practice the amount of cyanide and bromo
cyanide required to recover the gold from the tailings increases with the amount
of concentrates remaining in them when the slimes are treated. The difficulty
is both mechanical and chemical. There is still a further advantage where
royalty is paid on gold recovered by bromo-cyanogen, the cost for royalty is reduced
by throwing more gold into concentrates. At the Lake View Consols over 50%
of gold is obtained from the concentrates.
In the case of the Oroya Brownhill, the concentrates were returned to the
battery after roasting, being amalgamated prior to concentration, and consider-
TREATMENT OF 8ULPH0-TELLURIDE ORES AT KALOOORLIB. 341
able economy will result in introducing the Lake View method of separate treat-
ment. The average assay of tailings from Oroya North Block and Brownhill ore
on the Oroya Brownhill for five months is 31 dwt. per ton, the average yield of the
ore being 371 dwt. per ton fine gold, showing an actual extraction of 92*3% per
ton. The average on the Lake View Consols for the same period is 1 dwt. 14
grains, the yield being 14 dwt. 12 grains on an extraction of 90%, and in this
case the irreducible minimum in tailings somewhat affects the extraction.
The Hannan's Star is an adapted mill, crushing dry in the first instance is not
the best development of the process, yet the extraction averages about 91 to 92%.
Roasting Process. — The essential features of this process are: (1) Breaking in
g3rratory breakers. (2) Dry crushing in Griffin or Krupp ball mills. (3) Roast-
ing in Edwards' or Merton's, or other furnaces, to oxidize sulphides and tellurides.
(4) Amalgamation and sliming in pans. (5) Separation of sands and regrinding
in pans. (6) Agitation of slimes with cyanide. (7) Recovery of solution from
slimes by filter pressing. (8) Precipitation of gold by zinc shavings.
In dry grindings, with either Krupp ball mills or with Griffin mills, fine rock-
breaking is essential, and it is usually conducted in two stages. For rock break-
ing, gyratory crushers are universally favored in all processes, as the hardness and
unfriability of the Kalgoorlie ore makes it unsuitable for ordinary jaw crushers.
In the grinding stage Krupp ball mills, Nos. 4, 5, or 8, or Griffin mills, are used.
The No. 5 ball mill most commonly used, has a capacity of about 25 tons, when
66% (slimes) will pass a 150 (linear) mesh screen. One Griffin mill has a
capacity of about 30 tons per day, of which from 70 to 80% will pass a 150-mesh
screen. All dry mills work most successfully on ores containing under 3% of
moisture, and should much more exist, drying is necessary.
In roasting, Edwards, Morton or Holthoff-Wethey furnaces are used, ¥nth
wood fuel, and in one case a combination of wood and coal-generated gas is used,
the introduction of gas largely increasing the capiacity of the furnace. The hot
ore is then introduced into a mixer, wherei it is puddled with return solutions
from the spitzkasten. The pulp then passes to the amalgamating pans or mills.
Of the gold in roasted ores, 50% is recoverable by amalgamation ; about the
same proportion of gold as is recovered from the concentrates in the Diehl process.
The percentage of slimes is much greater in the product from dry crushers
than by wet crushing, hence in the roasting process much of the sliming has been
done prior to the second grinding operation, which in the roasting process takes
place in the Wheeler type of pans. After grinding and amalgamating, the re-
maining sands are separated by spitzkasten and clarified by spitzlutten. The sands
are returned to the same or other pans for regrinding, and excess water is re-
turned to the mixers. The slimes are led to agitation vats, where the cyanide
solutions are introduced and agitation is continued for about 24 hours. The
mechanical part of agitation is identical in both processes, as is filter pressing,
and is also the subsequent treatment of solutions, but in the roasting process ordi-
nary cyanide is used. The Great Boulder Proprietary shows an extraction of
about 90% on ores averaging between 27 and 30 dwt. fine gold. The Great
Boulder Perseverance shows an extraction of 88 or 89% on ores of similar grade.
Comparative Results, — The extraction secured by the two processes on ore of
342
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
the same grade shows a diflEerence of from 1 to 3%, generally in favor of the
Diehl method. However, much depends upon the efficiency of the individual
plant. In initial expenditure, the advantage lies on the side of the Diehl process,
largely owing to the more limited outlay on roasting and appliances and less cost
of erection. In working expenditure the advantages on the side of the Diehl
process are: (1) Preliminary breaking in one stage. (2) Cheaper crushing wet.
(3) By concentration the product necessary to roast is less than 6% of the total
ore against 100% in the roasting process. (4) Less cost of maintenance and
wear and tear. The advantages of the roasting process are: (1) Less cost in
chemicals. (2) No royalties. The other operations fairly well compensate each
other, and it seems that the Diehl process should have, under equally efficient
management, about 2s. 6d. or 60c. per ton the advantage in costs.
Working Costs. — ^Working costs are difficult of comparison even on so limited
a field as Kalgoorlie. The factors bearing on comparative costs are not wholly
the efficiency of management or the process in use. In the first instance, there is
a great difference of volume in ore treated at different plants, and consequently
an increased cost per ton in smaller mills from fixed charges, and decreased cost
in larger mills by the range of supervision of each employ^. Moreover, the
hardness of the ore varies greatly, not only in different mines, but in the same
mine; in general, it increases toward the southern end of the field. The con-
sumption of chemicals varies with the richness of the ore. Besides these factors,
the cost of water varies considerably ; some mines obtain a portion from their own
property, others are compelled to purchase all that they use.
The Oroya Brownhill and Lake View Consols mines, using the Diehl process,
represent two extremes of conditions. Oroya Brownhill treats an average of
about 4,000 tons per month of ore averaging over 2 oz. per ton, being one of the
smaller mines as regard tonnage, and the richest in character of ore treated.
The Lake View treats about 7,500 tons per month of an average value of about
14 dwt., this being the lowest grade sulphide ore treated. The costs include all
charges except general management.
Oroya Brownhill.
Lake View Consols.
Milling
ShiUingB.
888
1-81
15-81
ShUiings.
«-17
10-46
Concentrating
Treatment of concentrates
Total
2100
16-88
For the month of May the Oroya Brownhill costs were further reduced by
Is. 6d. or 36c. per ton, to 19s. 6d. or $4-68.
Of mines using the roasting process, the working costs of the Great Boulder
Proprietary, treating about 9,400 tons per month, and the Great Boulder Per-
severance, treating between 11,000 and 12,000 tons per month, not including
general management, but including superintendence of the plant, as given in
their annual report for 1902, are 23s., or $5-52, for the former, and 22s., or
$5-50, for the latter. Some reductions have been effected since that date, and the
costs of the latter mine are given at 19s. 6d. or $4 68 for May.
GRAPHITE.
By Joseph Struthebs.
The production of crystalline graphite in the United States during 1902
amounted to 4,176,824 lb., valued at $153,147, as compared with 3,967,612 lb.,
valued at $135,914 in 1901. As in previous years, the greater part of the output
was obtained from the mines in the Ticonderoga district, New York, although
the mines at Chester Springs, Chester County, Pa., and at Stockdale, Clay
County, Ala., contributed largely to the production, and small quantities were
derived from the mines near Dillon, Mont., and in Remington County, South
Dakota. The production of amorphous graphite in the United States during
1902 was 4,739 short tons, valued at $55,964, as compared with 809 shori; tons,
valued at $31,800, in 1901. Under this head is included the so-called graphitic
anthracite of Rhode Island and the Baraga graphite of Michigan, the latter
in reality being a carbonaceous schist. The greater part of the output was
derived from Wisconsin, followed by Rhode Island, Michigan, South Dakota,
New Mexico and Wyoming, in the order named. In addition to the production
stated above, there has been considerable activity in developing graphite mines
in Wyoming and North Carolina, and about 1,000 tons of graphite ore have been
mined and are awaiting treatment. The total quantity*of artificial graphite manu-
factured in the United States during 1902 was 2,358,828 lb., valued at $110,700,
as compared with 2,500,000 lb., valued at $119,000, in 1901. In the following
table, which shows the annual production, imports and consumption of graphite
from 1898 to 1902, inclusive, the refined crystalline product is given in pounds,
the amorphous product in tons, and the artificial product in pounds.
THE PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS (a) AND CONSUMPTION OP GRAPHITE IN
THE UNITED STATES.
Refined CrystalUne Graphite.
Granite.
Artificial
Graphite.
1
Production.
Imports.
Consumption.
Production.
Production.
Pounds.
Value, (b)
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Tons.
2,0001b.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
ime
1899
1900
1901
1908
1,647,«79
8,682,606
4,108,058
8,9f7,612
4,175,824
192,885
145.804
164,122
186,914
158,147
80,199,680
41,686,000
32,298.560
82.029,760
40,867,600
$748,820
1,990,649
1,889.117
895,010
1,166,564
81,847,869
46,218,608
86.401.612
86,997,872
45,084,424
$826,205
2,186.968
1.658,289
1,067,981
1,882,401
1,200
1,080
1.046
809
4,789
$11,400
8,240
8.640
81.800
66,964
186,647
405,870
860,750
2,500.000
8,858.888
82.475
68,860
119,000
110,700
(a) The exports of f^rapfaite from the United States amounted to 12 long tons, valued at $884, in 1901 and 8
tons, yahied at $866, in 1902. ( b ) Nominal.
344 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
In the trade the mineral graphite is classified into "crystalline" and "amor-
phous," the former constituting the finer grades used chiefly for the manu-
facture of fire-resisting products, in lubrication, in electrotyping, etc., while
the latter is of inferior quality and suited only for foundry facings, paint, stove
polish, and similar purposes. Some of the amorphous product, however, espe-
cially that from Bavaria and Mexico, is utilized also in the manufacture of
pencils and in electrotyping work. The bulk of the supply of the best grades
of crystalline graphite continues to be derived from Ceylon, which furnishes
at present about 80% of the total consumption of the United States. The
graphite is imported direct by steamer in packages of 600 lb. net weight each.
The ore is sorted and graded into four products, which in the order of value
are : Lump, chip, dust and sweepings. The lump and the chip varieties are used
chiefly in the manufacture of graphite crucibles and lubricants, as well as for
electrical purposes, while the dust and the sweepings are utilized mainly in the
manufacture of foundry facings, stove polish and greases. The consumption
of crystalline graphite in the arts and manufactures is approximately as follows :
Crucibles, 55% ; stove polish, 15% ; foundry facings, 10% ; paint, 5% ; all others,
10%. The last-named division includes powder, glazing, electrotyping, steam
packing, pencils, and various minor uses. In spite of the development of the
manufacture of artificial graphite by the electric furnace, the need for the natural
graphite has increased very largely in recent years, due to the growth of the iron
and steel industries, the largely increased use of copper and its alloys, the develop-
ment of electrical machinery, which calls for graphitizcd products, and the
increased need for special lubricants. During 1902 the United States supplied
from domestic ores but little more than one-tenth of the total consumption of
natural graphite for the year.
(Much of the information in the following technical review of the progress of
the graphite industry in the United States during 1902 has been contributed by
Mr. William F. Downs.) Interest in the search for good graphite properties
continues, and although no new fields have been reported, much exploration work
has been done, and the producing mines have been more carefully examined for
available ore. The continued high price of graphite and the increased demand for
"American flake" are the principal reasons for the recent activity. For many
years a prejudice existed against American flake graphite, which was only re-
moved in the late nineties by the enforced use of all grades of graphite resulting
from the scarcity and very high price of the well-known grades. Manufacturers
flnally came to the conclusion that the value of graphite for any purpose depended
upon purity and physical condition, and not upon the geographical location of the
deposits. A foreign demand exists for American flake graphite, although at
present the domestic consumption is so great as to exclude exports. The market
for graphite from low-grade disseminated flake ores has caused the question of
concentration to be more carefully studied than ever before. Operative plants
have changed or improved their methods, and new processes are to be intro-
duced in plants under construction. Two new features in concentration are
worthy of special notice ; one, the use of petroleum vapor which is rapidly absorbed
by graphite and permits the flakes to be more readily separated by flotation from
GRAPHITE, 345
the gangue, and the second^ the drying (heating) of the ground product before
separation, whereby the flakes of graphite are floated on the surface of the water
and removed, the gangue being carried along with the outflowing stream. The
consumption of crucible graphite and other high grades continues to increase, due
principally to the activity in the metal trades. The use of graphite paints for the
protection of steel structures has also been greatly expanded, although for this
purpose both natural and artificial amorphous graphites are used. The severe
duty required of lubricants in large power plants has increased the demand for
graphite, which substance, on account of its lubricating properties and pre-
servative action on metal is generally recognized as most desirable. Despite the
acknowledged superiority of graphite for this purpose, the consumption has not
been largely increased for two reasons — one the difficulty of getting a strictly
pure product, and the second the difficulty in feeding the dry powder to the
'place of service. These questions are being solved mainly by the demand for a
'liigh duty" lubricant and numerous devices have been patented for the forced
feed of dry graphite. During the past year an invention has been developed which
solves the question of the feed of graphite without changing the usual lubricator
equipment of an engine. The principle is based on the suspension of graphite in
oil, and the lubricant is patented and sold under the trade-mark of "Lubriphite.'^
In the manufacture of graphite products the graphite is used in a ground state.
The larger concerns do their own grinding, and a few of the smaller ones pur-
chase the graphite in a ground condition. The principal manufacturers of
graphite articles, classified as to products, are given in the subjoined list : —
Crucible Manufacturers and Grinders. — Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey
City, N. J. ; J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J. ; Robt. Taylor Crucible Co.,
Callowhill Street, Philadelphia, Pa; Bridgeport Crucible Co, Bridgeport, Conn;
R. B. Seidel & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; Ross & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; Taunton
Crucible Co., Taunton, Mass.; Crucible Steel Co. of America, Pittsburg, Pa.;
Tacony Crucible Co., Tacony, Pa.; McCoUough & Dalzell, Pittsburg, Pa. (Ahren-
burg & Co., crucible makers).
Grinders, — Allen Graphite Co., Talladega, Ala.; Philadelphia Graphite Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.; United States Graphite Co., East Saginaw, Mich, (mines in
Mexico).
Paint Manufacturers. — Detroit Graphite Co., Detroit, Mich. ; Wisconsin Graph-
ite Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Stove Polish Manufacturers. — Rising Sun Stove Polish Co., Canton, Conn.;
Enameline Stove Polish Co., Passaic, N. J.; Nickel Plate Stove Polish Co.,
Chicago, 111.
Foundry Facing Manufacturers. — S. Obermeyer Co., Cincinnati, 0.; Hill &
Griffith, Cleveland, 0. ; J. W. Paxton, Philadelphia, Pa. ; E. D. Ranson, Troy,
N. Y., American Facing Co., New York, N. Y. ; T. P. Kelly, New York, N. Y. :
Brown Bros., Springfield, Mass.
Grease and Lubricant Manufacturers. — Ilsey, Doubleday & Co., New York,
N. Y.; J. S. McCormack & Co., Pittsburg, Pa.; The Lubriphite Co., Jersey
City, N. J.
346 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Dealers. — Standard Graphite Co., New York, N. Y. ; Pettinos & Bros., South
Bethlehem, Pa.
Review of Progress in the Graphite Industry during 1902.
Alabama. — The Allen Graphite Co., at Stockdale, Clay County, increased its
output of flake graphite during 1902, and two new companies have been formed
to develop graphite properties in other parts of the State. A deposit of graphite
is reported near Taylorsville, Alexander County.
Massachusetts. — The graphite mines of the Massachusetts Graphite Co., near
Sturbridge, Worcester County, has been in course of development during the
year, a few small shipments of the crystalline product being made to consumers
to test the quality of the product.
Montana. — The Crystal Graphite Co. has been developing its graphite deposit
near Dillon, Beaverhead County. Two small adits were started on the outcrop,
but at a short distance the vein became almost perpendicular in dip and the
work on them ceased. Later, an adit was started on the side of the mountain
to intercept the vein at a depth of 65 ft., and at the close of the year it had
been extended a distance of 135 ft., which is calculated to be within a few feet
of the deposit. Shipments of the product have been made to crucible manu-
facturers to test its quality. Work will be resumed early in 1903, and if the
deposit proves of suflBcient value a mill will be erected near the mine.
New Meonco. — Exploratory work was done during 1902 at the graphite proper-
ties, eight miles southwest of Raton, Colfax County, which are now under the
control of the Standard Graphite Co., of New York, and an output of 65 short
tons of high-grade amorphous graphite was shipped to Moosic, Lackawanna
County, Pa., for manufacture into paint and foundry material. A 60-ft. adit
was driven on the vein of graphite and 15 pit shafts and facings exposed the
deposit at various points. The district about Raton is underlain with bituminous
coal, the seams of which vary in thickness from 3 to 7 ft. In the portion where
the graphite is found, a layer of lava in the form of a laccolite has intruded itself
above the coal seam, and by its heat has metamorphosed the coal to graphite which
assumed a columnar form. The graphite is of the amorphous variety, and con-
tains a portion of the silica which was originally associated with the coal.
The vein of graphite approximates a horizontal position, and varies in width
from 3 in. to 2 ft. In many places the graphite is free from rock, but con-
taining an intimate mixture of silica. Generally the graphite occurs in a clear,
clean vein although a part of it is often mixed with rock. The graphite vein in
cut through by canyons, and can be traced for a considerable distance on opposite
sides of a large mesa. In one canyon three tunnels varying in length from 10
to 60 ft. have been driven on the vein, each showing the occurrence of the
graphite to be continuous.
New York. — There are numerous limestone deposits in Essex and neigh-
boring counties which carry graphite distributed through the mass, or in small
lenses of very rich ore. While a large number of these deposits have been,
and are being developed and promoted, the only ones of promise are those
operated by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., which is running an adit to tap
GRAPHITE. 347
the rich lenses in its old mine on the Lead Hill, back of Ticonderoga, and a
similar deposit worked by the Columbia Graphite Co., on Warner Hill, between
Ticonderoga and Crown Point. At the close of the year, development work
had not proceeded far enough to prove the value of either of these deposits.
The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. continues to operate its mines and mills at
Graphite and at Hague, on Lake George, although the latter plant was closed
down about the last of the year for the purpose of prospecting the deposit. Un-
like its mine at Graphite, which has been worked continuously since 1880, the
Hague vein seems to have been a line of weakness during the geological upheavals,
and the ore and wall rocks near the surface are very much pulverized, so that
while the ore carries a good percentage of graphite, the production is small, simply
on account of the fineness of the flake. It is probable that when the working's
are extended in depth, the graphite will be found in coarse flakes in the unaltered
rocks imless the faulting has occurred along the vein throughout its course.
The prospect developed by the Gray Brothers, between Ticonderoga and
Schroon was secured by the Ticonderoga Graphite Co., which was organized for
the purpose of working this deposit. A well designed 10-stamp mill has been
erected and operations begun late in the year. While the production has been
very much below the paper figures, the company seems to have a good chance for
ultimate success, because the flake is coarse and the deposit is wider than any yet
opened in the State. A much larger plant with economical mining should handle
this ore with a profit.
Practically no milling has been done at Pottersville, in Warren County. A
shaft has been extended to a depth of 150 feet, and the vein is reported to be
of fair quality and width in the drift near this level.
It is probable that all the valuable mines that will be opened in this section
will be found in the graphitic quartzite, as the lenticular shaped ore bodies in the
limestone have, without exception, proved uncertain. A very large low-grade de-
posit of graphitic quartzite was found by Prof. J. F. Kemp on the east shore of
Lake George about 3 miles back of Hulett's Landing. A peculiair feature of
this deposit is the fact that the hanging wall is a very large eruptive dike. As
in the Hague mine, the vein seems to have been a line of weakness. The flake
of this deposit is very small and of too low grade to be of any value. It is
probable this is the continuation of the deposit that is found at a lower level on
the west shore of South Bay, a large arm of Lake Champlain, near Whitehall.
North Carolina, — The graphite mines near Graphiteville, McDowell County,
have been developed to some extent during the year and about 800 tons of ore
have been mined. The ore is stated to be partly amorphous and partly crystalline,
the amorphous variety being of such a character that it may be utilized in the
manufacture of pencils, foundry facings, paint, etc. The completion of the
works of the company has been interrupted by litigation.
Pennsylvania. — The Philadelphia Graphite Co., at Chester Springs, Chester
County, produced the greater part of the output of graphite in this State during
1902. The Federal Graphite Co., at the same locality, is equipping its plant with
a magnetic concentrator of the roller type for the removal of the greater part of
the ferruginous impurities, the balance being extracted by a special treatment
348
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
with hydrochloric acid. The material as it conies from the concentrator is added
to an acid bath, agitated for four hours with liVe steam, and allowed to remain
in the acid for 25 hours additional. It is then thoroughly washed to remove
all traces of acid and dried, which yields a flake product stated to be equal in
quality to the Ceylon chip graphite. The Pennsylvania Graphite Co., formerly
operative in Berks County, has made no production since 1899.
Rhode Island. — The Rhode Island Graphite Co. has continued to operate the
amorphous graphite mine near Providence. The graphite occurs mostly in the
nature of pockets, although it is also found in two or three fissure veins. Durin^j;
the latter part of 1902 the grade of the product reached as high as from 65 to
70% C. It is of interest to note that in connection with the development of the
graphite deposit, a vein of semi-anthracite coal has been opened up.
Washington. — The graphite deposits in this State, owned by the Shelbyville
Consolidated Mining Co., have been abandoned, as the material could not be
mined with profit.
Wisconsin. — The Wisconsin Graphite Co. is installing a complete modern
mining plant at Steven's Point, and has added four large re-grinding machines
at its works in Pittsburg, Pa. The product is amorphous graphite reported to
assay in some specimens as high as 74% C. It is manufactured into paints,
lubricants and paste.
Wyoming. — The principal graphite deposits are located at Hallock Canyon,
near Laramie, Albany County, and are now operated by the Copper Cliff
Mining Co.
v^torld's production
OF GRAPHITE. (iN METRIC TONS.)
1
Auitria
Cknada
O^jon.
Ger-
many.
India.
Italy.
Japan.
204
846
65
94
(c)
Mexico
Russia.
Spain.
Sweden
United
StAfMI.
(fr)
ToUIa.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
88.604
83,062
81,810
aa.668
29,999
896
MOT
1J06
1.748
2,006
19,276
78,609
29.087
19,168
22.707
8,P61
4.603
6,196
9.248
4,435
61
22
1.618
i.r>8
2,580
5,660
6.486
9.990
9,720
10,818
907
1.867
2.805
2.661
762
<2
29
ic)
(c)
(a)
(a)
99
60
(e)6«
84
(/)66
450
8d4
1,648
1,799
1,894
69,811
125.006
80,962
79.938
74,694
(a) Not reported in the fEOvemment statisticfl. (6) Crystalline graphite, (c) Statistics not yet published.
Id) The figures for 1897, 1899 and 1900 are exports; the enormous production in 1896 as reported in cfQcial
government publications is not reflected in the exports for that year, which amounted to 24,849 metric ton^.
( e ) Of this quanity 600 tons were crude product. (/) The production of crude graphite during 1901 was 1,727
metric tons, valued at $1,684.
Australia. — During 1901, 350 long tons of graphite were mined at Undercliff,
in Wilson's Downfall Division, New South Wales. The deposit averages 2 ft.
in width. Efforts have been made to develop a second graphite property in the
same district.
Canada. — The production of graphite in Canada during 1902 was 1,095 short
tons, valued at $28,300, as compared with 2,210 short tons, valued at $38,780 in
1901 — in both years the output was derived mainly from the Black Donald mine,
at Brougham, Renfrew County, Ont. The following companies are interested in
graphite mining, although not all were numbered among the producers during
1902: New Brunswick — Canada Paint Co., near St. John Station. Ontario —
Ontario Graphite Co. ; Brougham & Globe Refining Co., Port Emsley. Quehfc —
Calumet Mining & Milling Graphite Co., Calumet; North American Graphit-^
ORAPHtTE. 349
Co., Buckingham ; Walker Mining Co., Buckingham ; and Grenville Graphite Co.,
Gremville (formerly Keystone Graphite Co.).
An interesting improvement in the principles of wet concentration of graphite
ores has been successfully applied at the mill of the North American Graphite
Co. at Buckingham, Quebec, by the use of a wet separator designed by H. H. P.
Brumell, which treats the dried or heated ore by flotation upon, rather than by
immersion beneath, the surface of the water.
The Graphite Industry in Canada during 1902.
By W. E. H. Carter.
The erection of a graphite refinery at the Black Donald mine, in Renfrew
County, owned by the Ontario Graphite Co., was begun late in 1901, and water
power on the Madawaska River, two miles away, was developed to supply electrical
energy for the works and mine. Treatment of the ore commenced in July, 1902.
At the same time, the graphite property in North Elmsley Township, Lanark
County, first operated some 40 years ago, was again taken up and actively de-
veloped by the Globe Refining Co. This mine is owned by Rinaldo McConnell, of
Ottawa, and is situated about seven miles southeast of Perth. A refinery has
been erected two miles farther east, beside a small water power on the River Tay,
at which operations were started toward the close of the year. Several other
graphite deposits have undergone preliminary development during 1902, but the
work accomplished has not been sufficient to form a proper estimate of their
value. The graphite bodies, both in Ontario and Quebec, are closely associated
with the ArchflBan crystalline limestone, and the mineral occurs in three forms,
viz,: amorphous, cr\-«talline and flake. The only known large deposit of amor-
phous granite exists at the Black Donald mine, although other prospects are re-
ported to carry this variety; while the crystalline graphite is confined to the
Quebec district, and occurs in small veins associated with deposits of the flake
fvariety. The most generally distributed form is the flake graphite, which is
much more valuable than the amorphous, and inferior to the crystalline only in
that the latter occurs as practically pure carbon, whereas the flake is dissemi-
nated through a gangue or matrix, from which it must be separated, its quality,
therefore, depending upon the efficiency of the concentration process.
At the Black Donald mine the ore occurs in a vertical vein traversing crystal-
line limestone and is composed mainly of amorphous graphite ; the flake variety
is found, however, in small stringers and pockets, as well as in the schistose walls
which are several feet thick. The total carbon content amounts to about 65%,
of which about 45% is amorphous and 20% flake, the remaining gangue being
composed of limestone and occasional seams and pockets of chlorite, locally called
"mica." The vein is unusually uniform in character from wall to wall, and has a
very uniform graphite content. There are locally enriched areas of amorphous
graphite containing as high as 80% C. T^w-grade bodies of flake also occur
which, taken as a whole, seldom exceed 25% C, and a maximum size of flake of
about 8-mPsh. The ore chute has been found to increase steadily in width from
16 ft. at the eastern outcropping?, to 26 ft. underground at the extremitv of the
west drifts, about -100 ft. away. The graphite in the walls gradually decrease?
350 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
as the more solid country rock is reached^ and when the rock contains less than
15% C it is not mined, as at the present time this percentage is considered to be
the minimum quantity for profitable treatment in the refinery.
Owing to the similarity in the specific gravity and the size between the flake and
chlorite, the particles of the latter in the gangue cannot be separated entirely from
the graphite in the process of concentration, and they contaminate the flake
graphite product to such an extent as to reduce seriously its value for the manu-
facture of crucibles, for which it is chiefly used. In consequence, those portions
of the deposit carrying chlorite are sorted out, together with the richer portions
of the amorphous graphite, to form a product containing not less than 50% C
that is shipped in the lump form for foundry facing purposes. The intermixed
gangue is not seriously detrimental to this use.
The refinery, which has a capacity of 15 tons of ore per day, uses a wet process
of concentration with large buddies. All of the material but the tails is dried
either in an electric-heated or ordinary fire-heated revolving cylinder, sized, and
then ground between millstones, which pulverize the gangue and amorphous
graphite and merely polish the flake. After grinding, the product is passed
through a series of revolving screens of gradually decreasing mesh, by which four
sizes of flake are separated out, then a mixed flake and amorphous grade, and
finally four or more sizes of amorphous graphite. The first flake is the coarsest
and cleanest product, running about 10-mesh size and 96% C; the remaining
grades of flake decrease in size, but all are over 90% pure. The amorphous
grades are in powder form and carry from 54 to 62% C. The limestone remain-
ing with the graphite after huddling pulverizes more readily than the graphite,
and in the screening separates out from the graphite as dust.
This mine is exceptional, both as regards uniformity and quality of the graph-
ite and size of the deposit. Since the erection of the reflnery practically all the
ore may be converted into valuable products, chief of which are the grades of
flake for use in the manufacture of crucibles.
At the MoConnell mine, operated by the Globe Refining Co., the graphite occurj
along several mineralized zones or veins traversing the crystalline limestone.
These zones occur along parallel or intersecting lines, and are somewhat lenticular
in character. They lie nearly vertical, are from 8 to 30 ft. wide, and have been
traced along the strike for more than several hundred feet. The graphite is
entirely in flake form disseminated through the limestone, but the average carbon
content is much less than that of the Black Donald mine. The refinery process
also diflPers, including some new features of treatment which seem likely to prove
successful. After coarse crushing and drying the ore is reduced to a fine size
and screened several times to remove a considerable proportion of the limestone
gangue as dust. A cleaner separation of the intermixed rock is eflPected by con-
centrating in pneumatic jigs, and the concentrates are then ground in a series
of millstones. The polished and enriched flake discharged from the last stone
undergoes wet huddling in small vats, which finish the work of concentration,
after which the graphite is again dried, preparatory to the final grading in
revolving screens into two or, when desired, more sizes, the coarsest being from
15 to SO-mesh size. On account of the low content of carbon in the crude ore.
GRAPHITB.
351
this elaborate scheme of concentration has been adopted in order that the saving
should be as high as possible. The flake product is of high grade suitable for
crucible stock. The capacity of the McConnell refinery is from 15 to 20 tons of
ore per day.
A third property called the Allanhurst mine situated in the township of Den-
bigh has been opened up quite lately by J. G. Allan, of Hamilton, Ont. A
quantity of ore has been taken out and shipped to Hamilton, where it is used
for foundry facings. It is proposed to develop the property on a more extensive
scale.
Artificial 6rap.hitb.
The manufacture of artificial graphite, both crystalline and amorphous, con-
tinues in the hands of the sole producer, the International Acheson Graphite
Co. of Niagara Falls, N. Y., which reported an output during 1902 of 883,591
lb. of graphitized electrodes and 1,475,237 lb. of granular or powdered graphite,
making a total of 2,358,828 lb. valued at $100,700, as compared with the total,
of 2,500,000 lb. valued at $119,000 in 1901. The production and value of
artificial graphite from 1897, the year of the inception of the industry, to 1902
are given in the subjoined table : —
PRODUCTION AND VALUB OF ARTIFICIAL GRAPHITE FROM 1897 TO 1902, INCLUSIVE.
Tear.
Pounds.
Value.
Unit Value per
PoaDd.
Year.
Pounds.
Value.
Unit Value per
Pound, (a)
1897
168,888
185,647
40S.870
11,608
88,476
Cents.
6-8
6-8
80
1900
860,750
8,600,000
8,858,888
$119,000
110,700
Cent&
8*0
1806
1901
4*75
1899
190B
4*68
(a) The decrease in the unit yalue of the total production from 8c. per lb. in 1809 and 1900 to 4* 09c per lb.
in 19QB was due largely to the Increased proportion of the amorphous Tariety produced.
Artificial graphite is manufactured in the electric furnace, the two products
being known as graphitized electrodes, and artificial graphite. In the former
the ordinary electrode, which is composed of a mixture of petroleum, coke, pitch
and a carbide-forming material (silica or iron oxide) is submitted to the in-
tense heat of an electric arc furnace and the whole graphitized, furnishing a
product possessing special qualities. For the production of the so-called "ar-
tificial graphite/* anthracite coal is heated in the electric arc furnace and the
impurities eliminated, the ash being reduced in some cases to as low as 0*5%.
Graphitized electrodes are used in electrolytic processes for the production of
caustic soda, and of chlorine and metals in chloride solution; also in electro-
metallurgical processes, such as the production of calcium chloride, the electric
smelting of copper and iron ores, and the manufacture of various iron alloys.
The artificial graphite in the form of grains and powders is used chiefly in
the manufacture of paint, dry batteries and commutator brushes, although a
considerable quantity is used in the manufacture of lubricants, in electro-plat-
ing work and in certain chemical processes which require a carbon of exceptional
purity.
Pure graphite has many advantages, such as high electrical conductivity, great
resistance to chemical action, and absence of the property of occluding gases which
is possessed more or less by all forms of amorphous carbon. Natural graphites
352
THE MIMBRAL INDUaTRT.
of the necessary purity for work of this kind are so expensive that in most cases
the price is prohibitive. Within the last year artificial graphite has been used
successfully as a lubricant for high-grade work, and experiments have been made
with artificial graphite for coating the grains of high explosives, the spontaneous
ignition of which is supposed to result from a static charge of electricity on the
grains, causing a spark which detonates the powder. By coating the grains with
graphite the formation of the static charge is prevented.
The production of graphite electrodes, as stated by F. A. J. Fitzgerald,* was
not as large in 1902 as in the previous year, due to the fact that there were fewer
new electrochemical works equipped. Graphitized electrodes have certain val-
uable properties which cause them to be used in preference to electrodes of
amorphous carbon, these properties being the resistance of the electrode to ox-
idization when heated in the air, high electrical conductivity, and the ease with
which they can be machined. According to H. Moissan, amorphous carbon is
consumed when heated in oxygen at from 370** to 385° C, whereas it requires
a temperature of 660 **C. to burn artificial graphite. On account of the higher
electrical conductivity of the artificial product, the cross section of the electrodes
need only be one-third to one-fourth that required when the amorphous carbon
variety is used, thereby exposing less surface to be oxidized. By the use of a
screw thread to attach the electrode to the conducting wire a better contact can
be made and new pieces can be attached from time to time to a partially con-
sumed electrode, or the residual parts of old electrodes connected and used as
a new electrode, so that none of the electrode is wasted. Slabs of material can
also be dovetailed together to form partitions or boxes. The specific resistance
of the artificial material is 0- 00032 ohms per cu. in., or about one-fourth that
of amorphous carbon. The following table* shows the results of experiments
made with amorphous carbon and graphite electrodes in actual electrometal-
lurgical work : —
GHoTOS.
Number, Siae and Kind of
ElectrodeB Used In
Bach T^rminaL
Total
Current in
Amperee.
Current
Dentfty
Amperes
per^^
i^erage
Hours
Run.
ATerure
LengUi
Consumed.
Number
of
Runs.
Relatt^
Consumed
per Hour.
A.....]
B \
C... \
•> 1
Four-4in.x4in.xS4in.
Amorphous carbooa.
Four-4 in. x4 in. x S4 in.
Aeheaon i^raphite.
Four-Sin.x4in.xS4in.f
AcbMOn Rraphite. (
Four— S in. X 4 in. X 80 in. )
AchMon graphite. f
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
08-5
08-5
1S50
1860
8
88
88
96
18 in. to 14 in.
18 in. to 14 in.
18 in. to 14 in.
88 in. to 94 in.
4
4
16
16
1-000
0-9B0
0-186
0'074
The electrodes in all cases were ranged side by side touching each other.
E. G. Acheson has patented* a new method of graphitizing electrodes, by
subjecting them to the high temperature of an electric furnace. The electrodes
are placed in piles separated from one another by spaces filled vnth a "material
having a lower coefficient of electrical conductivity^' than the electrodes. The cur-
rent is then passed through the mass with the result that most of the heat en-
ergy is developed in the material in the spaces between the electrodes. The
1 Engineering and Mining Journal, March 88, 1908, 484.
• C. Lb Collins, Tranaactiane of the American Eleetroehemieal Soeiety, L, No. 1, p. 88, 1908.
> UDlted Stetes Patent No. 701,786, June 17, lOOa
GRAPHITE. 353
advantage of this method is that large furnaces can be used and the electrical
resistance kept sufficiently high to avoid currents of very high amperage.
E. O. Acheson has also patented^ a process of making graphite which con-
sists in introducing into an electrical furnace a mass of amorphous carbon and
a volatilizable material capable of forming a carbide, and by the action of the
metallic vapors on the amorphous carbon at the high temperature of the elec-
tric furnace to change it to graphite. Carbon is placed in a furnace and mixed
with a metallic compound, such as ferric oxide, and extending from one end
of the furnace to the other is a core composed of carbon rods or plates which acts
as a conductor for the current. On passing the current through the furnace
the petroleum cake is heated to a high temperature, the iron oxide is reduced and
the vapor of metallic iron acts on the amorphous carbon, converting it into
graphite.
Borchers and Moegenburg" found that the conversion of amorphous carbon
into graphite in the electric furnace, is greatly accelerated if metals or metallic
compounds are present which are able to form dissociable carbides. A relatively
Rmall quantity of alimiinum was found to be effective for this purpose.
Analytical Determination of Oraphite in Ores. — ^According to A. G. Stillwell*
graphite can be determined by the absorption method for carbon, the appar-
atus consisting of a generator flask, KOH and H2SO4 bulbs, and necessary guard
bulbs. Prom 0'25 to 1 g. is heated to redness to expel organic matter, treated
with dilute HCl (1:1), filtered through a Gooch crucible, using ignited as-
bestos as filtering medium, and washed. The contents of the crucible are placed
in the generator flask with 15 c.c. of a saturated solution of »chromic acid, and
75 c.c. of concentrated H2SO4 are then added slowly to the agitated contents of
the flask, which is finally heated over a low flame. Prom the increase in weight
of the KOH bulb, the quantity of graphite in the sample can be calculated.
Blank tests must be run on the chromic acid, and the result deducted in each
determination. The fire and acid treatment may be dispensed with, if there is
no organic matter or carbonate present.
« United Stetefl Patent No. 711.081. Oct 14. 19(8.
• Zeitwchrift fver ElektroeKemie, Sept SS. 1908.
• Journal of the Society of Chemical Indueiry, ZXI., June 10, IMS, TMl
GYPSUM.
The production of gypsum in the United States continued to increase greatly
dttring 1903, although statistics of production during this year are not now avail-
able. The production during 1901 was 659,659 short tons, valued at $1,677,493.
PRODUCTION OF GYPSUM IN THE UNITED STATES, (a) (iN TONS OF 2,000 LB.) .
States.
OaUfornla
Oolorado
Ind. Ter. and Oklahoma.
Iowa
Michigan..
Montana. . .
New York.
Ohio
1900.
1901.
e 8,600
8,650
4,000
617,894
16,975
(d)
92,2011
690,000 f
c 218,410
100,000
825
186,160
42,974
"(?r
25,000
SUtea.
Oregon
South Dakota..
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Wyoming
Other States...
Total
1900.
460
760
42,000
2,247
10,885
2,995
484,202
1901.
id)
I
16,^J86
IO6S46
669,659
(a) Statistics reporting the amount quarried, {b) Includes Wyoming, (c) Includes Texas, (d) Included I
other States, (e) Estimated. (/) Included with Iowa and Kansas, (g) Included with Colorado.
GYPSUM IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES. (iN METRIC TONS.)
Year.
Ground or Calcined.
Unground.
Value of
Manufac-
tured
Plaster of
Paris.
Total
Quantity.
8,021
8,817
8,169
8,166
3,706
Value.
$18,500
19,250
19,179
19,627
28,226
Per Metric
Ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Per Metric
Ton.
1806
$6-12
6-80
607
6-22
6-27
16a728
199,724
218,289
288,971
277,027
$181,864
220,608
229,878
288,440
284,942
$1-09
110
108
099
108
$40,979
68.078
66,478
68,608
6B;688
8240,848
1899
297;S6
1900
815,580
1901
826,670
1908
860,700
PRODUCTION OP GYPSUM IN THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, (a) (iN METRIC TONS.)
Algeria.
(ft)
Canada.
France.
(6)
Germany, (c)
Greece.
India.
United
Kingdom
United
Tear.
Baden.
Bavaria.
States.
1897
86,750
87.837
89,960
46,875
44,025
(d)
217,392
19H,9UR
221,862
228.718
266,606
801.i>29
2,004,889
2,115,261
l,80r,454
1,960,222
2,386.688
(d)
40,702
28,087
29,419
26,381
28,188
(d)
26,158
25,688
29,727
85.484
8,581
81,701
61
88
81
129
671
Jfil
8,187
8,890
6,546
4,416
184,287
199,174
215,974
211,486
204,046
172,219
272,498
1896
285,644
1899
882,891
1900
489,266
1901
696,629
1908
(a) From official reports of tiie rrapeotive countries, except the statistics for the United States. (6) A part
of the product is reported as plaster of Paris. In converting this to crude gypsum it has been assumed that
the loss by calcination in 20^. (c) PnisHia is a large producer of gypsum, but there are no complete statistics
available, id) Statistics not yet available.
Deposits of gypsum have been found near Sunset, Kem County, Cal., but have
not yet been developed. A Tacoma gjrpsum company has bought a gypsum de-
posit on Freshwater Bay, Wash., and will erect a refining plant at Tacoma
which is to have a yearly output of 15,000 to 20,000 tons of plaster of Paris and
fertilizer. The gypsum deposit is said to be 70 ft. wide and 1,000 ft. long, and
a tramway 3,500 ft. long is being built to convey the mineral from the quarries
to the barges whioh will transport it to Tacoma.
GTPaUM. 355
Gypsum and Gypsum Cement Plaster Industries in Kansas during 190^.
By Erasmus Haworth.
During the year 1902, the gypsum cement plaster industry in KansaSj an(|
adjoining states and territories, was conducted about the same as in previous
years. No changes whatever were made along technological lines, neither were
there any new companies or new mills built, excepting one at Blue Rapids, Kan.,
mentioned later.
The changes in ownership, which occurred late in 1901 and early in 1902,
were reported in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., pp. 375, 376. As there set
forth, the United States Gypsum Co. purchased nearly all the mills in Michigan,
Iowa, New York, Oklahoma, and quite a number in Kansas.
At the present time there are nine companies doing business in Kansas, namely :
United States Gypsum Co., with head offices in Chicago; American Cement
Plaster Co., Salina Cement Plaster Co., Great Western Cement Plaster Co. and
the Blackwell Cement Plaster Co., all with offices in common at Lawrence, Kan. ;
Samson Cement Plaster Co. at Burns ; ^tna Cement Plaster Co., with offices at
Kansas City, Mo.; Besfs Keen Cement Plaster Co., at Medicine Lodge, and
the Electric Cement Plafeter Co. at Blue Rapids.
The United States Gypsum Co. has one mill at Hope and one at Blue Rapidp,
the old time Fowler's mill at the latter place being closed, as is also the Bomao
Cement Plaster Co.'s mill at Spring Valley, which was bought by this company.
The American Cement Plaster Co. now owns but one mill which is in operation,
a mill at Watonga, Blaine County, Oklahoma. The Salina Cement Plaster Co.
has a mill at Longford, Kan., and also one at Acme, Tex. The Great Western
Cement Plaster Co. has one mill at Blue Rapids, Kan. The Blackwell Cement
Plaster Co. has a mill about six miles northeast of Blackwell, Oklahoma. The
Samson Cement Plaster Co. is still doing a prosperous business at Burns, Kan.
The ^Etna Cement Plaster Co., with a mill a few miles from Dillion, Kan., has
been in operation only a part of the lime. A new company recently organized
under the name of the Electric Plaster Co. has built a new mill at Blue Rapids,
Kan., and bids fair to be a strong company in the future.
During the past year Oklahoma has had three gypsum mills in operation, those
at Watonga and Blackwell, already mentioned, and a new one at Ferguson,
owned by the Ruby Cement Plaster Co. The Indian Territory has but one mill,
the old one at Mariow, at present owned by the Acme Cement Plaster Co. There
are but two companies doing business in Texas, the Acme Co., which has a mill
at Acme, and the Salina Cement Plaster Co., above mentioned, with offices at
Lawrence, Kan., which also has a mill at Acme. During 1902 the Acme Cement
Plaster Co. purchased and enlarged the gypsum plaster mills at Wyoming, which
gives them an additional mill for the far Western trade.
Two kinds of gypsum are used by the various mills above mentioned, the ordi-
nary rock gypsum and the fine grained gypsum earth. In Kansas all the mills
at Blue Rapids, the one at Hope, and the one at Medicine Lodge use rock gypsum.
The Blackwell Co. also owns some rock gypsum at Blackwell, Oklahoma, although
at present they are using the gypsum earth variety. All the other mills of
866 THB MINERAL INDUSTBT.
Kansas, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Texas, and the one at Laramie, Wye,
use the gypsum earth. This variety of gypsum produces a dark colored plaster,
due to impurities, commonly spoken of as the ^^rown coat." It is employed to
put on what corresponds to the first two coats of the old-fashioned lime mortar,
and must be followed by a white coating of plaster made from lock gypsum, or
from white lime.
The gypsum business was quite healthy during 1902, large sales were made,
and fair prices were realized.
Canada. — In 1901 there was only one factory in operation in Ontario, that of
the Alabastine Co. of Paris, Ltd., which manufactured calcined plaster, cement
wall plaster and alabastine from gypsum mined near Caledonia. A factory for
making "wood fiber," a mixture of gypsum, sand and wood fiber, has been estab-
lished at Toronto. Most of the gypsum mined in Canada is shipped to New
York to be milled.
France. — ^The greater portion of the gypsum used for agricultural purposes was
produced by the Department of Seine-et-Oise, the rest being divided among 24
departments. Plaster from gypsum was made in 36 departments, about 70%,
however, was produced in the departments of Seine-et-Oise, Seine, and Seine-et-
Mame, the greatest deposits being at Montmaitre.
According to P. A. Wilder* the following cements containing gypsum are un-
usually hard, uniform in structure, set slowly and permit the addition of color-
ing matter without loss of strength. In hardness, they stand half way between
Portland cement and stucco. Keene^s cement is a slow setting alum plaster
manufactured from unground gypsum, preferably of a white variety, which is
burned at a red heat, then immersed in an alum solution, burned again at a
red heat and then finely ground. If mixed with 20% water, it has a tensile
strength of 70 lb. and a crushing strength of 800 lb. per sq. cm. Parian cement
consists of 44 parts calcined gypsum and 1 part calcined borax. The gypsum
is saturated with a borax solution and burned at a red heat. It sets slowly and
dries in 5 or 6 hours. Scagliola is a mixture of finely burned plaster and lime-
water, which is made into slabi? for wall decorations. Gypsum heated to 1,000** F.
and then coarsely ground is called estrick gypsum. This material when allowed
to settle slowly, protected from draft and heat, becomes exceedingly hard, and
is especially recommended as a floor material.
> Singineering and Mining Journal, Aug. 80, 1M8.
IRON AND STEEL.
Bt Fbsdbriok Hobart.
The iron and steel trades of the United States during 1902 showed a demand
and a production which exceeded the record figures of 1901. Moreover, large as
the production was, it did not come up to the demand, and the output of the
furnaces had to be supplemented by imports to an extent which has not been
equaled for many years.
Iran Ore, — The production and consumption of iron ore for a series of years
is given in the subjoined table : —
IRON ORE MINED AND CONSUMED IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
District.
18M.
1000.
1001.
1908.
Lake Superior, flhiinneDtfi to fdmaoes.
Oth#»r HtAtML iihiPinoDts to fiiniaoei ...........
18,861,804
4,800,000
8,940,000
10,0g6,8g8
6,100,000
1,788,000
20,689,887
4,707,6«r
9,680,576
87,671,191
4.8BO.O0O
9.915 000
Total mined in United states
Add dfM^rmuie in stocks at Ijakff Erie dock*
96,801,804
86,817,398
87,887,479
45,oor
966,060
84,086,191
Add imnortatimis ...r.
074,088
807,788
1,105,470
Total .,...."-»».". rr
86,066,880
80,816,186
93,809.486
85,801,691
induct increase In stodn at Lake Brie docks..
7SO.00O
40,006
090,000
61,400
1.914.501
. }ndnRt fvrnnrtAtkMi
04,708
88,446
Total oonsmnption ......■...>..>.
86,175,881
80,078,786
88,884,788
84 409,566
The increase in ore was somewhat higher in proportion than that in pig iron.
It is probable that stocks at furnaces were greater at the end of 1902 than at
the opening of the year, but there is no way of ascertaining these exactly. Making
allowance for the diflferent value of ores, it appears that over 75% of the iron
produced in the United States is made from hske Superior ores. For the Lake
region accurate statistics of production have been kept for a long period, chiefly
owing to the enterprise of the Cleveland Iron Trade Review. The statement of
output of ore by ranges for four years past is as follows : —
PRODUCTION OP LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORE BY RANGES, 1899 TO 1902. (lONO TONS.)
Range.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1909.
If MflwnMiMM rAAflA ..•»....
8,787,010
8,801,068
9.706,856
l,Tn,508
0,«6,884
§§iSS
8.964,080
8.006,449
9,088.155
1,788,088
9,004,800
8,868,010
Woau^vnltwMk wmnafm
4,097,684
8,688,484
VAwnilllnn rMMM .......•......*....
9.084,968
18,842,840
Total
18,961,804
19,000,888
90,580,887
87,871,191
358 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The Marquette range is wholly in Michigan, the Menominee and Gogebic
ranges are partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin, and the Vermilion and
Mesabi ranges are in Minnesota. Details of the movement will be found on a
following page.
The shipments from the United States Steel Corporation's mines in 1902
amounted to 16,174,473 tons, or 58-6% of the whole. This is apart from 325,440
tons shipped by the corporation from the Pewabic mine, in which the Carnegie
Co. has a one-half interest, but it includes the 6,882 tons shipped from the Iron
Ridge mine of the Illinois Steel Co. in Wisconsin. This mine is remote from
the Lake Superior ranges and has never been included in Lake Superior statistics.
The total shipments from the Pewabic mine were 530,291 tons.
The base prices for Lake ores, for the season of 1903, have been fixed as fol-
lows : Mesabi Bessemer. — ^Basis, $4 per ton, f . o. b. lower lake ports ; guarantee,
63% Fe, 0045% P, 10% H^O.
Mesabi Non-Bessemer. — ^Basis, $3-20 per ton, f. o. b. lower lake ports; guar-
antee 60% Fe, 12% HjO.
Divided into three classes, according to structure, as follows: Difference be-
tween first and second class, 15c. per ton, and diflferential between second and
third class 10c. per ton, or a total of 25c. per ton between first and third class.
Guaranteed upon Longyear 58% Fe and 10% HjO, making the latter ore $3- 16
per ton, f . o. b. lower lake ports. The classes are arranged as follows :
First Class. — Stevenson, Wallace, Admiral, Pearce, Cass, La Belle, Elba, Fray,
Biwabik, Butler, Steese, Hale, Kanawha, Longyear, Morrow, Croxton, Leetonia.
La liue, Kinney, Top Brown, Atlas, Cypress, Grant, Laura, Winifred, Victoria,
Shilling Columbia, Columbia, Franklin, Leonard.
Second Class. — Commodore, Union, Petit, Malta, Sparta, Corsica, Minorca,
Liocdtt, Jordan, Beaver, Albany.
! Third Class. — Mahoning and Vulcan.
'6id Range Bessemer. — Basis, $4-50 per ton, f. o. b. lower lake ports; guaran-
tee, 63% Fe, 0 045% P, 10% H^O.
Old Range Non-Bessemer. — ^Basis, $3-60 per ton, f. o. b. lower lake ports;
guarantee, 60% Fe, 12% H.O.
These prices are substantially the same as for 1902. Less than 35% of the
Lake ore is now sold, however, the balance being mined directly by the companies
which use it.
Imports of iron ore, other than from Cuba in 1902 included 209,485 tons
from Canada, chiefly from the Michipicoten Range on the northern shore of Lake
Superior; and 11,000 tons from Newfoundland. The balance was principally
Spanish ore, though some cargoes were received from Algeria and Greece, and
one cargo from Venezuela.
The following companies shipped iron ore to the United States in 1902 : The
Juragua Iron Co., Ltd., 221,039 gross tons; the Spanish-American Iron Co.,
455,105 tons; the Cuban Steel Ore Co., 23,590 tons; total shipments, 699,734
tons. The Cuban Steel Ore Co. went out of business at the end of the year and
its minps are closed. No iron ore was shipped from Cuba in 1902 to any country
other than the United States.
IRON AND 8TBBL.
859
Pig Iron. — Complete statistics of iron and steel production in the United
States have been compiled by the American Iron & Steel Association under the
^pervision of Mr. James M. Swank. In the following notes the figures from
Mr. Swank's report have been freely usec\
The production of pig iron, classified according to fuel used, has been as
follows : —
PIG IRON PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO THE FUEL USED. (iN LONG TONS.)
Fuel Used.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Bituminous, ckiefly ooke
10,973,911
1,180,999
89>74
296.7S0
11,788,886
1,668,621
41.081
984,766
11,727,719
889.874
44,008
18,788,886
1,668.808
48,719
890,147
88,894
16.816,891
Anthrfltcite and coJco
1,096,040
19,907
Anthracite alone
Charcoal
878,604
(ThArwuii and floke
11,666
• • • • • .
Total
11,778,934
18,690,708
18,789,948
163^864
17,881,807
Another classification is that according to the purposes for which the iron is
used. In this form the production is given in the subjoined table : —
PIG IRON PRODUCTION. (iN LONG TONS.)
Kind of Iron.
Foundry and forge iron
Bessemer pig
Basic pig
Splegeieisen and ferromanganese.
Totals
1900.
Tons.
4,517,487
7,948,468
1,078,876
265,977
18,789,848
67*6
7-8
1-8
1000
1901.
Tons.
4,641,860
9,646,798
1,448,860
891,461
15,878,854
88-6
60-4
9*1
1-9
1000
1908.
Tons.
6,176,668
10,898,168
8,068,600
818,981
17,821,807
68-8
11-4
1-8
1000
It is remarkable that there should have been such a large increase in produc-
tion in 1903, when there were serious adverse conditions to contend with, chiefly
inadequate transportation facilities, resulting in a short supply of coke and iron
ore and the banking for longer or shorter periods of many furnaces. The an-
thracite coal strike also interfered with the activity of some Eastern furnaces.
Its effect upon production was greater than the actual shortage of fuel would
warrant, owing to the consequent disturbance of business, and the withdrawal oi
bituminous supplies from their usual consumers. The United States made
more pig iron in 1901 than Great Britain and Germany combined, and in 1902
more than these two countries and Belgium combined. Stocks of pig iron un-
sold in the hands of manufacturers, or under their control, at the close of 1902,
and not intended for their own consumption amounted to 49,951 tons, as com-
pared with 70,647 tons at the close of 1901 and 442,370 tons at the close of 1900,
being only about two days' output.
The total number of furnaces in blast on Dec. 31, 1902, was 307, as compared
with 266 on Dec. 31, 1901, and 232 on Dec. 31, 1900.
Of the 17,821,307 tons of pig iron produced in 1902 the five largest producing
States were : Pennsylvania, 8,117,800 tons ; Ohio, 3,631,388 ; Illinois, 1,730,220 :
Alabama, 1,472,211, and Virginia, 537,216 tons.
860
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
The subjoined table gives the production of pig iron by States in 1901 and
1902, in the order of their prominence in 1902 : —
states— Long Tons.
FMissylyaiiia
Ohio
niinois.
Alabama
Virgfiila.
New York
Tennessee
Maryland
Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Missouri, Colorado and Wash-
ington
1001.
1008.
7,»48;857
ail7,800
8,826,4a6
8,681.886
' 1,606,860
1,780,880
lja26,210
1,478,811
448,608
687,816
888,668
401,860
887,180
888,778
808,186
808,;»0
807,661
878,087
[ 808,400
960.900
States Long Tons.
New Jersey
West Virginia.
Miidiiflran
Kentucky
North Carolina and Georgia.
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Texas
Total
1001.
16,878.864
1008.
166,746
101,880
166,607
188,006
170,788
166,818
68,468
110,786
87,888
88,816
8,448
18,086
8,886
8.860
8,878
8,006
1738U07
All the above-named States, with the exception of Massachusetts and Michigan,
made more pig iron in 1902 than in 1901.
The consumption of pig iron in the last five years is approximately shown in
the subjoined table, the comparatively small quantity of foreign pig iron held
in bonded warehouses not being considered. Warrant stocks are included in un-
sold stocks: —
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF PIG IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, 1898-1902. (iN
TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
Pig Iron.
1896.
1890.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Domestic production
11,778,9:)4
86,168
874,978
. 18,680,708
40,898
415,888
18.789,848
68,566
68,809
15,878,864
68,980
446,080
17,881,807
Imported
S6,8S
Rtocks unsold Jan. 1.
70,647
Total buddI V
18,874,064
415,338
258,067
14,076,489
68,809
288,678
18,910,116
446,080
288,687
16,887,804
78,647
81,811
18,517,887
49,961
87,487
Deduct stocks Dec. 81
Also exports
Approximate consumption. .
12,006,674
18,779,448
18,177,409
16,888,446
18,489,899
It will be observed that while the increased production of pig iron in 1902 over
that of 1901 was 1,942,953 tons, the increased consumption was 2,207,453 tons.
The increased consumption in 1901 over that of 1900 was 3,055,037 tons, but the
consumption in 1900 was actually less than that in 1899.
For two years past the Association has collected additional statistics, grading
the iron made into nine classes. The subjoined table shows the classification
made and the quantities produced: —
PIO IRON PRODUCTIOX BY OR.A.DES. (iN LONG TONS.)
Grades.
Bessemer and low-phosphorus pia: iron
Basic piff iron made witn mineral fuel
Forfce plfc iron
Foundry plsr iron
Malleable Bessemer piflr iron
White and mottled and miscell ineous (grades.
Spietrelelsen
Ferromanf^n»'ae
Direct castings
Totol
1901.
15,878,854
1908.
9,606,798
10,888,168
1,648,850
8,088,690
^689,464
888,098
8,648,718
8,861,878
866.688
811,468
87,964
178,086
881.888
168,408
69,689
44.678
8,688
8,656
17,821,807
IRON AND STEEL,
361
Of the total production of pig iron in 1902 more than 58% was Bessemer and
low-phosphorus, as compared with over 60% in 1901; 21-6% was foundry, as
compared with 22*3% in 1901; over 11%, was basic, as compared with ^% in
1901 ; 4-6% was forge, as compared with over 4% in 1901 ; 119% was spiegelei-
sen and ferromanganese, as compared with 1*8% in 1901; and 1*7% was malle-
able Bessemer, as compared with 16% in 1901. The production of white and
mottled and of miscellaneous grades of pig iron amounted to less than 1% in both
years. Castings made direct from the furnace did not amount to 01% in either
year.
In 1902 the production of low-phosphorus pig iron, which is chiefly used by
manufacturers of acid open-hearth steel, was for the first time definitely ascer-
tained. It amounted to 164,246 gross tons, and was made by four States, namely.
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.
The number of furnaces out of blast at the close of 1902 was 105. Many of
these furnaces were only temporarily banked because of the inability of their
owners to obtain a supply of fuel. At the close of 1901 there were 140 furnaces
out of blast.
The limestone consumed for fluxing purposes by the blast furnaces of the
United States in the production of 17,821,307 tons of pig iron in 1902 amounted
to 9,490,090 tons. The average consumption of limestone per ton of all kinds
of pig iron produced was 1,192-8 lb. in 1902, as compared with 1,196-5 lb. in 1901
and 1, 206*6 lb. in 1900. The consumption by the anthracite and bituminous fur-
naces was 1,207*7 lb. per ton of pig iron made and by the charcoal and mixed
charcoal and coke furnaces it was 527-91b. A number of the Southern furnaces
use dolomite in preference to limestone; this dolomite is included in the lime-
stone mentioned above. One small furnace, in Maryland, uses oyster shells as
flux.
The Iron Trade Review, of Cleveland, has prepared, from the flgures of the
American Iron and Steel Association, an interesting table, showing the per-
centage of the total pig iron output made in each State for 1902, compared
with that for 1900 and 1890. The figures are as follows :—
1890.
1900.
1908.
Maine
00
01
0-2
8-6
1-7
480
1-6
8'S
0-8
8-9
01
1-4
0-5
2-9
18-5
08
7-6
S'5
S'4
1-01
OSf
01
Massachusetts
00
01
81
IS
46-8
81
8-6
0-2
8-6
01
1-8
0-5
8-6
17-9
' 0*0
Connecticut !.!!!.*.'
New York ;.'
New Jersey
01
8-3
I'l
Pennsylvania
46*5
Maryland :;:*;
1'7
Virginia. .;.
8*0
North Carolina and Georgia ! .*
0*8
Alabama .;; ...;;::;:;:;;;:
Texas
West Virginia
8*8
0*0
1*0
Kentucky '".■.'.*.*.
0*6
8-8
80*4
Ohio
Indiana
niinois !!..;'.*
Michigan •.;;;;
9-9
1-2
1 3
::'(
9*7
0'9
1-6
1*5
Wisconsin and Minnesota !.!!!!".*.".'.""!
Missouri
Colorado
Oregon and Washington '.'....'.'.'.',',"".",
ToUl
1000
1000
1000
362
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The output of the two chief States — Pennsylvania and Ohio— is further given
by districts, as follows: —
PenDsylyania:
Lehigh VaUey
SchuylkUl Valley
Upper Susquehanna Valley.
Lower Sunquehanna Valley..
Juniata Vallev
Shenango Valley
Allegheny County
HIscellaneouB Bituminous. . .
Charcoal
Total FUmsy Ivania
Ohio:
Hanging Rock BitumlnouB.
MahoningValley ,
Hocking Valley
Lake Counties ,
Miscellaneous Bituminous. . .
Hanging Bock Charcoal.. . . .
Total Ohk>.,
1800.
7-9
69
80
6ft
81
6S
14-6
8-4
0-8
480
10
6-4
0-9
60
0-8
18-6
1900.
40
8*8
10
8-9
0-9
6-8
98.6
4-7
46-8
1-8
7-8
0-4
8*6
4-8
01
17-9
1908.
8-9
8-9
0-0
SO
11
70
88-9
4-7
45-6
1-8
81
0-8
4-8
6-4
0-1
80-4
On the changes shown the Iron Trade Review comments as follows: "It is
somewhat surprising to note that much of the movement of the decade from 1890
to 1900 has been almost reproduced in the short space of two years. It is not
a result which would have been expected on purely theoretical grounds. Last
year was one which kept in operation furnaces located in districts, which only
figure in abnormal times. When the next depression strikes the trade we may
expect radical changes to be shown up by our method of comparison. But for
the present we would hardly expect that the State of Virginia, for example,
should produce a smaller percentage of the total production in 1902 than in 1900,
or even in 1890, but such is found to be the fact. And the same movement is
found with West Virginia, Tennessee and New Jersey. Every one of these
States produced more pig iron in 1902 than in either 1900 or 1890, and their
relative decline is shown only by a comparison of percentages.
"Interest will, of course, center on* the large iron States. We find that the
great State of Pennsylvania, which made 48% of the pig iron production in
the United States during 1890, and declined to 46-2% in 1900, experienced a
further drop to 45-5% in 1902. Ix)oking at the districts, however, the decline
is easily located in the eastern part of the State. The upper Susquehanna Val-
ley has about dropped out, while the lower has kept about even as to tonnage.
The Lehigh, Schuylkill and Juniata valleys have slightly decreased their actual
tonnage, and greatly decreased their proportion.
"Against these declines in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, there have been
almost proportionately large advances in the western part, using Lake ores en-
tirely. Allegheny County, which made 14*5% of the countr^s production in
1890, made 23 9% in 1902. The tonnage was more than tripled in 12 years,
while the country scarcely doubled its tonnage. The Shenango Valley increased
its relative importance in the same period, in less degree.
"In Ohio, the Mahoning Valley and the Lake counties increased their relative
proportion in a substantial way, and made the whole State more important rela-
tively.
IBON AND STEEL.
363
^^Alabama, which has shown an increasing pig iron production, lost slightly
in relative importance from 1890 to 1900, and lost as much more in the two fol-
lowing years. In 1890 the State made 8-9% of the country's production, in 1900,
8-6%, and in 1892, 83%.
"Broadly speaking, practically every item in the table indicates (1) that the
districts using Lake Superior ores are increasing their relative importance in
a most marked manner, the change being noteworthy in so short a period of com-
parison as two years; (2) the districts using local ores are either only holding
their own as to actual tonnage or are declining. It requires no prophetic eye to
read from this record, based on exceptionally prosperous years, that these latter
districts will not so well stand the strain of adversity.
"From 1900 to 1902 the following districts showed increases in actual ton-
nage: Connecticut, New York, Schuylkill Valley, Juniata Valley, Shenango
Valley, Allegheny County, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia,
Alabama, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Hanging Rock (Ohio), Ma-
honing Valley, Lake counties (Ohio), Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota and Mis-
souri, Colorado, Oregon and Washington. Of these 19 there were only 10 which
showed an advance in relative production, the important ones being the Ma-
honing Valley and the Lake counties in Ohio, and the Shenango Valley and Al-
legheny County in Pennsylvania.
"From 1900 to 1902 the following districts showed declines in tonnage of
production: Lehigh Valley, Upper and Lower Susquehanna valleys, Texas,
Hocking Valley and Michigan.
"The Upper Susquehanna Valley practically dropped out in 1902, through
the removal of the local interest to Buffalo, N. Y.*'
Steel. — The production of steel in the United States is given in the subjoined
table:—
PRODUCTION OF STEEL IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN TONS OP 2,240 LB.)
Kinds.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
6,009,017
8,280,292
03,548
7,586,854
2,947,816
128,600
6,684,770
8,402,568
131,260
8,718,808
4,666,309
108,984
9,188,368
6,687,729
121,158
Open-hearth
Crucible, etc
Total tons
8,882,867
9,076,788
10,662,170
10,882,766
10,218,572
10,888,069
13,473,696
18,689,946
14,947,250
16,186,406
Total metric tons
The increase in Bessemer steel in 1902 was 6-8%, while that in open-hearth
steel was 22-2% ; the increase in the total output of all kinds of steel was 12-2%.
In part, the small increase in Bessemer steel was due to a local and temporary
cause ; but the gain in open-hearth steel was a substantial one, both in quantity
and in proportion to the total.
The comparatively small increase in Bessemer steel was due to the closing
down of the Lackawanna Steel Co.'s plant at Scranton ; while the new works of
that company at Buffalo were not yet completed.
The application of the different kinds of steel continued practically the same
as heretofore. Rails* continue to be made of Bessemer steel almost exclusively,
and it is also used for bars and merchant steel very largely; while the open-
364
THE MIITBBAL INDUSTBT,
hearth steel is used for structural material, shapes and sheets. It may be noted,
however, that the latest rail mill built — ^that at Ensley, Ala. — uses basic open-
hearth metal. That plant, however, made very few rails last year, having been
completed near the close of the year.
It is worth noting also that the greater part of the additional output of open-
hearth steel is from the basic furnaces. Of the steel made last year in the open-
hearth furnace 79 1% was basic and 20-9% acid steel; the proportions in 1901
being 77*7% and 22-3% respectively. The Bessemer, or converter, production
continues to be practically all acid steel, and the basic converter does not come
into use here. The proportions of acid and basic steel made are shown in the
following table : —
Add.
Basic.
Total.
Beasemer
Tons.
9,800,471
1,191,196
186,000
%
61-6
7-9
0-8
Tons.
%-
Tons.
9,806,471
6,687,W0
186;000
Open-heartb
4,496,588
89-7
Cradble
Totals
10,688,667
9,864,608
70-8
78- 1
4,496,588
8,618,998
89-7
86*9
15,119,800
18,478.606
Totals, 1901
The increase last year, as compared with 1901, in acid open-hearth steel was
only 14-7%, while that in basic steel was 24-2%. This increase will be aug-
mented by the extension of steel making in the South, where several new plants
are being erected and others are contemplated. All of these will naturally make
basic steel.
The figures given, emphasize the movement of several years past, and again
show that the open-hearth process is growing in importance in this country.
This is further shown by the fact that nearly all the new steel plants are open-
hearth furnaces. The only important new Bessemer plant now under construc-
tion is that of the Lackawanna Steel Co. at Buffalo ; and that is not wholly an
addition to the converter capacity, since it takes the place of the smaller plant
at Scranton, which the company dismantled last year.
Firuished Iron and Steel. — ^Thc production of all kinds of Bessemer steel
rails by the producers of Bessemer steel ingots in 1902 was 2,876,243 gross tons,
as compared with a similar production in 1901 of 2,836,273 tons, in 1900 of
2,361,921 tons, and in 1899 of 2,240,767 tons. The maximum production of
Bessemer steel rails by the producers of Bessemer steel ingots was reached in 19.02,
but the increase in that year over 1901 amounted to only 40,020 tons, or 1-49&.
As compared with 1887, 15 years ago, the increase in 1902 in the production of
Bessemer rails amounted to only 831,474 tons, or 40%, while during the same
period the increase in the production of Bessemer ingots amounted to 6,202,330
tons, or almost 211'%.
With the exception of the Lackawanna plant at Scranton, which was dis-
mantled in 1902, all the Bessemer rail mills were operated nearly to their full ca-
pacity in that year, the demand for steel rails being greater than the supply all
through the year. Some interruption to the utmost possible activity of the
Bessemer rail mills in 1902 was also caused by the inability of the railroads to
deliver raw materials promptly to the blast furnaces.
mON AKD 8TSEL.
366
To the above total for 1902 must be added 59,099 tons of Bessemer rails made
in the same year from purchased blooms and from re-rolled and renewed Besse-
mer steel rails, making n grand total for 1902 of 2,935,392 tons of Bessemer
steel rails. Twenty plants rolled or renewed Bessemer steel rails in 1902.
The production of open-hearth steel rails in the United States in 1902 was
6,029 tons, as compared with 2,093 tons in 1901 and 1,333 tons in 1900. The
maximum production of open-hearth rails was reached in 1881, when 22,515
tons were made. The rails rolled in 1902 were made in Pennsylvania and Ala-
bama, the latter producing over five-sixths of the total quantity made. The pro-
duction of iron rails in 1902 was 6,512 tons, all made in Pennsylvania, Alabama,
Ohio, and California, and all weighing less than 45 lb. to the yard.' In 1901 the
production of iron rails was 1,730 gross fons, as compared with 695 tons in 1900,
1,592 tons in 1899, and 3,319 tons in 1898. Adding the open-hearth and iron
rails produced in 1902 to the Bessemer steel rails made in that year gives a grand
total for 1902 of 2,947,933 tons of all kinds of rails, the largest production ever
attained in one year, as compared with a total production of 2,874,639 tons in
1901, 2,385,682 tons in 1900, 2,272,700 tons in 1899, and 1,981,241 tons in 1898.
The production of open-hearth steel rails may be expected to show a large
increase in 1903, owing to the active operation of the Ensley plant of the Ten-
nessee Coal, Iron & Bailroad Co., which makes rails from basic open-hearth steel.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of rails in 1902 accord-
ing to the weight of the rails per yard. Street rails are included in the total pro-
duction of rails, but the quantity made in each year can no longer be given sepa-
rately.
Kind of RallB— Long Ton&
Bonemer iteel rails
Open-hearth Bteel rails
Iron rails ;
Total for 1902
Total for 1901
T6tal for 1900
Tbtal for 1899
Total for 1808
T6tal for 1897
Under 46
Pounds.
858,107
2.906
0,612
46 Pounds and
Less than 86.
2,087,068
8,821
86 Pounds,
and Over.
646,102
Total.
Long Tons.
2,086,892
6,029
6,512
261,887
166,400
167,681
188,886
128,881
88,890
2,010,884
2,226,411
1,026,098
1,669,840
1,404,100
1,228,486
646,162
498,822
608,058
679,624
468,210
886,661
2,947,988
2,874,689
2,886,682
2,272,700
1,961.241
1,647,898
The increase in the production of rails weighing under 45 lb. to the yard from
1897 to 1902 was 172,991 gross tons, in rails weighing 45 lb. and less than 85 lb.,
817,449 tons, and in rails weighing over 85 lb., 309,601 tons.
The total production of all kinds of iron and steel rolled into finished forms in
the United States from 1898 to 1902 is given below :—
Year.
Iron and
Steel Rails.
Skeip, and '
Shapes.
Wire Rods.
Plates and
Sheets, except
NaU Plate.
Cut Nails.
Gross Tons.
Total.
Oross Tons.
1896
1,961,241
2,272,700
2,866,672
8.874,689
2.947,988
8,941,967
4.996,801
4,890,697
6,686,479
6,688,646
1,061,688
1.086,806
846.291
1,866,984
1.674.298
ill
70,188
86,016
70,246
68,880
78,986
8,614,870
10.294.419
6,467,448
12,849,827
18,944,116
1899
igoo
1901
1002
The production of wire nails in the United States in 1902 amounted to
10,982,246 kegs of 100 lb., as compared with 9,803,822 kegs in 1901, an increase of
366 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
1,178,424 kegs, or over 12%. In 1900 the production amounted to 7,233,979
kegs, in 1899 to 7,618,130 kegs, in 1898 to 7,418,475 kegs, in 1897 to 8,997,245
kegs, in 1896 to 4,719,860 kegs, and in 1895 to 5,841,403 kegs. The total pro-
duction of cut nails in 1902 was 1,633,762 kegs of 100 lb. each, as compared with
1,542,240 kegs in 1901, an increase of 91,522 kegs, or almost 6%. In 1886 the
maximum production of 8,160,973 kegs was reached. In 1902 the production
of wire nails exceeded that of cut nails by 9,348,484 kegs, in 1901 by 8,261,682
kegs, in 1900 by 5,660,485 kegs, in 1899 by 5,713,790 kegs, in 1898 by 6,846,254
kegs, and in 1897 by 6,890,446 kegs.
One branch of iron manufacture has almost ceased to exist. In 1902 there
were no forges in operation in the United States for the manufacture of blooms
and billets directly from the ore. In 1901 the blooms and billets so made
amounted to 2,310 gross tons, as compared with 4,292 tons in 1900, 3,142 tons
in 1899, 1,767 tons in 1898, 1,455 tons in 1897, 1,346 tons in 1896, 40 tons
in 1895, 40 tons in 1894, 864 tons in 1893, and 2,182 tons in 1892. All the
ore blooms produced since 1897 were made by the Chateaugay Ore & Iron
Co., of Plattsburgh, New York, at its Standish Iron Works, which were, how-
ever, idle in 1902.
The iron blooms produced in forges from pig and scrap iron in 1902, and
which were for sale and not intended for the consumption of the makers, amounted
to 12,002 gross tons, as compared with 8,237 tons in 1901, 8,655 tons in 1900,
9,932 tons in 1899, 6,345 tons in 1898. All the pig and scrap blooms made in
forges from 1895 to 1902, and intended to be for sale, were made in Pennsylva-
nia and Maryland.
The United States Steel Corporation. — ^As the United States Steel Corpora-
tion, the organization of which wa« noted and described in The Mineral Indus-
try, Vol. X., now produces over 50% of the pig iron manufactured in the United
States, and over 60% of the steel and finished products, its report for 1902
constitutes an important part of the history of the iron trade for the year. An
analysis of this report is given in the following pages and contains very full in-
formation as to the operations of the company. It covers the calendar year 1902.
The balance sheet, summed up and reduced to its closest possible analysis,
shows assets and liabilities as below : —
Common stock $508,302,500
Preferred stock 610,281,100
Stocks of subsidiary companies 21 5,914
■ $1,018799,514
Bonds, U. 8. Steel Corporation $801,059,000
ObligratioDs of subsidiary companies 69,285,878
' • $870,344,878
8inkin|( and other special funds 29.098,993
Current accounts and liabiliUes 49,826,258
Surplus fund 77,874,697
Total llabiUties $1,546,544,284
Properties owned and improvements $1,828,446,843
Sinking fund and miscellaneous 8.263,784
lUTentories, material on hand 104,390,845
Accounts, bills and collectable assets 60,280,140
Cash on hand 60,168,178
Total assets $1,646,M4,8S4
To put it briefly, the company has, in capital stock, $1,018,799,514, on ap-
proximately half of which it has agreed to pay 7% yearly, before the other half
IRON AND STEEL.
'6^1
can receive anything; it has $370,344,878 in obligations constituting liens on part
or all of its property ; it has $29,698,933 in special funds intended to retire those
liens or to replace property worn out or destroyed; while the remainder of
$127,418,831 constitutes the working capital held in hand to carry on its enormous
<)perations, without friction. The iron ore mined by the corporation from its
mines in the Lake Superior region was as follows, in long tons : —
Marquette Range. .
HenomlDee R mge.
Gk>geblc Range....
Vermillion Range. .
Meaabi Range
Total
Tons.
1,487,870
2,676,764
2,064,492
2,057,687
7,778,088
16,068,179
Per
Cent
9-8
16-7
12*8
12*8
48*4
1000
These shipments were 58-3% of the total ore output of the Lake region last
year. For the current year the proportion will be higher, as the Steel Corpora-
tion has acquired additional holdings.
The coke produced was 9,521,567 tons. The coal mined from the corpora-
tion's mines, and not used in the production of coke, was 709,367 tons. This
would make a total of approximately 15,000,000 tons mined by the company.
This shows that the hold of the company upon the coal supply is much less ex-
tensive than that upon the output of iron ore. The company must have bought
a large quantity of coal from outside parties last year. Of the coke, however, its
works produced nearly 38% of the total output of the country last year. It must
be remembered, however, that nearly all of the coke last year came from the Con-
nellsville district, which is a region now on the decline.
The production of steel ingots at the various works was as follows last year : —
Long Tons.
Per
Cent
RflflfMnner nteel
6,789,210
2,984,706
68-4
80-6
Onen-hearth steel
Total.. ............... ..---TT--tT--T
9,748,918
1000
This total is 64-4% of the total output of steel ingots in the United States
last year. It shows that the United States Steel Corporation must have bought
a large quantity of pig iron from outside interests.
The production of the corporation's blast furnaces last year was : Pig iron,
7,802,812 tons; spiegeleisen, 128,265 tons; ferromanganese, 44,453 tons; total,
7,975,530 tons. This was 44-8% of the total output of pig iron in the United .
States. The proportion — as with iron ore — ^will probably be greater this year,
in view of the new furnaces completed, and those bought by the corporation. If
the spiegeleisen and ferromanganese are taken separately, it is found that the
corporation's output was 81 1% of the total production in the United States.
The subjoined table shows the total quantity of finished products made ; in this
table the item of billets and blooms shows only the quantity shipped and sold to
368
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
others in that form, and does not include billets made and afterward converted
into other products in the company's mills: —
BOleto and blooms lold and shipped,
Rails.
Merchant steel, bars, shapes, etc.. .,
Platen ,
Sheets and tin-plates
Wire and wire products
Wire-rods
Tubes and pipes
Axles V-VT.
Spikes, bolts, nuts, etc
Bail-joints and anele-bars.
Structural work (Am. Bridge Ck>.). . .
Miscellaneous
Total finished products.
Long Tons.
788,087
1,«0,786
1,«4,8«0
610,641
788,670
1,189,800
100380
744,008
186,7W
4S.084
180,064
481,080
80,177
8,107,888
Per
Oeot
0-6
88-4
16-8
70
0-6
18-7
1-8
01
1-7
0-6
1-7
60
0*4
1000
Only 9-6% of the steel made was sold in the comparatively crude form of bil-
lets. The table shows the wide range of products made in the company's va-
rious mills.
The tonnage of unfilled orders on the books at the close of 1902 equaled
5,347,253 tons of all kinds of manufactured products. At the corresponding date
in preceding year the orders booked equaled 4,497,749 tons. In many of the
classes of heavier products, like rails, plates and structural material, practically
the entire capacity of the mills is sold up until nearly the end of the year 1903.
The income account for the year — condensed as far as possible — ^may be given
as follows: —
Gross sales and eaminfrs 1800,610,479
Rentalsand miscellaneous 8,188,071
Interest on investments and receipts from companies controlled 6,480,468
Total receipts 8800,066,008
Manufacturing cost and operating: expenses $411,408,818
Selling, seneral and transportation expenses. 18,808,800
Taxes, discounts and current interest 4,800,404
Rentals and interest, subsidiary companies 0,840.487
Total expenses $486,767,188
Net earnings $188,806,704
Depreciation and replacement funds, regular $14,160,886
Depreciation and replacement f imds. extraordinary 10,000,000
Interest on U. 8. Bteel Corporation bonds. 16,187,860
Sinldng fund on Corporation and subsidiary bonds 8,004,004
Total charges $48,008,880
Net balance for stock 180,800,688
Dividends paid, H. on preferred stock $86,780,178
Dividends paid, i%, on common stock 80,888,000
Total dividends 860,068,8n
Undivided profits, to surplus p4,868,067
Had all the net earnings shown been applied to dividends, they would have
been sufficient to pay 10-74% on the common stock. The sum available for divi-
dends was 15-84% of the gross receipts. In this case it is impossible to make
any close averages of production ; it may be stated, however, that the gross sales
and earnings showed approximately $68-37 per ton of finished steel product, and
the total receipts $69 42 per ton. The manufacturing expenses were $60-19, and
the total expenses $63-16 per ton.
IRON AND aXEEL.
The report states that *Hhe actual expenditures for ordinary repairs and main-
tenance included in operating expenses were $21,230,218. It cannot be stated,
however, that this specific sum was taken out of the net earnings for the year,
because in the manufacturing and producing properties the expenses for repairs
and maintenance enter into and form a part of production cost. And as the
net earnings of such properties are stated on the basis of gross receipts for
product shipped, less the production cost thereof, the income for the year is
charged with outlays for repairs and maintenance only to the extent that the
production during such period was actually shipped. But as the shipments in
1902 equaled practically the yearns production, approximately the entire amount
of the expenditures in question has been deducted before stating the net earnings
as above."
The report states, in brief, that the physical condition of the properties has
been fully maintained during the year, the cost of which has been charged to
current operations. The amount expended during the year for maintenance,
renewals and extraordinary replacements aggregated $29,157,011. Of this amount
$7,926,793 was for extraordinary replacements, the bulk of the same ($6,978,230)
being in connection with the manufacturing properties. The ordinary main-
tenance and repairs aggregated $21,230,218, of which $16,099,218 was spent on
the manufacturing properties and $3,544,664 on the railroad properties; re-
mainder scattering.
From the organization of the corporation, April 1, 1901, to Jan. 1, 1903, the
amount of bonds and mortgages paid and retired by all the companies, including
bonds purchased for sinking fimd, was $6,384,759 ; bonds and mortgages issued
for new property acquired, $3,456,660 ; net decrease, $2,928,099.
The unsecured obligations of the subsidiary companies, consisting of purchase
money obligations, bills payable and special deposits, were reduced during the
fiscal year 1902 by $13,652,368, and during the entire period from April 1, 1901,
to Dec. 31, 1902, by $27,700,339. The funds for said payment were provided
entirely from the surplus net earnings ; no new capital or bonded or other liabil-
ity has been created in lieu thereof, although practically all of such payments
might properly be funded, as the liabilities were those of the subsidiary com-
panies prior to or at the time of organization of the United States Steel Cor-
poration for the acquirement of additional property or for moneys borrowed,
which were in turn used for purchase of property and construction expenditures.
As shown by the balance sheet, the amount of these liabilities outstanding on
Dec. 31, 1902, is $17,377,468, as follows : Purchase money obligations, $6,689,419 ;
bills payable, $6,202,502 ; special deposits, $4,485,547.
The expenditures m^de during the year by all the properties and charged to
property account equaled, less credits for property sold, the total sum of
$16,586,532. These outlays were made for the completion of construction work
at manufacturing properties under way when the United States Steel Corporation
was organized, also for necessary additions and extensions authorized since its
organization, for the acquirement of additional ore and coal property, the open-
ing and development of new mines and plants, for additional equipment and
facilities demanded by the growing requirements of the business of the trans-
370 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
portation properties, to secure material reduction in cost of manufacture, trans-
portation of raw and unfinished material, and distribution of finished products,
etc.
The outlays as above are classified by properties as follows : Acquirement of
stocks of subsidiary companies, $258,473 ; manufacturing properties, $9,743,126 ;
ore properties, $1,971,542; coal and coke properties, $2,043,169; transportation
properties, $2,741,653; total, $16,757,963. Against this there was a credit of
$171,430 on miscellaneous properties sold; leaving a net outlay of $16,586,533,
as above.
The average number of employes in the service of all properties during the
entire year was 168,127. The aggregate amount paid for salaries and wages of
employes was $120,528,343.
One of the most important points to be considered in the trade in 1902 was
the course of the United States Steel Corporation as to the extension of its oper-
ations. During the greater part of the year the corporation was quiet in this
direction) and little was heard of any further additions to its properties, its ap-
parent policy having been simply to round out and complete the works which it
already owned, particularly by the addition of blast furnace capacity. It will be
remembered that the number of blast furnaces owned by the big corporation on
its first organization was not sufficient to supply its steel works with pig iron,
and the consequence was that heavy purchases of pig iron had to be made from
time to time. This outside buying was chiefly done from the Bessemer Steel
Association, the organization of the blast furnace operators of the Mahoning and
Shenango valleys, in western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Apparently the corpora-
tion did not intend to enlarge the number of its plants or possibly postponed any
such action until the settlement of the litigation in which its proposed issue of
$250,000,000 in bonds was involved. In December, however, there was a sudden
change in this respect, and it was announced that the corporation had purchased
the property of the newly formed Union Steel Co., which was a consolidation of
the Union Steel Co., which, during the year, had been constructing blast fur-
naces and steel works at Donora, near Pittsburg, and of the Sharon Steel Co.,
which owned comparatively new works of the best modem t3rpes at Sharon, Pa.
The purchase included the transfer of all the property and assets of the Union
Co., comprising, besides the works above mentioned, large interests in iron ore
on the Menominee and Mesabi ranges, in the Lake Superior region, and also a
large working capital which had been provided by the stockholders. The price
paid was $45,000,000, payment being made in bonds secured by mortgage upon
the properties turned over. It may be said that there were special reasons for
the acquisition of these properties. In the first place they gave the corporation
an important addition to its blast furnace capacity. Beyond that, however, they
put an end to the prospect of a serious competition in the wire and nail trades,
and strengthened the United States Steel Corporation on a side where it had
been particularly weak, and open to attack. The result in this direction will
probably be the closing of son^e of the older works of the company and the
transfer of a portion of the wire business of the Donora and Sharon mills.
Beyond the points mentioned, however, a strong motive for the purpose is found
IRON AND STEEL.
371
in the ownership of the iron ore properties, but to this point reference is made
elsewhere.
Another purchase reported in December was that of the property of the old
Troy Steel Co., located at Breaker Island, on the Hudson River, near Troy, N. Y.
This property, which had been operated for a number of years with various for-
tunes, but which had been idle for several years past, included three blast fur-
naces having a yearly capacity of 160,000 tons of pig iron, with rolling mill for
structural material, merchant steel and sheets and a basic Bessemer steel plant,
for a long time the only one of the kind in the United States. This property was
sold early in 1902 to parties who incorporated a new company known as the Troy
Steel Products Co., and announced plans for starting up the mills and adding
tin-plate and wire mills. This project, of course, came to an end with the sale.
The furnaces when in operation used magnetic ores from the neighborhood of
Crown Point, and Port Henry, on Lake Champlain, making a basic pig. The
chief object of this purchase is that the plant provides blast furnaces, and can
furnish basic iron for the open-hearth steel furnaces of the big wire works at
Worcester, Mass. The Bessemer plant has been given up and the mill machinery
transferred to other works.
A deal which was closed just after the end of the year was the purchase of the
important interests on the Mesabi iron range^ owned by the Hill or Great North-
em Railroad interest. From the beginning, it has evidently been the intention
of the United States Steel Corporation to control the Lake Superior iron ore de-
posits and no opportunity has been lost of strengthening its hold upon them.
The purchases made by Mr. Hill were intended chiefly to give the traffic of the
mines held to the Eastern Minnesota road, owned by the Great Northern Co., and
this object was quite as well secured by a contract with the United States Steel
Corporation as by the actual ownership and operation of the mines. In this
connection it may be well to mention the fact that there were a good many trans-
actions in iron properties in different parts of the United States made during the
year. Most of these were completed in a quiet, not to say secret way, and in most
of them the actual purchasers remained more or less a mystery. Under these
circumstances, it is not at all out of the way to surmise that the United States
Steel Corporation was back of many of these transactions, and that its ultimate
object in them is to control the iron ore output of the country.
IMPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL, 1899 — 1902. (iN LONG TONS.)
Article.
Vig iron, Bplegeleisen, and ferromaoganese.
Scrap iron and scrap steel
Bar iron
Iron and steel rails
Hoop, band, or scroll iron and steel
Steel inffots, billets, stnictnral steel, etc
Sheet plate, and tagrgers* iron and steel. . . .
Tin plates
Wire rods, Iron and steel
wire, and articles made from wire
Anvils
Chains
Total
372
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Imports and Exports, — The results of the enormous home consumption in 1902
were apparent in a diminution of exports and an increase in imports. The de-
mand and prices at home made it difficult to compete with Great Britain and
Germany in foreign markets ; while large quantities, especially of pig iron, scrap
and steel billets, were absorbed by our manufacturers.
The preceding table, compiled from the reports of the Bureau of Statistics of
the Treasury Department, gives the quantities of leading articles of iron and
steel imported into the United States in the four calendar years 1899, 1900, 1901
and 1902.
The total imports of iron and steel, including machinery, cutlery, firearms, etc.,
for which weights are not obtainable, amounted in foreign value to $41,468,826
in the calendar year 1902, as compared with $20,395,015 in 1901, $20,443,911
in 1900, and $15,800,579 in 1899, an increase in 1902 as compared with 1901 of
$21,073,811, or over 100%. Of the pig iron imported in recent years a large
part was spiegeleisen and ferromanganese, which pay duty as pig iron, but in 1902
there was a great increase in the importations of foundry and Bessemer pig iron.
The following table, also compiled from the reports of the Bureau of Statistics
of the Treasury Department, gives the exports of leading articles of iron and
steel in the calendar years 1899, 1900, 1901 and 1902:—
EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL, 1899 — 1902. (iN LONG TONS.)
Article.
Pig iron
Scrap and old, for remanufacture. .
Bar iron
Band, hoop, or scroll iron and steel
Bars or rods of steel not wire rods. .
Steel wire rods
Billets, ingots, and blooms ,
Cut nails and spikes
Wirenalls
All other nails, including tacks
Iron plates and sheets
Steel plates and sheets
Iron rails
Steel rails
structural iron and steel
Wire
Total
1890.
828,078
76,663
10,896
2,869
80,«e9
16,998
86,487
9,974
88,517
8,078
6,196
60,686
6,448
871,278
64.844
116,817
048,689
1900
888.687
49,3S8
18,899
8,976
81,866
10,668
107,885
11,168
87,404
1,818
0,881
45,584
5,874
856,845
87.714
78,014
1,154,284
1001.
81,811
14,109
17,708
1,661
27.897
8,165
88,614
9,808
18 778
1,806
6,900
28,988
901
818,065
54.006
88,888
700,867
1908.
87,487
0.411
88,840
1,674
0,800
84,618
8,400
7,170
86,580
8,844
8,484
14,866
811
87,456
58,860
97,848
870,805
The total exports of iron and steel, which include locomotives, car wheels,
machinery, castings, hardware, saws and tools, sewing machines, stoves,
printing presses, boilers, etc., amounted in the calendar year 1902 to
$97,892,036, as compared with $102,534,575 in 1901, $129,633,480 in
1900, $105,690,047 in 1899, $82,771,550 in 1898 and $62,737,250 in 1897. The
exports of iron and steel more than doubled in value from 1897 to 1900, but there
was a shrinkage in 1901 as compared with 1900 of $27,098,905, or more than
20%. In 1902 there was a further shrinkage, but it was not so pronounced as
in 1901, owing to the advance in prices.
I'he exports of agricultural implements, whch are not included above, amounted
in the calendar year 1902 to $17,981,597, as compared with $16,714,308 in 1901,
$15,979,909 in 1900, $13,594,524 in 1899, $9,073,384 in 1898, and $5,302,807
in 1897.
IRON AND STEEL. 373
Technical Changes. — Technical progress in this country during 1902 was con-
fined mainly to the construction of larger furnaces ; to increased intensity of pro-
duction; to improvements in the handling of ore^ fuel and other material; and
to dispensing with manual labor as far as possible by the introduction of ma-
chinery. The new furnaces constructed in Pennsylvania and Ohio were of the
largest type, capable of providing 600 tons of iron daily, and were all furnished
with machinery of the latest type. In the Southern district a few old furnaces
were rebuilt and a few new ones constructed. These were jgenerally of a smaller
class, running from 100 to 150 tons of iron a day, although they were also fur-
nished with improved machinery. The leaner ores of the South do not lend
themselves so readily to fast driving and high production as do the Lake Supe-
rior ores, which now form the staple supply of the Pittsburg furnaces.
Increased attention is being paid to the saving of by-products and the utiliza-
tion of material, hitherto considered as waste. Thus the quantity of slag from
basic furnaces used in the manufacture of cement is increasing rapidly, as will
be shown by the figures given elsewhere in this volume in the article on "Slag
Cement." The manufacture of bricks and paving blocks from slag has also been
undertaken in several places. The use of by-product coke is increasing, and
the design of nearly all the new blast furnaces includes the construction of a
block of by-product ovens. This is found to be of great advantage, not only on
account of the actual saving, but also because the furnace secures the immediate
control of its own coke supply.
One very important source of waste, however, still attracts but little attention
in this country. With on exception, to be noted later in this section, the only
method in which the waste gases from the blast furnace are utilized in the United
States is for the heating of the blast stoves and occasionally for raising steam in
boilers. A notable exception is found in the new plant of the Lackawanna Steel
Co., at Buffalo, whei^ gas engines aggregating 3,500 H. P. are being installed, to
be driven by blast furnace gas. These engines are furnished by the De La Vergne
Co., of New York. They will be used chiefly to generate electric power by which
the machinery of the plant will be operated.
The Talbot continuous steel process is now being tried experimentally abroad,
where its operation has excited a good deal of controversy. It has not yet been
put in use anywhere in the United States, except in the original plant at the
Pencoyd works. There has been some extension in the use of the Tropenas and
other small converters and in the making of steel castings direct from the fur-
nace. The use of casting machines at blast furnaces is becoming quite general,
and, in fact, their operation is essential with furnaces of the very large capacity
which are now quite common.
The fact that comparatively few improvements have been made was quite
natural. A period when business is extremely active and furnaces, converters
and mills are driven to their full capacity, is not a time when ironmasters can
stop to make experiments, or to introduce new machinery, which is not absolutely
necessary. The tendency is to postpone matters to a more convenient season.
374 THE MINBRAL INDUSTRT,
The Iron and Steel Markets in 1902.
The consumption of iron and steel in the United States continued throughout
1902 to be on a scale altogether unexampled in history. In fact, the year seemed
to be the culmination of a continued period of prosperity. The continuance of
good crops for several years, coupled with comparatively short crops in Europe,
created a demand abroad for our agricultural products, which brought into the
United States an enormous amount of money, and furnished people with funds
for building and for investment in enterprises of various kinds, thereby cre-
ating a demand for material which showed no signs of slackening during the
year. Building in all of the large cities was on an enormous scale, and
there was a continuance of the tendency shown for several years to increase
the use of iron and steel in building construction. The railroad demand which
was at one time considered the chief factor in the iron trade, is now of much
less relative importance than formerly, although the quantity actually consumed
by the railroads has largely increased during the year. The general prosperity
of the country enabled the railroads to make renewals very freely, and to enter on
many schemes of improvement and new construction in order to enable them to
handle traffic more conveniently and more cheaply. This involved the use of
large quantities of new rails, bridge steel and the like, while new equipment also
absorbed additional quantities. The new railroads built in the United States
during 1902 amounted, according to a statement prepared by the Railroad Gazette,
to 6,024 miles, which is the largest report made for more than eight years past.
Notwithstanding the large quantity of steel required for this purpose, it was very
much less than that taken for renewals for new sidings and additional tracks on
the more important lines. The construction of electric railroads also was very
active during the year, and the material required with these enterprises formed a
large item of the demand. Girder rails which are generally used for these roads,
in fact, were turned out by the rail mills to an extent never before reached.
Almost immediately after the opening of 1902 the rush for material began, and
by the end of January the capacity of blast furnaces and rolling mills was pretty
fully taken up for the first half of the year. At the same time, the rail mills were
completely filled for the year, and some important orders from Mexico and South
America, which were offered here, were refused, owing to the inability of the
makers to fill them, and went finally to English and German mills. All through
the first pari; of the year the demand continued large, and in February a new and
more special pressure for foundry iron began. It seemed as though a number of
the larger consumers had up to that time either been doubtful as to the con-
tinuance of high pressure conditions in the trade, or had been too confident of
their supplies, for in that month a number of them came into the market to an
extent which for the time being threatened general demoralization. The im-
mediate pressure, however, was averted for the time by offers of Scotch and Mid-
dleboro iron from Great Britain and of German pig, while at the same time a
number of large contracts were made which filled the order-books of the furnaces
for the third quarter, and in some cases went into the fourth quarter of the year.
Under ordinary conditions this state of affairs would have resulted in a sharp
mON AND STEEL. 375
rise of prices, and it is quite possible that this might have been carried to an
extent which would for the time being have acted as a check upon consimiption.
The policy which the United States Steel Corporation had announced in 1901
was, however, strictly adhered to. That company refused to make more than a
very slight advance in its quotations, and its influence on this point served to steady
the market, and to compel the minor producers to hold back. Later in the year
there were advances made to a certain extent under the form of premiums paid for
early deliveries of material, but these affected only a portion of the trade, and
could hardly be accepted as constituting a general advance. The United States Steel
Corporation, through its control of a considerable portion of the Lake Superior
mines, succeeded also in preventing any advance in the prices of Lake ore, which
were fixed just before the opening of navigation on about the same figures that
prevailed in 1901, and which were maintained at those figures throughout the year.
The schedide of prices was $4-25 per ton, delivered on dock at Lake Erie port,
for Bessemer old range; •$3-26 for non-Bessemer old range, and Bessemer Mesabi,
and $2-76 for non-Bessemer Mesabi. The United States Steel Corporation,,
through its control of a large number of Lake vessels, succeeded also in fixing
the basis of rates on the Lakes, which during the year showed less variations than
for a number of years previously, but this point of the subject is fully treated in
our local reports below.
Production at the blast furnaces continued during the early part of the year
at a high point, and the blowing in of several new furnaces with large outputs
increased the total. Later in the year the railroad difiiculties affected production
to a considerable extent by preventing the free delivery of coke and compelling
furnaces to bank or to restrict their output. This introduced a certain element
of irregularity, and reports from the furnaces were closely watched throughout
the trade. By the middle of the year imports of foreign iron had begun to attain
considerable proportions. The total was, of course, small in comparison with
our home production, but it exceeded the quantity imported in any previous year.
These imports undoubtedly had a good effect in constituting the market, and in
assuring the consumers that they could, if necessary, secure supplies of pig iron
and steel billets from abroad, in case our own works were unable to furnish them.
In June a disturbance appeared in the strike of the blast furnace workers in
western Pennsylvania, the consequences of which threatened to be serious. This
strike, however, was quickly settled, and did not affect the production to any con-
siderable extent, as had been feared. By the end of June the furnace and mill
capacity had been pretty well taken up for the balance of the year, a condition
probably never before known at so early a date. No producers of importance were
able to accept orders after that time for delivery in 1902, except in a few special
lines. In some grades of sheets, in wire and in tin plate, it was evident that the
capacity of the United States to absorb the material have been overestimated, and
in those branches particularly, there was more or less competition among the
independent producers and the mills controlled by the United States Steel Cor-
poration. This served to keep down prices to some extent, and also to prevent
the premiums for early deliveries which prevailed in most other branches of the
trade. Railroad and building enterprises which had not contracted for material
376 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
before this time were compelled to postpone construction until a more conyen-
ient season. Bailroads were generally able to secure the supplies they needed it
some shape or other, but, trolley enterprises and new building suffered consider-
ably. In structural steel especially, some large purchases were made during the
latter half of the year from middlemen or others who held contracts with the mills,
and in these cases a considerable advance upon the current quotations was paid.
During the last half of the year conditions remained the same. The history
of the trade was a continual struggle to secure material, and to keep up with con-
tracts for delivery, and the position was complicated by the fact that the railroads
were handling an imprecedented amount of traffic in all directions, so that annoy-
ing delays and blockades were frequent. Fuel, ores and other raw materials did
not reach furnaces and mills, and tiiey were unable to clear their yards of finished
material for which consumers were waiting. It is only justice to say that the
leading railroad lines made every effort to put an end to this condition of affairs,
and to handle their traffic as promptly as possible, but most of them seemed to
have imderestimated probable demands, and from every quarter there came com-
plaints of shortage of cars and motive power. It can hardly be said that there
was any improvement in this direction up to the end of the year.
Alabama} — The conditions in the Birmingham iron market, including the
entire iron region of Alabama and the adjacent States, were extremely active
throughout the year. Production was on an unexampled scale. Not a single iron
company in Alabama failed to make money in 1902. These profits have not all
appeared in dividends, as a large part of the money was wisely expended in im-
proving the properties and accumulating a good working surplus. Not only was
all the iron produced during the year sold, but, in fact, many of the companies
closed the year with a shortage on their contract deliveries. This was not due so
much to any trouble at the furnaces as to the ore shortage which, during the last
three months of the year, considerably embarrassed the iron manufacturers.
Moreover, nearly every blast furnace in this section has nearly, if not quite all
its product for the first half of 1903 under contract. A great deal more could
have been sold for later deliveries, but many of the furnaces were unwilling to
take orders running beyond June, believing that they did better by adhering to
this course.
The closing quotations for pig iron were as follows: No. 1 foundry, $21@$22;
No. 2 foundry, $20@$21 ; No. 3 foundry, $18-50@$19-50; No. 4 foundry,
$17(cr$18; gray forge, $16-50(a)$17; No. 1 soft, $21@$22 ; No. 2 soft, $20@$21.
Prices for the first half of the year will not fall below $20 for No. 2 foundry.
All deliveries on old contracts at lower prices have now been worked off and
there is little doubt that the average realized by Alabama blast furnaces during
1903 will be at least $18, taking all grades into account.
The rolling mills in the Birmingham district were actively employed through-
out the year, and nearly all of them closed the year with large orders on hand for
1903. Foundries and machine shops in the district did also exceedingly well.
At the Ensley steel plant work was good. The completion of the rail mill will
require a large quantity of steel, especially as the plant had orders for rails well
» By L. W. Friednmo.
IRON AND STEEL, 377
through.1903. The steel, wire rod and nail mills had no room for complaint over
conditions during the year.
New production continued to come forward. The Tennessee Coal, Iron & Bail-
road Co. completed an additional stack at the Alice Furnace, while the Alabama
Consolidated Coal & Iron Co. started a new stack at Gadsden. Bising Fawn Fur-
nace, owned by the Georgia Coal & Iron Co., which had been dismantled for sev-
eral years, was rebuilt as a coke furnace, and put in blast. Projects for several
new furnaces were started, and arrangements made to build at least three ad-
ditional stacks.
Ohio.^ — Cleveland in 1902 strengthened its position as a distributing mar-
ket for a large section of the Central West, remaining the center from which was
directed the movement of iron ore from the Lake Superior region. Sales of iron ore
and the chartering of vessels to carry the product down the lakes, developed later in
1902 than in any season for some time past. The opening of spring found iron
ore producers still undecided as to a price policy for the season. The old range
operators demanded a stable list of prices, and felt that they ought to obtain a
better price for their product in view of its increasing scarcity. The Mesabi pro-
ducers were strongly inclined to advance prices and make a general grab for all
they could get ; at thiB same time they showed a desire to increase profits by bear-
ing Lake freights. It was generally believed that the time had come for an ore
pool to regulate prices and output. A general survey of the field, however, soon
showed this idea to be impracticable. The old range men therefore accepted the
price of the previous year, $425 for Bessemer grades, while the Mesabi range men
put up their price on Bessemer Mesabi $0*50 to $3-25, and on non-Bessemer Me-
sabi to $2 75, non-Bessemer old range taking the same price as Bessemer Mesabi.
While there was no agreement as to prices the individual announcement of each
company was on this basis, and it lasted through the year.
Prices having been settled, heavy buying began. Despite supposed stocks of
ore in the East, some furnaces in that region bought largely, a conservative esti-
mate of the quantity taken being between 2,500,000 tons and 3,000,000 tons. Sales
to Eastern consumers continued through the year, and as many were on the con-
tinuous contract plan, with material to be distributed through several years, it is
oxtremely difficult to say just how much ore was sold there for 1902 consumption.
Tjast spring the vessel interests headed by J. C. Gilchrist, the biggest independent
vessel owner, made a vigorous stand for an 80c. Lake freight rate from Duluth to
Ohio ports, with a commensurate rate from the other shipping ports, thus opposing
the allied ore shippers headed by the United States Steel Corporation. The
latter concern learned that one of its larger competitors had been able, through
the influence of M. A. Hanna & Co., to make a 75c. rate in 1901, which carried
provisions for 1902 as well. The supply of tonnage indicated that 1902 was to
be a season of low rates, and the United States Steel Corporation did not like to
be worsted by a competitor. The result was that while some shippers paid 80c.
on about 1,500,000 tons of ore, the great bulk was chartered under contract at
75c.
The season opened with going rates identical with contract rates, and prospects
9 By George H. Cusblng.
378
TEE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
of a fight over going rates through the year. Some vessel interests refused to
handle anything but wild ore rather than take the proposed smaller rates; un-
fortunately for them the season opened early. Almost the entire fleet of the
United States Steel Corporation was in operation by April 10, before contract
rates for the season had been determined. The outside vessel men had hoped that
boats would not start before May 1. The sudden opening of navigation and the
movement of 1,500,000 tons of ore before the vessel men expected any ore to be
delivered at all, upset plans generally. In round numbers it has been figured that
the amount of ore handled over Lake Erie docks was 23,640,000 tons, as compared
with 17,014,000 tons for the season of 1901, an increase of 6,626,000 tons. The
quantity which remained on the docks Dec. 1, 1902, was 7,074,250 tons, as com-
pared with 5,859,653 tons on Dec. 1, 1901, an increase of 2,214,597 tons. In
1902 most of the boats made an average of 20 trips for the season, whereas the
lowest average heretofore was about 22 trips, a decrease of 41%. Had the car
shortage been responsible for vessel delays the quantity of ore moved from the
lake docks to furnaces would not have shown such an abnormal percent, of the
total increase handled. The quantity of ore moved shows that the railroads did
extraordinary work. Ore shippers had no reason to complain of lack of cars or
poor dock equipment. In one instance a new automatic unloader handled 5,600
tons in five hours and 15 minutes, 92% of the cargo being taken out automatically.
Nor can blame for delays be placed on dock conditions since the entire year was
free from labor difficulties.
The hard coal strike immediately threw vessels loading anthracite at Buffalo and
Erie to the bituminous shipping ports. These boats not finding their usual num-
ber of up-bound cargoes began going back to the head of the lakes light and rush-
ing down ore. The result was a general congestion at lower lake docks, which
lasted nearly all summer. The expected importations of ore from the Michipo-
coten ore fields in Ontario were estimated at 1,000,000 tons. Instead they per-
haps have reached 200,000 tons, an increase of 60,000 toiis, or 10 cargoes, over
1901. The increased demand for ore in Canada, the partial failure of some proj-
ects there and the inferior grade of the ore may have had something to do with
keeping down importations.
The following table, prepared by the Cleveland Iron Trade Review, shows the
performances of docks at the head of the lakes : —
Escanaba
Marquette
Ashland
Two Harbors
Gladstone
Superior
Duluth
Total by lake...,
Total, all rail....
Total shipments.
1901.
4.(«8,A68
2,854,284
2,886,288
6,018,197
117,089
2,821,077
8,487,956 ,
20,157,522
481,716
20,589,237
1902.
6,418,704
2,695,010
8,668,919
6,006,185
92.875
4,180,568
6,598,408
87,089,169
600,000
27,589,169
Changes.
1,891,086
240.726
667,667
686,988
24,714
1,869,491
1,160,468
6,881,647
68,286
I. 6.949,932
The following tables show the quantity handled over Lake Erie docks, and
those remaining there in stock on Dec. 1, the close of the navigation year : —
IRON AND 8TEEL.
379
IRON ORE RECEIPTS AT LAKE ERIE PORTS. (iN TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
Port.
1901.
1902.
Changes.
Toledo ,
Sandusky
Huron
Lorain
Cleveland.
Fairport
Ashtabula
Conneaut
Erie
Buffalo & Tonawanda.
Total
796,298
88,017
481,811
721.662
8,881,060
1,1S1,776
8,981,170
8,181,019
1,879,877
1,475,886
17,014,076
1,087,671
165,566
600,646
1,442,417
4.878,818
1,688,744
4,796,806
4,300,801
1,717,288
2,266,798
82,649,424
I. 289,273
I. 182,689
I. 89,885
L 720,756
L 1,042,258
L 856,968
L 816.686
I. 1,119,282
I. 887,891
I. 781,412
L 5,685,848
IRON ORE ON LAKE ERIE DOCKS, DEC. 1. (iN TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
Pbrt
1901.
1902.
Changes.
Toledo
SanduMky,
854,196
47,884
310,028
96,176
282,784
828,804
1,600,604
^,286
1,967,186
678,679
722,966
819,867
L 66,887
L 47,791
I. 1 268
Huix>n
281,601
196,868
1,878,060
710,590
1,769,145
604.106
470,718
196,100
Lorain
I. 182.441
Cleveland
I 12%; 544
Fairport
I. 118,646
I. 197,991
I. 69,578
I. 252,248
L 121,267
Ashtabula
Conneaut
Erie
Buffalo
Total
5.859,668
7,074,254
1.1,214,591
The proportion of direct shipments of ore to furnaces over the Lake Erie docks
was very large. Shipments to furnaces between May 1 and Dec. 1 aggregated
18,423,364 tons, compared with 14,204,596 tons in 1901, 11,613,773 tons in 1900,
11,765,158 tons in 1899 and 9,058,829 tons in 1898. It will thus be seen that
the direct shipments more than doubled since 1898. The shipments to furnaces
during the navigation season above referred to are determined in this way : First,
we have the quantity of ore on Lake Erie docks before the opening of navigation
on May 1, last, 2,848,194 tons; add to this the receipts of the season just closed,
22,649,424 tons, and the total is 25,497,618 tons ; deduct the amount now on dock,
7,074,254 tons, and we have 18,423,364 tons as the amount that was forwarded,
either direct or from dock, to the furnace yards. It is understood, of course, that
the difference between the output of 27,039,169 tons from the mines and the
receipts of 22,649,424 tons at Lake Erie ports, is ore that went to places other than
Lake Erie ports, principally to the furnaces at South Chicago.
Pig Iron. — The revulsion against the highest prices during 1901 had spent itself
by Jan. 1, 1902, and a gradual advance set in, which continued for nearly six
months. Then the market began to show runaway tendencies. On Jan. 1 basic
iron was selling for $15-75, Bessemer iron was bringing about the same price,
while foundry grades were selling at $16-50. Material vr?3 scarce and deliveries
very slow. By Jan. 15 Bessemer producers were refusing $16, while the Southern
furnaces advanced their prices from $11@$12, Birmingham, and got a good deal
of business from this territory. By the end of the month the outlook was bad for
small consumers of foundry iron, who depended upon the open market to supply
immediate needs.
880 TME MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The basic producers, who had been expecting higher prices to counteract a long
suspension of operations, began about Feb. 1 to sell iron for the future, evidently
believing that the top had been reached. They sold iron for third-quarter delivery
at the market price of $1750, Valley furnace. Before the first week in Februar}*
had passed one furnace announced that it had sold up its entire supply of foundry
iron for the year at current prices of $16-60 for No. 1 foundry. Valley furnace.
Such an announcement, however, seldom means more than two-thirds of the possi-
ble output, the remaining one-third capacity being reserved to accommodate old
customers, to provide against emergencies or to obtain possibly higher prices.
The business for the year was mostly done before March 1, and the worst operat-
ing conditions of the first nine months came during the time the sales were being
made. Early in March there was a slight setback on account of floods, which
temporarily crippled railroads. The increasing demand for pig iron advanced
prices to $17 -50 for No. 2 foundry, with premiums for immediate shipment. To-
ward the end of the month Bessemer and basic producers began to show signs of
parting company. The basic producers justified their grab-all policy by saying
. that they had to make up for the long idleness of their stacks. Bessemer pro-
ducers began to try to curb the grasping market spirit, and the Bessemer Associa-
tion held for $16, with basic producers demanding $17, Valley furnace. The
beginning of May found foundry iron commanding $20 in the valleys. The
quantity of foundry iron sold at this price for early delivery was very small. The
strike of the hard coal miners did not affect the pig iron trade for a month, but
the demand of furnace workmen in the Mahoning and Shenango valleys, and at
some furnaces in Southern Ohio and the Pittsburg district for an 8-hour day in-
stead of one of 12, with no change in wages, caused a strike of a week's duration
early in June. It was settled by a 10% increase in wages. Demand was now so
near supply that an order for 100 tons of foundry iron had to be divided among
three furnaces in the South, the price paid being $16-50, Birmingham. For
• immediate shipment foundry iron was bringing $22-50, and an offer of $20
for Bessemer iron in this market failed to get a carload. This represented
conditions up to July. Foundry prices were up to $21 for third quarter
delivery with Bessemer holding at $21-75. When the strike was over
and the men returned to work with a 10% advance in wages, the Bessemer
and basic producers found trouble ahead, production began to decline and con-
sumers to suffer. There was a demand for material for delivery during 1902, and
the first quarter of 1903. Bessemer iron for first quarter delivery sold at $16-50.
The strike of the miners in the Pocahontas district and the resulting coke short-
age shut down 12 furnaces in the Southern Ohio district and some near Pitts-
burg district. By August foundry iron for immediate shipment commanded
$24@$25, with buyers eager to get it, and by September sales of foundry grades
were developing for the first quarter of 1903. Prices for immediate shipment
climbed higher and higher, until foreign producers were able to ship to the
Mahoning and Shenango valleys and the Pittsburg district. Early in October
foreign iron began to arrive, and to the end of the year the needs of the market not
supplied by contracts were met very largely by importations from Scotland and
Nova Scotia. The demand for foundry iron advanced prices to $27@$28 for
IRON AND STEEL. 381
immediate delivery. The shortage in car supply was so bad during October that
some stacks were idle 10 days out of the 30, and the supply of coke shortened until
in November some furnaces were idle 20 days out of 30. It was evident that fur-
naces would have to carry over into 1903 the greater part of many^ orders taken for
delivery during 1902, and that deliveries on such contracts will hang on, most
likely, until April 1 of the new year. The remarkable season of 1902 closed with
foundry iron sold up for the first half of 1903, with some sales made into the third
quarter, the first half prices being $23, Valley furnace, and those for the second
half being $21, Valley furnace. Members of the Bessemer Association sold up
their material for first quarter delivery in 1903. The non-association furnaces
sold Bessemer for the first half and a good deal for the second half at $23 prior
to July 1, and $21 after that date. During the year 25 new furnaces were started
in this region tributary to the Lake Superior ore supply, each of which will pro-
duce, on the average, 400 tons of pig iron daily.
Bar Iron and Steel. — The year opened with bar iron weak at l-60c. Pitts-
burg. Bessemer steel bars were l-50c., with the usual $2 difference for open-
hearth. There was an advance the first week in February to l-60c. for bar iron,
while steel bars remained unchanged. By March 1 the bar iron mills had forced
prices up to l-70c. The result was an establishment of a price of l*60c., Pitts-
burg, for Bessemer, with open-hearth bringing l-70c., Pittsburg. Early in May
bar iron rose to ISOc, where it remained for the summer. Billets became
scarce, but after a while producers of Bessemer steel bars began to substitute
them for iron bars and the situation was relieved. ^Shortly after tin-plate mills
suspended operations, throwing a good many steel billets upon the open market.
Between Bessemer steel bars on one side and the competition of Bessemer billets
on the other, the bar iron producers after Aug. 1 found some difficulty in mar-
keting their product at a profit. It was later in the season before any reduction
was made, and mills intimated that prevailing market quotations might be shaded
on very choice specifications, but the nominal prices established in May of l-80c.
for bar iron and l-60c., Pittsburg, for Bessemer, and l-70c., Pittsburg, for open-
hearth, prevailed at the end of December.
Sheets.— Pt\c&& started in 1902 at 310@3-25c. for No. 27, the basis for the
other gauges. The first week of January showed that stock men were preparing
for a coming rush. Prices advanced sharply by Jan. 15, the sheet sales being on
the basis of 3-35@3-50c. for No. 27, out of stock, with mill sales at a lower price.
Selling continued active through February and well into March. By March 15
jobbers demanded and received 3'40@3-55c. for No. 27. Prices again advanced,
and before April 1, No. 27 was quoted at 3-45@3-50c., out of stock. In this
trade as well as in many others, probably the greater part of the business for the
year was done at moderately low prices. By May 15 producers of sheets began to
feel the general shortage of steel. In March a convention of the sheet mills, inde-
pendent of the United States Steel Corporation, had determined to send a repre-
sentative abroad. W. F. Bonnell, of Cleveland, was chosen and spent three
months in England, Germany and Belgium looking for material. An order was
placed and imports began about the middle of June. It looked for a while as if
outside mills would have to suspend because the United States Steel Corporation
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
would not release billets and sheet bars. With importations of material the home
market eased up considerably, and there has been no such shortage since.
To the end of the year there was a marked difference between the heavier and
the lighter grades, the heavier indicating a buoyant demand for material while
the lighter grades showed indications of overproduction. By July 15 the smaller
mills which were looking for business were reported cutting prices, but there was
no open cutting till September, then the market dropped and struck what seems
to be the bottom price for material out of stock as the January basis, of
310@3-20c. for No. 27 was re-established. The question arose with the cut in
prices whether the United States Steel Corporation was not trying either to drive
its smaller competitors out of business or force them into a combination where
they could be more easily controlled. Many such producers, not able to have
their own mines, blast furnaces, steel mills and rolling mills, are at the mercy of
producers of billets and bars. The year was one of policy making, and during it
the policy of making the supply of material at all times equal to the needs but not
in excess of them, was introduced.
Plates and Structural Material. — The year hardly showed a waver in the heavy
steel trade. It opened with large stocks of both structural shapes and plates on
hand. Early buying was heavy and continued good all spring, with no distress
until April. Jobbers by Feb. 15 were getting 2*25c. for all grades, with demand
rather brisk. The March floods hampered the steel mills considerably, and less-
ened production for a couple of weeks. The demand for shapes increased, and
prices began to range between 2 -250. and 3c. out of stock. By the latter part of
March speculators thought to get a lead on the future by buying heavily, but tho
mills gave immediate notice that no material should be sold to speculators on any
pretext whatever. This policy was followed through the year. By May 1 the
structural consumers began to inquire abroad for material, and it seemed as if
ship building in some of the lake yards would have to await the arrival of foreign
steel. Under such conditions the smaller mills got restless. They could not see
how they were to be helped by conservative prices, and were inclined to break away
from the old quotation of IGOc, Pittsburg. They began to talk premiums, par-
ticularly on plate, the demand for which was very heavy. The mills in this terri-
tory were sold up for months ahead, and Eastern mills were sold pretty well up
to the limit of their capacity. The latter part of May saw the smaller structural
mills breaking away from the larger ones on prices for spot shipment. The larger
mills had very little to sell, but sold what they could at l-6c., Pittsburg, the old
price. The Eastern structural mills jumped prices to 2-25@3c. for spot ship-
ment, oflFering considerable quantities. This brought mill and job sales to the
same level. By the second week of June the plate pool had been suspended, and
the smaller mills refusing to be governed by the conservative price policy, were
selling for what the market would stand. They began to demand l-SOc. and
1 -OOc. at the mill, while the mills in this territory producing structural shapes
began to ask l-90c. at the mill. It is perhaps fortunate that most of the busi-
ness for 1902 was done before this premium policy was adopted, although the
small mills- had all they could do to supply home needs at the higher price.
About July 15 importations began and helped out smaller consumers a great
IRON AND STEEL, 383
deal. The market settled, structural steel bringing 2o0@3c. out of stock, or
from the smaller mills, with both sheared and universal mill plates bringing
2-50c., out of stock, and 2@210c. at the mill. When the readjustment of
prices came in December the smaller mills asked 2c. for plates, while the jobbers
asked 2-25c. for sheared and 2-60c. for universal. Jobbers held for 2'25c. for
structural and smaller mills in some instances dropped to 2- 75c. The year ended
with the large structural mills sold up for the first three quarters of 1903, and
plate mills sold up for the entire year.
Steel Rails. — ^The 1902 price policy of steel rail mills was decided early in the
fall of 1901 and before the close of that year almost the entire output for 1902
was sold. The year 1902 was about half over when sales for 1903 delivery began,
and were heavy until the latter part of the year. The price was the same as the
previous year, $28 at the mill for standard sections. The only fluctuation in prices
came about Oct. 15, when there was some demand for light rails, and prices of
such rails went to $38@$42 for immediate shipment.
Pennsylvania^ — The policy of the Steel Corporation to prevent prices from soar-
ing to an abnormal figure with every increase in demand was successfully carried
out, and as a result the iron and steel market was steady and substantial through-
out the year. Buyers had more confidence than in former years, and orders for
extended future delivery were freely placed. Before the end of the first quarter
the mills had business on the books insuring steady operation for months ahead
and the furnaces soon were filled up for the second quarter. The tonnage for the
year just closed was greater than any previous year in the history of the iron and
steel industry, prices and profits were more satisfactory, but deliveries were ex-
tremely aggravating. Pig iron production would have been much heavier but
for the shortage of coke. The fact that the railroads were wholly unable to
handle the freight offered despite the increased facilities by heavy additions to
rolling stock and improved equipment, indicate an unprecedented business.
Building operations were delayed, although the material needed was ready, but
could not be shipped. The furnaces suffered greatly during the last half, as it
was impossible to get the full requirements of coke, and as a result a heavy ton-
nage booked for shipment during 1902 was carried over into this year. Mills
were affected by a shortage of iron, and at times by a scarcity of coal. The plants
of the United States Steel Corporation, except tin-plate and sheet mills, in the
Pittsburg and Youngstown districts, were kept in constant operation through-
out the year, only closing for brief periods for necessary repairs.
The only weakness in the market was in sheets, tin-plate and wire products.
Reductions in price were found necessary by the United States Steel Corporation
in order to secure business. This condition of affairs, however, was due to the
excessive producing capacity in these lines. The demand was greater than the
previous year, but in 1902 many new independent plants were put in operation.
Before the opening of the second half there was a heavy overproduction in tin-
plate and many mills were forced to close. In order to keep its plants in operation
the American Tin-Plate Co. succeeded in getting a wage concession from the
workers and went after the rebate export trade. A cut in prices from $4 to $3-60
* ^3r 8. p. Luty.
384
THE MINERAL INDU8TRT,
a box also was made, but it was late in the year before enough business was se-
cured to warrant the starting of all of the idle mills. Wire products were cut in
price $7 a ton, and the plants all were operated steadily. In sheets a cut of $5 a
ton was found necessary to insure business for the mills, many of which had* been
shut down for lack of orders. The independent plants were not closed by these
cuts, as most of them had contracts taken at favorable prices, and had fully pro-
vided for the raw material required. While the conditions in these lines appear
to have been unsatisfactory the business done, it is estimated, was much heavier
than in former years.
The apparent dullness in tin-plate, sheets and wire was almost lost sight of in
the tremendous business done in structural material and other finished steel prod-
ucts. Every plant in this district was crowded with orders throughout the year,
and a heavy business was booked for this year's delivery, insuring continuous
operation up to July 1. Some high prices were paid for finished steel products
during the last half, but the official price was maintained at all times by the
leading interests. Business accepted at these figures, however, was for extended
delivery. The accompanying table of prices for the year merely gives the rates
quoted, and does not record the prices paid, as it would be impossible to satisfac-
torily show the fluctuations on orders for prompt shipment. The ruling price was
quoted in every instance, but premiums over these rates were paid on urgent
orders, and they varied from $2 to $8 a ton on structural material, steel bars and
plates.
AVERAGE PRICES PER TON OF IRON AND
STEEL IN
PITTSBURG DURING 1902.
Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
ApriL
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
SepL
Oct.
Not.
Dec.
Bessemer pi{( iron
$16-75
16-60
16-00
27-00
8-10
1-60
1-50
28-00
2-00
8-05
SB-50
$17 -00
17-00
16-50
30-00
8-10
1-60
165
28-00
8-05
1-85
68-50
$7-60
1900
18-00
31 00
8-10
1-60
1-60
28-00
2-05
1-96
52-60
$20-75
20-75
19-75
82-00
8-10
1-60
1-60
28-00
205
2-05
52-60
$22-00
21-60
20-25
82-50
810
1-60
1-60
28-00
206
206
62-60
$22-25
22-00
20-60
88-50
3-00
1-60
1-60
2800
2-05
206
62-60
$22-26
23-00
21-00
88-60
8-00
1-60
1-60
28-00
2-06
2-06
62-60
$22-50
23-00
21-25
81 00
8*00
1-60
1-60
28-00
2-05
2-(6
62-50
$28-00
28-00
21-60
81-00
8-00
1-60
1-60
88-00
8-00
8-06
68-60
$8400
28-60
81-00
80-00
8-76
1-60
1-60
88-00
1-90
2-05
62-60
$88*75
23-50
81-00
8000
8-76
1-60
1-60
8800
1-85
8-06
68-60
$88*60
Foundry l^oT 2 ,
^-25
Gray forge
Bessemer steel billets
Sheets No. 88
81*a)
80-00
8-75
Tank plate
1-60
Steel fiars
1-60
Steel rails
8800
Wire nails
1-86
Cut nails
8-05
58-60
Importations of steel and pig iron were* heavy during the last half, and it would
be difficult to give a correct estimate of the tonnage. Prices in most instances
were about equal to the rate for the home product. Less Southern iron was
received in this district than in former years, indicating that prosperous condi-
tions were not confined to the Pittsburg district alone. The railroads were
entirely responsible for the curtailment of the production of pig iron. Furnaces
in the Mahoning and Shenango valleys were forced to bank during the last four
months of the year, and a number were blown out on account of a shortage of
coke. The coke supply was adequate and fully 1,000,000 tons were stocked in the
yards during the last half, the railroads being unable to furnish the cars needed
to transport it to the furnace. Blast furnaces in the Pittsburg district were not
so severely affected, but the production would have been greater had conditions
been better. Two furnaces were added to the Carrie group early in the second
half, and in December one was added to the Edgar Thomson group.
inON AND 8TBEL, 366
The freight congestion became so great in November that a tie-up of all in-
dustries was threatened. By extraordinary efforts the blockade was relieved, but
transportation facilities were not up to requirements. If the mills in this dis-
trict had been forced to depend entirely on the railroads for coal they could not
have been operated as satisfactorily as they were. Most of the mills have facilities
for obtaining a coal supply from the rivers which are always navigable this side
of the Davis Island dam in the Ohio River. The Monongahela River Consolidated
Coal & Coke Co. was able to operate its mines continuously and ship coal to
the mills. The Pittsburg Coal Co., the railroad coal combination, estimates that
production last year was curtailed fully 20%, by the inability of the railroads
to handle the freight offered. This company was short over 1,000,000 tons
on its contracts at the close of the year, and in addition was forced to reject many
large orders.
The year opened with Bessemer pig iron selling at $16-75, and large contracts
were placed with the merchant furnaces, the United States Steel Corporation tak-
ing 150,000 tons from the Bessemer Furnace Association. Severe weather in
February crippled the railroads and interfered with shipments, and although the
association had fixed the price at $16-75, buyers forced prices up. The demand
for foundry iron was remarkable, and before the end of February there was
scarcely any difference in price for all grades of pig iron. Sales of foundry iron
were made at prices above Bessemer. Late in March buying of foundry iron for
1903 delivery began, and $19 was the price paid. Furnaces were sold up for the
first half before April 1. The United States Steel Corporation made a contract
with the Bessemer Furnace Association in April for 300,000 tons of Bessemer iron
for delivery in the fourth quarter of 1902 and the first quarter of 1903 at $16-60,
Valley furnaces. This price was not duplicated during the rest of the year. The
strike of blast furnace workers which began on June 1 for the establishment of a
three-turn instead of a two-turn system continued for a week, and production was
curtailed fully 50,000 tons. A compromise was made with the strikers, and an
advance of 10% in wages was granted. During the last half no sales of Besse-
mer pig iron were made for 1902 delivery at less than $22, and some sales were
made above $24. As high as $25 was paid for foundry iron, and the minimum
price of gray forge for the last half was $21.
The demand for steel was heavy in the first quarter, and in April large orders
began going abroad, and importations of steel continued throughout the year.
Heavy orders for structural material were placed in January. Early in March
the mills were forced to refuse business, except for late delivery, and premiums of
$5 a ton for prompt shipment were freely paid. An effort was made by some
manufacturing interests to advance the price of structural material and plates
early in the year, but the United States Steel Corporation objected, and the
official price announced in January remained unchanged all year. The steel rail
production for 1902 was sold up before May 1 at the fixed price of $28 a ton.
The demand was heavy, and relaying rails found a ready market at $29 and $30.
The flood on March 1 entirely closed or affected most of the mills in the Pitts-
burg district. All flood records were broken in getting the mills ready foi
operation after the waters had receded, and some were started within 24 hours.
886
THE MINEBAL INDUaTBT.
The labor troubles of last year were not of a serious character. Strikes of
structural iron workers, machinists and of steel melters in the crucible steel
works were soon settled by granting advanced wages to the men. The iron work-
ers in the union rolling mills of the country got two advances. The puddlers''
pay was increased from $5-50 to $5-75 a ton in January, and the finishers got
an increase of 2%. In July the puddlers were given $6 a ton rate, and the finish-
ers an additional 2% increase. This was due to the heavy demand and advanced
prices in bar iron. These high wages continued for the remainder of the year.
The Union Steel Co. and the Sharon Steel Co. were consolidated in November,
and in the following month the merged company was taken over by the United
States Steel Corporation. The St. Clair Funiace Co. and the St. Clair Steel Co.,
with plants at Clairton, were consolidated, and operated as the Clairton Steel Co.
by the Crucible Steel Co. of America.
The beam and plate associations met in December, renewed the agreements for
another year and reaffirmed prices.
Iron and Steel Production op the World.
The pig iron production of the world in 1902 is shown in the following table,
the figures being reduced to metric tons, to facilitate comparisons : —
PIG IRON PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD. (iN METRIC TONS.)
Tear.
AustriBr
Hungary.
BelfTium.
Canada.
France.
Germany.
Italy.
Russia.
1896
1,866,888
1.828,999
1,811,949
1,800,000
1,885.000
979,756
1.086,185
1,161,180
766,420
1,102,910
69,248
95,562
87,612
248,896
824,670
8,626,100
2,578,400
8,714,896
8,888,828
8,427,487
7,816,987
7,100,206
7,649,666
7,786,887
8,402,660
12,887
19,818
88,990
26,000
84,600
8,841,890
1809
8,708,749
1900
8,895,686
1901
8,807,972
1908
8,566,000
Year.
Spain.
Sweden.
United
Kingdom.
United
states.
Ail Other
Countries,
Total.
1808
229,754
866,886
289,788
294,118
878.000
681,766
467,787
686,868
628,876
684.400
8,819,988
9,678,178
9,006,046
7,977,469
a65S.976
11,962,817
18,888,684
14,009,870
16,182,408
18.008.448
• 6«,000
686,000
625,000
686,000
616,000
86,418,900
Ig99 ,
.89,728,660
1900
40,196,898
1901
40,889,858
1908
44,667,991
•
1
The three chief iron-producing countries — the United States, Great Britain
and Germany — ^turned out last year 79% of the world's production of pig iron, as
compared with 74% in 1901. The United States alone made 40% of the total
in 1902, as compared with 39% in 1901. •
The steel production of the world for five years past is shown in the subjoined
table, the figures being given also in metric tons : —
STEEL PRODUCTION OP THE WORLD. (iN METRIC TOKS.)'
Tear.
Austria-
Hungary.
Belgium.
Canada.
France.
Qermany.
Italy.
Russia.
1898
Ill
567,728
789,820
666,199
686.670
776,876
22,288
88,852
88,964
86,601
184,950
1,174.000
1,240.000
1,566.164
1,485,861
1,686,800
6.784,807
6,290,484
6,645,869
6.894.222
7,780.682
87,467
108,601
116,887
181,800
119,500
1.066,000
1899
1,881.898
1900
1,880,860
1901
1,815,000
1909
1,780,860
IRON AND 8TEEL.
387
Year.
Spain.
Sweden.
United
United
States.
All Other
Countries.
Total.
1896
112,605
117,650
144,365
182,964
124,000
968,700
273,454
800,586
269,807
288,500
4,699,042
6,060,000
5,180,800
6,096,801
5,102,420
9,075,788
10,882,786
10,382,009
18,689,178
15,196.406
865,000
400,000
400,000
405,000
412,000
28,782,720
1899
27,548,318
1900
28,842.294
1901
81,0»1,869
1909
86,479,788
The three chief producing countries furnished 83%, and the United States
alone 42% of the total in 1902, as compared with 81% and 44%, respectively
in 1901.
An increasing proportion of the world^s pig iron output is, each year, con-
verted into steel. In 1902 the steel production reached the highest point ever
reported, being more than 80% of that of crude iron.
Austria-Hungary, — ^The production of iron and steel showed small increases —
35,000 tons in pig iron, but only 1,400 tons of steel. Finished iron is not re-
ported. The Austrian industry is an ancient one, iron having been produced
in Bohemia and Moravia, as well as in Hungary, as far back as Roman times,
and throughout the Middle Ages. The Austrian metallurgists are progrbssive,
however, and some of the works are as perfectly equipped, and as admirable in
their mechanical arrangements, as any in Europe. This is more especially true
of the plants of Donawitz, Kladno, Teplitz, and Witkowitz. At the two latter
the basic process of steel manufacture was installed at an early period of its his-
tory. At Donawitz there is now in operation one of the finest blast furnace
plants in Europe. The works of the Prague Eisen-Industrie Gesellschaft, at
Prague, are identified with the origin of the Bertrand-Thiel process of steel
making. Of late years the old Alpine plants of the Montan Gesellschaft have
been largely reconstructed and some of them have been improved out of existence.
According to Bitter von Tunner, the Austro-Hungarian Empire has been well
to the front in the adoption and development of modern steel-making processes.
Styria and Carinthia, among Continental countries, were the first to adopt and
improve the Bessemer process. The open-hearth furnace was first tried in Styria,
and cast steel was first produced from a Siemens open-hearth furnace at Kappen-
berg, in the same region, while the Neuberg works was the first to produce steel
by the direct process.
The iron industry of Austria-Hungary is mainly a home business, and it does
not profess to compete with the great international movement of products char-
acteristic of the trade of Great Britain, the United States, Germany, and Bel-
gium. The Austrian iron works naturally export chiefly to the nearest markets,
which are the other countries on the Danube, but they have also to some extent
done an export business with Bussia and Italy. The most remarkably situated
works from this point of view are the blast furnaces at Trieste, which are con-
structed largely along American lines, with a thoroughly modem equipment, and
which, importing iron ores from Spain and coke from the north of England,
compete with both German and British works in outside markets.
Since Bosnia and Herzegovina became Austrian dependencies, those provinces
have shown a development of the iron industry, which in 1901 was represented by
122,569 tons of iron ore, 39,296 tons of pig iron, 18,120 tons of steel ingots, and
388
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
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Mineral Industir, VoL XI
The Production- op Pig Iron ik the Principal Countries op the
World in Metric Tons.
IRON AND BTEEL.
389
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Mineral Industry. VoL XI
The Production of Steel in the Principal Countries of the World
IN Mr.TnTc Tons,
890
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
16,500 tons of finished iron. Seven new furnaces are being built in Bosnia;
they are of small size and will use charcoal as fuel.
Belgium, — The production of pig iron during 1902 showed a considerable im-
provement over that of the previous year. The outputs being as follows: —
1901.
1008.
Chaogtfs.
Foundry iron.
Forge iron....
Stodpig ,
Tbtals....
Metric Tons.
08,700
160,066
606,766
Metric Tons.
106,660
886,486
787,916
Metric Tons.
L 16,860
L 89,4W
I. 888,160
786,480
1,108,910
L 887,490
The average number of furnaces in blast in 1902 was 33, showing an output
of 33,422 tons per furnace. Belgium has adhered to the puddling furnace more
closely than any other country, except Great Britain. The production of wrought
iron in all forms in 1902 was 377,910 metric tons, chiefly in bars, angles and
plates. The production of steel ingots was 776,875 metric tons, as compared with
526,670 tons in 1901, showing an increase of 250,275 tons, or nearly 48%. The
output of finished steel in 1902 was 755,880 tons. The large increase over 1901
was due mainly to a great improvement in the export trade.
The future of the Belgium iron trade is not altogether clear. Iron ore sup-
plies are already derived largely from abroad, while the cost of coal is increasing,
as the upper seams have largely been exhausted and deep mining is necessary.
The Belgium industry has prospered largely because the labor supply has been
abundant, and wages generally low. Both in coal mining and in the iron trade,
however, there has been much discontent recently, and some serious strikes have
taken place. It appears that increases in labor cost, as well as in fuel costs are
imminent. As the iron industry depends largely upon foreign buying, in which
sharp competition must be met, the situation is a serious one. At the same time,
Belgium iron-masters are generally alert and progressive, and have shown them-
selves ready to take every advantage, not only in trade, but also in a technical
way. Thus the John Cockerill Co., at Seraing, was a pioneer in the utilization
of waste gases from blast furnaces. Its machine shops are now the largest manu-
facturers of blowing and other engines for the conversion of such gases into power.
Canada. — The iron and steel industry in Canada has advanced rapidly in re-
cent years, chiefly owing to the developments in Nova Scotia. The works at
Sault Ste. Marie, from which so much was expected, are not yet in full operation.
The total production of pig iron in 1902 amounted to 319,557 long tons,
against 244,976 tons in 1901 and 86,090 tons in 1900. In the first half of 1902
the production was 157,804 tons and in the second half it was 161,753 tons, a
gain of only 3,949 tons. Of the total product in 1902, 302,712 tons were made
with coke and 16,845 tons with charcoal. A little over one-third of the total
product was basic pig iron, namely, 107,315 tons. The Bessemer pig iron made
amounted to about 9,000 tons. Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese have not been
made since 1899. The total production of steel ingots and castings in Canada
in 1902 was 182,037 long tons, as compared with 26,084 tons in 1901, an increase
of 155,953 tons. Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots and castings were made
IRON AND STEEL,
391
in each year. Almost all of the open-hearth steel reported in 1902 was made by
the basic process.
The large increase in the production of steel in Canada in 1902 over 1901 was
caused by the starting up of the new open-hearth steel plant of the Dominion
Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., at Sydney, Cape Breton, N. S., which first pro-
duced steel on Dec. 31, 1901, and of the new Bessemer plant of the Algoma Steel
Co., Ltd., at Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., at which steel was first made on Feb. 18,
1902. The latter company has two 6-ton Bessemer converters, which were
operated for a few months in 1902, producing in all 44,537 long tons of ingots.
The company has also a rail mill which first made Bessemer steel rails on May 5,
1902, and which also ran for a few months in that year, producing 32,878 long
tons. In addition this company also produced 1,236 long tons of other rolled
products in 1902. The Dominion Iron & Steel Co. produced 99,425 long tons
of basic open-hearth steel ingots and castings and 86,424 tons of blooms, billets,
and slabs, but it made no steel rails. The Dominion Iron & Steel Co. obtains
a large part of its ore supply from its mines at Bell Island, Newfoundland. Its
chief fuel is coke, made from Cape Breton coal, in by-product ovens.
France. — The iron trade in France was comparatively quiet during 1902,
though some recovery was shown from the depression of 1901. The chief im-
provement in demand was in material for new electric installations. Marine
work was very qu.et during the year, and export trade rather light.
The production of pig iron, as oflScially reported is given in the subjoined
table:—
Fuel.
1901.
19U2.
Changes.
Coke
Metric Tons.
2,861,657
10,167
16,999
Metric Tons.
2,899,156
14,716
18,666
Metric Tons.
I. 87,499
Mixed coke and charcoal
I. 4,649
Charcoal
D. 8.444
Total
2,888.828
8,427.427
I. 88.604
The manufacture of charcoal-iron is now carried on only at a few furnaces in
the departments of Ilautc-Saone, Landes and Pyrenees-Orientales.
The production of finished iron in all forms is reported as follows : —
1901.
1902.
Changes.
Puddled
Metric Tons.
347,708
5,457
218,900
Metric Tons.
401,272
6,580
218,074
Metric Tons.
I. 58,474
Reflned in charcoal forsres.
I. 128
From scrap
I. 6,074
Total
567,155
625,826
I. 58.671
A few charcoal forges still survive, most of them in the Landes and Pyr6n6es-
Orientales. The wrought iron output was in the following forms : Bars, shapes
and merchant iron, 572,641 tons; plates, 52,965 tons; rails, 320 tons.
393
THIS MINERAL INDU8TBT.
The production of steel ingots was
as follows: —
1901.
1908.
Chaoges.
Bessemer .....■...••
Metric Tods.
816,677
606,674
Metric Tods.
1,C 14,984
620,866
Metric Tons.
I. 196,967
Open-bearth
I. 11,698
TotAlii . . T 1 ,
1,42S,861
1,635,800
I. 909,949
The official reports do not distinguish between basic and acid steel; but the
larger part of the steel is made by the acid process. The production of finished
steel is reported as follows: —
1901.
1908.
ChADgea.
Bars aod merchaot steel.
Plates
Rails
Metric Tods.
614,01K
869.906
891,588
Metric Tods.
668,981
876,887
801,434
Metric Tods.
I. 88,918
I. 6,879
I. 9,906
Totals.
1,176,464
1,831,668
L 66,198
The finished steel produced during 1902 is classified as follows: Converter
steel, 682,814; open-hearth, 617,408; puddled steel, 12,041; cemented, 1,005;
crucible steel, 12,716; made from scrap and old steel re-worked, 6,670; total,
1,231,662 metric tons.
Little was done during the year in the way of new works. Some additions were
made to the forges of St. Etienne. Schneider et Cie. nearly completed the build-
ing of a large blast furnace plant at Cette, near Marseilles. It will use chiefly
Algerian ores, from Mokta-el-Hadid and Beni-Saf. The location, on the Medi-
terranean seaboard, is for the purpose of receiving those ores at a low rate. De-
velopment work has proceeded steadily on the large body of minette ores dis-
covered two years ago close to the German frontier.
Germany. — ^The iron trade of Germany in 1902 showed some recovery from
the depression, which marked it in 1901, which was due rather to an increased
export business tht^n to any improvement in the foreign trade.
The pig iron production, including Luxemburg, as reported by the German
Iron & Steel Union, was as follows: —
Foundry Iron
Foi^e Iron
Bessemer pifi:
Thomas (basic) pig
Totals
1901.
Metric Tons.
1,618,107
1,856,794
464.086
4,462,950
7,785,887
%
19-4
17-4
60
67-2
1000
1902.
Metric Tons.
1,619,275
1.206.550
887.884
5.189.501
%
19-8
14*8
4-6
61-8
8,402,660
1000
Changes.
Metric Tons.
I. 107.168
D. 150.244
D. 76.702
I. 736,651
I. 616,778
Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese are included with forge pig, under the old
German classification. The total increase in 1902 over the preceding year was
7-9%. The production for 1902 was the largest ever reported in one year,-vex-
cept that for 1900, which was 8,422,842 metric tons.
Imports of pig iron into Germany in 1902 were light, amounting to 143,040
tons, compared with 267,503 tons in 190] ; a decrease of 124,463 tons, or 46-4%.
The exports, on the other hand, showed a lariro increase, the total for 1902 being
IRON AND STEEL.
393
347,256 tons, compared with 150,448 tons in 1901 ; an increase of 196,808 tons, or
130*8%. Most of this increase was due to a demand from the United States.
Iron and steel products of all kinds, outside of pig iron, showed a large increase
also, the total exports in 1902 being 2,961,764 tons, compared with 2,196,794 tons
in 1901 ; an increase of 764,970 tons, or 34-8%.
The imports and exports of iron ore for the year were as follows : —
1901.
1900.
Ohanges.
Imports
EzportB.
Net Imports.
Metric Tons.
4,370,089
8,889.870
Metric Tons.
8.067,408
8,868,068
Metric Tons.
D. 418,619
I. 478,198
1,980,158
1,089,885
D. 800,817
The imports were chiefly from Spain and Sweden,
minette ores from Luxemburg, which werft to France.
The steel production in 1902 was as follows: —
The exports were chiefly
Acid.
Basic.
Total.
Converter insots
Metric Tons.
841,886
189,724
48,887
4*.
1-7
0-6
Metric Tons.
4,888,064
8,804,496
70,187
68%
29-6
0-9
Metric Tons.
5,829,989
8,484,819
116,684
%
67-2
Open hearth' inarots
81*8
r>irec., csstings. ,
1-6
Totals
617,996
465,040
6-7
7-8
7,888,688
6,989.188
98-8
98-7
7,780,688
6,894,888
lOO'O
Totals. 1901
1000
The Thomas, or basic, converter retains its strong hold upon the German steel
manufacture. The gain, both in pig iron and steel was made in the second half
of the year. During that period considerable sales of basic pig and of steel were
made to the United States.
Italy. — The production of pig iron in Italy is small, but there is a consider-
able output of steel made from imported pig iron. The iron is chiefly from
Great Britain. The Ferris steel works, the largest and most important in the
country, is making arrangements to absorb several smaller concerns. An effort
is being made to consolidate and work some of the old iron mines in Piedmont,
where a considerable industry formerly existed in the manufacture of charcoal
iron. It failed, partly on account of the exhaustion of fuel supplies, and partly
because, as depth increased, the cost of mining iron ore became too great for the
limited capital available.
Russia. — The iron industry of Russia suffered from severe depression through-
out the year. The industrial crisis, which began in 1901, continued unabated,
and matters were further complicated by the approaching completion of the
Siberian Bailroad, and the consequent curtailment of orders for rails and other
material.
In a recent paper on the iron trade of South Russia, read before the Iron and
Steel Association, Mr. A. P. Head threw much interesting light on the conditions
under which this industry is carried on; computed at 45-5% of the total output,
the finished material supplied for railway purposes, and assigned to merchant
bars, sheets, and girders, 37-2% of the remainder.
394
THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
The iron ore supplies of Russia are exceedingly miscellaneous. Until quite
lately the workings were on a very sm^U scale. In 1890, for example, the official
returns showed that ores were mined from 536 mines or quarries, and 195 lakes,
180 of the latter being in Finland and 15 in North Russia. The total output of
iron ore from these 731 workings was under 1,900,000 tons, so that the average
output was only about 2,600 tons. In more recent years, however, attention has
been concentrated on the more productive sources of supply, and Krivoi Rog,
Blagodat, and other deposits are worked on a scale of some magnitude. Brown
iron ore is the staple source of supply, followed in the order of volume by red
hematite and magnetic iron ore.
The iron industry of Russia is still carried on under somewhat primitive con-
ditions in most of the leading districts apart from the south. As recently as
1885 there were 195 blast furnaces available, and these produced a total of about
500,000 tons of pig iron, of which all but 10% was produced by charcoal fuel.
In the following decade this condition had considerably altered, although char-
coal pig iron continued to be the staple. In 1880, about 55% of the blast fur-
naces in the country were worked with cold blast, but in 1890 the proportion was
32%, and at the present time it is probably not more than 16%.
Spain. — ^Although Spain is a large producer of iron ore, the metallurgical
industry is of only moderate proportions. There was little change in the in-
dustry during 1902. The total exports of iron ore in 1902 were 7,546,512 metric
tons; this figure compares with 6,637,613 tons in 1901, and 7,823,270 tons in
1900. Approximately 70% of these exports is shipped to Great Britain.
Sweden. — According to Dr. Richard Akerman the output of pig iron in Sweden
during 1902 for the year was 524,400 metric tons. All of this iron was made
with charcoal as fuel. The quantity of blooms produced from pig iron in char-
coal hearths was 183,600 tons. The steel production for the year was 283,500
tons of ingots, of which 193,300 tons were made in open-hearth furnaces, while
85,200 tons were Bessemer or converter steel. The exports of iron and steel for
the year included 73,296 tons of pig iron, 20,380 tons of charcoal blooms, 8,148
tons of steel ingots and 174,013 tons of bar iron and steel. The exports of iron
ore in 1902 reached a total of 1,719,293 metric tons.
The Swedish iron-masters are turning their attention more and more to the
manufacture of steel. Exports of iron blooms and bars have been decreasing,
as open-hearth steel has been coming into use for many of the purposes for which
Swedish iron was formerly thought to be necessary.
United Kingdom. — The statistics for the iron and steel trade are compiled
by the British Iron Trade Association, and are in somewhat different form from
those of the United States.
The supply of iron ore for the British furnaces was as follows : —
Ore mined tn Great Britain
Ore imported
Totftl....!
1901.
12,^,790
5,648,888
17,815,678
1908.
LongTonii.
1M«8,817
6,341,872
19,767,489
Changes.
Long Tons.
I. 1.159,487
I. 798,884
I. 1,961,811
IRON AND STEEL.
395
This would indicate an average consumption in 1902 of 2-33 tons of ore per
ton of pig made; or an average of a little under 439?? iron in the ore. The
imported ore was higher in iron than that mined in Great Britain. The chief
source of the ore imported was Spain, from which country 6,309,733 tons were
received. Prom Greece there were 335,824 tons; Algeria, 215,632; Italy,
182,053; Sweden, 167,083; Newfoundland, 91,617; France, 66,172; Portugal,
17,223. No other country contributed any considerable quantity. The total
imports of manganese ore were 233,333 tons, as compared with 192,654 tons in
1901 ; an increase of 40,679 tons. The chief sources of these imports were : Eussia,
112,706 tons; India, 43,093; Brazil, 41,986; Turkey, 12,263; Chile, 11,938;
Greece, 8,322 tons.
The total production of pig iron in 1902 was 8,517,693 tons, which compares
with 7,851,830 tons in 1901, showing an increase of 665,863 tons. The product
was classified as follows: —
1901.
1909.
Changes.
Forse and foimdnr
Lone Tods.
8,607,994
794;787
191366
Long Tons.
8,787,994
8,688,148
9ee,918
186.088
Long Tons.
L 129,800
Hematite
L 416,464
Basic
L 127,481
D. 6,882
Total
7,816,880
8.517,008
L 666,868
In the British classification, hematite corresponds to our Bessemer, or low-
phosphorus pig. The consumption and disposition of the pig iron made in 1902
is estimated by the Association as in the table below. In this, imports and ex-
ports of iron and steel in all forms are reduced to their approximate equivalent
in pig iron, which is taken as the general basis: —
Imported as pig
Imported in otner forms.
Pig iron made,
'iported as pii
iported in otl
Total supplies,
cportedaspig..
Lported in other
Home consumption.
Exported as pig.
Exported in other forms. .
1,108,000
8,667,000
Long Tons.
8,617,000
227,000
1,244,000
9,968,000
4,660.000
6.828,000
The distribution of the home consumption is estimated as follows, also reduced
to terms of pig : Ship building, 1,200,000 tons ; merchant iron and steel, 1,108,000 ;
foundry purposes, 1,000,000; machinery, 700,000; railroad material, 450,000;
tools, hardware and the like, 450,000; tin plates, 220,000; naval and military
purposes, 200,000 tons. The number of blast furnaces active in 1902 was 354,
showing an average make of 24,061 tons each.
The statistics for wrought, or puddled, iron are not complete. The make of
puddled bar was reported at 998,278 tons during 1902 as compared with 974,385
tons in 1901, an increase of 23,893 tons. English makers have adhered to
wrought iron, more than in any other country, and a large quantity of shapes
and plates is made of wrought iron.
The total production of steel in 1902 was 5,022,067 tons, an increase of
396
THE MINERAL INDU8TB7,
6,023 tons over that of 1901. The production for five years is shown in the
subjoined table: —
STEEL PRODUCTION IN GREAT BRITAIN. (iN LONG TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
Variety.
1808.
1800.
1000.
1001.
1008.
OpeD-hearth .'
8,806,600
1,750,886
100,000
3,0R0,251
1,826,074
1128,000
8,166,050
1.746,004
181,000
8,800,791
1,606,868
119,000
8.068,888
1,885.770
118,000
Bessemer.
Crucible
Total
4,666,088
4,»77,826
6,038,064
6,016,044
6,088,067
An analysis of the steel production in 1902, omitting crucible steel, is as fol-
lows, the figures being in long tons: —
Acid.
Basic.
Total.
Open-hearth
LonflT Tons.
8^6,606
1,157,180
%
54-5
88-6
668,600
18-6
Long Tons.
8,068,868
1,885,779
68^
Bessemer
87*8
'iy>tal8
8,888,688
78-1
1,076,879
81-9
4,900,067
100*00
For the first time in several years the figures show an increase in the proportion
of Bessemer steel. The Bessemer, or converter, metal was largely used for rails,
of which 903,216 tons were made last year. The open-hearth process is preferred
to the converter ; and years ago the output of open-hearth steel exceeded that of
Bessemer. The number of converters and steel furnaces shows very little change
in 1902, the new ones constructed having been mainly to replace older apparatus
worn out. Very much the same thing may be said of the blast furnaces — ^the
new blast furnaces mainly replace old ones. They generally show some increase
in capacity, but less than in this country, for the British iron-maker has never
favored the very large furnaces, such as are found at the later works in this"
country.
The condition of the British trade in 1902 was very much more satisfactory
than in the preceding year. The year 1901 was a period of depression, owing
partly to a decrease in the home demand for iron and steel, and still more to the
crisis in Bussia^ Germany and other European countries. The British trade de-
pends largely upon export, and in 1902 there was an important revival in the
foreign demand. In part, this was due to improved conditions abroad, and in
part also to the fact that the United States, absorbed in its own huge home de-
mand, practically withdrew from foreign markets, while it also purchased a very
considerable quantity of British iron. . The trade showed greater steadiness,
with fewer variations in prices, than for a number of years past. It presented,
however, one anomaly, and that is a decline in prices of finished iron and steel,
accompanied by an advance in the average selling value of pig. Manufacturers
also found prices higher for iron ores and coke, and these were not offset by a
small reduction in the rate of wages for labor. The various branches of manu-
facture in which iron and steel were used were generally prosperous, with the
exception of the shipbuilding business, which forms a very important section of
the British trade; in this business there was less work than for several years
IRON AND STEEL. 397
past. To some extent, however, this was oflFset by the heavy demand for rails
and other railroad material for export.
The extent to which foreign business affects the British trade is shown by the
fact that while Great Britain last year exported about 11% of its total make of
pig iron, the proportion of the finished iron and steel sold abroad was over 35%.
The total exports for 1902 are estimated as equivalent to 4,660,000 tons of pig
iron; of which, however, only 1,103,000 tons were exported in the form of pig,
the remainder being in the various kinds of finished iron and steel.
Other Countries. — Mexico may be expected to appear as a producer in 1903.
The large works of the Compaiiia Fundidora de Hierro y Aciero at Monterey was
put in operation near the end of 1902. This plant is equipped to make pig iron,
castings, open-hearth steel, rails and plates. The ores and fuel used come from
Mexican mines.
In Japan little progress has been made. The large Government works, to
which reference has been made in previous reviews, have so far been only mod-
erately successful. The chief diflBculty appears to be in securing suitable sup-
plies of iron ore.
In China, the development of the great iron deposits located by American and
European engineers, which was interrupted by the Boxer insurrection, has been
resumed only on a very small scale. The uncertainty of affairs in the Empire
has prevented any new work.
In India important concessions for prospecting, and for mining iron ores have
been granted to a wealthy Parsee firm, Tata & Co., of Bombay, and serious work
has been undertaken.
Iron Ores in Sweden and Norway. — ^According to a recent report to the British
Iron Trade Association, Sweden and Norway appear to be destined to play a
more important part than they have hitherto done in furnishing the iron ores
called for by Germany, Britain, Belgium and other countries, that require to
supplement home supplies from foreign sources. The iron ores of Swedish Lap-
land are being more rapidly developed every year, and, together with those of
Gellivara, will in 1903 furnish to other European countries nearly 2,000,000
tons. Provision is, however, being made by the increase of railway and shipping
facilities, and otherwise, to greatly increase the present output, and as the total
available supply has been computed at over 400,000,000 tons — ^much of it, how-
ever, of inferior grades — ^there is no doubt scope for a vast increase of the present
foreign trade. In Norway the chief iron ore property taken in hand up to the
present time is that of Dunderland, which is being exploited by a British company,
of which Sir David Dale is chairman. This company has yet to prove the entire
suitability of the Dunderland ores to ordinary iron making requirements. There
appears to be a degree of uncertainty attached to the ultimate outcome of the use
of the Edison, or other analogous concentration process that has to be adopted to
prepare an exceptionally refractory ore for British blast furnaces. Estimates
have been made that the Dunderland ore can be put on board ship for about 72c.
per ton.
398 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Notes on Pbogress in Iron and Steel Metallurgy during 1902.
By Frbdebiok Hobart.
Electric Furnaces. — ^With regard to the metallurgy of iron and steel, the
electric furnace occupies only a modest place in this branch of industry, and it is
doubtful whether the manufacture of iron and steel on the same vast scale in the
regions where it is now carried on under most favorable conditions could possibly
be obtained by the use of the electric furnace.
Reduction of Iron Ores. — Although the reduction of iron ores by electricity has
formed the subject of a practical study by Mr. Keller,* the results of which will
be described further on, it may be stated at once that the use of electricity as a
reducing agent is only practicable from an economic point of view, first, when it
is a question of manufacturing special qualities of iron from pure ore delivered
at the works on favorable terms ; secondly, when it is desired to foster an iron and
steel industry in a country hitherto undeveloped in this respect, into which all
the coal must be imported, where iron ore of good quality abounds, and where
natural sources of power are available in the immediate neighborhood of the ore
deposits.
General Conditions of the Economic Possibility of the Electric Reduction of
Iron Ore, — In a few words, and without going into detail, it will be useful to
sketch briefly the relations between the principle of manufacture and the possi-
bility of the reduction of ore by electric methods. The author has determined
experimentally that one kilowatt-year utilized in an electric reducing furnace is
capable of yielding about four tons of steel-making pig iron. If, therefore, the
cost of one kilowatt-year equals K, the expenditure in electric energy per ton of
Iron smelted will equal K-f-4. Adding to this cost of 850 kg. of coke necessary for
the reduction of one ton of iron, the expenditure representing the electric energy
absorbed and the fuel requisite for reduction will be equal to
' -J + 350 kg. coke.
(energy ) ( reduction)
On the other hand, as is well known, about 1,000 kg. coke are required for the
production of one ton of pig iron in the blast furnace, and assuming for the mo-
ment that the labor, maintenance and sundr}' accessory expenses are the same in
either case, and that the cost of supplying the blast balances the cost of the elec-
trodes, which is approximately exact ; and further, that the price of coke at the
electric station is 288. per ton, while at the iron works it is only IGs., then the cost
of production in both cases will be the same on the assumption that
K 28s. X 350 kg.
T + 1,000 . =^^'-
which gives a value for K equal to 25s. 6d. In a general way, therefore, the re-
duction of iron ore by electricity in a country possessing metallurgical works and
equally good conditions of transport throughout is only theoretically practicable
if the ore can be obtained on equal terms, and if the cost of the kilowatt-year does
not exceed 25s. nd. It is true that this latter condition is capable of realization
• Paper read at the June (1903) meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, London.
NOTES ON PROQRESa IN IRON AND STEEL METALLURGY. 399
and has been realized in several electric installations operated by water power, but
bearing in mind that the scale of production of an electric furnace is less than that
of blast furnaces, and that on this account establishments equipped for electric
working would be of less capacity, the working expenses being also proportionately
higher, it does not appear as if the reduction of iron ores, so far as the smelting
of ordinary pig iron is concerned, will ever enter the sphere of practice in any
European electric works. This conclusion is the more absolute the higher the
cost is of the kilowatt-year and the cheaper the coal is. Thus, in Great Britain,
for instance, where coal is cheap and the cost of the kilowatt-year is very high,
the adoption of electric smelting of iron is totally impracticable. Nevertheless,
with a pure ore at a moderate price available at an electric generating station run
by water power, it would be of interest to undertake the smelting in an electric
furnace on account of the extreme purity which would be attainable in the product.
There remains one peculiarity to be noted with regard to the reduction of iron
ore in the electric furnace. In the use of the system to be described later in this
section, in which neither the hearth nor the walls are electrically of importance,
not only can these be either acid or basic, but the melting hearth can be so ar-
ranged that the proportion of carbon in the finished product is greatly reduced,
and the metal when run off is not an ordinary pig iron, but a very hard steel, hav-
ing already been subjected to a considerable fining process.
The Establishment of an Electrometallurgiical Iron Industry in Countries
Possessing no Iron Industry. — There are still many countries in which the con-
ditions would favor the adoption of an electrometallurgical industry, where coal
is scarce, but where, on the other hand, an abundance of good ore and water
power are available. Brazil, Chile, New Zealand, and others come within this
category. Mr. Keller is now engaged upon a scheme for the installation of an
important electrometallurgical establishment in Brazil for the production of pig
iron and steel. The importance of such an industry will be appreciated when it
is stated that in Brazil alone the annual consumption of iron is 60,000 tons, and
that this quantity is compulsorily limited by the high price of the imported iron
and steel.
The following are the data on which the above-mentioned scheme is based:
A concession has been granted by special law to the syndicate of a waterfall which
has a fall of 114 ft., and is capable of supplying in the season of minimum flow,
a force of 25,000 H.P. The work of confining the fall within channels has been
contracted for under penalty for the sum of $500,000. The cost of one-horse
power per year is therefore $8. Calculating that the amortization of these works,
and also that of the hydraulic and electric plant, will be effected in 10 years' time,
the cost of production of one kilowatt-year in such an installation will be less
than $10. The iron ore averages 65% Fe, and is of remarkable purity, the cost,
delivered at the furnace, being reckoned at $2-50 per ton. The price of good
English coke amounts to $12 per ton. The conditions are • therefore entirely
favorable for such an enterprise, and in the light of the comparison previously
drawn it is likely that Brazil will develop into a highly interesting field of opera-
tions for the electrometallurgy of iron and steel.
Mr. C. Vattier, who has been commissioned by the Chilean Government to
400 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT,
undertake an industrial tour in Europe, has kindly furnished the particulars
relating to the conditions in Chile, which in many points resemble those obtaining
in Brazil. Here, too, no iron industry has ever been established, but an abun-
dance of rich iron ore and numerous waterfalls exist, one of which has already been
surveyed, and it is estimated that the cost of a kilowatt-year will not exceed $6.
The price of English co|ce delivered in these districts is $20 per ton. Then ap-
plying the equation previously given, assuming that coke blast furnaces were in
existence in Chile,
100= Y +35,
or,
K = $52.
From this it is clear that coke blast furnaces can never be established in Chile
while, on the other hand, there is every likelihood that in the near future electric
furnaces will be installed. New Zealand also, with its excellent magnetic ores,
which form the sand of the shore, and with considerable waterfalls occurring near
the sea in the course of the rivers flowing down from Mount Egmont, affords a
good field for the electrometallurgy of iron.
Steel Obtained from the Reduction of Iron Ores. — The manufacture of steel
direct from the ores is subject to the same economic conditions which govern the
operation of smelting pig iron. The possibility of obtaining superior qualities
by means of the electric fining process nevertheless afl'ects the economic aspect of
the question. The cost of the electric energy, the basis of the whole process, no
longer forms the principal factor in the cost of production. About 110 kilo-
watt-years are necessary for melting and fining of one ton of steel ; and even if
the motive power is supplied by a steam engine, the expenditure of electric
energy will approximately amount to 32s. per ton of steel. . This outlay, resulting
under the least favorable conditions of generating power, can scarcely form an
obstacle to the fining of steel of superior quality by the electric method.
After thus elucidating the general conditions under which the electrometallurgj'
of iron and steel appears possible, it may bo permitted to describe the following
experiments undertaken by Mr. Keller several years ago. The manufacture of
iron and steel was divided into two quite distinct phases, the reduction and the
melting of the raw metal being effected in a primary furnace working con-
tinuously, and the fining of the metal being carried out in a secondary furnace
working intermittently. The latter was placed at a lower level than the former,
and received the metal direct as it was run off from the primary reducing fur-
nace.
The conditions essential to ensure efficiency in the working of the furnace are,
first, sufficient power available for treating a considerable mass. Secondly, con-
tinuity in working. To comply with these conditions the author adopted the
plan of focusing the heat at several points encircling the mass of raw materials.
By Mr. Keller's arrangement the use of an acid or a basic lined wall is optional.
The furnace hearth is constructed in the same manner as an open-hearth furnace.
The melting chamber of the furnace is surmounted by a shaft of brickwork con-
taining the ores, fuel, and fluxing mnterials, which are charged in from the top.
NOTES ON PROQBESa IN IRON AND STEEL METALLURGY. 401
As soon as the furnace is started, charging begins until it is full. The four
electrodes are regulated separately, a matter which is easily acccomplished within
a few minutes after lighting up. The reduction of the metal and the fusion at
first take place on the hearth only, but after working some time the materials
contained in the upper part of the furnace become suflRciently heated to enter
into reaction. From this period onwards the reduction is no longer confined to
the lower part of the furnace, that is to say, to the melting zone, but it begins
to take place throughout the whole shaft of the furnace, which is kept constantly
full. The gases collect in the upper part, and are drawn off into a chamber
where they are burnt, the heat of combustion being utilized in various ways, as
for drying the ores.
After some hours the crude metal is run off into the fining furnace, which is
previously heated up preparatory to receiving it, and contains already a certain
quantity of molten metal. As soon as the slag begins to fiow from the tapping
hole, the stopper is inserted and the current is then suitably regulated in the
now fully charged furnace, in order to maintain the heat and to begin the
process of decarburization. At the moment of tapping the metal from the pri-
mary furnace, the charge in the latter sinks, and the electrodes, which had been
slightly raised to permit of regulating the pressure of the current, are again
lowered and return to their original position. The charging of materials then
recommences.
The slags from the upper furnace are drawn off through special tapholes pro-
vided in the sides of the furnace, and the metal and slag are run off at regular in-
tervals, the working being controlled in the ordinary way by the examination of
the contents as they issue from the furnace. A metal is thus obtained absolutely
uniform in composition and capable of being readily fined. When the lower
fining furnace is fully charged the molten metal is diverted into a second fur-
nace, while the fining of the crude metal proceeds in the former.
The method of electric distribution is similar to that already described, but
while the primary reducing furnace is constantly maintained full, the fining fur-
nace contains only molten metal and the substances necessary for completing the
elimination of the non-metals. The surface of the bath is at a sufficiently low
leveV to permit of taking samples during working. Although the electric dis-
tribution is the same in both furnaces, the method of electric working is totally
distinct, for while in the reducing furnace a low pressure of from 25 to 30 volts
for each focus is employed, the fining furnace is worked with a pressure of from
50 to 75 volts for each focus. It is important, therefore, in fining that the
electrodes are not plunged in the slag, otherwise, on account of the oxidizing
nature of the latter, their ends are rapidly burnt away, and owing to the contact
with the slag the iron oxide contained therein is reduced, and particles of car-
burized metal become entangled, which delays, and even renders impossible, the
finding of the metal bath beneath the layer of slag.
The elevation of the electrodes for a given capacity of furnace or for a given
slag is determined by their distance apart, and by the pressure employed. For
a given distance apart it is, therefore, necessary, in order to avoid all contact be-
tween the electrodes and the bath of metal, to employ a somewhat high pressure.
402 THE MINERAL JNDVaTRT.
The top of the fining furnace is closed in by a reverberatory crown, and openings
are provided for the introduction of the additions and for taking samples. These
operations could be facilitated by mounting the furnace upon trunnions and
tipping it like a Bessemer converter.
The temperature is easily controlled during fining by the adjustment of the
electrodes. It can be increased to a point far above the temperature of the open-
hearth furnace converter, or crucible furnace, and it is even possible to obtain
a heat sufficient to volatilize the iron. By the process of electric fining, reactions
can, therefore, be produced which are impossible in the open-hearth. The decar-
burization should be effected preferably with the aid of metallic oxides, in
particular with iron oxide. If a blast is employed a rapid waste of the electrodes
ensues ; further, the oxygen of the air-blast, after burning the greater portion of
the more oxidizable elements, of which carbon is the chief, then reacts upon the
iron, forming particles of iron oxide, which, being disseminated throughout the
mass, rapidly change its quality. On the other hand, the oxygen of the iron oxide,
being in stable combination, is only freed by the energetic reducing action of the
carbon. The ore process, therefore, appears to be that which is best applicable
to the electric open-hearth. The dephosphorization and desulphurization of the
metal bath are also facilitated by the character of the source of heat. The elimi-
nation of sulphur can be effected without difficulty owing to the ease with which
a reducing action is promoted.
The final additions are made, as in the ordinary process. The only point to
be noticed in regard to these is the economy which can be effected in the case of
rare metals by the prevention of loss due to their oxidation while making the
additions.
New Blast Furnaces. — The following is a list of new blast furnaces begun
in 1902, which are expected to be put into blast during 1903 : —
One of the two furnaces of the Buffalo & Susquehanna Iron Co., at Buffalo,
N". Y.; Wharton Furnace No. 3 at Wharton, N. J.; Palmerton Furnace of the
New Jersey Zinc Co., building at Palmerton, Pa., to make spiegeleisen ; the fur-
nace of the Rochester & Pittsburg Coal & Iron Co., at Falls Creek, near Du Bois,
Pa.; two furnaces of the Sharon Steel Co., at South Sharon; two furnaces at
Donora, Pa., of the Union Steel Co. ; the third stack of the St. Clair Furnace Co.,
at Clairton, Pa. ; No. 2 Furnace of the Low Moor Iron Co., at Low Moor, Va. ;
Tuscaloosa Furnace of the Central Iron & Coke Co., at Tuscaloosa, Ala. ; Gads-
den Furnace of the Alabama Consolidated Coal & Iron Co., at Oadsden, Ala. ;
the first of a series of furnaces which the Alabama Steel & Wire Co. is to build
at Gadsden, Ala. ; the new furnace of the Cleveland Furnace Co., at Cleveland,
Ohio; the new furnace of the South Chicago Furnace Co., at South Chicago;
the Zug Island Furnace of the Detroit Iron & Steel Co., at Detroit, Mich., and
the furnace of the Lookout Mountain Iron Co.
During the year 1904 there will be completed the following stacks on which
work is now progressing: —
The second furnace of the Buffalo & Susquehanna Iron Co., at Buffalo, N. Y. ;
Nos. 3, 4 and 5 furnaces of the Lackawanna Steel Co. ; the fourth furnace at the
Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co., at Youngstown, Ohio; No. 3 Furnace at
NOTES ON PROGRESS IN IRON AND STEEL METALLURGY, 403
Kew Castle, Pa., of the Carnegie Steel Co. ; No. 5 Eliza Furnace of the Jones &
Laughlin Steel Co., at Pittsburg, Pa. ; No. 3 Furnace of the National Tube Co.,
at McKeesport, Pa.; the new Franklin Furnace of the Cambria Steel Co., of
Johnstown, Pa.; the two new furnaces at Lorain, Ohio, for the Lorain plant of
the Illinois Steel Co. ; the two new stacks of the Cherry Valley Iron Co., at West
Middlesex and at Leetonia, Ohio ; the second furnace of the La Belle Iron Works,
at Steubenville, Ohio; the new Ensley Furnace of the Tennessee Coal, Iron &
Bailroad Co., at Ensley, Ala., and Furnace F of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., at
Pueblo, Colo. The addition of these new plants will more than compensate for
the falling off of old works incapable of producing iron economically.
The Blast Furnace as a Power Plant. — Mr. Edward A. Uehling* suras
up the possibilities of the utilization of blast-fumace gases as follows: —
^^ Although the application of blast furnace gas, to internal combustion engines,
is of comparatively recent date, its practicability has already been demonstrated
on a commercial scale. A large number of such engines, varying from 50 to
1,200 H.P., the majority over 500 H.P., are to-day in successful operation in
Europe, Germany being far in the lead.
^Trom a large number of tests it has been found that from 20 to 30% of
the heat energy contained in the gas can be realized in eflfective power. It has
been found that 1 lb. of blast furnace gas generates 1,283 B. T. U. Now since
2,545 imits are equivalent to one horse power and taking the average eflSciency
of the blast furnace gas engine at 25% we find that 2,545-^-12+7*93 lb. of gas
are required per horse-power hour. Deducting from the total weight consumed
in heating the blast and dividing by the weight per H.P. hour, the horse power
per ton of iron produced per hour is found to be 1,09776 H.P.
"The power legitimately required to operate the plant should be below 200 H.P.
per ton of iron per hour ; but since labor saving machines are continually being
added, to be on the safe side, 250 H.P. should be allowed for blowing engines}
pumps for all necessary purposes including cooling water for gas engines, foi^
handling the raw material and product for lighting the plant, etc., there still re-,
mains 1,09776 — 250=84776 H.P. for sale or available for other useful work,
for every ton of iron produced per hour. ,
"The average rate of production of pig iron in the United States for three
months in 1902 was 1,493,691 tons per month, 49,790 tons per day and 2,078
tons per hour; hence if the wasteful steam power plants were replaced by in-
ternal combustion engines at all the furnaces there would be available a surplus
of 847 76X2,078=1,761,645 H.P.
"The importance of the blast furnace as a source of power as well as the
efficiency of the gas engine as a prime mover, are perhaps even more vividly
brought out by the following fact, than by the colossal figures of available
power shown above: If the coke consumed per ton of iron was burned direct
under steam boilers and the steam generated all used to produce power in steam
engines, an efficiency of 1-82 lb. of fuel per horse power hour must be realized
in order to produce an equal power to that obtained from the gas engine from
* Stevens Institute Indicator.
404 THE MINERAL INDUaTRT.
the same weight of coke charged into the blast furnace even after deducting^ the
gas required to heat the blast.
"When the fact is considered that it is quite the exception to depend upon blast
furnace plants for any surplus power, that on the contrary in the majority of
plants thousands of tons of coal are fired under the boilers to assist the gas in
producing the necessary steam for the wasteful blowing engines and pumps in a
still more wasteful boiler plant, and compare this with the actual power possi-
bilities of the blast furnace it is somewhat surprising that so little has been done
in this direction in America.
"The path of economy does not lie in the direction of compounding steam
cylinders, or increasing the heating surface of the steam boiler plant. Money
thus spent, unless it be for temporary purposes, is more or less completely wasted.
"A modern blast furnace plant should not only have no fuel expense for its
own power requirement, but should have a surplus of power of at least 800 H.P.
for every ton produced per hour for sale which in the majority of localities could
be made the source of a handsome revenue.
"To realize this condition, the first and most imperative step is to wash the
^s thoroughly, the second is to replace the steam engines by internal combus-
tion ejigines. A good beginning to utilize the power stored in blast furnace gas,
as herewith demonstrated, is being made by the Ijackawanna Steel Co., at its
new works near Buffalo, where blast furnace gas engines aggregating 40,000 H.P.
are now being installed."
LEAD.
By Joseph Struthers, D. H. Newland and Henry Fisher.
The production of all varieties of domestic lead in the United States during
1902 showed a slight increase over the production in 1901. The grand total
of soft, desilverized and antiraonial leads produced from both domestic and im-
ported ores and refined from imported base bullion in 1902 amounted to 388,140
short tons, as compared with 392,393 short tons in 1901. The totals of de-
silverized, soft and antimonial leads in short tons, derived from domestic ores in
1902 and 1901 were respectively as follows: Desilverized, 199,615, 211,368;
soft, 70,424, 67,898; antimonial leads, 10,486, 10,656 (includes production from
foreign sources) ; total domestic leads, 280,524, 279,922.
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OP LEAD IN THE UNITED STATES. (iN SHORT TONS.)
Stock
of
Reaned,
Jan. 1.
(a)
Imported
inures
and
Bullion.
Total
Supply.
Con-
mimed.
Exported
inaU
Forms.
Stock
Year.
DeailTer-
iaed.
Soft
Anti-
monial.
ib)
Totals.
of
Refined,
Dec. 31.
(a)
1898....
1800....
1900....
1«01....
1002. . . .
31,161
23,688
26,600
66,640
68,788
160,864
171,406
221,278
211,868
100,615
60,468
40,608
47;928
57,898
70,424
8,648
7,8Tr
9,006
10,666
10,485
228,475
217,066
279,107
279,022
280,524
80,200
76.428
114,807
112,471
107,616
848,845
817,106
425,824
468,083
441,873
246,989
215,662
258,896
804,274
(0860,189
78,168
74,W4
100,288
100,026
80,467
28,688
26,590
66,640
58,738
(c) 65,000
(a) Includes lead in bond, which amounted to 4,700 tons at the end of 1902. 16,618 tons at the end of 1001.
21,190 tons at the end of 1900 11,820 tons at the end of 1899 and 7,845 tons at the end of 1898. (&) The entire pro-
duction of antimonial lead Is entered as of domestic production, although part of it is of foreign origin; it is*
however, impossible to separate this in the statistics; owing to this inability the division of the American pro-
duction between antimonial and desilverised is not quite accurate, though the error is not important, (c) Esti-
mated.
The decrease of 11,753 short tons in the production of desilverized lead during
1902 was a continuation of the retrograde movement begun in 1900, a year in
which the stock carried over was very large, compared with the stocks in previous
years. The decrease in the production of desilverized lead, however, was prac-
tically offset by the increase in the production of soft lead, which amounted to
12,526 short tons and, including the slight decrease in the production of anti-
monial or hard lead (a minor proportion of which is of foreign origin) gives a
total production of desilverized lead and soft lead from domestic source's and
antimonial lead amounting to 280,5'^4 short tons in 1902, an increase of only
602 short tons over that of the previous year.
406
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Colorado,— The production of lead in Colorado during 1902 was 53,152 short
tons, valued at $4,325,484, as compared with 74,056 short tons, valued at
$6,419,131 in 1901. The production by principal counties for the two years, as
reported by the Hon. Harry A. Lee, is given in the subjoined table : —
1901.
1902.
Oounty.
1901.
1902.
Oounty.
Short
Tona.
Value.
Short
Tons.
Value.
Short
Tons.
Value.
Short
Tons.
Value.
Oloftr Cr^^fk - t t «
1,946
8,705
88,180
6,280
8,952
$168,601
8^898
2,448,029
456,982
848,590
1.641
8,107
19,786
4046
2,181
$188,566
252,888
1,606,£»
878,065
178,428
Pitkin
16,875
7,786
6,818
670.607
600,515
12,487
8,860
6,566
$1,016,186
818,806
Hinsdale
San Juan
Others
Lake
458,881
Mineral
Total
Ouray
74,066
$6,419,181
58,168
$4,885,484
The value of the production of the smelters and mills of the Leadville dis-
trict during the calendar year 1902 amounted to $9,468,544, divided as follows :
gold, $1,302,680; silver, $3,051,195; lead, $1,694,410; copper, $303,409; spelter,
$3,103,448; and manganese, $8,400. The quantities of ore produced were:
oxidized iron ores, 285,494 tons; sulphides, 281,558 tons; zinc ore, 85,699
tons; siliceous ores, 72,215 tons; carbonate ores, 22,730 tons. The American
Smelting & Refining Co. reports a production of 50,484 short tons of lead from
Colorado ores. The Yak Tunnel has been sunk to a depth of 1,400 ft., and at the
1,300-ft. level, a new ore body was found. An arrangement has been made with
the Ibex Co. by means of which the Yak Tunnel proposes to drain the Ibex
property, and to prospect it at this level. The independent smelting plant of the
Ohio & Colorado Smelting & Refining Co., at Salida, has been completed, and
is reported to be smelting from 600 to 700 tons of ore daily, yielding about 30
tons of lead bullion; a roasting plant has been added to the equipment. The
Midas mine was a steady producer. No ore was shipped from the Greenback
mine for several months during the latter part of 1902, owing to the failure of the
owners and the smelter combination to arrive at a satisfactory agreement; the
mine is prepared, however, to ship from 300 to 400 tons of ore a day. The Small
Hopes mines have been operated upon lease, and in addition to the shipment of a
large quantity of ore, development work has been actively carried on.
The bulk of the ores produced in the Lead^'ille district is in the form of fluxing
iron ores, which renders the miner dependent upon the rates allowed by the
smelter consolidation. The Philadelphia smelter at Pueblo has been closed,
due in part to a diminution of Colorado ores and in part to the cessation of ship-
ments of Utah ores, which have been diverted to the new smelting plant at
Murray, near Salt Lake City. The utilization of low grade silver-bearing zinc
ores promises to be an important factor in the future of the State, and two
small concentrating plants have started to work near Denver, and the American
: Smelting & Refining Co. has installed a small zinc plant at Pueblo, which if
successful will be followed by the erection of similar plants elsewhere, so as to
act as feeders to the central smelters under the control of the company.
The successful operation of the mills of the A. Y. & Minnie, the A. M. W. and
other mining companies, has done much toward the solution of the treatment of
the low grade 2;inc-lead sulphide ores of the Leadville district. A large mill Im
LBAD. 407
been completed for the Resxureetion mine and several others are in contemplation
for 1903. The x\merican Smelting & Refining Co. has installed new roasting
furnaces, and has purchased the pyritic smelter of the Boston Gold-Copper Co.
which will be enlarged to treat low grade ores of the Leadville district — a problem
that has been a serious one for mining companies for some time past.
The zinc situation has been matericJly improved during the year, and a steady
market has been secured in Kansas and Colorado as well as abroad. The United
States Reduction & Refining Co. is enlarging its plant at Canon Gily by the
erection of a new crushing and sampling mill and an additional bag house hav-
ing a capacity of 6,000 bags. This company is treating a large quantity of
zinkiferous material mainly from the Moyer mine.
Several new shafts have been sunk at Fryer Hill on the extension of old
bonanza ore shoots and the properties of the Fryer Hill Mines Co. have been
successfully drained at a cost of $55,000, which will admit of the handling of
large bodies of low grade ores in the old workings.
Idaho. — The quantity of lead produced by smelting the output of the lead-
silver ores in the Cceur d'Alene district during 1902 amounted to 74,739 short
tons, as compared with 68,953 short tons in 1901, and the yield in silver from
this source was 4,489,549 oz. in 1902, as compared with 3,349,533 oz. in 1901.
The statistics of lead and silver production in this State are based on returns
received direct from the producers with an allowance of 6% for loss of lead and
2% for loss of silver in smelting the ores. The ores in the Coeur d'Al§ne dis-
trict are of low grade, and are mechanically concentrated to a product which
averages in composition about 60% lead and 30 oz. silver per ton. The chief
producers during 1902 in the order of output were : The Bunker Hill & Sullivan
Mining & Concentrating Co., Cceur d'Alene Development Co., Larson & Qreen-
ough. Empire State-Idaho Mining & Developing Co., Frisco Consolidated Mining
Co., Ltd., The Mammoth Mining Co. and the Standard & Hecla Mining Co.
Comparatively little new work was done in this district during the year beyond
the ordinary prospecting and development necessary to keep the mills supplied
with ore. The Empire State-Idaho Co., owning the Tiger-Poorman mine at
Burk and the Last Chance mine at Wardner, has made arrangements to have elec-
tric power transmitted by wire from the plant operated by water power at Spo-
kane Falls, Wash., over 100 miles distant, a notable development of the use of elec-
tricity in mining ; the chief work at the mines was the completion of the Kellogg
tunnel to the main stopes, a distance of 12,000 ft. through which the ore is car-
ried to the concentrators by electric tramway thus supplanting the use of the
aerial wire rope tramway extending over the town of Wardner 25 miles in length.
This tramway has been one of the show features of the camp for several years.
The mining industry of the Coeur d'Alene district has been well described by J. B.
Finlay in an illustrated paper read before the meeting of the American Insti-
tute of Mining Engineers, May, 1902. In September, 1902, an agreement was
made between the miners of the Coeur d'Alene district, the American Smelting
& Refining Co. and the railroad companies by which the rail rates for freight have
been reduced to $2-50@$3 per ton, the miners receiving the entire benefit of the
408 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
reduction in rates and the American Smelting & Refining Co. agreeing. to take
12,000 tons of ore and concentrates per month.
The discovery of a 22-ft. vein of silver-lead ore was reported at the Idaho-
Centennial mine early in 1902. The company operating this property proposed to
install an air compressor and a concentrating plant for the low grade ore, and to
ship the high grade ore to the smelter at Everett, Wash. At the Riverview
mine at Bayshore, Custer County, a body of high-grade silver-lead ore, 40 ft.
wide, has been struck. An incline has been sunk 110 ft. which shows high values
along its entire length. This mine was formerly a large producer, but had not
been operated for several years, and its reopening in 1902 was due to the ap-
proach of the New Salmon River Branch Railway of the Oregon Short Line
Railroad. Another mine which has been opened on account of the extension of
the railroad is that of the Portland Mining Co. in Shoshone County. This mine
has been closed since 1893. The Oregon Railroad & Navigation Co. has com-
pleted a branch line from Kingston to Delta, a distance of 33 miles. The com-
pany owns the Silver Tip, Sitting Bull and Tuscumbia lead and silver properties
near Delta. In the Thunder Mountain district, Idaho County, the Hidden
Treasure Mining Co. has acquired the Hidden Treasure and Belle of Thimder
Mountain claims.
Iowa, — There was a material falling off in the production of lead ores in this
State during 1902. The output amounted to 247,900 lb., valued at $5,761, as
compared with 600,000 lb., valued at $13,800 in 1901. All of the lead ores pro-
duced were smelted by Wm. G. Watters of Dubuque, who treats as well ores from
other States. The total output of lead in the State from all sources amounted to
1,061,000 lb., valued at $42,440, as compared with 1,500,000 lb., valued at $49,000
in 1901. The demand for lead ruled firm, but that for zinc was indifferent, as
none was offered. There has been considerable development work on lead prop-
erties, and the outlook is quite promising for an increased production during
1903. The average yield of the lead ores treated amounted to approximately
70% lead.
Kansas, — According to the report of State Labor Commissioner Lee Johnson,
the formation of a purchasing company to handle the entire output of lead and
zinc ores from Kansas was contemplated. This company was to receive the pro-
duction from the various mines, and to sell it to the smelters, the purpose being
to maintain a uniform price, and if necessary to sell any surplus production out-
side the State, but on the advance of the price of ore, the plans were not put into
effect. The average monthly price of lead ore was $21 in January, which rose to
$21-75 in February, fell to $20-75 in May and rose to $25-75 in December, mak-
ing the average for the year $23- 11. The only change in the mining practice
in 1902 was the use of buckets of 1,000-lb. capacity instead of 500-lb., and of
heavier cables and hoisting engines. Very few mills were built, but many were
moved to new localities, most of them to the southwestern Missouri district. The
use of the Wilfley table has also become more general. There are 192 mills in
the State with a orushipg capacity of 19,350 tons daily. The entire output of
lead and zinc in ores during 1902 was 78,518,600 lb., valued at $1,216,431, as
compared with an output valifcd at $1,413,948 in 1901.
LEAD. 409
The only smelter reporting a production in 19Q2 was at Galena^ operated by
the C. V. Petraeus Smelting & Manufacturing Co., capitalized at $60,000. This
smelter was completed about the middle of the year and shipment from the plant
was made in August, 1902, and during the last four months of the year several
million poimds of soft lead were produced.
Missoi/ri, — ^The mining district of southwestern Missouri, embracing St. Fran-
cois, Madison and Washington counties, experienced a prosperous year in 1902.
A new discovery of lead ore has been reported on a farm two miles east of Liberty,
Lake County, and the property has been leased by operators from the Joplin dis-
trict. An important discovery has been made of large bodies of lead and zinc
ores at Lehigh, Jasper County. The St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad will
build a branch road from Carl Junction to the new field. The Federal I^ead Co.,
owning mines at Flat River, has completed its smelting works at Alton, 111., and
will handle the lead ore from the new producers in Illinois and Missouri who are
not equipped with smelting plants and formerly shipped the ore to the East,
as the public smelter at St. Louis could not treat the entire output. The Scotch
hearth system is used for the first treatment of the ores, and the slag is resmelted
in water-jacketed furnaces. A shaft house of the St. Joe Lead Co. was destroyed
by fire in December, 1901, but the machinery was not seriously damaged, and
was in operation again within a month. During the year the company added a
blast furnace to its Herculaneum plant, increasing the number to five. A
large Gates crusher was installed in the place of several small Blake crush-
ers, and extensive trestles were built, so that the ore, coke and flux can be
handled more readily. In 1903, the company introduced compressed air locomo-
tives in its undergroimd workings to replace the mule system. A 50% dividend
was divided among the stockholders of the company, and the capital was increased
from $3,000,000 to $6,000,000, of which $2,250,000 will remain in the treasury
and $3,760,000 be issued. The Doe Run Lead Co. simk a new shaft during 1902,
and at a depth of 460 ft. it opened a new 6-ft. ore body. This company also
declared a 50% dividend, and increased its capital from $1,000,000 to $1,600,000.
The Desloge Consolidated Lead Co. completed its No. 4 shaft, which is 326 ft.
deep, in four months* time. In 1903, machinery was added, so that the ca-
pacity of the plant of 600 tons of ore daily was increased to 1,000 tons. New
railroads were constructed in the Joplin district. The output of this district
during 1902 was 31,616 short tons of lead and 262,546 tons of zinc, valued at
$9,430,790. The average monthly price of lead ore per 1,000 lb. was as follows :
January, $21 ; February, $21-75 ; March, $21-60 ; April, $21-75 ; May, $22 ; June,
$22-31; July, $23; August, $24-50; September, $24-60; October, $2417;
November, $2494; December, $26. In May a severe storm damaged the mills
in the Joplin district. Several new companies were formed and capitalized at
high figures, while others were recapitalized.
Montana. — The production of lead. in Montana during 1902, according to
B. H. Tatum of the United States Assay OflBce, Helena, amounted in value to
$332,747. The lead smelting plant of the American Smelting & Refining Co. at
smelter near Great Falls, which was closed down in April, 1901, continued in-
operative during 1902, and while it has not been dismantled a large part of the
410 THB MINERAL INDUSTRT.
machinery and equipment has been shipped to other plants of the company. At
the plant at East Helena, labor troubles caused a shut-down during May, June
and a part of July, which reduced the tonnage of ore smelted during the calendar
year to 11,000 tons monthly. The bag houses erected to collect the dust from the
blast furnace gases, did not prove a success owing to the character of the ores
treated, as the gases produced during the smelting destroyed the bags too rapidly.
This system was replaced with a long steel flue which cools the gases and facilitates
the deposition of the material held in mechanical suspension and aids, as well,
the condensation of the metallic values contained in the gases in a volatilized
condition.
Nevada. — The Rocco-Homestake mine of White Pine County, in 1902 produced
ore to the value of $46,926. Of the gross earnings of the company $12,236 were
expended for labor, $6,545 for freight between the mines and railway terminus,
and $19,511 for freight between railway terminus and Salt Lake, the smelting
center. It is estimated that 5,000 tons of ore have been developed on the prop-
erty, which will average 701% Pb and 21-4 oz. silver per ton.
New Mexico, — Three smelting plants were in operation during the year at
Cerillos, Magdalena and Silver City, and the construction of the pyritic smelter
at Lordsburg was completed. A large portion of the ores produced in this State is
treated at the El Paso smelter in Texas. The chief producers of lead ores were
the mines in the Magdalena Mountains and at Cooks Peak.
Tennessee, — According to the report of R. k, Shiflett, Chief Mine Inspector,
the quantity of lead contained in the lead ores produced in this State during
1902 amounted to 500 short tons, valued at $2,000. There were 18 men em-
ployed in this industry throughout the year.
Texas. — In July, 1901, the silver-lead smelting plant at El Paso, was destroyed
by fire, and April 15, 1902, the furnaces of the new works were blown in. There
are seven lead blast furnaces rated at from 200 to 250 tons charge per day, and
three copper blast furnaces, each with a daily capacity of from 250 to 300 tons.
The furnaces are fed from a 6-ton charge ^car, which is moved along the ore,
flux and fuel bins by means of an electric motor, and, after having received its
charge, is raised 38 ft. by a 15-ton hydraulic elevator to the top of the furnaces,
where it travels over them to the charging openings. As the copper furnaces are
lower than the lead furnaces, the charges for them are first dropped into hoppers
from which they are discharged into the furnaces. Crude Beaumont (Texas)
oil is used in the roasting and boiler departments. The power plant is equipped
with seven boilers, representing a total of 1,250 H.P., and four blowers of a capac-
ity of 30,000 cu. ft. per minute direct connected to three tandem compound con-
densing Corliss engines. The sampling works, briquetting machinery, pumps,
hoists, motor cars, etc., receive power from a central electric plant.
Utah, — The production of lead by counties, as reported by B. H. Tatum,
TJnited States Assay Office, Helena, Mont., is given on the following page.
The blast furnace of the new smelting plant of the American Smelting & Re-
fining Co. at Murray, nine miles south of Salt Lake City, was blown in during
the early part of the summer of 1902. The works are built on a horizontal plane.
There are, however, two drops, one of a few feet from furnace house floor to the
LEAD,
ill
slag yard level to furnish the room necessary for the matte settling boxes, and the
other along the entire slag yard to furnish dumping ground for the slag. The
works have three divisions — the crushing and roasting department, the smelting
OouDty.
1902.
County.
1902.
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
Beaver
8,511
10488
1,680
88,605
1904,876
804,M4
188,534
8,148,800
Tooele
1,976
481
$160,779
85,065
Juab
Others
Salt r^ake
Total
Suminft.
56,806
$4,500,098
department and the power depaxtment. The roasting department has two steel
buildings, one for hand reverberatory furnaces and the other for the Briickner
cylinders. The hand reverberatory furnaces have neither fusing nor sintering-
hearthfl. The raw ore is brought on an overhead track, dumped into the hoppers
of the furnaces, and the roasted ore is dropped into cars running on a depressed
track serving the row of furnaces. At the end of the track is an incline. The
cars are drawn up the incline, and then over a horizontal track running over a row
of brick bins into which their contents are dumped. The fire boxes have step
grates fed from above with coal, and closed ash pits. Ventilation and light are
furnished by a large opening in the roof of the building ; the floor is of concrete
laid on a bed of broken slag. The general arrangement of the Bruckner plant
as regards handling of ore and coal, is similar to that of the hand reverberatory
plant. The smelting department contains eight blast furnaces, 48Xl60-in.
section at the tuyeres. A furnace has 10 tuyeres on a side, entering the centers
of the cast iron jackets, which are 16 in. wide and 6 ft. high. The furnaces are
fed mechanically. The ore and fluxes arrive on trucks and discharge onto the
ore beds and into the elevated flux bins respectively. The charges are made up
on the furnace house level, dumped into the feeding cars which are hoisted on
two inclines to a transfer carriage running over the tops of the furnaces. The
base bullion is removed from the siphon taps on the furnace house level, slag and
matte are tapped into settling boxes from which the waste slag overflows in
Nesmith single bowl waste slag pots, which are hauled by a small locomotive to
the edge of the dump and poured. The sculls and foul slag are returned and
dumped into the hopper of a continuous inclined pan conveyor, delivering into a
steel cylinder lined with brick, which is placed behind the furnace house near the
place where the charges are made up. The slag is drawn oflf through chutes when
needed. The matte is tapped from the settling boxes into suitable receivers and
allowed to cool on the dump. The dust flue extending behind the furnace house
is arranged to allow the discharge of the lue dust into cars running on a de-
pressed track. This blast furnace flue connects with the main flue which is built
of concrete laid in expanded metal stretched over steel frames. Parts of the
main flue can be cut out by steel dampers to admit of cleaning. The draught
for the roasting and smelting departments is furnished by a stack 20 ft. in
diameter and 225 ft. high. The power department contains eight boilers pro-
vided with American stokers, two cross compound horizontal AUis-Chalmers
(Dixon) blowing engines, two direct connected generators and a machine shop.
412
THE MINERAL INDISTRT.
Separate from the three main divisions are the sampling and flue dust briquetting
mills.
The new smelting plant of the United States Mining Co., at Bingham Junc-
tion, was put in commission in October, 1902. At first, mechanical charging of
the furnaces was adopted which, however, did not meet with success, and a return
was made to the common practice of charging by hand. The capacity of the
plant is 1,000 tons of ore per day, and ores are purchased in order to mix advan-
tageously with the ores of the United States mine at Bingham and the Centennial-
Eureka mine at Tintic, both owned by the company. The entire holdings and
rights of the Utah Consolidated Gold Mining Co., of England, operating the
Highland Boy mine and smelter at Bingham, have been transferred to the Utah
Consolidated Mining Co., of New Jersey. The Uncle Sam Consolidated Mining
Co. owning the Uncle Sam and Humbug mines at the north end of the Tintic
range in Juab County, is shipping about 300 tons of ore per month, the ore being
mainly silver-lead. The Uncle Sam ore carries about 1 oz. silver to every 20
lb. of lead, and the Humbug ore about 1 oz. silver to every 10 lb. of lead. The
gangue is quartz and lime. The ore also carries from $1 to $10 in gold. A 50-ton
concentrating mill is to be erected. The Gilmore Mining Co. of Texas district,
in Idaho, is developing its property. It has 700 ft. of tunnel in cross-cutting and
drifting on its various shoots of ore. It is shipping ore every two weeks, and
will ship concentrates also from its jigging plant, which has already been erected.
A ton of concentrates is obtained from 3 tons of crude material, the concentrates
assaying 65% lead and about 40 oz. silver. The capacity of the jigs is 14 tons of
ore daily. Hoisting works and ventilating tubes are to be installed.
LEAD PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD, (a) (iN METRIC TONB.)
Year.
Austral-
asia, (c)
Austria.
Belgium.
Canada.
Chile.
(d)
France.
Greece.
Hungary.
1897
0.680
10.840
9.788
10,flfiO
10,161
17.023
19,880
15.700
16,865
laTeo
17.696
14.4T7
9.917
Sa664
88,548
870
18
171
14
4B6
9.916
10,920
15,981
16.810
81,000
118,881
188,748
189,885
121.518
188,098
16,486
19.198
19,069
16,896
17,644
8.587
]896
ffT.OOO
87,000
87,100
90,000
8,806
iggg
8,166
1900
8,080
1901
8,029
Year.
1897.
1808.
1900! . . .
1901.
Italy.
28,407
84,648
80,648
28,768
86,796
Japan.
1,787
1,706
1,989
1,877
1,806
Mexico.
71,687
71,448
84.666
63.827
94,194
Russia.
460
841
382
821
Spain.
180.216
198398
184,007
176.600
169.294
United Kingdom.
United
States.
Sweden
Foreign
Ores.
Domestic
Ores.
Totals.
1,480
1,559
1,606
1,484
988
18,818
28.239
17,571
10,738
19,(«9
26.988
25,761
28.929
24,762
20.361
179.869
207.2n
196,988
258,204
858.944
699,167
7W.616
820,878
854.407
892.956
(o)The statistics for Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy. Japan, Russia. Spjjin
and Sweden »re from the oflBcial reports of the respective governments except where otherwise noted. Those
for Greece are hssed on the authorrtiee given under the general tahle of mineral production of Greece in a sub-
xequent part of this volume. Those for the United States are from data collected by Thk Minviul iKDrsTRY.
Those for the United Kingdom as specified in note 6. ^ _^ , ^ , ^_..^ ..i^
(h) The production of lead in the United Kingdom is given in two columns. One gives the amount of lead
derived from domestic ores, the yield of which is calculated at 96)(, as reported in the official British blue books.
The other column gives the production of lead in the United Kingdom from foreign ores smelted there. These
flrureA. which are not reported in the official blue books, are obtained by deductini? the production of British
lf«d from the total output of the lead smelters of the United Kingdom as stated in the StatistMche Z%i9ainmen'
KMlunoen uber Blei. Kuvfer, Zink und Zinn of the MetallurglschegeseDschaft. Frank fort-on>the-Hain.
(c) From the StatiMtiJtche Zuaammenstellungm. of the Metallurgischegesellschaft, Frankfortron-the-Main
These flgurea comprise only the lead exported to Europe and America, id) Exports.
LEAD,
413
PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS AND CONSUMPTION OF LEAD IN THE CHIEF COUN-
TRIES OF THE WORLD. (iN METRIC TONS.)
Aust'a-
Hun-
gary.
(a)
Bel-
gium.
(&)
France,
(c)
Gter-
many.
Italy,
(e)
(/)
Spain.
(a)
United
King-
dom.
ih)
United
SUtes.
(0
r Production.
Imports
1900^ Totals
Exports....
18,680
&091
16,885
58,141
16.210
70,867
121,518
70,858
83.768
8,857
821
80,000
1111600
86,600
196,416
868,804
108,780
1901
L Consumption .
' Production . . .
Imports
Totals...
Exports .
898
"80,8^
18.090
11,088
74.506
46,566
86,067
718
87,940
18,760
85,840
21.000
60,061
Consumption.
88,123
68
^056
80,061
648
191,766
18,886
178,940
128,098
58,886
176,984
20,880
27,020
6,018
22,008
26,726
2,986
80,881
Nil.
176,600
158,989
883,916
17,764
866,984
80,881
850
22,550
28,661
169,294
Atl.
816,168
40,000
221,649
266,846
268,944
108,088
88,722
4,463
22.800
Nil.
169,894
161.998
861,649
18.426
866,977
90,620
72,408
156,164
24,269
22,800
17,801
248,128
266,467
(a) From Statiatischea Jahrhitch dea K. K. Ackerbau Miniaterium and M<Hfyar Statisztikai Evkonvv.
(b) Produc Jon from Statiatiques dea Minea^ Mini^ea, Carri^rea, et Uainea Mitallurgiquea. Imports and
exports from Annuaire Statiattque de la Belgique. Not available for 1901.
(c) From Statiatique de I" Industrie Minirale.
(a) Production, imports, and exports from Statiatiachea JahrhucK fUr daa Deutaehe Reich.
ie ) From Riviata del Servizio Minerario.
(/) From Sbomik Statisticheakikh Svedenie o Gcmozavodakoi Promyahlennoatie Roaaie v Zavodakom Godu^
St. Petersburg.
(g) From the Reporta of the Comiaion EJjecutiva de Eatadistica Minera. Imports and exports from the
Reviata Minera de Eapana.
ih) Production from statistics of the Metallurgischegesellschaft, Frankfort-on-the-Main. Imports and ex-
ports from Board of Trade returns.
it) The statistics of production are those oolle 'ted by Thc Mineral Industry; those of imports and exports
are rrom the reports of the Bureau of Statistics, Washington;
Lead Mining in Foreign Countries during 1902.
Algeria. — The production of argentiferous lead ore during 1901 amounted to
1,614 metric tons, valued at $21,916, as compared with 222 metric tons, valued
at $6,382 in 1900. A discovery of a deposit of lead ore has been repori»d at the
Oum Teboul mines, near Bona.
Austria-Hungary. — The Bleiberger-Bergwerks Union, owning mines in Illyria,
produced during 1902 in the Bleiberg district, 2,617 metric tons of lead ore,
4,348 tons of leady ore and 3,335 tons of zinc ore. The average content of metal
in the ores produced was, Pb 4-9% and Zn 3-9%. The mines at Meiss produced
3,484 metric tons of lead ore, 4,695 tons of leady ore, and 104 tons of calamine.
There were also 130 metric tons of lead ore produced at Eisenkappel, and 77
tons of lead ore at Windisch-Bleiberg. In Hungary, the Xrar district produced
the entire output of lead ore during 1901 from the following named mines:
Pelso-BiberstoUen, 628 metric tons ; Pelsobdnya, 1,407 metric tons ; Kapnik, 274
metric tons; Oradna, 135 metric tons, and 014hl&posb&nya, 34 metric tons.
Australia. — In the Broken Hill district all the mines except the Broken Hill
Proprietary, Block 10, Central and South, suspended operations during 1902,
owing to the depressed metal market. The total tonnage of ore produced in the
year is estimated at 253,409 long tons, containing approximately 132,548 tons
lead, 6,165,226 oz. silver, 29,432 tons zinc and 15 oz. gold. The ore is valued ap-
proximately at £2,202,311, while the value of the lead content is estimated at
£1,481,224. Consequent upon the low prices ruling for silver and lead, increased
efforis were made by the companies to effect economies in mining, to improve the
methods of treating the refractory ores, and to find a means of utilizing the
4U THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
waste products, as a result a degree of succesa was achieved in solving the various
problems. The Broken Hill Proprietary Co., Ltd., during the fiscal year ending
Nov. 30, 1902, treated 263,659 tons of ore yielding 64,676 tons soft lead,
427 tons antimonial lead, 6,477,143 oz. silver and 2,936 oz. gold. Of the 643,587
tons of ore raised, 85,235 tons were obtained from open-cut, and 558,352 tons
from underground workings. ' The gross profits for the year amounted to £155,061,
which, after deducting £42,364 for depreciation of various plants, yielded a net
profit of £102,697. For construction the sum of £32,424 was expiended, and two
dividends of £48,000 each were paid. The balance at the end of the fiscal year
was £550,091. Experiments with the "Huntington-Heberlein" process having
been satisfactory, a plant to carry on this process, which consists in delivering
the roasted concentrates in a lumpy condition to the furnaces instead of first
briquetting them, has been completed, and it is believed that this will materially
strengthen the earning power of the company by increasing the recovery of the
metallic content of the ore. The results obtained with the magnetic concentrator
have not been sufficiently satisfactory to justify the erection of a working plant.
Eight furnaces are in operation at Port Pirie, one of which has been converted into
a circular furnace, and is under trial. During the fiscal year 243,655 tons of ore,
concentrates, etc., were smelted, with an average yield during the first half-year
of 18-81% Pb and 18-71 oz. silver per ton, and during the second half-year of
21-71% Pb and 19-69 oz. silver per ton. The refinery treated 47,721 tons of
silver-lead bullion, yielding 4,644,366 oz. fine silver, 2,935 oz. fine gold, 46,046
tons soft lead and 427 tons antimonial lead. In addition to the ore smelted at
Port Pirie, a quantity of concentrates was sold, the total output amounting to
64,676 tons lead and 5,349,426 oz. silver. The Broken Hill Proprietary Block
10 Co., Ltd., for the year ending Sept. 30, 1902, treated 85,672 tons crude
ore yielding 15,968 tons concentrates containing 10,297 tons lead and 645,588 oz.
silver. The expenditures during the half-year ending Sept. 30, 1902,
amounted to £46,387, the income to £46,494, the net profit to £1,284 ; the profit
and loss account was increased to £17,810. There were 46,401 tons lead ore and
403,836 tons zinc ore on hand at the end of the fiscal year. Magnetic separation
is being tried on the ore, but the results are still unsatisfactory. A new power
plant is being erected and a new mill will be built in January, 1903. In the
concentrating plant several alterations have been made, greatly increasing its
efficiency.
The Sulphide Corporation, Ltd., during the fiscal year ending June 30. 1902,
milled 251,056 tons of ore, assaying 18% lead, 19-5% zinc and 11-8 oz. silver,
which yielded 60,753 tons of lead concentrates containing 45,444 tons lead, 49,344
tons zinc and 2,964,263 oz. silver. In addition 463 tons of concentrates were pro-
duced by re-treatment of 2,627 tons of slimes from the old dump. The magnetic
separation plant, which was completed in October, 1901, can handle 3,000 tons
of middlings per month. During the year 11,372 tons of these middlings were
treated, yielding 5,336 tons of concentrates containing 2,094 tons zinc, 729 tons
lead, and 74,204 oz. silver. The results are so satisfactory that a plant will be
erected to increase the output of zinc concentrates. It will be used to treat
LEAD,
416
700,000 tons of zinkiferous by-product now lying on the dumps, which contains
approximately 4,822,000 oz. silver, 38,600 tons lead, and 163,500 tons zinc.
Bolivia. — The exports of Bolivia through the port of Antofagasta, Chile, during
1900 included 182 metric tons of bar lead, valued at $36,453, and 4,807 metric
tons of silver-lead, valued at $961,473. During 1901 the export of silver-lead
only is reported, which amounted to 538 metric tons, valued at $365,457. (Value
quoted in Chilean currency.)
Canada, — (By Samuel S. Fowler.) — ^The mining of lead ores in Canada has
been virtually confined to British Columbia, all of the producing mines being
within the limits of the Kootenays, in the southeastern comer of the Province.
Mining has been possible only because of the silver content of the ores; the
ratio of silver to lead in West Kootenay lead ores exceeding 2 oz. to 1%, and in
East Kootenay a little less than 1 oz. to 1% of lead.
Prior to 1892 slightly more than 500 tons of lead ore had been mined, and the
industry began as the result of the Slocan discoveries in the autumn of 1891.
A little later, imporiant discoveries were made in East Kootenay, which have
since become of great impori»nce. According to the reports of the Minister of
Mines of British Columbia, the lead production of the Province during the last
decade has been as follows: —
Year.
QuanUty.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1808
Short Tons.
404
1,088
9;881
1896
Short Tons.
8,888
12,100
19,430
1896
Short Tons.
15,847
10,981
81,979
1901
Short Tods.
25,798
1898
1896
1897
1899
1900
11,268
IgM
1900
Total
189,578
In 1899 many of the Slocan mines were closed for a long time because of
strikes consequent upon the introduction of an eight-hour law. During 1900
and 1901 the output increased rapidly because of the effect of relatively high
prices of lead in London, and the operations of one large concern in East Koot-
enay. In 1902 the effect of low prices of both lead and silver was to make the
continuance of the industry financially impossible, or at least unprofitable, except
at some of the smaller and richer properi;ies.
In 1900 the smelters bought British Columbia lead ores only at the Tjondon
quotation for soft Spanish, less $14 per ton, and in 1901 and 1902, less $20 per
ton. In 1902 the average price received by the miner was about $1-40 per 100 lb.,
as compared with the Coeur d'Alene (Idaho) miner, who received (chiefly from
the American Smelting & Eefining Co.) $3-50 per 100 lb. metallic lead, equivalent
to 1- 5c. per lb. lead produced therefrom in the large and highly protected American
market. That market has not been open to the Canadian miner for three years,
because of the sufficient American production. Whatever Canadian lead has been
sent. into the States during the last three years has been smelted or refined there
in bond, excepting about 10%, and whatever advantage has been gained from
this exception has gone to the refiner rather than the miner.
The Canadian market for lead in all forms amounts at present to from 14,000
to 15,000 short tons per annum. About 3,500 tons is used in metallic form, the
balance chiefly as paint material. The present tariff relating to lead and lead
416 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
products imported into Canada, was framed before the lead industry existed,
and provides for a duty of 15% on pig and 6%' on corroded lead, less in each in-
stance one-third, if the import is of British origin. Such duties are not suf-
ficiently protective to be of use to the British Columbia miners, who, driven by
a return to normal prices for lead, are compelled either to go out of business or
seek such changes in the tariff as will result not only in giving the miner a higher
average price for his lead, but will tend as well to the establishment of corroding
works within the Dominion. In seeking an increase of duty rather than any
othei* form of assistance, the miner is looking forward to the results of the great
industrial expansion which is taking place and to the consequent increase of the
home consumption, of which he rightly thinks, he should have some of the bene-
fits, as against the interests of the Mexican who now supplies most of the Cana-
dian lead trade through American channels.
During 1902 more than 80% of the lead ores and 75% of the lead content of
them was smelted, either at Trail or Nelson. Without these local smelters, the
mining of much of the very low-grade Rossland ore, (which is used as dry ore
by the Trail plant) and of practically all of the dry silver ore output of the Prov-
ince, would be impossible. The dry-ore miner should therefore take an active
interest in the affairs of the lead miner. Shortage of coke supplies, due to strikes
at the coal mines, and shortage of lead ores, because of low prices, necessarily
rendered lead smelting operations very unsatisfactory, each plant running only
one furnace during most of the year. Electrolytic refining of lead (which is de-
scribed under the caption "Recent Improvements in Lead Smelting,'^ given later
in this section), was successfully established at the experimental plant of the
Canadian Smelting Works, at Trail, from which during the second half of the
year, 876 short tons of lead were produced and sold in Canada.
Chile, — ^The export of silver-lead from Chile during 1901 amoxmted to 441
metric tons valued at $197,396 (Chilean currency).
France. — The production of lead ore during 1901 amounted to 20,650 metric
tons, chiefly derived from the Pontp^an mine in Ille-et-Vilaine, which contrib-
uted 11,000 tons of silver-lead ore and 4,600 tons of zinc blende. Other silver-
lead mines are in the departments of Hautes-Pyr^nfies, Aveyron, Tarn, AriSge
and Dr6me.
Germany.— The production of lead ore in Germany in 1902 was 167,855 metric
tons ($3,359,000), as compared with 153,341 metric tons ($3,535,250) in 1901.
The output of lead was 140,331 metric tons ($7,837,250) and litharge 4,197
metric tons ($258,250), as compared with 123,098 metric tons ($8,058,250)
and 4,101 metric tons ($282,000) respectively in 1901. In 1902, the output of
the Verein fuer die Berg-und Huettenmaennischen Interessen in Aachener Bezirk
was 32,938 tons of lead ore and 60,486 tons of pig lead. The average price
obtained for the lead was $5-57 per 100 kg. During 1902 the output of lead ore
in Silesia amounted to 52,757 metric tons, valued at $971,327, and of lead, 30,240
metric tons ($1,709,862), and of litharge 2,119 metric tons ($122,623). The
production of lead ore in the Bonn district during 1902 was 63,703 metric tons.
Italy. — The ore deposits in the Iglesias district, Sardinia, occur either as veins
or as caverns and beds, the former being foimd exclusively in schists and the latter
LEAD. 417
in limestone. In general, the veins strike N.E.-S.W., and dip toward the north ;
they range in width up to 5 ft. and even greater, and are filled with argentiferous
galena, blende and calamine. The galena is rich in silver as compared with the
cavern and bedded deposits, and the silver sulphide present appears to occur also
in the gangue which is chiefly quartz and calcite, although fluorite and barite
also are present. The most important vein deposits are at Montevecchio and
Gennamari-Ingurtosu, others are at San Giovanni, Su Zurfuru, Marganai, Ne-
bida, San Benedetto, Malacalzetta and Montenuovo. The cavern and bedded de-
posits contain chiefly galena and calamine with occasional cerussite and blende.
At Malfidano, calamine alone occurs, while at Monteponi, galena poor in silver
is present also. The cavern and bedded deposits occur almost always near the
contact between limestone and Silurian schists, and ores of this class are worked
at Monteponi, San Benedetto, Nebida, Seddas Modizzis, Marganai and Mal-
fidano, of which the first and last named rank among the most important mines
in Italy. The production of lead ore in the Iglesias district during 1899 was
30,599 tons, as compared with 33,353 tons in 1898, and of zinc ore 127,714 tons
in 1899, as compared with 113,585 tons in 1898. There were produced, also,
small quantities of silver, antimony, manganese and iron ores, and about 25,000
tons of coal per annum. The number of workers in the lead and zinc mines in
1899 was 13,003. A small quantity of lead ore is smelted on the Island, 1,917
tons of soft lead having been exported in 1899, but by far the greater part of
the output is shipped to the mainland of Italy for reduction, A little zinc ore
also is smelted at home, but the greater part is treated at Belgium and Prance,
83,484 tons having been sent to the former, and 25,000 tons to the latter in 1899.
Mexico, — (By James W. Malcolmson. See also under the section devoted to
gold and silver, elsewhere in this volume.) — The advance of the lead mining in-
dustry in Mexico is largely due to the United States import duty of 1-5 c.'XJ. S.
currency, per pound on lead, thereby keeping Mexican lead ores in the country.
Numerous local smelters have been built up on account of this tax, and the do-
mestic smelters now handle perhaps 75% of all the ore mined in the country.
Toward the end of 1902 steps were taken to reopen the numerous lead mines of
the American Smelting & Refining Co., which had been closed on account of
the low price of lead and the destruction of the El Paso smelting works by fire.
The American Smelting & Refining Co. and its ally the Guggenheim Explora-
tion Co. now own or control lead mines in the States of Santa Bargara, Parral,
Monterey, Sierra Mojada, Velardena, and Chihuahua, and are still energetically
examining producing properties with a view to purchase. The Compania Metal-
urgica Mexicana and its allied organizations, the Mexican Lead Co. and Monte-
zuma Ijead Co., pursues the same policy. It owns lead mines in the States of
Sombrerete, Sierra Mojada, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Pedro, Concepcion
de Oro and other points. The new Torreon lead smelter of the Compania Metal-
urgica de Torreon, which commenced operations in 1902, owns the Voladora lead
mine in Monterey and the Americana mine at Terrazas, Chihuahua. This plant
of four furnaces, smelting 12,000 tons of ore per month, made a profit of $700,000
in 1902 on a capitalization of $2,500,000.
Chihuahua, — In Santa Eulalia, near Chihuahua City, American capitalists
418 TBE MINERAL mDUBTRY,
took over the Potosi mine at the end of 1901, and have opened it up through the
adjoining Santo Domingo property, at a depth of 1,300 ft., with extraordinary
success. The Santo Domingo and Potosi silver-lead ore bodies are larger than
any developed lead carbonate deposits in Leadville, but the silver assays are lower.
The adjoining mines of the Hearst Estate and the American Smelting & Re-
fining Co. also contain very large quantities of carbonate ore. Two narrow gauge
raiboads are at present unable to handle the output of lead ores from this camp.
Discoveries of lead carbonate ores at Terrazas, 40 miles north of Chihuahua City
seem to be important. Along the Conch os River, low grade silver-lead ore de-
posits are being reached by the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railroad, which
will probably be available during 1903. At Santa Barbara the Guggenheim Ex-
ploration Co. has opened up in the Tecolotes mine an ore body carrying silver-
lead sulphides. The crushed ore is screened, classified and passed over Wilfley
tables, saving 90% of the lead. Gas producers are successfully used in the power
plant. The Montezuma Lead Co., operating in the same camp has built a large
concentrator using jigs. At Naica, near Santa Rosalia, high grade basic silver-
lead ores have been mined in large quantity. An enormous ore body was found
in the San Pablo mine of the Mexican Lead Co., but a serious fall interfered
with operations. The mine is now in running order again. The production from
the Axtec and Carbonate mines of the Monterey Smelting & Refining Co. is
only limited by the necessities of that plant. During 1902 the Zaragoza silver-
lead mine has been acquired and operated by the Guggenheim Exploration Co.
Coahuila. — Operations in the Sierra Mojada mines which usually produce very
large quantities of silver-lead carbonates were very much reduced on account of
the fire at the El Paso smelting works. The properiiies are now being reopened
and more than 10,000 tons of ore are being shipped per month. The fire in San
Salvador mine burned throughout the year. This mine contains considerable
native sulphur, and over 30,000,000 ft. of lumber in square sets. There is no
water available. The blowing in of the Torreon smelter stimulated mining con-
siderably in the southern part of the State, and the Norias de Bajan, Cerralvo and
Cuatro Cienegas silver-lead camps have been operated steadily.
Durango. — The Compania Minera de Pcnoles at Mapimi is the most prosper-
ous enterprise in the State. During 1902, 171,000 metric tons of ore were mined,
producing 92,000 kg. of silver and 24,000 metric tons of lead. The quantity of
ore produced at present exceeds 500 tons per day. The ore is found as a series
of irregular pipes in Cretaceous limestone which have been explored to a depth of
2,300 ft. The ore bearing zone is developed by a number of main levels from
which horizontal diamond drill-holes are run out on each side, 16 ft. apart and
200 ft. long. The whole area is grid-ironed. Thirty electric hoists are used in
underhand stoping, varying from 1 to 50 H.P., and this method of development
has proved to be the most successful in the opening up of ore reserves. This com-
pany pays $125,000, Mexican currency, in dividends per month.
Nuevo Leon. — This State produces 200,000 tons of lead carbonate ore per
year. All the ore carries silver. The mines are located in parallel ranges, 20
miles apart, on the East Coast range of the Sierra Madre Mountains. The prin-
cipal deposits are Villaldama and Montanas, and the Mitre, Volador, Aztec and
LEAD. 419
Carbonate mines in the Mitre Mountains of the same range. All these deposits
are similar in character, the ore horizon being practically the same. The out-
look for 1903 is good, but the sulphide zone has not yet been reached, and some
doubts are expressed as to its importance.
Portugal. — The exports of lead ore in 1902 amounted to 1,723 metric tons,
valued at $17,260, as compared with 328 metric tons, valued at $10,200 in 1901.
Spain. — The exports of lead ore in metric tons from the different districts
of Spain during 1902 were as follows: Adra, 134; Agulas, 4,151; Garrucha,
4,006 ($160,200) ; Linares, 37,000 ; Mazarron, 6,897. There were also exported
1,443 metric tons of bar lead from Adra, 9,980 metric tons ($698,800) of pig
lead from Almeria, 37,803 metric tons of silver-lead and 21,095 metric tons of
soft lead fromCarthagena, 6,808 metric tons of silver-lead from Portman, 6,643
metric tons of silver-lead from Garrucha, 52,000 metric tons of pig lead from
Linares and 23,893 metric tons from Mazarron. Of the expori» from Cartha-
gena, 35,916 tons of soft and silver-lead were shipped to the United Kingdom,
and 18,013 tons to France, the rest going to Belgium, Germany and Italy. There
were shipped to Cari;hagena, 2,150 tons of lead concentrates from Australia,
and 463 tons from Algeria. There were 2,326 metric tons of silver-lead ore im-
ported into Mazarron. The output of the Mazarron lead mines in 1902 was
approximately 34,650 tons of silver-lead ore, as compared with 37,960 tons in
1901. In this district some of the mines have attained a depth' of 600 ft. The
mines in operation are the Impensada, Triumfo, Santa Ana, Fuensanta, San
Carioe, San Jos6, Talia, Santa Isabel, Aurora, San Antonio and TJsurpada. Of
these, the first three are operated by the Compania de Aguilas, the Santa Isabel
by the Compania de Escombrera-Bleyberg, and the rest by single individuals. In
1902 the Impensada mine produced 8,400 long tons, and the Santa Ana 9,000
long tons of silver-lead ore. The poorest ore from these mines assayed 46% Pb,
and the richest 70%. The silver assayed from 220 oz. to 3 80 oz. per ton. The
production of silver-lead ore and blende in the districts of Alcaracejos, Posadas
and other districts of the Province of Cordoba was 15,593 tons, valued at
2,432,962 pesetas. The British lead works in the city of Cordoba smelted 7,921
tons of lead ore and obtained 6,724 tons of pig lead. The French works at Pen-
arroya smelted 40,000 tons of lead ore, and obtained 26,000 tons of pig lead and
1,382,637 oz. of silver. The Linares Lead Mining Co., Ltd., operating the Pozo
Ancho and Las Quinientos mines at Linares, repori:s for the semester ending
June 30, 1902, the sale of 1,892 tons of lead which realized £21,869, 70 tons of
carbonate ore for £271, and a stock on hand valued at £32,776. Its expenditures
amounted to £52,103, leaving a profit for the half-year of £1,897. The Compania
de Aguilas, capitalized at 15,000,000 pesetas, and owning lead mines at Mazar-
ron, Almagrera and Azuaga, produced during 1902, 22,769 metric tons of silver-
lead ore. The Real Compania Asturiana de Minas for the year 1902, reporis a
net profit of 4,309,547 pesetas, of which 4,301,365 pesetas were realized from
its mines, and the remainder from interest. During the year the company pro-
duced 33,031 tons of calamine, 4,253 tons of galena, 55,160 tons of charcoal,
21,502 tons of zinc, 3,616 tons of lead and 1,669 kg. of silver.
Turkey. — Silver-lead ore is mined in Balia in the Karassi district, and in
420 THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
Kara-Aidin, by a Turkish corporation capitalized at $290,000, which employs
500 to 600 men. The corporation is the only concern in Turkey using eleo-
tricily for power. The annual production averages from 4^000 to 6^000 tons
of metal assaying 82% lead and from 1*25 to 4% silver.
Thb Lead Mabkets in 1902.
The year opened with the same quotations as ruled at the end of 1901,
3-86@3-95c., St. Louis, and 3-95@4c., New York, but at the end of January,
the American Smelting & Refining Co. raised its prices 10c. per 100 lb. all
around, and also gave notice that in future orders for prompt shipment would
be executed only at 2- 5c. per 100 lb. extra. This was done in order to induce con-
sumers and dealers to cover their requirements ahead, and to carry part of the
available supplies which had accumulated at the refining works. Consequently,
quotations quickly advanced to 3-95@405c., St. Louis, and 406@410c., New
York, and have ruled at these figures ever since, with but small variations. It
proved impossible to bring about the same high range of values as that of the
previous year (the average for 1902 is about 0-25c. per lb. lower than for 1901),
owing to the danger of foreign lead being imported, even with a duty of 2 -1250.
per lb. This was due to the fact that the European markets have been very much
depressed on account of bad business abroad and the constant fear of a deluge of
exports from the United States in the event of an advance. While the consump-
tion of lead in the United States has been very heavy — ^the demand for electrical
purposes, cables, etc., especially, showing a large increase — and while the stocks
existing at the end of 1901 have practically disappeared, it was necessary, in
order to bring about the existing state of affairs, to have recourse to the same ex-
pedients as those of last year, i.e., to curtail the production of ores and export
certain quantities of domestic lead to Europe. This, naturally entailed a heavy
sacrifice, which, however, to a large degree, came out of the pockets of the ore
producers, as they were being paid for their lead only on the basis of 3-6c. per lb.
Furthermore, it is reported that in some cases royalties were being paid for quan-
tities not mined, in order to pacify some of the recalcitrant miners. There has
also been a tendency on the part of the Trust to centralize the smelting of ores
and the refining of lead bullion by closing down some plants and diverting ma-
terial to others. Some of the steps taken will probably have a beneficial eflEect
in the future, in spite of the inclination in some quarters to decry these efforts.
But looking at the matter broadly, there are a good many which will tend to dis-
courage mining and prospecting operations in a large number of camps, and in
that respect they are certainly a detriment and setback to the industry in general.
However, with the energy ?ind enterprise characteristic of the American mining
industry and the people therein engaged, there is no doubt but that in .the course
of time, ways and means to a solution of this most difficult problem will be found.
The only producing center which benefited very largely by the continued high
values is Missouri, where considerable strides forward have been made, resulting
in a very heavy output.
LEAD.
421
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF LEAD PER POUND IN NEW YORK.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug
Sept.
Oct.
Not.
Dec.
\>ar
1808
Cte.
8-66
4-18
4-68
4*8ft
4000
CtB.
8-71
4-49
4-68
4-85
4076
CtB.
8-7tB
4-87
4-68
4-86
4075
Ot».
8«8
4-81
4-68
4-85
4076
Cts.
8-M
4-86
407b
CtB.
8-88
4-48
800
4-86
4076
CtB.
8»
4-68
406
4-86
4075
CtB.
400
4-67
4-25
4-86
4076
CtB.
8M
4-68
4-86
4-85
4076
CtB.
8^
4-68
4-86
4-85
4075
CtB.
8-76
8-70
4-68
4-86
4075
CtB.
8-78
4-64
4-85
4- 16
4076
CtB.
8'78
1809.
4*47
1900
4*87
1901
4*88
1908.
4'0G9
London. — The year commenced with fair quantities being offered from Amer-
ica and Australia^ and the nearest price at opening was £10 5s. for foreign^ Eng-
lish offering at about 2s. 6d. more. This level brought out rather more demand,
and caused a steady advance to £11, closing at about 5s. reduction from this
figure. February commenced with renewed purchases by consumers and a fair
speculative inquiry, values consequently improving to £11 15b. and remaining
steady until the end of the month, eventually closing at £11 12s. 6d.@£ll 15s.
cash. March found the market very dull, and prices remained about £11 10s.
for soft foreign, until late in the month, when they receded to £11 7s. 6d. In
April, a better demand was established from home consumers and from (Jermany,
especially for early delivery, and this caused an advance to £11 158., which was
well maintained. May opened at £11 12s. 6d.@£ll 15s. for foreign, but owing
to heavy arrivals, prices had a tendency to weaken, and just at the end of the
month some of the English desilverizers made free sales, causing a speedy fall to
£11 for both English and foreign. The low level at the beginning of June soon
attracted buyers, and when it was found that offerings were not so plentiful there
was a quick rally to £11 7s. 6d. for foreign, English being held for a fraction more,
but before the month was out 2s. 6d. to 5s. per ton was lost. July opened with
a steady demand, which was met without prices being raised, and when trade
became quieter toward the end of the month values declined to £11 for soft for-
eign. August was very dull, and consumers remained apathetic, the market re-
maining dull, with practically no alteration in price. September began with a
flat tone, owing to heavy Australian arrivals, which caused a fall to £10 15s. per
ton. At this level consumers showed more desire to buy against their require-
ments, and prices rallied to £11, eventually dropping to £10 15s. again. Early
in October cable makers booked good orders and covered their lead requirements,
and this served to keep prices steady until the end of the month, when owing to
large arrivals values became once more depressed and fell to £10 12s. 6d. No-
vember opened with business at the last named figure, but a good inquiry was
forthcoming, and prices improved to £10 10s. 3d. A cessation of buying, however,
combined with rather freer offerings from the Continent, ?gain depressed the
market, and the nearest values at the beginning to December were £10 12s. 6d.
for soft foreign and £10 ISs. for English. During the early part of the month
there was quite a good demand, especially from cable makers, and this, coupled
with some speculative buying, soon raised prices to £11 for foreign. Later, a
somewhat easier tendency prevailed, and the year closed with Spanish lead at
£10 17s. 6d.(a)£10 18s. 9d., with £11@£11 Is. 3d. quoted for English lead.
422
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
White Lead^ Red Lead^ Litharge and Orange Minebal.
The aggregate production of lead pigments during 1902 was considerably
greater than in 1901, the increase being distributed among all varieties except
red lead and orange mineral, of which much smaller outputs are reported.
The production of white lead in oil during 1902 was 179,473,588 lb., valued
at $9,755,197, as compared with 154,606,670 lb., valued at $8,978,441 in 1901,
an increase in quantity of 24,866,978 lb. and in value of $776,756. The produc-
tion of dry white lead in 1902 amounted to 49,841,821 lb., valued at $2,222,975,
as compared with 46,966,945 lb., valued at $2,274,212 in 1901, which shows an
intrease in quantity but a decrease in value.
The production of red lead during 1902 was 23,338,252 lb., valued at $1,262,712,
as compared with 26,206,096 lb., valued at $1,448,550, showing a decrease in
quantity of 2,867,844 lb. and in value of $185,838.
The production of litharge during 1902 amounted to 25,610,690 lb., valued at
$1,299,443, as compared with 18,913,036 lb., valued at $979,586 in 1901, an
increase in quantity of 6,597,654 lb. and in value of $319,857.
There were produced 1,933,521 lb. of orange mineral, valued at $138,349 dur-
ing 1902, as compared with 2,174,727 lb., valued at $224,667 in 1901, showing a
decrease in quantity of 241,206 lb. and in value of $86,318.
The detailed statistics of the production and imports of the various lead pig-
ments are given in the subjoined tables : —
united states: production of red lead, white lead, litharge and
orange mineral.
Red Lead.
White Lead, (a)
LIthance.
Orange Mineral.
Year.
Short Tods.
Value.
Short Tods.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
Short Tons.
Value.
1898
9,180
10,199
10,098
18,10a
11,609
9916,000
1,070,895
1,060,192
1,448,650
1,262,712
ill
99,891,788
10,812,197
9,910,742
11,252,668
11,978,172
7,460
10,080
10,462
9,460
12,756
$710,192
1,082,060
1,067,124
979,586
1,299,448
668
928
825
1.087
867
988,987
1«99
189,200
1900
100,660
1901
224,667
1902
188,849
'
(a) Includes both dry and in oil.
UNITED STATES: IMPORTS OF RED LEAD, WHITE LEAD, LITHARGE AND ORANGE
MINERAL.
Red Lead.
White Lead.
Litharge.
Orange Mineral.
Year.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
606,789
584,409
456,872
884,678
606,428
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
1808
682,449
1,021,578
549,551
485,467
1,075,839
925,780
48,812
26,532
19,870
87,888
924,884
30,211
28,866
21,226
25,820
56,417
56,127
77,814
49,806
88,116
92,081
8,614
2.852
1,R73
2,908
795,116
1,141,887
1.068,798
977,644
997,494
987,746
1899
1900
58,242
61,886
1901
52.409
1908
49,060
In addition to the products stated in the foregoing table, the United States
Reduction & Refining Co. at Canon City, Colo., reported during 1902 an output
of 4,000 short tons of "zinc-lead," valued at $225,000 as compared with 2,500
short tons, valued at $150,000 in 1901. This pigment is a mixture of oxidized
compounds of zinc and lead made by an oxidizing smelting of lead and zinc ores
in a blast furnace of special design. There were also produced by the Picher
T^ad Co. of Joplin, Mo., 4,736 short tons of "sublimed lead," valued at $449,611.
LEAD.
423
This special pigment, which is sometimes classed as a white lead, consists essen-
tially of a mixture of lead sulphate and lead oxide, obtained in the special smelt-
ing of lead ores, whereby this material is produced in addition to metallic lead.
It can hardly be called a by-product, as the furnace operations are conducted so
as to yield a larger rather than a smaller output of the volatilized material.
A comparison of the statistics of domestic production and imports plainly
shows the gradual displacement of the imported lead pigments by those of
domestic manufacture. The subjoined table shows that the difference in price
between white lead in oil and pig lead in New York in 1902 was $1-405, as
compared with a difference of $1-36 in 1901. Against this must be set the
difference in the price of linseed oil, which varied from 47c. @ 68c. per gal. in
1902, and from 60c.@82c. per gal. in 1901. The price of linseed oil at the be-
ginning of 1901 was 66c. per gal. ; it sold as low as 50c. in September, and reached
ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE AT NEW YORK OP CORRODING PIG LEAD AND WHITE
LEAD
IN OIL.
Year.
Corroding
PiKLead.
White Lead
in Oil.
Difference.
Year.
Corroding
Pig Lead.
White Lead
in Oil.
Difference.
1898
Per 100 Lb.
I8-78
838
8-28
808
3-64
Per 100 Lb.
$608
6-96
6-06
4-90
500
Per 100 Lb.
$8-80
1-98
1-77
1-87
1-26
1898
Per 100 Lb.
$8-79
4-68
4-56
4-61
4-88
Per 100 Lb.
95-06
6-86
6-57
6-87
6-68
Per 100 Lb.
I1-29
0*88
1891
1899
1895
1900
1-08
1806
1901
1908
1*86
1897
1-40
the highest point of the year, 82c., in July. Beginning with 58c. in January
of 1902, the price advanced until it reached 68c. in June, and then declined
until 47c. was reached in October, closing the year at 47c. The market price
for pig lead in New York during 1902 opened at 4 125c. and closed at 4-225c.
The former price was maintained until Jan. 25, when it rose to 4-225c., and
continued at this quotation for the remainder of the year.
Progress in the Manufacture of White Lead during 1902.
By Parker C. MclLmNEY.
During 1902 the white lead industry has not undergone any marked changes as
far as the processes by which the product is manufactured are concerned. The
great bulk of the product is still made by the old Dutch process, but the constant
efforts made by inventors who are attracted by the magnitude of the business
as a field for new processes, are resulting in the periodical introduction of new
methods of manufacture, most of which, it is true, are tried and found wanting
in, one way or another, but out of which the valuable features are gradually ab-
sorbed by their successors in the field.
The tendency of invention in this country in recent years as judged by the
processes successfully introduced has been toward the modification of the unde-
sirable features of the Dutch process rather than the introduction of processes
designed to supplant Dutch white lead by the products of precipitation processes,
products having the same chemical composition as Dutch lead, but somewhat
diflferent physical properties, and requiring on this account a more elaborate and
expensive introduction to the purchasing public. The year under review has not
been marked by the advent of any new processes which have as yet attained com-
424 THE MINERAL INDUBTRT,
nercial importance. As noteworthy factors in the production, of white lead there
are now, in addition to the Dutch process, the Carter and the Bailey processes,
both of which aim at the production of the same kind of lead as the Dutch, and
the Dahl process under the management of W. J. Matheson & Co., which makes
quick process lead by a precipitation method. The Gabel process aims to produce
Dutch lead, and may become commercially important.
The Gabel process differs from the Dutch process in that the lead instead of
being cast into buckles is shaved up into thin strips in a planer, the shavings
being from 00625 in. to 025 in. wide and 001 in. thick. These shavings are
filled into the pots which are so arranged that there is a free passageway for
gases through a series of pots arranged one on top of the other, the bottoms of
the pots being gratings which simply hold the mass of lead shavings in place.
The grating in the bottom of each pot is surrounded by a rather deep channel
which is filled with acetic acid. The pots when charged with lead and acid are
placed in a wooden building provided with a double floor, the inner floor being
perforated with a large number of holes to allow the carbon dioxide and air
admitted through the space between the two floorings to enter the stack. A
steam boiler is provided and both the steam from it and the carbon dioxide pro-
duced by the combustion of the fuel (coke) are allowed to enter the stack. The
carbon dioxide is washed with water and freed from sulphur by passing through
a dry purifier charged with iron oxide. The building in which the corrosion
takes place is provided with windows through which the progress of the opera-
tion can be observed. The claim is made for the process, that the operation of
converting the metallic lead into white lead is under perfect control, as all the
elements of temperature, proportion of oxygen and proportion of carbon dioxide
are changeable at will. It is also claimed that on account of the mechanical
condition of the metallic lead, the time of corrosion is reduced to a third of that
required for the Dutch process ; also, that on account of the absence of tan-bark
the lead produced is of better color than Dutch lead.
The manufacture of orange mineral of high grades has been commenced by
the firm of Dahl & Ferguson, in New York, using Matheson's quick process lead
as a starting point. The process is carried on in a reverberatory furnace fired
with fuel oil. Quick-process lead is well adapted for the manufacture of orange
mineral on account of the same peculiarities of physical condition which operate
to limit its general use as paint.
Taking the history of recent years as a guide, it seems safe to predict that, first,
the greatest technical developments in the manufacture of white lead may be
looked for in some process which imitates the mechanics and chemical reactions
of the Dutch process, and brings acetic acid, oxygen, and carbon dioxide into con-
tact with metallic lead simultaneously; the Carter, Bailey, and Gabel processes,
being examples of different means of attaining this result ; and second, that the
quick processes of which the Dahl is a type, and in all of which the characteristic
feature is the separation of the solution of the lead as a soluble salt and the pre-
cipitation as insoluble basic carbonate into two distinct operations, will in all prob-
ability have a restricted but certain growth and will supply the users of white
lead for other purposes than as white paint.
RECENT IMPR0VEMBNT8 IN LEAD SMELTING, 425
Recent Improvements in Lead Smbltinq.
Bt H. O. Hofman.
Introductory.
New Publications. — M. W. lies has published a book entitled, 'Tjead Smelting,
the Construction, Equipment and Operation of Lead Furnaces, and Observations
on the Influence of Metallic Elements on Slags and the Scientific Handling of
Smoke."* The author has given his experience in practical work, which is not
easy to summarize, as facts more than principles are discussed. In order to
appreciate its value the reader must be somewhat familiar with the details of
lead smelting practice.
Distillation of Lead, — Kahlbaum, Roth and Siedler* distilled metallic lead
in vacuo as Schuller' had done before them. The crystals they obtained ap-
pear to be combinations of octahedra and hexahedra, with octahedra prevailing.
Market Lead, — 0. Miihlhauser* examined samples of sheet lead of E. W.
Blatchford & Co., Chicago, of the Raymond Lead Co., Chicago, and of a St.
Louis firm, and found that they contained 0'07%, 0*15% and 0*11% impurities
respectively. The author compares these Mississippi valley leads with brands
from (Jerman zinc-desilverizing plants, which contain 0*008% and 0*045 % im-
purities, and draws inferences unfavorable to American brands of lead. The
editor of the Berg- und Huettenmaennische Zeitung,^ calls the author's attention
to the differences that exist between American "chemical" and "corroding*' leads.
Corrosion of Lead Service Pipes by Water. — The investigations by the Massa-
chusetts Board of Health carried on in 1897-98' were continued in 1899 and
1900,^ and confirmed the former conclusions that drinking water must contain
considerable carbonic acid to dissolve lead to an extent which would render it
harmful. It was also found that iron oxide, which is always contained in ground
water, being deposited in the service-pipes liad an appreciable action upon lead.
Furthermore, that the greater the hardness of the water as compared with its
content of free carbonic acid, the smaller was the corroding effect upon lead.
F. Clowes' experimented upon the action of distilled water upon lead, and
obtained results differing from those of the Massachusetts Board of Health in
regard to the effects of oxygen and carbonic acid. He found that in vacuo or
in an atmosphere of hydrogen, lead was not attacked by distilled water. When
oxygen was present, the lead was readily attacked ; carbonic acid alone had a very
slight effect, and its presence in water containing oxygen even interfered
with the corrosive effect of oxygen. The action of oxygen was rapid at first,
some hydroxycarbonate being formed which in part went into solution. The
idea that bacteria were necessary to start the corrosion was disproved, as heated
lead was corroded by boiled water as quickly as under ordinary conditions. Th^
> Published by Wiley & S0119, New York. 1900.
• ZeiUchrift fuer AnorganUehe Chemie, 1902, 29, 967-S71 ; Berg- und Huetienmaennitche Zeitung, 190B, 90^
s Wiedemanh'a Annalen^ 1888, 18, 819.
• Zeiitehrifi fuer Angewandte Chemie^ 190S, 758; Berg- und B^ttenmaenniMche Zeitung, 190B, 428.
•1902.548.
• Tnc MiifBRAL Ikdcstrt, 1900. IZ., 489.
T Ma$»achu9ett9 Board of Health Beport, 1900, 487; Engineering Kew$, Oct. 9, 1908.
' Engineering^ Not. 7, 1900.
42() THE MINERAL INBU8TRY,
presence of certain salts seemed to protect the lead, especially sulphates, less so
carbonates and free carbonic acid. The effect of lime was found to be doubtful ;
if sufficiently concentrated it might even increase the corrosion.
Melting and Boiling Points, — Lodin" volatilized galena in a current of nitro-
gen at a temperature of 860°C. ; galena melts at 935°C.
J. Guirochant^® investigated the resistance of various metallic sulphides to
the passage of the electric current, and gives the following melting and boiling
points: Lead sulphide melts at 1,015®C., boils at 1,085°C. ; tin sulphide melts
at 1,000°C., boils at 1,090°C., and iron sulphide melts at QSS^'C.
Lead-Tellurium Alloys. — The freezing points and microstructure of lead-
tellurium alloys were investigated by H. Fay and C. B. Gillson,*^ who prepared
a series of seventeen alloys containing from 2 to 95% tellurium. The results
are given in detail under the caption "Review in the Progress of Metallography
during 1902/' elsewhere in this volume.
Lead Ores of Southeast Missouri,^* — Galena concentrates of Bonne Terre
and Flat River carry small quantities of copper, some of which enters the lead
produced in smelting. Thus a sample of crude lead showed 0*2 % copper which,
by liquating and poling was reduced to 0*02%. An analysis of a carload of
concentrates gave Pb 62*10%, Cu 0'61%, Fe 3-33%, CaO 5*85%, MgO 3*08%,
SiOj 1'39% and silver 1'3 oz. per ton. Lime and magnesia are present as car-
bonates; which show the concentrates to contain CaCOa 10'45% and MgCOj
0*78% ; and with the SiOj 1*39% give 18'62% gangue. Iron and copper are
present as pyrite and chalcopyrite, respectively.
Importation of Lead Ores}^ — The decision of the Board of General Ap-
praisers" in the case of lead ores and base bullion imported into the United
States in bond, is to be contested.
Sampling Ores, — P. Johnson"* describes the sampling mill which he built
for the British . Columbia Copper Co.'s smelting plant at Greenwood, B. C.
The mill, 75 ft. long by 65 ft. wide by 58 ft. high, has a daily capacity of
1,000 tons ore, and is driven by a 100-H.P. engine. Fig. 1 represents a ver-
tical cross section through the plant. The ore to be sampled is collected in
an upper row of six bins (each 50 ft. long), some distance from the mill. Prom
these the ore is discharged into scoop-cars of from 1 to 1'25 tons capacity, brought
to the mill and dumped into the Xo. 5 Gates crusher, set to crush to a size of
from 3 to 5 in. Lumps larger than 11 in. in diameter have to be broken by
sledging. The crusher discharges the broken ore in the first Johnson sampler,
making from 6 to 7 r. p. m., and cutting out 10% for the first sample, while
the rejected ore goes into first ore bin. The sample is delivered into No. 2 Gates
crusher, crushing to a size of" from 0*75 to 1*25 in., and discharging into the
second Johnson sampler, which makes 9 r. p. m., and cuts out three 20%
• CompteM retiduM, 1806, 20. 1164.
>• Comptes rendus, 184, 1284; ZeiUehrift fuer Electrochemie, 1902, 8, 889; Engineering and Mining Jour-
nal Dec. 87, 1000.
" TranmtcHont of the American Inntitufe of Mining Engineers, XXL, p. 686.
" Engineering and Mining Journal, Apr. 26, 1002.
»» IMd., Dw. 21. 1902.
«• The MiNicnAL lNDr«TRY. 1001, X., 424.
»• Engineering and Minintf Journal, Apr. 12, 1008.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING.
427
samples. The discard passes into second ore bin. The sample is spouted into the
boot of the elevator, raised 55 ft., and discharged through a chute into the
No, 0 Gates crusher, set to crush from 0*25- to 0'5-in. sizes. This delivers the
ore into the third Johnson sampler, making 12 r. p. m., taking three 20%
cuts per revolution, which are discharged onto the sloping feed-table, while the
rejected ore goes into the ore bin, 1. The table feeds the ore into the hopper of a
pair of 10X16-in. Beliance rolls, which reducing to 0125 in., discharges into the
Fig. 1. — Sampling Mill of the British Columbia Copper Co., at Green-
wood, B. C.
fourth Johnson sampler of the same size as the third. This cuts out 20%
as final sample, and delivers it through an 8-in. pipe into a sample bugg}% which
takes it to the finishing room, containing sample-grinder, bucking-plate, etc.
The rejected part is returned to the ore bin.
This mode of sampling furnishes j\ X i X i X \ = yiW part, which in
small shipments would not give enough material for the finishing room. In
428
THE MINERAL INDU8TR7.
the latter case the first sampler is not rotated, but so placed that all the' ore
delivered into the first crusher passes through its sample-spout into the second
crusher. Thus -^ x i X -^ = y^-j part of the ore instead of iVnr P^^t will go
to the finishing room. In the same manner the second sampler may be cut out,
when 1^ part of the whole will form the final sample.
The Johnson sampler, as shown in Fig. 2, consists of three parts ; a top cone c
attached to a revolving shaft, an inverted cone S^ with opening 0, and diverting
Tl^rht mod
Section of SpouV
1JL-B
Fig. 2. — The Johnson Sampler.
spout t bolted to the top cone, and a rejecting spout enclosing the bottom of the
inverted cone. The stream of ore coming down the spout from the crusher
passes into the rotating inverted hopper S<^ excepting when the opening 0
comes under the spout, when the tongue t^ deflects the stream into the sample-
spout. The segmental area of the opening is 10% of the entire circumference.
If the removable lid I, be taken off and a tongue put in its place, a 20% sample
of the whole will be obtained.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING,
429
The smaller-size samplers have three openings instead of the single one 0,
shown in the illustration.
In the British Columbia Copper Co/s works, two men draw the ore from
the bins into the buggies, two men do the tramming, and two weigh the ore, dump
it into the crusher and break up lumps when necessary ; one man attends to the
mill proper; 2 or 3 men take the ore from both sets of ore bins to the smelter
mixer-bin.
The mill has sampled over 100,000 tons of ore ; many lots were check samples
on the work done by other parties. Examples of the work done are subjoined : —
Sftmple.
No. of
Lot
SiMOf
Lot
room.
Wet%Si-
od. J{
Cfold
0». per
T60.
SilTer
0». per
Ton.
1 Analysis.
Insoluble
SIC,.
Fe.
CaO.
8.
A
10
10
11
11
88
88
05
05
110
110
160
180
87
87
88
88
00
00
17
17
80
80
110
110
17
17
600
6-40
6-10
616
8*86
rso
1-70
1-70
ITO
1*68
090
0*98
0-88
0-90
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
004
008
018
018
001
001
0145
OIBO
0-68
0-48
016
014
0-90
0*18
0-74
0-78
0-86
0-84
0-90
0-97
004
004
10»
195
1-80
1?0
217
8-90
0-84
0-88
1-80
1»
0-41
0-48
0-45
0-44
6-60
668
800
1-90
9-70
900
96-70
86 40
I 61-6
:«•,
87-4
481
60-1
804
84-7
90*9
980
84-5
68-7
88*6
680
89-6
880
87-6
881
89-6
89-6
91-7
881
681
14-8
18-6
16-7
88*8
19*8
86*5
86-7
.8
8*8
4-8
10- 1
4*1
8-8
17*8
181
8-4
TV.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
b
10'9
A
b
Tr.
A
b.........
6*4
A
b
8-4
A
b
180
a
b
18-6
A
b
18-8
4,
b
1-8
ft
b
0*7
A
b
8*8
ft.,,,
b
110
The Sampling Mill,** in Park City, Utah, is erecting a 500-ton automatic
mechanical sampling plant, designed by J. B. Fleming. The ore unloaded
into the mouth of a breaker is crushed to l*5-in. size, and elevated to the
top of the building; it then passes through a mechanical sampler (name not
given), which cuts out 25% as a sample, while the rejected ore goes to the ship-
ping bins. The sample is reduced to 0"75-in. size by a pair of 36X12-in. rolls,
passes through a second sampler, where again 25% is cut out; the discard
goes to the shipping bin elevator, while the reduced sample passes through a second
set of rolls 30X10 in. Reduction of sample in quantity and correspondingly in
size is repeated four times, when a final sample of 600 lb. from 250 tons of ore
is collected in one of two small bins above the sample-grinder. The finishing-
work is carried out in the usual way.
The Foster-Coolidge sampling machine,*^ shown in^ Fig. 3 with discard-chute
detached and reversed, takes out as a sample the whole of a stream of ore
at short intervals. It consists of a cast-iron base, to which is bolted a frame of
four cast-iron pipes joined at their tops by cast-iron cross-pieces ; the pipes are
stiffened by four braces. Beneath the top of the frame are two pairs of grooved
rollers from which are suspended two oscillating angle-iron frames guided at
the bottom by two pairs of short pieces of pipe. Cross-irons carrying cast-iron
hoppers and dividers are riveted to the frames; the hoppers are bolted to the
>• Mining and SdenHfic Preu, Sept 6, 1908.
» United States Pstent No. 0M.784, Hareh 4, 1908: Mining and Seientifle Preta, June 81, 1908.
430
IHE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
front-irons, the dividers to the back-irons. The frames are attached by means
of connecting rods to two eccentrics, which are driven by a 3-in. belt on a 14-in.
pulley, and make 150 oscillations per minute. The length of stroke is so adjusted
that the hopper shall discharge the entire content alternately into the sample-
and the discard-channel of the dividing trough. The ore, crushed to pass a
1-in. ring, is fed through the 4-in. pipe at the top; it strikes the osciLating
hopper, where it is mixed and dropped alternately into the sample- and discard-
channels of the rapidly-moving divider. The discard gliding down the dis-
card-channel is delivered into the top-opening of the discard-chute, while the
Hto-naW-ttT.'^'*^
Pig. 3. — The Foster-Coolidge Sampler.
sample gliding down the sample-channel, strikes the lower end and falls through
the opening in the bottom into the second hopper, and thence into the second
divider, where the operations are repeated, and so on down through the third and
fourth hoppers and dividers, the final sample being delivered into a sample-
chute extending through the cast-iron base. The power required to drive the
machine is small. The sampler is 7 ft. 3 in. high and occupies a floor-space
5 ft. 10 in.X2 ft. 9 in. Its capacity per hour is said to be from 25 to 30 tons
of ore or matte.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING. 431
P. Argall^** has published a paper on sampling and dry-crushing, details of
which are given in the "Review of Ore Dressing," later in this volume.
Assay-Balances. — The Denver Balance Co.*® has brought out two new portabte
balances. Style S is designed for the prospector and is sensitiva to 0*00002 g.
(uVnig.), style R, intended for assayers, weighs accurately to 000001 g. (ffffD^g-)-
Assay-Furnaces, — C. S. Batchelder^® has patented a two-muffle furnace, en-
closed by iron sheathing with an asbestos backing and a fire-brick lining. The
muffles have asbestos doors fitted to admit air at the sides, and are provided
also with peepholes.
A. C. Calkins*^ ha^ patented an assay furnace consisting of a muffle (with
openings front and back, to be opened and closed independently), and a crucible
space on either side. The three parts are to be heated from the same fire-place,
and the products of combustion carried oflE by a main flue, which also collects
other gases from the muffle and crucible-heating spaces. Another patent^^ was
granted to him in October, 1902.
Cupels. — ^T. L. Carter^' sounds a note of warning to assayers who are in
the habit of purchasing their cupels, advising them to test a new lot for absorp-
tion before use. In one lot he found the loss in gold by absorption to be 10% ;
also that the percentage of loss by cupellation of a silver-gold alloy differed
from that of gold alone.
J. Vogle** advocates the use of a kaolin cupel with a blow-pipe to finish the
cupellation of a lead-button containing a very small quantity of gold. The
cupel material is prepared by triturating kaolin with water, pouring off the slime
into a flat dish, and allowing it to settle. Enough kaolin is taken to furnish
a 2-in. layer of sediment, when most of the moisture has been evaporated. The
moist cake is divided into 2-cm. squares, which when fully dried and burnt,
form the cupels. A lead button is cupelled in the usual way until it is reduced
to l-nun. diameter; it is then transferred to the kaolin cupel and finished with
the blow-pipe, with an addition of borax if necessary. In cupelling, the litharge
combines with the kaolin and forms a small pit. In order that the button shall
assume the globular form desired for measurement, the bead is moved from the
pit and finished on another part of the cupel. Standards for comparison
are made by beating out pure gold, weighing strips 0-9 mg., 0*08 mg., etc., wrap-
ping them in strips of lead foil of the same size, melting them down on charcoal,
and then cupelling on the kaolin cupels.
Assay of Lead Ores. — J. L. Charles^' recommends the use of potassium
cyanide as flux for the assay of lead ores, and advocates the following method
of procedure: ram into the crucible 10 g. KCN, pour in the charge (ore, 10 g.,
and KCN, 30 g. well mixed), cover it first with 5 g. KCN, then with a
0*25- to 0'5-in. layer of salt. Colorado lead works generally lose some of the
lead values in assaying. The following are common charges : ore, 10 g., mixed
with sodium bicarbonate, 15 g.; potassium carbonate, 10 g.; argols, 7 g. or
!• Inttituiion of Mining and Metallurgy^ 1901-Oa, » United States Patent No. 711,564, Oct. 21, 1902
>• Mining Reporter^ Oct. 9, 190S. [10, S84. ** Engineering and Mining Journal, Mat 17, 1902.
M United States Patent No. 712,896, Not. 4, 1902. >« Mining and Seientiftc Preu, July 19, 1902.
•> United Stotes Patent No 696.548, Apr. 1, 1902. «• Mining Reporter, A.ng. 14, 1902.
432
THS MINERAL INDU8THY.
flour 5 g.; borax glass 3 g,, sprinkled on top^ and salt coYcnr, nails as needed.
Fusion is started at a low heat^ which is gradually raised. The fusion should
be completed in from 35 to 40 minutes. Another flux is: sodium bicarbonate,
125 g.; potassium carbonate, 162 g.; raw borax, 63 g.; flour, 51 g. With much
calcium and barium oxide, more borax is added. Nails are always used.
With ores high in antimony, the author prefers to determine lead volumetri-
cally by the molybdate instead of using a dry method, for which Bicketts
recommends: ore, 10 g., sodium or potassium carbonate, 35 g., niter, 1 g.,
salt cover; the charge to be fused 20 minutes at a good heat, then cooled slowly
for 10 minutes, and finished at a high heat in 10 minutes. The idea is that
part of the antimony will be taken up by the flux, part will be volatilized, and
very little only will be taken up by the lead.
0. J. Frost** modified the common method for assaying galena concentrates
from northern Idaho (Pb from 40 to 60%), by dropping 10 g. KCX into the
crucible about five minutes after complete fusion of the charge, and then heating
for 15 minutes. With the use of KCN overheating must be avoided, as there
is danger of the charge boiling over. The following table of comparative
results is of interest: —
without KC7.
With KCy.
WetAany
(Molybdat« Method).
without KCy.
With KQy.
44%
49*9
66-6
«6 '
60-4
66-S
6689 and 56-61
58-87 and 68-00
57-66 and 67- 45
66*44 and 56-78
60-86 and 60-98
46-56
60-40
66-88
56-87 and 66-88
49*9
45-5
40-6
45*8
48-9
45S
45-7
68-87 and 68-66
60-88 and 60-19
45*9 and 45-88
47*9 and 47*98
W-4
66-6
66-0
00-4
40*68 and 46*88
4904 and 48-98
46-18 and 46-96
40-18 and 46-87
I. C. BulP^ has investigated the determination of lead in ores. Six diflferent
ores containing as leading lead-bearing minerals galena (two), cerussite (two)^
sulphuret-galena-sphalerite (one), and galena-stibnite (one), were assayed for
lead in the dry way, gravimetrically by the lead sulphate and lead chromate
methods, electrolytically by the lead peroxide method, and volumetrically with
the ammonium molybdate (D. H. H. Alexander), the oxalic acid and potassium
permanganate, potassium dichromate, potassium ferrocyanide, and lastly with the
original and modified methods of Koenig. The influence that antimony, bis-
muth, barium, strontium and calcium have on the volumetric methods were also
determined.
The data tabulated show that the dichromate method is liable to give results
that are too high ; the same is the case with Koenig^s method, though to a less
degree. The ferrocyanide and molybdate (Alexander's) methods are preferable
to the other two. The results obtained are shown in the tables given on the next
and following pages of this section.
The results in the table show that the molybdate or Alexander's method,
the dichromate or back titration method with either ferrous salt or sodium
thiosulphate, the Koenig and the ferrocyanide methods give concordant results.
** Engineering and Mining Journal^ May 17, 94, 1908.
^ aehoci of Min€9 Quarttrlp, 1908, 88, pp. 846-866.
RBCBNT JMPROVEMBNTa IN LEAD SMBLTINO.
433
Strontium.
Buium.
Bismuth.
Antimony.
Hi!
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434
Tim MINERAL INDUSTRY.
In the preceding table are brought together the data showing to what degree anti-
mony, bismuth, barium, strontium and calcium interfere with the results of the
above-mentioned four volumetric methods.
RESULTS OBTAINED BY VARIOUS METHODS OP DETERMINATION.
1^
So
I
%
78
II
37
Ill
0
IV
V
24-7
Base Metal,
28-7
VL
a7-8
11
78-88
78-88
»r-ao
87-88
10-78
10-74
18-40
18-43
87-86
87-21
88-60
88-64
I
78-71
78-88
»7-88
87-80
10-77
10-74
18-45
18-40
87-28
8780
88-47
88-60
78-78
87-85
'io-so'
18-68
"87-88'
*88-e6'
78-74
78-88
87-41
87-44
10-80
10*88
18-47
18-61
87-44
87-85
88-68
88-68
78-80
78-64
87-88
87-40
10-58
10-68
18-48
18-42
87-84
27-58
88-80
88-88
%
77-64
77-60
88-71
88-68
9-98
9-06
17-54
17-86
88-88
87-88
%
78.71
78-78
87-88
87-88
10-78
10-78
18-48
18-44
27-81
87-87
88-46
88-58
78-78
78-78
87-88
87-87
10-80
10-78
18-60
18-46
87-86
87-88
88-67
88-60
78-87
78-86
87-81
87-89
10-90
10-86
18-44
18 48
87-85
8718
88-86
38-68
Assay of Lead in Slags, — Svoboda^* worked out the following wet method
for the determination of lead in blast-fumace slags: Place 10 g. finely pul-
verized slag in a covered beaker, add 10 c.c. water, stir, add quickly while shak-
ing, 50 c.c. cone, hydrochloric acid, dilute with 30 to 40 c.c. water, and boil
until free from, hydrogen sulphide. Add carefully potassium chlorate to per-
oxidize the salts, remove excess of chlorine by boiling, filter through a large
folded filter into a beaker holding 1,500 c.c, and wash three times with boiling
water. Bcturn filter with residue to original beaker, boil with water, filter
through second folded filter, using the same funnel as before (the filtrate to
be run into the first filtrate), and wash two or three times with boiling water.
The residue is free from lead, all the lead having gone into solution. Add
to the filtrate 20 g. granulated zinc (free from lead), allow to stand over night,
then filter and wash three times with cold water. Transfer filter with precipitated
lead and residual zinc to a beaker, add nitric acid to dissolve lead and zinc,
transfer to a 250-c.c. flask, cool, fill to the mark and filter. Take 200 c.c. of
the filtrate (=8 g. slag) add 25 c.c. dilute sulphuric acid (14), and when the
lead sulphate has settled out, add 70 c.c. absolute alcohol, and allow to stand
over night. Then filter through a Gooch crucible, wash with 30%, then with
100% alcohol, and finally with ether, dry at 150*^0., cool and weigh. The lead
sulphate thus obtained is as a rule C. P. If there is any doubt, dissolve it in
concentrated ammonium acetate, wash and again weigh the crucible. In order
to obtain check results, the lead dissolved by ammjonium acetate was precipi-
tated as lead sulphide, and weighed as such. Results obtained are tabulated
below : —
Per Cent.
Lead
from
Lead Rul-
phate..
Lead Sul*
phide...
8-80
8-86
la
300
8-14
First Set. Sample No.
4
S-39
8-50
S
9-66
389
373
3-73
5
»-19
4-30
1-93
2-03
1-74
1-RS
1-83
8a
1-84
1-68
Second Set. Sample No.
0
2-89
2-29
10
4-79
4-78
11
2-51
2-59
12
2-41
2-42
13
2-58
2tV
14
2-75
2-76
Third Set. Sample No
0
10
11
12
18
14
2-51
4-88
2-68
2-89
8-01
2-54
4-74
2-76
2-43
8-09
•• Oeaterrrirhiscfie Zeitum fver Berg- und Huettenipeaen, 1902, 088.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTa IN LEAD SMELTING.
435
Silver-Gold Assays, — Prost and Bovei'oulle'*® compared the crucible and scori-
fication assay methods for silver using argentiferous blende and galena concen-
trates with from 70 to 75% lead. Crucible assays were made with iron crucibles
in a pot-fumace. Two charges were used: (1) ore 20 g., sodium carbonate
30 g., dehydrated borax 17 g., argols 4 g., sodium carbonate cover 10 g.; (2)
same as above, only 15 g. litharge were mixed into the charge. Scorification
charges were made up of ore 5 g., granulated lead 25 g., cover granulated lead
25 g., dehydrated borax 0'5 g. The scorifiers were placed at the back of the
miiflfle, brought to a cupelling temperature at the front, the muflBe door was
closed, the fire urged for 15 or 20 minutes, the door opened, and the scorifica-
tion carried on until the lead buttons were covered; then borax was added, the
fire again urged, and the charges poured. The results are summarized in the
subjoined table: —
Ora
Blende L....
BleQden...
Oalenal....
QaI<>DaI....
Qalena II. . .
Qalena U...
Galena la..
Qalena m...
Galena IV..,
Galena IV...
Galena V...
Galena V...
Qalena VI...
Qalena VL..
Crucible Assay,
With
Litharge.
Grams Ae
per Ton of
Ore.
887
644
901
3,885
8,491
8,908
8,118
0,915
Number of
Assays
Without
Litharge.
Grams Ag
per Ton
of Ore.
Number of
Assays
809
8
8.884
8
8,481
8
8,908
8
3,186
8
6,909
' i'
Bcoriflcationin Assay.
Grams Ag
per Ton
of Ore.
896
684
981
981
8.888
8,828
2,618
2,618
8,001 ,
8,001
8,160
8,160
7,070
7,070
Number of
•Assays
Difference.
Grams
SUver.
8-0
480
88-6
90-6
880
890
1870
186*5
75-0
06-0
480
84-0
165-0
101-0
)( of Total
SflTerin
Favor of
Scoriflca-
tlon Assay
808
018
288
8'ffi
103
107
4*85
5-88
8-49
SIO
1-50
107
819
1-65-
Alderson,'® in discussing the assaying of base silver ores, advocates the
use of the crucible method. He also recommends the following charge for
roasted ore: —
Sodium bicarbonate, 20 g.; borax, 0*5 A.T.; litharge, 1*5 A.T.; silica (glass
through 20-mesh screen), 20 g. ; argols, 2 g. Each of these components equals
in volume one teaspoonful. He considers a preliminary roast an unnecessary
operation (occupying too much time), as an addition of niter acte more quickly,
and gives results that check satisfactorily. With an ordinary base ore, he takes
0*5 A.T., uses the charge given above except that he leaves out the argols, in-
creases the litharge to 2 A.T., and adds 10 g. niter. If the base ore contains
very little gangue, he increases the litharge to from 2*5 to 3 A.T., the silica to
30 g., and the niter to 15 g. In order to avoid a preliminary assay for deter-
mining the reducing power, he makes a rough pan test.
An editorial'* describes briefly a method for assaying coppery lead ores.'*
W. G. Perkins'* advocates the assay of silver and gold-bearing coppery ma-
terials in the crucible. The charges are to be made up with a large quantity
** Revue Universelle des Mines, 1901, 50, 290.
•• Mining and Scientific Frees, Apr. 19, 1908.
« Ibid., June 14. 1908.
** See The Minkral Industry, X., 1901, 419. under P. R. Roberts.
*' Tranaactione of the American Institute of Mining Engineen, 9U 918L
436
THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
of litLirge that is to carry the copper into the slag, with sufficient silica to
have 1 part silica to 16 parts litharge, also the necessary oxidizing or reducing
agents to obtain a button weighing 16 g. The fusions carried out in the muffle
will give the best results when starting with the muffle fairly red; in 30 minutes
this becomes a bright red, when the charge is kept in the furnace 10 minutes
longer. The slag obtained will pour well, and when allowed to solidify will
show when broken, lead, copper and iron silicate on the outside edge, gradually
passing into crystalline litharge toward the center. If the furnace is too
cool the slag will be crystalline, and shots of lead are liable to remain in the
crucible ; if too hot, the slag corroding the crucible will show cavities which may
retain lead. In making up the charges, it is important to know the content
of copper, silica, iron, and sulphur of the ore, and the effects of the fluxes:
1 g. flour will reduce 10 g. lead; 4% sulphur, 16 g.; 4% antimony, 3 g.; 4%
arsenic, 6 g. ; and 1 g. potassium nitrate will oxidize 4 g. lead. The quantity
of litharge used will depend, besides silica to be slagged, upon the impurities to
be fluxed. With low-grade ores (from 2 to 4% copper), 5 A.T. litharge will
be added to 0'5 A.T. oi^; with matte (from 48 to 60% copper), 8 A.T. litharge
will be charged with O'l A.T. matte. For example, an ore of the composition
copper 5*4%, silica 29'4%, iron 28 2%, lime 13*1%, sulphur 16'8% may be
taken. Being rich in copper, 0-25 A.T. will be weighed out so as not to make
the charge too large. This will require 8 A.T. litharge, 0*6 A.T. sodium and
potassium carbonates, 18'3 g. silica, and 4 g. potassium nitrate. The author
always uses a salt cover having found the results to be more satisfactory than
with borax. Arsenic and antimony interfere with the method only when to-
gether they exceed 4% in quantity.
W. H. Kauffman^* investigated the losses in silver in cupelling; he varied
the quantities of silver and lead taken, the kind of cupel, and studied the effects
of copper. The cupels were of three kinds: water cupels, potash cupels and
borax cupels. In the first, 3,000 g. bone ash were moistened with 393 c.c.
water; in the second, 00 g. pearl ash were dissolved in the water; in the third,
20 g. borax. The results obtained are given in the subjoined tables, each assay-
figure being the average of several determinations.
Water Cupels.
Potash Cupels.
SflTer
SUyer
Loet
1
Lead Charged.
SUver
Charged.
SilTer
Lost
Lead Chanced.
ObATged.
5 Orams.
10 Grams
IIS Orams
90 Grams
:0 Gramp
95 Grams.
eo
100
900
1-48
1-80
0-86
2-88
1-61
1*94
814
1-68
1-40
1-86
9- 12
1-74
If-
80
100
200
4i
1
I
9-10
1-88
1-99
9*96
1*98
1-46
Borax Cupels.
Water Cupels.
SflTer
Silver
Lost
Lead Charged.
Sflver
Charged.
Copper
Charged.
^
Lead Charged.
Charged.
10 Grams. 95 Orams.
10 Grams.
96 Grams
60
100
900
1
1-96
1*42
117
8-87
219
ITO
JSf-
100
100
15-
60
100
t
Il
1-90
9-W
>« Etngineering and Mining Jownai^ June 14, 1908.
RBCBNT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING. 437
The conclusions drawn are: (1) the percentage-loss in silver is greater with
small than with large quantities of silver; (2) with 10- and 15-g. lead buttons
the loss in silver is smaller than if the buttons weigh 25 g., and greater if tho
weight goes down to 5 g. (25-mg. silver buttons appear to form an exception to
this general sttitement) ; (3) small quantities of copper do not alter the con-
clusions given above; (4) there is no difference in the result whether the bone
ash is mixed with pure water or with water containing pearl ash or borax.
Determination of Antimony in Hard Lead. — F. W. Kiister, Ph. Siedler and
A. Thiel'^ investigated the method of estimating the percentage of antimony in
hard lead by determining the specific gravity. (See page 45 of this volume.)
Lead Smelting in Southeast Missouri. — R. B. Brinsmade'® gives a brief out-
line of the lead-smelting operations in southeast Missouri. The ore is a
galena concentrate, from 0-3 in. in diameter down to slimes, assaying from
60 to 70% lead, the rest being dolomite and pyrite. It is treated in the
reverberatory smelting furnace, the ore-hearth and the blast furnace. The
Desloge Co., Desloge, Mo., has five Silesian reverberatory smelting furnaces.
Two tons concentrates form a charge, three charges are worked per day in winter,
two in summer; two men at $1.75 and $1.55 run a furnace in an 8-hour shift
«
in winter and in a 12-hour shift in summer. The lead running from the fur-
nace is collected and slightly purified in the external cast-iron crucible of
the furnace and ladled into shipping bars; the gray slag is sold to smelting
works in St. Louis.
The Federal Lead Co., St. Louis, Mo., smelts galena concentrates in hearth-
furnaces of the American water-back type; the hearth is 30X32 in. and 15 in.
deep, has four 1-in. tuyeres 1 in. above the crucible; the blast-pressure is from
6 to 8 oz. ; the fuel a non-caking nut coal. Two men to a hearth smelt in an
8-houT shift from 4,000 to 5,000 lb. concentrates, and extract about 50% of
the lead in the ore in the form of marketable lead ; 32% goes into the brows
(agglomerated raw and roasted ore) and gray slag, and 18% into the fumje.
The fume is collected in a bag-house of Lewis-Bartlett pattern; some of it is
sold, the rest goes into the blast furnace charge with the brows, gray slag, and the
drosses.
The St. Joe smelter at Bonne Terre, Mo., roasts the concentrates and then
smelts in the blast furnace. The roaster is a long-hearth hand-reverberatory
furnace with fusion box. The roasting-hearth is 40X11 ft. ; the fusion box, 8 in.
below the roasting-hearth, is 11X11 ft., its working-bottom a 1-ft. bed of fused
pyrites concentrates; the fire-bridge is 20 in. above the grate and 16 in. above
the fusing-hearth ; the flue-bridge is 8 in. high; the roof 12 in. above the fire-
bridge and 16 in. above the flue-bridge; the grate is 7X2 5 ft. ; the stack 3X4 ft.
inside and 40 ft. high; bituminous coal serves as fuel. The furnace treats 5
tons of concentrates in 24 hours with 2 men on a shift. Before dropping the
charge onto the fusing-hearth, 15% sand is introduced in order to decompose
lead sulphate and to prevent any metallic lead from being liberated. The ore
IS stirred every half hour on the roasting-hearth and every hour on the
** Cfhemiker Zeitung, 1900, 86. 1107: OestnreichiaeKe Zeitung f%ur Berg- und Huettenwewen^ 1908, 178; En-
ffineering and Mining Journal, Dec. 27, 1908. *« Mines and Jfinerol0,*19OB, «. 80a
438 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
f using-hearth ; it passes in 30 hours through the furnace ; the sulphur is reduced
from 15% to about 4%. The blast furnace plant at Herculaneum has three
water-jacket furnaces 54 in. in diameter at the tuyeres and 12 ft. high (each
furnace treating from 60 to 60 tons charge in 24 hours), and one oblong fur-
nace, 54X180 in. at tuyeres and 12 ft. high, with a capacity of from 60 to 80
tons charge in 24 hours. A charge contains about 50% lead; the slag aimed
for is SiOa 30%, PeO 40%, CaO 12 to 14%. Matte and slag are tapped into
conical pot8, 2 ft. in diameter at the top, and separated on the dump when cold.
The matte, with 10% lead, is roasted in a Pearoe single-deck turret furnace,
and the sulphur reduced to 4%. The roasted matte is smelted in the blast
furnace. Concentration of copper, nickel and cobalt in the presence of lead
cannot be carried beyond a certain limit without cobalt and nickel being slagged
to a considerable extent. The lead is run through an Arent's siphon tap into
a kettle and cast into 80-lb. bars, which are sent to the refinery. The refinery
contains two liquating furnaces with trough-shaped hearths, consisting of two
cast-iron plates 3X5 ft. and 2 in. thick, which discharge the liquated lead
through holes bored 8 in. apart, into semi-circular troughs. These deliver the
lead into two merchant kettles, where it is poled for 90 minutes with steam
passing through a 1-in. pipe. A kettle 3 in. thick at the bottom and 2 in. at
the sides holds 30 tons of lead. The contents of the two kettles are discharged
by means of Steitz siphons into 50 double moulds supported by the horizontal
framie of a circular revolving picking table. The wheel-shaped table has 50
spokes. One central stack furnishes the draught for the two liquating furnaces
and the two poling kettles. The market lead assays 1'5 oz. silver per ton.
Lead at Freiberg, Saxony, — Kochinke^^ publishes a tree of the ore treatment
of the Halsbriicken and Mulden smelting and refining works, Freiberg, Saxony,
which gives full details of the modes of working these complex ores.
Lead at Laurion, Oreece. — Ernst^® discusses briefly the smelting of lead ore,
cupellation of argentiferous lead, and the uses to which lead and litharge were
put by the ancients. The smelting methods must have been very imperfect, as
old slags contain from 7 to 14*5% Pb. The litharge found, however, contains
less than 3 oz. silver per ton, showing that the ancients were very careful with
cupellation. Older silver coins upon anal}'sis give a fineness of from 983 to
986, while those of a later date gave 966 and even 919 fine, which was prob-
ably due to the ores having become more base or to less care in the cupellation.
Lead in Murcia, Spain. — According to Jannetaz** the ore treated at Murcia,
Spain, is mainly a galena concentrate with from 50 to 55% lead. The mines
contain also a ferrous-lead-silicate ore with 6% lead, which is used as flux.
The galena ore is roasted in hand reverboratory furnaces with hearths from
40 to 46 ft. long and from 10 to 13 ft. wide. In 24 hours from 55 to 6 tons
ore are roasted with a fuel consumption of from 16 to 18% of the weight of
the ore. The former natural draught furnaces have been superseded by blast
»» Freiberqer Jnhrbuch, 1902. «^-fl8.
** Oenterreichi»che» Jahrbuch, 1902. RO, 475; Hofman, E^iffineering and Mining JoumaX, Oct. 21, 18BS.
** Memoiret et Compte Rendtta den Travaxix de la 8oei4.te de» Jngenieura Civilg de France^ 1900, 1., 706-711;
Tran9acii<m$ of the Inttitution of MintTig Bngineerg, 1900-1901, 90. 683.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING. 439
furnaces, of which the following facts are given: total height^ 13 .to 16 ft.;
diameter at tuyeres, from 45 to 6 5 ft. ; number of tuyeres from 4 to 6, blast pres-
sure, from 4-3 to 5'9 in. water. The charge contains 30% lead, the coke con-
sumption is from 12 to 15% of the weight of the charge; the daily product
is from 5 to 12 tons lead. At Puerto de Mazzarron, there are seven water-jackert
Pilz furnaces 25 ft. high, and one 33 ft. high with 16 tuyeres, the number of
which is to be doubled. At the same works, there is an -^nerican water-jacket
furnace, with 14 tuyeres, producing 22 tons lead in 24 hours.
Smelting of Lead OftEs.
Roasting Furnaces. — J. Gross** describes with illustrations the construction
of an adobe reverberatory roasting furnace with two hearths, each 30X10 ft.
The furnace is fired with wood, and serves for chlorodizing roasting.
The F. M. Davis Iron Works Co., Denver, Colo., has patented** a straight-
line mechanical roasting furnace, in which the rake-arm with the stirring blades
instead of being dragged over the hearth by a chain or rope device, is re-
placed by an arm, having at either end a long rack and a flat surface. The
racks mesh with pinion wheels placed along the sides of the furnace, the shafts
of the several pinions have plane wheels on which rest the flat surfaces, thus
relieving the pinions from the weight of the arm. Hack and flat surface form
the bottom of an iron box filled with water. A pair of opposite boxes filled with
water is joined by three hollow shafts, the middle shaft carrying a double
set of blades. On a forward trip in the furnace one set of blades is in action ;
before the return trip the middle shaft is automatically turned 90®, and before
the second forward trip, it is again turned 90®, throwing the opposite set of
blades into use. The loss of water due to evaporation is automatically re-
plenished after every trip. The raw ore, instead of being dropped onto the
hearth, is fed under it at one end and pushed up onto it by means of a screw
conveyor. The roasted ore is removed by a similar conveyor and forced up on
to a cooling hearth, which is located at the side of the furnace at the floor level.
It is about 4 ft. wide and double-decked. The hearths are of corrugated iron,
supported by angle iron frames. The ore is conveyed over the two hearths by
several sets of rabbles attached to an endless chain on either side, the rabbles
traveling in one direction on the upper hearth, in the opposite direction on the
lower hearth. It is claimed that the furnace will roast in 24 hours 1 ton sili-
ceous ore with from 2 to 4% S for every 14 to 16 sq. ft. of hearth aresa, reduc-
ing the sulphur to less than 0'6%. For sulphide ores with from 26 to 30% 8,
the hearth area required per ton in 24 hours is from 35 to 40 sq. ft. if the sul-
phur is reduced to 4%, and from 55 to 60 sq. ft. if reduced to 0'5%. For
matte with from 30 to 35% S, the hearth area required per ton in 24 hours is
from 40 to 45 sq. ft., supposing the sulphur to be reduced to 4%.
The silver-lead works of Ems** have patented a straight-line mechanical roast-
«• Tran9atUofi» of fkt AmtiHcan huHttUe of Mining SngHuen, 190B; BngineeHng and Mining Jowmal
}nw 14, IffB.
«i United States Patent No. 700,186, May 1>. IWB.
«* FitcKer, JahretberU^U. LtiMbtng dtr Ckemimlktn TecKnUoQie^ AnorganUcher TkeO,, 1901, 947.
440 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
ing furnace in which travel a row of trucks, forming parts of the hearth. The
trucks are coupled at the ends, the sides run in grooves sealed with sand. The
furnace is heated in the usual way from external fire-places, the trucks receive
their ore charges at one end of the furnace, pass slowly through and leave it at
the other. The ore is rahbled by hand from the sides.
D. C. Jackling*' has patented a mechanical roasting furnace and carriage.
The furnace has an oblong stationary hearth ; its roof is carried by skew-backs
riveted to upright I-beams, the tops of which are joined by cross beams which
carry the return track of the carriage as well as a corrugated floor forming the
cooling hearth for the roasted ore. The carriage runs on rails placed inside the
furnace walls.
W. A. Ijoreliz** patented a straight-line mechanical reverberatory roasting
furnace assigned to the Lanyon Zinc Co., of St. Louis, Mo. The stirring
mechanism is the opposite of that of Ropp, in so far as it is suspended by rods
carried by trucks running on a track above the furnace instead of being sup-
ported by rods carried by trucks running in a vault underneath the hearth.
In order to give the roof (which is divided into two parts by the longitudinal
slot) the necessary strength, it has two' arches, and as there is no abutment
along the median line for the meeting arches, a heavy iron casting, firmly at-
tached to steel cross beams, takes its place.
D. Sheedy and M. W. lies** have patented an oblong mechanical roasting fur-
nace, in which the abutments carrying the arch are built into cast-iron angles.
These are suspended by iron rods from cross beams, and braced against the
vertical beams of the upright frames extending over the furnace. The rabble
carriages run outside of the furnace, and jnake their return trips on rails placed
on the cross beams.
J. P. Cappeau** has patented a mechanical straight line reverberatory fur-
nace similar in principle to the Ropp furnace. The improvement lies in the
opening and closing of the central slot in the hearth by means of gates, which
are controlled by the rake as it moves over the hearth.
The case of Horace F. Brown against the Lanyon Zinc Co.*' for the infringe-
ment on the Brown patented roasting furnace was decided by the Circuit Court
of Appeals in favor of Brown, thus upholding the decision rendered by the
Circuit Court of Kansas.
A. D. Carmichael*' has proposed to desulphurize ores by mixing them with
calcium sulphate, and then heating to start the roast. The heat generated
is to reduce the calcium sulphate to sulphide, and the latter is to be re-oxidized
by the admission of air.
J. A. Ogden** has patented a gravimetric ore roaster bv which term is to be
understood a reverberatory furnace containing suspended shaking iron plates.
The ore is to be subjected to dry concentration while it is being roasted.
«» United states Patent Nos. 706,756 and 700,786, Aiiff. 8, IWB.
«« United States Patent Ko. 001,797, Jan. 98, IWB.
«• United States Patent No. 711,868, Oct. 4, 1008.
«« United States Patent No, 091,118, Jab. 14, lOOS.
« mninQ and Setentifie Prem, Sept. IS, 1008.
•• United Stotes Patent No. 706 004, July 90, 1008.
«• United States Patent No. 091,868, Jan. 88, 1008; No. 708,7n, Sept. 0, 1008L
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING,
441
J. L. Hopper'*® has patented a two-hearth oblong oil-burning roasting furnace,
in which perforated oil supply pipes are placed in the side walls, near the floor,
and in the roof of the lower hearth. The ore, fed at one end of the hearth, is
discharged at the other.
A. W. Chase** has constructed a multiple-hearth roasting furnace for pyritic
ores. A hearth is composed of three burnt fire clay troughs 2 ft. long, which are
supported by arches. A water-cooled screw conveyor turns over and moves the ore
along. The fire-place extends along the bottom of the furnace and supplies the
necessary heat. A furnace with three hearths is 14 ft. long and 2 ft. high. A
trial run with pyrites cinders gave a coal consumption of less than 1 ton in 21
hours. The results of three roasts are given in the subjoined table : —
Ora Fed
tnM Hours.
Sulphur in
Soluble Components in Roasted Ore.
Remarks.
Raw Ore.
Roasted
Ore.
Sulphur.
Copper.
Iron.
Lime.
TODS,
7-2
9-«
4*«
590
607
OM
1-61
1-17
1-61
101
OM
*0
0
0
o4,
0*»
ow
Heat low.
Heat high.
Th. D. Merton**^ has patented a multiple-hearth, oblong roasting furnace,
in which the ore, fed onto the top hearth is moved through the furnace by a
number of horizontal arms reaching out from vertical water-cooled, revolving
shafts. The arms are arranged in such a way that the circles they describe
overlap one another in part, and thus move the ore over the hearths.
Evans and Klepetko^' have patented an improved form of MacDougall furnace,
in which both the vertical driving shaft, and the horizontal stirring arms are
water cooled. A detailed description of the furnace and of its work has been
given by H. 0. Hofman."
L. T. Wright'* patented some device (not clearly shown) for cooling the
central shaft and the radial arms of a MacDougall roasting furnace.
F. L. Bartlett^** has patented a furnace for refining lead and zinc fume.
It is oblong, has a feed at one end, ia discharge at the other, and a depressed
fire-place on either side of the discharge opening.
W. D. C. Spike and J. T. Jones'^' have patented a reverberatory furnace for
roasting and smelting. The ore is fed through a vertical chimney onto stag-
gered rows of tilting grate-bars, which allow the products of combustion to
zigzag over the ore, as they rise and pass off through the chimney. On the
grates the ore is subjected to a preliminary oxidizing roast, and moved down-
ward by tilting the bars. At the bottom of the roasting chimney is an inclined
iron hearth on which the roast is supposed to be finished. The ore glides
from this onto a brick hearth, where it is to be smelted. Air under pressure
•• United 8tat«ii Patent No. 708,004, June 10, 1908.
*> Bngineering and Mining Jovmal, June 7, 1009.
•• United States Patent No. 007,888, Aprfl 15, IQOS.
M United State* Patent No. 700,889, May 90, 1908L
** Paper read before the American Institute of Mining En^ineere, Februaiy, 1908.
M United States Patent No. 097,008, Apr. 8, 190S.
M United States Patent No. 008,972, Feb, 11, 1908, also No. 715,288, Dec. 9, 1908.
•V United States Patent No. 098,078, Feb. 11, 1908.
442 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
circulates beneath the inclined iron roasting hearth, cools this and enters
when superheated in part, under the grate of the deep fire-place of the furnace.
An editorial® gives brief descriptions of the newly patented roasting fur-
naces of P. Argall, «** J. P. Cappeau,«« H. Carmichael," B. Hall," W. A. Lorenz,««
Th. D. Morton," U. Wedge,«» J. P. Wetherill,** L. T. Wright," and P. W.
Holtman.'® The last-named furnace is a modification of the Spence furnace.
The rakes are moved to and fro by means of threaded rotating shafts, the direc-
tions of which are reversed after each movement of the rakes. The shafts are
mounted outside of the furnace, and are driven by bevel gearing. The rake
arms protrude from the hearths through the sides of the furnace, the continuous
slots being closed by long plates attached to the arms. Other patented roasting
furnaces are those of A. M. Beam,**" W. H. Mother/® P. Naeff," Th. Edwards,^*
and A. C. Johnson.''^
Blast-Furnace Table, — The blast-furnace table of Kochinke^* contains several
statements about the Przibrara smelting works, which require a correction.
According to Cap^"^ the coke consumption during the last 28 years was 13'18%,
and during the last 5 years 12*6% ; it never reached 16% as stated by Kochinke;
the coke often containing from 13 to 15% ash. Further, the diameter of
the hearth is 4-92 ft., not 4-59 ft.; the diameter of tuyeres 227 in., not 2-36 in.;
the blast pressure is 1 in. quicksilver, not 1*6 in.; the charge contains 16%
lead, the ore 32% silica.
Blast-Fumace Construction, — C. Ijaughlin'* has patented a slag-escape device
for a blast-furnace tuyeres, and a means of cooling a wrought-iron water-jacket
by making connection near top and bottom with a water tank. The idea of
the second patent is that the hot water in the jacket will, while rising, draw
in cool water near the bottom, and thus establish a circulation of the cooling
water. The heated water is cooled in the open water tank.
E. H. Messiter^' has patented a tuyere-elbow with a drop-valve, which pre-
vents the back flow of gas into the bustle pipe, should the pressure in the tuyere-
pipe be reduced below that prevailing in the furnace. Between the drop valve
and the opening leading into the furnace is an escape passage leading in the
open air, the passage being controlled by the pressure of the blast.
M. Barrett'® has patented a sectional, water-cooled tapping-jacket for a
matte settler.
Mechanical Feeding of Blast Fumnces, — A. S. Dwight discusses the mechanical
feeding'* of silver-load blast furnaces, and gives much information in regard
to the mechanical factors that govern the successful working of a lead blast fur-
»• Engineering and Mining Journal, Aue. 16, 1902L
•• Th» Mikbral Indttotey, IX., 446. •• Ibid., XI., 440. •» Ibid., X., 429. •• Jbfd., X., 499. •« Ibid.-
XI., 440. •* /bid., XI., 441. M 7&id., IX., 445. •• Ibid., X., 490. " /5td., VHI., 401 and XI., 44L
•• United Rtatea Patent No. 684,153, Dec. 8, 1900. " United StatM Patent No. 711,888, Oct 14, 1908.
•• United Stat«a Ffttent No. 706,616, Sept 9, 1902. *< United Stotes Patent No. 715,080, Dec. 8, 1909.
▼<> United States Patent No. 708,977, Sept. 9, 1908. ''■ United States Patent No. 714,484, Not. 96, 1908.
V* Thb Minkral Industry, X., 480.
*» Oeaterreichiaehe Zeittchrift fuer Berg- und Huettentoesen^ 1908, 147.
v« United States Patent Nos. 707,601 and 707,608, Aug. 86, 1909.
vT United States FRtent No. 736,838, Aug. 6, 1908
▼" United States Patent No. 701,670, June 8, 1909.
** Paper read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, NoTember, 1908.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING, 443
nace. A modern lead blast furnace has a tuyere-section ranging from 42X120 in.
to 48X160 in., and a throat-section from 54X132 in. to 84X200 in.; the height
varies from 15 to 21 ft.
With hand feeding, the charge may be introduced from the top through a
slot about 20 in. wide when the gases are drawn off from the side of the fur-
nace, or from the side when the furnace shaft extends as a hood above the
charging-floor from which a down-take carries the gases off into the dust^flue.
Such a furnace will smelt in 24 hours from 80 to 200 tons charge (ore and
flux), the quantity of foul slag added will be from 20 to 60%, and the coke
consumption from 12 to 16% of the charge; the blast pressure will vary from
1*5 to 4 lb., averaging 2 lb. per sq. in. A furnace will be doing satisfactory
work when the direct yield of lead in the form of base bullion is high, the slag
fluid and clean, the matte low in lead, and the top of the furnace cool and
quiet, making little fumes and dust. The charges should descend evenly, which
means that the furnace should be free from accretions and crusts, the tuyeres
be moderately bright and open, and the play of the lead in the well free. All
these conditions are dependent upon a "good reduction," and this in turn is
governed by the chemical composition of the charge, the proportion and char-
acter of the fuel, the volume and pressure (perhaps temperature) of the blast,
the dimensions of the furnace and the mechanical character and arrangement
of the smelting column. The last factor is the one that escapes absolute control
in that it is dependent on the feeding of the charge. The proportions of ferric
oxide reduced to ferrous oxide and metallic iron are governed in part by the man-
ner of feeding. Reduction ought to be effected mainly by carbon monoxide, as
reduction by carbon, besides being an endothermic reaction, presupposes a high
column of incandescent charge, which leaves little room for the cooling and
filtering of the ascending gases. The quantity of furnace gases produced de-
pends upon the volume and pressure of the blast. An excessive volume will
cool the furnace and require more fuel; the excess of fuel with the quickness
of the gas current will have to be regulated by the density of the charge, and
this, besides the mechanical condition, will be governed by the mechanical ar-
rangement. By mixing the ingredients, the charge besides offering more re-
sistance to the gases, will absorb more of their heat, and will be reduced more
effectively than when coarse and fine are kept separate. Nevertheless, coarse
particles will be fed rather toward the central portion than toward the walls,
as the gases tend to follow the walls because there the resistance is least. This
tendency has to be corrected by interposing fines. Larger charges within cer-
tain limits give more favorable results than small charges, supposing, as is nearly
always the case, that they are fed in alternate layers. The reason for this may
be explained by the fact that the gases having forced their way through a dense
ore charge pass evenly and easily through the porous coke charge which, form-
ing a sort of equalizer, again gives them an opportunitv to distribute themselves
evenly over the whole furnace area for a renewed attack upon the overlying
ore charge. Of course, the ore charge must not be too fine or too coarse, a mix-
ture of one-third of pieces 5*5 in. in diameter, one-third 2' 15 in. in diameter, and
one-third smaller than 0*5 in., will give the right resistance. Slag ought to be
444
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
in pieces about 6-in. diameter, coke ought to be somewhat broken, and a reason-
able quantity of fines left with the larger pieces. Moistening of charge helps
to pack the ore tightly, and to keep the heat down. While the evaporation of
water consumes fuel, the loss in heat is smaller than that experienced from the
smelting zone creeping up.
In the open-top furnace the fine particles when falling from the shovel, will
drop near the center, the coarser particles acquiring a greater momentum will
fall nearer the wall of the furnace. A similar arrangement will occur with
the Pfort curtain. In the side-fed or hooded furnace the fines drop near
the wall, while coarse ore is thrown more toward the center, as it ought to be.
If a mechanical feeder can be constructed which will feed the fines toward the
side and the coarse toward the center, there is no question of the mechanical
P
Fig. 4. — System of Furnace-Chakging at East Helena, Mont.
feeding being preferable to hand feeding. Mechanical feeders are in use at the
Pueblo, East Helena, Salt Lake City and El Paso works of the American Smelt-
ing & Refining Co., and are being adopted at the new plant at Torreon, Mexico.
The author reviews with illustrations, the different mechanical devices that have
been tried, discusses some details of the arrangement at Pueblo and East Helena.
Fig. 4 is a sketch of the East Helena system adopted in 1900. It shows the
charge car with curtains (now omitted) in the transfer carriage, and the roof-
shaped spreader which deflects the charge toward the sides where the fine ore
remains, while the coarse parts roll toward the center.
With this arrangement, as with most others, the contents of the car have to
drop quite a distance before they reach the charge in the furnace. W. H.
Howard^®* avoids this disadvantage by his improved blast furnace charge feed,
7*» Private communication.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING.
445
vrhich consists of a feed-box with doors in the bottom that is raised from its
trucks by a crane, lowered into furnace, emptied from any height that is desired,
and returned to the furnace floor. The top of the furnace is closed by balanced
doors which are opened by the carriage and swing into place again when the
carriage is removed. While feeding, the top is automatically closed with a cover
to prevent escape of smoke into the feed floor.
A paper similar to that of Dwight's, but relating to the iron blast-furnace,
and referring mainly to the protection of the men on the feed floor, with 51 illus-
trations, has been published by Steger.**
Chfimistry of the Blast Furnace. — K. Waldeck** has studied the gases from
different parts of two lead blast furnaces at Altenau and St. Andreasberg, Harz
Mountains. The blast furnace at Altenau was circular (diameter not given), 18
ft. high (floor to throat), and had two tuyeres 1*75 in. in diameter. At the
time of the investigation the furnace was smelting silver-bearing matte with
litharge in order to collect the silver in base bullion. The ore bed was made
up of 6,000 kg. matte (Cu 41'36%, Pe 25-34%, S 21*76%, Zn 4*82%, Pb 3-87%,
Ag 1*6%), 3,000 kg. litharge, 200 kg. limestone, 1,000 kg. iron ore, 1,000 kg.
blast furnace slag (SiO, 37*40%, Cu 010%, PbO 3*92%, PeO 33*39%,
MnO 1-45%, AI2O3 9*52%, ZnO 4*80%, CaO 6*12%, MgO 0*88%, S 2*31%),
and 10% coke (ash 14%, S 1*5%). The charge contained 7% sulphur. The
blast pressure was 10 in. water, which gives 42 cu. ft. air entering the furnace
per minute. Lead and matte were tapped every two houra.
In order to obtain samples of the furnace gases, three holes were drilled
through the furnace wall, hole A 115 ft, hole B 3-93 ft., and hole C 7-22 ft., above
the tuyere level. The gases were examined for the amount of dust they contained
as well as for their chemical composition.
Bote.
BiMt
PraflBura.
cm.
Water.
Fume, Orams per liter
from
from
Sulphur DIozide 1
from
Center of
Furnace.
WaUof
Furnace.
Center of
Furnace.
Wall of
Furnace.
Center of
Furnace.
Wall Of
Furnace.
A
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
0(1070
O'OOOS
0*0068
n. d.
n.d.
B.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
00410
00430
00417
00109
00106
00168
00068
00078
00080
B
B.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n. d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
B.d.
B.d.
B.d.
0
The table shows that the percentage of fume in the gases decreases with the
distance from the tuyeres, the gases growing cooler; (the charge was, however, still
dark red at C), the charge acting as a filter, and that the percentage of fumes is
greater near the furnace walls than at the center. This illustrates the well-
known fact that the amount of fume carried oflf by the gases is in part due to
the velocity with which these rise through the charge.
Chemical analyses of the gases gave the following values; each figure repre-
sents an average of six separate samples.
— Z€if9ek9ifif%ter Berg- HuetUn-, vnd fkilinenweten im /VevMiwAen StaaU, lOOB, 60, 97.
•> OammalytUehe Uniertuchungen an BUiachachtcBfen, Berlin, H. 8. Herman, 1901. 86.
446
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Hole.
oc
00.
CO.
CO.
A.
61
61
7-8
1-6
90-4
80-8
21-8
11
0-26
0-20
088
1-86
B
c
Flue leading to stack. .
The analyses show extraordinary high values for carbon monoxide. This is
an indication that carbon at the tuyeres burnt mainly to carbon monoxide, and
that up to the level C of the furnace, where the last gas samples were taken,
indirect reduction was subordinate to direct reduction. The absence of oxygen,
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide in the gases shows that no unconsumed
air passed through the furnace, that neither the water vapor of the air nor the
solid oxygen of the iron ore had any effect upon the sulphides in the charge,
and that no carbon oxysulphide (sulphur acting upon carbon monoxide) was
formed, which being decomposed by water would give carbon dioxide and hydro-
gen sulphide. The ratio of 1*36 of the gases in the flue leading to the stack
shows that considerable carbon monoxide must have been oxidized to dioxide
above the point C. This may have been caused by carbon monoxide acting as a
reducing agent upon a readily reducible oxide (litharge e,g,)y or by its burning
at the surface of the charge when it came in contact with the air.
The furnace at St. Andreasberg, of the same general dimensions as the one
at Altenau had four tuyeres 1-34 in. in diameter; it was running on foul blast
furnace slag when the investigations were being made. The ore bed, containing
5-81>% sulphur, was made up of 56,100 kg. lead matte (SiOj 2*05%, Pb 13*72%,
Cu 7-68%, Sb 0-31%, Zn 4'73%, Fe 44-73%, MnA 1*01%, CaO 0-25%,
S 24*32%) ; 1,400 kg. burnt pyrite (S 5%) ; 23,200 kg. drosses (Pb 30 to 40%,
S 2%) ; 30,400 kg. speiss (S 3%) ; 4,300 kg. fume (S 9%) ; 34,800 furnaeo
refuse (S 10%, e.g., PbS 95*5%, FeS 3*2%, SbaS, 2*5%), and 211,300 kg. foul
slag (S 2%). It was smeltod at the rate of 12*1 metric tons per day with
8'8% coke (S 1*5%) ; the blast pressure was 3*14 in. water corresponding to
282 -3 cu. ft. air per minute. Five holes were drilled through the furnace walls
to draw off gases : hole a was 0*49 ft., h 2*36 ft., c 3*71 ft., d 5.41 ft. and e 6'56 ft.
above the level of the tuyeres. As the Altenau tests had shown that the sulphur
of the charge was not oxidized during its descent in the furnace, it seemed of in-
terest to find out here what effect water vapor might have upon coke. The first
set of tests is brought together in the accompanying table.
Blast
Preasui^.
cm. Water.
Oranw Wat^r.
DifTerence.
GramB
Fume in 1
CU.M.
Furnace
Oaa.
H.S.
SO,.
Non«'.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
Hole.
In 1 Co. V
Air.
9-2
9-2
100
100
120
120
18-6
18-6
18-6
18-6
18-6
11-8
11-8
rn 1 Cu. M
Furnace
Oas.
~r-'r
8-9
9-8
95
120
12-4
16*5
47-8
47-8
n. d.
n. d.
82-9
880
H.
1^
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
14
14
24
24
8
8
— 0-4
-0-3
-0-7
-0-6
00
0-4
2-9
88-7
84-2
290
29-6
11-7
11-8
70
7-8
6-6
78
7-8
181
18-8
6-2
6-4
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
NoQe.
None.
None.
None.
None.
OS
h
0-5
0-5
c
0-6
01
d
01
Tmce.
Trace.
Trace.
TracH.
Trace
71-6
71-7
RBCBNT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTINO.
447
They show that the quantity of fume formed is one-third less than with the
furnace at Altenau, although the charge contains more volatile matter, such as
flue-dust, arsenic of the speiss, etc.
The explanation is to be found in the lower blast-pressure. The amount
of fume collected is seen to diminish as at Altenau, with the distance from the
tuyeres. The presence of hydrogen in the gases shows that in the lower parts
of the furnace there is a slight decomposition of the water vapor entering with
the blast by incandescent carbon. Its absence in the upper parts of the fur-
nace may be due to two causes : the temperature is too low for decomposition of
the vapor or the hydrogen has been acting as a reducing agent and has been con-
verted back into water. The increase of water in the gases with the distance
from the tuyeres is, of course, to be attributed to the moisture of the coke. The
figures bring out the interesting point that it takes time to drive out all the
water from the coke, and that coke, red hot on the outside may still retain some
moisture in the interior.
Averages of the gas analyses made from the samples taken from the different
bore-holes show : —
Hole.
CO,.
fX).
CO,
CO.
ft.,,,
6-8
11-6
100
81
17-7
15-8
149
18-8
038
0-78
0-88
0«
b
0
e...
Here again the percentage of carbon monoxide in comparison with that of carbon
dioxide is seen to be very high. The sudden increase in the percentage of carbon
dioxide at bore holes h and c is not satisfactorily explained.
In summing up his work the author draws the following inferences: (1) The
water vapor entering the furnace with the blast has no effect upon the sulphides
of the charge and is only slightly decomposed by the coke; (2) there is no
pyritic effect; (3) carbon oxy sulphides are not formed; (4) the amount of fume
formed depends upon the pressure of the blast ; (5) the CO2 : CO ratio is changed
by the pressure of the blast, increasing as the pressure decreases and vice versa.
Blast-Furnace Slags, — H. E. Ashley®^ studied the constitution of slags by
means of a tri-axial diagram with rectangular co-ordinates. He replotted R
Akerman^s data on silica-alumina-slags (represented by H. M. Howe®' by the
usual tri-axial diagram), and those of H. 0. Hofman** on silica-iron-lime slags,
drew "isocals*' (10 calories apart) to connect the slags which gave up in solidify-
ing and cooling to 0*^0. per gram the same number of calories and "isotherms"
to connect the slags which formed at the same temperatures. The curves show
in certain regions maxima, in others, minima. Drawing an analogy between them
and the freezing point curves of binary metallic alloys, in which maxima cor-
respond to chemical compounds and minima to eutectics, the author concludes
that in the field covered by Hofman there are but two chemical compounds,
(PeO)2SiOj forming at 1,270°C. and CaO.(FeO)2SiOj forming at 1,250^0.
He believes that these two compounds are perfectly miscible in all proportions
t* DranaaetiouB of the American IfutituU of Mining Bngineen, 81« 868.
M Md., 18, S46. M /Md., 90, 889.
448 THE MINERAL INDUBTBT.
when fluid, are not isomorphous, and are incapable of combining chemically with
one another.
By means of the new system of plotting, it is easy to enlarge upon the facts
found by Hofman regarding the changes in formation temperatures caused by
replacing the different slag constituents, and to show what effects leaving out
one or another constituent without replacement will have upon them.
H. von Jiiptner*'' discusses mainly from the iron metallurgist's point of view,
the relations that may obtain between the sulphur content of metal and slag.
The general considerations he brings forth have an important bearing on the
sulphur contained in matte and slag ; he exemplifies this by examples of copper-
matte and blast-furnace slag.
I. H. L. Vogt®® discussed in a general way the behavior of melted silicates,
and showed the application of the general laws of solution to silicates as well
as to alloys. According to his view, melted silicates are igneous solutions of
compounds in stoichiometrical proportions.
Waste Heat of Blast-Furnaces, — R. Brown® ^ proposes to utilize the heat of the
waste products of smelting fumaees by transferring it to the materials to be
charged into the furnace. The charge is to be dropped into a closed chamber
with perforated iron floors, beneath which pass the cars containing the furnace
products.
Flue-Dust, — F. H. Long®* has patented a metallurgical filter, which consists
of a sheet-iron cylinder with conical bottom carrying a spreader, a spiral baffle
and a filtering medium. Dust-laden gases are forced by means of a fan into the
cylinder at the apex of the conical bottom, and through the filtering medium
and drawn off, freed from dust, by means of an ejector. The apparatus thus
works with pressure on one side of the filter and with a vacuum on the other.
Details of arrangement of filter and of filtering medium are not given.
W. J. Jackson®* patented a wet smoke condenser.
Briquetting of Ores. — R. Schorr®^ briefly reviewed the different bonds and
methods employed in briquetting fines; he estimates the cost of briquetting to
range from $0'65 to $1*25 a ton of briquettes.
Chisholm, Boyd & White®^ has published an illustrated description of their
well-kTiown briquetting machine, which consists of a lime slacker, an automatic
feeding and measuring device, a conveyor mixer, and the press proper with belt-
conveyor.
W. G. In^'in®^ has reviewed the briquetting of fuels and ores in general, and
prajses the White (Pittsburg) press. The paper is illustrated, and reproduces
the well-known illustrations of the manufacturer.
H. Bumby®' has discussed in detail the briquetting of finely divided iron ores.
•• Stahl und Eisen, 1902, 887 and '482.
•• Chemiker Ztitung, 1902, No. 21, p. 280.
^ United Stat«s Patent No. 706,018, Sept. 2. 190B.
«« nnit«»d States Patent No. 691,706, Jan. 21, 1902.
•• United SUtes Patent No. 700,934, May 27, 1902.
*" Engineering and Mining Journal, Nov. 22, 1902.
•« Mining and Scientific Press, July 12, 1902.
•* Eingineering Magazine, 1901-02. 22, 8S9.
H West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute, Feb. 21, 1902, throatfh 8taM vnd JEStoen, 1901, p. 497.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING. 441)
R. M. Hale®* has described the briquetting of flue-dust at an iron blast furnace.
R. Martin®* has patented a horizontally revolving briquetting machine witli
radial mould and plunger-chambers. The fines are fed from above by an an-
nular feed-chamber, and discharged below into an annular receiver.
Cost of Smelting, — Kirch hoflE®" reports the cost of ore smelting in Colorado
in 1899 to have been $4*96 per ton of ore, made up of labor, $2*415; salaries,
$0*255; supplies and materials, $2*165; taxes, rent, insurance and all other ex-
penses, $0*125. The yield in lead of the 711,371 short tons of ore smelted was
10*3%; assuming an average yield of 90% of the lead charged, the average
content of lead in the ore would have been 11*8%. The cost of smelting 68,719
short tons galena concentrates of Missouri, with 65% lead in the southeastern
district, and 72% in the southwestern, is given as $9 -72 per ton, viz., labor,
$3*72; salaries, $0*69; paid to contractors, $0*37; supplies and materials, $2*34;
rent, taxes, insurance and all other expenditures, $0*60. The figures cannot
be compared directly with those from Colorado, as beside the different methods
of smelting (reverberatory furnace, ore-hearth, blast furnace), some works pro-
duce lead oxide. Thus, in 1899 Missouri produced 41,976 tons lead and 5,165
tons oxide.
Crude Oil in Smelting. — A. Von der Ropp®^ discussed the use of crude oil
in smelting; taking his results mainly from the Selby Smelting & Lead
Works, California. At this plant 47 oil burners are used in metallurgical fur-
naces and are effecting a saving in cost over coal of from 40 to 60%, the price
of oil (26 to 27° gravity), is $1*71 per barrel, that of coal $6 per ton. The
following furnaces are fired with oil : 4 roasting furnaces (11 burners), 1 matting
furnace (35X16 ft.), (3 burners); 1 copper furnace (1 burner); 13 retorting
furnaces (13 burners with 8-in. flames) ; 3 cupelling furnaces (3 burners) ;
1 antimony furnace (1 burner); 1 furnace for melting fine silver (1 burner).
Besides the above-mentioned reduction in cost, there are many advantages in the
use of oil over coal. In roasting, there can be maintained a steady oxidizing
flame which permits putting through more ore and obtaining a better product
than with coal. In matting, a higher- or a lower-grade matte can be obtained,
according to the oxidizing or reducing character given to the flame. In either
case the charge, on account of the steady heat, will smelt more quickly and
evenly than when coal is used. The author prefers steam to compressed air as
an atomizer, as the former keeps the oil more mobile, and thereby assists atomiz-
ing. If with air that cools upon expanding, the same result is to be obtained, the
air will have to be preheated (other metallurgists®* have recorded a greater
saving in oil with air as atomizer than with steam). Von der Ropp also warns
against the use of mixtures of heavy residues and light oils, as they will separate
in the tanks and the residuum will clog the pipes.
Ne^v Method of Smelting Galena. — Catelin®® proposes a new method of pro-
•« iron Age, Deo. 11, IMS.
•• United States Patent No. TlS^OOe, Not. 4, 1MB.
•• Twelfth Cenwue, United States, throuRh Engineering and Mining Jowmal, Aug. le, IMS.
•^ Mining and ScienHfle Preee, Not. SB, 1908.
•• Hofman'g " MetallurRy of Lead/' 18W, 442, 4tt.
•• Echo dee Mines, through Oeeterreieehe Zeiieeihrift fu€r Berg- und HftetteMeeaen, ISOB, BSB; Engineer-
ing and Mining Journal, Not. 1, lOOS.
460 THE MINERAL INDUBTRT,
ducing lead from galena without the use of carbonaceous fuel^ which is based upon
the following thermochemical considerations. Upon blowing a nieasured quan-
tity of air through molten galena there are set free sulphur dioxide and metallic
lead^ at the same time some lead sulphide is sublimated in the form of a black
fume. The reaction taking place may be expressed by
2PbS+20=:S02+Pb+PbS.
It is exothermic, and the heat set free by burning one-half of the sulphur
of the charge is sufficiently large to melt and liquefy a new charge of galena
of the same weight as the original charge. As any silver present in the
galena rermains with the liberated metallic lead, the sublimated lead sulphide,
now free from silver, will furnish non-argentiferous lead when treated by the
same process. If, instead of burning off only half of the sulphur, the oxida-
tion is carried periodically further, the sublimated lead sulphide will be con-
VBrted into lead oxide and sulphate. The dark and white fumes obtained
in the two oxidation periods are collected in separate condensing chambers,
then mixed and treated as would be galena, when lead and sulphur dioxide
will be formed, the oxidation of part of the lead sulphide furnishing the neces-
sary heat: —
PbS-f 0,=:Pb-f-S03j and
PbS04+PbS=2Pb+2SO,
2PbO+PbS=3Pb+SO,.
The reactions require a galena with 75% lead or more. With ore of a
lower grade, carbonaceous fuel has to be used to slag the gangue; the slag
being rich in lead will have to be treated separately.
Electrolytic Reduction of Oalena, — P. G. Salom*®* and J. W. Richards^^^ de-
scribe the electrolytic reduction of galena carried on by the Electrical Lead Re-
duction Co., at Niagara Falls, N. Y. Finely crushed galena is spread to the
thickness of 1 in. on the bottom of conical hard-lead reduction pans (from 15
to 18 in. in diameter and 18 in. deep, with sides protected by a rubber coat-
ing) and then some sulphuric is added. Eleven pans (cells) are stacked,
one on top of the other, to form a pile; the bottom of the top pan forms
the anode of the adjoining lower one, in which galena forms the cathode. A
pile (or stack) of cells containing 33 lb. galena is electrolyzed in 5 days by
means of a current of 33 amperes at 2*9 volts. In this process the ore is
reduced to spongy lead which swells to a thickness of from 3 to 4 in.; the
sulphur passing off as hydrogen sulphide, together with the hydrogen that is
generated, is conducted away in pipes and burned. The spongy lead, when
washed and dried is ready for use in a storage battery. At present, most of
the lead sponge is burned in a furnace and converted into litharge. The
plant has two Westinghouse 300-H.P. motors run by an alternating current
of 2,250 volts. Each motor is directly connected with a Westinghouse direct-
current 250-H.P. generator. The piles, each with 11 cells are grouped in sec-
tions of four run in parallel; thus the current of 125 volts runs through four
*** Tranaaetion§ of the American Electroehemicat Society^ IQQS, I., 87.
>*> EUetroehemical /nditffry, 1008, 1., IS.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD SMELTING,
451
Ltacks in series and through several sections in parallel. The plant, when run-
ning to its full capacity, will produce 10 tons of lead per day.
Desilverization of Base Bullion.
Paiiinson Process. — Some details of Tredinnick^s patented apparatus for
carrying out the Luce-Rozan or Steam-Pattinson process^^* have recently been
issued in pamphlet form."' While the Luce-Rozan*** process has two melt-
ing pans and one crystallizer (holding 22 tons lead) from which the liquid
lead is discharged into two large cast-iron molds, the solidified cakes being
handled by means of a steam crane; Tredinnick has adopted a serries of 12
crystallizers (each holding 45 tons lead) to be raised and lowered by hydraulic
pistons.
CrygtallisT No
1
8
8
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
18
Silver in leMl bulUon. Os. per ton.
800
180
100
00
86
80
18
7
4
8
1
0-6
Supposing the odd-numbered kettles to be filled with bullion assaying, re-
spectively, 300, 100, 35, 12, 4 and 1 oz. silver per ton, and the even-numbered
kettles to be empty; steam will be introduced into the filled kettles in the
usual way until two-thirds of the contents has been crystallized; the liquid
or enriched lead will be discharged into the kettles on the left, and, when
drained off, the crystals will be reliquefied and discharged into the kettles on
the right. Thus the even-numbered kettles will be filled with one-third liquid
lead from the kettles on the left and with two-third crystals from the kettles
on the right. The odd-numbered kettles, now empty, will be lowered and the
even-numbered raised and treated as were the odd-numbered. The liquid lead
from the 300-oz. kettle No. 1 will go to the cupel, the crystals in the 0'5-oz
kettle (No. 12) will be market lead. The idea of doubling the capacity of the
crv'stallizer originated at Eureka, Nev., in 1878, when it was found- it took
less time to run a 45-ton kettle than one holding 22 tons lead. In fact, 10
operations were carried out in 24 hours with the large kettle, as against six
with the small one. At Eureka it was necessary to have in stock 210 tons lead
and to re-melt 165 tons in order to produce 15 tons desilverized lead in 24
hours, the crew consisting of eight men.
Tredinnick states that with his improved apparatus he desilverized 120 tons
lead in 24 hours with 18 men, and has to carry in stock only 275 tons of lead.
ParJces Process. — ^W. H. Howard has improved his alloy press for the separation
of unalloyed lead from zinc-silver-lead crust. The improved form is shown in
Pig. 5. The press consists of a cast-iron ring F closed at the bottom by a cir-
cular heavy plate 0, having perforations P. The plate is attached to the shaft K,
the ends of which rest in the sockets of the uprights S8. These pass through two
sleeves HH, forming part of the cylinder. B represents an air-, steam-, or
electric-motor turning the pinion 2>, which engages the gear E, and this in turn
meshes with the screw-shaft A, carrying at its lower end the toothed or corru-
iM Tbk Minikal Inditstrt, IMO, TX., 457. >•• 8. A. Wetntoln, Butte, Moot,
IN Qee Hofman^B ** Metallurgy of Lead/' 1SW« p. 418.
452
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
gated plunger C The screw-shaft A with plunger C is finnly connected with
the frame RR, which is suspended at NN from a traveling crane. The operation
of the motor causes the cylinder F with bottom 0 to move up against the plunger.
Thus the cylinder and bottom, the uprights moving along the guides P, and the
motor with connecting gears, all move up and down together as a single piece.
Supposing the cylinder to have been filled with a zinc-silver-lead crust and the
motor started, the cylinder will rise, press the crust against the teeth L of the
Mineral IndnstaT* VbLJU
Fig. 5. — Improved Howard Alloy Press.
plunger. The'teeth sink into the crust and facilitate the escape of the unalloyed
lead through the perforations P of the bottom (?. Reversing the motor causes
the cylinder with the compressed cake to descend and leave the plunger which
is connected with the base of screw-shaft (sec Q) through collar and socket in
such a manner that it can be turned. It is now given a sli^jht turn, and the
motor started for another compression, when the teeth will make a new series
of holes, again aiding the escape of the unalloyed lead. By repeating these com-
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN LEAD 8MELTING. 453
pressions several times, a very dry zinc-silver-lead crust is obtained. When the
pressing is over, the hooks I, passing through the iron ring F are turned as
shown by the dotted lines, to engage with the plunger. When the motor is now
reversed, the ring F remains suspended to the plunger while the cake of com-
pressed crust follows the descending bottom. This is turned and the cake dumped
directly into a buggy. In order to facilitate the passing-out of the cake of crust,
the inside of the cylinder is flared downward. The advantages of the improved
form over that in common use to-day are, the use of the toothed plunger, the
changing of position after every single compression, which by repeated punctur-
ing and compressing of the mass facilitates the escape of the lead, and thus gives
a drier crust, the detached movable bottom which allows easy dumping of the
crust, and the perforated condition of the crust which makes it easy to break into
small pieces suited for the retort.
DanneeP®" discusses the electrolytic refining of zinc-silver alloy obtained at
Friedrichiitte in desilverizing argentiferous lead by the Roessler-Edelmann modifi-
cation of the Parkes process.*®' The alloy anodes contain Ag 6 3 to 11-3%,
Cu 6 to 8%; Pb 2 to 3%; NiCo 0 5 to 1%^ Fe 0-25%, Al 0 5%, Zn 81-3 to
78'6% ; zinc sulphate is the electrolyte ; the current is from 80 to 90 ampereu
per sq. m. of cathode area at 1 25 to 145 volts; satisfactory cathode zinc is
still obtained with a current density of 30 amperes per sq. m. cathode area.
The anode mud (Ag 30 to 50%, Cu 50 to 30%, Pb 10 to 15%, diilerence Zn)
is treated with sulphuric acid (to remove copper and zinc), washed, dried
and then added to the cupelling furnace charges. The process has proved
expensive, especially as the works treating very low grade base bullion furnish
too little alloy to permit running the plant economically.
Electrolytic Refining of Base Bullion. — T. Ulke'®^ has described the electro-
Ij-tic refining process of base bullion of Bettfi-Labarth-Aldrich,**® which is in
op>eration at Trail, B. C.*®' The plant, which contains wooden electrolyzing
vats painted with tar, has the general arrangement of an electrolytic copper
refinery of the multiple system. The electrolyte is an acid aqueous solution
of lead fluosilicide (PhSiF^) with 8% lead and 11% free hydrofluoric acid.
It is prepared by diluting hydrofluoric acid of 35% HF (3c. per lb. in New
York) with an equal volume of water, and then saturating with pulverized
quartz.
SiOj+GHFzziHaSiF.+^HjO.
The electrolyte is stable in electrolysis and has a high conductivity. The base
bullion forming the anode is cast into the form of two-lugged copper anodes,
the cathodes are lead plates obtained by depositing lead on sheet steel, prepared
by coating first with copper, then with lead, and painting the lead surface with
a benzine solution of paraffine. The electrode distance is from 1"5 to 2 in.
The anodes and cathodes of a tank are connected in multiple, the tanks in series.'
>•• ZeiUehriftfuer EUctrochemit, igOB, 8, March 6, p. 140.
!•* Zeifithrift fuer Berg-^ Httetien- und SaUnenwesen in Preiuten, 1S9?, 45, 898; see The HnmuL Indubtbt,
VI., 468.
107 Engineering and Mining Journal^ Oct 11, 1902.
>•* Thb MnwiiAr^ Ikddstrt, 1901. X., 486.
^- United States Patent No8. 718,877, 718,878. Not. 11, 1908.
454 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Contact with the bus bars is made by means of small wells of qnioksilver,
copper pins being clamped to the anodes and soldered to the cathodes. The
fall in potential between vats is 0*20 volt A current of 14 amperes per sq. ft.
of cathode area has been found to give the best results. In the process, copper,
antimony, bismuth, arsenic, silver and gold remain more or less adherent to the
anode, while zinc, iron, nickel and cobalt go into solution. Allowing 175 cu. ft.
electrolyte for a daily output of 1 ton of lead, there will be only a small
concentration of impurity at the end of a year's work. The slimes at Trail
assay about 8,000 oz. silver-gold per ton, and are treated at the Seattle Smelting
& Refining Works by boiling with sulphuric acid in the presence of air to
remove the copper, drying, melting down in a magnesia lined reverberatory
furnace provided with tuyeres, and refining. After parting, the silver is 999 fine ;
the gold 992.
Treatment of 2 kg. base bullion assaying Pb 98*766%^ Ag 0*50%, Cu 0*31%,
Sb 0'43% in an esperimental way, using a current of 25 amperes per sq. ft.
of cathode area gave refined lead; Pb 99"997%, Ag 0*0003%, Cu 0*0007%,
Sb 0*0019% ; and anode mmd: Pb 9*0%, Ag 36*4%, Cu 25*1%, Sb 29*5%. An-
other test on 450 lb. of base bullion of the Compania Metalurgica Mexicana (Cu
0-75%, Bi 1-22%, As 094%, Sb 068%, Ag 358*9 oz., Au 1*171 oz.) with a cur-
rent of 10 amperes per sq. ft. of cathode area gave refined lead ; Pb 99*9861%, Cu
00027%, Bi 00037%, As 00025%, Sb none, Ag 00010%, Au none, Fe
0.0022%, Zn 00018%. As one ampere deposits per hour 388 g. lead, 2,240 lb.
will rexjuire 260,000 ampere-hours. At 10 amperes per sq. ft. of cathode area,
the entire anode or cathode area per ton of daily output would be 1,080 sq. ft.
With an electrode distance of 1-5 in., 135 cu. ft. electrolyte will be enclosed by the
electrodes, and 175 cu. ft. may be taken as the entire quantity of solution that is
necessary. A total of 260,000 amperes at 0*25 volts equals 87 E.H.P. hours of
100-H.P. hours at the engine shaft. Estimating that 1-H.P. hour requires 15 lb.
coal, and allowing 60 lb. for casting anodes and refined lead, a ton of refined lead
will require 210 lb. of coal, which, at $6 per ton, will give a fuel cost of 60c. per
ton of base bullion.
MAGNESITE AND EPSOM SALT.
By Joseph Stbutbebs.
The production of magnesite in the United States continues to be limited to
California, and during 1902 the quantity reported was 3,466 short tons, valued
at $21,362, as compared with 13,172 short tons, valued at $43,057, in 1901. The
production during 1902 consisted of 1,230 short tons of crude product, valued
at $6,582, and 1,050 short tons of calcined product, valued at $15,780, the latter
being equivalent to 2,236 short tons of crude product, which are included in the
total of 3,466 short tons of crude magnesite.
PRODUCTION OP MAGNESITE IN CALIFORNIA.
Tear.
Crude.
Calcined.
Crude
Equivalent
of
Calcined.
Short Tons.
Total Crude.
Short Tons.
Value at
Mine.
Per Ton.
Short Tons.
Value at
Works.
Short Tons.
Value.
1896
200
400
469
8,112
1,280
9800
1,200
1,878
16,725
5,582
$400
800
400
6-87
406
1,018
800
1,018
4,726
1,060
$14,200
12,200
15,900
26,832
15,780
2,166
1,600
2,289
10,060
2,286
2,856
2,000
2,706
18,172
8,466
$$,«»
7,600
11,882
48,067
1899
1900
1901
1902
81.860
The consumption of calcined magnesite has increased very largely since 1899,
owing to its uses in the form of bricks or concrete as a refractory lining for open-
hearth furnaces and converters in the steel industry, as a lining for rotary kilns
used in the manufacture of Portland cement, as a non-conducting covering for
boilers, steam pipes, etc., to prevent loss of heat, and more recently in electric
furnace construction as a refractory material. It is used also in the manufacture
of paper stock by the sulphite process, the wood pulp being digested under pres-
sure with sulphurous acid or calcium and magnesium acid sulphite, whereby the
lignin which forms the coloring matter of the wood, as well as other incrusting
material of the fiber, is converted into soluble products, which are subsequently
removed by washing. The general adoption of the basic process of steel making
has largely increased the use of this refractory material for furnace linings, es-
pecially in the form of brick which are made by the Fayette Manufacturing Co.,
at Layton, Pa., and the Harbison-Walker Refractories Co. of Pittsburg, Pa.
The magnesite used east of the Rocky Mountains is imported, chiefly from
Greece. The limited demand on the Western co^t, and the cost of transportation
have hitherto left the rapidly growing Eastern market in the hands of the Athens
exporters. A feature of the development of the magnesite industry in Califor-
nia is to bring about the reduction of the cost of calcination to a point which
will admit of the shipment of the calcined product to Pittsburg, to be used for
466 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
the manufacture of magnesite bricks and other refractory products, an industry
which at present uses magnesite imported from the Island of Euboea, in Greece,
and from Styria, in Austria.
The development of the iron and steel industry on the Pacific coast would
give a strong impetus to the mining of magnesite and its manufacture into mag-
nesia bricks and concrete for use as a basic lining to furnaces or converters, which
treat phosphoric pig iron to make basic open-hearth or basic Bessemer steel.
The principal producing magnesite property during 1902 was near Porterville,
Tulare County, where the mineral occurs in a series of vertical and flat veins
up to 10 ft. in width, some of which outcrop boldly, having the wall rocks of
serpentine and granite. A few veins have been traced on the surface for several
thousand feet. A large quantity of mineral of exceptional purity has been dis-
closed by open cuts and a tunnel. A calcining plant of a capacity of 20 tons of
finished product per day, has been completed at the mines, which are three miles
from the railroad. The kiln is placed on the steep mountain side and the raw
magnesite, broken to the required size at the mine above, is run down a long
chute lined with sheet iron to the charging car without further handling. The
calcined material after cooling is run directly into sacks, and is ready for ship-
ment. Crude oil is used for fuel, and the mechanical equipment of the plant
is modem in every respect. The calcining treatment, at a temperature of
2,500® P., occupies from three to three and one-half hours. The carbon dioxide
gas which is expelled is allowed to escape into the air. Owing to the fact that
during calcination magnesite loses from 48 to 52% of its weight, the cost of the
calcined product at the kiln is stated to be from $12 to $14 per ton.
The production of crude magnesite is practically under the control of one firm,
which ships the entire output to two manufacturers of carbon dioxide gas for the
production of the gas by calcination ; the calcined product, which is essentially
magnesium oxide or magnesia, is returned to the shipper, and is subsequently
utilized by paper mill concerns in California and Oregon. The demand for cal-
cined magnesite for this purpose in the West is limited, and only a small portion
of the available supply is utilized — a trade condition which is reflected by the
different unit values of the calcined product in various years considered in
connection with the quantities produced. Thus in 1900 the supply amounted to
1,013 short tons, and the average value per ton was $15*70; in 1901 the output
of 4,726 short tons far exceeded the demand and the average value decreased to
$5-58 per ton; in 1902, when the supply reached the normal consumption of
1,050 short tons, the average value per ton rose to $15.
Imports, — ^The imports of crude and calcined magnesite during 1902— chiefly
from Greece and Austria — amounted to 49,786 short tons ($373,928), as com-
pared with 33,461 short tons in 1901. There was also a large importation of
magnesite bricks, but no statistics of their quantity and value are available. It
is thus seen that the United States furnishes a small proportion only of the
total consumption.
The total quantity of magnesite consumed in the United States is approximated
by adding together the domestic production and the importation, although in
the latter case there is no distinction made between the crude and calcined
MAGNESITE AND EPSOM SALT. 467
magnesite. On this basis the total consumption of magnesite during 1902 was
53,262 short tons, as compared with 46,633 short tons in 1901, and with 31,073
short tons in 1900.
Plans have been recently completed by the Asbestos Manufacturing Co. for
the construction of a plant at Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Pa., for the
manufacture from dolomite of magnesium carbonate and allied products used
in the making of steam pipe covering, magnesia cement, etc. The plant will have
a daily capacity of 15 tons of magnesium carbonate.
Hungary. — ^Magnesite occurs at two localities in the Carpathian Mountains
20 km. distant from each other. The deposits are owned by the Magnesite Co.,
Ltd., which operates the mines at Burda and Eatko, the mining material being
carried by means of a rope tramway to the works at Mjmstya, near the Rima
River and on tfie Hungarian State Railroad. The magnesite is calcined in four
furnaces, and eight new ones are in course of construction ; magnesite bricks also
are manufactured at this plant. At Jolsva, the other deposit, the magnesite is
calcined in four furnaces. The company owns a third magnesite calcining plant
at Kobanya, near Budapest, and reports the following analyses of the dead-burnt
product: Mynstya, MgO 911%, CaO 1-88%, AljO, 01%, Fefi^ 5-7%, and
SiOa 0-98%. Jolsva, MgO 89-36%, CaO 2-66%, AlA 01%> Fe.Og 7-4%, and
SiO^ 016%.
Epsom Salt. — Epsom salt (MgS04, 7H2O) is now manufactured from crude
magnesite as a by-product in the production of carbon dioxide gas by treatment
with sulphuric acid, magnesium sulphate being produced, which is dissolved in
water, filtered and crystallized, jrielding the pure salt. The chief use of the
carbon dioxide gas derived from this source, both in the gaseous and liquefied
forms, is to charge or carbonate, mineral waters. On account of its germicidal
properties, the gas is used also in place of the ordinary pump or engine to raise
beer and similar beverages. Its use in mechanical refrigeration in warm coun-
tries and on shipboard is being developed. During 1902 it is estimated that
17,500,000 lb. of Epsom salt were made in the United States. Early in 1903 a
combination was eflfected of the various concerns engaged in the manufacture of
Epsom salt. Until the beginning of 1902 the price of Epsom salt averaged 70c.
per cwt. f. 0. b. place of production; a trade condition resulting from the new
source of supply as a by-product in the manufacture of liquefied carbon dioxide
gas, a source which now yields the greater part of the output in the United States.
A few manufacturers using kieserite continue to contribute a small quantity,
but it is a matter of a short time only when this source of supply will cease.
The principal factories for the manufacture of liquefied carbon dioxide gas are
at Pittsburg, Pa., Cleveland, 0., and Atlanta, Ga.* The monthly prices of Epsom
salt at the New York market during 1902 were as follows : January, February,
March and April, 85@90c. per cwt.; May and June, 90c.@$l ; July, $1@$110;
August, 95c.@$l-25; September, October and November, 96c.@$115, and De-
cember, 95c.@$l-25. At least 90% of the output is consumed in the manu-
facture of dyes, laundry soaps and paints, and in tanning leather, the balance
being used in medicinal preparations.
1 The manufacture of Uquefled carbon dioxide ^faa is fully described in Tbb Hikkral Industht, Vol. X., pp
458
THE MINERAL INDUaTBT.
Epsom Salt in Wyoming.
By Wilbur C. Knioht.
Epsomite occurs in Albany County, about 20 miles north of Rock Kiver Station,
on the Union Pacific Railroad. The deposits are situated upon a high plateau,
about three miles north of Rock Creek, and lie in a huge, undrained depression
that is deepest at its southern end, where it is about two miles wide, and lies
100 ft. or more below the level of the surrounding country. From this deepest
portion a rather broad, shallow valley extends to the northwest for several miles
and contains numerous deposits of sodium and magnesium salts, which have for a
long time been tributary to the large epsomite deposit of about 90 acres in extent
occupying the lowest portion of the basin. The prevailing formation is Red Beds
(either Triassic or Permian), almost completely made up of red sandstones,
which contain an abundance of gypsum near their base. The country is very
arid, and the nearest palatable water is Rock Creek.
The deposits are often covered with water in early Spring or after a hard storm,
which, however, soon evaporates. Near the northeastern quarter of the large de-
posit, which is the only portion that has been carefully examined, the epsomite
occurs in a thick bed, containing in addition a good deal of foreign matter. Holes
have been dug to a depth of 10 ft. in this salt, but the bottom has not been reached.
While no accurate estimate has been made of the quantity of Epsom salt in this
deposit, it is certainly very great and would furnish sufficient salts to supply the
American trade for many years to come. From the surface of this deposit there
have been taken some of the finest crystals of epsomite yet discovered.
The origin of the deposit, and those that are associated with it, has long been
in doubt. In studying this problem I have ascertained that both epsomite and
mirabilite (Glauber salt) have been derived from the decomposing sandstones,
and have been transported by water to the natural depressions. Both the epsom-
ite and mirabilite occur in the rocks, but on account of the greater solubility of
the former, the soda salts are often precipitated in a depression, leaving the epsom-
ite in solution. A sudden storm floods the deposit and carries the magnesium salts
to a lower basin, if not to the lowest one. By this natural method of diflFerentia-
tion these salts have been separated, so that at the head of the valley the deposits
are nearly pure mirabilite, while the main deposit is nearly pure epsomite. The
composition of the various deposits is shown by the samples, which are averages
taken from the various deposits and analyzed by Dr. Slosson, of the University of
Wyoming. The large deposit, however, often has a thick covering of epsomite
which is much purer than these samples.
ComponentB.
Samples.
Nal.
Na&
No. 8.
No. 4.
No. 6.
No. 6.
Na, 8O4
06-46
0-28
4-96
M-64
0-98
5-90
1-89
60-90
0-60
48-eo
47-74
1-86
6016
80-18
TOO
60-88
25.61
Na'ci..* ..;.::.::::::::..;.::
6*28
M(?804
70*11
CaS04
No. 1 of this series was taken from near the head of the gulch and the other
from the intermediate points, and the last from the large deposit. The series
shows quite wide gaps in the succession, which would be filled by taking more
samples from the intervening beds.
MANGANESE.
Bt D. H. Nbwlakd.
The manganese ore consumed in the United States in the manufacture of
steel, chemicals, and for other purposes is derived from both domestic and foreign
sources, the imported ores largely coming from fiussia and Brazil. The output
of ores of all grades in the United States during the period 1898-1902 is
shown in the subjoined table, which, however, does not include the mangan-
iferous iron ores of Colorado and other States consumed as a flux in silver-lead
smelting, although account is taken of that portion utilized for the manufacture
of ferromanganese and spiegeleisen. For further and detailed information
concerning the occurrence and composition of ores mined in the various countries
of the world, reference may be made to the previous volumes of The Mineral
Industry.
statistics op manganese ore in the united states. (in tons op 2,240 lb.)
ProductloQ.
Imports.
Consumption.
8
Ar-
kan-
sas.
CaU-
for-
nia.
Col-
orado
Gteor-
ooaaiii.
New
Jer-
sey.
Ten-
nes-
see.
'•IS
mi.
400
(c)
Vir-
ginia.
Else-
wh're
.Totals.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
JH
Tons.
Value.
1896
1899
1900
1901
1900
2,775
866
61
91
(r)
896
968
881
610
(c)
17,799
89461
46,791
68.885
ic)
M2
1,688
1,068
4,074
(c)
11&818
68,702
75,860
618,064
(c)
47,470
68,981
91.748
58,811
CO
8,807
8,686
8,968
*^
"to
8,585
(c)
187,788
148,966
818.888
688,795
(c)
$416,687
806,476
461,994
1,644,117
(C)
114,885
188,849
856,868
165,788
(c)
1881,967
1,584,688
8,048,861
808,667
881,606
474,474
804,617
(c)
11,848,604
1,891,004
8.604,866
8,180,690
(c)
(a) Bfanganiferous iron ore: (6) Franklinite residuum, (c) Statistics not yet arailable.
In the following table the production of manganese ores in the different States
is distributed according to the relative percentages of metallic manganese, and
the total consumption of the United States is given in terms of ore contain-
ing 50% Mn.
MANGANESE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OP THE UNITED STATES ON A BASIS
OP 50% MN CONTENT. (iN TONS OP 2,240 LB.)
Year.
603fOree
from Ark.,
Oa., Va.,
Cal.&Tenn.
90i Ore
Colorado.
18j<0re
from
New Jersey
7y Ore
from
Mich, and
Wisconsin.
Equiyalent
Total Ton-
Imported
Ores of
60jK Grade.
Total Con-
sumpt'nof
SOiQndeA
Percent.
of
Imp'd Ore.
]896
9,908
6.397
5,888
9.450
(ft)
17,798
89,161
46,791
68.885
(ft)
47,470
58.981
91,748
148,818
58,708
75,860
618.084
(ft)
51,896
44,888
65,868
a 181,187
(ft)
114,886
188.84«
165.738
(ft)
166,180
888,708
881,890
896,849
(ft)
69*1
1899
80*1
1900
79*7
1901
56*6
1902
(ft)
(eO Not includinfc 8.600 tons from Utah and small quantities hgicret^tlnf: 65 tons from Alabama. Missouri
and North Carolina, of which the manganese content was not reported. (6) Statistics not yet avaUable.
460
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
The price of manganese ore is determined by the Carnegie Steel Co., according
to the following schedule, which is based on ores containing not more than 8%
SiOo and 0 1% P. Deductions are made of 16c. per ton for each 1% of SiO,
in excess of 8%, and of Ic. per unit of manganese for each 002% P in excess
of 0 1%. Ores delivered at the works of the company, at Pittsburg or Bessemer,
Pa. Settlements are based on analysis of samples dried at 212°F. ; the percentage
of moisture in the samples as taken being deducted from the weight. Ores con-
taining less than 40% Mn, or more than 10% SiOj or 015% P, are subject to
acceptance or refusal at buyer's option.
Tenor In Mn.
Price per Unit
TteaorlnMn.
Price per Unit
%
Over 49
46 to 49
Fe.
5c.
5c.
Mn.
85c.
S4c.
%
48 to 46
40 to 48
Fa
6c.
6c.
Mn.
88c.
82c.
The imports of manganese ore during 1902 were 235,576 long tons, valued at
$1,931,282, as compared with 165,722 long tons, valued at $1,486,573 in 1901.
The manufacture of ferromanganese by electrolysis has been proposed at
works to be erected near Orlu in the French Pyrenees, where cheap water power
is obtainable. It is planned to use the Simon process, by which the manganese
oxide is dissolved in a bath of fluorspar and precipitated in the same manner as
in the manufacture of aluminum. This method, it is stated, possesses the advan-
tage over the usual smelting process in that the phosphorus present in the or^
is partially volatilized, and hence lower-grade material can be used. Ferro-
manganese obtained in the experimental way by this process was found to possess
the following composition: Mn, 83-50%; Fe, 8-74%; Si, 0-32%; C, 7 32%;
P, 012%. It is thought that the cost of producing ferromanganese by this proces*^
would amount to about 204 fr. per metric ton, with an annual output of 20,000
tons.
Colorado. — The ores mined in this State consist of manganiferous iron ores
which are used for the manufacture of ferromanganese and spiegeleisen and
manganiferous silver ores utilized for flux by the silver-lead smelters. The out-
put of ores of the former class in 1902 was valued at $8,400, containing on the
average about 30% Mn and 23% Fe. The mines are situated around Leadville.
Georgia. — (By Thomas L. Watson.) — The mining of manganese ores in Georgia
began in 1866, when 550 tons of ore are reported to have been mined in the
Cartersville district. The manganese ores are distributed over the northern part,
being limited to two geological areas — ^namely, the Paleozoic area, which includes
the ten extreme northwest counties, and the crystalline area, which includes all
the northern part except the ten northwest counties of the Paleozoic group.
The Paleozoic area, constituting a part of the southern Appalachian valley
province, is composed entirely of sedimentary rocks, which range in age from
Cambrian to Carboniferous. The rocks include slates, shales, sandstones, quartz-
ites and limestones. The topography of the region is the distinct ridge-valley
type. The strata. have been folded and faulted, and the resulting topographic
features are largely dependent on the underlying structure. The crystalline
area consists of crystalline rocks derived partly from original igneous masses and
MANQANE8E. 461
partly from original sediments. With few exceptions, the rocks are old geologi-
cally, but their definite relations have not yet been satisfactorily ascertained.
The workable deposits of manganese ores are limited to the Paleozoic area,
confined principally to Bartow, Floyd and Polk counties. The ores consist
exclusively of the oxides of the metal, admixed usually in various proportions.
Pyrolusite and psilomelane are the two most abundant occurring oxides. The
two principal districts in the Paleozoic area from which the ore is mined are:
(a) the Cartersville district in Bartow County, and (6) the Cave Spring district
in the contiguous portions of Floyd and Polk coimties. Smaller scattered de-
posits of the ores have been tested and in places worked to some extent in the
following localities in the Paleozoic area : In the vicnity of Rome, Floyd County ;
in the extreme southeast portion of Bartow County, in the Seventeenth district;
in the vicinity of Bamsley P. 0., in both Floyd and Bartow counties ; and to the
north of Tunnell Hill, in Whitfield and Caloosa counties. Of these diflFerent areas,
the Cartersville district has produced practically the entire output. During
1902 the following concerns were actively engaged in mining in the Cartersville
district: E. P. Morgan,. Kiiight & Barron, W. Keys, B. C. Sloan, Blue Kidge
Mining Co., Satterfield (on the old Bariow ppoperi:y), and the Georgia Coal &
Iron Co. (Chumley Hill). Of these, Mr. B. P. Morgan and Georgia Coal & Iron
Co, made more than three-fouri;hs of the total production. As to the shipments
of ore from the Cari:ersville district in 1902, about 70 carloads were consigned to
Lynchburg, Va., to be used for paint purposes ; from 75 to 100 cars were shipped
to Birmingham, Ala., to be used in the manufacture of steel ; and the balance was
shipped in small lots to various pari;ies for paint purposes. The small amount of
ore mined and shipped from Georgia during 1902 was entirely due to the low prices
which ruled during the entire year. The pnly shipments of manganese ores out-
side of the Cari»rsville district were a few cars from the Lowe bank in the Floyd
County pori;ion of the Cave Spring district, formeriy worked by Major James M.
Couper, of Atlanta, Ga. Manganese ores have been worked sparingly at the fol-
lowing localities in the crystalline area of the State : In the vicinity of Drake-
town, in Carroll and Paulding counties ; near Mt. Airy and Toccoa, in Hobersham
County ; in Hari; County, one and a half miles east of Bowersville ; at Blue Ridge
and near Culbertson, in Fannin County ; near Hiawassee, in Towns County ; about
six miles north from Cohutta Springs, in Murray County ; and in the western pari;
of Gilmer County. While the manganese exists to some extent in almost every
county in the crystalline area, no valuable deposits have yet been found. A few
tons of ore have been shipped from time to time from several of the localities men-
tioned in this area. The mode of occurrence and origin of the Georgia manganese
ores were briefly described by me in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X.
North daroUna, — ^Manganese ore is known. to occur near Brevard, Transylvania
County; near Canton, Haywood County; and near Goldsboro, Wayne County.
A few carioads of ore have been shipped, but mining is still in the initial stages
of development. The deposit in Transylvania County is situated about seven
miles northeast of Brevard and three miles from Blantyre, and has been pros-
pected by seven shafts for a distance of 2,000 ft. along the strike, while the
estimated width is 18 ft. It is capped by a mass of limonite. which carries only
462
TEE MINERAL INDUSTHY,
a trace of manganese. Assays of the ore showed from 22 to 57% Mn and from
3 to 32% Fe. By hand cobbing to remove the limonite the average ore may be
enriched so as to assay from 45 to 5Q% Mn. At the locality in Haywood Comity
the ore occurs as float and in the superficial rocks. Most of the material is soft
and friable, with a considerable percentage of limonite ; the small proportion of
hand ore carries about 50% Mn. Only limited development work has been done,
and the value of this deposit,. as well as of that in Wayne County, is not yet
established.
Virginia. — The mine at Crimora was operated during 1902, and for a time
produced about 50 tons of ore per day. The system of underground mining
formerly employed here has been superseded by hydraulic methods, as described
in TiiB Mineral Industry, Vol. X.
world's production of manganese ore. (a) (in metric tons.)
f
Austria-
Hungary.
Bel-
gium.
Bosnia.
(fe)
Brazil.
(e)
Can-
ada.
Chile.
(d)
Colom-
bia.
Cuba
France.
Qermany
Greece.
India.
Italy.
1807
1896
1800
1900
1901
10,048
14,910
10,484
14,650
12,077
88,879
10.440
19,190
10,890
6,844
6,890
6,970
7,989
0,846
16,064
96,417
66,000
106,944
100,414
14
46
979
87
899
88,588
90,851
40,981
96,716
18,480
8,888
11,178
"mi'
Nil.
91,97S
87,919
81,985
89,897
88,999
89,804
46,497
48,854
61,899
69,904
66,091
11,868
14,097
17,600
8,060
14,166
74,868
61,489
88,690
188,787
18^807
1,884
8,008
4,866
6,014
9,181
Year.
Japan.
New
Zealand.
Portu-
Queens-
^land.
Russia.
South
Australia
(d)
Spain.
Sweden.
Turkey
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
1897..
1896..
1899..
1900..
1901..
17,851
11,617
11.840
15,9%
189
990
187
166
906
1,659
907
8,049
1,971
904
408
68
747
77
991
870,196
889,546
669,801
(c)
mi
6
108
mi.
144
100,666
109,988
104,974
119,897
60,895
8,749
8,858
8,828
9,651
9,9n
"49.468'
d 88,100
009
886
499
1,884
1,678
161,188
190,787
146,648
891.714
649.016
(a) From official statistics, except for the United States and Colombia, for which direct reports have been
received from the producers, (fe) Includes Herzegovina, (c) Statistics not yet published, (d) Export returns.
(«) Shipments as stated in British Diplomatic and Consular Reports, except for 1809, which are estimated.
Brazil, — Deposits of manganese ore are widely distributed in this country,
and in places they are enormously rich. The principal mines are situated near
Miguel Burnier, Queluz, San Goncalo and Piquiry in the State of Minas Geraes.
near Corumbd in the State of Matto Grosso, and near Nazareth in the State of
Bahia. In Minas Geraes the largest producers are the Usina Wigg, Sociedade
OersA de Minas de Manganez^ and the Soci^t^ Anonyme des Mines de Manganese
de Ouro Preto. A new company, the Morro da Mina Co., was incorporated dur-
ing 1902 to work the deposits at Queluz. The ores from the district of Miguel
Burnier are high grade, carrying from 48 to 55% Mn and a very small percentage
of phosphorus; those from Lafayette carry about 50% Mn and 012% P. The
total exports of Brazil in 1902 were 143,320 metric tons.
Colombia. — The manganese industry of the Isthmus of Panama is described
by E. G. Williams in a paper read before the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, October, 1902. The ore-bearing region is situated on the Caribbean
coast, extending from Puerto Bello easterly about 35 miles toward Point San
Bias. Ore has been found in the interior at a maximum distance of about 10
miles from the coast. In general, the deposits occur within the drainage areas
of the shori: streams that flow northward into the Caribbean Sea, although one
MANGANEaS. 463
large ore body is known to exist within the Chagres basin. The associated
rocks are all of sedimentary origin, probably originally shales, but they are thor-
oughly decomposed, and in some cases metamorphosed into jasper. The ores
include psilomelane, pyrolusite and braimite, the first-mentioned yielding the
greater part of the commercial product. An analysis of high-grade ore indicates
the presence of a new mineral witli the formula MngO^.
The companies engaged in shipping ore from this region are the Caribbean
Manganese Co., operating the Viento Frio, Carano, Concepcion and Soledad
mines, and the firm of Brandon, Arias & Fillippi, who operate the Culebra and
La Quaca mines. All the mines except the Culebra are situated along a narrow-
gauge railway that enters the shipping port of Nombre de Dios. The most
important mine, the Soledad, lying about six miles southeast of this port, has
furnished over 40,000 tons of ore, or more than two-thirds of the total product
mined in this region. At this mine the ore occurs in a series of lenticular or
irregular masses varying from a few inches to 60 ft. in width. The accompany-
ing rock is a decomposed shale highly impregnated with iron oxides and man-
ganese and much contorted. At first the ore was extracted from open-cut
workings, but after a depth of 120 ft. had been reached, a shaft was sunk 110
ft. and two levels were opened. The ore is usually stoped for the entire width
of the deposit, and heavy timbering with supplementary filling is required to
support the walls. Hoisting is done by a gasoline engine. After mining, the
ore is hand-pipked, and the large pieces are transported directly by tramway to
the railroad, while the fine material is sent to a log-washer and screened after
washing. The size above 0-6 in. is hand-picked and shipped, the fine portion being
reserved for future treatment in a concentrating plant Care in sorting the ore
is made necessary by the presence of jasper, which, if not removed, would
subject the ore to a fine for silica. Power drills, driven by a 35-H.P. gasoline
air compressor, are used for breaking the ore in the mine. A cargo lot of ore
from the Soledad mine assayed Mn, 57-50% ; SiOa, 418% ; H^O, 2-73% ; and a
total of 23,000 tons averaged Mn, 53-74% ; SiOj,, 8-68% ; P, less than 006%. The
Concepcion mine lies about two miles north of the Soledad deposits. It is con-
nected with the railway by a Bleichert tramway, 5,600 ft. long, operated by a
10-H.P. steam engine. The workings are less than 100 ft. in depth, and about
12,000 tons of ore have been mined, averaging about 50% Mn and 8% SiOj.
The Carano and Viento Frio mines have not been operated in recent years. At
La Ouaca mine, owned by Brandon, Arias & Fillippi, the ore occurs in large
and small boulders, exposed originally in the beds of streams and upon the ad-
jacent mountain stopes. It is probable that the boulders are float material from
some large deposit as yet undiscovered. The mine has furnished about 2,000 tons
of ore. The Culebra mine, also owned by this company, is situated in a small
island about 14 miles east of Nombre de Dios and one-half mile from the main-
land. The strata here are of the same general character as those outcropping on
the mainland, and the ore is found in irregular or lenticular bodies, which con-
form in dip with the bedding planes. About 4,000 tons of ore have been mined
from an open pit. The ore is chiefly psilomelane and pyrolusite, and is of high
grade.
464 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Cuba. — ^The deposits of manganese ore in Cuba are situated near the city of
Santiago at the eastern end of the island. The first shipments in 1887 amounted
to only 60 tons, but by 1890 they had increased to nearly 22,000 tons Prom
1898 to 1901 the Ponupo Mining & Transportation Co. was the only producer of
manganese ore in this region. This mine, which in 1902 produced 33,000
tons of ore, lies in the center of an anticlinal fold and covers an area of about
80 acres. The ore varies from high-grade material to a hard jasper, locally
called hayate, containing little manganese and occurring in irregular masses.
Often the ore is intimately veined or impregnated with jasper, and in such
cases it is valueless, but usually the rocks may be separated, after mining. Three •
log- washers are used, and the tailings carry from 15 to 30% Mn. The mines
give emplo3mient to 150 or more men at wages of $0-85 per day. The average
output is 2,000 tons per month, costing $2-25 per ton at the mine. The freight
rate to Santiago is $39 per car of 30 tons, and the rate from Santiago to New
York varies from $1-80 to $2 per ton. The character of the deposits at the
Boston and Ysabellita mines is similar to that of the Ponupo mine. A large
quantity of ore has been extracted from the Boston mine, and operations have
been started recently at the Ysabellita mine. The latter has an aerial tramway
connecting with the mill where the ore is to be treated by a jig process. These
are the only mines in operation at present, although it is possible that others
will be developed with the completion of the Cuba Central Railway. Prom the
mode of occurrence it seems probable that the deposits now operated are not of
great extent.
France, — The ores mined include the carbonate, oxides and silicate of man-
ganese. The deposits of Tjas Cabesses in the Department of Arifege supplied
3,500 metric tons of calcined carbonate in 1901, and the mines of Bomantehe
and Grand-Filon in Sac)ne-et-Tjoire produced 9,600 tons of hj'drous oxides. In
addition there was a production of 6,200 tons of manganese hydroxides and sili-
cate from the mines of Louderville, Aderville and Ville-Aure in the Department
of Hautes P^T^n^es.
Indw, — Manganese is extensively mined in the Vizagapatam district of Mad-
ras, about 500 miles north of the city of Madras and also near Kamptee, in the
Nagpur district of the Central Provinces. In 1901 the former district pro-
duced 76,463 long tons of ore, and the latter 81,264 tons; while the districts of
Balaghat and Bhandara, in which developments were only recently begun,
produced 4,330 tons. The total exports from India during the same year were
133,170 tons.
Italy, — The production of manganese ore is limited to a few small mines in
the districts of Carrara, Iglesias and Florence. The district of Florence pro-
duces also manganiferous iron ore, the output in 1901 being 24,290 tons, valued
at about $3 per ton.
Queensland. — The production of manganese in 1902 was 4,674 metric tons,
valued at £16,989, as compared with 221 metric tons, valued at £795, in 1901.
In the Gladstone district, deposits at Mount Miller, Auckland Hill and Boat
Creek have been worked at various times, but during 1902 operations were
limited to the depo^^its at Mount Miller, which produced ore valued at £3,000.
MANGANESE. 465
The workings have reached a depth of 160 ft., the ore body varying from 3 to 20
ft. in width. The Auckland Hill deposit, owing to the influx of water, has only
been developed to a small extent. The Boat Creek deposits are no longer worked.
The Mount Morgan Co. uses all the ore mined in this colony.
Russia. — The chief source of manganese ore in this country, which furnishes
more than one-half of the world's supply, is in the Province of Kutais in the
Caucasus district. The largest mining center is Chiaturi, from which most of
the ore is transported by railway to Poti and thence trans-shipped for export.
In recent years the deposits in the Nicopol district of southern Russia have been
extensively developed, the product being largely consumed at home. The
geological features of this district, as well as the details relating to mining
methods and production, have been fully set fori;h by Mr. Frank Drake in The
Mineral Industry, Vol. X. The Russian mining industry in 1901 suflFered
severely from the overproduction in the previous year, and from competition
in foreign markets with the Spanish, Brazilian and Cuban ores; conse-
quently there was a marked decline in output. The exports from Poti and
Batoum in 1901 were 263,963 and 16,000 long tons, respectively. During 1902
the conditions were somewhat more favorable as regards demand, although
prices continued at a very low level. The exports in this year from Poti were
387,100 tons, and from Batoum 91,321 tons. The discovery of manganese de^
posits in the Province of Elisavetpol, district of Kasach, is reported. The de-
posits lie upon the surface, or ^re covered with a thin layer of soil, and appar-
ently have the form of veins included in a siliceous schist. Analyses show about
60% Mn, with little phosphorus.
MICA.
Bt Henry Fisher.
The statistics of the production of sheet mica in 1902 are not yet available;
the output during 1901, however, amounted to 360,060 lb., valued at $98,859.
The mica imported into the United States during 1902, was 2,251,856 lb.., valued
at $466,332, 2,149,557 lb. ($419,362) being unmanufactured and 102,299 lb.
($46,970) being cut or trimmed.
The market for coarse and fine ground mica in New York, ruled at 3@4c.
and 4@6c. per lb. respectively until the middle of September, when it dropped
to l-75@l-9c. and 0'87@2c., and' remained there till the end of the year. The
market for sheet mica did not vary throughout the year, and was as follows:
2X4 in., 30c.; 3X3 in., 80c. ; 3X4 in., $1-50; 4X4 in., $2; 6xe in., $3.
The General Electric Co., of Schenectady, N. Y., leased the plant of the
Ottawa Porcelain Co., at Ottawa, and during 1902 employed 300 persons in trim-
ming and cutting mica, most of it to be used in the manufacture of micanite.
During 1902, only mica mined in Ontario was used, but the company has secured
control of several important mines in Quebec, and will operate them in 1903.
A patent^ has been granted to H. C. Mitchell for the manufacture of flake
mica which consists in passing the sheet mica through bending rolls to loosen it,
and then subjecting it to a blast of air, whereby the lighter flakes are blown into
one chamber, and the plates not disintegrated are collected in a second chamber;
the treatment being repeated a second time.
1900.
1901.
SUte.
Sheet
Scrap.
Sheet.
Scrap.
Pounds
Value.
Short
Tons.
Value.
Pounds
Value.
Short
Tons.
Value.
Ndw HftmDBliire ••.•«••••«•••■•••••••
96.241
84,500
66,000
2,600
$11,868
24,160
46,000
2,000
2,405
2,790
222
20
$21,645
19,680
1,664
160
66,800
866,160
86,000
3,100
(a)
260
1,776
(a)
North Carolina and Viretnia
South Dakota.
Other Statin r r . r x
146
lV>ta1ll. ....,......,,,.,, r
127,841
$88,608
5,417
$42,880
860,060
$96,869
2,171
$19,719
(a) Not given.
California, — The Barton Mica mines on Piru and Lockwood creeks in Ventura
County, which were discovered in 1901, had 10 men at work in 1902, and up to
> English Patent No. 4,969, March 8, 1901.
MICA. 467
July of that year had made two shipments of mica to San Francisco, where it
was ground. A mill is being erected on the property. These deposits covering
2,080 acres, are 68 miles from Bakersfield. At the Gypsy deposit considerable
%ook mica" occurs, but most of the product is more suitable for grinding. A
mill of 6 tons daily capacity is being erected.
Idaho. — ^The Idaho Mining Co. during 1902 developed four claims on Bear
Creek, 13 miles from Troy, Latah County. The vein is reported to be 30 ft. wide,
and samples of mica yary in size from 2X2 in. to 10X12 in. In the early part of
1903 the output of mica was 2 tons per week.
North Carolina, — The principal deposits of mica are in Mitchell, Yancey,
Jackson, Haywood and Macon counties, over 100 mines occurring in these five
counties. The mica is found in pegmatite dikes, and constitutes from 1 to 10%
of the rock. Many other minerals are found with the mica, and some of them
are obtained in sufficient quantity to be of commercial value.
South Dakota. — The Black Hills Porcelain Clay & Marble Co. operated its
laica mine in Custer County throughout 1902. In the early part of 1903, the
company shipped 30 tons of mica per month, obtaining $30 per ton, f. o. b.
Custer. The Crown mica mine owned by the Chicago Mica Co. covers 40 acres
in Custer Co. The mine is shipping regularly two carloads of mica to the com-
pany's plant in Indiana.
Brazil. — According to H. Kilbum Scott* mica occurs in workable quantities
in the States of Qoyaz, Bahia and Minas Qeraes. In the State of Minas Qeraes,
the mica is found in pegmatite veins, lenses or dikes in metamorphic schists
near the city of Santa Luzia de Carangola, the veins running parallel to the
Cayama and Popgais Mountains. The veins are generally altered to kaolin,
and vary in width from 20 in. to 10 ft. Although about six mines have sup-
plied mica for export, only two, the Fonseca and Coronel Seraphino mines,
have been worked regularly. About 30 tons of trimmed mica have been pro-^
(^uced at the former mine, a large proportion of which has been used for lamp^
chimneys, and the rest has been shipped to the United States and London. The '
total output of the Coronel Seraphino mine is estimated to be 20 tons. The
method used for trimming the mica is crude, and much of the material is wasted.
About 50% of the mica from the latter mine, which is of the ruby variety, has
been obtained in sheets over 6 in. in length. The mica is put up in packets of
equal-sized sheets of about 2 lb. weight, and packed into boxes holding about
100 lb. These boxes are carried on pack mules to the Santa Luzia station of
the Leopoldina Railway for transport to Rio, a distance of 10 to 15 miles. The
approximate cost per ton of mica at ports in the United States or Europe is
£63 12s., made up as follows : Cost of mining, trimming and transportation to
Santa Luzia, £50 ; freight charges to Rio Janeiro, £1 128. ; State export tax, £6 ;
expenses at Rio, £1 ; freight to Europe or the United States, £5.
Canada. — ^There was a large output of mica in 1902, the production being
valued at $400,000, as compared with $160,000 in 1901. The exports of mica
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, amounted to 997,165 lb., valued at
$242,310, classified as follows: Mica, cut to sizes, 540,228 lb. ($124,855);
Faoer read before the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, April 88, 190a
468 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
edges trimmed, 111,385 lb., ($42,268) ; edges untrimmed, 345,323 lb. ($75,167) ;
ground, 229 lb. ($20). The shipments to the United States during the fiscal
year amounted to 868,645 lb., valued at $186,400; to the United Kingdom,
115,388 lb., valued at $53,001, the remainder going to France, Gennany and
Mexico. The pblogopite and biotite varieties are mined in the provinces of
Ontario and Quebec, in the district about Ottawa, while transparent muscovite
of excellent quality occurs at TSte Jaune Cache and Canoe River in Northern
British Columbia. Although sheets of mica of over a foot in length are not
imcommon, the deposits in British Columbia are too far distant from railroad
communication to be worked at present In Ontario there are mills at Syden-
ham, Ottawa, Kingston and Perth, which split the blocks of mica and '^thumb-
trim" it. A mill at Oananoque grinds the mica into scrap. In Quebec, as
stated by J. Obalski, the mica market was very quiet in 1902, and while the de-
mand was steady, the price for the larger sizes declined. Only a few of the
more important mines, including those of Messrs. Blackburn Bros., Wallingford
Bros., and Portin & Gravel were operated in 1902. Messrs. Fortin & Gravel
employ five men at their mine in Hull. The mica is sized, trimmed and packed
at Hull, five women being employed at this work. Some of the smaller com-
panies operating in 1902, were Allan Gold Reef, in Berry; Glen Almond, in Port-
land East ; Vava8sour,in Hull ; and F. N. Webster at the Cascades in the Gatineau.
The thumb-trimmed mica shipped from Quebec in 1902, amounting to about
one-third of the total production, was in detail: 64,463 lb. of 1X3 in. mica,
($7,364) ; 27,861 lb. of 2X3 in. ($7,201) ; 27,296 lb. of 2X4 in. ($10,756) ;
11,772 lb. of 3X5 in. ($7,578) ; 890 lb. of 4X6 in. ($820), and 540 lb. of 5X7 in.
($585), aggregating 132,822 lb. of mica, valued at $34,304.
India, — Mica which is worked in a primitive manner in Bengal and Madras
was produced to the extent of 996 tons in 1902, the exports amounting to 815
tons. In 1902, in the districts of Nellore, North Arcot, and Nilgris, in the
Province of Madras, there were 69 mines in operation, employing 2,965 persons,
and producing 228 long tons of mica, and in the district of Hazaribagh in the
Province of Bengal, there were 61 mines employing 6,254 persons, and producing
768 long tons of mica, 628 tons being mined by one company. The Government
annually leases the land to the highest bidder. The mica occurs in veins of coarse
pegmatite and native methods are used to mine it. During the rains, the surface
is prospected and shoots and patches of mica are marked when found, to be
worked during the cold and hot weather. Machinery is not used, all the work
being done by hand labor. Women are employed, who, seated on ladders, pass
back and forth vessels filled with water and baskets with mica.
The Mica Industry of New Hampshire during 1902.
By Albert J. Hoskins.
The mica industry of New Hampshire has not shown any advance during the
past year. There were only two mines operated, one controlled by the Davis
Mica Co. and the other by the Henri Picard Co. ; the mines of both companies
are situated in Alstead, Cheshire County. The Davis Mica Co. employ eight
MIOA. 469
men, producing about 1 ton per day including scrap mica. The Henri Picard
Co. employ 12 twelve men, the daily output averaging a little more than 1 ton.
Several prospects, have been opened up in Grafton and Sullivan counties, which,
however, do not show enough mica to warrant the investment of capital for
development.
The mica after being blasted out undergoes a hand dressing (rifting) in which
operation the refuse or cracked and stained mica is split oflF. The remaining
clean and free-splitting mica is trimmed and assorted to four grades or sizes.
No. 1 grade measures either 4X6 in. or 6X8 in., and sometimes larger; No. 2
grade averages from 3X4in. to4X6in.; No. 3 grade averages from 2X4 in. to 3X4
in. ; and No. 4 grade averages from 1 in. to 2X4 in. Mica of No. 4 grade is known
and sold as rough trimmed mica. The waste or trintmings are sold to the mills
for grinding purposes.
The Henri Picard mills grind all the scrap mica taken from the mines in the
vicinity. The scrap mica is ground into grades ranging from 10 to 200 mesh
in size. The coarser grades, ranging from 10 to 66 mesh, are most in demand at
present, due to the fact that they are used extensively in reproofing roofing,
steampipe covering and insulating compounds. The finer grades are utilized by
wall paper manufacturers for decorating purposes, also as an adulterant of rubber
and in the manufacture of paint, lubricating oils and axle grease. The prices ob-
tained for ground mica in carload lots at place of production are from $80 to $100
per ton, according to quality and fineness.
At the beginning of 1902 there was only a small quantity of scrap mica in the
market, and the prices showed an upward tendency, ranging from $28 to $50
per ton. A considdVable quantity of scrap mica is used in the manufacture of
mica board, a business that is said to be very profitable. The only factory of this
kind in New Hampshire has been in operation for the past three years at Groton.
The process of manufacture is simple. The mica, after being split up into very
thin plates, is built up in a form to the desired thickness, each piece being ce-
mented with shellac. The block is then subjected to a pressure of 2,000 lb. to
the sq. in. and pressed to a definite thickness. It is next steamed and pressed
in a mold to seeure the desired shape, and completed by hardening in a kiln.
The manufacture of mica pulp, mica board and other mica compositions required
by the trade is stated to yield very good profits on the capital invested.
THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL WOOL.
By Edwin C. £okel.
Mineral wool is the product obtained by forcing a jet of steam or air against
a stream of molten slag or molten rock. The etfect of this proceeding is to
scatter the molten material^ small spherules being blown out from the main
stream, each spherule, comet-like, carrying behind it a thread of the material.
The fluidity and composition of the molten mass, and the pressure, size and direc-
tion of the jet of steam or air, are so manipulated as to give the greatest propor-
tion of threads or fiber to spherules as the spherules are commercially unavailable
and must be separated by mechanical means from the fibers if present in too
great quantity. Usually, however, a satisfactory separation is obtained by
changes in the direction or pressure of the steam, the spherules falling first while
the lighter fibers are carried further into settling chambers.
The resulting product is a non-conductor of heat and sound, and is therefore
largely used for pipe covering, safe linings, cold storage plants, partitions, etc.
It is marketed under many names — ^mineral wool, slag wool, rock wool, silica
fiber, silicate cotton, etc. The reasons for this great variation in nomenclature
are given later in the article.
Orowth of the Industry. — Blast-furnace slag was first manufactured into min-
eral wool about 30 years ago in Germany, and was shortly afterward taken up
in England and in the United States. The first American plant was located at
the Greenwood iron furnace, in Orange County, N". Y., the manufacture of mineral
wool being taken up there on a small scale in 1875, under the management of
Mr. Parrott- I^ater, an incorporated company acquired the slag wool plant,
and under the management of Mr. A. D. Elbers the output was materially in-
creased. In 1882 the product was 1,085 tons of "ordinary^' grade, worth $27,125 ;
and 92 tons of "extra," worth $5,520 ; a total of 1,177 tons, valued at $32,645.
During the first six months of 1883, the product was 65 tons of "ordinary/' worth
$13,100; and 47 tons of "extra," worth $2,820, a total for the half-year of 702
tons, worth $15,920. From these figures it will be seen that the industry had
established itself in this country within eight years, for the total annual produc-
THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL WOOL. 471
tion of slag wool and rock wool together up to the present year, usually varied
between 5,000 and 7,000 tons. The number of slag wool plants in operation
reached a maximum during the period 1885-1895. Since that time the relative
number has decreased owing to the entrance into competition of plants using
natural rocks in place of slag. The reasons for this relative decline in slag
wool manufacture will be discussed on a later page. The total production of
mineral wool (including both slag wool and rock wool) during 1902 is given^
as 10,843 short tons, valued at $105,814 as compared with a production during
1901 of 6,272 shori; tons, valued at $68,992. Statistics collected by me indicated
that in 1901 about 3,500 tons of the total quantity were produced from slag,
the remaining 2,500 tons being made from natural rock. The year 1902 was
marked by an increase in the total production; but the ratios of production
between slag wool and rock wool were little changed. It is probable, therefore,
that of the 10,843 tons of mineral wool produced in 1902, at least 6,000 tons
were made from slag. The ratios as to value, however, are widely different
from those of quantity, for rock wool is sold at a price per ton from 50 to 60%
higher than that of slag wool.
The comparatively new material, mineral wool, found ready acceptance upon its
introduction, and came into general use quite rapidly. Soon, however, objections
were made to it, based partly on theoretical and partly on practical grounds.
One at least of these objections seems to have been well founded, when the type
of slag wool at first produced, is considered, but it is by no means certain that
the argument holds good against the slag wool now made. Be all this as it may,
the objection and the reasoning on which it was based have exerted a decided
influence on the mineral wool industry in this country as well as in Europe.
The objection noted was made against the presence of sulphur in the mineral
wools derived from slags. In the early days of the industry little attention was
paid to this constituent, and in consequence, as much as from 3 to 5% of sulphur
was often present in slag wools, while it rarely fell below 1%. Some years after
the manufacture had become established, however, attention was called to the
injurious influence exerted by sulphur under certain conditions. Prof. Wolpertz
in Germany, and Prof. Egleston in the United States, took the most active part
in this discussion, and references to it will be found in almost every one of the
papers on slag wool cited in the bibliography at the close of this section.
The objection to the presence of sulphur is based upon the following facts.
Blast-furnace slags of the type commonly used in slag wool manufacture are some-
what variable in composition, but commonly contain sulphur in combination with
part of their lime as calcium sulphide. By blowing steam through a stream of
molten slag it is possible that a small portion of the sulphur will be removed, but it
is certain that the principal result of the process will be to make the finely divided
and rapidly cooled slag wool more susceptible to chemical action than a normally
cooled slag. If kept absolutely dry, however, no evil results will ensue, but when
the material is used as a covering for water or steam pipes, water frequently
gains access to the slag wool. This percolating moisture, either cold or aided by
heat, acts on the unstable calcium sulphide, forming sulphuric acid, which at-
1 Kngineering and Mining Journal, Jan. 8, 1906.
472 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
tacks the iron pipes. Slag wool coverings on pipes which are buried underground
may also be attacked by organic acids.
The impression made on engineers by the discussion of these facts, and the
consequent falling off in the utilization of mineral wool, led manufacturers to
attempt the preparation of a material which would be free from the above-cited
objections. These attempts took two very different lines, which will be separately
discussed under the headings of (1) rock wool, and (2) desulphurized slag wool.
Rock Wool, — Obviously, one way out of the difficulty was to abandon the use
of slags, which almost inevitably contain appreciable amounts of sulphur ; and use
in place of them other materials, of about the same bulk composition, but free from
sulphur. A glance at the table of analyses of various mineral wools will show
that the percentages of their principal constituents fall within the following
limits: Silica, from 35"92 to 48*62%; aluminum and iron oxide, from 8'48 to
22*17% ; lime, from 22'96 to 41'86%, and magnesia, from 2*98 to 19-82%.
It is possible to find natural rocks which will analyze after melting within
these limits ; but deposits of such favorable materials are not common, nor are
they always well situated with regard to transporation facilities and market.
In general, therefore, the rock-wool manufacturer is satisfied with a rock which
can be cheaply extracted, and is well located, so long as it approximates the
desired composition, which is subsequently obtained by adding to the rock a
suitable quantity of sand, clay, or pure limestone, according as the main rock
is deficient in silica only, in both silica and alumina, or in lime.
The methods of manufacture at the typical *^rock wool" plant of the Crystal
Chemical Works, Alexandria, Ind., is as follows: The material utilized in the
manufacture of mineral wool is a highly siliceous limestone, analyzing: SiOj,
26%; AlA* 1202%; FeA, 178%; CaCO,, 3792%; MgCO,, 17-38%; H^O,
4*90%. This rock forms a massive bed, 5 ft. thick, in the Niagara (Upper
Silurian) formation which outcrops near Alexandria. The rock is blasted out
in large fragments, drawn bv^ team to the mill, which is near the quarry, and
heated to a red heat, which disintegrates it. When sufficiently disintegratcfd it
is dumped from the furnace, which has a drop bottom, and a new charge intro-
duced. The disintegrated rock is then charged into the melting furnace or
cupola.
When operations at the plant were started, a cheap and apparently permanent
supply of natural gas was obtainable. The freedom of this fuel from sulphur
made it an ideal source of heat for mineral wool manufacture. During this early
period the disintegrated rock was melted in a large reverberatory furnace, with
150 sq. ft. melting surface which delivered 8 tons per 24 hours. Two men oper-
ated both furnaces and the boiler. The furnace bottom was formed of fire clay
tile supported by six 1-in. pipes laid horizontally, having a space for air
circulation below the pipes, which prevented the molten charge from escaping
through the bottom. The furnace was fired at one end with natural gas, intro-
duced through a specially constructed burner, and the waste gases passed up a
stack at the other end. Attempts were made to utilize the waste heat either
in the preliminary heating of the rock, or under the boiler, but with little success,
owing to the choking of the flues with the fine dust carried from the charge by
THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL WOOL. 473
the draft. Under proper conditions, a furnace lasted from 10 to 12 months,
when it became useless owing to the action of the molten charge on the brick
work. The brick in the sides of the furnace immediately in contact with the
charge, were destroyed much more rapidly, and it was found necessary to replace
them every week. This renewal was provided for by having the furnace sides
above this line, as well as the crown, independently suppori:ed.
The failure of the natural gas supply led to changes in the methods of melting
the rock. Connellsville coke is now used for fuel, and the rock is melted in a
drop-bottom, water-jacketed, cylindrical cupola, 40 in. inside diameter. The
distance from tuyeres to charging floor is 7 ft., and its coke content is never
more than 800 lb. at a time. After a day's run (24 hours) from 50 to 100 lb.
of iron is found disseminated through the material in the bottom of the cupola,
and the mineral wool contains a small percentage of iron oxide.
The molten material, as it issues from the cupola, is struck by a jet of steam,
and blown into mineral wool. The spherules, being heavier, drop near the cupola,
whilie the fibers are carried on to collecting chambers. The product analyzes
about SiOj,, 37 5%; AlA and Fe^Oj, 20%; CaO, 30-6%; and MgO, 11-8%.
The fiber weighs less than 3 lb. per cu. ft. ; but is compressed when packed into
bags for shipment, so as to weigh 8 or 9 lb. per cu. ft. It is usually packed in
burlap bags, each holding 50 lb. A large quantity is also marketed in the form
of slabs 1 to 1-5 in. thick, and 24X24 in. or 16X24 in. in area, for use in
building partitions in cold storage construction. These slabs weigh from 12 to
14 oz. per cu. ft.
Desulphurized Slag Wool. — Elbers has described^ the progress made in the
attempt to produce a mineral wool, low in sulphur, from slag; and has also pro-
posed a process for the manufacture of a product absolutely free from sulphur.
As above noted, slag wool was at first manufactured from slag direct from the
furnace, without remelting. The shutting down of the furnace which supplied
one of the early New Jersey slag wool plants, however, necessitated the use of
slag from the cinder heaps, remelted in a cupola furnace. It was soon found
that slag thus remelted gave a slag wool which contained materially less sulphur
than when made from slags direct from the furnace; and the cupola remelting
process is now in common use. Elbers states that by remelting slags in this way
from one-third to one-half of the sulphur will become oxidized by the blast of
the cupola, provided that good coke or anthracite coal is used as fuel. The pro-
portion of sulphur can be reduced still further by melting about 15% of lime
and sandstone with the slag, which will yield a product containing not over 0*3%
of sulphur, a result fairly satisfactory, since the rock wool, made entirely from
natural rock, usually carries at least 0*15% of sulphur, mainly derived from the
ash of the coal or coke. Charcoal cannot be used as fuel, because it bums out
too quickly to melt materials of so refractory a character.
Elbers'^ patented process consists in the addition of gypsum, or other alkaline
sulphates, to the slag before melting. The reaction being as follows : —
3CaS0,, 2H,0(gyp8um)+Ca(Mg,Fe)S=3CaO+Ca(Mg,Fe) 0+4SO,+2H20,
■ engineering and Mining JownuO, Vol. LXVin., pp. 948-849, 1899.
474 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
the SO2 and HjO being earned ofif by the blast. In the experimental working of
this process at a slag wooLplant, the addition of 9% gypsum gave a §lag wool carry-
ing only 002% of sulphur. Elbers states in regard to manufacturing details, that
"blast-furnace slag can be remelted with about the same amount of fuel, weight
for weight, as foundry pig iron; but the yield is only 10% as large, i.e., from
750 to 900 lb. per hour from a 42-in. cupola, with a blast pressure of from 2 to 4
oz. per sq. in. in the air pipe. A heat lasts from 12 to 20 hours, during this
time the melt flows out continuously. The stream of the outflow should not
exceed 0'75 to 1 in. in diameter, chiefly for the reason that equally good slag
wool cannot be made from a stream of greater volume by proportionately in-
creasing the size and force of the steam jet. The pressure of the steam should
not exceed from 80 to 90 lb. per sq. in. On account of these various conditions
a cupola 48 in. in diameter (inside of lining) is not likely to make more wool
than a 42-in. one, while it will cost more for fuel ; and it is likely that a 36- or
38-in. cupola will make as much wool (and of better quality) as either of the
larger sizes. Cupolas smaller than 36-in. diameter are not so convenient for
making inside repairs, which are needed after each melting, and do not give as
long heats as are expedient. A well-conditioned plant of three cupolas should be
able to turn out two carloads of mineral wool of 24,000 lb. each per day ; but that
is the maximum."
Physical Properties, — The appearance of mineral wool, under the microscope,
is described^ as follows: —
The sudden and violent explosive action by which the fibers and bulbs are formed
would lead us to expect little regularity in their markings; but a considerable
number exhibit a very beautiful and symmetrical ornamentation. The fibers
vary in thickness from that of common spim glass to an extreme tenuity repre-
sented by fractions of a thousandth of an inch. The bulbs may generally be
described as solid bodies containing more or less numerous vesicles or hollows.
The more solid ones are transparent, or show iridescence. Many of the fibers
are split, and occasionally scrveral of them will be attached to the same bulb.
When the fibers are crowded together they will form interstices of angular shape,
so that free motion of the incased air is impossible, in consequence of which the
material makes a poor conductor of heat. By calculation it is found that the
"ordinary" and "extra" grades of slag wool contain respectively 88 and 93%
of their volumes of air. This air circulates with such difficulty that the passage
of heat is retarded, while the transmission of sound is prevented by the inelas-
ticity or want of solidity of the material.
It is stated* that in ordinary practice a slag, weighing 192 lb. per cu. ft., will
give 20% of "extra-grade" wool, weighing 14 lb. per cu. ft., and consisting
of threads or fibers only, representing ihat portion of the material which has
been blown entirely free from the "shot" or spherules. The remaining 80%
will be of "ordinary" grade, weighing 24 lb. per cu. ft., and containing a consider-
able proportion of "shot" intermixed with the fibers.
N'umerous experiments have been carried out to determine the relative con-
* Mineral Retources, U. 8. G«olofclcal Survey, 1888, p. KB.
« Ibid., 1882, p. lei.
THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL WOOL,
476
ducting power of various pipe covering materials. The papers describiug these
experiments are cited in the accompanying bibliography ; and a few of the residts
are here summarized.
The data given in the following table have been selected from the results of
Ordway,*^ Emery," Coleman/ and from tests carried out by a firm manufacturing
a rock wool. The results have been recalculated, when necessary, to permit the
heat conducting power of mineral wool to be taken as unity.
HEAT CONDUCTING POWEK OP VAKIOUB MATERIALS.
Authority.
KaterlAls.
Ordway.
Emery.
Coleman.
MTrs,
Circular.
ghoep^g wool
•00
186
1-88
Gotl^on wool ..
Loose lAmpblACk . . . . . , r , r - - r r - .
•76
•09
«
•96
100
106
1-18
Hair felt
•888
1-17
1*87
nnrnnrrMiTiil l«innblack ■, -
f lOOfM f^liHniMl TnAffiiMriA •..«...r..>t.>tr--
MinenUwdof. T..............
1000
100
100
rjomnrfwmrrt masnfwhitn cvbonAte. ................*. r
Sawdust •
1-288
18ie
rfi04
1618
1-08
1-40
179
Cb&rco&l k •.....•
1*66
Pine wood
188
I»i&in
TnfiiHorlAl Mtrth
186
QlYtiind cork
1-17
Granulated oork
1*41
Sheet cork
\-fR
Asbestos, alr^oell block
188
Asbestos, molded block
1-61
riiimiin/| ohnJlc .
1-68
167
Asbestos cement
i^e7
Oas ooko • •••.■t.t.>a..i.tt.r ...T.-fT t
1-788
1.770
8-80
Slaked lime
r^nmnPA acwl ruLliM nnH Tn^tm^tAtL.
8-88
8-78
Ai«lM4t<¥l - . , , - T - - r T T
8-418
8004
Goal ashes
1*68
Fuel coke
Siind .
477
Though discrepancies appear on comparing the different series of experiments,
all of them seem to agree in bringing out the fact that mineral wool is the best
non-inflammable coating of practical use. In addition to its low heat conducting
power it has certain other advantages, in that it offers no attraction to animals,
is not liable to char or bum, and is lower in first cost than most other coverings.
The only defects to be guarded against by the manufacturer and user of mineral
wool are the possible presence of sulphur and its liability to pack if wet.
ComposiUon. — In chemical composition mineral wools vary considerably. The
analyses given in the subjoining table, may be accepted, however, as being fairly
representative, except in respect to the high sulphur content of Nos. 1, 2 and 3.
These analyses were made about 1881 and 1894, and it is prpbable that no slag
or other mineral wool now marketed has more than 1% S, while many commercial
mineral wools are practically free from this element. Of the five analyses. No. 1
is that of a slag wool, and No. 5 that of a rock wool. The three remaining
analyses are of wools whose origin cannot now be traced but it is probable,
judging from their composition, that Nos. 2 and 3 were made from slag, and
No. 4 from rock.
• TranmciionB of the American Jnetitute of Mechanitdi Bnffineeri, Vols. ▼. and VI., 1884-1886.
• SeKool of Mine* Quarterly, Vol. 8, p. 146. 1888.
' Engineering, p. 887, Sept 6, 1884.
476
rBE MtNEHAL INDU8THY,
ANALYSES OF MINERAL WOOLS.
ComponeotB.
Slag Wool.
Slajc Wool, a)
Sla«Wool.(?)
Hock Wool. (?»
RockWooL
(1)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(6)
SiO,
88-97
7-84
0-&I
80 66
19-88
019
1-76
846
108
48-48
[ 11-96
88-96
18-84
48 08
9-80
84- 10
17-86
S5-98
88- 17
41-86
8-96
87-6
80-0
80-6
11-8
ALOa
fSo«, FeO
c2).v. .!.....:::::
MgO
K,0 ,....
nLo
8^ ...........::::::
(a) 4-67
(o)l-7B
H,0
007
(a) Given iu original as SO., which is probably erroneous. (1) Trantaciiont of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineer*. Vol. III., p. 850, 18&. (8) Ibid., Vol XVI., p. 841, 1895. (8) Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 841, 1895.
(4) Ibid., Vol XVL, p. Ml, 1895. ft) Manufacturers* Circular, 1901.
Hibliographyi, — ^The following list of papers bearing on the manafactnre or
testing of mineral wool will be found serviceable : —
Barrus, 6. H. Tests of steam pipe coverings. Transactions of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vpl. 23, p. 791-845. 1902.
Brill, G. M. Pipe-covering tests. Transactions of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 16, p. 827-855. 1895.
Egleston, T. An accident to steam pipes arising from the use of blast-furnace
wool. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 12«
p. 253, et seq. 1883.
Elbers, A. D. The manufacture of sulphur-free mineral wool. Engineering
and Mining Journal, Vol. 68, p. 248-249. 1899.
Emery, C. E. Experiments on non-conductors of heat. Transactions of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 2, p. 34, et seq,
Hutton, F. R. Note on the action of a sample of mineral wool used as a non-
conductor around steam pipes. Transactions of the American Society of Mechan-
ical Engineers, Vol. 3, p. 244-252. 1882.
Hutton, F. R. Tests of non-conducting materials. School of Mines Quarterly,
Vol. 3, p. 145-146. 1882.
Hutton, F. R. On the use of mineral wool. School of Mines Quarterly,
Vol. 3, p. 146. 1882.
Norton, C. L. The protection of steam-heated surfaces. Transactions of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 19, p. 729-753. 1898.
Ordway, J. M. Experiments upon non-conducting coverings for steam pipes
(first paper). Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Vol. 5, p. 73-112. 1884.
Ordway, J. M. Non-conducting coverings for steam pipes; further experi-
ments. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 5,
p. 212-215. 1884.
Ordway, J. M. Non-conducting coverings for steam pipes. Conclusion.
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 6, p. 168.
1885.
Redgrave, G. R. The utilization of slag. Journal Society of Arts, Vol. 38.
p. 221-235.
Anon. Utilization of blast-furnace slag. Mineral Resources of the United
States for 1882, p. 161-164. 1883.
MOLYBDENUM.
Owing to the reticence of the manufacturers of molybdenum and ferromolyb-
denum it has not been practicable to obtain exact figures of the production of
these metals in the United States during 1902, although it is stated that the
production was practically the same as in 1901, which amounted to 35,000 lb.
of molybdenum metal and 16,000 lb. of ferromolybdenum. The price for molyb-
denum during 1902 remained within the limits quoted for the year 1901, i.e.,
from $1-55 to $2 per lb. The production of molybdenum in the United States
furnishes a very small portion only of the consumption, there being about 12
tons of ore produced during 1902. The price of molybdenum ore varies from
10c. to $110 per lb., depending upon its richness and purity. To be marketable
the ore must contain more than 45% Mo, and must be free from copper. The
value of ore containing from 50 to 55% Mo is approximately $300 per long ton.
Large deposits of molybdenite (MoS) are reported to have been found near
Los Angeles, Cal., and ore containing 5% Mo and $12 gold per ton is said to
occur at the Dewey mine at Grapevine, near Warner's Hot Springs, San Diego
Coimty, Cal. Molybdenite and molybdite (MoOg) occur in the Haliburton dis-
trict in Ontario, Can., on property of the Land & Immigration Co., Ltd. The
mass consists of pyroxenite with five narrow veins of pyrrhotite carrying molyb-
denite. Abroad a large deposit of molybdenite is reported to have been found
at Rencontre, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, and a recent discovery of this mineral
has been made in the southern Vosges Mountains, near the border of Alsace,
in France. In Queensland, Australia, molybdenite occurs at Wolfram Camp, on
the Walsh Biver, in the Hodgkinson district. It occurs in vugs associated with
tungsten and bismuth, and has to be separated by hand picking. In 1902 the
production amounted to 41 long tons (£5,502), as compared with 26 long tons
(£1,609) in 1901. In 1901 there were 15 to 20 tons of molybdenum glance pro-
duced at Tjotland, in the south of Norway.
Technology.
Mechanical Concentration. — According to information furnished by J. Walter
Wells, molybdenite occurs at a number of localities in Canada, although there
are but few deposits containing the mineral in commercial quantities. It is com-
monly associated with pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, and occurs in quartz
veins. A sample of ore from the Giant mine, Rossland, B. C, upon analysis
gave: Mo 24 2%, Co 1%, Fe 12-5%, Bi 019%, As 1S%, traces of copper and
478 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
lead, 414 oz. gold, and 1-2 oz. silver per ton. Experiments were carried out by
Mr. Wells for the purpose of finding suitable methods for concentrating the
Canadian ores. On a sample containing 50% pyrrhotite, 10% pyrite, and 6-5%
molybdenite in a gangue of calcite, biotite, quartz and pyroxene, good results were
obtained by crushing in a jaw crusher, hand picking of the large flakes of molyb-
denite, recrushing in rolls set to 0-2-in. space, and successive sizings in screens
from 0'3-in. to 005-in. mesh. The oversize from the screens which consisted of
molybdenite, mica and rock was treated on a Wilfley table and yielded a commer-
cial product. The Hartz jig was not adapted for concentrating this ore, but good
results were obtained with the Wetherill magnetic separator, although, owing to
the high current and slow speed necessary, it is doubtful if this separation can
be done on a practical basis. Treatment by a modified form of the Elmore process
w^as only partially successful, as the large particles of molybdenite were not af-
fected by the oil. Another sample consisting of quartz and feldspar with 2-5%
molybdenite, was crushed and sized, but gave no clean ore on any of the screens.
The whole sample was then ground to pass a 005-in. screen and concentrated on
a Wilfley table, the final concentration being effected by the oil process. The
experiments carried out by Mr. Wells showed that no standard method can be
adopted for concentrating molybdenum ores. Separate mill tests are required
to determine the proper treatment in each case.
Analytical Determination of Molybdenum, — G. Auchy* gives the followin*^
method for the rapid determination of molybdenum contained in steel: 0-8~g. of
drillings are placed in a covered porcelain dish and treated with 15 c.c. dilute
HNO3, 10 c.c. concentrated HCl, and 3 c.c. concentrated H2SO4, and boiled to
dense fumes of SO3. The cover also must be thoroughly dried. The residue is
then boiled with 50 c.c. HgO, cooled and carefully poured into 100 c.c. NaOH
solution (1 lb. NaOH in 2,100 c.c. HgO) in an 8-oz. Erlenmeyer flask, provided
with a file mark at 200 c.c. The liquid is diluted to the mark, shaken well and
the precipitate allowed to settle, filtered through a dry filter into a 100 c.c. meas-
uring flask. The filtered solution is placed in a beaker, and after adding 15 c.c.
strong H2SO4 is reduced and titrated.
Another method for the rapid determination of molybdenum in ores, which has
given satisfactory results, is to fuse the ore with NajOg in a nickel crucible, cool,
dissolve the product in H2SO4, neutralize the solution with N'H40H, which pre-
cipitates the iron present, filter, acidulate filtrate with HgSO^ and pass through
a column of metallic zinc (Jones reductor) before the final titration with potas-
sium permanganate.
E. Pozzi-Escot^ states that molybdenum salts produce fast shades on leather,
similar to the action of titanium salts. Molybdenum tannate, which has a great
affinity for animal fiber, is naturally of a deep yellow color, but a large variety of
shades may be obtained by using it in connection with logwood extracts.
» Iron Age, Vol. LXX.. No. 21, Nov. 20, 1902.
* Comptes renduM, CXXXV., lOOS, 880; Jourrua of the Society of Chemical Indiutry^ Dec. 81, 190S, 1688.
MONAZITE,
By Henry Fisher.
The statistics of the production of monazite in the United States during 1902
are not yet available; the production during 1901, however, amounted to 748,736
lb., valued at $59,262. The output is mainly derived from Nori;h and South
Carolina. The natives obtain the monazite sand throughout the Piedmont dis-
trict, from the beds of small streams. The sand is covered with an alluvial de-
posit through which they dig till they strike sand and gravel. The sand is care-
fully removed and thrown into a wooden trough, 12 in. wide, 12 in. deep and
from 12 to 18 ft. long. A stream of water flows through the trough and washes
away the clay and accompanying light material, leaving the gravel and sand,
which drop through a cast iron perforated plate set in the bottom at one end of the
trough. The sand is washed a second time, and is then ready for market. It is
brought in lots varying from a few to a hundred pounds to the agents of the Wels-*
bach Light Co., several of whom are scattered through the monazite district.
These men examine the sand, judge the amount of thorium oxide present, and pay
for the material according to the oxide contents* This is necessary as many of the
natives come from a distance, and require to be paid immediately, but the agents
soon become so experi; that they can judge the contents of thorium oxide within a
few tenths of one per cent. The monazite sand is then shipped by the agents to
the company^s work at Gloucester City, N. J., where the thorium nitrate used in
the incandescent mantle is manufactured.
PRODUCTION OP MONAZITE IN THE UNITED STATES.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
QuanUtj.
Value.
1098
ml
$7,eoo
4S,000
114,000
875
9,000
1896
Poundfl.
150,000
748«786
i7JS00
1894
1899
1M80
1806
1900
48,806
1898
1901
60,9n
1807
Technology, — E. Benz compares the ammonium oxalate, sodium thiosulphate
and hydrogen peroxide methods* for determining thorium in monazite sand,
and adds the following process : A mixture of 05 g. of the finely pulverized sand
and 0-5 g. NaF is fused with 10 g. KHSO4 in a platinum crucible till fumes cease
> Zeitschrift fuer angetoandte Chemie, 1908, 15 (IS)) PP. 997-800: also abstract in the Journal of Society
p/ChemictU Induitry, AprUSO, 1900, p. 66&
480 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
to be evolved. The crucible is then heated 15 min. longer, and the fused mass
is dissolved in hot HoO acidified with HCl, the insoluble portion filtered off,
boiled with concentrated HCl, diluted and filtered. The filtrate is nearly neu-
tralized with NH^OH, boiled, from 3 to 5 g. of (NH^)jC204 are added, and the
solution is vigorously stirred. It is allowed to stand over night, and the thorium
precipitate is filtered off, washed and transferred to a porcelain dish, the filter
paper being washed thoroughly with hot concentrated HNO,. The solution in
the dish is then evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, a few c.c. of concentrated
HNOj are added, then 20 c.c. of fuming HNO3, and the liquid evaporated again to
dryness. HjO is added and the solution is evaporated to remove free acid di-
luted, filtered, brought up to 100 c.c. in volume, NH^NOj added, and the thorium
precipitated by H^Oj at 60^ to 80°C. The precipitate is filtered, ignited to ThO^
and weighed.
A new method^ for the separation of thorium from cerium, lanthanum and
didymium and its application to the analysis of monazite has been proposed by
P. L. Metzger, as follows: 1 g. of the finely powdered sand is repeatedly evap-
orated to dryness with concentrated H2SO4. The mass is added slowly to 700 c.c.
of ice-cold HjO, stirring constantly, digested for several hours, the residue filtered
off and washed. The filtrate is nearly neutralized with dilute NH40H(1: 20)
and 50 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of (NH4)2C204 added. The precipitate
is filtered, washed and boiled with 25 c.c. strong KOH solution, the solution di-
luted, and the precipitate filtered, washed, and dissolved in dilute HN'03(1: 1),
evaporated to dryness, dissolved in 60 c.c. HjO, and diluted with HjO and alcohol,
until the solution has a volume of 200 c.c. and contains 40% alcohol ; 20 to 25 c.c.
of a 1% solution of fumaric acid are then added, and the whole boiled. The
precipitate is filtered off hot, washed with hot 40% alcohol, re-dissolved in 25 c.c.
hot dilute HCl (1:1) and again evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved
in 50 c.c. H2O, alcohol and HjO are added as before, and 10 c.c. fumaric acid,
boiled, the precipitate filtered off, washed with hot 40% alcohol, ignited wet in
a platinum crucible and weighed as ThO,.
• Jowmal of American Chemical Society, 1908, 94, pp. 901-017; and abstract in the JawnuA of Society
of Chemical hidugtry. Not. 99, 1909, p. 1415.
THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED
STATES DURING 1902.
By W. H. Hammon.
During the year 1902 more natural gas was produced and sold in the United
States than in any like period in the history of the industry. The quantity
consumed was not less than 200,000,000,000 cu. ft., or nearly 1-5 cu. miles, an
amount suflScient to provide an annual supply of 15,000 cu. ft. for every family
in the United States. The value of this production, based on prices paid for
coal in 1902, was approximately $40,000,000. In the matter of distribution,
Pennsylvania still leads all other States, consuming nearly one-half the entire
production. Indiana continues second, and Ohio and West Virginia third and
fourth, although in production West Virginia leads Ohio. There has been a
notable increase of output in all States except from the Trenton limestone for-
mation of Indiana and western Ohio, which has been depleted until now but
little is procured except by means of the gas compressor. The most marked
increase has been from West Virginia, where are situated the most prolific fields
thus far discovered. No extensive new reservoirs were found in 1902, the
enlarged production resulting from the development of known territory.
Indiana. — The Indiana gas deposits, which are confined to the Trenton lime-
stone, have steadily depleted during the year, although great efforts have been
made to maintain the output by pumping. By the substitution of meters as far
as possible for the former flat rate contract system of selling gas, a greater
economy in its use has resulted. Many old contracts are still in force, however,
and several gas companies that were unable to comply with their requirements
have been forced out of business. Many large consumers have resorted to coal,
and a large number of glass manufacturers have substituted producer gas for
the natural product. Since it is not reasonable to expect natural gas in strata
below the Trenton limestone (the oldest formation that contains large deposits
of organic matter) it seems probable that the extensive use of natural gas in this
region must be abandoned in a few years, or the supply transported unusual
distances from reservoirs in other States.
Kansas and Indian Territory. — In the development of the oil field in south-
east Kansas and northern Indian Territory, quite an extensive and productive
gas field has been partially explored. Very productive wells of from 250 to 800 lb.
482 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
rock pressure have been found at various points, extending from the extreme
northern portion of Allen County southward nearly 100 miles into Indian Ter-
ritory. Probably the largest development thus far made is near lola, Kan. As
yet, no satisfactory maj-ket for the fuel has been obtained, as there are no large
cities in that vicinity, although many manufacturing and smelting plants have
located in the Territory, attracted by the prospects of cheap fuel.
Ohio, — The vast Trenton limestone reservoir covering neariy all of western
Ohio is so exhausted that but little gas is obtained, except by reducing the line
pressure at tlie mouth of the well by pumping. Large quantities are thus pro-
duced, however, and if the present rate of depletion is continued it will result
in the practical abandonment of the field within two or three years. Already
many towns and cities formerly supplied from this reservoir are arranging to
draw their supply from the West Virginia fields. The output from the Clinton
limestone, in central and eastern Ohio, has increased. The old Sugar Grove
field is depleting quite rapidly; while pumps are not necessary to secure a pro-
duction, the rock pressure being from 150 to 200 lb., still they are almost
universally used to increase the output. Several of the largest pumping plants,
containing the most modern types of machinery, are at work in this field. During
the year the Licking County field, about 30 miles north of the Sugar Grove pool
and in the same fortnation, has been rapidly developed, and gives fair promise of
rivaling the latter reservoir in productiveness. Companies which formeriy drew
their supply from the Sugar Grove field are taking a larger and larger supply
from the new territory, and at the same time are extending large pipe systems
southward to connect with huge feeders from the West Virginia fields.
Pennsylvania, — In Pennsylvania, the most important development of 1902
was in the Speechly sand of Armstrong County. This sand was formeriy pro-
ductive of oil and gas in Warren and Forest counties, and as eariy as the winter
of 1894-5 a well was drilled to this formation near Brady^s Bend, Armstrong
County. But it has been within the past two years, and for the most pari; in
1902, that the southern extension has been explored. The stratum lies from 600
to 700 ft. below the Butler- Venango group of sands, and is found quite generally
where explorations have been made throughout Armstrong and the eastern half
of Butler counties and even southwest in Beaver County. The sand is only
occasionally productive, and most of the wells have been small, averaging, at
the beginning, approximately 750,000 cu. ft. daily, open flow measure, but falling
to one-half this amount after a few months' use. In September, 1902, a well
was drilled, however, near Worthington, Armstrong County, by the Philips
Gas Co., which was capable of producing about 30,000,000 cu. ft. per day,
probably the largest well ever drilled north of Pittsburg. Since then several
wells of 5,000,000 cu. ft. capacity have been drilled in the vicinity of Pine and
Mahoning creeks, east of the Allegheny Biver, in the extreme northern portion
of Armstrong County. The rock pressure of the Speechly gas wells is about
800 lb. per sq. in. In the Bradford gas and oil field of McKean, Elk and
Forest counties, several pools have been discovered in a formation from 200 to
300 ft. below previous productive measures, which show rock pressures of 1,200 lb.
West Virginia, — In West Virginia, the promise of the most extensive deposits
NATURAL QA8 INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES. 483
yet discovered has been fully realized by continued developments. Many Gordon
sand wells in Lewis and Doddridge counties show rock pressures of from 1,000
to 1,200 lb., and several Fifth sand wells show approximately 1,400 lb. pres-
sure. The volume of the wells is almost as remarkable as the pressure, several
approximating 20,000,000 cu. ft. per day, open flow. Many good wells have
been drilled in Braxton, Gilmer, Harrison and Tyler counties, but the territory
does not appear to be as generally productive as Ijewis and Doddridge counties
to the east and Wetzel County to the north. While much larger quantities of
natural gas were marketed from West Virginia than heretofore, it is a matter
for congratulation that the reservoirs showed a slower rate of exhaustion than
formerly. This is due to the greatly diminished waste of gas by oil wells drilled
into or through the gas reservoirs and by unused gas wells which were opened in
drilling for oil. Fully one-half of the entire deposit in the northern tier of
counties was thus wasted, the waste being many times the quantity marketed,
but during the last two or three years a large portion of the oil operators have
taken quite successful means to stop this loss. There are, however, many pro-
ducers who thus continue to waste a product frequently more valuable than the
one they save, and it is to be deplored that there is no State law adequate to
prevent such waste. The steps being taken at present for transporting the
gas from West Virginia into distant points in Pennsylvania and Ohio exceed
anything accomplished in the past. Gas is now being piped from Tyler County,
W. Va., to Cleveland, 0., and arrangements are almost completed to conduct gas
from Lewis County in central West Virginia, to Toledo, 0., a distance of about
200 miles. Four large corporations are laying lines of 16 in. or more in diam-
eter, for the purpose of conducting gas more than 100 miles from the source
of supply. About 500 miles of 16-, 18- and 20-in. pipe will be used in these
lines. In addition, many other lines of 10- and 12-in. pipe are being laid.
These arrangements will nearly double the output of the State during 1903.
Other Fields. — Quite extensive fields are being discovered in Wyoming, Col-
orado and Texas, but no extensive use of the fuel has been made.
Consolidation of Oas Companies. — One of the most marked changes of the
past year has been the very apparent move on the part of smaller companies to-
ward consolidation into a few great corporations. This result has been quite
naturally brought about by the partial failure of the nearby pools from which
the various small local companies formerly drew their supply, and the combina-
tion was necessary to provide for the expense of a common main to distant fields.
Hundreds of smaller concerns have been thus merged into about seven concerns
(considering the several Standard gas interests as one) which control probably
80% of the entire industry.
NICKEL AND COBALT.
Bt Joseph Stbuthebs and D. H. Nbwland.
Prior to the year 1902, a portion of the total production of metallic nickel
and cobalt oxide in the United States was obtained as by-products in the treat-
ment of lead ores from Mine La Motte, Mo. Iii 1902, however, there was no
production of these substances from domestic ores, as compared with 6,700 lb.
of nickel and 13,360 lb. of cobalt oxide from this source in 1901. The cessation
of the manufacture of these products from domestic ores may be attributed to
the recent combination of the principal companies employed in this industry,
whereby the final products are obtained from imported ores and matte at a lesser
cost.
During 1902 the production in the United States of nickel as metal, oxide
and sulphide from foreign ores and matte, aggregated 10,391,478 lb., as com-
pared with 8,664,614 lb. in 1901, making the total production of nickel from
all sources to be 10,391,478 lb. during 1902, as compared with 8,671,314 lb. in
1901. The production of cobalt oxide from foreign ores and matte during
1902, amounted to 17,140 lb. valued at $38,736, as compared with 13,360 lb.
from both foreign and domestic ores and matte during 1901.
UNITED STATES PRODUCTIOX, IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP NICKEL.
Production.
From Domestic Ore
From Foreign Ore.
m^.
Exporti.
Year.
MetalUc
Nl to Sulphide.
Oxide, etc. (a)
MetaUic.
(o)
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Lonsr
Tons.
Value
Valne.
1898.
1800
1000
1001
lOOB
11445
88.500
0,716
6,700
Nil
18,845
8;i66
4,684
8,551
Nil.
8.516,49?
8.006,128
8,606.138
4,668,887
id)
$1,213,167
1,088,682
1,682,580
8,168.465
id)
8,611,86r
5,046 821
4,107,082
4,011,2Tr
id)
$1,846,018
1,888,808
1,015,198
1,860,255
id)
17,810
10.687
85,670
68.111
14,817
$1,080,082
1,101,080
1,188,884
1,687,166
1,156,878
5,667,618
5,004,877
5,800,006
5,860,666
8,828,607
$1,850,600
1,151,088
1,888,787
1,681,201
084,679
(a) The nickel reported as in oxide is now mostly converted into metal before consumption. (6) Ore and
matte, (c) Comprises domestic nickel, nickel oxide, and matte, (d) Statistics not available.
UNITED STATES PRODUCTION FROM DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN ORES AND MATTE,
AND IMPORTS OF COBALT OXIDE.
Ymt.
Production
Imports.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Value.
1897 ,
10,800
9.640
10,800
24,771
88,731
46.791
$84,778
49,246
88.847
1898
1809
Year.
1900
1001
1902
Production
Pounds.
12.870
13.860
17,140
imports.
Pounds.
54.073
71,969
79,964
VahM.
188.661
184.208
161,116
NICKEL AND COBALT. 486
Prospecting for nickel ores and exploitation of known deposits of unproved
value have continued during 1902, but very little information has been made
public. Most of the deposits are of very low grade and the development work
done on them has not been of sufiBcient magnitude to be of interest. The chief
properties are in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon and Wyoming,
and early in 1903 the discovery of nickeliferous ore was reported near Wellington,
Boulder County, Colo.
Market — The market for nickel held steady throughout the year, being firmly
controlled, so far as the United States is concerned, by the trust The prices
quoted for ton and larger lots at New York were 40@47c. per lb., according to
size and terms of order. For smaller lots as high as 60c. per lb. was quoted.
It is to be noted that the market prices do not reflect the actual terms obtaining
in business transactions, as large sales are commonly made at much lower prices
than those quoted.
The first annual report of the International Nickel Co., which was formed
in April, 1902, to take over the properties owned by the Canadian Copper Co.,
the Orford Copper Co., the Anglo-American Iron Co., the Vermillion Mining
Co., the American Nickel Works, the Nickel Corporation, Ltd., and the Societe
Mini^re Caledonienne was submitted on March 31, 1903, for all companies except
the two last-named. In its report the company places a valuation on its proper-
ties, including the investments in stocks of the Nickel Corporation and the
Soci6t6 Mini^re Caledonienne of $28,566,612, and this sum, less $2,145,407,
representing the surplus of the constituent concerns at date of transfer, is carried
as an asset of the company. In addition the assets include £20,000 of debenture
certificates of the Bay copper mine, valued at $40,000, advances to constituent
companies of $188,490, and current assets including inventories, accounts and
bills receivable, cash, etc., of $3,713,332, making a total of $30,363,027. Among
the liabilities of the company are a capital stock of $17,483,012, divided equally
into common and preferred, bonded debt of $9,903,441, current liabilities of
$1,321,658, and surplus account of $559,149. The year's earnings amounted
to $1,119,417, which, less administrative and oflBce expenses of $110,025, gave a
net income of $1,009,392. Tte company further states that the various manu-
facturing plants have been found to be in a very poor condition, much of the
machinery being old and expensive to operate. During the year the sum of
$225,435 was expended for repairs at the works of the Canadian Copper Co.,
the Orford Copper Co., and the American Nickel Works. It is intended to
reconstruct the plants and to bring them up to the highest standard of metal-
lurgical and economic efficiency. At the Ontario works of the Canadian Copper
Co. a third Brown calcining furnace has been installed, and the older furnaces
have been increased, each 40 ft. in length ; while at the Orford plant a new nickel
refinery has been erected and new boilers and engines installed. The construction
of a new smelting plant at the works of the Canadian Copper Co. in Canada
is now under way. It is estimated that this plant, which will cost $500,000, will
effect a saving of from $200,000 to $250,000 per year.
486
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
THE world's production OF NICKEL. (METRIC TONS.)
YMur.
From New Caledonian Ores.
Canada.
(6)
Norway.
United States.
World's
PnuBla.
Franoe.
England
United
States.
Total
Domestic
Imported
Total.
1896
1,106
1,105
1,878
1,660
(a)
1,540
1,740
1,700
900
1,000
1,600
9,606
8,845
4,676
6,908
(d)
8,508
8,605
8,818
4,168
4,860
(a)
la)
(c)87
«*)
6
10
4
8
Nil.
8,884
8,661
8,499
8,648
4,714
6,116
6«460
1K99
1900
1901
1900
l.&>
id)
7,898
10,878
(a) Individual statistics not vet reported. (6) Nickel in ore and matte, nearly all the Canadian nickel is re-
fined in the United States, (e) Nickel in Norwegian ore, included in U. S. production from imported ores,
d) Statistics not arailahle.
NoTB.— The figures for Franoe and Prussia are from oflldal reports; the amount credited to England has
been obtained bjdeducting the output in France from the combined output of the French and Eng^di works
given by the MttaMurguchege^lUchafU A. (?.. except in 1899, when t* " " "
parately. The actual output of all English works is somewhat greater
Canadian ore is smelted there. The Prunian figures include a small amount of nickel of domestic origin. The
A.Q., except in 1899, when the English production was reported
than the above amounts as a little
OS ipvvn oy mob j^efauurgiwcacgemeHiKcnajf^ Ji. v.. exoepv in lamt
separately. The actual output of all English works is somewhat
Canadian ore is smelted there. The Prunian figures include a sm
Canadian figures are those of the (}eoio«ical Survey of the Dominion. The world's total has been arrived at
by adding the production from New Cafedonian ores, the output of Canada and Norway, and the domestic pro-
duction (^ the united States. In 1899, however, the total represents the total output in the United States and
the production from New Caledonia ores, since the imports into this country were not derived from Canada
alone.
Austria. — The nickel mines of Austrian Silesia were described by Illner in
the Zeitschrifi fuer das Berg-, Iluetten-und Salinenwesen, No. IV., p. 816, 1902.
The mines are situated at Kosemitz, Ziisendorf and Glasendorf, a short distance
north of Frankenstein. Geologically the ore, which contains from 0-5 to d% Ni,
is usually associated with a very siliceous rock called "red" rock, filling fissures
in serpentine. Occasionally the veins are of talcose nature and then carry from
4 to 18% Ni. Tlie only mines operated at the present time are the Martha and
Benno, of which the former has two shaft furnaces capable of treating 50 tons
of ore daily. The composition of the ore ranges about as follows: SiOg 60 to
65-4%, MgO 8 5 to 12%, Fe,03+Al203 6 to 8%^ Ni 2 3 to 35%, and ignition loss
* 8 to 15%. Before smelting the ore it is first mixed with gypsum or with calcium
sulphite and limestone, crushed to 12 mm. size and pressed into bricks. The
shaft furnace is 5 m. high and 1-75 cm. in cross-section, and is charged with the
bricks and coke in the proportion of 180 kg. of the former to 50 kg. of the latter.
A very fluid slag is produced containing 03% Ni, which is used in making slag
bricks. The matte, composed of about 31-4% Ni, 49-7% Fe and 14-5% S, is
crushed and subjected to an oxidizing roast in a two-stage reverberatory fur-
nace, which is 6 13 m. wide and has a capacity of 300 kg. in eight hours. There
are four furnaces of this type at the works. The roasted matte containing ap-
proximately Ni 65%, Fe 15% and S 20% is run into a Bessemer converter with
sufficient sand to slag the iron oxide, and is blown for 45 minutes, thus raising
the tenor in nickel to 77-8%. This fine matte is pulverized and treated to a
dead roast in the reverberatory, which converts it into a grayish-green nickel
oxide containing 77-6% Ni. The oxide is pulverized, moistened, cut into small
cubes, dried and charged with charcoal into fire brick muffles that are heated in
a regenerative gas furnace. After three hours' treatment in the furnace, the
metal contains 99% Ni and 03% Fe. The sulphur dioxide from the roasting
is caught in water and the solution neutralized with lime, the resulting calcium
sulphite being used as flux in the shaft furnace. During the half year ending
June 30, 1902, when there were 1,036 laborers employed in the mines and works,
the quantity of ore treated was 5,689 tons, which yielded 108 tons of nickel.
mOKEL AND COBALT.
487
Canada, — ^According to the report of the Dominion Geological Survey, the
production of nickel in 1902 was 10,693,410 lb. valued at $5,025,903, as com-
pared with 9,189,047 lb., valued at $4,594,523 in 1901. The detailed statistics
of Ontario, compiled by Thomas W. Gibson, Esq., Director of the Ontario
Bureau of Mines, are as follows:
Schedule.
Ore raised Short tons.
Ore smelted Short tons.
Per cent, nickel
Per cent, copper
Ordinary matte Short tons.
Bessemenzed matte Short tons.
\ickel content Short tons.
Copper content Short tons.
Value of nickel (a)
Value of copper
Waives paid
Men employed
18W.
08,165
08,098
8-08
2*86
18,706
89S
1,099
8,750
$860,661
S00,067
ia9s.
188,090
181,091
8-88
8-48
81,101
8,284
4,187
$614,880
866,060
816,601
687
1800.
808,118
171,280
10,100
106
8,873
8.884
$586,104
176,886
448,870
1000.
816,606
811.000
167
1*50
88,386
118
8,540
8,864
$766,686
810,681
788,(M6
1,444
1001.
886,045
870,880
80,688
16,646
4,441
4,107
$1,859,070
680,080
1,046,880
8,884
1008.
66
I'ffi
84,601
18,888
6,046
4,066
$8,810,061
616,768
886,050
1,446
XoTB.— The quantities reported in 1001 and 1008 under ** Bessemerized matte ** include both Bessemerized
matte and high-grade matte, the former being the product of the Mond Nickel Co.*8 works and the latter
of the Ontario Smelting Works, which retreat the low-grade matte produced by the Canadian Copper Co. (a)
Value based on nickelin matte and not on refined nickel.
The report of the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd., for the year ending April 30, 1902,
states that satisfactory progress was made in both the Canadian and English
works. The capital stock of the company at this date consisted of £475,000,
divided into £125,000 in preference shares, £300,000 in ordinary shares and
£50,000 in deferred shares. A valuation of £295,828 was placed on the com-
pany's property, £100,000 on patents, £28,693 on materials, £82,726 on ore and
products, and £9,687 on miscellanies; a total of £516,934. The following is a
summary of the operations during 1902: Ore raised, 38,545 short tons; ore
smelted, 37,107 tons; Bessemerized matte produced, 2,403 tons; estimated con-
tent of matte, 996 tons copper and 1,020 tons nickel. At the Clydach works some
trouble was experienced in 1902 owing to the fact that the process proved to be
injurious to the health of the men employed. After a breakdown in the plant
there were over 20 cases of poisoning which resulted in several fatalities.
(By A. McCharles.) — The transfer of the properties and business of the
Canada Copper Co. to the International Nickel Co. was the chief and almost the
only important event in connection with the Sudbur} nickel mines during 1902.
The new company, or ''Nickel Trust*' as it is commonly called, has not absorbed
any additional companies or mines during the year, nor has it made any ex-
tensive changes in its plant or in the process of treating the ores. On taking
charge last spring, the new management closed down most of the mines and
works, and operations were discontinued until the latter part of the year when
they were resumed. The nickel companies in this district have heretofore been
capitalized at from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000, while the capitalization of the old
Canadian Copper Co. was only $2,500,000. The trust, however, has started with
a capital stock, including outstanding bonds, of $36,000,000, and this feature of
the scheme is regarded locally as a mistake. It is doubtful if all the mines in
the district can pay a fair dividend on so large a sum, as less than one-half of
them belong at present to this company. Besides the six mines owned by the
Mond Nickel Co. and the Lake Superior Power Co., there are also quite a number
488 THE MINERAL INDUBTBr,
of valuable nickel properties on the main or southern range, notably the Murray,
Worthington, Mt. Nickel and Sultana, all well developed, which are outside
the holdings of the trust. It is seen, therefore, that either the capitalization of
the company is too high, or there are very large profits in the nickel industry.
The latter conclusion apparently is accepted by the public by reason of the fact
that the chief parties in the trust were the main producers and refiners of nickel
in America, and that they should, therefore, know what profit is to be derived from
the business.
During the summer only two of the ten smelters of the Canada Copper Co.
were in blast, but in the fall four more furnaces were blown in and work was
resumed at three of the mines. The Orford concentrating works at Copper Cliff
were operated throughout the year, making into high-grade matte the entire
output of the smelters of the Canadian Copper Co.
The Mond Nickel Co. made steady progress during the year. The Victoria
mine at Denison, owned and worked by this company, has proved to contain a
large and valuable body of ore, which is now being exploited below the 500-ft.
level. At the company's works near the mine, the matte from the smelting fur-
nace is Bessemerized before being exported. The company has also bonded the
North Star mine which was operated on a smaller scale during the summer.
The smelting plant was closed down in the fall for the purpose of making an
alteration in the furnaces, but it is intended to start operations again early in
1903.
The Lake Superior Power Co. erected a smelting plant at its chief mine in
Creighton, which was in operation during the latter part of the year. Owing to
financial troubles, the company closed down the Elsie mine from which the largest
part of the ore was produced during 1901, and it is said that the proposed Besse-
m^rizing plant will not be built for some time.
Summarizing the year's progress in the Sudbury district, the output of ore
was considerably less than in 1901, but the prospects for the coming year give
every assurance of the busiest and most progressive season in the history of the
mines. It is probable that there will be six companies operating in the district
before the close of 1903.
Chile. — The San Juan group of mines, lying north of the Port of Peiia Blanca,
are located on well formed lodes varying from 1 to 6 ft. in width. The ore con-
sists of oxide, arsenate and sulpharsenide of cobalt with an average tenor of
about 4% Co. The workings have reached a depth of from 40 to 70 m.
Oermany. — The firm of Basse & Selve produces nickel from Norwegian and
New Caledonian ores and occasionally from copper matte. In addition to this
firm there are one or two nickel refineries of lesser importance.
A new discovery of nickel ore, apparently of considerable importance, has been
made at Sohland, in Lausitz, Saxony. The deposit consisting of chalcopyrite,
pjrrrhotite and copper oxides is associated with a black decomposed diabase. The
ore is said to average from 4 to 5% Ni and 2% Cu.
New Caledonia. — (By F. Danvers Power.) — Though nickel has fallen some-
what in price, still so far the miners in New Caledonia have not felt the effects,
as a reduction in home freights permits the buyers to pay the old prices ; in fact,
NICKEL AND COBALT. 489
recent contracts have been made on advanced rates. The principal producer of
nickel is still the Soci6t6 le Nickel, a French company, with a capital of
$2,000,000, divided into 40,000 shares of $50 each. Last year the company dis-
tributed a dividend of 9%. The great event of the year was the advent of ihe In-
ternational Nickel Co., which has secured large interests in New Caledonia. This
aorporation, outside its Canadian mines, has purchased the business and properties
of La Soci6t6 Minifere Caledonienne, and has a controlling interest in the Nickel
Corporation of London. The idea of the International Nickel Co. is to erect works
for the treatment of the New Caledonian ores, either in Australia or New Cale-
donia, so as to deal with ores of a grade that would otherwise be too low to ship to
Europe or to America. In New Caledonia the inhabitants are very keen on
having the works erected there, but this is hardly to be done, for in spite of cer-
tain concessions there are many objections. Suitable labor would have to be im-
ported, likewise the fuel and machinery ; the local fluxes are scattered and limited,
and there is no central place for the works which would suit mines that are so
spread over various parts of the colony, whereas to erect two or more smaller
plants would prove an expensive mistake. Everything points to New South Wales
as being the most suitable locality in which to erect the works. The shipping
facilities are good; fuel, fluxes and labor are abundant, and there are large
foundries in that State. The most likely sites are at Port Kembla on the south
coast, and Newcastle on the north coast. Both places can be reached by rail from
various parts of the country, but the former has deeper water, and the addi-
tional advantage of a supply of coal in the district which is better for coking
purposes.
New South Wales. — The cobalt mines at Port Macquarie, which are operated
by an English corporation, reduced their output in 1902. The ore is raised,
washed in sluices, screened, rewashed and sorted, the concentrates obtained by
this treatment consisting essentially of cobaltiferous wad. Cobalt associated
with gold in arsenical ores has been found at Burnt Yards near Mandurama.
Attempts are being made in the Lyndhurst district to smelt the cobalt ore with
the addition of gold and copper ores to form a cobaltiferous matte or speiss.
The exports of cobalt ores in 1902 were 34 long tons valued at £304, as compared
with 111 tons valued at £1,051 in 1901.
Switzerland. — Nickel and cobalt ores occur in Canton Wallis, at Annivierstal,
and in Turtmanntal. At Kaltenberg in Turtmanntal, the ore averages Co 7 to 8%,
Ni 3 to 4% and Bi 2 to 3%. Bich nickel and cobalt ores also occur in the QoUyre
and Grand Praz mines near Ayer in the Val d^Anniviers.
Cobalt in New Caledonia.
By F. Danvbbs Power.
At the end of 1901 and the beginning of 1902 the price of cobalt ore con-
taining 4% Co, in New Caledonia, was forced up higher than circumstances
warranted. For a long time the price in Europe did not justify more than 90 fr.
per ton being paid for this quality of ore at the mines, but the price steadily
rose to 330 fr., until recently, since which it has receded. This unsteadiness
490 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
cannot be accounted for either by the falling off of the production, or by an
increased demand for cobalt, but was due to an insane competition between the
various buyers in New Caledonia, which showed a lack of the sense of respon-
sibility on behalf of some of those who had the handling of other people's money,
for all the operators must have had heavy losses in connection with their trans-
actions, the prices paid in Europe not being suiBBcient to recoup them. Under-
lying all this was apparently an attempt to drive some of the buyers out of the
market, but as the principal competitors were too well matched, they have agreed
to cease this cut-throat practice, so the price at the mines has accordingly fallen.
The inflated prices naturally caused unusual activity in cobalt mining.
Progress in the Metallurgy of Nickel during 1902.
By Titus Ulke.
Developments at Sault Ste. Marie j Ontario, — During 1902 was demonstrated
the commercial impracticability of cheaply roasting Sudbury pyrrhotite nickel
ores, which do not average over 25% S, in Herreshoff furnaces in order to
utilize the sulphurous acid gas thus obtained to make sulphite pulp or liquid acid.
The use of the dead roasted residue in the making of ferronickel was also found
to be commercially unsuccessful. It is recognized that unless this roasting in
the Herreshoff furnace can be done mainly without the aid of extraneous heat,
the cost, compared with heap-roasting, is prohibitive, and that in any case the
average percentage of sulphurous acid in the gas produced is too low to be econom-
ical for use in the manufacture of calcium bisulphite for making sulphite pulp.*
The roasted nickel ore produced at Sault Ste. Marie was briquetted during
1902, but was not used in the way originally planned by Messrs. Clergue and
Sjostedt; that is, for making ferronickel in electrical furnaces, probably because
its copper and residual sulphur contents were too high to yield a satisfactory
product. It is evident that ferronickel made in this way would be too costly and
too cupriferous for use in making nickel steel commercially.
Later the Lake Superior Co. proposed the treatment of pure nickel ore, that
is, ore containing nickel without copper, although it appears that no such ores,
in paying quantities, have yet been discovered in the Sudbury district. Further-
more, any hand-picking process of freeing the nickel ore from copper and phos-
phorus-bearing material which is chiefly contained in the gangue, in order to
get these elements low enough to make good pig iron and steel, is impracticable.
Plans and estimates have been prepared, and, it is reported, requests for
tenders have recently been made for a large custom nickel and copper smelting
and refining works to be erected at Sault Ste. Marie. The site for the plant,
whether on the American or on the Canadian side, has not yet been decided upon,
although its location in Ontario seems probable, owing to a provision of the
Canadian tariff relating to the refining of nickel. The plant, as designed, is
* The statement by Mr. Ulke that the process of roasting pyrrhotite nickel ores, as developed at Sault Ste.
Marie, proved unsuccessful has been controverted by Mr. E. A. SJdstedt in the Engineering and Mining
Journal, April 2S. 1908. According to the latter, the process has been worked out in a most satisfactory man-
ner, the pyrrhotite being roasted without extraneous h<'at and yielding sulphurous acid in quantiti^ s that more
than repay the cost of converting the raw ore Into briquettes. The results of operations for two weeks in 1903
showed an average recovery of 88'4j( S, and a total workmg cost of $1 86 per ton of ore. - [Editor.]
NICKEL AND COBALT, 491
of a daily capacity of 75 tons of electrolytic copper, 7-5 tons of electrolytic nickel,
and from 3,000 to 6,000 oz. (in fine bars) of precious metals. The proposed
process of treatment is as follows : Crude nickeliferous copper anodes, averaging
from 80 to 90% Cu, from 8 to 9% Ni and a few ounces of silver, gold, platinum
and palladium per ton, are to be obtained by treatment of Sudbury matte, to-
gether with ordinary copper matte, or with silver-bearing copper concentrates,
such as the argentiferous mineral recovered in the Quincy, Isle Royal, Osceola
and other stamp mills of the Upper Peninsula, purchased outright by the smelter
or refined on toll. These anodes are to be electrolyzed just as in modem copper
refining, and the process of depositing fine copper will be carried on in exactly
the same way, except for the continuous withdrawal of a small amount of the
electrolyte, and^ its replacement by solution free from nickel, in order to prevent
the enrichment of the electrolyte in nickel sulphate beyond the standard adopted.
The withdrawn acid solution is sent to the separating works, where simple and
well-known chemical means are used to remove the copper and iron, and a neutral
solution of nickel sulphate, now free from copper and iron, is obtained. After
evaporating this solution to dryness the double salt obtained is calcined, so as to
recover the ammonium sulphate from which ammonia (for neutralizing the acid
solution) can be obtained by distillation with lime and steam. The nickel sul-
phate is reduced until semi-metallic nickel, or at least semi-coherent black nickel
oxide, is secured. This is then to be placed in a frame, similar to the one
patented in 1898, by Mr. F. A. Thum, and used as an anode. Each nickel de-
positing tank contains a sufficiently large number of such anodes and a hot
neutral solution of nickel sulphate, from which compact deposits of pure nickel
of any required thickness can be secured. By the use of a soluble anode of this
character instead of an insoluble anode of lead or graphite, the cost of refining is
considerably reduced, as polarization is diminished and a lesser voltage is needed.
The power required for the refining plant (between 3,400 and 4,000 H.P.) is
to be furnished in the shape of a three-phase alternating current of 10,300 volts,
delivered to the high tension switchboard of the refinery power house at a total
estimated yearly cost of $12-60 per metered electrical horse power at the
generating station. The works are to be located on a site having facilities
for shipping both by rail and water. They are designed to allow the erection
of a limited or unit-section of the works, and so arranged that future exten-
sions in at least two directions may be made by a simple duplication of the
first section.
Developments in the Sudbury District. — The Mond smelting and convert-
ing plant at Victoria Station, Ont., closed down recently, in order to make
changes in the method of smelting, with a view to the use of hot blast and
possibly pyritic smelting.
The experimental plant erected at Worthington Station for the Nickel-
Copper Co., of Hamilton, Ont., to treat the ores of its mines by a new self-roasting
process, has proved a failure, due chiefly to the low rate of concentration effected
and insufficient heat generated by the process itself.
During the early part of 1902, the Canadian Copper Co. operated 11 or 12
smelting furnaces in its two works at Copper Cliff, which have a capacity for smelt-
492 THS MINERAL rNDU8TRY.
ing of at least 1,400 tons of Sudbury ore daily. At present only four or five of
these furnaces are kept running by the company. Its electrolytic refinery, near
Cleveland, shut down late in 1902.
The Orford Copper Co. is now enlarging its two Brown straight-line roasting
furnaces near Copper Cliff, and is also putting in a new one.
The Lake Superior Power Co.'s two smelting furnaces at the Gertrude mine,
12 miles from Sudbury, were started during the summer and fall of 1902, and
have already produced matte of the estimated value of over $200,000.
Mond'a Refinery at Clydach, Wales. — Mond's process of nickel refining, as ap-
plied at the Clydach works, Swansea Valley, Wales, is carried out* as follows:
The Bessemerized Sudbury matte is dead roasted and treated with dilute sulphuric
acid, whereby about 66% of the copper and not over 2% of the nickel are ex-
tracted. The residue, after drying, assays from 46 to 60% Ni. It is treated in
charges of 500 kg. with water gas in a reduction tower at a temperature of not
to exceed 300**C. The tower is 7*5 m. high, and contains 14 hollow shelves,
which are heated with water gas to 250® C. The ore is moved from shelf to shelf
by means of rakes operated by a vertical axle. The lowest shelves are cooled.
The reduced charge is transferred to a similar tower called the volatilizer, in
which the metal is treated with carbon monoxide at a temperature not exceeding
100**C. The residue from the volatilizing tower is returned to the reducing tower,
and the charge goes back and forth between the two towers for from 8 to 15 days.
When 60% of the nickel has been volatilized as nickel carbonyl, the residue is re-
turned to the roasting furnace. The nickel carbonyl is treated in the decomposing
apparatus, wherein the nickel is recovered as granules assaying from 99-4 to
99-8% Ni. Reports indicate that Mond's volatilization process, although ingenu-
ously worked out in its practical application, developed several weak features,
notably; incomplete extraction at several stages of the operation, which make
it necessary to hold back considerable nickeliferous material in process for re-
treatment; danger of explosion; losses in nickel, and poisoning from leakage of
CO gas. All of these features seem to militate against the commercial success
of Mond^s process.
Developments in Oermany, — The electrolytic works of the AUgemeine Elektro-
Metallurgische Gesellschaft, at Papenburg-a.-d.-Ems., are reported as producing
a small output of copper and nickel, according to a modified Hoepfner process,
using a chloride solution. The capacity of the works is one ton of refined copper
and nickel daily, although the actual output is only a small fraction of a ton.
The following process is said to be in use: The ores and matte received at the
works are leached with a cupric chloride solution to dissolve the copper, nickel and
silver contents, and simultaneously reduce the cupric salt to the cuprous state.
After purification and freeing from silver, the solution is passed into electrolytic
cells provided with carbon anodes and copper cathodes. Chlorine is liberated
at the anodes and utilized ; about half of the copper in the electrolyte is recovered
by electro-deposition, and the cupric solution remaining after electrolysis is with-
drawn and re-used in leaching a fresh charge of ore or matte, until it is found
desirable to recover the nickel in the solution. Tliis is done electrolytically, after
> atahl und Eiaen, Vol. XXII., p. 106S.
mCKEL AND COBALT. 493
first removing the copper in the acid solution, probably by electro-deposition with
lead anodes in so-called "finishing^' tanks. Very recent reports indicate that the
Papenburg concern has not been eminently successful, and that the entire plant
is to be remodeled.
Prof. W. Borchers finds that sulphide ores of nickel can be leached by an im-
proved process, analogous to the Siemens & Halske ferric sulphate method, both
cheaply and with a high percentage of extraction. He is now engaged in testing
the practicability of this new method, which embraces the electro-deposition of
the nickel in the treatment of low-grade ores containing nickeliferous sulphides.
Borchers and Gunther propose* to smelt nickel-copper sulphide ore to a matte
in the ordinary manner and then to reduce the matte to a nickel-copper alloy.
The latter is to be electrolyzed in an acid solution of copper sulphate, according
to Andre's method, yielding electrolytic copper, an anode slime consisting of
CujS, CujO and the precious metals, and a solution of nickel sulphate. The
latter is to be freed from cobalt and small quantities of iron by known methods
and then electrolyzed hot, with lead anodes, in solutions of alkali salts, of which
the anion will form soluble salts with the anode metal, whereby products which
can be worked up into white lead, chrome yellow, etc., will be obtained at the
anode and pure nickel at the cathode. This is conceived to offer advantages over
the American method of tops and bottoms smelting.
The blast furnace erected near Frankenstein, Silesia, for treating the nickel
ores of the neighboring Martha and Benno mines has a capacity of 25 tons of
ore daily, but is soon to be enlarged. The crushing mill and blowing engine for
the smelter are suppliecj with power from two steam engines, one of 120 H.P.,
and the other 75 H.P. Productive operations started in 1899 when 80 tons of
nickel ore were treated, and the output was increased in 1900 to nearly 4,000
tons crude ore valued at $20,000.
Magnetic Behavior of Nickel Alloys. — Prof. Barret and Dr. Brown find that
2-5% Ni in iron hardly affects the magnetic quality, and 5% Mn in steel leaves
a strongly magnetic material, but 25% Ni plus 5% Mn in steel makes the latter
non-magnetic.
Perron's Process of Treating Copper-Nickel Ores. — C. Perron,' of Bome, Italy,
patented a lixiviation process for poor copper-nickel ores, consisting in the treat-
ment of the said ores in crude or natural condition with ammonium sulphide.
Haas* Process of Melting Nickel. — H. L. Haas,* of New York, has patented
a continuous process of melting and refining nickel containing carbon, consisting
in subjecting a column of a mixture of nickel in granular form directly with
fuel, to heat generated from said fuel ; passing large quantities of air under ex-
cessive pressure upwardly through the entire colimrn of nickel and fuel, to insure
a temperature above the melting point of nickel and to oxidize the carbon in the
nickel ; allowing the melting nickel to fiow downwardly through the mass, and in
contact with the air ; drawing off the melted nickel with more or less continuity
below the column ; and supplying fuel and granular nickel as necessary to the top
of the column to maintain the temperature and to continue the process.
". • ZeiUehrift fuer Elektrochemie, 1902, Vol. Vm., pTl^.
* United States Patent No. 709,877, Sept. 16, 190S.
« United StatM Patent No. 709,218, Sept. 16, 190B.
494 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Browne's Process for Separation of Copper and Nickel.^ — This process consists
in first treating copper-nickel matte to form copper-nickel alloy substantially free
from sulphur, and then treating said alloy with chloride and a solvent for
cuprous chloride.
Present Development of Electrolytic Nickel Refining, — The Vivian, Balbach,
Cleveland, Hamilton and the Papenburg electrolytic nickel refineries were de-
scribed by Ulke," who gave many new facts concerning the Vivian and the Bal-
bach plants and the conditions governing profitable refining. The Vivian elec-
trolytic nickel-copper separating works were erected at Swansea, Wales, in 1892,
and were designed to treat about 10 tons per week of a nickel-copper alloy pro-
duced from Sudbury matte. The Balbach electrolytic nickel refinery was built
in 1894, and operated until 1900, during which time about 1,000 tons of elec-
trolytic nickel were produced. With every horse-power of current, averaging
between 17 and 18 volts and 15 amperes per sq. ft. of cathode surface, there were
deposited between 8 and 4 tons of nickel per annum out of a hot neutral solution of
nickel sulphite. From crude nickel anodes, assaying between 94 and 97% Ni,
a remarkably pure and strong metal, containing not more than 0-25% Fe,
and practically free from carbon, silicon and sulphur, was obtained. The main
drawback of the process adopted was the large amount of scrap produced from
the imperfectly smelted and very brittle anodes. It was subsequently found that
this difficulty could be obviated, or at least considerably diminished, either by
using an anode frame, in which metallic or semi-metallic granules, scrap or
powder (easily secured by reducing nickel oxide) is used instead of the more
expensive cast anodes, or by connecting slabs of crude nickel, serving as elec-
trodes, in series circuit, as suggested by Mr. William Thum, so that the nickel
deposited on the cathode side would make a staunch backing for the crumbling
crude nickel of the anode side, besides obviating the need of anode suspension
and contact lugs. It is claimed that electrolytic nickel cathodes can be produced
from Orford anodes in this way at a cost of less than Ic. per lb.
Besides metallic nickel, the metallurgists of the Balbach Smelting & Re-
fining Co., who were the pioneers in the commercial electrolytic refining of nickel
as well as of copper in America, have for many years been producing nickel-
plater's ?alts. The Balbach method of recovering nickel sulphate consists chieflv
in repeated fractional crystallizations and a final removal of the remaining copper
by electrolysis.
Nickel-Steel Rails. — The results of tests made by the Pennsylvania Railroad
with nickel-steel rails at points where the wear is unusually heavy appear to have
been favorable, for orders were recently placed for 9,000 tons, the steel to carry
3-5% Ni. Although the price for such rails is very nearly double that of ordinary
steel rails, it is believed that their extraordinary toughness and hardness will
repay the extra cost. The nickel used in making the rails is metallic nickel,
and according to reports, is added in the converter.
• United States Patent No. 714,861, Dec. 2, 1002.
• EUetroehemieal Jndwtry, 1908, Vol. I., p. 206.
OCHER AND IRON OXIDE PIGMENTS.
By Joseph Struthers.
The production of mineral paints, including ocher, umber, siienna and iron
oxide in the United States during 1902 amounted to 55,320 short tons, valued
at $705,026, as compared with 43,036 short tons, valued at $516,308 in 1901.
The aggregate quantities of these products imported in 1902 and 1901 were
respectively 13,447,408 and 11,149,274 lb. The production of Venetian and
Indian reds in 1902 was 11,758 short tons, valued at $196,905, as compared with
9,201 short tons, valued at $153,467 in 1901. The leading States in the pro-
duction of ocher are Pennsylvania, Georgia, California and Vermont, while iron
oxide comes largely from New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Umber and
sienna are produced chiefly in Illinois and Pennsylvania. Under Venetian and
Indian red is included only the pigment made by calcination of copperas. The
chief producers are the American Steel & Wire Co., at Waukegan, 111., and Worces-
ter, Mass.; C. K. Williams & Co., Easton, Pa.; S. P. Wetherill & Co., Phila-
delphia, Pa.; George S. Mepham & Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Henry Erwin & Sons,
Bethlehem, Pa., and Hanna & Andrus Co., Chicago, 111.
IMPORTS OF OCHEK, UMBER AND SIENNA INTO THE UNITED STATES.
Ocher of AU Kinds.
Umber.
(a)
Sienna.
1
Dry.
Ground In Oil.
Total
Dry.
Ground in Oil.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds
Value.
1898
1899
1900
1901
1909
a 5,806,720
9,786.616
8,449,258
8,546,691
9,988,518
$46,571
7«,825
57,842
88,196
107,285
81,460
14,881
19,167
16,788
19,668
$1,646
756
1,019
918
1,018
5,980,180
9,780,497
8,468,419
8,568,489
10,006,186
78,681
68,861
84,114
106,296
1,128,079
1,789,0!»
1,708,266
1,466,481
1,894,426
$9,061
18,886
11,868
12.510
16,188
644,718
768.691
796,684
1,106,568
1,686.877
$11,451
14,848
14,918
18.294
27,810
4,008
6,484
6,835
18,861
5,921
$880
498
496
1,004
494
(a) In 1896, 4,606 lb. ($883) ground in oil and 1,118.471 lb. ($8,788) crude, powdered, washed or pulverized; In
1889. 4,849 lb. ($300) }n^>und in oil and 1.7»t.1K7 lb. ($18,086) dry, crude, powdered, washed or pulverized; in
1900, 11,658 lb. ($723) fcround in oil, and 1.691.608 lb. ($11,199) dry, crude, powdered, washed or pulverized; in
1001, 8,184 lb. ($178) f^round in oil and 1.562, 848 lb. ($12,837) dry, crude, powdered, washed or pulverised: in
1908, 11,999 lb. ($689) f^round in oil anl 1,882,«!6 lb ($16,444) dry, crude, powdered, washed or pulverized.
Iron oxide and Venetian red are made from both natural and artificial ma-
terials, chiefly the latter in connection with the manufacture of copperas, which
is obtained as a by-product from the spent sulphuric acid used in the cleansing
of wire, wire rods and tin plate. The copperas which is crystallized in the
496 OCHER AND IRON OXIDE PI0MENT8.
bottom of the tank is too impure to be of commercial value, and, owing to its
limited use, the greater part of it is converted by different processes into iron
oxides. There are two principal methods of manufacture, the "dry^' and the
"wet/* details of which are given in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X. In the
dry process, which is considered the cheapest for the production of low grades
of oxides, the copperas is roasted in a furnace with lime or similar material to
neutralize the acid in the sulphate until the desired strength and color of the
product are obtained. In some cases copperas alone is roasted until the pure
iron oxide remains, which is then mixed with a filler, as whiting or gypsum, to
form the different grades of Venetian red, some having as little as 10% of iron
oxide or coloring power. The wet process, which is the cheaper for general use,
yields a less uniform product. In principle, the waste liquor from the cleansing
or pickling process is treated direct for its iron oxide content by the addition of
milk of lime, sodium carbonate, or similar reagent, which precipitates the iron
as a hydrate or carbonate to the bottom of the tank; subsequently the iron salt
is separated from the liquor by filtration through a press, the dried cakes are
roasted in furnaces, cooled and packed for the market without grinding. Iron
oxides made in this manner are not uniform in quality and have only a limited
use. Various colors and strengths of oxides are obtained by the admixture
of natural ore and ochers, and iron ores are sometimes ground and sold direct as
Venetian reds. The natural products, however, are inferior to the manufactured
and do not command as high a price. Great improvements in the processes of
manufacture of iron oxides have recently been made, particularly in the dry
process. Formerly, the domestic product averaged but 50% FegO,, but by the
construction of crucible furnaces of special design whereby better control of
heat and oxidation is obtained, the grade of the product has been raised to
chemically pure iron oxide, the supply of which until now had been obtained
entirely from foreign manufacturers. The improvements in the wet process
are not so marked, although much has been accomplished in the direction of less-
ened cost of labor h\ the use of mechanical appliances which in addition has
also yielded a more uniform product. It is probable that nearly the entire
domestic demand for high- and low-grade iron oxides will be filled in the United
States in the near future.
The principal manufacturers of iron oxides and Venetian red are: The
American Steel & Wire Co., at Worcester, Mass., and Waukegan, 111.; C. K.
Williams & Co., Easton, Pa. ; S. P. Wetherill & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; Henry
Erwin & Sons, Bethlehem, Pa. ; George S. Mepham & Co., St. Louis, Mo., and
Hanna & Andrus Co., Chicago, 111. There are also smaller producers in the
country who devote their attention to the mined and natural reds only.
Market. — Prices in New York during 1902 averaged about $14 per ton in
barrels for mined reds, some of the product mined in Maryland and the South
being offered at $10^$11 per bbl. For the manufactured or copperas reds
prices averaged about $23 per ton, while for the iron oxide considerably higher
prices were obtained, depending entirely upon the strength of iron and color.
During 1902 domestic iron oxide red of high grade in carload lots has been
sold as high as 6c. per lb.
PETROLEUM.
By D. H. Nkwland.
Thb production of petroleum in the United States in 1902 was the largest
recorded in the history of the industry^ exceeding the total of the previous year
by over 20%. This increase may be credited to the phenomenal development of
the Beaumont field, which contributed more than one-fifth of the entire output,
and in a lesser degree to the progress made in the California fields. The returns
from the Appalachian district again showed a falling off, due to the exhaustion of
territory without commensurate new discoveries, while the Lima field of Ohio
and Indiana gave a sKghtly increased output. The year was thus characterized
by a very large increment in the supplies of the lower grades of petroleum, and
by nearly stable conditions in the Eastern fields from which the high-grade illumi-
nating products are obtained. The demand for oils of all grades was unprec-
edented. Almost the entire production of the Beaumont and California wells
was absorbed by refiners, consumers of liquid fuel, and gas manufacturers, at prices
that rose steadily in the latter part of the year. The enlarged market for illumi-
nating oils caused a heavy drain upon stocks in the Appalachian field, reducing
them to the lowest figure known since 1895.
PRODUCTION OP CRUDE PETROLEUM IN THE UNITED STATES. (BARRELS OF 42 GAL.)
(a)
ObU-
fornla.
(6)
Colo-
rado.
Indiana.
Kanaas.
Ohio.
(Lima
Field.)
Texas.
(/)
Wyo-
ming.
Other
States.
Tear.
(Lima
Field.)
(0
TV>taL
ifr^'.V.'.y.
1900
1S.'!«.::
81,6916,880
88,870 689
86»640,966
88,618,180
e80,600,000
8,M9,068
8,677,875
4,960,000
8,786,880
612,500,000
660,000
600,000
886,000
460,680
e500,000
8,751,807
8,818,718
4.889,960
5,757.086
7,686,561
88,000
(«r) 69,566
(6)66,000
179.160
888,088
16.578,000
16.565,092
16,407,704
16,176,2«J8
616,000,000
644,600
601,806
8^0,000
4,800.660
16,888,154
8,600
6,071
7,900
5,400
(6)10,000
(6) 10,000
(6) 86,000
(6) 80,000
12,688
(6)50,000
55,499,875
67.884,804
68,588,544
69,889,194
84,260,788
Mini
id) Includes New York, PennsvWania, West Virfrinia, and |Mtrt of Ohio.
of SUte Oeolofflcal Surrey, (e) Esimated. (/)
C0)8tatistiosof theUnitedStAtesGtoological Surrey.
Bureau, (c) Statistics of SUte Oeolo
Iby Mr. C. F. Z. OaracrisU.
(6) Statistics of California State
' ' The statistics for I899and 1900
One of the most noteworthy features of the year was the large consumption of
ofl as fuel. In California, especially, an extensive market has been developed,
and crude oil has largely supplanted coal as a source of heat and power. The
erection of several refineries in Texas raises some doubt, however, whether the
Beaumont petroleum will be utilized for fuel to the extent that has been antici-
498
THE MINERAL INDUS! It Y.
pated ; a small rise in prices would seriously limit its possibilities for competing
with coal, and such an increase may be expected if the refining industry proves
to be a commercial success.
iSBO ia» 1890 1885 1000 19«
0,000,000
4,000,000
Production of Petroleum in the United States and Russia.
The table on the following page gives an estimate of the quantity of petroleum
produced in the important countries of the world during the period 1897-1901.
There are a number of countries that make a small production from which it has
been impossible, so far, to secure any reports, owing to the fact that the industry
is conducted in a most primitive manner. China, Persia, Turkey, and several of
the South American ropv.blics n.re among the producers not included in this table.
PETROLEUM.
499
PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM IN THE COUNTRIES OP THE WORLD, (a) (iN
METRIC TONS.)
Tear.
AuttriA.
Hungary.
Canada.
Germany
India.
Italy.
Japan.
RuBsia.
United States.
1897
276,204
828,142
809,590
847,318
404,662
2,299
2,4n
2,125
2,199
8^296
99,310
96,044
118,718
01,189
70,687
28,803
25,789
27,027
60,876
44,095
76,834
71,627
106,000
140,064
185,877
1,962
2,015
2.242
1,683
2,246
42,184
(c)69,980
(c)100,888
64,503
(e)
7,881,264
7,841,671
8,470,025
10,524,019
/10,870,786
8,613,140
7,784,718
7,926,400
8,26^,406
1896
1899
1900
1901
8,830,268
(a) From the official reports of the respective countries. This table is only partially complete since it does
not include the production of Roumania, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, South Africa, ^ru, and f ^" ^~' ~
(e) Crude oiL (e) Statistics not yet available. (/) Output of Baku fields.
1 some other countries.
The stocks of^oil on hand at the end of the year in the Appalachian and Lima
districfe are giyen5^fce following table, in which the quantities are expressed in
barrels of 42 gal.f^'
Appalachian. ^ 1
Lhna.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
18,461,191
18,147,717.
9,635,492
5,099,127
10,346.927
14.988,938
17,760,306
17,463,618
The average prices of petroleum in the Appalachian and Lima fields are shown
below :~^
MONTHLY A^ TEdRLY AVERAGE PRICE OF PIPE-LINE CERTIFICATES PER BARREL
OF CRtPE I^ETROLEUM AT THE WELLS IN THE APPALACHIAN FIELD.
Year.
Jan.
^b.i
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Not.
Dec.
Yearly
Ayer'ge
1898...
1099...
1900...
1901...
1908...
$0-66 '
117.
iSJ
M5
1
lri6
1-68
1-89
115
$0-78|
118
1-56
$0-82i
118
1-891
1071
1-90
Ti
106
1-90
fo-gri
l-27i
l-25i
la
1-28
1-28
1-261
1-88
1-67I
106i
1-80
1*88
108f
1-21
1-49
11
181
1-24
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF CRUDE OIL IN THE LIMA FIELDS.
Month.
January. .
February.
March ....
April
May
June
July
August....
September
October...
November
December.
Average..
The exports of mineral oils from the United States during the past five years
are given in the subjoined table. It will be observed that the exports of illumi-
nating oils in 1902 were considerably less than in the previous year, while there
was a large increase in the shipments of the crude, lubricating and residual prod-
ucts. The total foreign shipments from Galveston amounted to 26,666,875 gal.,
valued at $241,649, of which 18,430,353 gal., valued at $109,326, consisted of
crude petroleum.
500 THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
EXP0BT8 OF MINERAL OILS FROM THE UNITED STATES. (iN GALLONS.)
(1=1^000 IN QUANTITIES AND VALUES.) (a)
T«Mr.
Crude
PBtroloom.
Naphthas.
mmniiiAttaiic.
and Parafflne.
B-««a«.
TOtala.
1806.....
1800.....
1900.....
1901
1908.....
120,480
118,090
188,161
187,006
140,881
$0,010
6,968
7,841
6,088
6,381
17,287 $1,071
18,810 1,697
18,570 1,661
81,086 1,743
19,688 1,808
764,888
788,808
789,168
887,470
TW,7»7
mil
66,686
71,106
71,911
76,806
88,800
9,088
10,900
10378
80,488
91,009
19,780
87,600
88,816
•SI
846
908,478
968,007
980,866
1,079,060
1.004,880
$58,488
06.048
74,498
78,786
68,007
(a) In addition to the above, the foUowing quantities of parafflne and nsrafflne wax were exported: 1806*
166,817 lb. ($6,868); 1899, 181,861 lb. ($7,660); 1900, 167,108 lb. ($8^186); 1901, 161.696 lb. ($7,900); 19(Sri76,860 lb.
(18,808).
The following 8tatisti(!S showing the exports of naphtha^ illuminating, lubri-
cating and paraifine oils from the United States and Bussia during 1902, are of
interest. The quantities are expressed in gallons.
Oountrles.
Naphtha.
LabrioatfaiffaiMl
Parafflne.
1V>CaL
United States
19,688,627
778,796,768
819,661,670
88,800.188
44,046,400
880,079,518
Rnnia
864,897,070
Totals
19,688,687
1,006,468,488
186,846,688
1,844,076,668
The quantities of crude, residuum and distillate are omitted from both coun-
tries. Of the products named in the above table, the United States exported
70-7% and Russia 39-3%, showing a slight decrease for the former country, and
a corresponding increase for the latter, as compared with 1901. The average
value of the illuminating oil exported from the port of New York was 6- 6c. per
gal., while the average prices of Russian refined f. o. b. vessels at Baku was
0-77c. per gal.
The chief markets of the manufactured products exported from the United
States, Russia and other countries are the United Kingdom and Germany.
• The following is an official statement of the importation of petroleum and its
products — illuminating and lubricating oils — into the United Kingdom for 1900,
1901 and 1902, in Imperial gallons, which are one-sixth greater than the United
States gallon: —
IMPO'kTS OP PETROLEUM INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. (IN ENGLISH GALLONS.)
Ck>QDtrie8.
1900.
1001.
1908.
United States
168,776,766
87.7W,807
18,486,880
168,701,680
78.806.064
12,785,678
184,486,176'
Runia
66,808,688
All other countries
18,161,782
Total
854,978,048
858,784,746
884,600,486
The exports to Germany for the years 1899, 1900, 1901, have been made up
from the countries exporting the manufactured petroleum, and embrace the naph-
tha, illuminating and lubricating products in gallons exported from the United
States and Bussia.
While the importations into the United BJngdom from the United States in-
creased from 60% in 1900 to 64% in 1901, those from Russia decreased in the
same years from 34% to 31%. In 1902 Russia maintained its relative position
with nearly 31% of the imports, and the United States showed a slight gain
furnishing about 65*% of the total. Of the imports into Germany from the two
PETROLEUM,
501
REFINED PETROLEUM EXPORTED TO GERMANY BY THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA.
(united STATES GALLONS.)
Oountiiea.
1900.
1001.
1908.
United States
145,063,818
80,904,478
160 018,779
21,014,040
180,794,004
RSffi.;.^7^v;. ...... ... ;;:..::;.. : : : . :
84,281,665
Total ,..t--T T
176,967,791
171,988,019
166,96b,66e
countries, the United States furnished 83% in 1900, 87%^ in 1901, and 79% in
1902.
Liquid Fuel, — During 1902 a series of tests was carried out by the Bureau of
Steam Engineering, United States Navy, with the view of determining the value
of liquid fuel for naval purposes. The oil used for the official tests was Beau-
mont petroleum of the following composition : C, 83-26% ; H, 12-41% ; S,
0-50% ; 0, 3-83% ; sp. gr., 0-926 ; flash point, 216*^. The calorific value of the
combustible calculated by Dulong's formula was 19,481 British thermal units.
The results obtained are summarized as follows: {a) Oil can be burned in a very
uniform manner. (6) The evaporative efficiency of neariy every kind of oil per
pound of combustible is probably the same, (c) Marine steam generators can
be forced to even as high a degree with oil as with coal, {d) No ill effects were
exhibited by the boiler, (e) The air requisite for combustion should be heated
if possible before entering the furnace, as such heating assists the gasification of
the oil. {f) The oil should be heated so that it can be readily atomized, {g) If
steam is used for atomizing, high pressures are more advantageous than low
pressures, (fc) The consumption of liquid fuel probably cannot be forced to
as great an extent with steam as an atomizing agent as when compressed air is
used for this purpose.
Naphtha residues (mazut) are used in melting and re-heating furnaces in the
steel works near St. Petersburg. After heating the oil to 40° or 50 °C. by steam
coils, it is gasified in gas regenerators and pumped into an accumulator which
affords a pressure of from 5 to 7 atmospheres. The feed is effected by a Korting
atomizing injector, with nozzles of varying aperture from 1-5 to 3 mm. blowin*^
into the side of the regenerator near the bottom. A small accessory air supply is
introduced at the same time to bum the first portion of the oil-gas which would
otherwise choke the brickwork by a deposit of coke. The arrangements of the
regenerator are similar to those for producer gas, except that the arch of the
chamber must be raised about 6 in., as the specifically lighter oil-gas attacks the
brickwork very readily. A newer and better method, which, however, has not
been generally applied as yet, is to feed the furnace through concentric nozzles,
the inner one carrying the oil and the outer one air at high pressure, when abso-
lutely perfect combustion is obtained and the gas regenerators are dispensed with.
In this system five water-cooled injectors are required, two for each end of the
furnace, and a central one in the crown of the arch. Under ordinary working
conditions, with 10 to 15-ton open-hearih steel-melting furnaces, the consumption
of oil is about 20%, or in some cases 18% of the weight of the materials charged,
the endurance of the furnace and the speed of working being about the same as
with producer gas-firing.
502 THE MINERAL INDUaTRT.
Alaska, — Discoveries of petroleum have been made recently in the vicinity of
Controller Bay, near the mouth of Copper Kiver, where early explorers found some
indications of oil from springs. A well sunk 265 ft. yielded high-grade petro-
leum, containing a large proportion of refinery products and little residue, while
another well gave a good lubricating oil. This district is to be actively explored
during the summer of 1903.
Appalachian Field, — ^There was little change in the status of the Pennsylvania
and West Virginia fields. The failure of the strong advance in prices during the
year to stimulate an increase of output, together with the large number of dry
holes put down, created apprehension as to the future, and there is little doubt
that the productive areas in these States have been quite closely defined. Tho
unfavorable condition of the producing industry necessitated a heavy drain upon
stocks to meet the demand. In West Virginia new oil territory was found in the
Salem district of Harrison County, and two pools were opened near Big Knob
Run, Ritchie County, which gave a large output. Wetzel and Greene counties
also made a favorable showing. An experiment in the pumping of wells by
electricity from a central station is to be tried in the Folsom district of Wetzel
County. A plant is under course of erection which will be equipped to pump
200 wells, and it is hoped that a considerable economy will be effected over
present methods. The Sartw^ell field in McKean County, Pa., attracted con-
siderable attention during the year with the result that about 1,000 acres of
productive territory was proved. The oil is found in the Kane sands at a depth
of from 1,000 to 2,000 ft., and is of high quality. In southwestern Ohio a new
discovery was reported near Jerusalem, Monroe County.
California. — While the petroleum industry continued in its course of rapid
expansion during 1902, the conditions were less satisfactory than in the previous
year. In 1901, when an increase of about 100% was registered, the production
far exceeded the consuming capacity of the market as then developed, and as a
necessary result the prices declined rapidly toward the close of the year. Tlie
same relation between production and consumption prevailed throughout 1902,
although there was a steadily enlarging demand for the heavy oils for fuel pur-
poses. The crude product of the Kern River field brought as low as 50@60c. per
bbl. in San Francisco, which is equivalent to 10@20c. at the wells, while the price
of Los Angeles oil fell to 35c. at the wells. Owing to this depression in the market
many wells were closed down, and the drilling of new wells was carried on less
vigorously than hitherto. The most important developments were made in the
search for light oils for which there has been a sustained demand on the part of
the existing refineries. Two new fields yielding petroleum of low specific gravity
have been opened — the Santa Maria field in Santa Barbara County and the Half-
moon Bay field near San Francisco. In the former the Western Union Oil Co. has
brought in 10 deep wells, giving a valuable refining product which can easily be
transported to the coast. The Half moon Bay field, which is situated close to the
sea, yields an oil of from 45° to 52° gravity; several productive wells have been
opened, and a small refinery is in operation. The search for light oils con-
tinues elsewhere in the State. The important coaling field in Fresno County
has maintained an even status, but its development has been hampered by the
PETROLEUM.
503
lack of transportation facilities.
1901 was as follows: —
The production of petroleum by counties in
Oountj.
LoeAageleB..
Ventura
Omuce
SftDta Barbara....
Santa Clara
Unapportloned .
TotaL.
lOOl.
4,493,466
780,660
468,187
784,666
las^xio
8,7811,880
The value of the output in 1901 was $4,974,540, or 57c. per bbl.; (statistics
for 1902 not yet available). The total number of producing wells was about
2,500. As in the previous year the transportation facilities proved inadequate for
handling the output of the interior fields. It is expected, however, that the
situation will be relieved to a great extent with the completion of the pipe-line
from the Kern field to San Francisco Bay, 278 miles distant, which will have a
capacity of from 8,000 to 10,000 bbl. per diem. The pipe-line is being laid by the
Standard Oil Co., which has also under construction a large refinery with storage
tanks of an aggregate capacity of 750,000 bbl. at Port Richmond on San Pablo
Bay.
Among the notable features of the year was the activity of the Associated Oil
Co., a combination comprising about 30 producing companies in Kern County.
In its first annual report for the year 1902 this company states that it produced
and sold 2,648,456 bbl. of oil for which the gross smn of $1,572,426 was received,
while the income after paying transportation charges amounted to $817,440.
It is estimated that the consumption of California petroleum during 1902
amounted to 12,000,000 bbl., or about 500,000 bbl. less than the produc-
tion. The situation as regards maintaining a closer balance between supply
and demand in the future is encouraging. The consumption of fuel oil by
railroad and steamship companies will continue to expand at a rapid rate, as
petroleum at present prices is much more economical than coal. At the begin-
ning of 1903 there were about 1,000 locomotives burning California petroleum,
and the consumption by railwavs alone approximated the rate of 6,500,000 bbl.
per annum. So far the utilization of petroleum by steamships is limited largely
to river and coasting craft, but several ocean-going steamers have recently in-
stalled oil burners, and the number will be increased during 1903. Liquid fuel
has been successfully applied to smelting operations at the Selby works, near
San Francisco, as described on page 449 of this volume.
Colorado. — (By Harry A. Lee.) — ^The oil fields of Fremont County have been
productive since 1887, and during the past year this section has shown increased
activity, many new wells having been drilled. The oil is encountered at depths
varying from 1,200 to 3,000 ft., and is pumped to the surface. The extent of
the oil field is not yet determined, or the source of supply fully understood. The
oil appears to be found at different geological horizons, the Fox Hill shales imder-
lying the coal measures being the most productive. The oils from the various
wells do not diflFer greatly in character. A number of tests published and made
604 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
by competent chemists show the naphtha and benzine to range .from 4 to 6% ;
illuminating oils^ 25 to 28% ; paraffine and heavy oils, 55 to 60% ; and a residuum
(mainly coal tar), 6 to 7%. The refined products are consumed by th^ Western
trade, and the residuum is utilized for fuel purposes. At the close of 1902 there
were 57 wells producing and several new holes nearing the oil horizon. There
are two local refineries with a combined capacity of about 2,000 bbl. per day.
The following is a list of producing companies: Florence Oil Refining Co.,
Triumph Oil Co., Griffith, Rocky Mt., Fraaer Oil & Gas Co., Fremont Oil &
Gas Co., Keystone, Columbia Crude Oil Co., and the United Oil Co.
Prospecting in the southwestern and western portions of Colorado is still per-
sistent, numerous surface indications having stimulated activity. In Mesa
County, near De Beque, oil was encountered by one company at a depth of 600 ft. ;
but the flow being deemed insufficient, boring was continued to a depth of 1,300
ft., when a strong flow of salt water was encoimtered and the hole was abandoned.
Indiana, — During 1902 a new discovery of oil was made near Birdseye, Du-
bois County, in the southwestern part of the State. The oil-bearing stratum is
believed to be the Trenton limestone, the same as in the Lima district, and is
encountered at a depth of about 1,000 ft. The first well yielded about 5 bbl.
per day. Two additional wells were drilled during the year, and early in 1903 a
flowing well was reported to have been brought in by the Standard Oil Co. The
Lima district of Indiana was the scene of great activity, the output for 1902
showing a gain of over 30% from the previous year's total.
Kentucky. — Following the discovery of the Sunnybrook field in May, 1901,
there has been much activity in the various fields of this State. Many new wells
have been put down in the Sunnybrook, Slickford, and Cooper districts, Wayne
County ; in the Ragland district, Butte County ; in the Whitehouse district, Floyd
County; and in the Richland district, Knox County. While the output of the
individual wells is usually small, the cost of drilling is light owing to the shallow-
ness of the oil horizon. The construction of the pipe line from Somerset to
Chambersburg, W. Va., now under way, will give cheap transportation facilities
to the fields of eastern Kentucky.
Louisiana. — The discovery of a new oil field in this State in 1902 has given
further proof of the wide occurrence of petroleum within the Gulf coastal plain.
The productive territory is situated in Acadia Parish about six miles northeast of
Jennings and 93 miles east of Beaumont. Development work was started in the
summer of 1901 by the Jennings Oil Co. and the Southern Oil Co., both of which
found oil but were compelled to abandon the wells owing to clogging by loose sands.
In May, 1902, the Southern Oil Co. drilled a third well, utilizing a lining to pre-
vent the creeping in of sand, and oil was encountered at a depth of 1,850 ft. The
well proved to be a powerful gusher with a yield of from 20,000 to 25.000 bbl. per
day from a 6-in. boring. Other productive wells were opened during the year.
The strata penetrated by the drillings consist of clay, sand and "gumbo^^ with only
8 ft. of firm rock above the cap rock overlying the oil sand, which is said to be
more than 45 ft. in thickness. Storage tanks were erected near the wells, and
a 4-in. pipe-line laid to the Mermenteau River and to Jennings, whence the oil
was shipped by boat and railway. The local markets absorbed most of the year's
PETROLEUM, 505
production. The oil resembles that of Beaumont in having an asphaltic base, but
it is said to contain little sulphur, and its gravity is 26 °B. No definite estimate
can be made as yet of the extent of the oil-bearing stratum ; the area proved by
the first wells was not more than 300 ft. square.
Montana. — Oil was found in the well of the Butte Oil Co. at Kintla Lake, near
the Canadian boundary, but the yield was small. The Dillon properties have so
far proved improductive.
New Mexico, — The Salado district in Guadalupe County was actively prospected
during 1902. Indications of oil are found in Silurian limestone. A large num-
ber of companies have been formed to operate in the Santa Rosa district, which
is considered especially promising. Prospecting wells were drilled near Baton
and near Farmington.
Texas. — The development of the Beaumont field made rapid strides in 1902,
and the maximum productive capacity apparently has now been reached. In
addition to the enormous increase in output, which amounted to over 175%
compared with the previous year, the most noteworthy features of the industry
were the steady decline of output from flowing wells, and the appreciation in prices
of the crude product. The influx of salt water into many of the wells was an-
other event which may be of serious portent. Despite the unusual flowage shown
in the borings first put down on Spindle Top, the pressure began to decrease in
the early part of 1902, and before the end of Jime many companies were unable
to obtain sufficient supplies to fill their contracts. Pumping apparatus was
hastily installed, and some 60 wells were thus equipped during the summer.
The sudden decline in production reacted favorably upon prices, which for some
time had ruled at from 15@20q. per bbl.; before the close of the year oil in lots
of 100,000 bbl. for shipment was quoted as high as 50c. per bbl., with the demand
still in excess of the supply. Several concerns which had engaged to furnish oil
under low price contracts, later on repudiated their obligations. With the com-
mencement of pumping operations trouble was experienced from salt water, which
first appeared in the deepest wells, and later spread to all parts of the field, rising
to a level of about 925 ft. below the surface. The source of the trouble was as-
cribed by some authorities to the influx of water from dry wells. The output
of the Beaumont field in 1901 and 1902 was approximately as follows : —
PRODUCTION OP PETR0LBX7M IN BEAUMONT FIELD, TEXAS.
1901.
1900.
Sblpmentfl
Barrels.
8,598,118
776,000
Barreta.
9,188,154
8,106,000
900,000
Production held as Btooks
Local coommptlon and vmtc ......tt-x-rttt
Total Droduction ..•
5,900,8®
16,188,164
Transportation facilities, especially by railway, proved inadequate and con-
sumers at distant points found diflBculty in getting crude oil to meet their re-
quirements. A considerable proportion of the product also was absorbed by the
refineries, and there was a strong demand from the manufacturers of illuminating
gas. The growing importance of the refining industry doubtless had its effect
upon prices, as tests upon a commercial scale have shown that Beaumont oil is
506
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
worth more for this purpose than upon a fuel basis. The products of refining
include illuminating oil, gasoline, spindle and other commercial oils, and asphalt.
The Gulf Kefinery at Beaumont, when completed, will have an estimated capacity
of 24,000 bbl. per day. A part of the plant was operated during 1902. The
Burt refinery, southwest of Beaumont, is planned to handle an equally large
quantity of crude oil, and two other refineries — one at Port Arthur and the second
at Orange — ^are to be built. These extensive undertakings would seem to indicate
that the utilization of Beaumont oil for fuel will not attain the importance that
has generally been expected.
The outlay for new equipment in this field during 1902 is itemi25ed below, the
estimates being prepared from most reliable sources. Combining the total here
given with the total outlay for 1901, it appears that the capital invested up to the
end of 1902 was $10,572,085, or 48c. for each barrel of oil produced. These
figures, however, do not include the expenditures for drilling outfits and tank cars,
or the investments in land which represent a very large outlay, as in many in-
stances small parcels on Spindle Top were sold at the rate of $120,000 an acre-
average of $1,600 each $872,000
aboaM 1400,000
848 wells at an aver
Pipe lines to I
Loadlnar racks 88,000
Refinenes in oourae of erection 8,880,000
Steel and wooden tankage 8,000,000
Earthen tankage $886,000
Powerplants 800,000
TdtalinTostment during 1908 $7,176,000
The Sour Lake field, 20 miles northwest of Beaumont, reached the producing
stage during 1902. Several fiowing wells were put down in the early part of the
year, and the region was soon the center of great activity, in which many of the
prominent Beaumont companies participated. The results so far obtained in-
dicate that the field has a promising future. Storage tanks of large capacity have
been erected and a pipe line laid to Beaumont. The shipments during 1902 were
limited by the lack of transportation facilities, the region being ^polated from
railway lines. It is stated that a tract of 850 acres in thistfieW was sold for
$1,000,000. The crude oil resembles that of Beaumont, pjbjit^is superior to the
latter for refining purposes. 'V,.
New developments were reported in the Saratoga field in Hardin County, 11
miles west of Kountze. In 1895, a well was drilled here which produced oil in
small quantities, and recently a fiowing well yielding about 500 bbl. per day has
been put down. Further exploration is now under way. The oil is very heavy,
and nearly free from sulphur.
Utah, — ^The Green River district attracted considerable attention during 1902,
and it is reported that eight wells were drilled which yielded oil by pumping.
Wyoming. — (By Wilbur C. Knight.) — The production of petroleum for 1902
did not show any marked increased over that of 1901, due to the lack of trans-
portation. Wells have been commenced at Hilliard, Spring Valley, Twin Creek,
Popo Agie, Powder River, Bonanza, Belle Fourche, Newcastle, Salt Creek, Dou-
glas and near Ft. Steele, and oil has been found at Twin Creek, Ft. Steele and
Douglas. Producing wells were completed at Spring Valley, Popo Agie and Salt
Creek. The Popo Agie field has eight producing wells, each of which will yield,
from the best available data, 200 bbl. per day. These are all spouting wells, and
are now packed awaiting transportation. This field could within a very short
time supply 1,000,000 bbl. of oil annually. At Salt Creek the Pennsylvania Co.
PETROLEUM. 607
have nearly doubled its output by drilling new wells, and is arranging tor ex-
teflsive development during 1903. Three other companies are arranging to com-
mence work at Salt Creek. In other fields where companies have commenced
developments, the wells have not reached a sufficient depth to penetrate the oil
horizons. Three of the 22 oil fields in the State have been proven producers,
and none of the fields has as yet been abandoned as worthless. There are com-
panies organized at the present time to enter every oil district in the State during
the coming year, and without question there will be sufficient drilling done during
1903 to prove at least one-half of the fields where there are oil springs or out-
croppings of oil sandstone.
The Production of Petroleum in Foreign Countries during 1902.
By Paul Dvorkovitz.
The year 1902 was characterized by a gradual development of existing sources
of oil supply, as well as of facilities for the distribution of the product. There
were no great strikes such as made the year 1902 notable; the chief work, being
done in a readjustm<ent of economic conditions, which in the previous year were
sadly out of harmony. The year was also marked by a greater practical interest
in petroleum as a substitute for coal for power purposes, the Texas oil strike
bringing the question nearer to the region of possibility for fuel users in Great
Britain. The first and foremost factor in the latter country has been the Shell
Transport & Trading Co., Ltd., whose large tank steamers have been engaged
in taking consignments of the Texas heavy oil into the United Kingdom for use
as fuel and for gas enrichment purposes. Several railway companies have taken
first steps toward the utilization of Texas oil on their locomotives, and some
advance has been made in its adoption in the marine service. It is probable
that great strides will be made in this direction during the coming year. A
loading-depot has already been established at Thames Haven, eight miles from
London, where the Hamburg-American liner Ferdinand Laiesz took aboard the
first supply of petroleum for fuel purposes. This storage installation is the first
of a number of similar installations being erected in different parts of the United
Kingdom.
The general condition of the Russian industry does not call for much com-
ment. The most marked feature, as will be seen later, has been a reduction
in output in every district with the exception of Romany. At the same time
industrial and economic force's have been at work which are not representable
by figures, but which undoubtedly have had a considerable influence on the
Russian oil industry. This was especially instanced in the export trade as a
result of the combination of certain interests and of the disastrous condition in
which the refiners found themselves. Prices during the year showed a tendency
toward firmness, and the year 1903 opened with much better prospects than the
past year. During 1902 Russian oil came into much closer competition with
the American product than in the previous year, especially in Far Eastern
markets. In England, however, American oil has been sold in greatly increased
quantities, showing an increment of something like 20,000,000 gal., while Russian
oil has advanced only by about 5,000,000 gallons.
508 THE MINERAL INDU8TB7.
As to other Continental fields, those in Boumania have shown an increased
output, but conditions there have not been favorable to an extension of trade;
Galicia has fared even worse, though its output has advanced. Lack of good
management and local friction have contributed to the unsatisfactory year's
results in both countries.
In the oil industry of the Far East there is nothing special to chronicle
beyond the fact that the Standard Oil Co. endeavored unsuccessfully to obtain
a foothold in the oil fields of British India.
The Canadian fields have attracted renewed attention during the y^ear, due
to the development of a large well which flowed regularly 50 bbl. an hour — ^the
largest yet opened in this country.
In reviewing the occurrences of the year the oflBcial visit of Mr. Gulisham-
baroflf, representing the Russian Grovernment, to the Texas oil fields should be
noted, and the exhaustive report* which he subsequently published in regard to
this region.
The working of the English companies in the Russian fields has been at-
tended with unfavorable results during 1903; the consumption of oil for fuel
fell oflE, and prices having been low, the majority of the companies showed either
losses or a greatly depleted surplus. The Russian Petroleum & Liquid Fuel
Co. has been the only concern to pay a dividend, which was much lower than in
previous years.
Austria. — ^The total quantity of crude oil produced by the Galician wells
during 1902 was 576,000 metric tons, exclusive of oil used as fuel. This quan-
tity exceeds that of the previous year by 123,800 tons, or 21*35%, the advance
being due chiefly to the great progress made at Boryslaw, where 261,220 tons
were produced, which is 46% of the total output. Eastern Galicia contributed
467,300 tons, and Western Galicia 108,760 tons. The number of borings at
the close of 1902 was 1,824, showing the average output per well to have been
316 tons. In Boryslaw, however, where the oil was obtained from spouters, the
average production per well was 3,000 tons. In this district no less than 125
wells were in course of boring at the close of the year. About 490,230 tons
of crude oil were passed through the refineries, but nearly 85,000 tons of this
total could not find a market, and consequently there was a considerable fall
in prices. During the year 30,930 tons of burning oil were exported to foreign
countries, the Galician oil having made good progress in various foreign markets.
Canada. — During 1902 the new oil field discovered at Chatham, Ontario, was
the cause of considerable excitement in America and England. The well first
brought in at a depth of 357 ft. was a gusher, and produced as much as 50 bbl.
an hour. The oil is of good quality and has a gravity of about 34°B., which
is about two degrees lighter than the Petrolia oil. The Standard Oil Co. holds
land in the vicinity of this well to the extent of 1,900 acres, and among other
companies working in the neighborhood is the Canadian Oil Fields, Ltd., an
English company already owning a large tract of land with 350 oil wells.
Duich East Indies. — Considerable attention was devoted to the petroleum in-
dustry in this part of the world during the year, but the record of the different
> Petroieum Review^ July 86, 1908.
PETHOLBUM 609
fields has been a very variable one. Mr. A. V. Bagosine, of Baku, paid an
exteilded visit to these eastern fields, writing a very comprehensive and valuable
report thereon for a Russian journal. These articles were translated and ap-
peared in English in the Petroleum Review,^ and are full of interesting data,
including the geological conditions, qualities of the different crude products
obtained, as well as of the refined products, general conditions of marketing,
etc. From a geological point of view, the formation of the Palembang oil
fields beloDgs to the Miocene, and that of Langkat to the Eocene period. The
deposits in eastern Java also belong to the Miocene period. The crude oils pro-
duced are of a varied character. Some are rich in benzine and others contain
none whatever, and not infrequently little kerosene. Some contain a large
quantity of solid asphalt, while others not only do not contain asphalt, but
little, if any, mazout. Some oils contain paraffine; others yield residuals suit-
able for the manufacture of fairly viscous lubricating oils; while others are
entirely free from high-boiling hydrocarbons. The specific gravity of the
crude oil varies within the following limits: Sumatra, 0*780 to 0*964; Java,
0 780 to 0*964; Borneo, 0*853 to 0*975.
The length of pipe lines laid in the Dutch East Indies is considerable. The
Boyal Dutch Co. has in north Sumatra a pipe line from its fields to the re-
finery, a distance of more than 130 miles. The Moesi Ilir Co. is now building
at Palembang a 4-in. pipe line 106 miles long from its fields to the refinery.
The Royal Dutch Co. produced 3,950,700 cases kerosene in 1902, compared with
3,295,000 cases in 1901, and 1,350,000 cases in 1900 ; the Sumatra Palembang
Co., 654,000 cases in 1902, 770,000 cases in 1901, and 797,000 cases in 1900.
Oermany. — The petroleum industry of Alsace made good progress during
the year, though there are no figures available to show the total output of all
companies. As to new work in (Jermany, recent explorations were made for
petroleum in the alluvial flats of the Rhine valley at some distance from
Pechelbronn. A geological survey revealed that in the vicinity of Kandel a
Tertiary anticlinal existed, which crossed the Rhine near- the confluence of the
Lauter and consists in part of the same Oligocene strata which have been so
productive at Pechelbronn. So far, two borings have been sunk in the new
district yielding petroleum vapor and traces of the liquid product The consti-
tution of this gas is similar to that at Pechelbronn.
India, — In 1901, the production of petroleum, which in India is confined to
Burma and Assam, amounted to 60,000,000 gal. Of this quantity, 49,000,000
gal. were produced in Burma. Notwithstanding the fact that the production
has largely increased it is insufiicient to meet the demand and kerosene and lubri-
cating oils are imported from Russia and America. According to a special re-
port by M. Miraboflf, delegate of the Baku Naphtha Association, the imports of
Russian petroleum into Bombay during the fiscal year 1901-2 amounted to
28,398,987 gal., while those of American petroleum were only 185,264 gal. In
1887-8 the imports of Russian oil were 2,193,877 gal., and of American 2,316,287
gal. The imports into Calcutta in 1902 were 15,889,000 gal. from Russia and
1,560,000 gal. from America.
* PttroUum Review, Vol. VH., No. IOS, et aeq.
510
THE MINERAL INDUS I RT.
Mexico, — The Mexican Petroleum Co. expended over $500,000 during 1902
in sinking wells and construction work on its property near Ebano, State of
Vera Cruz. It is reported that oil was found on the line of the Vera Cruz &
Pacific Railroad in Vera Cruz, and encouraging results were obtained in the
Masuspama fields of Tabasco.
Persia. — Researches on the Perso-Turkish frontier have proved the existence
of an extensive petroleum deposit, and a concession was obtained from the Persian
Government for the exploitation of petroleum in that country for a period of
60 years. The oil field is in the Kermanshah province, about 10 miles from the
village of Kassershirin, and contains a group of five petroleum hand wells, of
which three yield a good quality of oil, and two contain oil mixed with water and
slime. For the purpose of delivering the oil on board tank steamers for dis-
tribution to the ports of the Persian Gulf, India, and the Red Sea, it is proposed
to construct a pipe line to Muhammer, a distance of about 400 miles.
Peru. — The principal companies engaged in the production of petroleum in
1901 were the Establecimiento Industrial de Zorritos operating in the district
of Tumbas, and the London Pacific Petroleum Co., in the district of Payta.
The total output for the year was 11,272,400 gal. crude petroleum, of which
3,258,000 gal. was refined and yielded 516,920 gal. kerosene, 667,412 gal. ben-
zine, and 1,983,500 gal. residuum, while about 6,400,000 gal. were sold in the
crude state.
Ronmania. — The oil industry of Roumania during 1902 has been the victim
of adverse circumstances resulting chiefly from the unsatisfactory condition of the
Russian industry. While the production of oil showed an advance in all other
aspects the year was a poor one. Prices for crude oil, which stood at 4 fr. per
100 kg. in October, 1901, were as low as 3 fr. in April, 1902, declining toward
the end of the year to 1*90 fr. The natural result of this fall in price was that
a number of producers had to reduce their output, while much boring work in
progress was brought to a standstill.
The output from the Roumanian wells from 1893 to date is given in the fol-
lowing table : —
Year.
Metric Tons.
Year.
Metric Tons.
Year.
1900
1901
1908
Metric Tons.
IggS
%000
80,000
im
1898
1899
110,000
180,000
8fi0,000
860,000
1894
870,000
1895
810,000
1896
The districts from which the output in 1902 was obtained, with the contribu-
tion from each, were as follows: Prahova, 259,000 tons; Dambovitza, 33,000
toM; Baicoi, 13,000 tons; Buzeu, 5,000 tons.
The chief producing company in the country is still the Steaua Romana Co.,
although much important work has been done by the International Petroleum
Co. and the Telega Oil Co.
During the year the districts of Griusor and Baicoi in Prahova and Gura
Ocnita in Dambovitza have been prominent. In the Baicoi district prospecting
work led to the discovery of a large deposit of ozokerite.
One of the chief disadvantages from' which Roumania has suffered during the
PETROLEUM,
511
past year was the want of unanimity among refiners and exporters of the oil.
Toward the close of the year this was somewhat alleviated by the formation of
a syndicate of the principal refineries who combined to maintain the price of
refined products.
A branch of the industry in which Roumania has a great interest is that of
liquid fuel, the consumption of which by industrial establishments as well as by
railways, made rapid progress during the year. About 40,000 tons of petroleum
were consumed by the Roumanian railways as compared with 30,000 tons in 1901.
Its use for marine purposes has also obtained great favor, and it is to be intro-
duced in vessels belonging to the Government.
The exports of petroleum products from Roumania during the last eight years
were as follows: —
Tear.
Tons.
Year.
Tods.
Year.
Tons.
1805
16,015
1»,871
84,870
1806
84,511
68.635
87,96B
1901
60,654
1896
1899
190B
70,000
1807
1900
Of the exports in 1902, Germany received 22,764 tons, England, 17,600 tons,
and Austria-Hungary, 15,467 tons.
In the Petroleum Review, Oct. 18, 1902, an illustrated account is given of the
electric installation at Sinaia, Roumania, for supplying electricity to the borings
at Campina and Bustenari.
The central power station is at Sinaia, where the water works also are situated,
which drive the turbines employed for generating the electric current. Each
turbine is coitpled to a 250-kw. dynamo, and the power generated is trans-
mitted to Doftana, a distance of 34 km. The total available power is 1,500 H.P.,
the current being generated at 3,000 volts, which is raised in four transformers
to 11,000 volts, and so transmitted. At Campina and Bustenari this is re-
transformed into 500 volts, the voltage used for the motors. At the wells
great precautions have been taken to prevent sparking; the motors are carefully
enclosed, and the cables enclosed in insulated tubing, are not brought nearer to
the derrick than 20 m. By a special device the men at the derrick are able to
start, stop or reverse the motor at a momenf s notice. The company claims that
by the introduction of electric power for the purpose of boring, a saving of 40%
in expenses is obtained. Every motor has an independent switch and resistance,
and the power generated is transmitted by a belt attached to countershafting on
the derrick. The speed can be kept under control. The Steaua Romana Co.
has 30 motors working at Campina, and 27 at Bustenari. The usual depth of
the wells at Campina is between 350 and 450 m., and the diameter at the bottom
varies between 5 and 14 in. ; the water-flush system of boring is used, being a
combination of the Canadian and the Vogt systems.
Of the 60 electrical borings in Campina, only 30 are in operation. At Bus-
tenari 27 of the 40 are producing. The cost of electric installation for boring,
including the motor and necessary accessories, amounts to between 12,000 and
15,000 fr. per well.
Russia. — ^Baku. — ^The production in 1902 has shown a considerable shrinkage
from that of the previous year, the statistics being respectively, 10,274,200 and
6ia
THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
10,879,736 metric tons, equivalent to 76,383,463 and 80,553,152 bbl., respectively.
The proportionate contributions from the various fields and the average depths
of the wells during the last five years were as follows: —
Field.
Percentage of Total Production.
Depth of Wells.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
"ieetT
748
•1,288
1,466
960
1902.
Balakhany
22-4
19-9
20-7
870
21-8
16-2
17-6
43-8
20-6
18-2
18-9
41-4
17-8
19-7
180
41-9
16-3
20-2
21-2
42 4
Fe«»t.
720
1,601
1.439
966
Feet.
796
1,809
1,889
994
Feet.
749
1,211
1,428
847
Feet.
714
Bebe-Aibat
1,668
1,456
994
Romany
Saboontciii
Saboontchi has thus practically held its place as a producer among the Baku
districts, while each of the other fields has registered a marked decline. It
is to be noted also that the average depth of the wells has increased.
In order to show in more detail the condition of the Russian fields relative
to the descriptions of wells the following table is presented, giving the production
by "spouters" and pumping wells.
1908.
Spouters.
Pumping.
1901.
Spouters.
Pumping.
Balakhany..
Saboontchi.
Romany
>-Albat..
Tons.
Bebe-i
168,660
621,720
748,310
Tons.
1,687,166
4,145,866
1,585.410
1,812,060
Tons.
612,168
407,606
618,977
Tbns.
1,899,789
4,150,006
1,647,788
1,541,078
It will thus be seen that Bebe-Aibat has again broken the record in the way
of increased output by spouters. Romany has also made a great advance in this
respect, while Saboontchi has experienced a very great decline.
The stocks of crude oil at Baku at the close of the year compared with the
previous year were: —
Jan. 1, 1902.
Jan. 1, 1908.
At the wells
2,068,988 barrels.
6,860,788 barrelH.
1,015,066 barrels.
8,878,886 barrols.
At the refineries
The course of Russian prices during 1 902 has been a gradual progression, open-
ing the year with crude at 5@5'25 kopecks per pood, refined at 6*5@6'75 kopecks,
and residuals at 6@6'25 kopecks. As a contrast to this, the year 1901 opened
with prices of crude at 11"725@ 11*75 kopecks, refined at 15 kopecks, and residuals
at 13'5 kopecks. At the close of the latter year, the figures had fallen to 6@6.25,
6*75@7, and 6"75@7 kopecks respectively, a remarkable agreement in price for the
different products. This anomalous condition of things continued into 1902,
the price for crude still rising, refined falling, and residuals rising. At the
middle of the year the market took a turn for the better, although crude still
continued to rise. This was the first point of improvement, and at the end of
July, refiners saw the first favorable balance between the price of the crude and
their products. With one or two fluctuations, this amelioration was carried
through the remainder of the year when prices were: Crude, 8 kopecks; refined,
15 kopecks; and residuals, 7*125 kopecks.
The export of refined Russian oil showed a falling off, a result that was un-
expected in view of the low prices prevailing at Baku. The principal part of
PETROLEUM. 513
the decrease was in bulk and ease shipments to points beyond the Suez Canal.
The total exports from Black Sea ports in 1901 and 1902 were as follows: —
EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM FROM BLACK SEA PORTS (BARRELS OP 42 GALLONS).
Crude and Residaum.
Lubricating Oil.
Solar and Distillate
Refined.
1901
815,960
806,196
915,710
1,O0S,986
1«147,500
1,080,887
7,886,968
1902
7,610,754
The number of wells sunk during 1902 was 244 compared with 355 in the
previous year, and the borings in progress numbered 171 against 271 in 1901.
A few years ago an electric power station was erected by Messrs. Nobel Bros.,
the electric motors being driven by five gas engines of from 112 to 125 H.P. each,
for which special gas works were erected. This station continues to work to the
present time, although it has proved too small for the Nobel fields. It sup-
plies only 10 motors ; power for the other borings is obtained from the Electric
Power Co., which supplies power for all the motors in case of stoppage of the
Nobel station. The Electric Power Co. has already spent 7,500,000 rubles on
the equipment of its electric stations. Electric energy is generated by means
of four steam engines. The White City station supplies at present 46 motors.
The replacing of steam by electricity is developing very slowly at Baku, not-
withstanding the fact that the danger of the fire from the boilers is admitted to
be great.
Grosny. — ^The petroleum industry of Grosny, affected largely as it is at present
by the conditions of the Baku industry, has not shown many signs of prosperity
during the past year. The chief direction in which these fields could improve
their position is by an increased output, and this has not been obtained, in spite
of the many statements made in different quarters in regard to the productive
character of the field. The production of crude petroleum in 1901 amounted
to 4,190,918 bbl., while for the year 1902 the quantity was 4,125,999 bbl.
The number of wells drilled on January 1, 1900, was 106; 1901, 147; 1902,
177.
Other Districts. — ^Rich petroleum deposits occur near the village of Tchon-
gelek, on the Black Sea, within 16 miles of the town of Kertch. In 1884, Col.
Gowen, an American, put down several boreholes near Kertch, and although of
slight depth and small diameter, they yielded a large quantity of combustible
gas and petroleum. This vemture, however, was discontinued for want of cap-
ital. In 1883, the Soci6t6 Anonyme des P^troles de Crime*, was formed for the
exploitation of petroleum deposits in the Crimfea. Borings were to have been
put down over an area of about 60,000 dessatines (162,000 acres), which was
leased for the exploitation of petroleum. This company also failed.
It would appear that the oil deposits of the Caucasus, Grosny, and the Crimea
form one belt along the Caucasian mountain range, the northern wing of the belt
beginning on the Kertch Peninsula. In generalizing the occurrence of petroleum,
some geologists declare that the rich Roumanian oil fields (200 km. west of the
Black Sea) are a continuation of the Kertch, Taman, and Grosny oil deposits.
The Tchongelek crude petroleum is of superior quality. According to analyses
made at the laboratory of the Kharkoff Technological Institute, its specific
514 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
gravity is not more than 08641 or Sl^'B. The products obtainable by distilla-
tion are: kerosene, 36%, and heavy oils, 30%.
During the last two years work in the oil fields of Tcheleken has been pro-
ceeding actively. Apart from several spouting wells there are more than 50
wells on the island now producing, the oil being pumped. Nobel Bros, has
started a 26-in. borehole on its Alia-Tepe plot. Altogether the number of borings
on Tcheleken amounts to about 100.
The district of Berikei has also been exploited during the year. The property
is situated about five miles from Berikei, 25 miles from Derbent and about 230
miles from Baku. On Dec. 12, 1902, a trial boring having a depth of 1,365
ft. and a diameter of 12 in. began to spout, but was soon stopped by a cork being
formed. The well was subsequently opened again, but the yield did not exceed
6,000 poods per 24 hours. Prospecting work on the adjoining plots is attended
with little success, although indications of oil are found there.
South Africa. — ^A deposit of petroleum exists in the Wakkerstroom district,
but it is not certain that oil is present in paying quantities. According to the
latest report by Mr. E. Cave, the indications of petroleum are most pronounced.
One locality known as the "oil/* spring, is situated upon an anticlinal in the
Pongola mountain chain.
Spain. — ^Up to the present time little has been done in connection with the
production of petroleum in Spain, although deposits are known to exist. The
Soci6dad Espanola 4 de Sodeos has sunk borings at Salvatierra to a depth of
325 ft., under the direction of Federico Luzuriaga. Salvatierra is situated in the
narrowest part of the Alva plain in a valley enclosed on one side by the moun-
tains of Elgea and San Andrian and on the other side by those of Eucia and
TTrbasa. The surface of the ground is very broken, and the sedimentary strata
running from east to west, have a varying dip toward the south. Veins of cal-
cite with a strong odor of petroleum cross each other in all directions, forming
a network. * The more important of these strike northeast and southwest. About
16 km. southwest of Salvatierra are situated the celebrated asphalt mines of
Maetsu, which according to Mr. Adan de Yarza, are situated 2,670 ft. above
sea level, while Salvatierra is at an altitude of only 1,940 ft. The north of
Spain falls within the petroliferous region of Europe, and petroleum is known to
exist in large subterranean pools, especially in regions close to mountain ranges
and sea coasts ; while the asphalts are at a higher level than the naphtha bitumens
and liquid hydrocarbons.
Turkey. — Mr. J. E. Spurr describes the oil resources of the Turkish Empire
in the Enffineering and Mining Journal, Oct. 4, 1902. Fields of considerable
extent and of possible future importance are known to occur in the southeastern
part of the Empire in the vicinity of Bagdad. The oil-bearing strata are ap-
parently of Tertiary age, from which the petroleum exudes and collects in little
lakes at the surface, these occurrences having been known to the inhabitants for
a long time. The conditions are apparently similar to those obtaining in the oil
districts of Persia near the Turkish frontier, and in the Russian oil fields of Baku.
Oil is said to exist also on the south shore of the Black Sea, being here a continual
tion of the Baku field. On the southwestern coast of Asia Minor north of Cape
PETROLEUM. 515
Chelidonia is the famous Chimaera of the ancient Greeks. Here gases are con-
tinually disengaged from fissures, and are known to have been burning for at
least 2,800 years, as the phenomenon was described by Hesiod before the time of
Homer. According to the Russian geologist TchiatchefE the gas is emitted from
fissures in an altered igneous rock (serpentine) which is intrusive in limestone.
In this connection it is interesting to note that burning wells were known in the
Baku field before oil was discovered. It is an open question whether the escaping
gas of the Chimaera (modem Turkish, Yanariash — **stone that burns") is of
organic origin and indicative of oil below, or is due to volcanic action. The
conditions, however, seem to favor the former alternative, as the igneous rocks
of the locality do not indicate recent volcanic activity. As is often the case,
there seems to be a general connection between petroleum and natural asphalt in
the Turkish Empire. Asphalt deposits are known in a number of localities- of
which those in Albania near the Adriatic and in Palestine deserve particular
mention. From a general consideration of the facts noted it seems quite possible
that important oil fields may be developed in this country.
PHOSPHATE ROCK.
Bt Joseph Struthebs.
The production of all varieties of phosphate rock in the United States during
1902 amounted to 1^64,668 long tons^ valued at $4^636^516^ as compared with
1,483,723 long tons, valued at $5,316,403, which shows a decrease of 38,955 long
tons in quantity and $679,887 in value from the statistics of the earlier year.
PRODUCTION OP PHOSPHATE ROCK IN THE UNITED STATES, (a) (iN TONS OP
2,240 LB.)
Year.
South
OAroUna.
Florida.
North
Carolina.
OV^ne-ee.
Other
Statm.
Total
Quantity.
Value.
Per Ton.
1897
888,686
484,278
476,288
414,084
821,181
818.865
548,400
546,881
706,677
642,821
751,006
750,784
7,000
16.000
17,500
620,000
6 25.000
121,251
272,101
462,561
450,866
400,658
800,700
2,0GO
2.100
8,000
8,000
808
720
1,007,867
i;257645
1,663,476
1,627,711
1,488,728
1,461,668
$8,022,101
4,855,026
6,860,144
5,875,066
5,816,408
4,686,516
$8*00
1808
8*46
1890
8*82
1900
8*68
1001 (c)
8*66
1002(c)
8* 17
(a) The flRures for 1800 are baaed on railway and export shipments, except those for Tennessee, which were
furnished by the Commissioner of Labor and Insoector of Mines. In 1806 and 1897 the statistics were
compiled partly from shipments and partW- from direct reports of the producers. (6^ Low-ffntde rock not
used for fertilizing purposes and not included in f" * ' " — . .
cal Survey, statistics based on marketed output
ufiedf or fertilizing purposes and not included in the total production, (c) Through the United States Qeolofd-
PRODUCTION OP PHOSPHATE ROCK IN THE UNITED STATES DURING 1901 AND 1902,
CLASSIFIED AS TO VARIETY. (iN TONS OP 2,240, LB.)
Marketed Output.
Tear.
Florida.
Hard Rock.
Land Pebble.
River Pebble.
Land Rock.
River Rock.
lOOl
1908
Tons.
457,568
420,384
Valu**.
$2,808,000
1,748,604
Tons.
247,454
885,846
Value.
$660,708
754^588
Tons.
46,074
6,065
Value.
$105,601
8^087
Tons.
225,180
245,248
Value.
$716,101
758,220
Tons.
05,008
68;i22
Value.
$245,789
Quantity Mined.
1002.
447,446
1,862,704
805,751
721,076
5,456
0,711
254,566
778,006
76,808 184,207
Marketed Output
Year.
Tennessee.
Other States.
Total.
1901
Tons.
400,668
800,709
Value.
$1,102,000
1,206,647
Tons. Vahie.
808 $8,000
720 2,875
Tons.
1,488,728
1,464,668
Value.
$6,816,408
1008
4,686,516
Quantity Mined.
1902
896-OlS
1.&10.A78 1
2,445
8,500
1,487,471
$4,770,776
'
-, ","- 1
In considering the two tables given above, it should be remembered that the
statistics pertaining to the years 1901 and 1902 have been based on the marketed
output and not on the actual quantities mined, an arrangement which, in the
absence of exact figures of stocks on hand at the beginning of each year, presents
more clearly the relation between the consumption and supply.
In general, the phosphate rock industry in Florida, South Carolina and Ten-
PH08PHA TB ROCK 5 1 T
nessee is generally assuming a more satisfactory business basis^ due to the central-
ization of interests whereby the cost of production is diminished and profitable
returns secured even at a lower price for the marketed output. The larger com-
panies have extended their property holdings and are applying modem business
methods in order to secure, if possible, a uniform price for the product, an
advantage which will materially aid the future development of the industry. A
noteworthy feature during 1902 has been the purchase of phosphate lands by the
larger fertilizer companies, so that the control of tlie supply of raw material for
their works may be secured. The speculative features which characterized the
phosphate industry in the early stages of development in the different fields, has
become practically eliminated, and the removal of active competition among the
many small companies formerly in the field, which forced sales at prices admitting
of little or no profit, and at times even entailed loss, has served to place the in-
dustry on a more satisfactory and permanent basis. A detailed review of progress
in the various States is given later in this section.
Prices, — The prices for Florida high grade rock continued low throughout the
year, being influenced by the decline in the European markets. January opened
at $7-50 per long ton, f. o. b. Fernandina, and from May to early in December
the average was $6-75, falling later to $6-25. The average price for the year was
$6-95, as compared with $6 83 in 1901. Abroad, the market quotations suffered
from the competition with Algerian and other phosphates. The c. i. f. prices
at United Kingdom and European ports averaged $11 12 from January to March ;
in September they declined to $987, and closed in December at $9 77. The year's
average was $10-36, against $11-45 in 1901. Ocean freight rates were demoral-
ized by the competition among the shipping interests. The rates from Florida
and Savannah, Ga., were: Continental ports, $3-46 in March, $3- 72 in September,
and $3 in October. The range in rates for foreign shipments were: Baltic
ports, $3 42@$3-96; Mediterranean ports, $3-34@$3-60; United Kingdom,
$2-55@$3 12. Florida land pebble brought $3@$3-25 f. o. b., averaging $313,
while the c. i. f. prices abroad fluctuated from $6-65 to $8 40; averaging $6-96
for the year.
Tennessee phosphate in the -domestic market was favored by the general under-
standing as to prices existing among the larger companies operating in the Mt.
Pleasant field. Export quotations, however, were influenced by the keen compe-
tition that prevailed in the European markets. Export rock containing from
78 to 82% bone phosphate sold f. o. b. Mt. Pleasant at $3-50 per ton from January
to April; $3-75 in May; $3-25@$3-75 in June; and at $3-25@$3-50 during the
following months. The average for the year was $3-47, as compared with $3-33
in 1901. Abroad the selling prices were $10-53@$10 92 from January to March;
$9-48^$10-27 in April; and $8-58(<?$9-36 during the remaining months of the
year. The average was $9-48, against $10 76 in 1901. The domestic prices for
high grade rock f. o. b. Mt. Pleasant fluctuated from $300 to $325 ; averaging
$313, against $2-97 in 1901. Rock carrying from 70 to 74% bone phosphate
sold at from $210 to $2-40, as compared with $2 to $2 75 in 1901.
South Carolina land rock sold at an averapfo of $3-25 per ton f. o. b Ashley
River, while river rock sold at $l'75(rr$3. These prices are lower than those for
518
THE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
1901, and the weakness was apparent also in the European markets. The c. i. f.
prices abroad fluctuated from $5-67 to $6-30, averaging $5-98 for the year, against
$6-88 in 1901. Ocean freight rates ruled at $2-64@$2-94 to France, and $2@
$3*12 to Great Britain, these countries absorbing most of the exports.
SHIPMENTS OF PHOSPHATE BOCK. (iN TONS OF 2,240 LB.)
1900.
1901.
190&
States.
Foreign.
Domestic.
Total.
Foreign.
Domestic
Total.
Foreign.
Domestic.
TotaL
Florida
Sftcs
889,500
120,000
280,000
17,600
1.000
468,000
680,000
415,000
17,500
1,000
45,709
648,815
164,389
276,479
191,861
246,264
20,000
968
821.181
789,676
409,658
20,000
968
6^ooo
627,016
Nil
247,125
287,880
V
Nil
802,625
864,846
Tennessee
North Carolina
"^r
PenneylFanla
mi:
NU.
YEARLY SHIPMENTS OP HIGH-GRADE FLORIDA PHOSPHATE ROCK.
2,240 LB.)
(c) (in TONS OF
Ck>antrie8.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Austria....
Tons.
Tons.
5,922
81,689
2,990
20,542
"mM"
5t,849
5.852
Tons.
6,114
68,181
6,064
28,790
6,496
214,360
72,156
5,175
Tons.
14,810
41,^15
2,750
80,068
8,950
264,560
77,176
8,860
Belgium....
Denmark..
England....
France.....
Germany...
Holland (o).
Ireland....
87,108
5,475
81,769
8,166
948,887
87,167
Ck>untrie8.
Italy
Norw> & Sweden
.Russia
'Scotland
All other (b), . .
Total.
1800.
Tons.
4,546
11,988
1,700
9,545
8,860
1900.
Tons.
8,000
2,702
1,790
6,406
444,676 848,666
1901.
Tons.
5,842
6,750
6,185
6,098
424,180
1902.
Tons.
16,868
10,260
8,600
18,480
8,006
498,610
(a) A large proportion of the shipments to Rotterdam is forwarded to the interior of Germany. (6) Included
in these shipments are those made to the United States, Australasia, Japan, Spain, and the West Indies,
(c) From the annual report of Anchincloes Bros.
Imports and Exports, — The total imports of phosphate rock in 1902 (not re-
stricted to the quantity entered for immediate consumption) amounted to 137,386
long tons, valued at $646,264, as compared with 175,765 long tons, valued at
$872,503 in 1901. The total exports of phosphate rock in 1902 amounted to
802,086 long tons, valued at $6,193,372, as compared with 729,539 long tons,
valued at $5,839,245 in 1901. The exports of Florida high-grade hard rock were
492,610 long tons in 1902, as compared with 424,130 long tons in the preceding
year.
THE world's production OF PHOSPHATE ROCK, (o) (iN METRIC TONS AND
DOLLARS.)
Tear.
Algeria.
Belgium.
Cubic Meters.
Canada.
Fkanoe.
Norway.
1897
22e,141
269.600
394.963
319,422
805,000
$912,564
1,078.000
1,299.982
1,277,688
1,060,000
860,066
156,920
190.090
216,670
(/) 222,580
$486,762
808,230
342,180
867,164
861,396
824
666
2,722
1,284
937
18,964
8,666
18,000
7,106
6,280
585.890
668,668
64.5,868
687,919
585,076
III
c872
8,588
1,500
800
(e)
$18,960
1808
ralsra
1899
88,876
1900
4,445
1901.....
(e)
Tear.
Redonda.
Br. W. Indies, (d)
Russia.
(6)
Spain.
(b)
United Kingdom.
United StAten.
1897
812
750
$5,626
4,725
9,250
18,780
5,917
1,870
16,868
(e)
(e)
$22,182
4,784
58,640
(e)
(c)
2,084
4,600
8,510
4,170
4,280
$16,672
46,008
86,100
18,590
16,880
2,038
1,575
1,469
680
71
$17,500
18,666
18,646
6,486
680
1,028,485
1,267,645
1,668.476
1,568.154
1,687,681
$8,088,101
4,866,086
1898
1899
6,860,144
1900
6,876,956
1901
6,886,406
(a) From the official reports of the respective countries and Annual Cfeneral Report* on the Mineral
Industry of the United Kingdom^ by C. Le Neve Foster. (6) Phosphorites exported, (c) Apatite exported,
(d) Aluminum phosphate exported, (e) Statistics not yet oublished. (/) Metric tons.
PHOaPHATB BOCK, 519
Phosphate Mining Industry of the United States during 1902.
By C. G. Mbmminoer.
Alahama, — There was no reported production of phosphate rock in the State
during 1902 or 1901. In 1900, however, an output of 334 long tons, valued at
$534, was recorded.
Arlcansas. — The marketed output of phosphate rock during 1902 amounted to
650 long tons, valued at $1,650, although the quantity reported as mined was
2,200 long tons, valued at $6,600. The deposits in this State have been well
described in the report of John C. Branner and John F. Newsom, entitled, "The
Phosphate Rocks of Arkansas," which constitutes Bulletin No. 74 of the Arkansas
Agricultural Experimental Station, Fayetteville, Ark., 1902. The phosphate de-
posits occur in the counties of Independence, Stone, Izard, Searcy, Marion, Baxter
and Newton. But little attention has been attracted to them until recently, when
two railroads began constructing lines through different parts of the region ; one
on the north, up the White River to Batesville, and the other on the south, to
Harrison. The Arkansas Phosphate Co., near Batesville, has started the manu-
facture of acid phosphate from the crude ore, which occurs in beds of from 3 in.
to several feet in thickness, and contains calcium phosphate varying in content
from 50 to 80%. The deposits promise to be of considerable extent and rich-
ness, and with the extension of the railroads, the early development of the in-
dustry in this field will doubtless result.
Florida, — Since 1894 Florida has been the chief producer of phosphate rock
in the United States, and although the marketed output during 1902 was slightly
less than that of 1901, the industry, as a whole, may be considered as very healthy.
The production of hard rock phosphate during 1902 was greater than that of the
preceding year, due to the exceptionally favorable weather conditions which pre-
vailed throughout the year and allowed mining operations to be carried on prac-
tically without interruption. The shipments of high grade rock were heavy
and the stocks on hand at end of 1902 were below the normal, in spite of increased
production. There was a marked increase in the production of land pebble phos-
phate during 1902. Shipments were heavy and demand was so brisk that there
were practically no stocks on hand at the end of the year. Despite the large in-
crease in the production of pebble during the past few years, the increase in con-
sumption of fertilizers has kept full pace with the supply of crude phosphate ;
overproduction has thus been avoided, and the mines have been taxed to their ut-
most capacity to meet the demand.
The decrease in the production of river pebble resulted from the destruction
by fire of the calcining plant of the sole operating company early in January,
1902. A new plant is being erected, however, and as soon as completed the
product will be taken by the American Agricultural Chemical Co., which has
obtained control of the Peace River Phosphate Co. Making an allowance for
this circumstance by assuming an output equal to that of the preceding year,
the total production of phosphate rock in Florida during 1902 would have been
considerably greater than the record year of 1901.
There are no changes of special interest to be noted in the methods of mining
520 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
hard rock, except that a number of operators are installing dredges of the dipper
type to mine deposits that have been worked down to the so-called "water-level,"
particularly in those cases where it has been found impracticable to handle the
water with pumps. Mining with dipper dredges presents many economical fea-
tures. With deposits which can be handled by this method, it has given very
excellent results and has made it possible to treat profitably many deposits other-
wise of no commercial value. A dredge should not be installed, however, until
it has been ascertained that the deposits are of a character suitable for dredging ;
the conditions must be filled exactly in order that the work shall be successful.
The expense of the installation of a dredge is considerable, and in event of failure
the loss would be heavy. It is interesting to note the innovation that has ap-
peared in the works of the Prairie Pebble Phosphate Co., where a central plant has
been installed for the generation of electric and hydraulic power for the mining
operations. The results have proven very successful and economical, and under
proper conditions this method promises eventually to supersede the older methods.
The fuel question is the most serious one to be considered, and the producers are
securing large tracts of wood lands for fuel supply. It is merely a question of
a comparatively short time when coal will be substituted for wood, a change which
will be speedily adopted when the mines control the transportation to the port of
shipment.
The tendency in the pebble rock district, as in the hard rock district, is toward
centralization and combination, and negotiations are already under way that
will bring the various mines under the control of two or three companies. No
new mining plants have been constructed during 1902, nor has there been any
extension made of the known phosphate territory. Such deposits as have been
opened up have been promptly purchased by the present operators.
The usual amount of prospecting has been carried on during the year, but no
extension of known territory has been made, nor have any extensive finds been
reported. Some of the so-called exhausted deposits have been extended, a matter
which has caused no surprise, as prospecting is now carried on with exceptional
care, and through a greater depth of overburden than was formerly the case.
As a result of this more thorough exploration, deposits are now being developed
in land which was formerly passed over. The mining of deposits having a heavy
overburden is a sure indication that the operators realize that the deposits of
hard rock phosphate are. by no means inexhaustible.
The excessively high transportation and terminal charges prevailing in recent
years have forced the miners to seek relief. The Dunnellon Phosphate Co., which
was the first to take this matter in hand, has constructed a railroad 18 miles in
length from its central plant at Rockwell to the mouth of the Withlacoochee
River, where a port has been opened, known as Port Inglis. A large sum of
money was expended in this work, which was completed during the year, and
has so far proven eminently successful. The entire output of the company's
mines is now handled through this port.
In general, there appears to be a tendency toward a combination of the larger
producers and the gradual absorption of the smaller mines by the larjrer op'^ra-
tors. The indications are that in the near future the entire businns*? will be
PHOSPHATE ROCK. 521
combined on a basis which will put an end to the useless competition that has
existed in the past, and will enable the producers to maintain prices at a level
which will admit of mining at a fair profit.
The total quantity of phosphate rock produced in Florida since the inception
of the industry in 1888 is stated to aggregate more than 6^500,000 tons of a
marketed value of nearly $25,000,000.
North Carolina, — In recent years there has been an output of shell rock at
Castle Haynes. The material was of too low a grade to be of value in the manu-
facture of fertilizers, and the quantity produced has not been included in the
tables of production. The entire output has been utilized to macadamize the
streets of Wilmington. The quantities produced have been estimated at 25,000
long tons in 1902, as compared with 20,000 long tons in 1901, and 15,000 long
tons in 1900.
Pennsylvania. — There was a small quantity of phosphate rock produced in this
State during 1902, amounting to 100 long tons, valued at $400, as compared with
893 long tons, valued at $2,600 in 1901. The deposit is at Rossfarm, Juniata
County.
South Carolina. — There is nothing of special note to be recorded in the phos-
phate industry of South Carolina during 1902. The Virginia-Carolina Chemical
Co. practically controls the land deposits, and mines the land rock for its own
consumption. Contrasted with the production of 1901, the output reported
showed an increase in quantity of 20,054 long tons, and in value of $37,119. In
the river mines there has been a marked decrease in production owing to the
withdrawal of the Coosaw Co. from the business. As compared with the statistics
for 1901, the decrease amounted to 27,870 long tons in quantity, and of $79,234
in value. The total quantity of phosphate rock reported to have been mined in
Tennessee from the beginning of operations in 1867 to 1902, inclusive, aggre-
gates more than 10,500,000 long tons. The Central Phosphate Co. is now the
largest producer of this class of rock.
Tennessee. — ^During 1902 the demand for all classes of phosphate rock, espe-
cially for domestic consumption, has been good, and, while the production was
very nearly equal to that of the preceding year, there has been a very marked
decrease in the export. In fact, in view of the increasing domestic consumption
and the absorption of some of the best deposits in this field by the Virginia-
Carolina Chemical Co., it is a foregone conclusion that in a short time the ex-
ports of Tennessee phosphate rock will cease.
In the Mt. Pleasant disti-ict the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co. had pur-
chased valuable mines, and the field is now under control of a limited number
of operators. No new finds of importance are to be noted, and there has been
no change in the general method of mining and prepart^tion of the crude ore.
In the brown rock and blue rock districts the increased demand for domestic
consumption has caused greater activity in mining. The situation, however, is*
well in hand, and there is no danger of an overproduction.
The total quantity of phosphate rock produced in Tennessee since 1894, the
year in which the industry began, exceeds 2,000,000 long tons, valued at nearly
$6,000,000.,
522 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
In general, while new finds have been noted from time to time, in various
parts of the State, no developments of commercial importance have been made.
An interesting and valuable report on the white phosphate rocks of Tennessee
has been prepared for the United States Geological Survey by Dr. C. W. Hayes
and Mr. E. C. Eckel. The report, which is now in press, embraces the deposits
in Perry and Decatur counties.
Genera/.^Taken as a whole, the phosphate industry of the United States is
in a healthy condition. The producers in the various sections are combining
for mutual advantages, and there has been a marked increase in the domestic
demand; the business, as a whole, has passed through the various stages of de-
velopment, and may now be considered as established on a firm basis.
According to the bulletin issued by the U. S. Census Bureau, there are 422
fertilizer works in the United States, exclusive of 18 small establishments, each
of which reported a value for all products of less than $500 during 1900. The
422 establishments produced 923,198 tons of superphosphate, valued at $8,471,943,
142,898 tons of ammoniated superphosphate, also 1,436,682 tons of '^complete
fertilizers," by which is meant a mixture of superphosphate with both potash
and ammoniates, valued at $25,446,046, and 291,917 tons of other fertilizers,
including bone meal and similar substances, valued at $4,178,284.
Porto Rico, — Deposits of calcareous phosphate are reported to occur at San
German, Cabo Rojo, Lajas, Isabela, Manati, Ponce and Pueblo Viejo, and many
concessions have been granted for exploitation. The largest deposits, however,
are on the islands of Caja de Muertos and Mona. The former is situated south
of Porto Rico, 8 miles from Ponce, and contains an immense deposit of phosphate
and guano of satisfactory composition. The right of exploitation on this island
was awarded to Miguel de Porrata Doria in 1899. The Island of Mona is situated
west of Porto Rico, 34 miles from the city of Mayaguez, and contains a phosphate
deposit of very high grade character, the right to exploit which was granted by the
Spanish Government, in March, 1877, to Porrata Doria and Contreras & Co., the
concession to hold good until 1907.
Phosphate Mining in Foreign Countries.
Algeria, — The production of phosphate rock in 1902 amounted to 270,252
metric tons, a decrease of 4,249 tons as compared with that of the previous year.
Of the total output in 1902, 84,685 tons were exported to Great Britain, 79,817
tons to France, 40,455 tons to Germany, 32,276 tons to Italy, 12,600 tons to the
Netherlands, 6,349 tons to Spain, 4,500 tons to Russia, 3,015 tons to Belgium,
2,805 tons to Portugal, 2,570 tons to Austro-Hungary and 1,000 tons to Rou-
mania. The phosphate rock industry has been developed rapidly until it has
become the most important mineral product of Algeria. The first shipments of
commercial importance were made in 1893 amounting to about 5,000 metric tons,
and while the output during 1902 was less than that of 1901, the decrease is
comparatively small. The rock is quarried in the vicinity of T6bessa and at
Toqueville in the Province of Constantine.
The deposits of the T^bessa group are in a chain of mountains extending in a
PHOSPBATB ROOK. 523
direction S.W. — N.E.from Djebel-Djerrar on the south to Dyrel-Kef on the north,
and show the presence of considerable quantities of ore over a distance of nearly
176 km. The three principal centers of exploitation are: (1) Djebel-Kouif, ex-
ploited by the Constantine Phosphate Co. ; (2) Ain-Kissa, exploited by La Society
des Phosphates de T^bessa; (3) Dyr, exploited by Crookstons Brothers, of Glas-
gow.
The deposits of Djebel-Kouif are on the frontier separating Algeria from Tunis,
27 km. N.E. of T6bessa. The region consists principally of two large plateaus —
that of Ain-el-Bey, at the altitude of 1,160 m. in Algeria, and that of Aie-el-Kebir
at an altitude of 1,180 m. in Tunis. A single layer of phosphate has been dis-
covered, reaching at times 6 m. in thickness, which seems to extend over the two
plateaus. The rock is obtained by quarrying. The Constantine Phosphate Co.
has connected its workings by a branch track to the T^bessa station of the Bone-
Guelma line, which permits the direct transportation of the phosphate to the
coast without trans-shipment. The branch road is 30 kilo, in length.
At Ain-Kiesa, 7 km. north of T^bessa, the quarries of the French Phosphate
Co. are connected with the station of Youks-les-Bains by a small narrow gauge
branch road, 9 km. in length.
Under the name of Dyr is designated a large rectangular plateau 50 km. in
circumference. The rock is mined, the overlying stratum being nummulitic
limestone. The mined material is conveyed to the railroad partly by aerial cable.
The importance of these beds of phosphate to the French possessions in northern
Africa is increasing.
Australia. — A discovery of phosphate rock, 30 miles S.W. of Dunedin, New
Zealand, has been reported. The deposit is of large area and overlies the country
limestone, which has been extensively quarried for many years. The calcium
phosphate content of the higher grade rock varies from 52 to 80%, the average
being 65%, while that of the lower grade, a sandy variety which exists in a layer
of from 40 to 50 ft. in thickness, averages 30%. A deposit of phosphate rock has
been found on the Murray flats near Robertstown, South Australia.
Canada, — There was no direct production of phosphate rock in Quebec durin<?
1902, although shipments obtained as a by-product in the mining of mica
amounted to 535 short tons of high-grade rock, valued at $4,280, and 326 short
tons of low-grade material, valued at $1,121, as compared with a total shipment
of 1,033 short tons, valued at $6,450 in 1901.
Dutch West Indies. — The exports of phosphate rock from the Island of Aruba
in 1901 amounted to 10,413 tons, as compared with 12,075 tons in 1900 and
12,476 tons in 1899. About one-half of the output was shipped to Great Britain.
Egypt. — ^Large deposits of phosphate rock have been found on the property of
the Egyptian Mines Exploration Co., Ltd., 10 miles inland from Wady Safaga;
the formation in which the beds of phosphate occur are parallel to the coast of the
Red Sea, and extend a distance of 40 miles. The phosphate is soft and friable
and has the following composition : —
PA 3312%=72-3%, Ca, (POJ,, CaO 51-85%, FeA and AlA 0-65%,
MgO 8-55%, COj 3-41%, H^O, and insoluble 2-4^%.
France. — The output of phosphate rock in 1901 amounted to 535,676 metric
624 THE MINEBAL INDUSTRY,
tons, valnod at $2.G1 4,543, as compared with 587,919 metric tons valued at
$2,827,291 in 1900. The rock was produced in 23 departments, the greatest
production being in the departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, Aisne, Meuse,
Oise, Ardennes, Lot, Indre, Xord and Manehe. The Department of Somme pro-
duced 265,000 metric tons in 1901, the principal quarries being at Vaux-ficlusier
and other villages of the districts of Peronne, Marcheville and Beauval. The
Department of Aisne produced 133,000 metric tons, the quarries being at fitaves-
Bocquiaux and Hargicourt. In the Department of Pas-de-Calais, the mines of
Orville et Anxi-le-Ch&teau produced 64,000 metric tons. The output from the
Department of Meuse amounted to 23,000 metric tons, and for the Department
of Oise, 20,000 metric tons.
Polynesian Islands, — The phosphate deposits of Ocean Island, in the Gilbert
group and Nauru or Pleasant Island in the Marshall group, have been described
in detail by F. Danvers Power in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., pp. 533-535.
The deposits on Ocean Island are exploited by the Pacific Islands Co., operating
under a 99-year lease from the British Government. Two stations have been
established, one at Home Bay and the other at Tapiwa. A track has been laid ex-
tending to the end of the long jetties, when the rock is conveyed by large surf boats
to steamers made fast to moorings a few hundred yards distant. The company
employs 25 white laborers and 300 natives. The total shipment of phosphate
which is consumed chiefly in the Australasian markets has amounted to approxi-
mately 50,000 tons. The following analysis of a 3,000-ton shipment has been re-
ported: CaO 52-83%, P^O, 39-78%, (=Ca,(P0j2 86-85%), CO, 1-47%
(=CaC08 3-35%), Fe^Os and Al^Og 0-44%, SiO,, MgO, SO,, K^O and Na^O
2-46%, HjO (combined) and organic matter 302%.
On Christmas Island, the deposits of phosphate rock were actively mined during
1902, the exports amounting to 57,544 tons as compared with 46,898 tons in 1901.
The formation of the phosphate has resulted from the alteration of limestone by
the percolation of meteoric waters from the overlying deposits of guano.
Norway. — The annual production of phosphate rock (apatite) in recent years
has averaged less than 2,000 metric tons. Several companies operating the mines
at Bamle near Kragero have formed a combination with a capital of $200,000.
The entire production is exported, and in 1902 the quantity shipped amounted to
3,600 metric tons.
Russia. — Extensive phosphate deposits occur in the provinces of Podolia, Bes-
sarabia, Kostroma and Smolensk. The output during 1900 was obtained from
Podolia and Bessarabia, and amounted to 25,663 metric tons, as compared with
1,868 metric tons in 1899. The area of the deposits in Podolia extends over
1,776 sq. miles, while in Bessarabia, 270 sq. miles are covered. Anal3r8e8 of
the rock show a phosphoric acid content as high as 30%, which is equivalent
to 75% of tribasic calcium phosphate. The output of rock is consumed in part by
the fertilizing factories, which have increased their output of superphosphates
due to the development of the beet sugar industry. The quantity of superphos-
phate fertilizer produced from domestic rock is not sufficient to supply the demand,
and is supplemented by imports of phosphate rock from the United States.
PH08PHATE BOCK, 525
Tunis. — The output of phosphate rock is limited to the mines of the Compagnie
(les Phosphates et du Chemin de Fer de Gafsa, which operates the deposits at
Metlaoui. During 1901, the mine gave employment to nearly 1,000 laborers
composed mainly of Sicilians, Moors, Kabyles, and Tunis x^rabs. During the
summer months, the material is dried in the air, while in the winter, various types
of kilns are used for this purpose.
The phosphate deposits in Kalaa-Djerda, which have been the object of litiga-
tion for several years, consist of strata varying from 12 to 25 ft. in thickness.
The quantity of phosphate rock contained in the deposits has been estimated as
high as 10,000,000 tons, but the grade is less than 65% tribasic phosphate.
The exports of phosphate rock during 1902 amounted to 263,493 metric tons,
as compared with 172,375 metric tons in 1901. Of the former quantity the five
leading countries to which the production was shipped were : France, 109.567 tons ;
Germany, 30,280 tons; Italy, 51,809 tons; Great Britain, 48,356 tons; and Hol-
land, 12,339 tons.
PLATINUM AND IRIDIUM-
By Joseph Struthers.
The production of platinum from domestic ores in the United States during
1902 amounted to 94 oz., valued at $1,814, as coinpared with 1,408 oz., valued
at $27,526 in 1901, which was the largest quantity reported for any one year
since the statistics of the production of the metal from domestic ores have been
collected. The large decrease in the production of this important metal during
1902 places the industry very nearly on the basis of 1894, in which year the pro-
duction of platinum from domestic ores was 100 oz. of crude platinum grains. A
reference to the quantity of platinum annually imported into the United States,
shows the comparative insignificance of the domestic production to the total con-
sumption in the United States. In connection with the production of platinum
from domestic ores during 1902 there were obtained also 20 oz. of iridium, as
compared with 253 oz. in 1901. Iridium is so closely allied to platinum in its
properties, that doubtless it has formed at least 15% of the platinum production
reported in early years.
The domestic supply of platinum in recent years has been •btained as a
secondary product chiefly from gold placer deposits in Trinity and Shasta coun-
ties, Cal. The occurrence of the metal has been reported in many other gold
placers of California, as well as in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colo-
rado and Alaska; the deposits, however, have not been sufficiently rich to place
the extraction of the metal on a profitable basis. There have been very few new
reports of discoveries of platinum during the year. The Rambler district, near
Encampment, Albany County, Wyo., continues to attract attention, and one
or two other mines in that region claim to have covellite (CuS, copper sulphide)
carrying sperrylite (PtAsj, platinum arsenide) in the ore. According to S. F.
Emmons* the gangue rock of the Rambler mine consists of quartzite with some
limestones and conglomerates, penetrated by sheets and dikes of eruptive rocks,
mainly diorite. In one zone the diorite is decomposed, and forms a white kaoHn-
ized mass of the consistency of soft clay. Covellite is irregularly distributed
throughout the mass, but sometimes occurs in massive lenses in thickness varying
> United States Geolo^cal Survey, Bulletin No. 2ia
• PLATINUM AND IRIDIUM. 627
up to 2 ft. With this covellite the sperrylite is found. The New Rambler Co.
has purchased the Rambler mine and is extensively developing the propertj.
Formerly no allowance was made by the refining companies for the platinum
metals present in the matte^ as these metals were not collected. In order to
detennine the value that shoidd be allowed, a refining test of five carloads of
matte was made and duplicate analyses of the matte by Baker & Co., of Newark.
N. J., were: Au 045 to 0-40 oz., Ag 7-4 to 746 oz., Pt 105 to 099 oz., and
Pd 3 15 to 3-25 oz. per ton. A carload lot of ore also was sampled, the analyses
showing Au 0 16 to 019 oz., Ag 38 to 472 oz., Pt 074 to 069 oz., and Pd 18 to
1-9 oz. per ton.
It has not yet been determined whether the other rare metals reported to be
associated with the platinum and palladium are present in commercial quantities.
Osmium and iridium have been noted, and chemists are investigating the slimes
from the copper refineries treating the copper mattes from the Rambler district.
Tests on the Rambler ores are also being made at the Preston mill, Boulder, Colo.,
which may result in the addition of a refining plant for the extraction of the
platinum metals.
A second district of interest is at Kerby, near Grant's Pass, Josephine County,
Ore., where the Waratah Minerals Co. operated a concentrator for the treatment
of platinum ores, and, while a considerable quantity of the metal was collected, it
was not put on the market during 1902. Samples of earth from the region of
the Grand Canon of the Colorado, supposed to contain platinum, were examined
by Dr. D. T. Day ; the material contained white pyrite, which has the appearance
of platinum, but no platinum whatever was found on analysis. The gold sands
of the Corozal River, 40 miles west of San Juan, Porto Rico, contain an appreci-
able quantity of platinum, which has heretofore been rejected by the natives
in washing the material for the gold contained; it is quite possible that plat-
inum is present in sufiRcient quantity to render its extraction profitable on a
commercial scale. The reported occurrence of platinum in commercial quanti-
ties on an island in the Lake of the Woods, 12 miles from Rat Portage, has not
been verified. An interesting occurrence of platinum is noted by Prof. J. F.
Kemp in the ash of Australian coal of the following analysis: C 65-2%, H 4*6%,
0 21-8%, N 1-9%, S 3-8%, H^O 0-7%, ash 1-7% ; total 997%, the ash contain-
ing 25- 1% vanadium and 3-6% platinum metals, which makes the coal the
richest platinum ore yet discovered.
Prof. James F. Kemp has prepared a very interesting and valuable report
on The Geological Relations and Distribution of Platinum and Associated Metals.^
The platinum deposits are classified into three types: (1) Placers, as exemplified
by those in the Urals, Colombia, Brazil and British Colombia. (2) Veins, as at
Tilkerode, in the Hartz ; Minas Geraes, Brazil ; Santa Rosa, California ; Beresovsk,
Russia ; Gualdalcanal, Spain (with tetrahedrite and bournonite) ; Rambler mine,
Wyoming (sperrylite with covellite) ; and (3) Disseminated in eruptive rocks, in
two ways — (a) sperrylite with the copper-nickel ores in uralitized norite, Sud-
bury, Canada, and (b) the native metal in basic eruptive rocks, especially perido-
tites, frequently intimately associated with chromite.
• United states Geolo^cal Survey, Bulletin No. 198.
528 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY, •
The conclusions of practical value arrived at by Prof. Kemp are: (1) That
platinum is very sparsely distributed in the mother rock so that the chances of
finding it in quantity sufficient to mine are small; also, if iound, the recovery
of the platinum other than by stamping and washing i& yet to be solved, as
the metal may be in a very finely disseminated state and its extraction will neces-
sarily be difficult. (2) Large and permanent placers may be sought only on
very old land areas which have been subjected to protracted degradation and
concentration. (3) In the assay of antimonial, arsenical and other copper ores
(especially tetrahedrite) it is advisable to search for small percentages of plati-
num. (4) Deposits of chromite should be tested for the presence of the metal.
Imports, — The imports of platinum into the United States during 1902 are
reported as follows: Unmanufactured, 632 lb. ($172,967); ingots, bars, sheets
and wire, 6,713 lb. ($1,778,395) ; vases, retorts and other apparatus, vessels and
parts thereof for chemical uses, $34,913, and manufactures not specially provided
for, $2,705. Practically the entire supply of platinum in the United States dur-
ing 1902 was derived from foreign sources.
Market — ^Despite the attempts that have been made to replace platinum by
other metals or alloys, the demand for it has continued to increase, and as a
natural result the price steadily rose during 1901 until May 15 in New York
it was $18-20 per oz. for ingot platinum, rising to $20@$21 later in the year.
In January, 1902, the price continued at $20(a$21, but fell in February to
$19-60, and in June to $19, a price which prevailed to the close of the year. Best
hammered was quoted as follows : January, 82c. per gram ; June, 76c. ; July, 74c. ;
August, 73 6c., and December, 72 5c.
Osmiridium is quoted at from $6 to $10 per oz. Practically the price of the
metal is determined by the English concern, Johnson, Matthey & Co., which
refines a large proportion of the Russian output.
The Production of Platinum in Foreign Countries.
The production of platinum in the world ranges annually between 160,000
and 170,000 Troy ounces, supplied chiefly from Russia, the balance coming
mainly from Colombia, South Amr^-ica. Unfortunately, in the latter country the
revolutions which have been prevalent in recent years have seriously hindered the
development of this important industry. The uses of the metal would be largely
increased if it could be obtained in suflRciently large quantity to lower the price.
Unfortunately, for many purposes there is no metal to take its place, and the
limited supply maintains the price almost equal to that of gold. Russia supplies
about 90% of the entire output of platinum in the world.
Australia, — ^The production of platinum in New South Wales during 1902
amounted to 375 oz., valued at £750, as compared with 389 oz., valued at £779
in 1901, and 530 oz., valued at £1,007 in 1900. The entire output in 1901
and 1902 was derived from the Fifield district, about 322 miles west of Sydney,
where it is found associated with gold. The principal workings are at Platina,
two miles from Fifield, a de<^p alluvial lead, containing platinum and gold, ex-
tending from near the former plnce for over a mile in length, and varying from
PLATINUM AND IRIDIUM:,
529
60 to 150 ft. in width. The sinking 18 from 60 to 70 ft., through loam, with
some bands of barren quartz drift. The platinum and gold occur in fairly
coarse waterwom grains, which, as a rule, are confined to the cavities in the
bedrock and to the washdirt for a few inches above it. Occasional nuggets of
platinum have been obtained; the largest hitherto found weighs 27 dwt. The
washdirt contains from 5 to 12 dwt. of platinum, and from 1 to 3 dwt. of gold
per ton.
Canada.— Samples of copper sulphide ore reported to have been obtained
from the Yale and other districts of British Columbia, show by analysis both
platinum and palladium, although not in sufficient quantity to admit of profit-
able extraction except in connection with copper smelting whereby the metals
of the platinum group would be collected in the residual slimes from the electro-
lytic refining of the copper product. The form in which the platinum and pal-
ladium occurs has not been definitely determined. It is quite probable, how-
ever, that it is similar to the occurrence at the Bambler mine, Wyoming, where
the metals exist as arsenides.
Through the courtesy of William F. Robertson, of the Department of Mines,
British Columbia, the following analyses of black sands have been reported: —
ANALYSES OP BLACK SANDS AND CONCENTRATES FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Locality.
Sands.
Quesnel River.
At Quesnel (mouth of Quesnel River). .
8 miles from mouth
18 miles from mouth
15 miles from mouth
86 miles from mouth
86 miles from mouth
80 miles from mouth
80 miles from mouth (Quesnel Forks).
40 miles from mouth
40 miles from mouth
Frsser River.
8 miles above Quesnel
Concentrates.
Thibert Creek
Mouth of Quesnel River
( 'obeldick Dredge
Assay Values in Ounces per Ton.
Gold.
Ounces.
8-8
0-86
4-7
181-8
0-8
10
Not de'ermioed.
8-5
10
006
Not determined
Not determined.
(0)8,008-4
0180
Sflver.
Ounces.
Not determined.
Not determined,
Not determined
Not determined.
Not determined.
Trace.
Not determined,
Trace.
Not determined.
Not determined.
Not detennined.
Not determined.
Not determined.
Not determined.
Platinum. Iridosmlne.
8-4
18,864-6
(0)80,684-4
165-7
Ounces.
1*0
Ounces.
0-S5
7-8
8-8
8-0
0-4
0-6
6-4
8-6
8*8
Ntt.
ot determined.
NIL
014
Not detennined.
a47S*6
(a) 808-8
NIL
(a) 0-7 OK. of concentrates yielded 0*05 oz. gold, 0-6 os. platinum, and 0*088 os. osmiridium.
The Salt Creek Hydraulic Co. was formed in 1902 to work a tract of 320
acres on Salt Creek, which is on the Washington side of the Similkameen River.
Operations, however, will extend into Canadian territory. The reported pro-
portion of precions metals in the sands in this district is 6®% goW and 33%
platinum, and the gravel contains values of 26e. per en. yd.
According to Charles W. Dickson, it is very probable that the platinum found
in the Sudbury district, Ontario, occurs in the form of sperrylite, which is
almost, if not exclusively, contained in the chalcopyrite of the nickel-copper
ores, a condition analogous to the results obtained by Prof. Vogt from his
examination of various ores from the Norwegian nickeliferous deposits which
showed that a small but appreciable quantity of metals of the platinum group
is always present, the accompanying copper minerals containing the greater
proportion.
530
THB MINERAL INDU8TB7,
Russia. — The production of platuium in the Urals from 1891 to 1902 is
given in the subjoined table : —
Year.
Poods.
OjB.Troy.
Year.
Poods.
Year.
Poods.
Os. Troj.
1891
1898
1898
1894
868
879
811
818
186.874
146,984
168,787
167,478
1896
1886
1897
1898
909
801
846
866
141,068
158,580
181,098
198,886
1899
1900
1901
1908
868
388
880
446
191,179
174,846
900,960
884,878
The production during 1902 was as follows: Soci6t6 du Platine, of Paris, 159
poods; Count P. P. Schouwaloff, 99 poods; Prince Demidoff, of San Donato,
53 poods; EoUi, 40 poods; small exploitations, 15 poods; others unknown
(placed on the market surreptitiously) 80 poods; total, 446 poods. The entire
output was obtained from the Ural, and, with the exception of a few ounces
used in St. Petersburg, was exported to London and Hanau.
The Bussian sources of platinum supply, which furnish at least 90% of
the total consumption of the world, are comparatively limited. The platinum
bearing areas extend along the eastern watershed of the Ural Mountains, on
Eastern Perm and on the western watershed farther south. Until within a few
years the greater part of the Russian output was derived from the district of
Ni jni-Tagilsk ; at present it is obtained in the Goroblagodat and Bisersk dis-
tricts, 130 miles to the north. The platinum occurs chiefly in the sands of Tura,
Tagil, Salda, Lala and Loswa rivers on the boundaries of the district of Goro-
blagodat, as well as the property of Count Schouwaloff and that controlled by
the manufacturing works of Bogoslow and Demidoff. The richness of the ore
varies from a few milligrams to from 10 to 13 grams per ton. The depth of the
platinum sands is about 1 m., while the depth of the overlying turf is usually
from 2 to 3 m., although in some cases it is from 10 to 14 m. Grenerally
the platinum grains are small, but occasionally lumps also are found. Apart
from the occurrence of the metal in sands, it is found in slight quantities in native
gold. Recently a discovery of platinum in situ was made on the Martian Biver
in the Nijni-Tagilsk circle, where the metal is found in peridotite, diallage and
in serpentine. It has also been found in the gold sands of Birussia. A recent
discovery of platinum has been reported on the Gusseva Biver, a tributary to
the Issa Biver in Western Siberia.
There are two platinum refineries at St. Petersburg which treat a part of the
domestic product, the greater bulk of which is exported in the crude state. The
crude platinum is sold at from $3,090 to $3,605 per pood (1 pood equals
16-38 kg.) ; 1-25 pood of concentrates yields 1 pood of refined metd, valued at
from $8,240 to $9,270 ; the cost of refining is $154-50 per pood. The accompany-
ing metals, iridium, palladium and osmium also are recovered. Between 1884
and 1897, 1,833 poods of platinum, costing 29,748,953 fr., were exported to
North America and sold for 42,472,276 fr., the net profit being 42-7%. The
Franco-Bussiari Platinum Industry Company, which was organized to free the
Bussian industry from the control of foreign smelters, did not accomplish its
aim, although its efforts resulted in raising the price to be paid by the refiner
for the concentrates to $8,240 per pood.
PLATINUM AND IBIDTUM. 531
A description of the washing of platinum sands in the Urals will be found in
the review of the 'Trogress in Gold Milling during 1902/' under the section
"Gold and Silver/' elsewhere in this volume.
Technology. — ^Leidi6 and Quinnessen have devised a scheme for separating
the metals of the platinum group from one another, a detailed description of
which will be found elsewhere in this volume under the section devoted to 'TSare
Elements/'
F. Glaser,' in his investigation of the action of potassium cyanide on platinum
when used for electrolysis, found that platinum is soluble to a slight extent in
the cold, the solvent action being greatly augmented with an increase of tempera-
ture. Potassium and sodium amalgam have a notable effect, increasing the
rate of solution. Platinum is dissolved in potassium cyanide (in the absence of
oxygen) by hydrogen being set free, whereas gold and silver are not appreciably
attacked by potassium cyanide unless oxygen is present.
The markings on the surface of platinum, after it has been exposed to a
high temperature, have been studied microscopically by W. Rosenhain* who
found that they showed a pattern characteristic of an etched crystalline metal.
On treating the surface with aqua regia, the pattern showed more distinctly. He
obtained the same markings when a new platinum surface was exposed to a high
temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere, proving that they are not due to the
action of the carbon from the flame, as had been believed, but solely to the recrys-
tallization of the metal.
• Zetiaehriftfuer Electroehemie, Jan. 1, 1W8. « Chemicdi Newt. Aug. 1, igOB.
POTASSIUM SALTS.
Bt Joseph Struthbbs and Henrt Fishbb.
The United States Potash Co. has examined immense beds of sodium nitrate
in Death Valley, Cal., and in. other parts of the desert lands of the West- In
most cases the deposits contained small quantities only of potassium salts, except
where formed by the leaching of bat deposits. As much as 875% KN"0^ was ob-
tained in a few small deposits which in time may be consumed locally. Large de-
posits of ancient volcanic salts were found consisting mainly of potassium sulphate
which may be utilized within the next few years to supply the Western demand for
this salt. A thorough test of the economic value of these deposits is to be made
during 1903. Strong indications exist of the occurrence of beds of salts similar
to those ^i Stassfurt. The proximity to the market and the quantity of salts
present are the predominant factors for the future success of the exploitation. It
is proposed to continue the exploration work by drilling, as during 1902 the sur-
face deposits only were examined.
Imports and Exports, — The imports of potassium salts into the United States
in 1902 were as follows: Potassium chloride, 140,980,460 lb. ($2,141,553);
crude potassium nitrate, 10,505,474 lb. ($299,416) ; potassium chlorate,
1,209,148 lb. ($60,429) ; all other potassium salts, 92,857,009 lb. ($1,820,585) ;
a total of 245,652,091, valued at $4,321,983, as compared with a total of
231,146,770 lb., valued at $4,268,067 in 1901. The exports of domestic potash
and pearl ash in 1902 were 1,408,342 lb., valued at $66,027, as compared with
1,077,605 lb., valued at $52,802 in 1901. The exports of foreign potassium
salts in 1902, consisting of potassium chloride, chlorate, nitrate, and other salts
aggregated 1,266,126 lb., valued at $69,789, as compared with 633,100 lb., valued
at $43,446 in 1901.
The world's supply of potassium salts, with the exception of saltpeter, con-
tinues to be derived from Germany, where the production is controlled by the
Kali-Syndicate which was organized by all the active mines for the protection of
common interests an^ especially to avoid overproduction. The agreement first
entered into in 1879 has been renewed and revised from time to time. The
last renewal dates from June 30, 1901, and is to run until December 31, 1904.
According to this agreement the marketable products are divided into three
classes: (1) Crude salt, that is, potassium and magnesium products direct from
the mines, not including boracite; (2) manufactured products, so far as they are
prepared in the chemical works connected with the mines; (3) mixed salts, mix-
tures of crude and prepared salts, for fertilizers.
In 1902, an agreement was made by the Kali-Syndicate with the Vir-
ginia-Carolina Chemical Co. and the American Agricultural Chemical Co. to
POTASSIUM SALTS.
533
supply them with potassium salts at more favorable terms than those prevailing
in recent years in order to stimulate consumption. The importance of the con-
sumption of potassium salts in the United States is reflected by the large quantity
imported annually from Germany. In 1902 the aggregate imports of potassium
salts exceeded 100,000 metric tons.
The Kali-Syndicate by its agreement, determines not only the sale and the
prices of the different products, but it has also decided the exact quantity which
each mine may contribute to the total output. In this connection the products
of the mines are divided into four classes, according to their percentage of
potassium, as follows: (1) Products with more than 48% K^O, an equivalent of
761% KCl or 88-9% K^SO^. (2) Products with not more than 48% K,0 nor
less than 18%, equivalents of 76- 1 to 28 5% KCl or 88 9 to 33 3% K.SO^. (3)
Crude salts (not carnallite) with 12-4 to 18% K2O, equivalents of 197 to 28-5%
KCl or 230 to 333% K^SO^. (4) Carnallite salts with less than 124% K,0.
A change has been made in the classification of potash salts as follows:. Class 1
has been changed to include products containing 42% K^O. The 38% potash
manure salts, as well as potassium magnesium sulphate, have been added to this
class, while class 3 now includes salts with as high as 19-9% KgO. Through the
latter change, works which had formerly to mix crude salts containing nearly
20% KjO with 20% manure salt in order to sell their product, can now sell
them directly as crude salts, while the former change places in class 2 only the
potash manure salts, those manufactured salts not essentially for German agri-
cultural purposes, being placed together in class 1. Although permission to ex-
change in the same class was retained, an exchange of manure salts for po-
tassium magnesium sulphate and low grade potassium chloride is not permitted,
an exchange between the manufactured sulphate and chloride in class 1, on the
other hand being allowed. It was also agreed that a further exchange is possible
when the consent of the general assembly by a two-thirds vote has been obtained.
When the settlement of the part apportioned to each member took place, there
were more difficulties encountered, the Prussian Fiscus, on account of the
establishment of new works at Bleicherode, demanding a larger portion as its
share. The quota assigned to the different members of the syndicate to take
effect Jan. 1, 1902, was as follows: —
In Parts per 1,000 K,0.
aassl.
Class II.
Class m.
100
92
7K
7H
78
7H
78
' "m
50
52
45
48
27
47
60
Class IV.
108
94
79
79
79
67
80
m
87
57
42
86
84
84
»S
84
40
108
98
79
79
79
57
80
80
ST)
59
42
86
84
34
85
34
40
106
YlvnoiA. Anhaltlscher Berjrflseas
«
76
NmstBffrf nrt ............^ , ^ <4. 4. •...•••« •••••.
75
76
Lad wig n
60
74
74
Thfederhall..... '
40
Wllhelmflhall
69
Glflckanf
40
40
BurbaSh!^;::::::;:. :::;::;:;:::::;:::::::::::::::;::::::::
40
Carlsfiind
40
Reienrode
Awm
40
40
Kallwerk 8al«detfurth
40
Total
1.000
1,000
1.000
1.000
534
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The statistics of the Stassfurt salt industry for the past five years are given
in the following tables, which were kindly furnished by the Verkaufssyndikat
der Kaliwerke, Leopoldshall-Stassfurt, commonly referred to in the trade as the
"Kali-Syndicate." Statistics from the beginning of the industry in 1857 to
1895, inclusive, are given in detail in The Mineral Industry, Vol. VIII.,
pp. 480 and 481.
KALI-SYNDICATE OUTPUT OF
CRUDE SALTS OP ALL KINDS.
(in metric TONS.)
Year.
Rock Salt.
Naa.
CamaUite.-
KC1,M«C1,-HJH,0.
Kieserite.
MgS04+H,0.
Sylvinlte.
Ka.
(a)Hartiia]z,
Schoenite
andKalnite.
Boradte.
Mg,B„0„Cl,.
Total.
1896...
1899...
1900...
1901...
1902...
291,691
810,878
(6)
990,998
1,817,948
1,697,808
1,860,189
1,727,672
2,444
2,066
2,047
2,886
1,821
94,270
100,668
147,791
190,064
188,821
1,120,616
1,063,196
1,189,894
1,416,186
1,882,6^1
868
166
888
(c)
8,500,171
2,m,a96
8,037,266
8,484,094
1,860,885
Co) Hartsalz, NaCI, KCl, MkS04+H,0; Schoenite, K,S04, lf«:SO«-f6HaO, Kainite, KCl, MSSO4+8H1O
(b) No longer compiled, (c) Not stated.
UTILIZATION OF THE CRUDE POTASSIUM SALTS. (iN METRIC TONS.)
CaraaUite and Rock Kieeerite.
Kainite and SylTlnlte (a)
(including Hartsalz and Schoenite).
Year.
For Agricultural
Purpoe68.
For Manu-
facturing
Concen-
trated SaltB
Total.
For Agricultural
Purposes.
For Manu-
facturing
Concen-
trated Salts
Total.
Germany.
Elsewhere.
Qermauy.
Elsewhere.
1896
60,798
68,677
65,489
77.868
68,706
7,189
4,611
2,869
7,882
6.227
925.461
1,256,780
1,641,498
1,777,280
1,665,559
998,448
1,820,018
l,699,a51
1.862,524
1,729,492
722,116
717,687
724,624
669,116
825,170
884,111
814,869
375,007
494,220
401,699
168,660
181,848
887,654
868,686
844,818
1,814,886
1699
1,168,648
1,887,186
1900
1901
1902
1,022,170
1,470,982
(a) Quantities of sylvinite containing more than 18< potash.
PRODUCTION OF CONCENTRATED SALTS. (iN METRIC TONS.)
Potassium
Chloride.
80j{
Potassium
Sulphate.
Sulphate.
Potassium— Magnesium
Kieserite;
Ground
and
Calcined.
Kieserite
in
Blocks.
Potash
Manure
Year.
Crystalliz'd
Calcined.
48jJ
Salt
(0)
1896
174,880
180,672
206,471
211,421
181 841
17,781
24,656
81,256
28,169
80,202
914
679
982
761
600
10,586
8,459
12,150
11.760
16,884
728
260
866
861
767
19,984
28,216
28,608
86,787
26,809
24,884
70,916
189 868
1899
1900
1901
140,688
1902.
181,696
...
(a) Quantities containing 88!)t potash.
The output of potassium chloride in 1902 was less than during the previous
year, due to a smaller domestic consumption, and a decrease in the exports to
France, Belgium and Holland. There was, however, an increase in the shipments
to the United States. The increase in the production of potassium sulphate was
due to the increased exports to the United States and France, the increase more
than offsetting the decreased home consumption of this salt. The increase in the
production of calcined potassium magnesium sulphate was due to the increased
consumption by the United States, Belgium and Holland. Of the output of
crystallized potassium magnesium sulphate, none is exported. There was an
increase in the production of potash manure salts of 20, 30 and 40% potash
contents, caused by Germany and Austria-Hungary consuming more of the 40%
product than in 1901, and Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, Scot*
POTASSIUM SALTS. 535
land and Russia importing more of the 20 and 30% product; the United States,
on the other hand, importing less potash manure salts.
A history of the potash industry at Stassf urt by J. Westphal appeared in the
Zeitschrift fuer das Berg-Huetten-und Saiinen-Wesen, Vol. L., Nov. 1, 1902,
pp. 61-91, a^d Dr. L. A. Groth has written a book, The Potash Salts, Their Pro-
duction and Application to Agriculture, Industry and Horticulture, Lombard
Press, London, 1902.
The production of potassium salts in metric tons in Germany in 1902 was as
follows: Potassium chloride, 267,512 ($7,886,250); kainite, 1,322,633
($4,802,500) ; potassium sulphate, 28,279 ($1,133,500) ; and potassium and
magnesium sulphate, 18,147 ($351,250) ; the corresponding figures for 1901
being potassium chloride, 294,666 ($8,782,250) ; kainite, 1,498,569 ($4,327,250) ;
potassium sulphate, 37,394 ($1,460,000), and potassium and magnesium sulphate,
15,612 ($286,500).
Markets in 1903. — The prices established by the Kali-Syndicate for the year
1903, for New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore per 100 lb. are as fol-
lows: Potassium chloride, 80 to 85%, basis 80%, $180; potassium chloride,
minimum, 95%, basis 80%, $183; potassium sulphate, 90%, basis 90%, $208;
potassium sulphate, minimum, 96%, basis 90%, $211 ; double manure salt, 48 to
53%, basis 48%, $1 09 ; manure salt, minimum, 20% potash, 62c. For Norfolk,
Va., Charleston, Savannah, Wilmington, N. C, and New Orleans, add 3 50. to
the New York prices for potassium chloride salts, 3c. for potassium sulphate salts
and 2'5c. for double manure salt. For bulk salts on basis of foreign analysis,
kainite testing 12-4% potash is quoted for New York at $880 per ton of 2,240 lb.,
invoice weight at shipping port, or $9 05 actual weight at receiving port; sylvinite,
38c. per unit of potassium sulphate, invoice weight at shipping port, or 39c.
per unit, actual weight at receiving port. Kainite prices for Norfolk, Charleston
and other Southern ports are 50c. higher, while sylvinite is 2c. per unit higher
for Norfolk, Charleston, and other Southern ports. These prices are for not less
than 500 tons of bulk salts or 50 tons of concentrated salts, and are based on river
shipment from the mines to the seaport. For rail shipments an additional
amount of 40 pfennigs per 100 kg. or 5c. per 100 lb. is required.
For the first nine months of 1902, domestic potassium chlorate crystals for spot
delivery were quoted at $8@$8 125 per 100 lb. f. o. b. works, and $7'50@$7'75
per 100 lb. for future delivery, powdered potassium chlorate bringing $8 -50(3)
$8-75 per 100 lb. f. o. b. works. In October, there was a decline in the price of
crystallized salt to $7@$7-25 for prompt delivery and $7 for future delivery,
but toward the end of the year a slight recovery in price took place, the salt being
quoted at $7-375@$7-625. Contracts for 1903 were made at $6-875(a)$7-125.
per 100 lb. f. o. b. works, or about 50c. less than for 1902. In New Y.)rk,
foroiffn potassium chlorate in crystals brought $10(rt)$10'50, and in powder
$10-50(a)$10-75 per 100 lb., but toward the end of 1902 the foreign brands also
declined, being quoted at $7-50(5)$7 75 per 100 lb. for immediate delivery and
$7@$7-25 for future delivery. Contracts for 1903 for foreign brands were made
at the same price as for domestic brands, $7@$7-25 per 100 lb. in New York.
536
THE MINERAL INDU8TET.
Alkaline Hypochlorites and Chlorates. — F. Poerster and E. Miiller* deter-
mined under what conditions the highest eflSciency was obtained, when sodium
chloride was electrolyzed in the manufacture of sodium hypochlorite and chlorate.
Anodic
Current
Density.
B.M.F.
The Electrolyaed Solution contained
Curreiit
Bfuoiency.
Watt'Houn oon-
TemiMFa-
ture.
Hypochlorite
Oxygen per Liter.
Bleachlnff Chlorine
Biuned per Orams
of Hypochlorite
Oxygen.
•C.
18
18
10
18
18
14
Amp.M. cm.
0017
0070
0170
0-170
0170
Volts.
9-40
9-40
8-10
8-60
8-60
4-70
Qrams.
4-90
6*94
6-80
6-98
8T0
6-90
Qrams.
18-6
98-8
80-1
98-4
88-5
980
Per cent.
90
90
96
99
87
95
8-40
8-96
10-84
19-90
18-60
16-60
This table gives the result obtained when a solution containing 280 g. NaCl
and 2 g. K2Cr04 per liter was electrolyzed at a low temperature. In the last
experiment with the solution which contained 100 g. NaCl' per liter, it was
found that an E. M. F. of 2 2 volts was sufficient to decompose a strong salt
solution, and that 72 watt-hours was the minimum quantity of electrical energy
theoretically required to produced 1 g. of hypochlorite oxygen. In commercial
practice, however, about three times this energy is required. In making
alkaline chlorate, it was found that the yield was increased when KjCrO^ was
added to the solution, and in order to keep the salt in the chromate state, HCl
was added from time to time.
E. Walker describes 6. J. Aitkins' process* for the manufacture of hypo-
chlorite. The cell consists of a semi-cylindrical wooden vat, with axis horizontal,
10 ft. long and 2 ft. wide. The inside is lined with sheet lead, and on the sheet
lead are placed carbon bricks about 2 in. thick, whose inner surfaces form a semi-
eylinder, concentric with the lead and wood. These carbon bricks are cemented
together and to the lead by a waterproof carbon cement. A wooden cylinder
covered with lead revolves in the vat within an inch of the surface of the car-
bons, and the space between is filled with the salt solution. The carbon forms
the anodes and the current is distributed to them through the lead. The cur-
rent is led away from the end of the revolving leaden cathode. The total area
of the anode surface is about 20 sq. ft. The current used varies from 1,000 to
1,500 amperes at from 3 to 4 volts, and the quantity of 10% salt solution acted
on, varies from 500 to 1,000 gal. per hour, the figures depending on the strength
of resulting hypochlorite solution required. Preferably the apparatus is worked
at the plant where the solution is at once used, as it is not practicable to store
and ship the hypochlorite.
No other chemical is required in the vat as the hypochlorite rapidly gives up
its oxygen and passes back to common salt again. The salt can therefore be
used repeatedly. One of the great advantages of the sodium salt over chloride of
lime is that there is no insoluble precipitate, as is the case when chlorine is re-
leased from bleaching powder.
The process may be used as a source of chlorine. The addition of sulphuric
acid to the hypochlorite solution releases chloriue and oxygen, and forms sodium
> Z€it*airift fuer Elektrochemie, Jan. 1, 1909. pp. 8-17.
' Engineering and Mining Journal, Not. 98, 1909« p. 679.
POTASSIUM SALTS. 537
sulphate. It is probable that it would be a better source of chlorine for chlori-
nation than bleaching powder^ and at any mine where fuel^ water and salt are
obtainable, the cell might be erected for the direct production and use of chlorine
both in treating gold ores and in leaching low grade copper ores. The metallur-
gist of the Mount Morgan Mine, Queensland, is at present investigating the ap-
plicability of the process to the ores of that mine, and intends to install an experi-
mental plant.
The McDonald electrolytic cell for the production of chlorine has been de-
scribed' by Titus TJlke. The advantages claimed for this cell are simplicity of
design, relative cheapness of construction, and the small amount of attention
it requires. The plant at the Clarion paper mill, at Johnsonburg, Pa., consists
of 50 McDonald cells arranged in two parallel rows, occupying a floor space of
60X15 ft.
The cell is a very simple and compact electrolyzer, without revolving or recip-
rocating parts. It has 10 carbon anodes extending into the closed central com-
partment of a three-chambered rectangular cast iron tank, the outside or cathode
compartments of which are separated from the anodes, by asbestos diaphragms
lining the inner surface of the perforated iron partition walls.
The electrolytic tank, which is 1 ft. wide, 1 ft. high, and 5 ft. 2 in. long, is
cast in one piece with two longitudinal partition walls, thus dividing it into
three compartments, (Fig. 2). Against each perforated side wall of the central
or anode compartment of the tank is stretched a diaphragm, consisting of a
layer of asbestos paper fastened to asbestos cloth by a small quantity of sodium
silicate. This diaphragm is held in position by cement placed over both the
end walls and the bottom of the anode compartment. The latter is closed by
a cover B, of cast iron, 5 in. deep, 6 in. wide and nearly 5 ft. long, into which
the anodes are cemented. It is painted inside with asphalt varnish and lined
with cement.
The anodes C consist of blocks of graphitized carbon, 4 in. square and 10 in.
long, into each of which a round copper conductor, 9 in. long, is fastened by
means of hot lead poured in and about the socket and over the copper so as to
encase it completely in a protecting film of lead. The conductors are slit at their
ends and connected in multiple by means of a flat copper bar, about 01667 (i) in.
thick, resting in the slits. As all the cells of a group are placed in series
circuit, the copper bar of the flrst cell only is attached to the positive line con-
ductor, and the iron tank of the last cell to the negative line conductor. The
negative poles, therefore, are formed by the tanks themselves, or rather by their
partition walls. These, as stated, are perforated, there being 4 or 5 perforations
to the sq. in., and each perforation measuring about 003125 (^) in. in diameter.
The partition walls D are flanged, as shown in Pig. 4, so as to form a seat for
the reception of the cover and for a layer of cement, which extends completely
around the cover and hermetically seals the joints between the same and the
end and partition walls of the tank, and thus prevents the escape, except through
the lead pipe E, of the gases from the anode compartment.
The lead pipes E from all the cells lead through a iflexible connection into the
* Engineering and Mining Journal, June 6, 190B, p. 867.
538
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
gas main of vitrified pipe, which carries the chlorine gas to the absorbing towers,
where it is brought into contact with lime water and lime to form bleaching solu-
tion ready for use.
Each cathode compartment of the cell may be closed by a cover into which a
jipe extends and through which the evolved hydrogen gas may be drawn off and
Fig. 1. — ^Longitudinal Section.
Fig. 2.— Pi^n.
Fig. 3.— End Elevation. Fig. 4. — Cross Section.
The McDonald Cell.
utilized, although allowed to escape, at present, as is the general practice with
electrolytic chlorine plants.
In Figs. 1 to 3, fl^ represents overflow pipes communicating with the cathode
compartments and used for carrying off the caustic liquor. These pipes are of
elbow form, and so arranged as to cause the withdrawal of the caustic liquid from
the bottom of the cathode compartments, thus preventing escape of the hydrogen.
POTASSIUM SALTS. 639
The brine is supplied to the anode compartment from the brine main K
through pipe L, and its feed may be controlled by an automatic feeder consist-
ing of a vessel M, in communication by a tube N with the anode compartment, so
that the level of the liquid in said compartment and vessel will always remain
the same. A float 0 is contained in the vessel M, and is connected by a rod P
with a pivot valve R in the pipe L, whereby the rise and fall of the liquid in the
anode compartment controls the supply of fresh liquid through the pipe L.
In operation, the compartments are filled with brine, and the electric current
is then turned on. The chlorine gas accumulates in the anode compartment and
passes into the gas main, while caustic soda (NaOH) appears in the cathode com-
partments, as a result of the action of the separated sodium on the water accord-
ing to the equation : Xa+H20=NaOH+H. In this way the practical separation
of the chlorine gas from the hydrogen gas and caustic liquor is eflfected.
With a current of 420 amperes and 225 volts (4-6 volts per cell), about 1,400
lb. of chlorine are produced daily. With 500 amperes at 250 volts, under the
most favorable conditions, it is claimed that 5,000 lb. of bleaching powder con-
taining 35% available chlorine could be produced daily. This is equivalent to
167-5 electrical H.P. for 25 tons of bleaching powder, or 67 H.P. per ton per day,
or nearly 10 5 lb. of chlorine per H.P. day. It is reported that a ton of bleach-
ing powder does not cost more than $12 to $15 to produce, without including the
value of the caustic liquor and the hydrogen obtained as by-products.
For the manufacture of chlorates and perchlorates, P. L. E. Lederlin* uses
chromic acid in the alkaline chloride solution, and passes the electric current. In
order to keep the chromic acid in the state of bichromate, hydrochloric acid or
any suitable mineral acid is added to the electrolyte, and on cooling the elec-
trolyzed liquor, the chlorate or perchlorate crystallizes out of the solution.
In cells for electrolyzing fused salts, J. Kaschen has patented** a method for
keeping the liquid cathode at the bottom at a constant level.
Hans A. Frasch has patented* a method for producing alkali by the reaction
of a metal (especially nickel) on salt in the presence of ammonia.
Potassium Cyanide, — A description of the manufacture of potassium cyanide
appeared in The Mineral Industry, Vol. X., pp. 550-554. A. Adair^ describes
a method for determining the amount of cyanide in commercial potassium
cyanide.
A process of producing pure alkaline cyanide has been patented® by J. D. Dar-
ling, which consists in subjecting alkaline oxide to the action of carbon and nitro-
gen under the influence of heat, whereby cyanized charcoal is produced ; and sub-
jecting this cyanized charcoal to the action of ammonia gas and alkali metal under
the influence of heat, whereby the carbon remaining in the cyanized charcoal is
converted into cyanide.
« United states PatentlNo. 008,086. Feb. 11, 1900.
• EngUsh Patent No. 18,660, of 1001.
• EnicUsh Patent No. 19.096, of 1901.
V Journal of the Chemical and Metallurgical RoeUtyof aovOh Africa^ Jtamuy, 1908, Engineering and
Mining Journal, April 11, 1908.
• United States FUtents Noe. e98,£0S, 006,968, 006,204, April 90, 10081
QUICKSILVER
Bt Joseph Struth£b&
The production of quicksilver in the United States during 1902 amounted
to 34,451 flasks of 765 pounds, valued at $1,500,142, as compared with 29,72;
flasks, valued at $1,382,305 in 1901, an increase in quantity of 4,704 flasks and
in value of $117,207. Of the total production during 1902, California contributed
29,199 flasks and Texas 5,252 flasks. Oregon, which reported a production of 7.5
flasks during 1901 from properties undergoing development, made no productio;:
during 1902.
PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS .OP QUICKSILVER IN THE UNITED STATES.
Year.
Production.
Exports.
Year.
Production.
Exports.
Flasks.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Flasks.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Flasks.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Flasks.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
1897..
1898..
1899..
86,0r9
80,493
88, W9
966
1,068
993
$910,418
1,109,046
1,155,160
18,178
12,830
16,518
475
446
678
$894,549
440,60-
609.566
1900....
1901....
1908....
87,856
a89,727
84,461
967
1,061
1,196
$lJi88,a'Sl
1,888.806
1,600,418
10,178
11,819
13,847
858
889
469
$485,818
475,609
675,099
(a) The total production is divided as follows: California, 86,780 flasks; Texas, 8,038 flask<«; Oregon, 76 flasks.
The imports of quicksilver during the past six vears were as follows: 1897, 46,5801b. ($80,147); 1898,
81 lb. ($61); 1899, 131 lb. ($88); 1900, 8.616 lb. ($1,061); 1901, 1,441 lb. ($789).
Prices. — The average monthly prices of quicksilver at New York and San Fran-
cisco during 1902 are given in the subjoined table : —
Month.
New York.
S\n Francisco.
Month.
New York.
San Francisco.
Ja'^uary . rfn. .**■«-
$48-87
4800
48-00
48-00
48-00
4800
4800
$46-44
47-75
47-76
47-75
46-40
4600
4600
A^^lgUSt , . ,
$48-00
48-00
48-00
48-00
48-00
$46-00
46*00
February. . . ■
September
March
October
46'00
April
November
46-00
Sy..::::...:.::::::
Average
46*00
July
$48-03
$46-51
California. — During 1902 the mines at San Benito, Napa and Santa Clara
counties contributed nearly 20,000 flasks of the total of 29,199 flasks for the entire
State. The chief producing companies in the order of their outputs during
1902 were: New Idria Quicksilver Mining Co., San Benito County; The Quick-
silver Mining Co., Santa Clara County; Napa Consolidated Mine, Napa County;
Karl Quicksilver Mining Co., San Luis Obispo County ; Boston Quicksilver Min-
ing Co., Napa County ; Great Western Mine, Lake County ; Empire Consolidated
QUICKSILVEB. 641
Quicksilver Mining Co., Colusa County; Great Eastern Quicksilver Mining Co.,
Sonoma County.
The iEtna Consolidated Quicksilver Mining Co. made no production in 1902,
the work being confined to opening old tunnels a distance of 706 ft. and running
new drifts and tunnels 690 ft. at a cost of $15,211. The deficit reported for the
year was $20,146, reducing the balance brought forward from the previous year
from $60,712 to $40,566. The Boston Quicksilver Mining Co. during 1902
treated 23,774 tons, as compared with 19,045 tons in 1901, and obtained 1,950
flasks of quicksilver, as compared vrith 1,545 flasks in the earlier year. From
the sales of quicksilver during 1902 there was received $70,898, while the quick-
silver on hand Jan. 1, 1903, was valued at $11,550, a total of $82,448. The
total expenditure amounted to $84,218, against a total income of $84,398, leaving
a net profit of $180, reducing the debit balance brought forward from the pre-
vious year from $9,034 to $8,854. During the year the drifts and tunnels were
excavated 2,037 ft., as compared with 2,507 ft. in 1901. The Napa Consolidated
Quicksilver Mining Co. treated 31,737 tons of ore and obtained 3^900 flasks of
quicksilver, of which a quantity vanned at $139,249 was sold, and the balance,
valued at $24,780, remained on hand at the end of the year. The income of the
company was $168,346, and the total expenditure amounted to $172,374, the net
loss for the year being $4,028. Dividends of $30,000 were paid, and the balance
brought forward from the previous year was reduced from $70,748 to $36,719. The
amount of drifts excavated was 8,376 ft. During a part of the year the ore
was from medium to low grade and one furnace was closed three months for
repairs. The New Idria Quicksilver Mining Co. treated 49,160 tons of ore
and produced 7,225 flasks of quicksilver, from the sales of which it realized
$261,249, the quicksilver unsold being valued at $42,000, a total of $303,249,
which, with interest and increase of supplies, increased the income of the com-
pany to $309,989. The expenditures amounted to $149,642, the net earnings
were $160,347, out of which dividends of $100,000 were paid, increasing the
balance brought forward from the previous year from $40,929 to $101,276.
The drifts were excavated during the year to a distance of 1,253 ft.
A few new mines were added to the list of producers during 1902, notably
the Helen mine in Lake County, the Mercury mine in Sonoma County, and
the Silver Creek mine in Santa Clara County. New companies reported to have
begun operations in 1902 are: — the Monterey Quicksilver Mining Co., near New
Idria; the Modoc Chief mine, 18 miles east of Beading, Shasta County; the
Mariposa, Elizabeth, Uncle Sam and Eureka mines, near Cambria, San Luis
Obispo County, and the Summit, Adobe Valley and Orestimba properties, in
Stanislaus County. Deposits of good grade cinnabar ore are reported 25 miles
southeast of Cedarville, in Modoc County, which is in the extreme northwest part
of the State, an entirely new section for cinnabar. The claims here have not
been sufficiently developed to prove the commercial value of the property.
Under ordinary circumstances, quicksilver may be produced in Calif oriia at
a cost of $3 per ton of ore mined and smelted, which makes it pos<5 ble to
work profitably ores averaging from 03 to 0-6% Hg, and occasionally f'l lower
grade. According to B. M. Nowcomb, the cost of producing quicksilver .*rom the
642
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
average mine in California, exclusive of interest and development work, ex-
ceeds $35 per flask. Although the greater well-known quicksilver mines are
in a measure exhausted, it is practically assured that the future production
of quicksilver in the State will occupy a prominent position of economic im-
portance for many years to come. It is not probable that other mines equal in
extent to the New Almaden or New Idria will be discovered, but on the other hand
there are numerous smaller mines throughout the State which can contribute an
output of from 20 to 300 flasks per month. Furthermore, it was the general
belief ten years ago that the New Idria, iEtna, Oat Hill, New Almaden, and
other prominent mines were practically exhausted, yet the production from these
properties still continues to be of much importance.
Classified by counties, the output of quicksilver in California during 1901 and
1902 was as follows: —
County.
1901.
1202. 1
Flasks, (a)
Value.
Flasks, (a)
Value.
Colusa
235
4,895
7,738
4,800
840
6,220
$10,575
211,824
888,176
242,800
41,513
236,608
1,888
2,883
6,792
7,200
8,812
5,869
42
1.440
248
289,474
806,080
147,214
254,260
1,890
74,685
10,251
TAk«
Napa
San Benito
San Luis ObisDo.
Santa Clara
SaUna
Sonoma ■,,..
2,130
1.802
95,800
58,668
1,283,014
Trinity
Total
26,720
29,199
•l,2n,6«8
(a) Flasks of 76.6 lb. net.
Oregon. — There was no production of quicksilver in Oregon during 1902,
as compared with 75 flasks in the preceding year. Prospecting has been quite
active, and considerable development work has been accomplished at several
properties. The smelting furnace of the Blackbutte Quicksilver Mining Co.,
at Blackbutte, which furnished the output during 1901, was not operated during
1902 owing to the delay in rebuilding the condensing plant.
Texas. — The production of quicksilver in Texas during 1902 was 5,252 flasks,
valued at $228,620, as compared with 2,935 flasks, valued at $132,438 in 1901,
which shows a very active development of the industry in this State; the
entire output for both years was made by the Marfa & Mariposa Mining Co.,
operating at Terlingua, in Brewster County. According to Mr. B. F. Hill, in
Bulletin No. 4 of the University of Texas Mineral Survey, cinnabar occurs
in the Terlingua mines, either in hard and durable limestone, or in soft and
friable argillaceous beds. In the Excelsior claims, the quicksilver occurs maiu/y
as cinnabar, but small quantities of native mercury, calomel and terlinguaite
(a new mineral species consisting of mercury oxychloride) are also found. A
10-ton Scott furnace to treat these ores was erected in August, 1900, by Messrs.
Norman, Sharpe & Qolby, who formed the Marfa & Mariposa Mining Co. in
February, 1901, and a second 10-ton furnace was installed early in 1902. The
Terlingula Mining Co. built a 40-ton Scott furnace in 1902, which, however, was
closed down shortly after it was completed. The Colquit Mining Co. is building
a 10-ton Scott furnace to treat the ore from the Excelsior mines, which occurs in
qmCKSILVER.
643
veins of from 8 in. to 3 ft. in width and in occasional pockets. The operations
by this company have been limited mainly to the surface. The ore is hand sorted,
crushed to lumps of from one to two inches in size, and conveyed by belts to the
ore bins above the level of the top of the furnace into which the ore is subse-
quently charged by hoppers ; the greater part of the ore is oxidized or treated with
Ume in a Scott continuous furnace, a small quantity only being distilled direct in
retorts.
The Scott continuous furnace, which is used by this company, is fully described
with illustrations in The Mineral Industry, Vol. VII. At Terlingua both
wood and water are scarce. At present most of the water used is hauled by wagons
from the Rio Qrande, a distance of 12 miles.
Utah, — A battery of retorts for the treatment of the mercurial gold ores of the
Sacramento mines of Mercur, is reported to have been started early in 1903.
QUICKSILVER PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD, (a) (iN
METRIC TONS.)
Year.
(6)
Austria.
Canada.
Hungary
A.
Japan.
Mezioo.
R^ia.
8^.
United
States.
Total.
1897
1898
1899
lUOO.....
1901
1902.....
638
491
636
610
525
<i5iO
0-8
Na.
Nil.
Nil.
NU.
Nil.
0-7
6-8
270
81-8
88-8
ie)
198
178
905
260
«78
(1266
2-7
1-4
Nil.
2-7
c2-8
(e)
294
858
824
124
128
(«)
616
802
860
804
868
416-5
1,728
1,091
1,867
1,096
764
1,500
965.
1,068
993
968
1,081
1,196
4,827
4,128
8.775
8,278
8,1S0
(a) FYom official reports of the respective guvemments and direct reportn of the producers to Thr Miner/ i.
Industry. (6) The figures for Austria and Italy are due to V. Spirek, that for Russm to the sole producer aLd
that for Spain to the Bevigta Minera. (c) Estimated, (d) Idria only, (e) Statistics not yet ayaUable.
1
LONDON
QUICKSILVER STATISTICS, (a)
1895.
1896.
1807.
1888.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Shipments from Spain to
London '
Flasks.
(6)
40,400
5,775
Flasks.
(6)
40,949
8,800
Flasks.
(6)
46,577
4,460
Flasks.
(6)
46,807
6,660
Flasks,
(fr)
46,729
6,206
Flasks.
b)
10,968
6,046
Flasks.
(6)
29,050
54B54
Flasks.
(b)
28,997
8,187
Shipments from Italy ♦»
London
Total
46,184
87,987
£7 7s. 6d.
6 78.6d.
44,799
81,278
£7 58.
688. 6d
51,027
81,784
£7 7s. 6d
612s. 6d
52,017
81,026
£7158.
7 Oh.
66,966
81,908
£9iaB.6d
716s.
17,006
24.968
£912S.6d
£9 2B. 6d
84,804
c 26,880
£9 ai. 6d
8 17s. 6d
82,184
Shipments from London. . . .
Minimum price of Spanish. .
20,000
£8 17s. 6d
8158.
(a) From W. Sargant & Co.'s Annual Metal Circular, excepting for the years 1901 and 1902 which was
taken from official reports. (6) American, Russian and Italian flask, 76-5 lb. (M'7 kg.); Mexican flask, 75 lb.
(34*08 kg.); Spanish flask, 76 lb. (84*6 kg.), (c) For the year ending Not. 80, 1901.
Algeria, — Deposits of cinnabar accompanied by zinc blende, calamine, siderite
and galena have been found at Taghit. The ore is said to carry from 1-25 to
1*5% Hg and from 5 to 15% Pb and Zn. SuflBcient exploratory work has been
done to expose a large ore reserve, and three calcining furnaces have been erected
at the mines. The furnaces are supplied with Cermak-Spirek condensers for the
recovery of the quicksilver, details of which are given elsewhere in this section.
Austria, — In Spizza, in southern Dalraatia, quicksilver occurs in dolomite,
and in some places is found with barytes. The quicksilver in the high-grade ore
assays from 3-5 to 1609% Hg, and in the low-grade ore from 018 to 1*3% Hg.
The commercial development of the new property is in contemplation. The
mines at Idria, in the Province of Camiola, have been operated by the Govern-
544
THE MINERAL INDUBTRT,
ment for more than three centuries, aboat 80,000 tons of ore are produced an-
nually, which is smelted in three furnaces, giving employment to 1,200 men.
During 1902 the output from these mines amounted to 510 metric tons.
Australia. — A 50-ton shaft furnace is being erected to treat the cinnabar ore
from the mines of the Great Australian Quicksilver Co., at Yulgebar, on the
Clarence River, New South Wales. It is estimated that the ore can be mined
and smelted at a cost of £2 per ton, which will permit the profitable treatment
181
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•LSI
Production op Quicksilver in the Principal Countries op the World and
THE Price per Metric Ton at London.
of material containing as low as ^% Hg. The company had 400 tons of 4% ore
mined at the end of 1902 and large bodies of ore containing from 2 to 3% of
mercury are being developed. On account of the high cost of labor the ore will
not be hand picked, but will be charged to the furnace as mined. Charcoal is
used for fuel. The cinnabar occurs in granite which is irregularly dispersed
throughout the country rock ; it is found also in a concentrated form in chan-
nels fairly well defined. The extensive body of quicksilver ore in Ewengar,
qmCKSILVER, 646
Drake Division, New South Wales, has been exploited during 1901 and a
proposal made to erect a plant to treat the ore at the mine. Prospecting was
carried on at Carwell, Rylston district, but no payable ore was founds It is re-
ported that prospecting for cinnabar in the district between Waitahima and
Waipori (Otago), New Zealand, has resulted in the discovery of an ore body of
considerable extent.
Brazil. — ^The cinnabar deposits at Tripuhy, near Ouro Preto, have been pur-
chased by a Belgian company, which will shortly begin mining operations.
Samples of ore have assayed from 0-88 to 4-73% Hg. The cinnabar is found
in a vein having a dip of 30**, which will facilitate the mining of the ore.
China. — The Anglo-French Quicksilver & Mining Concession (Kweichow
Province) of China, Ltd., has been operating in the Province of Kweichow since
the latter half of 1899. Owing to the Boxer uprising in the following year, the
corapan}'*8 operations were considerably hampered, but since 1901 work has
progressed in a vpry satisfactory manner. The operations are confined prin-
cipally to the development of the Wen Shan Chiang quicksilver mines, near the
western border of Hunan, embracing an area of 4 sq. miles. The mines are 12
miles north of the Yuen River, a tributary of the Yangtze Kiang River, and
the transport of material and passengers, although slow, is easily effected. The
country is mountainous and deeply fissured by enormous canons and ravines,
which form a serious obstacle to the transport of materials from the river to the
mines. The country rock is magnesium limestone, several hundred feet in
thickness, which covers a very extensive tract of this and the neighboring prov-
ince. The ore bodies occur in a distinct zone of the limestone, and are isolated
and irregular in shape and size ; as yet, no connection has been found to exist be-
tween the deposits. The principal mines, the Dah Siao Tung and Qian Qia
Wahn, are being worked, and several smaller ones which have been operated for
several generations are worked in a primitive manner by natives.
The ore consists of cinnabar in two varieties, one is bright red in color and
transparent, and the other is dark red and almost opaque ; the former, when per-
fectly clear, finds a ready sale in the local market at prices equal and often
considerably higher than quicksilver, depending on the size and transparency
of the crystals. The ore mined is hand sorted roughly, the richer pieces being
crushed «t2id washed for cinnabar, while the poorer ore is broken down to pass
a 1-5-in. screen, and subsequently treated in a 12-ton Granzita furnace, which
has been in operation since April, 1902. Another Granzita furnace of the same
capacity is in course of construction, and will be completed in May. The com-
pany owns an extensive compound which covers an area of 5 acres, wherein are
built the furnaces and ore bins, and the offices, stores and dwellings for the
European and Chinese staffs. The production of quicksilver since the commence-
ment of operations to the end of 1902 has amounted to 32,500 lb., and 6,000 lb.
of cinnabar also have been produced.
India, — The discovery of a large deposit of cinnabar has been reported at
Devil's Hill, between Tellicherri and Cannamore, in the Madras Presidency.
Italy. — According to Vincente Spirek, the five quicksilver works at Monte
Amiata, Tuscany, are equipped as follows: 1. Siele, three Cermak-Spirek fur-
546
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
naces, of 24, 12 and 2 metric tons capacity per day, and three shaft furnaces
of 4 to 6 tons capacity per day. 2. Cornacchino, two Cermak-Spirek furnaces
(24 tons and 2 tons) and one shaft furnace (4 to 6 tons). 3. Abbadia San
Salvadore, two Cermak-Spirek furnaces of 24 tons, two of 2 tons, and two shaft
furnaces of 6 tons each. 4. Montebuono, one Cermak-Spirek furnace of 12 tons.
5. Cortivecchie, two Cermak-Spirek furnaces building, one of 24 tons, one of
12 tons. The record of all the works from 1893 to 1901, both years inclusive,
is as follows: —
1
Ore Treated.
Ayerage Yield.
Quantity of Quick-
silver Produced.
1
Ore Treated.
Average Yield.
Quantity of Quick-
silver Froduoed.
isas
1894
18ft5
1896
1897
Tons.
14,960
15,028
10,504
18,701
80,659
h
1-7
1-9
1-8
0-99
Tons.
878
8S8
199
188
198
1806
1899
1900
1901
Tons.
19,201
89,828
88,930
85,000
0-70
0-76
0-77
Tons
196
805
860
The average value of the quicksilver produced was 4-85 lire per kg. in 1893,
and 4-40 lire per kg. in 1894. Since then it has risen gradually but steadily, to
6-50 lire per kg. — $43-50 per flask — ^the price reported in 1902. Cinnabar is
found in the provinces of Tuscany, Florence, Pisa, Lucca, Genoa, Parma, Como,
Belluno and Calabria. The ores contain, on an average, 1-2% Hg at Siele, 06% at
Cornacchino, and 0 4% at Montebuono, as compared with 8% at Almaden, Spain;
0'8% at Idria, Austria ; 1% at Nikitowka, Russia, and from 1 to 3% in California.
The large Cermak-Spirek continuous furnace has a capacity of 45 tons of ore, but
the quantity worked through in 24 hours varies according to the character of the
ore. At Siele, it amounts to from 12 to 16 tons, and at Cornacchino, from 20
to 26 tons; while at Montebuono, from 8 to 12 tons of ore are passed through
the medium-sized furnace in 24 hours. The temperatures that are obtained in
the furnace are as follows: In the combustion chamber, 800° to 900**C. ; in the
first tier of the roasting-zon:e, 700** to 800°C.; in the second, 500** to 600**C.;
in the third, 500°C.; in the fourth, 360° to 400°C.; in the discharging and
collecting passages, 260° to 360°C., and in the drjdng chamber, which is merely
heated from below by the furnace gases, 100° to 200°C. The ore from the mines
is sorted into coarse ore over 35 mm. in size, and mixed ore below that size
to dust, and then passes direct to the furnace, except that when the propor-
tion of moisture exceeds 7% the ore is dried in sunTmer by the sun's heat, and
in winter in specially constructed kilns. The coarse ore, over 35 mm. in size, is
treated in stack furnaces, of which the more recent ones are double-stack fur-
naces. At Siele, in the three-stack furnaces, 18 tons of ore are treated in 24
1 ours, with an expenditure of 360 kg. of hard charcoal. The results of working
with the Cermak-Spirek furnaces, since they have been in proper order, show that
with an ore charge containing 529-91 tons of quicksilver, 505-46 tons are re-
covered, representing a loss of 4-6%. Wlien new condensers are installed, the
loss increases to 6%. The mercury absorbed by the plant is, however, recoverable
when reconstruction is being carried out.
The cost of the furnaces at the Siele works was as follows : Large Cermak-
Spirek furnace, 25,000 f r. ; condenser with 6 cast-iron pipes and 300 clay pipes,
QUICKSILVER. 647
13,000 fr.; medium-sized fuinaee, 22,000 fr.; small furnace, 5,000 fr.; double-
stack furnace, 8,000 fr.; single-stack furnace, 4,000 fr.; central condensation
chamber, etc., 10,000 fr. ; engines, 8,000 f r. ; muffle-furnace, 9,000 fr. ; buildings,
40,000 fr.; drying kiln, 6,000 fr.; total, 150,000 fr.
Mexico, — ^The principal producing quicksilver mines are near Huitzecuco,
Guerrero, where cinnabar occurs in pockets and is distributed in metamorphosed
limestones and slates. The ore which carries silver and antimony also, is found
at or near the tops of small hills and occurs as a soft, sandy clay, filling in
crevices that often radiate from a common center. The average content of the
ore in quicksilver is about 17%^ but the extraction is very low, about 50%,
although ore of 0-62% Hg has been worked. The plant at the Cruz and Anexas
mine represents an outlay of $250,000, and from 250 to 300 flasks of quicksilver
are produced monthly. The process of treating the ore is quite primitive, con-
sisting in coarse crushing, roasting in brick furnaces whereby the quicksilver is
expelled from the ore as a black soot which is subsequently condensed and the
quicksilver obtained therefrom by rabbling on a heated iron plate placed at an
angle to allow of the outflow of the reduced metal. The Nueva Potosi deposits,
San Luis Potosi, were worked 25 years ago, and have been re-opened. The
ore carries less than 1% Hg, but is said to exist in large bodies easily mined.
The Montezimia district in San Luis Potosi, may also be mentioned, especially
the Dulces Nombres mines, where ore of 30 to 70% Hg has been found in a
ferruginous gangue. According to B. F. Hill, cinnabar occurs in porphyry near
Archuivo, Chihuahua, and in gypsum and limestone, with calcite and fluorite
near Guadalcazar, San Luis Potosi. At the latter locality the metal content of
the ore varies from 2 to 3-5%.
Peru. — The production of quicksilver during 1900 was 11 metric tons, valued
at $7,473.
Russia. — ^The report of the sole quicksilver producing concern, Messrs. A. Auer-
bach & Co., an English company operating mines in the Ekaterinoslav district in
southern Russia, states that during 1902 it mined 99,970 metric tons of ore aver-
aging 0-45% Hg at a cost of $136 per ton. Of this quantity, 91,370 tons were
sorted, and 91,370 tons roasted, which yielded 416,441 kg. (=11,974 flasks)
quicksilver at a treatment cost of 70c. per kg. The average selling price was
$1,246-84 per metric ton, and the 12,000 iron flasks required cost 78- 13c. per
flask.
Spain. — ^The output of quicksilver in Spain continues to be obtained from
the historic Almaden mine in the Province of Ciudad Real, and while other quick-
silver mines are worked in the Province of Oviedo, the output therefrom is com-
paratively insignificant. The contract for the supply of quicksilver flasks re-
quired by the Almaden mines during the next eight years has been awarded to a
Spanish concern at the price of 61 pesetas per flask. The exports of quicksilver
from the Port of Seville during 1902 amounted to 1,132 metric tons, as compared
with 830 tons in 1901 and 1,025 tons in 1900.
548 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
Technology.
«
Review of Analytical Chemistry. — The gravimetric determination of mercnry
and its separation from antimony, arsenic and copper, according to C. J. Pretz-
f eld* may be accomplished as follows : — To the solution of the four metals, 30 c.c.
of a saturated solution of tartaric acid is added, and the whole thoroughly stirred ;
KCN in solution is then added gradually until the precipitate which forms at
first is completely dissolved, the addition of KCN being continued until from 2
to 3 g. are in excess. The cold solution is then saturated with H,S, and the
precipitate settled, filtered, washed with water containing HjS, and finally dis-
solved in a mixed solution of KOH and KoS. The resultant solution is diluted
to 125 or 130 c.c, heated to 70®C. and electrolyzed with a current of NDjoo=0-12
amperes and 25 volts, or a cyanide solution may be used for the electrolyte with
a current of NDioo=007 amperes and 3-5 volts at a temperature of 65**C. The
electrolytic method, however, is not applicable to ores or alloys contaioing tin.
SpireJc Furnaces. — The details of the new Spirek reverberatory furnace are
shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 gives the general arrangement in plan of the
reverberatory and shaft furnaces and condensers, while Pig. 2 shows a longitudinal
vertical section of the reverberatory furnace and condensers. This furnace is
supplied with the same charging device as the shaft furnace described in The
Mineral Industry, Vol. X., p. 559. The ore falls through the channel b to the
roasting chamber a, where its progress during the treatment is regulated by means
of the opening c. The fireplace d occupies the whole width of the furnace and
the flame passing to the roasting chamber, is carried with the quicksilver vapors
through the chambers e to the condenser. From the chamber a the spent ore is
collected in the funnels Jc, where it may be withdrawn by means of the levers I.
The air before entering the roasting chamber is preheated by passing through
channels m and n. The furnace stands upon iron posts and is strengthened with
iron plates. For the roasting of quicksilver-lead ores a temperature of from
300'' to 400** C. should be maintained.
The Cerraak-Spirek furnace which has been described in The Mineral In-
dustry, Vols. VI. and X., is now used at Siele, Comacchino, Montebuone and
Abbadia San Salvadore, in the Monte Amiata district, Italy; at Nikitowka,
Russia, and at Taghit, Algeria. There are in course of construction also four
furnaces at Almaden, Spain, and one at Cortivecchia, Italy; while one furnace
has been built at Ponte di Nossa, Italy, for the calcination of zinc ores.
At the Taghit mine in Algeria, owned by Laguchee Co., of Paris, two furnaces
have been erected. Of these one is a Cermak-Spirek roasting and calcining fur-
nace of 6 tons daily capacity (ores finer than 35 mm. in size) and the other a
Spirek shaft furnace to treat 6 tons of ore per day, of a size greater than 35 mm.
These furnaces treat the zinc ore for quicksilver in the winter when there is
enough water to cool the condensers, treatment of the calcined ore free from
quicksilver being reserved for the summer months, when the condensers are dis-
connected. After the extraction of the quicksilver the calcined ore is sold. For
the extraction of the quicksilver a temperature of from 400° to 600® C. is required,
while that for calcining is 1,100®C. ; both processes, however, are worked in the
> PiisertatioD for the decree of Doctor of Philosophy, Columbf* University, 1909.
qUlCESILVER,
549
same furnace and very satisfactory results are obtained. For smelting the
galena, the Spirek reverberatory furnace has been used. It is small, can be oper-
ated from both sides but great care is requisite during the removal of the quiek-
-5600-
17.000 m.—
XiMnl ladwlrj, VoL XT
Fio. 1. — General Arrangement in Plan of the Spirek Severberatory
AND Shaft Furnaces and Condensers.
silver; the temperature should be between 300*" and 400°C., so that the galena is
not melted. This process also has been successful, the furnace being in opera-
tion since December, 1901.
The itemized costs of a plant consisting of two continuous furnaces, each with
a capacity of 12 tons ore per day; one continuous furnace of 6 tons ore per day.
550
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
and one duplex shaft furnace of 12 tons per day, together with channel, chimney
and engines, were as follows : Fireproof material and terra cotta for furnace and
condensers, 21,703 fr. ; ironwork, 27,586 fr.; woodwork for condensers and chan-
FiG. 2. — Longitudinal Vertical Section of the Spirek Reverberatory
Furnace and Condensers, with Other Sections.
nols, 6,630 fr. ; materials for foundations, channel and chimney, 11,620 fr.; en-
gim^s, inchiding blower, 8,000 fr. ; total, 78,539 fr. (sic).
The Spirok furnace is being introcluood into the United States by the concern
of Thomas J. Kyan and Horojso-Spirek, of Xow York,
' THE RARE ELEMENTS.
By W. J. Huddle.
The interest of the year centers largely around the so-called radioactive
substances, and much has been added to our knowledge of them. The subject is
still in a very unsettled condition and affords an interesting field of investigation.
Madame Curie gives the atomic weight of radium as 225, and the experiments
of Markwald point strongly to the actual existence of polonium. The evidence
now at hand seems to show that radium, thorium, uranium, polonium, and
possibly other elements, possess inherently the property of radioactivity. This
property seems to be due to the discharge at high velocity of minute particles
charged with negative electricity. The Curies have found that radium radiation
carries a negative charge. J. J. Thompson calculates from their work that it
would be thousands of years before the loss of weight would be noticeable. Not
only can different substances be rendered active by exposure to the influence of
radioactive bodies, but the action of a strong negative charge has the same
effect. Since the earth is negatively electrified, we might expect objects on its
surface to be radioactive. Elster and Geitd state that this is true and that the
points of leaves, lightning rods and similar objects possess this property strongly.
Certain chemical transformations take place under the influence of Roentgen
and Becquerel radiation. Berthelot suggests that a study be made of the com-
parative effect of Becquerel rays, light and the silent electrical discharge.
Bohuslav Brauner^ states as his belief that between cerium 140 and tantalium
182 no elements except the rare earths exist. He expects, however, the discov-
ery of several more of these. The atomic weight determinations of tellurium
still give it a value above iodine. In this connection it is important to note
that the recently determined physical constants of HgTe do not fall into a se-
ries with HoS and HgSe.
The use of alloys of titanium, vanadium and uranium in steel manufacture is
still in the experimental stage, but much is promised for the future.
Following up his work of last year on metallic neobium, Moissan has prepared
the analogous element tantalum, and described its properties. The valuable
properties of fused silica indicate that it will l)e widely used for chemical ap-
paratus. Small vessels are now being made by a German firm.
E. Stanfield^ states that pure barium cannot be prepared by the Goldschmidt
process, but that in all cases an alloy of barium and aluminum results con-
taining as high as 60% Ba.
» Zextaehrift fuer Anorganiache Chemie, 38, 1-80.
• Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society^ 48, (4), 1901-1909.
552 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
The cheap production of metallic calcium is very important to the industrial
world. It would find wide application as a reducing agent and to remove im-
purities from iron. Heretofore, however, the cost has prohibited its use even
for experimental work. Recent improvements in the electrolysis of the fused
salt seem to have overcome the earlier difficulties and it is stated that the metal
can now be produced at a cost of 45 cents a pound.
The methods of the different ^ investigators, Borchers and Stockem,* K.
Amdt,* and Ruff & Plato* are much the same. All use internal heating and
employ a large carbon anode and small iron cathode. T^ie electrolyte is CaCl^,
containing a small amount of CaFa. The metal must be removed as formed,
otherwise it gradually recombines with the chlorine liberated at the anode.
Both Ruff and Borchers describe a subchloride having the probable formula
CaCl, which is formed in the process. This salt is red in color.
The use of electrodes of calcium carbide in arc lamps has been patented
by Robert Hopfelt. They are covered with waterproof compound or sheathed
with aluminum. He claims that metallic carbides give a more powerful light
than carbon.
Cerium. — By passing a current of from 30 to 40 amperes at a pressure of from
12 to 15 volts for two hours through fused anhydrous cerium chloride, Muthmann*
obtained from 23 to 29 g. cerium 99'9I&% pure. He describes the metal as
harder than lead but soft enough to cut with a knife. It is slightly attacked
in dry air, easily in moist, slowly by cold water, more rapidly by hot water;
and easily dissolves in acids with evolution of hydrogen.
Sterba^ has prepared the oxycarbide of cerium 2Ce02.CeC2, sp. gr. 4-8,
by heating CeOj with insufficient carbon in the electric furnace. He has also
prepared® the silicide, CeSij, from silicon and CeOa in the electric furnace.
The crystals are small and of steely luster. The silicide is acted on slowly, by
water. Fluorine attacks it in the cold; CI, Br, I and HCl gag when heated.
The alkalies are without action in the cold. It bums at red heat in oxygen,
also on boiling with sulphur or selenium.
E. Baur** finds that cerous sulphate solution containing potassium carbonate
when shaken in the air, gives cerium peroxide and also some eerie salt R.
Meyer and Koss*® separate cerium from mixtures of the rare earth by
repeated boiling with magnesium acetate.
C. R. B. Bohm*^ has studied the separation of the cerite metals by use of
fractional precipitation with chromic acid. For successful separations it is
necessary that the solution of the earths and chromate should be very dilute;
that the solution must be kept boiling and that the precipitate be finely divided
and thoroughly stirred to secure intimate contact with the solution.
Oermaniutn. — This element, which was predicted by Mendelejeff and occu-
pies the place below silicon in the periodic system, was discovered in the sil-
ver ore argyrodite by Winckler in 1886.
* ZeiiMChrift fuer EUktrochemie, 8, 40, 757, 1902. ▼ Comptes rendu8, 184, 1OK0, im
« Ibid., 8. 861. " Itnd., 185, 170. 1908.
• Berichie, 86, 17. 8619. • Zeitschrift ftur Anorganisehe Chemie, 80, 261. 1902
' Annalen, 820, S81, 1902. «• Berichte. 85, 672, 1908.
«> Zeit9chri/t fuer angewandte Chemie, 16, Dec. 16, 1902.
TEE BABE ELEMENTS. 553
Yogelen^' has found that germanium compounds in presence of nascent hydro-
gen yield germanium hydride. The hydride burns with a bluish-red flame and
deposits on cold porcelain^ a bright^ metallic mirror, which is red in transmitter
and green in reflected light. The mirror is more difficultly volatile in a current
of hydrogen than is arsenic. It is easily identified, as a solution of the chloride
yields with H^S a white precipitate of germanium sulphide. Qermanium hydride
when passed into AgNOg gives silver germanium, which corresponds most
nearly to Ag^Ge. The decomposition of the hydride also indicates that its
formula is GeH^, which corresponds with the hydrides of carbon and silicon.
The gas is not liquefied by the solid carbon dioxide and ether. Efforts to
prepare the hydride of tin were unsuccessful, so the author places germanium
among the non-metals.
Hydrides, — Moissan has prepared the hydrides of sodium** and potassium.**
On heating the metals at a temperature of 370°C. in a current of hydrogen, white
crystalline substances result having formulas NaH and KH respectively. These
compounds bum in the halogens and in oxygen, and are decomposed by mois-
ture. The hydrides" afford new syntheses of methane and formic acid ac-
cording to the following reactions ; —
CH3l+KH=CH,+KI and CO^+KHrziHCOOK.
Guntz has prepared the hydride of strontium and finds for it properties sim-
ilar to the hydrides of sodium and potassium, but it unites less violently with
oxygen and the halogens. Gutier** has investigated the conditions of stability
of the hydrides and nitrides of the alkaline earths. He finds that the hydrides
dissociate above 675''C. The nitriijes form at 600*^0. and are stable at IjOOO'^C.
At a temperature of 600 °C., BaH, and SrH, are broken down by nitrogen
with the formation of the nitride. Calcium hydride breaks down similarly at
700*^0.
Iridium. — Meitzschke^^ separates iridium from gold by fusing the metals in a
clay crucible at a high temperature in a muffle. The iridium forms the silicide
and adheres to the crucible while the gold is poured off. The iridium silicide
is fused with litharge reducing agents and fiux and the button of lead and iridium
refined with silver.
Recent investigations show that platinum-iridium anodes may be used in solu-
tions of sodium chloride without serious loss. Foerster states that the brit-
tleness and low conductivity of the alloy is due to the presence of ruthenium,
which can be removed.
liCidi^ and Quinnessen*' have worked out a scheme for the detection of the
metals of the platinum group by the action of sodium peroxide. Osmium is con-
verted into sodium osmate, which forms a yellow solution. On warming and treat-
ing with chlorine, osmic peroxide volatilizes. This can be collected in iced water
and recognized by the formation of potassium osmate when alcohol and potassium
chloride are added. Ruthenium forms perruthenate which gives with water the
>• Zeti9chHftfwT Anf>rganiKhe Chemie, 80, 8S6. " Bulletin de la Socim Chimique, (8), 87, 1148, 1188.
» CompieM rendtf, 184, 18, 1908. >• Compter renduB, 184, 1106, 1908.
>« /Md., 184, 71, 1908. " Journal de Pharmaeie ei de CMmU, 15, (8X 88.
>• BuOeHn de Ui 8ociit4 Chimique, 2t (6). 179.
554 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
orange colored solution of ruthenate. This, treated with chlorine as above, distils
over but is reduced to ruthenium when heated with alcohol and potassium chloride.
Palladium forms sodium palladate. This does not distil with chlorine but
when neutralized with HCl, and KCl added, ruby red crystals of potassium
chloropalladate separate. Iridium gives a blue solution of the basic iridate
IrOa.SXaaO, which, when treated like the palladium solution, yields black
crystals of chloriridate. Sodium platinate is not soluble in water, but on treat-
ment with HCl, the platinum is identified as the chloroplatinate. Rhodium
remains insoluble as the dioxide and sesquioxide, of which the former is solu-
ble in HCl and on further treatment with NaCl gives a rose-colored solution
of GNaChRh^Cle.
Neodymium, — Muthman'* has prepared metallic neodymium by electrolysis
of fused neodymium chloride containing barium chloride, using car-
bon electrodes and a current of 35 amperes at a pressure of 25
volts. The metal is silver white, harder than cerium (see under the section
"Cerium"), more easily oxidized and has a higher melting point. At its melt-
ing point it attacks porcelain with the formation of the silicide. It dissolves
readily in acids, and unites with bromine to form the tribromide and with
iodine when heated. When eloctrolyzed with metallic salts it gives alloys. C.
' Malignon'® has prepared the anhydrous chlorides of neodymium, praseodymium
and samarium by heating to ISO^'C. in a current of HCL These anhydrous salts
dissolve in water with the evolution of heat and in alcohol.
Nitrides. — Guntz*^ suggests the preparation of metallic nitrides by heating
the metallic chloride with the nitride of lithium.
Li3N+3MCl=M3N+LiCl.
According to Moeser and Eidmann*^ boron nitride can best be prepared by
passing NH3 over strongly heated B2O3 and Ca3P04. Upon washing the prod-
uct with HCl, BN 80 to 90% pure may be obtained. Boron nitride is a strong
reducing agent.
Osmium, — Tests on osmium lamps show that the osmium filament is in many
respects superior to carbon. A high efficiency is maintained throughout the
life of the lamp. In Berlin, 300 lamps were used on street lighting circuit with
entirely satisfactory results. The efficiency is about 1'5 watts per candle power.
As yet they have been used only on circuits of 50 volts or less which neces-
sitates burning in series.
Palladium, — The recent discovery of platinum and palladium in the copper
ores of the Rambler mine near Laramie, Wyo., seems to promise a larger sup-
ply of palladium than has heretofore been known. The palladium occurs as^
the diarsenide PdAsj, and corresponds to the mineral sperrylite. At pres-
ent the use of palladium is confined almost entirely to the manufacture of scien-
tific instruments, but in general, the alloys have not been carefullv studied.
Polonium. — The radioactive bismuth found in pitch blende, has boon con-
sidered by many investigators to contain no new element, polonium beiujr re-
«• Annalen. 890 (2>, 281, 1902. «« CnmnfeM rrnduK. 1.^«>. 7SR. WS.
t» Comptes rentlun, 184. 180^. »« Brrfrhte, 85. W-i. 19^
THE BARE ELEMENTS, 555
garded by them as only bismuth in an excited condition. Markwald*' was
able to precipitate a strongly active metal from a solution of active bismuth
chloride with a bismuth rod. Since a metal cannot thus throw itself out
of solution, it seems that after all polonium must be an element Since it
occurs in such exceedingly small quantities, one ton containing less than a
gram, Markwald has not been able to calculate its atomic weight
Radium, — From radium chloride which contained no other impurity than
a spectroscopic trace of barium chloride, Madame Curie** has made a new
atomic weight determination, estimating the chlorine as chloride of silver. A value
of 225 was obtained, which she believes to be within one unit of the truth. This
value places radium in the second group below barium, in line with thorium
and uranium. GeiteP*^ concentrates radium material by fractional crystalliza-
tion of the bromides. The first crystallization frees it from most of the cal-
cium and strontium. Eight subsequent crystallizations separate the radium
almost entirely from the more easily soluble barium bromide. The progress
of the concentration is determined by the coloration of the Bunsen flame. Frac-
tional precipitation with ammonium carbonate may also be used, the radium
coming down last.
In his work on radioactive lead, Geitel gets a body from uranium mineral
as active as radium preparations which showed strong activity after a year.
The examination of the spectrum by Demargay showed it to be almost entirely
lead salt but to contain also two unknown lines. Hoffmann and Wolfl*® found
the active constituent of lead can be most conveniently obtained by dissolving
PbClj in sodium thiosulphate solution. On being kept some days an extremely
active black sulphide separates. This substance differs from polonium in that
it acts rapidly on photographic plate through gutta percha.
The Curies show that liquid as well as gaseous dielectrics become conductors
under the action of Roentgen and Becquerel rays. The highest conductive ob-
tained was 20X10"^* in the case of CSj. Liquids ordinarily almost perfect
insulators, exhibit the same effect
Radioactivity can be imparted to substances by subjecting them to cathode
iBxs, J. C. McLennan*^ states that the sulphates and sulphides become
strongly active on exposure to such radiation at temperatures 100 °C. Becquerel
rays have been found to consist of a mixture of cathode and Roentgen rays,
so that this behavior is not surprising. It is worthy of note that all the per-
manently radioactive elements have high atomic weights, radium, thorium and
uranium belonging to the last period in the system of Mendelejeff. Ruther-
ford shows that the activity of thorium is mostly due to the presence of a very
active substance which he calls Th,, and which is being constantly formed and
constantly reverting to ordinary thorium. He was able to separate fractions
of thorium compounds which were much richer in this Th, than the original
material. The activity of the greater portion was lost in the process but was
subsequently regained while the very active fraction soon lost its increased activity.
•» Berichte, 85, 866. «» Berichte, 85, 178, (XB.
M Comptes rendu8, 185, 161. «• Ibid., 86, 14, 68.
s' PMloaophical Magazine, (16), 8195, 1908.
!
I
556 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Silicon. — Moissan and others have prepared a number of new silicides. Lithium
and silicon^* heated in a vacuum give SijLi,. The silieide consists of small indigo
crystals having a sp. gr. of 112. It unites violently with the acids and water
forming with the latter H and Si^He. Liquid SiaHa*" has been prepared by
Moissan by cooling down with liquid air the gaseous products of the decomposition
of magnesium silieide with HCl. It has a melting point of 52 ^'C. and a freezing
point of 138®C. It bums spontaneously in the air and is a strong reducing agent.
When SijHe*® is decomposed by an electric spark H and Si result. The silicon
appears in long filaments and shows remarkable reducing properties, reducing
copper sulphate in the cold. Vanadium silieide*^ made by heating VjOj and sili-
con in the electric furnace, has a formula VSij. It is not attacked by acids, ex-
cept HP, nor by alkalies. Lebeau** describes three crystallizable silicides of co-
balt ; SiCoj, SiCo and SigCo, which he has prepared in the electric furnace. The
last-named of these is new. It has a hardness of from 4 to 5, and is not easily
acted upon by acids except HF. Calcium silieide** has a formula CaSi^ and con-
sists of grayish crystals, sp. gr. 2*6, which are decomposed by water and acids giv-
ing H but no silicon hydride.
Strontium. — Guntz, using a mercury cathode, electrolyzed a solution of stron-
tium chloride, and obtained metallic strontium from the amalgam by heating in
vacuum to full redness. The metal is white, very like barium, but fuses higher and
does not so readily form the metal ammonium. By electrolysis of fused SrClj
in a vessel composed of a carbon cylinder forming the anode and arranged
with an insulated bottom pierced by a cathode of iron, Borchers and Stockem**
obtained globules of pure metallic strontium, which sank to the bottom of the
bath.
Tantalum. — Metallic tantalum has been prepared by Moissan** by heating
TajOj and sugar carbon in the electric furnace. The metal had a crystalline frac-
ture and contained only 0"5% C. It scratches glass, has a sp. gr. of 12*79 and
fuses in a powerful arc. Chlorine begins to attack it at 150**C., and at 250°C.
the reaction takes place with incandescence. The chloride sublimes as orange yel-
low needles. Bromine acts on tantalum only at red heat and iodine not at all
at 600°C. At 600**C. the metal bums in oxygen. HCl gas attacks it with the
evolution of hydrogen but the simple acids do not attack it except H^SO^, which
does so slowly. It dissolves, however, in a hot mixture of HF and HNO3. ^^^^
KOH it gives oflF hydrogen and forms the alkaline salt. Tantalum will reduce
PbO, PbOo, MnOa and HgClj, being more strongly reducing than neobium.
which it greatly resembles.
Terbium. — ^The existence of this element has often been disputed. Marc**
after exhaustive researches reaches the following conclusion: Terbium oxide
is deep brown, ocher color. There is also a lower oxide which is colorless. The
earths previously described as terbia earth were mixtures of yttria and a heavier
earth, colored by terbium oxide. Terbium has probably an absorption spectrum
»» Comptes rendtts, 184, 1088. " Comptea rendtia, 186, 47B.
»• Ibid., 184, «». »» Ibid., 184. 508.
»• Ibid., 184, 1B88. »« 7fit»€hHft fuer Elektrochemie, 8. 40. 769.
•» Ibid., 188, 78. »» Compte» rendun, 184, 811.
»• BeHchte, 85, 2882, 1902.
THE RABB ELEMENTS. 55f
consisting of the band A 464-461. He regards thulium as a mixture of yttrium
and ytterbium with varying amounts of holmium and terbium.
Telluriunir. — The brittleness and bad quality of certain ingots of American
silver is ascribed by C. Vincent'^ to the presence of a minute quantity of tel-
luriuqi. G. Frerichs'® estimates tellurium by the reduction of the oxide with
hydriodic acid. Hall and Lenher'® find that tellurium and tellurium minerals
precipitate gold quantitatively from either warm or cold solutions, according to
the reaction : —
3Tfe+4AuCl8=TeCl*-f4Au.
Silver salts are reduced by tellurium with the formation of silver telluride.
Tellurides of gold do the same but on the other hand the telluride of silver
is without action. Lenher*® has already questioned the chemical composition of
telluride of gold and these later results strengthen the position he has taken.
The action of selenium on gold and silver salts is similar to that of tellurium
but is less energetic. Selenium reduces silver solutions in the cold but is vrith-
out action on gold solutions unless heated to near boiling.
Thorium. — The methods in use for the separation of thorium from the cerite
metals has been reviewed by E. Bentz.*^ F. J. Metzger** states that thorium
may be completely separated from cerium and lanthanum by the addition of 40%
alcoholic solution of fumaric acid. Kolb** finds that tiiorium is completely
precipitated by water saturated with aniline, while cerium, lanthanum, didy-
mium, yttrium and erbium are not so precipitated. Miss Jefferson** has studied
the action of the different aromatic bases on thorium, zirconium, cerium and
lanthanum, and finds a number of separations possible by their use.
0. A. Derby*" found monazite and zircon grains in a magnetic iron ore from
Brazil. They were also present in two Brazilian graphites. Rutherford has
shown conclusively that thorium compounds possess permanent radioactivity.
White and Trever** have made some extended investigations of the theory in
the incandescent mantle. The usual temperature of the commercial mantle is
from 1,500*'C. to 1,600''C. For single mantles the illumination varies
with temperature but for different mantles depends on the proporti6n of ceria
and thoria. The illumination therefore does not seem to be a matter of tem-
perature but is rather due to a solid solution of ceria in the thoria, the tem-
perature being below that which the latter alone would attain in the flame.
Titamum. — The Crawford- Voelker "glow lamp^' uses a filament of titanium
or uranium carbide. In a recent article J. R. Crawford*^ states that they have
placed the manufacture of their lamps on a commercial basis. He claims that
^ BuUeHn de la SoeUU Chimiqw, (SX ^7, 88, 19QS.
»• JcumaHfuer PraktUcke Chemie, M, Ml, 1908.
•• JoumcU of the American Chemical Society, 84, 018, 1008.
«• Th» HiNEiLiL Indubtrt, Vol. X., Sn.
«> Zeittchrift fuer angetoandte Cfhemie, 15, (18), 807, 1008.
** Joumai of the American Chemical Society, 84, 001.
«• Joumai fuer Praktiache Chemie, M, 60, 1008.
M Joumai of the American Chemical Society, 84, 808.
«• American Joumai of Science^ (4), 18, 811, 1008.
4" Joumai of the Society of Chemical Industry, Aug. 18^ 1008.
«v meetroehemiit and MetaUurgiet, 88, Harob, 1008.
558 THE MINERAL JNDU8TRY.
these filaments are superior to carbon, both in the quality of the light and in
that the}' may be used on circuits up to 500 volts. Carbon filaments have never
been used successfully at this voltage. The titanium light is much whiter than
carbon and is very soft to the eye. Uranium carbide gives a yellow light. Its
use is suggested for outside lights of high candle power.
Auguste J. Rossi has been studying the metallurgy of titanium. Although
it is usually considered that ores containing titanium are very difficult to work
in a blast furnace, he states** that he has been able to treat ores of this char-
acter easily. The pig iron produced from them, while containing little titanium, is
of superior quality. The addition of titanium in minute quantities to iron and
steel increases tensile strength enormously. Titanium has a great affinity for nitro-
gen and Bossi suggests that the presence of titanium in iron and steel actb not
only as a dioxygenizer, but also takes out nitrogen which is present in minute
quantities. The making of titanium alloys is described in The Mineral In-
dustry, Vol. IX. In this connection mention should be made of the large
deposits of rutile which occur in Virginia."
Uranium and Vanadium, — The use of uranium and vanadium in the man-
ufacture of steel is still in the experimental stage and small quantities only are
produced. The total production of uranium ores in the United States during 1901
was 375 tons, obtained chiefly from Colorado. The presence of vanadium in steel
is said to render it so hard that by its use armor plates may be rec^uced to one-
half the ordinary thickness. One peculiarity of vanadium steel is that it does
not acquire its maximum hardness through tempering but by reheating from
700** C. to 800° C. In consequence of this property, the cutting tool of a planer
made of vanadium steel continued to cut without being injured by heat, even when
heated to redness. This property would be of great importance in the mak-
ing of armaments and heavy projectiles. When the projectile strikes armor
plate, the temperature is raised even to fusion so that if the presence of vanadium
prevents the loss of hardness, and consequently of sharpness, the penetrative
power would be greatly increased. The influence of vanadium in steel i^ due
to its strong affinity for oxygen, its presence insuring the removal of the last
trace of iron oxide. The tendency of steel to crack and rupture is attributed
to traces of iron oxide which can be removed in no other way.
Yttrium and Ytterbium. — Dennis and Dales°® after trying many methods for
separation of the metals of the yttrium group, find that unuf-ually rapid separa-
tions of these earths may be effected with ammonium carbonate and acetic acid.
Fractional solution of the hydrates with saturated ammonium carbonate gives
rapid separation and this, combined with fractional precipitation of the car-
bonate solution with acetic acid, gives striking results ; erbium and terbium con-
centrate in the first fraction and ytterbium comes down last.
Clove has studied the chemistry of ytterbium. He finds it to be a purely
trivalent element forming characteristic compounds, as the gold double chloride,
the periodate YblOg, and the basic carbonate Yb(0H)C03. Even in acid solu-
tion it forms the neutral orthophosphate TbPO^. He suggests that ytterbium
«■ Jowmdl of the Franklin Institute, 64, ^1. ** Engineering and Mining Journal^ March 6, lOQflL
»• Journal of the American Chemical Society, 84, 40.
THE BARB ELEMENT8. 559
can be classed with yttrium, erbium and gadolinium on a basis of the similarity
of the platinum cyanides all of which crystalize alike, apparently with 18 mole-
cules of water. A new mineral, Hussakite, is reported from Minas Geraes,
Brazil, which contains BO^J? of the yttria earths, i.e., Y^Oj 43*43%, EijOj 14-82%,
and GdyOg 1-99%. It seems to be the parent mineral of xenotime.
Zirconium. — Gutbier and Hiiller"^ separate iron and zirconium quantitatively
by heating in a current of hydrogen. The method is as follows: The metals
are precipitated as hydrates with NH^OH, a second precipitation being neces-
sary to bring down all the zirconium, and weighed as oxides; the iron is re-
duced to metal in a current of hydrogen at red heat. Since none of the zirco-
nium oxide is reduced, a second weighing enables the amount of iron to be cal-
culated.
In quantity, the Ifemst lamp furnishes the best electric light yet produced.
The efficiency is stated to be on a parity with the enclosed arc and double
that of the incandescent lamp. Hulse*^* publishes a number of tests on these
lamps. The life of the glower he finds to be about 400 hours, and the aver-
age candle power 0-48 c.p. per watt. The chief cost, then, js in the renewal
of the glower, which brings maintenance to a much higher figure than with arc
or filament lamps. These lamps will find a wide use where large candle power
is required and power is not cheap.
" Zeitachrift fuer Anorganiache Chemie^ 88, 96, 1908. •' London Electrician, 48, 947.
THE MINERAL INDtTSTIiT
torrna, and as a development of this change in business methods it is interesting
to note that the combination of salt producers in California, which maintained
the price of coarse salt at $18 per ton, was formally indicted by the Federal
Grand Jury, and enjoined by the United States Circuit Court from forcing
prices above a reasonable compensation for the cost of manufacture. Also, that
the National Salt Co. of New York, the largest individual producer of common
salt, was declared insolvent on Sept. 30, 1902, and was placed in the hands of a
receiver.
Imports and Exports. — The imports of salt entered for consumption during
1902 were 369,528,186 lb. ($647,554), as compared with 403,465,946 lb.
($676,324), in 1901; the exports of domestic salt amounted to 10,188,771 lb.,
($55,432), in 1902, as compared with 18,865,247 lb. ($86,414), in 1901.
SALT PRODUCTION OF THE CHIEF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, (fl) (g) (iN METRIC
TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Year.
Algeria.
Austria, (d)
Canada.
France.
Germany.
1897
1898
1999
1900
1901
28,222
21,800
17,878
18,825
18,518
$78,068
86,000
67,.i00
76,288
79,976
881,081
841,969
342,059
830,277
383,238
110.224,576
10,607,799
10,124,760
9,957,173
9,888,231
48,584
51,796
51,796
66,296
53,927
$225,730
234,620
234,520
279,458
262,328
948,000
999,283
1,193,582
1,088,681
910,000
$8,289,828
2,115,120
2,506,832
2,415,973
2,012,800
1,306,684
1,870,341
1,432,181
1,514.027
1,568,811
$8,888,426
8,964;748
8,978,750
4,627,500
5,064,750
Year.
Greece.
Hungary, id)
India.
Italy, (e)
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
20,421
2"'.,250
87.125
22,411
23,079
$808,357
363,600
579,150
836,165
361,700
171,711
178,5451
182,r98
189,368
184,088
$5,875,788
o,«79,534
5,479,782
5.456,600
5,668.200
987,888
l,04'i,828
977,»JO
1,021,426
1,120,187
$976,260
1,486,700
1.824,748
1,146,868
l,406,6&j
81,626
29,745
28,842
29,221
88,744
$117,504
120,715
64,418
128,617
181,786
Year.
Japan. (/)
Russia.
Spain.
United Kingdom.
United States.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
621,781
646,719
590,483
669,694
(c)
1,551,8W
1,505,«)0
1,681,862
1,968,005
(c)
$2,711,077
2,506,906
2,767,168
8,124,000
iC)
508,006
479,358
.•)fl8,ia8
450,041
845,068
$1,159,291
1,025,682
1,091,133
834,585
599,9»1
1,988,949
1,908,728
1,946,581
1,873,601
1,812,180
$8,101,490
8,100,575
8,220,870
8,059,600
2,864,960
2 009,626
2,382,197
2,522,610
2,651,278
2,612,204
$8,808,666
4,758,664
5,487,941
6,944,608
6,617,449
(a) From the official reports of the respective countries. For Austria, Hungary, Russia, Spain, and the
United States, the production of all Icinds of salt i^ );iven; Germany, rocic salt and common salt; Greece, sea
salt; France, rocIc and sea salt; Algeria, sea a'ld rock salt; Italy, rock and salt from brine; United Kingdom,
rock and brine salt: India, salt which is liable to British salt tax only, bud dnes not include salt made in certain
native States. (6) Not reported in the official statistics, (c) Statistics not yet publislied. (d) The high valua-
tion of salt in Austria and Hungary is due to the government monopoly of pro^luction and high taxation, (p)
Rock and brine salt only. About 400,000 tons of .sea si't is made annually. (/ ) No value given, (g) In addition
in 1900, Australasia produced 34.095 metric tons ($1S8,145): Cape Co'ony. 11.833 metric tons ($168,300); Ceylon,
11,079 metric tons ($15,900); Cyprus, 8,175 metric tons (821,515); Peru, 16,000 metric tons ($275,000); Swit«er-
land, 49,284 metric ions; Tunis, 9,160 metric; tons ($64,120); Turks and Caicos Islands, 55,615 metric tons ($117,460).
SILICA.
Under this caption are grouped the various forms of silica that have a com-
mercial or industrial value, including diatomaceous earth, tripoli, sand, silica
brick, flint, pumice, sandstone and novalculite used in the manufacture of grind-
stones and whetstones. Sandstone for building purposes will be found under
the caption "Stone" elsewhere in this volume.
Diatomaceous Earth, — Deposits of diatomaceous earth have been found in the
southeastern corner of Pinal County, Ariz. According to Prof. W. P. Blake,
the region of greatest development is in the San Pedro valley, a few miles south
of Mammoth and near Redington. The beds of earth are horizontal and form
the almost vertical walls of the chief lateral canons, contrasting strongly with
the red clays lying above and below them. The greatest thickness from the floor
of the canon to the top of the beds is estimated at 100 ft. The material is snow
white, porous, and can be readily cut into blocks with saw or knife. Examina-
tions under the microscope show it to be composed of volcanic ash and siliceous
skeletons of diatoms. The particles of volcanic glass range in size from 01 to
0005 mm. An analysis of the earth gave the following results : Insoluble mat-
ter (SiO^) 82-81%; Fe^O,, 110%; Al^O, 484%; NaCl 045%; CaO 210%;
MgO, trace; loss by ignition (chiefly water) 507%.
The production of diatomaceous earth and tripoli in 1902 amounted to 4,855
short tons, valued at $49,974, as compared with 4,020 short tons, valued at
$52,950 in 1901.
Orindstones. — The value of the production of grindstones in the United
States in 1902 was $656,832, as compared with a value of $580,703 in 1901. The
value of the millstones produced in 1902 was $57,451.
Pumice. — About 100 tons of pumice were obtained from the deposits in Utah
during 1902. The mines were closed down during the previous year, owing to
the severe competition with foreign material.
564 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Silica. — The manufacture of apparatus for use in the chemical and electrical
industries from fused quartz is carried on at Hanau, Germany. The material
has a smaller coefficient of expansion than ordinary glass, so that it is little
effected by changes of temperature, and besides is resistant to the action of acids,
and is said to possess other advantages which make it valuable for technical pur-
poses. Ordinarily, when quartz is subjected to high heat in the electric furnace,
it is reduced and volatilized, but by blowing a current of air into the crucible
volatilization ceases and the mass fuses. The same result may be obtained in a
Moissan furnace of the reverberatory type, by placing the material below the arc
and allowing the heat to be radiated upon the charge. In this way it is possible
to fuse quartz around a core of carbon without reduction, and thus a rough tube
may be formed which can be drawn and blown. Quartz glass is well adapted for
vessels in which acids are concentrated, for accumulator cells, electrolytic tanks,
and for pumps handling corrosive liquids.
The output of crystallized quartz in the United States during 1902 amounted
to 13,904 short tons, valued at $117,423, as compared with 14,050 short tons,
valued at $41,500 in 1901.
Siloxicon. — A new refractory substance, to which the trade name siloxicon has
been given, was first made in 1902. The material possesses refractory properties
that may make it valuable for crucible manufacture, furnace linings, etc. It is
composed of silicon, carbon and oxygen in proportions varying between the limits
represented by SioCjO and SiTC^O. For typical material the formula may be
given as SijCjO, which is formed according to the following equation : 2Si02+5C
=Si2C20-j-3CO. It is of grayish green color and has a density of 2*74. Tests
show that it is neutral, insoluble in molten metals and unaffected by any acids
except hydrofluoric acid which seems to attack it slowly. When heated above
2,674 ^'F. in presence of free oxygen, siloxicon decomposes according to the follow-
ing equation Si2C„0+70=2Si02+2COo. If the material is In the form of a brick
or other molded mass the reaction takes place on the surface producing a vitreous
glaze which in most cases is tinged light green from the presence of iron. In the
absence of free oxygen no decomposition occurs, and the temperature may be raised
to the point of the formation of carborundum or approximately 5,000*^P. before
any change takes place, when it breaks up in carborundum and other substances
probably as follows: SiaCoO^SiC+Si+Oo.
Siloxicon is made in a furnace somewhat similar to that used in the manufac-
ture of carborundum, although of larger proportions, and worked at a lower
temperature. The furnace is about 30 ft. long, 9 ft. wide and 5 ft high, and
has multiple cores, whereas the carborundum furnace has a single core. The
furnace is filled with a mixture of sand and coke, to which a certain amount of
sawdust is added in order to secure the necessary porosity to allow of free escape
of the carbon monoxide gas. Through the center of the mixture pass two or more
large flat cores of granular carbon, the cores being so proportioned that they give
a very great radiating surface. The temperature of the cores is adjusted so as not
to go to such a high temperature as to reach the point of decomposition.
SODIUM SALTS.
Bt Joseph Stbuthbrs and Hemrt Fibbxsl
The production of soda and sodium salts in the United States for the year
1902 is estimated at 562^000 metric tons^ as compared with 480,000 metric tons
for the year 1901. These figures include the production of soda ash^ caustic soda,
bicarbonate and crystals, all reduced to the basis of 58% alkali, the output of
soda ash being about 427,000 tons, of caustic soda 75,000 tons, and of sodium
bicarbonate, 52^500 tons.
The large increase in the production of sodium salts in the United States dur-
ing 1902 has not been fully met by increased consumption, and it is believed that
of the production for the year, a considerable tonnage is held as stock. The
imports have remained at about the same figure as in 1901, namely 15,000 tons,
while the exports for the year 1902 show a slight decrease from those of the pre-
vious year.
The changes during the year 1902 in a majority of the works producing so-
dium salts have been unimportant. The Michigan Alkali Go. continued the re-
construction of its No. 1 soda ash plant, which was destroyed by fire in Decem-
ber, 1901. The company was not able to get this plant in operation, as had been
expected, before the close of 1902, but it is thought that it will be completed in
the early part of 1903. The Columbia Chemical Co. at Barberton, 0., continued
producing soda ash and caustic soda during the year, making no radical changes
in its plant. The Prasch Process Soda Co. of Cleveland, 0., has continued in
irregular operation during the year 1902. It is said that under favorable con-
ditions its output is at times as much as 30 tons of soda ash per day, but the rate
of production is very uncertain. The Mathieson Alkali Co. of Saltville, Va., pro-
duced throughout the year soda ash, caustic soda and sodium bicarbonate. This
plant has had additions and improvements in progress for some time, and the
production during 1902 is said to have been somewhat larger than heretofore.
The Solvay Process Co. of Syracuse, N. Y., and Detroit, Mich., produced soda
ash, caustic soda, bicarbonate and crystals throughout 1902. The Acker Process
Co. of Niagara Falls, N. Y., continued the production of caustic soda and bleach-
ing powder by the electrolytic process on a somewhat increased scale over the
previous year, the capacity of the plant being about 11-8 tons of 76% caustic
soda and 26 tons of bleaching powder per day. The Castner Electrolytic Alkali
Co. of Niagara Falls, N. Y., put in operation during the first half of the year,
its enlarged plant, which has increased the capacity for producing caustic soda
566
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
and bleaching powder to three times what it was at the beginning of 1902. The
American Alkali Co. appears to be so deeply involved in financial difficulties that
its future is problematical. The property is now in the hands of a receiver.
An agreement has been made with the Consolidated Lake Superior Co., whereby
a half interest in the Canadian Electro-Chemical Co., whose stock is ovmed by
the American Alkali Co., is transferred to the former company in settlement of
its claims. The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. during the year 1903
has continued work on its electrolytic plant at Wyandotte, Mich. It was expected
that this plant would be completed and in operation by the fall of 1902. This
expectation has not been realized, however, and the plant is not yet producing
caustic soda or bleiaching powder. The Dow Chemical Co. is enlarging its
plant at Midland, Mich., to double its present capacity, and in order to pay for
these improvements, $115,000 new treasury stock has been issued.
The annual report of the Electrolytic Alkali Co., Ltd., operating the Har-
greaves-Bird process, for the year ending Aug. 31, 1902, states that the net
profit for the year was £6,420, to which must be added £1,242 brought forward
from the previous fiscal year, making an available balance of £7,662, out of which
a cumulative dividend of £7,331 is to be paid, leaving £331 to be carried forward.
The United Alkali Co., Ltd., for the calendar year 1902 reports assets of
£9,031,249, consisting of property, plant, etc., valued at £7,226,661 ; stocks of man-
ufactured products, raw material, stores, etc., on hand^ £738,488 ; debts owing to
the Company, £261,611; outstanding consignments, £36,649; investments,
£478,213 ; cash on hand and bills receivable, £289,627. The gross profits for the
year were £434,028, and net profits, £242,796. The balance brought forward from
the previous year was £38,107, making a total of £280,902 available for distribu-
tion, out of which a 7% dividend on the preferred stock amounting to £185,612
was paid, £15,000 transferred to debenture redemption account, and the balance,
£80,290, brought forward.
IMPORTS OF SODA PRODUCTS INTO THE UNITED STATES.
18Q6.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
~ s~
5,997,595
(6)
94,908
276.261
189.548
1,678,190
Pounds.
Value.
Soda, nitrate..
Soda, bicarb...
Soda, cauBtic.
Soda ash (a)...
Oth'r soda salts
Lime, chloride.
880,886,560
a»,988
24,981,873
78,064.707
2S,a54,2%
106.462,828
2,29aa40
5,794
854,270
447,119
256,958
1,229.978
328.142,080
168.898
18,868,529
57,053,887
26,840,840
128,588,061
3,486.813
5,219
186,008
425,205
855,502
1,208,864
407,921,920
188,187
8,408,749
78,815,425
20,851,801
182,510,478
$
4.985,520
4,509
150,530
618,879
265.298
1,524,205
467,884,960
ib)
8,812,847
81,415,788
14,491,559
120,611,846
661,848,800
176,480
8,.S84,e97
81.809,092
16.978,702
112,374,478
5,9964805
6.482
77,482
984,681
277,aB
1,466,485
(a) Including sal soda. (6) Included in other soda salts.
Market Conditions, — The average monthly price of domestic 58% ash per
100 lb. in lots of 50 tons or more f . o. b. works, is given in the following table : —
Year.
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901 .. .
1902...
Jan.
Ct«.
58-7.'5
57 -.W
a6-6fi
80-00
8408
Feb.
Cts.
51-21
.59-80
ft7-.W
80-00
«)-75
Mch.
Gt8.
58-75
62-50
87-50
74-00
80-50
April.
50-50
mm
82-50
8000
82-50
May.
Ota.
57-.'i0
67-50
82-50
78-75
82. V)
June.
57-50
68-75
82-50
77-50
82-, W
July.
Cts.
51-50
68-75
82-50
80-00
82-50
Aug.
Cts.
52-50
70-00
82-. V)
7fi-50
88-60
Sept
Cts.
50-00
71 -7n
77-50
75-50
85-00
Oct.
Cts.
59-00
8000
77-50
77-50
86-00
Nov.
Cts
57-50
82-. W
72-. W
78 -.'^0
84-50
Dec.
Average.
Cts.
Cts.
f^t-ffi
54-85
HS-.vi
69-45
75-50
81-48
8500
78-60
881S
8804
SODIUM SALTS. 667
Domestic sodium bicarbonate for the first six months of 1902 sold at 95c.@$l
per 100 lb., f. o. b. works, but toward the end of the year prices rose, till in
November and December it sold for $1*25. Extra grades remained unchanged
throughout the year at $3 and up per 100 lb., according to grade. Fbreign ordi-
nary grades sold in New York at $l-50@$l-60 per 100 lb.
Domestic caustic soda in 1902 sold at $l-90@$2 per 100 lb., f. o. b. works for
prompt delivery, future deliveries being 5c. per 100 lb. less. Yearly contracts
were made at $1 90@$l-95 per 100 lb., f. o. b. works. In November and Decem-
ber, contracts were made for 1903 to 1904 at $l-65@$l-876 per 100 lb., f. o. b.
works. Foreign caustic soda brought $2-25@$2-75 per 100 lb. in New York.
The prices for domestic soda ash, 58%, varied from 75@80c. to 87-5@90c.
per 100 lb., f.o. b. works for spot delivery, future deliveries being 6c. per 100 lb.
cheaper. Foreign high test soda ash sold in New York at 90@95c. per 100 lb.
Domestic sal soda was quoted at 55 @ 60c. per 100 lb., f. o. b. works, and foreign
brought 65@70c. per 100 lb. at New York.
Sodium sulphate was sold at 80@82-5c. per 100 lb. f. o. b. works.
Bleaching powder of domestic manufacture during the first nine months of
1902 was quoted at $l-375@$l-625 per 100 lb. f. o. b. works, but toward the
end of the year quotations dropped to $l@$l-25. Contracts for 1903 delivery
were made at $1@1'25 per 100 lb. For the foreign bleaching powder, prices
for the Liverpool brand were $l-625@$2 per 100 lb. in New York, lower prices
ruling toward the end of the year, and contracts were made for 1903 as low
as $1-25 per 100 lb. Prices of the Continental brands were lower, $1 625(a$l-75
per 100 lb. in New York at the beginning of 1902, and $l-25@$l-375 at the
end of the year, while contracts for deliveries during 1903 were made at $120
per 100 lb. The fall in price of the foreign bleaching powder was due to the
active competition of the American product, on account of increased production
in the West.
Natural Sodium Carbonate. — The Inyo Development Co. at Owens Lake, Cal.,
produced 25,000 short tons of natural sodium carbonate (97% carbonate) during
1902, which is equivalent to 16,000 short tons of 58% soda ash, as compared
with the equivalent of 15,000 short tons of 58% soda ash in 1001. The crude
material was obtained from Nevada and California.
Sodium and Potassium Chlorates and Hypochlorites. — A review of these in-
dustries during 1901 by Mr. J. B. C. Kershaw will be found in The Mineral
Industry, Vol. X., pp. 547-550, and other references will be found elsewhere
in this volume.
Sodium Nitrate. — Chile saltpeter. — ^The nitrate beds in California were ex-
amined by Prof. G. E. Bailey in 1902, who reported that nearly all are situated
in the northern part of San Bernardino County, and extend through the southern
part of Inyo County, the deposit being about 25 miles long and 15 miles wide. He
estimates that there are 35,000 acres of sodium nitrate in the Owl, Upper Canyon,
Tjower Canyon, Round Mountain, Confidence, Salt Springs, Tecopah, Pilot,
Danby, Needles and Volcano districts. The crude nitrate occurs in beds from
6 to 12 ft. thick, assaying from 16 to 40% of the mineral, the minimum thick-
ness of the surface nitrate being 6 in. Shafts have been sunk in the beds to a
668
THE MINERAL INDUSTBT,
depth of from 6 to 45 ft., but no water has been found, the nearest point at which
water can be obtained is Furnace Creek, 35 miles distant. The deposit is also a
considerable distance from railroad communication, the nearest line being at
Johannesburg, 125 miles from the beds. The deposit is to be worked by the
American Nitre Co. which was organized in 1901, and which has established a
laboratory at Camp Inyo, Inyo County, Cal.
Chile. — The report of the A80ciaci6n Salitrera de Propaganda (Nitrate
Propaganda Association) states that the production of sodium nitrate in 1902
amounted to 29,829,679 quintals (1 quintal=101-61 lb.), an increase of
1,461,319 quintals over the production in 1901. The exports were 30,089,440
quintals as compared with 27,385,228 quintals in the preceding year. The total
deliveries in 1902 amounted to 28,400,840 quintals, being 2,937,032 quintals less
than in the previous year. The decrease was due to a decreased consumption in
Europe and other countries of 3,339,998 quintals, offset by an increase in the con-
sumption by the United States and Chile of 402,966 quintals. The visible sup-
plies on Dec. 31, 1902, amounted to 21,966,244 quintals, distributed as follows:
For Europe, on shore, 5,599,440 quintals; afloat, 9,427,470 quintals; total,
15,026,910 quintals; for the United States, on shore, 166,634 quintals; afloat,
1,288,700 quintals; total, 1,455,334 quintals; the stock on the coast of Chile
amounted to 5,484,000 quintals. In December, 1902, there were 78 nitrate works
in operation. Of the companies engaged in this industry the Alvanza Co.
showed the greatest net profits in 1902, £174,907, and paid a dividend of 10% ;
the Rosario Co. showed a net profit of £140,104, and paid an 8% dividend. The
greatest dividend payers were the Santiago and Liver|)ool Co.'s, the former paid
18% and the latter 175%. In order to keep within the limits of the output
fixed by the combination for 1903, and to allow for new producers coming into
the combination, which now consists of 16 companies, the individual quotas of
present producers will have to be reduced about 25%. The Salar del. Carmen
Nitrate Syndicate reports for the year 1902 gross profits of £54,754, and net
profits of £44,289, out of which a dividend of £10,950 (10%) was paid, leaving
a balance of £1,135 to be carried forward.
On March 16,^1903, the President of the Republic was authorized to sell at
public auction for the term of one year, 24 nitrate properties, 16 being in Tara-
pacd and 8 being at Toco.
The following table was obtained from the report of W. Montgomery & Co.,
London, the figures being for the 12 months ending June 30: —
Shipments from South American porta to all parts
Consumption in United Kingrdom
Consumption on the Continent
Consumption in the United States
C-onsumption in other Countries
Consumption in the world
ViKibie supply on June SO
1899.
Tons.
1,878,000
181,000
961,000
188.000
as,ooo
1,960,000
896,000
1900.
Tons.
1,861,000
196,000
1,086,000
170,000
8R,000
1,860,000
996,000
1901.
Tons.
1,462,000
188,000
1,042,000
200,000
14,000
1,889,000
889,000
1902.
Tods.
1,278,000
111.000
897,000
190,000
16,000
1,214,000
868,000
1908.
Tons.
1,889,000
112.000
1,006,000
240,000
19,000
1,874,000
870,000
It has been declared by the committee of the producers that not more than
31,750,000 quintals shall be shipped during 1903, but as the committee has the
SODIUM 8ALT8, 509
right to increase its figures^ it is probable that the quantity finally declared will
be 33,000,000 quintals.
Market Conditions. — At the opening of the year 1902, sodium nitrate was
quoted in New York at $l*96@$l-975 per 100 lb. Prices began to rise and in
February it was quoted at $210@$2-35, and in March at $2-30@$2-40. This
high price was reported to be due to delayed shipments and a strike at Iquique
and Caleta Buena, Chile. At the beginning of April, sodium nitrate was still
quoted at $2-35@$2-40, but from the end of April to July, prices declined
$2-25@2 per 100 lb. Between July and October, prices fell from $205 to $1-85,
in November rose to $1 95@$2025, and in December to $210@$2-25, but closed
at $1-975. The quotations for future deliveries were more steady, the year open-
ing with futures quoted at $r95@$l-975 per 100 lb., in February and March
at $2025@$2 10, but fell to $l-925@$l-975 in May, to $l-825@$l-85 in July,
and remained at these figures till the end of the year.
Metallic Sodium, — Although there are several works in the United States
manufacturing metallic sodium, statistics of their production are not available.
An article entitled the Manufacture and Uses of Metallic Sodium, appeared in
the Journal of the Franklin Institute, January, 1902, pp. 65-74, in which Mr.
J. D. Darling described his process and the sodium plant of Harrison Bros, ft Co.,
at Philadelphia, Pa.
STONE.
The leading varieties of stone produced in the United States in the order of
their importance are limestone, granite, sandstone, marble and slate. Detailed
information as to the important quarrying centers, character of their output,
and the relative value of stones for different uses, will be found in The Min-
eral Industry, Vol. VIII.
The total value of the stone produced in the United States during 1901
amounted to $55,488,137, against $45,066,708 in 1900; neither of which totals
includes the sandstone used in the manufacture of grindstones and whetstones,
which is included under silica, and are also exclusive of the value of the produc-
tion of slate. The statistics covering the year 1902 are not yet available.
Limestone. — The value of the total production during 1901 was $26,406,897,
the value of that used for building being $5,219,310, including $404,163 for rail-
road bridges; for railroad ballast, $1,758,541; for macadam, $2,298,286; for
concrete, $1,214,815; for riprap and rubble, $1,024,109; for the production of
lime, $8,204,054 ; for blast furnace flux, $4,659,836, and for the limestone used
in the manufacture of Portland cement, $570,882. The principal producers rank
in the order of maximum production as : Pennsylvania, with a production valued
at $5,081,387 for 1901; Illinois, $2,793,837; Indiana, $2,993,186; Ohio,
$2,606,502 ; New York, $1,738,716 ; Missouri, $1,362,272 ; Wisconsin, $1,225,448.
Oranite. — The total value of the granite produced during 1901 amounted to
$15,976,971, which includes that used for concrete, $477,709: for road mak-
ing, $2,008,966; and for railroad ballast, $516,768; for curbing and flagging,
$670,703; riprap and rubble, $1,755,959; sold in the rough, $3,486,574; for
paving blocks, $1,821,431; and for dressed building stone sold by the producers,
$3,781,294. The" principal States rank in the order of their maximum produc-
tion as: Maine, $2,703,116; Massachusetts, $2,216,258; Vermont, $1,245,828;
California, $1,134,675; South Carolina, $996,084 and New Hampshire, $935,494.
Sandstone, — ^The total value of the production during 1901 was $8,844,978, of
which was used for building purposes, $4,875,973 ; for railroad ballast, $30,887 ;
for road making, $130,503; for concrete, $123,957; for paving, $358,910; for
riprap and rubble, $447,520; for curbing, $636,722; for flagstones, $1,026,499;
for other purposes, including grind and whetstones, $1,214,007. The principal
])roducing States rank in the order of production as: Ohio, with a total pro-
fl notion valued at $2,576,723; Pennsylvania, $2,063,082; and New York,
$1,331,327.
Marble. — The total value of the marble produced during 1901 was $4,965,699,
of which that used for building purposes was $1,236,023; for ornamental work,
$126,576; sold in the rough, $591,667; for interior work, $1,008,482^ and for
cemetery work, $1,948, 892.
BTONE. 671
The Testing of Building Stone.^
By Edwin C. Eckel.
Although there were earlier contributors on the subject, the work of Gen. Q. A.
Gillmore, about 25 years ago, may be regarded as the foundation on which the
modern study of building stone testing has been based. The accuracy of some
of Gillmore's conclusions may be questioned, but the real value of his work can-
not be minimized. Physical methods of testing building stone have advanced
but slightly since his day.
Crushing Strength, — In the matter of size of test piece, Gillmore's earlier ex-
periments seemed to prove that a large cube gave higher compressive resistance
per sq. in. than a small cube, and he constructed a formula showing the varia-
tion in compressive strength in relation to size of cube. This formula will fre-
quently be found quoted in engineering and geological treatises, though within
a year of its announcement Gillmore had determined, from the results of a longer
series of experiments, that the so-called law did not hold true. Regarding the
shape of test piece, it has been determined that a prism whose height is 15 times
the width of its base will give far more accurate results than the cube. This
determination has had little effect on testing practice, however, the cube being
employed as heretofore.
Transverse Strength, — Little attention is usually paid to testing the transverse
strength of building stones, except in the case of stones intended for use as flag-
ging, lintels, etc. This neglect is the more curious because building stone, in
actual construction, often fails under transverse strain, as may be seen in the
walls of many buildings. In theory, of course, a building should be so constructed
as never to subject its wall material to anything but a direct compressive strain.
In practice, however, the case is very different. Owing to bad masonry work, or
more generally to the unequal settlement of foundations, transverse strains do
frequently occur, and their effect is shown by vertical cracks in the poorer or
weaker stones of the walls.
Hardness. — The resistance of stone to mechanical wear is rarely of sufficient
importance to justify testing, when the stone is used strictly as a building ma-
terial. Flagging, steps and sills are, however, subjected to considerable wear, and
it is possible that some simple abrasion test might be of service. The only struc-
tural stone, however, that really fails, owing to mechanical wear, is serpentine,
which is entirely too soft to be used in any unprotected situations.
Expansion. — It has long been recognized that much of the lack of durability
of building stone is due to the effects of changes of temperature. Except in the
case of an entirely homogeneous material, these operate to disintegrate the stone
because the various component minerals will have different ratios of expansion
on heating, as in a granite, while in sandstones the cementing material and the
enclosed grains or fragments may expand unequally. The tendency of a stone to
extoliate or disintegrate under changes of temperature can obviously be tested
directly, and uniformity in the method of applying the test may be obtained
without difficulty.
» From the PJngineering and Mining Journal^ June 20, 1908.
6n THE MINBHAL IlfDtiaT&Y,
Absorption. — Changes of temperature, as already indicated may of themselves
cause serious injury to a stone ; but when taken in connection with the action of
water contained in the pores of the stone, the effect is greatly augmented. The
tests applied for expansion are mainly to determine the effect of alternate heating
and cooling, and particularly of high heating and rapid cooling. The tests for
porosity or absorption, on the other hand, are carried out with a view to determin-
ing the probable resistance of the stone to the action of frost. Other things being
equal, it is obvious that the stone which absorbs the greatest quantity of water
per cu. in. in a given time, will be the stone that is subject to the greatest injury
at low temperature owing to the freezing of the water contained in it.
The action of frost is frequently simulated by using in the absorption test, in-
stead of pure water, a saturated solution of some salt, which expanding on
solidifying, tends to crack or disintegrate the stone. Tests of this type have,
however, fallen largely into disuse.
Chemical Tests. — In regard to uniformity in analytical methods marked prog-
ress has been made during the past few years. Dr. Hillebrand has described* in
great detail the methods of rock analysis followed in the laboratory of the United
States Geological Survey, and it seems probable that future progress in the stand-
ardization of such methods will follow closely along the lines of his paper. The
practical value of a chemical analysis depends largely on the type of rock in ques-
tion. In the case of a granite, trap, or other crystalline igneous rock, an analy-
sis is of itself of little service, though it may do some good if taken in connection
with a careful microscopical investigation. With sandstones, analyses are some-
what more useful, in determining the character of the cementing material, though
even here a microscopical investigation will probably be more serviceable. The
value of a chemical analysis is greater in the case of limestones and slates, par-
ticularly the latter.
Microscopic Examination. — The examination, under the microscope, of thin
sections of a stone serves to determine the characters and condition of the com-
ponent minerals, the shape and method of aggregation of the individual grains ;
and, in the case of non-igneous rocks, the character of the cementing material.
Microscopic examination, therefore, is perhaps the most valuable single test ; but
it is the one which can least readily be applied by the quarr3rman or engineer, as
instruments and training are rarely obtainable.
Field Examination. — ^The examination of old buildings, and of natural expo-
sures of the stone under test are valuable aids to a determination of its probable
durability. Field examination requires, however, a good knowledge of the geo-
logical history of the area in which the quarry occurs, as the degree to which a
natural exposure of the stone has disintegrated will depend not only on the char-
acter of the stone, but on the length of time it has been exposed to the weather.
Rock areas in New York and New England are rarely weathered deeply, as this
district was swept clean during the Glacial period, while rocks of similar type in
the Southern States may be covered by from 50 to 150 ft. of material resulting
from their own disintegration.
* W. F. HUlebrand Bulletin, 176, United States Qeologloal Surrey.
SULPHUR AND PYRITE.
By Joseph Struthbrs.
The production of sulphur in the United States during 1902 was 8^336 short
tons valued at $220,560, as compared with 7,690 tons valued at $223,430 in 1901
and 5,186 tons valued at $102,091 in 1900. The production during 1902 was de-
rived from Louisiana, Nevada and Utah in order of importance of their output;
Oregon and Idaho which contributed to the output during 1901 reported no pro-
duction for 1902.
The quantities of sulphur produced in the United States during 1901 and 1902
are the largest annua] outputs that have ever been recorded, which indicates that
the development of this important branch of the mineral industry is worthy of
considerable attention. In recent years the production of domestic sulphur has
amounted to less than 1% of the total consumption, which is insignificant when
compared with the imports from foreign countries; during 1902 the quantity
of sulphur consumed in the United States from domestic and foreign sources,
including the sulphur content of iron pyrite which is used in the manufacture of
sulphuric acid, amounted to 483,297 short tons.
SULPHUR PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Imports.
Consumption.
(a)
i
Sulphur.
Crude.
Flowers of
Sulphur.
Refined.
Totals.
LODg
Tons.
Value.
Value
per Ton
Long
Tonfl.
Value.
Long
Tons.
Value.
Long
Tons.
168
184
848
868
14
Value
$4,891
4,619
6,879
6,808
809
Tons.
.Vahie.
Long
Tons.
Value.
1886
1809
1900
1901
1908
8,786
1,666
4,680
6,978
7,448
160,754
108,091
888,480
880,660
181-98
81-46
8805
88*M
89-64
160,790
140,841
166.467
174,194
170,687
$8,061,974
8,494,887
8,918,610
8.861,897
8,887.887
607
888
688
748
788
$14,648
9,917
17,487
80,801
19,964
160.460
141,861
167,888
175,810
171,880
$8,100,918
8,606,888
8,948,886
8.887,906
8,867,660
161,778
148,449
171,418
188,076
177,579
$8,188,846
8,681,604
8,080,989
8,511,886
8,660,186
(a) In calculating the consumption of sulphur the exports were taken into consideration, although they do
not appear in the above table, vis.: 1896, 1.414 long tons ($81,888); 1809, 477 long tons ($10i804): 1900, 640 lonir
tons SlM96); 1901, 2VtI. and 1908, 1,858 long tons ($88,084). v» . ;. t «
Market. — ^The average monthly price of seconds and thirds during 1901 and
1902 is given in the subjoined table: —
AVERAGE PBICE OP BRIMSTONE PER LONQ TON IN NEW YORK.
Month.
January..
February
March...
April
1001.
$28'67
88-44
86*80
88-06
$80-67
80-88
88*80
8006
1908.
8819
88-04
88 54
$80-75
20-09
80-49
80*04
Month.
May
June
July. ...
August..
1901.
$96 69
88-40
88-60
88-60
$84-60
80*35
19*98
80-50
1908.
$88-47
88-84
88-16
88-80
$80*08
80*09
80-16^
80-401
Month.
September
October...
November.
December.
1901.
$88.75
84 60
86-85
84-85
$10*75
81*81
88 60
81*85
1908.
$88-60
88*15
88-81
$81-00
81-18
81-44
81-06
Average for 1901: Seconds, $88-71; thirds, $81*88. Average for 1908: Seconds, $88*78; thirds, $30*61.
674 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
world's production of sulphur, (a) (in metric tons.)
Year.
Austria
France.
KC)
Hungary
Qermany
Greece.
Italy.
(b)
Japan.
Russia.
Spain.
(/)
Sweden
United
States.
1897
189H
lM9tt
1900
1901
630
496
655
862
4,911
10,7«3
9,818
11,744
11,551
7,000
112
98
116
123
187
2,817
1,954
1668
1,445
968
858
1S5
1,150
891
8,212
Hill
12,018
10,889
14,485
574
1,018
451
1,586
(e)
6 8,600
8,100
1,100
760
610
Nil.
50
NU.
70
1,717
2,770
1,590
4,7M
6,076
(a) From the official reports of the respective governments. The sulphur recovered as a by product by the
Chance-Claus process in the United Kingdom, amounting to about 81,000 long tons in 1898 is not included.
(6) Crude, (c) Raw mineral; limestone impregnated with sulphur, (d) Crude rock, (e) Statistics not yet
published. (/) Production of crude roclc was 58,922 metric tons in 1899; 64,864 in 1900 and 49,856 in 1901.
Nevada. — ^The Nevada Sulphur Co. operates at Rabbit Hole Springs, 35 miles
from Humboldt, Humboldt Coimty. The sulphur rock occurs in beds of con-
siderable thickness and extent included between limestone and magnesian rocks,
and are worked by means of tunnels. All rock containing over 8% S is mined,
this being considered the minimum limit that repays extraction, but a large por-
tion of the material averages' very high. From the mines the rock is carried in
cars to the refinery, which treats about 225 tons per month. Thirty men are
employed. The sulphur is drawn by wagons to Humboldt for shipment. It
is said to be of superior quality and finds a ready market on the Pacific Coast in
spite of the competition of Japanese sulphur.
Utah, — The Utah sulphur deposits are situated in the vicinity of Gold Moun-
tain and Marysvale. About 1-5 miles west of the deposits is an old crater, and tlie
country northwest of it shows a recent flow of lava. The country south and west
is porphyritic, but on the north is more basic. On the west bordering on the de-
posits are low hills of honeycombed gypsum from which building stone has been
taken. It is possible that the sulphur owes its formation to volcanic action, but
the presence <rf g}^psum in the vicinity indicates that the beds have been formed
in a manner similarly to those of Texas and Louisiana. The principal deposit
from which most of the sulphur has been mined is located in Beaver Count}' near
the Millard County line ; the outcrop extends for 7 or 8 miles north along which
the Utah Sulphur Co. have 8 or 10 promising claims. The deposits were known
to the early pioneers, who obtained small quantities of almost pure sulphur from
the numerous caves. Soon after 1870 the deposits were located under the mining
laws, and a small furnace installed. The plant was afterward enlarged and suc-
cessfully operated until about 1885. In 1891 the Meyer Bros. Drug Co. of St.
Louis bought control of the property, and the smelter was rebuilt, and a new mill
for grinding the sulphur installed. Since then the mines have been worked con-
tinuously with success. The smelter is not usually operated during the winter
season, as the mines are worked by open cutting. The smelter has six stacks or
retorts ; four of which are generally operated at one time, handling 50 tons of
20% rock per day. The capacity of the mill is from 15 to- 18 tons of sulphur in
10 hours. The refinery will yield about 2,000 lb. of flower sulphur and 1,000 lb. of
pure rock sulphur per day. The rock sulphur is used for making roll sulphur or
is ground and sold as flour sulphur.
Chile. — The native sulphur mines near Arica were actively worked during
1901 as well as the deposits at Taltal; the total output of the country being con-
sumed by the nitrate works in Tarapaca and Atacama for the manufacture of
' SULPHUR AND PYRITE.
675
blasting powder and in the extraction of iodine. The Taltal deposits, at an ele-
vation of about 12,000 ft. were worked during the summer months only. The
export of sulphur from Chile during 1901 was 9 metric tons, valued at $854
(Chilean currency). The sulphur beds in the vicinity of the extinct volcanoes
of Tacora and Chupiquina, 45 miles from Tacua, extend over an area of 1,100
acres and are estimated to contain 9,000,000 tons of sulphur per meter of depth.
The average grade is 70% S, although in some localities of Chupiquina as high
as 96% S has been obtained. The Compania Anglo-Chilena, Barron y Cia, Koch,
Duran y Cia and Filomena Cerda, with an aggregate capitalization of 500,000
piasters, are engaged in exploiting these deposits. The output averages 15,000
quintals per month which is sufficient for the domestic consumption of 130,000
quintals per annum — 60,000 quintals of refined sulphur for the industries of
Northern Chile and 70,000 quintals of sublimated sulphur for the vineyards of
fhe south and center — and leave 50,000 quintals for possible exportation. For
this latter purpose, however, it will be necessary to construct good roads and a
railroad to the port of Arica. An estimate has been made that if a railroad
should be built to Arica, refined sulphur could be delivered c. i. f. New York at
a net cost of 82c. per quintal. The present price is $104 per quintal.
Hungary. — In Borgo-Prund near the border of Bukowina there was discov-
ered in the summer of 1902, a sulphur deposit which has been bought by the
Hungarian Sulphur Syndicate for 3,000,000 crowns. The company proposes to
develop the property and to connect it by railroad to the surrounding sulphur
deposits.
Italy. — The sulphur deposits in Italy occur in veins or in lenticular masses in
rocks of Miocene age, mainly in the provinces of Caltanisetta and Girgenti.
During 1901 there were 945 mines in operation giving employment to 35,618
workmen and an output of 3,726,616 tons of sulphur-bearing rock.
SHIPMENTS OP SULPHUR FROM SICILY TO THE UNITED STATES. (iN LONG TONS.)
PorL
New York
60,557
Charleston
t.m\
Philadelphia
WO
Baltimore
\fm
Boston
4,ono
Savannah
Wilmington, N 0.
New Orleans
\,m\
2.irj<j
Portland, Me
3,K5(I
Other ports (a>....
5,425
TV>tal8..
iBMk
17.7W
lasoo
I8IV7.
l.iJW
^
3,7pe
T.1S0
4,700
m,S4'2 i;^.v<] Ri»*i4
B,^0
1fi«S.
X^:^^
■io,rv!4
x.wn
4,fitlO
l8,7TiO
32.475
l.WO
n.wo
12,^)15
t,550
1809.
56,746
2.740
8,800
600
i.aoo
2,000
a. 300
kl40
18,915
500
88.391
26,650
8,000
8,600
1,000
800
1900.
70.446
1,600
6.800
1,500
1,750
27,612
12,490
46.060
122,198
24,807
MOO
5,400
2,500
8,000
40,807
1901.
72,1(M
2,800
7,560
8,497
21.990
650
106,091
19,631
9.595
2.900
8,200
1,400
86,796
190?.
76,188
8.500
9,065
2.206
26.828
8,495
126,778
27,045
10,899
2,400
2^800
1,000
48,144
(a) Norfolk, MobOe, San Francisco, Bangor, and Portland, Ore.
The Anglo-Sicilian Sulphur Co., Ltd., for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1902,
reports as follows: gross profit, £127,064, from which, after deducting working
expenses (not stated) and writing oflF depreciation (£7,465) and special (£3,000),
the net profit was £89,278. A 6% per annum interim dividend up to July 31,
1902, was paid on preference shares (^£17,167 less income tax), and a second
676
TUB MINERAL INDU8TBT.
TOTAL EXPORTS OF SULPHUR
FROM SICILY,
1893-1900. (a) (in long
TONS. )
Ck>iintry:
1894.
1806.
1806.
1807.
1896.
1809..
1000.
1901.
19QBL
Austria.
11,494
4;%
16,4.37
16,870
2,365
49,806
8,670
3,446
W,887
17,977
22,166
106,778
8,876
12,170
6,410
60,606
15.478
16,196
8,335
49,349
14,568
3,763
66,780
17,968
24,048
99,227
7,738
18,799
7,687
76,789
16,680
18,566
8,834
64,009
12,001
5,910
614,540
18,788
81,918
184,QSS
6,668
16,003
0,268
84,806
10,781
18366
8,600
78,052
7,054
4,030
611.226
17,632
84,620
118,187
7,661
15,706
8,408
88,667
87,048
84,808
6,646
68,662
8,267
8,888
618,881
12,286
26,963
188,486
18,791
16,619
7,461
96,048
86,988
18,656
6,408
87,230
18,800
7,757
618,476
10,211
86,068
188,441
18,660
81,604
9,781
108,647
88,708
19,647
16,696
101,078
10,987
6,187
6»,681
88,090
88,978
168,606
6,810
18348
7,471
74,894
88,448
81,7tl8
10,846
74,616
11,885
2,979
684,466
16,110
88^464
144,617
9,887
19 066
BeiflriuniT ...........
18,988
France
67 684
Germany
Greece and Turkey .
Holland
8^906
80,499
6,646
Italy
46,601
18,848
Portugal
Spain
Sweden and Norway
Russia
*684*,9i8*
17,894
United Kingdom...
United 8tAr4W
Other countries....
26,476
166,990
16,171
Totals
Stock In Sicily at
end of year.
828,030
108,618
847,686
208,766
896,746
888,999
410,588
447,894
848,088
479,081
877,006
666»168
88i;»4
482,909
80B.41O
487,817
884,808
(a) From report of A. 8. Malcomson, New York. (6) Includes exports to Denmark.
dividend for the balance of the year (£18,430 less income tax) was proposed,
making a total distribution in preference shares of £35,597. Of the balance,
£10,736, or 20%, has been credited to the capital guarantee fund which now
amounts to £64,626. An additional sum of £20,499 has been added to the reserve
for depreciation of stock, increasing it to £57,029. The general reserve fund is
£121,982.
Japan. — The production of sulphur in Japan during 1901 amounted to 16,577
tons, valued at $192,229, as compared with 14,435 metric tons, valued at $165,000
in 1900. The output during 1902 was derived mainly from the provinces of
Hokkaido, Eikuzen, Asumi and Shenaro. In recent years a considerable quan-
tity of Japanese sulphur has been imported into the United States amounting
during 1901 to 10,705 long tons, valued at $206,899.
Mexico. — Apart from the immense quantity of native sulphur contained in
the crater of Popocatepetl (negotiations for the purchase of which from the
Mexican Government by Standard Oil interests have been reported), there are
very large deposits of native sulphur in the states of Chiapas, Durango, San Luis
Potosi and Zacatecas, which have not been exploited except to a very limited ex-
tent. At Mapimi and Cerritos in Durango, a very large output could be main-
tained for years to come. The total consumption of sulphur in Mexico is esti-
mated at 1,000 metric tons, of which about one-half is imported. A sulphur mine
in Zacatecas on the Mexican Central Eailroad is reported to have been sold for
$100,000 gold to a New York dealer.
Peril. — Sulphur is found in sedimentary deposits in the Department of Piura,
and although it occurs in large quantities on all of the volcanoes of the Andes,
but little is produced — ^the output for 1900 being 634 kg.
Etissia, — The production of sulphur in Eussia during 1900 was 1,587 metric
tons, as compared with 1,018 tons in 1899. The output for 1900 was obtained
from Daghestan, Poland and Turkestan.
Spain. — In addition to the sulphur contained in cupreous iron p3n*ite, ther**
are mines of native sulphur in the provinces of Albacete and Mjarcia from which
49,856 metric tons of crude sulphur ore, valued at 296,561 pesetas, were obtained
during 1901, as compared with 64,364 tons valued at 549,733 pesetas in 1900.
aVLPHUR AND PYRITS.
Pyritb.
m
The contintied proBperoue trade conditions throughout the United States dur-
ing the last two years has stimulated the production of pyrite for manufacture
into sulphuric acid to the largest annual outputs yet recorded, i.fi., 228,198 long
tons valued at $971,796 in 1902, and 234,825 long tons valued at $1,024,449 in
1901. Of the total output during 1902, Virginia contributed more than one-
half, followed by Georgia, North Carolina, Colorado, Massachusetts, California,
Indiana and Ohio, Missouri and New York, in the respective order of the quan-
tities of their outputs. The production of iron pyrite from Indiana and Ohio
was in the form of the so-called "coal brasses,^' which was obtained as a by-
product in mining coal in these States. No new mines of importance were opened
during the year, although development work was carried on in localities which
have long been known as probable producers, notably in New York, Virginia
and North Carolina. At present the pyrite mines of the United States are almost
wholly owned by the manufacturers of sulphuric acid, and before another season
ends, it is reasonable to suppose that the strong combinations controlling the
acid manufacture of the United States will secure the remaining mines. The
largest consumers of sulphuric acid, — ^the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., the
American Agricultural Co. and the Standard Oil Co., — ^now purchase ores from
which the acid is manufactured. Fully 90% of the entire output of acid in the
United States is consumed for the different uses of these corporations.
PRODUCTION, IMPORTS AND CONSUMPTION OP PYRITES IN THE UNITED STATES, (a)
(in TONS OP 2,240 LB.)
Year.
Productioii.
Imports. (6)
Consumption.
1898..
1W,1(»
178,408
201,817
834,896
888,108
«68»,889
868,888
684,478
1.084,440
871,798
888.778
800,868
888,484
408,706
440,868
47j{
$717,818
1,077,061
1,066,181
1,415,149
1.660,868
448,968
448,878
688,681
(c) 668,661
|l,80r,148
1809
1660^884
1900.
1,780,600
1901
8,480,688
1908
8^688,^
(a) These statistics do not include the auriferous pvrites used for the manufacture of sulphuric acid In Colorado.
(6) For immediate consumpUon. (c) Includes deduction of 8,060 short tons of pyrite valued at $19,860 during
1908L There were no exports during 1901.
Experiments have been conducted during the year which, if ultimately success-
ful, will have a very important bearing on the future of the pyrite industry.
The first is the utilization of the by-product gases resulting from the roasting of
zinc blende ores, the practicability by which has been demonstrated with financial
profit at the zinc plants of Peru and La Salle, 111., and of Argentine, Kan. It
is practicable to save from 25 to 28% of the sulphur content of the ores, the
roasted product, or cinders, containing not more than 2% S ; a subsequent roast-
ing in a Chase or similar furnace, whereby the remainder of the sulphur will be
expelled, will render possible the extraction of the zinc by very cheap methods.
The second is the utilization of the pyrrhotite ores of the South for the manu-
facture of sulphuric acid. It is claimed that the sulphur contained in these ores
can be so effectually removed by roasting that the residual product will be of value
in the manufacture of pig iron or even steel. In like manner the cinders or
residues from the roasting of pyrite for the manufacture of sulphuric acid might
be utilized to advantage. It is well known that the residues from Spanish ores,
578 TEE MINERAL INDU8TR7.
treated by the Henderson process, have been sold either in the form of "fines/' or
after briquetting, for the manufacture of steel direct, but, so far, roasted pyrite
residues have not been so utilized in the United States on account of the large
percentage of sulphur remaining in them after treatment in the chemical works.
The utilization of pyrite residues for the manufacture of pig iron would result
in the saving of several hundred thousand tons of iron annually, from what is
now a waste product.
The Canadian mines at Capelton have made no increase in the shipment of
pyrite to the United States and the sulphur in these ores continues to be con-
sumed by Boston chemical works and the Nichols chemical works of New York.
In Newfoundland an American company capitalized at $500,000 is operating
the deposit of pyrite on Pilley's Island adjacent to the old Pilley's Island mine,
through the workings of which the ore is removed. Several thousand tons of
pyrite were shipped to New York during 1902, and early in 1903 a quantity of
pyrite was shipped to the works of the Dominion Iron & Steel Co. at Cape
Breton, N. S., for the manufacture of sulphuric acid used to collect the ammonia
from the producer gases by washing them before they enter the open-hearth
furnaces.
Imports and Exports. — In addition to the large increase in the production of
pyrite in the United States during 1901 and 1902, there was a very large in-
crease in the quality of pyrite imported, the statistics of imports for 1903 and
1901 being, respectively, 440,363 long tons ($1,650,852), and 403,706 long tons
($1,415,149). Since 1891 the quantity of pyrite annually imported has exceeded
the annual domestic production. The exports of pyrite from the United States
during 1902 were 3,060 long tons, valued at $19,860, as compared with nil in
1901.
Market, — ^The purchase of all domestic and foreign pyrite and other ores used
for the sulphur content in the United States continues practically in the hands
of four trade combinations, and, as the total purchases of the ores amount annu-
ally to about 500,000 tons, stocks of foreign ores can be accumulated at the sea-
board and shipped inland in quantities to secure lowest freight rates. These
conditions favor the importation of foreign ores and leave but little incentive to
develop domestic mines of uncertain character. Notwithstanding the large
increases in both the production and the imports of pyrite in 1901, the price of
the domestic product advanced from $367 per ton in 1900 to $4-36 per ton in
1901, although it declined to $4 28 in 1902. In a similar manner the value of
pyrite imported increased from $3-27 per ton in 1900 to $3-51 per ton in 1901 and
to $3-74 in 1902.
Pyrite Mining in the United States during 1902.
Massachusetts. — The mine of the Davis Sulphur Co. in Franklin County was
the only producer during 1902 ; the output being practically the same as that of
1901.
New Forfc.— (By W. H. Adams.)— The production of pyrite during 1902 was
considerably less than that of 1901, owing to the continued idleness of the Stella
mines at De Kalb Junction. The High Palls Pyrites Co., in St. Lawrence
SULPHUR AND P TRITE,
679
County, was the only producer. It is expected that the Stella mines will become
a large producer under the new management, and as this well-known high-grade
ore has been favorably received by the trade, the energetic development of the
properties in this section of St. Lawrence County should make them an important
factor in the trade of the Northern States.
Virginia. — ^The producers of pyrite in this State during 1902, (which con-
tributed more than one-half of the total output in the United States), were the
Sulphur Mining & Railroad Co., the Arminius Chemical Co. and the Pyrites
Mining & Chemical Co. operating in Louisa County, and the concern of P. D.
Detrick, P. E. & S. R. Bradley, in Prince William County. The output from the
mines in Louisiana County can be maintained at the rate of from 250 to 350 tons
per day for many years to come. The mines are fully equipped with modem
plants for handling every grade of ore, and the product is so uniform and so easily
handled by the chemical manufacturers, that these ores will always command a
market. The total output of pyrite in the Southern States during the year was
consumed by the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co.
Tennessee, — (By W. H. Adams.) — ^The experiments that were made during
1902 on the pyrrhotites of Ducktown and of southwestern Virginia, aiming to
utilize them in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, have been very successful. It
is expected that these sections of the country, with their enormous deposits of low
grade sulphur ores will soon become important factors in the trade, especially if
the roasting can be so thoroughly accomplished that the sulphur in the roasted
material will be sufficiently reduced to admit of its utilization in the manufac-
ture of pig iron or even steel.
Domestic Consumption of Sulphur and Pyrites, — ^The use of iron p3rrite as
a raw material in place of sulphur for the manufacture of sulphuric acid con-
tinues to increase steadily, and very nearly the entire quantity of the sulphur con-
sumed in the United States is used in the manufacture of paper stock by the
sulphide process. The wood pulp is digested under pressure with sulphurous acid
or the acid sulphite of calcium and magnesium, which, reacting upon the lignin
and other incrusting material of the fiber, transforms them into soluble products
which are subsequently removed in the liquor. There is but one sulphite mill in
CONSUMPTION OP SULPHUR IN THE UNITED
3TATES. (in tons OF
2,240 LB.)
1899.
1900.
1901.
19(».
Doin68tic productioii of sulphur
1,565
140,8«
4,680
166,457
6,886
175,210
7,448
174,912
Imports of brlmiitone. ,
Total
142,406
477
171,087
540
188,076
207
182,S56
1,858
ExDorts of biini8tOD6 ..... ^
Oomnimptlon t ....... ,
141,929
189,090
178,408
810,006
170,547
167,186
201,817
829,449
181,809
178,232
284,825
408,706
181,102
177,480
228,198
440,868
Bulphur'contHDts at 06jt
Domestic produciioD of pyrites
ImportA of pyritw.
Sulphur in domestic pyrites at 44jK
78,500
145,704
88,679
154,841
108,828
189,748
100,407
198,760
SulDhur in forelmi DTrites at 47<
Total sulphur consumed in pyrites
224,204
189,090
248,420
167,188
998,065
178,288
294,167
177,480
Total sulphur consumed in brimstone
Grand total
868J394
410,656
471,297
471,647
In the above table the imports and exports are for crude sulphur or brimstone only; the fhnires of coi:
fmnption, therefore, differ slightly from those given in the preceding table on page 578.
580
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
the United States using pyrite in place of sulphur in the treatment of wood pulp,
although in Europe a considerable quantity of pyrite is utilized for this purpose.
Another important factor in the industry has been the increased production of
phosphate rock from Florida and Tennessee and the domestic manufacture of
superphosphates ; for which purpose a chemically pure sulphuric acid is not essen-
tial^ that made from pyrite serving the purpose equally as well as that made from
sulphur.
Assuming that the stocks carried forward from one year to another are prac-
tically the same, and estimating the domestic consumption by combining the im-
ports and the domestic production, it will be seen that the quantity of iron pyrite
consumed in this country in 1902 was 668,561 long tons, as compared with
638,531 long tons in 1901, and 527,099 long tons in 1900.
world's
PRODUCTION OF PYRITES.
(«) (IN
METRIC
TONS.)
Year.
Belgium.
BoBDia.
Canada.
France.
Germany.
Hungary.
Italy.
Newfound-
laud.
1807
1,898
147
288
400
8,870
M)
480
1,700
4,670
S6,d90
99,888
8M17
88,816
88,811
808,448
810.078
818,888
81)6,078
807,447
188,808
186,849
144,688
100,447
157,488
44,464
68,079
79,619
87,000
98,907
68,880
07,191
70,588
71,616
89,870
88«810
1808
88,100
1899
"(?^
1900
1901
7,668
Year.
Norway.
Portugal,
(c)
Russia.
Spain. Sweden.
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Totals.
1897
94,484
89,768
96,686
98,945
101,894
810,866
848,818
876,668
845,880
816
19.880
84,570
83,851
(6)85,000
817,646
860,016
819,286
856,018
(6)893,897
617
886
150
179
Nil.
10,758
18,808
18,486
12,484
10,406
l|Sss
1,896,0M
1898
1,406,086
1899
1,684,611
1,748,011
1900
1901
(a) From the official reports of ^e respective iirovemmeuts except the figures for Spain in 1897, which are
taken from C. LeNere Foster's report, (b) Estimate I. (c) Under Portugal is included only the output of
pyrites carrying less than one per cent, of copper. Considerable amounts of the richer sulphides are also
used in sulphuric acid manuiacture. (d) Does not include the production of copper-inHi pyrites, from
which the copper is extracted in Spain, (e) Long tons.
Sulphuric Acid, — The average prices of chamber and concentrated sulphuric
acids in 1901 and 1902 are given in the subjoined table, which has been compiled
from the Engineering and Mining Journal: —
Month.
Ck>nc. Acid.
660 B. per 100 Lb.
Chamber Acid.
60* B. per Ton.
[ Cone. Acid.
M«nth «-B.perlOOLb.
Chamber Add.
50»B.perTon.
1901.
1908.
1901.
1908.
1901.
1908.
1901.
1908.
January
February
March
Anril
I1-20
1-90
1-90
1-80
1-80
1-80
$1-20
1*80
1-90
1-90
180
1*80
$14 00
14-00
14-00
14-00
1400
14-00
$15-00
1500
1500
1500
14-60
14-50
July 1 $1-80
August ! 1-88
^^!^^:::.\ XT
November... !-90
December.... 1-20
$120
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
$1400
1400
14-00
14-00
]4*50
14-60
$14-50
14-50
14-50
14-60
14 50
14-60
Mky..........
Average... $117H
$180
114-08^
I14-67J4
Progress in the Sulphuric Acid Industry in the United States durinq
1902.
By Fheperick J. Faldino.
Since the year 1900, the manufacture of sulphuric acid has been improved by
the introduction, and the establishment upon a firm commercial basis, of the
contact process. A more intelligent attention to structural details and a clearer
PROGRESS IN THE SULPHURIC ACID INDUSTRY, 581
understanding of the principles involved in the process, have resulted m a much
higher grade of work being done in the lead chambers. A large output per cu. ft.
of chamber space^ and small consumption of nitric acid on the sulphur burned,
which hitherto were only obtained at a few of the best managed works, are now
quite common. The increase in the number of factories and also in the size of
existing factories during this period has been phenomenal.
The Contact Process, — In the year 1899, the Schroeder-Qrillo patents were ac-
quired by the New Jersey Zinc Co., and early in 1900, the first installation of a
contact plant in America was completed and the first fuming acid made at the
Mineral Point works of this company in Wisconsin. The raw material used was
a zinc blende carrying a large quantity of arsenic, which was roasted in furnaces
of the Grillo-Rhenania type. The operation of this plant at first was very un-
satisfactory and the excitement caused in the United States by the publication
of the patents of the Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabrik and others, was consid-
erably cooled. After painstaking experiments and alterations had been made,
which secured the thorough purification of the gas and made possible the use of
these highly arsenical ores, the process became more and more satisfactory, and
it has long ago proved itself a commercial and technical success.
Plants have also been erected under the above patents by the Peyton Chemical
Co. in California, where gold and silver arsenical concentrates are burned ; by
the Repauno Chemical Co. and the Dupont Powder Co. near Wilmington, Del.,
where Spanish fines ore are burned ; by the New Jersey Zinc Co., at Hazard, Pa. ;
by Harrison Bros. & Co., near Philadelphia, Pa., and several others are about to
be erected in diflferent localities. Some of the early plants are being doubled in
size. A plant has also been built by the Nobels in Mexico. A contact plant has
also been started in Buffalo under the patents of the Verein Chemisohe Fabriken
Mannheim, using ferric oxide as catalyzer, and the Frasch converter* is being
exploited by the United Zinc & Chemical Co. at Argentine, Kan. The General
Chemical Co. has also erected contact plants at two factories near New York, and
are about to extend the manufacture to other of their works.
Patents relating to the technique of the contact process which have originated
in the United States are those of the New Jersey Zinc Co.* and of the General
Chemical Co.* Papers relating to the contact process were read before the New
York section of the Society of Chemical Industry by Dr. T, Meyer,* Dr. Beeee,*
and Mr. Geo. C. Stone.*
The Chamber Process. — In 1901, the first installation of the Meyer tangential
s^-stem was made at the Griffith & Boyd Works at Baltimore, Md. This system
has been successfully operated and several further installations are being made.
The use of fans between the Glover tower and the first chamber and at the exit
of the Glover tower has been increased. Some installations have also been made
of special cast iron fans immediately after the burners and before the Glover
tower. This seems to be specially advantageous where "fines** burners are em-
1 United fMAtn Pfttent No. 084.080, Dec. 8S, IMO.
• UnlU>d RtAten Patents No. 805,180. Itorch 11, 1908. and Nor. 711. IWi. 711.1^7. and 711.1SH. Oct. 14, IMS.
* Uniind States Patrats Nos. 7ig,8« and 719,SR, Jan. 2S, 19ns
« Joumni of the Society of Ch^nnical induairy, Sept. 20, 1900. ^& • Ihifl. « Ihid., Not. 20. \vn. I^KK.
582
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
ployed. Surface condensers of several varieties, both air and water-cooled, are
commonly used between the lead chambers. The new furnace of the MacDougall
type invented by A. 0. O'Brien, of Richmond, Va., has been operated very suc-
cessfully. This six-shelf furnace has a large capacity and possesses several very
advantageous features. The construction of the Glover and Gay-Lussac towers
has been much improved, especially as regards the care used in packing, and a
proper proportioning of their capacity. Two Gay-Lussac tandem towers are
now in almost universal use. An output of 1 lb. of sulphur to from 10 to 12 cu.
ft. of chamber space with a yield of from 95 to 97% of the theoretical quantity
and a consumption of not over 3% of sodium nitrate in proportion to the sulphur
burned, while not universal is by no means uncommon.
The following table shows a partial list of sulphuric acid plants, built or en-
larged since January, 1900. This table, however, does not give any adequate
idea of the increase in manufacture of sulphuric acid, as nearly every existing
plant has been enlarged or has made additions to its apparatus, in order to obtain
an increased output. Since the above was written, contracts have been made for
the erection of a 50-ton tangential plant in Kansas and of two 25-ton tangential
plants, the one in Philadelphia and the other at Moosic, Pa.
LIST OF SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS COMPLETED OR IN COURSE OP CONSTRUCTION
SINCE 1900.
Name and Locality.
Richmond Quano Co., Richmond, Va
E. Frank Coe & Co.. Bairen Island, N. Y
Southwest Chemical Co.., Argentine. Kan
Lazaretto Ouano Co., B«iltimore, Md
Western Chemical Co., Denver, Colo
Meridian Fertilizer Co., Meridian, Miss
Bussey & Sons, Columbus. 6. C
Oreenville Fertilizer Co., Greenville, S. C
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., Memphis, Tenn.
Anderson Fertilizer Co., Anderson, S. C
Georgia Chemical Works, Rome, Ga.
Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Sydney, C. B
Philip Carey Manufacturing Co., Lackland, Ohio.
B. Raoh Sons Fertilizer Co., Indianapolis, Ind
Jackson Fertilizer Co., Jackson, Miss
Scott Bros. Fertilizer Co., Elkton, Md
C. H. Dempwoir & Co., York, Pa
A. P. Brantley Sons Co., Blackshear, Ga
Vlrgbia State Fertilizer Co., Lynchburg, Va
Gnisselli Chemk»l Co., Birmingham, Ala
Jarecki Chemical Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
Detroit Chemical Co. of Detroit. Mich
FedenJ Chemical Co. of Nashville, Tenn
Southern States Fertilizer Co., Savannah, Ga
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., Dothan, Ala ,
Ohio Farmers' Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ohio. . . .
Armour Fertilizer Co., Atlanta, Ga
Virginia Chemical Co., Savannah, Ga
Merrlmac Chemical Co., Boston, Mass
Sayles-Bleacheries. Saylesville, R. I
Bowker Fertilizer Co., St. Bernard, Ohio
T. P. Shepard Co., Providence, R. I
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., Albany, Ga
Standard Chemical & Oil Co., Troy, Ala
F. 8. Royster Guano Co.. Columbus, S. C
Griffith & Boyd
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., Greenville, S. C.
Total cubic feet
Total cubic meters.
Pratt system.
Pratt system .
Equipment.
4 intermediate towers.
15 Gil .hrist columns and fan . .
9 Giichrist columns and fans.
8 Gilchrist columns.
8 Gilchrist columns.
4 intermediate towers. .
5 Gilchrist columns. .
18 Gilchrist columns.
Pratt system
Hoffman
Hoffn ann intensifler.
7 Gilchrist columns.
Meyer tangential
Chamber
178,000
296,000
435,000
886.000
450,000
148,«»
90,000
185,000
185,000
194,000
900,000
187,000
168,000
101,000
290,000
88,000
170,000
101,000
148,000
400,000
140,000
178,000
278,000
180,000
100,000
904,000
166,000
190,000
902.000
10,000
141,000
140,000
160,000
i50,oa)
173,000
75.000
200,000
6,587,000
1,868,000
TALC AND SOAPSTONE.
The production of fibrous talc in 1902 was 71,100 short tons, valued at
$615,350, as compared with 69,200 short tons, valued at $483,600 in 1901. The
production of common talc during 1902 is included with soapstone; the output
in 1902 amounting to 21,640 short tons, valued at $413,497, as compared with
28,643 short tons, valued at $424,888 during the preceding year.
PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OF FIBROUS TA.LC AND SOAPSTONE IN THE UNITED
STATES. (in tons OF 2,000 LB.)
Production.
Imports. (6)
Tear.
Fibrous Talc
Common Talc.
Soapstone.
Tons.
Value.
Per Ton
Tons.
Value.
$285,750
27S,596
836,250
483.600
615,860
Per Ton
Tons.
Value.
Per Ton
Tons.
Value, (a)
Per Ton
189^...
1899....
1900....
1901.,..
1902(e).
54.807
67,180
45.000
09,200
71,100
$5-81
4-77
625
6-99
8*65
9,112
6,671
7,770
178,646
61,763
60,217
(c)
(c)
$868
7-71
7 75
(c)
(c)
18,862
80.011
18,966
(228,643
d81,640
$168,686
189,504
189,560
424,888
413.497
S8-41
9-47
1000
14-88
li)-ll
446
264
79
2,886
2860
96,686
8,684
1,070
27,016
85,836
$10-70
13-91
18-60
11-88
12-86
(a) In reportlni? the yalue of their output of soapstone producers generally give the flares for the finished
bicles which they make. Since a varying proportion of labor enters into these, such figures are apt to be
*" " ' "* ' "' . . *■ dressed blocks. We have
arti(
misleading. Few pi
therefore valued the material arbitrarily at this stage at $10 per ton, excej
Few producers are able to name a value of the crude stone, or
jpt in 1896 when a large pre
inferior stone reduced the average. The value in 1890 is that reported by the producers, (b) Talc, ground
labor enters into these, such figures are apt to be
hly dressed blocks. We have
in 1896 when a large production of
powdered or
the U. S. Geo!
(^ ,red. (c) Included with soapstone. (d) Includes oonunon tala (e) Through the courtesy of
cal Survey.
According to Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, there has been a considerable decrease in
the quantity of rough talc sold in 1902, nearly one-half of the output being mined
in North Carolina. Despite the decrease in the tonnage of manufactured articles
the value has increased, due to the increase in the manufacture of tailors' pencils
and gas tips from North Carolina talc, and of expensive articles from Virginia
soapstone. Most of the output of New Jersey, Pennsylvania and M-aryland was
sold as ground talc. The entire production of fibrous talc was obtained from St.
Lawrence County, N. Y.
Although the United States Circuit Court of Appeals has decided that talc
is dutiable at 20% ad valorem, the Treasury Department has ordered that talc
like French chalk must pay a duty of Ic. per lb., and will appeal the case* on
these grounds.
TIN.
By D. H. Nbwland.
The development of the tin deposits of the United States received more than
usual attention from the public during 1902^ but as heretofore there were no
mines engaged in active commercial operations. Some experimental work was
done near Hill City and Bear Gidch in the Black Hills, resulting in the forma-
tion of two companies to exploit the deposits, and operations were resumed in the
district of the Santa Ana Mountains in southern California. In the light of
previous unsuccessful ventures in these fields, the future of the new companies does
not appear encouraging. Prospecting was also carried on in the vicinity of
King's Mountain, N. C, where the occurrence of cassiterite in pegmatite dikes and
residual clays was noted several years ago. Recent developments, it is stated,
have shown the ore to be widely distributed. The deposits of the Franklin Moun-
tains near El Paso, Texas, have proved disappointing in that the veins die out
near the surface. There is reason, however, for believing that the ore bodies have
been thrown by local faults, in which case they might be located in depth by
cross-cutting. The upper portions of the veins carry good values in tin ore.
Technology. — The recovery of tin from tin-plate scrap was continued during
1902 by the Vulcan Detinning Co. at its plants in Sewaren, N. J., and Streator,
111., by the Ammonia Co., of Philadelphia, and the Johnston & Jennings Co., of
Cleveland and Chicago. Several new companies have been formed to engage in
the industry.
According to H. Mennicke, in Zeitschrift fuer EleJcirochemie, VIII., xxi.,
1902, there are nine works in Europe, chiefly in Germany, which use the stannate
process for the recovery of tin from tin scrap. In this process sodium hydrate
is electrolyzed into Na and OH, which react upon the tin forming soluble sodium
stannate. The latter compound is then decomposed, thus: Na2SnOs+2Hj=
SXaOH+HaO+Sn. The electrolytic bath is originally made up to contain
10% of caustic soda and is used at about TO^'C. The temperature and the per-
centage of free alkali have great influence on the result. The absorption of
carbon dioxide from the air must be guarded against, inasmuch as it Teduces the
conductivity, extends the time required, and causes a precipitation of tin hy-
droxide, forming a coating on the scrap, which interferes with the solution of
the tin. The absorption of carbon dioxide cannot be prevented completely, and
as the carbonate increases in quantity the electrolyte must be regenerated. This
is done by removing a portion of the solution daily, and treating it first with
carbon dioxide to throw down the tin as hydrate, and then after filtration with
calcium oxide to convert the sodium carbonate into caustic soda. About 10%
of the tin recovered from the scrap is o})tained from this process of regeneration
of -the electrol\i;o. Fresh scrap usually yields from 2 to 3 5% of tin. The
electrolytic stripping is stoppod when the scrap attains a brown color, at which
stage about 0-2% Sn remains undissolved. The best precipitate is obtained when
TIN. 586
the electrolyte is maintained at 70®C. At higher temperatures there is a ten-
dency toward the deposition of spongy tin, and the metal is more likely to re-
oxidize than in cooler solutions. When the tin is crystalline, coherent and free
from oxide, there is no difficulty in melting it, but it may conveniently be pressed
first into briquettes. Lead, iron, arsenic and antimony pass into solution and
deposit with the tin, wherefore an impure scrap always yields an impure product.
(By H. A. Mather.) — At the plant of the Vulcan Detinning Co. the scrap is
digested in alkaline solutions and the tin electrolytically precipitated therefrom
in the form of a powder averaging 80% metal. The remaining sheet iron con-
taining a little tin is melted and cast into window sash weights and other objects
of which tin is a desirable feature. The National Lead Co. absorbs the total
output of the Vulcan Detinning Co. and the American Can Co., and refines the
crude product by liquation in reverberatory furnaces. This tin subsequently ap-
pears in the form of Babbitt metal after being proportionately mixed with copper,
lead and antimony.
The larger amount of the tin dross recovered from dyers' wastes as well as
the tin ^Tcettle skimmings" (the by-product of the solder refineries) are com-
monly mixed with lead drosses and smelted in reverberatory furnaces to form
crude tin-lead solder. The crude pigs containing iron, copper and sometimes zinc
are then liquated or "sweated" with hard coal dust in a reverberatory furnace at
a temperature lower than the melting point of the harder metals, with the result
that these accumulate as "skeletons" or "sweatings" in the furnace, to be inter-
mittently raked out of the charging door, while the purified tin-lead alloy is
tapped at regular intervals and cast into pigs. In some instances several sweat-
ings are necessary before the solder is clean enough to pour into solder bars.
Practically all of the solders manufactured in this country contain antimony in
amounts from 1 to 10%. Even the so-called "half and half" solder guaranteed
to contain equal amounts of tin and lead, rarely assays better than 50% lead,
46% tin and 4% antimony. It is noteworthy that the "cone test" for solder,
supposedly an infallible register of metallic percentages in tin-lead alloys, does
not indicate the presence of properly proportioned amounts of antimony. The
latter imparts a bright metallic sheen to the alloy, and beyond diminishing the
covering quality of the solder does little damage. The can companies and
other users of high-grade solder thus commonly pay for a considerable quantity
of antimony on the basis of tin.
Nearly all varieties of Straits tin may be melted directly into solder or other
alloys, but the Bolivian tin, containing copper and sometimes arsenic as impuri-
ties, needs treatment previous to alloying, otherwise when alloyed with lead in
solder, the latter will show dirty and spotty, making a difficult saleable product.
This eflPect is due in part to the presence of antimony in the lead, and is em-
phRsized by any arsenic contained in the tin. The physical characteristics of
"spotty" solder are similar to the phenomena recognized under the designation
"sickening" of metals. The crystallization or grain of the solder is altered as
well as its surface appearance. Solder of the same character may be produced
nlso from arsenical tin dross, or even improperly fluxing in the reverberatory
furnace, especially when salt cake is the flux. In the latter event the phenomenon
586
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
of sickening is probably due to a series of complex reactions between salt cake
and iron and antimony oxides, whereby first iron sulphate is formed, and then
the antimony takes the place of the sulphur in the iron sulphate, forming in the
end reaction an antimoniate of iron, which oxidizes at the moment of casting.
The use of a proper amount of coal, a hot furnace and a reasonably clean fur-
nace hearth will do much to alleviate this trouble.
IMPORTS OF TIN INTO THE UNITED STATES.
Tear.
Pounds.
Value,
renr.
Pounds.
Value.
Tear.
Pounds.
Value.
18W
1808
58,172,(m
68,748.880
$7,415,083
8;77t),«l
1800
1000
71,248,407
00,980,500
116.740,107
10,468,686
1001
1009
74,680,4»7
85,048.858
$10,084,781
21,968,887
THE PRINCIPAL TIN SUPPLIES OF THE WORLD, (a) (iN LONG TONS.)
English production
Straits shipments to Europe and America.
Australian shipments to Europe and America
Banlca sales in Holland
Sales of Singkep in Holland
Billiton sales in Java and Holland
Bolivian arrivals on Continent
Bolivian arrivals in England
Straits shipments to India and China
Totals in long tons —
Totals in metric tons.
1806. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1800. 1000. 1001. lOOS.
6,548
47,840
4,008
6,881
544
4,680
4,007
4,074
70,666
80,030
4,887
47,180
4,880
6,785
888
5,040
810
8,880
6,118
79,106
80,874
4,648
48,860
8,480
0,088
Nil.
5,848
1,000
8.464
8,551
71,788
72,011
4,018
44,460
8,887
0,066
Nil,
5,067
818
8,040
1,484
7«,557
78,718
4,868
46,070
8,178
11,880
NU,
5,880
1,000
5,087
1,785
70,878
81,166
4,185
8.876
14,978
NU.
4,887
\ 0,670
8,650
80,485
00,866
8,060
61,881
8,806
18,786
10,150
1,086
80,887
01,964
(a) This table is based on the statistics compiled bv William Sargant& Co., and Ricard & Freiwald, but the
figures of English production are taken from the British blue-book. TbUB table does not include the production
of Germany, Austria, Spain, Portugal, and various other countries.
PRODUCTION OF TIN IN THE WORLD. (n)
Banka
Australia.
Austria.
and
BoUvia.
England.
Germany.
(a)
W
Billiton.
id)
(e)
(/)
Tear
__(c)_
Metric
Met
Value.
PerM
Met. ! Value.
PerM
Metric
Met.
Value.
PerM
Met.
Value.
PerM
Tons.
(0)
$.%O,fM0
Ton.
Tons.
(o)
Ton.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
(o)
Ton.
Tons.
(o)
Ton.
1807..
1,159
$808
48
$16,806
$860
14.2»4
5,594
4,584
$1,456,680
$388
089
$887,889
$810
1808..
908
802.885
888
48
19,074
897
14.610
4.535
4,728
1,789,060 866
093
878.852
875
1809..
885
490,690
587
41
84,639
601
14,496
8,018
4,077
8,540.470, 68S
1,481
870,750
600
1000..
915 600,160
656 , 40
27,651 i 691
18,884
10,845
4,.S88
8,0%),845 678
2,81
1,888,750
661
1001..
677 i 884,856
1
668 49
80,864' 618
19,865
14,988
4,634
8,788,865 601
1.451
840,000
586
Tear.
1807
1808
1800
1000
1001
Ja-
Mex-
Port-
pan.
ico.
ujral.
]
<9)
(A)
(«•)
Met.
Met.
Met.
Met.
Tons
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
47
1
1
2
48
Ml.
Nil.
.Vt7.
18
Nil.
Nil.
A^t7.
18
Nil.
Nil.
4
(P)
Nil.
Nil.
(p)
Russia.
Value
(o)
PerM
Ton,
$476: 8288
(q) I (q)
(P) ! (P)
Sing-
kep.
ik)
Met.
Tons.
818
685
678
675
798
Straits
Settle-
ments.
it)
Met.
Tons.
45,688
46.635
46,670
46.705
51,380
Tasmania,
(m)
Met.
Tons.
8,484
2.088
2.275
2,061
1,818
Value.
(o)
PerM
Ton
r49,970
706,810
1,865,438
1,849,165
1,062,710
$808
846
606
665
684
ToUl
2^Jet.
Tons.
76.400
75.211
78.608
85.244
05,068
(a) From Report of Secretary of Mines and Agriculture of New South Walet, which is the only Australian
8tate that produces metallic tin. Tin ore is also exported from New South Wales. Tin ore is produced in
Victoria, Queensland. South Australia, and Western Australia, but its metal contents are reported in the pro-
ductions or other countries.
(5) From tlie Statistischea Jahrbuch des K. K. Ackerhau-Miniateriums. The tin production of Au.strla la
derived partly from domestic ores, and partly from BoUviim ores and impure tin from the East imported for
refining.
Tm.
ssr
ce) Total sales in Holland and Java as reported bv William Sargant & Co.
{a) Exports of tin and tin in oru from Bolivia to Unglaud and the Continent. Some of this tin may be pro-
duced in Peru. It is all exported through Peruvian and Cuilean ports.
(e) From Mineral ^fatuities of the United Kingdom. These figures give the amount of tin estimated to be
obtainable in smelting the ore of domestic production. They difrer considerably from the figures used by
William Sarganl OL Co., which are possibly obtained directly from the smelters.
if) From Vierteljahrt und Monatahefte gur Statistik de$ Deuttchen Reich». By far the larger part of this
production is from Bolivian ores.
(a) From Uie ReaanU StcUitque de V Empire du Japon.
(A) According to export returns. Small amounts produced by natives for domestic consumption are not
included.
(ft) From official returns furnished by the Portuguese Gtovemment The figures for 1896 include tin ore.
(i) From Russian official reports.
Ck) The figures represent sales in Holland, reported by De Mouchy St Havelaar and W. Sarsant A Co.
(l) Shipments from the Straits to Europe and America, as reported by William Sargant ft Co., and to India
and China by Boustead & Co^ the quantity shipped to the latter countries in 1001 is estimated at 700 tons.
(m) From Report of the Secretary of 3iine*. The statistics for 1900 and 1901 represent exports.
(n) It will be observed that this table differs from the statistics usually referred to for the world's production
of tin, namely, those of William Sargant A Co., and of the MetaUurffi§chege9ellscha/t Franl^urt-am-Main,
This is because (1) they reckon Australian shipments to Europe and America, instead of the Australian pro-
duction, whereby a good deal of Australian tin consumed at home is not included; (2) shipments from the
Straits to India and China and the production of several minor countries are not included. A small amount
of t n produced In Spain is necessarily omitted, owing to the absence of statistics for that country.
(o) In cases where the statistics in the above table have been taken from official sources, whtn^n yalues of
product have been stated, a calculation of unit yalues has been made. This developed some amaxing differ-
ences, which are undoubtedly due to making value calculations at different stages of the product; ie., more
or less cost of carriage is Included.
(p) Statistics not yet published.
(9) Value i ot stated.
Alaska. — The year's operations in the York region of Alaska have been con-
fined mostly to prospecting and experimental work. The stanniferous area, so
far as known, is limited to the creeks and gulches which have their sources in a
range of hills lying about 10 miles east of Cape r^rince of Wales. The hills are
from 1,000 to 1,300 ft. in height and extend in a north and south direction for
a distance of about 3 miles. The ore consisting of cassiterite is irregularly dis-
tributed along the bedrock and in the overlying wash, and probably has been
derived from numberless small veins that traverse the slate strata underlying the
region. Its occurrence is confined to the flood-plains of the modern streams which
are included between banks of tundra; the width of the productive area along
a stream ranges from a few feet to more than 100 ft. The richest deposits have
been found on Tillery and Buck creeks. In the former locality this surface
wash averages about 16 in. in depth, and carries about 8 lb. of 60% cassiterite to
the cu. yd. Exploration in the tundra benches has failed to show the presence
of ore in this formation. Tests as to the practicability of operating the deposits
under present conditions show that there is no large extent of ground that would
repay working.
STOCKS OF TIN IN ENGLAND, AMERICA AND HOLLAND. (a) (iN LONG TONS.)
stocks, December 81—
Stock of foreign in London
Foreign landing In I»nd>)n
Straits afloat for London, including wire ftd vices. . . .
Australian afl >at for London, including wire advices
Banka on warrants In Holland
Billiton in Holland
Billiton afloat for Holland
Straits stock in H' Hand
Straits afloat for Holland
Straits afloat for Continent
Bolivian in Liverpool
Total stocks
Estimated stock in America and quantity floating ...
Grand totals
Ttading Oo. 's res'v*s of unsold Banka stock in Holland
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
18,097
15.146
8,110
6,486
4,286
6,114
1.174
678
166
1,212
i,ar7
689
2,792
2.500
1,060
8,900
8,886
8,780
525
600
400
450
860
632
1,616
2,87r
8,228
1,160
887
696
1.688
1,888
1.086
470
880
829
1,742
1,198
1,829
1,060
860
440
789
877
454
100
60
80
960
660
100
600
815
660
460
690
878
260
80,228
710
26,101
800
16.840
660
496
846
18,828
18,480
18,819
8,925
4,600
4,8C0
2.500
8,600
6,060
84.148
80.604
80.140
16.828
16,080
18,860
6,968
4.888
8,218
4,868
«.«:
7,251
1902.
4,557
712
8,845
618
644
60
660
184
4,450
14.968
1,466
(a) From the annual metal circular* of William Sargant & Co and A. Strauss & Co.
588
tuh: mineral industry.
CONSUMPTION OF TIN IN ENGLAND, AMEIUCA AND HOLLAND. (rt) (iN LONG
TONS.) (h)
Consumption—
Deliveries from London after deducting all shipments to
America
Deliveries from Holland after devlucting expoi ts to Lt^uUun
and America
El giisii consumed at home
K.xp rts of English, minus Quantity shipped to America
Aiiieiican consumption of all sorts
Uiilicon sent to other ports than Holland
Siraits direct to Ck>u. inent, less re-exports to America and
Kngland
Bolivian delivered from Liverpool
Bolivian delivered from Continent
Totals.
1895. 180G. 1897. 1808. 1899. 1900
17,228
9,009
988
5,&a0
22,600
1.5Sa{
7,882
4,099
19,015
10,150
j- 5,000
29.600
1,603
11,400
4,071
810
71,949
17,118
11,680
4,400
22,500
1,370
9,170
8,888
1,808
71,281
15.472
12,190
4,600
28,500
2.120
12,740
8,874
1,000
60,486
18,519
13,094
4,400
81,600
1,930
8,090
818
75,416
18,061
14,416
8,500
81,100
2,400
5,400
5.008
1,900
79,800
(a) From the annual metal circular of William Sargent & Sons,
totals for these years are 87,700 and 98.982 tons respectively.
(b) Not classified for 1901 or 1902; the
Bolivia. — (By J. B. Minchin.) — The tin deposits occur at intervals over a
tract of country comprising the mountain ranges along the eastern edge of the
great tableland, and extending some 300 miles from north to south with a width
of about 20 miles. The more important deposits at present known are those of
Huaina Potosi and Quimsa-Crur in the Department of La Paz ; of Colqueri, Negro
Pabellon, Morococala, Huanuni, Anteguera and Avicaya in the Department of
Oruro ; and Llallagua, Uncia, Potosi and Chorolque in the Department of Potosi.
The lodes are inclined at angles of from 50** to 70**, and usually cut through highly
inclined metamorphic shales, but occasionally they pass into the adjacent igneous
rocks. They lie at altitudes varying from 13,000 to 15,000 ft. above sea-level,
the mines at Chorolque and Quimsa-Crur even exceeding the latter limit. The
width of the deposits varies greatly; every gradation is encountered from the
narrowest veins up to lodes of 2 and 3 m. These lodes usually carry streaks of
more or less pure tin ore, the rest of the lode matter being composed of compounds
of silica and alumina, and of iron oxide with tin ore intermingled. In some cases
the lodes are filled with soft clay carrying a large percentage of tin oxide in the
form of grains and nodules, and occasionally rich pockets are found in which
the whole lode is filled with nearly pure tin ore as a coarse sand. In these cases
it is, of course, mined with great ease, but, as a general rule, the lode-matter is
tjolid, and the country rock unusually hard.
The concentration mills are usually at altitudes of from 12,000 to 13,000 ft.
above sea level, or from 1,000 to 2,000 ft. below the mines. Until recently the
transport of ores to these mills was carried on exclusively by means of llamas and
donkeys, and constituted one of the miners' chief difficulties, owing to the insuffi-
cient number of animals available, and the considerable cost, amounting to $1-25
per ton-mii«. The Avicaya, Huanuni and Chorolque enterprises have lately put
ip ropeways for carrying their ores, which have a capacity of 8 tons per hour,
and work by gravity, the cost of transport being reduced to about 12c. per ton-
mil<>. The most important of the lines is that at Avicaya with an approximate
length of 3 km.
No coal exists on the Bolivian plateau and the imported article from England,
the United States or Australia, costs $30 per ton. Native fuel, "yareta,'' or llama
TIN. 689
dung, is efficient for steaming, and is comparatively cheap, but in many districts
it is becoming scarce. At the amalgamation works of Bella Vista-Poopo, a Deutz
anthracite suction gas-motor was recently erected, of 80 H.P. at sea level. Brake
trials at Poopo gave from 50 to 55 H.P., a result considered satisfactory, in view
of the altitude of 12,300 ft. The consumption of anthracite was 07 kg. per horse-
power hour, but it is expected that this will be reduced to 0-6 kg. Similar motors
are in course of erection for the Avicaya and Huanuni enterprises, which will
then be enabled to run their concentration plants with regularity. Petroleum
motors are employed at Avicaya for electric lighting and for running Wilfley
tables.
The average content of the ores in Huanuni and Avicaya, as they come from the
mines, is from 10 to 12;% metallic tin. The degree of fineness to which they
are ground depends on their quality. They are pulverized as little as possible,
so as to avoid the formation of slimes. At Avicaya from 4 to 8-mesh sieves are
employed in the stamps and ball mills, while at Huanuni, owing to the tin oxide
being more disseminated through the gangue, 26-mesh is necessary in the bat-
teries. The pulverized ore passes through hydraulic separators, which, with an
upward current of water, carry off the slimes to settling tanks, whence they are
treated in round buddies and Wilfley tables, while the coarser material is classified
in trommels and concentrated in automatic jigs. The concentrates undergo a
final treatment by washing in sieves, after which they are dried and sacked for ex-
port. At Avicaya the average content of the finished product, or ^T)arrilla,'' is
over 70% fine tin ; while at Huanuni, in spite of the finer grinding, it does not
usually exceed 67%. The Huanuni tailings still contain 2% of tin, and though
they admit of good concentration to 10%, the tin oxide cannot be separated with-
out further pulverizing. Huntington mills are to be used for this purpose.
The Llallagua-Uncia mines occupy another important tin region, but as they
have been more recently opened up and are about 45 miles distant from the rail-
road, with which they are not yet connected by a coal road, the ores are still treated
in a primitive manner, being ground under hand -worked rockers and concentrated
in simple buddies. The Potosi production is so far chiefly derived from the old
silver amalgamation tailings, which are roughly concentrated, and then reduced
with charcoal in small water-jacket furnaces and run into bars for export. The
Quimsa-Crur region appears to be promising, though it has as yet been but little
investigated, owing to its distance from the railroad, to bad roads, scarcity of
labor and the great elevation at which the lodes exist. Many of them are about
the perpetual snow line. This has, however, the great advantage of affording
ample water supply for power purposes. The rich mines belonging to Senor
Aramayo in the great Chorolque Mountain, near the southern extremity of the
tin belt, are some 80 miles from the Antofagasta Railroad, and at an elevation of
17,000 ft. above sea level, the concentration mill itself being nearly 16,000 ft.
In addition to the tin mines proper, many of the silver ores, as in the case of
the Oniro mines, contain a small percentage — 2 to 4% — of tin, which is, however,
advantageously extracted by the inexpensive concentration of the lixiviation tail-
ings.
The depth to which the tin ores extend in the Bolivian mines has not yet been
590
THE MINERAL INDUSTRF.
clearly established. Some of the principal lodes in Huanuni and Avicaya are still
rich at from 300 to 400 m. below the outcrops. In other cases there appears to be
a tendency for the value to fall off in depth, the tin ore being replaced by more or
less poor iron pyrite.
Beliable statistics of Bolivian tin production are not readily obtainable. The
approximate output of the principal enterprises may, however, be given as follows,
in tons of black tin (^^arrilla") per month : Huanuni Tin Mining Co., Huanuni,
65 tons ; Teller Hermanos, Huanuni, 60 tons ; other mines at Huanuni, 75 tons ;
J. Juleff, Antequera, 50 tons; Totoral Mining Co., 65 tons; Avicaya, 100 tons;
Llallagua, 45 tons ; Compania Minera TJncia, Uncia, 35 tons ; S. Patino, TJncia.
80 tons; Chorolque, 90 tons; silver ore tailings, Oruro, 130 tons; total, 795 tons,
equivalent to 525 tons metallic tin.' To this total may be added a monthly produc-
tion of 135 tons bar tin from the Potosi mines and 140 tons bar tin from all of
the smaller workinjsp, making the aggregate production of Bolivia about 800 tons
bar tin per month, or about 9,600 tons per year.
Malay States. — The mining industry in the States of Perak, Selangor, Negri-
Sembilan and Pahang is gradually passing into the control of large companies
who work the deposits directly ; consequently the number of small operators and
tributers has shown a marked decrease in recent years. In 1901 there were
162,577 coolies employed in the mines as compared with 168,000 in 1900. The
production in the individual States during these years was as follows : —
states.
1900. '
1901.
Long Tons.
Metric Tons,
Value.
Long Tods.
Metric Tons,
Valiieu
p^rak
21,166
16,041
4,goo
085
dl,S06
16,296
4,869
050
$18,714,866
10,896,666
2,786,156
605,825
22,920
18,010
4,478
1,666
28,288
18,209
4,560
1,501
$18,468,760
9,7W,985
2,484.910
851,510
Selanf^or
Nef^ri-Bembilan
Pahang
Total
42,448
48.128
$27,500,000
46,974
47,728
$25,542,106
The Pahang Corporation, Ltd., during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902,
earned a net profit of £22,240, out of which a dividend of 10% on the preferred
stock was paid. The quantity of stone treated was 22,763 tons, yielding 622 tons
of black tin valued at £48,501. The Kinta Tin Mines, Ltd., an English company
which has secured a large property near Gopeng, Perak, began active operations in
July, 1902, with eight monitors.
The tin industry of the Malay Peninsula has been described by Mr. Frank Owen
in The Mineral Industry, Vol. IX. The following notes abstracted from an
article by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., appearing in the Journal of Geology, February-
March, 1903, give some further details relative to the district of Kinta, Perak,
one of the most productive fields of the Malay States.
The ore from the Kinta district is mined mostly from alluvial deposits, which
vary considerably in character. In the larger valleys, the alluvium is commonly
composed of sandy or gravelly clay, containing small quartz fragments together
with pebbles and boulders of granite, gneiss, schist, limestone, etc. The alluvium
in the hills, however, shows a greater variation in character in accordance with
the diflFerent rocks from which it has been derived. It is frequently stained with
iron and carries layers and masses of ferruginous material composed of granite
Tm. 691
and quartz colored by nisty pyrite, and of sand cemented by iron. The tin is
sometimes scattered through the alluvium from top to bottom in comparatively
uniform quantities, and at other times it is concentrated in layers in the interior
and along the bedrock. Usually there is an overburden of barren alluvium of
from 10 to 40 ft. in thickness. The richest deposits are found immediately at the
foot of the mountains. The ordinary tin-bearing formation varies from 1 to
30 ft. in thickness, sometimes reaching an extreme of 100 ft. At Gopeng, allu-
vium is worked which contains tin from the surface down to a depth of from 6
to 30 ft., but at Campar, the tin-bearing stratum, as shown by the open beds, is
from 2 to 10 ft. in thickness, and is overlain by a barren overburden of about
40 ft. At Tronoh, the tin-bearing material has been penetrated by an open pit
and an inclined shaft, the overburden here being from 30 to 40 ft. in thickness.
This incline is about 400 ft. long, extending 140 ft. vertically without reaching
th^ bottom of the tin deposit; such thickness of ^ound, however, is exceptional.
The alluvium generally rests either upon granite or limestone, which, however,
may be concealed beneath beds of barren alluvium or decayed rock. The surface
of the granite is often altered to a soft kaolinized mass. The limestone bedrock
frequently shows the effect of leaching, which has opened deep hollows and caves
such as are seen at Chongkat Pari and near Tronoh, but it also exhibits an un-
dulating surface following regular lines and resulting in a series of natural riflBes
behind which the cassiterite has concentrated.
The cassiterite often occurs in good crystals, and varies in color from black or
brown to gray and lighter colors. When found in the mountains near its source,
the ore is angular and in comparatively large fragments, measuring from an inch
to a foot or more in diameter ; which become rounded and finer grained progres-
sively with the distance from the source.
On the average the ore assays about 70% Sn, ranging between the limits of
69 and 73%. The average value of the alluvium in the Kinta district is about
1% cassiterite, and ground of this grade when favorably situated yields good
profits. Alluvium containing 2% ore is considered exceptionally good, and with
3 to 4% it is considered remarkably rich. The strata have been known to yield
from 40 to 60% cassiterite, but only in very rare cases. Associated with the ore
are many other minerals of which tourmaline, hornblende, wolframite and magne-
tite are the most important, while mica, topaz, scheelite and sapphire are found in
smaller quantities. Thorium and cerium minerals have been found in certain
parts of the Peninsula, and gold in small quantities.
As to the origin of the tin in the alluvium there is little doubt but that it has
been derived from the neighboring rocks. It is found in notable quantities as a
constituent of the granite and sometimes of the limestone. Efforts have been
made to work some of the deposits in the granite, notably at Sorakai in Perak and
at the Rin mine in Selangor, but the operations have been only partially success-
ful, as the ore is usually too scattered to be worked at a profit. In the granite it
occurs in the form of small pockets or veins, sometimes in a combination of
stringers which intersect each other in various directions like a network. Hiaie
it is associated with quartz, tourmaline, fluorite, pyrites and other minerals. The
occurrence of the ore in limestone is much rarer than in the granite. At the
592 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
mine operated by the Leh Chin Tin Mining Co., it is found in the limestone along
a zone of fracturing sometimes as an impregnation, sometimes as lenses or u-
regular pockets, and again along the cracks in the rock either longitudinally or
transversely with the zone of fracturing. It is associated here with large quan-
tities of iron pyrites and arsenical pyrites, and smaller quantities of chalcopjrrite
and bornite. At Bruseh in Perak, the ore has been found in seams and films
along the bedding planes of a soft, fine-grained sandstone, where if seems to have
been deposited by tin-bearing solutions which had leached through the older rocks.
The methods of operating the mines are exceedingly crude, although in some
localities, such as Gopeng and Campar where English and French companies are
in operation, the work is carried on in a systematic manner. The smaller mines
are operated by Chinamen. The laborers are mostly coolies from southern China,
and Indians from the east coast of India. Native Malays do not take kindly to
labor, and Europeans cannot stand hard work in this climate.
The tin-bearing alluvium is generally worked in open cuts or large pits, but
where the overburden of barren ground is very heavy shafts are sunk. The ex-
cavations when made by the Chinese are mostly shallow, owing to the diflSculty
of handling the water which is found in depth. On the average the pits are not
more than 40 ft. deep. Some of the more progressive Chinamen have recently
introduced pumps to handle the water, and bucket pumps operated by a human
tread-mill are commonly seen in this district. The tin alluvium after being
mined is carried to the surface in small baskets hung on both ends of a stick
suspended on the carrier's back. The material is dumped into a wooden trough
supplied with a stream of running water, where, if there is much clay present, it
is stirred with shovels and hoes to separate the tin ore. The materials are carried
by the water from the troughs into the sluices, where the ore and other heavy
minerals sink to the bottom, and the lighter materials are carried away by the
stream. The sluices vary from a few feet to several hundred feet in length accord-
ing to conditions, and are made of wood or are cut in the sandy clay of the region.
After operations have been carried on for several hours, the flow of water is
stopped, and the material at the bottom of the sluice is further concentrated by
panning in flat wooden bowls which resemble in shape the ordinary sheet-iron
gold pans. The flnal processes in the preparation of the ore consists in hand-
picking the magnetite and other heavy minerals associated with the tin, which
leaves a product varying from 69 to 73% Sn.
Hydraulic monitors for handling alluvium have been introduced at Oopeng by
the Gopeng Tin Mining Co.; and a't Cacha an English company has erected a
stamp mill with concentrating tables to crush and concentrate the masses of ore.
At the latter locality, the alluvium has been indurated by infiltration of iron com-
pou ads, so that crushing is necessary. The Sorakai Tin Mining Co. has erected
nristing, crushing and concentrating machinery at Sorakai to treat the ore mined
in the granite at that locality. The roasting of this ore is made necessary by thr*
presence of arsenic.
The tin from the Kinta district was formerly smelted largely at local works, but
most of it is now handled by the Straits Trading Co., which has a large smelting
Tm. 693
plant at Singapore. This company has established numerous agencies for the pur-
chase of ores throughout the Malay Peninsula.
New South Wales. — The output of ingot tin and ore in 1902 was 468 long
tons, valued at £63,706, against 667 tons, valued at £77,315 in 1901. In addition
the smelting works obtained metal valued at £78,428 from imported ores. The
marked decline in output during 1902 was a result of the protracted drought,
which greatly curtailed the available water supply. The larger part of the ore is
obtained from alluvial deposits. At Tingha there were two companies engaged
in dredging operations, and both were successful in proving that, a considerable
area of rich ground exists in the bed of Cope's Creek and tributaries. Two
additional dredges are to be constructed. The mine owned by the Leviathan Tin
Lode Mining Co. was inactive during a large part of the year, owing to the
lack of water. In the Emmaville field most of the ore was extracted from small
workings, the total output being 466 tons. Increased attention was given to
the lodes at Silent Grove in the Deepwater district, and a reduction plant
has been constructed which will hasten its development. In the Broken Hill
district much activity was manifested, and there are prospects that several good
mines will be developed.
Queensland. — Despite the unfavorable season for conducting mining opera-
tions due to the extreme drought, the production of tin ore showed a very satis-
factory increase in 1902, the total being 2,085 long tons, valued at £116,171, as
compared with 1,661 tons, valued at £93,723 in 1901. The Herberton district,
which comprises an area of 750 sq. miles, produced the bulk of the output,
while small quantities were mined in several other districts, including Cooks-
town, Kangaroo Hills, Palmer and Stanthorpe. In the Herberton district Irvine-
bank is the principal center of the mining industry, as two of the largest pro-
duceni — ^the Vulcan and the Tornado — are situated in its vicinity. The former
mine employs 30 men in its workings, which have now reached nearly 800 ft.
in depth. Its output in 1902 was 528 tons of black tin ; since 1890 the mine has
produced ore to the value of £181,000, one-third of this sum being distributed in
dividends. The Tornado mine yielded 243 tons of ore in 1902 and gave em-
plo3rment to 25 men. Development work was prosecuted vigorously in the Great
Southern mine, 12 miles from Irvinebank, and large ore reserves have been
opened up i^ady for production. At Eureka Creek in the Herberton district
the Stannary Hills Mines & Tramway Co. has continued to explore its mines,
and has nearly completed the construction of a 20-8tamp mill and ore-dressing
plant. The T^ncelot mine at Newellton is said to be located on a remarkable
lode, which has a length of several hundred feet and a thickness of from 2 to 3
ft., and carries as high as 20% black tin. The concentrates from this mine are
smelted in Germany. The Amalgamated Coolgarda Tin Mining Co. in the
Coolgarda field limited its operations almost entirely to the Alhambra mine,
where some important bodies of oxidized ore were encountered. During the year
11,000 tons of ore were crushed for a yield of 272 tons black tin. In the new
district known as the Kangaroo Hills, some encouraging developments have been
made in lode mining, but crushing operations have been hampered by the lack of
water. A company has acquired a large area of stanniferous ground at Colling-
594 TBS MINERAL INDVBTBT.
wood in the Cookstown district, and a large tin dressing plant is to be erected.
Water is to be taken from the Finlayson River 7 miles away. The Stanthorpe
district contributed 120 tons of tin ore from alluvial ground that could not be
worked during seasons of average rainfall. The dredges built to operate in this
district were idle during the entire year.
Tasmania, — The output of tin in 1902 was 1,958 long tons of metallic tin
valued at £237,828 and 131 tons of ore valued at £5,162. During the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1902, there were produced 2,807 long tons of ore valued at
£198,127. The Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Co. in the last six months of the
fiscal year crushed 50,044 tons of stone for a yield of 636 tons of concentrates.
The cost of raining, crushing and dressing was 5s. 7d. per ton. The smelter
treated 1,666 tons of concentrates, producing 1,176 tons of metal, of which 1,062
tons yielding 753 tons of tin were smelted on public account. The ingot tin
assayed on the average 99-8^% Sn. During the year the company earned profits
of £62,612 and distributed dividends of £54,000. In the Blue Tier district the
Anchor, Australian and Liberator mines were engaged in productive operations.
The Anchor mine with its two 50-stamp batteries and complete dressing plant
treated 48,174 tons of stone and obtained 167 tons of ore. With full water
supply the mill could handle 100,000 tons of stone a year at an expense of about
2s. 6d. per ton; but the average number of stamps dropping in 1902 was only 34.
A new water-race to the North George River, a distance of 27-5 miles, has been
completed, and a further extension to the South George River will be constructed,
which it is believed will afford an ample supply of water. The battery returns
for the year showed an average extraction of 0-39%. At the Australian mine
the milling facilities have proved inadequate to treat the stone, which averages
less than 1% ore, on a profitable commercial scale, and many improvements have
been undertaken to remedy this defect. The developments already made in the
Blue Tier district show that there are immense quantities of low-grade material,
the exploitation of which in the future will depend upon the supply of cheap
water power. The Briseis mine on the Ringarooma River, owned by the Venture
Corporation, has carried its scheme of water supply to completion, and is now
provided with 40 miles of sluices that deliver a maximum of 2,088,000 gal. per
hour. Mining operations so far have been restricted to removal of the over-
burden, which is being carried off at the rate of 10,000 cu. yd. a week. It is
intended to continue this work until the tin-bearing drifts can be attacked on a
large scale without fear of serious stoppage. A new electric plant is being
installed for lighting and other purposes; while the method of elevating the
material below sluicing-level by hydraulic pressure is to be adopted on a large
scale. The quantity of tin stone secured from the overburden averages about
15 tons per month. At Bradshaw's Creek the Pioneer Tin Mining Co. earned a
profit from the year's operations, obtaining 218 tons of stream tin from 227,900
cu. yd. of drift. At Branxholm the Arba Co. has made preparations for working
on a more extended scale. In the Gladstone district the Scotia mine was the
principal producer, furnishing 36 tons of ore out of a total of 77 tons. Opera-
tions at the Mount Rex mine were suspended for a part of the year, as some
difficulty was experienced in finding a suitable market for the ore, which contains
TIN
595
variable amounts of copper and lead. It is expected^ however, that a successful
method of treatment will soon be devised. The Heemskirk tin field has at-
tracted much attention^ owing to the discovery of a rich ore deposit at Mount
Agnew. The productive area has been extended by new. discoveries. The proper-
ties of North Dundas, including the Renison Bell, Cornwall, Mount Lyell Copper
Estates and Penzance, were exploited on a small scale, but capital is needed
before entering upon a more extensive plan of operations.
United Kingdom. — ^The Dolcoath Mine, Ltd., during the second half of 1902
earned a profit of £12,039, as compared with £14,394 for the first half-year. A
call of 2s. 6d. per share was made on the partly paid shares, increasing the
capital stock paid in by £2,162. Another call of 2s. 6d. per share was made in
January, 1903. The cost of production has been reduced to 18s. 8-5d. pei* ton of
stone; the company^s profit on each ton being 4s. 7-25d. Although profits were
earned during the year, no dividends were paid, the money being used in shaft
sinking and other development work. The work has now reached an inclined
depth of 2,580 ft., corresponding to a vertical depth of 2,100 ft. The statistics of
production for several years are given in the subjoined table: —
SlzMoDth&
Tlo Ore
Crushed.
Black Tin
Sold.
Product
per Ton.
VOre.
Average Value
per Ton of Ore.
AvenurePrlceper
Tont^lackm
Amount
Realized.
Jane 80,1898
Ton*.
88,089
40,606
41,101
41,689
46.108
48,864
47,606
48,975
48,186
68,896
T. c.q.lb.
1,140 7 9 88
1,168 00 0
1,067 19 1 88
1,040 18 1 10
1,048 90 0
960 19 1 81
1.001 18 1 6
1,083 18 1 19
084 16 8 81
808 18 8 19
Lb.
67(/7
64- 10
66-67
6600
61-80
49-76
4714
47-88
4S-48
88-88
£ a. d.
1 8 8-94
1 6 1000
1 18 8-81
1 19 8-89
1 88 8-67
1 16 11-4
1 10 809
1 8 10 86
1 7 10-78
1 4 90
£ 8 d.
89 16 4
46 18 0
66 18 7
79 7 11
88 16 4
80 18 8
n 19 10
68 7 6
71 17 1
78 8 4
£ B. d.
46je81 16 1
June 80. 1899
64,497 6 8
00,888 18 0
88,651 16 0
66,864 18 10
December 81, 1899
June 80, 1900
December 81, 1900.
June 80, 1901
77,780 14 4
78,188 0 11
December 81, 1901
June 80, 1908
December 81, 1908
70,676 8 Q
67,168 6 6
64,716 7 4
The Wheal Grenville Mining Co., at Camborne, during the year ending April
24, 1903, stamped 36,784 tons of stone which yielded 43-6 lb. ore per ton. The
total sales of ore for the year amounted to £56,615, and dividends of ISs. per
share were paid.
Western Australia. — The output of tin ore in 1902 was 620 long tons valued
at £39,783, as compared with 734 tons, valued at £40,000 in 1901. The Green-
bushes field produced 403 long tons, and the Marble Bar district 216 tons. The
alluvial deposits in Greenbushes are worked on a small scale, and there can be
no extensive development until a larger water supply is secured. The ore carries
from 40 to 73% Sn, and is associated with tantalite. A tin-dressing plant has
been erected in the district by the Government as an aid to the mining industry.
The Tin Markets in 1902.
New York. — The average price of tin in New York for 1902 was somewhat
higher than for 1901, due to the article being in an exceptionally strong position
in the relation of supply and demand. Shipments from the East have been nor-
mal, while consumption in Europe and especially in the United States was very
large. Heavy inroads seem to have been made on the available supply of Banka
tin. Strange to say, as yet no tin has been profitably mined in the United States.
596
THE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
Fair quantities of Bolivian tin are now being shipped, but sold at a discount,
owing to inferior quality. Speculation again had full sway on both sides of the
Atlantic, and prices showed wide fluctuations. Futures were selling at a discount
practically throughout the year, which at times amounted to as much as Ic. per
pound, and it was not until the latter part of December that the backwardation
disappeared. The year opened rather dull, with spot tin selling at 32-75c., but
IS January progressed the market developed considerable strength, as high as
24* 5c. being paid. Toward the end of the month a reaction set in, only to be
followed by another upward movement, which assumed very large proportions.
Jhere was an exceedingly brisk demand, business in all lines being very satis-
factory indeed, and prices advanced from month to month, culminating in a quo-
tation of 30c. at the beginning of June. The lower cables from abroad and free
)flfering8 from the East caused quotations in July to decline, but spot tin remained
scarce throughout the summer, all metal being forwarded direct from the steamers
to the interior for consumption there. Bear sales in London and rumors regard-
ing a strike at the mills of the American Tin Plate Co., which broke out later,
caused a further drop during August, and in September as low as 25-375c. was
accepted. Owing to a somewhat better demand prices advanced again during
October to 26c., the demand being stimulated by a cut in the price of tin-plates
and the settlement of the strike. Toward the end of November the decline in the
silver market commenced to play havoc with tin, and continued to exercise a de-
pressing influence for several weeks, consumers becoming afraid of the article
and covering only their immediate wants. At one time the market ruled as low
as 25c. At this figure, however, the trade evidently thought it safe to take hold
of the article again, and large orders were placed for prompt as well as future
delivery. The year closed with spot tin selling at 26-75c. ; futures at about the
same price.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OP TIN
PES POUND IN NEW YORK.
Tear.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Year
1806
CtB.
18*87
9B-48
»7-07
96*61
28*54
Cte.
1406
«4 20
ao-.'ss
96-68
2407
Cte.
14*88
S888
89*90
96*03
96*89
Cte.
14*60
94 9K
80*90
96-98
97 77
Cte.
14B9
96*76
29*87
97*12
99*86
CtB.
16-22
96-86
80-50
98-60
MM
Cte.
16-60
20 68
88*10
97-86
28*88
Cte.
16-28
81-68
81*98
96-78
28*98
Cte.
16*08
89*74
99*49
85*81
96*60
Cte.
17*42
81*99
28-64
96-62
2607
Cte.
18*90
28*61
88-95
26-67
16-68
Cte.
18*80
Cts.
1899 ,
96*88195*19
86-94 29*90
igOO •
1901
24*86 96*64
1908
85-68<M'^
1
London. — The close of 1901 was marked by a general feeling of depression and
weakness in this market ; the gradual falling away from the high prices touched
in the middle of the year, the expectation of increased production and the failure
of a prominent dealer shortly before the New Year, all tending to cause a lack of
confidence in the future of the article. This feeling found evidence in the back-
wardation in forward tin prevailing at the end of the year, and prices at end of
December closed at about £106 for cash and £103 for three months. The visible
supply of tin at the end of December amounted to 17,523 tons, showing a decrease
for the month of 1,394 tons, but an increase of about 2,000 tons, compared with
the end of 1900. In the first week of January prices declined gradually, and at
one time touched £101 for spot and £98 15s. for three months. Toward the
TIN, 597
middle of the month, however, higher prices from the Straits and a good Amer-
ican demapd caused values to become firmer, and the market at the end of January
was strong at £109 cash and £106 three months. Spot tin was very tightly held
throughout the month and at one time touched £111 15s. Very good prices were
obtained at the Banka sale in the last half of the month. February started with
a firm market for cash and near dates, spot tin being largely in the hands of the
bulls, and values advanced until £111 was reached for cash and £106 for three
months. Prices then eased oflE somewhat in consequence of free selling from the
Straits. Prices throughout March were very steady indeed, and although an
attempt was made by the bears to break prices, values remained during the first
three weeks in the neighborhood of £114 for cash and £111 for three months. In
the last few days, however, renewed buying from America, and the covering of
bear sales by Straits dealers caused a sharp advance, and cash was done at £119,
with a backwardation of £1 to £2 for forward. The month of April opened very
firm at £118 for cash and £115@£116 for three months, the London stocks show-
ing a decrease of nearly 1,000 tons on the month. The total visible supply stood
at about 2,000 tons over end of February figures, but this included about 2,500
tons ex. the Banka sale. With good buying from America, and reports of good
consumptive demand from all quarters, prices quickly rose and at the middle of
the month touched £131 for spot and £127 10s. for forward. The rapid rise
was assisted materially by considerable bull speculation and covering purchases
from Chinese sources. Throughout May, June and the first part of July prices
generally advanced, reaching £136 in June and selling from there to £132. In
the latter half of July, however, there was a decline, £120 10s. being reached,
but with a recovery to £127 10s. August was flat and uneventful. At the com-
mencement of September the visible supply was 16,741 tons, and the stock in Lon-
don 2,670 tons. About this time it was reported that the Dutch Government
might not have enough tin to enable it to sell the usual quantities at the auctions
during 1903, but notwithstanding this bull argument the market became very flat,
declining from £124 for cash to £114, three months metal dropping from
£120@£113. The chief cause of this setback was the fact that Americans were
practically out of the market. October showed some recovery, chiefly on Amer-
ican buying, and prices recovered to £121 10s., for spot, with £1 less on futures.
In November, however, there was a decline, chiefly owing to the lower price of
silver, the close being weak at £112 10s. for spot, with a backwardation of 15s. on.
futures. December commenced with a visible supply of 17,350 tons, the increase
being again due to the inclusion of metal sold at the last Banka sale. The market
continued to fluctuate considerably, being depressed by the uncertainty of the
future course of the silver market, but being helped at times by spasmodic de-
mands from America. Toward the middle of the month there were one or two
rallies, caused by purchases on behalf of prominent dealers, who seemed to be
getting the control to a certain extent out of the hands of those who have been
so closely identified with the metal for some years past. Stimulated by a large
demand from America, the market developed considerable stren^h during the
last week of the month, and closed very firm at £120 12s. 6d.@£120 15s. for spot ;
£121 5s.@£121 7s. Hd. for three months.
TUNGSTEN.
The production of tungsten ore in the United States during 1902 amounted
to 250 short tons of concentrated ore, valued at $38,600 (which were derived
from 3,730 short tons of crude ore), as compared with 179 short tons of con-
centrated ore, valued at $27,720, derived from 220 short tons of crude ore in
1901. The tungstic acid content of the ore produced in 1902 ranged from 50
to 65%, and the value of the high quality ore ranged from $100 to $300 per
short ton, averaging $150. The production of tungsten metal in the United
States during 1902 amounted to 82,000 lb., as compared with 13,000 lb. in 1901 ;
ferrotungsten, 14,000 lb., as compared with 13,000 lb. in 1901, and tungstic
acid and tungsten salts, 3,500 lb., as compared with 3,000 lb. in 1901. During
1902 there was no change in the prices for tungsten metal and ferrotungsten,
the quotations remaining the same as in 1901, i.e., from 58c. to 64c. per lb. for
the former, and from 27c. to 31c. for the latter. The value of tungsten ore con-
taining from 45 to 55% WOj is about $2 per unit, while ores containing from
55 to 65% WOg command from $2*50 to $4-50 per unit, if free from sulphur
and phosphorus. The greater part of the output of tungsten metal and alloy
during 1902 was derived from Colorado ores. Until recent years, the bulk of the
supply of tungsten ores for consumption in the United States has been obtained
fi'om England; Austria- Hungary ; Saxony, Germany and Australia. The chief
use for tungsten is in the manufacture of tungsten steels and the growing demand
for steels possessing the special property of self-hardening, has encouraged the
exploration for tungsten minerals in the United States. A deposit of tungsten
ore is being developed on the Ima Mining Co.'s property at Patterson Creek,
a tributary of the Pahsimaori River, in Lemhi County, Idaho. The tungsten
occurs as megabasite (manganese tungstate), and wolframite (iron tungstate),
in brown and black crystals in a quartz gangue, the vein varying from 5 to 15 ft.
in widths and assaying from 5 to 50% WOg. Several other deposits are being
exploited and much of the present importation of foreign ferrotungsten alloys
may soon be replaced by metal and alloys made from domestic ores. This possi-
bility is particularly pertinent, as tungsten minerals in some localities occur with
gold and silver ores and tungsten metal may be produced from them cheaply
as a by-product.
The chief use of tungsten is in the use of self -hardening tungsten steel, the
metal being used either as ferrotungsten or as the powdered metal. Becently
it has been added with very satisfactory r'^sults to a copper-aluminum alloy in
order to impart greater strength and toughness. It is claimed that the self-
hardening property of steel, ordinarily obtained by the addition of tungsten
to chrome steel, may also be obtained by the addition of molybdenum, and
in the latter case but one-half the quantity, as compared with tungsten, is needed
to produce the same eflFect. The alloy known as timgsten-ferrochrome was im-
ported into the United States during 1902 to the value of $7,046, as compared
with $9,839 ip J901, Germany supplying the bulk of the import.
ZINC AND CADMIUM.
Bt Joseph Struthers, D. H. Newland and Henrt Fisher.
The production of zinc or spelter in the United States during 1902 was the
largest annual output yet recorded, and amounted to 158,237 short tons, as
compared with 140,822 short tons in 1901 and 123,231 short tons in 1900. The
production by districts is shown in the subjoined table.
PRODUCTION OF ZINC IN THE UNITED STATES.
States.
1807.
1806.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Dlinois and Indiana
Kanflan .....^,...
88,680
88,896
18,418
9,900
46,006
88,548
21,068
7,805
49.890
6&,878
15,710
8,808
87,558
67,276
80,188
8,869
44,896
74,270
1S,06S
8,606
49,672
87,821
Missouri
10,548
South and East
10,006
Total tons of 8,000 lb. .
Total tons of 8.»40 lb..
Total metric tons
III
8SS2
114,104
101,879
106^14
189,675
115,781
117,M4
188.881
110,028
111,7M
140,888
185,784
127,751
158,287
141,283
148,668
Despite the very large increment in production, which amounted to 17,415
short tons or 12% over the total for the preceding year, the market conditions dur-
ing 1902 were highly satisfactory. The consumptive demand for spelter in the
United States was sufficient to absorb the entire output, and no effort was made
to sell a portion of the product in European markets, for the purpose of maintain-
ing a high level of prices, as has been done in previous years. The greatest in-
crease in production was shown by Kansas and Illinois-Indiana, in which States
the smelting industry is now largely centered. An important feature of the year
was the increased quantity of ore supplied by Colorado, and the plans that have
been made for utilizing it on a still larger scale. Some ore was shipped to the
Kansas smelters from Utah and from mines in the Slocan district of British Co-
lumbia, while Kentucky also contributed important quantities from the mines
near Marion. Details of the progress in mining and metallurgy are given by Wal-
ter R. Ingalls later in this section under the title "Progress in the Metallurgy of
Zinc in the United States during 1902."
Zinc Oxide, — There was a large increase in the production of zinc oxide in
1902, the total being 52,730 short tons valued at $4,023,299 as compared with
46,500 tons valued at $3,720,000 in 1901. Most of the output was made by the
New Jersey Zinc Co., operating at Jersey Cit}- and Newark, N. J., Bethlehem and
Palmerton, Pa., and Mineral Point, Wis. This company has secured the plant
of the Renfrew Zinc Co. at West Plains, Mo. The Ozark Zinc Oxide Co. of Jop-
lin. Mo., which began operations in 1901, has enlarged its plant. Among the
smaller producers are Page & Kraus, of St. Louis, Mo., and the 6. & G. Zinc
Oxide Co., of West Plains, Mo. The shipments of zinc oxide in 1902 exceeded
the output by nearly 3,000 tons. In addition to the output of zinc oxide, the
600
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
United States Smelting Co. (formerly the American Zinc & Lead Co.) at Canon
City, Colo., manufactures a pigment called zinc-lead which is a mixture of oxi-
dized compounds of lead and zinc. The production of this special pigment in
1902 was 4,000 short tons valued at $225,000 as compared with 2,500 tons valued
at $150,000 in 1901.
PRODUCTION OF ZINC OXIDE IN THE UNITED STATES.
Quantity.
Valueu
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Short
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Totals.
Per Short
Ton.
Short
Tons.
Metric
Tona.
Totals.
Per Short
Ton
1897
26,262
82,747
89,663
28.825
29,706
86,962
$1,686,020
2,226,796
3.881,69Bi
I54-20
6600
WOO
1900
47,151
46,500
52,780
42,776
42,966
46,989
$8,772,060
8,720.000
4,028,299
$6000
SO'OO
1806
1901
1899
1902
78-80
IMPORTS OF ZINC AND ZINC OXIDE INTO THE UNITED STATES. (iN POUNDS.)
Year.
Sheets, Blocks, Pigs, and Old.
Manufactures.
Total Value.
Oxide.
Dry.
In Oil.
1896
2,742,867
2,966,468
2,018,196
775,861
1,666,121
$109,624
151,956
W.762
80,020
46,926
$18,446
14,800
86,886
42,648
40,608
$128,072
166,756
184,696
78,668
87,619
8,842,286
3,019.709
2,618,806
8,199,778
8,271,866
27,060
41,609
88,706
128,196
168,061
189J
1900
1901
1902(a)
(a) In addition to the imports fdven in the above table there were imported during 1909, 1,247,086 lb. of
white sulphide of sine, valued at $82,879.
EXPORTS OF ZINC AND ZINC OXIDE FROM THE UNITED STATES. (iN POUNDS.)
Year.
Ore and Oxide.
Plates, Sheets, Pigs, and Bars.
Manufactures.
Total Value.
1898
a 81,418,869
6er,196,506
c 06,514,898
d97,434,:»S
e 119,942,244
$662,064
1,092,642
1,6.^,043
1,560.948
1,882,826
20,996,418
13,609,316
44,820,577
6,780,221
6,478,185
$1,063,960
742,601
2,217,968
288,906
800,667
$186,166
148,288
99,268
82,046
114,197
$1,724,188
1899
1,978,296
1900
8,947,294
1901
1,981,896
1902
2,897,580
(a) Includes zinc oxide, 7,849,059 lb. ($252,194). (b) Zinc oxide, 10,666,226 lb. ($866,598). (c) Zinc oxide, 11,891,698
lb. ($496,880). (c2) Zinc oxide, 9,122.268 lb. ($893,260.) (e) Zinc ozide, 10,716,864 lb. ($488,782).
Arlcansas, — Some exploratory work was done in the northern part of the State,
but the yearns record on the whole, was disappointing. The deposits so far opened
are of limited extent and have scarcely repaid the cost of development.
Colorado, — The ores of this State are rapidly becoming an important factor
in the zinc industry. The Leadville district alone produced 85,699 tons of ore in
1902, and deposits were worked at Kokomo, Creede, Rico aiid elsewhere. The
Kansas smelters took an increased quantity of these ores, which are purchased
at a liberal discount from the Joplin prices and can be mixed in considerable pro-
portions with the higher quality ores without materially affecting the smelting
results. A large portion of the output is consumed by the United States Smelt-
ing Co., at Canon City, Colo., for the manufacture of zinc-lead pigment, and some
ore is marked at Mineral Point, Wis., and in Europe. The Colorado Zinc Co.
at Denver and the Empire Zinc Co. at Canon City have installed magnetic sepa-
rating plants.
Kentucky, — Much activity was shown during 1902 in the zinc mining indus-
ZINC AND CADMIUM,
601
try, and the output of zinc ore assumed considerable proportions. The principal
developments have been made in Crittenden County where there are deposits of
calamine, smithsonite and blende, with fluorspar. The Old Jim mine near Marion
which was opened in 1901 shipped several thousand tons of calamine to Mineral
Point, Wis., and Joplin, Mo. In the same locality are ttie Columbia, Tabb and
Blue & Nunn mines. The last named mine produces smithsonite from a vein
that is from 10 to 30 ft. wide and is included between limestone and an altered
dike. At present the deposit is worked by an open-cut some 300 ft. long from
which the ore is hoisted to the surface by a gasoline engine. Sphalerite is distrib-
uted through the ore in small quantities, and it is probable that it will replace
the smithsonite below the water level, which occurs at a depth of about 150 ft.
At present the output is 50 tons of crude ore per day. The coarse lumps are hand
cobbed and shipped without further treatment, but the fine material is run
through a log washer which is to be replaced in the near future by a jig. The
ore contains no lead, and the presence of zinc oxide gives it a very high assay.
Missouri and Kansas. — There was a further increase in the production of spel-
ter in 1902, and as for several years past, the natural gas region of Kansas con-
tributed most of the output. Outside of this district the only large smelting
works in operation were those of the Edgar Co., at St. Louis, Mo. The principal
centers of the industry in Kansas are lola, Laharpe, Cherryvale and Gas, the
first named being of great importance, producing lead, sheet zinc and sulphuric
acid as well as spelter. While these smelters draw their ore supplies almost en-
tirely from the Joplin district, an increasing quantity is being purchased each
year from the Colorado mines, and during 1902 a few shipments were made from
Utah and the Slocan district of British Columbia. It is stated that one smelter
has contracted recently for a large supply of ore from mines in British Columbia.
A freight rate of $11 per short ton from Slocan to lola has been secured, which,
to be sure, is a heavy tax on the ore, but as the zinc blende is largely a by-product
in silver-lead mining, it can bear high freight charges and still yield a satisfactory
profit to the miner. The new ore supplies from the West have relieved the
smelters to some extent from the danger of concerted action on the part of the
miners, such as would be hostile to their interests. Full details of the progress
in mining and milling in the Joplin district are given in the separate article by
Frank Nicholson later in this section.
PRICES PER SHORT TON OF ZINO ORBS AND LEAD ORES IN THE JOPLIN DISTRICT
DURING 1901 AND 1902.
Month.
Jan . . ,
Feb....
March.
April..
May...
June . .
July..,
Zinc Ore.
HlKliect Averaga
1001.
2700
2900
«00
29-50
29-0()
2800
28-00
JB-60
83-00
1908.
38-00
3500
8500
42-00
1901
28-73
2896
87-50 28-?0 2800
24-88
24 22
1908.
1901,
a8'75
2700
68 28-«i
29-88
»4-10
24-88|»«*87
Lead Ore.
Highest. Average.
4600
46-00
46-50
4600
46-50
47-50
47.60
1908.
1901.
1908.
45-61 4200
004888
48-80
60 45
48-00
48
48-.V) 46-81
48-60 45- S8 48-60
44-60
46-00
4800
46-38
4704
46-90
4600
46-60
4800
Month.
1901.1902
1^:::
Oct....
Not. ..
Dec....
Year
Zfnc Ore.
Highest. Average,
27-60 39-50
2700
80-00
80-00
84-00
3400
38-60
4000
39-00
36
48-00
1901
23-88
22-82 83-00
00 28
24-63
15
84
1908.
32". W
33-58
82-10
29-85
84-67 80-73
Lead Ore.
Highest Average.
1901. 1908.
46 •.50(49 00
46-50,49-50
16-5049-50
46-5050-00
46-50|.V)00
47-6ffl60-00
1901
15-80
46 88
4«-80
46-80
44-70
4601
1908.
48-81
49-00
49-BO
49-00
50-00
46-86
New Jersey, — The mines of the New Jersey Zinc Co., at Franklin Furnace, pro-
602
TUB MINERAL INDUSTRY,
duced 209,386 tons of ore during 1902, an increase of 18,165 tons over the output
in 1901. The Trotter mine and the Stirling Hill mines were inactive. At the
Parker mine the work has consisted in extending the several levels in a southerly
direction, while the open cut in the Taylor mine has been carried from the fold
down nearly to the tunnel level. The two mines are now in communication, so
that ventilation can be maintained throughout all the workings.
Virginia, — There were no new developments of importance during 1902, and
operations were limited, as heretofore, to the mines of the Bertha Mining Co.,
in Pidaski and Wythe counties, and the mine of the Wythe Lead & Zinc Co., at
Austinville. The capital stock of the latter company has been purchased by the
Bertha Mining Co., which will probably develop its properties on a large scale.
The mill at the Clark mines, in Pulaski County, was run steadily, producing a
very satisfactory grade of ore. At the Bertha mines the work of stripping the
limonite ore was continued. There is an accumulation of from 30,000 to 40,000
tons of tailings from the old zinc mill containing about 18% Zn which it is
thought can be utilized.
PRODUCTION OF ZINC IN THE WORLD. (iN METRIC TONS.)
1896
1899
1900
1901
190B
Austria,
(a)
7,308
7.192
6.748
7,658
7,960
Belgium.
(6)(/)
119,671
122,848
119,317
127,170
id)
France
(b)
87,166
89,274
86.305
87,600
(d)
Germany
154,867
153,156
165,799
166,283
174,987
Italy.
ib)
850
251
647
611
500
Russia.
(6)
6,664
6,881
5,963
id)
id)
United Kingdom, (c)
Spain.
(6)
6.081
6,184
6.611
5,854
Id)
Native
Ores.
8,711
8,887
9,214
8,565
Foreign
Ores.
40,844
19,678
88,886
81,098
81,888
United
States.
(e)
106,614
117,644
in,7W
18r,751
Totals.
462,287
485,846
478,880
608,101
(a) The statistics for Austria are talcen from the official reports of the Mines Department, except for 1908,
for which the figure reported by Henry R. Merton & Co. has been used.
(b) Official statistics, except for 1908.
(c) The statistics for the United Kingdom are arrived at by deducting the zinc produced from domestic ores,
as reported in the official Blue Books, from the total output of the smelting works as stated in the reports of
Messrs. Henry R. Merton & Co.
J Statistics not yet available.
Statistics compiled from direct returns by the producers to The Minkral Industry.
According to Henry R. Merton & Co., Belgium, Holland and the Rhine district of Qermany In 1908 pro-
808,848 metric tons of spelter, against 208,474 metric tons in 1901, 189.801 in 1900 and 198,994 in 1899.
PRODUCTION OF ZINC ORE IN EUROPE AND AFRICA. (iN METRIC TONS.)
1
Algeria
Austria
Bel-
gium.
France.
Ger-
many.
Oreeoe.
(o)
Italy.
Nop.
way.
Russia.
Spain.
Sweden
Tunis
United
Kingdom
1897
189B
1899
1900
1901
88,809
89,800
48,970
80,281
86,918
87,468
87,396
87.100
88,248
86,078
10,954
11,475
(6)
144,033
(a)6,645
83,044
85.550
84,813
67,059
61,589
663,850
Ml ,706
664,586
639,215
647,496
80,906
82.045
22.907
18,751
18,218
122,214
182,099
150,629
189,679
185,784
908
820
379
204
90
54,684
(b)
ib)
(b)
ib)
78,848
99,886
119,710
86,158
119,708
56,686
61,687
65,150
61,044
48,680
11.880
81.47r
20,079
16.696
17,879
19,5«7
88^989
88,505
86,070
88,967
(a) Including blende and calcined calamine. (&) Not reported.
Production of Zinc and Cadmium in Foreign Countries.
Algeria, — The output of zinc ore in 1901 amounted tQ 26,913 metric tons,
valued at 1,312,660 fr., as compared with 30,281 metric tons, valued at 1,537,970
fr. in 1900. This production was obtained from the provinces of Constantine,
Algiers and Oran. The entire production was exported, being shipped to Bel-
le
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Tom
100.000
140,000
120,060
100,000
80,000
60.000
40,000
80,000
Ml— lladMay^Tan
The World's Productiox of Zinc. (In Metric Tons.)
604 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
gium, France and Tunis. In the mines of Guerrouma, Sakamody, R'arbau and
Nador- Chair, the ore occurs as zinc blende in stratified marls, loam and calcareous
formations. In the Constantine district the ore occurs as calamine in chalky
gangue rock, the principal mines here being the Hammam, Sakiet Sidi Yaussef,
Compagnie Koyale Asturienne, Compagnie Miniere Tunissiennc, Ban Kadis,
Ban Jaber and D'jebel D'jedda. These mines together produce annually about
25,000 metric tons of zinc ore. In the Oran Department there are but two zinc
mines, the Mazes and D'jebel Massen.
Australia. — The exports of zinc spelter and zinc concentrates from New South
Wales in 1902 were 1,261 long tons, valued at £10,625, as compared with 632
long tons, valued at £4,057 in 1901. In the Broken Hill district the quantity of
zinc in the lead and zinc concentrates was estimated at 29,432 long tons in 1902,
but no value is placed upon the zinc content of the ore. Experiments are now
being carried on with new methods for profitably treating zinc ores. The
Sulphide Corporation, Ltd., has produced at its zinc distillation works at Cockle
Creek a quantity of spelter from slimes.
Austria. — Zinc ore is mined in the provinces of Bohemia, Styria, Carinthia,
Tyrol and Galicia. In Bohemia, the Mies, Mirklin and Wrbitz mines are oper-
ated by the Erste Bohmische Zinkhiitten und Bergbau Gesellschaft ; in Styria,
mines at Deutsch Feistritz, Guggenbach, Rabenstein and Uebelbach are operated
by the Markisch-Westfalischer Bergwerk Verein; in Carinthia, at Raibl and
Wolfsberg, and the mine of Bleiberg-Kreut, Windisch-Bleiberg Eisenkappel,
Feistritz, and Meiss Schwarzenbach by the Bleiberger Bergwerke Union Actien
Gesellschaft; and in the Tyrol, at Klausen, Schneeberg, Silberleiten, Nagelsee-
kahr, Innst and Roncegno. The plants for smelting the zinc ore are at Cilli,
Neidzieliska, Kiesz, Trzebinia and near Szezakowa. Practically all of the zinc
ore exported is shipped to Germany, and nearly all the zinc ore imported is
obtained from the same country.
Belgium. — The output of spelter from Belgium, Rhineland and Holland in
1902 was 200,140 long tons, as compared with 199,285 long tons in 1901.
There are 12 zinc smelters, three of them owned by the Societe Anonyme des
Mines et Fonderies de Zinc do la Vieille-Montagne, which operates the Valentin-
Cocq works at Hollogne aux Pierres, the Flone works at Hermalles-Huy and the
Angleur works at Angleur, in Belgium, and at Bray-Ecos, Viviez, Dangu and
Penchot, in France. This company owns mines in the departments of Gard,
Herault and LozSre, in France, in the provinces of Santander, Almeria, Granada
and Murcia, in Spain, and at Hammam and Ouarensis, in Algeria. Its output
during 1902 amounted to 70,872 tons of spelter, 62,945 tons of sheet zinc,
8,642 tons of zinc oxide and 48,840 tons of sulphuric acid. The acid was manu-
factured at its plant at Baelen-Wezel. The gross receipts were 5,736,018 fr.,
general expenditures 1,210,686 fr., reserved for sinking fund, 815,067 fr., ad-
ministration expenses 507,535 fr., interest 450,000 fr., dividends 2,700,000 fr.,
and the directors were paid 101,883 fr., leaving a balance on hand at the end
of the year of 67,507 fr.
France. — In 1901 the production of zinc ore was 61,500 metric tons, whicli
was obtained chiefly from the Malines mine in the Department of Gard. and the
ZINC AND CADMIUM. 606
Bormettes mines in the Department of Var. The output of the former consisted
of 10,000 metric tons of calcined calamine, 5,000 tons of leady zinc blende (cal-
cined), and 1,300 tons of galena and silver-lead ore, the total valued at 1,410,000
fr. The Bormettes mines produced 9,800 metric tons of zinc blende, valued at
795,000 fr. In addition to these mines, there were smaller producers at Pierre-
fitte in Hautes-Pyr6n6es, at Villefranche in Aveyron, at Sentien and Saint-Lary
in Ari^ge, and at Menglon in Drdme. The imports of zinc ore in 1902 amounted
to 36,564 metric tons, valued at 17,555,000 fr., as compared with 29,812 metric
tons, valued at 14,250,000 fr. in 1901. The exports of zinc ore in 1902 were
43,075 metric tons ; of spelter, 16,145 metric tons, the corresponding figures for
1901 being 54,665 tons of zinc ore and 12,712 tons of spelter.
Oermany. — The production in Germany in 1902 was 702,504 metric tons?
($7,452,750) of zinc ore, and 174,927 metric tons ($15,451,000) of spelter, as
compared with 647,496 metric tons ($5,375,500) of zinc ore, and 166,283 metric
tons ($13,696,750) of spelter in 1901. The exports of ore in 1902 amounted to
46,965 metric tons, valued at $657,500, and the imports to 61,407 metric tons,
valued at $1,316,250. The ore was chiefly exported to Belgium and Austria-
Hungary, and chiefly imported from the United States and Austria-Hungary.
The exports of spelter in 1902 were 70,292 metric tons ($6,539,250) ; of zinc
white, zinc ashes, and lithophone, 28,400 metric tons ($2,424,000) ; of sheet zinc,
17,015 metric tons ($1,776,000) ; of fine manufactured zinc wares, 1,616 metric
tons ($1,394,000) ; the imports during the same period being 25,946 metric tons
($2,373,250) of spelter ; S,986 metric tons ($367,500) of zinc white, zinc ashes,
and lithophone, 134 metric tons ($14,000) of sheet zinc, and 105 metric tons
($69,000) of fine manufactured zinc wares. In the Bonn district, during 1902
there were produced 107,209 metric tons of zinc ore valued at $2,112,775. Accord-
ing to the report of the Oberschlesischen Berg- und Huettenmaennishchen
Verein, the output of 23 mines in Silesia in 1902 was 357,933 metric tons of
zinc blende, valued at 15,995,962 marks, and 212,824 metric tons of calamine,
valued at 2,440,979 marks. The largest producers of zinc ore were the Blei-
scharley and Samuelsgliick mines at Birkenhain, the Brzozowitz mines at Brzozo-
witz, and the Neue Helone mines at Scharley. There were 23 smelters in opera-
tion in 1902 producing 116,979 metric tons of spelter, valued at 40,575,347 marks,
and three of these also produced 12,825 kg. of cadmium, valued at 61,500 marks;
seven works produced 41,188 metric tons of sheet zinc, valued at 17,719,181
marks, and one works produced 202 metric tons of zinc white valued at 429,352
marks, and 43 metric tons of zinc gray, valued at 24,708 marks.
Italy. — ^The output of zinc ore is derived from 110 mines in the Iglesias and
the Milan districts. In the former zinc ore is mined at Cagliari, Sassari and
Iglesias, and in the latter, at Bergamo, Brescia and Lecco. The Society dclle
Miniere di Malfidano produced in 1902 at its zinc mines at Iglesias 35,910 metric
tons of zinc-lead ore, assaying from 45 to 50% Zn, and from 60 to 65% Pb.
This ore was smelted at the company's plant at Noyelles-Godault. The Monte-
poni mines, operated by the Society delle di Monteponi Fonderia di Zineo, pro-
duced 12,085 metric tons of zinc ore assaying 46% Zn. In 1902, the exports were
114,894 metric tons of zinc ore ($2,527,668) 328 metric tons ($31,096) of spelter.
606 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
122 metric tons ($14,676) of zinc oxide, and 66 metric tons ($10,586) of manu-
factured zinc. The imports during the same period amounted to 131 metric tons
($2,882) of zinc ore, 3,805 metric tons ($360,097) of spelter, 904 metric tons
($108,468) of zinc oxide, and 4,167 metric tons ($496,925) of manufactured zinc.
Spain, — The exports of zinc ore in 1902 amounted to 95,705 metric tons as
compared with 75,755 metric tons in 1901. The district of Aguilas exported
366 tons; Almeria, 800 tons (£800) of calamine and 1,814 tons (£6,350) cal-
cined ore, all to Antwerp ; Carthagena, 63,830 tons of zinc blende and 1,840 tons
of calamine, mostly to Belgium, Mazarron 302 tons and Motril 233 tons (£622).
Sweden, — ^In 1902 there were 43,854 tons of zinc ore exported from Sweden,
as compared with 41,251 tons in 1901. It is reported that zinc is being produced
by an electric process from zinc-lead sulphide ores at the Onan plant of the
TroUhattans Elektriska Aktiebolag, at TroUhattan. The new company, which is
operating the process of Dr. De Laval, is capitalized at $26,800, and is obtaining
zinc ore from the deposit at Saxberget, near Ludvika. A plant using Dr. De
Laval's process has also been started at Hoslund, Norway.
Uniied Kingdom. — In 1902 the output of zinc ore was 25,060 long tons, as
compared with 23,752 long tons in 1901. Of the total in 1902, the Newcastle
district produced 12,806 long tons and the Liverpool and North Wales district
7,566 long tons. The exports in 1902 were: 16,454 long tons (£54,216) of zinc
ore, 6,650 long tons (£99,495) of spelter and 1,324 long tons (£37,563) of manu-
factured zinc; the imports during the same period being 44,598 long tons
(£205,647) of zinc ore, 88,276 long tons (£1,528,962) of spelter, and 21,374
long tons (£489,554) of manufactured zinc. The English Crown Spelter Co.,
Ltd., produced 6,165 long tons, and Dillwyn & Co., 6,520 long tons of spelter
during 1902.
The Spelter Markets in 1902.
New York, — The year under review was fairly prosperous for the zinc industry
)f the United States, home consumers absorbing practically all the metal that
was produced, in spite of a heavy production, and it was not until the very end
of the year that stocks began to accumulate. Under these circumstances it was
not necessary to export spelter in order to keep up domestic prices, as
has been the case in former years. The higher prices of fuel and
labor tended somewhat to raise the cost of production. Galvanizers, brass mills
and sheet zinc manufacturers were very busy, and an increased quantity of spelter
was again used for electrical purposes. The paint and oxide business also was
satisfactory. One or two new smelting works were erected in the lola Gas Belt,
some of the older ones enlarged, and several smaller ones consolidated, thus
creating a number of strong concerns. The result was an introduction of new
business methods, which in the course of time will no doubt have beneficial results.
Larger quantities of ore are being shipped every year from Colorado and
British Columbia — a plant having been built in Colorado to treat ores from
the former locality — and it is evident to the intelligent observer that the newly
found prosperity will come to an early end if new outlets cannot be found for
an increased production. This fact has been recognized by the smelters, who have
ZIJSV AND CADMIUM.
607
given the matter much thought. It will for the present probably result in a
larger output of sheet zinc, the use of which in this country is not nearly as large
as it is in Europe.
The year opened with the market rather dull and somewhat irregular. The
ruling quotations were 4 126@4175c., St. Louis; 4275@4325c., New York.
As January progressed several of the producers became free sellers, and values
declined to 3-90c., St. Louis; 405c., New York.
Toward the middle of February, higher prices for ore and a continued good
demand on the part of consumers, both for galvanizing and brass purposes, com-
bined to stop the downward tendency, 5nd for a while considerable activity re-
sulted, prices advancing to 410c., St. Louis; 4- 25c., New York. The market
ruled steady throughout April and May, when a further advance set in, in con-
sequence of threatening labor troubles. A strike broke out at the beginning of
June, and several of the smelters had to close down, which, naturally, caused quite
a flurry in the market, values rising rapidly to 4-75c., St. Louis; 4-875@5c., New
York. During the month of July the market was very active, and as it became
evident that the supply of ores was rather short and the consumption of spelter
very heavy, manufacturers were unable to supply themselves fully, and 5- 125c.,
St. Louis; 5 -250., New York, was freely paid. August witnessed a further ad-
vance, spot metal being especially scarce. The quotations were 5- 25c., St. Louis;
5'375@5-5c., New York. It was not until the latter part of October that prices
showed a tendency to ease off, and they would no doubt have declined very sharply
had it not been for a fire which destroyed four blocks of one of the largest works
in Kansas. As it was, the falling off in the consumption, which usually makes
its appearance toward the end of the year, did not make itself felt until the
second half of November. Inasmuch as production continued at a very heavy
rate, stocks began to accumulate and prices declined sharply, closing considerably
lower, 4 375(a)4-40c., St. Louis; New York, 4 55 to 4 575c.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OF SPELTER PER POUND IN NEW YORK.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Not.
Dec.
Year
1896
1899
Cts.
8-96
6-84
4-66
4-18
4W
Cts.
404
6-28
4-84
4«01
4-15
Cts.
4-86
8-81
4'dO
8-91
4-88
Cts.
4*86
887
4-71
8-96
4-87
Cts.
487
6-88
4-58
404
4-47
Cte.
4-77
6-96
4-89
8-99
4-96
Cts.
4-86
5-62
4-S8
8-95
587
Cts.
4-66
6-66
4-17
8-90
6-44
Cts.
4-87
5-SO
411
4-08
5-49
Cts.
4-96
5-38
4-15
4-28
6*88
Cts.
5-89
4-64
4-89
4-89
6-16
Cts.
6-10
4-86
4-85
4-81
4-78
Cts
4-57
6*75
1900 ,
4'89
1901
407
1908
4*64
London, — The month of January opened with a rather better demand at
about £16 lOs. for ordinaries, and £16 15s. for special brands, but renewed nego-
tiations between the principal producers on the Continent caused a more hopeful
feeling, and prices improved to about £17 7s. 6d. for ordinaries. The demand
at this time for sheet zinc and yellow metal was good, and this re-
sulted in more liberal buying by consumers. February commenced
with a renewal of. the strong tone, and under active trading prices quickly
improved to £17 5s. for ordinaries. Producers of sheet zinc raised their
prices by £1 per ton on account of the big demand. March started with a firm
608
TBE iilNBlRAL iNDUBTUr,
tone, engendered by renewed inquiry from galvanizers, who were exceedingly
busy, but toward the middle of the month, owing to sales of speculative parcels
and second-hand metal, prices took a turn downward, and as low as £17 7s. 6d.
was accepted, eventually rallying to £17 178. 6d., which was about the opening
price for April. A further active demand was experienced from makers of
galvanized iron, and as large orders were placed for spelter, values rose steadily
to about £18 2s. 6d., the month closing strong at the highest level. Makers on
the Continent having sold freely and finding a scarcity of ores were inclined to
hold for full prices. May witnessed a large demand from all consumers, in-
cluding brass and yellow metal makers, and producers being sold out for some
time ahead allowed dealers to command high prices, up to £18 10s. being paid for
Virgin brands. Just at the end of the month a few speculative sales were made,
which reduced values to £18 5s. for ordinaries and £18 7s. 6d. for specials. June
saw the conclusion of peace in South Africa, which event was attended with large
buying orders for galvanized iron, causing a rally in spelter values to £18 5s.,
and at this level the market remained until about the middle of July, when there
was a spurt to £19 5s., based on the expectation of small supplies. Values re-
mained steady until the first and second weeks of August, when there was a de-
cline to £18 12s. 6d., owing to pressure of sales by dealers, but when the liquida-
tion had ceased the continued good demand quickly caused values again to run
up until by the commencement of September, £19 78. 6d. was paid. A large trade
w^as done round about this level, but when consumers had bought freely there
was a setback, owing to Continental bear selling, and as low as £18 15s. was
accepted. October saw an irregular market, but with a tendency toward a higher
level, the highest point touched being £19 10s., but closing somewhat lower. A
good business was done with Continental consumers, and galvanizers on this side
also purchased with considerable freedom. November commenced quietly with
£19 Ss. to £19 78. 6d., ruling as the nearest figures, but owing to a scarcity of
near metal and an increasing demand, the price rose to £19 15s., only to fall
later to £19 7s. 6d. In consequence of severe weather on the Continent, which
delayed metal in transit, there was a recovery to £19 17s. 6d., which was prac-
tically the opening price for December, and was maintained throughout the
month.
Breslau. — ^The price in marks for 50 kg. of zinc at Breslau for the 12 months
of 1902 were as follows: January, 16-25@16 75; February, 16-75@17 75;
March, 17-50@1710; April, 17-50@17"80; May, 18@18-50; June, 18-25@
18-75@18-50; July, 18 50@19-50; August, 19@19-25; September, 18-85®
19-25; October, 19@19-50; November, 19 25@19-60; December, 19-50(a)1910.
The quarterly average prices of spelter, during 1902, as reported by the Koyal
Mining Office at Breslau, were as follows, the quotations being in marks (23 -80.)
per 50 kg. : —
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
first auftrtor. ,-.
18-50
15-60
15-60
1110
16-00
16-50
15-60
16-50
16-50
17-60
19-00
8200
25-00
2600
22-60
19-80
2000
2000
18*00
17-50
16-00
15-60
15-00
15 00
16-00
Second quuier
Third quarter
17-00
17*60
Fourth quarter
18-00
AreragA. ...... ....
1612
16-87
18-75
28-26
18-87
16-88
17*18
REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN THE METALLURGY OF ZINC, BOP
A Review of Progress in the Metallurgy of Zinc in 1902.
By Walter Renton Ingalls.
The prices for ore and metal which prevailed during a large part of 1902 en-
abled American smelters to realize satisfactory returns. They utilized to the
full extent their already large capacity and still further increased their means.
Early in the spring the new works of A. B. Cockerill and the Standard Acid
Co., each three-block plants in the lola district, were put in operation. The works
of the latter were soon afterward purchased by the interests that had been oper-
ating the Southwestern Chemical Works at Argentine, Kan., and the two were
consolidated under the name of the United Zinc & Chemical Co. This com-
pany makes sulphuric acid from the gases given off in blende roasting, and is
the first concern west of the Mississippi to undertake that process. In May
the New Jersey Zinc Co. purchased the plants of A. B. Cockerill and the Prime
Western Spelter Co. at Gas, near lola, and later bought the works of George
E. Nicholson at Nevada, Mo., and lola, Kan. The works at Nevada, which
uses coal as fuel, have bo^n closed, and the three in the gas field are oper-
ated under the name of the New Prime Western Spelter Co. A new plant of three
blocks, erected by the Lanyon Brothers Spelter Co., at Neodesha, Kan., was put
in partial operation during July, and was completed about the end of Novem-
ber. Construction was begun on the works of the United States Zinc Co., af-
filiated with the American Smelting & Refining Co., at Pueblo, Colo., and it is
eitpected that this will be in operation in 1903. There is now but little West-
em spelter produced outside of the natural gas districts of Kansas, and the
large plants at Lasalle-Peru, 111. The recent prices for ore and spelter afforded
such a nuirgin, however, that some of the old direct-coal-fired furnaces could
be run profitably, and during the second half of 1902, the plant at CollinsviUe,
111., was put again into commission, while the Edgar Works at St. Louis, Mo.,
continued in steady operation. A plant at Sandoval, 111., was operated by the
Sandoval Zinc Co. The rolling mill of the Lanyon Zinc Co., at Laharpe, Kan.
(near lola), was put in operation during 1902, and the Cherokee-Lanyon Spelter
Co. erected and blew in a small lead blast furnace to smelt the lead and silver-bear-
ing residues remaining after the distillation of Colorado zinc ore in Sadtler re-
torts, which are now used by that company to the exclusion of all others, re-
fractory ore alone being distilled.
Theoretical. — The principles governing the reduction of zinc oxide by car-
bon have been discussed from the standpoint of modem physical chemistry by
G. Bodlaender, in a masterly paper,* which is too long and complex for sat-
isfactory abstract.
Physical Properties. — Ernest A. licwis* has examined the microstructure
of zinc, pure and contaminated with 0*5 % of an impurity, added intentionally.
Pure zinc consists of large primary crystalline grains, and inside the primary
crystals, on deeper etching, are seen secondary crystals. The fractured surface
shows brilliant, large, bluish-white crystals. Zinc containing 0'5% Pb consists
> ZMtadkHfT /IMT EUktroehemU, vm., zllv., 88S to 948, Oct. 80, Ifftt. "
> ChmMcal N9W9, LXXXVI., 911, Oct 81, IQOS; EngineeriHg and Mining Journal, Dec. 20, 1902.
610
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
of both primary and secondary crystals. The primary crystals are similar to
those of pure zinc, but the secondary crystals are surrounded by what is prob-
ably a solid solution of lead in zinc. The fractured surface is similar to that
of pure zinc. Zinc containing 0*5% Cd consists of small crystals of a cad-
mium-zinc alloy surrounded by zinc. The fractured surface is very finely crys-
talline. In zinc containing 0'5% Fe, the latter separates out in the crystal-
line form; it does not appear to form a true alloy with zinc. It probably is
dissolved by molten zinc, and on cooling it is thrown out again as crystals of
iron. The fractured surface is fibrous.
Blende Roasting. — E. Prost and E. Lecocq' investigated the roasting of
zinc blende containing fluorspar and found that a portion of the fluorine of
the latter is bct free in the state of hydrofluoric acid which is very harmful
to the lead chambers when the furnace gases are employed for the manufac-
ture of sulphuric acid. This is important to know, inasmuch as zinc ores fre-
quently contain fluorspar.
The increasing importance to the zinc smelter of ores containing lead and
silver, which may be partially recovered as by-products from the residuum re-
maining after distillation of the zinc, attracts attention to the behavior of
those metals in the zinc smelting process. It is well known that in roasting
galena there is a large loss of lead by volatilization which is the larger the
higher the temperature in the furnace. In roasting galena the lead sulphide
goes largely into the form of sulphate which can be completely decomposed
only by means of silica, but this involves a high temperature and the loss of
lead is so large that the practice of slag roasting has now been generally aban-
doned, at least in the United States. The temperature required for the desul-
phurization of zinc blende is also high and when the ore contains lead, as is
the case with most of the ore now treated by European smelters, the loss of
that metal by volatilization is important. What such loss may amount to has
recently been investigated by K. Sander,* who reported the following results: —
Sample.
I.
IT.
m.
rv.
V.
Lo98 In welf^ht
%
9*90
9*84
9*88
9*58
11*88
11-47
7*98
6-60
610
16*41
9*70
7TB
6-98
19-06
%
9-80
Lead assay, raw ore
600
Lead assay, roasted ore
5-20
LfMu) ▼olatiliiwd, per cent , , -
81*80
The determinations of lead were made gravimetrically.
The lead in zinc blonde exists almost always as sulphide, which is changed
to oxide and sulphate in the roasting. The latter compounds react with the
still undecomposed sulphide, forming sulphur dioxide and metallic lead, which
volatilizes. Lead sulphide and oxide are also directly volatile, though at a
higher temperature than the metal.
The volatilized lead compounds are partially recovered in the dust cham-
bers of the furnace (probably to a very small extent, in view of the great dif-
ficulty of condensing and settling lead fume), partially by the acid dripping
* Bulletin de VAttoeiatifm Beige dea CMmMea^ XVI., 11., 99 to 104.
* Berg- und HuettenmaenniMehe Zeifwig, LXI., xIt., 861, Not. 7, 1908; EngineeriHg and Mining Jimmal^
Pec. 6, 1909.
REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN THE METALLURGY OF ZINC. . 611
down in the Glover tower, and partially as slime in the acid chambers. Sander
considers that the presence of silver in the chamber slime indicates that it
miust come to some extent from the furnaces, through the Glover tower, and
not wholly from the chamber lead, which is usually almost free from silver.
Sander^ also investigated the loss of silver in roasting, and found that in
the case of ores containing from 230 to 413 g. per 1,000 kg., the volatilization
amounted to from 10 to 12%, the results being nearly the same in the roasting
of five different ores, which was done in Maletra and Eichhorn-Liebig furnaces.
These determinations with respect to both lead and silver are quite in ac-
cord with the results of other practice.
Roasting Furnaces. — The new plants built in Kansas in 1902 were provided
with hand-roasting furnaces, except that of the United Zinc & Chemical
Co., which was iAstalled with a large Hegeler furnace (muffle) for the pur-
pose of making sulphuric acid. Otherwise the adoption of mechanical furnaces
was restrained by the litigation affecting the two which have been most success-
ful in blende roasting. A final decision of the courts was rendered in favor
of the Brown furnace, against the Ropp furnace which had been in use by the
T^nyon Zinc Co., but in the meanwhile that company had altered its furnaces
according to the design of Mr. Cappeau, referred to later in this review, and
although the owners of the Brown patents applied for an injunction against
its use, as being also an infringement, the application was denied. At Neo-
desha a Davis furnace has been built, which is something quite new; results
have not yet been reported.
The Davis furnace is a long reverberatory, heated by lateral fireplaces. On
each side of the hearth there are pockets in which spur wheels are set on short
horizontal shafts, the latter being parallel with transverse lines through the fur-
nace. Outside of the furnace, a bevel gear on the end of the short shafts meshes
with a pinion on a main driving shaft, which is parallel with the longitudinal
axis of the furnace. The rabble consists of a rake with adjustable teeth, which
is fixed between long side bars at each end. These side bars have on their lower
sides long racks, which engage with the spur wheels above referred to. Con-
sequently, when the spur wheels are turned by mieans of the driving shaft, out-
side of the furnace, the rabble is caused to travel forward. At the end of the
forward movement, the direction of revolution of the driving shaft is automat-
ically reversed and the rabble is thereby caused to move backward, the rake
blades being then turned to a horizontal position. The rabble remains always
in the furnace. It consists of the two side bars, which are open at the top,
like troughs, and three hollow transverse bars, the middle one bearing the rake?.
The side bars and the transverse bars are kept full of water, the loss by evapora-
tion being automatically replaced after every trip through the fire. The rake>'
are set so as to insure a thorough stirring of the ore and the rabble is so de-
signed as to prevent any pinching of the racks with the spur wheels upon which
they travel. The furnace erected at Neodesha, Kan., has hearth dimensions
of 150X12 ft., giving an area of 1,800 sq. ft.
" Zeittchrift fuer angetcandte Chemie^ 1908, XV., xr., 88S,
612 THB MINERAL INDU8TRT.
Joseph P. Gappeau, of Joplin^ Mo.^ patented^ a roasting furnace of the Ropp
type in which the roasting hearth is supported on transverse beams, so that the
space beneath is clear. The stirring carriage passes beneath the hearth, the
rake arm protruding upward through a slot in the usual manner. Tripping
gates are arranged in the slot to keep the latter closed and regulate the admis-
sion of the air.
William A. Lorenz, of Hartford, Conn., also patented^ a roasting furnace
of the Ropp type, but the hearth is covered by twin arches, with a slot between
them, the arches being supported by transverse overhead beams, so that the stir-
ring carriage passes over the roof of the furnace instead of under the hearth
as in the case of the Ropp and Cappeau furnaces.
Retorts. — Increasing attention is given to the manufacture of the retorts,
the aimi being to improve the quality, which is important inasmuch as they are
the key to succiess in the distillation process. The proper ageing, or rotting, of
the clay increases greatly its plasticity and diminishes the tendency to crack in
drying and firing. Just why this should result is not clear. E. C. Stover, in
a recent paper® attributes it to a readjustment of the aflBnities in the batch,
brought about by bacterial action. He has detected a bacillus in clay mixtures
which produces hydrogen sulphide and develops well at from 37° to 38''C. If
a fresh mixture be allowed to stand in the slip state, the fermentation will be
complete in from six to twelve weeks, according to temperature, etc., but if
inoculated with organisms, the change is complete in from two to four weeks
under the same conditions. The properties of the St. Louis fire clay, which is
used exclusively bv-t the Western zinc smelters, have been investigated exhaustively
by Dr. Otto Muhlhaeuser,** who finds that although the clay is of satisfactory
refractoriness, corresponding to Seger cones 30 to 31, it is of a character which
leads to rather porous retorts.
Distillation. — Considerable attention, especially in England, has been
directed to the Picard & Sulman method of zinc smelting, which has been ap-
plied on a commercial scale at Cockle Creek, N. S. W., whence consignment-^
of spelter have already been received in England. Before the erection of the
works in Australia, the process was given a trial at the Emu works, in Wales,
where upward of 4,000 tons of ore were treated during 1901. Its details were
communicated by the inventors, Messrs. H. Kirkpatrick Picard and H. Living-
stone Sulman, in a paper entitled "A Dry Process for the Treatment of Complex
Sulphide Ores," read before the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, June
19, 1902, of which paper the following is an abstract:
"The roasted ore is mixed with about 20% of its weight of crushed coking
coal, and the mixture is briquetted in any suitable type of machine, pitch or
other carbonaceous material being employed as binding agent. The briquettes
are then distilled in the ordinary manner and in the normal time. They coke
into coherent masses and thereby form a skeleton which holds up the particles
of reduced lead and the corrosive matte and slag, and thus protect the walls
• United States Patent No. 691,119, Jan. 14, 1902.
Y United States Patent No. 691,787, Jan. 28, 1902
■ Tranaaetion9 of the American Ceramic Society, 1908, FV., 188 to 188.
* Zeitaehri/t fuer ange^vandte Chemie, XVI., 148, 228, 978.
REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN THE METALLURGY OF ZINC, 613
of the retort. The distillation furnaces at the Emu Works were of the direct
fired, Welsh-Belgian type, with 144 retorts arranged in six rows, the lowest
being cannon pots. The ore treated assa\Td 25% Zn and 24% Pb; it was
mixed with 20% of crushed coking coal and 5% of pitch. The residues assayed
from 5 to 8% Zn. The recovery of zinc was about 70%. The consumption of
retorts was 3'7 per furnace per day, the average life being from 35 to 42 days.
The retorts were made by hand and cost 6s. apiece, which is high even for Wales.
The residues (coked briquettes) drawn from the retorts, are smelted in the
ordinary manner for recovery of their silver and lead contents. The loss of
lead during the distillation of the zinc is claimed to be insignificant, and but
very little lead goes over into the spelter, the latter averaging 99% Zn and only
about 0-5% Pb."
The charge for a retort was about 15 briquettes; the charging is effected by
means of a shaped iron paddle. The furnace of 144 retorts took 7 tons of
briquettes. The cost of briquetting 30 tons of roasted ore per day was 5s. 6d.
per ton, or a total of 165s. 6d,, of which 6 tons of coal at 8s, 6d. per ton accounted
for 51s., and 1*5 tons of pitch at 458. per ton came to 72s. 6d. Deducting the
cost of the coal, which would be used as reduction material under any circum-
stances, the actual cost of the briquetting for labor and material was about 3fi.
lOd. per ton of roasted ore, but this was partially offset by the smaller percentage
of coal employed.
The Picard & Sulman process does not appear to present much novelty, the
briquetting of the charge with coal and pitch as binding material having been
tried by Binon & Grandfils 20 years ago, with claims of about the same advan-
tages as are now made. It is likely that these claims have some foundation, but
as to whether the advantage is due to the briquetting or to the use of the pitch,
or both, is open to question. The metallurgists connected with the smeltery at
Overpelt, Belgium, who have given much attention to this subject, attribute it to
the pitch alone. F. Kiessling (Superintendent of the Overpelt Works), in com-
menting on the Picard & Sulman process, stated that there appeared to be only
small quantities of metallic lead in the residues, the major part of the lead being
slagged with silica, iron and lime. The briquettes, upon removal from the
retorts, have a very porous constitution, and it is questionable whether the
material can be smelted in a blast furnace without a previous sintering. The
high zinc tenor of the residues (from 5 to 8%), together with the loss of from
20 to 33% of zinc, indicate that the small percentage of lead in the spel-
ter obtained is due to operation of the furnace at low temperature. The
favorable results as to maintenance of the retorts, which is ascribed by Messrs,
Picard & Sulman to the briquetting of the charge, is, in Mr. Kiessling's opinion,
due only indirectly to that, the true reason being the use of tar and pitch as
binding material in the charge. These substances penetrate the charge, and
upon decomposition carbon is set free, which envelops every particle of ore, and
at the extremely high temperature in the furnace becomes converted into graph-
ite, preventing fusion of the single particles. The ashes drawn out from, the
retorts show a shiny, black graphitic appearance. As to the commercial possi-
bilities of the new method, he mentions that in 1898, at the Birkengang Works,
614 THB MINERAL INDUST^T.
at Stolberg, 24% Pb was treated without diflBeulty by the usual method of
smelting.^®
Mr. Kiessling^s views are shared by the other metallurgists of the Overpelt
works, of whom Mr. Wilhelm Schulte has patented the process of replacing part
of the coal used as reduction material by tar, asphalt or some other liquid or
liquefiable hydrocarbon, whereby it is claimed that the quantity of coal can be
greatly reduced, increasing the capacity of the retort for ore and enabling the
smelting of more corrosive ores. For example the use of 25% of coal with ore
mixed w^ith 3% of tar is said to be as effective as 50% of coal without the tar.
When the charge is heated, finely divided carbon separates from the hydrocarbon
before the temperature at which reduction of zinc oxide begins, and enveloping
every particle of ore insures a satisfactory reduction of zinc oxide and renders
infusible the slag-forming elements."
E. Prost, J. Charon, and M. MarissaP* tested residuum from the distillation
of a charge containing 6-64% Pb and 131 g. of silver per 1,000 kg. On screen-
ing the residuum 73'78% of the total lead was recovered, of which 37*7% was
present in the fine material which passed a 2-mm. sieve, the fine material con-
taining 57*8% of the total silver. On treating the cinder by amalgamation, it
was found that about 13*5% of the total lead existed in the metallic state.
Karl Sander^' made experiments as to the effect of barium sulphate in the ore
subjected to distillation. He charged 10 retorts with roasted blende containing
9'2% of barytes and 10 more with ore free from barytes. The residues from the
former assayed 2'08% Zn ; those from the latter 2'92% Zn. A repetition of the
experiment gave 2*70% and 3*54% Zn respectively. These experiments confirm
the results of Prost and others to the effect that contrary to the general belief
the calcium and barium sulphates do not interfere with the reduction of zinc
oxide.
A new arrangement for the ventilation of the distillation furnace houses in-
stalled at Overpelt, Belgium, was described recently by Kiessling.** The Over-
pelt smeltery has two large furnaces, with three rows of muffles, in each house,
as shown in the accompanying engraving. (Figs. 1 and 2.) The working fioor is
2*5 m. above the ground level. The ashes drawn from the retorts are dropped
into the chutes xx, falling into a roomy cellar. Formerly the chutes had gates,
so that there would be no draught through them, but in spite of the hoods ar-
ranged in front of the furnace the development of dust and smoke during the
maneuver was so great that the men were much inconvenienced. The closed
chutes had the disadvantage moreover that sintering or easily fusible charges
gave residues which would cake together and cause difficulty in removal. In the
present arrangement the ashes are dropped directly into the cellar. The cellar
is shut in with walls and a wall-closing sliding iron door a. The air from the
cellar is exhausted by means of a fan v, which is connected with the cellar by the
canal k, and discharges through the tube s into a chimney, which is 20 m. high,
" Berg- und ^uettenmnenniaehe Zeitung, LXI., xxxviif., 482, Sept. 19, 1908.
II French Patent No. 918,265, Jan. 81, 1902: United States Patent No. 718,222, Jan. 18, 1908.
»9 Bulletin de V Anaocintion Beige den CJiimiKtes, XVI., i., 41 to 54.
»» B*'rg- und Hnettenmaenniiiche Zeitung, LXI., 465.
^* Berg- und Hueitenmc^enni9rhe Zeitung, LXI., xxxviii.. 478.
REVIEW OF PROORESa IN THE METALLURGY OF ZINC,
615
and 2*5 m. in diameter at top and bottom, narrowing in the lower third. The
fan is 1*8 m. in diameter and makes from 550 to 600 r. p. m., exhausting about
50 cu. m. of air per second. With this installation the ventilation is excellent,
and moreover there is the advantage that the hot air is drawn away from the
face of the furnace, making it more comfortable for the men, with the result that
Cross Sections.
Fig. 1. — ^Ventilation at the Zinc Smelter at Overpelt, Belgium.
Plan.
Fig. 2. — Ventilation at the Zinc Smelter at Overpelt, Belgium.
the maneuver is performed in a shorter time than formerly. The work in the
cellars is also facilitated.
Jules L. Babe and Alexis Tricart, of Paris,*^ propose to distil a mixture of zinc
ore, soda and charcoal in an ordinary furnace ; for example, 1,000 kg. of zinc ore,
150 kg. of soda and 100 kg. of charcoal. The distillation is said to be effected
in one-third the time of a mixture of ore and coal alone.
»» British Patent No. 10,915, of 1900; United States Patent No. 702,764, June 17, 1902.
616 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
L. Braunfels, of Frankfurt am Main, Germany,*' mixes the ore with coal dust
and makes into briquettes, which are then heated sufficiently to expel tarry matter.
The zinc is then distilled from the briquettes in an iron retort, a vacuum being
induced, and a current of carbon monoxide being finally passed through to lead
the zinc vapor to the condenser.
C. H. T. Havemann, of Paris, France, patented*^ a process of decomposing
mixed sulphide ore by means of molten iron, the reduced zinc being volatilized
and the lead tapped off.
H. M. Taquet, of Argenteuil, France, proposes" to roast zinc blende to neutral
and basic sulphate and distil with admixture of carbon and lime (or calcareous
calamine) according to the reaction: —
ZnSO,+CaO+5C=Zn+CaS+5CO.
D1STILLA.TTON Furnaces. — In Upper Silesia a new plant is in course of con-
struction at Hohenlohehuette by the Furstl. Hohenloheschen Berg- und Huetten-
verwaltung. It is expected to be in operation about the end of 1903. This plant
will be noteworthy for its departure from the common Silesian practice in smelt-
ing. It is to have six double furnaces, each with 192 muffles arranged in two
rows. Furnaces of this type were tried at the Hohenlohehuette 10 years ago,
and also at the Guidottohuette, but were abandoned. Since then all the furnaces
at the Hugohuette have been installed with three rows of small muffles, which
are reported to have given excellent results. These innovations indicate a tendency
in Upper Silesia to approach the type of furnace used in Rhenish Prussia and
Westphalia, which has been predicted by several well-known Silesian metal-
lurgists in view of the increasing proportion of roasted blende used in the charge
for distillation and the increase in the zinc content of the charge because thereof.
In the United States the use of the old direct-fired Belgian furnaces has been
almost entirely abandoned by the Western smelters, Collinsville, Carondelet, Rich
Hill and Girard being the only places where they continue in use. The Matthies-
sen & Hegeler Zinc Co. uses long, gas-fired furnaces, and the Illinois Zinc Co.
uses Siemens furnaces, modified by Neureuthor, as previously described.^' This
company has abandoned the large elliptical retorts in favor of the smaller
cylindrical ones of conventional dimensions. The natural gas smelters of Kan-
sas use a long furnace, described previously in this series of reviews, which is
essentially a modification of the Hegeler furnace. The Lanyon Zinc Co. has
increased its number of furnaces with only 400 retorts, in place of the usual
600-retort lola furnace. Several new distillation furnaces have been described
during 1902.
Erminio Ferraris, of Monteponi, Italy, patented'® in the United States the
improved form of heat recuperative distillation furnace, which has already been
described.** This furnace is in use at the works of the Societa di Monteponi in
Sardinia, where it continues to give good results.
George G. Converse and Arthur B. De Saulles, of the New Jersev Zinc Co.,
>« British Patent No. 17.415. Anp. 30, 1901. >• Thb Mineiul Induotrt, X., 187.
" nritJah Paten» No. 10,10.5, Mav 15, IflOI. " United SUtea Patent No. 714.685, Dec. 2, 190B.
i» Dennan Pat*»nt No, 137,004. March 21. J901. «i The Mineral IxorsTRT, X . iM9.
REVIEW OF PB0GBE88 IN TEE METALLURGY OF ZINC. 617
patented^* a distillation furnace with a single combustion chamber, which is
designed to afford a construction permitting the retorts to be discharged and
recliarged without removing the condensers, and also to improve the recovery
of zinc by locating the condensers within a chamber whereof the temperature
can be controlled. The retorts are open at the rear ends, through which they are
charged and discharged, the ends being properly luted during the distillation.
The front of the furnace is arranged with deep niches in which the condensers
are supported. Each niche constitutes a cooling flue, provided with a sheet
iron chimney, having a damper, by which the draft through the flue can be regu-
lated and the temperature of the condensers thus governed.
Messrs. Converse and De Saulles patented^'* also an improved distillation fur-
nace for gas firing and heat recuperation by the counter current system, which
is perhaps one of the best developments of that system. The furnace has a single
combustion chamber covered by a broad arch springing from side to side. The
rear ends of the retorts rest on interior benches in much the same way as in the
Rhenish type of furnace. The recuperative flues are situated in a pair of cham-
bers, beneath the combus^tion chamber, one on each side of the furnace. The
products of combustion pass downward through a central shaft, from which
they enter the numerous flues of each recuperative chamber in which they make
a return pass before reaching the flue leading to the chimney. The air for
secondary combustion passes up through the recuperative chambers, around the
flues through which the products of combustion escape, while the gas from the
producer enters through a central flue between the pair of recuperative cham-
bers, whereby it is also preheated. The hot air and gas enter the combustion cham-
ber through alternate ports arranged in about the same way as in the Siemens-
Belgian furnace. This furnace is said to have given improved results in opera-
tion, as compared with the usual form of Belgian furnace.
The same inventors patented** a distillation furnace especially for the pro-
duction of zinc dust. This furnace is in principle similar to the ordinary dis-
tillation furnace with a single combustion chamber, but the retorts, set hori-
zontally, are charged from the rear end, which is properly luted up during the
distillation. The front ends of the retorts communicate with a permanent con-
denser. Two forms are shown; one in which there is a single row of retorts
communicating with a cylindrical condenser, about 2 ft. in diameter and 4 ft.
high, set vertically outside of the furnace, and another form in which the fur-
nace has several rows of retorts arranged in the usual manner, communicating
with a common condensing chamber. In both cases the condenser is arranged
with openings in the front through which a sheet iron cone can be passed through
for each retort so as to collect separately the zinc dust rich in oxide which forms
especially at the beginning and at the end of distillation. The inventors state
that the recover}- of zinc dust as a by-product in the manufacture of zinc has been
heretefore practiced, but the amount thus obtained has borne but a slight ratio
to the furnace charge, while their invention is designed especially to recover
the entire percentage of zinc in the charge as dust, which at prevailing market.
•• United States Patent No. 094,187, Feb. 86, 1902. » United States Patent No. 718,608, Not. 4, 1908.
** United States Patent No. 096,878, Ifareh II, 1908.
618 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
rates is more valuable than spelter or zinc oxide. The zinc vapor issuing from
the retorts expands in the condensers while still at the temperature of volatiliza-
tion and condenses immediately in the form of dust.
Samuel Davies, of lola, Kansas, patented*^ the process of smelting zinc with
the use of natural gas as reduction material instead of coal and coke, the gas
being introduced into the retorts through a pipe inserted in the latter nearly to
the rear end. It is claimed that this method will have the advantage of avoid-
ing the introduction of sulphur into the charge and also of increasing the
capacity of the retorts for ore. Both of these claims are undoubtedly true, but
for other considerations the process does not appear practicable.
Oskar Nagel, of New York, patented*' a method of distilling zinc ore in a blast
furnace. He reports that he has found in his experiments that zinc vapor diluted
with nitrogen will always condense to dust instead of to liquid metal, and,
moreover, that if in addition to the inert gas there be present oxygen or carbon
dioxide, a corresponding part of the dust will be immediately oxidized. If
inert and oxidizing gases be excluded from the furnace the zinc vapor may be
condensed to spelter. The new process consists in distilling ore mixed with
coal in an atmosphere of water gas, this being an active reducing agent, which
is preferably heated before being introduced into the furnace, thereby doing
away with the necessity of using other fuel and overcoming the difficulty which
other experimenters have found, namely, the dilution and oxidation of the
zinc vapor by the agency of combustion gases. Coal mixed with the ore is
employed only for the purpose of reducing any gases which become oxidized by
the reduction of the zinc oxide. The zinc vapor is obtained in as concentrated
condition as in the ordinary process of distillation, and condensation to spelter
is readily effected, a yield of from 90 to 95% of zinc being obtained. The water
gas, which contains approximately equal volumes of carbon monoxide and hydro-
gen, having been prepared by well-known methods, is heated by ovens by means of
the waste gases coming from the condensation apparatus. The water gas is
preferably forced into the furnace by means of a blower. The furnace in which
the reduction is effected may be constructed similarly to the ordinary blast fur-
nace for lead smelting, or upon the lines of furnaces used for distilling mercury.
It should be provided with the usual charging hopper and with a slag tap at the
bottom. The tuyeres will be located about one-third of the height of the furnace
from the bottom. Leading out of the furnace near its top is a fire-clay lined flue
through which the vapor is conveyed to the condensation apparatus. With a fur-
nace of capacity for 85 tons of zinc oxide per day, about 5 tons of the oxide will be
reduced in from 4*5 to 5 hours, the water gas being introduced at a temperature of
about 1,000°C. In practice it is found that 1-5 tons of water gas containing 1-4
tons of carbon monoxide and 01 ton of hydrogen, occupying a bulk of 10,415
cu. m. at 1,000°C., will be sufficient for the reduction of 81 tons of zinc oxide.
Dorsemagen proposes'^ to smelt a mixture of calcined siliceous zinc ore and
coal in an electrical furnace (see Fig. 3). reducing and volatilizing the zinc,
which is condensed in the ordinary manner, and reducing the silica of the or^
M United States Patent No. e»4.947. March 11, 1902 «• Tjnited PtAtes Patent No. «09,9W. May IJUOw!
^ Of»rman Patent N'o. 128.585, IVc 26, 1900.
REVIEW OF PR0GRES8 IN THE METALLURGY OF ZTNO.
619
to silicon carbide. The charge in the crucible is heated by the carbon electrodes ;
the zinc distils off into the condenser extending horizontally from the upper
part of the crucible (retort) and the silicon carbide remains behind. The
reduction temperature of the silica is said to be only a little above that required
for distillation of the zinc. The same idea is proposed for the reduction of
ferruginous ores, ferrosilicon being obtained instead of silicon carbide. This
method may be adapted, to continuous operation, the ferrosilicon being tapped
ofif from time to time, together with such slag as might be formed.
Refining Furnaces. — Alfred J. Ash, of Peterswood, England, patented^^
a furnace for refining crude spelter, which is substantially the same as the
Fio. 3. — Dorsemagen's Electric Zinc Distillation Furnace.
ordinary reverberatory furnace employed for that purpose, but the hearth is
divided into a series of sumps, so that the metal may overflow from one to the
next; the lead which settles out remains behind in the first, second or third sump,
from which it may be tapped ofE separately. Eefined spelter is drawn from the
last sump.
Treatment of Mixed Sulphide Ores.
As usual a large number of patents for the treatment of mixed sulphide ores
by hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical processes have been taken out.
Experiments with certain of them, including the Ashcroft & Swinburne process,
have been in progress in England and America, but so far nothing has been
accomplished to indicate a commercial solution of this problem. In the mean-
while real progress has been made in magnetic concentration and the smelting
of the impure concentrate generally obtained thereby. The Wetherill and the
Mechemich separators, both of which are of the intense type, capable of sepa-
rating raw ores, are generally employed. Interesting experiments have been made
with the Blake electrostatic machine.
" United States Patent No. 708,536, June 17. 1902.
620
THE MIKERAL INDUSTRY,
Magnetic Concentratiox. — In the Mechernieh system the ore is delivered by
an adjustable chute between two magnetic polos, the upper one of which (the
north pole) is rotated. (See Figs. 4 and 5.) As the ore arrives in the magnetic
field the permeable particles are attracted by the north pole and are carried
around by it into zones of progressively diminishing intensity until the centrifugal
force imparted to the particles overcomes the magnetic attraction and they fall
into collecting chutes, being classified according to their magnetic properties. The
non-magnetic material falls directly into a chute close against the lower pole.
This arrangement is claimed to have the advantages of dispensing with belt
carriers, which weaken the magnetic field, and also of permitting the use of
small magnetic fields and very narrow air spaces, thus minimizing the loss of
energy and making it possible to attract feebly magnetic particles by a very weak
current. The rotating pole being the only moving part of the machine, wear
and tear is very small. Hassreidter reports*® that in separating blende and
J Mto— IInJii*iy>T«Pg,
Pigs. 4 and 5. — Mechernich System of Ore Concentration.
siderite from the Upper Harz, the grains being of 0*5 mm. size, 98-7% of the
zinc has been recovered. With dolomitic Silesian blende of from 2 to 3 mm.
size, the recovery was of 91*8%, which was increased to 93'5% by reducing the
grains to 2 mm. In treating ore from Broken Hill a yield of 81% of the lead
and 69% of the zinc was obtained. A plant of this type installed at Broken
Hill for the treatment of middlings assaying 28% Zn, 10% Pb and 9 oz. silver
per ton furnishes a product with from 44 to 45% Zn and 4'5% Pb.
The magnetic separation of zinc blende from mixed sulphide ores by means of
the Wetherill machines, which has already been done with more or less success
at Broken Hill, N. S. W., is now being carried out as a regular process by the
Colorado Zinc Co., at Denver, Colo., treating ore from Leadville. The ore i?
first broken by means of a Gates crusher, and is then reduced by rolls to 30-
mesh size. This product is distributed among eight Wilfley tables, which sep-
a» Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Sept. 80, 1908.
REVIEW OH' PR0GHE:^a W TSB METALLUUGY uF Zl.sC. 621
arate it into galena-pyrite and pyrite-biende classes. The latter is dried and is
then passed over the Wetherill magnetic machines, of which there are two,
each having three magnets. These produce a blende product, assaying about
50% Zn, from 10 to 12% Fe and 1% Pb, which is sold to zinc smelters, and
a pyrite product, containing some lead and from 5 to 7% Zn, which is united
with the galena-pyrite heads from the Wilfley tables, the mixture being sold to
the lead smelters, for whom it is a desirable ore, the excess of iron being high.
The capacity of the zinc mill at Denver is from 40 to 45 tons of crude ore
per day.'®
Hydrometallurgical Processes. — Among the numerous patents of the year
in this line have been the following: —
Erminio Ferraris, of Monteponi, Italy, patented'^ the process of decomposing
the mixed sulphide ores containing zinc by means of concentrated sulphuric acid,
employed in the ratio of two molecules of the acid to each molecule of sulphide
contained in the ore, without the aid of extraneous heat. The best results are said
to be obtained when acid of 66°B. strength is employed. The sulphur which
is liberated in the reaction may be either distilled off or burned to sulphur
dioxide.
M. M. Haff, of New York," mixes sulphide ore with an alkali metal acid
sulphate and roasts, thereby producing lead and zinc sulphates and sulphur
dioxide. The zinc sulphate is leached with water, and zinc is precipitated from
the solution by means of barium hydrate, barium sulphate also going down. The
alkali metal sulphate is recovered from the solution and treated with sulphuric
acid, produced from the sulphur dioxide given off in the roasting process, for
the purpose of regenerating the acid sulphate.
Hargreaves'' mixes a concentrated solution of iron chloride with calcium
carbonate and heats the paste in the presence of air, whereby calcium chloride
is formed which can be leached out, leaving ferric oxide. Magnesium or zinc
chloride may be produced in an analogous manner.
Havemann proposes'* to smelt in a blast furnace, and by means of a fan
to pass the fume into a solution, wherein a deposit containing about 55% Pb,
and only 2 or 3% Zn settles out. The gases escaping from this treatment are
subjected to a rain of zinc liquor, or water, to ensure final condensation. The
solution of zinc which is obtained is treated in lead-lined vessels with an excess
of ammonia gas, whereby there is obtained a precipitate of ferrous hydroxide
nnd an ammoniacal solution of zinc hydroxide. The zinc solution thus freed
from, iron is diluted with water, zinc hydroxide precipitating in gelatinous
form. The ammonia is recovered from the waste liquor, in which it exists as
sulphate, by treatment with lime.
C. Hoepfner patented'* a process of treating roasted ore with water and sul-
phur dioxide gas and adding sufficient sodium chloride to form a concentrated
solution at a temperature above normal. Sodium sulphite, or bisulphite, then
separates, leaving zinc chloride in solution, which is freed from remaining
M BngineeHng and Mining Journal, Aug. 0, 19(K. » British Patent No. 18,498, of 1900.
*i United States Patent No. 707,506, Au^. 19, 1908. •* French Patent No 818, 690, Feb. 11, 1€0?.
n United States Patent No. 095,808, March II, 1908. » United States Patent No. 704.641, July 15, 1909.
622 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
sulphite by a suitable precipitant. The zinc is then precipitated as oxide bv
means of lime, and the resulting solution of calcium chloride is treated with
the sodium sulphite obtained as described above, reproducing sodium chloride.
Jabez Lones, E. Holden and Joseph I^ones, of Smethwick, England, patenteJ^^'
the process of leaching zinc oxide from ore bv means of a solution of hot acetic
acid, purifying the solution and then precipitating zinc as sulphide by means
of hydrogen sulphide, prepared by leading the sulphurous acid, evolved in roast-
ing the ore, through a chamber filled with red hot coke and aqueous vapor.
In an alternative process the zinc is dissolved with a solution of caustic soda
and is precipitated with sodium sulphide.
Herman C. Meister, of St. Louis, Mo., patented'^ a process of recovering
zinc from galvanizers' skimmings, which consists of treating skimmings with the
oxide of an alkali, or of an alkaline earth, preferably common lime, in the pres-
ence of moisture. The skimmings and lime are ground together in the pro-
portion of from two to five parts of the former and approximately one part of
the latter, depending upon the quantity of chlorides present in the skimmings.
The mixture is then thrown into a tank of water, where chemical reaction takes
place, which is facilitated by heating, although this is not essential. The zinc
is oxidized by the lime, the latter being transformed into calcium chloride. The
zinc oxide is filtered off and treated for the recovery of zinc by distillation in
the usual manner. In another patent" the process of treating zinc skimmings
in the same manner, but with the use of sodium carbonate instead of lime,
is covered, the zinc in this case being converted into zinc carbonate.
James W. Neill and Joachim H. Burfiend, of Salt Lake City, Utah, patented^**
the process of recovering zinc by treating roasted ore with sulphur dioxide, blown
through a series of special vats in which the ore is held in suspension in water.
The solution of zinc bisulphite thus obtained is boiled down to precipitate zinc
as monosulphite, a portion of the sulphur dioxide being thus liberated and
returned to the process. The precipitate • of zinc monosulphite is calcined for
the production of zinc oxide. The claims of the patent relate especially to the
apparatus employed and the method of carrying out the process.
Electrometallurgical Processes. — The Hoepfner process, improved by
Dr. Mond, continues in use at Winnington, near Chester, England, but electro-
lytic zinc is nowhere else produced. The various processes proposed in 1902 have
presented no promising new suggestions.
Borchers and Dorsemagen chlorinate raw ore in the presence of salt solutions
(sodium chloride, magnesium chloride) at from 30** to 40*'C. in revolving lead-
lined barrels, into which chlorine gas from a subsequent stage of the process is
introduced through the trunnions. Lead, zinc and silver chlorides are then
leached out with hot water, or the hot dilute liquors of the process. From the
residuum the free sulphur is distilled off under steam pressure by Schaffner's
method. The final residuum which still contains a large percentage of zinc in
the form of undecomposed blende together with the greater part of the silver,
is then to be worked up as a zinc ore in the ordinary manner. The results of
M British Patent No. 10,865, May 25, 1901. " United StaU* Patent No. 714,608, Nov. 85, 1908.
*▼ United Stotes Patent No. 714,500, Nov. 95, 1909. » United States Patent No. 702,589, June 17. 19QS.
REVIEW OF PR0GEE88 IN THE METALLURGY OF ZINC,
623
a test of a magnetically concentrated product from Broken Hill, computed on
the basis of 1,000 kg., are given in the following table: —
Ph.
Zn.
Ag.
S.
1.000 Itflf of ore cont&ioGd
140
140
175
las
Oil
0-S8
K|f.
Leached as chlorides
1}jwnA.inirur In rAniiliiiim
116
After distillation of the sulphur there remained a final residuum assaying
39*1% Zn and 0*168% Ag. (These figures are instructive in showing the
preference of lead sulphide to chlorination over zinc sulphide, but they fail to
convey all the information we should like to have. The 115 kg. of sulphur in
the residuum is doubtless free or volatile sulphur corresponding to the decom-
posed sulphides. If all the 135 kg. of zinc remained in the final residuum,
which assayed 39*1% Zn, the weight of the latter must have been
135-T-0-391=:345 kg.).
The chloride solution from the ore is purified by means of zinc oxide, or
roasted zinc ore, and then is boiled down and dehydrated as completely as
possible. The anhydrous, fused chlorides are electrolyzed, yielding chlorine gas
for further use in the process and a mixture of metallic lead and zinc, which
can be separated and refined in the ordinary manner.
Borchers and von Kuegelgen propose to recover zinc from galvanizers' wastes
by digesting with hydrochloric acid to obtain a saturated solution of zinc chloride,
purifying it from iron by means of chloride of lime or other oxidizing agent,
evaporating in lead-lined iron kettles, mixing the dry, pulverized zinc chloride
with copper oxide and calcium carbide and smelting for brass. . The reaction be-
tween zinc chloride, copper oxide (or other metallic oxides) and calcium car-
bide is exothermic and continues without extraneous heating after it has once been
started, but to obtain a thoroughly liquid metal a subsequent heating of the
crucible is advisable. The reactions between metallic oxides and chlorides and
calcium carbide have been described in detail by von Kuegelgen.** These and
the process based on them have recently been discussed by B. Neumann,** who
stated that in the preparation of alloys it is necessary to use pure compounds,
else the alloys will be impure, and in any case the composition of the alloy does
not correspond to that which would be theoretically expected. Neumann com-
puted that the cost of producing copper by the carbide process would be con-
siderably higher than the present price of electrolytic copper and also showed
it to be inapplicable to lead-zinc ores, concluding therefore that the carbide
prociess has neither practical nor economic advantages.
Ludwig Mond patented the process** of obtaining zinc in a solid, instead of
a spongy, form when deposited electrolytically by the use of cylindrical cathodes,
two or more drums being pressed together by springs. The cylinders compress
the zinc as soon as it is deposited. The anodes are shaped with corrugations
corresponding to the contour of the cathode drums, so that the inter-electrode
spaces are fairly uniform.
•• Zeittchrift fuer JBOektrochemie, 1001 , Vol. VII. «i Chemiker Zeitung, igOS, XXVI., Ixil., 716 to 710.
4t British Patent No. 6,754, March 11, 1001.
624 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The Pbogbess in the Zinc Industry in Missouri during 1902.
By Frank Nicholson.
Perhaps the most striking fact in the history of the Joplin zinc district dur-
ing 1902 is the unmistakable decline in the productive capacity of the outlying
districts, and a counterbalancing increase in the production of the older camps.
jtflUions of Pounds
6 10 16 90 » 80 S5 40 45 80 65 00 flS 70
lllllllllMlllll
ITT
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■rii
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■III
lllllllllllllllllllliriiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimiiiiii
lllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllm
linilllllllll
Outputs of the camps during the la3t six months
of 1001 (upper lines), contrasted with their outputs
during the first six months of 1008 (lower lines.)
The numbers give millions of pounds.
^IkfaMiml ladmtiy, VoL ZI
Pig. 1. — Chart showing the Production of Zino Orb in Missouri hi
Districts.
The accompanying chart (Fig. 1) gives the production of the various districts
for the last half of 1901 and the first six months of 1902.
The largest gains were made by Carterville and Duenweg, followed by Joplin
and Webb City. The greatest decline is shown by Roaring Springs, Carl Junction
PR00RE88 IN THE ZINC INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI
625
and Oronogo. It is true that Oronogo is one of the oldest producing camps,
and it is therefore an exception to the rule that the older inside districts have
shown an increase in production for 1902. On the other hand, Neck City and
Alba are outlying districts, and are also an exception to the general rule in
that they show a material increase in production for 1902.
The district, as a whole, is fairly steady, as shown in the following table of
production for the past four years : —
Year.
ZlnoOre.
Lead Ore.
Year.
Zinc Ore.
Lead Ore.
1809
Lb.
511,667,470
484,600,410
Lb.
48,212,720
69,018,890
1901
Lb.
616,612,270
625.090,880
Lb.
70,680,450
68,280,840
1900
1902
It will be seen that while 1902 is the banner year in the production of zinc,
yet the increase amounts to only 1-6% over that of 1901, which has heretofore
h6ld the record.
Prices for lead and zinc during 1902 were fairly steady and mjost satisfactory.
The average price per ton has been $30- 70 for zinc and $46-44 for lead concen-
trates. The output of zinc ore shows a slight increase over 1901, while the
output of lead shows a decrease of about the same quantity.
A matter of great interest to the district has been the consolidation of various
smelting interests and the reappearance of the New Jersey Zinc Co. in the
Joplin field. The eflfect of this concentration of the smelting interests into
fewer hands has not yet been particularly felt in the district, and various
opinions exist as to whether the results, when ultimately disclosed, will be bene-
ficial to ore producers or otherwise. While there has been a partial merger of
the zinc smelting interests, the number of producers has not been lessened, the
actual operators probably being quite as numerous to-day as they were a year ago.
A large amount of speculation has been indulged in, and on every hand is
heard the report that this or that syndicate is about to secure control of the
output of the district. The large number of operators, however, together with
the varying fortunes of any individual mine, makes it highly improbable that any
general merger of interests in this district can be effected among the producers.
Suggestions have been made looking toward the formation of an ore purchasing
company, which shall buy the entire output of the district, warehouse and grade
the product and resell to the smelters at an advance of $1-50 a ton. It is esti-
mated that this amount will be' more than saved by economies effected in the
new method of handling the ore. It is proposed that this company shall pay
to all producers a uniform price, which shall in no case be below $30 per ton,
and its efforts shall be directed toward the maintenance of a steady and uniform
price for the output of the mines. This proposed company would export any
surplus production that might tend to interfere with the market price, and thus
work in harmony with the commercial law of supply and demand. Any attempt
to maintain the price without this export feature must, of course, fail, as the
entire proposition would be based upon an economic fallacy, that the law of
supply and demand could be disregarded.
Producers representing over 40% of the entire output were induced to sign
626
THE MlIiEltAL INDUSTRY.
contracts to deliver all ore produced to this purchasing company, but the capi-
talists financing the company refused to undertake the work until at least 60%
of the output was under contract.
The plan attracted a great deal of attention from the smelters and ore buyers,
and resulted in a material advance in the price of ore. This advance in the
price of ore cooled the emthusiasm of the operators who, when ore reached a
$35 basis, no longer cared to enter into contracts with a company whose avowed
purpose was to prevent excessive fluctuations in the price and keep it as nearly
as possible at $30 per ton. The plans of the ore purchasing company were thus
necessarily postponed until such time as the condition of the market should
Fig. 2. — ^Impboved Arrangement op Deckhead (Plan).
again make its efforts desirable. It is probable that some such plan will ulti-
mately be consummated, and will result in great benefit to the operators as well
as to the smelters, as both are interested in a steady market.
There were slight changes in mining methods, and the general situation, both
as to mining and milling in this district shows but trivial variation from the
practice of 1901. The only change to be noted in the mining practice is the
use of heavier hoisting devices and buckets of larger capacity. Thus 1,000-lb.
buckets have generally been added to the new plants in place of the 500-lb.
buckets formerly used. This, of course, has necessitated heavier cables and
PROGBESa IN THE ZING INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI
627
stronger hoisting engines. The number of air drills used has greatly increased
during the past year.
Very few new mills have been built during the year, but a large number of
old ones have been moved to new locations. The number of operating mills
is about the same as a year ago. The chief changes in milling practice have
been the more general use of the Wilflcy tables and a different and better
construction of the deckhead. The most improved mills now being built raise
the ore from the mine to the top of the derrick, about 40 ft. above the collar
Mbwtml Indiutrz, VoL ZI
Fig. 3. — Improved Arrangement of Deckhead (Elevation).
of the shaft. The ore is dumped over a grizzly, the finer material passing direct
to the ore bin, and the coarser material dropping on a floor, where it is fed.
into the rock breaker, which delivers it into the same ore bin already mentioned.
From this ore bin, with a capacity of about 200 tons, the ore is fed automatically
into the rolls and follows the usual channel through the mill. This improved
arrangement of the deckhead saves at least one man in the mill, and feeds the
rolls more uniformly than is possible in the usual practice. The accompanying
illustrations (Figs. 2 and 3) show this style of deckhead.
628
THE MINEHAL industrt.
During the past year a number of minor improvements have been made in
milling appliances, among others the New Century jig has been improved and
simplified. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 show the present type of this machine. The im-
provements are chiefly of mechanical construction, which makes the jig simpler
and more certain in its action. These jigs have not as yet gained a foothold in
the Joplin district, although exhibition tests have been all that could be desired.
During the past year the Joplin Separating Co. has been operating its plant
continuously, and it is the intention to enlarge its capacity during the summer
of 1903.
No Joplin ore was exported during 1902, although there was serious talk of
export during the early part of the year. A marked drop in the price of ore set
in about September, when the top price was $39-50. From that time a steady
•i'lrons
for jl^ Coarse Jlgg
A /^\* Irons & for Finer Jlg6
lilRQNT J:EEVATI0N OF A THREE COMPARTMENT JIG,
Fig. 4. — Improved New Century Jig.
decline ensued, until on December 8 the top price had dropped to $33, and the
basis to $28 per ton for 60% ore. This decline was assisted by a car famine
that became acute about the middle of November, and seems to have been
brought about partly by the general prosperity of the country and the inability
of the railroads to furnish the requisite cars to handle their offerings of freight,
and in some degree by the slowness of the smelters in unloading the cars.
On Dec. 8, 1902, there was a visible supply in the ore bins of the district
amoimting to about 10,000 tons, half of which had been bought and paid
for by the smelters, but which, on account of the shortage of cars, still re-
mained in the bins of the producers. This large accumulation undoubtedly
tended to unsettle prices. The Miners' Association thereupon determined to
export at least a portioi^ of this surplus. With this idea in view bids were
PROGRESS m THE ZINC INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI.
629
asked for 1,000 tons of ore for export, and producers were requested to eon-
trjbute this at a price that would make it possible to take the ore out of the
country. Several meetings of the producers were held, and 1,000 tons of ore were
promptly subscribed. A contract for export was awarded to me at a flat price of
$23 per ton, without deduction for iron or moisture.
Heretofore the great difficulty in the matter of export has been the fact that
no one was in possession of sufficient detailed information to determine accu-
rately the cost of exporting one ton of ore from Joplin to Antwerp, I undertook
the export of 1,000 tons, with the intention of determining accurately the
various items of expense enumerated below. These items are calculated for
1,0220126 tons of 2,000 lb. each, which was the total tonnage exported. The
^ llMhMnllBdaalry.VoLXlU
TAILS END ELEVATION
CB068 SECriON OF LAST COMPARTMENT
Fig. 5. — Improved New Century Jia.
material was shipped in bulk by rail to Galveston and thence to Antwerp by
steamer. The hauling and loading expense amounted to $56111, or $0 55 per
ton. Switching expenses were $32951, or $0 3224 per ton. Incidentals were
$177-40, or $0173 per ton. Railroad freights were $5 80 per ton. Actual
losses in transit amounted to 49,103 lb., or 2 4% of the total Joplin weight, or
$0-72 per ton. Draftage, which is the Antwerp custom of allowing 3 kilos over
weight per 1,000 kg. delivered (a sort of pourboire to the Belgian smelters)
amounted to 0-29 of 1%, or $0 087 per ton. Incidental charges on the other
side (including reception charges, cables, interest, insurance, etc.) amounted
to $265, or $0-259 per ton.
630
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The question of difference in assays is one of considerable interest, as the
methods Hsed in Joplin and Antwerp are altogether different, the ferrocyanide
method obtaining in Joplin, while in Antwerp, Schaffner's method is generally
used.
The export was effected in two shipments of 500 tons each. The assays were
as follows: First shipment:
Joplin assay, 5885%. Analysis upon which settlement was made, 58-7735%.
Loss per ton, $00765.
Second shipment:
Joplin assay, 58-34%. Analysis upon which settlement was made, 57-645%.
The loss in this case per ton was, $0-695. The average loss was therefore, $0-3857.
CAM HEAD SHOWING CASE HARDENED STEEL
GAM. AND ROLLER
TlOli
Middling?
Indostrjr, VoL XI
Fig. 6. — Improved New Century Jig.
Tabulating these charges and assuming a purchase price in Joplin of $30 per
ton for zinc concentrates, it may be considered fairly approximate to place the
total cost of exporting one ton of zinc concentrates from Joplin to Antwerp at
$8-2971.
Joplin :
HauIiQfir and loading.
Switching expenses were
Incidentals
Railroad freights
Loss in transit
Total for
Shipment.
$56111
829-61
177-40
Per Ton.
$0-55
0-3224
0-178
5-80
0-72
Antwerp :
Draftage, 0*29 of U
Incidentals (covering interest.
cables, reception charges, etc.)
Difference in assays
Total cost of exporting 1 ton of ore
Total for
Shipment.
[ $266-00
Per Ton.
10-067
0-259
0-8867
18-2971
Comparatively little Eastern capital has been invested in the district during
tlie past twelve months, and of that which was invested, the greater portion came
from Boston.
PROGRESS IN THE ZINC INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI 631
The price of properties has advanced fully 25% over the figures ob-
taining in 1901, and for this reason, in pert at least, is owing the fact that East-
ern capital has kept out of the district. The Joplin mine is a plant of quick
growth. From the date of sinking the shaft to that of the exhaustion of the
property ordinarily occupies from one to five years. The result is that the in-
vestor who loses money in the Joplin district loses it so quickly as to bewilder
him. Larger sums are lost in the Western mining districts, but the process is
so long drawn out that the loser gets used to it.
As the mode of occurrence of the Joplin deposits becomes better understood
and the methods of investigation are adapted to the requirements of the exist-
ing conditions, fewer mistakes are made in the determination of the value of
properties; and as a field for investment the Joplin district becomes more in-
viting. The boom of 1899 has passed, and the business has settled down to a
conservative basis that is full of promise for the future.
A REVIEW OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE ON
ORE DEPOSITS DURING 1901 AND 1902.
By J. F. Kemp.
In several of the previous volumes of The Mineral Industry reviews have
appeared which have outlined the progress of thought with regard to the struc-
tural features, classification and origin of ore deposits. The object of the
reviews has been to present, in brief space, the gist of the more important con-
tributions of the few preceding years. In the interval which has elapsed since
the publication of the last article much has been done, and one may fairly say
that interest in this attractive branch of geology has never been greater than at
the present time. It is of the highest importance to keep active the minds of
the mining fraternity, and to urge that records be made in the form of sketches
and descriptions of significant phenomena in veins which often pass from sight
with the advance of excavation, and axe thus lost to science unless promptly
noted.
Geologists and mining engineers in America are profiting in these later
years by the great and notable literature which has grown up under the auspices
of the State and National Surveys, in the proceedings of our scientific and
technical societies, and in the columns of the mining press. Many of the larger
reports, similar to those of Arthur Winslow on Lead and Zinc, published by the
Missouri Geological Survey ; and that of B. A. P. Penrose on Manganese, issued
by the Geological Survey of Arkansas, have been encyclopaedic in scope, and have
I^ecome books of reference, certain to remain standard for many years. Other
detailed monographs on particular districts have been especially valuable for
Iheir thorough treatment of special cases; while the shorter papers have fur-
nished a vast array of facts upon which to base generalizations. The influence
of all these sources of knowledge is apparent when one, while reading the later
works, has a point of view established by familiarity with the earlier contribu-
tions.
The general progress of reasoning about ore deposits, and more particularly
about vein formation, may be best set forth under the following heads: 1. The
primary derivation and distribution of the metals in the earth. 2. The primary
concentration of the metals in veins or other forms of ore deposits. 3. The
secondary changes, rearrangements and enrichments of ore deposits.
1. The Primary Derivation and Disirihuiion of the Metals in the Earth. —
At the outset it is necessary to go back to the speculative hypotheses about the
origin of the solar system. Of these the nebular hypothesis, despite the objections
REVIEW OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE ON ORE DEPOSITS. 633
which have been raised to it, still commands in general the most respect. Reason-
ing along the line that the earth was once a molten mass and that its present
composition and physical properties lead to the inference that it consists of a
metallic core with a crust of more or less acid silicates, L. De Launay^ likened
its early stages to a metallic button in a scorifier. The corrosion of the core
has caused the involution of metallic masses in certain parts of the outer crust,
which are, therefore, richer in the metals than are others. During the long
course of geological rearrangements, and in the districts where the outer crust
has been thus provided with the special richness of the metals, the ore deposits
have been produced. This paper has been previously reviewed in The Mineral
Industby, but it is here cited again in order to establish a point of departure.
While obviously speculative, it is still a serious and reasonable attempt to
account for the anomalies encountered in the distribution of the metals over
the globe. Within the last year, J. E. Spurr has attacked somewhat the same
problem from a different point of view. Mr. Spurr starts with the general con-
ceptions, which are now fairly well established, regarding the differentiation of
one parent magma of general composition into several fractional derivatives
of compositions var}ring from acid to basic. Just the cause of the change and
the exact process whereby it is developed are yet somewhat obscure, but there
seems to be little doubt that this separation takes place, and that the resulting
igneous rocks exhibit marked contrasts. Mr. Spurr presents the view that not
alone does this breaking up bring about the contrasts which are observed in the
more abundant elements in the original magma, but that even the sparsely dis-
tributed metals are similarly affected and that they are thereby brought into a
state of concentration in one or more of the derivatives. Platinum and its allied
metals pass into the rocks rich in magnesium. Chromium does the same. Cop-
per often favors gabbro, as does nickel. Other metals show less marked prefer-
ences, although in a complicated series of eruptive outbreaks they are often
associated very markedly with some one flow. In this way the metals are local-
ized, both geologically and geographically, and the productive districts become
possibilities. The rearrangement of elements or oxides which vary from 76
to 2% of a magma may be reasonably produced by differentiation, yet it seems
more difficult to understand how metals, which in the enriched magma vary only
from tenths to ten thousandths of 1%, may be affected, or how such exceedingly
small quantities could respond to the call to muster in, when so sparsely dis-
tributed in a more or less viscous medium. Nevertheless, Mr. Spurr attacks the
actual condition of things and presents an ingenious suggestion for its explana-
tion.*
2. T^e Primary Concentration of the Metals in Veins or Other Forms of Ore
Deposits. — Probably the most important suggestions which have been made in
this connection within recent years have been derived from the study of contact
zones. The location of bodies of copper, lead and zinc ores in these geological
situations was earliest appreciated by the Norwegian geologists, and some years
> L. De lAxamj, *♦ Contrilmtton & l'«tude fles ttitm nn«tallffdrp»,'' Annale* de* Mine*, XII., 1897, \vL
* J. E. Spurr, "A Coiisideratlon of If^neons Rocira and their Segreerntioii or Dffferentfotlon as Related to
the Oocurrenoe of Onw." A paper read before the meetJo^ of the Americao Institute of Wnlng Bngliiears,
pX Fhfladelphia, May 18, 1908.
684 THE MINEBAL INDUBTBT.
ago emphasis was laid by them upon the contact zones and their ores in the
Christiania district. To Waldemar Lindgren is due the credit of recognizing
this character in certain copper deposits in the Cordilleran region of the West,
and by him their characters were first described.* Subsequent papers have
shown that the type is widespread, especially in Mexico and the Southwestern
United States, and that contact, garnet zones of great magnitude hare often
been developed from limestone by the action of neighboring eruptives and
by their coutributions of silica and especially of copper ores. W. H. Weed*
has given to those copper deposits which have formed in some special bed
near the contact, the name of the Cananea type, after the notable occur-
rence of ore in the northwestern claims of the Cananea group, Sonora, Mexico:
Great developments of this same type have been also described from San Pedro,
New Mexico."
The bearing of all these phenomena on the formation of veins lies in the fact
that eruptive rocks have thus been shown to contribute vast quantities of silica,
undoubtedly in association with water or its dissociated elements and with
metallic sulphides and oxides. The inference, therefore, follows that, had not
this silica been locked up in combination with lime next the eruptive, it would
have circulated to more remote points and developed veins. A well estab-
lished point of departure has thus been afforded f6r reasoning about more
obscure phenomena.
Another extremely important contribution to the study of contact effects'*
has been made by Joseph Barrell, who has shown the extraordinary shrinkage
which has taken place in the conversion of calcium carbonate into a mass of sili-
cates. The loss of the carbon dioxide does not find entire compensation in the
entrance of silicic acid and a more or less open-textured rock is thereby afforded,
which may well be a place of deposition of ores, subsequently introduced.
In the previous review in The Mineral Industry by Dr. Eaymond, a
general statement was made regarding the papers which had been prepared
up to the time of going to pre^s two years ago. Several of these were im-
portant contributions to the general thesis that ores and gangue minerals
in veins have been deposited by the meteoric waters, which percolate down-
ward after falling as rain upon the surface, and which return again after a more
or less protracted journey. The head afforded by a place of entry higher than
the point of emergence has been urged as the chief cause of movement, and
this is supposed to have been reinforced by the normal increase in the tempera-
ture of the earth with depth, which causes expansion and decrease in density
in the uprising heated column, as compared with the descending cold one. The
latter increment, however, has been shown to be practically negligible for 10,000 ft.,
• W. Lindgren, "Copper Depostts of the Seven Derils," Mining and SeienUfic Presa, Peb. 4, 18W, MB;
"The Character and Genesis of Certain Contact Deposits,*^ TranBoetiont of the Amerioan Jngtitute of
Mining Engineers, XXXI., 286, 1901.
« EngineeHng and Mining Jowmaly Feb. 14, 1908, 286. Presented also at the Nfcw HaTsn meeting of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers, October, 1908.
• Yung and McCafTery, " The Ore Deposits of the San Pedro District, N. M." A paper read before the
American Institute of Mining Engineers at the New Haren meeting, October, 190B. Bn^ntering amd Mining
Journal, Ffeb. 21, 1908, 297.
••Joseph Barren, The Physical Effects of Contact Metamorphism, American Journal of Science, April
1902,279.
REVIEW OP THE GENERAL LITER ATURB OH ORB DEPOSITS. 635
but the former remains as an important cause of underground circulations.
The rain water falling upon heights may naturally circulate by a siphonic
course to very considerable depths and again reach the surface. Intrusive masses
of eruptive rocks in depths would contribute important stores of localized energy
to the circulations. The assumption that underground circulations reach any
great depth is not confirmed by the experience of the miner, which shows
that in deep mines the rocks are dry, and that, according to actual observation
the descent of meteoric waters is limited to from 2,000 to 3,000 ft." Any-
thing more than this is purely hypothetical, and observers in the field should
be conservative about placing undue confidence in the work of meteoric waters.
A valuable contribution to the study of springs has been made by L. De
Launay,^ who has passed in review many of the famous ones in Europe, and
has described their relations to the structural geology of the regions in which they
occur. Mr. De Launay upholds the derivation of the waters from meteoric
sources and runs counter in this respect to much that has been written in America
since the appearance of his work.
As regards the deposition of ores by hot springs, a very important study of
the Boulder Hot Springs, Montana, has been prepared by W. H. Weed.® In this
paper, as well as in many other places in the recent discussions of the origin of
ores, and as the result of extensive experience with hot springs in the Yellowstone
Park, Mr, Weed reaches the conclusion that the hot waters are yielded by cooling
bodies of eruptive rocks situated below the vents. The same view is taken of
some of the more important European hot springs by observers who have studied
them and have published their conclusions abroad. The results have a very
important bearing upon vein formation, because of the strong probability that
the minerals forming the ores and gangue have been deposited in this way.
During the preparation of this paper a comprehensive and valuable review of
the gold-producing districts of the United States by Waldemar Lindgren is in
press for the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Its generalizations are
of comprehensive significance in that Mr. Lindgren makes quite clear that vein
formation has taken place at definite and restricted epochs in the course of
geologic time, and has then ceased. These epochs have followed the fracturing
of the rocks now forming the walls and the entrance of igneous intrusions, in
connection with whose expiring vulcanism the ore bodies are believed to have been
formed.**
In a number of mining districts the close study of the location of the rich
shoots in the veins has revealed the fact that they coincide with lines of intersec-
tion of the main fissure with one or more subordinate cross fissures. It is sup-
posed that ore-bearing solutions following the one fracture have encountered pre-
cipitants following the other, and that thereby the shoots have resulted. Rela-
tionships of this kind have been recently established in some of the mines in the
* This point, although brought out by me In the earlier dincuasfonR, has had especial development more
recently by T. A. Rickard fn the E^neerinq and Mining JoiimoZ, March 14, 1008, 403, and by W. H. Weed,
md., April 18. 1008, 5S9.
' Recherche^ eaptage et aminagemeni dea nmtrcen thermo mineralen, Paris. IflOO.
• ''Mineral Vein Formation at the Boulder Hot Springs,'" Twenty-fint Annxud Report U. 8. Geological
aurveif. Part n., 287.
•• The paper has recently been distributed.
686 THB MINERAL INDU8TRT.
Cripple Creek district.* Very interesting connections have been shown by the
late E. A. Stevens^ of Victor, Colo., to exist between the eruptive dikes and the
ore shoots. Thus, where certain kinds of dike rocks intersect fissured belts, the
ore makes strongly.^^ All of these coincidences are highly suggestiYe to pros-
pectors in other districts.
W. P. Jenney has suggested an explanation for certain blind veins, which are
met in districts in the arid regions, by enunciating the principle of the '^Mineral
Crest." One belt of ores at Tintic, Utah, is known to become barren at a cer-
tain fairly definite altitude, although ore-bearing below this horizon. Jenney
explains this crest as having been established by the neighboring gulches, which
cross the line of the fractures. Ore-bearing solutions uprising when the topog-
raphy was similar to its present relations, would be prevented passing a certain
level by this side drainage.** The explanation coincides very well with the
phenomena of the belt to which it is applied, but it has been controverted by
S. F. Emmons and Q. 0. Smith,** with whose views, as expressed in the Tintic
Special Polio, it is at wide variance, since they consider that the ore bodies were
formed when the places of deposition stood at very considerable depths and be-
neath a great overlying load of rocks now removed. Nevertheless, Jenney's sug-
gestion may well be borne in mind in the study of other districts.
The chemical reactions, by which ores and gangue minerals have been pre-
cipitated, have received the greatest amount of attention in the papers to be
reviewed imder the next head, because the reactions which are even now taking
place near the surface are open to observation. In the past, and largely to-day,
we are obliged to refer in a general way to diminishing pressures and tempera-
tures. The precipitation of sulphides from metallic solutions may be obviously
brought about by sulphuretted reagents, or, if the metallic salts are sulphates,
as is highly probable in many cases, by reducing agents. Base sulphides like
pyrite, FeSj, may likewise be enriched by the reducing action of thrir own
substance upon solutions with which they come into contact. Attacking this
problem along the line of reducing agents, W. P. Jenney has published recently
by far the most important paper of its kind.** The effects of carbon and hydro-
gen and their compounds are first discussed, then the sulphur compounds and
their relatives, followed by a review of the individual metals of importance in
this connection. Finally a table of the relative reducing eflBciency of the several
ores discussed is given as a summary. They range from hydrogen, which is
taken at 100, down to magnetite, taken at 0-46. The great efficiency of the
reducing action of the hydrocarbons, as compared with other minerals, comes
out most forcibly, and the applications to many mining districts are set forth in
the text. It can be readily understood from these facts why it is that bituminous
* T. A. Rickard, "The Formation of Bonanzas in Gold Veins,^* 7Van«acft'on« of the American JnMtiiute of
Mining Engineert, Richmond meeting, 1901 ; "The Lodes of Cripple Creek/* a paper read before the Ameri-
can Institute of Mining Engineers at the New Haven meeting, October, IQOS.
lu Basaltic Zones as Guides to Ore Deposits in the Cripple Creek District, Colorado.** A paper read before
the American Institute of Mining Engineers at the Philadelphia meeting. May, 1908.
» W. P. Jenney, "The Mineral Crest; or. The Hydrostatic Level Attained by the Ore-depositing Solutions
in Certain Mining Districts of the Great Salt Lake Basin.*' American Institute of Mining Bngineert, 1908.
1* G. O. Smith and S. F. Emmons. Discussion of the above, Idem.
" W. P. Jenney, "The C ^..nlstry of Ore Deposition." A paper read before the American Institute of
Mining Engineers, at the New Haven meeting, October, 1908.
REVIEW OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE ON ORE DEPOSITS. 637
beds, as in the case of the famous "Indicator"' of the Australian gold fields, have
at times exercised such a favorable precipitating influence.
3. The Secondary Changes, Rearrangements and Enrichments of Ore Deposits.
— For many years past it has been known to all interested in mining sulphides
that the character of the ore has an intimate relation to the ground-water, and
that while oxidized above this horizon, it always changes to sulphides below. It
was known also that in deposits of copper and at least one of gold, the primary
metals were leached out of those portions of the veins which were above the
ground-water, and were redeposited at or very near it, affording, especially in the
case of copper, great bonanzas. It is one of those strange coincidences, which are
so often noticed in scientific discoveries, that a number of observers were realizing
at the same time that these old views ought to be expanded, and that the enrich-
ment did not cease at the ground-water level, but continued to considerable
depths below it. W. H. Weed, in particular, became convinced that enriched
sulphides were produced in this way by the deposition of more copper or silver,
as the case might be, upon relatively low grade, base sulphides, such as pyrito
or pyrrhotite or chalcopyrite. Bomite, chalcocite, the ruby silver ores, and
other similar enriched products might thus result. The more important papers
bearing on this subject are listed below in chronological order^ and from the
appended dates the coincidence remarked above will appear.** Dr. Raymond
has already reviewed and summarized the major part of these papers in his con-
tribution in The Mineral Industry, Vol. IX., back of which it has not been
my intention to go in this review, but the papers are briefiy mentioned here in
order to establish a point of departure, and to add several of later date. In
many of these papers, especially in the one of W. P. Jenney, cited under the pre-
ceding head, the chemical reactions are worked out in accordance with which the
changes in the oxidized zone and the enrichments lower down take place. In
this accuracy and definiteness of statement great advances have been made.
An exceedingly important paper was contributed in this connection by H. V.
Winchell at the meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society
of America, at Berkeley, California, in December, 1902, which is now in press
in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. By laboratory experiment,
Mt. Winchell has shown that chalcocite, CujS, will be precipitated from acid
solutions of copper by metallic sulphides in the presence of SOj, and that SO, is
developed under the circumstances met in the Butte mines. The deposition of
chalcocite therefore at depths far below the ground-water level, and so far as
it results from descending waters is thus explained. The additional question,
however, has been raised for Butte as to whether the enrichment was all from
>« L. De Lminaj, ** {kir 1b rOIe des phtoomdnes d*alt6ratimi Boperfldelle, et de remtoe en monTemeDt daiui
la ooDstitution des gltes mdtaUif dres,** Annalea dtt Mine», August, 1897; W. H. Weed, " Enrichment of Min-
eral Veins by Later Metallio Sulphides.'' Read December J8M, printed in BuU, GtoL Boo, Amer., April, 1900, V<>l.
XL, 179; W. H. Weed, **The Enrichment of Gold and Bilrer Veins,'* AmeHean huiitute of Mining Bng^neera^
February, 1900; S. F. Emmons, "The Secondary Enrichment of Ore Depoefts," Ibid.; L. De Launay, "Les
Tariations des fllons mfttaUif dres en profondeur," Revue giniraie dea Sciencee^ ZI., 976, April,l 900; see, also,
"Geologle pratique," by the same author, Paris, 1900; C. B.Van Hiae, *'SoDae Principles CkmtroDing the De-
position of Ores," American IneHtvte of Mining Engineers, February, 1900; L. De Launay, "Secondary En-
richment of Ore Deposits," Idem, February, 1901 ; Arthur L. Collins, " Secondary Enrichment of Ore Deposits,**
Idem; T. A. Riclcard, " The Formation of Bonanzas in the npp«>r Portions of Qold Veins," Idem; Q. J. Baa-
croft, " Secondary Enrichment at Cripple Creek," EngineeHng and Mining Journal, Jan. 17, 1906.
638 THE MINERAL lADlTSTHY.
descending surface watefrs. W. H. Weed*" has urged that after the first deposi-
tion of a relatively lean pyritic vein material, the solutions changed once and
probably oftener and enriched the older base sulphides by new deposits of metallic
compounds. At the New Haven meeting of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, October, 1902, Mr. Weed presented a note regarding the enrichment of
veins by ascending alkaline solutions, in which it was shown that Dr. H. N.
Stokes of the U. S. Geological Survey had obtained in the laboraton' the fol-
lowing reaction from pyrite and marcasite with CuO or other metallic oxides in
a sodium bicarbonate solution : —
2FeS,+6CuO+H,0=3Cu2S+Fe203+H2SO,.
This result is of far-reaching importance and makes it desirable to study the
paragenesis of minerals in ore deposits with great care, since if a primary fill-
ing of some base sulphide like pyrite is in a vein, it may prove to be a reagent
of great efficiency upon solutions entering later. Mr. Weed suggests that other
ores such as enargite, polybasite, pearcite, proustite and pyrargyrite may be
produced in this way, and that experiments are under way to verify the supposi-
tion.
The papers above cited, especially that of S. F. Emmons, have also dealt with
the level of the ground-water in an important manner, and have served to em-
phasize its irregular upper surface. In broken ground it may stand very low,
relatively to neighboring portions, being naturally drained away by lower out-
lets. Alteration, therefore, may extend to much greater depths in some places
than in others.
The only remaining topic which might be touched upon in this review is the
classification of ore deposits. A very interesting discussion upon this theme
was started by the presentation of a scheme of classification before the Geological
Society of America at the Washington meeting, December, 1902.. by W. H.
Weed. This and a second one by J. E. Spurr were afterward the subject of
extended discussion before the Geological Society of Washington and were re-
ported in the Engineering and Mining Journal, Feb. 14, 1903. These dis-
cussions are too detailed for reproduction here, but it mjay be said that in Mr.
Weed's scheme the effects of eruptive intrusions and expiring vulcanism are
especially emphasized, and that under five comprehensive heads types of ore
bodies are established based on mineralogical characters. The five heads are,
I. Igneous (magmatic segregations) ; 2. Pneumatolytic deposits ; 3. Fumarolic
deposits; 4. Gas-aqueous deposits; 5. Meteoric waters. Mr. Spurr establishes
three ^'orders'* as follows: 1. Original, formed during the cooling processes of
igneous rocks ; 2. Subsequent, formed from cold rocks ; 3. Transitional. In the
former scheme the growing appreciation of the r61e played by the eruptive rocks
is manifest.
In addition to the papers mentioned above, miany other important ones have
appeared in which descriptions of particular districts are given, but only those
have been discussed here which deal with the general principles of the science
of ore deposits.
»» W. H. Weed, "Ore Deposits at Butte, Mont.," EnginetHng and Mining Journal, April 18, 1908. 589.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORE DRESSING
IN 1902.
Bt Robert H« Richards.
C BUSHING Machinery.
The Pamall-Krause Stamp Mill Mortar.^ — This type of mortar is designed
for the steam stamps used to crush copper-bearing rock in the Lake Superior
region. The stamp is enclosed by a cylindrical screen perpendicular to the
direction of the splash, surrounding which is a removable splash-pan open at
the bottom, thus affording a free and constant discharge of the crushed material.
Hi9Mtmi. linimxfl VptJtr
E«]f Section and Etoratioii.
Fig. 1. — The Parnall-Krause Stamp Mill Mortar.
Peed water is introduced through an inclined hole in the side of the mortar,
the top of the hole being slightly above the level of the die. (See Fig. 1.)
The feed pipe has a valve or gate at the end, and a T, near the mortar, through
which the water is introduced. This arrangement acts as a classifier;
» Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXIII., (1908), p. 488.
640 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
the coarse copper escapes from the mortar at once, and is not subjected to con-
tinued stamping. In comparison with former types the effective discharge area
is increased to. a maximum, while the area of the permanent parts of the mill
exposed to the abrading effect of the splash is reduced to a minimum. The
capacity of the mill is greatly increased, the loss of slimes is reduced, the quality
of the metal is improved, and the expense of renewing linings and abraded parts
is appreciably diminished. The screens and splash-pan being easily removed,
the mill is more accessible for inspection and repair than when partly inclosed on
the sides by a permanent casing.
The Perfection Ore Crusher} — This crusher is designed for laboratory use,
and is a combination of jaw and roll crusher. The stationary jaw in ordinary
crushers is replaced by an upper movable jaw and a steel roll; it can be
adjusted to crush to 100-mesh size.
Mills in Australia} — At the Great Boulder mine seven QriflBn mills crushed
150 tons of auriferous sulphide ore per day from 1-in. through a 15-mesh woven
wire screen; the ore contains less than 3% moisture, and the time includes all
stoppages. Wages and repairs amount to from $0*42 to $0*46 per ton.
At the Lake View Consols and Kalgurli, Nos. 8 and 5 ball mills using 30
and 15 H.P. respectively, crushed from 50 to 55 tons and from 25 to 30 tons
of ore per day respectively, from 1*5 to 2*5 in. through 40-mesh woven wire
screens. Wages, repairs, and conveying to furnaces amount to from $0*26 to
$0-30 per ton.
The screen analyses of the crushed ore were as follows : —
Great Rovlder, Griffin Mills, 15-Mesh Screen,— On 20 mesh, 0-91% ; through
20 mesh on 40 mesh, 3-92% ; through 40 mesh on 60 mesh, 6*92% ; through
60 mesh on 80 mesh, 3-10%; through 80 mesh on 100 mesh, 6*19%; through
100 mesh on 120 mesh, 4-74% ; through 120 mesh, 74*10%.
Lalce View Consols Limited, Ball Mills, 4:0-Mesh Screen. — On 60 mesh, 6*51% ;
through 60 mesh on 100 mesh, 26*23% ; through 100 mesh on 150 mesh, 6*69'% ;
through 150 mesh, 60-57%.
Kalgurli Gold Mines, Limited, Ball Mills, 4:0-Mesh Screen, — On 80 mesh,
24-86% ; through 80 mesh on 110 mesh, 14-89% ; through 110 mesh, 60*24%.
Concentrating Machinery.
The Sturtevant Toggle Separator,^ — This separator consists of a series of
four inclined screens arranged one above another in a box 6 ft. long, 2 ft. wide,
which is agitated vertically bv means of a toggle.
Screen vs. Hydraxdic Sizing} — S. I. Hallett calls attention to the enormous
final losses in modem concentrating mills from the final spitzJcasten overflow.
While no remedy is recommended he thinks that the problems on all steps of
concentration preceding spitzknsten have been solved, in other words, that vibrat-
ing screens eliminate the use of the classifier. The mill recently built at Silver-
« Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXIII., (1902), p. 420.
■ Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. VTTT., p. 40. Frank MoflS.
* Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXIII., (1902), p. 668.
• Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. LXXXIV., (1902), p. 118. '
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORE DRESSINQ, 641
ton, Colo., is equipped with shaking screens from the coarsest size to 100-mesh,
which afford perfect satisfaction, and do away with hydraulic classifiers. The
claim is made that the laws governing bodies in an upward current of water
under pressure can never be thoroughly understood, because of the effect of
varying currents and eddies, that are always present. Furthermore, that in
a sized product the ore and rock particles of approximately the same size, can
be separated more easily upon a table than by water-sorting.
The chief objections to a sizing method have been: the clogging, the short
life and the low capacity of the screen. These evils are now claimed to have
been removed by striking a blow to the screen at an angle of 45° to the pitch,
which gives an upward and forward bump simultaneously. In extremely fine
sizing the capacity of the screen is regulated by its width and not by its length.
Mr. Hallett gives also a statement of uncompleted experiments which show
sizes, percentages, inclination, revolutions per minute of motive power, length
of streke, with spray and without. The product passing through the lOO-mesh
is fed directly to a spitzkasten, to which it is eminently suited.
Note. — In August, 1902, I visited this mill and found Meinecke classifiers
treating everything below 14-mesh size; I have not yet corresponded with Mr.
Hallett to ascertain whether close sizing was unsatisfactory, or the reason for
the adoption of classifiers. — R. H. Richards.
Klein's Hydraulic Classifier^ — ^This type of classifier is used at Desloge,
Mo., and at Philipsburg, Neihart, and Butte, Mont., and is made in three sizes :
(1) for coarse material ranging in size from 6 mm. to 2 mm.; (2) for medium
material ranging from 3 mm. to 1 mm.; (3) for fine material below 1 mm.
in size. The machine acts on the principle of separating the fines from the
coarse material by constant agitation produced by compressed air (see The
MiNEBAL Industry, Vol. X., p. 747). It is claimed that the quantity of water
required for this classifier is less than one-half that ordinarily used for
hydraulic classification. The classifier for coarse materials requires 50 gal.
of water per minute, while for the fine sizes 15 gal. are required. The air is at
40-lb. pressure, and the coarse classifier requires 40 cu. ft. per minute, while
the fine classifier requires but 10 cu. ft. For ordinary work the capacity of
the coarse classifier is 75 tons per day, while that of the fine classifier is 50 tons.
The Cammett Tabled — The use of the Cammett table is guaranteed free
from infringement as a result of private agreement between the manufacturers
and A. R. Wilfley.
Sampling Machinery.
The Byrnes Automatic Pulp Sampler,^ — This sampler consists of two con-
centric cones, the innet one being divided into 10 spiral chambers, of which
nine discharge direct, while the tenth extends beyond the outer cone and dis-
charges a portion of the pulp into a slotted tube at every revolution. The
standard machine is designed to furnish a sample of y^ P*rt of the material
handled.
• Mining and Scientifle PreM9, Vol. LXXXV.. (19QS), p. 991.
T Mineg and Minerals, Vol. XXH.. (1908). p. 884.
• BngineeHng and Mining Journal, Vol. LZXIU., (1908), p. 488.
642
TUB MINERAL ItfDtJSfRr.
The Johnson Automatic Sampler,^ — This sampler designed by Paul Johnson,
is described in detail under "Recent Improvements in Lead Smelting," elsewhere
in this volume.
Sofrnpling and Dry Crushing in Colorado}^ — ^Under this title an important
contribution to the literature of dry crushing has been made by Philip Argall,
who presents data largely from his experience at the works of the Metallic Extrac-
tion Co. at Cyanide, Colo., where the fine crushing of the hard Cripple Creek ore
is practiced on a large scale. Mr. Argall does not discuss coarse crushing,
but advocates a reduction ratio of not more than 4 : 1 for any one machine. A
12X20-in. breaker, reducing to a maximum size of 1*7 in., will easily crush 25
tons per hour of ordinary quartzose ores. Talcose and wet ores cause trouble,
and very wet ores should be dried before breaking.
In sampling ores containing from 10 to 16 oz. gold per ton, the following
ratio between the average size of the ore cubes and the proportional weight of
the sample has been found to give accurate results : —
Diameter,
in Inches.
QuanUty, In
Pounds, In
100 Tons.
MftzimuxD siss of cubes.
100
0-25
00096
00171
20
1»
0-0785
0006
S«600
167
10
S-mesh cubes
80>ni6Bh cubes
As an extra precaution in practical work, larger quantities of the finer ma-
terial would be taken. In machine sampling the following important pointn
should be noted: —
(1) Take out a sufficient quantity in the first cut to represent accurately
a thorough sample at that size. (2) Always crush and thoroughly mix the ore
between each cut unless it is already quite fine, and in this case the greatest
possible care should be exercised to mix thoroughly before making the second
cut. (3) Use riffles to reduce the size of samples after leaving the last auto-
matic sampler. Abandon all forms of coning and quartering.
In fine crushing it is essential to reduce the moisture in the ore to about
1%, also to raise the temperature to about 250° F., more particularly if the ore
is of a clayey nature; cold ores of this character lie dead on the screens, and
tend to clog them; but if heated they are quite lively, and screen as well as
hard, gritty ores. The eflBciency of the Argall tubular dryer is shown in the
following table: —
Name and Location
S§^
Water.
Quantity of
Ore Dried
94^urB.
Quantity of
Goal Used
84 Hours.
Remarks.
ofHOL
Before.
After.
Bessie, lV»Uuride. Colo.
Cranlde, Leadville, "
Metallic Cyanide, ''
1....
2....
806
1000
400
100
100
Tons.
177
70
Tons.
8-66
100
Coal, poor (slack); ore clayey,
f^oal, fair; ore taloose and clayey.
Coal, good; ore siliceous.
The data in the above table show an average evaporative effect of 7 lb. water
to 1 lb. coal; on this basis the cost of reducing the moisture from 6% to 1%
will average $0-05 per ton.
• Engineering and Mining Journal Vol. LXXni., (1902), p. 614.
<• Inititution of Mining and MetaUurgy, Feb. 20. 1902.
SB VIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORB DRESSING,
643
Generally in ore milling the heaviest standard wire to be had for any given
mesh is used for the screens, but sometimes the lightest wire gives better
results. Ordinarily the heavier wire is the better for coarse, gritty ores, but
for soft, clayey ores which tend to choke the screens, the finer wire is preferable
in a dry crushing mill. For coarse screening, about 0 25-in. size, circular per-
forated steel-plate trommels give the best service; from 0*25 to 0'1-in. wire-
cloth trommels are preferable; while for finer meshes, the hexagonal form of
screen of light construction is most advantageous. In crushing 99,270 tons of
ore by graded crushing and screening, so that the final product was below 0'02
in., the cost of maintenance of screens was $0*02 per ton.
The many defects of rolls, as usually constructed, are intensified when used for
fine crushing. They should open parallel across the face under all conditions, and
0.1 0J2 OJ 0^ 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 IJO 1.1 IJt 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 13 1.9 2.0
Size of Cube in Inches »«»«» "«-««7. ▼•». m
Fig. 2. — Feed, Speed and Capacity of Rolls.
should remain perfectly level. When the movable roll is mounted on a pin-jointed
lever these exact conditions are not fulfilled, while a slight wear of a pin joint dis-
turbs the horizontal position of the axis, and increases the friction; hence the
movable roll should be mounted in a sliding device with anti-friction surfaces.
Careful experiments show that there is a speed for each size which gives the
best results, or in other words, a speed where the maximum capacity is at-
tained with the minimum expenditure of power; these speeds have been corre-
lated, and from them a formula and diagram have been deduced. (See Fig. 2.)
This shows that to crush 2-in. cubes a 42-in. roll is required, and its proper
speed is 28 revolutions per minute, etc. Two other interesting diagrams have
been made, one which shows the percentage of reduction and corresponding
644
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
percentage of finished production (Fig. 3), and the other the capacity of finished
product in cubic feet per hour at given speed and sizes. (Fig. 4.)
All rolls, except those used for coarse crushing, which take the ore from
the breakers, should be provided with mechanical feeders; for sizes greater
than 0*25-in. the stream should not exceed in thickness the maximum faces of
the cubes ; below 0-25-in., however, thicker streams can be used on the principle
8.000
gjt 101^^ fty »j( asjt aoj^ as^ u^j 45jt Wjt ssjt eojt 9bi 70}t 7Sjt eo^
6^ \Qi 15^ dOjt
f&i 20i zbi 40^ 4&i cai ssjt
Percentage of Finished Production
65?t Itii 75?t 80J<
lOmnX ladiuiry, VoL XI
Fig. 3. — Percentage of Reduction and Production of Rolls.
of "choke feed," so that the ore particles are crushed upon one another in passing
Iho point of contact, thereby increasing the capacity of the roll?. A 26Xl5-in.
roll at 110 r. p. m., crushing fromOl-in. to 002-in.iize has a theoretical capacity
of only 8(5 cu. ft. per hour, or about 30 cu. ft. of finished product, whereas if
run with "choke feed" on 0-25-in. size its capacity will be* 75 cu. ft. per hour
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORE DRESSING.
645
to 0-02 in. The average cost of the rolled steel tires used in crushing 8G,000 tons
of ore was $0-0181 per ton.
As a fundamental principle in fine crushing, attention is called to the im-
portance of gradual comminution by means of a series of rolls, and interposed
screens between the sets, and criticism is made of the so-called "unit" system
described in The Mineral Industry, Vol. IX., p. 360, pointing out that it is
more expensive in first cost, operation and maintenance than a system designed
for gradual comminution.
In discussing mill design the assumption is made that the mill is to sample
and crush dry 400 tons per day of ordinary quartzose ores to 26 mesh, 26 wire.
The mill will be divided into two units, and the following estimates are
8000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1900 1900 1100 1000 000 800 700 600 600 400 900 900 100 0
llJJOO
1.400
1.900
1.200
uoo|
1.000
.700 5
a
.600 I
O
.600^
.900
J900
.100
9000 1900 1800 1700 1600 IfiOO 1400 1900 1900 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 600 400 900 800 100 0
RoU Capacity in Cubic Feet per Hour »»-^ utmtj, ta zi
Fig. 4. — Capacity of Rolls in Cubic Feet per Houk.
lUNJU
1 ion
^,
— ^
\
S^
ijvn
^
V,
^
e*. .
1J800
^
^*-^
^
i 1100
^
**
"<<
^.
5
T21 000
"N
^
N,
S iMO
^v^
^*
'/>
"^
f >
N.
\
l-»
^
^
v .
\
\
V
Ize of Cubes in Inc
1 1 § 1 1
*•
t?J
rnii °
N
\
/
N^
s.
ROLL DIAGRAM
QIVINQ CAPACITY OF
FINISHED PRODUCTION IN
CUBIC FEET PER HOUR
AT QIVEN SPEED AND SIZES.
^
k
\
s
s
\:
s.
k"
N
\\
^
^
E^
^5^
s
^
00 '^
.300
.
.'
^
^^
^
K^
k
JtOO
.100
--
""""-«
<lJbi
f^
^
^
---..
^04
»;*
^
*»•*
^
1
-4!
iwl
s^
Ir
for one 200-ton unit. The preliminary crushing can be done by one
12X20-in. breaker, which will reduce the ore to a maximum size of 1*7 in.;
if the ore is in 12-in. cubes or larger, two breakers in series with an intervening
screen should be used. Following the breaker, or breakers, a 36X16-in. roll
at 35 r. p. m. will treat 600 cu. ft. per hour through a 0-75-in. screen. The
sampling can be done by a Vezin sampler, a 26X15-in. set of rolls, and a fine
grinder. For the fine crushing each unit will require one dryer, three elevators,
and four sets of 26X15-in. rolls, with nccessar}' screens, etc. The rolls are used
in series: roll a, reducing the ore from 0*75 in. to 0*25 in.; roll 6, from
0-25 in. to 0-1085 in.; and rolls c and ^, from 0*1085 in. (5 mesh), to 0'02 in.
Roll a, at 65 r. p. m., will yield 222 cu. ft. of finished product per hour, of
646 THE MINERAL INDUBTRT,
which 60 cu. ft per hour should pass 5 mesh, leaving 162 cu. ft. per hour for
roll hj which at 90 r. p. m. will give 160 cu. ft. of product per hour passing
S-mesh screen. Adding the 60 cu. ft. already reduced to 5-mesh size gives 220
cu. ft. ; of this quantity 75 cu. ft. should be reduced to 0*02 in., leaving (220 — 75)
145 cu. ft. for rolls c and d. In ordinary practice each finishing roll, running at
110 r. p. m., with 0-25-in. ''choke feed,'' will furnish 75 cu. ft. per hour. The
capacity of the four sets of rolls, reducing from 0*75 in. to 0*02 in. will therefore
be 220 cu. ft. per hour=9-5 tons (reckoning 87 lb. per cu. ft.), which corre-
sponds approximately to 200 tons in 21 hours. The power required will be:
coarse crushing and sampling, 35 indicated H.P. ; fine crushing, 50 H.P. ; fric-
tion, engine and shafting, 20 H.P. ; total, 105 I.H.P. The coarse crushing
and sampling plant, while in operation, will require 70 I.H.P., which must be
allowed for in the power provided for each unit; as the plant is operated only
half of the time, the average is 35 I.H.P. In crushing 200 tons of ore to
002-in. size in 24 hours the work of 1 I.H.P. is 15873 lb. per hour; in fine
crushing alone it is 333 lb. per hour, data obtained from working results. The
cost of sampling and crushing 400 tons per day is $0*50 per ton; not including
administration, insurance, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
Notes on Sampling}^ — The advantages claimed of the method of "alternate
shovelfuls" over "coning" and "quartering" are: (1) greater reliability; (2) less
cost; (3) rapidity; (4) economy of space, and (5) smaller capital required.
In automatic sampling, ^^'^ best results are obtained by taking the sample evenly
from the whole of the stream part of the time.
The weaknesses of the Bridgeman samplers^^ are stated to be the lack of mixing
between the apportioners : and the variability in weight of the samples obtained.
Results obtained by the pipe and the single split samples are claimed" to be
inaccurate and unreliable.
. An objection to the old Brunton sampler^^ ife that it takes more ore from one
side of the falling stream than from the other, and if a larger sample is required,
a greater quantity is taken at the same intervals, and not the same quantity at
shorter intervals.
The Overstrom sampler,^^ which operates on the same principle as the old
[Brunton sampler, is open to the same criticism.
The neiv Brunton sampler^^ is one of the few machines which take a correct
sample. At the sampling works at Victor, Colo., the ote is crushed by a Blake
breaker, set at from 1*5 to 2 in., and thence goes to sampler No. 1; this sample
goes to a set of rolls 36X14 in., and thence to sampler No. 2; the sample is again
crushed by 27X14-in. rolls, sot to crush to 0*25 in., and thence to sampler No. 3 ;
the sample is mixed, dried thoroughly and sent to 20X10-in. rolls, which
crush to 0-0625 ( ^) in., and thence passes to sampler No. 4; each sampler
takes out a sample of 20% of the ore. so that the final sample is equal to
0.2X0-2X0-2X0-2=0-0016 ( gf^ ) part of the whole quantity sampled.
" Mining Reporter, Vol. XLFV., Nov. 28, (1908), p. 423. " Mining Reporter. Vol. XTiV., March 6, (1902), p. 249.
"• /Wa., Vol. XLV., (1902>. p. 99. »• Ibid., Vol. XLV., March 18, (1902^, p. 272.
i» Ibid., Vol. XLV., Jan. 23, (1902), p. 119. " Ibid., Vol. XLV., March 27, (1902), p. 814.
>» iWd., Vol XLV., Feb. 20, (1902), p. 208.
BE VIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORE DRESSING. 647
The Vezin sampler^'' shares with the new Bninton sampler the distinction of
being standard, and is preferred by many. This sampler is not patented.
At the Park City (Utah) Sampling Works^^ the ore is taken from' the cars
by a 24-in. belt conveyor to a No. 6 Gates breaker, thence elevated to a Vezin
sampler, one-fifth cut out, which is subsequently crushed and sampled by
Vezin samplers until a final product of 0 032% (tiSt) ^^ ^^^ original
ore is obtained. The rolls used are 36X24 in., 30X10 in., 24X8 in., and
9X14 in. It is suggested that the efficiency of the plant would be increased if
the last Vezin sampler was replaced by a Jones riffle sampler.
The method of sampling adopted by the Broken Hill Proprietary Co., at
Port Pirie, Australia,*' is to divide the consignment into 30-ton lots, weigh
and crush with a Gates breaker; through rolls; through a 0-375-in (f) screen,
the oversize of which is recrushed until every particle passes through the screen.
Every fourth barrow load of ore from the bin is dumped on the sample floor
and is coned and quartered until reduced to about 3 cwt. This portion is
weighed and broken down by hand, passed through a 0-125-in. (i) screen and
quartered to about 5 lb., which is carefully weighed and passed through a 120-
mesh screen. The hand quartering was adopted in preference to automatic
machine sampling because of the great difficulty and loss of time experienced
in cleaning the sampler after each parcel, and the expressed wish of the sellers
that they should be able to see the whole operation without losing sight of the
ore.
General Milling Practice.
The Nev) Anaconda Reduction Works.^^ — This plant was completed early in
1902, and is the largest and the most complete modem works in the world. The
concentrator building is in two parts, each of four sections. Each section may be
worked independently as a separate mill, and has a capacity of over 700 tons
of ore per 24 hours; consequently the capacity of the entire mill is nearly 6,000
tons per 24 hours. Each section is divided into five departments — crusher,
jig, middling, regrinding, and tables or slime. In each section of the crusher
department are two shaking grizzlies with 1'25-in.- round holes; one 12 X 24-in.
Blake breaker; two trommels, with 1-25-in. round holes; two 5Xl5-in. Blake
breakers; and two lines of trommels with 22-mm., 7-mm., 5-mm., and 2-5-mm.
round holes. The jig department contains six Harz jigs, 36 Evans jigs and four
Evans classifiers. The middling department is fitted with two sets of 40X15-in.
rolls, four sets of trommels with l*5-mm. slotted holes, four Evans classifiers, and
18 Evans jigs. The regrinding department has four 5-ft. Huntington mills,
four Evans classifiers, and 18 Evans jigs. The slime department is fitted with
35 Wilfley tables.
The Daly-West Mill, Park Ciiy^ Ufah.^^— The ore treated at this mill is
a lead, iron, and zinc sulphide, whose principal values are silver and lead. The
mill is equipped with a breaker, rolls, trommels, jigs, Huntington mills, Wilflov
" Mining Renarter, Vol. XLV., AprS, (190B), p. 887. " Ibid., Vol. XLVI., Dec. 11, (1900), p. 148S.
1* AustraUutian Institute of Mining Bngineerfi, Vol. Vm., p. 02. H. W. Moflo.
** Engineering and Mining Journal^ Vol. LXXIII.. p. 811
« Mining RepoHer, Vol. XLVI., Aiiip. 21, (1902). p. 147.
648 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
tables, and slime-saving devices. The jig and table methods do not differ essen-
tially from the general treatment of similar ores, but special work is done to
save the slimes. The treatment adopted is as follows: the tailings from Nos. 1
and 2 jigs pass to a Huntington mill; the tailings of Xos. 3 and 4 jigs are
treated on Wilfley tables, the middlings of which are returned to a Huntington
mill; the tailings from Nos. 5 and 6 jigs, together with the product of the
Huntington mills, are passed to a Sherman classifier and distributor. The
coarser material from the distributor passes to four Wilfley tables and the fines
to slimes settling tanks. The four Wilfley tables make a concentrate, and a
generous middling product, which is re-treated on two Wilfley tables, which also
make a concentrate and a middling; the middlings pass to another similar table
making a concentrate and a middling, the latter being reeoncentrated on the
same table. There are six round, wooden slimes settling tanks about 14 ft.
deep. The first is 5 ft. in diameter, and each succeeding one is slightly larger.
Within each tank is an inverted cone, open at the lower end, and extending from
6 to 8 ft. into the main tank. The slimes are received at the top and pass down-
ward through the lower end of the cone, the water rising up and overflowing
from the main tank to the next one similarly buiit. This action creates a cur-
rent in each tank, which becomes gentle in the larger tanks. The final over-
flow of the last tank is pumped back to the head of the mill. The slimes product
of the tanks is reeoncentrated over a specially regulated set of Wilfley tables,
which are given an inclination toward the heads end of 0*75 in. in the whole
length. The concentrates assay 27'2% lead and 58 oz. silver per ton; the tail-
ings assay 0*2% lead and 4'8 oz. silver per ton; the table feed assays 3'4% lead
and 12-5 oz. silver per ton. About 22% of the tailings which leave the mill
will pass through a 200-mesh screen. The slime values saved amount to 20%
of the total mill saving, thus illustrating the importance of improved slimes
treatment.
Mill Prartice in St. Fran(;ois County, Mo.^^ — A dolomitic limestone impreg-
nated with galena and small quantities of pyritc and chalcopyrite is crushed
to 4 mm. and treated direct on Bartlett tables. Formerly the product above
6 mm. was jigged, and table treatment followed, the jigs losing about 0*5%
and the tables about 2% of the lead content. With the present system the
loss is less and the finished product some 75% richer. The mill has a capacity
of 600 tons per 24 hours using 75 Bartlett tables.
The Standard Mill*^ Cceur d'Alene, Idaho. — A canvas plant, consisting of
52 tables of 6 sq. yd. each, handles all the tailings from the Wilfleys and vanners,
together with the overflow from the settling tanks. Material caught on the
canvas tables is reeoncentrated on two Wilfley tables. The mill greatly resembles
the Helena-Frisco mill (see Mineral Industry, Vol. X., p. 751), the principal
differences in addition to the canvas plant being that the latter uses rolls for
recrushing the middlings, while the former uses rolls and Huntingtons : also the
Standard mill uses Wilfley tables, whereas the Helena-Frisco mill uses Frne
vanners only.
•* Berg- und Hu^ttenmnenniftrhe ZeihniQ. Vol. 1^X1.. (1002). p. 52ft. O. M. Bilhar*.
•■ Amen'cnn T-nntHute of Mining Engineers, February and May, 1902. J. R. Finley.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORE DRESSING, 649
The Morning Mill, Mullan, Idaho}^ — ^This mill, which is one of the largest,
if not the largest, silver-lead concentrators yet erected, is equipped with a
9Xl5-in. Blake breaker, two conveyors, two No. 4 Gates breakers, two 14X36-in.
AUis crushing rolls, two 14X29-in. recrushing rolls, eight three-compartment
double jigs, eight four-compartment double jigs, four sets of 14X29-in. fine
crushing rolls, four 5-ft. Huntington mills, eight double deck round tables, ten
Wilfley tables, and six 6-ft. vanners with settling tanks. During 1900 the output
v)f crude ore was 300,000 tons, and the shipment of concentrates amounted to
30,000 tons.
The Silver King Mill, Park City, Utah,^^ — This mill has a capacity of about
100 tons in 10 hours; the ores treated carry about 15% lead, 20 oz. silver per ton,
and a small quantity of gold. The lead occurs as sulphide and carbonate; the
silver occurs associated with ihe galena and also as a chloride; generally the
gangue material is quartzite with some lime. The ores are treated as follows:
(1) Mill bin, to (2).
(2) Grizzly. Oversize to (3) ; undersize to (4).
(3) Jaw breaker, 10X7 in., to (4).
(4) Trommel, 0-5-in. holes. Oversize to (5) ; undersize to (7).
(6) Rolls, 12X30 in., to (6).
(6) Elevator, to (4).
(7) Three trommels with 0-0625-in. (^j), 0-1875-in. {^) and 0-3126-in. (VV)
holes. Over ^ in. to (8); through ^ in. on -j^ in. to (9); through A in. on
^ in. to (10); through ^V i^- to (11).
(8) Two double compartment Harz jigs, 140 one-inch strokes per minute;
heads to (18) ; tailings to waste.
(9) One jig, 180 0-75-in. strokes per minute; heads to (18) ; tailings to (13).
(10) One jig, 240 0'5-in. strokes per minute; heads to (18) ; tailings to (13).
(11) Hydraulic classifier; spigot to (12); overflow to (19).
(12) Jigs, 270 0125-in. strokes; heads to (18) ; tailings to (19).
. (13) Five-foot Huntington mills, slotted screens equivalent to 25-me8h;
to (14).
(14) Elevator, to (15).
(15) V-shaped hydraulic classifier, about 60 ft. long; first spigot to (16);
\>ther spigots to (17) ; overflow to (19).
(16) Six Wilfley tables; heads to (18) ; tailings to (19).
(17) Four Frue vanners: heads to (18); tailings to (19).
(18) Concentrates, finished product.
(19) Slime department.
In the slime department canvas tables and other settling devices have been
unsuccessfully tried on the flour-like slimes. A complete new slime plant has
been recently installed, and consist^ of a 40-H.P. Ingersoll-Sergeant compressor,
three large, steel mud and air receivers and two 48-chamber filter presses, each
treating about 15 tons of slime in 24 hours. The slime water taken from the
ore at various steps in the process is divided among seven V-shaped settling
w Mining Reporter. Vol. XLV., June 12, (IflOB), p. 665.
** Mining and ffcientiflcPre»M.yn\.T.XXXy..p>iM. Jan H.Steele.
650 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
tanks, 5X5 ft. by 40 ft. long. The current is very slow and the water is dis-
charged almost perfectly clear. The thick mud is tapped at the bottom and
elevated to a storage tank above the presses. It is run through the receiver into
the press until the latter is full and the former nearly so. Air pressure at
90 lb. per sq. in. is then applied to force the remainder of the mud into the
presses and the water through the canvas. The water leaves the presses absolutely
clear. The slimes after pressing average 16*% lead, 25% silver and $2 gold
per ton, and contain 22% water.
Thn A. M. W. Mill, Leadville}* — The ore consists of crystals of galena, iron
pyrites, and marmatite, intimately associated. The crushing is done by two
Huntington mills with 40-me8h screens; 48% of the crushed material will
remain on an SO-mesh screen. The ore contains approximately from 12 to 14%
lead, 12 to 15% iron, 32 to 35% zinc, 5 to 8% silica, and 37 to 26% sulphur.
The problem, therefore, is not one of concentration, but involves the separation
of the minerals of zinc, iron and lead into commercial products. The crushed
material is passed through three hydraulic classifiers, yielding coarse, medium
and fine products, each being passed over 12 Wilfley tables to yield heads (lead
and iron pyrites), middlings (a zinc product) and tailings. The first two
products are sent to the smelter, but the attempts to treat the mill tailings have
not yet been successful.
The Detroit Copper Co,, Morend, Arizona}"^ — The concentrator of this com-
pany- is provided with crushers, screens, jigs, Chilian mills and various types of
concentrating tables. Power is furnished by five gas engines. The ores con-
centrated are sulphides, 75% of the product being saved by the jigs. By means
of classifiers, settlers and tables a specialty is made of the slimes. A concentra-
tion of 7:1 is claimed with 85% copper extraction yielding final tailings con-
taining 0 8% copper.
Australian Practice}^ — The treatment of low-grade copper ores is discussed
by J. J. Muir, and attention is called to the existing conditions which have
prevented profitable concentration by water. Experiments have shown that the
concentration of 100 tons of an ore containing 3"94% copper yields 7'27 tons of
concentrates containing 11'12% copper, and 92*723 tons of tailings carrying
3-37'% copper.
Concentration Practice in Southeast Missouri}^ — ^R. B. Brinsmade states that
the milling cost in the best equipped concentrators is from 30 to 40c. per ton.
Practice in the Slocan District, B. C,^^ — For the concentration of silver-lead
ores in this district S. S. Fowler recommends hand sorting and closer sizing
than is now employed.
Ore Dressing at Santa Fe, Mexico*^ — According to Henry F. Collins the ore
from the Santa Fe mine consists of bornite and chalcopyrite, together with
garnet, in a gangue of wollastonite ; the copper minerals carry gold and silver,
" Mtnfng Reporter, Vol. XLTV.. Nov. 2ft, (1901), p. 422. A. W. Warwick.
»T Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. LXXXIV., (1902), p. 142.
»• Institution of Uining Engineers, Vol. XXIII., p. 517.
«• Mines and Minerals, Vol. XXII., (1902), p. 941.
»• Canadian Mining Review, Vol. XXT., October, (1902), p. 264.
»> Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Oct. 16, 1902.
S£VJJSW OP THE LITERATVRk ON OliK DltESSlNQ, 65l
and the garnet gold; the determined specific gravities of the component min-
erals are: bornite, 5 ;' chalcopyrite, 4' 15; garnet, 3'89, and woUastonite, 2*90.
The present system is designed to make a 40% copper concentrate and a
middling product averaging 7% copper. The ore is crushed by a 7XlO-in.
Blake breaker, which delivers to a set of 14X24-in. rolls, thence to either of
two Tulloch feeders which deliver to two sets of 14X24-in. rolls. There are
three cylind^rical trommels with 8, 6 and 3-25-mm. round holes, respectively.
The undersize from the last trommel is sorted by spitzliitten into products of
approximately 3'25 to 2 mm., 2 to 1 mm. and a fine meal size; the overflow
passes to a settler which thickens the pulp for treatment on a convex revolving
table. The five coarser sizes are treated on five pairs of three-compartment jigs.
During 1901 the mill averaged 88*7 long tons per day. The ore contained 2-61%
copper, and the concentrates, averaging 45-17% copper, approximated 2-7%
of the weight of the original ore. The garnet middlings containing 9-53'%
copper, approximated 2'3%, and the tailings contained 1-41% copper. Re-
cently the copper content of the ore wa^ but little more than 2%, and the tail-
ings were also of a lower grade.
The tailings from the jigs are collected in a settling pond and subsequently
removed to a 30-stamp mill with amalgamated plates. From the apron plates
the pulp passes to six Gilpin County bumping tables, made of amalgamated cop-
per, the object being to save a part of the scoured amalgam and at the same
time to effect a partial concentration ; the results, however, have not been satis-
factory. From the bumping tables the pulp passes to a three-compartment classi-
fier; the first two spigots feed three sand jigs, the third passes to a Wilfiey table;
the overfiow passes to a series of three-compartment classifiers, each spigot
feeding a convex slime table. The stamps crush 65 tons per day»; the rewashed
concentrates from the jigs and table average about 8 tons monthly, assaying
34% copper, 24 oz. gold, and 60 oz. silver. The garnet middlings containing
from 6 to 9% copper (of which about 26 tons are produced per month) are
sent to the smelter. About 55 tons per month of poor middlings, assaying
3 to 4% copper, are accumulated pending the installation of a Wetherill mag-
netic separator. The tailings from the jigs and Wilfiey tables pass into a series
of settling "strips" similar to the old Cornish square huddle, but much longer
and narrower; the final product averages 8 to 10% copper, 0 3 to 0 35 oz. gold,
and 12 to 15 oz. silver per ton. From 4 to 5 tons are produced monthly.
The classifier overflow from the fine crushing mill passes successively to three
spitzkasten, each feeding a convex table. The heads from the first and second
tables and the middlings from the third are washed on two 4-ft. Frue vanners
and two Embreys. The side shake is too violent for treating ttese slimes, and
the end shake, while treating a smaller quantity, gives lower tailings and a
better saving. These machines produce a garnet concentrate with from 8*5
to 9% copper; the tailings run about 1-5'% copper; the percentage saving of
even the end-shake vanners during the concentration of these products is very
low. The vanner tailings are huddled; the heads and middlings of the huddle
are re-treated separately on the vanner and the tailings are rejected. The
652
TUB MINERAL INDUSTRY,
huddled slimes are re-treated, feeding by means of a "strip" to one of the
round tables.
A summary of the results of the system, based on the average figures for
the months of November and December, 1901, is as follows: —
Tods of
8,840 Lb.
Metal Content.
.
Qold.
Silver.
Copper.
Ore crushf^l
8,670-00
57-48
167-86
Os.
480-68
185-80
66-87
101-17
888-84
09-86)S
Oz.
10,090-85
4,049-43
8,874-88
88-88
6,868-68
50-8Q)(
Tons.
66-73
Ooncenti'ates Droduced.
8606
Middlings produced
18*48
Bullion Droduoed
Total metalR saved
89*47
P«r cpnt of mntAlfl sftvedt , , , . t , ,
70-47)(
The total cost of milling was $1*075 per 2,240 lb. of ore, not including
any proportion of the general expense of administration. The tailings aver-
age from 0*6 to 0*&% copper and experiments on them with the Elmore process
were unsuccessful; the only chance of further reducing the loss appears to be
in a repetition of concentrations on tables and buddies.
Improvements in Lake Superior Practice.^^ — At the new Osceola Mill, Lake
Superior, the Pamall-Krause circular mortars are fitted with 0-625-in. (f)
screens, the area of which is claimed to be 11-1 times greater than those formerly
in use. To clean the mortar, instead of hanging up a stamp, a valve connected
with the mortar is opened, which allows the removal of the coarse copper (see
under the heading "Crushing Machinery*' elsewhere in this article). In this way
20% of the mineral is obtained directly. Hydraulic separators between the stamps
and the jigs recover 22% more. As these products average 93 to 96% copper,
about 56% of the value of the rock is obtained without jigging, and the jigs
are thus relieved of the coarse copper that passes through the screens of the
mortars, the losses in dressing also being reduced. In the old Osceola mill,
the loss in tailings averaged 0-26%, while in the new mill the tailings during
1901 averaged 0*094%. In 1899, the percentage of extraction was a little less
than 84% (see the table on p. 167 of this volume) ; the new mill treating the
same ore and producing tailings of the above quality, would show a yield of a
little more than 94%. The cost of dressing in the old mill during 1901
was 29'22c. per ton of crude ore, while in the new mill it was 22*lc. per ton.
The First Modem Ore. Dressing Plant in Cornwall** — This plant was erected
at the Mary Ann mine, Menheniot, the capacity being 75 tons per day of 10
hours, treating tailings of an average of about 3% lead and 40 oz. silver per ton.
The equipment is as follows: Hopper feed regulator, stone breaker, picking
table, shaking table, two crushing rolls, two elevators, 12 trommels, 15 jigs
(four roughers), 2 three-compartment classifiers, four-compartment spitzlutte.
two-compartment spitzkasten, Wilfley table and two Luhrig vanners. The plant
is in two sections, with the crushing and elevating machinery hetween them.
On the one side are 10 jigs, the first four acting as roughers ; all the middlings
are treated by the five jigs of the second side. The sizes of the jig screens on the
first side are 10 and 8 mm., 6 and 4 mm., 4 and 3 mm., 2 mm., 1'5 mm., 1 mm., 0'5
•» Engineering and Mining Journal. Vol. LXXin , (1908), p. 468.
»» Ibid., Vol. LXXrv., (1908). p. 816. W. Ryan Lewto.
SEVIBW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORB DRESSING. 653
mm. ; on the second side the jig screens are 5 mm., 4 mm., 3 mm., 2, mm. and 1
mm. The first and second compartments of the spitzlutte deliver to the Wilfley
table, while the third and fourth deliver to a Lulirig vanner ; both compartments
of the spitzkasten deliver to the second vanner. It is proposed to crush the mid-
dlings below 4 mm. down to 1 mm. and under, and to treat them in the spitzlutte,
also to replace the vanners by two rotary slime tables ; an extra Wilfley table may
also be added. The introduction of modern. methods may add much to the Cor-
nish mining induatryC
Tin Dressing.
Treatment of Tailings in ComwalL^^ — The quantity of sand and slime tail-
ings flowing into the Red River tin stream, Cornwall, amounts approximately
to 900 tons per day. Round buddies and dead frames were extensively used
previous to the introduction of vanners. The dead frame is an excellent con-
centrator for heavy minerals, as cassiterite, wolframite, etc., associated with
light waste, but its capacity is limited to one ton per day while the majority in
the Red River district average 0-5 ton per day. Furthermore, the capacity has
been reduced by the decrease in the tin content of the ores. At three of the
principal mines the average tin content per ton during 1901 was 47 lb., 28 lb.,
and 31 lb. The loss of tin by the mines is due to an insufficient supply of clean
water. The greater part of the water used for dressing comes from the mine ; it
is also used for condensing, in the change house for the miner^s to wash, and in
stamping. In connection with the engine and stamps, large quantities of oil
and grease are used. The water is collected from all sources and used for con-
centration. As a part of the rock is steatitic and contains a large proportion of
fine tin, the treatment with impure water prevents a proper saving of values.
The Elmore oil process of concentration is proposed for the treatment of these
slimes. The slimes are collected in pits and thence removed to rag frames, of
which there are, approximately, 8,000 along the stream, together with about
2,5(J0 seconds and 1,000 cleaners. In addition there are about 80 buddies and
100 round frames, varying from 18 to 22 ft. in diameter. A rag frame will treat
from 0*5 to 2 tons per day. The round frame averages 3 tons per 10 hours, and
makes one revolution in from six to seven minutes. In the 18-ft. round frame?
there are 9 six-foot heads, five for pulp and four for water; these frames treat
the slimes satisfactorily. The values after being concentrated, are calcined,
framed and huddled until marketable.
TTie Cornish Stamp Mill}^ — C. M. M3Tick describes the stamp mill for crush-
ing tin-stone in Cornwall.
Tin Dredging}^ — The attempts to dredge for tin ore at Copes Creek, New
South Wales, was a failure, due mainly to improper management and ignorance
of suitable saving appliances. A recent installation, however has made a suc-
cessful four months' run.*'
•• Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. I^XIV., (1902) p. 178. Edward Skewes.
»• Mining and ffcientijlc Preta, Vol. LXXXV., (1902). p. 826.
»• Aiutraiian Mining Standard, Vol. XXVm., (1902). p. 489.
■» iWA, Vol XXVm., (1902), p. 784.
654 THB MINBRAL INDUBTRT.
Corundum Dressing."
At the Robillard property, North Renfrew County, Canada, corundum rock,
associated with pink feldspar and small quantities of mica and magnetite, is
being milled. The process is as follows: —
(1) Mill bin, to (2).
(2) No. 2 Gates breaker, to (3).
(3) Elevator, to (4).
(4) Ore bin, to (6).
(5) One set 14X24-in. Gates rolls, to (6).
(6) Elevator, to (7).
(7) No. 1 trommel, with 6, 8, 11-mm. holes; oversize to (5) ; through 11 mm.
on 8 mm. to (10) ; through 8 mm. on 5 mm. to (9) ; through 5 mm. to (8).
(8)' No. 2 trommel with 1-5 mm. and 3-mm. holes; oversize to (11) ; through
3 mtai. on 1-5 mm. to (12) ; through 1*5 mm. to (13).
(9) Hartz jig, 6.5-mm. screens; concentrates to (14) ; tailings to waste.
(10) Hartz jig, 9.6-mm. screens; concentrates to (14) ; tailings to waste.
(11) High speed jig, 4-mm. screens; concentrates to (14) ; tailings to waste.
(12) High speed jig, 2-6-mm. screens; concentrates to (14); tailings to
waste.
(13) Classifier to remove excess of water, to slimes tank; spigot to (16).
(14) One set 30X6-in, high speed Colorado rolls, to (15).
(15) No. 3 trommel with 1 mm. and 1-5-mm. holes; oversize to (14) ; through
1'5-mm. on 1 mm. to (16) ; through 1 mm. to (17).
(16) Wilfley table; concentrates to (18) ; tailings to waste.
(17) Bartlett table; concentrates to (18); tailings to waste.
(18) Dryer, to (19).
(19) Magnetic separator; magnetite to waste; corundum to (20).
(20) Splitters (screens) 30, 80, 90-me8h; on 30-mesh to (23) ; through 30 on
80-mesh to (22) ; through 80 on 90-mesh to (24) ; through 90-me8h to (21).
(21) Graders (screens) dividing product into 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 200-me8h,
each to (24).
(22) Graders (screens) dividing product into 70, 60, 64, 46, 36, 30-mesh,
each to (27).
(23) Graders (screens) dividing product into 24, 20, 16, 14, 12-mesh finished
products; oversize to (14).
(24) Wilfley table; concentrates to (25) ; tailings to waste.
(25) Drver^ to (26).
(26) Graders (screens) dividing product into 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180
and 200-me8h finished products.
(27) Hooper jig; heads, finished product; tailings to waste.
Note. — Rewashing without sizing proved useless. The Hooper pneumatic
jig was found to be of limited application, as the air blast is not sufficient for
sizes finer than 90-mesh, and ^^blows through" sizes coarser than 30-mesh without
»• tmtitution of Mining EngineerM, Vol. XXIII., p. 446, and private information.
RBVIEW OF THE LITEHATUHE ON ORE DRESSING. 655
concentrating them. It cleans intermediate sizes successfully with the ad-
vantage that drying and regrading is obviated.
The output is about 3 tons of concentrates per day, and the quantity of fines
is proportionately small.
Maonbtic Concbntbation.
Wetherill Separators at Washington, Arizona.^^ — ^These concentrators are used
on ore averaging h% copper, 11% zinc, 1% lead, 20%^ garnet, 30% silica and
2% lime. After crushing and roasting, the ore is fed to four Wetherill four-
pole magnetic separators, each treating 25 tons per day. All poles carry 110
volts; the first two consume three amperes, while the last two require five.
The heads consist of roasted chalcopyrite and the tailings carry all the lead,
zinc, garnet and silica. The last named product is treated on Wilfley tables,
the middlings of which are re-treated yielding heads which are added to the first
table heads, and treated on Wilfley tables yielding final concentrates of 70%
lead; the concentrates are dried and fed to two 6-pole high power Wetherill
magnetic separators, each treating 15 tons per day; the magnets carry 110 volts,
the first two poles are set to four amperes, the second to ten amperes, and the last
two to 25 amperes. The first two poles lift chalcopyrite that has escaped the first
four machines ; the second two poles lift the garnets that were concentrated with
the zinc, and the last two poles lift the zinc. The tailings are inconsiderable
in quantity and consist of silica or lead that has escaped from the concentrating
tables; this material is re-run when a suflBcient quantity has accumulated.
The Wetherill Separator^ at KalJc-am-Rhein, Oermany. — These separators
have been applied successfully for the separation of galena, blende, spathic iron,
and 12% manganese in a quartz gangue. Ordinary mechanical concentration
yielded an impure spathic iron, containing from 15 to 22% zinc and 2-5% quartz.
Using the Wetherill separator, on ore crushed to 3-ram. size, the blende concen-
trates showed from 42 to 46% zinc, and the spathic iron obtained as a separate
product, carried from 1 to 3% zinc. The tension of the current used was 65
volts, with 12 amperes. Each machine, with 14-in. belts traveling 125 ft. per
second, had a capacit}' one ton per hour, with a treatment cost of 20c. per ton.
The Wetherill Separator at Denver, Colo}^ — The magnetic separation of
zinc blende from mixed sulphide ores is now carried on as a regular process by
the Colorado Zinc Co., at Denver. The ore is broken by a Gates breaker and
reduced by rolls to 30-mesh size. This product is passed to eight Wilfley tables
which separate it into galena-pvrite and py rite-blende classes. The latter is
dried and passed over the two Wetherill magnetic machines, each having three
magnets, yielding a blende product containing about 60% zinc, from 10 to 12%
iron and 1% lead, which is sold to zinc smelters, and a pyrite product containing
some lead and from 5 to 7% zinc, which is added to the galena-pvrite heads
from the Wilfley tables, the mixture being sold to the lead smelters. The
separation of the blende is due to the fact that it contains chemically combined
>• MifUmg and ScientiJIc Prest, Vol. LXXXV.. (1908), p. 840. "
«• iWd., VoL LXXrV., p. 188.
«t JDngineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXFV., (1908), p. 817.
()56 THh: MINERAL INDUSTRY.
fjiTous* sulphide which is susceptible to the intense effect of the magnets, wnilo
the galena and pyrite are not attracted. The capacity of the mill is from
40 to 45 tons of crude ore per day.
The Mechernich System of Magnetic Concentration ^^ — Hassreidter states
that in separating blende and siderite in the Upper Harz a recovery of 98-7%
of the zinc was obtained, the grains being 0-5-mm. size. With Silesian dolomitic
blende of from 2 to 3-mm. size, the recovery was 91*8%, which was increased
to 93- 6% by reducing the size of the grains to 2 mm.
The Magnetic Separation of Zinc-Iron Sulphides.^^ — ^This subject is ably dis-
cussed by Guy H. Elmore.
Wenstrom Separators at Ordngesberg, Sweden}^ — Two of these machines treat
350 tons of magnetite ore per day, the one operating on 5 to 31-mm. size, and the
other on coarser material up to about 100 mm. ; the product is 200 tons of ore
containing from 60 to 62% iron and from 0'7 to 0'8% phosphorus, 60 tons of
fines containing from 58 to 60% iron and 0*8 to 0*9% phosphorus, and 100 tons
of waste. In a few districts Monarch separators are in use.
Separating Lead, Zinc and Iron Sulphides at Rico, Colo}^ — The ore is crushed
and passed over Wilfley tables, to separate the lead and silica from the zinc
and iron. The latter product is then passed through a magnetic separator to
remove the iron which leaves a clean commercial product, carrying from
66 to 60% zinc. It is claimed that a sulphide carr}ung 20% zinc can be
treated successfully, making three commercial products: a high-grade lead con-
centrate, an iron sulphide with practically no zinc, carrying silver, and a high-
grade zinc product. The plant at Rico handles 60 tons per day, and the separated
zinc ore is shipped to the Belgium spelter works. Another plant is to be installed
at Leadville.
Frddings Magnetic Separator}^ — This separator is practically a convex slime
table with a series of underlying magnets extending around six-sevenths of the
circumference. The magnetic particles adhere to the surface of the table, while
the non-magnetic particles are washed off; the heads finally leave the table after
passing the magnetic field. There are 12 magnets carrying 100 volts and 8
amperes. At Herrang a machine of this type treated 2 tons of 28% iron ore
per hour, produced heads containing from 62 to 64% iron, and tailings carrying
8% iron, of which 0*5% is magnetic, the remainder being in the form of silicate.
The results of concentrating unsized ore from Norberg containing 21% iron,
were : heads 57% iron and tailings 6% iron.
Oil Concentration.
Experimental Results with the Elmore Process,^'' — The Elmore process of
concentration of ores with oil is under experiment in London at a mill of a
capacity of from 10 to 20 tons per day. A recent test on copper ore from
«« J&umal of the Society of Chemical Industry^ Sept, 80, (1908).
«• Mining Reporter. Vol. XLVI., Dec. 18, (1902), p. 504.
•* Berg- und Huettenmaenniache Zeitung, Vol. LXI., (1902), p. 68.
4» Mining and Srentifir Preiis, Vol. LXXXIV., (1902), p. 74.
«• Oesterreichixrhe Zeituchrift fn^'r Berg- und Buettenweaen. Vol. L., (1908), p. Ml
«» Mining and Scientific Pr^sst, Vol. LXXXIV., (1908), p. 880.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ORE DRESSING. 657
Copperopolis, Cal., which could not be. concentrated by water, has been very suc-
cessful, and on low-grade ore from Rossland, B. C, the process yielded concefn-
trates of 6*08% copper as compared with 2'6% copper by water concentration; in
addition the silver and gold contents were proportionately higher. The tailings
showed a much higher recovery of metals with oil. Successful tests have also
been made on Colorado silver ores in which gray copper and brittle silver min-
eral were disseminated through a gangue, partly of barite.
A 60-ton mill in Norway is in operation on ore consisting of copper and iron
pyrite with gold in quartz. The ore is crushed by 15 stamps to 20-me8h size,
and is passed to three McDermott "sizers," or submerged 30-mesh screens. The
coarse discharge from the sizers is delivered to a Wilfley table, while the fines
are treated on three 6-foot Prue vanners, the tailings from which pass through
the oil process plant, consisting of two units, each of three mixing cylinders.
The results at this plant have not been published at the time of writing; two
100-ton and one 60-ton mills are now being constructed for English copper
mines.
Concentration results^^ on a 2-2% copper showed a loss by water concentration
of from 30 to 68*6% owing to float mineral ; while by the oil process the loss
was only 7%^
Chas. M. Passett** describes experiments on a highly siliceous ore carrying
from 16 to 20 oz. silver per ton, a trace of gold, small quantities of antimony,
copper and lead, and from 8 to 10% iron pyrite. It was possible by ordinary
methods to save only from 20 to 25% of the values, because in crushing the
hard gangue to 30-mesh size, the friable mineral is ground to an impalpable
powder and is floated off. The oil process using a heavy petroleum residue,
however concentrated the ore from 18'8 oz. to 169 oz. silver per ton, the quantity
of concentrates produced amounting to 8-9 per cent.
Coal Washing.
The Allard coal screening niethod^^ used in the vicinity of Charleroi and
Mons, is based on the difference in the shape of the coal and the associated
slate. Coal fragments are nearly always in cubes, while slate is generally flat.
To insure more efficient separation Allard uses at the lower end of the ordinary
screen, a series of wedge-shaped iron bars tapering along their length, the
intervening spaces thereby becoming wider as the material to be screened is
passed along. The swinging motion of the screen causes the flat pieces of slate
to tip on edge and to fall through while the cubes of coal pass on. An ordinary
screen beneath the bars separates any coal which may have passed through the
bars. Both coal and slate dross are delivered to picking belts. At the Nord
de Charleroi pit, an Allard screen driven by an 85-H.P. engine, treats 1,000
tons in 10 hours. Six classes of coal are obtained, and sorting on the picking
belt is required only for lumps exceeding 3 in. in size. A similar 2,000-ton plant
is being erected at the Grand Homue Colliery in the Mons district. At another
«•• Mining and Scientific Presa, Vol. LXXXV., (19(W), p. «7.
«• Ihid., Vol. LXXXrV.. (1908), p. 848.
- Colliery Ovardian, LXXXIV., (igoe). p. 1808.
658
THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
coUiery an Allard screen is successfully used to remove 2% of dross left in the coal
after washing.
The Maurice centrifugal coal washer^^ treating coal from a mine near St.
Etienne, France, gave the following results: First operation, 2,862 tons, con-
taining 30% lesidue (ash and slate), yielded 1,650 tons, containing 9% residue,
and 1,302 tons containing 55% residue. Second operation, 1,302 tons con-
taining 55% residue, yielded 525 tons containing 18% residue (coal for
boilers), and 777 tons of slate, containing 20% of coal.
The Craig coal washer^^ was originally designed to treat gold-bearing sands,
but is now doing good work on coal up to 1'6-in. size. Before feeding to the
table, the 'coal is thoroughly mixed with water, and allowed to fall through
openings to the tables or washer. The latter is Y shaped, and the coal is fed
to it at the jimction of the arms where the inclination is 1 in 6 (adjustable).
The table, mounted on wheels on inclined rails, is actuated by a cam, the return
stroke being taken up by springs which pull it to strike against a buffer. A
5-in. stroke is used at 60 r. p. m., both stroke and revolutions are adjustable.
The coal is discharged by spouts at the base of the Y and the impurities at the
arms. At Coanwood collieiy a washer of this type reduced the quantity of ash
from 11-51 to 4-80%. Smudge containing 25% dirt has been treated with a
reduction by washing to 5 per cent.
The Campbell Coal-Washing Table^^ was used on coal which passed through
bars set 0*75 in. apart ; the proportion of sizes being through 0*75 in. and over
0*5 in., 27%; through 05 in. and over 0*3125 in. (^), 42%; and through
0-3125 in. (^), 31%. A test run of 1,500 tons yielded the following results: —
results: —
Pouiids.
Per Cent.
Sulphur.
Ash.
Raw coal
8.166,024
8,970,429
196,595
100
98-9
61
1*910
0-857
17-617
6-810
4-800
44-996
Washed coal
Refuse
In the Baum washer at Gelsenkirchen,^^ about 53*5 tons of coal from 0 to
80 mm. (3 J in.) in diameter are treated per hour, two machines dealing with the
0 to 10 mm. size, and one each for the sizes, 10 to 15 mm., 15 to 30 mm.,
30 to 50 mm. and 50 to 80 mm.
At Bruay and Maries, France, ^'^ the sizes of coal handled varies from 15 to 25
mm., and contain from 16 to 20% ash ; which is reduced to 8 or 9% after washing.
The Seitz portable coal loading and screening machine^^ is operated by steam.
The machine is run to the edge of a coal pile, where by means of an automatic
endless-chain, belt-raking device, the material is brought to upright buckets,
and thence to the screens which are placed on both sides. This machine is recom-
mended for use in reclaiming coal from culm banks, as it would yield a saving
over the machinery now in use.
•» American Manufacturer and Iron Worlds Vol. LXX.. (1908), p. 887.
•« Institution of Mining Engineert, Vol. XXIII., p. 179. Wm. Soott.
»» Tbid., Vol. XXIII., p. 486. C R. Clafchom.
M CoUiery GMrdian, Vol. LXXXIV., (1908), p. 1717.
" Ibid.. Vol. LXXXIV., (1902), p. 1119.
•• Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. T,XXTTT., (1908), p. 787.
PROGRESS OF METALLOGRAPHY IN 1902.
By William Campbell.
During the year 1902 the number of publications bearing directly or indirectly
upon metallography shows a marked increase over that of past years. In the
eighth edition of "The Microscope," Prof. S. H. Gage alludes to the microscopical
examination and photomicrography of metallic surfaces. Macmillan & Co. has
published a book on metallography, by A. H. Hioms, which is severely criticised
in the Metallographist, Vol. V., p. 342.
In the technical schools there has been great activity. At Harvard a new metal-
lographic laboratory has been equipped. At Columbia University and the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, a great deal of work has been done, while at the
School of Mines of the University of Missouri, McQill University, Michigan Col-
lege of Mines, Worcester Polytechnic and many other institutions, metallographic
equipment has been added to the laboratories.
Many industrial firms have added to their equipment or installed new outfits,
notably the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., at Altoona, the Westinghouse Machine Co.
of Pittsburg, the Crucible Steel Co. of America, at Syracuse, and others From an
industrial point of view, metallography seems to be making giant strides forward,
and in the near future every metallurgical laboratory will doubtless be equipped
with an outfit for the microscopical examination of metals and alloys.
One of the most important publications during the year appears in the Journal
of the Iron and Steel Institute (1902, I., 90), under the title of "The Nomen-
clature of Metallography/' In view of the fact that, with the development of
metallography, the nomencluture is becoming more and more involved, the
Council of the Institute (at Mr. Stead's instigation) appointed a committee to
consider the matter. A "Glossary of Terms" has been drawn up in the hope
that it will tend to promote the unification of terms, the simplification of those
used and the elimination of many of them. As far as possible the exact equiva-
lents in French and German have been added. The gl-Dssary will prove of great
value especially to those who are accustomed to read French and German papers
in the original.
The Soci6te d'Encouragement pour Tlndustrie Nationale has published a
volume entitled "Contributions a I'Etude des Alliages/' In it will be found
660 THB MINERAL INDU8TBT,
the results of researches undertaken by the Committee on Alloys of the Society.
Many have been already published in the Bulletin and elsewhere. The volume
contains sixteen articles, including the following ones of metallographic import-
ance: On Microscopic Metallography, H. Le Chatelier; Microscopical Study of
Metallic Alloys, G. Charpy; Generid Method for the Microscopic Analysis of
Carbon Steel, F. Osmond. The various papers are beautifully illustrated.
The Cbtstalune Structure of Metals.
The Crystalline Structure of Platinum has been worked out by Andrews.^ When
a small ingot of pure platinum was polished and etched with boiling aqua regia,
the crystalline structure developed appears to resemble that of gold and silver.
Photographs were taken,* and under a magnification of 360 diameters, primary
and secondary crystals are seen resembling those found in lead, iron, etc. The
size of the primaries varies from 0002 to 004 in., and those of the secondaries
from 0 0002 to 0007 in.
The Microscopic Effects of Stress on Platinum, by T. Andrews and C. R.
Andrews,' show results practically the same as those of Ewing and Rosenhain,
published in their paper on 'The Crystalline Structure of Metals." It was found
that many of the large or primary crystals had developed innumerable fine slip
bands in consequence of strain, and the results confirm the observations of Ewing
and others that stress alone, without etching, sometimes renders the lines of inter-
crystalline junction visible, providing, of course, that the stress is of sufficient in-
tensity.
The effect of strain in altering the structure of a metal, especially a soft one,
is pointed out in a note on *The Crystallization Produced in Solid Metal by
Pressure," by W. Campbell.' In the preparation of sections of soft metals and
alloys it was found that particles are apt to cling to the file, and if allowed to re- '
main they tend to tear the surface of the metal. The effect is not immediately
noticeable, but on etching the polished surface there appear besides the usual
structure of the metal lines of much smaller crystals with irregular boundaries,
but possessing different orientation. If the tearing effect of the file has been
extreme these crystals may blot out the initial crystallization produced by the
original cooling. Fig. 1 ( X 80 diameters, vertical illumination shows this struc-
ture produced in cast tin and the effect has been to blot out the structure due
to casting. This action occurs also when a soft metal is cut with a saw and
unless the metal thus modified is removed during subsequent treatment, this
crystallization appears along with the original structure on etching. Fig. 2
(X 33 diameters, oblique illumination) shows a vertical section of slowly cooled
tin. The large granular structure is due to the original cooling, but in addi-
tion there appears a much finer crystallization produced by the tearing effect of
the saw. This effect is only on the surface however, for on regrinding and
polishing carefully the large granular structure alone remains.
> Proceeding* of the Royal Society of London^ 09, 488.
« Ibid.. 70; Metallographiat, V., 286.
■ Metattographitt, V., 57.
Fig. I. (x 80 Diameters. Vertical Illumina-
tion.) Cast Tin Filed and Etched. Showing
change in structure.
Fig. 2. (x 33 Diameters. OI)lique Illumi-
nation.) Tin Slowly Cooled. Sawed and
Etched. Showing change in structure.
f 'ff- 3- (x 35 Diameters. Vertical Illumination.)
Dendrites on Surface'of Aluminum.
Fig. 4. (x 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Dendrites on Surface of IMatinum,
^^S' 5- (^ 35 Diameters. Vertical Illumina-
tion.) Dendrites on Surface of Silver.
Fig. 6. (x 1 6 Diameters. Vertical Illumina-
tion.) Dendrites on Surface of Silver. Showing
relation to crystallization.
Fii(. 7. (X 30 Diameters. Oblique
Illumination.) Cadmium Cast in Iron
Mold and Etched with Nitric Acid.
Fig. 8. (x 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumination.)
Dendrites on Surface of Cadmium. (Same Ingot as
F'ig- 7-)
'PItOORE88 OF METALLOGRAPHY. 661
The crystalline growth of most metals is markedly shown when the surfaces
of cast ingots are examined. Besides the ordinary granular or crystalline struc-
ture are often found dendritic growths which stand out above the surface of the
ingot, because in the process of solidification, the mass contracts more or less,
the molten part sinks and the growths are left standing out in relief. A trace
of impurity in the metal often intensifies this effect. Fig. 3 (X 35 diameters,
vertical illumination) shows the dendrites common to bars of aluminum. They
consist of two axes or arms at right angles, and as a rule only one quadrant of
the dendrite is fully developed. Fig. 4 (X 33 diameters, vertical illumination)
shows the surface of a platinum bead with dendrites similar to those of aluminum.
If a cupellation button of silver be examined, there can be seen in places huge
dendritic crystals, whose complexity is shown under the microscope; they con-
sist of two axes at right angles, usually equally developed. From each axis per-
pendicular spines grow out until they meet those of the next axis. These spines
themselves have knobs, grains and spines growing perpendicularly from them,
and therefore parallel to the axis to which they belong. The nearer the center of
symmetry the smaller the structure. In Fig. 5 (X 35 diameter vertical illumi-
nation) is seen a small dendrite of a silver button. It will be noticed that the
dendrite is really the skeleton of the grain or crystal, which almost covers the
whole field. The relation of these crystals, which form the general structure of
the silver, is seen in Fig. 6 ( X 16 diameters, vertical illumination) . The polygonal
boundaries are very marked. Along with this there is the structure due to
shrinkage during cooling. As a rule this structure (which may be compared
with the columnar structure of basalt) coincides with the crystallization of the
metal, but occasionally it takes a course of its own, and it is found taking a short
cut across a crystal. On looking closely into the illustration the structure due to
crystallization can be seen as distinctly finer boimdaries, and the markings on the
crystal faces (probably slip-lines set up by the strain) are seen to pass across
the structure due to cooling.
Metals with a comparatively low melting point show very distinct structures,
both when slowly cooled and when cast. Fig. 7 shows the base of a cadmium
ingot cast in an iron mold ( X 30 diameters, oblique illumination) . The specimen
has been etched with nitric acid. Fig. 8 (X 33 diameters, vertical illumination)
shows the dendritic structure on the surface of the same ingot. The difference
in size between the structure of the base and of the surface is due entirely to
the difference in the rate of cooling. The dendrites of cadmium form six-rayed
stars, showing a decidedly hexagonal symmetry. As in the case of silver, so here,
it is seen that these dendrites are the skeletons of the grains or crystals enclosing
them. This is shown in Fig. 9 (X 33 diameters, vertical illumination), which is
the same surface deeply etched with nitric acid. The granular structure is
markedly shown, with the dendrite in the center of the largest grain.
The development of slip-lines when a metal is strained beyond its elastic
limit, so well demonstrated by Ewing and Rosenhain, is easily shown by slightly
bending an ingot with a clean surface. Fig. 10 (X 30 diameters, vertical illumi-
nation) shows a surface of a cadmium ingot which has been thus strained. It
has been etched with dilute nitric acid. The slip-lines can be seen, changing
662 THE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
in direction as they pass from one grain to another, but in one grain parallel to
some one or more constant directions.
Fig. 11 (X 70 diameters, vertical illumination) shows the dendritic structure
found on the base of an ingot of bismuth. It is quite distinct from that of cad-
mium, being apparently built up of grains or crystals,' with more or less plane
faces. This is what is to be expected when the strongly crystalline structure of
bismuth is remembered. If bismuth be strained, slip-lines and broad bands are
produced. Fig. 12 (X 33 diameters, vertical illumination) shows a strained ingot
of bismuth, etched with dilute hydrochloric acid. The broad lines produced seem
to resemble the twinning of a plagioclase, and it would seem probable that the
bands do represent a twinning of the bismuth. For on revolving the specimen
through 90^ the dark parts become light and the light areas dark. In other
words the black bands are those parts of the grain whose orientation has been
revolved through, say 90**, just as a crystal of calcite can be twinned with a sharp
blow with a knife. In lead for instance, the usual appearance is that of fine
lines, hence it may be judged that lead merely slips, but does not twin.
Fig. 13 (X 30 diameters, vertical illumination) shows the dendritic structure
of tin cast on stone in which the junction of three dendrites is clearly illustrated.
Fig. 14 is another view of the same surface (showing a finer dendritic growth
in one of the grains) after straining. Broad slip bands have been produced
even more markedly than in the case of bismuth.
If zinc is examined the same structures are found. Fig. 15 (X 30 diameters,
oblique illumination) shows the base of a small zinc ingot cast in stone and
etched. The coarse crystallization and the twin or slip bands have been brought
out. Deep etching serves to reveal the cause of the difEerence in orientation of
crystal grains, as has been pointed out by Stead. Fig. 16 (X 33 diameters, oblique
illumination) shows tin cast on stone and etched with very dilute hydrochloric
acid for a considerable time. The differential etching action has laid bare the
upturned plates or secondary crystals which go to form each grain and as each
set is differently oriented a difference in the reflection of light is obtained.
When strain on a metal is prolonged and great, the grains tend to split up, as
Prof. Ewing has shown, and a finer crystallization takes the place of the old.
Pig. 17 shows the structure of cast tin which has been hammered down to about
002 in. thick. Annealing causes a rearrangement and the tin tends to assume a
coarser structure. Fig. 18 shows the same hammered tin after annealing below
180° C. for 15 hours. The difference between the two structures is striking.
The dendritic structure of lead is apparently much finer than that of zinc,
tin, etc. Fig. 19 (X 33 diameters, vertical illumination) shows the base of lead
cast on stone. The crystallization is extremely small and is developed more or
less along parallel axes with shorter branches at right angles. All of these paral-
lel axes belong to the same grain or crystal, as is seen when the specimen is
etched or strained, as in Fig. 20 ( X 33 diameters, vertical illumination) . The fine
structure is composed of two series of parallel slip-lines in marked contrast with
the bands developed in bismuth, cadmium, zinc, etc.
If a grain of lead is etched deeply the secondary crystals are revealed, as in the
case of iron, platinum, tin, etc. Fig. 21 (X 33 diameters, vertical illumination)
/ ^i
«
Fig. lo. (x 30 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Slip Lines on Strained Cadmium
Ingot.
Fig. 9. (x 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumina-
tion.) Dendrites of Cadmium. Showing rela-
tion to crystallization.
Fig. II. (x 70 Diameters. Vertical Illumi- Fig. 12. (x 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Dendrites on Surface of Bismuth. nation.) Slip Lines on Strained Bismuth.
Fijj. 13. (x 30 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Dendritic Structure of Tin Cast on
Stone.
Fig. 14.
nation.)
straining.
(x 30 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
Another view of Fig. 13 after
Ki^. 15. (x 30 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Base of Small Ingot of Zinc Cast on
Stone.
Fig. 16. (x 33 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Tin Cast on Stone and Etched.
PB0QBBS8 OF MBTALLOGBAPHT. 663
shows a grain which has been etched with nitric acid. In it are seen numerous
tetrahedra eaten out. They are all arranged in the same direction and it is
noticed that on straining the specimen, the slip-lines are parallel to one of the
sides of the tetrahedron. Further straining results in the production of three
series of slip-lines parallel to the sides of the triangle and no more. The fourth
possible one is parallel to the plane of the photograph. Hence there apparently
exists an intimate relation between the secondary crystals and the slip-lines.
When zinc, tin, lead, etc., are rolled the same effect is obtained as that described
in the hammering of tin (Figs. 17 and 18). Fig. 22 (X 33 diameters, oblique
illumination) shows a strip of cadmium rolled out to about 0075 in. thick. It
was rolled from the bar shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The structure has been entirely
destroyed and replaced by a much finer crystallization. Fig. 23 shows the same
strip annealed at about 180® C. for seven days (X 33 diameters, oblique illumina-
tion) etched with dilute nitric acid. The growth of crystals is very marked.
The structure of electrolytically deposited metals varies greatly. Fig. 24 ( X 33
diameters, oblique illumination) shows a section of a knob from a sheet of elec-
trolytically deposited copper. The crystalline structure is very decided. In Fig.
25 (X 15 diameters, oblique illumination) are seen several crystals of electrolytic
silver. In marked contrast with the above is Fig. 26 (X 15 diameters, oblique
illumination), which shows a section through a knob of electro-nickel in which
there is merely a concentric growth and no distinct crystal grains. Iron electro-
lytically deposited closely resembles nickel in appearance.
The Fracture of Metals under Repeated Alternations of Stress* has been studied
by Ewing and Humfrey. Swedish iron was used for the experiment. A bar
(0*3X01 in.) was taken and one of the surfaces was polished and etched; it was
then subjected to reversals of stress by bending so that the polished surface was
alternately extended and compressed. This was done by making the rod project
from a revolving shaft with a load on the projecting end. As the process went on
the rod was examined from time to time under the microscope. Slip-lines were
developed and after many reversals they changed into comparatively wide bands.
Finally some of the crystals cracked along the broadened bands and then a long
continuous track was developed across the surface of the specimen. Fracture
shortly followed.
Iron and Stbbl. \
In the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1902, Prof. Howe discusses the constitution
and thermal treatment of steel. He first describes the different microscopic
entities which constitute the different varieties of iron, then by means of
a temperature-composition or equilibrium curve, shows the position of each.
Lastly he deals with thermal treatment, such as hardening, tempering and
annealing of steel, the chilling and annealing of cast iron, etc. This article is
remarkable for its clearness and quality and in a few pages is found a concise
and clear summary of the present state of our knowledge of this important branch
of metallography.
4 FhUotophieaZ Trantactiona of tKe Roffol Society of London, 1908, A 1; MetaOographM, VI., M.
664 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
S. A. Houghton* has published a large paper with numerous photomicro-
graphs on the Internal Structure of Iron and Steel, with special reference to
defective material. The photographs deal with the several kinds of material,
starting with mild steel boiler plate, medium steel, high-carbon steel, cast iron,
pig iron and finally spiegeleisen.
The microstructure of hardened steel has been carefully worked out by Arnold
and McWilliam.* Three specimens of steel were taken, imsaturated, saturated
and supersaturated with carbon. Their critical points were first determined
and then each was quenched at varying temperatures. The paper contains numer-
ous excellent photographs and comes to the following summary: —
1. That the clear and definite constituents of hardened steel consist of (a)
Hardenite (FcjiC), of which the whole mass consists only in the case of 0-89%
carbon steel.
(6) Ferrite, Fe, which segregates more or less in unsaturated carbon steel in
spite of the rapid action of quenching.
(c) Cementite, FcgC, which segregates more or less in supersaturated steels in
spite of the rapid action of quenching.
The indefinite portions of hardened steels consist in unsaturated carbon steels
of Hardenite containing more or less unsegregated ferrite, or in supersaturated
carbon steels of hardenite containing more or less unsegregated cementite.
2. Martensite is not a constituent but a crystalline structure developed at
high temperatures. It is marked in saturated carbon steels by preferential etch-
ing lines, in unsaturated carbon steels by striae of ferrite, and in supersaturated
carbon steels by striae of cementite.
3. The existence of constituents sorbite, troostite and austenite is extremely
doubtful.
The paper called forth a great deal of discussion, especially on the alleged
constituents, sorbite, troostite and austenite.
In a paper on the Overheating of Mild SteeU by Prof. Heyn the changes of a
purely physical effect imaccompanied by chemical change are discussed. The
paper contains the results of many physical tests and shows that when low
carbon mild steel is annealed at temperatures above 1,000**C. there occurs an
increase in the degree of brittleness if the annealing period is sufficiently long.
Prolonged annealing at temperatures between 700° and 890® C. produces no
increase in brittleness. By suitably annealing, the brittleness of overheated low-
carbon mild steels can be eliminated. If annealing is carried on at about 900°C.
a short period of about half an hour is sufficient, while by annealing for several
days at temperatures between 700** and 850°C. this object can be obtained.
The Effect of Reheating upon the Coarse Structure of Overheated Steel" has
been worked out by Mr. Goransson for a steel containing 1*2% C. His experi-
ments show that refining occurs when the steel reaches a point where all the ce-
mentite is redissolved by the martensite and this occurs where the reheating has
• hutitute of Marine Bngineera, April 81, 1908; MechaniccU Emgineer^ DC., 617.
• Joumai of the Iron and Steel IhsHtute, 1QQ9, 1., p. 180.
» Ibid., 1908, n.. p. 78.
• JernkontoreU Annaier, LVII., p. 170; TrantacticnBofth^ American hMtitute of Mining Enginewn, 19Qa
Fig. 1 8. Same as Fig. 17 after annealing
Fig. 17. Structure of Cast Tin Hammered below iSo*' F. for 15 hours,
to a Thinness of 0.02 iu.
Fig. 19. (x 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Dendritic Structure '^f Lead Cast on
Stone.
Fig. 20. (X 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Same as Fig. 19 after straining.
¥' «-
UX
^
Fig. 21. (x 33 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Lead Etched with Nitric Acid.
Fig. 22. (X 33 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Strip of Cadmium Rolled to 0.075 *"•
in Thinness.
Fig. 23. (x 33 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Same as Fig. 22 after annealing at
180^ C. for seven days.
Fig. 24. (X 33 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Section of Knob from Electrolytic
Copper.
PBOQBESa OF METALL0GBAPH7. 665
reached 8ome 887'' C, in other words refining occurs above Ac^. It would seem
that for most steels the refining temperature was Ac2^ and not Ac^.
Several papers upon steel rails have appeared. B. Job in a paper on ''Steel
Rails : Relations between Structure and Durability,"* points out that specifying
chemical composition^alone ensures neither a durable rail nor often a bad rail.
Structure played a considerable part. Defective rails were either of a coarse
regular granular structure or contained an excess of foreign matter, such as
oxides, slag, etc. Good rails of the same composition in general were of a fine
interlocking, broken-up granular form with relative freedom from foreign mat-
ter. Numerous microphotographs illustrate the paper.
Sauveur discussed the Structure and Finishing Temperature of Steel Rails at
the fifth annual meeting of the American Section of the International Association
for Testing Materials, June, 1902. The paper appeared in The Mineral In-
dustry, Vol. X.
Mr. S. S. Martin has published several papers on the structure of steel rails.
In the Metallographist, Vol. V. (p. 245, et seq.), he gives some excellent
fuicrophotographs to illustrate the striking manner in which the sawing opera-
tion influences the structure of the metal in immediate contact with the saw.
Specimens were hot sawed and cold sawed. The former had a much finer
structure than the normal rail, while the cold sawed surface is, if anything,
coarser. On removing 007 in. of metal the normal structure was obtained. The
very great difference between the two structures can be readily accounted for.
Upon leaving the finishing rolls the temperature of the rail (at least the center
of the head) was still well above the critical point. On slow cooling the metal
crystallized, giving the normal structure. Hot sawing of the rail means that
the metal in contact with the saw did not cool undisturbedly, but work was con-
tinued and a fine structure was thereby obtained.
Quoting from another paper by Mr. Martin :^^ ''To obtain a non-granular
structure throughout the rail the temperature must be reduced earlier in the roll-
ing— in fact, the bar or bloom must not be reheated, but should be rolled direct
from the ingot. In the latter case the bloom will be delivered to the rail rolls
at a temperature of 850 ®C., while a reheated bloom will be delivered at 1,000** C.
or more. I want to emphasize the fact that while the rail is held before the final
pass, at a temperature above the critical point, it crystallizes, and the single pass
which it subsequently receives is incapable of breaking up the granular structure
for more than a certain depth. This practice of direct rolling has been carried
on for years in some mills in this country, and in almost all mills abroad.^'
Mr. P. H. Dudley, in a report to the New York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road Co.," deals at length with the Rolling and Structure of Steel Rails. Ibur-
teen excellent photographs illustrate the paper.
Nickel steel is discussed in The Railroad Oazeite, Aug. 8, 1902. The article
is illustrated by numerous photographs, which contrast the structures of carbon
and nickel steels which have undergone the same treatment. Leon Guillet has
•JimrmaofihsFraiikUnhuHtuie^WA » M^Mto^mpMit, V L, li. a
>* Iron Age, Dec. 98. 1901, p. 4.
666 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
studied the Mierostructure of Nickel Steels** with special reference to certain
treatments!
Mathews,*' in a paper entitled "A Comparative Study of Some Low Carbon
Steel Alloys," has worked upon several alloys of iron with nickel, chromium
and molybdenum. He first gives the results of testing both the annealed and
unannealed specimens, then he discusses the microscopical examination with
24 photomicrographs, while the latter part of his paper is devoted to the electrical
conductivity. For this work he was awarded the Carnegie gold medal by the
Iron and Steel Institute.
Charpy and Qrenet, in their paper on "The Equilibrium of Iron-Carbon Sys-
tems,"" come to the following conclusions: —
1. The separation of graphite begins at a temperature which is lower the
greater the percentage of silicon.
2. The separation of graphite once begun continues at temperatures lower than
those at which it begins.
3. At constant temperature the separation of graphite is effected progressively
more visibly as the temperature is lowered and the amount of silicon is less.
4. The amount of combined carbon which corresponds to the equilibrium at
a given temperature diminishes when the amount of silicon increases.
5. The amount of combined carbon which corresponds to the equilibrium di-
minishes as the temperature decreases. They studied a large number of
samples of iron of varying compositions, and their results are based upon
chemical analyses and microscopic examination. Several excellent microphoto-
graphs are sh()wn.
In a paper read before the American Society for Testing Materials, Prof.
Howe discusses the Constitution of Cast Iron.*' This enlarges upon the views
set forth in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
Vol. XXXI.
Prof. Arnold, writing on the "Properties of Steel Castings,"*' states that his
experiments show that pure iron and carbon steel is not suitable material for
fulfilling the modern specifications drafted by engineers for steel castings.
Ductility and tenacity do not accompany each other. The paper is but the first
of a series to determine among other things the influence of chemical composition
and of annealing as the mechanical properties and microstructures of steel cast-
ings. The paper is of great interest, for it summarizes the mierostructure of
material varying from 007 to 1 95% C.
W. M. Carr, in a paper on "The Annealing of Steel Casting,"*^ illustrates three
types of steel (of same composition) by three photographs. The first, unan-
nealed steel, shows coarse banded crystallization. The second is properly an-
nealed steel, whose structure is very, ver}' minute, while the third is over-
annealed steel, shoving the coarse crystalline structure once more.
>« CompteM rendu9, 1908, 186. p. 508.
1* Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 1908, 1., p. 18S.
t« ButteHn de la SocUti <rBneoumgem€nt, March, 1908.
>* Proeeedingi of the American Society for Testing Materiais. IL, p. 8M, 1908.
>• Journal of the Iron and Steel InetituU, 1901, 1., p. 175; MetaUographiet, V., p. 8.
1* Foundry, October, 1901.
Pn0Gn£!3S OP MBTALLOOBAPHT. 667
Alloys.
In the Metallographist, April, 1902, is a reprint of Mr. Stead^s excellent paper
on "Metallic Alloys."^® After discussing the various constituents of alloys, he
deals with the different methods employed for studying the constitution and
properties of alloys. At the end of the paper he gives two excellent alloy charts
for representing the structural, constitutional and physical properties of alloys.
The paper is well worth the reading, and, like all of Mr. Stead's work, is absolutely
clear and lucid.
Another paper by Mr. Stead deals with the "Alloys of Copper and Iron."*'
The microchemical results obtained are: —
1. Copper and iron alloy in every proportion by direct fusion, and in none
of the alloys is there any tendency for metals to separate into two conjugate
liquid layers.
2. The complete series of alloys may be classified into three distinct sections : —
A. Alloys with traces to 2-73% Pe and 97-2% Cn.
B. Alloys between 2-73 and 92% Fe.
C. Alloys containing between 8% and traces of Cu.
Glass A consists of isomorphous crystal grains of iron and copper. They all
have the appearance of pure copper.
Class B. As soon as 2-73% Fe is exceeded the cold alloys are found to contain
a separate constituent consisting at first of six-rayed crystallites of a constituent
rich in iron. As 10% Pe is approached these crystallites change their form and
assume the dendritic or cruciform character of octahedral skeletons. As the
percentage of iron is further increased, these crystallites also increase and even-
tually mutually interfere and assume the form of rounded crystal grains sur-
rounded by envelopes of copper containing 2-73% Pe in solution. These en-
velopes disappear at 8% Cu, and from this onwards, the alloys belong to Class C,
• which consist of crystal grains of iron holding up to 8% Cu in solid solution.
The second part of the paper deals with the influence of carbon on copper-iron
alloys. When carbon is present, it limits the quantity of copper which can be al-
loyed with iron, for alloys with about equal parts of copper and iron, which do not
separate into two conjugate liquid layers before solidification, when remelted at
a white heat on charcoal, absorb carbon. This causes them to separate into two
liquid layers, one containing about 2*% C and 10% Cu, the heavier about 10% Pe
and 008% C. This accounts for the somewhat conflicting statements of the
authorities in our text-books, for they may not have taken into account the effect
of carbon in preventing the alloying of copper with iron.
Antimony and Tellurium. — These alloys have been studied by Pay and
Ashley,*® who have worked out the cooling curves for the series. This shows the
alloys to consist of two groups. Group A. Alloys consisting of solid solutions of
antimony and antimony-telluride SbjTe,, or from 100 to 39% of antimony.
!• Cleveland IneUtutUm of Ettiffineen, December, IMO; MeiaUoffraphUt, V., lia
I fJounuMl ofihsIr<mondSt*HhutUmie,^Wl, XL, p. 101
*^Jmerio€mCkmnieaiJcurnaltt9n,9r,p,%.
668 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Group B. Simple alloys of SbjTej, and tellurium having a eutectic alloy 87%
tellurium melting at 421°C.
Lead and Tellurium. — Fay and Gillson*®* have determined the cooling curves,
which together with the microstructure show these alloys to be divisible into: —
A. 100 to 64% Pb. Consisting of lead-telluride (PbTe) surrounded by de-
creasing amounts of lead.
B. 64% Pb to pure tellurium, consisting of simple alloys of PbTe and
tellurium with a eutectic point at 21-5% lead, freezing at 400°C.
Lead, Tin and Bismuth. — E. S. Shepherd*^ has discussed these alloys very
carefully from all sides. He gives a careful summary of the previous work, and
then attacks the tenary alloys from the point of view of the phase rule, and
shows that no compounds are formed, but that tin crystallizes out pure (often in
an unstable denser form), whereas lead and bismuth form two series of solid
solutions.
Copper and Tin. — An appendix to the Reports of the Alloys Research Com-
mittee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, England, has appeared, en-
titled the "Microscopical Examination of the Alloys of Copper and Tin.'* It
is illustrated by 140 figures. One of the best papers as yet published on these
or any other alloys is by Heycock and Neville, on the Constitution of Copper-Tin
alloys.** In their wonderful diagram they have taken advantage of Rooseboom's
theory of solid solutions, and are able to explain the whole series of alloys througli
all ranges of temperature and composition. Their work is based on evidence of
microstructure and cooling curves, and is a monument of painstaking and care.
Aluminum Alloys. — ^Leon Guillet** has isolated a number of compounds of
aluminum with iron, manganese, copper, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, etc., by
heating the oxides with granulated aluminum and treating the products with
acids. Brunck** has isolated other aluminum compounds in a similar manner.
In the copper-aluminum series of alloys there are three distinct compounds ac-
cording to Guillet. They are CugAl, CuAl and CuAlj. Tjcverrier found Cu,Al
and CujjAla to be the compounds at the copper end of the series, while Le Chatelier
was able to separate a diffusion alloy into five distinct zones. At the top came
crystallites and dendrites of aluminum in a eutectic of Al and AljCu. Next came
cubic crystals of AljCu in the same eutectic. Below this, crystals probably of
AlCu are found in a ground mass of AljCu. Then followed similar crystals in
a eutectic alloy, whose structure can be seen under high magnification. At the
base came crystals of AlCuj passing down into dendrites of copper.
The copper end of the series is very interesting, for in it is found the aluminum
bronze series. It is remarkable, for there are several changes in the solid similar to
those found in the copper-tin alloys and in the steels. These changes can be
very simply demonstrated by means of a diffusion alloy, ranging from about 80%
to 90% Cu. Two alloys, containing 80 and 90% copper respectively, were made,
and the former was carefully poured onto the latter, and the whole allowed to cooL
••• American Chemical Journal. 1908, 87, p. 81.
•> Journal of Physical Chemiatry, IMB, 6, 510.
** Proeeedinot of tlu Royal Society of Ijondon^ ]OQB« 60, 890.
M Comptea rcndiM, 188. pp. 1118 and 1888; 188, pp. 884 and 985; 184, p. 8881
M BeriOUe, 1901, 84, p. S788.
Fig. 25. (x 15 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Crystals of Electrolytic Silver.
Fig. 26. (x 1 5 Diameters. Oblique Illumi-
nation.) Section of Knob of Electrolytic Nickel.
Fig. 27. (x 35 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Polished Section near top of Cu-Al
Alloy.
Fig. 28. (x 35 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Same as Fig. 27 after quenching.
Fig. 29. (x 35 Diameters. Vertical Illumi-
nation.) Polished Section near top of Cu-Al
Alloy, after being heated, quenched, reheated,
and slowly cooled.
Fig. 30. (x 200 Diameters. V^ertical Illumi-
nation.) Polished section near center of Cu-Al
Alloy.
Figs. 31, 32 and 33 have been reduced to thirteen-fifteenths of original size.
Fig. 31. (x 35 Diameters.
Vorlical Illuminalion.) Pol-
ished Section near center of
Cu-Al Alloy. Shows new
structure.
^ig- 32. (x 35 Diameters.
Vertical Illumination.) Same
treatment as Fig. 29, but
lower down in Cu-Al Alloy.
F'ig- 33- (x 35 Diameters.
Vertical Illumination.) Pol-
ished Section near base of Cu-
Al Alloy. Shows dendrites.
F^ig- 34- (x 35 Diameters. Vertical Illu-
mination.) Polished Section near base of
Cu-Al Alloy. Shows granular structure.
Fig. 35. (x 35 Diameters. Vertical Illu-
mination.) Polished Section near base of
Cu-Al Alloy, corresponding to Figs. 33 and
34.
PttOOREtiS OF METALLOQHAPHY. 669
Diffusion took place, and the series from about 80% to 90% Cu was obtained.
A vertiear section was cut and polished. At the top of the alloy large grains
were seen, and these were found to be composed of darkly etching crystals set in
an increasing matrix progressing down the section. Fig. 27 ( X 36 diameters,
vertical illumination) is a view near the top of the alloy and shows small black
dendrites set in a bright matrix. The boundaries of the grains are made up of
the same black material, which may be AlCu or AljCuj. Passing down the alloy
it is observed that these black dendrites disappear, the whole field being composed
of the bright matrix. Under high powers this is seen to resemble a eutectic as
seen in Pig. 30 (X 200 diameters, vertical illumination). On passing down the
alloy, bright whitish yellow dendrites make their appearance, and these have been
isolated by Le Chatelier and found to be AlCuj. Fig. 33 ( X 35 diameters, vertical
illumination) is a view from near the base of the alloy and shows the dendrites
set in the matrix or eutectic.
Now if the alloy be reheated to a dull red and quenched, its former structure
disappears and a new one is obtained in its place, just as in quenched steel,
martensite is formed by the change of pearlite and ferrite or cementite. Fig. 28
(X 36 diameters, vertical illumination) shows the structure of the quenched
alloy and corresponds to Fig. 27. A peculiar striated or chevron-like structure
is seen, which resembles martensite very closely.
Fig. 31 (X 36 diameters, vertical illumination) is a view of the center of the
alloy, and shows the new structure of what formerly was the eutectic. The
structure is similar to Fig. 28, but is coarser.
In Fig. 34 (X 35 diameters, vertical illumination) is the view near the base
corresponding to Fig. 33 of the slowly cooled alloy. The structure is granular,
each grain being composed of fine parallel striae in various groups. On heating
to higher temperatures and quenching, the grain boundaries become less distinct,
but the striated appearance becomes as marked as in Figs. 31 or 28.
If the alloy is reheated to a dull red once more and allowed to cool in the air,
it is found that the structure has almost returned to the normal. Fig. 29
(X 35 diameters, vertical illumination) shows a view near the top of the alloy.
Large grains are seen as in Fig. 27, and these are made up of dark dendrites set
in a lighter matrix. These dark grains disappear as we pass down the alloy, and
in Fig. 32 (X 35 diameters, vertical illumination) is seen the structure of
what was the eutectic. It has not returned to the original form, but it shows a
marked change from Fig. 31. Passing down the alloy, bright dendrites of AlCu.,
make their appearance. Kg. 35 (X 35 diameters, vertical illumination) shows
a view near the base corresponding to Figs. 34 and 33.
The reheating was done in a Bunsen flame for a few minutes. A second sample
of the alloy which had been quenched was annealed at a dull red for under half
an hour ; on examination its structure was found to \>e almost identical with that
of the original slowly cooled alloy.
Figs. 27, 28 and 29 are from near the top of the alloy, Figs. 30, 31 and 32
from the center, while Figs. 33, 34 and 35 are near the base.
That a great change takes place on reheating is abundantly proved by the above
examples. It seems probable that at temperatures above a dull red the alloys
670 THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
of copper and aluminum (between 80 and 90% Cu) exist as homogeneous solid
solutions like those of the copper-tin series between 61 8 and 75% Cu, or like
martensite. On cooling they rearrange themselves in the solid ; when the cooling
curves for this series have been worked out like those of copper and tin by Heycock
and Neville and Roberts-Austen, an explanation of these changes in the solid
will be obtained.
It is becoming more and more recognized that metallography and pyrometry
must be used together, and the theory of solid solutions of Bakhuis Booseboom is
throwing light upon very many problems, which up to now have defied all
efforts to unravel them. At last the nature of an alloy is beginning to be un-
derstood.
ALLOY STEELS.
Bt John Alexander Mathews.
Steel itself is an alloy, and a very complex one, but the term alloy-steel has
acquired a special significance, meaning any steel to which, in addition to iron
and carbon and the impurities common to all steel, other metals or metalloidrf
have been added purposely to change or improve its natural properties. Pure
iron may properly be classed among the "rare metals" ; thousands of tons of iron
alloyed with impurities from a fraction of 1% upward are produced annually,
but not a pound of iron in its pure, elemental condition has ever been made
under ordinary smelting conditions. By "pure" we mean in a condition com-
parable with that in which the precious metals are produced, or as pure as the
best electrolytic copper or nickel. I have never seen more than a few grams
of iron which might properly be called pure. This metal was made by the
late Sir William Roberts-Austen and used by him in determining the critical
points of iron; its chief impurity was hydrogen. According to information
given privately an electrolytic process for the production of iron is nearly per-
fected, by which the pure metal may be obtained as readily as copper by
electrolysis.
In cooling pure iron from a molten condition, Roberts-Austen* found that
its freezing point is about 1,600**C. All of its alloys with carbon up to 4-3%
melt at increasingly lower temperatures down to 1,130°C. Below the initial
solidifying point of pure iron there are two other temperatures at which cool-
ing momentarily stops. These temperatures are 895 °C., designated as Ar,, and
765 **C., designated as Arj. When carbon is present a third very well marked
arrest of cooling occurs at 690^0., known as Ar^, the ordinary "reealescenoe
point."
It is believed by many that the molecular transformations occurring at
Arg and Ara indicate allotropic changes in the iron itself. At temperatures
above Arg we recognize the r-iron of Osmond, non-magnetic and a solvent
for both elemental carbon and iron carbide. Between Ar., and Arj, iron exists
in the condition designated as /fif-iron, also non-magnetic, but not a solvent for
free or combined carbon. Below At^ iron exists in its magnetic condition, known
as a-iron, in which iron carbide is not dissolved or only slightly.
> Flf^ Report of Alloys Reseftrch Committee of Instftute of Mechanical Engineers, 1809.
6n TBE MINBBAL mDUBTRT,
There are many who do not accept the allotropic theory; but whatever sig-
nificance these critical points may have, all concede that they do occur, and that
at certain critical temperatures the character of iron undergoes profound
changes. Those who do not admit the allotropy of iron neither dispute the allo-
tropy of carbon nor its occurrence in commercial iron in at least two condi-
tions— free, as graphite, and combined, as iron carbide, and it is generally sup-
posed that this combined carbon may exist in steel either in isolated particles
or in a dissolved state. By means of these hypotheses or facts in regard to
iron and carbon, we can explain many things which were but recently veiled in
mystery and speculation. For this knowledge of the constitution of steel we are
indebted to many of the world's ablest chemists and physicists. In the follow-
ing discussion it is assumed that the reader is acquainted with the principal ideas
concerning the constitution of alloys in general, and of steel in particular; but
further information will be found in my article on *' Alloys as Solutions," in The
Mineral Industry, Vol. X., and in Prof. Albert Sauveur's contributions to
recent volumes of this work.
Just as pure iron is a chemical curiosity, so also is an alloy containing only
carbon and iron. In practice at least four other solid elements occur for-
tuitously in all steels, viz., manganese, silicon, sulphur and phosphorus. The
two elements first mentioned occurring in tenths of 1%, while sulphur and phos-
phorus, when present in quantities of a few hundredths of 1%, must be reckoned
with in their influence upon the general properties of the steel. As yet there
are no laws or generalizations relating to such complex alloys as those of six
constituents ; indeed little is known about ternary alloys.
In general it may be said that the influence of other elements upon iron-carbon
alloys is (1) to change the temperatures of the critical points, (2) to modify
the condition in which the carbon occurs, (3) to remove harmful occluded
gaseous impurities, (4) to combine chemically with the iron or carbon, or both,
and (5) either combined or free to form isomorphous solutions with the iron or
to separate into distinct microscopic particles. In thus deporting themselves
these other elements are found to improve or injure the steel ; to make it harder
or stronger ; more ductile or more brittle ; a better magnet or a better tool. The
effects of these additions have been the subject of long and careful study, but
the exact manner in which the added elements influence the iron-carbon system
so as to produce new and useful properties in steel is not so well understood.
These deeper questions are being studied by a host of able investigators, and
every day new truths are discovered, which, it is hoped, will soon form a basis
for rational and intelligent experimentation in revealing the hidden possibili-
ties of the iron alloys.
In the following pages the subject will be taken up under three different
heads: (1) The chemical constitution of steel alloys. (2) Some late discoveries
of general theoretical interest and of practical value, and (3) the speciflc proper-
ties conferred upon iron-carbon alloys by other elements, considered both scien-
tifically and practically.
The Chemical Constitution op Steel Alloys. — A number of important
researches have been published recently which throw light upon the chemical
ALLOT 8TEEL8. 673
behavior of the elements in steel and of the chemical compounds which steel con-
tains. Iron and carbon are known to combine at least in one combination,
Pe,C, and many other carbides of doubtful existence have been mentioned from
time to time. Eight of these have been found in the literature, but not in the
steel. The probable existence of a new carbide of iron has been made known
recently by E. D. Campbell and M. B. Kennedy,^ who decomposed white iron
by electrolysis and obtained residues in which the carbon percentage was higher
than that required by the formula, FejC (cementite), and the residues are be-
lieved by them to consist of a mixture of FcjC and PcjC.
Manganese seems to form an isomorphous solution with iron, and lowers the
critical points. When over 1^% Mn is present the temperature of transforma-
tion known as Ar, is below 0**C. Manganese prevents the separation of graphite,
and thus raises the saturation point of iron for carbon. In its direct chemical
afSnities it seems to unite readily with several elements; it forms a carbide,
MnjC, analogous to cementite, and it unites with phosphorus giving a phos-
phide, MnjPj.
Phosphorus unites also with iron to form the phosphide, FegP. In the pres-
ence of high manganese, however, it is the phosphide MUgPa which results. Not
all of the phosphorus is combined in these forms, but it seems to exist in an
evenly disseminated condition through the steel and is liberated as hydrogen
phosphide when the steel is dissolved in weak acids. The phosphide phosphorus,
however, generally separates out in nodules, sometimes also forming a eutectic
alloy, as shown by Stead. In this latter condition it is least harmful toward
the mechanical properties, which explains the fact that high manganese counter-
acts the deleterious effects of phosphorus, for manganese takes up just twice as
much phosphorus as iron does to form its phosphide. A practical application of
this has been made recently in a patented alloy, the characteristics of which are
high phosphorus and manganese.
Silicon never occurs free in iron or steel. Camot and Qoutal' have isolated
several iron silicides from steels and ferrosilicons. A magnetic silicide, FcjSi,
was derived from the latter source, and a silico-spiegel gave a mixed iron and
manganese silicide (FeMn)8Si. They state that iron may contain both FeSi
and FCjSi, and lUJoissan has prepared both of these silicides artificially.
Sulphur occurs in steel generally as manganous or ferrous sulphide, MnS or
PeS; but there may be present small amounts of copper, titanium or other
sulphides, and these latter are not decomposed by hydrochloric acid in the
usual evolution methods for determining sulphur in steel. Of the sulphur
liberated, not all exists in the form of hydrogen sulphide, but, as shovm by
Schulte and Phillips, a portion is liberated as methyl sulphide (CHj,)2S.
Chromium occurs both dissolved in the main mass of the iron and also com-
bined in the form of various double iron-chromium carbides, which are not
easily attacked by acids. Behrens and Van Linge isolated two of these from
ferrochromium, CrjFeCj and Cr2Pe7C3. Camot and Goutal isolated a sub-
• Jottmol of the Iron txnd Steel hMtitute, 1902, Vol. n ., p. 888.
• ^nnolM def Jfinet, October, 1900, and The MetaUographUt, IV.. p. 886.
674 THE MINERAL INDUaTRT.
stance' whose formula may be represented as FejCrgCT (or FeaCSCr^C,), In
low chromium steel, they found a carbide of composition, 3Fe,C.Cr,C,.
Tungsten combines directly with iron, forming FcjW, according to Behrens
and Van Linge, or FcjW, according to Carnot and GoutaL
Molybdenum forms a compound with iron, FcjMoj, isolated by Carnot and
Goutal.
Nickel forms isomorphous inixtures with iron in all proportions. Copper is
dissolved in large quantities by iron without the formation of any compounds.
Manganese in excess above that uniting with phosphorus and sulphur behaves
like nickel; titanium in excess is believed to act similarly, but it is reasonable to
expect that it would unite with both sulphur and nitrogen if they were present
in the steel. Arsenic exists free in steel, and according to Stead has no bad
effects upon structural steel in amounts below 0'15%. In hardened steel the
arsenide of iron occurs. All commercial irons and steels contain small quan-
tities of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, and perhaps cyanides.
Recently Observed General Properties of Iron Alloys. — Segregation in
Steel Alloys. — Having considered briefly the chemical combinations likely
to be met with in steel, it may be well to study the effects of these upon the steel
as modified by heat treatment. In general the various constituents of the steels
are expected to be uniformly distributed either in solution in the main mass of
the iron or separate from it in minute particles microscopically discernible
when the steel is suitably prepared by polishing, etching, staining or heat-
tinting. When a steel is allowed to cool slowly without disturbance, the con-
stituents may and do separate out into more or less distinctly recognizable com-
ponents. When an element is added to steel in amounts beyond the solubility
limit of iron for that element, eutectic alloys are likely to be found. The
effects of annealing at various heats upon alloy steels have been studied by John
E. Stead,* who, in observing the effect of such treatment upon eutectics, made
a very important and extremely valuable discovery. In studying iron and
phosphorus alloys, he observed that at temperatures below but near the entectic
temperature, the two constituents of the eutectic were capable of migrating.
This comes as a great surprise to those who believe eutectics to be of unalterable
composition. In this connection, it may be mentioned, however, that Mr.
Goransson'' discovered rings of cementite in steel "soaked" for two hours at a
heat *'just below Arj," which he thought was due to a "flow" of the cementite,
although the heat was not great enough to change the laminations of pearlite.
ITpon further studying the migration of the constituents of eutectics, Mr. Stead
found that large crystalline ma.sses in solids have an attractive force for smaller
particles of the same kind, and under suitable conditions draw the latter to
themselves. If the alloy consists of the eutectic mixture, there is no tendency
toward segregation; but active segregation occurs when the eutectic exists in
Isolated patches surrounded by largo masses of one of the constituents. Under
such conditions both constituents of the eutectic draw together and cease to be
eutectic in character. This is true for pearlite as well as for real eutectics formed
* Journal of the Society of Chemical Induttry, Vol. ZXII., p. 840, 1901
• The Metallographist, July, 190S, p. 216.
ALLOT STEELS. 675
at the moment of final solidification. The zone of temperature immediately
below the recalescence point is that in which segregation is most marked ; it is
also the zone in which the maximum softening effect is produced by annealing,
and in which the minimum elastic limit is obtained. These discoveries by Mr.
Stead are of the utmost practical importance in annealing mild steel.
Electrical Conductivity of Steel Alloys. — During the past year Prof. Barrett,*"'
of Dublin ; Dr. Benedicks,® of Upsala, Sweden, and rayself®-^'^ observed independ-
ently and at about the same time, that there was a connection between the resist-
ance offered by steel wires to electric conduction and the atomic weight of the ele-
ments present in the iron. This again calls attention to the close relation
existing between alloys and ordinary solutions. I simply predicted from a
study of the work of Barrett, Brown and Hadfield, Le Chatelier, and Matthiessen,
supplementing my own measurements that a law would be found connecting
the specific resistance of the alloy with the atomic weight of the metals added to
iron. Prof. Barretf s recent paper points out a relation between increased re-
sistivity and the specific heat of the added element. But when we recall that
specific heat X atomic weight = a constant, we see that the increased resistivity
is as closely connected with atomic weight as with specific heat.
In studying the relation of electrical resistance to the constitution of the
conducting alloy, the complex character of steel must be kept in mind. It has
already been pointed out that steel always contains carbon, manganese, silicon,
phosphorus and sulphur; that the iron may exist in two or three modifications,
and that carbon also may exist in a variety of ways. The limits of solubility
of various elements in iron are in most cases unknown, and the intermetallic
compounds of iron with another metal, or of two metals with carbon forming
a double carbide, have been but imperfectly worked out. Yet, notwithstanding
these complications, a broad view of existing evidence leads to the belief that the
atomic law is in some way connected with the problem. Prof. Osmond shares
my view in this matter when he says in discussing my recent paper to the
Iron and Steel Institute: "It is remarkable that Mr. C. Benedicks should have
arrived independently and simliltaneously at the conception of the idea of
atomic equivalents of dissolved bodies. It is true there are some considerable
discrepancies between the results of Benedicks and Mathews, but there is nothing
very surprising in these discrepancies any more than in those on which Mr.
Mathews commented as existing between results of M. Le Chatelier and other
physicists in the case of tungsten-, molybdenum- and chromium-steels. If the
law of atomic weights is exact, it is applicable, as its very enunciation implies,
only to the dissolved fraction of the alloyed substances, but this fraction varies
according to the treatment, and is unknown in many cases. Notably, chromium
and tungsten, and probably molybdenum, too, form double carbides, which, when
liquated, have but feeble influence. Before concluding it will be necessary to
• Scientijlc Trantaetions of the Royal Ihihiin Scri^ty, VTI., p. «7.
» Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. LXIX., p. 480.
• Zeitsehrift ftter Physicalinche Chemie, 1908, Vol. XL., p. 646.
• Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, IWB, Part I., p. 207.
«• ElectruxU World and Engineer, 1902, p. 631.
676 THB MINERAL INDUSTRT.
know in each particular case what is dissolved and what is not, and also what
is the state of the substance in solution/^
At the timie this remark was made^ Mr. Benedicks^ at the University of
Upsala, was bringing forth the most conclusive evidence that for small concen-
trations the increase in resistivity of steel is a function of the atomic weight,
i,e,, equi-atomic solutions of metallic elements in iron produce equal increase
in electrical resistance. Mr. Benedicks determined the electrical resistance
of a number of samples of steel which had been carefully analyzed. They
contained varying quantities of carbon, silicon, manganese, sulphur and phos-
phorus, the last two elements being low and fairly uniform. The steels were
tested in both the hardened and annealed state. From his determinationB he
found that one atomic per cent, of various elements dissolved in iron produces
an increase in resistance which is equal to 6-9 microhms per cm."* He also
calculated that the resistance of absolutely pure iron would be 7'6 microhms per
cm.", but this value is lower than has ever been obtained experimentally, for
perfectly pure iron has not been investigated. By means of the following
formula it was found possible to calculate the resistance of steel with con-
siderable accuracy: —
S=7-6+26-82C, in which S=resistance in microhms per cm*, and^C=%
foreign substances calculated as equivalent quantities of carbon. In order
to apply this formula it was necessary to ascertain the effect of carbon itself
upon the conductivity. This Dr. Benedicks has done very skillfully. In
annealed steel the carbon for the most part exists in separate particles of cemen-
tite, FegC. When steel is heated to temperatures above 720** C. and suddenly
cooled, this cementite disappears and the structure known as martensite results.
The carbon of martensite may be combined or simply dissolved without com-
bination. Prof. Arnold thinks that a sub-carbide, PCj^C, exists in hardened
steel. However, when hardened steel is reheated and slowly cooled, cementite
again appears, accompanied by ferrite. This ferrite has usually been considered
to be pure iron, and ferrite and cementite when existing in alternating bands
constitute pearlite. Dr. Benedicks shows that ferrite is not free of carbon, but
that annealed steels containing from 0*40 to 1*70% C, consist of cementite and
iron which contains about 0*27% dissolved or hardening carbon. According to
Benedicks, the carbon segregated in the free cementite exerts little influence
upon the conductivity. Le Chatelier, however, gives the resistance of ferrite
as 9*5 and cementite as 45.
A steel with 0-4% C or lower, if annealed or slowly cooled, shows the pearlite
structure, but the ferrite in such steels contains less than 0-27% C For ex-
ample. Benedicks states that the ferrite of a 0*2% C steel would contain 0*06
to 007% of dissolved carbon. Benedicks' work thus confirms the chemical
researches of Osmond and Werth, Camot and Goutal, Brustlein, Arnold, and
Stansfield in regard to the existence in annealed high-carbon steels of 0'27%
of hardening carbon in solid solution.
All this work strengthens me in the opinion expressed repeatedly, that, in the
separating or crystallizing out of the constituents of any alloy, no pure metal
ever separates but metal containing more or less of the other constituents of the
ALLOT BTEBLS. 677
alloy in solid solution. From my own observations and from results com-
municated privately by Mr. William Campbell, it seems that the resistance of
hardened steels is not much afEected by the temperature of quenching. This
would seem to indicate that no chemical changes of importance occur or, if occur-
ring,are not preserved by quenching, when steel is quenched from 720** to 1,000*'C.
Yet we know that very marked micrographic changes are produced by quenching
from diflferent heats between these limits. Particularly noticeable even to the
naked eye is the increase in coarseness of the grain of steel as the quenching
temperature increases. These facts taken together support the opinion expressed
elsewhere that so far as known the size of the grain or the number of boimdary
faces between grains does not influence conductivity directly. In this regard
the conducting power of steel alloys is widely at variance with their magnetic
properties, for as is well known, the heat treatment of steels for permanent
magnets is a delicate operation, and the best magnet steel can be made into a
very poor magnet if it is not hardened at the proper heat.
The practical value of the observation that the resistivity of steel is related
to the atomic weight of the dissolved elements in the iron is very considerable.
As Barrett has mentioned, knowing the carbon contents of a piece of steel, its
relative content of other elements may be judged by determining its con-
fluctivity. Benedicks' work makes it possible to judge of the electrical quality
of different samples of iron by a study of their compositions without testing
them at all. Barrett has also called attention to the fact that physical hard-
ness has nothing to do with high resistivity. That is, for equal percentages of
impurities hard tungsten and manganese steels conduct better than soft alumi-
num and silicon steels. With a few exceptions the opposite is true of the
magnetic properties,— soft steels are magnetically soft, i.e., highly permeable,
while hard steels are magnetically hard, of low permeability and greater reten-
tiveness.
High Speed Steels. — ^A great variety of steels of the class known as self- or
air-hardening, has been put upon the market within the past few years. These
steels are capable of doing from 100 to 300% more work in machining than can
be done by tempered carbon steel, and hence the above name has been applied.
Their greatest use is in making roughing cuts either in the lathe or planer;
for finishing cuts they are not equal to the best tempered tools.
Hardened high carbon steel for metal working has its output limited. by the
fact that in removing chips from the piece being machined most of the work
is transformed into heat at the point of the tool, which consequently loses its
temper at that point.*^ Under normal working conditions the heat generated
at the tool-point is conducted and radiated away to such an extent that the
temperature is maintained uniform and proportional to the speed of cutting.
This view is that taken in the report above referred to, and it seems sound ; more
so, in fact, than the opinions of a German scientist, whose attempted explanation
of high-sp^d steel will be quoted later. The output of a tool depends upon its
strength and upon the heat that it can endure without losing temper. For a plain
»» See Report on Taylor White Procew of Treating Tool Bt&ei, Journal of the Franklin Jnttitute, Feb
ixuuy, IQOa.
678 THE MINERAL INDUBTRT,
carbon steel, the temperature acquired in work must not rise higher than the tem-
perature at which the tool was tempered after hardening. Mushet, Taylor-White,
and many other steels are now made which will hold a cutting edge at a tempera-
ture more than twice as high as any plain carbon steel, and this means that the
speed of lathes for roughing cuts can be safely increased from one to three
times the usual limit. Thallner recommends very high speed with limited depth
of cut, rather than a very deep cut and low speed. The former condition is
the more economical.
J. Spueller" has advanced a theory in regard to rapid or self -hardening steels.
He says they are all alloys of iron with varying amounts of carbon, and larger,
but also varying amounts of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium and
boron. He omits manganese altogether, while to the best of our knowledge
neither titanium or boron is as yet included in the well-known brands. He points
out that these steels, when forged in the ordinary way and allowed to cool
naturally, are hard, but can be both filed and drilled. When heated to from
1,100® to 1,200°C. and cooled in an air blast or quenched in a lead bath at 650°C.,
followed by air cooling, these steels acquire greater hardness than ordinary tem-
pered steel, and acquire the property of working best at those temperatures at
which hardening-carbon in ordinary steel passes into carbide-carbon, accompanied
by softening, which renders the tool useless. In high speed alloy steels the tool
can be used where the frictional heat, at the cutting edge, is from 500® to 600® C.
Under these circumstances, according to Spueller, the edge becomes extremely
hard, while the rest of the tool remains unchanged. He explains this by assum-
ing that in such steels, the iron, chromium, tungsten, etc., are present as carbides,
and that after the normal forging and cooling treatment, iron carbide, which
is stated to be relatively soft, predominates. At the higher temperatures, how-
ever— above 1,000®C. — Spueller thinks the iron carbide is decomposed, and that
then higher carbides of chromium, tungsten, etc., are formed, which then prepon-
derate in the steel and are of sufficient hardness to produce high speed properties
without resorting to water or oil hardening. Chromium carbide appears to be the
most important of these hard constituents. In support of his theory Spueller
states that the cutting edges of such tools behave diflPerently toward various
reagents from the other portions of the tools. He also claims to find chromium
carbide in the cutting edges.
This explanation is not consistent with the fact that manufacturers of high-
speed steels (1) uniformly cut down the carbon to a percentage unheard of in
ordinary tool steels, and (2) that the best high speed steels contain little or no
chromium. Both tungsten and molybdenum seem to impart a hardness of their
own to iron, a hardness almost, if not quite, independent of the carbon contents,
and a hardness not materially improved by water- quenching and which does not
lose temper at a dull red heat. I do not believe that the fundamental scientific-
truths at the bottom of this matter have as yet been discovered.
The adoption of high speed steels in large shops has revolutionized this kind
of work and has necessitated the installation of more power and heavier ma-
chinery. The contest between the makers of lathes, planers, etc., and the makers
" Chemiker Zeitvng, 1903, Vol. XXVII.. p. 165.
ALLOT 8TEEL8. 679
of high speed steel reminds us of that which has gone on for years between the
makers of armor plate and of projectiles. Certain it is that shops with little
available power and slowly-geared and light lathes cannot profit much by these
recent metallurgical achievements. For roughing cuts, such as axle turning, a
man can double or triple the output per day formerly expected of him. High
speed steels are used also in wood turning, and with the same good results. A
speed of 300 ft. per minute has been attained, working upon mild steel forgings;
of course, with harder steel or cast iron the speed is much less, and 300 ft. is
unusually good upon any sort of material. The exhibit of the Bethlehem Steel
Co. at the Paris Exposition in 1900, attracted world-wide attention to the possi-
bilities of self-hardening steels for rapid work. It is a pleasure to note that
this pioneer work of Messrs. Taylor and White has been rewarded by the be-
stowal of the EUiott-Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute for the discovery
and development of a method for treating special steels which has made it pos-
sible to increase greatly the output of machines doing roughing work. The
number of steels now on the market, all of which lay claim to the possession of
properties suiting them to high speed work, is very large. They are not all of
equal merit, but at the same time it is an interesting study to compare the
analyses of these steels, and to see in how many diflPerent ways different makers
seem to accomplish their ends. Their com'positions are nearly as numerous and
as different as those of bearing, or so-called anti-friction metals. Analyses of
these steels cannot be given here, but I may state some of the limits met with in
my own experience, or covered by patents: Carbon, 0-3 to 2%; tungsten,
0 to 25% ; silicon, 0*25 to 3% ; chromium, 0 to 7% ; molybdenum, 0 to 15% ;
manganese, trace to 3-9%. Sulphur and phosphorus always low. Usually
three of these elements are present in quantities which show them to have been
intentionally added. Surely these limits offer a field of experiment and invention
almost as attractive as was the production of acetylene generators a year or two
ago.
Special Properties of Some Steel Alloys. — In the earlier part of this paper
the chemical constituents of alloy steels were briefly discussed ; in the concluding
portion of this paper is given a short discussion of the physical effects of certain
elements when added to steel, as well as special reference to some of the new
alloys or new properties of old alloys to which attention has been called during
the past few months. The alloys, with some of the rarer metals, will be men-
tioned so far as reliable information concerning them is to be had, and recent
scientific work upon alloys, which has been productive of practical results, will
be briefly considered.
Silicon has proved itself to be an advantageous addition to steel for a variety
of purposes. Caspar and Oertel have patented in Germany a chrome-silicon
-tool, the silicon being greater, less, or equal in quantity to the chromium. The
claim for these allo\^ is that they possess very high elastic limits and tensile
strengths, but at the same time show 5% elongation and 23% reduction in area.
Whm hardened and tempered they are said to be exceptionally good for machine
parts, weapons, wire rope and springs. In general, silicon up to 0'8% has a
relatively weak effect upon the strength and ductility of steel ; it aids the ma-
680 THE MINERAL INDUBTBT.
chining properties and also improves the edge-holding properties of tool-steel.
When high in amount it becomes injurious to annealed steel because it tends to
cause a separation of graphite, as may be noticed from the dark appearance of
the fracture. From its low atomic weight it is readily seen that its effect upon
the electrical conductivity of steel is very great. In low carbon materials it
seems to exert a beneficial effect upon the magnetic permeability. Becently as
high as 3% Si has been noted in certain high-speed steels, and Jacob Holzer &
Co. (Unieux) have patented a new spring steel of the following composition:
Si, 1-8 to 2*2% ; C, O'SS to 0*45% ; Min, 0'45 to 0-56%. This steel is hardened
at the unusually high temperatures of between 900** and 1,000®C. Silicon raises
and causes to disappear Arj, lowers Arj, and slightly raises Arj.
Phosphorus. — ^Basic open-hearth steel is found by experience to be too low in
phosphorus for the successful production of sheet steel for tinning. The sheets
stick together in rolling. Phosphorus prevents this trouble, and Mr. J. Steven-
son, Jr.,** has recently patented a method for re-phosphorizing such steel, and
has also patented a phospho-f erro-manganese of about the following composition :
Fe, 25%; P, 15 to 25%; Mn, 50 to 60%. This is produced by using a man-
ganiferous ore, and apatite or phosphate rock instead of a limestone flux
in smelting it. The alloy is added to the metal in the ladle just as ferro-man-
ganese is.
Begarding the general behavior of the elements iron and phosphorus, either
with or without carbon, no one interested should fail to consult Mr. Stead's**
aluable monograph upon the subject. Mr. Stead shows that the lower the
phosphorus, i.e., the more dilute the solid solution of phosphorus in iron, the
greater the proportion of that element which will be evolved as PH3, when the
steel is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. The saturation point of iron for
phosphorus is 1-7%. When carbon is added to such an alloy, or one with less
phosphorus, it tends to throw the iron phosphide out of solution and to increase
the quantity of structurally free phosphide, FcgP, t.e., the higher the carbon the
'less the proportion of- dissolved phosphide; but even 3'5% C will not drive
it all out of solution. The quantity of hydrogen phosphide evolved from steel
decreases as the percentage of carbon increases, yet notwithstanding this, phos-
phorus is more embrittling in high carbon than in low carbon steel. At high
temperatures both the iron phosphide and the iron carbide dissolve in the excess
of iron present, but by slow cooling the iron carbide separates out at Ar,, while
the iron phosphide remains for the most part dissolved in the ferrite. Even
in ordinary steels, containing less than 0*1% P, a portion of the phosphide is
thrown out of solution when the carbon is above 0'9%, and the phosphide so
separated may produce brittleness by forming a brittle cell structure enveloping
the grains of the other constituents. Phosphorus causes to disappear the trans-
formation point, Ar,, when present in large amounts ; this means that the grain
of pure phosphorus-iron alloy's is not refined at or above 900** C. as is the case
with pure iron. Stead states that phosphorus aids the welding properties of
iron, but that the good effects it might thus produce are more than offset by
»• United states Patents Nor. 724,140. 724.141 and 784.142, all Mirch 81, IWa.
I* Journal of the Iron and Steel tnttitute, 1900, Vol. II., p. 60.
ALLOY BTEELS,
681
the coarsening of the grain, which it produces at the high temperature needed
in welding, and the consequent weakening at the weld. In view of this state-
ment that the weldability is increased by phosphorus, it seems rather strange that
in Stevenson's patents referred to above, phosphorus should be added to prevent
sheet steels, when piled in rolling, from sticking together.
Vanadium imparts to steel an increased tensile strength and elastic limit,
and when annealed improves the ductility greatly. It is also said to impart great
depth of hardness in quenched steels of large cross-section. There seems to be
mly a small quantity of ferrovanadium and vanadium steel made, and England
seems to be the principal market for these products. The high price of vanadium,
together with its low specific gravity and ready oxidization, both of which
properties render it troublesome to add to steel, have confined the use of this
metal almost entirely to the experimental state. The beneficial results, however,
attending its use in quantities much below 1% are undoubted. Ferrovanadium
of about 30%, and not over 1% Al and 1% Si is best adapted for use in steel
making. It is not apparent from tests now at hand that these small quantities
of high-priced vanadium confer any advantages not resulting from the addition of
from seven to ten times as much low-priced nickel.
Samples of vanadium tool steel in my possession furnished by a dealer in
ferro-alloys, show a very fine fracture in the natural forged condition, and the
microscopical examination of the same, annealed, showed a very fine and uniform
texture. The steel contained 0'82% C and 0*25% V. Its mechanical properties
were stated to be: elastic limit, 92 tons; tensile strength, 114 tons; elongation
in 2 in., 5% ; reduction in area, 14%. Another sample of sheet-steel con-
taining about 0*25% C and V, gave 28*5 tons elastic limit and 59 tons tensile
strength. A. P. Wiener states in a recent number of Engineering that 0'25% V
raises the tensile strength, by from 50 to 66%.
Nickel steel has long been in use, but its possibilitites do not seem to have
been exhausted either from the standpoint of practical utility or irom that of
theoretical interest to students of the molecular constitution of alloys. Nickel
lowers the critical points, especially Ar,. When 25% of Ni is present Ar^ is
below O^'C. ; it occurs, however, if artificial cooling be resorted to. In connection
with this phenomenon it is interesting to note the microscopical researches of
Guillet," who experimented with three series of alloys containing respectively
0'12%, 0-35% and 0*85% C, the nickel increasing by steps of 2'5% up to 30%.
The etching was done by alcoholic picric acid. Guillet found that as the nickel
increased pearlite was replaced by martensite, and this in turn by polyhedral
crystals indicative of T-iron. A synopsis of his results is given in the following
table : —
1
2
8
4
Microscopic Ck>D8tituents.
oiwc.
0'8WC.
0-869CC.
yz Iron and pearlite
0-lW Nl.
10-lWNl.
l.V27jt Nl.
OveraWNI.
O-WNl.
7-12* Nl.
\^-9B^ Nl.
OverSHNl.
0-BjCNI.
5-103tNl.
10-16jfNI.
Om-IWNI.
CX Iron and mart<;nsite
r Iron and martenidte
riron
This explains, in part, the well-known fact that certain high nickel steels are
>» Compter rtnduBy IM, S27-8.
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
non-magnetic. In fact the usual explanation of this phenomenon is that nickel
lowers Afj, and when Afj is at a temperature below the normal temperature,
the iron is supposed to be still in the condition in which it existed at a high heat,
and the carbon still in the hardening condition, and hence the alloy is non-
znagnetic. But why is it that the magnetic property of the 25% or so of
nickel does not assert itself? a-, /?-. or T-nickel have not been heard of, but
still Hopkinson found a temperature of magnetic transformation in pure nickel,
much lower than that of iron. Now is it not possible that by a reciprocal action
of nickel on the iron, and iron on nickel, both have their points of magnetic
transformation lowered below 0** ?
Guillet's results upon the microstructure of nickel steels in general show that
mild steels up to 10% Ni are like plain carbon steel; between 10 to 15% Ni
there is a hardening effect; from 15 to 21% Ni they are very hard because
chiefly composed of martensite ; beyond this amount of nickel they again becomie
soft because martensite is replaced by T-iron. The higher the carbon the less
nickel is required to produce these structural changes. The passage of irreversi-
ble into reversible steels corresponds almost exactly with the appearance of the
CTystals of F-iron, and the first steel in each series which exhibits this structure
is practically non-magnetic.
Nickel steels melt at a lower heat than the corresponding carbon steels; there
is less segregation or liquation in them and hence such steel is very suitable for
castings on account of its homogeneity. There seems to be also less tendency to
form blowholes. Nickel steel forgings though tough are not difficult to machine,
from 3 to 3-5% Ni in a 025% C steel gives a tensile strength and elastic limit
equal to a 0*5% C steel but still retains 25% of elongation. At the Dusseldorf
Exposition a Krupp armor plate of nickel steel weighing 106 tons, and made
from a single ingot of 130 tons, was exhibited. Nickel steel shafts containing up
to 3-6% Ni are forged by this firm by hydraulic pressure. One of their presses is
of 5,000 tons pressure.
Guillaume^® has continued his researches upon nickel steels, and has discovered
that the 36% Ni alloy expands only O'OOOOOl mm. per 1°C. or only one-third
that of pure iron. This property has suggested its use in, pendulums, measuring
rods, chronometers, etc., and its non-corrosive nature makes it still more valuable
for such uses. It is also adaptable to marine, boiler and general structural pur-
poses. Theodolites, levelling instruments and other apparatus of the United
States Coast and Geodetic Survey are to be made of this alloy. Another very
impoi'tant application of nickel steels is suggested by the anomalous expansi-
bility of this alloy. By adding either iron or nickel to it, alloys of almost any
degree of expansibility result. An alloy having the expansibility of glass may be
produced to replace the use of platinum in incandescent lights. This alloy is
actually in use, and it is hoped that its extended use may reserve more of the
world's platinum supply for the use of laboratories, and at a lower price.
Charpy and GreneP^ have sho^TO that an allov containing 36- 1% Ni, 0-39% 0,
and 0*39% Mn, not only has an extremely low coefficient of expansion, but that
it is practically constant between 15 and ?00**C.
»• AmeHcan MachintMt, Jan. 8, 190a >' Comptes rendus J84. pp 54(MJ4«.
ALLOY 8TBBL8, 683
Manganese steel is in some respecte analogous to nickel steel. It seems to
retain the iron in the r condition and to form isomorphous solutions with the
iron, when present in quantities beyond those needed to combine with the sul-
phur and phosphorus of the steel. Nickel (25%) gives an alloy which is prac-
tically non-magnetic ; its permeability is constant at about 1'4, but when cooled
strongly becomeis powerfully magnetic and remains so when warmed up to the
normal temperature. Hadfield's manganese steel containing 13% Mn, and
1% C has a permeability of 1*3 to 1*5 and is nearly constant for strong or weak
fields. There is no appreciable residual magnetism.
Titanium seems to increase the ductility of steel and raises the elastic limit
very considerably. Its use is not very extensive, however. Titanium combines
chemically with nitrogen and thus possibly improves the quality of steel by
removing from it occluded nitrogen. Rossi** compared the effects of titanium
crucible steels with results of Hadfield upon aluminum steel. For alloys of very
closely corresponding compositions he finds an increase of from 16 to 100% in
elastic limit, the increase being greater in proportion as the carbon increased.
The ultimate strength tests did not show such great differences, but still they
were very marked, while the contraction and elongation was always very highly
in favor of the titanium stefel. These effects in most cases were stated by
Mr. Rossi to have been due to the presence of 0*10% Ti.
Copper and iron have recently been studied by Stead, who found that carbon-
less iron and copper would readily alloy in all proportions. The addition of
carbon, which combines with the iron, drives the copper out of solution, and the
resulting alloys separate into distinct layers upon slow cooling. Copper dissolves
2*73% Pe without showing any microscopical change, while iron dissolves about
8% of Cu. No compounds of iron and copper exist. Copper in foundry iron
is not a dangerous constituent, but rather tends to raise its tenacity. Copper
seems to retard the formation of pearlite in steel. It has not been determined
as yet whether in cast irons it either assists or retards the formation of graphite.
In small quantities, according to the researches of Ball and Wingham, made
years ago, it has no deleterious influence upon the forging properties of steel,
either cold or hot. Copper lowers the critical points, but less than either nickel or
manganese.
Boron as a constituent of steel is frequently mentioned in foreign journals.
I have never met with it in a commercial steel. I recall having seen the
statement that boron imparts the property of water hardening like carbon.
A single experiment was made upon a boron steel with negative results; the
microstructure, however, was greatly changed by the boron. Charpy and
Moissan" deny that boron causes hardening in the ordinary sense: it does raise
the tensile strength when quenched. The steel used contained: B, 0*58%; C,
17%, and Mn, 0-30%. The results of quenching this steel from various heats
are shown in the table on the following page : —
" TrantaelionB of the American Jngtitute of Mining Bngineeri, Vol. XXII.
>* Comptet rendiM, CXX.. pp. 190-1 8S.
684
THK MINERAL WDUaTBT.
RESULTS OF QUBNCHINQ BORON STEEL.
HanleiiliicTempenture.
TtoM.
](
Atii^iftVi^
»*21
1100
800* C.
54»
6-1
9(WC.
T5»
r?
1,1(W C.
8BS
SI
i,aw c.
6860
0-0
A cryBtalline iron boride FeB, has been isolated. Specific gravity, 7*15. The
critical points of this steel were found at 1,140'', 1,040*', 830**, 730** and GGO'^C.
The last three correspond to Ar„ Ar^ and Ar^.
NOTES ON PYRITIC SMELTING.
By E. C. Rbybold, Jr.
The Carpenter smelter at Golden, Colo., was designed to treat the siliceous py-
ritic ores of Gilpin County, an average analysis of which is as follows: SiOj
3512%, Fe 20%, S 25-25%, Al^O, 20%, CuO 008%, Cu 05%, gold from $10
to $16, and silver from 2 to 3 oz. per ton. The ores are far from self-fluxing,
and require the addition of limestone or pyrite, or both, which involves a high
percentage of barren material in the furnace ; furthermore, the charge being diflS-
cult to smelt, requires much coke, which when calculated to the percentage
of ore becomes very large indeed. At first the furnace was operated with cold
blast, but later a hot-air stove was added, which reduced the coke consumption
fully one-half and effected a saving of nearly $1 per ton of ore smelted. A
smaller quantity of limestone was required, the slags were hotter and thinner,
and there was a decrease in the loss of metals in the slag.
The charge as finally made up consisted of: Ore, 1,000 lb. ; pyrite, 160 lb. and
limestone, 800 lb.; which yielded slag of the following composition: SiOj, from
38 to 43% ; CaO and MgO, from 25 to 33% ; FeO, from 12 to 18% ; Al^Oa, from
8 to 12% ; Zn, from 1 to 2% ; Cu, from a trace to 01% ; silver, from 02 to 0*4 oz.
and gold, from a trace to 0 04 oz. per ton. The composition of the matte pro-
duced was: SiOj, from 0-5 to 07% ; Fe, from 60 to 66% ; S, from 26 to 28% ;
Cu, from 1 to 10% ; Zn, from 0-2 to 0-6%, and silver, from 20 to 80 oz. and gold
from 3 to 10 oz. per ton.
The subject of the thermal reactions of the blast furnaces has been more or less
thoroughly investigated, but the widest discrepancies exist between recorded con-
clusions, and practically very little reliable data are available. For instance, in
discussing the fuel value of iron pyrite (FeSj), one author proves to his own
satisfaction that py ritic smelting (smelting without the aid of carbonaceous fuel)
is impossible without the use of hot blast, while another using identical units for
686
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
the heat of formation of FeO and SOj, proves just as conclusively that a charge
containing only 46-6% FeSjj, exclusive of the quantity necessary to form matte,
will generate enough heat to smelt the charge without coke. In the first instance,
the author erred in the comparison of the heat of formation of FeO and SOg
with that of COj, by assuming that the coke was pure carbon, and was burned
completely to COj before the blast, giving 14,500 B.T.U. per pound of coke. The
best coke has at least 5% ash, the average being about 15%, while that produced
in Colorado frequently contains 25% ; furthermore, in furnace practice, it is the
exception rather than the rule for carbon to become oxidized to COj. Of course,
CO2 is formed at first, but in contact with the incandescent coke, it is reduced to
CO in accordance with the reactions C02+C=2CO.
Crookes & Rohrig state: "In practice we are pretty near the truth in saying
that the heat from coke (with cold blast) is that obtained by making CO ; for
although at the instant of its admission, CO2 is formed, it is almost as rapidly
converted into CO by the incandescent coke. But in the hot-air stove the C is
converted permanently into CO2. Burning C to CO2 gives 13,860 B.T.U. or
3 55 times as much as by burning C to CO, which gives but 3,996 B.T.U.'' It
is seldom that more than one-third of the available carbon in the coke undergoes
complete oxidation in the blast furnace to carbon dioxide (COg), the remaining
two-thirds forming CO. This would give for one pound of pure carbon 7,822
B.T.U., viz., i of 14,644 (4,882) +| of 4,410 (2,940) a total of 7,822 B.T.U.
(Heat of formation of CO and CO2 given by Reychler; see below.)
The authors first mentioned above, have also erred in omitting to allow for the
loss of heat necessary to expel the COj from the limestone (CaCO^), and the
water from the charge, also that required to form slag and matte, and the quan-
tities lost by radiation and in escaping gases. In fact, little of their work is cor-
rect save their conclusion, which has been deduced from factors in which the
errors fortunately counterbalance one another.
Heat of Formation. — From McCrae's Translation of Reychler (University
of Brussels), the following values for the heat of formation are obtained, which
are concordant with those from the Anniiaire du Bureau des Longitudes, also
appended : —
McCrae's Translation of Reychler
(University of Bnwsels).
Annuaire dn Bureau
des Longitudes.
Reaction.
British Thermal Unit.
Kilogram Caloria
Kilogram Calorie.
C to CO
4,410
14,646
8,897
2,111
29-40
97«
69-80
65-70
29-00
C to CO« » . •
9700
8 to SO,
7100
FetoFeO
66-40
In the following calculations Reychler's results are used. The weights of ma-
terials burned are gram-molecule weights, in which the number of grams taken
equals the atomic weight of the element. For instance, in the calculation of the
combustion of C to CO, the number of grams taken is 12, which corresponds to
the atomic weight of C. The total heat produced was 29 4 calories, which cor-
responds to 2-45 calories for 1 g. C; or 2,450 calories for 1 kg. C; or 2,450
X i=4,410 B.T.U. for 1 lb. C. Based on these figures, the heat of formation
of FeO and SO2, when p}Tite (FeS,) is burned, may be expressed as follows: —
NOTES ON PTRITIC SMELTING.
68t
Atomic weight of Fe = 66
Atomic weight of S . = 32
Atomic weight of S =32
Molecular weight of FeSg^lSO
The first atom of S is set free at a comparatively low temperature in the upper
part of the furnace, and its heat producing value may be entirely disregarded in
the calculation, so that in the combustion of 120 parts of FeSj, 56 parts of Fe and
32 parts of available S enter into the equation ; those parts in percentages equal-
ing 46-67% Fe, and 26-67% available S. On this basis, the heat produced by
the combustion of one pound of FeSj^ to FeO and SO2 will be : —
46-7% of 2,111= 986 B.T.U.
26-7% of 3,897=1,040
2,026 B.T.U.
2,026 B.T.U. corresponds to 46% of the value of C burned to CO, or 26% of the
value of C burned 0 33 to CO2 and 0-67 to CO.
Specific Heat. — The specific heat, atomic heat and molecular heat of the
various elements in the materials charged into the furnace, and the resultant fur-
nace products being necessary for the calculation of the heat balance of a furnace,
are given in the subjoined table : —
Element.
Atomic
Weight.
Specific
Heat.
Atomic
Heal.
Element.
Atomic
Weight.
Specific
Heat.
Atomic
Heat.
Cu
64
18
16
1
87-5
56
40
89
00951
0-8411
0-2176
8-4050
0-2148
0-1138
01625
01866
60400
8-8BSS
8-4800
8-4050 ;
5-8082
6-8728
6-5000
6-5000
Na
88
82
14
84
28
0-2884
0 1T76
0-2488
0-2499
01857
0-2425
0-2169
0-1644
6-7480
c
S
6*6882
0 ...
N
8-41.%
H
Mk
5*9976
Al
Si ...........
8*8000
Fe.
CO
Ca
CO,
K
8O9
The molecular heat of a solid compound is equal to the sum of the atomic heats
of the elements contained, and by dividing the molecular heat by the molecular
weight, the specific heat of compounds is obtained. On this basis, the following
table of specific heats of substances entering into the furnace reactions, has been
prepared.
SPECIFIC
HEATS OF CI
[EMICAI
. COMPOUNDS.
Compound.
Compound.
Specific Heat.
ALO
0*2158
01798
0*1866
01788
0-1988
Mfo?f::
0*2800
Si3; ........
0*2870
F^::::::;:::::::;:;:::;:;;:::::::;;:
PgO
0-1478
OaO
CuSo
0*1860
CaCO,
i
The specific heats of the materials charged into the furnace and of the result-
ant furnace products are obtained by calculating the proper proportions of the
molecular heats of the compounds entering into the composition of each : —
688
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Substance.
Oompoiftion.
foedficHeat Kpeciflc
of Oomponent Bbat of
Ore..
FflSi
SiO.
AliiO,
0-46
0*86
0»
Too
X
X
X
0*1478
0'17W
o*a»
O'oonio
0*008755
0*043160
0*179tB
Fyrite.
Fe6s
SiO,
0-90
010
100
X
X
01478
0*17«
0*1
0*017960
O'lfiOSSl
Coke...
0*76
^ 018
AlaOa 007
1*00
SIO.
X 0*8411
X 0*1796
X o-sin
O1808S5
0*088874
0*015106
limestone. ,
CaOOg 0*71
MgGOsO*94
SiO, 006
100
X
X
X
0*1968
0*8800
0*1796
0*140798
OO6680O
0*008865
0*904868
Matte.
SiOa
0*88
0*11
0*01
1*00
X 0*1478
X 0*1860
X 0*1796
0*180064
0*014900
0*001798
0*146817
Slag.
f&
0*46
X
0*1796
--
O080085
0*16
X
0*1868
=
0*081888
A1«0,
0*10
X
0*8166
~
0*081560
Cab
0*94
X
0*1788
-=
0048788
M«0
0*06
1*00
X
0*8870
=
0*011860
0*178771
^
0*46
X
0*1796
=
0068478
0*80
X
0*1868
—
0*041040
CaO
008
X
0*1788
s=
0-014856
MkO
006
X
0*8870
s=
0004740
8
0-OT
X
01770
=
0-018488
Al,0,
007
X
0*8168
=
0015106
flue dust.
100
0*170068
The heat units produced and consumed by the furnace using hot blast during
the run of July 5, 1902, is calculated from the following factors: —
Charge.
Quantity.
Product.
Quantity.
Ore
14100 tons.
15-00 tons.
94-00 tons.
88-00 tons.
8-»ton8.
70«> F.
770» F.
6,778 cubic feet
R1a0>
908*60 tons
pyrite
SStti::::;::::.;: ::::
16 10 tons.
limestone
Flu<^ dust .............
95*00 tona
Coke
Hot-air stove coal
Temperature of air
IV^miMffature of blast
Blasi per minute.
In the matter of cubic feet of air blown into the furnace per minute, no
definite figures were obtainable. The blower used was supposed to pass 12,600
cu. ft. of air per minute, but was acknowledged to "slip" considerably when the
pressure became high (the pressure at Golden was from 2*5 to 3 lb. per sq. in.).
It did not seem from the quantity of coke consumed in the furnace, or from the
quantity of coal used in the stove that this great quantity of air was passed into
the furnace, or could be heated to such a degree by the small quantity of coal
consumed in the stove, and steps were taken to discover the exact quantity of air
that could be heated to a temperature 700** F. above that of the surrounding
atmosphere, with 8*20 tons of ooal per 24 hours. The coal used was lignite.
NOTEa ON PYRITIC SMELTING,
689
obtained from Trinidad, Colo., the theoretical heat of combustion of which is
10,438 B.T.U. The data required foi the calculation were as follows: —
Tbeoretical value of coal 10,488 B.T.U.
Temperature of etcapiDff sases 600^ F.
Air reqaired per lb. of ooal 151b.
Products of combuatton per lb. of ooal 90 lb.
Specific heat of air 0*8877
Specific beat of products of combustion.. . .0*8800
Temperature of atmosphere 70* F.
Temperature of blast 770* F.
CobX used per minute 11*8 lb.
Cubic feet of air per pound of air at DenTur.16'0
At the sea level, under normal barometic pressure (30 in. of mercury, equaling
14-7303 lb. per sq. in.) there are 13*14 cu. ft. to 1 lb. of air, while at the altitude
of Denver, Colo., the corresponding barometic pressure (24*6 in. of mercury,
equaling 12079 lb. per sq. in.) there are 16 cu. ft. to 1 lb. of air, viz,: 1314X
^^ =16.
Full theorotical value of coal 10,488 B. T. U.
, ^ .80 lb. X0*88X.500 »»,800
Ashes and radiation =8,000
Total 4,800 B.T.n.
Practical heating value of ooal. per lb 6,838 a T. U
8,888 H- 0-8877 =86,848 lb. of air heated !• F.
86.848-4- 700» = 8r49 lb. of air heated 700«F.
87-49 X 10 S098-84CU. ft of air heated TOO* F.
009*84 X 11*80 = 6,778 cu. ft. of air heated 700» F. per minute.
The following data of heat production and absorption are based on one min-
ute's work of the furnace.
There are three producers of heat in the furnace, and nine ways in which it is
consumed, carried off, or lost.
Ptoduction. ,
!1. Oxidation of pjrite.
8. Oxidation of coke.
8. Heat in blast.
Ckmsumptioii..
1. EljLpuIsion of CO. from limestone.
8. Expulsion of water from materialfl of oharaBi
8. Carried off by jacket water.
4. Carried off by slaff.
5. Carriedoff by maiue.
6. Carried off by flue dust.
7. Carried off by escaping f
8. Absorbed by decomposia
9. Radiation.
of water IB Mast
1 OxidatUm of PyrUe (FtoSa). (a)Ore..
HBAT PRODUCTION.
Quantity charpred in 84 houn 888,000 lb
Blown out in flue dust 88,8001b!
«Mi«» lb.
Moisture 18,0901b.
(Jb)FjTite„
Net quantity smelted 941,110 lb
Quantity smelted per minute 1671b. FeS,
Pyrite content, 167x45)( = 76*16 lb.
r Quantity ehanred in 84 hours 80,0001b
Blown out in l!ue dust 8,000 lb.
«^^ 27,0001b.
Moisture 1,880 lb.
Net quantity smelted 86,6601b
, Quantity smelted por minute 28 lb
^ fyrite content, 18x905<= 16*80 lb.
Total FeS, per minute 01-86 lb.
Deduct quantity for the resultant matte
88X88<= 1986
FeSj burned per minute Tjj-oo
rax8,086 146,878 B.T.U.
690
rut! MWEBAL iNDUSTttT,
8. Oxidatkmnf 061m..
Qiuuitity charged in 24 hours 5tt,000 lb.
Moistare 14M>lb.
64,8801b.
Ash and flue dust 8,7901b.
Net quan tity pure carbon burned. 41,160 lb.
Quantity burned per minute 991bi
C burned to CO, 80x 4,410s 88,9001b.
C burned to COa, 9X14,640= ..181,8141b.
980,014 RT.U.
S. HeoltnJBIafi..
'Cubic feet ot air per minute 6,778
Weight of air per minute, 6,778-h16 494 lb.
Temp, of Uast above that of the atmoephers. TOO* F.
Spedflc heat of air 0-9877
494XO-9877X700«= 70,646 B.T.U.
2b(al9«ai»Mlyo/Aea(protfiioecl<»/iinui08 486,488 B.T.U.
HEAT CONSUMPTION.
1. ExpuMo^of CO^ frfmUm€&t4mt.
Quantity chaned in 94 hours 188,0001b.
Blown out in flue dust 18^800 tb.
160,9001b.
Moisture 8,8841b.
Sxpuiaion
Ckarge.
Water from MateriaiM of ,
8 Carri»±OffhjiJaae€tWaUr..
4. Carried Off by 8lag..
5. Carried Off hy Matte.
6. Carried Off bv^^i^t>f^'
Net quahtitj of pure limestone 167,686 lb.
Quantity oonsuxned per minute 100 lb.
109X666= 79,684 RT.U.
fWaterinore 19,6001b.
Water in pyrite 1,8801b.
Water in Umestone 8,884 Ibi
Waterincoke 1,1901b.
Quantity charged per 94 hours 18,6441b.
Quantity per minute 181b.
Water boDs at altitude of Denver at 908* F.
To boil from 70" F. requires 188B.T. D.
Latentheat of ▼aporisation 066aT.n.
TSe R T. U.
18X1.008= 14,974aT.n.
Quantity used per minute, 950 gallons, or.
9,0841b.
Tem peratu re of inflow TC F.
Temperature of outflow 190* F.
Increase of temperature 60* F.
2,084X60= 1044nO B.T.U.
Quantity produced per 94 hours 406,000 lb.
Quantity per minute 9811b.
TBmperature of slag 9,170* F.
Temperature of atmosphere 70* F.
Degreesof heatlost 9,100* F.
Specific heatof slag 01788
Latent heat uf fusion 00B.T.t7.
Sensible heat, 9,100x0-1788 876RT.U.
466 B.T.IT.
466X281= 180.668 B.T.U.
Quantity produced per 24 hours 82,900 lb.
Quantity per minute 98 lb.
Temperature of matte 9,170* F.
Temperature of atmosi^iere 70* F.
Degrees of heat lost 9.100* F.
Specific heat of matte 0*1468
LAtent heat of fusion 60 B.T.U.
Sensible heat, 8,100x0.1468 ....808 B.T.U.
868 RT.U.
22x868= 8,096 B.T.U.
Quantity per 24 hours 60,0001b.
Quantity per minute 86 lb.
Temperature of flue dust 970* F.
Temperature of atmosphere 70* F.
Degrees of heat lost 900* F.
Specific heat of flue dust 0-1701 __.
800»X01701= 8408 B.T.U.
I. 84-02x86= 1,191 B.T.U
NOTES ON P7RITIC SMELTING.
691
7. OxnIi&AOffhiiEtoaplmgGatm,,
Quantity per minute 1,060 lb.
Temperature of gases 807« F.
Temperature of atmosphere 70^ F.
Degree of heat lost 800" F.
Specific heat of gases 0* 81
905»XO-21= 48 B.T.U.
48X1,080= 44,680 B.T.U.
« ^^ , ^^ ^ ._ ( Quantity of water per minute OUlb.
& ^teorbe46yI>e0(MRiKMttioi»o/1Fater<»Blafe.-{ Heat to decompose intoHandO 88.470 BTU
{ 0-6x88.470^ H;48BB.T.U
8l Badlatia/i^i,tobaiance) 88,410B.T.U.
ToUd qiMntity of heat contfwnedor co/rti&doff 488,488 B.T.U.
Produoen.
Oonsumers.
R48um6.
il. Oxidation of pyrite.
8. OzidatioD of coke. . . ,
8. Heat in blast
1. Expulsion of COi...
8. Expulsion of water.
& Jacket water
4. Slag
5. Matte
8. Flue dust
7. Escaping gases
a Water in blast
9. Radiation
B. T. U.
14^878
880,014
70,648
488.488
78,604
14,874
1M,800
180,866
8,098
1,191
44,580
81,488
89,410
488,488
Per Cent, of TotaL
88-4
60-6
181
1000
18-8
8*8
88-9
800
1-9
0-S
100
7-8
8-7
1000
When these heat units are expressed in horse power, the quantity of work accomplished in the blast fur-
nace is almost incredible
1 B. T. U. = 778 foot-pounds.
1 Horse power = 88,000 pounds per minute.
1 Horse power s 48-7 B. T. U. per minute.
Theoretical
Horse power.
Practical
Horse power.
Produoers.
1. Oxidation of pyrite
%. Oxidation of coke. .
8. Heat in blast ,
1. Expulsion of CO* . . .
8. Expulsion of water.
8. Jacket water
4. Slag
6. Matte
6. Flue dust
7. Escaping gases
8. Water in blast
9. Radiation
8.418
6,168
1,668
487
644
808
10,281
1,277
1,700
818
884
48
8,440
806
8,000
888
190
84
88
8
1,048
180
788
98
689
86
10,881
1,877
The aferage engine will give an output of about 18'6){ of the theoretioal value of the heat units absorbed by it.
The great loss of heat herein shown naturally raises the question of its utiliza-
tion. Heating the blast both by means of the slag and by waste gases, has been
tried at a number of plants, with but little success. The gases being incom-
bustible are not available for use in gas engines, or for heating the blast by means
of a fire brtck stove, such as are in use at iron blast furnaces. Attempts have been
made to utilize some of the heat of the gases by passing them around pipe.*
through which cold blast air passed on its way to the furnace, but on account of
the slowness with which air gives up its heat and the relatively low temperature
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
at which the gases escape, very little heat was obtained. One scheme for ob-
taining the heat from slag was to have the inlet for the blower over the fore-
hearth, and although some degree of heat was obtained, it was detrimental
to the utility of the forehearth, which should be kept as hot as possible. Another
tmsuccessful scheme was to run the pots filled with molten slag into a brick
chamber from which the blower took the air, but difficulty is encountered when
the air is heated before being taken into the blower ; first, on account of the im-
possibility of keeping the blower properly lubricated, and secondly, on account of
the decreased capacity of the blower by the air being expanded before reaching it.
From the preceding figures of the operations at the Oolden plant, it will be
noticed that if only half of the heat of the slag could be transferred into the blast
air, it would heat it to a temperature nearly equalling that obtained from the hot-
air stove, and if all the heat from both slag and jacket-water could be harnessed,
it would give a greater number of heat units than that produced by the burning
of the coke.
A greater quantity of heat is absorbed by the decomposition of the hygro-
scopic water in the blast air than is generally known ; and in this case it equals
nearly one-half of the heat units secured from the stove. An idea of possible
utility is that the air before reaching the blower might be passed over hygro-
scopic material, as quicklime or sulphuric acid, which would absorb the water
from the air and thus save the heat otherwise necessary to decompose it in the
furnace. The quantity of hygroscopic material required would be very small in
comparison with the saving to be made, and especially does it seem applicable to
altitudes near the sea level where the air is quite moist. The mechanical diffi-
culty, however, of accomplishing the complete removal of water from the air
would probably be great.
The expulsion of COj from the limestone absorbs a great quantity of heat
(666 B.T.U. per lb. CaCOg), but in furnace practice this can scarcely be obviated.
PROGRESS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND USE OF
TITANIUM AND SIMILAR ALLOYS.
Bt a. J. Rossi.
Titanium Alloys. — ^The manufacture of titanium alloys of various composition
was described in detail by me in The Mineral Industry, Vol. IX., wherein I
gave also the results of experiments in mixing these alloys in the crucible or ladle
with cast iron and steel. Since writing this article further tests have been carried
out, especially with reference to the cupola furnace, and large manufacturers have
undertaken investigations along the lines outlined in my paper.
The results of actual practice seem to show that the use of alloys containing
more than 10 or 12% Ti with cast iron is not advisable, although in the converter
or open-hearth furnace alloys containing 25% Ti may be used. As the fusibility
of the alloys decreases in proportion to the quantity of titanium present, some
difiSculty is experienced in handling the higher alloys, and when a certain limit
is exceeded they cannot be cast from the ordinary furnace. They can be manu-
factured successfidly and on a large scale, however, by employing special devices
for tapping, which I have introduced, and a sufficient number of furnaces, the
latter being operated in a semi-continuous maimer. Such alloys do not melt at
the fusing temperature of cast iron or steel, and when introduced in a charge they
are incorporated in the molten metal similarly to ferrochromium or high ferro-
manganese. With the cupola the best results are obtained by adding the alloy
, in small pieces, which necessitates a previous crushing, an operation that offers
little difficulty in establishments provided with a drop. This crushing might be
avoided, and with advantage to foundries of small size, by casting the alloy in
the form of pigs and adding the latter directly to the furnace charge just as is
done with ordinary cast irons. Indeed, I have found that such *^titanic pig,''
containing up to 5% Ti, does melt at the temperature of fusion of cast iron
or steel, and is readily incorporated when added in the crucible or the ladle, or
when charged in the cupola. It may be noted that this pig iron cannot be ob-
tained by smelting titaniferous iron ores in the blast furnace as the heat in a
blast furnace is insuflScient for the reduction of the titanium oxide by the carbon.
For this reason ores with 40% or more titanic acid yield an iron containing only
fractional percentages of titanium ; and the presence of these small quantities
seems to be due to the reactions that take place in the blast furnace between the
694
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
alkali cyanides existing near the tuyeres and the titanium oxide, whereby titanium
cyanonitride is formed. The latter compound, when present in pig iron is usually
estimated and tabulated by chemists as metallic titanium.
The titanic pig as described can be made only in the electric furnace. It has
a much lower melting point than the higher alloys, and, although containing but
from 3 to 5% Ti, a mixture of from 3 to 5% in quantity gives practically the
same results as with from 1 to 2% in quantity of a 10 or 13%-Ti alloy. The
manufacture of this special pig does not differ materially from that of the higher
alloys. Titaniferous and non-titaniferous ores are mixed in proper proportions
with a sufficient quantity of carbon (in the form of fuel) to reduce iron and
titanium oxides, and the mixture is then smelted ; or the reduction of the titanifer-
ous ore by carbon can be carried out in a bath of steel or iron which is so pro-
portioned as to give the proper percentage of titanium in the final product. A
200-H.P. plant gives a daily output of about 2,500 lb. pig, or 12-5 lb. per
H.P.-day.
Tests of Ferrotitanium. — The materials used in these tests were made by add-
ing the alloy in either the cupola or the ladle, the results being nearly the same
in each case. The cupola of 2,000 lb. capacity was first charged with pig iron
and coke without any addition whatever, and a part of the molten iron was cast
in pigs and round bars (18 in. long by 1,125 in. in diameter) or square bars (13
in. long by 1 in. square) while another portion was poured into 300-lb. ladles
into which certain quantities of alloys (10 to 12% Ti) were added at the bottom.
After dropping, the cupola was again charged with pig iron and coke by layers
as usual with the addition in each layer of a part of the total quantity of alloy that
was to be used in the charge. The alloy was added in lumps from 1 to 2 in. in
size. For each mixture the cupola was charged with fresh material. The pig
iron used was of two grades — No. 2 foundry coke (Warwick brand) and No. 1
best charcoal pig (Murkirk brand). The tests were made at the laboratories
of Finius, Olsen & Co., of Philadelphia. With due corrections for area the re-
sults were as follows: —
Tensile strength
Tensfle strength (ayerage)..
Transrerse strength
Deflection at center of bar (IS
in. between bearings)
No. 9 Coke Iron 0* Wmrwick ").
Pig Smelted
Alone.
Lb. per sq. i
S6.450
94,600
M,g60
Pig Smelted with
IV of Alloy.
Lb. per sq. in.
5r,«)o
88,860
97,600
S8,195
No. i Chareoal Iron C* Knrktt "^
Pig Bmeltod
Alone.
Lb. per sq. fn.
87.960
87.800
W,960
(2.mo
■{8.878
/ 8,998
014
Ptg Smelted with
V of aUoj.
Lb. ner nq. in.
»o;4no
81,880
.SO.80O
18.118
S.8fiO
8,815
1166
The tests show that the addition of from 0 5 to 2% in quantity of 10 to 12%-
Ti alloy increased the tensile strength of the coke iron so that the average ex-
ceeded the average tensile strength of N'o. 1 best charcoal Scotch pig. In other
words, ooke iron thus treated could be substituted for the charcoal iron, which is
employed to obtain certain mixtures, and at a considerable saving in cost. At the
time these tests were made, the Scotch pig cost $29 per ton, while the coke iron was
MANUFACTURE AND USE OF TITANIUM AND SIMILAR ALLOTS. 696
worth $15 and the alloy treatment cost from $3 to $4 per ton. Furthermore, the
charcoal iron when alloyed with titanium showed a maximum tensile strength of
31,230 lb. per sq. in. and a maximum transverse strength of 3,250 lb., as compared
with 28,430 lb. and 2,993 lb., respectively, for the same iron without treatment.
Later experiments have shown that 1% of alloy suffices to give these results.
With weak irons the improvement by treatment is still more noticeable ; thus pig
of 20,000 lb. tensile strength and 2,000 lb. transverse strength when treated give
a tensile strength of from 25,000 to 26,000 lb. and a transverse strength of from
2,500 to 2,800 lb.
The quality of titanium iron has been further tested by Mr. C. V. Slocum, of
the Keystone Car Wheel Co., Pittsburg, with the following results, as personally
cominunicated to me: "For the first half of the heat and during the time no
titanium was used, the highest strepgth observed in bars was 3,270 lb. In the last
half of the heat, during which a small part of the titanium was in the charge,
the transverse strength ran up at once to 3,500 lb., and one bar which would evi-
dently have run considerably over the limit of the machine was removed from it
without breaking. We had bars breaking at 3,740 lb. on different days, each of
which contained titanium." Mr. Slocum has also stated^ that titanium gives
greater density to car wheels and has the effect of hardening the tread and
strengthening all the parts.
Other Applications of Titanium Alloys. — Experiments are now being conducted
with the 10 to 12%-Ti alloy with reference to its use in the converter. For this
purpose alloys containing carbon are employed, as they serve also as a re-carbon-
izer. The oxidation of titanium in the converter tends to remove the oxygen from
the steel, develops a greater heat than silicon and also eliminates the occluded
nitrogen, so that it seems probable that the castings will show desirable qualities.
The use of titanium alloys in the manufacture of special dies in which great
strength and hardness are required may also prove desirable. A large manufac-
turing: concern has been supplied with a quantity of titanic pig, and is now en-
gaged in testing the material on an extensive scale. Furthermore, experiments
are being made witli the alloys with the view of their utilization in the manu-
facture of special chilled castings such as rolls and crushers.
Manufacture of Ferrotungsten and Other Alloys. — As a development of the
aluminum process, in which a bath of aluminum kept molten by an electric cur-
rent is used as a reducer of metallic oxides — in contrast with the Goldschmidt
process which employs powdered aluminum and no external heat — I have made
ferrochromium, ferrotungsten and ferromolybdenum free, or practically so, from
carbon. Ferrotitanium containing from 0*2 to 0*75% C and as high as 75% Ti
has also been made by this process. The furnace used is of the old Siemens type,
consisting essentially of graphite blocks so arranged as to leave a central cavity.
The graphite forming the cathode is properly connected with one of the busbars of
the current. A single or multiple carbon electrode is introduced into the cavity
to form the anode, and is connected with the other busbar by means of a flexible
cable, which permits the electrode to be moved vertically.
The tungsten concentrates that were used had the following composition:
> Paper read before the Railroad Club of PItteburjr, Nov. 88, 1902.
696 THB MINERAL INDU8TBT.
WO, 69 86%; SiO, 5 04^; FeO 20 25%; metallic eqiiiTaknl»— W 55-20%;
Fe lo'73%. After charging the furnace with the neoeasary quantity of aiominnm
in the form of ingots, scrap, etc, to rednoe the iron and tnngBten, the current was
turned on. As soon as the oxides were introduced into the m<dten metal the re-
action began, the iron being first reduced to a metallic state and forming a batfa
in which the tungsten dissolved. With the progress of the reaction, abundant
fumes of alumina were given off in. a dense white dond, while the larger portion
of the alumina, formed at the expense of the oxygen in the ores, constituted a sort
of slag (artificial corundum) on the surface of the bath. The current was in-
creased for a few minutes toward the end of the reaction and the metal was then
cast. In one operation 646 lb. of ferrotungsten were made in thirty minutes with
an expenditure of about 11 H.P. of current. The alloy had the following com-
position: W 75 91%, Fe 21-47%, Si 1-61%, S 0 08%, C 0-90%, Al nil The
percentage of tungsten in this case is nearly the maximum available from the ore.
If a lower percentage is desired it may be obtained by adding scrap iron in the
proper quantity to the charge.
The same process was employed for the manufacture of f errochromium. The
chrome ore supplied for this purpose was rather low-grade, and a quantity of
current had to be used sli^tly greater than the normal to melt the slag. An
analysis of the ore gave the following results: CtjO, 50-29%, Fe,0, 1601%,
A1,0, 10-72%, SiO, 4-62%, MgO 16-61%, S 001%^ CaO 115%, P nil,
HjO 1-40%, metallic equivalents— Cr 34%, Fe 11-20%.. It will be observed
that 34-5% of the ore was gangue. The ore should have been concentrated to
avoid loss of chromium in the slag. The ferrochromium obtained had the follow-
ing composition: Cr 68 24%, Fe 26-92%, Si 1-85%, C 1%, Al 0-5%.
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
THE CONCENTRATION OF ORES BY OIL/
By Walter McDbrmott.
The selective action of oil and grease on certain minerals has been known for
some years, and several attempts have been made to utilize this knowledge for
the purpose of a commercial separation of valuable products. At the De Beers
diamond mines such a process has been successfully developed and used for sev-
eral years. The application is in the form of a shaking riflBed table coated with
thick grease, over which tailings from the washing pans are run, with the result
that any diamonds present adhere to the grease, while the waste rock flows over
freely. An attempt to use a thin oil for separating metallic sulphides from waste
rock was made in England ; and a certain measure of success was attained in small
experiments by causing the oil to pass through a moistened mass of ore. It was
found that the oil used had very little supporting power, attaching itself to the
gangue to such an extent as to cause excessive loss ; and the details of an effective
separation of the sulphides from the supporting oil were not worked out.
Mr. F. E. Elmore, in experimenting to reduce the excessive loss of copper and
iron pyrite from a concentration mill in Wales, took up the investigation and was
successful in developing a practical and economical method of utilizing the re-
markable power of some oils to absorb certain minerals and metals. The descrip-
tion of the action of the oil as "absorption" seems suitable to those who have seen
the process in actual operation; it is entirely a surface action between the oil
and the wet particles of mineral, but in eflFect the result is that the particles enter
into the body of the oil. The essential points of the process, on which its novelty
and commercial success depend, are (1) the nature of the oil used, (2) the
method of its application to the crushed ore, and (3) the separation of the
absorbed mineral from the oil.
1. Experiments, made with many varieties of oil and fatty substances, resulted
in the discovery that an oil of the character of the thick residuum of petroleum
distillation gave results far more eflFective than any other material. This resid-
uum possessed additional advantages in its low first cost, in its freedom from me-
chanical loss even when finely broken up, and in its power of supporting a rela-
tively heavy charge of mineral without sinking in water, all of which gave its use
* From tho Engineering and Mining Journal, Feb. 14 and 21, 1908. See also Tkb Mhibbal Inpustrt, Vol.
X., p. W.
698 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY,
the distinction of an absolute discovery. Besides the ordinary American residuum,
having a sp. gr. of about 088, similar products from other parts of the world
have been found equally effective, particularly some natural thick oils" from the
East, with a sp. gr. of 0-80. The factor of specific gravity is of importance, be-
cause the oil when charged with particles of heavy minerals has still to float freely
in water. The capacity of the oil thus to support a charge is greater than would
appear possible by calculation based solely on its normal specific gravity. This is
due to the agitation with the pulp which results in the oil taking up a very ap-
preciable quantity of air, giving a certain sponginess, with naturally an increase
in floating power. The properly charged oil, when examined with a glass in a thin
film, is seen to be literally full of particles of mineral it has taken up ; and its
power of still floating appears remarkable. When overcharged with mineral, a
portion of the latter settles out and sinks in water, dragging down entangled oil
with it ; some of this oil, freeing itself from the excess of load, will again rise in
globules to the surface. The degree of viscosity is of importance as regulating the
charge the oil will carr}', and as affecting the mechanical loss from its influence
on subdivision and re-agglomeration; but, fortunately, this degree of viscosity
can be easily regulated by the addition of thinning or thickening oils or wax,
and in part, if necessary, by the regulation of temperature in working. It has
been discovered that the action of the oil on some ores can be stimulated (at a
very nominal cost) by mixing certain acids with the oil or by the addition of a
very slight quantity of acid to the pulp before the contact with oil. This increase
of efficiency is in some cases — such as in the treatment of atacamite ores — suflS-
cient to make the difference between success and failure ; and is secured by the
addition of quantities,, which are little more than traces, of acid. Mine water of
acid reaction is therefore well adapted to the process. When water is scarce it
can be used over again after settling the tailings, as the suspended mud is not
injurious.
2. The use of thick oil allows of its application to a thin pulp, such as that
produced in wet crushing operations where an excess of water is always used.
Previous efforts with other classes of oils had been unsuccessful with a thin pulp.
Experiments were made with differing degrees of agitation of the oil with the
flowing pulp, varying all the way from a gentle rolling over of the oil and pulp in
their travel down an inclined riffled launder, to a violent agitation such as pro-
duced by passing through a centrifugal pump, or a cone mixer, or an amalgama-
tion pan. The attempt to pass the pulp as a spray through a floating layer of
oil was followed by the flowing of the pulp both over and under a fixed and a
traveling surface coated with oil. In the end it was found that a slowly revolving
cylinder enclosing a helical launder fitted at intervals with low baffle plates gave
a sufficient agitation for most ores, and caused no unnecessary breaking up of the
oil. By this means also a clean concentrate was insured, because there was no
mechanical driving of particles of gangue into the oil. As a consequence of the
experiments with many classes of ore under varying conditions, a standard type
(or unit) of three mixing cylinders has been adopted. For some ores, requiring
a very close saving of a rich mineral finely divided in the gangue, extra agitation
previous to treatment in the mixing cylinders has been found effective.
TBB COIfGENTRATION OP ORES BY OIL. 699
The application of the thick oil to a thin pulp allows of a simple, continuous
and automatic treatment of the flowing product from a stamp-mill or other pul-
verizer. After the mixing of the oil with the pulp — which may be likened to
the agitation of quicksilver with an ore in pan amalgamation — the oil with its
charge of mineral is separated from the water and waste rock by running the
whole into a large pointed box, from the bottom of which the rock and watet
flow, while the oil and mineral float on the top and overflow for subsequent treat-
ment. This separation is the equivalent of the separation of quicksilver and
amalgam from the rock and water in a settler; although in the one case the heavy
absorbed mineral is floated off by the oil, and in the other case the amalgamated
metal sinks with the quicksilver. The similarity of the operations to those of
amalgamation seems to have been noticed by the patent examiners in Washington ;
for in the broad claims granted for the process the use of quicksilver was spe-
cifically excluded.
3. Having secured the proper kind of oil, the requisite agitation with a thin
pulp, and the separation of the oil and its absorbed mineral from the waste rock
and water, the difficulty of a simple and effective extraction of the mineral from
the oil was only overcome after a great deal of experimenting. Most of the
particles of mineral produced in crushing an ore by stamps are very minute, so
that the problem of their extraction from the body of a thick sticky oil was not
easily solved. To thin the oil sufficiently to allow the concentrates to sink, either
by addition to the oil of any thinning material, or by raising the temperature,
was found commercially impracticable. Filter-pressing (after heating) was
found unsatisfactory for several reasons; and success was only obtained by the
adoption of a system of centrifugal separation carried out under perfectly novel
conditions of working. The oil is passed through a heater into a centrifugal
machine consisting of a vertical pan 48 in. in diameter, which has an inwardly
projecting flange at the top, around and over which the discharge takes place.
Water is run first into the centrifugal and forms a wall of the depth of the flange.
The heated oil flows down a pipe into the bottom of the pan (which makes 1,000
r. p. m.) and passes up in a thin layer over the wall of water, discharging over
the flange at the top. During this passage of the oil over the water, the solid
particles of mineral are thrown out through the supporting water, and pack
against the side of the pan. WTien the pan is charged with mineral, it is stopped
for a few minutes, the collected wall of concentrates is broken down through an
opening in the bottom of the pan, and the machine is started again ready for a
fresh charge. The cleaned oil flowing from the centrifugal is pumped back to
the storage tanks above the mixers, for re-use after cooling. The separation of
the mineral from the oil is very perfect. A sample of the oil now in circulation
in the London testing works, and which has been used with a great variety of ores,
contained on examination only 015% of solid matter. The discharged concen-
trates have still some oil and water mixed with them, and are dried by treatment
in a second centrifugal fitted inside with a perforated pan, such as is used in
drying sugar.
The first working plant erected was the uradual orrowth of experiments at the
Glasdir mine in North Wales, and had a final capacity of 50 tons per day. Sev-
700 THE MINERAL INDUSTBY.
eral thousand tons of ore were treated; but the mine has been closed for some
time for financial reasons not connected with the process itself. A complete
testing works was next erected in London with a 5-ft. Huntington mill for crush-
ingy and an oil plant of a capacity of 25 tons per day. This plant has been run-
ning for nearly two years^ making working tests on ores from various parts of the
world. It is still in active operation. As a result of work done at this testing
mill, in most cases under the superintendence of independent engineers^ the fol-
lowing plants have been ordered : 75-ton plant for Norway ; 50-ton plant for Lake
View mine. Western Australia ; 50-ton plant for Le Roi No. 2, British Columbia :
50-ton plant Tywamhaile mine, Cornwall; 150-ton plant St. David's mine,
Wales; 100-ton plant Sygun mine, Wales. Of these the last three are now in
regular operation, and have been running from one to six months, jespectively. I
The process is not at present in use in the United States, although ores from
a number of American mines have been successfully tested in London, and |
a small hand-testing plant has been erected in the laboratory of the University I
of California. I
At the Tywamhaile mine a lO-stamp mill is at work with a two-unit (50 tons) |
oil plant, crushing old dumps of quartz and slate containijig iron and copper i
pyrites, and assaying only 0-6% Cu. Concentrates containing 8% Cu are pro- i
duced, and the results are such that the owners have decided to erect 20 more
stamps with necessary oil plant for the regular mine ore. As bearing on the
question of labor required for the process, it may be mentioned that one man and
two boys are employed on each 8-hour shift, at wages of 75 and 37c., respectively,
per day, and these hands were without skill or previous experience in mill work.
The average extraction has been slightly over 80% of assay value, with a close
agreement between actual and theoretical extraction. Battery screens of 20-mesh
were at first employed, but as coarse as lO-mesh have since been used. Experience
has shown that by reducing the agitation, and lessening the time of contact with
the oil, a large percentage of the copper pyrite can be saved, while a considerable
loss of iron pyrite can be allowed in the tailings, without proportionately increas-
ing the loss of copper. As a consequence of this selective action of the oil, in
aiming at the highest extraction, a higher grade concentrate can be produced
for the smelters than if all mineral present were caught by the oil. Copper pyrite
is particularly amenable to the oil treatment, even in the finest state of division ;
the rapid and complete seizure of the particles of this and some other minerals by
the oil, with even a gentle agitation, having a resemblance to the operation of
magnetic force.
At the Sygun mine in Wales 20 stamps of 1,050 lb. crush about 100 tons (2,000
lb.) per day through 20-me8h. The pulp passes over. four Wilfley tables, and the
tailings from these are treated by four units of the oil plant. For operating the
oil plant portion of the mill one boy is* employed at the mixers, chiefly to watch
and regulate the discharge cocks of the various pointed boxes and to see that the
water levels are kept fairly constant, and two hands are used on the centrifugal
machines, for handling and discharging the concentrates, all on 8-hour shifts.
The ore consists of slate with a little quartz, and carries both iron and copper
pyrites. The average grade of the ore now being worked is about 1% Cu. The
Fig. I. Two Unit Elmore Conccnlralin*^ IManl (back \k\\j.
Fi^^ 2. Two Unit Elmore Concentrating Plant (front view).
THE CONCENTHAIION OF 0BE3 BY OIL. 103
Wilfley tables make a clean concentrate of nearly pure iron pyrite, carrying only
about 3% Cu, but having an additional value, in the sulphur content, of about
50%, which allows of its sale to sulphuric acid makers, who leach out the copper
from the residues, as is largely practiced in England with certain of the Spanish
pjrritic ores. The oil plant, following the concentrators, makes an excellent extrac-
tion in the form of a concentrate containing about 9% Cu, which is sold to the
copper smelters. It has been mentioned that at the Tywamhaile mine a partial
separation of the copper from the iron pyrite, is eflEected in the oil plant
itself, by limiting the extent and time of agitation of oil with the pulp,
and it is of interest to note that in the Sygun mine similar results have
been established by the adoption of a a^ystem of intentionally imperfect
water concentration (owing to overcrowding the Wilfley tables) as a first step,
with the production of tailings relatively rich in copper pyrite on which the oil
process is operated. This second method of attaining a partial separation of the
two minerals has the advantage over the first of making a higher total extraction
of values. The possibility of adopting either system in practice must depend
on the form of distribution of the copper value in the two minerals. The mixers
used in both these mills are the same and are arranged in units of three cylinders,
one above the other. The cylinders are of galvanized iron and 10 ft. 6 in. long
by 36 in. in diameter. They are supported horizontally on rollers and driven
6 r. p. m. by a worm gearing. Inside, a helical rib of 12-in. pitch and 6 in. high,
with baffle plates at intervals, moves the stream of pulp and oil, and intermixes
the same. At the discharge end of each cylinder is a pointed box, from the bottom
of which the water and sand flow to the next cylinder, and from the top the
charged oil overflows to the centrifugal separator. This arrangement of three
cylinders allows of three separate agitations of the pulp with fresh additions of oil
to insure contact with all the mineral present, and the whole operation is contin-
uous and automatic on the flowing pulp. Figs. 1 and 2 show both back and
front views of two imits, and Figs. 3 and 4 show the plan and elevation of a 50-ton
plant, giving the floor space and fall required. The two centrifugals shown will
be the same for three or four units on most ores. The horse-power required has
been carefully observed by electrical measurement of the various machines em-
ployed when in regular operation, and these powers are small. The three cylin-
ders (or single unit mixer) require 0-7 H.P., the 48-in. centrifugal 4 H.P., the
36-in. centrifugal 2 H.P. Allowing for oil meter pumps to feed the mixers, re-
turn oil pump, and for friction of shafting, etc., the total power for a four-unit
or 100-ton plant need not exceed 12 H.P., when two centrifugals are sufficient.
This figure covers the extra power required during the period of acceleration
of the speed of the centrifugals, when starting on new charges.
A third plant of six units has been running several months at the St. David's
mine in Wales, treating the tailings of a SO-stamp gold mill, which contain a
very small percentage of copper pyrite, and carry a little gold. The three mills
have fully established the simplicity, efficiency and economy of the mechanical
devices. The working results of the process in high percentage of extraction, in
the good grade of concentrates produced, and in the small loss of oil involved,
have more than equaled the estimates based on smaller suggested tests in the
704
TEE MINERAL INDlSmT,
London works. The loss of oil, which is one of the important questions at once
occurring in a first consideration of the process, depends chiefly on the percentage
of mineral in the ore, as the chief source of loss lies in the fact that the concen-
Fio. 3. — Longitudinal Section and Plan of a 50-ton Oil Concentration
Plant.
trates cannot be perfectly freed from oil. By the use of hot water, or hot air, in
the second or drying centrifugal, the concentrates are at present dried down so as
THE CONCENTRATION OF 0RE8 BY OIL.
705
to carry from 3 to 6% of oil, or, say 8 to 15 gal. to the ton (2,000 lb.) of concen-
trates. Assuming for illustration an ore concentrating 10 to 1, and wholly by oil
treatment, this loss of oil would be equal to 0-8 to 1-5 gal. per ton of original ore
treated and with mechanical loss in tailings, and all other sources the total loss,
in the case taken, will be from 1 to 1- 75 gal. per ton of ore. The first cost of the
oil used^s only a few cents per gallon at the refineries in the United States.
The mere presence of a small quantity of oil in the concentrates is not a disad-
vantage, for, in nearly all cases, the subsequent treatment of this product will
involve a roasting or smelting wherein the fuel value of the oil is worth consider-
ing, and, mechanically, the condition of the concentrates is advantageous for
I *■ ' j -1 I,- r
Fig. 4. — Transverse Section of a 50-ton Oil Concentration Plant.
transportation, as lessening loss by "dusting," and as facilitating briquetting if
this be required.
One advantage of water concentration before the oil treatment, in the case of
ores on which this is possible, is evident in the item of reduced oil loss from
reduced weight of oil concentrates. In the case of certain ores with a heavy
gangue, such as magnetite, barite, g&met, etc., water concentration may be so
imperfect as to leave, of necessity, the whole field to the oil process. With ores
containing only a small percentage of mineral suitable to oil treatment there is no
need for a preliminary water concentration.
706 THE MINEHAL INDUSTRY.
In considering the possible applications of the process the following suggestions
may be offered, as based on tests already made with ores from many parts of the
world. 1. Treatment of float and slimes from existing concentration mills; that
is, as an auxiliary to water concentration, when present losses would justify fur-
ther treatment. 2. As a substitute for water concentration in the case of certain
minerals, such as molybdenite, cinnabar, some brittle silver minerals and the
tellurides. 3. Concentration of minerals from a heavy gangue ; for example, cop-
per pyrite, gray copper, bomite, galena, iron pyrite and other sulphides, anti-
monides, arsenides or tellurides of the metals from a gangue of magnetite, heavy
spar, garnet, etc. 4. The separation of two valuable minerals in the same ore, as,
for example, the extraction of argentiferous or auriferous sulphides and antimo-
nides of the metals from a rock carrying tinstone, leaving the tin oxide to be
washed out in a second operation. Such ores occur in South America. This proc-
ess would be applicable also to the mixed copper and tin ores of Cornwall. 6. By
the increased extraction of slimes and float values, the use of the oil process would
remove that fear of excessive slime production, which in some cases leads to the
adoption of a complicated system of gradual reduction of an ore that must be even-
tually crushed fine to free all the mineral, and on which ore the simple reduction
by stamps would offer decided advantages, both direct and indirect. 6. The re-
moval of the cyanide-consuming minerals of gold and silver ores before cyanide
treatment. In many ores the finely divided copper-bearing minerals, most diffi-
cult to remove by any system of water concentration, cause a great consumption
of cyanide, and the oil treatment does not interfere with subsequent cyanidation.
The more general of the suggestions in the above list must, of course, be taken
with the necessary limitation that the mineral to be saved is of a character sus-
ceptible to oil treatment. Broadly, it may l)e said that the oil acts only on native
metals, sulphides, antimonides, arsenides and tellurides, and not on oxides, car-
bonates, silicates or sulphates. There is a great difference in the activity of the
oil on different sulphides. A bright metallic surface seems favorable to the most
energetic action ; so that while the oil will freely and instantaneously act on copper
pyrite, bomite and gray copper if in an untarnished condition, there are some
occurrences of copper sulphide having a more or less earthy texture, which are
very little susceptible to oil treatment. Zinc blende is in most cases not well
adapted to treatment; but some experiments seem to show that the activity of
the extraction varies with the different lusters of blende, between the extremes of
light resinous and metallic. Cinnabar, even when in a finely divided state and of
somewhat dull surface, seems to be saved with facility. Galena, and varione com-
pounds of antimony or arsenic and sulphur with copper, silver and other metals,
and the tellurides, generally seem to be good subjects for the oil treatment, and
these are the minerals usually subject to heavy losses in water concentration.
Molybdenite is picked up with great facility, and as this mineral often ikjcuts
scattered in quartz, and is not at all easy to concentrate economically, the use of
oil offers in this case obvious advantages. Mention has been made of atacamite
(the copper oxychloride) as amenable to treatment under certain conditions;
and it is possible that there are other minerals of the oxides of the metals which
may be found later to be exceptions to the general rule above mentioned. Native
THE CONCENTRATION OP 0BE8 BY OIL, "^O?
gold, silver and copper are taken up freely. Two experiments with Lake Superior
slimes have been unsatisfactory, and an explanation is to be found in the fact that
some oxidation had occurred, shown by some of the copper being soluble in weak
sulphuric acid. A merely superficial oxidation of a particle of metal or mineral
will interfere with the action of the oil, so that old tailings of a mill may be un-
treatable, while the freshly crushed waste from the same mill will give good results.
As regards the production pf clean concentrates, the results obtained with oil
depend on several conditions. Taking, for example, a small particle of copper
pyrite and a particle of quartz, together in water and both brought in contact
with a body of the proper oil, the metallic mineral at once becomes coated by the
oil, the quartz particle is quite unaffected, it remains wet and protected from sur-
face contact with the oil by the water. A particle consisting of part quartz, part
copper pyrite, is likely to be taken up by the oil from the contact effected through
its metallic portion. Prom this it follows that a degree of crushing which does
not effectively free the mineral from the gangue, will lead to a lower grade of con-
centrate, owing to the inclusion of a middle product. Excessive agitation leads
to the introduction of waste rock into the thick oil by mechanical force. In most
cases it is possible to make a sufficiently dean mineral concentrate from the com-
mercial point of view. An examination under the microscope of the largest
particles will show these to be mostly a middle product — ^part mineral, part gangne.
Certain gangues are more apt to enter the oil than others, but they are not those
usually found in payable mineral occurrences.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE
, • IN A MINE.
Bt T. a. Riokard.
Introductory. — It is held by some that to publish the details of personal
practice is unprofessional. Others are of the opinion that while it may be well
for professional men to discuss with freedom, but among themselves, the meth-
ods they employ in their work, it is poor policy to take the public into their con-
fidence. As regards the first, no defense should be necessary in the face of the
recent growth of technical associations which are founded for the avowed pur-
pose of disseminating the knowledge acquired by their members ; while, as to the
second objection, it suffices to say that the mining engineer suffers from the ig-
norance of the public no less than the public itself, and, therefore, every step
which will promote a better understanding between them is bound to be to the
interest of both.
Other considerations, equally strong, prompt the willing distribution of the
little knowledge which any individual among us may happen to possess. To give
is to receive. No man realizes the limitations of his knowledge until he begins
to crystallize it into writing, and if he be moved by a fraternal spirit to give a
few hints to those who are his juniors, he will find that the effort will teach him
more perhaps than those he has set out to help. It was well said by a man of
wide learning that the best way to find out all about a subject was to write a book
upon it.
There was a time when the examination of a mine implied merely a perfunctory
visit to the underground workings, the copying of maps and the tabulation of
the. output. On this flimsy foundation it was considered proper to base an
estimation of values. Other times, other methods. During later years the com-
mon sense of every-day business has been introduced into the industry of mining,
and it has become the practice to investigate with a thoroughness quite unknown
twenty years ago. That we owe this betterment to the Sand is likely, for, while
those of us who have found an adequate field of activity elsewhere have improved
our own methods without conscious suggestions from the outside, it is probable
that the very atmosphere of thought breathed by the earnest men of the pro-
THK SAMPLmG AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE, 709
fession has been influenced by the great developments in the Transvaal and the
consequent introduction of a degree of system previously rare in metal mining,
so that there has been exerted an influence not less valuable because it may not be
directly measurable.
The purpose of examining a mine is, usually, to enable the engineer to pass
judgment upon the value of it, both present and prospective. Whatever data he
uses as the basis of his opinion must be verified as far as possible. There are
many items of information which, on account of the relations of time and place,
he may not be able to test at first hand; all the more reason, therefore, that
especial care be taken to get alongside of facts in those matters which are veri-
fiable. Among these the three most important are the determination of the quan-
tity of ore in the mine, the average value of it, and the cost of turning it into
money.
In practice these three determinations are undertaken in the reverse order, it
being obvious that the results of sampling will be meaningless unless it is known
how valuable the ore must be in order to yield a profit, and it is likewise appar-
ent that no estimate of reserves can be made without the safe basis of one's own
sampling of the mine.
"Ore" may be defined as metal-bearing rock which can be exploited at a profit,
and it should be unnecesasry to distinguish profit-yielding material as "pay-
ore"; however, it is a common habit to include all vein-matter containing any
value under the term "ore," it being left to sampling and assaying to differen-
tiate. In the present discussion, whenever the word "ore" is employed, it will
mean such material only as at the time of the examination can be profitably ex-
ploited, and if there be other lode-stuflE which will yield a profit in the event of
a further probable reduction of the expenses of mining and milling then such
material will be designated as *low-grade ore"; any other vein-matter, of less
value, will be included under the general term "waste."
Determination of Coats. — In arriving at the average costs incurred in the
business of a mine, the engineer will encounter conditions which may vary be-
tween the extremes of a going concern, having detailed accounts covering a period
sufficiently long to afford thoroughly reliable data, and that of an undeveloped
mine in an entirely new region where no such data are available.
The first renders it possible to obtain the fullest information, and in such in-
stances if true figures are not secured it is often due to mere carelessness. Some-
times the costs are not segregated on the account books, and it will require tact-
ful insistence to get at the actual facts. The investigator may find that there
is a tendency to eliminate outlays on improvements for the reason that they are
to be regarded as extraordinary items of expenditure, and it is not infrequently
found that, in the case of a new equipment, the heavy item of wear and tear is
overlooked. Errors may arise from the adoption of figures which cover excep-
tional periods; for instance, aft high altitudes the costs during the summer
months are less than in winter on account of cheaper transport, better water
supply, and other causes connected with the difference of seasons ; similarly, in-
correct data as to mining costs may be accepted through overlooking the fact
that during the period in question the amount ot dead work (exploratory) has
710 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
been unusually small in comparison to that which is required to keep step with
the stoping operations ; furthermore^ in milling it is not uncommonly found that
the power used during a part of the year is derived from water, which is either free
of cost or relatively cheap, and that during the remainder of the year coal or
wood has to be consumed, to generate steam, at a much greater expense. These are
some of the errors against which one has to be on guard. Speaking broadly, the
safest way to avoid them is to quote costs covering a period long enough to include
the vicissitudes of seasons and markets.
Mines are rarely in a stationary state of development ; like man himself, they
are either growing or declining. When an engineer examines a mine he obtains
data which are representative of conditions liable to change on account of the prob-
able expansion or contraction of the entire enterprise; therefore, the figures he
gets are apt to represent a passing phase in the development of the particular
undertaking, and he cannot arrive at the average costs for the future by simply
dividing the expenditure for a given period by the tonnage mined during that pe-
riod. If the property is a steady-going concern, which has been operated for many
years under conditions which are likely to continue unchanged, then indeed he has
an easy task, and, given correct figures, he has only to perform a plain sum in sim-
ple division. Such cases are rare. Mines are usually bought by capitalists because
they think they can enlarge the scheme of operations so as to make the business
more profitable than has been the case under the previous ownership. This often
entails a sweeping change in the manner of carrying on the enterprise ; the entire
business is conducted on broader lines, and it is assumed that a larger scale of op-
eration will result finally in a considerable diminution in the average cost per ton.
Apart from the fimdamental supposition of ore-reserves big enough to warrant this
exptasion, there arises the question whether the money to be spent in extra equip-
ment, a better trained staff, more vigorous and extensive development of the mine,
etc., will result in a reduction in costs to the extent estimated. Experience has
shown that sanguine expectations in this regard are not always fulfilled, and that
a single mine owner or a small local syndicate can often, in spite of imperfections
of administration and equipment, work a mine at a cost per ton which will compare
favorably with that of a big company having the large permanent expenditures
inseparable from the very nature of its organization. In judging of this, experi-
ence is the only guide, no rules can be laid down, and each case must be consid-
ered apart and on its own merits.
In the case of an undeveloped mine, in a new district, reliable data concerning
costs are not available. Under such circumstances it is well to supplement one's
judgment by visiting the nearest mines which are being operated imder like con-
ditions. To those devoid of experience the situation is honeycombed with pitfalls.
Western Australia afforded many lamentable examples of this during the years
between 1895 and 1898. The majority of reports made at that time omitted to in-
clude any estimate of costs, all the available space being taken up by flamboyant
statements of results obtained from rough sampling, together with wild prophe-
cies concerning enrichment in depth based upon the presence of sulphides, tellu-
rides, etc. It is a fact that many reports, which confessed to an average of 8 or
10 dwt. gold per ton of ore, advocated the purchase of mines situated in localities
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 711
where, at that time, the costs could not possibly be less than 20 dwt. per ton.
Again and again one found in examining a mine which had proved a failure or
was about to collapse, that the earlier reports contained the results of assays upon,
what obviously must have been, mere specimens of ore. Such reports had served
as the foundation for financiering on a Napoleonic scale, and prospects had been
highly commended on the basis of an average tenor low even under exceptionally
favorable conditions, but quite unattainable in an uninhabited desert several hun-
dred miles from any manufacturing center.
It may seem that the follies of a boom are hardly worth castigation, but they
may recur, and, if haply they do not, then at least one lesson may be learned
from them, namely, that it is quite as important to ascertain the average costs
as it is to determine the average value of the ore in a mine. To ask a man who has
had no experience in the business and management of mines, to appraise the value
of a prospect situated in a new region, is to court disaster. He may be a chemist,
geologist, mineralogist, mechanical engineer, but, however accomplished he may be,
unless he has served an apprenticeship as a mining engineer he will be more help-
less than helpful. In sizing up the situation it is necessary that a man should
know what are likely to be the costs of stoping, timbering, road-making, erection
of machinery, equipment, etc., and these things he can only know through actual
underground experience and personal participation in the administration of mines.
In a new district all the data obtainable will be those furnished by prospectors,
diggers and local promoters, very few of whom have accurate knowledge on these
points, and when they have it they do not feel called upon to donate it to the
novice who happens along. This disregard of the inevitable high cost attendant
upon the opening up of a new mining region under unfavorable conditions has
been at the bottom of the blunders which have retarded the early development of
many districts.
The Determination of the Average Value of the Ore. — ^The average value
of the ore in the past can be ascertained from the records of a mine, but fo
find out the probable average value of the production in the future there is no
method save that of testing the ore exposed in the workings. This is done by
taking representative fragments and then subjecting them to assay. The method
is termed "sampling." There are many ways of carrying out the operation ; the
best are the outcome of experience.
Sampling is expensive. It cost $7,000 to sample one well-known mine, and it
cost $12,000 to do the same work in a neighboring property. This did not in-
clude the fee of the engineer in either instance. Therefore, an engineer will not
commence an elaborate sampling of a large mine unless he has reason to believe
that the circumstances warrant it. The cost mounts up into big figures, because
of the large number of -assistants necessary, the workmen employed in rigging
up such timbering as is required to enable the sampling gang to get at the stope
faces, the cost of assays, and other expenses. When a mine has very extensive
workings the cost is much increased on account of the necessity for putting up
special timbering, upon which to rig up a temporary platform or such other ar-
rangement as will permit of convenient access to tlio faces of ore in the stopes.
The fi.ffures already quoted indicate vor\' plainly that a thorough sampling mn^^t
712 THE MINERAL INDUaTRT.
not be lightly undertaken. It should always be preceded by a preliminary in-
vestigation. In going through the mine for the first time the engineer will ob-
serve that either the present value of it or, perhaps, its future prospects, hinge
upon certain facts ; it may be a question whether fhe lower workings exhibit a
falling off in value, it may be important to ascertain whether particular ends of
levels or particular stopes are really as good as represented. A few samples will
throw light on these points, and, if these are satisfactory, then it will be well to
test certain portions of the mine more thoroughly, and in this way finally get data
which will determine whether a complete sampling of all the workings is justified.
In organizing the sampling gang it is necessary to adopt a system in order to
avoid confusion. If it is a small mine, or if the conditions render it advisable
to keep quite clear of any assistance from the management, then the engineer will
employ only his personal assistants, and, whatever their number, he will divide
them into pairs, one of whom will break the sample while the other holds the box
to receive it as broken. If, on the other hand, the examination is being made for
the owner of the mine, or the conditions otherwise warrant the engineer in accept-
ing the good ofiices of the management, so that he can utilize the services of work-
men on the property, then the task is easier and he can put each of his assistants
to work with a miner, the latter doing the muscular work of breaking the ore
while the assistant watches to see that the sample is fairly taken, and collects it
as 'it falls into the box or other suitable receptacle made for this purpose.
Next, it is necessary to determine what interval to allow between samples. If
the ore is fairly regular in width and value, an interval of 10 ft. will usually suf-
fice ; if it is very spotty in value and subject to sudden changes in width, a lesser
interval will be required. I have been compelled to sample every 3 ft. in the case
of a vein, the ore of which varied between 1 in. and 1 ft., with an assay content
ranging between 10 oz. and 1,000 oz. eilver. In such a case extreme care to
sample accurately at very short intervals is absolutely imperative in order to get
at any kind of idea regarding the average value of the ore. When a lode is built
up of the common sulphides, such as p}Tite or galena, the variations in value are
apt to be small, and under such conditions 20 ft. may not be unsafe. Even though
you may decide to take samples at much smaller intervals, it is best to start off
with a large interval, say, of 20 ft., and when the assay returns are received you can
cut this down by taking intermediate samples, if the circumstances warrant it.
This will prevent useless labor over stretches of poor ground, and at the same time
suggest the proper interval required wherever the workings are in good ore. Hav-
ing settled this point, the next step is to take the first assistant and measure as
regularly as possible along the workings, marking each successive place with col-
ored chalk so that there can be no mistake as to the point where the sample is to be
taken. Then one of the assistants or the engineer himseK, at all eventd, a man who
has had some training as a mine surveyor, is told off to make sketches of the work-
ings as the sampling proceeds, noting the variations in the vein, the number of each
sample and its position, and gathering other information, often extremely impor-
tant, such as develops in the course of the work done by the sampling gang. An-
other man sees to the correct labeling of the samples, the sacking and sealing, and
the removal of them to a safe place. AH the data thus obtained should be set down
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 713
upon a longitudinal section of the mine so that they can be generalized by the
engineer later on.
The Work Of Sampling, — The best sampling tool is a moil when struck by
a 4-lb. hammer. Beware of the prospecting pick or the geologist's hammer^ or
even the larger type of each which the working miner uses ; the former insensibly,
but inevitably, seeks out the soft places and crevices in the vein, and does not
therefore yield a true sample, while the hammer does the reverse and tends to
break off the projecting points, which usually represent the harder portions of the
ore. As a rule, the richest parts of the vein are not in the hard quartz, but, par-
ticularly near the surface, in the decomposed lode-stuflf, so that the pick gives too
high an average and the hammer one which is too low. By the right use of the
moil and hammer this error of extremes can be avoided. Of course, the excel-
lence of a tool depends upon the right use of it, and it is very easy to get mislead-
ing results with the moil as with the other implements already criticised, never-
theless, experience demonstrates that the former is more likely to give a closer
approach to a perfect sample. The ideal method of sampling is the testing of a
cheese by a cheese-tester, which removes a core of uniform size. In a mine the
intention is to imitate this method as nearly as a material of very variable hard-
ness and texture will allow, an effort being made to cut out a channeling or groove
of uniform breadth and depth across the full width of the ore.
Either a moil or a gad is obviously best adapted for this purpose. If the ore is
too hard for a moil and a single-hand hammer, get another striker and a double-
hand hammer. Do not let the hardness of the ore lead you into the mistake of
using dynamite, in the form of "pop shots,'' in order to loosen the ground. No
ground that can be mined in the ordinary way, that is, by drilling holes and charg-
ing them with an explosive, is too tough for a moil struck by a double-hand ham-
mer, when swung by a good man. The use of an explosive introduces an element
of danger from "salting," as it is easy to charge the cartridges with powdery gold,
which the dynamite will distribute very prettily amid the ore. Of course, one can
avoid such tricks by using one's own d3mamite, but engineers, as a rule, do not find
it convenient to travel about with high-grade explosives. Apart from this, there is
a commoner danger. Dynamite tends to break a conical cavity, with the drill-hole
as the axis of a cone which tapers inward. The product of the drill-hole would
not be a fair sample even if it could all be secured without loss or interference.
Usually the explosion of the hole breaks a mass of rock, the cross-section of which
tapers from the width of several feet to almost a point, so that as a sample the
material obtained is misleading. To pick a sample out of a mass of ore thus
broken, or to take it all, is a procedure likely to lead to serious errors.
An accurate sample represents a true cross-section of the ore ; it depends, there-
fore, upon the uniformity of size of the groove or furrow, that is to say, an equal
amount of ore must be broken across every part of the entire width of the lode.
That is what makes sampling difficult, especially in gold-veins, the predominant
matrix of which is quartz, in some form, varied by softer, more friable minerals,
which cause marked contrasts in the ease of fracture. In one case, which came
under my notice, it took six men (three of whom moiled while the other three
held the boxes to receive the samples) the whole of one shift to take three sam-
714 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
pies across a vein 12 ft. in cross-section, and in accomplishing this they dulled
36 moils. This example was one of good, honest sampling work.
The Size of the Sample, — This question is an important one, and it is a mat-
ter to be decided by convenience, scientific principle and experience. Considering
the least important first; large samples are more difficult to handle than small
ones and require more assistance. In mountainous regions or in desert places,
where facilities for crushing the ore are lacking, it will be found inconvenient
to break samples so big that their reduction by hand consumes much time. Oc-
casionally greater inconvenience than this will arise through the want of facili-
ties for removing the ore from the mine without entrusting it to unsafe hands.
The factor of time has been mentioned, that of cost must not be forgotten, for
time and money are valuable alike to the engineer and to his client,, so that the
former will find it advisable to "cut the coat according to the cloth." Every en-
gineer meets obstacles such as have been referred to, and these vary so much with
each individual case that it is needless to attempt to specify them in greater detail.
The size of the sample will also depend upon the facility with which the ore
can be broken, because the scientific principle underlying the act of sampling is
the obtaining of a true cross-section of the lode. In the case of an ore having the
consistency of cheese, which is by no means an impossible occurrence and is ap-
proached by certain lodes which are built up of crushed material, a perfect sample
can be obtained by running a scraper over it so as to make a narrow furrow across
the full width of it. This will result in a sample of minimum size. On the other
hand, in order to obtain a true sample of a larga lode made up of streaks of vary-
ing hardness and uneven fracture it will be found necessary to break a himdred
pounds at the very least. In such a case it is impracticable to secure a sample of
the hardest portions except in large irregular pieces, and this necessitates the
breaking of a proportionate amount of material from those places where the ore
is much softer or of easier fracture. In hard quartz- veins it will be found that a
channeling from 4 to 6 in. in width, and from 0-5 to 1 in. deep, will be adapted
to the securing of a true sample ; in those instances where the ore has a fairly even
grain, as with replacement deposits in igneous rocks of granular texture, it will
be found that a groove 3 in. wide, and from 0-25 to 0-75 in. deep, will give a true
sample. The minimum size of groove which will yield a correct result should be
chosen because any unnecessarily large groove simply increases all the work of
subsequent reduction and handling of the samples without a commensurate in-
crease of accuracy in the final results. Furthermore, one has always to remember
that two samples of 50 lb. each at 5 ft. apart are better than one sample of 100 lb.
at an interval of 10 ft. The whole idea underlying the operation is that of se-
curing an average, and it is obvious that the larger the number of data, the more
likely one is to approximate the truth.
The next factor is more important than the two already considered. I refer
to that invaluable guide, experience, without which all work of this kind is as
dangerous as is mountaineering in the Alps to a thoughtless tenderfoot. To one
who has done his own sampling and assaying there has often arisen the in-
evitable contrast between the dimensions of the sample and those of the gold
button which represents its contents. Whatever the size of the original sample.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 715
the outcome is merely one button of minute size. Gold, as at present known to
exist in workable lodes, occurs in a metallic form, and is usually disseminated
through the ore in an extremely irregular and sporadic manner. As a conse-
quence the final pulp taken for assay, and weighing, as a rule, about an ounce,
if not less, is apt to contain a coarse speck of gold, the accidental presence of
which vitiates the result. Whatever the weight of the original sample, whether
5 lb. or 600 lb., the particular particle of gold included within the final pulp
will have the same effect of exaggeration, save in one respect, viz., that, given
the fact of its occurrence in the original sample, it is more likely to find its way
into the assay pulp of a small sample, the latter being to the former in the
proportion of 1 oz. to 5 lb., or, say, 1 to 80, than in a large sample the final
pulp of which represents, say, one part in 8,000 parts of the original. When,
however, the gold is not present in the usual condition, but occurs in that pul-
verulent state known as "mustard gold," characteristic of the metal when it is
the product of decomposed tellurides, then the more even dissemination of the
gold causes it to be so spread throughout the sample so as to make the size of the
latter a factor of safety. Of course, usually, the pari^icles of gold become fiat-
tened out during the process of crushing (on the buckboard) previous to the assay,
so as to appear on the screen in the form of scales, termed "metallics,** and the
practice is to pick them up, weigh them, cupel them, and then determine their
weight in relation to the weight of the sample, but this does not overcome the
interference with accuracy because, although this determines the propori;ion in
which such pari;icles occurred in the pari:icular sample, it does not give any clue
as to the relative impori»nce of such pari;icles in the enrichment of the entire
lode. Naturally, in small samples the interference is relatively greater and
therefore more clearly recognizable. On the whole, therefore, one comes back to
the conclusion that the best rule to follow is the taking of the smallest sample
consistent with securing a true average of the lode at each cross-section. The
larger the sample the more difficulty in handling it, the more persons required to
help, and the greater the chances of poor work. Let me mention an example.
Two engineers examine a mine, and, in carrying out their investigations, one gets
large samples resulting from a wide groove, while the other takes small samples,
tlie product of a smaller groove. Although both samples are equally good, in so
far as they represent an approach to the true cross-section of the lode at each
place sampled, nevertheless, the former, on account of the greater size of the
samples, is, theoretically, the better of the two. However, the second engineer
employed fewer assistants, and all those whom he employed in this capacity
were men whose antecedents he knew and whose reliability he had previously
tested, while the first engineer engaged his gang of samplers at the mine, most
of them being vouched for by the management or by a fellow-engineer, yet the
chances of error were increased by the number of men employed, the real ability
of each to take true samples being merely assumed on the statement of some one
else.
The Reduction of the Sample. — ^When the samples are broken they are
put into sacks which are not marked upon the outside, but are, preferably, labeled
by inserting a tag with the number upon it. This tag is often merely a piece
716 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
of paper, detached from a notebook, but in this form it is apt to get torn or the
nimiber upon it obscured, especially when the ore is moist, therefore it is best to
use a metal or wooden tag especially prepared for this purpose. The latter will
be found convenient. Get a lot of small pieces of soft wood (0125 in. thick, 1 in.
wide and 15 in. long), and mark the numbers of the samples upon them by the
use of a hard pencil ; this will remain as a visible indentation even after the pen-
cil trace has been rubbed off.
The samples are then removed to a safe place, either temporarily in the mine
itself or to a building where they can be locked up. Then comes the work of re-
ducing them in bulk by crushing and subdivision. If an assay office is conven-
iently at the engineer's disposal he will probably find a rock-breaker which he
can use, otherwise a portable rock-breaker, worked by hand, will be found a use-
ful machine to take with him when a large sampling job is to be done. In the
absence of these conveniences the ore is broken by hand with a cobbing ham-
mer, to the size of walnuts, and then subdivided. This is followed by further
reduction in size and subsequent subdivision by quartering.
It is usual to place the crushed ore upon a square sheet of canvas, which is
rolled backward and forward in opposite directions in such a manner as to mix
the ore lying upon it, until finally a conical pile is left standing in the center.
This is flattened to a frustrum previous to quartering, the two opposite quarters
being taken and again mixed previous to a further mixing and quartering, xmtil
the bulk of the sample has been reduced to the size considered suitable for ship-
ment to the assay office.
The foregoing method is open to criticism. In the first place, the rolling can-
vas is not nearly so good a way of mixing as it looks, the fines are apt to slide
over the surface of the canvas instead of becoming thoroughly mingled with the
coarser particles ; moreover, the cone which is finally formed is deceptive in that
the fines are likely to be collected not at the center of the base of the cone, as
is supposed, but to one side so that, in quartering, any particular division may
include an undue proportion of the fines, which usually form the richest part of
the sample. Further, in flattening the cone into a frustrum, for convenience in
quartering, it is difficult to distribute the ore evenly, and though great care be
taken to draw the ore in a straight line outward, toward the circumference, the
distribution is liable to be faulty and this part of the work may be so imperfectly
done as to become a source of error.
An alternative, and better, method can be suggested. Get a few short boards,
or cause some to be sawed to the required length, of about 6 ft., and put them to-
gether so that they will make a platform which can be kept firmly in place by be-
ing spread upon a couple of sills and wedged in with stones. Then, if the joints
are not tight, put your sheet of canvas upon it, not to roll the samples within it,
but merely to prevent any leakage of fines through the cracks between the boards.
When the sample is crushed, gather it up, with a scoop or other handy implement,
to the center, lifting the broken ore, shovelful by shovelful, and pouring it as
nearly as possible at the same central point so as to aid the mixing of it. In doing
this it will be found convenient to use the "cone," in vogue at many smelters,
THE 8AMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE, 717
which consists of a sharp central cone, made of iron, with four thin radiating
partitions which cause the ore, as it falls upon the center, to become quartered.
In order to do accurate work at this stage it is necessary that the particles of
ore should not vary too much in size. The fines are apt to obscure the fact that
there are a good many large lumps, and the unaided eye is likely to mislead in
this respect. For this reason it is well, if convenient, to use a wire screen, say,
0-5 or 0-75 in. mesh, or perhaps two, one of 0-75 and the other of 0*25 in. mesh,
to be employed at successive stages of the operation, so that the maximum si25e of
the particles can be kept within defined limits. It is an easy matter to take a piece
of wire cloth, say, 1 ft. square, and have a frame put around it when you reach
the mine.
If it is necessary to send the samples to a distant assay office or to take them
with you on your departure from the mine, then it becomes convenient to reduce
them until they weigh only 3 or 4 oz. each. In doing this the engineer will an-
ticipate the work of further reduction which is usually carried out by the assayer.
The samples will be crushed smaller and passed through, say, a 10-mesh screen,
and, instead of quartering, it will be well at this stage to use a gridiron sampling
device, which consists of a series of metallic scoops separated by vacant spaces of
equal width so that one-half of the ore falls through while the remainder is ar-
rested. When this method has reduced the bulk of the samples to the desired di-
mensions they are put into small paper or canvas sacks, the latter preferably,
especially if it is intended to ship them a long distance.
If genius be, as has been authoritatively stated, *'an infinite capacity for taking
pains," then it is safe to say that genius is exactly the mental quality needed for
the humdrum work of sampling, for, to do it conscientiously and well, requires pa-
tience, strength and an amount of unwearied watchfulness sufficient to elevate
this common task to the level of a fine achievement. It requires an obstinate per-
sistence to get a true average across a hard and tough quartz vein ; any relaxation
of care or muscle will at once result in the spoiling of the sample and the conse-
quent introduction of an error into the calculations of the engineer. It needs
judgment to know how to treat a cavity (or vug) or an unusual inclusion of waste
rock; it needs a nice sense of proportion to avoid cross-sections which are ex-
ceptional, to break an equal weight of ore along a line 10 or 12 ft. in length, and
to get the true width of an irregular cutting. For these reasons it is best, when
carrying out an arduous scheme of sampling, to divide the muscular from the
mental work, allowing a miner to do the actual breaking under the direction of an
intelligent trained assistant who holds the receptacle for the ore as it falls, and
at the same time watches the movements of the miner. Further, it is well to
make the hours of labor short, so as to avoid an excessive strain on the faculties,
such as will cause relaxation of the intent watchfulness and care necessary to good
sampling. In order to escape the risk of inferior work it is good practice to vary
it, as, for instance, by putting the assistants to surveying or mapping for a day or
so, at intervals. Otherwise your men are apt to get stale through weariness.
How tiresome such work is those can testify who have done much of it ; the dirt,
the wet, the strained positions, the splinters that hit the face and hands, the ob-
stinacy of rock and circumstance, the weary iteration of it; these require some-
718 TUB MINERAL INDUaTRT.
tluiig bettor than mere mule-like persistence to overcome them, and the men who
can do a difficult piece of sampling honestly and well, can be entrusted to do work
for which much greater credit is usually given by those in authority.
Precautions in Sampling, — Although the greater thoroughness with which
mines are investigated at the present time has made trickery scarce, instances of
the latter do occur occasionally. They are rarely exposed because of the lack of
evidence, and, therefore, the occurrence of them is obscured amid those failures
and disappointment* in mining which arise from other causes. The tampering
with samples, called "salting," and the blocking up of workings which might give
unfavorable testimony regarding the condition of a mine are two possibilities
against which one must be continually on guard. To prevent "salting" it is im-
perative that the work be done by trustworthy assistants and in the case of a
large mine where it becomes necessary to employ workmen whose antecedents are
unknown, it is well to arrange that the work be done in pairs, the miner breaking
the samples under the direction of an assistant who holds the box to catch the
sample as it is broken. When the sampling is done it is well for the chief him-
self to take a certain number of samples, aided by his first assistant, these sam-
ples being taken not at haphazard but in such a way as to check the previous
work. One of the best guards against any successful tampering with one's
samples is to take an occasional sample of waste. If the samples are all salted
the assay of the waste will disclose the fact. Occasionally it may be well to fill
one or two sacks with material the exact assay contents of which have been pre-
viously determined. In any event it is better not to use sacks which are numbered
or otherwise marked on the outside, because, should trickery be purposed, such
marks make it easy to note from what parts of the mine the various samples come,
and to salt them accordingly. It is well to assay the samples on the spot, if a
suitable assay office is available, particularly when the engineer, or one of his
assistants, is a good assayer, as is frequently the case. Of course, in using a
strange assay plant it is necessary to guard against fraud, and to this end it is
well to test the fiuxes used, by assaying a charge without ore every time a batch
of samples is put through the furnace.
During the interval which elapses between the time when the sample is first
broken in the mine and its final assay, it is necessary that the sack containing it
should be sealed. It is a good thing to use uncommon wax and an uncommon seal
so as to render trickery more difficulty. It is well even to use a peculiar kind of
string for tying up the sacks. "He is most free from danger who, even when safe,
is on his guard." Any extra precaution should never be considered a nuisance;
on the contrary, it ought to become a habit. Cases of salting have been known
where the ore has been artificially enriched without breaking the seal and without
puncturing the sack, and I know of an instance in which samples of copper ore.
put into a carpet bag, were withdrawn and substituted with others by removing
the bottom of the bag and sewing it up while the engineer was asleep. "Dead
things will crawl." "Eternal vigilance is the price of safety."
Unfortunate consequences have sometimes ensued from the failure of an en-
gineer to see all the workings of a mine. This may be due either to carelessness
or oversight, but it may also be due to the rascality of the mine owner. Cross-
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE 719
cuts are. sometimes blocked up with old timbers, drifts may be allowed to cave,
shafts may be under water ; in each of these cases the engineer must realize that
he is under a responsibility, if he passes judgment on the mine without seeing for
himself what these inaccessible workings have to tell. Their testimony may be
unfavorable, it usually is in such cases, but on the other hand, there may be cir-
cumstances which influence the owners in desiring temporarily to depreciate their
property. *
An opportunity for splendid business was lost in the case of the great Broken
Hill mine through an error of this kind. An engineer, and a good one. too, was
engaged by a Melbourne financier to make an examination of the new discovery
at Broken Hill with a view to the purchase of an interest. He duly reached the
mine and found a gang of miners engaged in sinking a prospect shaft which at
that time, in 1885, was about 70 ft. deep. Much to his annoyance he was refused
permission to go underground, except by written order from the manager, who
had left the day previous for Adelaide. Disappointed, but not without hope of
getting information, he chatted with the men, more especially the foreman, and
endeavored to pump the real facts out of them. Their talk indicated that no
rich ore had been found, and that the prospects were poor. He examined the
dump, took samples of it, and finally returned to Melbourne, via Adelaide. The
samples from the dump gave 16 oz. of silver at the best. He advised his client
to keep out. A few days afterwards it became known that a rich mine had been
found at Broken Hill. He had been fooled, the discovery having been made just
previous to his visit and covered up for a particular purpose. The mine has
since produced over one hundred million ounces of silver.
This in one side of the question. It is rarely that a bonanza is kept out of
sight. As a rule, the exclusion of an engineer from certain parts of a mine is
intended to cover unfavorable testimony. It is therefore of the greatest impor-
tance, more especially in a small mine, the character of which has not been truly
established, that an effort be made to personally investigate all the workings.
Intentional deception is, I am glad to believe, rare, nevertheless, in passing upon
the purchase of property, the engineer should write across his notebook, "Caveat
emptor'' One instance will suffice. Let the accompanying section, Fig. 1, rep-
resent the workings of a small mine, where the level A D i^ 200 ft. from surface
and F M is 100 ft. deeper. Above A D there has been a line of stopes from B to
C, a distance of 200 ft., all the ground being worked out, with results testified to
by certified returns from mine and smelter. When the mine is sampled it is found
that there is good ore in the fioor of the level A D, and along the back of the lower
one, F M, OS indicated in the section ; moreover, the raise at H is going up in
good ore, and the drift (at M) is proceeding in ore of an average tenor; in short,
the evidence proves that the ore-body is persisting downward with a pitch to the
east, similar to its behavior in the upper workings. No winze has been sunk be-
low AD. AtE there is a hole, about 5 ft. deep, which, according to the statement
of the superintendent, is being used as a sump to catch the drippings from the
stopes and thus prevent the water running down the shaft. A small pump at A
sends this water to surface.
All looks serene and straightforward, but the facts are as shown in Fig. 2. At
720
THE MINERAL INDU8TBY
\ Ore U^ Ore
i ^
\
\. o™
Ore
Ore
Ora
Or«
Ore
Ore
S
Ore \^
\
\
Ore
Ore
Stop<Ml
ir^. ^.'•i^^^.'\
)D
Fio. 1. — Section of Appakent Workings of a Small Mine.
"1 Knou'^
, ,J Slopes
Fto. 2. — Section of Actual Workings of a Small Mine.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE, 721
E there is a vertical winze which is deeper than 5 ft., and has been carefully filled
up. From the bottom of this (at P) an incline has been run down to N, at N
there is a drive R 0, and all the ground above has been stoped out bodily, leaving
a mere shell under the level between B and G. The raise H is situated so as to
miss these secret workings. The heart of the ore-body has been taken out, and a
clever piece of trickery has been attempted.
As a possible check against the perpetration of such practical jokes it is not
out of place to ask the manager in charge of the mine to sign a statement which
sets forth that he has informed the engineer of all the existing workings, and to
this can be attached a map or a brief description of such workings as are inac-
cessible through caving or other causes. Such a paper will serve as a record to
make clear the position of the engineer and fix the responsibility on the manage-
ment of the mine should false statements have been made with the intent to
deceive.
Wrong Methods of Sampling. — In the early days of Western Australia, and, in-
deed, one may say in the early days of most gold fields almost everywhere, it was
a common practice for the gentlemen vaguely known to the press as "experts"
to sample an incline shaft, on a vein, by having a few shots put into the ore, at
intervals, and then collecting the material, thus thrown down to the bottom of
the shaft, and having it hoisted to surface, where it formed one of those '^arge"
samples, the tonnage of which was referred to with pride, in the reports as evinc-
ing an accurate testing of the value of the ore in the mine. Such work is the trav-
esty of sampling. A bunch of specimen ore, a few inches in extent, was enough to
vitiate the whole result. Such spots of free gold were commonly characteristic of
the Western Australian reefs near the surface, and if this unintentional salting
was not enough, the subsequent performance at the surface and the handling of
the ore by a large number of men of unknown character, gave sufficient opportunity
for further tampering with this supposititious sample. There is a lot of this sort
of thing perpetrated during the windy days of mining booms, not in Western Aus-
tralia alone.
In the case of wide lodes, that is, such as exceed the averaging stoping width,
it is advisable to take sectional samples, dividing the lode into successive di-
visions, each of which is, say, 4 ft. across. The results thus obtained will be use-
ful in indicating the distribution of values. Occasionally it will be discovered
that a vein is being worked for a greater width than circumstances justify, while,
quite as commonly, it may be found advisable to change the practice radically,
and in the opposite way, that is, it may be proved by sectional sampling that while
a mine cannot be profitably operated if only a narrow width of rich ore is mined,
it will become remunerative if it is worked on a larger scale by adopting a bigger
stoping width, so as to include parallel streaks, feeders and branch veins which
will yield a much bigger tonnage of low-grade ore, unsuitable, it may be, for ship-
ment but profitable in a mill, to be erected at the mine or near it.
In the sectional sampling of wide lodes particular care must be taken to get
the true width. Measurements must be taken at right angles to the walls of the
vein. In sampling, however, a horizontal line may be followed, if it is conven-
ient; it will give a larger quantity of ore than a right-angle section, but if each
722
THl'J MIl^'ERAL INiJUSTHY,
sample is taken along a parallel line the proportion will be maintained and a
true sample will be secured.
The importance of an accurate recognition of the slope of a vein and the pik-li
of an ore-shoot, when making estimates, cannot be emphasized too much. An
example will be of service. Thus : In Fig. 3 A B and D F represent an ore-shoot
traversed by the two levels, which are 100 ft. apart. The ore has been stoped out
above the upper level, and a portion had been removed between the levels. The
:',tope8 — inaccessible — above B C and the stoping begun at the bottom of the left-
hand raise are calculated to obscure the real condition of affairs. The engineer
samples the raise E B and the back of the level between E and F, with results
which cause him to assume a block of ore, A E F C, He has failed to recognize
the pitch of the ore-shoot because the stoping above B C has obscured it. It will
be said that if he had sampled the bottom of the level this mistake might not have
occurred, but the sampling of bottoms is not always practicable, and is usually
Fig. 3. — Ore Shoot Traversed by Two Levels.
very unsatisfactory on account of water and other factors. It is not realized
often enough that ground which has been stoped was not necessarily profitable.
Stopes are frequently started with the hope of an improvement or with the pur-
pose of testing a mn of ground. For this reason the workings of a mine, both
undergroimd and on the map, are apt to suggest unwarranted deductions as to
the distribution of ore, and many misleading inferences have been caused thereby.
Thorough sampling will usually make the truth clear to an experienced man.
Among the things to be avoided one must mention the so-called ^^grab" sample.
This is the last resort of incapacity. A grab or haphazard handful of ore is taken
indiscriminately from all over a pile of ore at the face of a level or in the stopes,
and this is put into a small sack for subsequent assay. The idea of the grab
sample is to shut your eye and be absolutely impartial, but the brutal fact is, that
one usually gvi9> a deceptive proportion of the fines and quite disregards the large
pieces of waste or poor rock scattered through the heap. It is still the practice in
t6k sampling and estimation of ore in a mine.
723
many mines for the foreman to take samples in this manner while making his
daily round of the workings. As a consequence, the record of the assay office is
often an iridescent dream which may mislead the management and become the
cause of a serious error in the estimates of ore. It takes more time to use a moil
and a hammer, thereby obtaining a true average sample, than it does to pick up
a grab sample and stick it into one's pocket or into a sack ; for this reason the
former procedure is objected to by many foremen. The fact is, the daily sampling
of the faces of ore should be a task allotted to men who have the time and the
training for such work ; it should be no part of the duty of a foreman or a shift
boss, both of whom are usually men of a type which confounds system with red
tape, but it should be placed in the surveyor's department, so that the record of
results can be incorporated with the maps of the mine. "Chacun d son metier, ei
Us vaches seront bien guardees/' It is a good saying. Let the important work of
sampling be put into proper hands, separate from the particular supervision of
the operations of the mine, the control of the men and other departments with
which it has no kind of connection. The ordinary multifarious official has no
time for a job which essentially requires time to do it properly. And before
everything else, begin by prohibiting "grab samples'' in any form !
Calculations after Sampling, — The calculations consequent upon sampling are
based on the theory of averages. An arithmetical mean is the sum of all the num-
bers forming the series of figures under consideration divided by their number
without reference to their weight or relative importance among themselves. This
method has been applied to the results of sampling with most unhappy conse-
quences. Thus, let the following series of figures represent the data obtained from
sampling a length of 100 ft. of gold-bearing ore at intervals of 10 ft.
width in Feet.
Oz. per Ton.
Width in Feet.
Oz. per Ton.
4-4
62
7-6
40
2-6
8*6
2-86
0-46
0-68
0-8R
IQB
2-40
2-6
0-8
1-2
2-2
4-26
5-20
4-66
8-21
860
2600
The arithmetic meat yields 3-5 ft. of ore averaging 2-5 oz. of gold per ton.
This is woefully wrong. It disregards the fact, for instance, that the third sam-
ple yielded about 7 5 ft. of ore containing only 0-6 oz. of gold, while the richest
ore, at the eighth sample, was less than 1 ft. wide.
The geometrical mean is the sum of such figures divided by their number with
due allowance made for their weight. This is done in practice by what many call
the "foot-ounce" method, which, applied to the foregoing example, works out
thus : —
width in Feet
4-4
6-2
7-6
40
2-5
86
Oz. per Ton.
Foot-ounoes.
Width in Feet.
OR
1-2
2-2
Assay.
Oz. per Ton.
4'fti
ft-80
4-66
S-21
Foot-ounoes.
2-85
0-46
002
0«6
108
2-40
10-84
2-TO
4-71
8-40
2»
8-64
]0«2
416
5-68
706
86-0
2600
50-86
724
THE MINERAL INDUSTRT,
The average assay per foot of width is 1-71 oz. per ton, instead of 2-6 oz. In
matters of this kind, mathematical reasoning confirms the conclusions of rough
common sense. The method just described is based upon the higher mathematics,
as the following integrations, kindly suggested by Mr. Boss Hoffman, will demon-
strate : —
Problem 1. — To determine the average value of the section of vein A between
d-
10.
IIlMff»l Lidailiy. VoL ZZ
Pig. 4. — Diagram Illustrating Problem 1.
Pig. 6. — Diagram Illustrating Problem 2.
the samples whose widths are Wj and Wj, and values v^ and v,, respectively, un-
der the assumption that the values vary gradually over the area from Vj to Vj in
the direction d, then at any distance x from w^ the value (see Figs. 4 and 5)
also
v= T (Vr-Vi)+V|
d — X X (w, — Wi ,
(1)
(2)
(8)
Wi — Wj y — ^w« " d
A _(wx + w,)d
^" 2
x = d
jvydx-r-A = ayerage value for the section A.
X = 0
Prom (1) and (2). v y = J(w, v,+w,v,)+(g- j*)(w,v,+W|V,+(l.?5)wi Vt
d
. 2 f ^,_a WiVi+W,V,^ , W,V|+WiT,
• • (w,+w.) d J ^y^^ - « w, + w. "^ * w, + w.
_ wi v^ + w, V, ( w^ — w,) (v,— vQ
Wi+ w, "^ ^ Wi + Wi
The last term = 0 when w^ = Wj or Vj =: v,.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 726
Under normal conditions where ordinary sampling can be depended on to give
fairly approximate averages this last term will be small enough to neglect. (See
by substitution.) Hence
* * , — ^— • can be taken as the average value for section A.
Wi + w, ^
Problem 2. — To find the average value from a number of samples taken as
above^ where w equals width of sample^ v equals value^ d equals distance between
samples and A^ the area of various sections of vein between samples : —
Ao = (wo+ Wi) ^ average value for Ao =5l!oi!!lI»
^ Wo "T" Wi
Ai = (wi+Wj) -5 average value for Aj =— LJZLJ-?
A, = (wji+w,) ^ average value for A, =^'J'T^'^*
•A« = (wj+w^) ^ average value for A, = ' v" * *
(See Prob. 1.)
^^(Axaverage value for A) , xi. u i i j
— i -^- i =z average value over the whole area sampled
d« ^1 £t d,
_ (wq Vo+W| Vi) 2 + (w, Vi+w, V,) 2 +(w,v,+W8 Vs) 2 +(w, Vs+w^ v^) 2 _
w>(do) w^ (dp+dQ Wa(di+da) . W8(d, + d3) w, (d,)
2""'^ 2 "^2"^ 2''"2
jwo(d,)| ^ iwi(do+dO| _^ iw.(d,+d«)) ^ (w,(d.+d3)> ^ iw,(d77
The bracketed terms represent areas and may be considered the importance
or weight factors with which the various sample values taken separately enter
into the ^general average value for the whole area. It is equivalent to giving each
sample value an importance (or weight) proportional to its sample width multi-
plied by half the sum of the distances to the two adjacent samples.
Averaging in this manner assumes as in Problem 1, that the values between
various adjacent samples change gradually.
If the samples are taken e<)uidistantly the above average becomes
^0 (^7 + Vi W,+V, W,+Vs W5+V4 (^*)
^*+w, + w,+ w,+^*
which, with the exception of the two end samples, is simply giving each value
an importance in the general average proportional to the width of its sample.
726 THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
The two end sample values are shown to have half this importance, though in
practice, with many samples in the average, it is customary to give the two end
samples the full importance proportional to their respective widths.
In the calculations for tonnage the cubic feet of ore are converted into tons
on the basis of a certain specific gravity ; thus, quartz is usually taken at 15 cu.
ft. per ton, while ores containing sulphides are rated at 8 to 12 cu. ft. It is not
unusual to guess at this proportion because experience does enable an engineer
to approximate the correct figure fairly well. But it is a dangerous practice.
Approximations should never sufiice where greater accuracy is possible. It is
well to weigh a series of measured pieces of ore or to determine actually the
specific gravity of a few pieces of average vein-stuflf. Surface quartz, on account
of its cellular structure, may require 20 cu. ft. to weigh a ton. Pyritic ores will
vary to an extent hardly appreciable even to the experienced eye. Qrevious
errors in tonnage estimates have been caused by the assumption of an incorrect
basis of calculation.
A minor source of error is sometimes created by the occurrence in the vein
of numerous cavities, or "vugs," as the miners call them. In some cases they
form a very appreciable proportion of the space occupied by the lode, so that
they are apt to lessen the tonnage obtainable from a block of stoping ground.
TAe Question of High Assays, — In these calculations, whether they be mathe-
matical or rough-and-ready, it is assumed that where two adjoining samples
vary there is a gradation from one to the other. Generally the assumption is
warrantable, but occasionally the diflFerence between any two such adjoining
samples is so marked, as to require further consideration. In the sampling of
gold mines, especially where the metal occurs in a native condition and \nsible to
the eye, there will be a few very high results which affect the average of a run
of samples to an extent quite out of proportion to the importance of a single
sample.
This question of high assays demands careful discussion. It can be viewed
from two standpoints : the seller of a mine is apt to argue that if you are going
to base an estimate of the ore-reserves upon the results of sampling and assay,
you ought to take all the data without favor, just as they come, and that to
eliminate high assays is no more fair than it would be to omit poor ones ; to this
the engineer, representing the interests of a possible purchaser, will reply that
the occasional very high assays are larsfely accidental, that they affect the esti-
mates to a degree out of proportion to their weight, and to an extent by no
means comparable to the omission of an equal number of poor results; finally,
he will murmur under his breath something about a factor of safety being neces-
sary.
In the first place, it is incumbent upon the engineer to find out whether these
occasional high results do, or do not, represent the average of the ore, not at the
particular place sampled only, but over the whole space or interval which that
sample is supposed to represent. Each sample, in the final calculation, speaks
not for a spot but for a section of the vein, the length of which is the interval
between samples and the height is the distance separating it from the next work-
ing overhead or underfoot; thus, when the distance between samples is 10 ft.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE.
727
and the next series of samples is on a level 100 ft. distant, above or below,
then the section represented by a single sample contains 10 by 100 ft. or 1,000
sq. ft,, which, if the vein be, for example, 3 ft. wide, may contain over 200
tons of ore. In practice the responsibility of one series of such samples is shared
by that of a corresponding series taken on the level above or below ; nevertheless,
it is obvious that a single sample represents something very different to the mere
spot or point in a particular working. In order to answer the question whether
an individual high assay is accidental or representative, the only thing to do is
to re-sample at the same place ; if the result is confirmatory then evidently that
spot is as rich as the first sampling indicated. But this does not determine
whether the high values gradate on either side toward the adjoining samples.
Thus, if A, B and C in the diagram (Fig. 6) represent three points, 10 ft. apart,
which have been sampled with the results shown, then, if B assayed 10-4 oz., and
A^
--lOfU-
1.65 Ob
^ B ^^
10.40 o&
8J88 0Z.
-¥itbr-
— I
0.86 oz.
, Pig. 6. — ^Diaqkam of Variation in Assay Value.
was re-sampled with 8*22 oz. as the assay return, the next question arising is
whether the ore midway between B and A, or B and C, is correspondingly inter-
mediate in value ; for this is what the calculations assume. For this reason it is
best to check the high assays by taking further samples at these intermediate
places, thereby finally settling the query whether the high results are trustworthy
factors in estimating the average value of the ore-bodies.
The treatment of high assays has caused much discussion among engineers,
especially when they are encountered in the course of a sampling, the results of
which are to decide the price of a mine. The seller, or his representative, is apt
to suggest that a re-sample of poor spots is also in keeping with the theory of
the whole business, and to this I would say that where a barren or nearly barren
result is obtained amid a series of samples indicating good ore it is correct to
re-sample such a place or places. The occasional barren and the occasional high
assay return, however, are not comparable in their effect upon the estimates. In
the first place, the "niP' or "trace" indicates the entire absence of the metal and
has not the accidental feature arising from the presence of a stray speck of gold,
which may cause the abnormally high assay ; further, one very high assay affects
the calculations more than a number of poor ones, supposing both to be devia-
tions from fact, as can be easily shown, thus : Take the following series of sam-
ples and assay returns : —
Width In E^et
Assay.
OsGold.
WMth In Feet.
Assay.
OsLGold.
FoolHninoes.
7
8 .
6*8
7
1-88
0-64
1 »
8-80
«r-40
1-60
8*64
816
14-40
17-60
144-88
11 SO
8-6
6
6
7-8
0*86
0*80
Traoa.
Trace.
8-88
8-84
660
83-60
808-78
The average of the ore, using these data, is slightly over 3 oz. per ton. If,
728 THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
however, the fifth sample, which is very high, is eliminated the average drops to
less than 1 oz. per ton, while, on the other hand, if the high sample is retained
and the last two poor places are omitted the result is affected to a much less
degree, the average then being about 3-75 oz. per ton.
In re-sampling these apparently very rich spots, it will be found that three
contingencies may occur; the result may be corroborated or it may be proved
to be accidental, while, should every high assay be found incorrect then there is a
third possibility to be considered, namely, whether the samples have been tam-
pered with. If, out of a considerable number of high results, not one is con-
firmed, then it is time to look around. If some are confirmed by re-sampling,
while others are not, then, obviously, the values in the ore are erratic and a cor-
' rection must be made for each case ; if most of the high results are approximately
repeated by the second sample, then it is evident that the first sampling was
correct and that the ore is very rich in spots; intermediate samples must be
taken, and when this is done the data for calculations will be complete. It is
wise to take intermediate samples, both when the high assays are wholly, and
when they are only partially, confirmed.
It has been argued by certain engineers that the mill or smelter always fails to
confirm the very high assays occasionally obtained in sampling and that, therefore,
they should be omitted as a factor of safety. This is not a fact. Exceptions
occur. In the case of the Argentine lode of the Tomboy Mining Co., at Tellurido,
Colo., a careful sampling of a block of ground, at intervals of 10 ft., yielded an
average of $7 per ton, all rich spots carrying visible gold being avoided. This
work was done by an inspecting engineer of recognized capacity; nevertheliess,
the actual mill returns were $28 per ton. Nor is this inexplicable when the
nature of the ore is considered. I have seen a piece weighing 25 lb., yellow with
finely disseminated gold, so that it contained $100 worth of the native metal,
which came from the breast of a level on a certain day — and the very next day
the foreman's sample from the face of the same drift, which had been
advanced two or three feet in the interval, yielded only 002 oz. of
gold per ton! The Pandora vein, in the neighboring Smuggler-Union mine,
affords another exceptional case; the mill results are usually higher than the
assays, and this is explained as being due partly to the greater hardness of the
rich ore, but chiefly because the gold occurs almost entirely in coarse particles
which, being readily visible, are apt to be carefully shunned by the conscientious
sampler. These instances are corroborated by the thoroughly experienced mana-
gers of the properties quoted. It remains to add that while it is true of the veins
specifically mentioned, that the assays are usually lower than the mill returns,
such is not the case with the Tomboy lode, which is near the Argentine, nor is
it true of the Smuggler lode, which is intersected by the Pandora in the Smuggler-
Union mine. The above are, however, well authenticated exceptions, which serve
effectually to undermine a generalization which is the last resort of a timid engi-
neer. Not that the factor of safety is to be discarded, quite the contrary; in all
engineering such a precautionary measure is imperative, but do not introduce it
disguised, face the facts, state them, and then introduce a factor of safety with-
out any circumlocution.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 729
Why do sampling results differ from the mill returns? In the unusual in-
stances^ just mentioned, the difference was traceable to conditions which are rela-
tively rare, but are always within the range of possibility. There is no doubt
in my mind that the usual experience, of finding the mill-extraction below the
estimates, based upon sampling and assay, is traceable to the fact that rich ore
is ordinarily in the softer, more crumbly parts of a lode, or it is associated with
sulphides which are not only easier to break than quartz, but they also make a
shining mark which invites the blow of the moil and hammer. This aspect of the
inquiry emphasizes the weak factor in sampling, it is not absolutely mechanical,
a man and not a machine does the work, and the results partake of that liability
to error which is essentially human.
It may be asked, in conclusion, what course should be adopted with high assays
when it is not possible to re-sample. Frequently, the samples are not assayed
near the mine, but are taken, or sent, by the engineer to a reliable assayer living
in a distant locality. Time, an element in all business matters, may prevent the
engineer from returning to the mine to take further samples. This is a dilemma
not infrequent in current practice. Judgment and experience must decide. The
relative frequency of high assays, the degree to which they affect the final esti-
mates, the character of the ore, the results of sampling as compared to the actual
recorded average of the mine, the character of the work done by the engineer
and his assistants; these and similar factors will determine the decision. One
cannot lay down rules to direct any man's judgment.
It may be permitted to say, that, if you are uncertain of your results— don't
use them. Do not let yourself be hurried, either by your client or, as is more
probable, by the vendor, to committing yourself to a decision based upon data,
the accuracy of which, in your own mind, is in any doubt. It is better to be sure
than sorry.
The Possible Discrepancies between Sampling and Mining. — In sampling the
workings it is necessary that the engineer should have an eye to the manner in
which the mine is being worked. It is useless, for instance, to sample 2 ft. of
vein matter without any regard to the fact that in stoping it is the practice to
remove a width of 4 ft. Unless judgment is exercised, the samples are apt to
represent cleaner ore than the output of the mine, so that the estimates based
upon them will be misleading. The material sent for treatment to mill or
r<melter may differ from the ore composing the lode as seen in the mine, in several
respects. Thus : —
A. The lode may be smaller than the minimum width removed in stoping, so
as to necessitate the mining of a certain pori;ion of barren rock.
B. The lode may be as wide as the convenient size for stoping, but it may have
a casing of soft rock, which breaks down with the ore and becomes mingled with
it so as to increase the tonnage and diminish the average vield per ton.
C. The lode may be built of one or more streaks of rich ore irregularly dis-
tributed through it, so that in stoping it is necessary to break down a large and
variable width.
In the preliminary trip through the mine the engineer will be able to find out
by observation, together with the information obtainable from either the foreman
730 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
or the manager^ how the ground is being worked, and how the ore is being
handled. If he does not secure these data at the preliminary examination, he
will light upon them in the course of his investigations into costs, for without
them the relative expenditures at mine and mill will be contradictory, if not
unintelligible.
CJoncerning the conditions first mentioned, under the heading A, it is obvious
that the width broken in stoping has a minimum, which in ordinary practice
varies according to the method employed; that is, with hand labor a width of
from 2 to 3 ft. will ordinarily suffice ; while at least from 3 to 4 ft. is necessary
when machine drills are used.^ In both cases this minimum width will be ex-
ceeded if the rock is very hard or if it breaks along easy lines of fracture, which
cause more rock to be taken down in blasting than is absolutely required for mere
convenience in working. If the streak of ore is less than the width of the stope
there will be, inevitably, an admixture of waste, except in the rare cases where
it is practicable to strip the pay-streaks, that is, stope the country without remov-
ing the vein, which is subsequently taken down separately. This method, which is
covered by the Cornish term "resue," is excellent when the vein of ore is narrow,
but it depends for success upon the ore being closely attached or "frozen** to one of
the vein walls, so that it will not be shaken down when the adjoining waste is shot
away. In many mines in Colorado, Montana and Idaho, especially in the case
of narrow streaks of very rich silver ore, it is not unusual to spread canvas or sack-
ing along the floor of the stope and then break down the ore upon it, which in this
way is kept free from admixture with waste, and can be sacked without any sort-
ing. The canvas is covered for protection with 6X3Xl2-in. timbers. In such
a mine as this the sampling of the vein itself would give data which closely ap-
proximate the actual returns from ore sent away to the smelter.
When it is not possible to mine the ore separately from the waste it is usual
to pass it over the sorting tables, where the waste is picked out by hand. In the
determination of the percentage thus eliminated lies the difficulty of getting the
proper relation between the assays of the ore as sampled and the value of the
material as sent to the reduction works. Unless this is determined, and the
sampling is corrected in accordance, the figures of the engineer will not har-
monize with the results of future operations. The most practical way to find out
the percentage sorted out is to measure the ground stoped during a given period,
and, knowing the tonnage extracted from such a particular block of ground,
to determine the average width of clean ore actually obtained from that block.
If the average width of the vein is fairly consistent one can, from these data,
deduce the amount of waste which gets mingled with the pay-streak and then
correct the assay returns, from sampling, accordingly.
However, gold-veins are rarely uniform in width, and, moreover, any given
mine may contain several lodes, the output of which is not kept separate. In
such localities as Kalgoorlie and Cripple Creek where the veins are rich, erratic,
and so diffuse in their mineralization as to make it compulsory to break down a
great deal of waste in extracting a small width of clean ore ; where, also, the largo
1 A imall (9-flB-lii. crllnder) drill usually requires a stope of from 8-5 to 4 ft In width, the large afar drills
(with 8-6-1I1. cylinder) take from 4*5 to 5 ft.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 731
mines include within their boundaries two or three distinct lodes of variable width
and richness, it becomes an extremely difficult task for an engineer to determine,
within the short period of his inspection, to what degree the veinstuflE is mixed up
with waste. An example will emphasize the matter under discussion. Take a
lode or series of lodes having an average width of 1 ft. of 4-oz. ore. Assume, as
is usually the case, that a width of at least 4 ft. of rock is actually removed in
mining, so that 1 ft. of ore is shot down with 3 ft. of waste. If the vein alone is
sampled an average of 4 oz. of gold per ton is obtained; if the 4 ft. of stoping
width, an average of 1 oz. per ton results, unless there happen to be one or more
stringers of ore outside the main pay-streak, not rich enough to be worked on
their own account, but near enough to the vein proper to be included within the
ground which is removed. In this case the average may become slightly higher
than the figure which is based on the supposition that the extra three feet is
barren material. That is a detail. The point to be emphasized is that the prod-
uct of the mine will be more than the tonnage based on 1 ft. of ore and consid-
erably less than the tonnage based upon the stoping width ; more is broken than
1 ft., because mining does not copy sampling methods, and less is shipped than
4 ft., by reason of the sorting which intervenes between stope and smelter. Simi-
larly, as to average value, the production of the mine will average less than the
4 oz. in the clean ore, but more than the 1 oz. which is the assay value of the
stoping width.
At Cripple Creek, and in other districts where the costs of transport and treat-
ment are high, this 4 ft., or more, of ores is sent to the ore-house and is hand
sorted. It may have been first culled underground, the large pieces of waste being
retained on the stiiUs. This is the practice in most mines. In any event, a
certain proportion of waste is thrown out, and it is only the remainder that is
milled or marketed. What is that proportion which is taken out?
Here lies the difficulty which has been at the bottom of many an erroneous esti-
mate. If the engineer is pressed for time, by reason of agreements made between
the buyer and seller of the mine, he will not have the opportunity to conduct such
tests as would give him the requisite data. The management is apt to have loose
ideas on the subject, the ratio of waste eliminated to clean ore actually shipped
will vary from week to week, just as the different stopes underground will change
from time to time, so that it is rarely possible within the period of a brief exami-
nation to get, save at second-hand, at the percentage which so seriously affects all
calculations. Under these conditions the only thing to do is to state the results
just as they are obtained, explaining how they are obtained, and then make the
correction which judgment dictates. If the vein has been sampled by itself then
an addition for the unavoidable admixture with waste must be estimated, the
amount being based upon the observation both above and underground. If the
sampling has included the full stoping width then a similar correction must be
made for the amount of material subsequently removed by sorting, otherwise
the statement of sampling returns may prove unintelligible, it being not uncom-
mon for the average value of the ore as stoped, before sorting, to be less than the
total working costs.
However, except in the unpleasant circumstances of limited time due to ihe
782 THB MINERAL INDU8TBT.
unavoidable exigencies of business^ which unfortunately do often hamper, hinder
and obstruct the engineer in his professional work, it is possible to arrive at the
ratio of ore and waste, and, therefore, to formulate accurate estimates. It re-
quires time and it needs money, but, in the examination of large mines nowadays
it is appreciated by financiers and syndicates employing first-class engineers that
they must make provision for plenty of time and money in order to get good men
to do good work. This may seem a digression, but it vitally affects the considera-
tion of this branch of the subject under discussion.
When, therefore, conditions do permit of every precaution, the engineer will
cause the ore, as it comes to the surface, to be weighed, he will get the weight of
the clean ore after sorting, and he will check this with the weight of the material
which goes over the dump. He will also take samples of the dump to correct his
estimate of the average values. Thp weighing and sampling will, of course, be
done by his own men. He will also take careful note of any waste which is re-
tained underground, as is usually the case in a well-managed mine. If this is
done during the space of a month or so, which is the minimum period per-
missible for an important examination, he will have data enough to enable
him to correct the results secured from the sampling of the mine. In the sup-
positious case, quoted above, the 1 ft. of 4-oz. ore would be mined (and sampled)
with three times as much waste, one-half of the material thus broken would be
sorted out at the surface and with it would go some of the fines, so that the net
result might be about 2 ft. of ore assaying 1-76 oz. and 2 ft. of waste assaying
about 0-25 oz. per ton.
These final estimates should be borne out by the future record of the mine.
As a safeguard, however, the engineer ought to state in detail, in his report, how
he arrived at his figures, lest, later on, an ignorant directorate or an unscrupulous
manager should either work more than a proper width, in order to get an increase
in tonnage, or mine only the richest portion of the lode with a view to a brief
period of inflated returns. Such things have happened and honest men have
been drawn into the blame which followed.
Coming to the consideration of the second point, specified under B, it is evi-
dent that here also there is room for error. In most lodes of gold-bearing quartz,
where sorting is out of the question on account of the low grade of the ore and
the uncertain dissemination of the gold, it is not possible to break the ore in the
stopes as clean as it is broken in the course of sampling. Should the lode be free
from an admixture of country it is nevertheless rarely practicable to stope it with-
out bringing down some of the encasing rock. This is slight in some instances
of very well-defined quartz veins, large enough to admit of a full-sized stope and
so separated by selvages from the wall-rock as to come clear away. In most in-
stances, however, the stoping will include a large proportion of waste, and when
it happens, as is not infrequent, especially with big generous ore-deposits, that
the lode throws out branch-veins or is enriched by feeders, then it vrill be found
that there is a very considerable admixture of comparatively barren rock.
Circumstances such as these, overlooked or underestimated, have been at the
root of the differences between the estimates of capable engineers and the sub-
sequent record of the mines they have reported upon. Managers, as a rule, like
THE BAMPLma AND ESTtMATTON 01^ ORE tN A MINE, ?33
to emphasize the clean-cut character of their operations, and are apt to accentuate
the fact that the ore breaks easy" and free from wall-rock. Moreover, in all
mining, there is an element of the unexpected, which in this case takes the form
of the breaking away of "slabs" of wall-rock, the admixture of large pieces of
"casing/' the occasional ^Tiorse" or intrusion of barren rock amid a width of ore,
and other contingencies, all of which tend inevitably to an increase of tonnage
and a diminution in the average value of the output. One must look for these
features in a mine and obtain data sufficient to warrant an estimate of their
perturbing influence upon the accuracy of those calculations which are at first
based solely on the results of sampling.
The third subdivision, C, includes a large proportion of the big low-grade lodes
from which so much of the metallic wealth of the world is derived. An examina-
tion of a mine is usually confined to those workings which are confessedly profit-
able or likely to become so. The non-payable workings are neglected. In actual
mining, however, a level or a raise is apt to be carried forward through poor
ground in the hope of encountering better ore, and it is not uncommon to remove
blocks of unprofitable ground lying between good stopes because of practical con-
venience in working. In this way there is a tendency to vitiate the results of
sampling, if not corrected in accordance with a recognition of such indubitable
facts. Moreover, in the working of large deposits of low-grade ore, where tlie
width to be removed is not determined by well-defined boundaries, but is left to
the arbitrament of the assay, as a consequence of a diffused impregnation of ore,
there is a tendency to increase the stoping width. The result of a steady diminu-
tion in working costs, due to better management, improved equipment and eco-
nomic conditions, is to permit of the exploitation of poorer ores. This leads to the
utilization of neglected stopes, previously considered unprofitable, and the enlarge-
ment of the stoping width so as to include more and more of the outer poorer edges
of the lode. An increase in the capacity of the mill is usually followed by a drop in
the average value of the output. On the Rand this tendency has become very
marked, thus, for example, most of the original estimates of the life of particular
mines were based on ore-reserves calculated upon the basis of a certain width of
%anket," but since the substitution of rock-drills for hand labor it has been found
advisable, consequent upon observation and experience, to increase the stoping
width by as much as 60%. This increase has necessitated the breaking of a large
amount of barren rock, but a compensatory factor has been found in the intro-
duction of revolving circular tables which facilitate the picking out of the waste
by natives.
These are considerations which the engineer must keep in mind. He is not
expected to write next year's almanac, but if he is to be justified by the actual
record of the mine, his repor^ must be aided by some of that farsightedness and
shrewdness which is necessary to a successful meteorological forecast.
Estimation of Ore Reserves. — It has been well said that "if you want to arrive
at intelligent issues — not to say conclusions — ^in any discussion, begin by settling
the meaning of the terms you are going to use." This is particularly necessary
in discussing a subject which suffers from the want of definition. "Ore in sight'*
has become one of those nebulous phrases which are only noise and smoke. It is
784 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
imperative that a clear conception be had of the fact signified by the technical
terras employed when it is found that they are robbed of sense as soon as tliey are
dissected. Therefore it is necessary to discard them and seek for better ones.
"Ore in sight," as used to describe the ore-reserves of a mine, is, if taken literally,
a contraction in terms and, if taken otherwise, it has an elasticity which has
caused many to stretch it until it has become so indefinite as to include .the ore
which is beyond even the most imaginative vision.
In order to express the results of careful sampling and estimation by a phrase
which will at once convey its meaning, oven to the untechnical, I would suggest
"ore in reserve and ready to be broken," or "ore ready for stoping/'" This would
cover those parts of a mine which have been so cut up by systematic workings as
to permit of very close calculations. Next would come the blocks of ground in-
completely developed, but known to carry ore, which, in character and persistence,
is similar to the main portion of the mine. These could be covered by the term
"probable ore reserves." Beyond this point a careful engineer will not go, avoid-
ing "possible ore reserves," or any similar phrase, as a snare of the devil, because
of the great likelihood that his client, or the shareholders who may follow, will
disregard the qualifying adjective and commit him to a meaning which he did
not intend to convey. When it comes to the chances of development, itself a
most important part of the engineer's exercise of judgment, it will be best to in-
clude the consideration of this aspect of the inquiry under the paragraphs which
deal with "the future prospects of the mine."
That is reserved which is stored for future use, therefore that which is to be
used forthwith is not in reserve, from which it follows that by "ore-reserves" is
meant such bodies of ore as are kept back for the present with a view to future
use, when those are exhausted which are now being stoped. A mine which is
being stoped at a rate so rapid in ratio to its development that it has, at any given
time, only enough ore to keep the mill going for a few palpitating moments cannot
be said to have any "ore-reserves." The idea of the latter includes a reservoir
of supply not to be exhausted at short notice. As a consequence of these con-
siderations it is obvious that the amount of ore which warrants bein^ entitled
"reserves" will depend upon the relative size of the reduction plant which is at-
tached to the mine.
At the outset it is permissible to quote the famous dictum of President Cleve-
land, in referring to the tariff, "It is a condition which confronts us, not a
theory."' Any attempt to establish uniformity of procedure in the estimation
of ore reserves is bound to break down becau^^e it disregards the inevitable diversity
of the conditions which obtain in mining. Mines differ, as men do. A safe pre-
sumption in one case is a hazardous guess in another. During a recent discussion
of this subject it was suggested that it was desirable for mining engineers to
agree upon certain general rules, as to the allowance to be made in estimating ore.
You might as well sign an agreement upon the percentage of trust to be placed
in human nature. There are mines, the ore bodies of which are of such a char-
8 This discuralon of terms was written some time afco, before Mr. Argall brought forward the sensible sug-
gestions which appeared in the Engineering and Mining Journal^ Feb. 14, 1906.
• Meaaages of the Presidents. Richardson. Voi. Vm., p. B90.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 735
acter that it is safe to predict their persistence for several hundred feet, there are
others where the lode is so erratic that 10 ft. is a dangerous assumption.
Examples will serve to emphasize the range of variation. On the Band a
bedded vein of gold-bearing conglomerate extends for a great distance and over
portions of its known length it maintains an average tenor so fairly constant that
"the values of unworked portions may be closely calculated from the results
achieved in adjoining developed mines."* In any given mine — to narrow the
assumption — it is quite safe to calculate the average value of the ore in a block of
ground, say, 300 ft. long and 150 ft. high, that is, after this block, 150X300 ft.
has been sampled at intervals of, say, 10 ft., on every one of tlie four sides of the
rectangle. This would be the ideal "ore in reserve," a thoroughly sampled block,
not too big to vitiate the assumption of a certain uniformity in value per ton.
In contrast to this I would quote such mines as, for example, the Seven-Thirty
at Silver Plume, Colo., or the Yellow Pine, near Boulder, in the same State, both
of them mines which have been at some time richly productive, but with a dis-
tribution of value, in silver chiefly, so varying, so spotty and uncertain, that care-
ful sampling, at regular intervals of even less than 5 ft., around the four sides
of a block only 50 ft. square would afford the basis for an estimate which at its
best would be only a reasonable guess. Each mine must be judged on its merife^ ;
in each instance the conditions vary, and while there may be a general similarity
of method in getting at the various facts, there never can be any cast iron uniform-
ity in the nature of the inferences deducible from the facts. Experience, silvered
with age, is the presiding judge, and will decide whether this or that piece of evi-
dence is relevant or not. Nor is there any room for pessimism or for optimism,
one is as much out of place as the other; indeed, it is not too much to say that
while a sanguine temperament will lead sometimes to exaggerated expectations, it
is equally true that an overcautious hesitancy is to be condemned. Occasionally,
an engineer in his effort to avoid risking his own reputation is apt to lean to-
ward a timid conservatism which sacrifices the interest of his client. He is
engaged to determine the facts, in the first place, and then to apply his best
judgment to them. If the facts are insufficient, let him say so ; if they are suffi-
cient to warrant a decided opinion, let him enunciate it clearly to the end that his
client may get the maximum benefit of his investigations.
"The proof of the pudding is in the eating." The exact profit to be won from
a certain block of ore-bearing ground is best known when it has been mined and
milled ; even the most uniform ore has its spots of greater and lesser richness, the
best estimate is therefore only a close approximation based upon the doctrine of
averages. Nevertheless, if such estimates are occasionally wide of the mark it
is not merely because of la malice des choices, that essential contrariness of things
which will balk even the best of engineers, but more frequently it arises from
the disregard of the A, B, C of proper procedure and a judgment vitiated by
financial participation in the undertaking itself. I am not of those who believe
that the sampling of a mine is the one decisive factor in the diagnosis of it : on
the contrary, I hold that as evidence, it is crucial or merely collateral, according
to the circumstances of the case, which may depend upon the past record of the
* The Dfep-Lerel Mines of the Rand. O. A. Denny. P. 119.
736
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
mine^ its future possibilities, the geological environment, economic conditions and
other factors of primary importance.
Inferences from Sampling, — When the sampling has been thoroughly done the
engineer is in possession of many important facts. If he is a novice he will have
learned the assay value of the ore at each of the spots he has sampled and he will
have learned little else.
Nothing iUustrates so well the proverb that "a little knowledge is a dangerous
thing," as the direct inferences from the results of sampling. To emphasize this
^^
Ore estimated
Fig. 7. — Section of Workings Exhibiting the Results of Sampling.
statement, I will take an instance which is founded on fact. In Fig. 7 a longitu-
dinal section of a small mine, which has been apparently well opened up, is
illustrated. The shaft is vertical and does not follow the vein, which inclines to
the west. The levels to the north have found nothing, those to the south {A B
and 0 D) have cut through ore which is al?o explored by a raise (K L), and two
winzes {E F and G H). At the lower levels, stopes have been started and the
T)acks" make an excellent showing, as the figures indicate. The latter are not
expressed in any particular unit, but it is to be supposed that zero means barren.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE.
737
2-6 means pay-ore and so on, up to 8, which marks rich ore. Th,e results are in-
dicated on the section. The inference, as to the amount of ore in the mine, is
exhibited by the cross-hatching.
In arriving at this estimate the novice is guided by his sampling alone; he has
failed to take note of the geological features. It may happen that the superinten-
dent of the mine, supposedly an old practical miner, has told him that the ore is
fairly uniform within the limits of the shoot and that while the rock does indeed
■ I I -:^^^-^ - * ■ . ^ ^ \r ^ -_/ + + + IrT + + ^ + + + +++ + +'+ + V¥-
jL — -^■^'"^Z^.... .,^^.,.,..-. -^^^ +^^ + ++ v+ + +■++-+ + + + + + ■^ + + ^-
ersmlto
t-^J Granite
Porphyry
OreBodtes
Fig. 8. — Section op Workings showing the Geological Features.
vary a little in places, this variation does not seem to aflfect the general distribu-
tion of values. Or, again, it may be, as happens often, that the man in charge
of the mine is honest, but not honorable, and, instead of committing himself to
such statements as the foregoing, he keeps discreetly silent, or, under cover of ap-
pearing to refrain from influencing our young engineer,* he absents himself while
the sampling is in progress, and leaves his shift-boss or some other underling to
do the talking. Perhaps, indeed, those in charge of the mine really do not appre-
* I have suppofled the blunder to be due to youthful inexperience, for thta is the least blamable, but as a
matter of fact, blunders of this kind are due to ignorance and are frequently made by older men of the kind
described as ** thoroughly practical ** where the particular emphasis on *' practical '' is indicative of utter lack
of trai&ing or such technical education as an engineer requires.
738
THE MINERAL INVVaTRY.
ciate the true condition of affairs, and the engineer is deceived by an oversight
which will appear almost excusable. However, the mischief is done, the mine is
taken over by a financial syndicate or a mining company. Before the business
is actually consummated, another engineer, representing another financial interest,
is sent out to make an examination. Suppose that this man is of greater experi-
ence than the last; he is, moreover, familiar with the geological structure of this
particular district or of another similar to it. He proceeds to sample. The
accuracy of the previous sampling is confirmed, but in the course of his investiga-
tion he has noticed that the country is not uniform, and that there are two differ-
ent rocks exposed by the workings. One is obviously granite, the other he cannot
label accurately without a microscopic section, but it is evidently an eruptive*
which has intruded into the granite; so, on account of its speckled appearance,
he applies the term porphyry to it, and when the sampling is finished he spends
a few days in carefully examining the workings with a view to getting an idea
of the structural relations between these two rocks. The results are set down
ffn^BMO
Oia^tl
OnuilM
Fig. 9. — Cross-Section of a Deposit op Tin Oravel.
graphicallly and he obtains the information illustrated in Fig. 8. By examining
this section, side by side with Fig. 7, it will be seen that his inferences are war-
ranted. The consequences are surprising. He discovers that there is no con-
tinuous ore-shoot from the surface downward, but that there are two comparatively
small lenticular ore-bodies which occur where the vein cuts through the porphyry
sheets, and only in those portions of the porphyry where certain cross-veins have
exercised an enriching effect. When the vein gets into granite it becomes poor,
and, moreover, it pinches, a fact which the sampling did not sufficiently em-
phasize. The ore-reserves are cut down to a fraction of the previous estimate, and
the future prospects of the mine are considered most uncertain, because the ore
already found is due to local structural conditions which are unlikely to recur.
Another kind of error may be instanced. It is more frequent in placer mining
than in the estimation of ore in lodes. Fig. 9 represents the cross-section of a
deposit of tin gravel in an old river channel now capped with basalt. The deposit
was sampled through shafts which cut right down to the gutter, 180 ft. deep.
THE SAMPLING AND B8TIMA TION OF ORH: IN A MINK. 739
below the basalt. In this sampling the gravel was taken all the way down the
shafts and mined together, so that each shaft yielded one large sample. From
the weight of this and that of the resulting grains of tin, after panning down, the
percentage was calculated. Th ^ estimate of quantity was based upon the length
of channel, within the boundaries of the property, multiplied into an inverted
triangle ABC, the base of which was the top width of the deposit and the apex
the "gutter." The cubic yards, thus obtained, gave an approximately correct
result as to quantity of material, but the estimated average content was all
wrong, because the method of calculation disregarded the fact that the richest
stuff was concentrated at the lowest end. of the triangle, and actually formed a
very small proportion, in weight, of the whole. Subsequently, the ground was
re-sampled. The total depth of 180 ft. was, in the case of each shaft, subdivided
into sections of 30 ft., except the last 30, which was further divided into two por-
tions, one of 20 ft., and a lowest of all, only 10 ft. thick. The first 30 ft. was
found to be almost barren, the next 30 ft. assayed 0 2% of tin, the next 30 ft.
0-28%, and so on, increasing gradually until the last 10 ft. was reached. This
was very rich, 1*5%, on account of concentration in the gutter or bed of the
channel. Each layer was calculated separately as to quantity and average con-
tents, giving results which proved the bottom to be very profitable, but diflBcidt
to work on account of want of gradient for hydraulicking operations ; while the
uppermost portions of the deposit were found to be too poor for profit, but yet
requiring handling in order to get at the lower-lying part of the gravel.
The method first described would have given a very much exaggerated idea of
the cubic yardage and a false notion of a uniformity of value, besides ignoring
the working diflBculties to be encountered in the extraction of the tin from the
successively deeper layers of the gravel. This is very much like the sampling of a
vein in a^prospect shaft where the samples are taken every 10 ft. and are allowed
to fall to the bottom where they mingle confusedly and eventually form a ^large
sample," the weight of which is mistakenly supposed to give assurance of the
accuracy of the average deduced from the subsequent assay.
It is not necessary to cite other instances of this kind. Happily, they are rare.
The real work of good judgment usually commences in the estimation of future
prospects. Mines are very rarely bought merely for the ore proved up by complete
evidence ; the attactive feature is, as a rule, a speculative enhancement of value
likely to arise from further discovery. This is where the trouble begins.
The Future Prospects of a Mine. — ^There is room for the exercise of a wonderful
lot of common sense in the judgment of a mine. Science, after all, is, as Huxley
himself said, "organized common sense." If you have been walking along a road
which has been straight and level for five miles you are unlikely to go wrong in
.supposing that it will continue straight and level for another half mile, even
though the foliage prevents you from seeing more than a hundred yards ahead,
but if you have proceeded along a road for a half mile or so only, it would be
deemed foolish to predict that the road will maintain the same gradient and direc-
tion for five miles further. Thus, in estimating the persistence of an ore-body
you may be justified in counting upon its continuity for another hundred feet
if the ore has already persisted with some degree of uniformity for five or six
740 THE MINERAL INDU8TR7.
hundred feet downward, and on the contrary, you will be playing with Providence
if you assume the continuation for several hundred feet on the part of an ore-
shoot which has as yet been traced for only 50 ft. from the surface. In this respect
the mines of the Hand afford a striking contrast to most precious metal mines.
The banket, in comparison with the ordinary type of gold-vein, has the persistence
and uniformity of a coal-seam, and explorations on a large scale all over a very
extensive region will warrant an engineer in making assumptions which would
be ludicrous in California or Colorado. Yet, even under these exceptional con-
ditions, such general evidence of continuity, when applied to an individual mine,
must be amenable to the particular testimony obtainable in that particular mine
or in the workings of its immediate neighbors. In most gold mining districts
there is such an absence of uniformity in the structure and behavior of gold-
bearing lodes that it becomes imperative to rely upon the particular testimony
afforded by each mine. Such testimony, however, must be read in the broad light
of experience. For this reason the estimates of ore likely to be opened up by
further development will be more nearly correct on the Rand than similar calcula-
tions made by the same engineer elsewhere. Another distinction obtains; a
precious metal mine in Colorado or California, by reason of mining laws which
give the owner of the outcrop the right to follow the vein indefinitely in depth, has
a future which is not confined to the narrow limits of mere acreage, such as is im-
posed in the Transvaal, in Australia, Mexico, etc. This renders the future of tho
American mine more speculative, while at the same time it lays upon the engineer
the responsibility of appraising possibilities which are quite beyond the limits of
ascertainable fact. It is no solution of the problem to say that such possibilities
have no assessable value, for to adopt this attitude is to disregard the entire his-
tory of precious metal mining in the Great West, and the engineer who rests con-
tent with the evidence which is before his nose will prove but a disappointing, and
often misleading, adviser to an enterprising client.
In arriving at general conclusions concerning the persistence of an ore-body
in a mine, the engineer may have several guides, namely, the internal evidence
afforded by the behavior of the ore-body in the ground which he has examined,
the collateral suggestions afforded by the behavior of other ore-bodies in the same
mine, the general evidence obtainable in other mines within the same region.
When the value of a mine centers upon one large ore-body, rather than several,
there is no opportunity for inferences founded on similarities of behavior. The
engineer is compelled to seek for internal evidence. If the sampling has been
properly conducted and the results have been set down on the longitudinal section
of the workings it will be found that the ore exhibits local variations from which
certain deductions are possible. The relatively richer parts of the ore-body may
be so distributed as to indicate mere absence of uniformity, and nothing more, but,
as a rule, the indications will go further and suggest either that the ore-body is
becoming richer with increasing depth, or poorer in the same direction, or that
there are successive zones of richer or poorer. Again, the lode may be as rich as
heretofore, but a change may be apparent either by way of a shortening of the
ore-shoot, or of a narrowing of the pay-streak. For all these possibilities one has
to search amid the tangled mass of evidence.
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE,
741
One or two instances will serve to illustrate such possibilities. In the San
Jnan region of Colorado the prevailing geological formation is a volcanic breccia,
of Tertiary age, built up of fragments of andesite, which are arranged in nearly
horizontal layers. The veins cut through this rock without, commonly, causing
any very big dislocation. In these gold-bearing quartz veins there occur ore-
shoots having a pitch which is usually not far from the vertical, and while such
ore-shoots may be worked out in their entirety so as to exhibit an unbroken con-
tinuity in the stoping, nevertheless, to those who are observant of the variations
in the grade of the ore, as recorded by daily assays or weekly mail returns, it is
very clear that such variations coincide with the changes in the country, that is to
say, the ore-body will be characterized by nearly horizontal bars of enrichment
which are traceable to the effects produced upon the vein by the particular layer
of breccia through which it is passing at a particular horizon. My observations
lead me to suppose that the composition of certain layers of the f ragmental vol-
canic rock is responsible for the effects noticed and that the layers which have the
UyilkJL3L\
Fio. 10. — Showino Results op Sampling.
finest texture are those which are the most beneficial, for reasons outside of the
present discussion. One example will suffice. In Fig. 10 it is seen that a series
of adits penetrate a steep mountain which is entirely composed of andesite breccia.
The lowermost adit goes through an average of 2*5 ft. to 6 dwt. of gold, which is,
in the district where the mine is situated, rather low grade. The first portion
of the level and the end of it pass through barren ground so that there is some
evidence of the existence of an ore-shoot of this low-grade stuff. In the stopes
there is no change to record imtil the next level overhead. No. 2, is approached.
A raise connecting with this level passes through 8-dwt. ore. No. 2 adit makes a
much better showing, and averages, fairly uniformly, 11 dwt. for an average
width of 4 ft. Here also the level passes out of ore at a point nearly vertically
over the corresponding impoverishment at No. 1. The stopes above No 2 give,
at first, results as good as the drift, but in going upward they show a marked fall-
ing off, so as to average one-half the results given by the No. 2 level. At No. 3
742
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
the average of the level is only 3 5 ft. of 4-dwt. ore; this is doubtless the reason
why the drift was not extended to the limit of the shoot. A raise put up from this
level is in poor ground until within 50 ft. of No. 4; then marked improvement
sets in. This is confirmed by the results from the No. 4 adit, which gives an aver-
age of 3 ft. of 10-dwt. ore. This good mill stuflf, however, does not extend much
above the level, as is proved by a raise, which gets into poor ground.
These data are perplexing and indicate an dtemation of values which renders
any estimate very hazardous. When, however, the geological structure is investi-
gated, there is found to be a relation, between values and structure, which illumi-
nates the entire problem. In Fig. 11 there is given a section, on the plane of the
vein, which exhibits the position of the series of layers through which the vein
cuts. This helps to explain the results shown in Fig. 10. The zones of enrich-
ment penetrated by adits No. 1 and No. 4 coincide with two layers of close-textured
tuff, or fine-grained breccia, laid down during the intermittent violence of volcanic
Qse
I QtxKlOre
^
mm.
Fig. 11. — Showing Rock Structure.
illBdMli7.T«Lll
eruption. The intermediate, overlying, and underlying beds of breccia are coarse,
and, for some reason which does not concern the present inquiry, they are less
favorable to ore-deposition than the occasional layers of tuff.
In this instance the evidence was very clear ; in other mines situated in the same
region it is not practicable, on account of the decomposition of the enclosing
country, to establish the relationship so clearly, but it is a matter of experience
that notable variation in both the width and value of the lodes does occur in a
similar nearly horizontal direction. The understanding of it is, therefore, a clue
to many apparent vagaries in the distribution of rich ore.
In the case of a mine which contains several ore-bodies there are many useful
suggestions to be obtained from a comparison of their characteristics. Careful
investigation will lead sometimes to the detection of peculiarities applicable to the
general occurrence of ore in that particular mine. The longitudinal section of the
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE.
743
slopes warrants the close study given by a general to the map of the region which
is to be the scene of his campaign. Stope-maps are not always correct; sometimc^s
they are incorrect to a very misleading aegree. A few measurements, at least,
should be made to test this point, and occasionally, when the general accuracy
of the surveys warrants a doubt, it is a good precaution to make one's own map
of the mine, either personally, or by engaging the services of a reliable surveyor.
The conditions are so diverse that it is impossible to give a typical illustration,
but, by way of suggestion, I will append an example of inferences derived
from a study of the old workings of a mine. It is a small mine ; for, after all,
the most perplexing of problems is a prospect, and it is found in practice that
the greatest mistakes and the exercise of the keenest judgment are alike ex-
Fio. 12. — Section of a Mine showing Ore in Chimneys.
hibited in the appraising of the uncertainties of an undeveloped mine; there-
fore, the size of the property chosen as an illustration scarcely requires apology.
Fig. 12 represents a section of the workings. These consist of two adits,
on the vein, together with a discovery shaft, which joins the upper level
(G H), and a raise connecting the latter with the lower level {KM). The prob-
lem is to determine what weight should be given to the occurrence of a good
width (say, 4 ft.) of very rich ore (say, 5 oz. gold per ton) in the ends {H, M)
of the two levels. In such a case it is most important to investigate, with thor-
oughness, the mode of occurrence of the ore-bodies previously encountered in the
mine. This is not alwav's easy ; old workings have been allowed to cave or the
ground is heavy and they are carefully timbered so as to impede examination.
744 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Sometimes this is intentional. In the case cited the upper level appears to cam
one continuous body of ore from P to the breast at H, with a small compara-
tively barren interval 8 T, The timbering obscures the fact that the first half
of the stope P S is only a cutting-out stope, which was worked for the purpose
of testing a low-grade portion of the vein; the same applies to more than two-
thirds of the stope V W, at the lower level. Similarly, while the timbering be-
tween T and Z indicates a good length of stope, as a matter of fact the innermost
half of this is little more than a "cutting-out" stope in comparatively poor ground.
The truth is, the ore-body A B did not go to surface, having been first cut by the
discovery shaft at 70 ft. down ; it is a very short body of ore, almost a chimney,
and it diminishes in approaching the lower level; further, the ore-body C D i^
still less persistent ; it is a narrow, short lens which does not hold out to the lower
level, nor does it go up more than half way to surface, but it makes a sort of
spurious connection, by means of the raise, with another patch of ore, E, on the
second level. In practice, such workings as these are largely inaccessible, and
usually dangerous; as a consequence, the statements of an inaccurate superin-
tendent, who desires to serve his employer by putting things in the most favor-
able light, are apt to carry more weight than they should, so that, with the usual
desire for quick decision on the part of both the vendor and the vendee, the
engineer may be pushed to a conclusion which the actual facts do not warrant
It may seem to one who has missed the essential character of these ore-bodies,
through the failure to examine the old workings, that the good width of rich ore
at H and at M indicates the beginnings of a big body of ore which persists, at
least, from one level to the other, but, to another man, who has carefully studied
the old workings, it is evident that the probabilities point merely to another nar-
row lens of uncertain extent. The moral is, do not allow yourself to be hurried
into an opinion by either party to the transaction, and beware of workings which
are stated to be inaccessible, because such inaccessibility may have a purpose.
Another illustration will emphasize the warning conveyed in the last sentence.
In Fig. 13 is represented the single level of a Califomian mine which is reached
by the western cross-cut shown to the left of the drawing. The level is 450 ft.
long ; owing to the fact that the country is a soft, black slate the ground is very
heavy and the level is closely timbered throughout, permitting of only occasional
glimpses of ore at the points where short cross-cuts have been run out eastward.
At these places, D E, F 0, B C and // K, the lode is plainly visible and exhibit^
from 6 to 8 ft. of fairly uniform quartz carrying an average of from 6 to 7 dwt.
gold, in a district where working costs are about $3 per ton. After sampling
these cross-cuts, examining the little there was to be seen, and finding that the
ground really seemed heavy enough to justify the close timbering over the
level, the engineer came to tlie conclusion that he was dealing with one of those
persistent ore-bodies not uncommon in that part of California, and he estimated
the ore to have the continuity exhibited by the cross-hatching in the drawing.
However, he had wholly misunderstood the real character of the ore-occurrence,
as Fig. 14 will indicate. The close timbering was not necessary in order to sustain
the ground alone ; it was an excuse for obscuring certain facts. The quartz exposed
bv the several cross-cuts belonged to a number of small lenses. These abutted
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE,
745
against the "fissure," or main line of fracture, which constituted the supposed
lode; the lenses were short-lived and lay with their longer axis parallel to the
PLAN
nSHowing lode structurb
56,50
ft
J0,25
J7.3S
1g
wM
mm
mm
ii
PLAN
SHOWING SAMPLING
Supposed Ore
Figs. 13 and 14. — Showing Lode Structure and Method of Sampling.
layers of slate; the body at D E only lasted as far as two sets of timber; that
at F G died out at 60 ft., and that at B C "petered out" at 40 ft. above the level,
746
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
while the last one, II K, went np as a narrow body for a distance of 160 ft. Com-
pare Fig. 10 with Fig. 13 and quote Hamlet's comment on his own portrayal of
his mother's successive husbandsl This incident did not befall a tyro, but an old
campaigner, who was caught by his own carelessness under circumstances from
which only the greatest wariness could have saved him.
Misconceptions concerning the conditions contributory to the localization of
ore shoots and the consequent mistaken ideas as to the future possibilities of a
mine have often arisen from a misunderstanding of vein intersections. In the
case of a well-known mine in southwestern Colorado, a length of 8,700 ft. of
ore had been opened up by an upper level, and stopes, which had worked out
most of the ore except at one end, had proved that it persisted to the surface,
an average distance of 150 ft. above this upper level. In the meantime two winzes
had demonstrated the apparent downward continuance of the ore-body. A longi-
tudinal section of these workings is shown in Fig. 14. In the examination of
the mine by several distinguished mining engineers, it was assumed that the
winzes, one of which was 58 ft., and the other 143 ft. deep, proved the con-
tinuity of the ore-body to an extent sufficient to warrant a price for the property
"WinMlttFt-Deep
IWinMWFt.1>eep
0 100 90OFee»
Pig. 15. — ^Longitudinal Section.
which was a good deal in excess of the net profits to be won from the ground as
measured to the bottom of the winzes. In the sequel it was found, after the
mine had been purchased and when deeper workings had explored the lower
horizon, that the ore-body owed its existence, and certainly its shape and position,
to the intersection with another lode. This made a "scissors crossing," the hinge
of which was a line, dipping west at an angle of 7** 30'. The ore-body reached
from this line to the surface, while downward it extended about a hundred feet
or so. Other scattered smaller bodies of ore were, it is true, encountered, but
the main ore-body of the mine, upon which its value was based, extended only
about a hundred feet below the broken line shown across the longitudinal section
in Fig. 15. Such an instance as this proves the need for deciphering the con-
ditions which have affected the distribution of ore. The crossing referred to was
visible in the stopes at the east end, but only to an inquiring observer who sus-
pected some eccentricity of lode structure.
Collateral Evidence. — Of all the collateral evidence likely to aid the engineer
in a correct diagnosis of the condition of the mine he is exc^mining, none i? 80
THE SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 747
useful as that derived from a study of the surrounding district. Mines situated
in the same district are apt^ on accoimt of an identical geological environment^
to exhibit similar symptoms and to suggest like possibilities. The general study
of a region, therefore, is a useful preliminary to the investigation of a particular
mine. Moreover, there is, I am glad to say, a certain spirit of camaraderie among
professional men of the right sort which will enable a stranger to obtain many
useful hints from resident engineers if he is properly made known to them.
The characteristics of ore-deposits within limited areas are often well marked ;
in one case persistence, without probabilities of bonanzas, is the rule, as on the
Rand; in another case an irregular distribution of values is to be expected, as
in most silver-lead deposits in limestone and also in many rich telluride veins
where secondary enrichment has been at work; again, certain lines of faulting
and well-defined contacts between sedimentary and eruptive rocks may be recog-
nizable as factors in determining the place of rich bodies of ore, as is illustrated
by the Aspen and Rico districts in Colorado.
Another very important factor, in influencing the relative richness of a lode in
depth, is the position of the ground-water level. No engineer can afford to dis-
regard it. Two opposite cases may be cited. In certain arid regions of the south-
western part of North America, which it would be invidious to specify further,
the persistence of rich ores coincides roughly with the zone of oxidation. I recall
a well-known mine which, at the time it was examined by several reputable engi-
neers, exposed an ore-body nearly 1,800 ft. in length. This was the length of
the ore traversed by the longest level, which was also the deepest. (See Fig. 15.)
Both ends of this level were, however, still in ore. Three winzes proved the ore
for a further depth of about 30 ft. The upper workings contained carbonates
of lead and iron-stained quartz rich in the precious metals. At the third level
there was evidence of the edge of the oxidized zone, for sulphides predominated.
All of the winzes left off in sulphides, of average tenor as regards gold and silver,
but exhibiting a noteworthy admixture of zinc blende amid the galena. One
engineer who examined the mine allowed 50 ft. below the lowest level as ore to
be considered in appraising the value of the property, but he allowed nothing
beyond the ends of the level. This was adversely criticised. However, among
the reasons prompting a conservative attitude was the recognition of the fact
that many gold and silver veins in that region turned into poor zinc-bearing
lodes at a short distance below the limit of visible oxidation. In the sequel he
was proved to be right. When, later on, the mine underwent extensive develop-
ment it was found that at 45 ft. below the lowest level the ore became poor in
gold and silver, but heavily charged with zinc blende, while at the same time
the lowest level ran out of the ore-body within a few feet at both ends. In this
regard it is a curious fact how often good njiners, especially if they are selling a
mine, stop their explorations at the proper psychological moment.
The great copper region around Butte, Mont., exemplifies another aspect of the
inquiry. Very extensive exploration, prompted by the extreme richness of the
lodes, has permitted of the accumulation of evidence, which proves conclusively
that the big ore-bodies are the result of a secondary enrichment brought about
by the leaching of copper by the ground-water and its precipitation upon the
748 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
sulphides of the deeper zone. The original vein stone consisted of iron pyrite,
copper pyrite and, probably, enargite, while the bonanzas consist of the higher
sulphides, bornite, covellite and chalcocitc. Experiments have been made* in the
laboratory which illustrate the formation of chalcocite (copper glance) on pyrite
by precipitation from a solution containing copper sulphate, such as would be
the product of oxidation through the agency of the ground-water. As a result
of sucK reactions the outcrops are. poor in copper and silver, because these have
been leached out; the silver appears at a comparatively shallow depth (300 or
400 ft. below the surface) so as to form a zone of maximum enrichment in that
metal, while the copper has been deposited deeper still, so as to form the mag-
nificent masses of high-percentage ores which have made Butte so productive.
Below these come the first-formed ores, chiefly pyrite with a little copper pjrrite,
without the higher copper sulphides which have enriched the overlying zone.
While, therefore, the lower limit of the horizon of secondary enrichment has been
passed through in some of the mines, it must be added that in others the rich
sulphides extend to a depth of over 2,000 ft. from the surface, so that the effects
Pig. 16. — Cross-Section of Mine, showing the Workings.
of the ground-water circulation continue to a profundity quite exceptional in
the experience of mining. This may be due to the intensity of the fracturing
which followed the deposition of the earlier sulphides, and it may be partly a re-
sult from the open character of the lode channels which has permitted of the
far-reaching penetration of the ground-water, but, whatever the cause, it renders
the problem of ore-occurrence at Butte quite exceptional, particularly when com-
pared to cases such as the one quoted in the preceding instance, in Fig. 15. A
novice who has sampled the shallow workings of a young mine in a region such
as Butte would be likely to be misled by the low percentage of copper, and there-
fore enunciate an unfavorable opinion, whereas one who recognized the effects of
ground-water leaching and was guided possibly by a knowledge of the changes
encountered at greater depth, in a neighboring mine, would make quite a different
inference. Under other circumstances in another region the occurrence of the
higher sulphides, such as covellite and chalcocite, would suggest secondary en-
richment and warn the engineer against counting upon a persistence of conditions
which are frequently quite local.
Considerations such as these suorgest very forcibly that keen observation and
• " The Synthesis of ChalcotMt"." by H. V, Wint-hoU, Enpineerinri and Mining Jownal May 83. 1908.
TEB SAMPLING AND ESTIMATION OF ORE IN A MINE. 749
wide experience are required for the appraisement of the potentialities of a
prospect.
Conclusion. — This discussion of the subject has emphasized one great factor
in work of this kind, and that is — ^the personal equation. No two men set to work
in exactly the same way, and no two men make exactly the same deductions from
a complicated series of data. My views on the subject are those based upon my
own experience — hence the inevitable limitations of my presentation of it. For
this reason also I have omitted to refer to the literature which deals with sampling
and estimates of ore because it would have extended this contribution to uncom-
fortable length had I taken up the other aspects of the inquiry as discussed by
other men. Herein lies my excuse and my apology to the Institution of Mining
and Metallurgy, to Messrs. J. D. Kendall, B. B. Kirby, A. G. Charleton, W. Wy-
bergh, 6. A. Denny, S. J. Truscott, D. W. Brunton, W. McDermott and other
authoritative writers on the same subject.
The conclusion of the whole matter is sufficiently obvious — so obvious as to
need but little further insistence. If the discussion of the methods to be applied
in the sampling and estimation of ore has served to accentuate the difficulties to
be encountered in the diagnosis of a mine, then it will have fulfilled one of the
purposes of this contribution. "Chi va piano, va sano." Extreme care is neces-
sary at every stage of the work— care and experience, the experience born of wide
knowledge and practical work without which a man in a mine is no better than
the proverbial bull in a china shop, with a strong suggestion of a coming smash !
The old hands — ^the engineers who have sampled mines from China to Peru —
do not need my maxims to guide them. They have lost the cheerful confidence
of their apprentice days and are saturated with the experience of difficulty and
doubt which have been frankly faced on a hundred occasions. To the youngster,
who still has to receive his first fall and to realize that few data are absolutely
certain, also that data carelessly obtained are inevitably uncertain — ^to him this
analysis of methods of work will, it is earnestly hoped, serve as a red flag of warn-
ing. To the general reader, who is usually more in sympathy with the pains of
the unfortunate investor in mines than he is with the causes which may vitiate
good advice from the expert, to him these obiter dicta will, I trust, suggest forcibly
that good advice is hard to get and expensive — ^yet cheap, indeed, compared to
the costly experience of entrusting onerous professional duties to the inefficient.
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANGES IN 1902.
The tubles on the following pages give a r6siim6 of the business done during
the past year on the leading exchanges of the United States and Europe, and
the dividends paid and assessments levied by the principal mining companies.
While the year was less eventful than 1901, the conditions on the whole were
highly satisfactory for the mining, as well as the other industries.
The Boston Mining Stock Market in 1902.
The copper mining shares show a remarkable shrinkage in value from the
quotations of the preceding year, and there has been also a decided falling oflf in
the distribution of dividends. Of the Lake Superior mines only three paid
dividends during 1902, the aggregate distribution being $3,440,000 or less than
one-half the amount paid in 1901 by six companies. The most noticeable
decline on the exchange has been the Calumet & Hecla, which reached the low
figure of $420 per share, as compared with the high price for the year of $650.
Amalgamated Copper shares fluctuated from $78-87 to $5212, Osceola from
$88 to $47 50, and Tamarack from $276 to $140; Quincy sold down from $140
to $100, the lowest price in four years. Wolverine was an exception in that its
shares showed an upward tendency and reached the highest quotations near the
close of the year. This stock fluctuated from $61 to $42 per share. Mohawk
shares rose from $27 to $49, but later declined to $40. Among the Canadian
shares dealt in at Boston, those of the Dominion Coal Co. and the Dominion
Coal & Iron Co. were most active. The former rose from $54 to $146, and
the latter rose from $25 to $79*87; both declined heavily, however, toward the
close of the year.
The Colorado Springs Mining Stock Market in 1902.
The records show wide fluctuations in some of the leading stocks, such as
Elkton, Portland, Jack Pot and Vindicator, and the general trend of prices was
downward. Elkton fell from the high price of $1*40 to 30c., Portland from
$2-90 to $1-80, Jack Pot from 39c. to 8c., and Vindicator from $126 to 93c.
753
THE MlNbJiiAL INDUtiTUY.
FLUCTUATIONS IN MINING STOCKS AT BOSTON DURING 1902.
Name of Company.
Copper:
Adveoture Con .(6) . .
AUouez(&)
Amaigamiited (a). . .
Anaconda (a)
Aixraclian ijb)
Arnold (6)
Ash Bed (6)
At.antic(d)
Baltic (6)
Binsrham {h).
British Columbia (t>.
Calumet & Hecla (p)..
Centennial (6)
Copper Range (6)
Elm River (6)
Franklin(6)
Isle Royale (6)
MaasCon. (b)
Mayflower (6)
Michigan (6)
Mohawk (6)
Montreal & Boston. . .
National (6)
Old Colony (6)
Old Dominion (c)
Osceola (6)
Parrot (a)
Phcenix Con. (d)
Qulncy(6)
Rhode Island (6)
Santa F6 (j) .
Shannon (a) . .
Tamarack (6) .
Tecumseh (6) .
Tennessee {k)
Tri-Mountaln (6)...
Trinity (e)
United (a)
Utah Con. (A)
Victoria (6)
Washington (6)
Winona (6)
Wolverine(6)
Wyandotte (6)
Gold:
Oochltl(i)
Cons. Mercur (Jk)
Daly- West (h)
Guanajuato (l)
Mer^(-?)
N. Amer. Dredging
North Starve)
Santa Ysabel (e)
United States (A)
Zinc:
Am. Z. L. & Sm. ig)
Continental (o) old
Continental (new)
Miscellaneous:
^tna (c)
Bonanza (d)
BO'ton ie)
Breece (d)
Catalpa(d)
Central Oil (m)
Dominion Coal (/)
Dominion Coal. pref. (/). .
Dominion I. & 8
Mont. Coal & Coke (a)
New England Gas & Coke..
NewIdrlBi(e)
United States Oil Cm)
Total sales.
January.
117-76
8-60
6718
80-75
3*60
•80
17
1800
185-00
400
7«-00
86-00
7-76
100
88-00
49-50
88-00
986
660-00
18-50
74-00
4-00
16-00
86-00
80-76
8-00
18-00
89-00
4-00
8-75
400
88-75
80-75
8600
4-86
147-00
8-00
400
-50
876-00 850-00
1
14
60
16
81-50
18-75
81-85
4-88
1-00
48-00
-75
•70
1-88
85-00
4-00
18-85
10-00
•75
58-50
116-00
8-60
500
1100
February.
H.
119-60
8*18
67-88
80-18
4-50
•50
881-(0
800
880-00
1-60
185-00
14-75
87-85
6-50
4-50
56-00
1-85
1*85
8-85
8900
4-75
8-50
8-00
-60
18-85
10-00
8-75
-90
8-18
800
8850
118-60
6-75
'i8-85
61 00
11-00
83-88
6-00
1-60
49-00
-75
•46
1-50
15-60
8-85
8-60
1-75
16-88
9-00
2-50
-80
8-00
700
63-88
117-00
4-50
is-oo
March.
t88-60
4-75
7900
8300
1386
100
98086
875
61 18
8060
6-60
•76
830-00
8-00
1485
10800
18-50
8500
6-75
800
56-00
1-85
•70
8-00
41-00
4-50
876
-50
19-38
18-50
3-75
105
8*18
7-60
123-00
119-00
47-50
4-50
7-68
800
18-00
184*85
4-00
61-88
87-50
960
•86
175-00
1-50
10-75
96-00
13-85
81*85
5-85
1-85
60-60
1-00
•45
1-00
18-00
8-75
1-50
17-60
9-00
8-38
*75
8-00
7-00
87-00
116-00
40-00
8-75
5-00
1100
April.
92100
800
61 13
8788
700
•60
180*00
800
17500
14-75
8500
6-00
8-50
56-00
1-50
•50
800
49- 00
485
8-88
•50
8875
1485
400
•90
5*00
888
146-00
119-00
75-00
4-00
7-50
7-50
16-00
98485
400
71-68
89-60
6-76
•80
8
17-
60
84
8
185
8
8-75
May.
H.
3700
170-00 186-00
1-50
100-00
12-63
22-00
4-76
1-50
62-00
100
1-75
4000
8-50
8-38
1818
1800
8-00
-80
8-00
6-00
188-85
11800
4700
8-00
i8-25
1-75
981-50
800
66-00
27-60
4-00
-60
H. I.
984-50,88S-rj0
8-75. 2Hh
OU-63 62 86
28-63. 86-50
6 00, 4-75
-80
8800
Jiii.i
88-00
2900
86-50
9-50
596-00
20-00,
69-001
8-50|
11-75
1300
80-85
8-60
18-60
48-38
8-00
31 00
566-66
17-86
52-25
8-00
11-00
12-00
18-J10
2-00
11 SO
38-75
8-00
8-00
23-35
68-00
81-00
4-75
18500
8-85J
8-S5
19-50
69-50
86-50
400
laooo
1-50
8-88, 1-88
i69-56'iS*66,i75'6(»
1-25
10050
14-85
23-00
4-88
3-88
5600
1-
•60
8-00
46-50
4-25
800
81-50
18-38
4-00
•80
100-00
12- 18
8-60 150
1775 16 00
100-00 95-00
1800 11-75
21-00 22-75 2ir00
4-18 0-88| 4-00
1-75
5800
1-00
•45
188
W-75
385
8000
1000
800
•75
900 800
14150 1S000
116-00
68^88
4-50
413
7-50
1813
115-00
50-00
400
3-86
1500
5-75
56-00
1-63
8-50
54-85
100
-80
8-18 1-88
5000 44-60
8-75 8-50
81-00
18-85
4-00
•75
1900
1100
300
•70
8-00
14800
118-60
57 00
400
4-00
8-00
17-00
7-50
18200
114-50
51-00
225
7-00
14-38
THE MINma STOCK EXCHAlfOES.
753
FLUCTUATIONS
IN MINING STOCKS AT
BOSTON
DURING
1902
. — Continued.
Nome of OompanyH
July.
Autfiisi,
Soplfftnlier.
*>pt0hfrr.
Kov^mbf^r.
rjw»rober.
Ralcn,
No. df
8hari>B.
H.
L.
13400
70 as
saw
L.
H.
L.
H.
L.
IL
L.
H.
I*
Copper;
Arlvi^ntuiv Cod. \b)
Ai^ Klt^K ( 5}. . . « > . ■ T F f - - • H. .
a uo
B'Ba
•50
ISS'OO
ill NH
SM'TT,
es-co
^-95
4-50
3-Ot
7THP
85-7:5
5'Oa
119-^1
2' 00
25- 5*^
4TiO
|22-fiO
^-75
ft7 :»
a'i5i
5-t<0
«1*1-S.i
4-5.J
f2l*W]
u5-rr
Jl5(it
4-7H
■2l
S7-0IJ
7-Ofl
51000
io-«a
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59*61 sa*aG
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7 '63 600
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57-75 57-25
2-13 1*75
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1200 9 00
14-15 12' 5(
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14.306
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it '{"lb
34 75
20 -sL^
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l-fiO
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mm
'12-25
7'Oii
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ifi'bi'i
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95*00
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111 -(Ml
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22'3S
4-00
57-50
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' i-75
2-50
71.l5fi
rH719
l?nUpdfrt1 *
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Vietorin ih).
WahhmirtJrafft>...
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24.197
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1-Q(>
£«»
54'(>J
4-35
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3-50
57,000
176.8W
47,!«7
130.W3
50
N, Amer. Dnf^lKinR
am
275
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14 50
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IS TS'
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12-00
1] 00
OjiiUnHuiiil'neffJ...^,,..
SfiNctlkuietMis 1
1500
■HO
16-8B
16*00
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-75
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16 50
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-40
■75
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9-75
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-05
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10
fa iilpaicll...
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5.2C(1.0»|
(a) Montana; (6) MIchlican ; (c) Arizona: id) Colorado; (e) California: (f) Nova Scotia; (g) Missouri ; (h) Utah;
(4) British Columbia; (j) New Mexico ; (ik) Tennessee; (/) Mexico; (m) West Virginia.
754 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
FLUCTUATIONS OP MINING STOCKS AT COLORADO SPRINCJS, COLO., DURING 1902.
Nftmeof Company,
Total
Acacia
Alamo
American Con
Anaconda
Ben Hur,
BlaclcBUe
Blue Bell
C. K. & N
C. C. Con
Dante....
Dr. Jack Pot,
Elkton.
El Paao
Fanny Rawlings..
Findley
Gold Dollar
Golden Cvde
Golden Fleece
Gold Soverei«ni
Ironclad
Isabella.
Jack Pot,
Last Dollar.
Lexlnfiton
Little Puck
MolUe Gibson
Moon- Anchor.
Morning Star
National,
Nellie V
New Haven
Pappoose
Pharmacist,
Pinnacle
Pointer
Portland
Prince Albert
Republic
Rose Maud.
Sunset Eclipse.
Uncle Sam
Vindicator
Work
The New York Stock Market in 1902.
The year was notable for the general liquidation and depression of prices. The
low metal market, especially for copper and silver, together with the financial
stringency, reacted unfavorably upon mining shares, and the quotations were
below the average for the preceding year. The total sales were 8,575,029 shares,
as compared with 12,063,196 shares in 1901.
The copper shares attracted widespread attention. Amalgamated pursued a
downward course under the influence of the numerous lawsuits in which the
company is engaged, the unsettled copper market and professional manipulation.
Moreover the cut in the original dividend rate of 8 to 2% per annum had a
demoralizing effect. In February the stock brought $79, which, though the
highest quotation of the year, was 51 points lower than the high mark in June,
1901, and in November the low price of $53 was recorded. Within 10 months
THE MINING STOCK BXCHAN0K8.
755
FLUCTUATIONS OF MINING STOCKS AT COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO., DURING
1902 — Continued.
Name of Ck>miMUiy.
Acacia
Alamo
Amertean Con.
Anaconda
Ben Hur
Black BeUe
, BlueBeU
C. K.AN
C. 0. Ck>n
Dante
Dr. Jack Pot
Elkton
El Paso
Fannj Rawlinfcs.
Findlev
Ookl DoUar.
Golden Circle,
Golden Flc
Gold Sovereign.
Ironclad
Isabella..
Jack Pot.
Last Dollar
Lexington
LitUePuck
MoUie Gibson,
Mooo-Anchor
Morning Star
National
Nellie V
New Haven,
Pappoose
Pharmacist
Pinnacle
Pointer.
Portland
Prince Albert
Republic.
Rose Maud.
Sunset Eclipse.
IJncle Sam,
Vindicator.
Work
Total sales. . . .
the market showed a depreciation of over $40,000,000. Anaconda, which is
under Amalgamated control, also reduced its dividend rate from 16 to 4% per
annum, causing the shares to fall below par. The highest price for the year was
$36-50 in February and the lowest price $20 in December, a shrinkage of over
$19,000,000 in the market value of the shares. A prominent feature in the trade
was the appearance early in May of the United Copper Co., representing a con-
solidation of the Heinze properties in Montana. The new company was in-
corporated with a capital of $80,000,000, of which $5,000,000 represented 6%
preferred stock, and $75,000,000 common stock. Of the latter $30,000,000 were
reserved in the treasury, and $45,000,000 were issued. The initial sales of United
common shares were made at $36@$35'25, but the prices dropped subsequently
to $27. A 3% dividend on the preferred shares was declared in November.
Greene Consolidated brought $31-38 in May. but fell to $19-50 in July. On
November 6 the company increased its capital stock from $6,000,000 to
756
THE MINERAL 1JSJ)U8TR7,
FLUCTUATIONS OP
MINING
STOCKS AT NEW "
rORK
DURING
1902
,.
Name and Location of Company
3/'
3
1
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
H.
L.
H.
L.
H.
L.
H.
I*
H.
L.
H.
L.
AnaciA. CV>lo
%
1
25
100
85
5
Si
8
8
25
1
10
50
2
100
2H
1
10
1
1
8
ao
100
1
1
1
1
1
10
8
1
100
25
20
1
1
,S
10
10
1
8
100
6
5
25
1
100
8
1
1
10
101)
1
20
10
10
25
1^
10
1
too
1
3
•11
•11
•06
•11
•28
•16
Itb'oo
86^60
:S
•14
•16
•76
•16
•14
•06
•07
•07
1-80
•46
Ainmo. e.. Colo
•14
i07'68
29-25
•24
•08
•10
•12
***'68
•12
•M
•08
"'i'ie
•14
•50
$79-00
86-60
-80
•08
•07
•81
•66
•11
•18
•48
I6260
'***25
•07
"•12
•05
•66
I67-25
120
-28
•06
•06
•06
•06
Alice. IT Moiit
-48
70-60
8850
•22
•06
•10
•89
-48
61 00
2800
'"04
•08
•20
•56
•19
•48
Aiiialfcamat€Kl, c. , Mont
•20
•04
171*68
119
•19
•05
JJ5C0
•18
•04
•06
AnacoDda. c . Mont
Anaconda, er.. Onlo. , ,
\rKentum-Jun., g.8.1., Colo
Belcher. Nev
Best & Belcher, g.s., Nev
Breeoe. a . Colo
-28
•26
•80
•15
•20
•TO
•10
•14
HrunsM'ick &r . Cal
•17
•10
•06
•21
•10
•04
•06
•06
1-70
•16
•16
•12
•06
Cataloa. s.l.. Colo
Uhrysolite, s.l., Colo
•10
•06
•06
1-66
•09
•10
•11
•06
•06
•06
1-20
•08
'"•69
•06
•06
•06
1-40
•09
•10
•09
•10
•09
•04
•06
•06
116
•09
"•08
"•06
•06
125
•06
•07
Comstock Tunnel, s.g., Nev
Comstock Tunnel Bonds.
•06
•06
•06
1-50
•06
Con. Cal. & Va., 8.«., Nev
Ci-eede & Crip. Creek, g., Colo. .
Crescent, s.l., Colo
1-65
180
rss
•14
-08
Cripple Creek Con., g., Colo
Crodtus, Colo
•11
•07
•08
•08
•07
-06
•07
Crown Point, g.s., Nev
Daly, g., Utah.
•12
-10
-07
-12
•08
Dead wood-Terra, g., 8. Dak
Dunkin, s., Colo
•65
"i-ao
"i-26
•66
•14
1-26
"ii
lis
•75
•65
■11
1-38
•10
1-12
E^lkton Con tt Colo
roo
•74
•72
•68
-68
'61
El Paso. Colo
Gold Dollar, g., Colo
•09
•40
26-76
•84
•09
*85*66
•18
Golden Fleece, g.s., Colo
Greene Con. c. Mez
•46
29-25
•87
28-60
•25
•80
19 75
•22
•80
81-88
-24
•06
•87
28-85
•20
•28
89-18
•42
•ft
ii-ia
2500
•88
19-60
•80
27-0i>
Hale & NorcroBS, s.g., Nev
Hart ir Colo
'40
Homestake. ar . 8 Dak
99-00
1-76
Horn Silver 8 1 Utah
200
•66
•38
-35
1-30
-61
-28
•34
1-40
160
-80
-28
-35
-10
•12
"•78
•23
■88
•07
•10
1-68
•80
•28
•29
140
1-50
1^40
i'SO i-46
Iron Silver, s i . Colo
85i -80
Isabella, e.. Colo
•30
•83
•15
•12
25
•80
'"•io
•28
•27
•87
•25
•84
-82 -88
Jack Pot tt . Colo
-16, 14
Justice s Nev
Kingston & Pembroke, 1., Ont. . .
l,Ajorosse ft Colo . . ....
•10
•07
•06
•11
•45
•isl.:.:::
Leadville Con., g.R., Colo
Little Chief, s.l., Colo
""•io
•30
•07
•14
•50
•06
•11
•30
■12
•18
•54
•06
•12
•30
•06
•18
•60
8^00
•12
1
•12
•48
700
■10
-14
•65
7-50
•11
•18
•13
•46
650
•10
•13'
Mexican i? s . Nev
•581 -48
Mine Securities, U. S
MoUie Gibson, s . Colo
725 6*511
•IH
""'•27
•13
'■25
•16
•21
-12
•13
•22
•20
•10
•21
•18 12
Moon-Anchor, g. , Colo
•15
•26
Occidental. Nev
Ontario, 8.1., Utah
9-50
•92
""•67
2-75
•IH
413
10-50
-09
•25
7^88
•80
'"•06
2^50
•16
8-75
9-76
8-50
l-s»
•05
•07
2-50
8-26
-82
"•oe
2-46
8-50
1-06
•a-s
•07
2-65
7-63
•96
i-25
96«)
1^60
•05
•08
8-26
•28
860
1100
8^50
•90
926
1.80
768
130
8-90
180
*05
-07
1-90
•85
8*75
10-88
7-75
Opbir, g 8., Nev
1.06
Pharmacist, e.. Colo
Phoenix Con., g., Ariz
•00
185
•15
285
•06
8-85
•88
4^00
1025
"i^76
•22
818
1000
Portland, g., Colo
1-70
Potosi, g s. , Nev
19
Quicksilver, q., Cal
3-75
1000
812
8-50
4-25
11-18
2-85
975
3-85
Quicksilver, pref ., Cid
9-86
Kavase s . Nev
Rit^rra Nevada, s Nev
•19
•17
•66
•40
8-55
•14
-16
•80
•26
Rilver Hill Sev
Small HoDes. s 1.. Colo
-48
3-86
■05
15-00
-40
8-40
-.30
2-50
-55
8-65
•45
345
•60
8-60
•46
8-25
•46
3-50
•40
66
8*45
•50
Standard con., g.s. . Cal
8*86
Svndicate. e. . Cal
Tennessee, Cop., Tenn
14-00
15-60
-21
4-00
18-00
15-00
1063
1360
10-18
18-50
1000
17-76
18-88
Union Con., s.. Nev
Union Copper, N. C
418
2-88
2-75
400
8-50
400
8-25
5-68
2-75
600
868
Union Gold. Colo
Virsrinia Con Colo
White Knob, g.s., Ida
2000
•11
15-00
•09
^-00
•18
16-50
■06
24-00
-09
.20
20- 18
•07
27'»
•08
20-50
•08
26-76
•06
20-25
•07
23 88
•07
15-75
Work, g., Colo
•or
Yellow Jacket, s . Nev
Total sales
•••| 1
1 1 »
r ■
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANGES.
757
FLUCTUATIONS OF MINING STOCKS AT NEW YORK DURING 1902. — Continued.
Name and Location of
Company.
Acacia, Colo
Adams, K., Colo
Alamo, g.j Colo
Alice, g., Mont
Amalgamated, c, Mont
Anaconda, c. Mont
Anaconda, Km Colo
Argentum-Jun., g.8.l., Colo. ..
Belcher, Netr ,. . . .
Best & Belcher, g.s., Nev
Breece, 8., Colo
Brunswick, g., Cal
Catalpa, ai., Colo
Crysolite, s.l., Colo
Comstock Tunnel, s.g., Nct. . .
Comstock Tunnel Bonds
Con. Cal. & Va., 8.g., Nev
Creede ft Crip. Creek, g., Colo.
Crescent, S.L, Colo
Cripple Creek Con., g., Colo.. .
CrcMSUB, Colo
Crown Point, g.s., Nct
Daly, g., Utah
Deadwood-Terra. g., 8. Dak. . «
Dunkin, s., Colo
Elkton Con., g., Colo
El Paso, Colo
Gold Dollar, g., Colo
Qolden Fleece, g.s., Colo
Greene Con., c, Mez
Hale & Norcross, ag., Nct.. . .
Hart, g., Colo
Homestake, g., S. Dak
Horn SilTer, al., Utah
Iron Silver, s.L. Colo
Isabella, g., Colo
Jack Pot, g., Colo
Justice, s.. Nev
Kingston k Pembroke, i., Ont
Lacrosse, g., Colo
Leadville Con., g.s., Colo... .
Little Chief, S.I., Colo,
Mexican, g.s., Nst
Mine Securities, U. S
Mollie Gibson, a, Colo
Moon- Anchor, g., Colo
Moulton, g.. Mont
Occidental, Nct
Ontario, aL. Utah
OpWr, g.a, Nev
Pharmacist, g., Colo
Phcenix Con., g.. Arix
Portland, g. , Colo
Potosi, g.s., NeT
QuicksirTer, q., Cal
Quicksilver, pref., Cal
Savage, s., Nev
Sierra Nevada, a, Nev. . . .
Silver HiU, Nev
Small Hopes, aL, Colo
Standard Con., g.a, Cal. . . .
Syndicate, g., Cal
Tennessee, a. Tenn
Union Con., s^ Nev
Union, cN.C
Union, g., Colo
Virginia Con., Colo
White Knob, g.a, Idaho. . . .
Work, g., Colo
Yellow Jacket, s., Nev
04
48
I08-75
106
•15
July.
H.
♦97
•14
•38
•66
•09
•07
•06
•06
1-45
•07
•08
•00
1 50
•90
S8^60
•40
1-85
•96
•89
•16
•08
•13
•60
7^25
•14
8-76
1-40
•08
176
•26
875
975
•34
•66
400
1918
"'4*66
21 -00
•06
•16
08
85
I6868
•106
16
•15
•60
•06
•06
•06
•06
1-80
.06
•07
•86
•16
96*26
•81
•12
•46
6-60
•10
M
•07
160
•18
860
9*60
80
8* 16
15- 00
's'so
1800
August.
08
88
I8625
•10«
14
r35
•45
•18
8800
•18
160
•90
•88
•16
•61
7-25
•06
•10
900
135
r85
•21
875
•48
875
18-75
•20
400
2400
•06
•15
1-25
"•07
•86
•17
26-50
•17
•12
•80
660
8-75
120
170
•18
•40
1625
'2'66
1875
•05
Sept.
H.
•11
89
♦111
.20
•02
25
04^25
♦102
•12
'••80
■08
•06
•06
1-80
•10
•10
•07
160
05
18
2560
24
7800
•41
•16
•84
•86
726
•08
•80
900
i-ai
•05
•08
197
-24
825
900
•12
•12
86
8-65
•04
1900
3-50
•10
'•07
•06
•06
110
•08
•36
6-50
•07
650
•95
•04
126
•19
8- 00
860
October.
•08
80
67-25
♦106
21
02
•11
•09
•06
•06
115
•08
•08
•08
62^00
♦88
•16
•06
.1.
•07
•08
•40
•81
•06 -05
•18 17
2700 2163
12
•09
•10
•85
325
1600
2-88
•04
2200,1650
•08
Total sales : 8,675,029
9-00
•96
•05
•08
200
•10
S-W
8^00
•12
•08
09
86
78
06
20
2688
90
•07
860
•85
•05
1-75
•07
200
•45
850
•06
1938
•13
313
•04
17-50
•40
840
•04
1626
•14
2-75
•02
10-00
November
•08
35
6550
♦97
•18
•02
•14
•70
•67
•06
25
6300
•07
•05
•05
115
•08
•07
■06
•19
21 75
6700
6600
•16
800
r20
•06
•OR
200
•21
225
•20
8-50
•07
1825
338
•30
1400
•07
•04
•80
•06
•OS
•60
7^50
•94
•05
•07
195
•18
•17
1550
2*68
1150
Deueiubei
04
25
5968
8900
.20
•02
r05
•04
•06
•05
160
•03
•07
•80
•08
6-88
r35
•06
•07
1*90
•26
8-86
18-88
•66
818
1400
■ -87
I^
6400
8000
•18
•50
102
•87
•12
•68
•07
Sales.
No. of
Shares.
6-60|
roo!
•01
i'75
•20
•18
•20
1626
•80
225
950
8,600
878
89,000
7,990
6,844,924
881,408
18,660
32.900
2,800
81.960
570
83,490
800
10,486
178,600
71,500
44,310
23,200
1,400
66,600
800
9,600
78
186
6,800
41.900
1,000
88.600
28,450
884,464
13,600
1,000
880
7,889
9,380
97,770
14,000
2.200
.S.850
600
8.060
13,400
7,500
21,150
68.280
11,000
100
800
12,004
86,.')80
28,600
10,600
18,060
27,900
8,586
8,175
1,800
8,450
800
8,860
a480
6.000
291,821
1,400
109.268
800
8.000
57..S46
48,490
1,200
♦ Per oenU t Assessment.
758
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
$7,-^00,000, the additional $1,200,000 being issued to pay its indebtedness. After
the increase in capital the new shares sold at $24@$22-87. Tennessee Copper,
which is closely held, was one of the few stocks that advanced near the close
of the year. It rose from $10- 12 in April, to $13-37 in October, and in December
large sales were made around $18. These prices, however, are lower than in
1901. British Columbia was erratic, due to inside manipulation. In January
ihe price opened at $10, dropping to $8-50 in February, and recovering to $10*50
in March, the highest price for the year. The stock closed at $5-50.
^rhe gold and silver mining shares were generally unsttody, owing to the fluctu-
ations in other stocks, and they responded more or less to bearish influences. A
new concern — The Bamberger-De Lamar Gold Mines Co. — ^made its appear-
ance in August. The company, which is capitalized at $6,000,000, is a con-
i^oliJation of the properties owned by Capt. De Lamar in Lincobi County, Nev.
The subscription price was $10 for 150,000 shares, but sales were made at
$! J@$9-50. Ontario Silver, of Utah, paying dividends of 30c. per share, fell to
PBICES OF INDUSTRIAL AND COAL STOCKS AT NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA
DURING 1902.
Name of Company.
AlllR-Chalmera
AlliB-Chalmers, pf
Amer. AjrH. Chem
Am. Ag. Cbem., pref
American Cement
Amer. Sm. A Ref
Am. Sm. & Ref,. pref
Cambria Iron
Cambria Steel
Colo. Fuel & Iron
C0I0.H.C.& Iron
Curcible Steel
Crucible Steel pref
International Pump
International Pump, pref
Mononanbela R. Con. C. & C. .
Mong. R. Coal, pref
National Lead
National Lead, pref
PennsylvaLia Steel, pref
Philadelphia Natural Gas
Phila. Natural Gas, pref
Pittsburg Coal
Pittsburg Coal, pref
Republic I. & Steel
Repnblic I. & Steel, pref
Sloes-Sheffleld St. & Iron
8l08s-Sheffl(>ld8t. & Iron, pref
Standard Oil
Susq. Iron & Steel
Tenn. Coal, I. & R.R
United Gas Improvement
U. 8. Cast Iron Pipe
U. S. C. I. P., pref
U.S.Red&Ref
U. 8. Red & Ref.. pref
U. S. Steel Corporation
U. S. Steel, pref
Virginia-Car. Chem. ,
Virginia-Car. Chem., pref —
Westinghouse E. & n.
Weetinghouae E. A M , pref.
Total
January.
IS9
80
6-
49
OH
48
17
fUOOO
82-50
6'5()
44-75
98-00
47-75
23-75
84 00
14-88
100! 88-
100 700
$3600
8900
600
48-85
99-00
48-00
24-18
88-00
18*50
46-75
86-00
12-K8
48-26
16-88
TS-00
41-68
92-8H
69 '00
120 00
173-50
180-00
February.
H.
$21-00
81-00
5-63
46-75
97- 18
87-88
28-75
84-26
15-50
58-25
91 00
14-50
44-00
1900
87-00
2600
91-00
17-25
70-50
88'0()
88-50
MV5-00
2-00
71-25
122-00
42 00
66-50
44-75
95-50
6300
128-00
179-60
180-00
124-60
99-00
6-76
47-60
99-50
48-80
24-00
109-00
22-26
60-50
86-<)0
13-25
42-50
17-13
80 00
2618
90-00
16-18
69-00
29-50
81-00
18600
1
68-00
116-00
88-50
63-75
43-00
98-00
6000
120-00
1T3-50
175-00
March.
67-25
9400
18-88
4400
20-88
86-26
44-50
67-88
48-60
96-75
69-88
138-00
April.
12800
82-00
5-75
48*60
96-00
46-88
88-76
96
19-88
66-88
94-00
18-60
48-68
20-88
89-88
00
00
13 20
38 76
00 34
00 83
00 650
00; 2
50; 74-
00128
00, 44-00
50 65-76
75; 48-88
94-75
78-38
-00 138-63
|»-60
91 00
7-86
49-68
96-00
4800
84-88
88
20-86
60108
68-60
8800
1800
48-00
17-88
8600
24-60
89-00
17-00
78-50
32-00
7900
612-00
800
67-26
180-00
88-60
6800
40-88
98-60
68-63
180-00
May.
H.
6600
9400
18-00
48-88
88*60
91 00
48-60
66-86
48-18
98-88
75-86
184-00
126-00 1»-00
26
78
86
18
6
68
60
60
88
76
00
00
88-00
700
48-50
9600
47-60
8800
96-75
17-75
58-00
87-00
18-88
41-00
18-18
87-00
88-86
85-68
16-68
78-26
89-00
78-00
696-00 667
8-06
61-60
•101
June.
H. I
49-]
100-1
47-^
84-(
100-(
17-i
88
|86-0»
86 C«0
71«
4700
86-(o
47-5«»
28- 1::
8S (HI
1600
81-5'»
86•^s
61 f«-
85-rt>
18-»<
41 -.'»!»
81 on
88-25
8
66
>6O|l06
8900
68-00
88-86
88*75
7000
181*86188-80181
41-00
66-00
4085
90-88
70-88
81800
84-00
88-f^
1700
80-00
8000
68000
8-85
61-50
10800
80-00
51-50
86-75
87-50
60-60
00
809-00
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANGES,
759
$5-50, the lowest price in years. Horn Silver fluctuated from $2 to $1-30, selling
generally around $1 50. Homestake, of South Dakota, suffered a decline from
$99 in February, to $65 in November, owing to the reduction of the dividend rate
to 3% per annum. On May 15, the capital stock was increased $1,000,000 to
$22,000,000 to pay for improvements and new property. This company absorbed
the Deadwood-Terra mines with a capitalization of $5,000,000. The Cripple
<,'rcek stocks were influenced unfavorably by diflSculties with water, and in some
cases by depleted ore reserves. Portland passed two quarterly dividends and
reduced the rate in October by one-half; its shares fell from $3-85 to $1-25.
The dividend of 9c. per share in 1902 is the smallest in six years. Elkton Con-
s-olidated fell from $133 in January, to 31c. in October, discontinuing its divi-
dends in April. Breece, of Leadville, receded from 75c. to 30c., and MoUie Gib-
son fell from 18c. to 6c. The latter closed down in August, owing to the ex-
haustion of ore reserves.
PttlCES OF INDUSTRIAL AND COAL STOCKS AT NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA
DURING 1902. — Continued,
July.
August.
Septetnbon
Qi^tober.
NoTomber.
D^CeiDuGT.
Bales.
Nftiite of OoiDi^i^.
Ho. Of
Bhareo.
H.
L.
B,
L.
H.
L.
H.
L.
E.
L.
H,
L.
AlliH^CThAlm^i. .,..«.*..
|St-D6
'83
119 06
81-88
tl7*W
80^68
1,883
16,680
AlliA-'T'luImArft. uref ^
188*06
26'flO
iii^flo
SSS'OO
|S^-50
t2&'6o
isi 06
m'w
isc-flo
i»V(xi
«5-50
SB-M
18-66
fH-flO
86 50
90 35
«8 on
w-no
{iS-50
90-00
78-00
90-00
78*00
90-60
76^00
%4fl8
AtiiiM'Iciui Oemeai. . ,,.*
7-75
7 00
7 75
7 OO
7 75
7-3fi
: 7?s
7 50
9-1^
a-4G
8-88
%m
mjm
Am*r. Sm. & B*f
4r-K)
46 00
48-75
4« iJO
48 »i
44 00^ 4H 6S
43-00
46*06
m*m
40-75
87-00
666.989
Am. 8m. ^ttef^ pref. ,
WOft
91 50
W 00
BT'OO
97 68
B4 75 5r» !Ki
ftl'OO
95 BO
H7-50
99-60
96*06
146,^15
Cambria Ifon . . - , ^ * ,
48 00
ST M
S4 SO
4950
49 Ul
»i-25
49 <Xi
39 13
4>^-<Ki 40 iir> 4fl'0i>
S7 5it iTf <Hi '-00
47 W
^ BO
46-88] 47-00
at-flS: ST 13
46 5^^
23 THi
ftj15
CAnihfi»6tBeL.
3N^.£40
Colo, Fuel & Iron
102 £)
)^'25
98-00
rS-TS
ftl'TT^
711 - 5) f 'Xl -Ml .S] -00
90 BO
ttmO' ftO'fKt' rscHi
3,221.876
Colo. H. C* Iron
lA (Ml
Ifl 00
WOO
i7'5ff: J [-7:1
i<ffhi :;-[ K". 'i.\-m
22' no
]>< V> J3<vi
16 $4
1SB,08»
Craclbte 8t«el
21 I?;?
aiMio
^08
»1-&^1 'iJ 1J<1
.v_,.,„l .^., ..K ;,P,ii^
21 3«
TK i:? l'> r^H
16 on
96,sas
ao.iao
Crucib1eSte«1. prcf..^.
I n tprn^tlonal Huu p , . . r
8rt 7S
KTi 50
fl7 00
Sft^RH, K.SKH
hv> mi '^r,, :!rh Ki'tW]
Hfl-00
|H||-1M Ky\'^\
H2 BO
M^
fiS-00
fl5C0
51 00
51 OiJ
4H 0(3, M 00. 49 Oi»
51 00
47 0f>
WOO
40*00
4fi.8<m
% 00
90 00
»1'00
wa <w
9,1 00
91 50
90 fMl
87-00
98-00
85*00
90 00
33*90
n,6H6
Mc»Tjnn(ra R. C. C A C,
i2-6a
12-38
13 »S3
12- (10
IS OU
12 13
12 nO
1100
llftO
9i5
10*60
9- BO
169.458
M*mR. RC^mlpM:...
4iJ-63
aft' no
40 88
»9 fiO
47-fiO
40- S5
40-iJ8
mm
40-75
3900
40 60
HO 13
4!».531
Natlntial Un^l,..
2a:i5
aT<io
a* <)0
21 Sj
31 00
£B'ji$
30-50
se-50
39 D(l
^-la
aH ooj ^00
415217
Mfltkmal I*<?imI* pri*f , . . -
TO* on
S7-7S
OG 00
dOHjO
urn
90-^
iWOO
93-00
9^4 00
90*00
»3 00, M W
33 J 75
Fenn^ylvaniii St^el, pf.,
l(r>00
03 -00
108 OOi
B6'Q0
103-00
iOO=Cif>:!rr^^ri>
HIV 00
101 00
99 rto
99 'TNI
flSj 00
-<K^.449
PhtlA. Natural Giw
^ft iKi
4H-50
SO 13
4fl"7S
ao-oo
4tl'fjf> Vy^\-A
4-^Ot}
48 110
46 25
49 3^
43 63
15,S10
Phil 11 NfitiiraM;iifl, pf..
W'[)C
mm
5050
40-a8
ISO Q<>
49 .V> n* 7^3
4>l-<>(l
5^* 00
49-00
49 5fJ
43-69
3.716
Pltlflbijrpr Tcial, . ,.,-
sa^fla
SB m
aaoo
aa-M
a2'00
«8-ia
ai Oij
-^I'Oii. ."TfTS
a7'50
30-38
mn
l§0,6O0
Btuburg CiiaJ. pref. . - *
deoo
89-88
moo
9000
9900
01-38
88 5i<
Tfili.'i' MjifW
87-00
8s--y>
sr 00
80.617
Rpi>ublie I. tt StW^el
19 £i
1700
2150
18-50
M-TS
10-88
S3-5<J
m (i;i 22 00
18-66
21-00
17 00
TOS.NIO
7700
73-7S
7?4ftH3 7&TB
mW'
77'«
38*50
TO as
:9«)
74-00
7800
u-m
266,618
1^9 l»n
93 SO
BS (JO 38 50
fls-00
«s-oo
78 00
fi^ 00
rtT-OO
60-06
61*00
WZ^
1£4.485
Sl..f^sSliom**>HiS,&L.pf.
^m
Kl 00
31 50
Hjj-as
90 00
91-50
9!J'O0
^■H\
91-00
mm
94 50
H7.00
t5,rS5
S^ranlanl Oil............
eofv 00
ftiiS'Oo
«(*-oo
+1^3 00
690-00
657 00
t«5 f 10
64^ W GfiS 110
MSfi 00
fl76 flO,«6f» (JO
144.S3£8
KiiBf^ lr4ifi & Ht««l
a ijo
2 00
a 7.S
2-tsa
S TA
3 75
g6»; 2 75
tj 50
-2 TS; 2-25
S6.186
T#oii t'mil, I A R.B..,.
69 50
fiSOO
ri-!t^
fJ7 00
7!'t«
ftVSO
69 ^
mm 60 00
54 88
BH IBi 49 50
],3«S.976
ITnitffrl Gfttf ImprovRm't
100'HS
10700
I14-f*i
irtf^-rta
US 00
lit -on
114 50
Ml-5tVll4-:«
nO'fui
111-50 106 00
170,7H2
U S. Va^%\ Irufi I'lpe. . , .
133^
M <jO
13-50
1130
l« SH
12-50
17 W
15 5iJ 15 75
12-50
14 W
11*13
87, (U5
U S CftPir Iron Pipe, pf.
47 'W
43-3H
4tt'75
SO 00
h^m
J6 00
B8 00
5300 S6 (JO
15 00
54 06
45-00
49.31^
IT R. K^i A Ref...... .
^00
Sfi-arj
45 71S
30-00
aT'So
^>00
3Q-00
ssoo
85 no
3«-6t>
*0.SIH
U. 8. Rpd A K*^f..p™f..
ft. s. sr*^l ConN>rftt'ifx.^
«»on
41 00
fl0'50
41 rtJl
50 or>
a«-75
57-00
41 flS
98* oa
41 727
46 SB
3fi-ilH
57' ii
86*66
B.37a33a
U 8. Stwsl. prt^f.
03-in
S^ TO
90 7S
89 '£^
'.t3 flO
H7 60
91-69
97-18
88*86
83 6*
84-»
79 00!
3.530.643
Va. C*Ar. Chem ..... ...
70'8«
97 75
m^
m\\
7J 75
M ao
«i-7B
64 W
flT'K
60-fiO
68-00
64 00
4rS.8SS
133 00
120 00
iao-00
laH-oii
Iftt »* l-.'9 00
tJtt-50
125*00
10ICO
1SI60
ISS'DO
iBOfJO
31,674
Wcsilnffhouflft K * M ► .
l\>fit E. AM, pref..,.
*|ft'00
30600
■J80-0U
WI 00
5SJ3 00
2JS-00
£90-00
arff 00
OlS'OO
190-06
366-00
178*00
aa.«57
^HW
213-00
MO 00
310^00
S»OiEi
^&m
SaO'OO
215 OCi
9*00
flOO'50
906-00
eOQOO
9,860
TotAlSAlM...
18,348,364
......
760
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
REVIEW OP ENGLISH MINING COMPANIES AT LONDON (a) DURING 1902.
Name of Ck>mpaDy.
AlaakarTrMdweU, g
Camp Bird, g
EI Oro, g
LeRoi, g
lieRoi No. 8, g. B. c
Montana, g. s «
Mountain Copper, ^ Deb., c
Stratton's Independence, g
Copiapo, c
Fronuno & Bolivia, g
OuroPreto of Brazil, g
Rossland Kootenay, g. b. c
Snowshoe, g. o
Tomboy, k
St. John del Rey, g
Ymir,g
Linares, I
Mason & Barry, csul
RioTinto,c
RioTinto, Pref.,c
Tbarsis^c
Broken Hill Prop., s
Golden Horseshoe, g
Great Boulder Perseveranoe (old) g
Great Boulder Prop
Great Fingall,^
iTanhoe Gold Corp. , g.
Kalgurlie, g
Lake View Consols, g
MLL/eU M.&R.,Lc
Mt. Morgan, g
Oroya Brownnill, g
WaJhi,g
Champion Beef, g
Mysore, g
Nundydroog, g
Ooregum,g.
Ooregum, Fref., g
British S. Af. Chartered
Cape Copper, c
Cape Copper, Pi-ef., c
City & Suburban, g
Crown Reef, g
De Beers, DefT, d
Ferreira, g
Geldenhuis Est., g
Henry Nourse, k
Jagersfoniein, a
Johannesburg Con. Invest
Jubilee , g
Langlaagte Est., g
May Con. , g
Meyer & Charlton, g
Nanoaqua, c
Primrose (newX g
Rand Mines, g
Robinson, g
8heba,g
Simmer & Jack Prop., g
Wolhuter,g ..!.*
Location.
Authorized
Capital.
Alaska
Colorado...*....
Mexico
British Col
British Col
Montana
California
Colorado
Chile
Colombia
Brazil
British CoL....
British Col
Colorado
Brazil
British Col
Spain •.,
Portugal
Spain
Spain
Spain
NTsrWalee....
W. Australia...
W.Australia...
W.Australia...
W. Australia. . .
W. Australia...
W. Australia. . .
W.Australia...
Tasmania
Queensland . . . .
W. Australia...
New Zealand . .
Colar Fields....
Colar Fields....
Colar Fields....
Colar Fields....
Polar Fields....
South Africa...
South Africa...
South Africa...
Transvaal
Transvaal
Cape Colony. . .
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
OrangeRiv.Col,
South Africa...
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
Cape Colony. . .
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
Transvaal
£
1,000,000
1,100,000
1,150,000
1,000,000
000,000
e60,ooo
1,000,000
1,100,000
850,000
140,000
140,000
150,000
860.000
800.000
600,000
800,000
46,000
810,000
1,685,000
1,085.000
1,850,000
384,000
1,600,000
176,000
175,000
185,000
1,000,000
180,000
850,000
900,000
1,000.000
450.000
500,000
886.600
290,000
848,000
171,600
180,000
5,000.000
800,000
150,000
1,860,000
180,000
8,500,000
90,000
800,000
125,000
1.000,000
2,750,000
50,000
470,000
290,000
100,000
800,000
885,000
490,000
2,750,000
1.850,000
3,000,000
860,000
Par
Value.
£s. d.
6 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
80
00
00
80
10 0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10 0
10 0
10 0
10 0
10 0
00
00
00
00
00
8 10 0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
50
00
00
00
00
Total
Dividends
Paid
Daring
1908.
£ s. d.
60
1 8
46
50
40
60
10
10
1 0
90
18 0
80
50
80
80
18 0
8 00
86
11 6
18 0
86
76
88
80
10 0
10 0
18 0
89
89
49
80
10 8
1 60
18 6
60
60
60
80
40
18 6
Fluctuations of
Quotations, 1903.
Highest.
£ s. d.
5 86
1 89
1 18 9
4 76
6 17 6
68
6 60
15 0
8186
1 118
79
89
00
96
00
68
76
60
76
60
7 18 6
1 17 6
11 15 0
18 11 8
1 1 6
9 89
8 60
4 60
6 16 0
4 10 0
4 18 6
8 10 0
6 86
7 0 0
7 18 6
8 68
8 17 6
8 00
4 10 0
5 00
4 16 0
7 16 0
18 10 0
86 86
86 00
7 16 0
10 6 0
80 00
4 89
7 10 0
6 18
6 89
6 10 0
4 76
5 89
18 8 9
18 0 0
13 9
8 18 6
6 10 0
Lowest.
£ s.d.
8 17 6
15 0
1 86
18 9
11 3
88
4 18 6
40
17 6
11 3
86
5 0
17 6
1 96
14 6
86
00
8 86
88 76
6 00
8 18 6
1 1 6
7 00
8 89
17 9
6 89
6 16 0
8 16 8
1 18 9
8 00
8 10 0
8 1 8
4 18 9
6 7 6
5 16 8
1 18 6
1 10 0
1 17 6
8 16 8
8 00
8 18 9
5 17 6
16 5 0
0 0
88 0 0
6 8 6
8 7 6
84 0 0
8 12 6
4 15 0
8 7 6
4 5 0
5 7 6
8 8 6
8 10 0
10 5 0
10 5 0
1 8 6
1 18 9
4 8 6
(a} Specially prepared for The Mineral Industry by Fred. C. Mathieson & Sons, London, c, copper;
d., diamonds; y., gold; <., lead; «., silver.
Prices of the Comstock stocks were forced down by the continued assessment
policy. Consolidated California and Virginia paid a dividend in 1901, but it
was compelled to levy another assessment in 1902, and the shares fell from $1*80
in January, to 80c. in November, recovering to $4 35 in December. Ophir, Berft
& Belcher, and Mexican also levied assessments.
The United States Reduction & Refining Co., the mill combination of Cripple
Creek, was listed on the Now York Stock Exchange. The 6% preferred stock,
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANQES. 761
of which there is $4,000,000, opened at $63-75@$64-62, and the common with
an authorized issue of $6,000,000, was quoted at $38-50@$40. The first quar-
terly dividend of 1-5% on the preferred was paid on January 1, and 1% on
the common on April 1. At the close of the year the common shares were quoted
at $32-50 and the preferred at $50.
The American Smelting & Refining Co., known as the "Smelter Trust," pay-
ing 7% on its preferred stock, but nothing on the common, reached the high
point in June, when the preferred was quoted at $100. The conmion stock
brought $49-62 in May and sold down to $36-87 in November.
The St. Joseph and Doe Run companies of Missouri increased their capital
in December to pay for the enlargement of their plants. The capital of the
former company has been doubled to $6,000,0()0, of which $2,250,000 remains in
the treaBury, while Doe Run has added $500,000 to its former capital of
$1,000,000. St. Joe has returned an aggregate of $3,309,500 in dividends, con-
siderably more than its original capital.
London Stock Market during 1902.
The market for South Africans was dull throughout most of the year. In the
early months shares were bought quite freely in anticipation of a possible rise
when peace was established, but the reaction did not materialize. It is now
generally conceded that a long time must elapse before the country and the
mining industry can recuperate from the effects of the war and that there is
practically no chance of any rise in prices or shares within the inmiediate future.
This view is justified by the reports that have been received regarding the diffi-
culty of securing natives to work in the mines, the high cost of living owing to
the land having been denuded, and also by the uncertainty as to the burden of
taxation to be borne by the mines. The death of Cecil Rhodes was not a dis-
turbing factor in the market, as it was not altogether unexpected, but it served
to revive a rumor of the absorption of the Chartered Company by the Imperial
Government. This is a matter that cannot be undertaken, however, in the near
future, as the re-settlement of the Transvaal and the Orange River colonies fully
occupies the attention of the home authorities. In contrast to the dulness of the
Rand Mines, the Rhodesia market was very little affected by the war. Several
new companies have been organized to work gold mines in Rhodesia, and to in-
terest the public in the shares of other properties. During the year a large
amount of money was spent in the equipment of new gold properties and in
developing and prospecting for copper propositions. It is to be noted that no
high-grade gold mine has yet been opened in Rhodesia, the veins so far developed
being comparatively low-grade and requiring large capital to operate.
The Indian mines received a great deal of attention, and the shares of the
established concerns were very strong. One of the most important events of the
year has been the inauguration of the Cauvery Palls electrical and installation
works. The power is supplied to the Kolar fields from the Falls, a distance of
92 miles. The saving in cost under the new system must be considerable, as fuel
is expensive and labor poor. During the year, the lease of the mines from the
762 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Mysore Government was renewed for a further period of 30 years, dating from
1910.
The Western Australian market was generally free from any disturbing ele-
ments such as have characterized previous years. Lake View Consols and other
mines have passed out of the hands of the Whittaker- Wright group, and the man-
agement has been given over to the firm of Bewick, Moreing & Co. In a. report by
this company, additional capital for working the Lake View Consols mine was
recommended, and it is now expected that the mine will again become a dividend
payer, although on a considerably less, scale than formerly. The Great Fingall
mine in the Murchison district was prominent during the year both as producer
and in the speculative markets.
The Le Roi mine has furnished many disappointments, and many contra-
dictory reports have been issued at various times during the year as to estimated
and realized profits. Shareholders agree that the dividing line between
profit and loss depends on several things ; any one of which may effect tlie
position seriously. Very little interest is now manifested in the shares, and
the same may be said of Le Roi No. 2. The prospect of the two mines is not
very promising, although under the new management better results may be ob-
tained in the future. The other British Columbia mines operated from liondon
have proved a disappointment. The Ymir has been compelled to raise additional
capital for a new plant and further development. The Velvet has also been
reconstructed, while the Hall mine is unable to make a profit.
Of the mines in the United States, Stratton's Independence commanded the
largest share of public attention. Shareholders have been dissatisfied with iVo.
management of the company, and the contradictory reports of the various expertfi
have formed the subject of acrimonious discussions. The somewhat uncertain
tone of Mr. Hammond's reports have made it impossible for shareholders to
judge the actual position. The unsatisfactory administration of this mine has
deterred capitalists from becoming interested in the Camp Bird mines, althoug!)
no very great efforts have been made by the underwriters of this company to
dispose of their shares.
The Etruscan Copper Estates, a company formed two years ago to acquiTc
gold mines in Italy, received much notice. The properties owned by the com-
pany were examined by competent engineers, who found that the veins we-t^
poor, although of considerable extent, and that the ore could not be treatc-l
satisfactorily owing to the amount of zinc present. In spite of the verdict '"f
those experts, however, the directors and shareholders have decided to work tho
mines. Another new company is the Dunderland Iron Ore Co., which w>s
publicly floated during the year with a large capital to acquire and work a low-
grade iron ore deposit in Norway. It is planned to use the Edison magnetic proc-
ess for concentrating the ore. The company received general support, as the min'»
will afford a new supply of iron ore for English furnaces. There is still so'it^
doubt, however, as to the cost of concentrating and briquetting and as to th?
quality of the material from a metallurgical standpoint.
The Nickel Corporation working properties in New Caledonia was taken
over last year by people connected with the I^ondon metal trade, and arranore-
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANGES
768
nients have been made to place it under the control of the International Nickel
Corporation. The last-named company is to take up the shares of the concern
in exchange for its stock. A company known as the Spanish Tin Mining Co.
has been floated to acquire mining deposits in Orense, Spain. Extravagant claims
have been put forward regarding the richness of the properties, and the prospec-
tuses have been adversely criticized. The Sapphire Corundum Co. was formed
during the year to acquire corundum deposits in Canada. Unfortunately, the
company was floated with a very large capital stock, and financial difficulties have
been encountered. It is planned to reduce the capital and to work the properties
on more business-like lines.
Strenuous efforts have been made by the shareholders of the Siberian Gold-
fields Co. toward the reconstruction of that concern, and its title has been changed
to the Nerchinsk Gold Co. This reconstruction was made necessary by the fact
that the Russian Government would not grant the concessions to the former
directors. Mine experts who have examined the properties have reported rather
unfavorably.
The Smelting Co. of Australia has been reconstructed under the title of the
Smelting & Refining Co. of Australia; the former company became insolvent
through bad business methods, but it has now been placed on a sounder footing.
Among the English properties the Cornish mines suffered severely from the
decline in the tin market, and the Dolcoath was obliged to devote its year's profits
to further expenditures on capital account. The St. David's mine is the only gold
producer now operating in Wales. Considerable -attention was given to the El-
more oil concentration process; several plants have been erected in Norway to
treat copper ores, and the process is being worked on a practical scale in North
Wales. A company has also been formed to work this process in Canada.
DIVIDENDS PAID BY AMBRICAN MINES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES, $1 =$1,000;
TOTAL, FULL AMOUNT.
Name of Ckympwiy.
1894.
189S.
1896.
1807.
1896.
1899.
190a
1901.
1908.
Total
Pfeiid.
Aberdeen, c, N. M
S89
•82,17%
48,170
788 500
AcacIa. tt.. Oolo T T». .T
•1
15
175
Adiuns. •.!.. Colo
S
16
tn
/RtJiA OoD . o . Oal t r
190
•40
•40
940
8
196
79
800
88
985,000
668,750
2,.'«iO
960,000
465,881
5,120,000
81 600
Ala Cod. Coal &L.pf., Ala.
176
186
A lamn. tt. Utah ..•.•...
Alaska OoldfleldB, Alaska
79
800
185
A laskBr Mexican, ir.. Alaska
190
875
90
400
80
860
90
800
72
800
AlaskarTread. sr.. Alaska
800
800
Allianoe. tt.. Oolo
AlUs-Chalmers, pf
660
1
76
8,804
1,128
'8;847
1,706,200
1,250
75 000
A iDha Oil. Cal .'. '
Altoona Coal A Coke, Ffei
AmaUramated. c. Mont
1,600
6,000
10
108
19,666,687
10,f)00
121,882
446,000
8,568,600
880,000
1.882,600
16 000
Amanda, g.y Colo
A mazon. k. . Colo.
American, g.8.1., Colo
86
64
60
610
60
150
8
American AgTic. Chem., pref
1,000
80
255
12
84
150
1,545
2,626
2,800
960
1,085
160
160
1
19
150
2,709
l.BOO
1,400
490
868
1,088
160
160
* *i6
160
8,500
American Cement, Pa. .'."
American Coal, Md
96
106
120
190
186
American Fuel Oil, Cal
Am. Iron ft Steel, com
966,100
460,000
8,891,668
4,126,000
7.000,000
l,716,00fl
8^.600
Am. Iron A Steel, pr*f - ............... r
50
1,187
American Steelft Wire, com
2,800
245
American Sheet Steel, pf
764 THK MINERAL INDU8TRT.
DIVIDENDS PAID BY AMBaiOAK MINES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES. — Continued.
Name of Company.
1894.
1805.
1896.
1807.
1896.
1809.
1900.
1901.
looe.
Total
Paid.
1180
160
$180,000
79,030
......
8,900
,JS
13,000
78
8,900
86
4,800
82,060,000
196,000
15 000
A n<*hnrliuT^lAnd AT Colo
130
•78
* n/lAPsnn tp I V>io
15
1861
871
90
180
180
1,825,018
60,000
110 000
Annipi TAiirin. ar IL. Utah. ..... rr.-, ^
60
100
40
16
42
840
788
70
Anril FooL e . Ner
16,000
198000
A«Kmnflit¥l^ll1f|{A.tJL. H. Onlo ... ..
166
180
405
70
576
6
490,000
8,446,468
6,000
50 000
866
1,115
A t^vrvriA. IXTnait'Am Oil ijai
A i^mw tr Clnlo
60
A sa/w*{Afcwi tr Citilo
50
40
18
12 000
A f lik.nHf* <* MigIi
40
80
80
12
180
1«8
""ie
160
"'io
940 000
AvtApOll fial
16 450
'Ra.M RiittA. tr Mont
1172
127
88
88
96
150
88
1,297148
187,500
nApfrtlnmA Aa MAdlnjL. Max
68,488
1,885,000
15.000
684
RAfJilAhAin Hteel. Pa
800
600
15
425
RIiiA Rlrd Kxtienaion. Utah
1
1,050
80
56
89
78
88
11
1,060.000
80,000
408,850
66,160
72,000
56,000
80,850
150,000
118,500
27.125,000
2,000
17:248
10,000
15.000
4,500
12 60O
RrMt/Mi J& fVkIn Rm Oolo
84
87
45
45
n^^af An-Oalff/\1.nla tit CvlX
84
9
60
18
6,450
6
10
15
Rrtatrm fit^t ThAW* 9 Mo
100
26
5.^
""ioo
Rnafy^n.T IttlA fHrolfl Z Mo
76
5,376
Tlnafy^n Jir MontmiA CH. MoDt
875
1,060
1,500
1,800
1,950
n/^ati^n-Philn. 9 1 ITas.
11
Rnatrkti.fl TUHc If R DrIc .....
5
TlrMiiin bI Rf!
18
70
■"26
10
40
80
160
4
875
15
60
858
8
1,000
190,000
160,000
8.80O
800 000
Riif*b^AVA. ee C'olo
BSckhoroSiicJS" ;:....;:::.::..::::
4
25
88
i>iifV|ki^ U|i**in or Idaho
Riill TTI11 r*nn if CVAn . .
87,600
8,498,400
1,448.000
8,600
1,600,000
81,250
48,800
540,000
79,860.000
1,015.960
5,100.000
881400
Riiirn-Rprk'Ji&' nhnm ir n TTtAh , ,
425
825
891)
170
108
90
228
180
801
RiinkAr Hill A Sull 8 1 . Idaho
852
156
Riirlhurtnn Oil fJaJ
600
81
43
540
4,500
889
8,160
2,500
19
""so
10
"ib
196
84
8
84
75
RiitfArflv-TArrihlA if Colo . .....
OAlifnrniA. c Gal
r*Alifnmiit. Oil Jt Oflfl. Cial
OAlumAt A HagIa. c Mich.
1,500
8,000
8,500
5,000
5,000
10,000
889
660
7,000
889
940
Cambria Iron Pa
Oamhria StAAl Pa
rSamn Binl e Oolo
Oa.rihno>Mo1CinnAV if B G
49
78
48
67
78
86
80
800
20
175
60
496 887
90 000
Oefifl-F.iiTwkA. n jr.l.. TTtah.
195
510
800
96
15
180
10
268
80
85
65
8,667,700
70,000
GentAr Greek. Is. Mo
Center Star fl? B. C
810,000
Central.!.. Mo
88
54
60
885.000
848,760
708,184
28 718
CAntra.! G A Coke nf Mo
GAntm.1 Phi rp Ira. Gai
16
n
88
GAfitral Oil Gal
73
28
4
160 247
GAnfrA.1 Oil "W Va
142,500
881.700
Gpntral Point Gon. Oil Gal
41
27
51
86
80
85
80
CharleRton, phos., 8. C
C K AS e B . Colo
60,000
14,810
14
80
10
8
67
88
68,600
Ghinmm Oil Gal
10,000
8,600
PhinrtAwa (?on ar a 1 Colo
9
666,106
GlovArdalA k Mo . ... . .
40
10
40
60.000
Colonial 1 Mo
10,000
Colo Gitv Mir A l^AS Colo .
65
805
160
66,000
682
160
1,648,600
Gnio FiiaI a Iron fJolo nref
160
160
8G
8U0
18
1,480,000
18,186
Columbia. 1 Mo
Commodore, e . Colo
20
80
48
80
10
488,000
80
110
8
50,000
Consolidated, at.. Colo
IBS
w
878,000
CTonsolidated, Z.I., Mo., pref ' ' ' '
8.000
THE liiNINQ STOCK EXCHANQE8, 766
DIVIDENDS PAID BY AMERICAN MINES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES. — Continued.
Name of Company.
1694.
1895.
1896.
1205
200
1897.
1896.
1205
855
1899.
1205
100
1900.
1901.
1902.
Total
Paid.
rVmonliilfliJon Coftl. Md
$206
200
«205
200
1206
260
1206
225
110
1205
$205
$5,688,000
1,591,000
880,000
17 600
rinn Mcircur a Utah
Hon Mercur e Cuew), Utah
875
896
18
HnnUnpntAl z Mo
nnntinenL&l Oil. Cal
10
108
10 400
rSoniano c . Chile
.
2,826,000
80 000
nnHt«»ri zl Mo
3
27
fMnoli* nreek sr . of.. Colo
5
45,000
160,000
227,800
242,760
8,987,500
189,000
OrinnlM (^raek don k Colo
160
lOd
29
96
27
19
121
27
76
Crucible Steel, pref., U. 8
Pumminmi Cement. N. Y..
""m
27
42?
27
1.740
27
268
600
2,187
27
"864
rkn.1t/)n Jtt. LArk if 8 1 Utah
860,000
2,269,000
' 55000
TVilir. WPHfc a 1 IT G Utah
120
55
48
487
TwMr Trail Hon ir . Waah
rw» f junar r it Idaho
500
450
500
48
ifl
m
122
2,708,094
7,680
10,626
70,000
5,860
6000
T)**lra. 1 e Mo
8. 4
TVAnvAT J^ (Vinnle Ck tt Colo
11
20
2
6
100
10
rWMilrum nSon 1 Mo
£0
80
Dawav Oon . Utah ^ ,,,.,,.., ,
8
niAmnnd Rtar Oil Cal
T>iBTnonf1 RfAt4^ St.. COMr. Pel
fri
184,000
167,500
282 000
niYi«» 1? Ner . ...
158
TVw.tor Jaok-IV>t. flr.. Colo
282
60
240
175
60
120
850
Doe Run. I.. Mo
80
80
60
00
587.072
Dominion Coal. N. 8
2,040,000
526 000
nnmitiion I A St . of . N S
T>iipirt/>wn Snl. . C a I.. Teno , , , , r . r
29
86
10
68
175,000
10,000
1,404.461
1,886,100
85,045
15,600
1,562,888
819 850
Pldnraiio e Cal
Elkion Con., e., Colo /...
H!l 1 ^po AT ft. Mex
60
90
260
220
259
825
900
24
100
705
""is
804
71
159
El Paao e . Colo •
Pmnlrft fjon n. Oal. .....t
Rmnire State, ff.8.1.. Idaho.. . . r r . t
67
266
71
855
107
586
71
171
10
Fmnira Steel A Iron, oref
1,070,079
10,000
2,000
20,000
48 000
ESKSI,TcSr..7.";:::.':;;::.'. :;:::.':
Riiraka oil. Cal
Fnnnv RawlinmL ST.. Colo
20
Favorite ir.. Colo
48
Feather Wver EzdI.. k.. Cal
20'
20,000
Federal Chem . nf.. Kr
90
90,000
4,067,876
9,089,654
i.'innn
SVderal SteeL com
1
1,748
6,060
2,821
2,897
10
FMleral SteeL oref
1
1,598
5
Ferria-Hairirertv. C-, Wvo
,
Ftiraro er Colo
1
lot 1 lO.ono
Finance Con., tt.. Colo
1 *
2,01 X)
111
149
20
74
852,840
149
2,098,450
Florence 8 . Mont
85
541 M
44
44
228,780
Four Metals. Colo
25
2R.nnn
Four Oil Cal
K> 19i 97 1X1
Free Ooinaare tt . ( Jolo, , , , , .
140 fin
160,000
920,000
Frisco Con.. l.».. Ida.
15
10
50
165
Fnintino A Bolivia, c Colom
108
1
1,211,708
760
Fullerton Oil. Cal
Oarfleld Coo . ir.. Colo
84
125
IRQ nnn
Ouadaluoe Mill. Mez
157
""287
5(M
128 8,484:950
150 850 000
Oi»niin1 r TTtah t . . . , ,
50
286
494
Oeneral Chem.. com ......... ^ ,....,., .
129
896
29ei 980 021
fleneral Chem.. oref
»» 1 (yrn ita
Globe Oil, Cal
8
8,000
112,.'M0
Gold Belt Con., sr., Colo
118
10
240
Gold Deooeit. g.. Colo
10 000
Gold Coin of victor, Colo
120
120
2i6
3C0
260
1 fidnnnn
Gold Hill Bonanza. Colo
151 15 000
Golden Cycle, g., Colo
60
60
106
120 »)
408,500
Golden dycle (new), g., Oolo
56 56.260
Golden E^igle. g., CoTo
10
10
10
46
66
5
10
(MOIft
Golden M.'Jfe Kx*- , jf., Ont
10,000
45,.'i00
dl'J'MQ
Golden Star, tt., Ori't
rtoM Kijur v.. Colo
ii
25
il2 M
Goodenough, 8.1., B. C
7 18.188
Grafton, e. . Colo
10
10.000
840,000
Grand Central, g.s., Mex
120
25
10
7
60
76
10
Grand Central, v.. Utah
219
848
1
691 eSO
Grand Gulch, c, Arix
9.600
Grass Valley Expl., g., Cal
28
80.0C0
Gray Eagle Oil, Cal
97
217.000
Greater Gold Zlelt, g., Colo
76.000
Great Western Oil, Cal
10.000
Green Mountain Oil, Cal
5
"i86
5,000
Greene Con., c, Mex
220,000
Gwln. g.,C»l
:::::; :::::)
ii
86
W
66
4.S6.500
766
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
DIVIDENDS PAID BY AMERICAN MINES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES. — Continued.
NamA of Company.
HaDfoitloa.Cal
Hecla, I.B., Idaho
Uecla Con., t.1., Mont
Helena, Km Oregon
Helena & Liv., S. & R., Mont.
Heywood OU, Tez
Hidden Treasure, g., Cal
Hlnfavs OU, Tex
Holy Terror, f?.. So. Dak
Home, jTm Oolo
Home Oil, Cal^
Homestake, ff.. So. Dak
Homeatake Oil, Gal
Horn Silver, g.t.l.z.c., Utah. .
Horseshoe, ff.. So. Dak
Houston Oil, pf., Tex
Idaho, irMB.0
Idaho, ff., Idaho
Imperiai Oil, Cal
Independence Con., g., Colo.,
'lolo.
Ingham Ck>n., g.. Cole
Intn Ach. Graph., pf., N. T..
Iowa, g.8.1., Colo.
Iron fflver, 8.1.. Colo
liMb^Ua, g., Oolo
Jack Pot, g., Oolo
Jackson, g., Oal
Jamison, g., Cal
Jeff. & Cleaif. Coal, Pa., com..
Jeff, ft Clearf. Coal, Fa., pref . .
Katinka, ff.. Colo
Kend. ft Oelder 8m., Colo
IMM. 18QS. 1896. 1897
$190
866
150
Kennedy, e., Cal. .
Kentucky T
/I.&Coal,Ky
Kern Oil, Cal
Kern River Oil, Cal
La Fortuna, g., Ariz
Lake City, r., Colo
Lake Superior, i., Mich
Last Chance, g., B. C
Lsst Dollar, g., Colo
Lawrence, g., Cok>
Lehigh Coal&Nav.,Pa
LeRoifg., B. C
LeRoiNo.8,g., B. C
Liberty Bell, g.a, Oolo
Ughtner, fc., Oel
Lillie, g.,Colo
Los Angeles Oil ft Tkvns., Cal.
Madison, g., Colo
Magnolia, g., Colo
Mammoth, g.s.c., Utah
Marion Con., g., Colo
Maryland Coal, Md., pref
Mary McKlnney, g., QxAo
May Day, Utah..
Mesquital. Mex
190
8M
50
146
876
50
60
180
674
MidfpBt, g., Colo
Mo. Zinc Fields, Mo., pref.
Modoc g., Colo.
Monarch, g., Colo
MonongaJielaR.C. ft C.,Pa.,pref. .
Montana Coal ft Coke, Mont
Montana, g.s., Mont
Montana Ore Purchas., Mont. . . .
Monument, g., Colo
Morning Star, g., Cal
Morse, p., Colo
Mountain, c, Cal
Mount Diablo, s., Ner
Mount Rosa, g., Colo
Mount Shasta, it., CaL
Napa Con., q., Cal
National Lead, com
National Lead, pref
National Salt, com
National Salt, pref
National Steel, pref
National Tube, com
National Tube, pref
Natividad, s.g., Mex
New Central Coal, Md
New Idria, q., Cal
N.J. ft Mo., 2., Mo
N.J. Zinc
66
84
674
60
447
1,490
60
86
906
160
80
149
1,192
180
876
68
674
100
94
320
70
1.043
188
1896. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1908.
181
80
10
75
674
75
10
160
10
80
1,048
10
eno
$15
968
90
88
870
176
18
75
888
flOO
60
45
90
...88
89
6
100
900
1,960
88
:i0
100
89
50
158
875
10
80
78
187
61
1,960
18
78
968
90
574
60
900
86
90
84
86
80
»74
940
186
860
90
10
789
10
45
85
187
900
94
150
86
160
18
82
68
90
80
149
1,048
600
99
560
6
68
15
1,080
40
6
110
149
1,048
176
1,418
700
40
110
600
96
11
60
190
700
190
940
1,200
5
40
149
1,048
945
860
1,891
1,196
9,800
40
60
11
1,000
894
90
181
84
67
18
80
76
10
07
90
1,068
1
480
448
150
60
861
144
90
Totai
Paid.
100
717
18
100
104
150
18
86
15
604
782
8
790
40
1,048
490
860
045
1,196
8,800
84
70
400
144
18
5
141
ISO
19
80
894
540
40
898
1,048
48
80
700
$18,000
100,000
8,860,000
116,600
90,000
88.000
467,469
96,860
178,000
987.500
850,000
11,719,150
88,009
5,848,000
480,01)0
678,875
898,000
8,188
860.000
881,875
88,981
70,000
870,501
8,560,000
748,500
175,000
6,000
68,400
106,000
586^000
1Q.00O
80,000
1,801,000
164,041
870,000
10,000
1,166,000
3,875
8,188,000
46,000
180.00O
10,000
90,096.190
l.ao^ooo
988,000
i8.oe»
88,990
849.188
9,500
85,000
198,000
1,840,000
800,000
886,544
460,000
80,a)O
86,468
196.000
81,885
960,000
190,000
l,888.6CO
190,000
468,700
9.646,000
91.184
864,400
915,6AO
8,688,750
960,871
75,000
6.0.O
l,180.«]O
1,841,486
19,986,66S
615,000
875,000
4,958,500
9.881,684
6,999,410
164,686
510,000
400,000
11,000
8,900.000
TSS MINIUG 8T0VK EXCUANGBS.
767
DIVIDENDS PAID BY AMBBICAN MINKS
AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES. — Continued.
Name of OomiMUiy.
18B4.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1888.
1899.
1900.
1901
1908.
Total
Paid.
>
>
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
F
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
F
r T ^umIvIIIa fTnm« tr Onln
»JS
flW
840
88
76,960
\.Y.& Hond. Rob., s-g. , C A
Fav KAA.lRnf1 Cinn . ir.. Oolo
1165
$166
1190
ri»K*-K«v j» Wf<»««'*0«^lA tF . Pnln
180
80
180000
Fnrth Rtar r B C
78
47
184
80
iwiooo
681,856
183,600
61,800
841780
Forth Star, g - CaX
60
rnvA HnntiA. Ht Jfr O nom. . .
rnv» SootiA St. A C. Df
riiirirfitL ff. Polo
80
iSSteSu Si
8
783
8,000
1,080,000
16,000
iiiinATiMl Nat Oaa. U 8
860
16
70
800
HI Ciitv Petroleum. Gal
»ld Pnlnnv Z A Sni Mo
68
188,184
18,000
kiiwA » Ont
18
kmgMrir tF CidLo
18
00
18,188
14,917,000
580,000
4,846,800
Ontario ■ Utah
1180
880
15
100
666
100
90
180
^pf0^nAl-V!tnniiv* tF CHk\ ,.,.., ^ - - -
£S3ic 6teA.^■:.^::.:;:^.::::^
$100
185
101
877
668
840
6
1,064
676
aotf
*"888
*iu*i1\t*. Onaat Rorax. OaI
1,817,600
4,897
6,T88,000
1,488,000
45980
81,860,000
16l>a6
18,150,000
8,888,850
1,978,889
88,ao
86,000
9,491,907
799136
"fetrk Ofl, Cal
"an^t. c^a... Moot.
•w
488
l',MS
60
78
115
**'*47
'ayne. k B C ••• •
^serlesB Oil, Cfti
MfinHvlvfLnia Ooal Pa t t r
1.000
800
1,600
800
800
88
ISO
800
68
160
800
86
800
8,160
nnnflvlTania OoDr . r.. OaI
Ann Salt Mf e . Pa
800
800
1,177
1,188
^ennflTlTanla^Steel lOf N. J.). Pkt
*(*nolea. a. I.. Hex
tetro ■ , Utah
16
'etroieum Dev.. Cai
86
906
400
■hlla . Nat Oaa. com.. Ptt^
848
800
*hiliMl4^1nhla. Natiirnl nan. pref
IGO
ioneer g Cal
60
18
68,600
800,000
6.896,168
loneer of kome. Alaska
800
8,840
*"«70
8
16
"**i6
ittabunr CoaL Pa
*U
8,079
84
86
790
51
51
25
86
•:»
'ointer, g., Oolo.T
Portland tr Oolo
07
666
840
880
570
780
760
*^n^
*otomac oil, Cal
^de of thA WMt. ar.. AHk
15,000
IxxSuoers & Ccna. Oil, CbX
68
4
16
6
66,600
160,600
5,000
Vovidenoe. r.. Colo
ueen Bess Fropr., g., B. C.
iilckwflver, q- , OUt
85
88
960
85,000
^
88
900
88
900
785
86
95
81
TOO
884
188
1,909,411
18,670,000
969,875
A
uincv. c Mich
400
000
1,000
800
650
^
ulncy, Utah
4
amhIiRr.OarihnnCon-, g., B. C
81
60
50
10
880,000
B
P
I
£
P
C
F
6
V
f
S
E
S
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
fl
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
taveD. ff.. Colo
80
180,000
teoo, a.!., B. C
887,600
laed Oil, Cal
60
■'i;4si
60
"1,488
144
100,000
Lepublic Con., g.. Wash
180
168
866
106
1,421
888,600
tepublk; I. A StT, pref
4,681,570
676.000
Letaof Salt, N. Y
Lttwanl, g., CaL
80
8^000
lexOiU ^
81
18
81,960
Lichmow^, g.a,1., Nat. ,, ^ ,,,,., ^ .,.. ^ .. -
^•^"•SS
tob Roy, «.T Mo!
1
8
UKScoHoxn6Stako-N6T.. 8.^.1
9
85
46
54,000
90,000
15,000
188,000
iumell Irwin, s-i Mtt.T
15
60
160
16
15
144
60
150
""ifio
16
160
818
88
87
86
186
"iio
88
""ei
85
54
alnt Joseph,!., Mo
150
160
8,600,600
884.889
an Carlos, Mex
an Diego de Char., Mex
61,100
an Franciaco Mill. Mex
987,160
an Joaquin Oil. Cal
60,000
1,774,068
4,000
an Rafael , Mex
anta ^ta,' g., Colo
4
enatorOil, Cal
6
100
"i;866
""so
160
1.800
5
5.489
hawmut Oil, W. Va
160,000
helby Iron, Ala
180
686
180
1,000
690,000
ilver King,g.8.1., Utah
868
876
460
460
6,060,000
6,400
liver HilCgTs., Nev
ilver Shield, k.s.1., Utah
8
180
8
4,600
ix Points, g'^'Colo
190,000
oledad, Mex
95
469
»;841
loas-Sheff. I. A St., pref.
466
497
lJm,760
mall Hopes, s., Colo
86
875
8,886,000
mntnrltaruA «. ' OolO
60
110
860
800
97
80
8,176,000
185,668
orpressa, Mex
oulhem Boy, g., Colo
18
8
17,600
outhemCaLOilAFuel, CaL...,
88
1
89.000
outh GodiTa. g.s., Utah
8,0(^
louth SwanseaT e.s.1.. Utah
80
60
'" 88
r>8
167.600
768
THE MINERAL INLUSTRT.
DIVIDENDS PAID BY AMERICAN MINKS
AND
INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES. — Concluded.
Name of Company.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1««8.
1899. 1900.
1061.
1902.
Total
Paid.
South Winnie, ff.s . Colo
•16
"'•18
14
•15.000
17,640
40.600
168,847
10,000
8,847.844
877,918
1,8S9,6»3
2,720,000
4,106.814
Sne^4sh nf . So. Dak
Rtipcie Pavment. r Colo
27
•168
RniiAW MoimtAin cr C\>lo . . . . . r t . . r r
ro
Rta. Oertnidis. Mex
1
81
188
88
65
104
150
71
48,650
'"i42
840
875
6
90
2
StA- Maria de Ouad Mex
Sta. Maria de la Paz. Mex
S^an^TArv1 b 1 THohn
820
71
47,800
800
71
102
788
800
40
68
89
Standard Con . ar.. Cal
•40
ISO
$40
•27
60
26.825
RtAndard Oil of N J
164,085,00c
810,001)
14,005,996
8.770 880
St. Eueene Oon.. s.. B. C.
flfi .Tohn dpi Ttov v . Rraz • ■ .
976
800
1,789
800
Stroner or Oolo
250
800
8,875,U0D
40,000
6.a«j
878,500
880,600
Siindar jLake Iron. Mich.
Sunset. 8.1.. B. 0
Simouenanna I. A St.. Pa. -
66
76
Svransea. s.L. Utah
•ao
60
66
SrndicatA if - Cal
82,000
6,490 000
Tamarack, c. Mich.
400
400
10
sop
860
440
600
1,000
850
1,800
T*»nion1 fir Colo «...
250 000
7
7,2011
T*»nn C I ^ R. R.. com
461
189
190
1 ir2.144
'"enn C . I. ft R. IL. Dref.
80
180
20
120
180
800
78
""ao
""85
""afi
H&,tSO
140
8,040,0 'O
Thirtv-three bU- dal.\
120 01X1
Thomas Iron. Pa
800.0(KI
Tombov. tt . Colo.
800
800
60
168
144
86
816
9
15
45
85
7
81
1,844,01 tl
Touraine. k.. Colo
96,1 19
Town ToDiCfl. fir c Colo
35,000
Uncle Sam Con.. ar.B.. Utah
46,01^ •
Union, cr.. Colo
27
18
23
818
9
446.244
Union, K.I., Kr« t - - - r
16,a^)
Union Mill, Mex
878.270
Union Oil. Cal
118' 179
897,6(ek
United, c, pf., Mont
160
280
47
84
150,000
TTnited. tt . Colo
279.842
United, z.i.. Mo
8
28
80
107,859
United ^troleum. Cal
88,750
United States Crude Oil, Cal
8
8
24
27,220
n a. Crude Oil. Cal
241
20....;.
87,820
20.000
U S. Marble. Wash
U S. Oil W Va
800
276
575,000
U S. Rea. & Ref., com
177
286
20.S8S
177,886
U 8. Red. & Ref.. pf
886,073
U 8. Steel Coii).. com
•
16,228
86.560 srS
U. S. Steel Corp., pf
26,768 '35.720
02,478,078
United Verde, c. . Ariz
8,000
2
4,499
2
TTtah e Utah
17
22
4
14
7.2
170
18
207,000
782 000
TTtah Con., 0 , Utah
Vindicator, g., Colo
138
40
178
271)
800
189
860
800
917.00C
Va.-Car Cnem.. com
10
40
480 1 SSO
2,979 000
Va.-Car. Chem., pref
920
960
6
6
6,060,000
5,000
Ventura Con. Oil, Cal
Vic. C. & Coke, com., W. Va
15
9
16,000
Vic. C. & Coke. pf.. W. Va
15,000
War Eaele. e.. B. C
177
815
58
640,850
Warner Oil, Cal
• 10
84
4
i
10,000
Warwick Iron & Steel, Pa
64
182
879.824
Wasp No. 2. jf.. So. Dak
218,410
8,(!00
Weather ly- Bonanza, g., Wash
2
West Lake Oil, Cal.'.T.'
50
50.000
West Shore Oil, Cal
80
760
85
750
45,000
Westmoreland Coal
750
2
760
9
7.500 000
What Cheer, z., Mo
11,850
White Rock. ir.. Nev
2
2,000
Whittier Con. Oil, Cal
6
1»0
76
5,600
Wolverine, c . Mich
1
60
210
840 840
990 000
Wythe, I.2., Va
::::::'::::::i::::::
76,000
Yankee Oon ir 8 1 Utah
1
48
76,000
489,000
Yellow Aster, e., Cal
40
181
145
8()
150
50
18
8
""m
8
Ymlr, K., B. C
888,000
Yreka, flr.,Cal
58,000
81 000
Yukon Oil. Cal
8
Zoe,«r..Colo
7.500
c, copper; g., grold; i., iron; L, lead; q., qulcksUver; b., nilver; z., sine.
TBJl MINING STOCK EXUHANOEB.
769
ASSESSMENTS LEVIED BY MINING
COMPANIES.
Name of Company.
18B4.
1B96.
1800.
1807.
1806.
1880.
1000.
1001.
1002.
Total
Levied.
4.Mcia Oil. Cal
$6,000
10,000
$6,000
10,000
1,125
5.000
AraiA Oil f!al Tt.tTt .
Anom. r fi.1 . Utah
$865
$780
M.AAt» S m 1 TTmA
$2,500
2,500
AflmInU Of. TTtAh
2,500
5,000
8,000
50,000
JRfn* €f'm\ ' Miihn.
5,000
JRtaA' ffB.LV Utah
$2,500
'500
^SJ'SiLdai.^ :...:..;.:..:::.
60,000
15
20,000
12,000
20,000
'a6',666
'28,066
24,000
A Iat V ti\ TTtah r . .
45,000
Auiaka, fc , Cal
20,000
AlAsk* ra L.Utah
a4,ooo
20,000
04,000
44,000
Albian, g , Utah
AlnTAndriA. v h L. A. T>ak ....
500
500
1,000
Alhfl.mbrR. ii Niav ... ...........
100,000
100,000
2,500
AlliLh tf . TTt-Ah
2,500
AiuSwEMSor. i Mi:;i.;^^^^^
5,000
10,000
10,000
2,000
7,000
A HUnfM^ V Utah , - t ,
$80,000
15,000
5,000
225,000
AffionSauch-FonL g.. Cal
1^000
1,760,030
AUouM c Mich
ti0,ooo
HO,(N)0
240,000
* 10,666
6,900
10,800
Alma. e.. Cal
10,000
AlS&s iSv................ ..
6,000
.'i0,400
15,780
90,100
$15,750
82.400
$8,400
16,200
8,403
16,200
8.150
16,200
088
8,150
16,200
8,150
10,800
881,800
Alta. 8 . NeT
8,718.910
A Um. V TTtfth
1.,/lll.JlU
Amdla, K Cal
2,500
5,000
9,600
15,000
Am OU& Ref.,CBli
10,000
**2;666
5.000
15,000
5,000
American, cr s L. Utah
18,000
American Mines. Utah
5,000
Andf«. a. Nev
35,000
15,000
15,000
20,000
10,000
15,000
15,000
10,000
1,260,000
Annandale. ff.. XTt^h ^
5,000
AnnlflL ff n . TTtah
^000
5,000
AneT. c. Utah.... ..»....--,-..--
5,000
'*6b;666
50,000
104,000
5,000
Anoilo. Alaffka. ,
10,000
10,000
Add Con., ff.. Cal
50,000
Anrll PooL ff.aL. Ner
....... .......
;:;:::: :::::::i
50,000
Arffentum-Jumata, k.. Colo
104,000
Armnaut OIL Cal
12,000
12,000
24,000
Arnold e Mtch
180,000
20,000
180,000
ArraatraTille. tt.. Cal
20,000
10.000
60,000
Aun>ra. ff.8.1.. Utah
600
500
BflchelorB Oil. G^
6,000
10,000
6,000
Badger, ir.. Oregon ... r - r ..... ^
10,000
20,000
Radser Hill A Cherokee, r.. Cal. . .
60,000
60,000
Baker DiTide. g.. Cal ,
.......
12,000
12,000
BaUol, g Cal
25,000
80,000
55,000
Bay CaSoil, Cal
5,000
6,781
»J,000
"26,666
5,000
Bear Flag Oil, Cal
6,761
Beichfsr. a.. Nev
60,800
MLann
50,200
57,000
•4),800
88,400
5:5,000
2,000
10,000
6,2r>0
8,681.200
Belle g Cal
2.000
Bellefontaine. ff.a. Cal
10,000
10,000
11,250
10,000
2,600
" i'0^666
15,000
40,000
Ben Butler, e ■". Utah
80,000
Ben Franklin. 2.. Cal
15,000
Benton Con . ff.a. Nev
20,000
20,000
Berkeley Crude Oil, Cal
4,500
60,400
4,600
Best A Belcher, a. Nev.,
60,400
50,400
26,aoo
75,600
80,240
40,890
60,480
80,240
5,000
2,772 JS28
Big Chief Oil, Cal
5.000
Biesinffer & Beck. s.Lg.. Utah
756
2r,i500
766,000
BinirhAm Placer, tt . Utah. .... ...
•^.liOO
500
27,500
82,500
Blue Bird. e.. Utah
600
Blue EAffleye . Utah
10,000
5.500
10,000
5,000
2,600
16,000
Blue Exfenafbn. g.. Utah
7,500
10,000
BlueOooae. Cal
Blue OraveL g.. Cal
10,000
10,000
Bogan B t Utah ...... ............
12,500
'10,666
80,875
Boas Tweed, g., Utah
18,000
BoBton A Ci^DDle C'k. ff.. Colo
20,666
10,000
20,000
Boulder, e.. Cal
.3,000
3,000
5,000
8,000
' '16,666
5,000
45,000
10,000
Ronntifui. r a.. Utah
20.000
Brown, e.. Utah
5.000
BniDBwick Con., g.a., Cal
10,000
80,000
15,000
80.000
25.000
6,260
15,000
50,000
40,000
810.000
26,000
RuHrevei tt TTt-fth
8,750
6,250
16.250
BuckhornT g., Utah
1,000
1,000
Buffalo Humn Dev.. s.. Wash
200
5,000
6,250
200
Bullion, a.. Nev
80,000
40.000
90,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
6.000
. 8,000
8,144,000
Bunker HilL tt a.. Utah
11,250
Butler, g.. Utah
8.000
2,.W0
' 1*5*666
2,000
*8;666
80,000
4,500
80,000
8,000
Butte Basin, g.. Cal
2,500
Cadmus, g., Cal
10,000
80,000
18,000
Caledonia, g., Nev
California, g., Cal
60,000
"4,566
6,000
1^66
2,666
8,815,000
26.000
Cftlifomia. g.B.I.. Utah
80,000
California Borax, Cal
...
0,500
18,000
California Dredging, Cal
80,000
12,.'iOO
20.000
80,000
California Mutual OIL Cal
12,500
California Oil, Cal
20.000
770
TUB MINERAL INDUSTRT.
ASSESSMENTS
LEVIED BY
MINING COMPANIES. — Continued.
Name of Company.
18M.
1895.
1896
1897.
]j»e.
1899,
1900,
1901.
1908.
Total
Levied.
ranadian Klnr. w^^h
•1,000
$1,000
85,000
84,000
finnrk
Canton Placer, gf., Cal
Carb & Rattler. k.s.I.. Utah
984,000
Carbon OH, Cal
(^ribouOil. Cal
$8,000
16,000
10,000
8,000
84,000
10,000 60,000
8,000
QMin
Carmellta Oil, Cal
Caraa Oil, Cal
*
Cedar Creek, ar.. Cal
1:^.000
800,000
Centennial, c. Mich
180,000
80,000
270,000
18,000
600
180,000
810,000
flBI,00O
600
Central Eureka, k., Cal
(Central Mammoth, ir.. TTt/fih.. , , . ,
Centurv. ir., Utah. ...............
10,000
5.500
6,666
17,000
10,000
88,800
6,000
474.500
107 608
Centui7 Oil, Cal
8,600
5,000
6,000
Cerulean, g., Cal
Phiillenfre rJon. tt . Nev r t . t - -
$30,000
IVOOO
r.5oo
50,00
1,000
$18,500
88,500
Champion, g. , Cal ,
Channel Bend, g., Cal
2,000
8,000
Chicago, g.al., Utah
8,600
*88,'466
8.500
Chicago & Mercur, k.s., Utah
1.000
1,000
1,000
88,400
2,000
1 000
Chlonde Queen, Idiuio
Chollar ■.. Nev
66,000
56,000
28,000
44 800
50,400
88,000
1^500
89,800
8,000
8,150,600
4,500
8,000
1,00U
10,000
a,ooo
5,000
85,000
Cbristmas. ar.*.. Utah
Church, g., Cal
8,000
1,000
Cinnabar King, g., Cal
Claiiaaa, g.8.,^tltah.
6,000
1,000
6,000
cievelandrsr.. Utah
8,000
Clyde Oil, Cal
Ooe g (^
5,000
'85^666
Columbia. K.8.. Utah
750
760
Columbus Con., g.s., Cal
8,000
8,000
2,500
80,000
6,000
Commonwealth, fir., Utah
8,500
60/100
608,880
6^860
Comstock, g. 8. L, Utah
80,000
99,964
Confidence. 8.. Nev
6,840
14,976
7,488
14,978
18,;88
8,736
9,964
6,860
97,800
Conglomerate, g.s., Utah
Con C^ ft Va.. 8.. Nev
106,000
54,000
118,800
106,000
106,000
108,000
64,000
45,000
a^ooo
10,000
087,800
46,000
Con. Gold G. & Sulp., Cal
Con Golden Trout, g., Cal
85,000
Con Imnerial 8 Nev. ...........
•5,000
10,000
500
5,000
10,000
60,000
10,000
30,000
85,000
10,000
8,000
15,000
80.000
10,000
8.266I60O
nnn Naw York s Nev
5,000
188 500
Con Rt, Ootiiard. s. . Cftl
"iHi)
10,000
8,260
80,000
5,000
"5C666
'80.666
8,600
7,600
5,000
60,000
ConRtAllRtion flr tJtah x . . . r , - » - - -
08,000
80000
Pnnfm. HnntA CgaI Cftl
Pontpa CoHta OH Cal
5,000
4,000
6,000
8,040,000
nnrnnn. Oil flal
6,000
15,000
6,666
8.000
80,000
8,000
Crown Point. 8.. Nev
65,000
26.000
70,000
85,000
80,000
15,000
5,000
rimvaa/lA,* r«/>n tr « 1 TTfuh
7,500
71,850
Dalfcon GT 8 1 Utah
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,500
7,600
5,000
'Ha.vlltTht' tr TTtAh
7,000
90,000
2,000
10,000
88,000
no! MnntA Oil Oal
rkovlV« T>0n Oil Cfll
10.000
80,000
aooo
''8,666
"80^666
16,000
iOOOO
51,000
15,000
66,000
r>i>Kitn CF r'fl.1
10,000
5,000
80,000
15 000
rkiiHIav tf Pal *
960,000
82,500
68,600
75,000
8,000
8,000
5,000
1*0^666
6,000
S,000
10,000
600
5.000
Flrtnmdn on Pal
TTlln TTIrlnn v K Dak
600
ITI Rav tr TTtah
8.000
" 8^666
8,000
Elsie, g.8.1 , Utah
iriv tr TTtAh
"2,666
V,666
14,000
10.000
8,000
10,780
"i*o;666
10,000
7,C00
3,000
15,960
Fmnlr»» Oil Cal
■
14,000
F/iiinlifv Oil PaI
10,000
619,000
12,500
10.000
6,000
5,000
15,000
FiiPfkA Pon Drift fir . Cal
75,000
17,500
5.000
9,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
10,000
5,000
988,000
5,000
17,000
7,677
9,600
788,000
2,000
6,000
V^ot^Uinr Dnft. tr fl Cal
667
5,000
1,500
10,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
ITall PpfMilr tr PaI
10,000
10,000
9,800
98R(K^
ITnli nivAr tr a PaI
2,500
ITatViAr Ha QrriAf tr n. R Dak
85,000
iriftAAn.Thr*>fi Oil Pal
10,666
10,000
1,500
1,000
90.000
PiBh RrtHncrfl tr TTfAh
1,500
1,000
Forlorn Hope, g. Cal
20,666
:::::::i:;:;::.
THE MINING BTOCK EXCRANQBS.
Wl
ASSESSMENTS LEVIED BY MIXING COMPANIES. — Continued.
Name of Compaoy.
Pour Acem g.s., Utah
n>ee Coinage, ff«, Utah
FVemoot, R.8., Utah
Fnemont Coo., Km Cal
Fresno A 8. Benito Oil, Cal. ...
Frlfloo, ic.e., Utah.
Fullerton ft Sunset Oil, OrI
Galata, g., Cal
GkUena, g., Utah
Galena Treasure, g.8., 8. Dak.. .
Garden City, g.s., 8. Dak
Garibaldi, g.8., Cal
Geneyleve, g.B., Utah
Gerrymander, g.8.,CaL
Geyser, s.1.. Colo
Qeyser-Marion, g.s., Utah ......
Giant Oil, Cal
Gibraltar Con., jr., Cal
Goloonda, g.^, Nev
Gold Coin (GUptai CoA Colo.. ..
Golden Channel, g., CaL
Golden Eagle, g.s., Ne^.
Golden Jubilee, g., Cal
Golden King g.,Cal
(4olden Star, g.8., Cal
Gold HUl, g.s., CaL
Gold HilLgs., Utah
Gold Leaf,g.s., Wash
Gold & Silver Carb., g.8., Utah . .
Goleta, Con., g., C:
Gonyon, g.s,, Utah
Good Hope, g., Utah
Good Title, g.. Cal
Gould Centnd OU, Cal
Gould Oil, Cal
Gould & Curry, s., Nev
Grand Priie Oil, Osl
Granite HiU, g.s., Cal
Grape Vine Canyon, g.&. Cal..
Gn*at Bonanza, g.t., Utah
Great Eastern, g.s., Utah
Great Western, q., Cal
Grizsly, ff.s., Cal
Hale s Norcross, s., Nev
Hanford-Fresno OO, Cal
Hanford-Sanger Oil, Cal ,
HawkMcHenry, g.s.L, Utah...
Head Center Con., g.8.e., Aris. .
Hercules, g.s., Uti&
Hester A., g.s., S. Dak
Hitchland. g.8., Utah
Hi(rhland< LeadviUe), g.
Hilda Gravel, g.8.. CaL
.8. , Colo..
1804.
I I
1896. 1806. 1807.
18,600
$88,400
$48,000
D», Jfc.O.. \Ji
Hillside, g.s., Utah..
Himalaya, g.s., Utah.
Home, g.s., Cal.
Homestake, g.&, Utah. .
— r Tunnel, g.B.
Utah.
Horn Silver 1
HorHefly, gM Cal
Horseshoe Bar Con., g.s., CaL.
Humboldt, g.s., Cal
Imperial, Cal
Imperial on, Cal
ImVo Marble, Cal
Independence, g.&, Utah
Independent, g., Cal
Ingot, g.8.L, Utah
International, g.8., Utah
Jefferson, g.c, Utah
Jennie Lind, g.s., Cal
Joe Bowers, g.s.. Utah
Joe Bowers Czt.. gJk, Utah ...
Jubilee, g., Cal
Julia Con. , s., Nev
Jumbo, g.8., Utah
Junction, g.s., Cal
Junction OU, Cal
Jupiter Gravel, g., Cal
Justice, 8., Nev
Karan, g., Cal
Kari Brown Oil, Cal
Kate Hayes, g.s., Cal
Kentuck, g.,Utah
Kentuck Con., s., Nev
Kern River OiKOal
86,S60
$48,600
6,600
10,600
6*600
6,860
60,400
1806.
18,800 $8,600
10,000
10,000
60,000
8,600
1800.
8,000
800
4,000
6,000
10,000
800,000
10,000
8,000
4,000
8,000
90,000
87.800
1,600
6,000
1,600
6,600
40,000
10,600
2,000
8,000
4,000
8,000
6.000
600
10,600
40.000
10,50f
8,600
10,000
80,000
5,960
100
8,600
40,400
8,000
10,001)
86,185
1000.
$17,600
8,600
8,000
800
668
4,000
6,000
9,000
8,600
1,600
86,000
1,000
1901.
$6,000
6,000
$10,000
4,000
8,000
6,000
84,107
6,000
780
9,600
86,000
600
1908.
6,000
8,000
6,000
1,880
6,000
4.000
86,000
600
68,000
8,600
54,800
14,000
5,000
1,600
1,600
90.000
6.000
89,800 88,400
1,600
6,000
4,000
600
8.000
8,000
6,000
1,600
8,000
6,000
81,000
10,000
90.000
600
6,000
196,000
9,000
10,000
600
1,900
9,000
1,600
8.000
14,000
16,000
8,800 8,800
16,750
8,1G0
a0,000f
$.760
8,000
6,000
86,000
48,900
90,000
10,000
10.000
11,900 44,800
84,140
6,000
10,000
600
9,000
9,000
NOOO
10,000
10.000
1,750
8.000
96,000
91,000
15,000
89,400
16,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
9.000
91,000 10,600
10,000
0.600
ijno
17.750
40,000
20,000
Total
Levied.
$27,600
5,000
9,600
10,000
4,000
88,000
8.000
10.000
91,000
400
7,105
11,000
6,000
90,000
1,975.000
9,000
94,107 '
6,000
750
10.000
6,500
5,890
6.000
8,600
10,0'JO
75,000
9,000
100
2,500
98,000
6.95I*
9,O0C
90,000
6.000
85,000
4,616,860
90.000
8,000
usm
5,000
4.500
75,520
16,500
6,796,860
94,140
6.000
15,000
96,19r
90,000
8,000
6,000
196,000
4,000
1,600
6,000
18,000
60,000
1,000
16,000
67,600
9,000
6,000
2.000
175,000
15,000
10.009
10.000
6,600
8,i60
21.000
45.600
40.500
10,000
1,606,400
1,700
16.600
96,000
80,000
8,799,9X)
9,500
15.000
70,000
80.000
1^,460
60.000
77a
TBB MINEBAL iNDUBTRr.
ASSESSMENTS LEVIED BY MINING COMPANIES.-
— Continued,
Name of Company.
18B4.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1886.
1880.
i9oa
1901.
1908.
Total
Levied.
Kam Sunset OIL Cal
$8,000
fe;666
$8,006
10,000
Kevstone. s.. Cal
KiiiffH Coimtv OIL Cal
6,000
lAdv Waahhiffton, ^. Nat
i6;406
|6.406
15,000
T A f*ranim. tt.it., Cal t - 1 - r t
l^M^^^i^^
$10,000
La Raiue. « B.L. Utah
5,000
18.000
4,750
8,600
5,000
Larkin, g.i., Cal
9.000
7,600
9.000
7,600
$4,000
7,600
10,666
5,000
40,000
La Suerte. ff a.. (^
88,860
9,600
8,600
ilsoo
Laurel, sTm^^*
Leo. K.. libnt
8,500
Leon, ST., Cal
. 1,600
Unda vista Oil, Cal
11,460
8,000
14.460
Lion Con., e.a.. Utah
600
600
t.Oon
87,500
Little Bell, £., Utah
87.600
16,000
"livooo
1,875
Little Chiefrff.8.. Utah
8.000
18,000
66,000
Little Jimmie. k.b.1.. Utah
1,875
88,fl0r>
T.ittle PittAbiirar. ar.R.. Utaht r
$4,000
6,000
$4,000
4,000
5,000
Little Standard CHL Cal
10,000
8,000
80,000
48,000
T,060
1*960
T.ivA nn.lr Clrm . vu.. Clal
90,000
6,000
10.000
9,000
10,000
T.ivA Yankftf. sr.<i.. Calt t
T AinhAnL ir o . Utah
1,860
"61666
T..OH Antrelea Oil. Cal.
6,000
Louifl. 8.. B.. Utah
10,000
10,000
r^wAr MAmmAth. ff.ii.. Utah
18,600
1,800
16,000
8,600
1,600
16,000
8.400
48L500
Tjitikv Bill- e a.. U{ah.
7.aoo
6,600
18,000
TjilaKnon. ffB..Utah
1,500
MftdAlfllneu sr B.I.. Utah
10,000
8,600
7,500
10.000
Madwm g 'tJtah
1,860
8.760
llAmmotA!. at ■. NeT
8.000
MMihfttlAn v.. TTt&h.
8,600
10,000
MSSSh^d^fleSfi 8.\ M..V..
17,600
17.500
MftnlA V n Utah ,-,r,
8,000
10,000
"1,066
60,000
6,000
94^666
9,000
ffiSJ&eSkiTcii ..... ....*; : .
10.000
Manruente g a. Cal ...•....• r - - -
90.000
16,880
16,000
19,000
15,000
19,000
"7,666
50,000
500
6,000
85.000
MArfruTMArsiMUio. or ■ Cal
86,800
MuriiirMA. nom*lAM^.e.a .Cal
810,000
M&rmadnke sn Sri>aki
600
MjirthA Waflhuiffton. ar s..Utah ....
8,000
6,000
120.000
9,000
10.000
9,000
9,000
15,000
89.000
Martin White, s . Nev
$85,000
1,900.000
MasAaM r R. Ut^
6,000
5,000
9,000
9,000
6,000
84^000
MkvAaw ffs. cal
9,600
1,600
94,000
Ma w|lo V tf m TTtAh
4.000
lffii»«ln.WA'£l 9*0. Utah
8,000
7,500
5,000
5,000
6,000
"i',966
16,000
15,000
696
6,000
"i666
'6;666
1,876
6,000
5,000
18,000
MRvflnwAr avAvtA tr s. Cal
6.000
19.500
Mazeppa, g e Cal
7,000
MoKlniw IT 'utAh. r
U960
McKittrick; Con.. Oil. Cal
18,000
80,500
McKittrif^ OIL Cal
81,000
MaIi^iap tr H. UtAh
1,000
8,0)0
Menlo »" Cal
6,000
Mmt^Wa nrude OiL Cal
6,000
M erriniAG. ir Cal
90.000
8,784
40,880
90LO0O
Meteor, a.n.. Utah. . , , , , r - r t
4.999
86,900
8,997
45,860
8.000
1,000
1,980
60,400
' 80^840
18,090
MexJcaii''B..^eT.
75.000
76,000
40,890
90.000
8,440,160
1Wi/«1«n/1 9 ■ TTfjLh
8,000
Midniffht Bowers, e.a.. Utah
1,000
8,000
MinnMiaha Oil. CaT
10,000
"i',666
10,000
6,000
10,000
Minnie v Utah
4,000
Mistletoe' »., Cal
10,000
Hfr^hiojLii tr t\t\
10,000
16,000
MoUt BawxL ir.8., Utah
1,900
1,000-
Montecito. ».. Cal
10,000
10,000
Monte Cristo. s.a.. Utah
8,600
8,500
Montreal tt s.. Utah
875
875
95,000
»^6a6
MooneT Con.. 2.8.. Cal
90.000
80,000
Moreen, ar Gal
10,000
10.000
Morninff Glonr. iTt. Wash
8,000
8,000
16,000
86,000
40,000
Mountain Laire, k.8.1., Utah
5,000
"Kooo
6^000
Mountain View.' e.. Gal
15,000
1,860
10.000
l&OOO
Mt. Blanc Con., 5., Cal. . :
1,860
Mt Diablo OiL Ukl
66,000
NanoT Hanks, sr. Calr
5,000
2,000
15,000
6,000
NashTille. e . 'rtal
8,000
National Con., e.s.. Cal
46,000
16.000
10,000
9,500
5,000
ttloK
Navajo, ff.s.,ulah
8,600
NeTada. s.. NeT
10,000
10,000
Nevada. c.Utah
5,000
"iod
6,000
New Centunr Oil. Cal
15,000
7,500
16,000
New Erie, k.s., Utah
9,000
1,000
9,961
600
lOJWO
New ImoeRal.' r.s.. Utah
1,000
New Klond^e, i.s.,' Utah
985
800
8,196
New La Plata, S.s., S. Dak
1.700
New Mercur, jf.8., Utah«
'.'.'.'. \\y.... ...
4,800
4J0O
THE MDTINa BTOCK BZCBANQE8.
773
ASSESSMENTS LEVIED BY MIKINQ OOMPANIES. — Continued,
Name of Oompao}'.
18D4.
18B5.
18B6.
18W.
1888.
1800.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Total
Levied.
$10,498
15,000
$15,675
15,000
5,000
4,500
97,500
6000
Wan, 1>A/l^«iiF <y a 1 TTtAh
K^m fV>iithAm cn^A. IT . Mont. . . .
•6,000
>j«^ nf aIm V «• TTfjui
$1,500
iarJ^M iT j&'a' f Uj^K
97,600
6,000
Nnrth RlnninflAM tr Oal
•86,000
86,000
865,000
876,000
10,000
8,000
50,000
80,000
10 000
16,000
North Gould & Curry, b., Nev
Nnrf h Mfimir tr . TTtah
$20,000
$10,000
80,000
10,000
Nnrtih RAnidAH. ■. Nsv
8,000
8,000
Nnrthffm iJirtit IP B . UtAh.
"8^666
10,000
$10,666
18,000
16,000
Nnrfch^m finv tr ■. Utah
Nugget Flaoer g , Cal
10,000
10,000
"15^666
O^dentAl Con . s.. Nev
80,000
$80,000
65,000
$80,000
80,000
80,000
6,000
10,666
640,119
Olrnnncmn it IVjifin • . . . •
10,566
8,000
8,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
18,000
15,000
4,000
8000
oiwiSSTfcS'..." ':;:::**;::^
8,000
OIH RnniuicA. tr n Oal'
8,500
Old Bullion e s.. Utah
4,000
6,000
" 8^666
8,000
■■ib;666
OM PoloTiT Jt Vliirftka. ar k . Utah..
8,500
OM noma. » Ji Gal
6,000
8,500
8,600
8,500
i*,666
i,a«
**
OM Tmltan. r m.. YTUmi -r
Old ftuRan. V n TTtah ...r,,,.
7,600
600
Oilnda Ofll'Gal'.
10.000
fl.00J»
185,000
4,794,168
15.000
8,500
100 000
6,000
100.000
60,480
OmAlia iVmi tr ■ Oal . . .....
10,000
48,800
86,000
50,400
'45,366
50,000
45,860
6,000
Onhir a. Nat •••
100,000
100,000
85,200
85,800
Onhir rOen. Diat.). ff.. Nev
Onohonsa. ff.8.. Utah
1,.VX)
1,000
60,000
oStotrg8:cai..T.:.;::. ...!..
75,000
86,000
8.500
5,000
"8,666
rwiMif. cr . TTfah
4.500
a«,ooo
4.503
15,810
4,804,470
1.880
7,5(J0
W,onu
w.ooo
10 000
oriSnkfgi,^.::::::::::::::::
16,000
18,000
4,500
1,000
11,680
600
Oiv» Oiiank. ir a Oal
Owaeola Ckm.. ar fl.. Oal
1.000
17,880
8,000
17,888
750
8,000
88,04(1
a8;fM6
600
8.500
OTAirnan. fl.. Nev. ,,,,., ^ , ,
84,500
9»,0I0
84,500
17,880
Parifln ir a . TTtah . . . . r , ,
Paiia, c, Utah
Park OItT A Mid Sun. Utah
10,000
p^tteraon Creek. Cal
IO,OUO
"PmAfodj gi^iC*!
10.000
80.500
Petn^laum Center Oil, Cal
61,501)
10.000
80,900
108 500
FtotroUa OU, Cal
10 000
PhrawilT. tr «.. Utah ...............
1,000
1,000
1,000
8000
Picnic, g.»., Utah
1 000
Pilot, g, Cal
10,666
1,000
10,000
88,400
8,600
8,000
1(1,000
1 ooo
PloneOT, g.8.L, Utah
PlaneLg'. C^
10,000
8,»fl,000
5000
Potoei, £. Ner
118,000
66,000
88,000
60,400
50.400
80.'.i00
8,600
9?jMi
88,000
Powninr. AT a.. Cal
Princess Maud, g.s.l.. Wash
8,000
1.000
10,000
86.000
80,000
7.500
8,000
6,000
80,000
10 510
Prior Hill. e.s.. 8. Dak...
800
Prospect iTt'n Tunnel, Ner
10,000
"i',666
85,000
80,000
7,600
Providence, a.. Cal
Provident Oil. Cal
Purlue Sur.. s s.1.. Utah
Queen Esther Oil, Cal
6,000
OuincT. ar.. Cal
10,000
80,000
Karen Oil, Cal
10.500
18.500
' 1^666
Ttaynaond. k., Utah
18,600
10 000
Reamer Con.. Cal
Red Bank Oil, Cal
6,000
6.000
90.000
18,000
8.000
1,000
1,000
7,000
6,500
4,500
97,500
6000
Red Cao. e.. Cal
90.000
5,00i>
Reddfck, g.i., Cal
6^000
8,000
8.000
Red Jacket, s . Nev
Red Winff. K.8.I.. Utah
1,000
500
1,500
R^ Winr Ext., s.a L. Utah
R. O. W.,"g.8., Utah.. .'.~
8,000
fttt)
4,500
84900
1,000
8.600
RMcueOcdd Nev
8,000
8,000
Revenue, ff.s.. Utah
Rewara. ir a.. Cal
7,040
8.840
v.oeo
6.000
14,500
6,000
Rich Bar Gravel, e.s.. Cal
Richmond, e.. Cal
10,000
10,000
15000
Ridge A Valley, g.s., Utah
6.000
10.000
8,000
Ro^rts Oil, dalT. .
8000
Rockland, g , 0*1
8,000
5,000
8.000
10 000
Rose Creek, g.s., Cal
6,000
Ruby Hill, g.s., Utah
600
1,000
1,000
14.000
"i'nnn
8,600
14 000
iUisfiy, g.,' &ili
60r»
11,0I¥)
1 485
■ 6,666
8,500
8(100
8,100
81 OOO
Sailor Coo., g.s., Cal
galmoD River, s. , Nev
1
....... ....
11 970
Salt Lake A Nev., g.s., Utah
: i 1.000
'"ifmcy.y.'.
8^500
774
TSB MINERAL INDUaTBT.
ABSE8SMENT8 LEVIED BY MINING COMPANIES. — Continued.
Name of Gompanj.
1894.
1806.
1896.
1807.
1806.
1800.
iOOO.
1001.
1009.
Total
Levied.
Bam Houston, g,B., Cal
$4,000
10,000
6,000
$4,000
10.000
5,000
5,000
7,888.000
448,000
90.000
9.500
808,000
5.000
90,000
10,000
57.750
4,000
18,800
46.000
75,000
5.000
17,500
7,500
9L290.200
680,(IU0
9,0[«
1.000
8,000
4,000
55,000
90,500
19.500
8B.50U
9,500
17,000
5,000
5.000
9,000
5,000
ijaso
1,SW0
9,000
10,000
98.000
6.000
5,000
87,500
15,000
5.000
18,750
95.000
95,000
181,S8B
750
7,5n0
4,000
180,000
60.0Ui3
109,000
90.500
55,000
10.000
4,875
9,600
7,500
6,000
7,500
18,750
10,000
9.000
9,500
10,000
80.000
6.000
9.746.0110
50,000
4.500
1.000
640.000
8,a«
8,000
90,000
4.000
17 VIO
Hampson, e.S.l.TUtali.
San Pablo OU, Cal
Santa Rosalia, q., Mex
$5,000
88.600
8.000
SavaffO. 8.. Not
100,806
6,000
$«.900
887,900
6,000
$44,800
829,400
$se,400
Scorpion, s.. Ner
Sea Braexe Oil, Cal
90,000
9.500
6,000
6,000
90,000
"iiko
Sea Swan, k., Utah
Seic. Belch A Mldes, s., Nct
Sharp, if., Utah
90,000
80,000
10,000
10,000
8,000
10,000
8,000
Shasta Oil. Cal
Sheba, ff.s., Cal
10,000
68,500
Sheep Rock, ff.8., Utah
6,860
Shenandoah Con., g., Qal
4,000
4,000
94,000
60,000
"lim
80,000
76,000
ShoebrldffeBonansa,g.s.,Utah
8,900
9,000
46,000
Shower don., g.s., Utah
8,000
60,000
Sierra Nevada, s.. Ne^
50,000
60,000
60,000
40,000
90,000
Sierra Union W'r A Mg., Cal
SiWerBeU, s., Mont
6,000
Silver Bow. r.s.. Utah
6,000
7,600
9,500
5,000
Silver Cloud, g.8., Utah
6,000
silver Hill, s^'^eV
6,400
100,000
6,400
60,000
6,400
60,000
Silver Kinff ff a. Ariz
75,000
60,000
96,000
9,000
1,000
96,000
15,000
Silver Farf, g.s.,'Utah
Silver Queen, g.&. Utah
Silver ^eldV g., titah
1,000
9,000
9,500
silver State, i^s.. Utah
1,000
500
6,00U
7,500
Siskiyou Con., g.s., Cal
14,000
4,000
9,000
8,000
8.000
Skagit Cumb. Coal, Wash
99,600
5,000
7,000
9,600
4,000
10.000
" 8^666
10,000
Skvlark. o.. Utah, , . . . . . - r , - , . , r -
Snow Flake, g.s., Utah
*
9,000
6,000
9,000
Snowstx)mi irs.. Utah,. ........ t-
Honora. ir . Cal
6,000
6,000
9,600
f^onom OiiArtx ir r . Mex . t - . . t - t •
South Bmeham. s.s. . Utah
9,600
6,000
South Eureka, ff .s.. Cal
8,000
South Fork Con., g.s., Utah
6,000
So Oueen irs I.Utah
1,960
South Paloma. ir.B.. Cal
1,900
South f.ilv vsl Utah, -,T
500
"8,666
6,000
7,500
10,000
6,000
Snanlflh hat e s. Cal...
9,000
5,000
11,000
Snence Mineral. Cal
flnrinirfleM v n 1 Utah . .
sKr ?8 u&h . . ,^,: ::..:.::..
6,000
16,000
80,000
95,000
SU^rlins. e.. Cal
Sro<»kt,on b' s I . Utah
5,000
Sufvefis. e s.. Utah ...»-..
9,750
8,000
'i86;666
96,000
Sumdiim chief, ff . Alaska
Sunbeam Hon ors Utah
11,980
6,000
50,000
66,000
Sunrise if a I.Utah
760
Sunset District Oil Cal
7,600
4,800
SuDeriorOil Cal
Sweet Vengeance tt s . Cal
10,000
* 9,760
15,000
80,000
Tanama. tt s CJal r ,
10,666
80,000
80.000
97,000
10,000
10,000
"i9;666
Tesora. tt b TTtah
Tftt-ro a ■ TTtji.li
18,000
15,000
15,000
6,000
4,875
Texas, g.s , Cal
Thoroo^ar s (^1
6,000
Tintic, g s , Utah
Tiniric Conner Kinir. Utah ........
9,600
9.600
Tomboy, g , Utah
5i666
Tracy, g.s., Cal
5,000
Trent, g., So IMt
1,600
Trov, g.8,, Alaska
9,000
6,960
6,960
Tnle Belle, e . Cal
10,000
9,000
Twentieth Cen . g s.l., Utah, . . . ^ ,
1,950
80,666
6,000
80,000
90,000
Ukiah Oil, Cal. i .".,.. .'
10,000
Ultimo. ST.. Cal
Uncle Sam, g.s.I., Utah
Union Oon.,'8., Nev
85,00(
90,000
40,000
90,000
80 000
18,000
80,000
96,000
80,000
United Sunbeam, g., Utah
U S. Grant, e s . S. Dak ,
1,000
Usona Oil, Cal
1,000
90,000
9,500
3,000
Utah Con . s . Nev
6,000
5.606
10.000
»0,0U0
90,000
liS,000
15,000
90,000
Utah-Wyoming Oil, Utah
Uvak Bay, g., Alaska
Valeo, g.s., Utah
9,0(K)
10,000
Vallejo. q.. Cal
9,000
Valley View Oil, Cal
"17,566
96,000
6,000
"15,666
Vernon ( Ml (3al
25.000
85,875
4.000
Victor, g s . Utah -.
:::::::::.::::
875
is.ax)
4,000
Victoria. g.R.. Utah
' 1
THE MINING STOCK EXCHANGES.
776
ASSESSMENTS
LEVIED BY
MINING COMPANIES.
— Concluded,
Name of Company.
1894.
1806.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
-
1900.
1901.
1909.
Total
Levied.
Vletorv ffs. S Dak
1900
6,000
8.600
Virginia Con., s.. Gal
$10,000
5,000
500
Vulcan fim A Ref Cal
WandMinar J<fVf. ff.B.1.. TTtah.. . r . t
Wasatch. Utah
•6,000
6,000
Waahinorton Ck>n.. ff.B.. Wash . . . • .
900
9,000
Washington Oti, Cal
7.000
7,000
Watt Blue Qravel. 2.S.. Cal
•8,000
68,000
600
Wedse Exten.. ir.8.r. Utah
500
7,600
"i666
1,000
'ab',666
80,000
Welllnirton Oil. Cal
7,666
10,000
14.600
Wtsat Arsent, Utah
10.000
West Centurv. ff.8.1 . Utah.
6,000
Western Union OIL Cal
8,000
West Lake OiL Cal
,,..y.
10,000
1,880
8,760
10,000
10,000
West MornV Olory. r.s.. Utah r . . .
1,960
8,000
91,000
11,760
Willietta, u., Cal
80,000
Wiiflon Jff Riirrett. ff 8.1.. Utah ....
80,000
Wisconsin Oil, Ca\T. ...'.
96,000
10,000
96,000
Yankee Con . a? a. UtaJi
'8,566
6,000
6,000
17,500
Yankee Girl. k.s.. Utah
5,000
Tharra, i? ., Cal
10,000
86,000
10,000
Yellow Jacket, s., Ner
$80,000
$90,000
$30,000
$24,000
86,000
«.666
8.000
86,000
5,94.0000
8.000
Voiin^ America, ir.s.. Utah .......
Yuha Con.. St.. Cal
9,600
45,000
1.875
6,000
63,600
Zacca Lake OIL Cal
1,875
Zuba,ic.,Cal
6.666
6,000
o., copper; g., gold ; i., iron; L, lead ; q., quicksilTer; s., silver ; s., sina
776
THE MINERAL INDUSTBY,
GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE IMPORT DUTIES OF THE
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.
RBVISBD
TO X903.
I Substanoeu
Austria
Hun-
or
ad. yaL
Caoada
Ad. val.
Tons.
and lb.
Chile.
Ad.TaL
China.
188^ lb.
France.
100 kg.
Ge^
many.
100 kK.
Italy.
100 kg.
Japan.
ISH^lb.
ad. val.
Tona
Mexico.
Russia.
88119 lb
(88)
Spain.
idDkg.
Sweden
100 kg.
United
States.
AcLtbL
Tdbs
and lb.
Alum
Aluminum,
crude. .
MTres...
Antim'ny ore
Metal.
Arsenic...
ArseuiouB
acid...
Asbestos,
crude .
M'f'res..
Asphalt...
Barytas...
Borax, crude
Refined
Cement..
Coal
Coke
Copper, pigs,
ingots . . .
Bars,sheets
Wire
Copper sul
phate...
Copperas...
Fluorspar...
phire.
0-009
I^ee.
Free.
Free.
0-S03
0*908
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
(1)9W
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
95)(
Free.
1-818
1*918
Free.
Free.
Free.
(8)8-95
(8)8*96
Free.
Free.
Free.
(a) 0196
(6>Free.
Grap]
crude
MY'ree.
Hydrochloric
acid..
Iron, pig.
Bais
Sheets and
plates.
Tin plates
Lead in pigs.
SheerSfPipes
wire
Mangan. ore.
Nickel, crude
Bars, sheets
Petroleum,
crude..
Refiued..
Pyrites
QuicksilTer.
Salt
Slate, roofing
Soda
Nitrate....
Sulphur
Sulphuric acid
Tin in blocks
or pigs...
Bars, plates,
sheets.. . .
Zinc, blocks,
pigs
Sheets and
plates. . . .
MTres
Zinc white...
Free.
Free.
0*408
O-906
0895
1117
(14)1-094
1-116
1110
1-694
0-819
9-080
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
I63J
Free.
Free.
95)(
aojr
9-60 1.
root.
1-49
9-08
Free.
Free.
(94X)'84
0*41
0-895
9*00
Free.
86)^
Free.
(98)10j(
Free.
(c)0-O85
(c)006
Free.
0804
Free.
908
0-406
1-918
908
1-918
(95)0075
Free.
Free.
Free.
95X
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
98)r
53<,
80j(
8W
96){
Free.
W
W
W
w
w
w
Free.
Free.
26%
Free,
96%
mw
Free.
Free.
Free.
969K
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
26%
Free.
Free.
Free.
25%
2!i%
Free.
Free.
(96) 26%
Free.
803<
Free.
2558
80!C
96JC
95jf
Free.
S6%
96%
W%
0*0815
0-815
0-815
0-966
88-60
88-60
Free.
1-166
Free.
0-714
Free.
14-98
Free.
0*198 0*000
0-97
10-80
Free.
116
0108
Free.
Free.
6%
tMex.
0-95
0-96
0-95
Free.
0-96
0-96
Free.
6%
0-198
0-105
0-70
1-85
Free.
1-98
(5)0*096
0-07
0-088
Frea
9-500
9*600
0-778
0108
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
0*119
Free.
Free.
Free.
9-866
9*866
0*476
Free.
Free.
Free.
0-05
0087
0*087
0175
0-175
0*98
0175
0-885
6%
Free.
Free.
1-40
Prohib.
Free.
(84)
0-876
0175
0*071
0*886
0*965
(14)1*447
0*966
1851
(18)9*80
(91)0*77
1*85
Free.
Free,
9*600
(d)l-787
(d)198
Free,
Free.
(97)0-46
0-966
(99)0-44
Free.
(aO)Free
Free.
Free.
1-158
Free,
0-779
9*816
5^
0-95
Free.
(11)0-988
0-506
0-714
0*695
0-505
119
Free.
0*714
Free,
Free,
9*74
1*428
1*49(
Free.
Free.
0-19
(80)0-80
(90)0-91
Free.
Free.
0*10
0*88
0*10
0-10
010
Free.
Free.
0*77
9*70
8*86
0*80
0*89
Free.
Free.
W
0-01
0*04
0*98
i-68
9-886
0*16
0-98
0*41
0-41
0-10
1*80
(4)0-0.7
Pesetas $
1*80
9-OU
48*76
080
9-00
19*00
0*60
0*619
0*610
0*44 t.
0*806 1.
6%
1*54
8*75
(6)0*60
Free.
Free.
010
(0)0*19
0-90
0*69
1*85
0*10
0-08
0-06
1-898
9«»
8-78
0*778
017
19*00
19-00
8-00
8-00
(7)
48-00
1*90
1*80
0-06
0*198
0-68
(18)1-16
1-74
0*68
1*16
(19)8*70
0-10
0*58
Free.
Free.
1*98
1*64
0*96
Free.
1-08
Prohib.
0-049
(18)0*178
0*197
0-048
0*148
0*846
0*184
9*88
0-01
0-04
(5)0*60
Free.
(90)0-01
0*05
0*05
1-765
1-765
0-95
0-08
(cX)-008 0-01
9*84
Free.
1-498
Free.
0-714
(80)1-48
0-478
0*10
(89)Free
Free.
010
Free.
9*90
Free.
0*76
9*88
0*07
0-91
Free.
009
0-01
0*08
0-01
0 01
0*848
0-97
0*464
0*66
0*417
0*468
1-687
0-077
0*848
0-064
9*58
9-8M
0154
0*778
0*006
1*868
9-60
9*40
11-40
(16)16*60(16)1-07
0*996
6%
' '6 m
0-19
0*95
0-01
0-07
0-95
O-OTT
(80)0-7O
1-86
0-015
017
0-848
0*779
0*886
0*7r9
0*779
0-468
6-00
7*90
94*00
9-00
9*00
080
9*00
9-00
95-00
4000
'9^
8-90
4*65
1*90
1*60
9^
16-00
6*00
18*00
88*80
0*885 0-006 Ik
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Fnee.
0*161
Free.
1*84
9-68
Ot»Ibu
Free.
0-O07Slb
Free.
FreeL
Free.
25%
8-00 t.
0*75 t.
0-05 lb.
0-06 lb.
(0)0-08
(6)Free
90^
Free.
0-95
4E»
tOf 0-005 lb.
W
0 0QB6Ih
Free.
Free.
Free.
0-67
Free.
Free.
851
4-00 t-
OiKKIbi
0*64
Free.
Free.
Free.
F*ee.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free,
Free.
Free.
Free.
0-14
Free.
(7)
Oixnsib
00151b.
Ottt^lb
00861b.
(8[QFree
0-06 IbL
0-00 lb.
Free.
Free.
Free.
O-OTIb.
(88)0^19
»!K
o-ooeitaL
Free.
(80)Free
(81)Fkee
Free.
Free.
Free.
0-015 lb
OrOtUtK
0-01 lb.
NoTB.— The United Kingdom exacts no import duties on the above substances.
(a) Per 100 lb. (6) Per 100 kg. (c) Per gsllon. <d) Per hectoliter. (1) HoUow-ware, i
. r 100 kg.; paper, formed, |4-8j^ 1 - —
other articles, |l4-88per 100 kg. (4, ,. ^ .
only. Bituminous coal, $0-58 per ton in Canada and $0-67 per long ton in the United States. (7) Copper of first flisfoD,
^ , ^ . w«w«-^».«, ««?,. (9) rPaper^mf ormed, $9tB
per 100 kg. ; paper, formed, $4*879 per 100 kg. (8) Tarn, string and cordage. $5*719 per 100 kg.; tiesue, $9*69 per 100 kg.;
'" ^^•, $14-88 per 100 kg. (4) Crude onlv. Ground asphalt, $01106. (5) Portland cement, $0*1447. (6) Anthraate
(nous coal, $0-58 per ton in Canada and $0-67 per long ton in the United States. (7) Copper of first flisfoD,
\6iM pes. ; in bars and ingots, 97*00 pes. ; in sheets and rails, 4900 pes. per 100 kg. (8> Plates, sheeu and wires leas than
5 mm. in sectiot., $4-06 per 100 kg. (9) Bars only. Copper sheets and plates, $0*15 per kg. (10) Unrefined. (11) Iron for
Imrpose of being wrought, $0*696 per 100 kg. (18) Rods, plates and bars more tlian 7 mm. in section. Material 6*7 nun.
n section, fl'SS: less than 5 mm., $174. (18) Bars and rods more thnn 0-95 in. in section. Bars and rods 0-96 in. or less
in section, $0*888. (14) Sheets more than 1 mm, thick. (15) Plates more than 8 mm. thick, 1986 pes. (16) Platas more
than 8 mm. thick, $0 804. (17) Duty varies fmm $0008 to $0047 per lb. (18) Plates leas than 6 mm. thfck. aO> Plates
more than rs mm thick. (90) Plates more than 55 cm. in length or 40 cm. in breadth, $007. (9) Containing less than
25 g. silver per 100 kg. (99) Less than 60^ Mn, |0'40 per ton. (23) Nickel anodes. (94) ('an be imported only by special
permission. (95) Duty per 100 lb. in package Salt in bulk pays $0*05 per 100 lb. (96) Duty per kg. of refined salt. (S7:
Crude salt Refined salt paya $0 5848 per 100 kg. (28) Per 100 lb. salt in package. Salt in bulk pays $0*08 per lOO lb. <99i
-ide soda. (80) Unrefined. (81) Not exoeMing 1-88 sp. gr. (89) Coarse wares. (88) Coast shipments; land shipment du
arenigher.
AUSTRALASIA.
Thb most important articles of mineral production in the seven colonies of
.\iistralasia are gold, silver, lead, copper, tin, iron and coal. These industries
are referred to specifically under the respective captions elsewhere in this volume.
The statistics of production, imports and exports as reported in the official sta-
tistics are summarized in the following tables:
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF NBW SOUTH WALES, {a) (C) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1«|5.)
Year.
1807..
1896..
1900!!
1901..
Alunite.
736
8,988
085
1,046
8,106
$10,960
44,115
13,815
89,725
47,190
Antimony
and Ore.
178
84
00
4,580
13,470
18,146
6,015
IBIsaiutb.
83,075
16,775
88,800
83,885
Chrome Ore
Clay.
(Fire.)
8,433
8,145
5,887
3,338
3,6t»
$51,845
81,605
87,080
60,185
86,870
$160
880
545
175
Coal.
4,453,780
4.781,651
4,670,680
5.605,8^
6,065,014
$6,150,806
6,850,163
6,688,005
8.844,665
10,804,645
Cobalt
Ore.
110 8.800 83,638
T
4,405
7,050
5,866
Coke.
65,888
06,074
186,888
106,764
$886,060
884,674
386,650
548,100
Copper
Ingot.
Qopw
%^w.r\,^
Lead, Argentiferous.
Tear.
and Rc^ulug.
Gold-Kg.
Iron. (6)
Iron Oxide
Metal
Ore.
Value.
1807....
1896....
1899....
1900....
1901....
6.864
6,744
4,715
6,712
6,781
$1,499,145
1400,810
1,660,600
1,075,515
1,915,490
160
181
1,358
1,404
1,188
$4,855
4,105
848.470
164.065
151.000
0,068-0
10,590-4
15,4.38-8
10,801-6
83467
$5,448,066
•6;883;649
8.759,075
5.078,605
4,606,410
8,801
5,883
6,604
7,863
10,604
$100,810
811,850
877,600
475,000
618,760
834
181
f0,680
4,880
8,480
1,146
18,895
10,870
80,614
10,400
17,806
876J840
804,676
481,186
486,480
406,601
$8,407,640
0,066,780
18,560,8;0
0^878316
Year.
Lead, Pig.
Man-
ganeae
Ore.
Opal-Kg.
Platinum.
Shale,
Silver-Kg.
Stone.
Kg.
OIL
Limestone Flux
1897....
1808....
189" ...
88
1,746
(cD 4,896
(d) 6,807
(d) 8,804
$1,090
06,410
496,045
606,730
508,50^
m
18
18
$85
8400-4 $475,000
400,000
675.000
61-8
38-9
10*8
$14,746
10,310
5,860
84,685
80,164
87,807
$809,060
160,170
804,115
103,880
807,445
4,666
16,580
81,685
84,080
14,016
$83,555
890.390
884,565
461,815
858:480
66,671
17,878
87,804
ml
1900....
1901....
830
lao
1 400,000
1 603,000
15-6
188
6.036
8,805
Year.
1807..
1896..
1H99..
inoo..
1901..
Tin, Ingot
Tin Ore.
Zinc Ore. ,&^,
1,159
908
835
915
677
•£2'2ff
808,885
490,600
600,160
884,865
14
1
6
15
11
$8,800
175
1,450
4,500
8,820
80.303
80,564
50,677
80.5M
648
$118,440
144,7i«
846,035
280.030
80,885
$87,160 1
10,105
84,H50 !
86,780
10,145
(a) From the Annual Report of the Depart-
ment of Mines and Afnieulture, New South
Wales. (6) Manufactured from old (ron. (c) In
addition to the abOTo there is a small output of
diamonds, which amounted to 66^ earata
($156,065) for the ten vears preceding 1896. (d)
Includes carix>na'e and chlonde.
.IINBRAL IMPORTS OF NBW SOUTS WALES, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1^|5.)
Brass.
(Yellow
Metal.)
Copper.
Yeftr.
Cement— Barrels.
Chrome Ore.
Coal.
Coka.
InMattaand
Reguhis.
1807....
1K98....
$69,890
108,860
148,045
104,500
800.360
184,881
183,851
847,303
177,076
830,365
$406,810
418,580
622,345
455,455
550,160
8,781
4,780
4,000
870
868
$40,840
^,770
63,380
4,125
5.450
1,755
666
8,453
8,743
6,140
$6,065
8,985
6,580
80,205
84.600
88,oro
516
4.30
$611,080
61,735
6,080
10,750
0,000
48
16.660
1899....
1900....
1901....
01
22
60
16,756
1,875
8,880
778
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Ooppoe— Continued.
Gold.
Iron and StoeL
76V.
InKOt.
Ore.
Rod. Sheet,
and Wire.
Ooiii.
Bullion
and Ores,
PlK.
Oro.
Manufacturea.
(c)
1897....
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901...,
6
8
48
85
4
$1,685
1,000
!1,560
12,400
1,670
1,401
1,018
9,809
7,076
3,677
$98,440
40,845
846,500
866,470
164,880
.Sin??
$5,749,086
18,888,960
8,510,800
7,812,835
6.328,900
9,779,870
18,908,555
15,857,096
18.878.410
16,866 $860,470
18,081 180^
9,158 166305
18,880 883,190
9,6H9 186,040
1,898
8,688
4^806
6,850
4,858
IS
14,615
80,545
8,880
71,489
65,140
$957
86,888
96,816
tS,9O4,10S
8;»>8I
6,804,515
6,808,865
5,704,890
Lead.
Petroleum,
I ocaaBiuTn
t\t%trt
Year.
Pl«.
Pipe, Sheet
and Old.
Nickel Ore.
Refined.
LiUrB.
balra.
Nitrate.
Fladcm,
1897....
1896....
1899....
1900....
1901....
5,881
8,879
1,968
5,787
8,781
186380
185,580
444,660
165,190
806
49
75
8^
67
$80,835
8,685
6.145
3,705
6,885
808
788
(b)
508
(6)
$5,000
7,575
' 10,866
11,087,891
13,728,963
17.835,661
16,897,92S
80,M4,110
$498,275
66:},6n0
883,255
907,000
138,383
176
IHl
114
122
186
$18,455 470
17,1701 460
11,115- 896
13,565 228
1%795 290
$12,255
17.005
17,010
10,425
12.525
Salt
SUver.
Slate.
Tear.
Rock.
Brine.
Bag*.
Coin.
Ingot^Kg.
In Matte-Kff.
OrB.
Rooflng—JlTttinber
1897....
1898 .
4,654
8,647
7,987
8,662
5,758
$84,110
691880
46,480
83,120
85,990
96,722!$261,880
30,991 817,115
84,587 281,740
28,305 210,790
29,782. 281,160
$181,680
286,010
354,185
810,480
494.600
888
267
299
842
87
$5,060
4.980
5,975
6,955
1,645
1,988
$88,600
1,288
964
8,070
1.H80
1,648
$88,680
87,025
95,045
83,445
121.670
1,906,475
8,885,687
8,850,960
8.068,790
$78,990
90,840
'&£
77,815
1899....
1900....
1901....
1,045
132
438
18,715
8,870
8,FU()
Slate— Cont'd.
Sodium Salts.
Stone,
Year.
Slabs.
Number.
Bicarbonate.
Carbonate.
(Crude.)
Carbonate.
(Crystals.)
Hydrate.
(Caustic.)
"^se^
1897....
1806....
\899....
1900....
1901....
8,606
8,482
5,807
10,176
8,258
$8,676
12430
13,135
80,890
0,565
788
053
1,200
079
845
$81,895
86,495
89,060
82,475
87,165
1,458
1,468
1,716
1,841
1.957
$60,583
88,905
42,585
89,755
65.885
495
468
566
185
116
r,940
13,440
19,875
5,180
8.800
1,213
1.241
1,209
1,492
1,426
$66,900
68,285
61,680
81,785
88.065
$87,066
80,885
81,086
46,880
41,986
Year.
1897....
1898....
1809....
1900....
1901....
Sulphur.
8,887
1,845
1,575
8,808
869
$88,966
86,960
88,575
56,610
84,910
Tin.
Ingot.
808
478
681
899
166
$805,185
161,245
896,096
195,805
100,415
Ore.
068
654
741
876
$104,510
92,665
862,455
854,710
897,816
Plates.
$800,860
873,060
868,085
648,940
498,780
Zinc.
Slabs.
1,841
1380
724
1,064
1,175
$188,815
188,885
90,780
188,885
111,445
Sheet and Maou*
foctures.
661
877
885
514
414
$68,010
48,905
85,006
78,000
58,985
(a) From the New South Waie* Statistical RegUter. (6) Not stated in the reports, (c) In addition there
were importa of manufactures for which no weights are stated; in 1807, $68,496; 1896, $186,640; 1809, $86,090;
in 1900, maOB; and m 1901, $79,060.
MINERAL BXF0RT8 OF NEW SOUTH WALES, (a) (e) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOUJkRS; £1 -« $5. )
Antimony.
Cement.
BarreU.
Year.
Ore.
Auriferous.
Metal
Ore.
Chrome Ore.
Coal.
Ck>baltOre.
1897..
1806..
1899..
1900..
1901..
814
858
88
$2,510
8.150
11,880
18,680
5,725
81
13
18
(c)
(c)
$1,600
796
1,660
108
18
1
1
8
1,570
80
175
405
d8'8
81-5
15-8
7-3
151
$4,150
23,775
16,775
9;785
18,140
163TO
16,801
12,297
9,987
4,742
$89,185
45,420
86,030
28,880
18,485
6,959
6,924
9,795
8,618
2,907
$101,820
122,776
167,980
63,685
45,770
2,789,769
2,836,465
2,843,810
3,424,306
3,526,521
$4,780,870
4,813,340
5,028,970
6,365.170
8,409,120
78
18C
847
148
118
»,500
4,450
11,095
8,000
6355
Copper.
Gold.
Year.
Coke.
Ingot
In Matte.
Ore.
Rod,
Sheet,
Wire.
$5,770
12,050
21,245
13,fW5
13,615
Ore.
Coin.
1807....
1808....
1809....
1000....
1901....
82,221
81,284
48,706
75,5W
79.8H"
—
$135,225
125,330
181,080
y02.'755
2't8.ftn5
4,126
5,285
5,532
6,771
6.275
$064,880
1 2^.715
l.aH6,700
2,341.085
2,070.810
2,778
460
i,in.s
020
477
$540,440
114.765
807,600
129.105
124,7.5
IRO
181
4H2
867
«56
$4,255
4.105
17,710
a5,470
26.265
282.040
227,410
13,070
10,705
16,075
$21,783335
32,645,800
17,446,430
26.940^110
80.317.000
AUSTRALASIA.
779
Tear.
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900. . .
1901....
Gold— Con/inued.
BiiUkm-K«r.
8,295
8,826
7,909
8,980
2,115
$8,048,600
2,082,0!2S
4,614,656
2,808,890
1,272.620
Iron and Steel.
Pig Iron.
,2U4
835
279
822,495
81,060
12,785
22,125
Manufac-
tures, (b)
19,515
15,454
16,550
18,209
$1,297,820 2,100
6,65014,045
l,0sn,015
1,178,005
M16,415
1,149,980
Pig.
8,867
4,865
7,868
1,090
$119,805 1,
191,210
Pipe and
Sheet.
,048
707
888,285 1,839 125,160
114,66011,858 107,080
$77,725
57,945
878,415 1,420 186,685 18,277
Argentiferous.
18,895
10,871
20,582
17,192
$8,227,885
1,005,080
2,028,040
1,794,880
1,561,710
Nickel Ore.
206
785
n
(c)
$4,900
9,800
840
Potassium
Salt.
Bllw.
Sodium Salts.
Year.
Salts.
Nitrate.
Rock.
Brine— Bay*.
Coin.
InMatte-Kg.
Ore.
Bicart)qnat«.
1897....
1808....
1899....
1900....
1901....
6
42
87
20
28
8,100
880
438
815
808
166
^25
8,085
8,620
3,600
1,705
4,758
6,100
5,491
£904
1,286
$68,880
^445
00,985
80,606
14,870
$99,645
149,800
812,475
808,690
188,640
2,454
£704
17,688
87,887
17,827
188,666
818,666
619,600
814^480
896,067
28^880
488,615
406,560
S5.206Jffi6
7,901,180
10,816,160
7,468,285
61
184
106
117
78
5,580
8,915
4,216
2,780
Sodium Salts-Omff fined.
Stone.
flnl
Tin.
Year.
Carbonate.
(Crude.)
Hydrate.
(Caustic.)
Sulphur.
a3Jl"
Ingot
Ore.
PUte.
1897....
1898....
1809....
1900....
1901....
117
285
189
217
63
$4,010
9,596
4,145
8^640
8,895
90
188
807
191
898
6^580
12,725
li;490
18,496
$8JM5
8S06
6,096
7,040
6,665
88
88
108
99
80
$14K)0
^,505
4,175
4,216
8,415
62
84
48
68
21
$%495 1,887
1,890 1,881
8.460 1,876
8,760 1,777
1,770 1,889
$666,845
1,108,785
1,159,085
774,280
14S
1
7
16
21
175
8,226
4,600
6,220
$78,206
56,040
141,560
122,770
97,145
(a) FVom the New South Wale* Statistical Reaitter, <6) Values including those of manufactures for
which no quantity is stated, as follows: In 1807. $9,125; 1898. $14,445; 1899, $18,150; in 1000, $9,810; and in
1901, $6,880. ic) Not stated in the reports, (d) Probably bismuth metal, (e) There was also exported from
N. S. wTin 1897, iron oxide: 246 metric tons, $8,830, and iron ore, 6 metric tons, $86l
MINBRAL FRODncnON OF NBW ZEALAND, (a) (b)
(IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1 — 15.)
Year.
Antimony
Ore.
CoaL
Coke.
Qold-Kg.
Manganese
1897.-
10
Nil,
Nil.
$785
854,164
921,546
990,838
1,111,860
1.247,280
$8je50,676
2,878,656
8^4£;085
2,943.890
8,880,870
14
9
18
Nil.
NU.
• *$45'
7397
8,714
12,117
11,775
14,168
$4,901,020
6,403,445
7,565,866
7,198,010
8.768,915
188
220
187
166
208
$2,706
109S
3,515
1899
2,035
1900
505
680
2,940
1901
8,070
MINERAL TKODtcriois^CojUinued.
MINERAL IMPORTS, (c) (IN METRIC TONS; £1— $0. )
Year.
Mixed Ores.
SUY«r-Kg.
CoaL
MachlnefF.
Railway
Materials.
Tools and
Imple-
ments.
1897
1,586
1.857
1830
707
$29,460
15;960
82,045
68,756
88,875
5,716
0,140
10,866
10,208
17,788
$104,860
165,515
804,190
194,896
118,681
117,274
101,250
126,050
152,160
$490,096
686,115
464,075
602,030
766,670
$8,00^965
8,340,316
8,267,075
8,086,880
8.844,060
400,086
686.820
1,007,960
8,814.875
$450,905
1808
665,755
1899
465,100
1900
645,885
701,015
1901
(a) From New Zealand MineM Statemente, by the Hon. A. J. Cadman, Minister of Mines, Wellington. (6) The
experts are stated to be identical with the production, except in the esse of coal, of which substance the exporu
were as follows: In 1897, 77,280 tons, value, $347,975; in 1808, 67.888 tons Talue, $861,905 ; in 1890, 00.018 tons,
▼alue, $415,425; in 1000, 116,216 tons, value, $497,870. (c) From Britiah StatiUieal Abetraete.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF qUBBNSLAND. (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1*$5.)
Year.
Antimony
Ore.
Bismuth
Ore.
CoaL
^?r
Gems.
Oold-Kg.
Lead.
"•SIT"
1898
%]
8
$8,500
414,461 $752,465! 68
•*iS2
(C)
88,616
$13,751,745
252
$12,400
68
$1,256
1899
.■*...
8
2,470 501,913
878,575! 164
*'«S^
(fit
20,451
14.190,595
57
8,660
747
14.155
1900
41
$1,000
8
9,825| 605,25;:
868,525 886
116,20
S0,*OOO
30,099
14,858,545
207
16,785
77
1.025
1901
(c)
80
18,420 548.104
615 !S00.555
040,88^ 8.110
071,18C
18,610
12,709.460
570
84,965
221
8,975
1908
(c)
1
861,430 8,846
046.000
26,000
19,920 13,608,195
271
13,580
4,674
84.945
780
THB MINBRAL mDUBTBT.
Year.
OpaL
SUverOra.
SDVBT-Kg.
Stooe.
Building. (6)
Tin On.
Tungsten Oi^
1896
1699
$88,826
87,600
87^
8^000
8
6
4
18
(c)
$68,985
78,855
68,560
811,806
8^614
17,777
8I3I8
76,866
63JI60
811,805
860,786
i6^r^
158,484
(c)
(c)
$
iib'iio
107,686
8,118
$182,610
870,806
660,866
78
888
196
78
66
$18,7tX)
88,085
6,796
6^885
1900
1901
iQoe
MINBRAL IMPORTS OF qUBBNSLAND. ((2) (IN METRIC T0N8 AND DOLLARS; £1 *
••5.)
Year.
Oeicent and Plaster of
Paris— £arre2«.
CoaL
Ook».
Glass and
Qlassware.
Gold BulUoo-Kg.
1897
66,280
66.441
86,966
70,217
44,007
$169,875
143,425
883,785
188.595
118,515
21.624
834M1
86,868
81,692
86,155
$98,870
TKl25
185,896
160.815
190,680
81
199
5,867
$506
iSo
""iiii'
84,865
$106,060
817,016
164,896
895,470
951,686
176-9
198-0
806-4
61-0
85*8
891,480
116,825
118,960
49,046
47,110
]898
1M»
igoo
IWl
Oold Specie.
Iron and BteeL
•%^M«
Qped*.
Year.
Ralls, Track
Biaterlal.
AU Other.
Petroleiim— Gattoiu.
Kg.
1887
l,So;600
618,000
1,660,825
1,094,000
$181,950
>!o;6oo
886,860
1,819,815
646,475
$1,586,605
1.761.220
8,660,860
8,468,850
1,961,785
1,869,178
1,928,811
1,867.755
1,584,217
1,964,921
$278,070
^,965
867;485
847.410
419325
Ill
86-8
8-6
88
9-4
876
175
95
840
$118,146
54,840
168,666
141.886
48,780
1898
1899
1900
1901
MINBRAL EXPORTS OP qUBBNSLAND. (a) (IN MBTRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1— i|5.)
Year.
Antimony
Btamuth
Copper.
fU
^\A «P.
Ore.
Ore.
Ore.
Ingot.
Matte. Regulus.
Ooku v/rc.
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
85
9
15
11
20
$2,500
800
2,110
1,575
1.000
80
6
8
5
87
$4>,160
1,710
1,766
5,185
18,200
841
1.970
2,028
2.268
r6,425
28,845
54,080
176,150
250,050
196
(c)
$84,615
"i'.oro
' 14.640
160
5
104
57
3.081
4,486
$21,925 148
1,825 2
28,406 187
14,846 77
642,005 82
761,000 1
$85,075
1,980
84,660
88,000
1,450
900
95,298
99.890
31.656
29,807
26,607
27,546
$12,848,510
14,278.905
14,574.960
14,000,865
12.724.800
18,681,800
518
$19,835
76,780
47,456
97,110
187,810
97.480
Year.
1897...
1898...
1809...
1900...
1901...
1902...
Pre.
eious
Stones
$8,700
7,785
11.950
660
1.765
2,746
SUver.
^^_ Sflirer-Lead Dor4 Bull-
^J^' Bullion. ion.— Kg.
960
207
382
61
606
81
$85,080
88,870
54.686
9,260
48,255
6.680
aoi
15
$87,850
875
8,060
8,160
8,195
1,823
1,961
1,980
1.047
1,488
2,078
$810,565
206,065
178,945
159.780
207.805
489,045
Tin Ore.
I
636|$1]5,750 iSl
5351 103.455 "
7t)9i 221,615
696
808 267,275
774 258.115
150
.358
209:075 288
485
677
Tin.
$675
65,900
196,180
190,715
808.880
899,875
Tung-
sten
Ore-
col.......
21 $190
sn 1181.000
, 60.786
76' a760
125! 19.886
,715 288
(«)
StvercU
From Annual Reports of the Under Secretary of Minee^ Queensland, when not otherwise stated. (6)
Mineral StatisticM of the United Kingdom, re) Not reported, (d) From Statietieal Al>§tracte for the
li Colonial and other Foaeeenons of the United Kingdom.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF BOUTH AUSTRALIA. (O) (iN MBTRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £l«-$5. )
Year
1897.
1R96.
1899.
1900.
1901.
Goal
378,496
420.001
444,580
508,769
488,611
$1 012.140 75,90r
1.121,795
1.223J»5
1.580,605
1,425,290
Ooka
82,796
54,166
72,847
64,854
$4(12.620
428.705
318.145
458,675
Oold and
SiWer
Bullion
and
Specie.
$78,840
47,686
963,920
48t,120
696,278
Iron.
Bar, Sheet.
Hoop, and
Rod.
6.605
10,076
6,088
6,786
5,471
9299.970
287.500
216.605
270,706
821,680
Qalranlxed,
Plain, and
Corrugated.
6,488
6,627
6,863
7,655
6.677
$454,750
501.245
528,475
782.160
460,080
Silver-Lead.
Metal.
17,^
8,465
806
(c)
(c)
081,885 415,861
69,760 480,104
Ore.
$8,989,810 801,990|fS.821.196
8^.496
ll.499.On5
7,7586 0
871.688
841,774
(a) From Britith Statietical Abgfracta. (c) Not reported.
AtnSTRALASIA. 781
MINgRAL EXPORTS OF SOUTH ADSTUALIA. ((») (IN MBTRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1»^
Year.
Coal.
Copper.
Copper Ore.
QoldBuUiou— Kg.
Lead.
Lead.
ArsentiCeroutt.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
39,480
89.899
47,568
78,945
44,458
$181,810
184 680
154,440
860,515
14^6^5
4,784
64,857
b5,587
64.898
66,817
$1,198,835
1,887,080
8,084,850
];861,850
8,848,985
554
545
8,356
8,400
1,899
$a,8oo
10,960
160,100
112,680
115,065
5665
598-8
501-5
538-5
881-4
$345,670
873,450
815,966
840,980
888,776
81,888 $1,099,000 16,474
884B0 1,808,660 87,106
8^689 84)08,680 81,898
41,900 8,871,880 18,678
41,880 8,488,960 18,185
$8,548,615
8,944,686
8^885
1,870,603
lJM4,60a
Tear.
Lead Ore.
ArgentiferouB.
•""o?r"
Ifatte.
Mica.
Salt
Slate, Booflng.
1897
1808.
1899
1900
1901
180,870
189,567
188,916
168,015
157,889
$5,394,000
4,779,410
5,869,880
6.854,906
6,088,060
108
s^ow'
8,894
867
1,898
$848,885
188,800
174,110
40,666
$5,600
500
(0
(c)
(c)
(189.374
81,471
86,688
33,976
41,681
$18366
8,510
Tear.
Tin Ore.
Zinc.
Various
Ores.
(a) From the Mineral StatUtiet of the United
Kinadom, except the figures for 1897, which are from
BHtith Statistical AMroeU. (6) IncludesyeUow
metal, (c) Not reported, rd) Exported in 1897, rock
salt, 8 metric tons (830). (e) No Un ore exported in
1807; but tin, block and sheet, 8 metric tons ($885).
(/) Slates, wrought and un wrought.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
''I
1
**V,985*
11
18
87
$590
l!890
8,815
' i;656'
68
"•SI
$8,095
516,785
88,010
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF TASMANIA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1— 15.)
Tear.
1897.
1808,
1899.
1900.
1901,
Coal.
48,810
49,908
48,808
51,549
49,968
$84,640
97,871
86,040
108,650
99,815
CoppOT
Ore.
118,881
(6;
c60j
d 4,881
dll,401
$1,618,850
8,798,860
817,945
668,060
Oold-Kg.
$1,446,806
1,407,495
8,618| 1,687,786
8,5«^ 1,581,100
el8,161 1,475,880
Iron Ore.
999
ije96
6,786
5,141
1,488
$870
1,910
16,400
85,800
^,000
LMd-SIlT«r
Ore.
17,806
196,707
484,568
458,579
804,468
88i;066
1,708
46,884
8,168,680 71,747
-"^-^47,071
86,645
7,917,(
8,068,186
.000 47,
Stone.
Limestone.
2Vnu
Total
Value.
$6,800
a,196
8092,699
^846
89,860
Stone.— Conftnued.
Tin Ore.
Tear.
Freestone, Flagstones
and Building Stones.
Bttbbto or Metal.
QuanUty.
Value.
Ou6ic
Feet.
Total
Value.
Ou6fc
J^ef.
TonM.
Total
Value.
AUuTiaL
Lode.
Total.
AUuTial.
fA)de.
TbtaL
1897
1808
88,197
19,560
14,400
61,609
87,579
$5,806
4.095
8,079
66,010
10,910
96Ji08
605,858
13,874
70,701
18,060
4,891
944,781
$11,010
89,886
18,151
19,915
389,515
8,881
8,868
3,833
8,498
81889
1
"801*
887
3,888
8,888
3,388
8,698
8,616
$545,545
578,810
1,854,890
814,085
686,410
$»
'i»',975'
91,886
$546,680
578,810
1899
1900
1901
18^
840,887
1,364,880
884,010
787,645
(o) From Statistics of the OoUmv of Taemania, Part V., Production. There was also mined in j898, 6 1 ina
of nickel ore, valued at $8,000. (6) Included with silver-lead ore. (c) In addition there were produced 8,496
tons of copper bullion, valued at 88,849,800. (d) In addition there were produced in 1900, 9,843 tons of copper
blister, valued at $4,190,855; in 1901, 10,141 tons of copper blister, valued at $8,906,875. (e) Fine gold.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF TASMANIA, (o)
[IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS;
£l-$6.)
Tear.
Cement
and
Whiting.
Coal and Coke, and
1 Lead.
Glass,
Sheet,
Crown,
and
Plate.
Glassware
Including
Earthen-
ware.
Gold
Specie.
Iron.
RaUway
.Material
Iron and
Tin
Plate.
Jewelry
and
Plate.
SUver
Specie
and
Bullion
1897....
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1,607
8.46ft
1,708
3,088
8,688
$16,805
81,986
81,848
48,785
89,860
41,436
47,871
76,708
87,878
67,189
$106,475; $4,950
115,2ri 10,740
818,665 17,700
858,140 28,000
818,5101 81,850
$15,796
18,078
17,085
87.966
17,745
$84,845
rajoao
100,886
189,740
186,830
$850,000
10;045
96,000
180,000
60,000
818,504
848,180
196,610
$254,500
280,868
898,454
518,C95
98,565
$44,740
50,175
54,704
68,580
61,585
48,115
78,265
89,750
(a) From Statistics of the Colony of Tasmania. (6) Not reported.
782
TJIK MINERAL INDUSTRY,
MINEUAI. EXI»0UT8 OF TASMANIA. («) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1— $5.)
Yjor
(
1897...
(6)
1808...
4
1800...
0
1900...
(6)
1901. .
(6)
Bismuth
Ore.
CV>ftl and
Ciike.
I
'2,271
$550|2,606
4,500 12,740
2.782
I 20
8,006
3,860
6,005
5,160
85
Copper Ore.
407
1,755
4,289
10,189
$4,500
80,66U
119,126
817,045
740,680
Copper.
Blister.
QlasHware,
Including
Earthen-
4,585
5,008
8,476
9,848
9,886
$l,88^585
1,861,105
8,090,875
4,190,866
4,898,160
Ore.
$960
(6)
(6)
(6)
860
481 0
1,074-9
647-6
80*5
898-9
$19,070
18,066
28,606
1,600
86,845
Oold.
Bullion— Kg. Coin.
1,889
1,581
1,647
1,729
1,72r
11,181,440
984,826
1,006,175
1022,;^
1,080,880
(6)
25,01 0
(6)
(6)
Tear.
Iron.
Rails.
100
Iron Oxide.
(6)
80
6
(6)
1
$110
80
60
Lead.
10-8
6-6
6-6
1786
890
416
815
Silver.
Ore.
19,888
14,168
18,616
18,887
15,984
$1,084,466
888,090
818,000
860,8!»
944,645
BulUon.
(6)
(6)
1,453
8,887
4,164
$888,856
80i«,570
Tin.
Ore.
$2,900
8^.5
18.120
8,19.-)
18.290
r49,070
706,610
1,891,615
1,849,166
1,062,710
Zinc
48
$1,890
0
866
8
680
27
1,685
8
60
(o) From SttUiMtie* of the CoUmy of Tannania. Additional
exports in 1807: Jewelry and plate. $6i,106; silver coin, $12,875: un-
classifled ore, 80 metric tons, $1,450; mineral sapd, U metric too,
$5; copper metal, 1^ tons, $40; iron ore, 904 toos, $4,015; man-
ganese ore, 8 toniL $80; mineral oxide, 5 tons, $46; in 1898:
Jewelry and plate, $8,805; Iron ore, 1^785 tons, $8,540; in 1899: As-
bestic, 808 tons, $1,815; tin plates, $8,160; iron ore, 8,686 tons,
$17,866, in 1901, asbestic, 47 tons, $826; iron ore, 688 tons, $8,686,
(b) Not stated in tlie reports.
MINBBAL PRODUCTION OP VICTORIA, (a) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1—|5.)
Ugnite.
Tear.
Antimony
Ore,
OoaL
1807..
1866..
1899..
1900..
1901..
5
118
'd)
(d)
id)
$100
8,550
240,067
246,845
866,578
816,062
818,978
Iiill 1
Ck>pperOre
4.994
2,915
(d)
(d)
158
$0,886
8,885
186
Qold-Kg. (6)
Lead Ore.
Argentif.
86,880
86,041
86,578
85.281
84,556
$16,865,880
16,745,140
17,090,000
16,148,440
16,518,765
$1,800
Slate and
Flagging.
(#185,000
100,000
175,000
885,000
Tin Ore.
48 18,850
87 ,19.565
168 156,000
71 1-25.106
78 80,006
MINBRAL IMPORTS OP VICTORIA, (e) |
MINERAL EXPORTS OP VICTORIA, (c)
Coal.
Iron and Steel.
OoaL
Coke and
Charcoal.
Gold.
SllvCTr.
(Specie)
Year.
Bullion.
Specie.
1897..
1866..
1899..
1900..
1901..
586,818
671,886
541,199
701,616
728,868
$1,148,886
1,888,440
1,880,085
8.018,616
8,880,890
66,888
888
411
445
78,929
11,814
$1,980
1,775
1,096
186,586
48,886
1,818
667
480
879
805
lllli
$909.0te
1,855,840
988,210
488,000
481,486
$81,892,585
2K,258,685
80,881,110
80.887,806
81,011,605
$11,605
188,800
144.500
114.875
80,500
(a) From^nnuoi Reports of the Secretary for Mines of the Colony; additional products in 1887: Bricks,
estimated value, $11,850; pottery, estimated value. $8,900; in 1896; Brick, $18,500; potterv, $10,000: infusorial
earth, 148 tons, $1,4Q0; in 1809: Infusorial earth, $1,850; brick, $15,000; pottery, $18,600; buUding brick, $100,000;
in 1901; infusorial earth, 805 metric tons, $7,500. (6) The values are not separately stated in toe report, and are
estimated at $80 per oz.=$648-02 per kg. (c) From British Statistical Abstrttcts. (d) Not stated in the reports.
(6) Represents estimated value of buUding stones, basalt, sandstone, granite, slate, flagging, etc.
MINBRAL PRODDCTfON OF WESTERN AURTRALIA. (fl) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLT^ARS; £1— f 5. )
Year.
CoaL
Copper Ore.
Gold.-Kg.
Iron Ore.
1896
880
65,806
120,805
119,721
148,188
$20,500
129,765
874,175
848.806
480.94C
6,868
8,018
6:888
10.819
8,896
$179,090
218,866
876 880
40,450
88,968
44,641
48,184
51,914
66,586
$19,792,625
80,414,495
88,764,425
86,448,»I0
88.639,660
1899
1*8^068
18,448
80,866
4,877
$44,096
1900
46.890
1901
66,880
1908
l6i806
Year.
Lead Ore.
Limestone.
Precious Stones.
Silver
-Kg.
Tin Ore.
1896
15
84
878
(cysn
(c)88
84
840
886
740
680
$1,16B
186,860
888,610
1899
760
1,886
17.875
16,188
18,501
6,161
$14,190
17,970
81.740
6,700
IHOO
{8
(fr)
$180
6,000
180
894
1,888
$17,970
88,045
1901
800.000
19Q8
196,915
1
(a) From the Report of the Department of Mines of Western AuttrtUia, and the Blue Books for Western
Australia, (b) Weight not stated, (c) Sliver-lead ore.
AUSTRALASIA,
783
ICINERAL IMPORTS OV WBBTBRN AUSTRALIA, (a) (IN MSrRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1— $5.)
BnM-
ware.
Cement.
No. of Barrela.
Clay.
Coke and
Copper.
Year.
Voi.f'kAn
Tilea.
Coal.
Patent Fuel.
No.o/Sack9,
Bricka
and
Chlnaware.
Ingot.
1897
1808
1890
1900
1901
$88,966
88,886
18,890
16,185
18,080
47,467
58,077
40,741
88,586
81,061
$81,805
96,890
90,880
71,985
84,185
-!5
$101,880
66.806
68,446
86,566
107,660
$16,866
10,080
4,640
9,115
1,785
189,809
184,815
189.518
160,488
818,160
$474,090
^1,880
476,790
558,496
798,855
^5W
d 1,466
d 9,141
d 14,878
$10,886
5,840
9,840
76,805
187,710
$1,095
8,110
8,805
1,800
6,670
Year.
1807
1896
1899
1900
1901
CfonHnued.
Rod. Sheet,
and Wire.
$18,806
18,095
15,516
88,455
94.690
V
Olaas
and
phate.
Olaasware
$696
$187,815
885
86,740
^
105,890
85,885
4,110
145,450
Qold
Gold Coin.
and
BUver
Leaf.
$925,000
$8,505
675,000
4,965
85.000
1,906
(c)
8,445
(c)
(c)
PiK.
958
1,431
1,879
8,565
Cc)
Iron.
$14,095
80,690
85,845
47,960
Qalvanized.
(Comiicated
Sheet.)
11,689
8,097
4,280
9,455
7,189
$807,085
685,575
841,770
745.570
557,606
Other
Manufao-
turosL
$661,680
681,145
649.785
898,885
567,800
Year.
Iron and
Steel
Wire.
steel.
Lead-Sheet,
Pig and Pipe.
Parafflne
Wax.
Petroleum and
Turpentine.
No.ofUaUoM.
Plaster of
Paris.
Quicksilver.
Xo. of Flasks.
1897
1898
1809
1900
1901
$80,840
64,195
1,007,885
1,588,000
1,809,780
587
409
146
1,646
(c)
$87,116
87,845
8,480
81,060
844,140
$8,750
8,510
9,096
9,555
14,815
1,058,028
1,165,875
1,941,150
1,501,664
8,481,491
$168,786
195,685
191,180
948,990
461,890
496
946
68
86
167
$6,896
970
570
1,756
688
691
li
$89,706
25,960
87,900
88.096
81,675
Salt.
Silver
Coin.
Sodium Salts.
Stone.
Year.
Rock.
NoofSackM
Other
Kinds.
Carbonate.
(Crystals.)
Hy.
drate.
Other Salts
inc. Potash.
Grindstones.
Number.
Marble and
othfr kinds
1807
1896
1899
1900
1901
(c)
389
(c)
(c>
(c)
975
906
850
185
1,911
1,846
1,567
1,506
1,794
$11,568
18,665
14,990
15,966
15,916
$108,000
i;060
5
17,890
198,960
148
187
1
S9,780
9,800
"*695*
$8,955
5,510
(c)
(c)
11,755
$4,940
6,505
(c)
14,100
(c)
1,9U6
(c)
ic)
(c)
$9,446
1,140
1.065
rro
1,790
$90,190
10.190
18,950
11.980
17,180
Year.
Sulphur.
No. of C(uk$.
1897
^
$600
1808
970
1899
(c)
1,906
1900
(c)
8,940
1901
(c)
970
Tin.
Ingot.
$8,860
6,490
18,985
18,165
9,885
Block, Foil,
Plate, and
Wares.
$84,885
19,150
tf4,900
88,410
91,800
Whiting.
Zinc,
Sheet
atd
Ingot.
•1;S
1,580
1,756
1,415
$7,565
7,710
16,580
8,860
19,570
(a) From the Blue Bookafor West-
em Augtralia. (c) Not stated In the
reports, (tf) Metric tons; (e) Foil and
plate only.
MINERAL BXFORTB OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA, (tt) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1— $5.)
n*
Gold.
Iron
and
Steel.
Lead
Ore.
Mica.
Year.
Coal.-
^rT
Bullion- Kg.
Coin.
Tin Ore.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
98,766
96,840
45,888
79,706
191,987
$199,010
149,185
226,415
417,105
889,440
86
861
8,088
890
8,703
807,860
82,800
874.515
80,994
88,688
44,619
81,096
81,697
$19.894 886
19,958,490
97,856,840
18,996,680
19,617,866
$3,180,400
75,000
806,460
8.758.816
14.089.906
4,166
41.000
88,790
88.970
18,070
(6)
16
27
(6)
$90
165
480
1.910
950
15
(6)
96
60
813
478
515
$16,870
1«,805
115,816
190.806
107,475
(a) From the Blue BookB for Western Australia, (b) Not stated in the reports.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
The latest official statistics of the mineral production, imports, and exports
of Austria-Hungaiy are summarized in the following tables:
MINERAL PRODUCTION OP AUSTRIA.
[a) (IN METRIC
TONS AND
DOLLARS ;
5 CR0WN8-41.)
Y«ar.
Alum.
Alum and Py-
ritous Shale.
Antimony.
Antimony
Ore.
AsphalUc
Rock.
Bismuth
Ore.
Coal.
1897
861
1,037
604
090
442
$B8,164
89,126
16,718
18,426
12,906
21,585 87.178
485
843
271
114
$45,898
46,694
88,698
14,844
10,438
664
679
410
801
126
$89,879
^867
15,844
7,065
7,557
800
648
8,685
887
541
-
$8,547
6,84^
15,184
9,608
7,748
1
Nil.
OS
40
160
$880
8,558
4,000
10,498,771
10,M7,Se2
11,455,189
10.998,545
11,788,840
$16,861,940
1896
28,914
19,879
8,004
2,651
8,547
6,711
3.606
8,916
iilSsioM
1899
1900
88,910,877
19,118,184
1901
81;98T;S1
Year.
Coal, Ugnite.
Copper.
Copperas.
Copper Ore.
sWte. '. Qold-Kg.
Gold Ore.
1807
1896
1899
1900
1901
80,458,098
81,068,361
81,751,794
81,589,917
22,478,510
$16,068,769
17,897,116
19,038,491
88,526,715
25.087,512
1,088
1.041
1,123
am
770
$845,874
251,1^
3U.S,417
307,693
254,347
125
360
475
474
472
$1,254
4,526
8,907
4,401
4,488
7,405
6,791
6,781
5,825
7,406
$111,757
101,399
96,601
95,699
119,241
876
209
235
234
256
$28,804: 67-6
18,864 171-5
80,895 75-7
85.899 70-9
86,787 46-6
$87,470
40,800
87,746
84.107
80,007
647 '$18,175
448 t 81,960
867 18,408
887 6,606
148 6,368
Year.
Graphite.
Iron Ore.
Iron, Pig.
Lead.
Lead Ore.
Litharge.
1897
1696
1899
1900
1901
88,604
88,062
81,819
83,668
29,992
$541,058
849,486
896.880
418,186
868,708
1,618,876
1,788,649
1,785,148
1,894,458
1968.846
$1,606,419
1,691,075
1,968,261
8,818,599
8,810,428
762,685
887,767
872,352
879,138
881,844
$10,650,493
11.806,845
18.342,568
14,194.844
13,374,008
9,680
10,340
9,786
10,650
10,161
$680,484
715,805
748,978
944,431
727,086
14,145
14,368
12,880
14,814
16688
$464,760
4ffi;i66
609,738
807.887
548,810
1,686
1,580
1,686
1,888
1,817
$106,888
118,880
117,182
116,687
109.088
Year.
1607,
1696.
1899
1900
1901
Mascranese
Ore.
6,012
6,132
5,411
8,804
7,796
$19,184
19.118
18,239
27,3^)0
25,466
Mineral
Paint.
3.663
3.213
2,055
2,828
1,701
$38,690
29,757
84,667
81,54'
26,743
Nickel and
Cobalt
Product8(fe)
87-6
38-1
81-2
80-5
(
Petroleum. ^Quicksilver
$10,022 275,204
10.809 1328,142
8,572 !3U9,590
6,834 ,347,213
2,99S 404,662
$2,350,677 532
3,284,776 491
Quicksilver Ore
3,185,541
4,222,715
4,602,118
$476,018
459,415
492,021
499,052
547,513
88,238
88,519
92,888
94,727
97,360
$335,624
820,480
854,940
871,728
898,706
Salt.
.»1,064 $10,284,57)6
841,959
848.069
830,877
888,888
10.607.799
10,184,700
0.957.173
9.686,881
Year.
8ilver-Kg.
Silver Ore.
Sulphuric
Acid.
Sulphur,
Crude Rock
Tin.
Tin Ore.
Tungsten
Ore.
1897
40,026
40,304
39.564
39,572
40,806
r80,965
754,022
761,978
781,519
781,045
20,628
20.886
21.554
i.l,ft41
21,363
$748,720
705,038
742.922
759,299
731,487
8,515
7,003
7,814
7,067
7,073
$80,422
63,769
63,045
48,970
45,458
630
496
5.")5
862
4,911
$1,935
1,661
1,526
2,256
12,107
48
48
41
40
49
$16,806 16 1 $969
18,&9 13 758
24,6:^9, 51 551
27,651 51 1.266
80,264 48il.nK
81
86
60
60
45
$7,099
1808
18,889
88.850
14,010
1899..:
1900
1901
10.749
1
A V8TRIA.HUNQAR 7.
?85
Year.
Uranium
Ope.
Uranium
Kalts.
Zinc.
Zinc Ore.
(a) From StatUtiaches Jahrbuch des K. K.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
44
51
49
52
48
$18,004
20 687
81,421
82,269
87,654
4-4
4-8
7-6
11-8
18-4
$17,009
15,881
27,818
48,484
60,346
6,286
7,309
7,199
6;742
7,558
$486,644
708;6»7
808,254
688,899
718,870
27,468
97,896
87,100
88,248
36,073
$212,056
819,716
542,788
456,062
847,151
Aekerbau Ministeriums; Der Bergwerksbe-
trieb Oesterreiche. Iron, common, caKt,
aeoond fusion. <b)Ia 1897 and 1896 the fig-
ures represent nickel speias, nickel sulphate
and cobalt sludge.
MINERAL AND METALLUROICAL PRODUCTION OF HUNGARY, (a) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
A lit
_.
Antimony.
Carbon
Bisulphide.
Coal.
Year.
Ore.
Ore. (6)
Crude and
Regulus.
Asphaltum.
Bismuth .
Briquettes.
1897..
1886..
1899..
1900..
1901..
<f60
NU.
$848
i'22f
2,201
1%
2,878
1,691
84,906
87,790
19,500
628
866
940
846
706
$68,360
109,681
139,509
128,070
82,916
8,067
8,196
3,060
9,900
2,878
Illll
4-7
81
80
20
1-6
8,906
489
771
1,190
1.860
8.087
$7,188
56,898
81,896
90,000
125,290
27,089
31,781
81,187
69,868
40,188
101,888
231,664
181,947
Cotd-CofUinued. \
sS^u^.
Year.
OoaL
Lignite.
Coke.
Copper.
Copperas.
1887
1,118,084
1^88^496
1,807,190
1,816,916
ill
fill
H118,129
6,888,197
6,888,260
10,976
218
188
165
181
160
$46,091
30,917
48,587
62,109
47,318
509
745
TH
700
805
$1,199
1,807
2,497
2,240
2.580
6-5
NU.
NU.
mi
Nil,
$«6
1898
$38,814
56;i74
48,707
1899
1900
1901
Year.
Gold-Kg.
Iron Ore.
Iron, Pig.
Lead.
Lead Ore.
1897
1806
1899
1900
1901
8,06800
9,76800
8,06900
8,270-19
8,294-80
2,042,160
2.152,915
2,160,809
1,421,130
1,666,887
1,.VS7,860
1,666,368
1,557,300
$1,580,967
1,838,124
1,999,002
2,009,602
1.699,680
402,508
448,621
451,647
482,817
480,686
$5,866,552
6,899,138
6,999,527
6,871,667
6,592.088
2,527
2,306
2,166
2,090
2,089
$149,.%2
187,817
150,402
107,829
115,0af7
625
771
628
619
668
$21,435
2^,026
90,086
96,960
18,060
Nickel and Cobalt
Year.
Litharge.
Manganeoo
Mikierui
Paints.
Ore.
Products.
Petroleum.
Pyrites.
1897
1898
155
188
218
201
888
$18,888
15^854
18,351
18,869
17.860
4,080
8,087
6,078
5,746
4,281
$4,710
8,776
6,786
6,479
6,080
460
247
894
870
806
507
2,390
518
32
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
NiL
$1,909
7-9
Nil.
Nil.
NU.
NU.
$957
2,299
M71
2;i26
2,199
8,296
$22,989
24,746
2i;822
22,378
88,067
41,454
58,079
79,619
87,000
98,907
$71,500
93,582
129,879
138,482
150,480
1899
1900
1901
Year.
QuicksilTer-Kg.
Salt.
Silver— Kg.
Sulphur.
Sulphuric Acid.
Zinc Ore.
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
700
6,800
27,000
81,800
38,800
5,562
22,025
26,466
884i98
171,711
178,551
182,598
189,868
184,088
$5,875,788
5,679,584
5,479,789
5,456,600
6,668,200
96,7900
18,799-0
21,0180
20,9090
22.686-0
$628,684
448.427
492,808
461,234
541,972
112
93
116
123
187
$8,317
2,888
3,654
8,818
8,847
3,397
1,818
1,463
1,371
1.464
$26,258
13,906
8,578
3.290
2,807
90
80
1,197
896
093
Nil.
$3,634
5,688
1,427
2,466
(a) YtomMagyarStatintikaiSfB^eionyv. (6) This doec not include the ore consumed in smelting the product
of antimony, (c) Not stated in the report, id) Represents reflned alum.
:8()
TEE MINER A L IND USTR Y.
MINERAL IMPORTS OP AUSTRIA-HDNOARY. .V- (IN' METRIC TONS AND DOLLAR:; )
Aluminum
Aluminum
Sulphate
and
Chloride.
Uquor.
Ammonium.
Antimoio •
lus.
Year.
Alum.
and
Alloys.
Chloride and
Sulphate.
Hydrate.
Ore.
^£
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
346
382
480
418
$12,463
12,018
11.988
15,476
14,800
67
101
180
154
152
$50,006
62,143
68,015
68,420
87,000
1,851
1,822
1,299
1.485
1,882
$87,089
29;i46
80,789
82.054
87,600
666
280
78
176
29:i
$£,710
i;i06
863
879
1,400
889
480
858
574
620
$48,480
^288
87,957
64,286
64,000
188
80
46
65
44
$B,«n7
4,150
8,587
8,488
8,800
8
12
10
46
27
$678
840
8,888
8,800
ooo
88,800
80,400
88,000
1,600
4,004
6,107
8;4B0
xflO
Arsenic,
ABbeetoa.
Aaphalt.
BaryC
eafln-
Year.
Arsenious Acid,
and Sulphide.
Crude.
ManufactureB.
Crude Rock.
Mastic and
Bitumen.
dudloflr itTd
Product).
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
860
887
884
819
861
$84,081
84,060
82,890
89,197
88,000
686
609
866
1,085
1,678
iilll 1
184
188
185
124
108
$48,774
^800
56,146
88,298
86,600
6,884
6,978
7,801
8.801
5,702
$88,894
40,681
69,471
77,416
68,400
1,800
1,117
1646
1,664
1,106
4,917
6,018
6,448
6,945
6,886
68,776
45,008
78,601
77,400
Borax.
Brass, Qerman Silver and Tombac.
Year.
Crude, and
Boric Acid.
Renned.
Crude, Old, and
Remnants.
Bars, Sheets,
Wire, etc.
Wares.
Cement.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1,806
784
8,812
8,066
1,686
$68,7«
44,871
126,507
172,996
91,000
68 1 $5,185
186 { 14,832
180 10,482
98 7.^78
288 16,200
2,660
8,2«
2,099
2,664
8,771
$489,062
680,147
651,7fl
658,681
871,000
152
182
168
54
104
$50,689
51,677
61,012
22.111
89,408
649
607
688
579
577
$668,980
785,884
764,010
758,960
749,800
82,479
80,745
81,410
86,747
88,669
$806,736
11>7,47»
129,0M
164,400
141,400
Clay Products.
Year.
Chloriae or
Lime.
Chrome Ore.
Kaolin and „
Feldspar. | Manufactures.
Potters' and
Other Clays.
Coal.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901......
1,880
2,851
3,749
3,326
8,826
$58,266
85,542
113,045
106,422
65,200
1,109
2,206
1,874
2,828
860
$22,188
89,701
85,990
59,287
18,000
6,913
7,991
8,152
6,K47
7,687
$75,876 186,297
88.160 ' 188,822
94,016 177,119
80,981 179,748
84,600 190,663
■
$1,238,800
1,280,400
1,110,000
1,116,400
1,119,400
28,986
31,906
80,799
80,418
86,448
$104 666
114,869
110,876
91,856
181.800
6,181,475
5,896,760
6,896,700
0,848^989
6,887,882
M0,568,8B7
18,584,817
14,078,800
19,068,680
18,084,800
Coal,
Copper.
Co
Year.
Lignite.
Coke.
Ore.
Crude and Old.
Bars, Sheets,
Wire, etc.
Sulphate.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
19,609
19,893
20,879
67,740
22,268
$48,088
42,446
46,850
168.172
68,800
583,463
806,783
564,005
620,776
612,209
$2,279,648
2.876,321
2,652,153
3,204,670
8,449,800
81 ( $4,588
64 ] 1,272
mi.
16 - 1,810
112 4,600
15,926
17,443
16,185
18,970
17,504
$8,981,080
4,706,185
5,969,925
7,108,185
6,895,600
94
159
156
120
88
$80,981'
55,148
71,048
54,908
85,600
6,882
6,871
8,845
8JS16
8,888
$577,900
458,896
874,888
404,661
894,400
andjfron
Sulphates.
Mixed.
Cryolite.
Fertilisers,
Mineral
Glass.
Year.
Copperas.
Fluorspar.
Crude and
Ground.
Remnants.
1897
189S
1899
1900
1901
153 1$5,512
93 3,35a
28 994
46 ! 1,602
... ' .. ..
401
466
408
348
269
$2,408
2.880
1.95M
1,715
1,200
211 1 $44,194
275 58,678
342 73.822
342 68,r>50
428 75,6rX) ,
7,583' $91,001
8.482' 101,784
8,1?J0| 64.964
5,757 46.2X)
6,772i 54,200
1
4,201
4,169
4.958
5,649
6.575
$41,344
41,809
41,947
48,615
68,2tK)
270
299
841
860
375
$48,152
47,840
64.600
57,632
60,000
4,661
6,860
8,674
6,618
6,504
$38,888
48,021
60.017
46,400
46,600
A USTBIA-EUNQABT.
787
/>#*«#.*•. ..^w
Qold.
Yew.
Manafactures.
BulHon-KK.
Coln-Kg.
Old and Dross.
Kg.
Graphite.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
8,788
4,008
4,081
8,584
4,885
Kill
88,668
487
719
1,858
28,800
$80,180,770
56,568
42^887
1,096,441
18,660,200
82,7Se
16,917
18,860
18.012
87,000
$17,806,698
8,781^,516
7,549,419
7,128.515
20,058,800
5,678
7,980
9,401
688
8,000
$83,120
11,800
6,8(W
8,880
14,600
948
1,109
815
808
818
$15,822
18,169
18,491
6,837
6,000
Oypsum.
Hydrochloric
Acid.
Iron.
Year.
Burned.
Crude.
Ore.
Pig and Old.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
12,101
18,800
18,441
15,462
15,880
111
960
991
1,886
1848
1,406
4,860
6,878
5,066
8,600
721
766
860
577
576
2,884
5,076
6.000
184,778
178,507
818,418
988,166
918,478
$719,866
686 008
878,189
999,889
978,400
164,488 $8,890,800
178,919 8.450,000
126,871 2,575.200
93,580 2,863.823
88,853 1,929,800
88,876
28,688
91,S(H
84,496
$4,688,400
4,W.aoo
4,434,400
4,568,000
4,686,400
Iron and Steel.
Lead.
Year.
Bars, Sheets,
Wire, etc.
Alloys, Crude.
Bars.
Litharge.
On.
Red and
Yellow.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
18,686
96,481
18,867
18,466
18,748
$696,000
1,008,800
604,600
669,400
688,600
5,887
9,746
8,886
7,916
10,788
J386,714
683.744
686,199
696,678
697,000
148
158
886
175
811
$11,840
18,806
80,645
18,568
94,000
884
860
984
141
169
$16,188
88,440
18,000
18,664
16,900
441
459
466
501
1,970
$14,194
16,988
90,447
80,080
80,400
648
566
466
864
488
$41,106
46;894
89,108
80,478
88,800
Lead.— Cbn.
*lm^
Hffaim
Year.
White.
Caldnedr
Chloride.
Manganese Ore.
Millstones.
Paints.
1897
Ill ! $9,692
115 ' 10 ism
(c)
(c)
(c)
^c)
991
1,580
9,(96
9,048
9,100
8,6«8
$98,968
81,448
88,665
88,586
88,800
8,018
5,896
5,856
7,016
6,867
$121,874
69.070
79,689
108,484
84,000
1,976
1,489
i;467
1,678
1,696
$71,894
81,620
98,604
89,400
4 568 *^^ '^
1698
4,979
5,106
4.958
5,109
68,912
71,088
67,566
97,400
1899
80
106
185
7,397
9,789
11,400
1900
1901
"$9;406**
Nickel.
Nickel and
Cobalt Orrn.
f\.
Daa
Year.
Crude and Old.
Sheet,
Wire, etc.
Nitric Acid.
(Potash.)
Ozokerite.
Peat Coke.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
>67
187
i19
868
877
$100,996
88,776
78,848
172,798
190,800
7
9
11
8
10
r,888
9,179
11,158
8.716
10,000
66
510
196
406
788
66,867
26,110
56,896
126,200
98
88
89
86
«
$1,971
1,960
9,181
9,006
1,900
388
800
586
1,099
1,441
$85,104
19;790
87,100
84,898
100,800
8-4
9*5
0-5
0-9
60
$888
&W
70
86
800
2.189
1,511
8,075
9,664
9,896
$6,899
4,419
6,000
7,991
9,800
Year.
Petroleum.
Phosphorus and
Phosphoric
Acid.
Potaasfaim Salts.
p«
Crude.
Refined.
Chtoride.
Chromate.
jryiivoo.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
70,578
58,580
75,886
80.812
22,545
$908,515
795,^8
1,181,906
178,787
189,400
21,249
22,299
21,828
22,962
18,067
$598,782
664,881
707,600
860,788
589,000
809
809
281
904
981
§89,854
97,964
108,569
96366
69,900
9,906
9,868
8^
8,688
4,866
$79,888
81,881
888,478
810,787
868,600
84
8
1
11
91
$5,814
408
154
1,660
8,400
49,468
68,888
54,844
60,817
54,808
$237,417
809,198
886.187
887,776
808,600
Qulcksflver.
1
Silica, Quarto
and Sand.
Silver.
Year.
Salt.
BuUion-Kg.
Old and
Dro«— Kg.
' Coin-Kg.
1897
1898
189«
1900
1901
1,000
6,800
8,600
1,800
8,600
$773
6,090
8,423
1,866
8,860
46,-067
4i,6n)
87,888
89,822
89,685
$184,880
167,580
151,583
159,968
166,600
61,689
70,296
71,279
87,960
68,401
$196,168
919.900
989,000
806,714
466,900
99,900
15,400
98,980
99,300
41300
$1,814,184
874,181
587.886
560,661
786,600
1.000
8,000
600
8,700
1,700
$8,606
1,S60
1,490
9,510
1,400
8,670
5,470
5,060
8,680
8,900
$75,944
108,424
110,800
196306
904,600
?88
THE MINERAL mDUSTRT,
^A ai<..
fllAt-A
U..W^«M<.
Sodium Salts.
Year.
^""^^r^
and Other.
Carbonate.
Carbonate.
(Galdned.)
QjrdrateL
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
4,717
9,666
6,666
4,079
8,068
$8,868
19,819
11,880
9858
6,900
16,766
16,086
15,668
18,047
11,656
$406,080
889,900
879,550
819,646
984,900
91
89
86
78
96
$1,886
1,784
1,608
1,464
9,000
46
58
68
104
77
748
i;a6e
1,000
9,787
9^408
1,198
1,141
911
VS461
WS91
98,688
91,800
1,460
1,496
1609
1,886
1,998
$49,618
57,691
88,000
54,000
Sodium Salta.-Cofiitnttecr. 1 Stone.
Year,
Nitrate.
Sulphate.
Uthographic
Stone.
Marble.
VBMnK.
NotElaewhere
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
89,000
4l,r8
47,801
54,569
68,888
$1,584,016
1,670,988
9,656,000
9,879
4,476
5,894
6.110
4,452
990,158
81,186
85,060
80,669
96,800
594
786
610
640
616
9,888
9,709
?,850
8,188
8.906
$87,996
>8,994
89.901
43,860
61,000
16,961
li:984
97,067
5,780
11.909
$87,848
44 986
106,870
98,128
46,900
118,848
99,198
88,878
81,847
77,686
$368,860
844,506
804,388
964JH7
986,600
Tin.
Zinc.
Year.
Sulphur.
Sulphuric Acid.
Ingot. Crude,
Salts.
Whetstones.
Metal.
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
91,406
90,665
98,504
97,795
95,800
$869,949
858;816
887,988
444,926
879,900
6,877
9,794
10,946
10,648
11,719
$68,967
97.369
109,092
106,717
117,400
8,467
3,769
3,004
8,489
8,671
$1,060,088
1,818,016
1,749,610
9,914,662
9,144,000
99-8
90-9
80-9
23-9
94-9
S4,996
6,618
10,670
9,088
6,800
8,490
3,717
8,648
3,446
90,750
96,645
94,721
76,800
16,509
17,471
16,885
17,848
16,991
$1,894,899
1,718,188
1,887,863
1,880,080
1,491,400
lAac— Continued.
Metal Wares Other
Ore and Minerals
Unspedfled.
Year
Bars, Sheets,
Wire, etc.
Calamine and
Other Ores.
White.
than Iron and
Precious Metals.
1897
1896
1809
1900
1901
856
468
481
667
679
$87,914
59,461
70,996
93,661
74,900
7,868
14,119
12,780
14,181
18,403
$118,929
969,669
954,696
840,889
881,900
(6)87?
(6)697
(6)760
(6)876
498
$56,790
89;783
74,680
8S,9n
89,000
9,066
9,191
9^999
9,001
9089
$1,618,600
1764800
1,971,600
1,765,800
1,790,000
166,741
158,997
174,949
161,069
188,089
$1,781,615
1,674,965
1,881,700
1,996,710
1,698,900
(a) From StattBtik dea Atuwdrtigen Handela Oeaterreichiich Ungaritchen ZoUgtbieU.
sulphide, (c) Not reported separately.
(6) Indudee sine
MINERAL EXPORTS OP AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Aluminum,
Ammonium.
Year.
Alum.
Sulphate and
Chloride.
Chloride and
Sulphate.
Hydrate.
Liquor.
1897
70
88
64
44
55
2,799
1,822
1,606
1,800
210
953
983
164
911
$4,694
6,557
5,319
8,484
6,000
4,188
4,886
7,676
7,004
8,868
$196,996
990,084
861,887
871,796
466,600
89
93
41
88
118
$8,880
1^687
8,046
6,761
6,400
698
?94
784
949
705
$8,553
4,844
1896
1899
4,406
6;654
4,900
1900
1901
— *
Antimony.
Arsenic,
Arsenious
Acid, and
Orpiakeat.
Asbestos.
Asphalt.
Year.
Ore.
Regulus.
Crude.
Manufac-
tured.
Rock and Mastic and
Earth. Bitumen
1807
1898
1899
1900
IttOl
269
266
662
247
179
$25,467
93,417
49,447
21,727
13,600
869
679
240
276
385
$45,909
89;694
88,364
39,768
49,200
16
29
47
66
80
$1,699
8,976
6,729
6,838
9,600
56
150
71
47
86
$1,644
8,567
9,186
9,670
9,800
19
98
60
167
165
$19,000
98,149
88,903
56,490
56,900
109
188
1.148
1,918
996
$778 9,598
1,418 9,196
9,964 9,619
8,568 9,177
9,800 1,909
$96,980
91,964
41,800
84,886
80,000
A USTRIA^HUNQAR T.
789
Barytes.
iDdudinfc
lianufactured
Product.
cn<ir
!J. M
Year.
Crude, Old and
Remnants.
Bars, Sheets,
Wires, Etc.
Oement
Lime.
1807
1898
1899
1900
1901
70
111
66
28
66
1,161
488
1,000
1,609
1,879
1,884
1,811
2,006
Hill
660
880
010
1,966
1064
$269,856
851,178
878,814
601,749
681,800
19,788
28,989
88,198
46,761
44.788
8112,686
185,861
198,606
248,156
888,600
Ill
118
808
198
788
$8,552
8,606
6,490
6,128
20,600
Chrome Ore.
day Products.
Tear.
Manufactures.
Kaolin and
FeldqMU-.
Potters' and
Other Clays.
Coal.
1897
158
121
68
88
68
1:S
1^068
460
1,900
56,896
66,005
72,104
75,678
68,916
$8,880,000
8,404,400
8^aM,900
8^886^400
8,046,000
68,609
74,008
78,687
106.178
97,087
991,806
1,056,480
1,009,855
947,400
46,968
68,861
61,896
66,860
67,671
8187,872
91i;408
947,694
168,186
146,400
701,919
894,780
879,886
816,097
748,808
$8,188,951
1606
2,687,796
2,828.766
1809
1900
2,902.527
1901
8,760,000
Copper.
Cow
Year.
Coal, Uiciiite.
Coke.
Ore.
Crude and Old.
Bars, Sheets,
Plates, etc.
Sulphate.
1807
1696
1899
1900
1901
8,108,975
8,861,966
8,662,786
7,864,409
8,076,675
Sill
145,066
194,289
262,971
968,796
803.651
$790,504
1,096,885
1,481,190
1,707,568
2,142,400
01
12
74
801
1,042
61,400
160
178
584
471
486
$88,288
190,988
169,560
148,000
180
866
298
200
884
$58,991
91,469
188,547
98,152
189,800
14
89
66
67
28
$1,806
2,655
7,960
7,061
8,600
FertHizers,
Mineral.
1
Glass.
Year.
Copperas.
CryoUte.
Fluorspar.
Manufactures.
Remnants.
1807
1896
1899
1900
1901
648
589
808
748
648
$6,870
4,744
6,884
6,966
6,000
10
23
101
887
281
82,066
84,964
88,200
4,496
4,867
8,419
8,661
5,978
$44,979
42,678
27,850
29,284
42.200
27
»
886
52
80
887
8,087
461
400
50,068
50,804
56,589
67,190
56,868
$8,948,000
8,689,600
9,978,800
10,582,000
9,628.000
2,066
1,904
2,772
6:568
8,084
Gold.
Gypsum.
Year.
Ore.
Bullion-Kg.
Old, Remnants,
and Dross— Kg
Coln-Kg.
Graphite.
Crude.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
87
18
67
1
0-2
•is
289
27
86
296
100
8110,896
17,688
119,200
41,800
119,886
187,478
168,160
182,690
149,800
$862,510
871,780
806,800
812,220
847,800
§§g§§
$18,324,070
23,428.432
12,688.500
11.411,409
6,779,200
14,229
17,109
19,461
18,996
14,900
252,285
288,m
296,648
286,600
602 $2,914
718 8,160
688 ' 2,787
508 , 1,506
461 1,200
Gypaum.— Con.
TtvAm.
^kt^^M
Iron.
Iron and Steel.
Year.
Calcined.
' Acid!"""
Ore.
Pig, Old, etc.
Manufactures.
Bars, Sheets,
Wire, etc.
1807
1896
1899
1900
1901
1,804
2,168
1,589
1.728
1,906
$15,876
19,089
12,810
18,787
9,600
1,489
1,614
1,496
1,660
1,638
812,069
18.884
12,706
17,090
16,400
247,856
808.817
886,961
268,421
288,694
$941,868 12,084
1,209,730115.808
1,506.976 27,738
1,211,788 [58,496
1,066,900 28.680
$248,600
261,200
506,400
1,141,000
441,800
21,064
22,724
85,299
46,868
46,619
$4,362,400
4,968,000
5,941,200
6.087,200
5,845,200
17,387
28,881
45,720
56,996
31,404
$1,296,800
1,601,200
2,878.800
8,966,800
1340,800
Lead.
Lime.
Year.
Ash. ' Litharge.
Metal and
Alloys.
Ore.
Red and Yellow
White.
(Hydraulic and
Caustic.)
1807
1808
1899
1900
190!
114
100
99
66
112
88,181 856
8,209 188
8,8r>9 188
8.244, »12
2,600 179
$28,876
16,579
16,600
224M5
14,200
841
545
268
898
68
56,300
21,056
85,096
4,800
2,486
21263
2,602
2,688
4,143
81,122
110,070
99,860
111,800
24
45
45
21
82
$2,008
4,182
4,108
1,965
2,800
47
55
40
1 84
$6,817
7,796
6,711
4,910
2,600
88.110
89,0(V7
85,570
86.278
82,896
$879,166
407.569
860.486
879..599
362.400
790
THB MINERAL INDVSTBT.
Year.
cJSned.
Manganefle
MUlatones.
Mineral Plaints.
Nickel,
Bara, Sheets,
Wires, Etc.
•
Nickel and
Cobalt Oks.
1897
40%
628
1,961
1,197
468
806
14.496
6,014
5,000
1,778
9,109
1.904
1,871
1,971
liifl
1,691
9,168
9,061
1,006
1,947
81,588
25,440
31,900
170
78
88
116
89
$145,184
66,816
85,903
109,790
78,800
117
191
76
114
190
$11,0W
4,808
6.968
9,787
10,600
1806
1899
1000
1001
'pin\9ob'
Oxide.
Feat and Feat
Ooke.
Petroleum.
Tear.
Nitric Add.
(Potash.)
Oiokerite.
Crude.
Refined.
1897
1808
1899
1900
1901
810
994
420
519
688
$90,909
19,884
27,818
88,591
89,900
6.007
7,959
10,118
7.799
4,284
$881,806
465,479
780,668
641,958
805,600
6,168
4,468
6,441
5,168
9,717
$768,670
1.089,890
654,400
1,655
8,400
4,010
5,607
4,558
9,989
11,710
16,822
14,600
1,600
1,076
1.898
9,818
9,100
iiiii
18,068
8,068
7,778
81,070
0,448
$218,700
46,838
147.784
446,824
908.600
Potassium Salt
Silica.
Sil
Bullir
ver.
Year.
Chloride.
Pynies.
QulcKsuver.
Saic.
(Quarts and
Quarts Sand.)
m— KfT.
: : : : : 1
1,005
994
974
879
909
$86,166
86,798
85,078
81,688
81,000
966
8,080
5,901
17,169
16,491
$1,879
16418
291198
102,969
99,000
689
468
490
498
540
$408,697
878,548
456,680
517,020
646,800
188
940
117
1,916
8,616
1,489
705
11,490
91,600
81.847
89,063
68,412
69,434
99,580
$94,797
117,806
910,149
219,744
97,000
4,120
4,870
48,940
54,000
91,900
$66,950
78,310
849,094
961,900
298.400
Snver.-Continued.
VSIncr A
w^A at...
RlafM
Year.
Coln-Kg.
Old and Dross.
Kg.
Ore.
OlBLg aiiu i7H«e
Wool.
and Other.
1897
1808
1899
1900
1901
114,560
26,180
15,240
17,441
48,100
$1,681,600
878,876
291,789
971,799
697,800
J
116,700
121,400
84.800
97,800
104,500
$68,648
71,280
180.400
95,000
93,400
(6)
1
19
09
0-3
■"$56"
468
4,897
65.966
7.),018
109.180
125,118
108,944
$181,081
180,048
803.048
450,406
874,900
4.581
4,978
5,586
54S06
4,001
$109,461
110,862
194,080
116,551
99,600
Sodium.
Stone.
Year.
Carbonate.
Carbonate,
Calcined.
Nitrate, Crude.
Salts, Potassium
Nitrates, Refined.
Sulphate.
(c)
Lithogmphic.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
699
969
1,894
9,926
1,787
ri789
18,140
95,877
89,057
96,600
8.879
9,896
1,609
548
459
$86,074
60,384
81,584
14,250
10,000
61
83
88
35
25
$9,569
1,844
8,598
1,505
1.900
190
180
188
117
196
$9,788
9,081
19,565
7,889
8,600
6,910
7,948
5,716
7,890
7060
$55,281
58,308
45,853
58,808
57,600
29
8
11
7
9
$1.11.'^
405
565
851
900
Qtone.— Continued.
Year.
Limestone.
Marble.
Paving.
Not EUsewhere
Specified.
Sulphur.
Sulphuric Acid.
1897
1898
1809
1900
1901
11,878
25,117
11,069
18,878
98,909
$29,747
50,988
22,106
90,818
81,000
9,994
2,954
4,096
3,811
4,894
$86,082
86,459
66,542
60,081
70,900
88,256
54,958
67,212
58,121
51,618
$291,886
818797
389,828
289,481
206,400
923 821
252,929
939,819
197,982
200,461
IMil
947
923
885
1,285
1,225
$18,960
18,464
17,694
25,694
94,600
7,003
9,880
19,422
19,693
10,878
$94,1.^
97.911
144,7a)
149.785
121,800
Tin.
Zinc.
Year.
Ingot and Old.
Bars, Plates,
Sheets, etc.
Ash.
Whetstones.
Ash.
Metal.
1897
1898
IWKJ
liKK)
liOl
87
96
167
153
162
$20,880
21,628
77,339
79,352
72,400
75
72
77
112
109
$25,584
26,853
40,380
78,590
65,400
306
324
273
206
257
$66,009
81,598
95,410
85,444
102,600
2,323
2,316
2,215
2,270
2,196
$73,748
68.790
75,308
77,180
74,600
197
998
78
149
107
$14,198
16,677
4.659
9,516
16,600
770
1,184
1,614
1,088
1,374
$48,18fi
87,231
54,»ra
187,082
77,000
A U8TRIA^nUNGA R F.
791
Zinc. —ContinrAed.
Metal Wares Other
Wt 1
Year.
Ores.
Sheets, etc.
White,
than Iron and
Precious Metal&
Unspecified.
1807
1896
1800
1000
1901
12.014
14,066
90,461
20,870
28,160
1247,060
887,568
618,818
670,815
468,000
OW
787
1,818
610
818
$106,282
06,141
211,466
06,884
110,000
1.078
1,940
1,006
1,710
2,790
$140,582
114,080
100,821)
158,166
282,800
4,486
4,841
5,250
5,828
5,187
18,180,800
8,2»1,400
4,078.400
4,428,600
8,954,900
47.888
67,531
82,866
101,207
66,581
$680,864
014,184
1,061,906
1,120,400
610,900
(a) From StatUtik des Atmodrtigen HandeU dea Oesterreirhuch Ungariachen ZoOgehieU. (b) Not reported,
(c) Includes magnesium chloride, etc.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF BOSNIA AND HEBZEGOYINA. (a) (lOBTRIO TONS AND DOIiLARS.)
1
Chrome
Ore.
Copper.
Copper
Ore.
Iron, Pig.
Iron
Ore.
Lignite.
Manganese
Quick-
silver.
Salt
1807
1896
1899
1000
1001
806
456
900
100
605
$3,186
1,400
7,170
186
166
180
141
100
$67,000
47,4TB
48,800
8,847
8.760
8,080
8,006
8,096
16,606
15,968
18,780
88,060
80,906
$181,466
681>50
5M,011
87.006
67,085
07,080
188,454
128,500
920,648
270,769
806,000
804,516
445,007
882,418
5,844
5,820
5,870
7,«t9
6,846
$88,772
'sbieoo
45,000
50,948
8-8
6-7
0-8
18,010
14,406
16,080
15,701
16,865
$880,790
'466iio6
480,667
591,674
(a) From Otterr. ZHU,, fur Berg-, HUtten und SaUnentoeaen, except the figures for 1807 and 1886. which
were furnished by the ''Bosnisches Bureau des K. und K. gemeinsamen Ministeriums.'' Besides the sub-
stances specified in the table there >ra9 also produced: In 1807, fahlore, 40 tons; in 1896, 468 tons; in 1800, 020
tons; in 1000. 006 tons, and in 1001, 1,041 tons. Iron pyrites; in 1808, 8,070 tons; In 1000, 1,700 tons; and in 1001,
4,670 tons. (6) Not reported.
BELGIUM.
The most important articles of mineral production in Belgium are coal, iron,
lead, zinc, manganese ore and phosphate of lime. Developments in thefee indus-
tries are described specifically under the respective captions elsewhere in this
volume. The official statistics of production, imports and exports are summa-
rized in the following tables:
MINERAL FRODUCTION OF BELQIUM. (a) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARfi; 5 f.— 41-)
-
Manx
raneae
Zire Ore.
Year.
Iron ure.
Leaaure.
dre.
Pyrites.
Blende.
Calamine.
1807
1898........
1800
1000
1001
mm
$868,008
811,644
814,680
864,080
888,580
108
183
187
880
880
$3,280
4,301
6,540
18,666
8,418
88,878
16,440
18,180
10,880
8,610
$68,540
48,800
81,160
86,070
88,160
1,888
147
883
400
560
880
288
808
6,804
7,850
5,786
5,715
4,445
r4,840
08.868
00,160
67,886
88,685
4,160
4,125
8,780
.%ooo
8,800
$41,870
61,860
40,080
48,430
16,180
$444,278
407,884
488,780
414,940
806,810
PRODUCTION OF MINERAL FUEL IN BELGIUM.
Coal.
Coke.
Year.
Quantity.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Profit.
Number
of Work-
men.
Aver-
age
Annual
Waices.
Ovens,
Active.
Number
of Work-
men.
Consump-
tion of
Coal.
Metric Tons
Total.
$44,184,480
48,578,780
54,888,780
81,608,060
67,654,818
Per Ton
Total.
Per Ton
1897
1808
1800
1000
1001
81,408,446
82,088,.335
22,072,068
88,462,817
88,813,410
$?'05
8-80
8-40
8-48
805
3,011,850
4,654,021
7,568,600
18,453,600
10,868,146
$182
•210
•343
•58!
•466
180,382
122,846
125.258
132,740
184,002
$206
210
284
283
IMO
8.845
4,028
8,566
8,610
8^804
8,088
8,881
8,0e8,e90
8,044.096
(€h
(d)
8,486,880
Coke— Continued.
Briquettes from Coal.
9.
Year.
Quantity.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Number
of Works,
AcUve.
Number
of Work-
men.
Consump-
tion of
Coal.
Metric Tons
1,189,701
1.227.780
(d)
(d)
1,449,080
Quantity.
Metric
Tons.
Valui
Total.
Per Ton
Total,
Per Ton
1807
1808
1800
1000
1001
8,807,840
8,161,168
8,8M,607
8,484.678
1,847,780
$7,572,891
8,104,857
9.448,880
13.098,567
8,222,621
$3-43
3-75
410
5-38
4*45
87
87
id)
(b)
1,191
1,234
1,838
1,486
1.845,114
1,851,884
1,278,050
1,395,910
1,587,800
$8,118,785
8,688,040
4,096,180
6,674,786
6,186.850
$8-80
8es
8-21
4*71
8-86
BBLOIUM.
793
METALliURQICAL PRODUCTION OF BELOItlM. (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 5 f. — 11.)
Iron, Crude.
Forge Pig. 1 Foundry Pig.
Bessemer Pig.
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Total.
Per Ton
Total. jperTon
Total
Per Ton
1897
Mm
1809
1900
1901
486,888
808,875
817,089
805,344
178,860
$4,658,486
8,889,775
4,071,540
4,889,754
1,868,061
$10-91
10-78
18-84
16-85
10*46
78,410
98,646
84,166
88,886
86,170
$818,800
1,000,780
1,480,880
$11-68
1009
18-84
16-75
10«
Ill
§li§§
$18-94
18-96
14-M
Iron, Crude— Con/tniMd.
Tm
.j»
Thomas Pig.
Total Pig.
Year.
QuanUty.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Bar, Crude.
Total. Per Ton
Total.
PerTon
Balls.
1897
1896
1899
1900
1001
$4,001,880
4,898,140
7,871,640
8.584.686
4,881,686
$11-96
18-81
1608
1019
18'16
1,086,087
979,756
1,084,576
1,018,661
764,180
$18,144,076
11,580,970
14,880,790
18,809,300
9,460,880
$11-78
11-88
14-58
1797
18-58
106,608
188,998
$8.801JM»
8,816,770
"6,914,080'
1,448
887
$40,400
88,860
Iron, Bfanufactures ot—Continwd.
Tear.
Sheet and Plate.
Wrought.
Other Manufac-
tures.
Lead, Crude.
SOTei^Kg.
1897
1896
1899
100,868
91,686
78,678
66,760
$8,148,800
8,881,800
'kiiii'ia'
8,198,086
878
998
$47,800
61,440
868,644
867,681
^%
64,900
$6,884,000
7,061,880
'i6,646,b^*
1,897,680
17,088
19,880
15,727
16,866
18,760
$1,101,760
1,868,480
1,186,800
1,806,600
1,178,000
80,078
116,006
184,864
146,648
109,460
$081,488
8,477,170
8,076,800
8,076,800
8.947,060
1900
1901
' "ib'soo"
Steel.
Tear.
Ingots, Cast and
BkMNns.
Rails.
Tires.
Sheet.
Foige.
iS9r
l««8
1899
616,541
668,583
781,849
666,199
689,840
$11,104,800
11,877,040
15.804,800
17,110,000
10,808.580
186,911
117,751
$8,896,800
8,868,960
10,870
10,958
(d)
18.880
$4*7,800
406,980
878,839
314,150
$6,748,400
7,961,610
88,104
17,908
8,810
$586,400
616,700
1900
' 8i466,dl() '
"548',7ro"
1901.
178,660
7ear.
1«97
1896,
looo!
1901,
Steel— 0(m#t*nued.
Plates.
64,866
87,819
(d)
(di
$8,854,000
8,978,600
Whre.
Total
19,667
19.758
(d)
(d)
84.780 3,060,076 > (d)
$568,400
667,680
687,617
607,788
688,960
; 668,539
489,640
$18,966,600
15,888,000
19,880,860
80,964,944
14,874,068
Zinc.
Crude.
116,087
119,671
188,848
119,817
187,170
$9,086,090
11,861,660
14,985,770
11,986,880
10,075,680
Sheet
87,011
86,587
84.889
86,885
87,880
$8,450,710
8.841,190
4,61«,960
4,648,600
8,780,880
Year.
1807.
1806.
1809.
1900.
1901.
QUARRY PRODUCTION OF BELGIUM. (^) (VALUES IN DOLLARS; 5 f. — $1.)
Baiytes.
Metric Tons.
88,000
81,700
86.900
88,800
88.800
$88,900
80,880
86,860
Chalk, Marl.
Cubic Meters.
804,000
887,806
851.800
66,100 877.550
81,980 449,000
Clay.
Metric Tons.
$90,680 270,716
136,880 887,806
115.540 891,185
fl8.flft) .318,806
106,610 896,840
$8fi0.958
416,240
808,968
486,640
874360
Feldspar.
Cubic
Meters.
1,100
,000
1.586
1,960
(6)
$1,1
1
8,880
8,100
Flint for
Earthen-
ware.
Cubic Meters
,940 88,060
.980 88.160
86,185
86,700
$17,790
17,700
80,090
81,440
17,700. 14,780
Flint and
Qravel for
Cubic Meters.
836,496
860.9l¥)
858, («5
a68.H.50
7.860
$110,819
177,700
181,888
184,798
8,566
Mineral
Paints.
Ochen.
Cu.Met
ano $1,450
890
800
800
<«,100
1,180
1,800
1,900
8,400
794
THE MINERAL INDUSTBT.
u
Phosphate of
Sand.
Cubic Meters.
Slate.
BuUdiuK Stoue— Cubic Meters.
t
Lime.
Cubic Meten.
Pieces.
Cubic
Meters
Total
Value.
Conglom-
erate.
Dolomite.
Flagstones.
Square Meten.
1897.
1896.
808,880
mm
ISlI
1,445
810
800
1.410
$886,780
860,660
856.118
888,810
888,900
880
180
800
880
(6)
6,400
7,900
68,790
87,100
66,400
46,000
81,600
$18,906
18,068
19,888
18,060
11,808
Ill
fn,646
167,660
187,866
14S34S
190,494
1899.
1900.
1901.
848,180
867,164
861,886
Stone.
Freestone.
Cubic Meters.
1897
1896
1890
1900
1901
161,746
215,417
189,294
157,294
167,810
$8,076,984
8,177,684
8,249,146
a20O,248
8,884,801
Limestone.
Cubic Meters.
8.010,877
8,968,907
8,888,K7S
8,288,206
8,751,880
$8,780,780
8.580,695
8,785,085
8,080,608
8,184,892
Limestone
for Flux.
Cubic Meters.
285,800
218,685
196,505
289,850
198,870
$89,065
74,740
77,966
89,112
Marble.
Cubic Meters.
17,797
16,610
17,740
15,990
68,880115,890
$4n,954
647,100
601,170
636,140
518.910
Paving Stones.
Pieces.
95,548,700
10H,08^000
114,106,900
107,894,000
110,980,000
$1,780,875
8,016,314
8,886,411
8.198,858
2,278,980
Whetstones and
Hones— iH'eee*.
48,160
89,160
88,100
105,000
160,150
$16,740
22.500
14,160
16,160
80,160
(a) From StatUtiqtie des Mines, Mini^res, Carrih-es, ei Usines M^iaHnrgimtes, by EmU Hars6, except
the figures for 1901, which are trom StatUtigue d€S Industries Extractives etMHallurgiques. BeJgromano
produced, in ino. manganese pig-iron, 11,891 tons, $154,160; kaolin, 180,960 cu. ra., $818,560; in 1897, mangan-
ese pig-iron, 18,686 tons, $199,700; and in 1901, kaolin, 2,040 tons $5,680. (6) Not stated in the report (c) Metric
tons, (d) Statistics not yet available.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF BBLOIT/m. (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOIiLARS; 6 f. — fl.)
Cement.
Chemical Prodoots.
Clay Products. (6)
Year.
Ashes.
Soda Salts.
NotSpeci-
Terra Cotta.
Common
Pottery.
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
6,747
10,870
8,199
15,818
15,428
$86,968
48,481
88,796
63,871
61,711
80,565
17,681
84,069
18,649
12,778
$188,892
118,160
881,471
188,675
80,868
194,808
181,676
158,164
849.766
828,941
$11,989,011
7,419,815
5,088,089
7,996,717
7,888.966
$6,488,865
6,048:488
6,896,480
6,481,947
7,157,819
85,486
86,498
98,149
99,166
90,868
111
8,065
8,115
8,007
8,866
4.881
ill
Clay Products— Otm
Coal
Briquettes.
Copper and Nickel.
Year.
Earthen-
ware.
Porcelain
GoaL
Coke.
Crudew
1806
1897
1898
1899
1900
cf872,894
c896,585
179,886
488,078
480,685
d|ir7,807
dl88,484
845,067
838,894
868,841
1,098,876
2,017,844
8,808,517
2,844,274
8,288,510
$6,849,466
6,455,601
7,866,806
10.JS23,814
18,978,167
1,561
632
1,756
10,72!i
21,818
16,151
2,218
0,586
48,960
181,062
860,878
860,606
180,500
896,508
889,678
976,094
1,159,806
784,600
1,489,540
1,767,005
16,506
14,881
14,047
8,887
18,768
$8,507.-;e6
S,566,9«8
6,088,874
8,880,798
6,507,109
Copper and Nickel.— Con.
Glass and Glassware.
Gold (Including Hatinum).
Year.
Hammered, Drawn
or Rolled.
Wrought.
Common (Bottles,
BrokenaUuB,etc.)
Another
Kinds.
Ore— Kg.
Unwrought— Kg.
1896
1897
1.109
1,418
1,821
2,174
2,087
$821,718
406.576
785,000
999,965
960.164
$188,981
193,848
906,705
896,853
861,766
6,980
4,699
4,247
3.757
5,671
$218,880
148,180
99,608
90,478
184,868
$541,885
664,176
685,081
651,808
668,886
98
$614
4,928
8^894
1,8W
1,180
1,788
$8,890,968
8,688.971
1898
1899
1900
8,890
51
1,860
66,874
887
8,860
883,041
788,477
1,190.946
Gold.-Confinu«d.
Iron and
Steel FUings.
Iran.
Year.
Coin.
Jewelry,
etc.
$757,507
701,585
840..598
965,170
Wl,624
Guano.
Ore.
Pi«r.
18W
1897
1898
1899
1900
.■599.540
1,728,700
872.000
744,000
459,420
25,946
5,168
10.667
16,111
15,888
$1,037,846
185,825
883.664
579.991
569,964
Ill
96-4
180
IMO
80
$93
227
158
1,748
80
2,069,676
2,544,377
2,258,558
2,621.152
2,528,616
$8,988,885
4,884,816
4,879,860
5,248.804
5j»o,oa8
824,889
308.196
817,889
868.458
809,674
$8,897,060
8316,918
8,788,157
6.686,168
6,681,417
BELGIUM.
796
Jron.—Continued.
liMd.
Year.
Old.
"^ISSfcS.™"" W«H,ght.
Pl«.
Maimfao-
tures.
Lime.
1806
iS::::::::
1800
1000
68,808
61,065
68,296
61,610
68,068
$688,668
670,608
600,890
028,647
008,841
28,812
26,064
26,470
84,060
88,788
708,878
781,197
1,187,666
1,188378
6,118
6,886
14,018
6,084
7^988
$469,081
491^
879347
669,889
796,074
86,881
48,640
64,807
60,649
66,141
$1,087,178
8,680,489
8^489349
4,184,786
4,767379
$17381
91380
60,728
191,608
148,040
11,522
18,164
12,074
12,811
11,448
$22,600
26386
26349
86,164
26,757
Petroleum.
Rpffins fuid
Salt.
Tew.
Crude.
Refined.
Bitumens, Not
Specified.
Crude.
Beflned.
1896
1807
1806
1600
1000
06
068
888
9,479
1,751
7,446
49300
86,778
166,979
149,601
161.281
166,404
166,064
$6,406375
4,648,644
5,419.070
5,900,568
N848,881
Ill
18,680.408
08,408
08300
813M
97312
111
88,785
89,188
60,186
50,647
60,875
$867,8fie
801026
601,864
606,475
608,746
SilTer.
SteeL
Tear.
Ore-Kg.
Bullioo-Kg.
Coin.
Jeweiiy,
etc.
Ingot.
Bars, Sheets,
and Wire.
Wrought.
1896
1807
1896
1890
1000
1,476,688
8388387
461,014
9,528,060
081,600
$177,100
258,824
46,191
288.296
02,160
8,060
467351
899,869
106,723
11,806
PI
$6,461,840
69,068 040
7,666300
14372,060
7334,660
$416,007
460344
440344
600,070
618,707
26.486
26,870
2^148
11,666
19,705
iilll
15.268
$4,761
88:568
42,660
986
1,147
1,018
1,070
1386
111
Stone.
Year.
Booflne Slate.
1,P00 Pieces.
Including Marble
andAUOMSter.
Cut,
Polished,
etc.
P*vlng.
All Other
Kinds.
Sulphur.
1806
1897
1806
1899
1900
88,209
88.754
88,216
86,888
84,881
$168,884
168,765
196,724
186,616
216384
40311
47,999
46,544
49,406
60,057
$891387
1,054%
1,098,068
1,464,940
1,801,696
$61,709
111.818
68,666
88,872
146,786
6,168
18,197
8,006
7,886
8,761
47309
87,469
87,606
18,068
81,860
188,900
889361
216,881
185346
ill
14,899
18,961
18,888
6,449
I73I6
871,807
878,087
286^667
6a^488
Tin.
Tin Plate.
Zinc
Ores, Crude
Not Else-
where
l^pedfled.
Tear.
Ingot
ICanufac-
tUTfse.
Unwrotti^t.
Wrought.
Ingot.
Ifanufao-
tores.
180$
1897
1808
1800
1000
4,617
1,600
1308
1,113
1,668
$1,668,044
547,118
686,064
667,604
1,000,720
$2,846
8.684
2,545
4,878
6,540
8,208
8,875
8,648
8,900
6,086
$848,408
804,588
266,160
806,664
488,060
$27,425
22:978
29,090
46,437
60,880
20,182
16,880
17,441
11,066
11,478
$1,614,686
!,887316
1,787,108
1,160,068
1,147,817
$11,880
10,661
11,675
11,486
12,054
$10,287,840
18,018,802
18,497,869
17,728,666
16,461,788
(a) From StatUtique de la Belgique; T(Meau Oef%eral du Commerce avec lee Paye^ Etrangern^ Bruuela. (b)
There was Importecf in 1607 also slabs of pottery for paving, building, etc., 7,766 metric tons. $172,796. {e) Cor-
in 1806 to 8,668 metric tons, and in 1807 to 8.718 metric tons. ((I) Oorresponomg In 1806 to 884
d in 1807 to 816 metric tons. («) Corresponding to 68,076 kg.
• MINKBAIi BZFOBTB OF BELGIUM, (a)
AriMSB.
^
Chemical Products.
Clay Products.
Year.
Soda Salts.
NotSnecl-
Terra Cotta.
NcofPieeee.
Common
pottery.
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1,0H4
8,075
615
400
8,148
10,701
8,460
1,696
8,500
877,016
82^*084
410,188
446,608
406384
2,860,098
8,074,666
2,776,181
42,807
60,054
106,268
100.268
75,402
$8,296,608
8^08,874
8.718,179
8,790.617
8.272,801
$6310308
7,800,806
6,481,947
6.698,817
808,606
804,616
847,970
826,738
860,760
$1,918,064
1,778387
1,497,088
1,974.666
1,748,612
8,086
8,197
8,166
8,216
^015
$181,804
160,607
61,066
06,158
187,254
796
THE MINERAL INDUBTRT.
Clay Product8.-Ccmtt»ue<l.
CkMd
Year.
Earthenware.
Porcelain.
OoaL
Coke.
1896
18W
1898
1899
1900
4,006
10,981
4,417
5,010
111
686
804
818
864
861
iilll
4,640,790
4,448,544
4,579,955
4,668,988
5,800,991
$14,414,877
14iM5841
15,118,851
88,869,818
$1,617,914
8,168,750
mS^498
8,165,068
8.866,995
868,067
909,486
878,485
1,006,740
1,078,818
8,865,114
6,048,700
6,647,800
Copper and Nickel.
Olaas and Olaasware.
Tear.
Cnule.
Hammered, i
Drawn or , Wrought.
Rolled. 1
Common (Bottles,
Broken OlasB, Plate,
etc.).
AU Other Kinds.
1806
1807
1808
1899
1900
11,700
9,994
8,511
4,666
8,411
$8,714,477
8,888.660
8*808,866
1,866,080
8^64:841
8,078
1,996
l.TTO
8,111
8,007
$601,877
670,761
748,808
970,888
064,680
$168,684
196;666
161,796
861,060
876,618
3,647
8,646
8,747
8,850
8,998
$86,574
86;468
87,480
88,888
78,004
$8,468,668 178,611
8,761,810 174,888
8,007,865 96,U6
4,948,808 196,848
4,418,98; 160,657
$18,194,494
11,448.888
8,088,385
18,568,516
10,806,000
Gold anclttdinx Platinum).
Iron and Steel
FfUngs.
Iron.
Year.
Unwrought— Kg.
<>>in.
Jewelry,
etc.
Ouano.
Ore.
1806
1897
1898
1899
1900
8,718
8,547
1,881
604
649
8,.'»7,514
1,764,874
817,818
847,758
878,151
$8,666,680
606,180
578,180
998,800
613,180
$76,670
laMoe
118,897
118,916
161,156
14,688
14,044
81,686
18,813
14,804
$685,308
505,685
778,548
655,669
611,899
7,085
684
407
888
181
$60,007
4,695
8,681
8,870
1,810
889,886
410,817
884,047
818,416
480,179
$799,546
TBO„'>fie
789,683
686,880
888,876
Iron.— OmftnuMl.
Lead.
Year.
«g.
Old.
Hammered, Drawn
or Rolled.
Manufactures.
Pig.
1806
1897
1808
1800
1900
88,466
16,789
48,804
85,818
$1,188,480
1,885,868
1,418,941
1,817,968
18,416
17,590
83,386
88,604
48,786
$885,785
886,911
800,676
487,667
609,778
818,078
856,885
884,568
386,878
870,584
$9,078,611
10,097,854
4,155,448
10,965,880
0,168,580
44,968
48,114
51,880
50,054
66,879
$8,497,887
8,888;400
4,161,800
4,879,080
6,188,118
81,866
85,988
40,808
41,618
46,666
$1,786,144
8,169,298
8,568,816
8,871,668
8,818.486
Lead.-Con.
Lime.
Petroleum.
Resins and
Year.
Wrought.
Crude.
Refined.
Bitumens, not
Specified.
1896
1897
1808
1899
1900
$86,881
ra;886
16.450
87,088
8,958
47
60
54
53
61
7,813
0,688
6,199
7,357
7,666
$940,110
1,085,969
1,098,399
1,188,186
1,889,749
8
t
788
8,146
1,769
$88
15
18,856
42,984
86,968
89,881
18,088
19.566
85,970
81,818
$996,913
586,067
867,067
084,987
807,086
86,006
98,591
107.806
118,898
97,970
$4,84^8l5
4,620,688
6,890,868
6,010,628
4,898,476
Salt.
Silver.
Year.
Crude.
Refined.
Ore— Kg.
BuiUon-Kg.
Coin-Kg.
Jewelry,
etc.
1806
1897
1808
1899
1900
1,484
493
908
506
8,»i5
$8,604
8,960
1,789
3,087
14,070
189
831
386
885
799
$1,887
8,309
8,864
8,860
7,980
10,400
116
$8,888
48,816
59
18
40,118
57,988
107,385
54,358
38,881
$1,043,088
1,158,660
8,185,700
1,087,160
799,619
16,606
581
887
837,079
38,681
$667,840
80,651,880
13,068,640
13,483,160
1,804,840
$187,187
180,960
187.194
814,175
108,181
SteeL
Stone.
Year.
Ingot.
Bars, Sheets and
Wire.
Uanufactures.
Roofing Slate.
UOOO Pieces.
BuUding Stone,
Including Marble
and Al^Mster.
Cut,
Polished,
etc.
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1,145
1,801
1,018
1,859
974
$88,878
88,808
10,807
86,086
88,706
179,878
188,386
176,849
165,816
146,181
$4,697,877
4,848,881
4,856,964
4,608,643
4,854,049
38,806
37,858
88,658
31,194
88,877
$7,843,777
7,764,848
6,464,909
6,151,759
5,170,868
15,485
17,804
16,948
15,816
18,886
$111,180
138,488
158,584
137,848
100,118
161,908
187,180
178,840
164,958
171,186
$1,890,887
1,801,083
1,748,491
8,144,381
8,884,686
$988,147
934,886
861,016
948,090
8f7S,881
BBLQWM.
797
8tooe —Ckintinued.
Tin.
Year.
FftTing.
All Other Kinds.
Sulphur.
Ingot.
Manufao-
tures.
1806
1897
1898
1899
1900
164,787
168,504
160,466
1781067
91,107,886
1,880,481
1,440,680
»,796
1,700,861
796,281
778,581
017,654
884,688
1,088,780
98,184,986
8,848,888
4,881,818
4,178,641
6,118,904
6,885
6,041
6,866
6,709
7.868
9148,871
100,167
177,060
180,688
880,880
1,066
847
506
650
495
Iflli
IS
8,804
1,511
8,008
Tin Plate.
ZlDC.
Ores Not
Specified.
Tear.
Unwrought.
Wrought.
Ingot
Manufactures.
1806
1807
1806
1800
1000
8,068
078
1,486
041
1800,686
90,546
74,0C8
112,831
80,880
911,750
15,816
10,508
10,566
10,281
100,800
100,228
108,607
101,244
99,238
98,089,501
8,519.880
10,807,818
10,589,876
9,988,808
966,840
00,740
108,588
109,708
98,808
94,286,708
6,216,589
7,080,018
5,780,588
6,600,180
(a) From 8tati*tique de la Belgique: Tableau General du Commerce aveclee Pay Etrangere.
CANADA.
The mineral statistics of the Dominion of Canada as collected by the Geo-
logical Survey and the Bureaus of Mines of the various provinces, are sum-
marized in the following tables:
MIXKKAL rnODUCTION OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLAKiS )
.•^ ^^A
Cement— BarreU.
Year.
Arsenic.
ABbeaUc.
Barytea.
Natural Rock.
Portland.
Chromfte.
1808....
1800. . . .
10^0....
1901 ..
10J8....
Nil.
68
275
680
786
41,076
48,000
81,577
88,088
87,797
86,476
86,668
$486,827
488,200
768,481
1,250,750
1,208,452
071
658
1,207
50^
000
$5,858
4,408
7,675
8,848
3,057
87,185
141,887
185,488
188,888
184,400
f78,412
Il8,606
00,094
94,415
91,870
168,064
865,806
202.124
817,066
894,504
$884,166
518,968
645,MB6
566.615
1,088,616
1,838
1,796
8,118
1,160
816
$84,258
88,760
27,000
16,744
12.400
Clay.
f\
Year.
Fireclay.
Pottery
Terra-
cotta.
Tile and
Sewer Pipe.
(d)
Coal.
Ctoke.
(e)
(In Ore, etcX
(/)
1806....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1908....
61,969
548
1,129
8,810
2,487
15,000
1,295
4,130
5,020
4,288
$186,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
800,000
$167,008
220,258
250,450
278,671
848,587
$166,421
161,546
281,625
280,000
204,465
3,786,406
4.142,242
5,088,148
5,640,417
6,080,287
$8,227,068
10,288,497
18,200,480
18,005,565
15,538,611
65,721
01,463
148,555
888,043
459,463
$819,200
640,140
1,22^285
1,538,080
8.146
6,840
8.588
17,158
17,766
$2,159,556
2,655,S19
8,065,«2
6,096,581
4,553,695
Year.
Feldspar.
1808....
2,266
$6,250
1800....
2,722
6,000
1000....
288
1,112
1001....
4,854
14,548
1002....
6,878
11,875
Gold-Kff.
(fc)
80,613 $18,700,000
81,678 21,040,7:10
42,008 27,016,752
86,808 24,462,222
20,741,245
Graphite.
Grindstones.
1,1?:)
1,744
2,005
003
111,006
24,170
81,040
88,780
28.800
4^&
6.034
4,150
6,.'j87
$80,466
48,266
68,450
45,600
48,400
Gypsum.
108,006
221,860
228,614
286,605
301,220
$230,440
257,820
250,000
840,148
856,317
Iron Ore.
52,763
69,097
i 88,103
75,406
<380,116
$152,510
248,S»
583.188
1,212,118
1.065,019
Year.
Lead (In Ore, etc.).
Ume— Bushels.
Matif^nese
Ore.
Mica.
$117,598
163,000
166,000
160.000
400,000
Mineral Paints.
(Ochers.)
Mineral
Waters.
1898....
1890....
1000....
1001....
1008....
14,477
0,917
28,654
2:^542
10,438
$1,206,399
077,250
2,760,521
2,240,387
085,870
(7)
(q)
(9)
$650,000
800,000
800,000
830,000
45
279
%
78
$1,600
8,060
"4,820
2,T74
2,124
3.555
1,783
2,020
4,495
$18,600
19.900
15.898
:6,786
80,406
Hill
Year.
1898
1899,
1900.
1901,
1902.
Natural Gas.
$880,000
887,271
417,0M
889,476
196,998
Nickel an Ore, etc.).
KK.(r)
2,508,806
2,005,461
8,212,497
4 168.124
4,860,499
$1,880,838
2,067,840
3,:J27,707
4,5»1,523
6,0^,903
Petroleum, Crude.
Barrels.
(m)
700,790
80a570
710.498
621,485
$961,106
1,202,020
1,151,007
1,008,275
034,740
Phosphate
(ApaUte).
Plati-
num.
665
2,722
1,284
037
777
3,665
18,000
7.105
6.280
4,068
Pyrites.
20.228! $128.87*'
85,1171 U0.74'*
86,316, 155,1&4
81.089| l:«..M4
88.811 188,fti9
CANADA.
^99
Year.
1898.
1699.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Sand and
Oravel
(Exports).
(9)
(g)
179?040
144,961
$117,465
119,120
Sand.
(Moulding.)
9,591
12,450
18,167
18,113
r^,088
27,480
29,410
27.651
Salt.
51,889
51,796
66,296
58,927
67,248
$848,689
284,520
279,458
268,828
288,561
Silver (In Ore,
etc.>-K«.
in)
$187,911
95,762
138,801
172,287
' 186,014
$2,588,896
1.634,871
2,740,596
8,266,854
8,280,957
Slate.
$40,701
83,406
18,100
0,960
19,200
Soapstone.
881
886
$1,960
1,865
848
Tear.
1696
1899
1900
1901
1908
stone.
1
Brick,
Stone, etc. (c)
Flagstones.
Sq.Ft.
Granite.
Limestone
for Flux.
$3,600,000
4,250;000
4,650,000
4,820,000
6,500,000
(q)
(q)
(9)
$4,250
7,600
5.250
4,575
(q)
(9)
(«)
iq)
(«)
$78,678
90,542
80,000
166,000
170,000
$31,158
46,662
89,833
188,162
218,809
Various
Products.
(P)
$491,660
487.271
1,160,214
(a) From Reports Compiled bu the OeoloaiccU Survryof Canada, (b) Estimated, (e) Includes brick, build-
ins stone, lime, sands, gravels, dies, etc. (a) In 1808, 1609 and 1902, sewer pipe is alone reported, (e) Oven coke,
airthe production of Nova Scotia and Briti&b Columbia. (/) Copper contents of ore, matte, etc., at tbe fol-
lowing values per lb.: 1698, 12^0.; 1899, 17-61c.; 1900, 16-19c.; 1901, f6'12c.; 1902, 11 -63c. - - - -
ih) Fine kilograms cal-
iron produced from native ore; the total
Amount of pig
' \ea at $1,501 ,696. (Ic^Lead oontents of ores, etc., at the
culated . ^ ^ w.-
amount of pig iron smelted was 96,5<5 short tons, valuet ^ , , _ . _ ,
foUowing values per lb.: 1696, 8 78c.; 1809, 4-47c.; 1900, 4-87c.; 1901, 4'84c.; 1^02, 4-07c. (m) Calculated from in-
spection returns at 100 gals.crude to 48 gals, refined, llie value of the crude per bbl. of 85 imp. gals, was, in
1698, $1-40; in 1699, $l-48f , and in 1900 and 1901 when the ratio was 100 gal. to 54 refined, $1.62 per bbl. (n) SU-
ver contents of ores, values for producUon and expo tsper ox.: 1896, $0'583; 1899, $0-5958: 1900, $0*6141: 1901.
$0-5806; 1908, $0-5216. (p) In 1898, includes tripoUte, 922 metric tons ($16,660): in 1900, tripolite, 806 metric
tons, $1,960; in 1901 sundry minerals estimated in part and including actinolite, 488 metric tons, $8,126; in 1902,
includes p:g iron from Canadian ore, 71,665 short tons, 81,048,011; actinolite, 550 tons, $4,400; tino, 83 ton?,
$8,068; peat, 475 tons, $1,663; corundum, 768 tons, (64,468; talc, 660 tons, $1,604; and tripolite, 900 tons, $15,800.
(9) Not reported, (r) Nickel contents of ore, matte, etc., in 1899, at 86c. per lb.; in 1900, at 47c. per lb. ; in 1901,
at 60c. per lb.; in 1902, at 47c. per lb. (•) Exporta
MINBRAL IMPORTS OF THB DOMINION OF CANADA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Tear.
ih)
A niwiimi YO -
Asphalt
Brass.
(/)
Buhrstones.
Number.
Cement
Chalk.
Chloride
of Lime.
•ST
1808..
1800..
1000..
1001..
1002..
$7,100
0,276
12,548
16,208
80,406
6,006
8,106
2,825
2,840
8,426
$55,164
95.800
68,746
67,587
102,817
$560,014
747,557
8^%599
985,776
1,017,294
889
1,116
1,250
3,641
1,854
$1,818
1,759
1,546
6,702
2,559
$876,316
460,414
520,598
675,768
861,751
mm
1,766
1,857
1.967
1,605
1,806
$55,987
60,801
65,224
64.186
67,082
17
50
18
18
67
$2,816
2,120
2,721
2,158
8,842
Clay Products.
Coal.
Tear.
ih)
Bricks
and Tiles.
Clays.
Earth-
enwar^
ft China.
Anthracite.
ib)
Bituminous.
ib)
OotdTar.
BarreU.
Coke.
1896..
1800..
1000..
1001..
1002..
$168,018
255,287
400,128
651,746
501,858
$78,706
88;517
122.965
141,251
140,521
$674,874
016,727
066,254
1,130,058
1,227,966
1,835,180
1,588,471
1,500,868
1,033.283
1,400,090
$6,847,685
6,400,500
6,608,012
7,923,050
7,021,030
1.785,888
2,280,785
8,512,871
8,007,601
8,898,006
$8,286,151
8,786,663
4,409,318
5.566,258
6,266,800
26,702
80,296
50,484
64,0d8
65,876
$86,104
64,447
78,874
88,003
06,651
122.587
128,172
170,471
808.786
242,416
$847,040
86:.'.8a6
506.830
680,188
812,815
Tear.
(h)
Ocg^r.
c*
Emery
(Wheels
and
Ground).
$1.5,478
22,848
44,662
89,116
23,946
Explo-
sives.
Flint and 1 Fuller's
Stones. Banh.
Glass.
Gold and Silver.
Sulphate.
Coin and
Bullion.
Manufac-
tures.
1896..
1890..
1900..
1901..
1902..
$867,452
798,326
1,271,270
1,142 771
1,357,068
788
786
758
678
711
$57,497
61,749
87,847
73,190
67,710
$141,731
212,966
247,511
806.067
428,982
869
243
260
222
lfei6
$5,844 $8,880
2,977 8.418
4.S42 ; 2,661
8.626 ; 3,147
8,647 1 3,909
1
$1,024,706
1.348,058
1.858,6W
1.584,fl22
1,082,589
$4,890,844
4,705,134
8,297,438
3.587.204
6,311,405
$297,242
342.390
8S0.145
367,857
£2,224
800
THE MHfKRAL UfDUSTBT,
'k
1«M..{ ISwTM
</•
<.JH SI4JHS Ul7»
UBSA I
1111
ITJ
I
SK VJM4
T«ir.
StSeai .
oac
mteta. OnsofMctidi.
-I-
1900.. iJM . ILIBZJ^^ Tmjm 4NS
l«n..| 94M I€UW7.T» WSLflW «V
190K.J !«,«« U^U(» •«.:« 4«
10. OS 6IJ2M ISUSB 1 7r>«> «»
lOlKifiO 61.5N( »t]»l 1 flK, »
7JM9 *AlSfi\ Smjfl^ 5' I.43»' ««
cs.i»
'r
I
1900.
1991.
1901.
f74M07 fM» f7 SHl«5
flB3i7 &«:> «7 S1.606
rmjglS 5.404 » 51,987
l,S;9,ei7 . 5j51« 64 94^61
t/mjm I JJBi 44 58.615
as
tXTtl
5i
6.06
00
6.987
n
9L«0
78
«.460
96.985 ,
saasjBoi
141
nsTB
«M,«3r
8BLSS !
aoojoB
IW
U06
K^IOD
tt.797 1
8e5.4S
i8e
MS6
681.707
9S.M7 I
aa.f«7
MC
t.106
7S.164
[M.44S .
484.708
190
1»
W,6W
Tew.
SodimnSaltB.
Kxoeni
Chloride.
(/)
</>
WldtiBg. Ztec
18B0.
1009.
1900.,
1901.
1908.
16,005
90.748
16.748
18.681
17,1»
$446,790
476.706
$180,988 .17.948
2S7.5IS
SO.OM
255 560
842,571
11.121
9..'iAf
10.827
11,180
$C9.7W $134&SI6
285.799' tsnxsao
215.488 2.415.686
2:a6n8< 8.884,666
885,307 { 2.;NS,494
I
257n tl863«
84310 154,460
84J95 l«7,$tt
60.8!« . VmjSBB
48,186 . 14M9r
MIUKRAL SXFOBTB
OF DOmSSnC FRODUCB from THB dominion of CANADA, (a) (IN
TONS AND DOLLARS.)
T«ftr.
(h)
1806..
1900!!
1901..
1902..
ADtfanoBj
Ore.
I.IIH
219
18
Asbestos.
§15,205 16,714
: 18,172
200 )16,478
5,074 .26,715
2,170 [80,011
1510,868, (t)
453.176, u)
490,909 (0
864,578,8,830
1,131,202 (t)
Clay Products.
Brick.
ThauMxndM.
CUy. I
iMTe of.j
Cemeot.
276 r.663 1848
93 TOT I 830
842 ; 2.314 ■ 215
728 1 5.807 761
600 ; 5.581 > 414
I
1609
2,780
2J874
8,554
1,350
ders.
10
75
CoaL
1,0.M,963
1,581,422
1,888.538
Gain
sad
Dllia
981.606 f8J27S,415 |1,(M5«98S
3,562,794 1,101,945
4,7n,44i i.oro,oaB
5,807,060 1,998.480
1,648,862! 4,867,088 l,6e0l,«IO
Tear.
ih)
Coke.
1908.. 8.275
1890.. 4.024
1900.. 12..%8
1901.. 60,129
1902
r.841
16.684
88,770
102.910
52,878,184.499
Copper.
(c)
4,208
8,812
6,272
11,088
18,790
Explo-
sives.
$832,546 92 $74,305
917,429 l.'SI 115.065
1,887,2181212 156,764
2,655.467 ^'M 240,55»
2,990,004 3311248,434
FerUl-
izers.
Olam
and
Glass-
ware.
146.854 $7,494
51.224 11.788
51,410, 11,016
87.706 18.574
61,881 11,587
Graphite.
848
662
1.742
1.246
788
Grind-
stones
$6,428
12,749
30,054
40.099
25,789
Gypsmn.
Crude.
$18,785 168.612
18,619 148,525
22,196 211,734
38.804172.010
21,878 248,890
I
$108,515
106,982
286.084
186JB08
873,885
Groand
8,687
7,611
8,688
96472
10,160
Iron
and
MTsot
$806,088
706.411
l,4aMlS
1,488,961
8,480,781
CANADA.
801
1
lime.
MTesof
Metals
Not Iron
and
SteeL
Mica.
Ores.
Crude and
Cut.
Ground.
Mineral Oils.
CMfkmM.
Nickel in
Ore, Matte,
etc.
Gold
Quarts,
etc.
Iron.
Lead.(e)
1896
1809
1900
1001
1908
48,807
77,885
88,480
111,010
68,817
84^588
68,610
ia6,8«7
861,488
881
588
487
4^6
468
146.848 $8,740
948,890 80
9,580
4,868
17,984
19,948
2,748
8.061
1,104
8,660
8,008
881
6,096
6;545
6,190
4,887
1,768
970,581
994,587
1,040,498
958.866
884,518
8,5£,958
8,878,708
14,148,548
84,446,166
19,668,015
886
1,677
8,985
68,401
477,078
150,667
1,808,901
10,089
15,448
8,995
89,747
18,886
1,008,147
895,849
678,859
2,512,061
889,810
Year.
ih)
1808.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Ores.— OoiUinued .
M«>8»- Silver, (d)
$1,871
888
8^21
1,945
6,118
18,519,786
8,680,881
1,854,063
8,490,750
9,065,488
Phosphate
of Lime.
$1,090
9,890
8,886
180
1,880
Pyrites.
18,768
11,707
18,507
88,146
84,088
$881,664
87,877
88,499
54,857
57,628
Salt.
BuBheU.
5,560
5,909
15,151
66,461
91,778
$1,189
1,518
3,458
11,988
Ssnd and
Gravel.
160,970
169,509
987,948
197,065
4,966,158,988
180,968
98,492
109,151
108,609
119,481
Stone
and
Marble.
$61,000
66,516
840,104
188,099
187,160
(a) From the tables of the Trade and Navigation of the Dominion of Canada. The imports figures are for
home consumpUen only. The exports are those of domestic produce. (6) Includinir coal dust, (c) Repre-
sents fine copper ontalned in ore, matte, regulus, etc. (d) Silver contents of ores, (e) Represents lead con-
tained in ore. (J) Includes manufactures, {g) Of foreign production, ih) Fiscal years ending June 80. (>) Not
reported.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF BRITISH COLXTMBIA. (a) (IN MIBTRIC TONS.)
1898
1899
1900
1901
CoaL
1,154,089
1,814,888
1,468,089
1,488.003
190911,419,788
)
8,407,506
,888 8,888,896
-^ 4,818,785
4,880,998
4,199,188
Coke.
86,660
84,709
86,511
189,180
180,158
176,000
m,865
486,746
636,406
640,075
Copper.
8,298
8,608
4,586
19,581
18,484
1874,781
1,851,458
1,615,980
4,446,968
8,446,673
Gold -Kg.
Lode.
3,488
4,808
5,199
6,548
7,856
8,801,217
8,857,578
8,458,881
4,848,606
4,888,909
Placer.
1,600
9,008
1,980
1.509
1,669
$648,846
1,844,900
1,978,794
970,100
1,078,140
Lead.
(6)
14,878
9,917
88,789
28,898
10,888
1,077,581
878,870
8,691,887
8,008,788
894,838
Sllver-Kg.
188.800,2,875,841
91,42511,668,708
128,112 2,809,900
100,92812,884,746
70,0051,941,828
(a) From the Annual Reports of the Minister ^ Mine*. (6) Attention should be called to the discrepancy
between certain of these figures and those of the Canadian Geological Survey; practically the total production
of lead in the Dominion is from British Columbian ore.
MINERAL PRODUCmON OF NOV/
i SCOTIA
.(«)(*
(IN METRIC TONS.)
Year.
Barytes.
Coal.
Coke.
Gold.
Kg.
967
864
916
949
879
Grind-
Stones.
GjTpsum.
Iron.
Man-
ganese
Ore.
Stone,
Ume-
stone.
Tripoli and
Silica.
Ore.
Pig.
1898
2,817,9OT
2,683,878
8,990,OW
8,688,878
4,489,675
48,678
66,878
68,999
191,990
412.650
88,000
60,000
188,096
142.840
81,647
16,488
15.755
880,680
0444,881
76
108
8
10
188
94,884
88,512
60,800
974169
887,184
1899
808
791
544
684
810
1900
1901......
1908
66,600 1944387
286 137,868
4,064 184,768
"si.'ore*
187,0(97
098
818
(a) From the Annwsl Reports of the Department of Mines of Nova Scotia, {b) Amount exported, (c) For
the fiscal year ending Septenaber 80. (d) There was also produced in 1899, 400 net tons of copper ore; in 1000.
600 net tons copper ore; in 1908, 1,890 net tons of moulding sand, (e) Including 474,517 net tons of hnported ore.
MINERAL PRODTTCnON OF ONTARIO, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.) '
Tear.
Arsenic.
1H09.,
1900.
1901.
1908.
Nil
58
876
680
Clay Products.
Brick, Common.
Number.
170.000.000
$4,842 238,989,000
28,785 240.480.000
41.677 260,265,000
48,000
$914,000
1,818.750
1,879,!S90
Brick, Paving and
Terra Ootta.
Number,
7,754,868
10.806,000
14.271.600
1,680,460 16,586.000
l,411,00pl
887,894
106,000
141,809
141,894
186,171
Pottery.
$156,000
101,000
157,449
108 950
171,815
Tiles, Drain.
Thousands.
22,668
21,027
19.544
21,502
$225,000
240.246
809,788
281,874
199,000
802
THB MINERAL INDUaTRT.
Year.
1886..
1899.,
1900..
1901..
1908..
Oement— JVb. of BarreU.
Natural Bock.
91,588
189,487
126,428
188,688
$74;e2
117,088
99,994
107,0^
60,796
Portland.
168,8481802,096
222,660
806,726
850,600
444,227
608,081
668,255
916,221
Copper.
8,796
2.6n
8,068
4,117
$266,080
176,287
819,681
589,060
686,048
Gold.
Kg. Value.
806*8
1,164-8
688-7
446-6
$878,078
419,888
807,861
944,448
220,888
Graphite.
878
1,107
1,686
907
$0,000
16,179
27,080
90,000
17388
Gypmn,
Craaeaod
OJcliied.
24.000
16.9
1,089^ 16.51S
18,060
1,410 18,400
19,149
1896
1899
1900
1901
1908
Iron.
Ore.
84,866
16,842
61,981
247,808
Pig.
I«8,87&
80,961
111,806 .
174,488 106,699
48,776
68,740
66,606
$680,789
808,157
906,066
1.701,708
Uma^ButkeU,
8,080,000
4,848,600
8,898,000
4,100,000
$806,000
686,000
544,000
560.000
617,000
81
841
6S8
887
$7,600
88,000
81,660
87,819
Natural
$801,000
440,904
808 888
886,188
Nickel
8,071
8,606
8,811
4,080
$614,820
626,104
756,026
1,869,970
2jn0.961
Petroleum.
Crude.
Imperial OaOcmi.
ih)
26,078.977
28,616.907
28,831,788
21,488,600
!l,m(M
$13n,OI5
1.467,940
1,800,000
Petroleum.— OtmMntted.
Tear.
Refined FroduotB. (A)
Salt.
Dluminatlns Oils.
Imp.OaU.
Lubricating Oils.
Imp. OaU.
All Other Oils.
hnp. OalM. (c)
ParafllneWax.
Metric Tons.
XTOCIUlNB
1898
1899
1900
1901
1908
12,281,682
11,697,910
11,788,756
9,468,202
11,248,490
'l,069,486
1,076,242
796,149
2,048.226
2,087.475
1,980.428
764,861
$208,160
189,894
882,806
78,976
1,240,967
1,894.580
1,468,599
1,075,999
$121,840
148,968
174,846
122,781
1,186-6
1,266-8
2,066-4
1,682-8
8116,849
186,066
184.718
166,862
$286,706
^544
200,984
189,768
58374
61,148
00,406
94,744
$878386
817,41i
827.477
888.056
344,880
Tear.
Sewer
Pipe.
Silver.
Stone.
T^>tal
Value.
(/)
Kg.
Value.
Tula!
Value.
1886
$06,717
fi.aoS'ft
65,575
96,867
84,880
80,000
$760,000
1,041,350
660,842
850,000
$7,201,801
8,785,261
9,242,044
11,882,685
1809
188.356 j8;880 4
180,685 !4.996 9
147.948 4,916-2
191,966
1900
1901
1208
.(a) From the Awmud BeporU of ikt
Bureau of Minet of Ontario^TaraBtoo. (6)
Quantity and value inchided with that of
plain pressed brick, (e) Comprisea beosiM
and naphtha, (e) Comprises gas and fuel
oOs and tar. (/) In 1806 total incKides 5S1
metric tons calcium carbide ($84,443;. In
1899, 6,800,000 psTinfc brick ($42,560): 965
metric tons calcium carbide ($74,080); 91
metric tons of talc ($600); and 1,068 metric
tons 6t sine ($84,000). In 1900, 454 metric tons sine ore i$600); 8.811 tons steel ($766,696); 8,689 ton>i feldspar
($6,000); 907 tons talc (|^a«). In 1901, 1,861 metric tons sine ore ($1,500); 18,181 tons steel ($847,280); 4,088 tons
feldspar ($6,876); 888 tons talc ($1,400;) 6,362 tons iron pyrites ($17,600;) 486 tons corundum ($68,116); 8,515 tons
calcium carbide ($168,798); 478 tons acUnolite ($8,126). (o) Not reported. (A) One barrel of crude oU is zeek-
nperial gallons.
oned at 85 imperial gallons, and 1 barrel refined at 42 imp
MINERAL PRODUCmON OF QUBBRC. (a) (IN MBTRIO TONS AND DOLLARS; 71^95.)
Tear.
Asbestos.
Chrome Ore.
Cc^perOre.
Gold.-Kg.
Granite.
Graphite.
Total
Value.
(c)
1899
21,100
26,619
86,565
5 88,649
$615,140
756,610
1,819,020
1,174,708
1,796
2,101
1,156
816
$21,440
85,785
17,206
18,500
39,654
84,288
18,411
28,974
$166,600
164265
129,965
121,170
8-4
$5,060
56
864
78
88
9,785
4,820
2,100
$8,148,400
1,480,780
1,879,420
8^986,463
1900
1901
1908
2-6
9-8
1,480
6,400
$160,000
160,000
(a) From Report* on the Mines of the Province of Qiubec
($18,788). ' • ••^ ^ - '-^
(6) Includes 8,866 metric tons asbestic
(c) Includes, in 1908, 1,000,000 \>u. lime ($140,000); 1^0,000,000 bricks ($02^000); itooei ($68Ql|000).
CHILE.
Theke are no official statistics of mineral production in Chile. The exports
and imports are summarized in the subjoined table. With respect to the most
important articles of mineral production, namely, copper and nitrate of aoda,
the exports practically represent the production. This is also the case with
respect to iodine and borate of lime.
MINERAL EXPORTS OF CHILE, (a) (iN METRIC TONS AND CHILEAN DOLLARS.)
Year.
Borate of Lime.
Borax.
day.
Coal.
Cobalt Ore.
Copper Matte.
18B7....
1808....
1899....
1900....
1901....
8,164
7,088
14,961
18,177
1!,45T
$888,770
1,194,609
8,848,618
1,817,676
1,808,401
14
6
14
87
97
$8,860
8.891
7,814
18,814
9,686
90
m.
$906
'i;o66'
848,968
888,668
841,995
8»,(MS
886
$1,868,810
4,830,948
4,889,900
8,900,460
8,106
60
19-8
55-0
86-8
76-0
$818
1,817
8,181
4,087
11,519
8,519
8,079
1,710
4,888
8.906
»!51,916
861,999
684,966
1,985,165
1,084,787
Tear.
Copper and Silrer
Matte.
Copper, BilTor
andOold Matte
Copper Ore.
Copper and Silver
Ore.
Copper, Silver
and Gold
Ore— Kg.
Copper, in Ban.
1897...,
1898....
1«9....
19(0....
1901....
904
419
1,091
1,918
1,779
$878,840
167,566
646,880
1,)S0,886
1,840,480
(b)
17-8
980
841-8
$89,188
87,168
145,067
184,799
8,896
80,801
85.854
90.818
16,989
$100,810
8,088,780
8.585,448
8,0«1,867
1,614,178
161-8
870
1840
868-5
119-0
186,465
17,89«
86,799
40,788
46,486
(b)
5,788
18,000
860
6P
$1,800
8.688
90
600
19,011
80,600
17,811
80,840
84,480
$5,2n,199
18,750,498
14,088,878
17,809,900
19,687,114
Year.
Flredaj
Kg-
Gold Bullion.
Kg.
Gold Ore.
lodlnei
Iron Ore.
Lead and
Argentiferous
Lead, in Bars.
1807....
1896....
1899....
8,800
iVfi.
NU.
ya.
1,818
1,1817
1,690-5
1,686*0
1,8711
687-0
$906,168
8.446,785
8,461,284
8.806,608
1,088,577
64
8
18
189
66
$88,585 848
8,.554 886
6,061 804
57,468 ' 818
88,696 i 885
$8,489,870
8,169,570
4,106.487
4,048,173
8,560,076
51
ib)
(b)
ib)
ib)
$856
869
18
171
14
466
$66,696
18,696
84,881
1900. . . .
6706
1901....
906,886
Year.
Lime.
Manganese Ore.
Mineral
Bpedmeoa.
Chile Saltpeter.
SUver Ore.
SUver and Gold
Ore.
1807....
1808....
1899....
1900 ...
1901
0-8
0-7
10
0-8
60
If
48
10
179
88,689
90.861
40,961
9^716
18,480
$1,411,648
447,088
1,887,998
761,406
664,409
$90,800
1,400
64.591
8,560
1,067,640
1,894,887
1,880.718
1,466.986
1,891,968
«87,461,660
90,675,807
96,660,888
109,946,156
118,860,181
984
884
802
885
6,166
$484,881
806,886
847,597
180,947
4,989,815
860
809
870
817
196
$46,681
{y7.686
188,416
84>49
49,710
804
THS MINERAL INDUSTRT,
6,888
804,788
SilTBT-LndOre.
6-0
11-8
88*0
1-4
$06
\jm
4,844
818
178
1,«7418
88Mtt
8SV;778
8
8
OS
40
8,004
(a) From the Etiadistica Commercial de la Repiihlica de ChOm, Vi_
values reported vary widely for the differeot years. This is pnibablj to be lul^tai tv thr tuLtuathmm of the
ciuTBDcy standard. (6) Not reported. There was also exported r la 1981, gold preelpMate, 889 kg., $186,179.
MIlfBRAL IMPORTS OF CHILE, {a) (IN MBTRIC TOKB AHD CmUIAll DOUJkRB.)
re^.
Bitomen for
Brass.
rWmrtmni
Goal.
Copper.
Ftevements.
Sheets.
For Various Uses
1887....
18B8
897
88
84
180
Na.
m
80
$88,808
18,805
16,906
16,166
20,870
28,865
$366,189
676,190
646,588
814'878
896,469
618,481
656.208
628,687
674,748
719,400
$4,188,918
13,178,965
13,469.478
18,494,960
14,888,000
66
67
75
104
188
$88,338
44,008
67,848
77,588
146,888
48
$8S;»4
18B0. . . .
Nil.
Nil.
69
igOO
""^'jBas
1901....
Tear.
O
oDcer.
Earth for Smelt-
Gold Coin.
Iron.
Sulpfiate.
ing Furnaces.
Bars and Ingots
Hoops.
Sheets, Unif^alv.
Sheets, QalT.
1897....
1898. . . .
1899....
1900....
1901 ... .
86
218
188
W
118
$10,787
66,868
56,312
86,970
88,941
100
80
85
97
120
$8,648
1,785
1,178
6,547
7,196
NU.
Nil.
Nil.
7,604
10,828
8,281
9,817
5,569
$864,698
1,266.190
870,768
1,024.287
291.808
808 $68,948
404 54.268
9181 19a8Sl
1,271,149.867
866 107.061
1,869 $168,782
8,988 988.868
2,558 1 884,995
2,7571 888,608
8,661 1 4444S26
10,757 $1,298,176
9,946 1.8r7;MS
8,887 8S5;850
a096| I.ISI.TIT
9,500 1,841,906
Year.
Lead, Bars
Chi
Salt.
Sliver.
and Sheets.
Common.
Refined.
Bars-Kg.
Coin.
Ors.
1897....
281
118
70
805
188
$87,882
28,339
16,742
61,205
32,046
40
15
21
9
1
$89,766
44,485
68,306
27,818
2,481
18.179
1,548
897
$90,742
80,865
7,971
320
101
38
$16,191
10.111
8,828
•5r
NU.
Na.
Nil
9
81
1
8
Nil.
$$.080
1898
5,455
656
1899
IflOO
Ill
Nil.
is&jw
190
1901 ... .
:::::::::::::.
Year.
Soda, Caustic.
Steel, Bars
a<i
......
mi.
Whiting and
Zinc.
and Sheets.
Oypsura.
Bars.
Sheets.
1807....
18fl8. . . .
1899. . . .
1900....
1901....
2.604
2,796
1,1&5
1,215
930
$165,026
341,760
141,461
147,258
127,258
2,225
1.869
1,686
8,755
4,200
$368,181
166,268
208,638
451,450
531,666
8,655
8,817
306
1,353
1,494
$157,6n
881,735
80,684
185,843
149,421
606
61
45
49
77
$82,149
68,173
57,059
66.946
85,099
49;;
466
410
966
487
$18,688
22 028
90,i98
48,3n
24,232
84
78
104
168
6746
$8,814
18,818
88.188
47,899
196.801
8B8
888
861
107,866
(a) From the Estudittica Commercial de la Republica de Chae, Valparaiso. (6) Includes sheet.
CHINA.
There are no official statistics of mineral production in China. The exports
and imports as reported by the Imperial Maritime Customs officials are sum-
marized in the following tables:
MINERAL IMPORTS OF CHINA, (o) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Year.
Brass Wire.
Cement.
Ghinaware,
Fine and
Coarse.
Coal.
Colors.
Copper.
Bar,Rod,6heeto,
Plates, Nails.
1897....
1888....
1899....
1900....
1901....
188*6
188*2
141*2
186*9
94-8
$88,915
46,116
46,881
89,608
28,689
(b)
18,848
14,401
$79,066
888,947
278,479
112,487
73,444
401 8
879*1
510*0
481*6
868*2
$109,119
92,622
184,829
79,419
44,012
558,149
742,296
878,080
8re,27»
1,171,882
$2,668,7^
8,096,484
4,069,570
4,791,812
6,018,679
2,185*6
(6)
(b)
ib)
(b)
$188,723
180,859
210.856
221,626
179,818
4996
8987
250*9
851 8
80*2
$108,817
84,244
80,690
. 196,218
88,584
Tear.
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901...
Copper— CoAtinued.
Slabs and Ore,
Unmanufactured
Wire.
Wares,
Unclassified.
Flint Stones.
Glass.
Window— £;o.<-e«. | Wares.
8,686*8
1,817*7
1,191*4
1,088-5
080*4
$606,603 1 79-9
489,702 1 80*6
408.058 88*7
896,019 09 4
222,882 47*5
$20,748
21,718
9.567
^,886
16,917
84 4
$18,975
2.638*9
$30,707
188.553
280
8,882
2,868-7
32,389
93,409
61-6
29.247
2.0100
28,886
116,896
959
46,863
7655
10,886
100,021
09*5
80.042
2,6891
24.879
78,147
$836,632
222,611
850.278
282,492
808,510
$238,781
247,688
864,918
240.612
867,885
Iron.
Tear.
Bar.
Hoop. Nail-Rod.
OM. 1 "•^^.'^•-^
Sheets and
Plates
1897....
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
6,8079
11,809-6
8,518-8
7,1541
18,066-4
$909,881
358,081
884,114
808,454
608,871
1,480-8
1.988 3
1,211-9
9808
1,284*7
$54,886
70,688
51,004
50,786
67,781
11,6114
21,263 6
12,887*8
7,477-2
11,684 1
$858,986
648.671
505,612
810,888
448,170
88,881
48,018
88,599
86,570
29,077
$587,278
796,206
780,897
001,476
686,9H
1,458*5
10,17^*2
2,780*8
1,801*8
4,1562
$86,678 8.489*6
280,510 4,709*2
71,909 6,M»12
87,048 8,619*8
88,118. 4,154 8
111
Iron— Oonttnuaci.
I^. 1
Tear.
Wire.
Wares.
Undaalfled
Jadestone.
Pig.
Tea and Sheet.
1897....
1896...
1899....
1900....
1901....
2,5891
2,968*0
8,984*7
2.198*7
4,166*5
$103,455
184,461
188,980
175,188
878,717
919347
504,576
887*5
849-5
881*5
164*7
817*4
$174,467
185,811
115,768
91.941
110,706
7,709
8,882
9,842
2,199
7,658
$494,791
587,568
7Q8.U80
410.591
664.298
102*2
101*2
109-4
130-2
460*9
Pill
Machinery
$1,966,051
1.281,081
1,114.882
1.087,668
878,880
800
THE MINERAL INDUBTBT.
Year.
Metals,
Unclaased.
Nickel.
FftintB.
(B-JT*
Bpeltar.
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
$197,669
847,845
960,878
488,606
876387
ro
67-9
104-8
76-8
68-7
$98,884
48,898
40,660
40,981
50,070
$487,606
618,660
680,541
688,806
J«piji»^
66-8
70-4
600
871
41-7
67,481
68306
66,060
64,810
75-7
$169,686
7^684
78,045
16.485
9,881
Steel.
Tin.
White Metal.
(GermaiiSaTer)
Y«tf.
Oommon.
Mild, or Iron
IDROU.
Plates.
Slabs.
^;Sijar
1897....
1896....
1809....
1900....
1901....
8306-0
8,008-7
6,045-0
8,7150
8,166-8
$196,465
188,688
888,886
274,077
210,550
711-4
0,100-0
8,6098
6,511-1
7,0rB2
288,468
251,909
8348*7
6,776-6
1,121-7
8,088-9
4,969-4
76364
986,471
419,060
4,198-9
8,198-5
8,288-4
8,889-7
4,986-2
$1,896,808 841-4
1,181,619 880*4
1,068.766 168-6
1,489^908 166-7
8,089.861 176-2
100,677
1.768-6
1,678-4
1388-8
1,4066
1,4420
$817,187
897,906
888,610
»7^44S
RE-EXPORT OF FOREIGN GOODS FROM CHINA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
OoDper,Bar,Bod
Bheets,Plates
Glass.
Year.
Oement.
Chlnaware.
Goal.
Colors.
Window.
Boxes.
Warn-
1807....
1886....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1470
129-4
67-6
16)
(*
$1,085
2,088
889
20,744
0-1
01
0-2
07
(6)
$128
81
40
168
47354
55,288
64,269
54,208
65,058
$288,561
284,601
847,806
267,518
809,777
88-8
(6)
. (6)
(6)
ib)
6,880
7,997
4,784
4,884
&-06
{dS 1-98
(d) 6-48
(d)27-09
(d)72-a6
$1,008
617
2375
9,796
17,464
1,084
1,82
688
8,810
6,460
•5S
1.901
6,706
1^888
$1,999
8,675
2.014
8,141
1336
Iron.
Year.
Bar. Hoop, NallRod,
Sheetsjnates.
and wire.
Old.
Ptg and Kentledge.
Wares,
Undassed.
Lead-In Pigs.
Metals
Unclasw
1897....
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1,691-6
1,155-9
1,166-9
1,0860
. 890-5
$60,666
57,910
57,814
62,097
40,506
266-5
842-5
866-0
823-6
875-4
$5,096
7.467
7.185
6,518
6,804
1,181 6
707-1
2,860-1
244-4
171-8
$88,774
10,660
67,177
6,868
8,614
7,664
10,887
4OT8
66-6
78-7
0-1
88-2
0-6
10
$6,680
12,609
S379
0,806
SB,840
Year.
1897
1896
1800,
1000
1001,
Nickel.
8-448
4-664
1-212
97-879
4-808
$1,874
2.068
772
17,866
8,165
Paints.
$15,006
15,016
22,718
18,674
7,120
Petroleum— Lifers ,
(Reflned.)
1,062,607
2,585,566
50,160
1,071,900
048,850
$42,698
60,441
1,505
68,686
18,769
QuiduilTer.
2-6
4-1
1-0
8-0
1-7
$2,680
4,026
1,177
4,821
2,066
Spelter.
1208
(f)
ib)
(b)
$1,188
Steel.
501 0
780-6
616 6
488-8
688-1
$90.60.>
28,179
88 5*4)
81,144
96,960
RE-EXPORT
OP FOREIGN GOODS
Concluded.
KKOM
CHINA.
, EXPORT OF NATIVE GOODS FROM CHINA, {a)
(IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Year.
White Metal.
(Oerman Silver)
Tin. in SUbs
andTinplates.
Yellow Metal,
Bar,Rod,Sheet8
and KaiU.
JYear.
Chinaware,
Earthenware,
and Pottery.
GHasswars,
Bangles, eta
Gold and
SIhrerWara.
1897....
1808....
1890....
1900....
1001....
1-3
0-2
1-2
1-2
08
9711
01
696
711
488
271 1
127-5
701-2
258-7
2060
$82,430
27.990
73,810
58.043
84,752
0-2
18-6
1-8
006
0-25
$52
2,028
468
21
46
1897...
1896...
1800...
1900...
j 1001...
20,468
20,881
28,606
21,806
20,806
liili
1,066-0
1,261-0
1,245-1
1,066-4
1,168-0
$288378
800,010
818,712
2!'22
286,887
2*607
8-886
8-576
4-908
4-658
$8B3n(
iix,5ao
126:862
166,856
(a^ From the Reiuma of Trade and Trade ReporU of the Imperial Maritime Outtoma, Shanghai, Chins.
In these reports the unit of quantity is chiefly the '^picul,'*^ and that of value the ** Haikwan-tael." In convert-
ing the original data to metric tons and dollars, the following relations were used: 1 picul == 0-000468 metric toe-
in 1807. 1 Haikwan-tael = 72c.; in 1808, 70c.; in 1899, 71 -4c.; in 1900, 71 -7c.; in 1901, 74-9c., at the average sight
exchange on New York, London, Paris, Berlin, Calcutta, and Hong-Kong reepectivelT. (b) Not reported, (d)
In 1898 there was also exported 4*41 metric tons of unclassed copperware valued at $1,881; in 1899, 0*26 metric
tons ($158); in 1900, 042 metric tons (8218); in 1001, 0*12 metric tons ($47).
FRANCE.
The official statistics of mineral production in France and her Colonies are
summarized in the subjoined tables. With respect to the most important sub-
stances, reference should be made to the respective captions elsewhere in this
volume.
MINSRAL PRODUCTION OF FRANOB. (a) (m HBTRIC TONS; 5 f.— $1*)
Tear.
Antfmony Ore.
AnenicOre.
Barytes.
Bauxite.
Bituminous Aub-
stauoes. (c)
1607..
ISSII '
$64,915
^046
140,096
119,606
156,634
17,988
18,888
82,100
26,888
90,891
$146,272
168,758
172,860
906,996
170,068
8,909
2,788
4,058
8,686
4,145
$6,786
7;888
11,684
10,488
9,580
41,740
86,728
48,215
58,580
76,620
$65,211
07,188
68,967
92,606
194,166
238,886
229,108
256,449
266,474
249,656
$839,896
888,868
S60.657
883.429
87*^,9F8
1896
16U0..
1900..
1901..
8,600
7,491
$80,800
87,972
Clay Products.
Coal.
Year.
Oement.
Potters' day.
Refractory
Clay.
CoaL
Lignite.
Peat.
18B7..
1896..
1699..
1900..
1901..
976,618
1,072,086
l,144,2n
1,147,070
1,127,206
$4,716,471
6.860,680
6^788^404
6,796,880
6,600,774
970,292
260,862
810,800
881,896
841,407
$848,200
206.844
272,176
2e6,n7
849,285
816,185
867,482
829,661
$888,488
846,682
888,961
84M56
80,887,207
81,S6,127
82,266,146
88,721,508
81,688,800
$66,090,171
71.701,884
60,412,982
96,862,' 14
99,868,200
460,422
529.977
606,564
682,786
691,700
$781,517
999,800
1,096,181
1.487,814
1,604,200
96,067
104,966
99,280
96,630
118,438
$258,861
801.486
802,687
288,988
849,181
Gyspum.
y __ J
Tear.
Copper Ore.
Fluorspar.
Crude.
Calcined.
Iron Ore.
Ore.
1697..
1896..
1609..
1900..
1901..
956
869
2.021
8,081
8,418
$8,645
2,841
64,416
161,090
118,784
2.728
8,077
6,140
8,480
8,970
6.100
9,281
16,686
10341
11,564
illil
9964,845
861,690
961,198
198,679
1,869,269 $2,458,887
1,449,884 2,596,870
1,872,067 2,476,616
1,406,845 2,579,M2
1,688,710 8,111,211
4,568,286
4,781,394
4,986,702
4,676,740
4,260,747
$8,006,086 21,212
8,207,447 83,342
8,640,115 17,506
&54n.812 ' 24,276
8,111,422 j 20,M4
$556,261
640,226
648,146
721,716
562,968
Tear.
1897..
1606..
1899..
1900..
1901..
Lime.
8,201,496
2,889,850
2,848377
8,877,110
2,448,068
$^662,888
6,975,674
6,061,982
6,880,196
0377,464
aianganese Oi^.
87312
81,986
89.697
86,988
$906,085
166.211
170,069
Uillstones.
32.175
^,929
41,586
41,108
$944,068
727.886
706342
780.884
990,918
Mineral Paints.
(Ochei^s.)
32,299
88,790
88,750
88,060
86,704
$166,160
156,014
161,478
164,000
276,980
Petroleum,
Crude.
10,288
9,694
(b)
(6)
lb)
$834,611
881,178
Phosphate Rock.
566.666
646366
667,919
586,676
536,390 $2,864,887
8,116,968
8,884,146
2,627,291
2,614,648
Slate.
Stone.
Tear.
pyrites.
Salt.
Booflng.
SlalM.
Building.
1897..
1806..
1699..
1900..
1901..
808,486
810,972
818388
806,078
807,447
$782,666
766,242
887,088
779,996
798,056
•48.008
999368
1,196.688
10S684
910^000
$2389,824
2,115,120
2.416,978
8,012,600
810,820
816,911
299307
290304
266,606
$8,080,949
4,118,769
8.618,862
8,489,961
8,489,486
1,148
1,818
1,162
1825
1304
$31,8W
88,558
Illil
$9,355,108
9,890,787
10.446.644
9,612391
9,787,812
808
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Stone.— Cbntmued.
Year.
Limestone.
(Flux.)
Marble.
Favinff Blocks.
Sulphur Ore.
(d)
Zinc Ore.
1887....
1808....
1800....
1000....
1001....
700,568
606,601
064,946
1,040,806
1,088,878
800,660
946,045
966.851
967,047
118,67s
184,161
191,080
154,414
188,506
$987,184
008,831
1,406,778
14288,066
009,400
668,677
666,488
681,700
660,196
604,464
ill
10,788
9,818
11,744
11.661
7,000
$81JBBS
98,884
96!^
16,400
88,044
8M00
84.618
67,009
61,589
Sl.90S.O03
1,47S,5»
1,915,408
«,9B6
MBTALLURGICAL PRODUCTION OF FRANCE, (a) (IN MBTRIC TONS; 5 f.-4>l-)
Year.
1897..,
1806...
1899...
1900...
1001...
Aluminum.
470
565
768
1,096
1,900
1986,500
301,800
401,500
696.600
660,000
Antimony.
1,068
1,986
1,400
1,678
1,788
$141,807
168,800
848,800
946,060
940,000
Copper.
7,876
7,634
6,640
6,446
7,000
Oold-Kg.
$1,845,948 976
9,970,900 867
9,419,060 970
8,866,600 808
8,904,900 190
$100,109
188,900
186,000
189,800
Iron and SteeL
Iron, Pig.
9,484,191
9,585,100
9,578,400
9,714,906
$99,191,087
81,868,400
87,849,000
44,818,800
84,866,194
Iron, Vroo^t.
664,640 $M.«»,9S4
766,000 »XtLJ900
834,000 a0l,7«,400
679,178 8S,06S,40J
619.806 27,857,447
Year.
Iron and Steel— r?on
T>w.
^A 1^
Nickel.
Silw-Kg.
anc.
Steel, (e).
LXmtnA.\jf
1897
1806
1899
994.801
1,174,000
1,940,000
1,998,687
1,175,454
146,976,668
66,042,800
64,8rr,400
70,818,000
56,701,119
0,016
10,8a)
15.061
15,810
21,000
$680,088
788,400
1,848,500
1,958,890
1,461,600
1,845* r41,500
1,540 080,000
1,740* 1.040.000
80,851 ; $1,689,160
00.663' 1,617,000
68,105 1.642.100
86,087
87,156
80,974
36,906
37,000
fS,S68,400
8v5ni.eoo
4,5QK4Q0
1900
1,700
1,800
1,080,000
1,440,000
86,646
76,591
1,719,090
1,680,490
8,568,680
a,95S,GU0
1901
(a) From Statistique de r Industrie Minirale. (b) Not reported, (c) Includes pure bitumen, bitiuniiioitts
schist, bituminous sand, and asphaltic limestone, (d) Sulphur and limestone impregnated with sulphur, {ei
Wrought steel. (/) Lead produced from native ores only, and does not include the metal produced trom
foreign ores and bullion, (g) Finished product.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF FRANCE, (a) (IN METRIC TONS; 6 f .— ^^O
Year.
1808..
1800..
1900..
1001..
1008..
Bituminous
Substances'.
<b)
Goal,
(c)
20,885
80,rro
.W,5«8
28,888
26,063
$944,600
369,200
475,200
346,600
3U,600
10,446,000
11,896,080
14,601,981
13,026,68:^
13,187,720
$41,438,800
51,646,600
81,366,600
68,558,400
67,016,000
Copper.
52,976114,906,000
58,419; 20,450,000
61 ,638 1 21,628,800
47,0851 15,442,600
54,484 18,098,600
Gold.
139,881,575
68.607,020
00,408,723
85,485,000
88,091,400
SQver.
Iron and SteeL
$88,974,504
37,688,657
29,164,540
19,557,600
19.843,400
47,325 $1,941,800
64,178
118,152 5,797,800
77,742
60,607
8,988,400
9,946,000
9.351,600
&(m,Ca8t.
(Oradeu)
61,086
86,681
^96.000
9.189,900
8.748,400
Year.
Lead.
1896.. 74,902
1809.. 67,149
1900 . 70,857
1901 .. I 59,051
1002.. I 58,694
I
$5,848,600
6,657,400
7,749,200
4,769,800
4,788,400
Nickel.
$596,000
899,600
897,740
541,200
457,000
Sodium
Nitrate.
Stone.
Sulphur.
$8,026,400 $2,814,600 180.289 $2,800,400
9,.'U1,600 4,494.800 120,062, 2,818,000
11.905,820 5.232.200 133,5311 8,140,900
10.526,400; 4,670,200101,801 2,369,000
9,372,600| 4,870,600 85,889 1,806,000
Tin.
9,947
6,907
7,894
7,814
6,675
$3,475,800
4,496,400
6,055,800
4.776,900
6,668,900
Zinc.
88,849
86,616
83,144
99,818
86,564
$8.eB8,m
8,467,600
8,906,800
a.860,000
8,611,000
Year.
1S08
181)9,
IIKJO
1901
lo-e
Alum.
27
84
28
30
Borax
Bro-
mides.
180 I
123
111
128
141
30
46
10
Cement
11.290
13,640
13,012
m,2iiii
15,72 )
Chro-
mateof
Potash
and of
Soda.
2,890
3.147
8,298
2,7H4
2,861
Copper
Ore.
6,779
8,617
9,766
13,383
17,862
Hydro-
chloric
Acid.
1,994
1,006
1.968
1,908
9,763
Iron.
Ore. Pyrites.
9,099,940
1,950,666
2,119,003
1,669,875
1,668.884
71 .569
109.0M
156,895
906.617
170,7S3
FRANCE,
809
Year.
KaoUn.
Lead Ore.
Lead
Carbo-
nate.
Lime,
Ohio-
ride.
Ume.
Mann,
neee Ore.
Mercury
Nitrate
of
Potash.
Nickel
Owl
Nitric
Add.
1898.......
1899
1900
1901
1908
40,868
86,904
89,848
41,978
41,166
14,877
18,687
19,778
15,480
18,181
1.878
8.089
1,789
1,789
8,888
1,288
1,887
1.815
1,400
8,180
li-lll
876
161
805
884
1.008
1,015
1,988
757
1,547
84,985
88,680
80,497
58^874
988
1,888
1 140 i
961
1,404
514
Year.
1898
1899.
1900.
1901
1908.
Oxides.
Petro-
leum.
Phoa-
phates.
Plaster.
PlaU-
num.
Kg.
Potash
and
Carbo-
nate of.
Cobalt
Copper.
Iron.
Lead.
Ura.
Zinc.
9
9
8
8
10
68
86
84
168
111
1,081
1,087
1,088
1,001
1,051
1,874
1807
1,884
1^
1,416
15
44
86
88
86
1,866
1,786
1,748
1,288
8,178
891,961
806,Or8
808,488
885,968
148,170
886,848
848,081
888,981
875,886
808,896
8,040
8,860
8:648
SSo
506
817
8,898
1,857
8,840
8,418
8,779
8,788
8^580
1,M9
Potas-
sium
Chlo-
ride
10,989
18,886
18,684
18,899
10,808
Sal
Anuno-
niac.
Salt.
Soda.
Caustic
Sulphates.
Sul-
phide
Sul-
phuric
Acid.
Suoer-
phos-
phate of
Ume.
Tin
Ore.
Zinc
Oro.
Year.
Copper.
I«>n- Tcur^:
1806
80,486
18,810
15,805
9,868
15,446
85.868
87,970
88,045
88,847
88,505
• 1,778
1484
1,068
660
648
80,897
81,738
88,880
15,818
88,878
896
1,666
45
17
19
81
88
88
84
4,666
4,588
4,854
^886
7,798
178,660
171,681
148,487
165.861
116,098
887
486
518
865
748
60,481
IgOg
78,198
66,178
1900
1901
74,558
60,461
igQS
MINERAL AND MBTALLURaiCAL EXPORTS OF FRANCE, (a) (IN METRIC TONS.)
Alumi-
num.
Antimony.
Cement
Coal.
Copper.
Gold.
Iron.
Iron
Year.
Ore.
616
804
154
645
595
Metal
Ore.
Metal
Ore.
PJg.
Bars.
Steel.
Pyrites
1896 ..
1899....
1900....
1901....
1908....
198
856
884
807
748
100-6
854-7
886-0
741-8
665-7
841,150
844,480
888,677
848,010
810,590
1,880,616
1,880,090
1,801,810
908,588
910,780
1,788
8,078
9,197
16,066
80,489
14,850
17.949
16,791
14,778
14,488
1,818
1,860
1,517
886,109
891,846
871,799
866,985
488,677
168,991
158,798
114,861
96,468
818,061
87,494
89,118
18,768
86,290
88.888
47,878
88,684
19,585
66,847
181,988
Illli
Lead.
Manganese
Ore.
Millstones
and Pieces.
Number.
Nickel.
Beflned
Phosphate
Rock.
Plaster.
Silver.
Tin.
Zinc
Year.
Ore.
Metal.
Ore.
Metal.
1696....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1900 ...
10.816
8,909
8^845
8,490
8.414
8,668
1,168
966
718
648
18,889
18.889
8.398
6.889
1.948
808,584
112,680
66,486
58,388
45,647
586
880
590
807
98,748
70,517
89,185
81,405
68,875
106,790
118,580
106,887
101,068
110,870
1,886
iMTo'
16,746
17,184
587
666
716
488
654
60,664
76,104
54,668
48,995
47,784
16,996
14,968
18.719
15,088
16,158
(a) The figures are from VEconomisie FYanfaU^ and represent the Commerce SpMal of France. (6) In-
cludi« bitumen, bituminous schist and sand, and aaphaltic limestone, (c) Including coke. (<2) Not reported,
(e; Gold and platinum, in ore, sheets, leaves, or threads, if) Silver in ore, sheets, leaves, or threads.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF ALGERIA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 5 f- —$1.)
^ I Antimony
Year. ore.
1897..
i 781
$81,681
1896..
1 188
4,416
1899..
800
10,400
1900..
1901..
98
8,175
Cement.
Clays.
Copper Matte.
^SS^
! ! 67,180
1 78,690
88,800
1 94.000
$69,607
60,875
78,8r4
78,140
889
488
478
$88,880
54,800
48.700
850
150
800
600
$175
75
100
2nn
i,500 $18,000 119.195
86,196
67.967
85,178
600 1 806i
Gypsum,
(Plaster).
89,180 $100,479
89.750 110.666
81,800 117,795
87,100' 188.040
84,740 181,966
Iron.
Ore.
441,487
478,609
560,981
174,000
$668,888
708,667
868,8!n
161,808 i 851,740
810
THE MINBRAL INDUSTRY.
Iron— Om.
Lead-Silver
Ore.
Lime.
Year.
(>ist,9d
Fusion.
Hydraulic.
White.
Marble.
onjx.
1W7
699
NU.
NU.
SiL
NO.
$44,870
146
190
889
989
1,614
$8,041
8,190
10,489
6,888
91,916
90,496
18,000
19,000
19.000
19,000
$198,600
78,000
78.000
78,000
79,000
9jn5
19,976
13.646
18,700
16,000
48,961
49.060
66,600
1,660
985
986
$96,160
498
864
919
917
9i8
994
$85,480
laoe *...
18.48S
1899
\f^
1900
i8,9n
1901
l«,7ffi
Year.
Plioephate
Rock.
QuidrailTer
Ore.
Salt.
Sand and
OraTeL
Zinc Ore.
1S97
998.141
909,600
894,983
819.499
965,000
$919,664
1.078,000
1,999,988
1,277,688
1,060,000
98,889
91,800
17,878
18.^
18,518
$78,068
86,000
67,300
76,988
79,976
80,860
78,186
73,760
71,860
86,75rr
$90,880
17,n7
16.897
14,609
18,870
88,969
99,800
49,970
80,981
96,918
$801,538
1896
881,400
1999
808.679
1900
5^
1901
mS
(a) BTom StatUtiqum de Vlndu&irie Minirale. (6) Copper ore.
MINERAL EXPORTS OP NEW CALEDONIA, (o) (IK
r METRIC TONS.)
Year.
ChrrmelronOre.
Cobalt Ore.
Copper Ore.
Nickel Ore.
1897 ,
8,948
7,719
19,684
10,474
17,461
8,900
9.878
8,994
9,488
8,188
9J0O
Na.
6,849
6,849
88,464
1896
74,614
1899
108,908
100,819
188,614
1900
1901
(a) From SUUUtique de I'Indutirie MiiUrcOe. Additonal products in 1897: Lead ore, 900 metric tons.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OP TUNIS, (a) (IN
METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Year.
Salt.
LeadOreu
Zinc Ore.
(a) From Annual General Reports^ by 0.
Tie Neve Foster, and StatUtique de r/adu*-
trie Mininae, Additiooal products in 1890.
70,000 tcDSphosphate rock, valued at $168,000;
in 1900, 178,000 tons, valued at $781,000; in
1901, 179.000 tons, valued at 1688,600.
1807....
1806....
1899....
1900. . . .
1901....
8,103
7.300
8.850
9,160
16,900
$89,400
88,9(n
86,400
64,190
74,880
9,188
9,875
9.968
6,864
8,168
^22
87,680
68,400
199,900
188,800
11,880
91,477
90,079
16.696
17,879
|1474no
186,580
813,400
991,600
916,900
GERMANY.
The mineral statistics of the Oerman Empire^ together with those of Baden,
Bavaria, Prussia and Saxony, are summarized in the subjoined tables:
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF ORRMANT. (o) (&)
(IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS: 4 marks— $1.)
Year.
Alum.
AluminuiD
Sulphate.
AntimoDy and
Maoganese.
Antimony
Ore.
AnenicOre.
Arsenical
Products.
1898.
1899
1900
1901
1908
4,069
3,85S
4,855
4,145
.f
$91,066
78,500
96,750
96,000
85,866
87,666
44,878
46,807
47,905
8,711
3,149
8,838
8,686
8,548
Ill
NU.
Nil
Nil.
8,540
8,684
4,880
4,060
$68,414
614260
79.860
78,000
8,679
8.428
8,415
2,549
8,887
$853,688
867,260
868,850
866,750
Year.
Asphaltum.
Boracite.
Cadmium— Kff.
CoaL
Cobalt, Nickel and
Bismuth Ores.
Copper, Ingot.
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901...
1908
67,648
74,770
80,685
90,198
ft),874
830
188
832
184
$10,746
6,750
11,000
8,000
14,948
18,608
13,533
18,144
^1,168
81,850
80,500
80,500
96,879,908
101,689,758
100,890,887
106,589,444
107,486,384
$177,664,848
197,888,000
841,496,850
868,618. WO
887,758,000
8,157
1,870
4,496
10,479
18,485
$138,545
133,500
168,000
185,600
188,000
80,896
84,688
80,986
81,817
80,501
18,510,000
11,788,600
11,577,860
8,541,000
Year.
Copper Matte and
Black Copper.
Copper Ore.
GoW^Kg.
Graphite.
InmOre.
1886
1899
1900
1901
1908
68
96
434
$8,170
4,000
614.500
75,860
56,000
708,781
788,619
747.775
777,389
761,981
$4,981,158
6,817,000
6,956,000
8,074,750
5,107,750
8,647
8,605
8,056
8,755
8,664
$1,976,853
1,814,760
8,180.750
1,988,900
1,657,760
4.598
5,196
9,848
4,435
$97,916
180,860
136,500
66,000
15,899,846
17,969,685
18.964,887
10,570,188
17,968,696
$16,808,159
17,548,500
19,407,000
17,999,750
16,484,000
Yeor.
Iron, Pig.
Lead.
Lead Ore.
Lignite.
Utharge.
Magnesium
Sulphate. (/)
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1908..
7,815,987
7.160,8U8
7,549,665
7,880,087
8,589,900
$93,575,641
108,680,750
128,969,750
188,943,500
113,984,750
138,748
189,985
1^1,513
188,098
140,831
18,555,606
9,815.000
10,174,750
8,058,8J50
7.887,850
151.601
144,870
148,830
153,841
167,855
$8,418,128
8,588,000
4,518,030
8,585,25(»
8,350,000
31,648,498
84,804,666
40,496,019
44,479,970
43,000,476
$18,889,669
17,458,970
81,486,500
87,670,000
86,504,500
3,857 $885,496
8,561 870,750
8,088 866,750
4,101 1 8K2,000
4,197, 8!i8,850
8,444
8,038
1,750
84»0
4,850
8,760
4,000
Year.
Manganese Ore
Magnesium Chloride
(From Solution.)
Magnesium Sulphate
(From Solution.)
Mineral
Paints.
Nickel A Vari-
ous By-
products, (c)
Petroleum.
1896....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1908....
48,354
61,889
59,808
56,09!
49.818
$111,786
in,750
163,500
175,750
144,750
19,819
81,869
19,897
81,018
$06.9r8
81,860
76,350
88,750
80.895
89.540
48,591
46,714
89,8ft2
$188,667
146,500
168,000
171,750
185,860
3,061
8,351
8,311
3,884
$91,168
97,000
01,760
96JB50
1,091
1,747
1,080
8,807
8,196
$1,466,854
1,566,000
8,000,000
8.165,850
8,161,000
86,789
87,087
50,875
44,095
49,785
$894,568
894 600
081,600
787,500
887,750
Year.
Potassium Salt«.
Chloride.
Kainite.
Potassium and Magne-
sium Sulphate.
Sulphate.
Unspecified.
1896....
1899. . . .
1900....
1901....
1908. . . .
191.847
807,506
871,518
894,666
887,518
$6,880,880
6,801,860
8,798.760
6,788,850
7,866,850
1,108,648
1,106,150
1,178,587
1,496,509
1,388,683
$8,885,866
8.638,850
6,416,500
4,887,850
4,808.500
18.962
9,766
15,868
15,618
16.147
$860,466
196,000
830,500
886,500
351,850
16,668
86,108
80,868
37.894
86,879
$768,897
1,087,500
14M9,850
1,460,000
1,133,500
1,105,818
1,884,078
1.882,758
8,088.386
$8,576,688
4,808,000
5,450,500
6,448JB60
812
THE MINERAL INDU8TR7.
Year.
Pyrites.
Salt.
Salt, Rock.
Sliver and Gold
Ore.
8Uver-K«f.
1886....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1908....
186,849
144,088
109,447
167,488
166,885
1842.666
2S;860
808,750
885,600
821,850
lilif
$8,116,067
8,081,750
8,607,000
8,98SJS00
8,908.760
604,658
861,123
986,668
985,030
1,010,412
$888,666
957,000
1,060,500
1,188,860
1,171,000
12,418
18,506
12,598
11,577
11,624
$886,657
479,750
514,600
887,750
846,000
480,578
467,690
415,785
406,796
480,610
$9,689,168
9,466,000
7,700,000
Year.
1688...
1699...
1900...
1901...
1908...
Sodium Salts. salDhur.
(Glauber Salt.) »"*»"™^-
09,111
79,068
90,468
76,066
68,978
$468,5091,964
604,0001,668
668,7501,445
492,000 968
648,600
$18,167
86,000
31,000
20,250
Sulphuric Acid.
ig)
664,886
688,666
689,878
835,000
694,499
$4,066,784
6,787,000
6,686,000
5,860,760
6,079,760
Sulphates, (d)
Ck>pper.
4,1
6,148
5,076
5,192
4,997
$856,540
460,750
667,000
672,750
471,500
Iron.
10,482
10,931
10,747
11,019
$42,707
38.750
41,000
41,260
Zinc.
6.104 $91,152
7,117 1 107,000
6,027 I .80,230
5,552 74,250
Copper
andlroa
Mixed.
$6,991
9,000
7,000
60100
Year.
Tin
Tin Ore.
Uranium and
Wolfram Ores.
Zinc.
Zinc Ore.
• Vitriol and
Alum Ores.
1898....
1809....
1900....
1901....
1908. . . .
998
1,461
8,061
1,461
1966
$872,252
870,750
1,888,750
649,000
1,161,500
61
78
60
88
10,000
11,850
12,500
50
50
48
48
$11,687
18,000
11,890
7,600
164,161
153.165
155,790
168,2^
174,027
$14,706,459
18,737,750
15,516,700
18,696,790
15,461,000
641,706 $5,511,819
6«M,588 , 8,655,000
0.9,215 1 6,488,250
647,496 1 5,875,500
702,504 1 7,452,750
168
688
850
1,066
7S0
500
1,500
(a) Including Luxembun?. (6) From Vierteljahra' und Monats-hefte zur Statintikdes DeuUchen Beu^.
(c) Including metallic bismuth, cobalt products, and uranium salts, (d) There was also produced nickel
sulphate and tin chloride as follows: 1900, 148 tons, $81,500; 1901, 185 tons, $27,830. ^e) Kleserite, glauberite, etc.
(/) Including quicksilver ore. (g) There was also produced fuming sulphuric acid as follows : 1900, 80,495 toos,
$236,600; 1901, 21,827 tons, $255,260; 1902, 70,567 tons, $640,000.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF GERMANY, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 4 marks-= |1.)
1807
1696
1699
1900
1901
Alabaster
andMarbto,
Crude.
89,688
(c)
(e)
(c)
$900,000
Aluminum,
Nickel
Wares, etc.
Ammonium
Sulphate.
$486,000 j 88,118
482,500 80,254
567,000 ! 26,868
546.000 , 28,106
484,600 44,406
$1,386,000
1,285,750
1,448,600
1.218,000
2,442,500
Cement.
42,861
53,519
79,808
87,209
$860,001
818,00(.
806,000
705,50C
688,50(
Clay Products.
Brick
and
Roofing Tile.
84,477
95,576
100,063
91,207
68,456
$1,386,000
1,661,500
1,827,600
1,648,600
1,446,760
Porcelain.
812
788
704
765
787
$35^,000
817,750
261,500
312,730
318,500
KaoUn, Feldspar
and Fire Olay.
907,155
206,166
265,880
249,160
$8,060,000
2,067,750
2,509,000
2,661,750
84906,750
Copper.
Year.
CoaL
Coal.
(Lignite.)
Coke.
Bars and
Sheets.
Crude.
1897
Iggg
6,072,089
5,680,382
6,820,489
7,864,049
6,897,880
$16,686,000
17,287,600
21,860,250
83,720,000
28,129,500
8,111,076
8,450,149
8,618,751
7,980,813
8,106,948
$12,775,000
18,948.750
16,079,250
16,915,750
18,653,250
486,161
882,679
402,677
512,690
400,197
$1,960,000
1,677,500
2,587,750
8,226 260
2,278,000
400
450
610
906
786
$186,000
1414350
251.750
8814350
311,760
67,578
78,291
70,001
83,608
68,620
$17,Q8S,000
i9,n].«»
28,O0S,2»>
1899
1900
81,692,000
1901
21,966,000
Copper— Con. | Copper and Brass Manufactures.
Qlass Manu-
factures,
All Kinds.
Gold.
Year.
Scrap and
Coin.
Fine.
Wire.
Cartridge
Cases, Coarse
Wares, etc.
Bullion.
Kg.
Coin.
Kg.
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
liKU..
4,199
4,ra0
4,902
4,603
4.586
mm
646
881
962
1,007
634
$700,000
791,000
987,250
960,250
783,260
60
55
79
76
01
$86,000
18,250
84,250
31.250
87,250
612
546
565
504
m
$.800,000
275.500
329,500
304,500
204,(100
2,067 $475,0001 34.991
2,408 604,750 68,987
2,887 517,250' 51.589
2,746 ^Sr.WO 37,094
2.561 701,250, 48,064
$>4,<«85,000
4.H.r7iJ,7J50
85,948,500
25,87n,iK)0
80.051 ,0U0
88,914
60.866
60,769
54.859
54,418
$14,850,000
.w,7r».«so
3l,87t)jS50
84,4S7.7SU
a4,157.S60
OBRMANY.
813
Ooldi
Tear.
18BT.
1806.
1899.
1900.
1901.
54,798
44,468
46,774
88,158
$8,075,000
4,580,500
8,728,750
8,948.000
8,878,860
K«.
85,180
81,549
84,775
38,890
38,891
1750,00(1
887,500
866,00fl
l,0O8,a6C
1,
Gold, Silver,
and Platinum
Ores.
8.987
7,481
7,697
9,168
8,784
94,475,000
8,619,000
8,784,000
8,888.500
8,080,500
Gnphito.
17,866
80,880
28,400
88,486
(c)
Iodine.
9607,750 164
945,500 816
l,088,000ll91
965,850,888
866
9960,000
1,808,750
1,18^,000
1,858,850
Iron.
Angle.
1,081
807
898
887
1,194,750| 671
Blooms.
Bars, and
Ingots.
^,0001,088
6,500,1,658
89,8601,841
81,000 8,778
80,oooi,r*-
985,000
44,010
48,76(1
118,000
57,000
Iron.— Continued.
Tear.
Ore.
Pig.
Rails. ' Scrap.
1
Wire.
Wrought In
Bars.
1807
1898
1899
1900
1901
8,186,844
8,516,B?77
4,105,87^
4,107,840
4,870,088
$11,075,000
18,881,000
18;796;500
17,48^7D0
488,187
884,581
618,868
788,718
887,508
96,875,000 774
4,904,000 887
9,983,7501,819
14,604,8501 848
4,868,750 645
986.0U)I 87,957
6,750; 28,388
88,0001 68,141
10,250 100,888
14,860 86,868
9450,000 5,809
895,760! 7,166
1,040,860, 8,688
8,158,850' 8,711
488,500,7,988
9875,000' 89,487
470,750 86,014
684,760 87,179
898.860 87,809
496,500 88,518
91,886.000
1,107,000
1,790,000
8,097,000
1,068,700
Tear.
1897.
1896.
1899.
190O.
1901.
Iron.— CoA.
Another
Manufac-
Plg ani
Scrap.
18,185 91,875,000 8\098
80,158| 1,898,750147,497
81,818
88,906
17,964
8,856,750 55,685
8,498,000 70,862
8,S88,000'58,886
98,860,000
8,849,760
4,50O4M)
6,878,750
8,405,000
Lead
and Copper
Ores.
90,114
64,?-Jr
65,881
60,968
dl00,196
98,895,600
8,798,750
8,680,500
4,531,000
5,101,500
White.
950,000
65,750
88,850
86,830
88,750
86,911
180,711
196,885
804,480
888,010
9985,000
1,815,750
2,805,750
8,461,860
8,486,500
Nickel.
1,800
1,487
1,801
1,718
1,947
1875,000
800,750
884,750
:,880,ona
1,887,850
Petroleum.
Potassium Salts.
Tear.
Illuminating
OIL
Lubricating
Oil
Phosphate
Rock.
Chloride.
Cyanide.
Iodide.
1807
946,844
954,648
963,M8
989,881
965,904
912,800.000
16,800,850
19,778,750
81,000,850
17,886,000
88,957
97,088
108,884
184,505
118,999
98JB0,000
8,759,750
889.8841 98,686,000
270,988' 2,710,000
715
488
9»,ooo
7
$1,000
1,500
750
TfiO
18
16
9
10
(c)
t»,B0O
1898
14,750 X
16,000 8
61,860
1809
4,808,250 407,457
4,889,830 448
87,750
1900
1901
5,608,750
4,908,750
320,13d
SSl.lB.*:
8,681,500 ~
4,088,230
4m
408
17,860 "
16,850
8
64,600
Potasbium Salts.— Ctow/i»iu<'<f
Pyrites.
.-
Tear.
Nitrate.
Oxide
(Potash.)
Sulphate.
Quicksilver.
Salt.
1897
8,889
1,896
1,785
8,047
1,589
9875,000
1,784
9186,000
«.
985,000
27,500
16,000
25,730
80,500
856,869 91,900,000
876,817 8,184,500
487,788, 8,761,000
467,679 8,980,750
488,688. 4,886,760
(c)
560
578
565
661
9696,860
700,500
788,750
870,000
2lf957
88,040
81,788
88,901
1806
178,000 1,488
168,000 1,787
194,500, 1,588
149,000^ 1,75S
101,0001 909
130,250; 588
181,750 856
181,750 680
9141,860
1899
1900
1901
184,860
15.600
188,000
Tear.
1897,
1896,
1899,
1900.
1901.
SiUca. Sand,
Marl, etc.
Silver.
Bullion- Kg.
SlagandSlag
886,241
889,706
879,069
388,088
864,686
9225,0(.0 147,084
889,750,104,770
880,750 89,900
887,750! 107,488
274,000 197,856'
98,075,000 670,224 93>575,000 110,816
8,075,750 685,118 8,688,750 88.874
1,821,000 892.784 3.941,500 68,305
3,488,750 974.947 4,694,250 103,481
8,909,500 788.981 8,989,850 87,152
fliag,
Thomas Slag,
Ground.
Slate.
96^,000
487,500
476,5()0
887.250
668,600
48,880 91,076,000
57,571 1,406,000
68,809 1,541.25'.)
b4,646 1,887,600
41,670
Soda,
C^kdned.
916, * 25,000
621> 11,750
515; 12,850
878; 9,260
178 4,600
814
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Tear.
189?..
1608..
1899..
1900..
1901..
Soda,
NItAte.
(Chile
Saltpeter.)
466,498
485,054
686.944
484,644
689,668
$16,676,000
15,408,880
19,481,000
19,881,750
82,606,750
Stone.
StaaBfurt
Salta.
Rough or Simply
Hewn.
Limefltone,
Lime.
6
17
198
180
166
$1,850
750
750
981,8M
1,081,755
1,078,488
906,994
$4,875,000 885,715
4,88^000,848,897
6,100.750,889,912
6,478,750'27«,884
4,788,750 861,650
$1,800,000
1,888,860
804,750
1,081.850
91^750
Orindstones,
Poliahing and
Whetstones.
Sulphur.
1,880
1,967
8.188
2,886
(c)
$118,750 85,806
187,880 80,800
808.600 81,196
808,750 40,689
I SS.7fiA
88,780
$IK6,000
756,750
708,000
915,500
618,760
Tin.
Zinc.
Zino-White,
Zhio-Oray,
and
Uthophone.
Year.
Crude.
Manufactures
Crude.
Drawn and
Rolled.
Maoufacturea
Ore.
1807..
1696..
1699..
1900..
1901..
18,805
14,688
18,888
18,454
18,910
$8,876,090
6,801,000
7,666,880
8,875,880
7,600,000
75
88
88
115
96
98,600
116,000
160,600
181,880
19,784
84,116
83,091
84,868
81,880
$1,860,000
8,418,800
8,916,500
8,874,860
1,809,850
180
58
95
145
806
$8^000
5,750
18.500
15,750
80,600
146
188
186
188
186
$75,000
77,280
79,000
88,800
77,850
84,785
48,060
57,880
68,988
75,688
$400,000
901,000
1,454,000
1,466,000
1,868.600
8,588- $885,000
8,668 866,850
4,886 48^8aO
4,884 618,860
8,678 888,000
MINERAL. EXPORTS OF OBKMANT. (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 4markas|l.)
Alabaster
and Marble,
Crude.
* AluDQJnum,
Nickel
Wares, etc.
Clay Products.
Year.
Ammonium
Sulphate.
Cement.
Roofing Tile,
andBuUding
Stone.
Porcelain.
1897...:..
1696......
1699
1900
1801
8,727
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
$75,000
5:812
2,89o
8,870
$1,980,000
8,187,600
8,688,850
8,660.860
2,465.850
2,683
4,088
1.668
8,481
9,848
$100,000
178,600
77,750
187,600
541,860
804,667
661,744
680,886
600,886
860,618
aa-gf
99,188
188,886
168.619
146,668
100,801
$985,000
1,160,600
1,468,780
1,688,860
1,064,800
8},667
81,644
88.110
86,648
87,649
Year.
1897,
1896.
1699,
1900,
1901,
Clay Products. Con
KaoUn,
Feldspar and
Fire Clay.
181,686
189,088
143,406
169,866
188,174
$475,000
651,8»)
789,000
941,000
794,600
CoaL
18,380,907
13,989,288
18,»48,174
15,875,605
15,866,867
$88,875,000
89,836,500
45,046,850
54,834,500
68.420,500
Coal,
Lignite.
19,118
88,155
80,905
88,705
81,718
$85,000
86,600
86,600
106,600
43,800
Coke.
I
8,161.686
8.183.170
8,187,965
8,289,188
8,0^961
$9,160,000
10,1V7.7SU
11.490,500
18,948,850
13,180.860
Copper.
Copper and Brass Manufactures.
Year.
Bars and
Crude. Sheets,
Unplated.
Scrap and
Fine.
Wire.
Cartridge
Oases, coarse
Warn, etc
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
7,188
6,978
7,061
6,505
5,097
$1,885,000
1,885,600
8,598,750
8,000,750
1,765.750
5,718
5,809
4,871
5,273
4,952
$1,885,000
1,798,500
8,118,500
2,83S,250
2,072,000
8,164
3;686
6,817
5,465
5,181
$585,000
898,760
1,801,750
1,996,600
W97,850
1
5,588 $4,086,000
M72 5,471,600
7,661 0,986,500
8,888 8,294,500
7,852 7,861,750
6,176
6,980
7,679
9,606
7,838
$8,085,000
8,030,600
3,869,750
4,808,000
&889,000
5,400
6,878
5,846
4,906
4.968
$3,860,000
%778,750
8,961,850
8.838,750
8,883.880
Gold.
Gold and SUver
Manufactures.
Kg.
Gold,8aTer.
Year.
OlasB manu-
factures.
All Kinds.
BulUon.
Kg.
Coin.
Kg.
and
Platinum
Ores.
Graphite.
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901...
105,702
108,615
111,087
184,601
118,891
$9,060,000
7.757,850
8,450,250
9,286,000
9,187,500
82.312
4,851
4.850
5,587
8,661
$82,625,000
3,881. 2r)0
3,887,7r,0
8,»I2.500
6,049,750
11,885
83 WS
48,r)M
30,072
10,808
r,160,000
52,061,000
80,548.500
84,562,500
6,848,000
101,429
98,989
107,021
111,117
98,564
$9,975,000
10.886,000
12,181,250
18,870,750
15,213,750
68
18
5
80
5
$85,000
64,750
10,860
4,600
8,600
8,488 $187,800
8,966 m,l0O
8,708 177,600
8.066 78.860
(c)
GEnMANY.
815
i
Iron and Steel.
Iodine.
Angle.
BIoomR,Ban
and Ingots.
Cast, Crude.
Manufactures,
All Other.
Iron Ore.
1897.
1893.
1899.
1900
86
86
86
89
87
$160,000
160,760
161,750
177,600
188,186
109,887
804,706
881,166
215,641
848,447
$4,400,000
6^896:600
7,807,000
7,709,860
8,667,860
89,798
84,964
88.488
88,687
801,716
$900,000
801,500
688,600
1,009,600
4,084,860
iilP
$96,785,000
80,607,750
86,060,760
86,888,860
896,949 $88,480,000
818,946 88,899,000
889,988 88,648i960
871,836 87,8a^850
484,454 89,075,150
8,880,801 $8,400,000
8,988.784 8,158.750
8,119,878 8,049.000
8,847,868 8,988,000
8,889,870 8,238,750
1901.
87;il8;760
i .
Iron and Steel.— Oon^mued.
Lead and
1
Iroo,PI«.
Bails.
Scrap.
Wire.
Wrought,
in Bars.
Copper
Ores.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
$1,360,000
8,584,000
8.088,750
8,560,000
8,190,600
118,478
188,889
109,818
166,666
180^978
$8,860,00C
8,869>O0
8,806,000
4,806,000
6,011,750
88,108
85,096
68,108
61,096
168,899
l!SS^
1,080,000
1,849,750
8,088,860
198,909
188,718
164,838
169,889
847,766
$6,68^000 846,778
6,688,500 868,006
6,807,600 198,988
7.464,600 178,588
8,866,000 889,518
17,075,000 86,817
7,668,850 84,169
6,768,000 85,859
6,868,000 86,996
8,686,500 d891
1888,600
818,000
1,680,750
718,000
81,850
1
Lead, Pig
and Scrap.
Lead,
White.:
"•^r^
Nickel.
Phosphate
Rock.
Potassium Salts.
Chloride.
Cysnide.
1807..
1898,.
1809..
1900..
1901..
84.075
84,867
84,491
18,885
80,880
$1,686,000
1,687,000
1,868,860
1,606,500
1,877,000
14,786
16,478
16,860
16,186
16,966
$1,885,000 i
1,400,250 i
1,686,000 '
1,688,830 \
1,4484960 !
),615
1,810
r,040
S,4&4
i,684
$100,000
78,850
106,860
44,600
88>S0
169
808
896
868
890
1100,000
119,600
177,000
884,750
340,750
4,000
6,100
8,504
1^188
8,800
$75,000
76,600
40,000
19,750
88,850
80.889 $8,860,000
96,886 8,868,860
101,(H5 8,687,600
114,469 4,078,000
118,960 4,168,600
1,008 $886,000
1,907 977,000
1,646 828,750
1,388 668JK0
8,089 918,760
Tear.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
Potassium Salts.— Continued.
lodfcle.
$775,750
845,000
906.000
755,600
Nitrate.
Oxide.
(Potash.)
8,966
10,909
15,146
14,744
18,488
$860,00018,100
1,001,00018,456
1,888,00011,917
l,40a760l 16,761
1,810,85016,567
Sulphate.
$795,000 80,0n
8074250 87,105
698,750 88,845
1,418,500 88,125
1,802,890 87,216
$975,000
647,000
1,157,750
1,389,600
1,8684S00
pyrites.
16,887
19,880
16,965
84.906
$75,000
98,750
88,850
1414350
88,660 10^750
QuieksUTer.
88
88
87
$106,750
89,000
88,600
86,760
Salt
(c)
885,548
841,086
886y291
886,484
9604,000
671,730
610,860
779,000
flfll<*A.
a^w^A
Silver.
Sla*
« m.w^A
Thomas
Ground.
Soda. '"^
Calcined.
Year.
.^■ST
Crude and in
Bars. Kg.
SlagV^L
Skte.
1697..
1606..
1899..
1900..
1901..
Iilll
$875,000
796.600
768,850
985,750
986,600
mil
r,66Q,000
6,968,750
6,991,000
6,9n4»0
6,686,000
87,788
80,981
85,666
84,930
87^
$100,000
106,000
106,000
146,860
109,500
109,886
187,506
199,888
174,568
808,786
$1,8S^OOO
l5S750
1,567,750
1,406,760
1,460,860
4,948
4.484
8,084
8,188
8.076
$100,000
99,750
66;850
77,750
98,250
45,678
87,106
40,566
44,816
45,967
91,085,000
885,t)00
968,500
1,106,000
l,1494e50
Sodium
Stone.
Tin.
Tear.
Nitrate.
(Chile
Saltpeter.)
Stassfnrt
Salts.
Crude or Stanply
Hewn.
Limestone,
lime.
Qrindstones,
Polishing and
Whetstones.
Crude.
1897
1896
1899.
1900
1901
11,864
12,864
13,910
14,!50
18,481
$475,000
681,600
5ra,7fi0
601,750
600,500
887,877
870,889
867,888
488,8r7
598,847
$1,700,000
1,761,500
1,977,000
8,688,860
8,085,750
Iilll
$8,78^000
84881,750
44W9,750
6,458,000
4,904,500
77,906
64,698
»l,915
78,756
78,079
868,000
868,000
884,000
842,850
7,800
7,868
8,188
8,795
$889,600
8684B0
608,600
879,600
861
874
1,181
1686
1,668
$275,000
821,250
008,000
1,101,500
969,000
Tin.— Con.
Zinc.
ZiDC-White,
Zin&Oraj,
and
Uthophone.
Year.
Manufactures.
Ore.
Crude.
Drawn and
Boiled.
Manufactures.
1697
18J8
1H99
iroo
1901
967
1,119
1,218
1,815
1,460
lit
80,047
80,408
85,192
84,941
41,008
$500,000
570,850
566.750
6554B50
618,600
51,841
51,824
46,884
51,899
54,490
$4,400,000
6,171,500
5,678,850
54814,000
4,600,750
17,4SS
14,477
18,881
16,709
16,517
$1,660,000
1.817.000
1,661,750
1,168
1806
1,561
1,781
1,459
9800,000
^850
1,186,750
i;809,850
1,840,000
17,681
18,674
19,489
80,789
84,801
$1,885,000
1,774,000
8,167,860
2,092,750
8,060,760
(a) From StatittUchea Jahrlmch fur doM DeuUehe Reich. (6) In 1896, 1899 and 1900, represenU unglaied tile
and brick only, (c) Not reported, (d) Lead ore only.
816
TJIK MINERAL INDUSTRY.
MINERAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP OERMANV FOR TIIK YEAR 1902. (iN METRU' TONS.)
The following; flxrum are taken from Chemiker Zeitung, of Feb. 4, IIXK), and while probably- from official
Bourceg. gif 8ubject t«> correction.
Substances.
Alum, and aluminate of sodium
and alumina, including hydrate.
Aluminum
Ammonium salts
Ammonium sulphate
Ammoniacal liquor
Antimony
Antimony and arsenic ore
Arsenic
Arsenic, white :
Arsenical compounds
Asbestos and asbestlc mastic. ....
Asphalt, pitch, and wood cement
Barium chloride ,
Barium salts, N. B. 8
Baryta-white ,
Barytes
Bauxite, crude ,
Borax and boric acid
Brass and tombac
Bromide of potash and other bro-
mine preparations
Bromine
Calcium chloride.
Carbon bisulphide
Carbonic add ^
Cement
Chloride of lime
Chloride of magnesium
Chrome alum
Chrome ore
Coal
Coal-tar oil, light
Coal-tiu: oil, heavv
Cobalt and nickel ore
Coke
Copper, crude
Copper, in bars and sheets
Copper alloys, in bars, sheets, etc
Cinnabar
Cryolite
Explosives
Fluorspar
Gold, silver, and platinum ores. . . ,
Gold preparations and salts
Graphite, crude
Gunpowder
Gypsum
Hydrochloric acid
Iodine
Iron, crude, all kinds ,
Iron, wrought, in bars ,
Iron alum and iron mordant
Iron ores
Iron oxide, red
Kaolin, feldspar, and refractoiy
clay
Imports.
188
1,100
1,964
48,858
10,807
1,495
1,881
847
48
8,417
68,686
1
8,198
86,606
8,06r
1,198
16
80S
86
8S6
B8;018
61
85
88
10,158
6,485,668
7,591
6,800
15,561
868,488
76,060
188
407
18
1,888
68
81
6,584
19,898
79
8,17?
8,449
880
174,990
84,579
417
8,957,408
8,057
889.556
Exports. I
Substances.
, Imports.
84,006
410
8,861
5.744
15,857
105
410
46
1,888
818
709
40,596
d,445
8,918
8,988
56,788
S8
8,836
5,8 8
857
153
1,846
198
8,868
099,468
88,6»1
14,757
1,7S8
846
16,101,141
5,704
8
8,188,888
46,78
8,485
8.768
198
486
8,819
14,177
6
1,091
1,280
48.850
18,807
84
516,166
861,816
869
8,868,068
1,755
1.96.938
Lead and copper ores
Lead
Lead, white
Limiite
Litharge
Magnesium, artificial carbonate. . .
Magnesium, natural carbonate. . . .
Manganese ore
Manganese nreparations
Mineral oil for use in the arts
Nickel
Nitric acid
Ozokerite, crude
Ozokerite, refined
Petroleum, crude ; . .
Petroleum, distilled
Petroleum, refined
Phosphorus
Pitch, except asphalt
Potash....:.
Potash, caustic
Potassium and sodium chlorate. . .
Potassium chloride
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
Potassium iodide and other iodine
preparations
Potassium sulphate
" sflver
QuicksJ
Salt...
Saltpeter, Chile
Saltpeter, potassium
Soda, calcined
Soda, caustic
Soda, crystallteed >
Soda chromate
Soda, carbonate.
Sodium and potassium KuIphiUe..
Stone, refractor^', from clay
Strontia minerau
Strontia preparations
Sulphur
Sulphuric acid
Superphosphate
Thomas slag, ground
Tin.
Tin salts
Ultramarine
Vitriol, all kinds
Waterglass
Wltherite
Zinc, ingot
Zinc ores
Zinr. sheet
Zinc white, zinc gray, and zinc
sulphate
84,447
89,006
857
r,888,010
169
48
18,887
904,647
417
6,708
1,468
1,874
1,586
77
6,781
6,847
906,568
850
84JM6
8,118
48
1,918
861
445
8
10
986
648
86,404
461,0d4
1,880
181
106
61
197
106
897
88,018
84,035
74
88,798
88,905
109,374
103,107
18,790
70
88
8,808
850
8 848
85.0J6
61,407
184
8,954
Exports
19,0r4>
98,100
i9,a:o
81,70G
4,078
816
9,955
4,G88
8SS
408
089
1,660
078
1,866
4,066
876
960
6.158
14.041
18,604
7E8
106,925
9S96
8,957
169
40,787
109
898,384
14,781
9,784
88,109
6,660
8,449
1,781
954
4,SC>
9l,O0f
788
SiG
5;c
47,6U>
77,818
108,018
801
4,858
6,065
6,683
878
7O,r03
46,€6.
17,914
19,778
MINERAL FKODDCTION OF RADEN. (o) (iN METRIC TONS AND DCLLARS; 4 lliarks — $1.)
Alumina
Sulphate.
Iron.
Year.
Barytes.
Coal.
Fire uiay.
Gypsum.
Caf»t,
Foundry.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1,884
8,051
8,153
8,286
9,860
$87,184
80,605
89,610
88,785
83,900
400
I.ICO
8,480
8,970
e8,991
$800
8.186
8,746
8,688
4,758
4,188
4,700
4,030
8,660
$ll,8flO
10,883
18,000
15,406
10,174
11,450
5,118
4,775
8,096
8,530
96,654
8,589
8,475
8,650
8,864
40,708
88,087
89,419
86,881
88,188
$96,978
16,187
18,8n
15,489
17,848
86,886
89,988
68,608
60,108
40,100
$1,878,809
1,876,808
8,789,8W
8,745.068
8,089,888
Year.
Iron.— Continued.
Ingot.
Wrought
Lead and
Copper Ores.
Limestone.
id)
Salt
1897,
18U8,
1H99,
1900
ISOl
8,875
8,875
8,880
8,538
8,789
$147,718
147,718
171,863
184.999
876,900
1,167
1,167
1,408
1,364
1,158
$58,401
58,401
68,117
85,217
63,041
(b)
(fe)
/889
5$3,808
15,085
187,670
164,979
801,016
981,097
168,846
$19,509
96,104
81,674
86,818
87,848
81,445
81,446
81,197
88,C99
88,885
$186,998
186,998
116,797
198,904
948,849
OERMANT.
817
Year.
Sasd QiUM-tE.
Stone Porphyry.
Sulphuric Acid.
TripoU.
Zinc Ore.
1807
1,648
1,604
1461
8,668
1^988
11,178
910
798
1,818
978
88,000
7,630
88,861
83,481
18,880
$7,000
1^918
S,565
^855
4,780
18,865
18,J65
18,660
15,038
17,081
$78,507
78,507
68,800
98,840
158,856
90
6-0
11-8
9-4
8-0
$1,800
575
1,498
1,889
1,080
(6)
857
aoo4
8,870
1896
1809
turn
1900
1901
{b)
(a) Reported to Thb Minsrai, Industry by the Grosstherzogtiche Hruliache Domdnendirektion, Carlsnihe.
) Not reported, (d) Includes cement stone and bituminous shale, {e) Includes Florite. (/) Lead ore only.
(/) Lead ore only.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF BAVARIA, (tf) (iN METRIC TONS; 4 marks — 11.)
Tear.
Ran.
>*^i.
Clay.
0ar>»cv.
Fire Clay.
Kaolin.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
8,865
4,880
6,814
10,515
8,711
$8,906
6,465
8,648
15.067
17.901
144,485
888,9M
871,798
187,501
148,088
$800,496
671,466
505,088
468,689
868,551
84,086
89,196
85,ffi£
68,795
85,4.V)
$88,845
85,486
88,573
68,874
89,140
Coal.
917,088
964,611
1,004,481
1,185,800
1,808,708
$8JW7,n86
8,449,864
8,648,876
8,849,126
8,50^878
Coal,
(Lignite).
89,048
88,668
85,786
89,165
86,884
$84,918
88,848
88,888
86,117
84,849
Tear.
other Sulphate.
Emeiy.
Feldspar.
Graphite.
Qypsum.
Iron.
Ore.
1807..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
981
886
900
916
600
$88,540
^,668
44,886
45,160
87,618
817
880
899
414
866
$8,807
8,156
4,180
4,480
8,456
1.689
1,049
887
460
788
1,788
1,914
4,904
4,440
8,681
7,456
5.280
$■{.744
5,810
5.866
10,668
7,075
8,861
4,508
5.196
9,848
4,485
$66,186
97.916
180j29e
186,680
57.986
86,153
89,787
85.484
8,581
$18,609
1<166
80,658
17,199
5,891
178,699
171,987
181,981
178,441
158,880
$178,800
178,180
104,848
199,998
181,889
Iron.— Continued.
Tear.
Bar.
Cast,
Ist Fusion.
Cast,
8d Fusion.
P««.
Wire.
1897
58,800
68,848
61.415
49.;»7
89,978
$1,884,884
1.864,479
8,108,408
8,098.750
l,0a^844
188
97
'a
78
$4,889
8,566
' i*,66o
8,648
78,008
84,887
98.<59
89,098
76,191
$8,785,979
4,067,760
4.688,998
4,788,500
4,087,843
83,418
84.144
8:1,881
82.887
7a,on
$968,988
1,005.125
1,019,184
1,114,860
947,960
858
888
111
821
18,661
$6,806
9,688
8,878
6780
1898
1899
1900
1901
417,806
Iron.— Continued.
1?ear.
Steel.
Marl.
(For Cement.)
Mineral Paints.
pyrites.
Rock
Salt
1807
1896
1899
1900
1901
Ill
$8,861,085
8:884 899
8,898,185
4,866,116
8,504,844
180
(6)
(fe)
(6
$197
07,881
110,767
880,716
180,088
76,668
$60,581
68,874
79,917
74,054
68.988
8,678
8,748
9,287
11,507
84,989
$86,878
81,787
88,851
85,078
108,885
8,811
8,804
8,516
8,180
8,649
17.080
7.285
7,680
6,848
8,180
1,161
786
808
1,208
1,819
$5,586
4,006
6,610
6,568
6,809
Tear.
RmltL
n^tm^^
Silica
Slate.
Soapstone.
Sodium
Stone.
DBIC, wiuio.
(QuarU Sand).
Sulphate.
Flagstones.
1897
41,588
89,717
41,807
46,898
41,817
$888,089
469,689
428,641
488,550
450,888
81,678
45,907
89,988
48,671
87,710
$8,818
17,444
17,000
80.046
10,780
1.496
8.956
8.066
1,904
1,084
$14,001
84,089
88,915
81,457
18.180
8,464
1.918
8,197
1,977
2,291
$.%.860
89,193
83,860
88,840
41,857
8318
8,888
1,570
1,881
1,893
818.749
14,185
8,685
10,765
14,195
14,647
16,780
80,195
16,888
$57,848
81 898
1888
1899
95,908
TKOQA
1900
1901
1.560 rieaK
Stone— Con fintied.
Tear.
Granite and other
Massive Rocks.
Limestone.
Utho^raphic.
Whetstone.
Sulphuric
AckL
1897....
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
668,749
678,171
490,718
688,879
681,888
$711,089
790,184
729,688
810,880
758,844
884,660
814,809
867,180
897,635
856,889
$76,885
78.897
98,891
111.460
188,486
18,041
18,089
11,968
16.080
9,500
$817,881
180,485
839.840
888,100
882,760
848,118
896,189
815,786
814,154
855,860
$815,117
418,580
417.917
878.795
884,776
95
85
81
85
10
$8,800
1.675
1,125
500
600
7,041
103.885
183,278
128,910
115,776
$68,709
1.080,499
1,817,000
1,858,600
1,170.144
(a) Fkx>m the UeberaiOitder Production deM Bergwerk**, Hutten-^ und Saiinen-Betri^tes in dem Bayeritchen
aUMatt, (b) Not reported.
818 THE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
vmERAL PRODUCTION OF PRU8BIA. {a) (METRIC TONS; 4 markfl — $1.)
1807
1806,
1800
1000,
1001,
Alum Shale
129
107
145
106
611
$108
161
217
164
718
Antimony
and Alloys.
1,652
2,612
8,006
8,168
2,404
$1«,744
251,642
862,666
866,117
206,164
Anenic
Products.
Anenic Ore
1,024
1,604
1,460
1,688
1,446
$148,776
121318
188,648
188,649
106,490
8.877
8,298
8,206
8,681
8,060
$60,666
49,470
68,406
66,408
66,478
11,466
12388
10,488
2d3ei
26,480
$18,706
20,402
41,1«
60,785
66,125
Year.
Boraclte.
Cadmium.
Kg.
Coal.
Coal.
(Lignite.)
Cobalt Ore.
Cobalt
FnxhicfeL
1897. ".
186
216
171
217
164
$0,668
10,162
8,837
10,261
7,106
16,681
14,948
18,608
18,688
18,144
$44,167
81,162
21,886
20.500
20,460
84,258,808
80 608,528
04,740,829
101,066,168
101,208,807
$146,666,149 24,288,911
160,466.886 96,086,814
179364,458 28,418,608
219,662,750 84,007,542
281,180,007 87,491,412
$18,824,246
14,78i;896
16,876,612
20,064,610
22,606,688
121
84
17
4
86
$6356
61
44
46
09
06
$168,016
141,908
149,785
282,On
228,609
1896
1809
1900
1901
1,700
880
160
2,168
Year.
Copper.
Copper and
Iron Sulphate
Copper Ore.
Copper Solphate.
EpaomSalt.
1807
1806
1899
1000
1901
2^097
27.216
20,002
27,074
28,428
7,277,886
11,886.649
10,656,896
10341,087
226
120
164
118
78
$8,648
4,126
6,019
4.867
8,049
600,888
601,866
782,884
786,686
766,241
$4,60^e70
4;867,052
6,187,018
6,848,460
6,075,486
274
62
06
4,108
210
2,170
4.046
676,222
84,884
2,680
1,701
1,686
2,668
1,061
$286,817
188,100
148,124
291,286
218376
2,248
2.061
1.798
1,611
1,962
$4,888
4,40K
8,676
8,115
8,693
Year.
Gold-Kg.
Iron.
Iron Ore.
Iron
Sulphate.
Lead.
1807
1806 ,..
1,087-1
1,096-8
1,016-4
1,400-0
1,157-5
$766,184
719,787
708,524
1,045,069
806,468
4,802,060
5,176,048
5,644,614
6,:81.808
6,816,688
$64,780,081
09,882,640
88,302,100
06,566,944
88,442,417
4,188,686
4,020,800
4,206,675
4,268,060
8,881.070
$8,488,766
8,186,065
8,780,802
0,421,602
0,682,061
9,004
9,144
10,186
10.288
10380
$88,087
81U007
81,782
86,702
86309
106,880
119,846
116,906
118,788
118,989
$0,666328
7.6b£060
1890
8;488,998
1900
1901
9M^S
7,456,889
Year.
Lead Ore.
Litharge.
Manganese
andAlloya
Manganese Ore
Nickel.
Nickel Ore.
Nickel
Sulphate.
1897..
1896..
1899..
1900..
1001..
188,168
188,687
188,042
183,488
180,285
$8,122,880
8,218,107
8,476,974
4,467,086
8,487,897
1,000
2,860
2,482
2,867
2,885
$127,787
166,654
101,601
207,460
206,404
lis
90
148
174
m
$58,000
51,260
81,250
87,250
60,100
45364
42.282
60,879
58,016
56,866
$108,187
06,091
168,946
166,263
168,646
898
1,108
1,115
1,876
1,660
$760,508
700.106
706,125
070,294
1320,891
204
79
91
8,880
9,922
$1,M0
008
1,007
19,488
49,878
107
127
128
115
121
21.090
21346
21,206
Potassium Salttt.
Year.
Ocher ana omer
Mineral Paints.
Petroleum.
Kainite.
Other Potash
Salts.
Pyrites.
Kg.
1807....
1808....
1899.....
1900....
1901....
2,400
3,870
2,770
2,860
2,800
$48,750
51,600
57,682
60,000
68,500
2,600
2,645
8.405
87,731
24,006
$78,038
70,618
01,714
606,082
461,018
716,848
744,240
744,667
857,271
1,068,287
I
$2,529,840
2,660,761
2,560,160
8,086,771
4,010,879
640,286
718,057
941,065
1.264,008
1,181,708
$1,896,647
2,161.101
2,022,148
8,506,886
8,597,680
121,706
126,or7
184304
160.186
148,467
$209,801
880,411
284306
880^
968,788
4,867
4,717
2,611
1,711
i:n8
$4,064
4302
8,17S
Year.
Salt. 1
Common.
Rock.
1897
874.888
886,051
288,5K8
287,005
290,860
$1,648,478
1,640,214
1,646,182
1,764,750
810,765
820.950
881,043
.WiftflR
$858,097
1898
877,162
1890
801 408
1900
417 Tsn
1901
1,877,782' .«a-SK7' 4ifL67.^
Selenium.
28
66
46
6
Nil.
$402
1,015
788
Silver— Kg.
280,060
"91.060
298,868
041 286,677
246,286
$6,007,572
6,776,802
6,083,217
6.647,400
4,064,686
SIbrer and
Gold Ore.
8,866
803<7
7,061
0,980
Sulphur.
2.091
1.757
1,419
1307
$42,800
86,886
90,006
8S399
15388
OERMANT.
819
Year.
SolphurioAcid.
Tin.
. Zinc.
Zinc Ore.
Zinc
Sulphate.
1897
Illll
111
918
979
1,461
8,010
1448
$880,884
867,156
858,581
1,807,705
846,864
Illll
$10,606,605
14,£6^409
18,016,990
15,518,106
18,691,098
668.789
641,671
668,768
686.068
644,504
$4,019,761
6,611,666
8,847,089
6,897,990
8,588
4.158
4,864
8,740
8,809
$64,60!
1888
65987
1899
77,685
1900
49,786
1901
44,794
(a) From ZeiUdUrift far doM Berg-^ HUttef^, und SaUnenweaen.
MIKBRAL PRODUCTION OF SAXONT. (a) (METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 4 mArkfl— $1.)
Tear.
Arwoksal,
Sulphur, and
Copper pyrites.
Barytea
Bismuto, and
Bismuth. Cobalt
and Nickel
Ores.
Coal.
(Not Including
Lignite.)
CottL
(Lignite.)
Fluorspar.
1897....
1866....
1899....
1900....
]«n....
9,408*0
6,410*8
7,448-8
8,591*9
7,118*8
$09,110
16,969
88,189
87^006
84,787
818-4
477*9
016*8
516*4
400-9
8616
1,870
687
1,706
1868
8,060*6
8,048-4
1,161-8
594*7
588*0
$181,968
186,167
181,679
148,198
184,051
'4,5n,686
4,486,455
4,546.766
4,808,700
4,688,849
1
$11,568,814
11889,001
18,485,889
16,076,017
15,840,448
1,078,889
1,180,9!8
1,898,848
1,640,612
1,685,060
798,718
1,077,086
1,108,044
690
775
1,855
i;468
1,615
$1410
1,458
8,541
8,741
8.098
Tear.
IronOcher,
Swabianand
Iron Ore.
Limestone and
Various
Products. (6)
""cfST"
Quarts, Mica
and Uranium
Ore.
18V7
98-7
440-4
70-7
875-0
61 0
$648
1,817
571
1,181
680
18,181*1
6,6n-8
8,068-8
6,840*0
4,1980
$18,887
6,197
18,880
18,094
9,490
661
(i>
$7,688
8^110
9,897
8.588
6,741
080
$687
*"i86
89*7
116-9
118-0
60*6
281*6
$680
1808
im
1899
1,660
1900
1168
iJw.:. .;:::..:;:::: ;
4,675
Tear.
SOTerOres.
(c)
Tin and Tinstone
Wolfram.
Zinc Blende.
Specimens
Totals.
1897....
1886....
1899....
1900....
1901....
11,488*5
14,666*9
18,686-8
18,691-6
11,666*0
467,777
449,074
606,997
875,;95
64-7
61-0
71*8
79*5
81*9
$6,961
6,967
18,750
17,079
16,148
86-7
50-6
50*4
48-8
480
$7,086
11,507
18,948
10,994
74J41
111*6
88*6
805*9
59*8
89*1
*2
187
1540
m
789
848
867
Illll
$18,878,668
18,816,918
18,888,700
16,891,844
16,986,788
Tear.
From a Part of the Coal.
From a Part of the Lignite.
Briquettes.
Coke.
Briquettes. | Lignite Brick»-lf.
1897
8,647
11,688
11,606
$18,617
18,868
89,660
46,160
77,607
78.846
74,884
78,608
68,065
$881,868
840,665
860,065
408,464
878,147
58,460
71,578
91,516
97,160
100,704
$107,461
148,488
181,411
020,870
080,603.
60,166
60,044
60,964
71,787
76,589
$105,466
1806
iSlSoJ
1899
107,847
1900
144,870
1901
168,186
MBTALLIC CORTBNTS OF THB MIXED ORBS INCLUDED IN THE PRBCEDINO TABLE WHICH
WERE DELITBRBD TO THE FISCAL SMELTING WORKS AT FREIBERG, (a)
(IN METRIC tons; 4 marks — |1.)
Tear.
Total Mixed Ores.
Arsenic.
Tons.
Ctopper.
Tons.
Gold.
Kg.
Lead.
Tons.
Sn^er.
Kg.
Sulphur.
Tons.
Zina
Tons.
1897
80,778
81,704
80,956
00,794
17,976
Illil
8681
86-4
840-8
171 0
140-8
9-6
8-6
0*1
14
1*1
01896
6,016*0
6,769-7
0,717*4
0.490 C
2,0902
21,974-5
01,404-9
18.906 1
19,915-6
17,587-9
7,898*8
5.445 9
4,070-5
4.016-0
8,008-8
104*6
1896
805*8
1899
118-8
1900
84*9
1901
10*8
820
THE MINERAL lyDUSTRY,
PRODUCTS SOLD BY THE FISCAL SMKl.TINO WORKS AT FnEIBCllQ AND THE COBALT WOUKS
AT SCnNEEBEIlO, GERMANY, (a) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 4 marks — $1.)
Arsenical
I'rotiucte.
Bismuth.
Kg.
Cobalt
Pi-oducU.
Co
Fine Gold.
Kg.
Lead.
Year.
6uip£^.
Products, (e)
Sheet.
1897....
1808. . . .
1«99....
1000....
1901....
1,068
1,068
968
889
1,100
$187,122
181,710
188,S»
184,587
148,168
1,684
1,875
1,800
1,675
1,666
$8,801
8,774
8,448
4,484
6,161
688
681
645
566
466
$581,559
680,817
706,847
768,199
689,479
1,878
1,777
2,560
1,545
2,406
$168,881
146,164
898,988
184,497
968,646
889
861
888
899
986
$619,881
679,619
681,001
688,244
646,618
6,481
7,466
6,488
4,688
4,791
Hill
684
647
1,019
614
696
$41,096
4S,710
77,954
46318
4i;885
Lead.— Conftnued.
Fine Sliver— Kg.
Otlier
Chemicals.
Year.
Shot
Other Manu-
factures of. (/)
Nickel,!8peifls.
Sulphuric Acid.
(y)
1897....
18B8....
1899....
1900. . . .
1901....
148
127
808
158
160
$9,860
^.515
16,851
15,808
18,480
284
818
801
168
156
$16,771
16;746
96,769
15,419
18,168
75
66
54
80
88
$4,166
8,409
8,469
1,795
1,788
72,868
79,666
86,741
88.886
78,474
$1,466,076
1,588,071
1,748,021
1,751,600
1,546,810
10,788
11,674
11,844
11,866
16,566
$78,450
108.689
118,776
119,566
186,804
432
646
665
619
418
6,620
6.485
6,418
4,004
Year.
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901...
Zinc and Zinc
Dust.
180
887
169
89
69
$10,488
21,978
21,?20
8,581
6,486
Clay and
Chiunotte
Manu-
factures, (i)
$16,855
18,478
16,408
14,875
14,790
Total Value.
$8,907,602
8,774,H78
4,145,102
4,aHS,5&')
8,861,889
id) From JahrMkeher far dot Berg- und HiHtenweten rm
Konurreiche Sachten. (6) Including arsenic powder, slags,
waAhlng-sand, granular ore, refuse stones and chipplngs.
(c> Including silver-bearing lead, copper, arsenic, nnc and
sulphur ores, (d) Including arsenious add, red, yellow and
white glass, and m<*tallic arsenic, (e) Including assay lead,
soft lead, antimonial lead, litharge, lc«d fume and tin-lead.
(/) Including lead pipes, lead wire and varloas lead appa-
ratus. (g\ Including sulphuric acid of all kinds, (ft) Includ-
lug copperas aud glauber salt, (t) Including tiles, plates, fiir-
ured stone, muffles, clay and graphit« crucibles, and assay
Ing utensils, ij) Not reported.
GREECE.
The statistics of mineral production in Greece are summarized in the fol-
lowing tables:
MINBRAL FRODUCTION OF OREECB. (o) (C) (METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 drachma —20 cents.)
Year.
Blende.
Calamine,
Calcined.
Chrome Ore.
Emery.
Qypsum.
Iron Ore.
Iron Ore,
3IangauiferouB.
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1908..
1,189
1,187
lb)
464
(b)
$28,880
w;S6
* "6,400
111
1,867
4.886
6,600
4.680
11,680
$18,000
56,810
70,200
47,770
140,160
8,982
4,860
6.828
5,691
4,787
$88,754
98,868
134,786
115,446
100,685
83
81
129
671
(ft)
$1,600
1,465
8.281
•7,190
287,100
831,080
279.880
278,040
864,840
$413,280
499,480
481,894
414,000
686,610
218.938
294,820
248,930
196,152
170,040
$641,840
tt>U,500
7W2,940
679,110
459,108
Year.
1896..
1809 .
1900..
1901..
1908..
Lead, Soft.
806
891
845
(b)
ib)
$81,666
88,862
19.660
Lead Ore,
Argentiferous.
(b)
(b)
S78
(b)
480
$64,974
81,980
Lead,
Argentiferous.
18,888
18,768
16,160
17,644
14,048
$1,838,186
8,166,448
1,676,510
1,550,680
1,185,661
Lead Fume.
Lignite.
8.655
2,584
2,045
5,298
1,647
$27,248
28,424 I
23,720 I
87,910
14,988 I
17,810
12,160
12,940
9,726
6,600
$84,620
84,800
26,800
18,530
18,000
Maguesite,
Crude.
14,829
17,184
17,277
13,410
27,108
$54,100
68,560
62.197
44,660
98,150
Year.
"gSS*^
Magnesite,
Calcined.
Manganese
Mill8tonei«.
JVumfrer.
Puxzolan.
Sea Salt.
Sulphur.
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
616
648
584
500
985
$11,868
19,618
19.885
17,140
80,894
129
8,087
807
2.009
4,780
$1,160
71.100
17.754
81,090
63,382
14.097
17,800
8,050
14,166
14,960
$90,220
98,560
46,170
52,610
66,848
18.500
12,563
13,386
16.400
13,664
$9,500
6,807
8.805
9,371
7,696
70,700
46,875
49,426
80.228
45,400
$72,114
89,8ftJ
42,.^06
68,19(1
85,412
25,260
87,125
22.411
2:i,079
23,200
$363,600
679,150
886.165
351.; 00
868,7aO
135
1,150
891
8,212
1,891
$2,880
84,150
19,424
67.290
86,71<l
(a) Statistics communicated by E. Orohmann. Seriphos. ib) Not statetl. (c) There wa« produced also in 1898
ocher. 40 metric tons, value, $104; in 1899 speiss from lead smelting, 1,100 metric tonH ($12.760 k in 1900, asbestos,
9 tons ($72); soapstnne, 97 tons ($586); speiss from lead smelting. 8.767 tons ($41,566): in 1901. asbestos, 43 tons^
($845): Roapstone. 160 tons ($1,100); in 1902, asbestoR. 6 tons ($52>; lead npems and matte, 8,260 toim ($22168);
marble, 8,938 cubic meters ($42,220); marble plates, 8,800 square meters ($5,C24); soapstone, 54 tons ($394).
INDIA.
The official statistics of mineral production in British India^ and the imports
and exports, are summarized in the subjoined tables:
MINERAL FKODCCTION OP INDIA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AN1> DOLLARS; 4nipee8 — $1.)
iear.
Alum.
Asbestos.
Kg.
Borax,
Clay.
OoaL
Copper Ore.
Fullers Earth.
1807
1806
1800
1000
1001
600
768
4
$16,760
117
864
264
51
61
HO
10
8
2
280
184
(ft)
(b)
ib)
$28,688
15,456
(c)
1,088,716
4,128,880
4,678,640
6,016,066
A,»6,88B
$8,116,647
8,076,167
8384,068
6,086,666
4,068,646
88
77
86
$80
"iii"
61
818
$185
Year.
Gold-Kg.
Granite, (c)
Qraphite.
Qypsum.
Iron Ore.
Laterfte.
1897
1896
1809
1900
1901 ....
18,100
12,778
14,2214
15,046
16,589
$6,661,489
6,081,890
6,461,560
7,094,266
7,840,285
688,802
806,181
811,019
868,759
riil29,881
(2123,815
(2186,444
d 72,020
61
82
1,548
1,869
2,771
^',886'
9,104
8,187
81800
6,546
4,415
|i,o»
1,160
602
424
44,000
50.66B
61,607
64,066
68,796
$86,076
46^008
46,848
41,481
6,800,704
6,178387
6,010388
666361
147368
Tear.
Limestone.
Petroleum— GkiUofw.
Rubles.
1807
1898
1899
1,861,809
1,924,577
2,188,966
1,201,875
8,604
$196,673
(c)
871,791
190,102
74,862,1147,600 708
61,469 120,000 271
88,580 65,844 080
el88,7«7 425,085 981
164,650 350,464 1,013
$49,751
287,878
821,417
248,978
19,128,aH
18,078,868
88,984,007
87,789,811
60,076,117
$666,048
264,680
471,816
667,881
766,888
$800,618
817,818
840,098
1900
864,074
1901
884,417
Year.
1807...
1896...
1899...
1900...
1901...
Salt.
987,982
1,M3.82'<
»77,»«)
1,021,426
1,120,187
$1,219,074
1,4>»,702
1,824,748
1,146,363
12,819
11,702
11,397
11,709
1,405,682 12,751
Saltpeter.
$440,680
402,560
408,660
407,414
Sandstone.
966,682;c$48,828
cl,174,464
1,070,799
400.648
(c)
184,869
107,668
Slate.
(c)
26,689
26,954
86,872
7,841
4,269
Soapstone.
(c)
$10,108 1,008
10.766 1,830
lS,869j 786
6,098:2,889
$8,916
(6)
5,111
7,607
Tin Ore.
ic)
TkapRock.
(c)
$0,888
0,678
17,987 ,
88,008766381
80,140 '
(a) From the Review of the Mineral Production in India; and ttie Annual Cfeneral Report upon tk^ •
Mineral Industry of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. (6) Not stated in the reports. <c) Inoomplete.
(<i) Represents only a part of the product, about one-half in 1806, 1897, 1896. 1899 and 1900. (e) Exported.
INDIA.
828
MINERAL IMPORTS OF BRITISH INDIA, (a) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 4 mpees— $1.)
Year.
A
...-.
A r
,
.W-l*
f_
/<i__
1
Chalk and
Olay Products.
(*)
l™«.
Ume.
caays.
1898-97...
1897-98...
1898-99...
1809-1900.
1900^...
1901-08...
8,788
6,848
8,007
8,861
8,878
j S|3^
88
98
119
106
140
$7,870
9,680
11,490
18,660
18,TO6
888
1,088
1,090
716
1,616
409
670
448
618
696
$144,676
187,648
186,800
806,780
871,810
89,196
87 864
86,170
87,068
40,687
871,090
869,797
800,880
641,676
1,746
1,010
1786
8,040
909
• • •■.
$4,876
T,177
7,757
11,850
6.880
8,886
8,788
8,914
8,886
1,868
m
Clay Products.— Ctmftniied.
fVwWMI-
Year.
(6)
Brick and Toe.
Number,
Earthen,
ware and
Porcelain.
Earthenware
(Piping).
CoaL
Ooke.
UOI»pfitauu\yvir
per Manufac-
tures.
Glass-
ware.
1806-97...
1897-98...
1896-99...
1809-1900.
1900-01...
1901-08. . .
8,916,991
4,807,161
8,644,890
8,641,594
4,008,897
09,687
09,008
71,480
74,986
$687,758
618,606
408,872
668,466
071,686
1,891
786
889
668
780
26,400
16,870
14,168
18,656
81,280
■■M\
$8,886,890 18,588
1,818,290 16,087
1.651,890 11,678
8,461,040 18,899
749.666 18,484
$117,888
180,100
96,507
809,770
18,887
10«888
18,766
4,615
7,998
$8,088,586
8,664,886
8306,190
1,768,790
8,067,110
$1,760,460
1,441,6^0
l,656,7aL»
8,656,51 tr.
8,517,255
1
Iron and Steel,
Manufactures or.
Lead.
Mineral Oils.
QaUoM.
Year,
(ft)
Iron, Pig.
(d)
Ore.
Pig.
Manufactures
1896-97...
1897-9K. . .
1898-99...
1899-1900.
1900-fll...
1901-08...
13,278
11,045
12,407
18,889
9,678
$190,158
156,866
158,890
866,015
896,710
868,508
881,858
880,687
811,898
856,981
$9,181,888
9,847,466
8,169,988
11.186,816
16,015,895
809
160
811
888
186
18,140
84,060
16,675
709
647
706
618
738
186,866
jl«,808
88,848
56,116
66,816
6,868
5,098
4,804
4,818
5,197
$868,720
86i;646
291,610
448,266
681,815
68,481,148
87,885,086
76,086,406
70,440,116
72,601,898
$7,720,607
8,494,467
7,464,680
9,799,940
10,844,790
Year.
(6)
Paints and
Colors.
Precious
Stones.
Quicksilver
Salt.
Stone and
Marble.
Tin and Tin
Manufactures.
Zinc and Zinc
Manufac-
tures.
1896-97...
1897418...
180»^...
1899-luOO
9,096
9,888
10,160
9^208
11,009
$074,896
070,6o0
648,207
884,748
1,088,070
$1,881,700
1,186,285
9f4,8t&S
8,091,166
1,984,760
118
148
116
$108,902
119,060
99,895
118,466
170,486
888,567
494,608
418,466
4^808
$1,671,860
8,171,796
1,668,007
8,089,986
1,886,690
84,880
86,746
81,800
89,405
10,961
$08,900
06,486
78,5b8
98.790
70,566
1,849
1,968
1,488
884
8,179
$651,842
664,078
416,980
461.875
786,190
2,2r7
8,186
8,796
8,916
8,686
$176,580
244,812
291,012
464.716
401,690
1900-01...
1901-02...
868,466
1
(a) From the ToMet Relating to the Trade of British India, (b) Fiscal years ending March 81. (c)A]so
imported 2 tons copper ore, value $287. (d) Also imported, 1896-97, 2 metric tons iron ore, $88; in 1897-98, 68
metric tons; $786, in 1898-99, 607 metric tons of ore and old iron, $6,982; in 1899-1900, 1,879 metric tons, $89,070;
and in 1900-1901, 711 metric tons, $18,880.
MINERAIi EXPORTS OF BRITISH INDIA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 4 rupeeS— 1.)
Year.
(6)
1896-97...
1807-«...
180S-99...
1899-1900.
lOOCMn...
1901-08...
Borax.
880
184
860
294
168
$88,08
16,277
84,107
81,680
86,100
Coal and
Coke.
$106,018
78,756
7t),987
188,686
196,940
188,906
816.861
888,80?
809.460
Copper, am
Manufac-
tures of.
andEarthen-
wareand
Poroeln.
1868,810; 111
685,840 84
130
494
1,860
1,098.870
560,290 1,979,660
$86,980
96,885
40.068
164.975
574,180
Glass-
ware.
$11,488
10,157
8.808
18,800
17,786
$18,897
11,717
18,748
81,480
85.840
Jadestone.
Lead.
$158,780
160,085
156,076
884,785
881,015
$8,487
6,187
7,215
18,.'>(l5
8,886
Year.
1895-97....
1897-98....
1898-99....
1899-:900.,
1900-01...,
1901-08....
Bfanganese
(5re.
48,067
80,090
08,875
96,749
188,804
$94,660
157,507
125,880
254,015
566,715
662
500
656
1,148
I/""
Mineral Oils.
OaUons.
1288,840 191,424
207,142' 16,668
208,087 722,686
866,860 1,808,287
507,770 280,607
$28,225
3.860
00,900
218,090
47,214
Precious
Stones.
Saltpeter.
$84,070 26,840 $1,480,410
80.970 121,218
29,012
40,995
80,080
18,268
20,188
17.600
996,802
878,860
1^280,980
Stone
and
Marble.
499
996
688
1,089
1,181,775' 2,150
Tin.
$14,072 86
16,010 49
14.216
82,866
81,810
$90,868
10,946
10,988
88,120
16,425
(a) From the Tabiee Relating to the Trade of British India.
reported.
(6) Fiscal years ending March 81. (c)Not
ITALY.
The official statistics of mineral and metal production in Italy, together with
the imports and exports as reported in the official statistics of the Kingdom,
are summarized in the following tables :
MINERAL PRODUCTION AND REFINED PRODUCTS OP ITALY, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND
DOLLARS; 5 lire — 11.)
Year.
Alum.
Sulphate.
Alunlte.
Antimony.
Antimony
Ore.
Asphalt, Mastic
and Bitumen.
1897
1898
1889
1900
1901
1,080
1.166
946
1,097
1,076
$81,180
85,060
88.860
87,181
88,816
8,810
8,915
8,880
8,408
8,860
$40,160
64,660
48,887
46,467
87,680
6,600
7,000
6,800
5,800
4,900
$6,600
7,000
5,800
7,880
11,760
404
880
581
1,174
1,781
$67,078
68,550
87,900
154,860
195,560
8,150
1,961
8,791
7,609
8,818
$84,864
48,828
44,808
72,468
68,618
18,644
17,818
41,788
88.187
81,814
$88,185
111.611
848,084
801.868
177,741
Year.
Ra.i>
w«-Aa
Borax, Refined.
Boric Acid.
C*nml
/v\
Crude,
Refined.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
65,889
98,760
81,987
101,788
104,111
$189,665
865,645
880,589
898,887
861,761
18,545
14,003
18,845
174,400
87;663
98,010
60,470
990
708
709
868
544
$88,160
60,556
61,064
68,656
46,776
8,704
8,660
8,674
8,491
8,568
$178,066
168,600
171,186
169,489
194,406
860
166
189
888
847
$81,800
16,690
11,619
88,860
89,518
814,828
841,887
868.584
47V,806
485,614
$467,111
486,965
651344
706,471
697318
Year.
1897,
1898.
1899
1900,
1901.
Coal.
(Briquettes.)
549,060
694,500
666,000
708,740
754,800
$8,768,860
3,873,900
8,862,000
4,760,860
6,068,890
Coke.
430,617
469,888
485,961
487,831
490,808
$8,669,285
8,MS,881
8,108,864
8,605,803
8,616,907
Copper.
8,980
8,830
8,038
8,797
8,097
$749,954
878,500
1,164,69:
1,096,484
1,868,427
Copper Ore.
98,877
96,188
94,764
95,644
107,760
$481,829
486,899
687,778
681,808
680,970
Gold-K«.
I
816 0 $818,868
187-9 131,818
118-8 79,096
67-5 89,987
41 8,858
Gold Ore.
10,788
9,540
11369
5340
890
$178,010
148,886
91.416
68,857
8,180
Year.
1897,
1898.
1899.
1900,
1901,
Graphite.
5,660 $11.
6,435 ~
9,990
9,780
10,813
,800
17,488
56,944
65,720
60,811
Iron.
Ore.
800,709
190,110
836,649
847,878
$578,102
649.848
706,828
917,104
784,645
Bar, Sheet,
Mpe, Wire, etc.
Pli?.
149,944
167,499
197,730
190,516
160,789
$7,176,951
8,178,165
10,961,105
10,818,890
9,867,288
8,393
I5f,3gr
19,818
23,990
15,819
$181,763
869,897
581,428
625,834
898,184
Sheet,
Tinned.
6,600
7,800
8,000
10,000
7,650
$546,000
660,000
960,000
1,800,000
675,000
SteeL-
63,940
87,467
106,501
115,867
188,810
$4,156,850
5,417.096
6.769,501
6,665,158
6,542,181
Year.
1897..
1806..
1899..
1900..
1901..
Lead.
88,407
84,543
80,548
88,768
85,796
$1,468,900
1,646,866
1,560,483
8,088,469
1,806,087
Lead Ore.
36,800
88,980
31,046
35,103
48,449
$1,006,525
1,044.848
1,188,161
1,447,793
1,890,878
Manganese
Ore.
Mangranifer*
ous Iron Ore.
1,634
3,008
4,356
6,014
8,161
$16,006
18,707
88,438
80,995
16,634
81,862
11,150
89,874
86,800
84,890
$34,019
96,760
77,149
67,000
60,889
Marble.
236.966
871,725
313,744
310,386
834,146
Petroleum.
(c) 1,988
$8,109,440 8,015
8,438,62412342
2,409,4101.663
2,685,8Blj8,846
$96,456
117,686
116,618
96,854
134,818
Petroleum.
Benzine, etc.
8.892
5,010
5,884
6,077
4.811
$879,588
8H5,KS1
4a},7l0
686,855
416,607
Pyrites.
(Cupriferous in
part.)
f\t%tt%
.......
Salt
Year.
Pumice.
QuicksUv'r.
Ore.
Brine.
Rock.
Sea.
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
(c)
2,766
7,800
7,000
8,800
$41,678
141,620
l.'>4,000
156,560
68,380
67,191
76,538
71,616
89,376
$156,088
165,610
198,859
296,055
368,497
192
178
205
260
278
$192,00f
173,000
846,000
318,000
361,400
20.659
19,801
89,.822
83,930
36,614
$167,782
132,223
191,544
885,476
300,680
11,725
11,546
11,021
10,690
10,690
$68,100
59,568
6,^950
78,840
61,689
19.601
16,199
17,821
18.831
83,054
$64,404
61,147
60.468
55,877
70.097
489,858
451.486
863.686
83H.034
401,448
$885,887
710,601
514,074
478,683
537,196
ITALY,
825
1
1
Sulphur.
Yew.
Snyer-Kr.
SOverOre.
Crude.
(Fused.)
Qround.
Refined.
TUc
1807
1898
1899
1900
1901
46.818
48,487
$546
81.169
88,464
$917,670
194157
790.088
678,000
688,800
406
486
540
584
511
$85,685
^048
116,668
79,774
71,098
496,668
608,851
568,607
544,119
568,006
$8,005,647
9,706,000
10,700,848
10,818,908
10,784,198
Ill
$1,541,510
8,608,450
8;707;847
to,878 $1,874,648
99,494 8.878,058
110;n8 8,481,787
157,967 8,404,406
141,481 8,049,888
18!780
11,000
14,415
11,770
78,667
68.460
68,550
Tear.
Zinc.
Zinc Ore.
1897
880
850
851
547
511
*9
87,668
65,789
48.698
188,814
189,079
185,784
$1,666,066
8,981,696
8,478,868
1898
snthradite Ugnite, fowO-wood, and bitnminoui sehJit (c)
1889
Not reported.
1900
1901
MIKBRAL
IMPORTS
OF ITALY, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 5 lire — $1.)
Year.
Antimony.
Arsenio-Kg.
Asbestos.
AsphalticProd.
(Bitumen.)
Barytes.
Borax and
Boric Acid.
1898
1899
1900
1901
1908
58
64
87
49
80
811,077
18,885
7,704
8,868
18,015
700
600
900
1,800
1,800
874
540
840
1,186
1,676
1,646
8,019
1,586
$118,640
167,600
164,510
818,888
184.884
1,150
1,478
1,988
1460
1080
$18,405
»^566
80,988
88,800
16.817
860
906
809
886
1,170
$88,865
84,846
88,584
19,797
88,078
147
188
188
888
516
gSSS5
Year.
Oment and
Hydraulic
Ume.
(nialk.
Clay Products.
Brick, TUe, etc.
Kaolin.
Blajolica Wares.
Poroelair.
1898
1899
1900
1901
1908
18,080
14^891
15,494
14,878
18,788
$106,861
186,178
180,060
188,516
188,096
18,858
18,788
18,486
90,781
15,816
$187,764
96,166
98,160
108,656
78,080
81,681
88,410
85.708
85,584
89,844
$151,767
166,870
179,914
848,788
805,406
9,079
!9,105
0,505
18,800
14,165
IIIII
101
461
148
451
607
6,880
7,918
81,690
85,519
588
894
1,008
1,008
1,076
Illil
Clay Products.— Continved.
Year.
Potters' Clay
and Manu-
factures.
Terracotta.
Coal.
Copper Ore.
Ck>pper Cement.
1896
1890
1900
1901
1908
885
778
875
ni
708
8,188
8,800
8,488
8,537
IIIII
4,481,584
4,859,556
4,947,180
4,888,994
5,406,069
$87,475,449
80,189,846
41,556,818
80,001,768
88,111,560
5,471
8,777
5,890
11,047
9,488
$880,650
565^400
808,000
875,580
814,570
8,040
1,888
1,898
1,987
8,899
iilll
Year.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Copper, Brass
anoBrc
iBronae.
7,488
7,884
9,840
8,660
10,865
I8.64M68
8,808,699
4,814,884
8,614.840
8,717,660
Iron Sulphates.
Glass and
Manufactures.
96,560
87,408
88.187
88,068
85,107
18,851,588
8,458,888
4,176,549
MIO^
10,809
10,808
11,866
10,448
11,818
969,677
1,119,808
1,078,867
Qold.
Coin— Kg.
Unreflned.
Kg.
1641 $96,480 607
181 ISisaO 886
188! 116,660 809
1,115, 691,800 404
8,907 5,560,540 479
$968,640
169,580
160,6801,848
866,880
849,0601,869
Man*fact*i
Kg.
1344
1,890
1,547
$641,785
880,170
686,666
658,040
688,704
1
Iron.
Iron and SteeL
Year.
Graphite.
Ore.
n«.
Wrought.
Plates. Bods and
Manufactures.
Scrap.
1808
882
608
9S2
108
GO
$86,786
48,681
68.740
7,140
4.814
8,788
86,799
19,906
4,054
4.314
$88,658
58,887
69,138
18,978
18,806
IIIII
$8,874,010
4,818,486
8.866,478
8,109,484
8,798,578
4,076
4,158
7,405
oioos
$807,871
887.884
490,980
549.161
IIIII <
5.588,888
7,188,446
10,444.818
9.189,727
8.578,887
188,486
846,616
197,415
148,806
198,914
$8,814,811
4,666,710
4,145,781
8 660.481
1899
1900
1901
1908
8,iaf,630
826
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Tear.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Ore. (c)
10,947
7,476
9,184
9,068
1,660
Metol and
AUo]rs in Pigs.
$608,502 1,481
878,800 , 8,990
466,700 1 8,1M8
880,646 8,986
68,840 7,663
$100,148
819,888
286,727
187,277, 268
428,660 288
MiuiiifftO-
tores.
$76,960
51,804
63,80!
68,921
68,282
Lead
Oxide and
CarboDate.
647
668
657
816
846
$54,814
60,860
68,705
70,665
60,108
Mineral Paints.
698
968
968
866
670
$16,606
88,004
2^907
80,748
16,075
Nickel Alloys
and llanu£ac>-
tures.
857-7
850*0
8S1'9
476-S
661-1
$845,788
885,636
869,758
665,501
604,908
Year.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Petroleum.
70,654 !|8,402,25S
1,891
73,089
69,296
68,781
2,996.403
8.215,903
2,910,601
2,751,240
Phosphate Rock,
66,126
116,283
140,281
142,108
159,841
$781,500
1,896,896
1,688,372
1,663,109
1,598,410
Potash,
Ammonia and
Caustic Soda.
11,047
12,870
14,077
14,093
17,617
$496,898
633,413
684,169
814,042
828,747
Potassium
Sulphate.
1,297
1,670
1,411
1,566
$60,101
7^214
96,554
79,086
87,674
Precious Stooea,
Manufactures.
818-6
8501
4880
198-5
406-8
$1,029,006
1,883,817
1,801,861
8.967,041
3,885,484
Tear.
1896,
1899
1900
1901
1908
Salt
86,686
(6)
8,867
8,719
8,274
$96,070
12,121
31.888
7,732
Silver.
Ooln—Kg.
&241
80.605
29,291
85,089
26,668
$329,640
884,800
1,171,640
1,408,560
1,146,480
Unreftned in Manufactures.
Bars-Kg. Kg.
901
1,788
8,678
4,801
8,768
$17,838
88,789
60,846
79,088
140,888
5,678
4,881
4,858
4,818
8,455
$86,694
80,005
66,901
60,416
46,056
QuicksilTer.
$37,440
66,480
56,800
40,470
61,080
Slag.
51,139
56,549
88,254
7,818
5,684
$568,187
678,508
887,060
8,774
5,634
Sodium Salts.
Tin.
Year. .
Carbonate.
Nitrate.
(Crude.)
Refined, and Po-
tassium Nitrate.
Bars.
Manufactures.
1886
80,845
88,654
28,215
21,966
26,188
$458,588
496,886
510,784
546.898
658,327
19,961
8£885
87,706
40,496
84,488
$818,409
940,170
1,191,845
1,700.980
1,088,894
708
671
611
815
814
$48,478
50,669
80,818
27,518
25,766
1,722
1,240
1648
1,868
8,114
$686,680
8ffi,996
1,188,740
1,115,100
1,868,340
109
96
66
91
110
$S0,il41
63,.^
89.104
1899
1900
1901
61 014
1908
73,678
Zinc.
Metals Not Specified.
Year.
Ore.
Oxide.
Pigs and Old.
Manufactures.
Crude.
Manufac-
tures.
1896
816
'"^
88
181
$4,880
i',876
460
8,882
578
804
1,084
813
904
$68,006
96,468
189,141
97,512
106,468
2,818
3,496
3,027
3,901
8,806
$303,798
461,776
891,738
851,248
850,097
8,200
8,221
3,548
4,079
4,107
$441,066
623,180
491,104
476,886
496;tt5
1,612
2,726
2,787
2,578
2,860
$126,944
W,881
266,662
286,088
234,576
27
15
48
84
88
$14,416
1899
7^697
1900
28,166
11,804
1901
1908
15,348
<a) From the Movimento CommercicUe del Regno d' Italia, (b) Not reported, (c) Includes argentiferous lead ora
MINERAL EXPORTS OF IT ALT. (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 5 lire = $l.)
Cement and
Hvdraulic
Lime.
Year.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Antimony.
Asbestos.
840
467
765
369
$64,816 208
50.402 845
96,140 I 261
130.1181 802
58,896 144
$16,672
19,668
20.864
18.108
8,634
Asphaltic
Product.
(Bitumen.)
19,465
86,402
24,287
2t,866
20.884
$311,440
422,482
888.586
849,689
834,146
Barytes.
70
46
40
32
91
$1,828
1,165
1,105
756
2,194
Borax and
Boric Add.
2.167
2,878
2.114
2.190
1,847
$143,985
209,783
167,909
159,284
188,987
Clay Products.
Year.
Chalk.
Brick, Tile, etc.
Kaolin.
Porcelain.
Potters* Clay
and Manu-
factures.
Terracotta.
1898
1889
1900
1901
1908
6,744
5,886
8,980
8,428
4,215
$40,504
32,816
14,900
17,140
21,075
125,614
186,402
122,888
108,067
183,982
$711,089
769,182
669,534
609,881
754,539
94
94
179
868
Ml.
$768
658
1,432
2.944
86
124
96
266
154
$28,476
39,268
29,928
69,072
46,506
1,298
1.347
1,579
1,968
1,839
lilll
2,751
2,786
8,051
3,885
8,878
$96,854
108,888
106w706
118.617
110.018
ITALY.
827
Tear.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Coal.
17,749
90,808
28,M6
25,594
88,874
$110,044
188,979
800,978
158,688
178,546
Copper Ore.
8,866
1,148
1,179
9
11
148,408
88,900
89,475
886
880
Oopper,
Brass and
Bronia.
8^^
1,784
1,809
659
874
$169,966
806,814
600,668
847,694
866,880
Cmjperftlron
Sulphi
uphates.
85
80
60
80
89
•2.800
8,607
7,888
8,167
8,788
Glass and
Manu-
Pictures of.
6,809
6,900
6,158
8,188
6,181
$849,888
1,081,111
l,888,eih)
1,114,606
988,184
Gold.
Coin— Kfi:.
8,666
8,067
8,846
1,870
1,807
$1,500,980
1,861,640
1,468,900
1,160,400
1,178,140
Tear.
1886.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Gold.— Or>n.
Unrefined.
Kg.
1,739
1,168
8,768
8,965
788
$904,880
604,840
1,486,760
1.686.600
881,160
Graphite.
6,146
8,114
7,880
7,169
7,096
$66,609
89,857
86,080
86,080
86,181
Iron.
Ore.
817,666
834,616
170,886
181,698
809,070
$687,401
666,648
618,080
888,094
669,084
Pig.
840
878
811
806
$14,880
8,816
7,804
6,814
7.114
Wrought.
Iron and Bteel.
Plates, Bods and
Manufactures.
699
611
440
499
1,064
$86,870
46,0K»
88,796
31,861
68,848
4,606
4,817
6,610
6,180
6,640
$688,888
817,186
875,708
800,088
818,600
Tear.
Lead.
Ore. (6)
Metal and
Allojrs In Pigs.
Manufactures.
Oxide and
Carbonate.
Mineral
Paints.
Nickel. ADoys,
and Manufac-
pures of.
Phosphate
Rock.
1806..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1908..
4,488
8,189
8,741
8,977
8,864
$1&7,8B0
118,908
148,168
188,887
90,556
6,870
8,497
6,018
4,463
6,650
$410,886
199,786
448,688
886,681
816,878
1,764
910
1,406
8,188
8,858
$189,868
188,986
176,146
887,786
887,408
$41,418
48,004
88,640
86,609
86,318
8,884
8,784
8,977
8,918
8,968
$67,684
66,678
60,684
68,858
60,060
88
8
$88,686
86,866
4,080
80,690
6,088
ic)
(c)
1,786
1,890
894
$18,966
14,190
8,040
Tear.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Potash,
Ammonia, and
Caustic Soda.
86
180
148
198
186
$11,718
10,488
8.616
14,351
11.196
QuicksilTer.
844
888
860
801
815
$884,488
848,850
810,880
843,140
881,660
Salt, Sea and
Rock.
186,867
114,056
118,908
114.816
146,199
$197,918
188,867
186,450
169,908
817,796
SUtw.
Coin— Kg.
Unref M in Bars,
etc.— Kg.
8,841
88.086
10.501
14,446
10,978
$889,640
1,868,400
480,040
677,840
489,180
66,607
88,488
86,810
48,888
80,487
$1,487,086
687.566
646,696
871,896
867,666
Slag.
6,861
4,696
8,861
8,616
$6,861
5,878
8,918
8,615
1896
1899
1900
1901.
1908
Sodium Salts.
Carbonate.
891
488
486
877
446
$8,599
9,638
10,690
9,488
11,148
Nitrate. '
(Crude.)
79
186
68
116
846
$8,856
6,785
8,494
4.898
14,686
Refined, and
Potassium
Nitrate.
856
184
189
60
$17,888
6,888
10,806
r5,891
18,801
Stone.
Alabaster,
Crude.
457
714
474
727
$11,888
16,877
18,784
18,888
16,699
Buikiing Stone.
86,946
68,904
64,061
88,668
74,086
$178,084
869,519
866,496
849,849
879,568
Tear.
1896
1R09
1900
1901
1908
Stone.— Contmucd.
MarUe, Crude.
88,404
$1,060,848
96,485
1,181,880
91,660
1,099,800
96,681
1,866,808
118,067
1,468,671
Marble and
Alabaster.
66,160
84.104
78.619
78.509
88,178
$8,164,098
1,708,198
8,878,336
8.605,881
8,068,870
Sulphur, Crude
and Refined.
Pigs, Bars, etc. Manufactures.
406.888
484.018
479.189
414,018
489,848
$8,869,988
8,698,875
9,466,948
6,840,887
8,988,866
Tin.
84
80
147
808
886
$18,760
47,184
106,486
181,440
141,600
177
176
158
187
174
$80,160
114.664
104.888
188.880
116.036
Tear.
1896.
1800.
1900.
1901.
1908.
Zinc.
180,064
140107
111,8:0
103.090
114,894
$8,601,880
8.868,568
8,461,140
8,060.400
8,587.666
Oi
dde.
$18,188
Pigs and Scrap.
Manufactures.
no
156
$16,887
14
$18,081
188
14.880
887
89,977
81
44M0
108
13.517
869
88.781
84
6,566
140
16,764
849
80,694
18
8,484
188
14,676
888
31,096
66
10.566
(a) FVom the Movimento Commerciale del Regno d^ Italia. (6) Includes argentiferous ore. (c) Included
with other stone.
JAPAN.
Thb mineral production of Japan is reported in the subjoined tables.
MINERAL PBODUCTION OF MINBB IN JAPAN WOKK«D
(In metxic tons.)
BY THE GOVERNMENT, (a)
Tear
Gold.-Kg.
Silver.-Kg.
Copper.
Iron— Pig.
Lea4.
Antimony.
Bfanganeae
Salt
Ore. 1 Metal
Bektotiters.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
968*61
1,088*88
1,161*87
1,678-05
8,18815
64,644-88
54.887-40
60,647-04
66,86400
66,906-78
80,118-57
80.484-67
81,060-90
84,817-90
96,809-41
87,480-77
88,089-88
88,661-77
88,076-86
84,841-68
1,867-66
77815
1,096*79
1,891-61
1,878-05
887-56
848-88
1,006 06
fl8-88
80-88
517-98
884-9U
88816
889-88
849-00
17,907-05
15,447-51
11.517-56
11,856-70
16,880*78
9,448,469-79
11,144,078-77
11,481,870'5«
10,488.500-78
11.889,701-58
MINERAL PRODUCTION OP JAPANESE PRIVATE MINES, (o) (IN METRIC TONS.) (6)
Antimony.
Arsenic
Kg.
Coal.
Ck>pper.
Copperas
Qold.
Kg.
Graphite.
iManga-
Year.
Ore.
Metal.
Iron. Lead, neae
Ore.
1897(d).
1896(d).
1899(d).
1900(d).
1901 (d).
848-8
1,006* 1
7180
81-0
118-5
884-5
888-8
889-0
3490
489*3
18,0614
7,1410
5,0000
5,000-0
10-3
5,888,157
6,096,088
6,781.798
7,489.457
8,945,089
80,485
81.060
84,818
85.3(U
87,489
4-8
801
864-0
988-0
888-8
1,088-38
1,161-87
1.679-89
8.18000
8,479-68
891
847
66
94
86
98,040 778-8 15.448
83,668 1,706-5 11.517
83,076 1,968 8 11.340
88,718 1.8770 ibJ226
70,178 1,806-1 10,898
Year.
Ocher,
Red.
Petro-
leum.
Refined.
Quick-
silver.
Kg.
Silver.
Kg.
Sul-
phur. 1 Tin. 1
Reflned
1897(d)
1898(d)
1899(d)
1900(d)
1901 (d)
85-7
7-9
88-0
38-0
88-7
84,748
48,184
e 78,478,787
e 181.906,240
147,885
8,888
1,401
(r)
8.700
7,518
54,387-4
60,547-0
56,a08-5
58.968-0
54,839-8
18,606 47 7 .
10,389 48-7
10,841 18-5
14,485 180
16,577 14- 1 1
' 1
(a) From RisunU Statistique de VBmpire fiu
Japon, Tokio, and special reports from the Jap-
anese Qo-/emment. The data contained in the
table of production of the Qovemment mines are
nearly exact, but those contained in the table of
private mines, being the figures furnished by the
mine owners themselves, are only an approxima-
tion and considerably less than the actual fig-
ures, (b) In making the conversions from the
Japanese units to metric tons, hektoliters and
dollars, the following relations were employed: 1
kwan = .0087566 metric tons; 1 koku = l-»89 hek-
toliters; 1 yen = $1 : 1 kg.= 38-151 troy ounces, ie) Not reported, (d) Includes production of Government mines.
(e) Liters of crude oil. In 1001, there were also produced 17,619 metric tons of pyrites.
JAPAN.
829
MTNEllAL IMPOKTB OP JAPAK. (o) (IN METRIC TONS ANB DOLLARS.)
(1 kin = 000060104 metric tons; 1 yen - $1.)
Bram.
Copper.
Gold.
Year.
Crude and
Old.
Tubing.
Other
MTrea.
Goal.
Coke.
Sheet,
Rod, and Old,
and"oth'r
M'f^res.
Coin and
Bullion.
1896..
1897..
1898..
1699..
1900..
1901.. i
47 !$80,188
80 10,496
87 ; 18,878
48 17,848
46 83,450
$98,800
80.170
167,90$
89,878
848,178
$41,848
41,090
86,850
15,564
86,684
50,815
70,899
48,897
51,154
96,660
$519,880
678.670
899,189
967,094
8,100,068
6,179
7,600
10,099
6,074
0,988
$48,587
56,154
88,864
184,588
314,600
01
76
101
127
188
$46,607
48,899
58,486
88,768
104,468
SiS|
$10,817,466
64,818,488
87,007,758
80,060,696
8,967,198
10,661,810
Iron.
Year.
Pig.
Bar and Bod.
Plate and Sheet.
Various
Manufactures.
(6)
Railway
MaterMs
npeand
and other
MTrea.
(c)
1886
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
89,088
48,688
66,708
4^978
88,546
1780,556
984,010
1,400,756
966,544
968,910
1,588,811
50,464
56,886
78,861
49,186
56,795
$8,860,706
8;046;i88
4,061,806
8,608,676
5,848,407
8,511,756
87,648
88,888
88,179
86,401
41,577
$1,659,417
1,784,918
1,406,865
8,280,414
4,080,648
86,806
88,944
88,978
48,866
87,815
lllll i
$1,880,480
8,001,119
8,568,888
Sam
8,645,141
$1,584,850
1,784,987
1,807,077
1,889,474
4,119,887
Steel, including
Steel
Kanu-
fact'res
Lead.
Year.
Iron ana sieei
for Rails.
Wire and Wire
Rope.
German Silver.
Kerosene.
HektoHter*,
Hg.
1896
1897
1898
1809
190O
1901
66,887
87.076
69,866
11,449
64,415
$8,505,450
8,885,0(»
8,681.781
485,054
4,758,871
1,618,540
6,810
4,227
6,888
5,988
5,428
$1,088,108
577,880
1,im,160
1,299 497
1,511,061
$446,875
858,266
185,846
197.040
688,866
44-4
44-4
180
8I-8
86-4
$89,880
41,790
16,460
86,075
40,996
8,818,078
8,478,669
8,4861418
8,554,880
8,«80,(y77
$6,881,086
7,667850
7,568,880
7,918,149
14,168,661
14,943.401
8,411
8.896
8,118
8,098
6,075
$867,888
857,806
866,808
412,156
987,168
Lead-C<m<intuMf.
NtekeL
Silver.
TfaL
Year.
Sheet and Tea.
Pipe.
Fhimfaago.
Kg.
QnlcksnTer.
Coin and
BulUoo.
1806..
1807..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
8,147
1.078
1,889
1,498
1,888
809,688
199,408
856,011
860,868
144,504
78,910
.88,778
154,880
57.6«
88
44
187
48
86
$80,988
50,881
150,600
50,991
188,818
86,620
155,606
81,109
14,547
18,570
$8,075
15,418
6,580
4,068
5,545
78
80
80
98
101
$189,806
156,587
176,808
819,018
868.698
88,984,750
17.158.880
5,688,088
88.006
8,560,687
800,540
870
864
850
866
890
Year.
1806.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
Tln-Plate.
YeUow Metal.
Plates.
8.686 $851,844 178
5,677 i 560,6641 116
4,018 I 411,481 57
8,016 669.9291 56
4,596 I 888.1491 60
$74,040
.51,419
88,696
81,728
86,078
Rods.
84
18
6
6
8
$9,408
6.884
8.710
8.460
4,880
M'nfac-
tures.
$875
4.708
1,880
8.810
8,560
Ztaic.
Ingot
1,078
886
688
1,081
8,088
$144,840
127,708
80,991
859,606
686,080
Sheet and Okl.
8,991
4,164
8884
8,047
8,768
AU
Other
Metals
'and
MTres.
$1,778,014
1,068,688
648.180
456.644
$518,841
709,980
648,884
1,061.688
977,708 917,068
(a) From data specially furnished Thr Mineral Industry by the Japanese Govin^ment. (6) Include old
iron, hoop and band, roofing or comieat(*d and galvanized, nails, and galvanised tel^^raph wire, iron wire and
wire nails (old), and other manufactures, (c) Includes also anchors and chain cables, screws, bolts, nuts, etc.,
and other iron ware.
830
TffE MINERAL INDU8TRT.
MINERAL BZPORTB OF JAPAN, (a) (iN MBTBIO TONS AND DOLLABB.)
(1 kin = 000060104 metric tons; 1 yen = $1 .)
Te«r.
Antiraooy.
Brass.
Brooiei.
OobL
MetaL
M'fao-
tures.
Wire.
M'fac-
tures.
Ingot
Mtao-
tures.
IVir Ships* Uk.
1806
694
1,677
1,888
877
816,696
906,615
107,707
$104,010
68,881
51,180
68,468
75,777
888
147
818
148
147
$106,618 t»LRM
54
87
m.
8.878
668,968
688,081
881,496
478,919
946,768
8,988,177
1807
108,759
66,888
19,718
17,808
17,106
1806
1899
8,880,186
6,886,448
1900
Year.
OMO-amtintted.
Ck>ke.
Copper.
Dust
Other Kinds.
Ingot
Old.
1896
899,108
$980,704
860,614
1,860,468
1,866,496
1806^864
8,018,606
8408,786
$5,818,887
7,457,888
18,840,681
11,784,780
13,706,664
8,890
8,960
8,881
8,656
6,881
filli
6,766
8,741
885
96
70
18,488,116
1,076,946
160;688
61,481
46,780
0-88
6-81
NiL
NO.
NO,
$118
1897
8,077
1806
IMK)
1900
Oopper-ConMnved.
Gold.
Iron
Tear.
Beflned.
Slab.
Wire.
MYao-
tnres.
Coin and Bullion.
Wans^
1806
6,184
6,178
16,060
81,808
80,407
$8,461,080
8^680,807
7,106,491
11,881,878
18,680,184
1,644
6,045
144
186
190
8,017,947
75,481
99,881
187,998
78
96
88
66
79
$88,717
46,947
46,998
40,878
58,490
$186,079
888,884
188,040
69,186
75,889
$1,996,676
8,868,796
46,881,848
6,768,866
61,761,680
$106,481
1807
176.087
1806
800Jn6
1809.
186^
1900
mm
Year.
Other
Metal
Wares.
P.A«^ r\mt%.
SUver.
Sulphor.
Products.
TMd.
Coin and Bullion.
1806
$868,186
l86;808
887,566
846,998
886,179
80.986
14.665
9,966
9,896
18,908
$874,484
805,818
166,888
168.687
884,806
$9,608,806
40,'706;i88
8,409,888
4,945,448
18,885
9,809
18,687
16,684
17,886
$808,888
^841
477,018
674,887
698,868
$1,980
1,396
(c)
(c)
(c)
$87,789,986
1897
88,710JRM
1806
lii;6i8^U9
1899
89^64S^779
1900
9lSSl9»
(a) From data furnished to Thb Muoral Indubtbt by the Japanese Qovemmeot (6) Included In otliar
' (0) Not stated.
MEXICO.
The Mexican Government collected no statistics of production previous to
1900; those compiled by The Minera Industry, which represent all the im-
portant substances, will be found under the respective captions "Lead," "Copper,"
**Coal," etc. The official statistics of mineral and metallurgical production, im-
ports and exports are summarized in the following tables :
MINBRAL PRODUCTION OF MEXICO, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND MBXICAN DOLLARS.) (b)
Copper.
Year.
Antimony.
Antimony Ore.
Ingot and Matte.
Ore.
Ore and Other
Ores.
1900 ,. .
2
S
^
"iw
Voliii
27,518
80,914
$14,669,858
17,88^0tf
1901
4184n8
84,784,187
80,884
8185,688
Year.
Gold.
Iron.
Bullion.— Knr.
Ore.
Ore and Other Ores.
pte.
Ore,
1900
8,919t)
18.989-9
88.704,946
18.061,004
^
$988,811
816,100
1901
48,906
81,784,698
1,099,981
$86,766,768
4,968
$48,084
Year.
Lead.
Ingot
Ore.
Ore and Other Ores.
Oxide.
1900
68,887
94.194
$4,051,946
^oao,68r
1901
88,141
$479,888
41,680
$188,886
46
$8,040
18,446
98,688,900
Year.
Feat
QuicksUTer.
surer.
Metal.
Ore.
Gliuiahar.
Bullion.— Kg.
1900
184-1
1280
$869,781
806,9R?
1,847,879-0
1,466,718-6
$63,989,649
67,180,088
1901
68
$878
60,688
$146,768
965
$181,000
Year.
SUver. —Continued.
Hntr
^k.«.
Zinc Ore.
Other Metals.
Ore.
Ore and Other Ores.
19QQ
1901
877,741
$18,988,788
l,06^666
$18,115,891
110
$7,000
160
$6,000
S9
$10,881
MINERAL IMPORTS OF MBXICO. (a) (IN MBTBIO TONS AND MBXIOAN DOLLAB8.) (5)
1
and Sand.
CUdmnCiu^
Copper.
Gold, Silver and
Platinum Ore.
bonateand
Spanish White.
Ingots, Plates and
Sheets, (c)
Ore and
Matte.
Graphite.
1901.
8,787
$16,866
816
$8,785
808
$117,906
8,680
$840,910
56
$1,061,848
46
$4,785
1
Gypsum and
Btuooo.
Marble or
Alabaster.
Ore.
Refractory
Earth and
Tripoli
Sulphur.
IWc.
Thi.
1901..
100
$8,074
881
$19,108
806
$86,908
1,975 $18,981
805
185,906
«.{s.^
60
$86,788
(a) From the Anuario EgtadUtico de la Republica Mexicana. (b) The averase
dollar in Mew York was, in 1900, $0-609; in 1901, iO-480.
Talue of the Mexican
832
THK MINERAL INDUSTRY.
MINERAL EXPORTS OF MEXICO (o) (iN METRIC TONS AND MEXICAN DOLLARS.) («)
Year.
1807
1898.
1809
1900,
1901,
Antimony
Ore.
6,873,$n,835
6,932 9K,815
10,388, 115,898
8,818 88,819
6,103 61,066
Asphalt.
1.02J
18.8iri
5,528
Building
Material.
1,808
607
956
8,683
687
17.858
8,661
5.928
9,804
8,865
Coal.
Copper.
Ore.
105,898
118,553
113,192
88,076
17,881
$484,624
486,690
468,803
157,8^2
70,922
1.094
18,146
823
408
5,576
$176,891
8,738,738
M,888
49,738
1,478,185
Ingot.
$8,889,881
8,314,790
7,915,887
9,445,496
10,958,641
Gold.
Year.
Coin.
Ore.
BulUon.
Cyanide
1826,986
894,780
116,961
llfl),675
178,803
Sul.
phide.
$88,916
64,031
266,788
177,193
81,744
Graphite.
Gypsum.
1897
198,456
810,481
835,84^
806,898
884,788
|6,2»,765
6,488,735
7,017,286
7,435,864
8,384,681
739
$6,698
iB^847
25,650
7,615
2,096
1,660
1,060
1,600
800
$7,7n»
1898
&$30
1899
5J3SO
1900
8,000
1901
8,504
Jewels and
Lead.
Year.
Iron Ore.
Precious Stones.
Gfxim».
Ore.
Base Bullion.
Marble.
Pearls— Carat*
1897
ib)
"$806
'8,536
8,880
11,841
2,480
1,447
8,182
801
875
548
1-9
ib)
1-0
468-0
ib)
$87 60,089
60.918
$3,006,821
8,891,014
8,885,747
4,2?8,608
4,509,074
8,176
469
870
1,030
1,088
$185,001
46,784
88880
108,750
180,877
1
1,480 i SILOOO
1898
Jas7
"ib)'
ib)
3,500
2899
175
11,425
67,441
74,944
7«,097
17.000
1900
1901
Oiif<*1r
allwA..
Silver.
Tin.
Year.
Kg.
Coin.
Ore.
Slag.
Bullion.
Sulphide.
Cyanide
1188,846
1897
(b)
$8,150
$81,985,847
ib}
28,679,665
18,088,158
111.401,176
11,048,358
10,766,099
18,496,584
9,615,969
$39,800
46,488
4,810
87,888
93,549
$35,775,185
37,187,599
37,585,911
41,468,745
86,848,874
$1,663,681
1,668,501
1,989,065
1,896,646
8,141,685
1
0*6 140
1808
257,848. (b^
1890
(6,9£2
67,607
859,838
1900
*6g6 43
1901
ib)
1
(a) From the Estadisiica Fi»cal. The figures for 1901 are from the Anuario EsttidUtieo de la RepfUUiea
Mextcana. The figures for the calendar vears were arrived at by combining those of the successive semesters
of the different fiscal years. Additional exports 1806: salt, l,eS8 metric tons, $18,449: zinc ore, 1,001 metric
tons, $10,016. (by Not reported, (d) There was also exported pearls, 48 g., $1,000. («) The average value of the
Mexican dollar In New York was, in 1897, $04671: in 18», $0*4641; in 1899, $0*478; In 1900, $0-500: in 1901, $0 490.
Note.— There was exported of zinc In 1900, 638 metric tons, worth $6,884; of zinc ore, 1,087 tons, worth
$9,885; of salt, 1,518 tons, worth $4,151. Of minerals classed in the Boletin de EatadMica Fitcdl as '' other
mineral products not specified,'' there were exported 749 tons, valued at $5,847. Additional exports in 1901-
zlnc ore, 166 tons, worth $16,689; salt, 486 tons, worth $8,888 and mineral products not spediaed, 88 tons,
worth $6,808.
NORWAY.
The official statistics of mineral production, imports and exports, are simi
marized in the following tables:
M INBKAL PRODUCTION OF NORWAY, (a) (iN METRIC TONS AKD DOLLARS; 1 kroiie-i»37 OOntS.)
Year.
Apatite.
Chrome Ore.
Cobalt Ore.
Copper Ore.
F^dspar.
Iron Ore.
1800..
1,106
872
3,506
1.600
aoo
$17,280
V060
22.140
4.446
NU
41
166
20
24
21
Nil
m.
12,700
2,700
2.160
20,010
27.606
87,047
48,868
46,868
$806,747
808,007
426,466
680,140
684,460
17,808
11,865
10,290
17,600
$54,640
79,660
40.060
78,000
81,060
2,000
8^607
4,486
4,576
17,926
5,670
7,008
8,100
86,010
1807..
1808..
1800..
""$816*
810
1000.
Year.
Nickel Ore.
Fyritee, Iron and
Copper.
Rutile.
Silver Ore and
NaUve SUver.
ZIno Ore.
1806
220
1,888
60,607
04,484
80.768
05,686
06,945
$26i,oa
800,160
886,686
461,180
686,680
30
82
86
80
40
$0,790
6.400
5,040
4,600
6,480
887 $108,000
549 liiRQsn
480
008
820
879
204
$8,645
T,20O
2,608
8,105
1,880
18B7
1808
497
480
476
80.640
•88,070
80.100
1800
1000
12,600
Metallurgical Production.
Year.
Cobalt^Kg.
Copper.
Gold.
Iron, PiR and
Cast.
Iron. Bar and
Steel.
NidceL
SUver-KR.
1806
1807
1808
20
24
21
m.
Na,
^22
2,700
2,160
1,007
1,094
041
1,200
1,280
6 $287,610
268,480
288.680
878,000
148,600
$0,460
675
1.530
2,700
2,480
885
417
281
406
444
$8,780
4,690
2,700
4.500
5.400
400
462
»:o
666
614
$21,000
«S,760
20,680
88,750
81.060
16
Nil.
Nil
5
18
18,100
4,604
6,872
4,808
4,600
4,600
$120,600
101,700
06,860
80,100
00,720
iSo::::::.:
1000
2,700
0,720
(a) From TabeUer vedkommende Norges Bergvaerk^drift. Sfatittisk Aarbog far Kongeriget Norge^ 1806. and
from Meddelemrfra Dei Statiatitike Cenirattmreau, No. 7, 1800, published by Det Statistike CentnUxireau.
Christlania. (6) Includiog, copper in mattes.
MINBRAL IMPORTS OF NORWAY, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 krone —27 OeOtS.)
Year.
Borax and
Boric AcM.
Kg.
44,406
71,600
02,060
71,121
68,000
$4,941
6,804
5,940
6,210
6,790
Cement and
Hydranlic Lime.
HektolUen.
18,784
26,408
d 88,861
24,511
20,008
Coal, Coke, and
Cinders -HektoUiert.
$174,258 15,874,578
289,057 15,409,902
885,867
198^460
dl,47H,080
19,002,000
17,065,000
$4,234,107
4,660.067
6,485,076
0,401.480
8,846,780
Copper and Brass.
Plates, Bolts,
and Bars.
1,140 $807,827
,0<M| 816,0K0
1,000
606
1,018
891,473
281 .mo
808,520
Wares.
691
807
.120
$406,808
648,248
088.071
1.1611 877,080
761 1 097,140
I
Olaasand
Olaasware.
4,202
8,006
8,220
2,874
1,798
$548,802
411,615
412,844
878,940
251,100
Iron.
Year.
Pig and Cast.
Knees, etc.
Ships*
Anchors and
Cables.
Rails.
Nails, Spikes,
etc.
Other Manu-
factures of
Iron.
SI::::::::
1809
1000
1901
21,606
28,106
21,446
20,844
19,112
$289,791
ffl9 579
806,660
467,740
204,800,
1
20,008
26,208
26,879
23,010
20,672
$1,018,864
051.845
1,000,494
1,198,260
804,040
1,867
1,486
1,894
1.208
1,708
887,287
105,067
104,868
114,480
146,020
7,687
10,827
8,187
11,968
22,060
$247,428
802,475
281,205
468,100
eiO.920
2,007
2,0e7
1,529
1,219
1,808
$168,788
i&o.oei
180.842
108,410
144.7^20
47,494
08,197
78,827
58,040
08,104
KBOO,018
5,460,868
7,001,046
5,650,200
6,878,2n)
834
THE MINERAL INDU8TBT.
Year.
r-
Steel.
Locomo-
tives and
Machines.
$2,068,885
2 487,871
2,8«)8,509
2,259,680
1,534,410
Lead, in Pigs
and Sheets.
Lead White
and Zinc
Oxide.
Paraffin Oil,
Petroleum,
etc.
Potash.
1897
1698
1899
1900
1901
4,850
2,428
2.652
2,0ffi
1,905
$246,64')
144,234
164,678
162,010
118,260
848
732
' 869
670
590
$54,972
51,408
66,744
59,670
42,980
1,119
1,491
1,296
1.216
1,821
$98,686
140,866
189,996
181,490
136,540
89,810
86,604
42,168
89,667
47,011
$1,021,118
887,061
1,188,914
1,070,820
1,142,870
919
754
80S
68b
618
68,099
71,496
68,040
48.870
Year.
Bait.
Hektoliter:
Saltpeter.
Soda.
Sulphur.
Tin, in
Blocks, etc.
Zinc, in
Plates,
Bars, etc
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1,645,716
1,278,405
dl84,583
1,484,000
1,276,000
$630,963
488,214
508,784
619,880
489,240
277
477
278
356
208
$15,708
»l,776
20,250
25,920
15,120
5,492
4,823
4,555
4.576
5,220
$59,319
52,063
61,506
61,630
84,610
10,701
9,689
10,784
14,627
11,149
$260,087
256,908
289,818
400,410
801,060
886
9^
540
149
141
$82,917
98,807
814,226
100,840
89,640
1,102
1,870
1,609
1,254
1,087
$107,068
l«,7a9
9Qt!,906
149,040
110,970
mNBRAL EXPORTS OF NORWAY, (a) (iN MBTRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 krODO — 27 OentS. )
CliY Products.
CJopper.
Year.
Apatite.
BHckR.
Thouaandi.
Earthenware.
Cobalt Ore-Kg.
Ore.
Ingot
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
8:^8
8,598
1,500
800
788
$18,960
63,352
22.275
4,590
11,070
11,711
15.534
11,949
5,266
12,108
$59,454
69,677
56,467
17,010
85,910
860
2
2
2
7
870
270
810
46,000
Nil.
m.
$9,780
5,400
16,111
18,587
7,198
6,756
6,041
Iiili
568
444
747
788
691
$181,081
118,886
948,001
868,800
888,a)0
Copper— Con.
1
1
Iron.
Year.
Old Metal.
Feldspar.
Glassware.
lodine-Kg.
Ore.
Pig and OM.
1897
1808
1899
1900
1901
670
1,206
1,088
1,168
774
17,892
11,865
19,260
17,609
18,828
$79,839
49,050
78,008
71,280
74,250
1,482
841
840
1,581
2,142
$78,894
81,212
86,838
40,280
70,470
2,896
5,474
16,180
11,210
10,000
$11,161
29.666
87.878
49,680
88,860
4.248
4,601
18,617
27,168
89,178
$8,019
88,668
66.080
68,460
4,681
8,844
6.086
8,141
8,860
$83,196
44,118
09388
98,880
85,100
Iron.— Confmu«d.
NkskelOre.
Kg.
Year.
Bars and
Hoops.
Nails spd Spikes.
Steel.
Machinery.
1807
56
85
887
185
870
1
$2,876 9.007
$686,552
489,402
468,833
460,850
489,290
167
158
877
220
179
$9,986
9,869
9^,410
17,820
12,690
992
507
464
811
980
$887,840
186.971
185,928
818,970
264,600
68^
8r2,000
65,000
1898
1899
1900
1901
1,134
16.848
8.640
18,W^
7.270
6,069
5,648
6,001
$185
861
1,080
870
Year.
Pyrites.
SQyer Ore-Kg.
Stone, Ashlar.
Whetstones.
1897.....
70,552
67,502
83,912
84,604
104,151
$288,118
236,925
294,548
4.%,840
486,780
118,900
79,000
14,160
90,210
6,000
$8,861
2,565
972
4,860
8,700
74,492
98,692
104,983
100.914
190,961
$867,065
546,964
666,649
490.880
687,790
118
187
170
186
181
$7,687
1898
9,961
1H99
11,476
1900
9,180
1901
12,160
(a) From Statistiak Aarbag for Kongeriget Norge.
id) Metric tons.
(b) Inclusive of flowers of sulphur, (c) Not reported.
PORTUGAL.
The mineral statistics of Portugal are summarized in the subjoined table,
for which we are indebted to the courtesy of Senhor Severiano Augusto da
Fonseca Monteiro, chief of the Beparticao de Minas, Ministerio das Obras
Publicas of Portugal.
The statistics of mineral production in Portugal in years prior to 1897 may be
found in The Mikbbal Ikdustrt, Vol.. III. and Vol. VIII. The mineral in-
dustry of Portugal has not yet attained much importance, the output of copper
.and copper ore forming the chief part of the total. This is principally the pro-
duction of Mason & Barry Co., Ltd.
MINERAL FRODUCTIOK OF FORTUQAIi.(a) (iH METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 milreis «• |1 '08. )
Year.
Antimony Ore.
Anenie.
Goal
(Anthrndte.) (6)
OcmL
(Llgnite.)(6)
Copper Ore.
Oopper. (Cement)
1897..
18D8..
1800..
1900
418
845
60
88
(c)
6,786
8^188
564
• ••••••%
504
751
1,068
1,081
687
61J56
68,888
86,877
7,896
10,860
11,980
84,066
16,000
iilil
9,848
18,891
T
$84jn5
68,656
41,161
841
886
408
14,496
88,980
8,804
8,140
8J»1
8,M8
8^061
$406,808
688,561
680,009
518,886
840,067
1901
Year.
Copper P^rrf tee.
*aK.sr-
GoldOra
Iron Ore.
liBMlOre.
(GflJena.)
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
66,478
54,868
71,576
57,540
96,816
8178,014
188,889
866,188
188,560
864,581
810,865
848,818
975,668
846,880
84^061
•987,964
806,968
878.018
580,014
681,790
170
6-8
180
e8'6
e80
$18,085
1,798
1,868
^10
1^07B
19,806
91,500
46,917
88,461
9,180
8,948
8,468
445
!S3S
104,687
116,846
9,790
007
8,940
$11,586
9,596
91,484
10,487
5,866
Year.
1897
1896,
1800,
1900.
1901,
Saver—Kg.
79
119
(c)
ic)
(c)
$9,049
9,868
Tin Ore.
d9
109
80
81
81
$9,660
98,278
9,418
96,017
18,866
TtmspBten
Ore.
99-4
50-8
560
400
90-0
ram
16,714
18,518
8,677
18,994
(a) Prom a report tpocUOj furnished Tbf
MiXBRAL iKDUaTBT bj Senhor Severiano Au-
gusto da Foneeca Montetro. Chief of the De-
partment of Mines of the Ministerio das Obras
rublicas. {b) Consumed in the countiy. (e> No
report, (d) Includes metallic tin and caasiterite.
(e) Gold metal, kfloicrams. In 190B, 79 metric
tons ($8,496) gold and antimony eonceotrates.
RUSSIA.
The official statistics of mineral production^ imports and exports, are giren
in the subjoined tables. The Bussian official statistics of production are some-
what tardy in appearance, the latest being for 1900.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF RUSSIA, (a) (&) (iN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
Year.
1896,
1887.
1896,
1899
1900
1,274
1,022
1,666
2,686
8346
27.666
87,444
60,600
97,848
(c)
Asphaltum.
22,192
12,018
28,081
25,090
1146,428
184,616
128,176
170,880|l9,
Chrome
Iron Ore.
6,668
18,488
16,467
19,146
18,284
$16,816
82,804
87,000
46,742
(c)
Coal.
9,877,661
11,208,788
12,807.460
14,974,861
16,166,088
118,196.424
16,678,184
17,148,000
22,801,400
82,877,200
Cobalt
Glance.
4
8
8
4
216
Copper.
5,882
6,940
7,290
7,688
8ja66
Gold-K|?.
11,424,076 87,196 il634Mtt
1,961,689,88.196 17^66,582
2,188.681188,880 17.260,141
2.602300,88,985 17.41630
2,924,00088,771 17,51«,0RS
Tear.
1896.
16B7.
18B6.
1890.
1900.,
Graphite.
Iron, Case
1,620,812
1,880,186
2,241,290
2,708,748
2,988,788
Kaolin.
126,816,486 6,099
81,696.289; 5,086
40,478,8001 6,64ff
48,460.000 7,466
60,120,000,82,821
124,676
20,244
80,820
84,000
(c)
I^ead.
612,775 208,025 1886,000
^<§^l§?0«|90 1,102,124
uiganese
Ore.
18,660 829,276
18,079|6S0,801
18,480:802,284
688,031
1,096,000
784,000
PBtrolemn.
7,106,708112.668,660 8,7761111,006
7,881,254 14,628,068 5,917 28,122
9,002,190 12,880,681 1,870 «,7te
9,809,106 84,60730616368 66,640
10.878,002 88,788,00029,668 (e)
Fbos-
phoritea.
Yiear.
Platinum— Kg
Pyrites.
Quickaayer
Salt
SflTei^Ks.
Sodium
Rnlphatfi
1896
1897
4,980
6.002
6,011
6.962
5,094
11,063,600
1,238,040
1,489,912
1,754,460
1,668,860
11,660
19,880
24,670
2Hs251
28,164
182,486
64,4;!8
68,800
67,240
(c)
491
616
862
862
804
|4»,068
641.440
1,846,247
1.661.804
12,079,868
2,711,077
2:566,906
2,787,168
8,124,000
7,818
188300
168.062
64,482
6,196
7380
6,046
7.466
5,006
^SS
1896
321,754 1,605,000
821,814 1,661,882
882,000 1.968.006
2^
1899...
lo^m
1900
(c)
Tear.
1886.
1897.
1896.
1888.
1900.
Sulphur.
Tin.
sane.
4»7
|5,a89
2
1476
6,257
1468 869
674
11,917
2
476
5,86H
549,114
1,018
21344
6,064
681,124
451
9,412
6,82e
575,708
1,687
4-2
(c)
5,968
609,600
repoct
{a^ From the Russian official
"Sbomik Statisticfaeskekh Svedenie
▼odskoi PromjTBhlennoBtye Rossie ▼ ZaTodskom
Qodu,'' St. Petersbunc. (6) In the Russian reports
the quantities are stated in poods and the Taluea
in silver rubles. In maUniir the reductioos the
following relations were employed: 1 pood = *01686
metric ton; 1 silver ruble = 40 cents, (c) Not r»>
ported.
RUSSIA.
887
MINERAL IMPORTS OF RUSSIA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS.)
(1 pood = '01688 metric ton; 1 ruble s 40 cents.)
Yetar.
1896..
1886..
1897..
1896..
1809..
$8,186
8,610
11,078
16;S86
Aftbeefioe Asphalt Barries and
Manufactures Rock. Witberite.
Ml
878
614
586
606
8^488
98,8«
90,078
94,080
666
947
787
885
418
98,465
8.188
7,89»
6,7b6
8,980
7,708
7,068
7,886
7,810
74^70
Coal.
1,984,889
1,979,649
8,128,861
8,688,687
8,896,806
16,898,898
5,489,878
4,188,088
4,907,490
9,764,787
Coke.
810,118
864,487
899,900
678,777
1961,475
1,146,668
1,075,072
458,847 8,078.747
8,518,848
Tear.
1806,
1896,
1897,
1898,
1899,
*^;
tloys.
11,679188,785.100
15,7961 8,997,911
18,500
15,167
18,865
8318,848
8,841,498
8,886,785
Copper and
Brsas
Manufactures.
cn,608
dl,001
dl,047
c»,a09
(i8,807
1,045,878
1,100,847
1,150,106
1,406,894
1,494,547
Glauber Salta.
8,808
8,619
4,660
5,808
8,440
$79,888
78,007
00,664
08,885
48,688
QoldBars
and Coin.
$40,860,800
88,888,400
Iron.
Castings.
4,799
7,810
10,880
18,400
15,090
$008,044
760,814
870,949
1,061,581
1,400,066
Hg.
197,908 I $8,887,180
75,817
06,409
80,480
180,788
1,454,865
1.867,485
019,750
1,708,070
Year.
1806.... 80,480
1896.... 88,144
1897.... a,n7
1808 • . . ■ I 586
1800.... 840
Iron— Contmtted.
Tin Plate.
$9,194,164
1,707.088
146,557
46.870
60,660
Another.
818,085
874,888
808,845
801.518
866,800
$10,188,897
18,787,068
11,888,788
8,088,718
8,170.850
Iron and Bteel
Manufactures.
80.814
86,080
86,688
87,887
80.804
Steel,
AU Kinds.
$84»6,418 fi8,{B8 $8,008,880 80,666
8,771,949 78,609 8,981,878 81,888
8,080,005 87,418 4,801,118 81,880
8,984,98878,408 8350,O4S! 89,408
4,6074)08 50,478 8,180,075,86,808
$1,880,848
l,790,o60
1,406,681
1,416,446
2,080,080
Magnesite.
1,187
1,484
8,895
4,877
6,848
$80,091
5,510
28.418
484M6
77,185
Year. I Mica— Kjr.
-|-
1896..
1806..
1897..
1896..
1899..
8,407
8,047
(b)
4,888
(6)
$017
1,801
1,811
Naphtha,
Crude.
Oil, Kerosene, Ores, Except
Benxine, etc. Graphite.
(6)
8
48
%
587
180
1,811
844
i,no
$44,404 1,584
7,084 81,468
67,061 81,887
81,848 184,015
160,880 84,401
$18,800
58,008
50,010
51,040
54,078
Other Metals,
Manufactures of.
18,870
4,888
$8,874,097
1,087,570
18,088
1,480
8,486,818
1,487,554
Phosphorites.
(6)
18,156
(b)
(6)
5,001
$176,866
14,006
Pyrites.
28.410 ; $841,808
80.681 ! 140,588
88,788 > 157.886
41,127 196,650
44.881 • 941,866
Year.
1895.
1896
1897,
1896
1890,
Quicksilver.
$0,986
10.400
8,807
4,810
5,048
Salt.
10,1
10,818
8,467
10,188
8,840
Saltpetei
Chito.
$57,400 18,815
08,408 18,887
46,710 18,086
54,045 18,718
40,828 15,871
Salts,
Stassfurt.
$804,788 1 4,408
414,770 ; 5,558
841,800 1 5.491
875,989 5,414
847,88017,568
$41,088
51.860
40,828
44,840
48,755
SUver.
Strontlanite
and
OeleeUte.
84
810 I
881 I
$18,880,400 148
404
Sulphur.
r.ll8 19,686
18.690 19.588
10,076, 80,715
1,710; 18,085
8,888 88,478
827,488
868,100
841,827
511,450
Year.
Tar, Asphaltic
Mastic etc.
Tin.
Zinc.
Ingot and Sheet.
1806
' 8,781
177,888
89.810
116,809
170,845
881,866
8,417
4,481
8,988
4.191
8,880
$705,507
841,486
808.947
1,067.406
1,565,061
t
9,194
1806
1 8,011
1 7,516
1897
::.:::::::i tm
' 9,546
1898
10,840
11.018
1899
18,184
11,084
$908,106
706,104
010.755
688,176
879,578
(a) From the Russian official
report '^Sbomik SUtistiches-
kelch Svedenie o OornozaTod-
skol PromynhlennoetTe Roraie
▼ Zavodskom Godu,^' St. Pe-
tersburK. (b) Not reported.
(d) Includes bronze manufac-
tures, (e) RepreseiitBClsy used
for furnaces.
MINERAL EXPORTS OF RUSSIA, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLI^RS.)
(1 pood = '01688 metric ton; 1 ruble — 40 cents.)
Year.
1895.
1806.
1897.
1896.
1890.
Bronae and
Manufactures.
Clay, Bauxite I
and Talc. |
Coal.
$10,800
5,7ue
160
1.688
8,060
8,014
1,981
$1,827
8,548
4.418
8,7n
8.565
7.544
16..'MA
88,148
48,084
18,888
Copper and
Alloyi
oys.
$90,870 ! 47
85.180 81
51,879 80
09,140 ' 18
86,795 j 18
8.154
8.280
0,868
8,801
8,178
er and
"ass
Bfanufactures.
Gold Coin and
BuUion.
180
840
$86,146
02,004
180.460
114.588
107.418
$148,800
80,884
8d»
THE MINBBAL mDUBTBT.
In».
NaphthA.
\w.
CMtiBga^
Pte.
AU Other.
Xanganeae Ore.
Metals, Other
Cnida
Reaklttaiii.
1806,.
IHBt..
1607..
1808..
1800..
2B6
647
884
785
$80,070
80,001
60,101
20,487
68,898
108
184
288
184
129
7,980
6,706
4,698
8984
2,812
4,684
4,160
2,666
4,028
$117,207
280,490
184,180
2iai000
146,810
166,600
187306
245,061
896,000
$1,104,085
1216,889
1,1883M
iJuSm
22i46;408
209
127
'^
117
$80,806
"44;6M'
18,298
0,206
2,942
9,606
8,6n
4,879
47,576
44^
24,828
64,668
54,461
62,946
64,885
61,787
1805..
1806..
1807..
1806..
1809..
Oil, Keroaeiie,
Benilne,ete.
Oraaof Metala
andlliiiefttla,
Except Gmiihite.
709,406
845,751
917,816
1,115,106
1.880,818
$6,642,007
8,120,780
0,607,610
10,565,464
11,771,924
20,686
16,890
15,864
18,688
$10,280
40,071
40,874
118.889
66,801
FaralBii.
bl
MB
6740
66,197
68
$870
8,746
16,516
69,605
Fhoaphoritea.
10,918
8,840
2,917
1,694
5,699
$184,886
107,806
86,869
26,466
70,760
Fladamn,
Crude— Kg.
4,80M 1778,000
4,70M 77r,900
4,7»r 700,780
4,475 «5,e00
8,488 1,142,789
Quicksilver.
140
480
648
8S7
836
$164,806
875,400
274,664
247,494
SiHer.
Ztne.
Year.
Salt
Hags.
SteeL
Ore.
"•asr*
1806
7.088
6,814
9,088
9.584
7,808
$17,790
16,461
21,668
2S,008
»,151
5,178
6.606
9,709
17,088
18,996
$11,884
11,274
29,447
40,878
28,860
187
178
160
812
174
iiiil
208
194
ts
1-0
8*6
18-4
76-9
66<0
$446
1W7..
l«WR..
864
IJSSB
ii,804,bbb'
mS
808
4^«
8,897
(a) From the Russian official report '' Sbornik Statisticheskekh Svedenie o Gornosavodakoi Promyshleiinoaty
Roasie V Zavodskom Qodu,*' St Petersburg. (6) iDcludee ▼aaellne. (c) Mot reported.
SPAIN.
The official statistics of mineral production, imports and exports, are sum-
marized in the following tables:
MINERAL AND MBTALLUBOICAL PRODUCTION OF SPAIN, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS;
$1'— 5 pesetas.)
Year.
Aiuminous
Earths.
Antimony
Ore.
Arsenic
Sulphide.
Asphalt, Reaned.
Asphalt
Rock.
Barytes.
Cement, Hydraulic.
1897....
1896....
1899....
1900....
1901....
409
505
686
420
806
8,886
2,100
1,586
854
180
60
80
10
$6,718
2,149
1,560
900
150
844
111
101
150
180
129,856
18.820
12,156
18,036
14,400
' 1,878
2,854
2,&I6
2,881
4,182
|88,5«
^,686
84,068
81,608
55,710
1,656
2,883
2,542
4,193
3,966
$8,812
4,rr8
5,144
8,682
8,187
489
864
887
888
1,067
$8,449
2,074
8,071
1,668
8,406
169,489
164,862
165,646
185,811
189,909
$325,208
868,501
868,441
488,725
494,774
Year.
Coal.
Cobalt Ore.
/Vu
1
Anthracite.
Briquettes.
Li^ite.
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
8.758
20,106
84,848
68,427
85,266
$15,745
86,190
96,266
888,015
190,148
8,010,960
8,414,127
8,56^487
8,514,545
8,566,591
$8,409,686
4,147,888
4,780,114
4,700,884
5,786,479
888,872
809,418
848,838
841,156
888,684
$1,818,588
1,277,486
1,216,562
1,585,691
1,440,245
54,282
66,422
70,901
91,183
96,867
$54,087
98,810
78,630
101,467
101,326
18
(fe)
(6)
(6)
(6)
$8,400
755,894
768,151
841,448
381,000
455,586
$8,167,416
8,211,800
1,811,816
2,716,706
2,699,746
Copper.
Copper Ore.
Year.
Fine.
In Matte.
In PrecipiUte.
Argentiferous.
Pyrites.
1897...
7
508
4
5
79
$1,400
118,683
921
1,919
28,698
16,120 $967,210
16,024 961,438
15,775 M6.506
89,662
29,708
41,927
29,652
28,438
$4,188,725
4,168,418
5,859,645
7,279,259
7,825,980
cl8,488
203
1,103
2,006
(6)
$36,$)e2
1.831
16,909
21,017
2,161,182
2,299,444
2,443,044
2,714,714
2,672,866
$8,184,893
8,785,261
1896
IflOO
2,986,001
9,246,018
9,151,164
1900
18,159
15,684
1,452,728
1,850.760
1901
Gold and
SUver Ore.
Iron and Steel.
Year.
Fluorspar.
Pig Iron.
Steel.
1897
8
6
810
4
75
750
60
2,456
556
/I, 110
/1,800
/1,595
$9,878
2,165
7,060
7,800
9,570
80,894
65,900
40,832
54.307
47,085
$8,190,139
2,826,743
1,120,514
1,920,942
2,601,824
146,940
118,492
118,071
91,18ft
135,600
$2,267,408
2,069,232
2,011.530
2,671,978
2,657,146
66,007
50,362
112.982
144,855
121,028
$8,878,980
81882,019
1898
Ig99
4,188,817
1900
4,881,809
1901
6,612,286
Iron Ore.
Kaolin.
(China Clay.)
Lead.
Year.
Argentifer-
ous.
Non-Argentiferous.
Argentiferous.
Non-Argentiferous.
1897
1898
1H99
1900
1 1
5,550' 19,847
^.190 68.21«
17.139 ar,,051
26,348 66.061
7,419,768 1 $6,457,327
7.197.017 6.282.4H4
9,397,733, H.tJOO.ail
6.294 1 $6,717
5.445 , ^.MH
2,790 ' 7.M0
3,794 8,(J»4
2.220 1.7(W
91.238
88,961
70,874
74.»41
73,895
$6,812,109
6,028,450
4,895.323
6,124.426
75,118
7S,370
91,789
m.lHD
$4,848,187
6.188,894
7,450,466
8,676,061
1901
27,726 75,9r0 7,l«6,5i7 ' 8,166,470
1
5,199,282 1 96,899
6,808,904
840
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Lead Ore.
Tear.
Arxentlferous.
Non-Argentiferous.
MlnendWatan.
OdbBt.
1897
1806
186,692
244.068
184,906
182,016
207,188
$6,786,018
•8;08S,772
7,684,607
6,875,200
6,715,610
Ill
$B,068,611
4[;948,066
4,774,408
6,449,629
2,788.138
100,566
102,ffi8
104,974
112,897
60,826
5l4l
^g«{
900
200
100
66
161
•ss
1899
1900
1901
118;907
144,744
141,128
400
8B8
6B6
Year.
Phosphorites.
pyrites. '(Arwwioal)
QuicksilTer.
Quicksilver Ore.
Salt.
1897
18B6
1899
1900
1901
2,064
4,800
8,610
4,170
4,2»
$16,672
46,00S
86,100
18,590
16.880
liiii
$0,000
86,186
105,182
24,247
86,897
1,828
*$575"
* '615*
1,828
1,788
1,691
1,861
1,096
754
$1,564,888
1,668,921
1,481,229
1,479,888
1,106,800
82,878
81,861
82,144
80,216
23,887
$1,888,448
1,2B8,0M
1,874^608
1,104,887
1,040,107
606,606
479,868
608,106
400,041
845,068
$1,109,204
1.086,e»
1,091.138
8844»
689,984
Year.
Silver— Kg.
Sflver Ore.
Soapatone.
Sulphur.
Sniphiir, Gkude
Bode.
18B7
71,166
76,296
68,409
140,457
94,977
$1,666,686
1,865,156
2,161.681
8,651.800
8,246.088
96e
767
784
748
891
$101,797
106,094
78,TO1
181,068
89,167
8,601
2,618
4,844
4.880
$21341
14,604
26;^
46,004
29,061
8,800
8,100
1,100
780
610
68,400
81^880
18^000
18,116
16316
el0^767
64,864
49.866
!S1S
1868
1809
108,160
1900
1901
100,M7
60>08
Topasof
Zinc
Year.
Tin Ore.
Hinojoaa.
Kg.
Tungsten Ore
Ore.
Sheet
Stefaa.
1897
d2,878
67
47
115
*^3I
8,460
7,168
10,091
44
90
44
96
810
$751
1,464
751
751
1,126
10
87
151
,«8
$809
5,826
14,142
100,882
488
78,648
99,886
119,710
86,158
119,706
$868346
991^6
1,908,967
617,661
605,806
8,887
1,781
2,084
2,756
2,781
^^040
887,684
618,616
617366
8,678
$445,S18
1896
602,000
1899
074,000
1900
806,784
1901
mS4
(a) Figures for 1897 are from the Reports of tht Comigidn ^feetUiva de tMadittica Mmera. Tbeflgores
for 1896 are from the oflScial ReporUor the Junta Superior FaeuUativa de JffiuM, Madrid, lliere was also
produced in 1897, gold ore, 460 metric tons, $1,860; lead and sine ores, 40 metric tons, $40; in 1806, lead and zinc
ore, 88 tons, $88; gold. $2,388. (fr) Not reported, (e) Etepreeents non-argentiferous copper ore. (cOUndreaaed
ore. (e) 70,814 tons, $166,809, of this product is the contents of copper pyrites fhnn Hualva. (/) Odd ore
only.
MINERAL IMFORTe OF
8PATN.
(a) (IN MBTRIO T0N8 AND
D0LLAR8; $1 — 5 pewtas.)
Year.
Asphalt and Pitch.
Alkaline Carbonat«»
CoaL
Ooice.(6)
QoldBars-Kg.
1887
1898
1899
1900
1901
28.884
28,79C
87,887
29,988
82,669
$868,700
159,528
605,281
479,788
621,119
28,428
26,574
84,805
81,468
29,470
$1,210,426
i;i69345
1,895,614
1388,619
1,855,668
1,688,888
1,284,345
1,566,800
1,794,119
1,966,024
$8,887,696
7,466^078
9,184,802
14,858.966
18,682368
214,788
196,984
206,789
197,516
197,104
$1,159,781
1,177^846
1,962.785
1,660,184
1361.466
968
2
10310
(c)
(c)
$187,600
1,440
73B3«,400
Year.
Gk>ld Ck>ln
Iron, Pig.
Iron, Bar.
Iron and Steel,
Forged.
Petroleum, Crude.
SflverBsn.
Kg.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
$12,149
ic)
(c)
(c)
(c)
1,855
1,575
9,267
4,717
4,980
$26,972
28,852
40,793
113.227
101,460
(c)
(c)
14,675
$571,048
'«B,9i7
94.087
5,164
5.687
5,404
6,351
$1,472,690
267,169
266,119
280.466
876,909
84,972
82,781
23,682
42,840
87,858
$1,260,011
1.606.671
1,062,010
1,718,619
1,609.414
248,640
168,475
4&601
(e)
(c)
$6341,694
4,148,885
1309,101
SPAIN.
841
Year.
SUtw Coin.
BodlumNitnite.
Sulphur.
TfnPUte.
Tin Ingots.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
$82,825,812
(e)
(c)
(c)
84,862
88,822
66,408
118,105
187,880
$2,091,729
2,146,086
8,158,871
4,794,224
6,498,288
6,810
6,666
6,886
7,684
4,810
$128,888
168,621
178,791
944,290
146,875
666
668
1,661
914
1,740
$46,098
52,287
188,869
88,990
146,210
928
888
987
1,148
1,012
$809,850
860,088
896,492
014,789
880,267
(a) Tlie figures for 1898 and 1899 are from the Anuario de la Mineria Metalwrgia y Eiectrieidad de
E^cMa^ while those for the years 1896 and 1897 are from the Revinta Minera^ Madrid, Feb. 18. 1896, and for
the Tear 1901 were obtained through the courtesy of Don Adriano Ck>ntrera8, Profesor de la Escuela de In*
I de Minas. {b) In terms of coal, (c) Not reported.
MINSBAL EXPORTS OF SPAIN, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; $1 — 5 pesetas.)
Tear.
Antimony Ore.
Cement, Hydraulic
Coal.
Copper Ore.
Copper, in Matte
and Precipitate.
lgQ7
90
60
92
28
0
10
$1,176
2,988
5,587
1862
688
600
(b)
8,a
2,409.
2,165
2,589
2,648
8,078
6,588
12,148
$18,800
14.977
46,518
66,678
68,148
822.570
899.288
048,017
1,000,141
1,006,669
962,726
$6,618,482
6,474,516
6,862,206
7,409,812
7,248,028
6,716,807
51,407
40,570
44,006
48,696
16.610
28,585
$7,878,988
1808
1899
1900
1901
1908
$24,521
14,997
12,991
7.466,966
6,688,755
7,898,468
1,707,140
4,896,998
Lead Ore.
Year.
Iron Ore.
Iron pyrites.
Iron and Steel.
Argentiferous.
Non-Argentif-
erous.
1807
6,884,244
6,568,060
8,606,568
7,888,270
6,896,868
7,646,512
$18,180,064
14,427,786
18,081,429
18,775,848
20,681,690
22 689,586
217,545
266,841
319,285
356,01H
404.815
47H.6I9
$669,287
6154218
766,881
854,445
971,558
1,188,767
48,619
46,127
40,879
88,664
45,410
$610,778
%0,291
786.826
686,966
1,166,017
c8,267
7,191
8,019
4,071
1.468
1,891
$462,596
410,178
497,188
889,894
87,769
71,108
(ft)
J.
1,109
1,860
1,S78
1886
1809..
$108,961
1900.
61,004
1901
96,467
1908
88,ias
Year.
1897.
1896.
1880.
1000.
1001.
1008.
Lead, Pig.
Argentiferous.
NuD-Argentif-
eroas.
dl71,T74
dl78,517
(1161,008
71,496
67,984
70,691
I
$10,122,220 (6)
11,840,015' (5)
9,987,870, (b)
5,719,4861 ft!,446
6.118,.VWi 84,000
7.178,19b 91.206
$5,771,116
5.880,685
6.890.753
Manganese
Ore.
05.756
180,050
180,852
181.450
Oi),975
07J»6
$1,091,681
1,507,706
1,588,815
1,446,015
071.668
739,921
Quicksilver.
1,742
1,741
8,281
1,101
864
1,176
I
$1,486,893
1,880,7(«
8,478,7W<
1,188,646
071,568
1,871,614
Salt.
2S6.8n
810,670
881,081
806,661
803,410
878.046
$707,616
669,099
098,212
411,182
606,»80
656.092
Year.
Silver-Coin,
Jewelry, etc.
Soapstone.
Sulphur.
Tin.
Zinc.
1897
(b)
(b)
(b^
188
140
06
(b)
(b)
(ft)
(ft)
1,891
7
1,410
(ft)
(ft)
26
80
20
20.692
14,660
8,170
4,553
2,390
2.081
2,101
$289,716
600,791
260,880
288,8H2
281,190
1898....
$58,968
251
47,W4
1890....
1000. . . .
$4,218,640
4,604,019
2,896,696
2,427
(ft)
4,889
$77,668
1001 ...
1002....
185,505
Zinc Ore.
41,040
66,573
96,088
61.199
75.827
96.705
$868,121
697,473
989,671
646.006
748,274
947,468
(a) Fkx>m the Anuario de la Mineria Metalurgia y Eleciricidad de EspaHa, Madrid, except the flgurts
for 1001, which were obtained through the courtesy of Don Adriano t'ontreras, and 1002, figures from other
(ft) Not reported, (c) Includes non-argentiferous lead ore. (d) Includes non-argentiferous.
SWEDEN,
The official statistics of mineral production^ imports and exports are sum-
marized as follows:
MINERAL PRODDCTION OF BWBDBN. (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 krone — i 27 Ceuts.)
Year.
1897..
1896..
1899..
1900..
1901..
Alum.
181
158
164
1(W
121
$3326
4,548
4,917
4,402
8,612
Ctaj (Fire).
112,288
181,891
129,875
100 J85
176,876
(c)
(C)
Coal.
224,848
286,2rr
289,844
62,290 26S,ftiO
82,»47,2n,609
Cobalt Ox-
ide. Kg.
$484,710 700
466,9361 3,001
485,280, l.»45
650,7211 Nil.
685.911 yii-
$2,467
10,125
4,586
Copper. Copperas.
289 $68,645 282
50,6to 124
60,028 105
46,880 18
45,050 14:
$8,285
1,7»3
1,488
2,806
Copper Ore.
26,207
22,884
22,725
Copper
SulpbAte.
$92,712 1,815
99,749 1.1«5
110,402 i,«r/
92,678 1,266
2,289 28,660 102,111 1,824
$00,860
78,840
106,000
125,000
126,580
Iron.
Year.
Feldspar.
Qold-Kg.
Qold Ore.
Pile.
Bloom.
^°''- "SJ^
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
19,298
20,787
18,502
$58,992
64,672
60,041
46,457
44,264
118-8
126-9
106-2
88-5
62-7
$76,517
106,818
71,081
.'»,224
.42,805
1,602
2,186
NU.
mi.
m.
$9,214
6,186
588,197
681,766
497,727
526,868
528,876
$9,407,865
9,414,128
9,828,785
11,988,097
11,276,019
189,688
198,928
ia\881
1H8.455
164,850
$6,045,705 2,086,119
6,407,843 2,308,546
6,866,026 s!.4S4,6U6
6,8.«4,428 2.607,995
6,158,442|2.796,666
1
$2,700,089
2,909 960
8,627,617
•8,788,287
8,900,666
1,047
868
6M
1.675
1,604
(c)
(c)
2,251
1,966
Year.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
Iron and Steel
Bars, Rods,
Sheets, etc.
804,687
299,846
828,999
824,604
269,507
Lead.
$12,624,4861,480 $76,876
11,948,458 1,650 102,464
14,228.484 1,606 106,846
14,790,1971 1,4241 106,097
11,661,968! 988 (B,752
Lead Ore. Manganese
Ore.
$8,240
2.749
1,620
2,868
1,184
8.622
2,9C0
2,051
2,271
$12,810
11,142
12,060
12,294
11,840
Pyrites.
617
886
150
r<9
Nil
$1,496
l,a}7
854
Silver.
KiC.
2,218
2,088
1,927
1,667
$4i,4n
S6.867
43,411
ffi,8Sl
80,249
Year.
Silver and
Lead Ore.
1807....
10,068
1896....
6,748
1899....
6,780
1900....
6,800
1901....
11.866
$68,128
u8,681
60,070
65,584
66,907
Steel.
Bessemer.
107,679
102,254
91,898
91,065
77,281
Crucible.
$8,091,109 691
2,886,079,1,018
2,710,92611,225
2,968,514.1,121
2,869,772; 1,088
Martin.
$78,540 165,886
106.318 160,706
126,765' 170,867
102,893' 207,418
94,015 190,877
$4,662,624
4,512.212
6.549,606
0,788,626
6,115,791
Sulphur.
50l|l,680
(c)|..
7D 1,750
H
Zinc Ore
56,686
61,027
65.150
01,044
48,G80
$494,742
608.ftir
748,809
477,084
882,894
Zinc Ore.
(Calcined.)
24,668
25,250
24,900
2o,t;»
26,100
$356.«»
443,187
610. 1K6
401.5HO
860,223
(a) From Bidrag till Sveriges Offlciela Statistik^ Bergshandteringen. In 1899 there was also an output of
500 tons of graphite ore valued at)540. (c) Not reported.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF SWEDEN, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 krone — 27 Cents )
Aluminum
Sulphate.
783 $0,890
%8 13,074
fm\ 11,699
1,197| 16.165
1,192 16.058
1
Ammonium.
Year.
Alum.
Carbonate.
CJhloride. Hydrate.
Nitrate.
Sulphate.
ADtlmonv
Crude.
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901,.
108
186
15S
188
846
•
$3,072
4,(138
4,688
8,ft4S
10,266
109
99
89
141
181
S20.516
18,723
16,9()0
13,829
12,.389
110
101
112
99
118
1
$20,873 50 $6,605; 42
19,168 105 9,886| 12
21,:m 110 , 10,891 ! 12
18,675 101) 18,923, 5
21,449 92 17,882 1
$9,018
2,565
2,661
1.129
253
67
81
181
2CT
285
Pill
6S $11,068
^\ 9.9M
5!i n.ITTi
85 1«J,KM
60 r.<.5M
SWEDEN.
843
1 1
Bromine and
Tear.
ATBeolous
Acid.
Asbestos.
(0
Asphalt.
Barytes.
Borax.
Boric Add.
Bromides uf
Potassium and
Bodlmn. Kg.
1807....
88
$8,688
110
$82,151 5,468
$68,947
270
$14306
175
$18,952
66
$9,006
6,549
$4,496
1HU8....
88
4,800 112
80,869, 5,409
58,420
299
16,140
196
81,148
76
12,071
5,401
5,667
IMW.. .
12
1,642 567
168,198 6,286
67.898
292
16,812
190
80,529
66
10,606
4,914
5,175
19JJ. . . .
22
8.0291 768
206,1461 5.676
61,806
441
88,796
194
20,960
66
10,748
6,064
6,406
19J1....
12
1,6681 178
1
47,950' 4,684
1
48364
286
15,756
858
27388
68
11,048
6,608
6,968
Chalk.
Chemioo-
TVichnical
Prepan-
tionsUKB.
(/)
Clay Products.
Year.
Cement.
White,
Unground.
He&oliter»,
Other Kinds.
(e)
Chloride
of Lime.
Tiles.
C2ay.
Porcelain.
1807....
1806....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1,886
1,666
1,868
1,941
2,868
14,868
7,016
16,079
12,060
18,669
•••Si
1,787
1,802
1,466
142
808
86
64
67
$1,060
1318
1,408
1,160
689
$100,081
115,499
181,878
180388
144,880
1,676
1,688
8,408
8,948
8^988
$78,888
72,048
108,777
187,146
817,708
$868,879
860,874
867,899
888,863
868,614
Iiiil
868
808
846
888
386
$878,784
818,572
844,687
867,998
868,880
Copper, and
^FJSf
Gold Bars,
Copper in
Glass and
and Gold
Gold
Year.
CoaL
Alloys and
Sul-
ESmery.
Glassware.
MTree.
Coin.
(y)
Metals.
phates.
(A)
Kg.
1897..
8340,247
$9,889,086
4,944
1,156,208
$6,806
128
$17,298
1,618
HP'^
4,867
18.086,848
$948
1898..
2,898,451
18,1ia,7»l
5,227
1380,806
6,513
181
17,649
2,560
661,169 8,998
1.875,585
8,306
1899..
8,047,618
16,457,185
4,740
1,106.&M
11,808
125
16,902
2,818
588,6091 802
287,075
9,774
1900..
8,088,886
81,608,660
4,745
1,881,849
4.968
186
18,809
1,788
461391:8,865
8,282,489
98,906
1901..
2,798,809
15,088,867
5,158
1,717,871
4,817
169
22.878
1,280
898,184|1,464
1,005,281
786,862
Graphite.
168 $8,519
167 9,008
162 I 8,729
218 I 11.486
180 I 9,697
Iron and Steel.
Lead,
Crude.
Lime.
HektoUten.
(k)
Year.
G^m.
Crude.
Manufac-
tures.
Litharge.
Nitric Acid.
1807....
1898....
1899....
1903....
1901....
7,280
7,979
6,467
6,7M
6,580
$75370
66,187
66,486
69,715
54,866
89,606
76,882
68,909
88,967
66,181
$1,480,175
1,826.910
1,288,718
1,906,160
1,844,818
$8,785,048
4,641,618
5367,896
6,158,371
4,418,679
8,098
8,180
8,185
2,067
1,991
$806,076
807;848
815,996
818,788
196,817
80,060
28,07D
84.848
85,047
18304
$7,889
8,724
10,732
10,144
4,617
m
160
177
148
165
$86,985
81,592
28,918
19,974
21,816
41 $8,285
84 8.268
77 7,808
W ^ 6,276
40 8,770
Platinum.
Kg.
Potassium
Year.
Phorohorus.
Chloride.
Cyanide.
Kg.
Hydrate.
(Caustic.)
Oxide.
Quicksilver.
Kg.
1897....
1898....
1899....
1900....
1001....
57,972
66,466
59,989
67,557
70,672
$70,486
80,756
72,887
82,062
^866
68
49
59
99
172
$11,907
9,261
11,151
18,711
82,506
868
259
226
864
260
2,922
2,604
2,81$
2,221
2,668
12,867
1.767
1.561
1,662
1,794
1,881
1,451
1,266
1,915
1,485
$410,247
481,080
376,029
568,627
486,881
1,482
1,112
1,281
1,267
1,266
$186,870
10M19
116.208
118,740
119,640
8.125 $3,544
2,681 2.963
4,210 4,774
8.629 4.115
5,968 6,756
Salt.
Sand.
saver and
HanYactures
Kg.
Silyer
Coin.
Sodium Salts.
Year.
Common.
Refined.
Carbonate.
Hydrate.
1897....
1898....
1809....
1900....
1901....
87,050
8^246
98,417
70,808
79,088
$411,548
408,880
410,917
818,(K»
868,002
8,055
2,188
3,160
8,098
3,072
$148,479
106,882
158,884
150,547
149,817
$19,509
89,169
85,848
86,054
84,064
20,567
21.696
11.565
11.550
7,476
lilll
$186,883
191,766
156.707
68,815
78,416
14.685
11,917
13,828
12,680
18,669
$276,417
225,280
861,806
889,656
268.847
685
575
989
1.088
800
$88,764
81.064
50,151
66,088
48,810
Year.
1897.
1898,
1899.
1900
1901
Sodium Salts.— Ctmtinued.
Nitrate.
12,581
15,419
15,006
14,245
17,614
$608,709
685,667
708.150
678,072
808,451
Sulphate.
(0
Stone.
(m)
Sulphur.
11,8&1
11,544
15,140
15,590
15,494
$153,683 $227,476 9,788
172,4851 106,260' 10387
204.884 98.648,13,505
211,972 94,188 20.152
209.169 77,680 80,715
$286,869
868.341
328,165
Sulphuric
Add.
1,418
1,742
2.668
489,683 12.472
508,866 1.960
$88,709
35.278
51,797
50,068
89,490
Tin.
(Crude.)
Tin and Lead
$196,478
824.890
895,458
408.021
312,381
16
85
8
18
9
$86,709
27.455
8,704
19,297
9.996
844
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Year.
Tin Salte.
Kg.
ZiDC.
1897....
1806....
1899....
1900....
1901....
8,828
8,874
5,404
3,248
2,884
1
$1,082:2,661
1046 8,080
1,460 2,829
8762,912
680 2,900
$261,249
848,014
848,768
819396
289,428
(a) From Bidrag tiU Sverigea Qfflciela StatUtOc, (c) Indndes raw prod-
uct and manufactured articles, (d) Natural and artificial asphalts, (e)
Ground chalk, pastels, etc. (/)N. E. S,—Not eUewhere ^[tedfied. (y) In-
cludes coal-dust, ih) Ezcluslye of powdered glam. (t) Includes also sodium
bisulphate. ( j ) Baw, fcround and calcined gypsum, (k) Slaked and ^inslalrH
lime. (/) Includes both so^um and potassium satts. (m) Building stone, etc.
MINERAL EXPORTS OF SWEDEN, (a) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; 1 krooe = 27 ceotS.)
Ammonium
Sulphate.
Antimony,
Crude.
Asbestos.
Kg.
Chalk.
diemioo-
Technical
Prepara-
tions.
Year.
Alum.
Oament.
Unground.
All Other.
-
1807....
1886....
1809....
1900....
1901....
54
88
26
24
56
$1,604
947
772
674
1,M2
180
86
2
2
156
$12,160
2,401
124
100
10,717
0-8
4-7
2-6
4-6
1-8
$166
806
497
880
836
1,848
1,066
2,818
2,486
2,179
IS
750
668
588
27,112
28,676
81,101
42,664
17,7M
888,876
861,917
844,771
144,180
1,188
866
616
940
S?
101
4,428
4.844
64N8
6,818
6,188
84,082
86,800
20,660
88,788
88»108
$4aa6i
80377
124,M8
804,146
882:888
Year.
Clay. Manufac-
tures.
Coal.
Copper
andiron
Sulphates
Copper Ore.
Copper and
Copper in
AUoysand
Metals.
Glass,
AU Kinds.
Graphite.
1807....
1898....
1809....
1900....
1901....
$88,931
48,003
46,689
60,796
87^462
$664,840
641,780
648,079
780.177
666,a?7
74
496
762
1.108
716
$326
2,518
4,112
6,282
8,808
$97,449
92,191
129,676
124,496
106,807
(6)
1,108
815
448
608
$7,441
8,837
8,818
4,468
988
1,846
1,890
8,018
1,248
$486,089
888,109
809:488
648,801
488,318
9,890
9888
9,194
10.000
18,008
$1,184,496
1,148,067
766,688
848.488
808,916
7,815
9.108
16,604
17,719
16,761
492
900
977
906
Year.
1807..
1808..
1809..
1900..
1901..
(}ypeum
and
Manufac-
tures.
9-6
27-8
8-8
10-4
64-6
$5,727
2,609
1,884
1.182
1,645
Iron Ore.
1,400,801
1,489,860
1,688.011
1,619,902
1,761,267
$2,779,890
2,942,980
8,406,618
8.625.280
8,775,788
Iron and Steel.
Unwrought.
279,526
801,192
820.742
804.175
268.148
$9,176,910
9,899,887
11.898,918
18,473,711
9,448,279
Manufac-
tures.
$8,878,880
1,644,096
8,109,488
8,046304
1,965,848
Lead and Manu-
factures.
1,478
670
818
1,800
1,086
$01,908
86,000
68.049
96.871
64.896
Lime.
Hektolii-
106,068
188,980
80.158
84.848
60,000
$81,925
40,401
85,881
26,871
84.189
Year.
Peat.
1897..,
1R08...
1899. . ,
1900..,
1901 .,
1,816
1,616
1,979
8,848
3,061
$4,902
4,861
5,»t2
9,77«
8,273
Salt, Refined.
Kg.
Sand.
SUver.
Phospnorus.
Potassmm
Chlorate.
Bullion-Kg.
Manufac-
tures—Kg.
1,687
4,085
1.890
875
1.261
$1,877
4,968
2,298
1,068
1,624
462-5
506*4
884-9
930-7
707-9
1.424
216
110
407
1,566
$60
11
6
18
76
$960
8.886
1,929
2,084
1,261
820
180
867
296
179
$6,886
«;498
7,184
5,988
3.466
119
238
268
108
9
$6,486
18,744
18,980
- , —
._
— . —
-
—
Soda.
SodiuDi Stone.
Sulphate. (c)
Sulphur.
Sulphuric Tin and
Acid. I>ead Ash.
Tin.
Year.
Ingot.
ManojEac-
tures— Kg.
1897....
1898....
1890....
1900....
1901....
686
609
287
288
287
$12,970
9,018
4,298
4,871
4.471
3-4
61
18-2
20-5
14-1
180
889
804
$2,062,011
2,885,78(5
2,613,158
2,804,594
2,7.i7,260
11
11
68
20
12
$258
272
780
474
280
7-6
2-8
2-7
16-6
6-8
$205
76
74
447
171
1-7
16-8
20-6
11-9
22-4
$1,886
17,018
82,811
18,888
84,194
86-6
80-8
8-8
21-5
80-4
$8,806
7.681
5,871
18.985
11,809
7,118
1,888
1088
1,681
8,110
$4,888
794
688
848
4,780
Zinc.
Minerals,
NotSpepifled.
Year.
Ore.
Crude and
MTrs.
(a) From Bidrag tOl Sveriges OOUiaa
Statistik, Handel, (b) Not statedln the
1897
44,425
49,597
45,684
40,879
41,248
?62r,769
72B,129
788,.'MM
135
IM
1R7
$9,009
13,799
13,824
12,274
6..S87
442
2,596
197
288
880
$6,428
40,586
1.597
2.332
lS.0i9
1898
and unwrought
1890
1900
484,340 ' 101
1901
UNITED KINGDOM.
Thb statistics of the mineral production^ imports and exports^ are given in
the subjoined tables. The statistics of the most important substances for 1902
will be found under the respective captions elsewhere in this volume.
MINERAL PRODUCTION OF THB UNITKD KINGDOM, (a) (MBTRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1—45.)
Teur.
1897
1808
1899,
1900,
1901.
1908.
AlumBbala
081
18,886
1,889
4,019
6,756
$880
8,510
8,640
880
8,470
Araenlout
Acid.
4,88i
4,941
8,800
4,146
8,416
8,165
$878,976
968,986
871,180
886,140
197,870
Anenioal
pyrites.
18,847
11,838
9,787
8,680
$58,670
40,780
60,090
48,560
81,875
Barytes.
88,087
88,681
86,069
89,987
86,844
88,986
$180,685
116,985
l»i,880
146,880
189,000
Bauxite.
184(40
18,000
8,187
6,871
10,857
9,198
$14,116
14,490
9,866
6,780
14,516
8,980188
4,866.788
4,768,988
4,444,766
4,890.048
4 466,004
$807,978
90M66
1,048,186
1,040,161
988,856
Tear.
Clay.(6)
Coal.
Copper Ore.
^nS^Ui,
Fluonp&r.
1897
1808
1809
1000
1901
1908
18,908,479
14,974,890
16306,806
14,879,181
14,808,196
16,549,008
$7,966,640
8,081790
7,718,886
7,866,815
7,987.410
906,864,010
805.887,888
883,616,879
888,778,886
888,614,081
880,788,508
$898,700,046
880,846,910
417,406,686
518,488,780
7,846
9,145
8Ji74
9JK7
6,518
6,810
189,945
168,990
178.616
188,880
894
188
178
886
891
(c)
$11,600
6,500
7,750
18,860
18,770
808
67
706
1,478
4,888
6,888
11,180
Tear.
Gold Ore.
Gravel and Sand.
Gypeum.
Iron Ore.
Iron Ore,
Bog.(d)
1897
4,889
716
8,096
81,185
16,641
80.488
$81,410
5.700
60,850
814,686
69,600
1,878,496
1,658,701
1,800,808
1,867,811
1,990,986
8,100,829
$556,660
677,690
661,995
600.816
746,940
184,887
199,174
815,974
811,486
804,045
886,864
$884,800
^,580
888,880
848.810
844,650
14,008,484
14,408,780
14,698,711
14.867.844
18,475,700
18.611,006
17,088,140
19,477,485
81,188,000
16,888,800
7,888
5,606
4,890
4,881
8,649
4,988
$8,906
1808
6770
1899
5,400
1900
5,190
1901
8,856
1908
Year.
Jet-Kg.
Lead Ore.
Manganese
Ore.
Mineral
Paints.
Ofl Shale.
Petroleum.
Phoiinhate,
1897
1808
1890
1900
1901
1908
81
NU.
Nil.
Nil
NU.
NU.
$40
86,908
88,518
81,494
88,487
88,081
86,000
$1,877,046
1,887,010
i;4BS,980
1,746,470
1,180,648
009
1,884
1,678
1898
$1,756
1,000
i;845
8,875
. 4,470
14,668
80,144
16,675
15,448
14,780
17,018
$64,985
65,015
67,895
-66.990
09,566
8,969,886
2,178,201
2,846,197
2,818,788
8,898,812
8,141.855
$8,779,680
8,678,490
8,785,015
8.189,980
8,946.810
18
6
5
NU.
8
85
70
60
.......
8,088
1,075
680
71
87
$17,500
18,566
18.564
6,486
680
Year.
Pvn.
m»*'mM
Salt.
SlUca.
Slates and Slabs.
ryk«w».
Chert and Flint
Quartx.
1897
10,758
18,809
18.486
18,484
10,406
9,815
$9^686
88,886
88,940
88,890
1,988,940
1,908.798
1,878,601
L3U180
1,984,188
$8,104,490
8.100,575
8,880,870
8,069,600
.8,864,950
96,809
88,870
60,966
liiiil
409
NO.
NO.
Nil
^:
$1,006
sSSsSS
1898
9,501,140
1899
8,986,856
1900
764i;880
1901
6,688,885
1908
Year.
1897...
1888...
1899...
1900...
1901...
1908...
Stone.
Onudte.
1.876,880
1,90^680
4,786,884
4,709,997
5,181,787
$8,768,080
8,888,886
6,478,815
6,198,786
6,610,686
Limestone. (/)
11,179,580
18,178,867
18,499,786
18,099,940
11,868.808
18.867,617
$6,779,965
64»0,770
6,675,885
6,501,570
6,186,906
Sandstone.
5,048,585
6,896,968
6,906.096
6,101,868
6,199,984
5,570,860
$7,«n,600
8,168,980
8.968,500
7,980,985
8.185,10ti
Whinstone, Basalt,
$9,906,066
9,897,715
Strontium
Sulphate.
16,897
18,148
19,881
9,870
16,998
89,798
$91,550
18,870
81,570
99.80U
41,685
846
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Year.
Tin Ore (Black Tin). | Tungsten Ore.
Uranium Ore.
Zlnr Ore.
1807
7,284
7,406
6,494
6,911
7,407
7,681
$1,271,090
1,441,686
2,208,646
8,618,080
8,288,866
187
381
96
9
81
9
$10,040
79,290
19,166
1,756
8,040
80
86
7
42
80
68
^,886
6,926
1,876
7,686
14,616
18,586
28,080
88,506
25,070
28,967
86,460
$815,770
688,i»)
607,410
488,080
8683S0
1896
1809
1900
1901
1908
METALS OBTAINABLE BT SMELTING FROM THE ORES IN THE ABOVE TABLE. («) (IN
TONS AND dollars: £1 — |5.)
METRIC
Year.
1897....
1806....
1899....
1900....
1901....
'icr'
Gold-Kg.
$185.4810 68-8
177,616 12-3
849,840, ]03'5
809,976 487-6
188,806194-6
Iron.
136,926 4,942,679
6,496 4,986,847
60,48014,998,468
860,78S'4,748,178
110,810.4,166,746
Lead.
SilTer— Kg.
$56,978,806
68,700,815
86,174,870
97,064,660
64,188,110
26,968 $1,668,890 7,760
25,761 1,664.976 6,575
88,989
84,782
20,861
1,776,8051 6,000
8.004,600 6,064
1,278,0051 6,462
$148,0704,584
118,640
100,710
112,886
08,680
Tin.
4,782
4,077
4,887
4,684
Zinc.
$1,466.680,7,162 $884,115
1,720,060 8,711 697,010
8,540,470 6.6S7 1,100,660
8.080,845 0,214 942,866
2,762,865j8,566 746,870
(a) From Mineral 8tatUiic9 of the United Kingdom, (fr) Including china clay, pottem' claj, and fuller's
rth. (c) Included under copper ore. (d) Bog ore, which is raised in Ireland, is an ore of iron, used prin*
e) Not reported. (/) Not Including chalk, (y) Included with granite, (ft) Sta^
cipally for
tistlcs not yet availai
Additional products: In 1807: Mica, 6.068 metric tons. $8,686: soapetone, 86 metric tons, $400; nickel ore, 805
metric tons, f 1,600. Metals obtainable by smelting in 1807: Aluminum, 816 metric tons, 1^,400; nickel, 7U
metric tons, $6,860; sodium, 86 metric tons, $68,760.
MINERAL IMPORTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, (a) (METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1«.|6.)
1800
1000
1001
1008
18,179
18,076
16,860
el8,420
e96,8Q2
678,180
600,800
640,700
484,716
810,110
Asphaltum.
46,806
60,078
53,061
74,604
66,806
$685,110
807.640
786,866
048,805
617,415
Borax.
1,866 $77,
3,076 -'
15,667
15,710
13,800
. r,i40
154,076
777.045
768,600
500,786
Brass and
Bronze Manu-
factures.
Chemkal
Products.
1,066
8,886
8,400
8,408
8,357 $1,066,880
010,080
1,086,160
1,800,800
1,476,856
$6,089,160
7.478,170
7,417,490
8,488,705
8,514,545
day ProductR,
Porcelain and
Earthenware.
16.405, $4,801,740
18,841 4,604,100
18,880 4,647,890
20,764 4,994,860
19,089 4,907,406
Gk>al,Ciilm
and Cinders.
11,191
1,777
10 118
7,(
8,381
$61,560
16,965
eo,7ro
111,115
80,606
Copper
MaaTres
Unenu-
raera&ed.
$8,602,400
8,4063X)
5,846,256
8,.'U»,076
4,277,770
Copper.— Contintied.
Glass,
All Kinds.
Gold Leaf.
Year.
Ore.
Regulusand
Precipitate.
Wrought. Un-
wrougbt & Old.
Dianionds-axrafs.
1608...
1800...
1000...
1001...
1008...
01,141
180,611
108,866
102,508
00.007
$8,201,150
^460,786
6,868,110
6,860,700
4,881,085
76,201
64,016
60,188
08,838
74,664
17,687,680
18,848,816
18,538,866
70,018
60,508
78,228
66,600
92,849
$17,988,886
81,678,875
86,809,780
88,668,900
84,000,940
8,476,609
8,780,602
1,888,678
2,686.818
8,684,207
$88,619,076
80,607,910
17,168,180
84.865,210
86,901,960
$16,488,915
16,044,400
16,907,666
17,647,685
18,484,960
68,632,700 ^$884,960
49,106,6701 486,480
64,346,086 640,865
69,046.666! 669^600
69,894,083 601,980
Year.
1806...
1899...
1900...
1901...
1008...
Gold Ore.
1,010
806
(c)
(c)
(0
$1,808,175 15,118 $1,606,606
Graphite.
761,786 17,777
1,488,070 14,968
8,747,196 18,494
8,688,170 13,606
8,807,936
1,783,805
1,610,196
Iron.
Bar, Angle. Bolt Iron and Iron and Steel,
and Rod. Steel Mf res Old and ticrap.
70,381
74,826
81,486
99,6n
1,146,980174,666
$8,7ft2,745
8,860,790
8,880,070
8,674,560
6,428,065
$83,870,160
89,687,075
40,181,680
/46,a'i7,400
/46,864,645
84,619
82,487
81,667
44,781
89,688
$849,880
468,180
660,780
606,865
604,000
Ore.
5,565,880
7,166,061
6,808,680
6,887.870
6,548,708
$80,178,810
96,675,190
88,106,016
88,7BH,815
94.606,770
Year.
1890...
1900...
1901 ..
1008...
Iron. - Cmitinued.
Pig and Puddled.
162,075
174,150
184,040
201,676
280,467
$2,688,446
8,104.266
4,084,805
8,061,805
8,090,780
Steel,
Unwrought.
40,875
76,857
182,210
185,810
28^404
$1,288,025
2,170,100
6,000,875
6,631,885
7,076,675
Lead.
Ore.
44,457
80,268
21,566
20,044
25,686
Pig and Sheet.
$1,512,535! 107,601
1.260,560 801,651
1,005,410 108,416
1,221,625 221,640
006,875236,622
$12,606,780 410
14,410,16& 241
16,607,870 id)
14,210,0601 (d)
12,083,040 (d)
Manufac-
tures.
Manganeae Ore.
$06,880
48,415
166.800
861,740
870.006
106,788
887,066
$1,700,866
8,087.106
8,488,080
8,898.800
9,884,060
UNITED KINGDOM.
847
Year.
Mica, Sheet.
Mica and
Talc.
Farafllne.
Petroleum.
Uten.
Phosphate Rock.
Painters.
Colors and
Pigments.
1896....
1899....
190O....
1901....
19GB....
617 $711,856
619 710,680
460 688,570
1,078 "872,916
1,896
6,025
7,962
7,117
6,127
$419,095
701,880
1060.880
707.675
ifl49,486
48,104
54,712
50,088
42,644
62,023
$4,046,160
5.056,836
6,686,856
6,081,870
6,017,946
829,996,761
906,107,248
966,167,860
960,660,967
1,078,096,162
$18,668,150
82,8^945
27,796,295
26,368,510
25,967,910
884,884
426,880
861,309
860,568
870,697
$2,499,860
8,414,700
2,948,490
8,758,586
8,769,610
6,747,800
6.480,710
O»867.80O
Year.
Platinum,
Wrought and
Unwrought.
8,889: $784,205
5,404 1,177,870
5.027 1,189,270
4,917 1,140.760
8,027 711,650
Nitrace.
Pyrite«,IroD
and Copper.
QuicMlver.
SUTer
Ore.
Slate.
Sodium Mttiitoi
1898....
1HP9....
1900....
1901....
1902....
18,823
12,635
12,T9S
12.115
11,526
$1,016,21?
l,022,42e
1,0.5,328
1,03S,05JC
975,76C
i666,544'$5,404.416
^712,898 6,821,886
5 762,606 6,186,115
664,041 6,606,225
e20,J>48 4,984,005
1,856
1,759
1,118
1,202
1,129
$1,940,880
2,077,150
1,486,215
1,616.890
1,468,915
$5,729,525
^,162,750
5,154,480
5,809,920
5,383,615
$1,646;006
1,090,?»)
1,232,175
1,864,880
1,481,080
182,418
168.887
148,461
106,822
116,791
$4,864,005
5,848,876
6,777,810
4,660,886
Year.
Srone, Marble, Hewn
or Manufactured.
Sulphur.
Tin In Blocks, Ingots,
Bars, or Slabs.
Tin Ore.
Zinc,
Crude, hi Cakes.
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1902....
868,699
905,488
961,492
1,159,276
1,198,028
$5,179,960
5.506,986
6,661,286
6,811,860
6,878,770
19,612
21,906
22,998
22,440
23,868
$450,166
506,076
646,240
496,610
568,006
20.666
87,608
88,648
85,897
85,718
16,290.910
21,796,666
21,078,190
90,771,766
6.no
6,824
7,449
10,690
18,256
$786,285
1,258,260
1,879,560
2,619,426
8,248,286
78,761
71.068
61,604
68,688
89,688
r^l346
8,816,906
7,210,160
6,885,856
7,644,810
Yew.
Zhic Manufactures.
Zfaic Ore.
Ores, Unclaasifled.
Metal8,Uncla8Bifled,
wrought,
Unwrought,andOld.
1898.
21,618
21,521
21,751
81,848
21,717
$2,800,440
8,969,650
2,796,526
2,461,080
2,447,770
1
68.946 *i.iim.'7nR
61,000
80;829
68,868
77,198
74,901
$1,476,085
1880,860
1.668,606
1,661.980
1,686,016
14,459
18,476
16^60
16,688
17.214
$8,546,090
4;096;i90
6,617,9 i6
1809.
88,148
42,756
88,000
46,819
1,121,870
1,11^,960
886,990
1,028,286
1900.
1901...
6,686,780
190B
6,270,690
(a) Aecounti Relating to Trade and Navigation o^ the United Kingdom, (&) Not reported, (c) Entered
by Tslue only in 1900. (d) Included with Metals, unclaasifled, wrought, (e) Classified as soda compounds in
1901 and 1908. (/) Includes machinery and mill work, {g) Includes French chalk, steatite, etc.
MINERAL BXFORTS OF THE UNITBD KINGDOM, (a) (IN METRIC TONB AND DOLLARS. £1 — $5.)
EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE.
1896
1809
1900
1901
1902
191,678
198.492
186,783
dl88,832
d280.843
Ammonium
Sulphate.
5,083,025 180,806
5,168,115
5,601,310
5,627,755
({,414,986 166,813
142,677
147,628
164,282
Brass and
Manufactures
$6,460,155 5,418
7,781,860 5.797
8,188,890 6,131
8,OSSw860 5,906
9,846,975 6,884
$2,846,905
2,816,836
8,165,075
2,965,005
8,067,205
Cement.
831,648
350,278
866.742
818,216
806,104
^
$3,068,615
8,466,755
8,866.810
2,919,870
2,002,560
Chemical
Products.
Clay Pro-
ducts Por-
celain and
Earth*nw.
12,877,815
18,750,6&5
18,762,186
12,608,020
18,178,790
Coal and Culm.
$8,868,640 86,619,866
9,814,255 41,889,217
10,ia3,970'46,845,789
9,963.g85'42,647,114
9,497,905;48,849,5ei
$86,779,115
128,451,970
198,082.280
148,784,920
181,536,756
Coal.
etc., for
Steamers.
(6)
Coal
Producta.
Copper.
Year.
Coke and Cbiders.
Copper Sulphate.
Unwrought,
In Ingots, etc.
Mixed or YeRow
Metal :
1898....
1899....
190)....
1«01....
1902....
782,068
881,179
1,001,181
820,604
099,664
$9,756,680
8,748,746
6,078,680
8,508,930
2,758,480
$11,444,481
12,422,429
11,940,858
18,804,22-3
16,890,888
c$7,aM,740
c 7,712,966
c 9,068,220
6,756,266
6,991,086
62.573
40,828
48,601
86,601
43,996
$4,224,065
4,961,185
6,066,000
4,231,685
4,180.660
27,102 $7,164,225
82,449 11.991,800
18,800 6,987,426
26,986 9,761,790
91,668 6,010,146
10,468
7,088
8,940
9,252
18,814
$2,542,915
22,186,940
2,925,650
9,949,175
8,708,880
Copper.— Om.
Glass,
AUlUnds
Iron.
Year.
Wrought or
Manufactured.
N. E. S. («)
Pig and Puddled.
Bar ^cept
RaUroad^
Raih^Mul,
of All Sorts.
Iron and Steel Wire
and Manufactures/
(Except Telegraph
Wire.)
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1909....
18,766
11,881
10,766
11,1/V6
14,075
$4,699,480
4,296590
4,711,096
4,787,870
4,964,860
$4,410,906
4,678,415
6,179,910
6Ji85,775
6,489,660
1,066,978
1,401,866
1,461,406
80,609
1,190,675
$18,684,020
88,021785
29,971,530
]8,152,6&0
17,866,925
152,911
161,679
169,628
119,962
127,064
$4,978,125
6,186,680
7,716,716
6,207,675
6,187,890
619,976
601,266
4n,883
591,888
727,669
$16,081,290
16,652,560
16,960,886
18,172,786
20,778,765
44,964
50,041
88,104
48,107
65.927
$8,864,220
4,441,006
4,5eo,no
4,889.216
6,214,846
848
THE MINERAL INDUSTRT.
Ifod. —Contintud,
Year.
Hoops, Sheets
(UojnlTanlud) and
Boiler and Armor
Platee.
QalTaniiedSheete.
Black Plates for
Tinntaur.
(IronandStcieL)
Tinned Plates.
Cast and Wroogfat,
and Manofsctures.
N. E. Sw (e)
1898....
1899....
1900. .
1901....
1903...
$8,916,886
4,661,900
4,096.840
8,779,460
8,968,910
880,819
818,107
861,808
854,890
883,578
15,607,060
18,948,886
15,964,850
80,668,680
60,888
80,086
60,810
63,817
58i688
$8,706,486
4,188,790
8.568,045
8,674,600
8,081,170
Pitt
111
$88,680,016
a6»100^48C
85,888,580
Iron.— Concfitded.
Year.
Old.
Steel, Unwroui^t
Manufactures of
Steel and Iron.
Total of Iron and Steel.
1886
88,608
118,868
06.567
66,560
104,890
$1,801,060
1,068,080
1,846,610
1,866,615
1,688,090
Illll
$18,808,660
16,848,810
18,480,886
11.887,886
86,667
45,181
48,080
68,681
40,156
$4,518,470
5,109,805
6,111,646
S784 486
6,818,615
8Je00,886
8.777,098
8,608,0^8
8,850,456
8,634,118
$118,800,400
140,468.000
150,068.885
186.41Q.40O
146,0191.875
1800
1900
1901
1008
Lead.
Year.
Pig.
Sheet, Pipe
and Other
Manufactures.
Mica and
Talc.
Potassium
Nitrate.
Salt, Rock and
Brine.
Slate.
1898..
1890..
1000..
1001..
1908..
18.964
81,068
17,764
18,486
14,012
$1,881,800
1,518,860
1,686,880
1,801,880
840.410
10,780 1 $1,400,410
10,840 1 1,667,186
18.818 1,018,480
10,740 1 1,785,845
18,685 1,446,066
80
70
71
05
45
160,066
68,400
46,860
45,685
86,815
1,848
1,888
1,888
1,810
1,834
1184,610
181,726
181,180
186,665
141,166
698,888
688,813
566,704
687.078
688,558
$8,800,075
8,^,000
8,886,700
8,545,700
8,683,115
4,605
780,000
614,700
781,880
Zinc.
Unclsjwmed
Wrouirht &
Unwrouf^i.
Year.
Stone, AU Kinds.
Tin, Unwrought.
Ore.
Crude. Manuftetures.
1
1898....
1890....
1000....
1001....
1008....
87,660
80,788
86,800
47 408
51,678
$606,080
618,600
770,810
800,105
007,785
6,657
4,786
5,718
6,584
6.810
$1,974,480
8,987,665
8,816,700
8,897,880
8,078,880
6,488
8,171
18,918
18,981
16,717
144,480
807,770
176,580
8n,oeo
7,577
5,408
7,186
7,618
6,766
$6ia875
661,460
660,680
548,060
497,476
1,887
1,819
1,150
1,856
1,845
$8,164,006
8,560,880
4,195,040
4.198,880
4,818,500
EXPORTS OF FORKION AND COLONIAL PRODUCE, {o) (IN METRIC TONS AND DOLLARS; £1 «— $5.)
Year.
1808....
1899 ...
1900....
1901....
1908....
Chemical ,^P?.'''%^'™"|?**'
Products. I ^J^"^^
$1,609,195
18,454
1,086,185
84,515
1,17S,710
19,168
8,000,845
83,508
1,681,965
81,898
$8,578,710
9,160,630
74304,950
8,171,766
5,986,686
Glass.
I
Bottles,
OroM.
18,604
13.768
15,105
16,880
15,548
$89,875
88,&I0
58,685
38,675
83,850
Another Kinds
8,061
8,178
8,544
8,707
$368,906
857,180
850,0«>0
879,545
8,040 816,880
Total.
Iron. Bar, Anirle,
Bolt, and Bod.
$888,780, 86,891
287.005 19,058
808,705; 11,116
818.880i 18,610
a49,670| 8,588
11,135,450
870,680
547,065
688,165
864,005
Steel,
Unwrou^hL
8,887
1,751
1,148
8,610 $154,480
148,165
189,870
187,aB0
500.500
1808..,
1890..,
1000..,
1901..,
1908..
Year.
Iron and Steel, |
N. E. 8., Wrought
and Manufac-
tured, it) I
Petroleum.
Liter».
Potassium
Nitrate.
),600
3,874
$5,658,860 6,479,4611 $817,800 8,776
5,004,.')90l 6,600,181 1 870,505 1,573
4,407,155 I 7,568,785 854.496 1 1,581
1,985,865 13,666,754 560,0851 1,4(18
1,806,576 15,587,2461 684,480 1 1,51"
I
$903,080
188,840
188,806
118.U.O
188,545
Quicksilver.
1,157
1,007
880
014
664
Tin, in Blocks,
IngoUuBars,
or Slabs.
$1,100,500 15,886
1.816,130 17,180
1,188,7051 80.060
1,104,1001 81,8n
888,190 83.844
$5,810,860
0,968.060
18.101,860
18388.185
13,688,560
(a) From Accounta Relating to Trade and Navigation of the United Kingditm. (b) Number of tons shipped
for the use of steamers engaged in the forel|;n trade. This not being an export in the ordinary aooeptauon
of the term, the value thereof Is not given in the trade returns, (c) Including naphtha, paraffine, parslllne oH
and petroleum, id) Classified as Soda Compounds in 1901 and 1902. (e) N. £. S. signifies ''not etaewhere
specified.''
UNITED STATES.
Statistics and full particulars of the mineral production of the United States
will be found in the introduction and the articles on the different substances.
We give below the mineral imports and exports for five years :
MIIVBKAL IMPORTS OF THK UNITED STATES, (a)
Aluoilotim.
An
Tear.
Crude.
Leaf.
Mfd.
Lb.
Kg.
VahM.
Value
per Kg.
Pkgt
Value.
Value.
Lb.
^Sl'viue.
Valueper
Met.1^
1808
1800
1000
1001
1008
60
68,689
856,660
664,808
746,917
97
94,898
116,874
951,657
888,088
44,*466
104,168
915,069
$111
0-80
0-88
0-41
0-64
910
8174
119
108
m.
89
5,808
8,111
5,580
8,645
11,067,7R9
17,191,968
24,094,188
81.711,066
85,585i65d
6,016'$910,078
7,766 406,578
10,807, 501,987
14,884 788,085
16,1101 886.086
$41-88
M-85
54-88
6008
58-98
Antimony.
Antimony Ore.
Year.
Lbi
Metric
Ton*.
Value.
Valueper
Metric Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
160,966
47.841
78,581
94,9S6
20,475
Valueper
Metric T6a
1808
1800
1000
1001
1008
ill
010
1,484
1,048
1,667
9,606
Ill
$15650
166-00
178-41
158-17
138-65
8,785.899
8.088,188
6,085,784
1,781,066
1,680,048
1,680
1.806
9,788
786
748
$90-74
96-40
98-70
80-86
SOOT
Asbestofl.
Asphaltum.
Year.
Crude.
Value.
Manufac-
tured.
Value.
Total
Value.
Long Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metlbn.
1806
881,700
607,087
728,491
$19,800
8,040
94,155
94,741
88,018
$800,686
819,068
866,061
601,888
769,484
67,711
100,168
118,557
189.079
180,944
68,704
101,7ri
115,874
184,109
149,188
$908,469
819.080
404,981
516,515
480,570
$9-94
8-14
1800
1900
8*57
1001
8-85
1909
8*00
Barium Sulphate.
1>«..w4*.k
Manufactured.
Unmanufactured.
Year.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^n.
Long
Tona.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tone.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^n.
1888....
1800....
1000....
1001....
1009....
687
8,111
9,454
9^454
8,907
608
9,146
9^408
8,498
8.070
S:SS
84,160
97,069
87,880
$19-48
10-60
0-00
10-86
0-49
1,0»
1780
9,568
8.150
8,020
1,088
1,707
9;600
8,900
8,009
82.flre
5,488
8,801
12,-380
14,889
$9-68
811
8-18
8-87
8-39
9.6&0,840
14,031.840
19,889,440
40,021.190
36,860,600
ijno
6.778
8,706
18,158
16,048
88,907
66,107
54,410
$8-47
861
8-76
8-64
8-80
850
THE MINEhAL INDUSTRY.
Year.
1896,
1800,
1000.
1901,
1908.
Brass and
Manu-
factures of.
Value.
$84,611
68,916
80,118
85,976
51,686
Chloride of Lime, or Blea.b.
Lb.
106,468.828
128,583,061
132,520,478
120,611,346
Metric
Tons. I
Value.
49.196 $1,229,978
56,056 1,203,861
60,111
54,709
118,874,478 , 50.973
1,524,205
1,678,190
1,466,485
Cement.
Metric
Tons.
Value
'Valueper
Met. Ton
S65,8R» t2,684.2»
382,512 I 2.868.8b6
433,087 8,880,458
170.48t I 1,806,608
861,988 i 8,661,888
9718
7-60
rm
7-18
Chrome Ore.
Chromic Acid.
Clays or Earths, Including Kaolin.
1
Long
Tons.
16,804
15,708
17^648
80,118
89,570
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^.
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
$1,758
6,360
7,832
10,861
11,692
Value
per Kg.
Long
Tons.
118.280
122,085
146,524
181.018
191,764
Metric
Tons
Value
Valuewr
Met.Tbn.
1888..
1800..
1000..
1001..
1002..
16,666
16,046
17,888
80,434
40,208
$878,884
884,885
80^001
868,108
588,597
$16-48 '
17-76
1711
17-77
14-40
5,380
83,134
85,458
53,462
^,401
2,417
15,080
16,081
24,202
41,018
$0-78
0-42
0-46
0-45
0-88
115,008
188,086
148,868
188,589
104.888
$770,401
807,708
066.570
1,176,688
1,888,046
$8T7
6-S8
6-48
6-41
6-81
Coal.
1
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Total
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value Per
Met. Ton.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value Per
Met, Ton.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value Per
Met. Ton.
1808
1800
1000
1001
looe
8,140
61
118
886
78,006
180
201
74,174
$8,609
845
549
1,W4
888,517
$8-60
^•05
4-58
6-»4
4-86
1,870,557
1,400,461
1,909,258
1,919,MS2
2,478,875
1,290,886
1,422,868
1,939,806
1,950,681
2,518,020
$3,569,572
3,882,480
5,019,558
5,891,420
7,016,274
$2-77
2-78
250
8-71
2-70
1,204,085
1,482,080
1,080,086
1,960,978
2,502,208
$8,578,181
8,882.675
5,080,108
5,896,878
7,889,701
$8-77
>78
850
2-71
r8S
Coke.
Cobalt Oxide.
Copper, Ore and Regulus.
1
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
Value
per Kg.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value
per
Met.Ton.
1898
1B99
1000
1001
10O2
41,185
87,865
08.175
172,780
107,487
41,844
28,301
104,826
78,893
100,156
$142,884
142,504
871.841
266,078
423,774
$8-40
5-04
3-54
8-61
808
$83,731
46,791
M,078
71.909
79.984
15.800
21,224
24,587
."{2,645
86,281
$49,245
68,ftl7
88,651
l.S4,208
151,115
$8-88
8-84
8-61
411
4.16
6.861,180
70,866,880
181,696,960
215,188,686
406,707,840
8,118
88,146
55,801
07,884
184,470
8.948;583
6,106.010
14.608,645
8,605,780
$810-86
65-66
00-76
160-58
47-14
Copper, Ingots, Old, etc.
Copper,
Manufac-
tures.
Value.
$.39,467
42.000
2:3,390
24.775
52,464
Value.
$4,814,.502
12.424.97S
16,776,870
26.529.636
21,799,408
Ciyolite.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. Ton.
$167-71
310-80
838-33
352-73
27917
Look
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901....
1908....
54,166,467
71.922,340
68,706,808
78,826,406
108,189,568
24,570
82,624
81,206
83,488
46,778
$4,120,680
10,139.3J)0
10,557,870
11,812,210
18,051,1.59
6,801
5.879
5,437
5.883
6,188
6,800
5,078
5,684
5,460
6,887
$88,501
78,676
78,768
70,886
8^640
$14-05
13-17
18-17
12-86
18-08
Earthen,
Stone,and
Chinaware
Value.
Emery Grains.
Emery Rock.
Emery
Manufac-
tures.
Value.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value pel
Met. Ton
Ix)ng
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. T^n.
Emery.
T^>tal
Value.
1898....
1899....
1900....
1901 ... .
1902....
r,278,471
8,101,098
9,148,&36
9.816,074
9,8:j8.420
577,6.55
72<».2^»0
661 .482
1,116.729
1,666,737
262
^m
300
506
766
$23,320
29.134
2H,.')2n
43.207
G»>.079
$89-01
8817
88.39
KV37
79-47
5,547
7.435
11,302
12.441
7,1«)
5,636
7.554
11, .574
12.610
7,281
$106,860
116.403
802,980
240,a56
151,050
$18-86
15-48
17-54
10-05
80-87
$8,810
11,514
10,006
10,027
18,776
$188,390
157,181
880^506
884,090
886,814
UNITED STATES.
851
Feitillzere.
Qold and Silver in Coin
Yeu.
Guano.
Phosphates, Crude.
All
Other.
Value.
andBuUion.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons
Value.
Valueper
Met. Tbn.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tods.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^n.
Gold.
Silver.
1896....
1689....
1900....
1901. ..
1902....
6,269
8,700
6,680
4,949
8,407
5,848
?748
6,786
5,028
8,542
$56,988
2^787
67,413
71,140
164,788
$10-66
9*76
9-91
1416
19*29
66,129
115,918
187.088
175,785
187,886
67,187
117,7W
189,27:i
178,677
189,584
8906,685
W,258
791.189
672,508
646,264
$4*52
4*44
5*66
4-87
4-68
11,046,118
966,127
1,400.886
1,506,965
1,725,888
$158,140,158
40,070,500
45,703,266
88,287,629
88,710,957
$9,578,810
6,940,648
14,096,966
12,967,9H7
8,608.614
Gold and Silver in Ores.
Iron Ore.
Pig Iron.
Year.
Gold.
Silver.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. T^n.
Long
Tons
Metric
Tons.
Value.
VahiejMr
Met. Ibn.
1898
1699
1900
1901
l.«2
86,017.798
11,964,866
81,045,826
21,584,261
21,468,860
$19,560,070
21,908;067
86,404,574
18,166.796
17,900,821
187,098
674,068
879,881
966,960
1. 166,470
190,066
684,867
683,906
98^,421
1.164.116
$258,848
1.088,847
1,806,196
1,660,278
2,568,Or7
$1*88
1-56
1*46
1-60
2*16
2M58
40,898
62,565
62,930
625,368
26,564
41,089
58,406
68,987
685.869
$704,481
1,880,405
1,907,861
1,7\»,014
40,986,881
iiSSl
Scrap Iron and Steel.
Year.
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. iSa.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^n.
1806
1,788
10,996
84,481
80,180
109,510
1,612
11,100
84,982
90,452
111,262
Ill
$18*89
16-14
18-96
16-66
14*44
48,687,276
44.388.056
44,098,825
46,.'S78,996
64,610,479
19,426
80,109
19,094
21,186
29.807
8644,868
^>47
1,066.761
1,098.786
r,866,888
$48-47
1699
46*86
1900
65*46
1901
51*77
1902
48*88
Bars, Railway, of Iron or Steel.
1
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
208
2,168
1,471
1,986
64,688
Value.
Valueper
Met.'I^n.
1898.
IKOO.
1900.
1901.
1902.
200
2,184
1,446
1,906
68.582
70,761
56,129
67,058
1^76,679
$26*&8
82-66
8815
8517
94*43
Hoop, Band, or Scroll.
Lb.
7,687
1.466,720
809,166
5,660,909
^,681,512
Met.
Tons.
8
674
167
8.021
8,416
Value.
$224
88,892
12.409
116.641
131.062
Valueper
Met. Ton.
$74*66
49-54
74-06
86-67
88-86
ngots, Blooms, Slabs, Billets, etc.
Lb.
23,666,66s
88;295,64.
28,466,811
16,2S8,88E
642,476,76<
Met.
Tons.
10.627
12,606
12,918
8,282
191,426
Value.
Valueper
Met. Toa.
$1,008,360
1,267.725
1,832.896
1,880 965
7.686.809
$9318
100*56
108-19
160*60
27-07
Sheet, Plate, and Taggers Ironor Steel.
Tin Plates, Teme Plates, and Taggers Tto.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
IT^.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metric Ton.
1696
6,066,287
15,777,168
11,581,161
12,801,696
22,541,084
2,807
7.166
6,286
6,716
10,225
$161,081
464.297
426,641
443,880
611,680
$78*47
64-66
61-68
77-85
69-82
149,676,686
181,970,441
185,264,791
1^,864,176
184,666,426
67.847
59,661
61,856
78,688
61,066
$8,811,666
8.788.567
4,617,818
5,294,789
4,028,421
$46*81
1899
68-46
1900
75*26
1901
67-88
1902
66-87
Wire Rods.
Wire, and Articles made frcm.
Manufac-
turtss.
Value.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met.l^.
1898
1890
85,807,886
40,289,108
47,245,140
87,640.504
47,805,417
16,242
18,258
21,480
17,078
21,725
$767,909
873,896
1,218,694
964,744
1,088,074
$47-26
47-86
56-56
56-60
47-66
4,616,761
6,298,069
4,188,991
9,246,281
7,789,247
2,049
8,401
1,677
4,198
8,584
$816,568
400,968
409,087
665,854
006,784
$156*46
166-99
217*90
189-64
17217
85,299,542
6,461,702
1900
8,747,089
1901
1902
6,866,646
11,769,146
853
THB MINERAL INDUBTRT.
Total
Value of
IroD
Lead,
Pi^, Bars, Rcrap, and in Ore.
^-'-hSK''*-
Year
Lb.
Xetrlc
T6n8.
Value.
Value per
Metric "hm.
Lb.
Metric
Tona.
1806
$19,474,579
15,600,670
90,448.011
90,894,005
41,466,626
170,991,900
108,677,074
926,708,440
994,012,880
915,982,456
81.896
87,468
108,780
109,889
07,600
$9,585,888
9,816,788
8,067,605
4,841,644
4,551,516
$81*16
89-90
86.18
47-58
46-68
949,750
110,879
87,045
66.785
994,906
110
1800
50
1900
IS
1001
98
1908
109
Year.
Lead, Sheet, Pipe,
Shot, eXc.—Continned.
Lead,
Other
Manufac-
tures.
Value.
v^ 1
Bfanganese Ore.
Vahie.
Valueper
Met. ton.
Total
Value. i^Q„^
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valuepei
Met. Ton
1898
1,898
2.778
7,765
$86-85
74-61
109-66
106-65
76-18
m.
$19,968
5,854
4,654
16,918
$2,544,751 114,685
9,684168 168,849
8,964,949 966,259
4,849.071 165,790
4.578.199 985,576
116,788
191,863
960,859
168,878
989,845
$881,907
1,664,588
9^048^
1,486,578
l,Sl,988
$718
1899
6-98
1900
7*64
1901
618
1908
6-07
Marble and Stone, and MTres of.
Metals, Metal Compositions, and
Manufactures of. N.E.8.
Nickel.
1
Marble and
Blanufao-
tures of.
Stone and
Manufac-
tures of.
Value,
(rf)
Total.
Manufac-
tures.
All Other.
Total.
Mira.
Mineral
N.B.8*!^
NickaL
Value.
Value.
Value.
Value.
$8,470,991
4,006,042
6,^468
5,108,808
5,042,017
Value.
Value.
Value.
Vahie.
1696
1699
1900
1901
1909
796,848
796,070
945,705
1,996,594
1.485,454
$899,909
•900,199
956.(»4
987,191
929,486
$966,959
99d,969
1,909,829
1,468.715
1,657,808
$506,614
710,086
701,806
045,708
616,666
$8,086,085
4,710;098
6,911,780
6,108,004
6,766,665
$150,069
975 064
810.560
885,054
466,889
$10,161)
78^458
71,877
100,048
110,848
$1,887466
1.156>79
Oil, Mineral.
Faints, Mineral.
Zinc Oxide in OU.
Pftints
Plattnum,
BlaaTwM.
Year.
GaUons.
Liters.
Value.
Value
iISm-.
$-010
-025
-094
•018
•015
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value pr.
MetTon.
Value.
ValiiA.
1808
1600
1000
1001
1008
2,094,090
1,107,077
8,089,094
9,994,664
4,974,082
7,661,806
4,190,680
11,503,918
8,666,369
16,161.825
$146,718
108,047
974,766
151,918
247,158
97,060
41,000
86,706
188,108
168,061
19
19
16
56
74
•9.879
4,154
8,096
6,968
11,584
$169-99
919-79
17808
154-88
155-66
$1,149,670
145^877
1,401,009
1,584,195
l,744,0n
87«
887
i
Platinum, Unmanu-
factured.
III!
Potash, Chlorate of.
Potash, Chromate ft Biohroiiiate.
Kg.
Value. jVaLper
1 Kg.
Th 1 Metric
^- ; Tons.
Value.
Val.per
Metric
Ton.
Lb.
Met
TV)ns.
Value.
Vahieper
1896
1699
1900
1901
1902
8,142-07
8,041-89
8.460*06
9,796-90
8,984-00
$1,178,142 $874-96
l,482,167i 487-84
1,728,777 601-81
1,678,7181 506-42
1,050,862 609,97
$52,012
54,877
85,867
91,069
84.913
4,80^889
1,584,657
1,243,612
811,127
1,209,148
2,180
696
664
368
548
$986,965
108,189
66,772
61,848
60,499
$m-55
146-62
121-94
166-71
110-97
1,160,710
1,180,965
111,761
480,996
981,009
596
518
51
196
105
I«484
78,510
7,758
99,CM
15.181
$168-75
l«-90
158-09
149-88
144-80
Year.
Potash, Muriate of.
Potash, Nitrate of.
Potash, an other.
Lb.
MeWe' via,.
Val.per
Metric
Ton.
$84-57
8415
88-48
85-89
83-49
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valneper
Met. T^.
$5415
48-86
57*84
67*81
69-84
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
1896
108,868,701
117,449,708
180,175,481
148,189,887
140,960,460
46,868 $1,(»0,790
58,275 l,ftl9,446
59,047 1,976,604
65.404 2,816,577
63,047 2,141,568
11,461,888
18,961,970
10,545,809
9,656,898
10,506,474
5,100
8,601
4,763
4,880
4,765
877,871
976,664
£58,266
980,416
87,786,781
46,468,415
79;480;n8
08«867.000
17,117
1880
1000
1901
91,071
m:oo«
adL88i
1909
431,119
UNITED STATE 8.
853
Potash, aU other.
Continued.
Precious Stoneo.
Uncut.
Out.
A^«<W)*.
Tew.
Value.
Value
TtoD.
Tons.
Metric
Tods.
Value.
Valueper
Value.
Value.
Averago
Sulphur
Contents.
1898
$807,666
$48*86
4816
66'51
49*78
48*88
i.560,076
4,966,687
3,761,819
6,687,860
8^288^760
r,888,066
11,668,917
9,61ft.l87
17,166,049
18.494.288
171,879
810,008
888,517
898,909
487.819
174,689
814,968
887^
40^868
444,816
$544,105
1,074,865
1,095.668
1,407,844
1,688,480
$819
8-41
8-94
8-47
8*65
Over 85$;
Orer »%
1899
1000
Oyer 86^
1901
Over 85)(
1908
Over 8Sj(
QuJck-
dlTsr.
Salt
Soda, Nitrate of.
Tear.
Value.
I^.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
^
To2? ' ^•'"•*
Value Per
Met. Ton.
180B
1,051
874,810,995
886,878.968
877,440,660
160,786
175,960
188.686
176371
171,806
$687,848
587,108
688,198
670,648
654,648
$8*46
8-85
8-86
8*79
8*88
147,494
146,492
188,108
808,654
895,845
899,969 ^996.905
$15-84
98-48
1809
1000
96*7H
1901
98*99
1909
19*99
Soda, Bicarbonate.
Soda, Caustic.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metric ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metric Ton.
1898
980,988
169,896
188,187
154.668
176,480
187
74
60
70
80
$5,794
5,819
4,509
4.787
5488
$46-68
70*81
74-65
6f7*58
81-06
84,961,878
8,812,847
8,884,697
11,888
6,068
8,818
1,795
1,518
9854.970
186,006
160,680
04^806
77,488
$81*86
18B0
80*68
1000
89*49
1901
54*65
1908
61*^
Soda Ash and Sal Soda.
AU other Soda Salts.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metric Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metric Ton
1898
73,064,707
66,068,887
78,815,485
81,415,788
81,869,099
88,148
£^486
SC488
14,860
14,466
$447,119
485,865
618,879
876,861
864,684
$18-49
16-78
18-88
19-89
19-60
88.864,808
90,484,988
14,491.669
17,160,189
10,604
18,068
9,808
6,578
r,779
906,968
860,781
869,808
189,548
888,745
$84-96
1899
80-90
1900
86 08
1901
28-06
1909
86*48
Sulphur, Crude.
Sulphur, Flowers.
Sulphur, Refined.
1
Lome
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Metlfin.
Long
Tons.
507
886
088
748
788
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
Long
Tons.
Metric |v-i,w» 1 Value per
Tone. ^""** Met. 1&.
189R
1890
1900
1901
1902
160,790
140311
166,457
174,168
176,951
108,847
148,094
169.W0
176,949
179,788
$8,081,974
1i,494387
8,918.610
8,866,951
$18-98
17*48
17-26
18*40
18-09
515
841
688
761
7S0
9,917
17,487
80301
19,954
$88*85
89-08
87-88
86-54
86-60
168
184
948
968
14
166 j $4,891 1 $86-46
187 4,519 i 84 17
847 6,279 85*48
878 ■ 6,806 23-90
15 1 869 94*60
Talc.
Tin.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Metric Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valuf per
Met. Ton.
1898
889,645
608,668
168,497
4,771,781
6.717.761
404
981
79
8,164
8.504
1,070
87,015
86,886
$18-68
15*89
14-88
1849
18*68
68,748,899
71,848,407
69,969,508
74,660,487
85,<M8,858
88.468
82,818
81,747
88.820
88,576
$8,770,881
16,746,106
19,458,686
19,094,761
81.968,887
$806*49
1899
618*17
1900
618*98
1901
60258
1902
551*88
854
THB MINERAL INDUSTRY.
Zinc. {
_(o) Prom aummary of
Tear.
Block, Plff, and Old.
Manufac-
tures of.
Net Value.
Total
Value.
Commerce and Finance
of the United State*.
{6)Custom-houfle returns
for these TeusareglTen
to pounds, whirfi are re
duoed to barrels of 400
oompariaoD. (<i)Includ.
tog sUte. (€) W to
cludtojf ore. if) Not
reported, (a) Inrfudes
lactic acid.
Lb.
metric
Tons.
Value.
Valoeper
Met T^
1806
2,748,867
8^966.468
8,018,196
776.881
1,666,866
1,844
1,864
858
766
$100,684
16i;966
07,778
80,980
46,^906
$8818
\tam
107-06
97-84
0816
14,800
86,886
40,098
$188,078
166,766
184,696
78,668
87,619
1800
1900
1901
1908
MINERAL EXPORTS
OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OF THB UNITED STATES, (a)
/^ l^|iniimrn
and Manufac-
tures of.
Asbea-
tos.
Brass ft
Manufte-
turesof.
Cement.
Chemicals,
Coal.
Year.
Anthracite.
Value.
Value.
Bbls.
Metric
Tons(m)
Value.
Valueper
Met. T&i.
Value.
Long 1 Metric
Tons. ! Tons.
1806....
1809....
1900....
1001....
1908....
$889,997
991,515
981,881
188,679
116,068
$64,660
77 409
184,971
118,816
180,487
$1,887,087
1,607,078
8,066,078
2,078,178
1,809,818
86,7«B
81,090
100,400
8:8,984
840,881
6,665
14,718
18,216
67,898
61,888
$78,888
166,078
886,806
679,896
686,471
$11-08
11-90
12-87
10-79
8.61
$9,788,784
11,9^884
18«7n,688
14,867,110
18,487,867
I,8&a948
1,707,796
1,664,610
1.996,807
907.977
1,796.181
1,681,084
8,085.200
988.505
Coal.— ConNnued.
- Copper Ore. (c)
i
Antbradto.— Con.
Bituminous.
Total
Tons.
Total
Metric
Tons.
Total
Value.
iS
Value.
Val. pel
Met.T^n
• Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
1898
1809
1900
1901
1902
$6,718,965
7^140;i00
7,098,489
8,987,147
4,801,946
$416
418
4-88
4*41
4-66
8,168,457
4,044,864
6.868,909
5,890,066
5,818,960
8.808,806
4,100,064
6,868,681
6,478,887
5,802,478
$6,699,848
8,578,876
14,481,600
18,085,768
18.927,068
$2-09
209
2-27
8-49
4,608,406
5,788.160
7,917,619
Y,888,898
6,186,946
4,675,4!»; $12,418.2881 80,988,880
5,844.184 15,718,8761 8,898,880
8,048,996 21,584,079. 28.416,680
7,501,5271 22,082,910:48.988,180
6,a84,9r7| 18,889,009' 40,898,400
9.408
83)7
10,188
19,927
18,S)!4
Copper Ore.— Con.
(c)
Copper, Pig, Sheet, and Old.
Copper.
Manufac-
tures.
Value.
Total
Value.
EarUien,
and
China
Ware,
Value.
Year.
Value.
Val. per
Metric
Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
182.480
111,960
158.804
88,111
160,876
Value.
Val._per
MetTon.
1<98
18U9
$766,448
448.868
1.882.829
2,586,549
1,826,181
r79'89
116-88
181-06
127-80
78-87
291,956,905
846,»W,88]
837,978,751
194,249,ffie
864,668,849
$88,698,869
41,190,987
65,285,047
81.602,568
48,892,800
$853-71
867-90
860'51
859-70
86978
$1,190,989
1.868,499
8,967,668
1,842,886
8,092,798
$86,545,861 i $951,881
48,485,654 i 511,732
inoo
58,876.489 658.794
1901
36.071' 448 1 SaR.fHa
1902
46,811729
W4 646
Year.
1898...
1899...,
1900....
1901...,
1902...,
Fertilizers.
Phosphates, Crude.
Long Metric
Tons. Tons.
570,948
867,790
619,996
729,539
802,066
580,088
881,675
629.015
741,212
814,010
Value.
Value per
Met. Tons
|4,0?e,468
6,770,102
6.217.560
5,889,245
6,193,372
$806
7-68
8-25
7-88
7-60
All Qther.
Long Metric v.i«« 1 Valueper
Tons. Tons. ^""®' Met. Tbn.
16,714
40,088
25,976
14,158
16,451
16,961
49.867
86,898
14,879
16.714
$442,977
1,031,882
587,906
888,964
883,488
$8609
8069
20-88
2817
22-94
Glass- Gold and S I ver in Ooii.
ware. and Bullion, (e)
Value.
$1,889,919
1,716,843
2,042.683
2,067,048
2.094,701
Gold.
$16,118,858
45,817.461
54.064,607
66,717,360
&5,782,835
saver.
$58,678,005
58.428,S«
66.705.909
55,636,975
49,228.308
Gold and SiWer
in Ores. (/)
Iron Ore.
Iron, Pig.
Yew.
Gold. Sflrer.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^n.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met.TSI.
1898.
1809.
1900
1901
1902
$81,606 $123,499
61,950 89,496
69,926 516.755
1,012.589 111,888
807,756 44,651
81,579
40,666
51,460
64,708
88,446
82,084
41,316
62,288
65,748
89,860
$67,648
76,887
154,756
163,466
294,168
$211
1-86
2-96
2-49
8-27
258,067
828,678
286,687
81,811
27,487
957,106
288,887
291.404
88,510
27,987
$2,708,561
8,882,641
4,664.588
1,967,099
608,9f7
$10*61
14-18
15-97
16-39
18-01
UNITED STATES.
855
1
Iron, Bar.
Iron, Band, Hoop and Scroll.
Billets, Ingots, and Blooms.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Va.».. SS-^tSS:
Long ' Metric
Tons. 1 Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Tfen.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons,
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
1898
1889
1900
1901
1902
7,074
10,898
18,298
17,708
22,262
7,188
ii,or3
18,512
17,998
22,618
1
$241,499: $8860
418,0941 87-86
668,6761 41-88
674.6711 87 50
809.519' 38-44
1,093
8,869
8,976
1,561
1,560
1,619
2,915
8,ffiJ4
1.586
1,586
$58,781
117,002
187,437
74,06b
36-28
40-14
45-45
46-69
61-94
28,600
25,487
107,885
28.614
2,409
29,058
86,896
109,108
29,072
2,447
m
$18-76
20-59
26-7$
94-88
80-6B
1
Iron, Nails and Spikes, Out.
Iron Nails & Spikes; Wire. Wrought,
Horseshoe and all other, Idc. Tacks.
PUtes and Sheets of Iron.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Val. per
Metric
Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Val._per
Met.Ton.
$62-26
64-14
61-21
54-87
49-74
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
$204,170
856,791
600,600
462,695
229,887
VaLper
Metric
T6n.
1888
1899
1900
1901
1902
86,247,266
22,812,543
25,006,808
20,885,944
16,060,612
15,988
10,185
11,842
9,462
7.286
$641,779
482,882
626,497
450,881
389.227
$40-20
47-64
66-24
48-70
46-57
35.409,789
79,727,846
65,444,887
46.298;M2
64,565,655
16,062
36.164
29,681
21,001
29,287
$839,299
l,957,7nj
1,816,818
1,152,868
1,466,768
10,008,903
13,880,098
20,902,867
15,466,168
7,0*7,160
4,538
6,296
9,481
7,016
8,469
$44-99
6607
68-84
64-58
60-27
PUtes and Sheets of Steel.
Rails or Bars of Iron.
Rails or Bars of Steel.
1
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Val. per
Metric
Ton.
Long
Tons.
8.811
6,448
5,874
901
211
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met.!^
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
60,647,608
118,422,814
101,99G,22&
68.588,154
88,899.206
27,510
51,448
46,264
24,808
15,104
$787,245
1,090,490
1,688.478
969,471
725.547
$28-68
82-86
8541
89-48
48-08
8,444
1 6,545
5,460
915
214
$101,109
96,186
119,906
82,857
4,689
$11-97
14-69
2188
35 86
21-67
288,692 896,289
271,272 275,612
S36,245 861,946
818.055 888,044
67,456 68,584
$6,838,404
6,122,888
10,896,416
18,628,781
1,902,896
$19-67
82-21
80-10
26.71
87-76
Structural Iron and Steel.
Wire.
Wire Rods. (SteeL)
I
Long
Tons.
\Ietric
Tons.
Value.
Val. per
Met.TV>n
Lb.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Tbn.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Val._per
Met.Ton
1806
1890
190C
1901
1902
84,088
64,244
67,714
54,006
68,860
84,688
66,119
06.797
54,809
64,721
$1,265,451
2,050,289
8,570,789
8,081,861
2,888,460
$86-80
37-87
61-90
66-26
51 09
107,258,882
260,549,627
174,751,042
197.652,789
219,169,178
75,865
118,184
79,267
89,654
99,414
$8,086,818
5,528,980
4,604,047
4,805.60K
5,140,702
$40-08
46-88
58-68
68-71
51-71
41,462,608
88,062,488
28,860,018
18,289,584
56,188,807
18.807
17,265
10,828
8,250
25,008
$890,144
624,466
605,629
271.552
881,067
$80-74
80-88
46-62
82-91
88-23
Lead&
Manu-
fac-
tures.
Value.
Marble.
Stone. &.
Manufac-
tures of.
Mica.
Nickel.
Petroleum (1-- 1,000 in Quantities and total Values.)
i
>*
Crude.
Naphtha.
Value,
(fc)
Value.
Value.
QaUons.
Liters.
Value.
Value per
Uter.
QaUons.
Uters.
Value.
Valueper
Liter.
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
$216,289
278,919
450,674
625,284
096,010
$1,842,290
1,900,788
1,666,981
1,785,615
1,687,967
$6,278
4,065
166
8,684
$1,869,009
1,151,928
1,888,727
1,521,291
924,579
120,486
117,090
188,161
187,008
146,284
466,888
445,495
583,000
480,781
549,775
$5,016
5,958
7,841
6,088
6,831
$-011
•018
-014
018
.011
17,258
18,210
18,.570
21.685
19,688
65,826
68,980
70,296
82,087
74,609
$1,071
1,597
1,681
1,742
1,888
$010
-088
•084
•021
•018
189"^
1809
:900
1901
1902
Petroleum —Continued.
Illuminating.
Gallons
Liters.
704,823 2.894,191
7&3,882 2,776,184
789,16:13,104,508
827,47918.181.399
778,797 2,948,089
Value.
$38,805
49,172
64,608
68,491
49,079
Value per
Liter.
$013
-018
•018
•017
-017
Lubricating.
OalloDS.
66,526
71,116
71,211
75.806
82,200
Uters.
248.088
269,105
269,540
285,010
311,163
Value.
$7,626
8,658
9,988
10.260
10,8?^
Value per
Uter.
$-081
•082
-087
-086
Residue, etc.
Gallons
(i)
Uters.
Value.
Valueper
Uter.
80.488
21,609
19,750
27,596
88,816
116,209
81.798
74,760
104,468
145,043
846
1.255
982
$•007
•O08
•on
•019
'006
856
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Yew.
Panfflne.
Quicksilver.
TlnMaau-
Cacturea.
Lb.
Metric
Tons,
Value.
Value per
Met. ron.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. Ton.
Vahie.
1806
106,817
161,861
167,106
151,606
176,900
76-4
88-6
71-8
08-6
79-5
$6,868
7,660
6,166
7,060
6,806
$84-84
08-74
114-86
115-70
106-64
061,407
1,964,878
778,101
648,088
1,018,484
446
678
858
888
450
$440,667
600,586
486,618
476,600
676,000
$000-08
1,008-08
1.906^1
1.841.70
1,868,04
S861,7M
401,817
467,854
406,486
680^061
1890
1000
1901
1008 ...
Zlinc Ore.
Zinc Oxide.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tona.
Value.
Valueper
Met.!^.
Lb.
Metric
Value.
Value
Ftor Metric
Ton.
1806
88,664,800
56,441,:j80
64,188,900
86,819,000
100,896,880
10,680
95,600
8a 158
40,058
40,549
$900,670
796,044
1,188,663
1,107,684
1,440.104
$8805
^86
20-71
80-16
90-96
7,840,C80
10,66^996
11,891,666
0,199,988
10,716,864
<188
4,661
$868,104
886.808
406,880
806,860
488,780
$70-88
7B-64
1600
1900
06*06
1001
1908
0608
80*88
Zinc; Pigs, Bars, Plates and Sheets.
Another
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
MetlCn.
Manufac-
tures.
Value.
Total
Value.
1808
90,006,418
18,500,816
44,808,677
6,760,881
6,478,186
8,086
6,196
90,398
8,071
8,036
81,088,050
748,591
8,917,098
988,000
800.567
$106-55
191 17
10018
M-08
108*87
$186,166 ' *i.7M.if«
1800
148,888
00,886
88^046
114,107
I,078,a5
8,947,084
1,081,806
1000
1001
1908
2,887,580
MINERAL EXFORT8 OF FOREIGN PRODUCE FROM THE UNITED OTATES. (a)
Antiiuony.
Antimony Ore.
Year.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value Per
Metric Ton.
Lb.
Metric
Tonn.
Value.
Value Fe;
Metric Ton.
1808
86,875
16,815
88,590
m.
87.184
11-4
76
10-7
NU.
160
$1,799
1,975
9,868
Nil.
2,710
$151-07
107-78
910-81
Nil.
160-86
Na.
40,666
806,681
15-6
$764
$00-96
1809
1900
,
1901
991
04*6
i,686
4.008
00-50
1909
46' 04
Asphaltum or Bitumen (Crude.) |
Year.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^n.
1898
1.514
1,104
699
9,909
2,960
1,588
1,913
639
9.244
2,977
$28,666
94,486
10,044
18,078
93,564
$18-64
90-10
15-78
806
7-08
1899
1900
1901
1909
Brass and
Manufac-
tures of.
Value.
$1,060
766
9,165
818
0S8
Oement
Lb.
6,574 866
11,679,604
15,816,861
17,478,600
18,087,664
Metric
Tons.
8.069
5,906
7,174
7,087
5,018
Value.
Value
Met.
•tST
$84,988
47.884
68.8F0
79,781
46,797
$8*14
8-86
roo
8.16
8«
Chemicals.
i
Salts of Potash, (h)
Chloride of Lime.
Nitrate of Soda.
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
$5,444
19,504
48,594
48,446
50.789
Valueper
Kg.
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
Valueper
Kg.
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
Vahieper
1806
1800
1000
1001
1009
188,804
409,280
808,701
688.100
1,966,195
89,406
189,450
866.894
887,188
574,810
$07
•07
-19
-15
•14
98,605
Nil.
148,116
13,916
198,794
19,075
$881
808
1,640,400
5,510,400
6,010,860
5,660,660
8,988,000
746,608
8,400.601
8,186,001
8,616,648
8,788,600
^S?
-08
67,185
6,819
00,179
1,087
319
2,907
•08
•05
•08
118,860
101,480
144,660
04
•04
•01
UNITBD BTATB8.
857
Chemicals— Confmued.
1
Caustic Soda.
Sal Soda and Soda Ash.
All Other Salto of Soda.
Lb
Kg.
Value.
Value per
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
Value
per Kg.
Lb.
Kg.
Value.
Value
per Kg.
1806
1800
1900
1901
1908
1,287,267
1,032,881
1,189,964
1.001,940
1,848.188
661,216 $22,208
468,489 18,880
617,080 24,226
452,488 21,611
600,246 28,704
06
■06
-06
4,247,946
1,178,781
78,017
809,621
62,668
1,006,866
682,424
86,888
167,614
28,419
$14,255
4,198
1,126
6.184
981
-01
-08
•08
•06
27O,807i 122,610
188,400 60,610
116,491 62,886
$1,400
2,086
2,788
8^808
1^686
•'2
-06
-08
•06
•06
Claji
or Earths of All Kinds.
n^Ai nitnimfiiAi**
Copper.
1
including China Clay.
Ore and Begulus.
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value
Valueper
Met. T&.
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value
Valueper
Met. l^n.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Val.j)er
1806
1899
1900
1901
1909
91
168
78
80
128
92
164
79
81
125
$657
672
886
1,284
$711
8-44
7-22
10-18
10-27
2,890
6,800
6,740
8,796
7,569
2,986
6,916
6,848
4,408
7,680
$2,6r6
9^508
19,740
10,627
22.158
$0-91
1-89
2-88
2-41
2-86
7,682,720
8,841,600
2,160,860
22,156,840
32,850,040
8,458
979
10,060
14.667
$647,960
266;88tt
170,191
1,406,648
2,«9,912
Copper.—Conftnued.
Earthen,
Stone,
and
China-
ware.
Value.
Fertilisers.
Tear.
Pigs, Bars, Ingots, Old, and Other
Unmanufactured .
Manufttc-
tures.
Value.
Ouano.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. ifin.
1806
28,647,968
2,560,149
1,881,789
12,888,088
11,089,877
10,727
1,157
5S1
6,846
6,275
$1,487,464
860,919
212,264
2,145,466
1,604,522
$184-00
806-80
865-19
866-99
804,17
$4,687
10,260
21,082
9,462
10,989
$80,646
88,808
88,006
24.060
18,969
""no,"
75
1899
$8
1900
1901
1902
76
1,480
$19-47
Fertilisers— COnMniied.
Glass and
GHasiirare.
Year.
Phosphates, Crude or Natire.
Other
Fert'z^s
Graphite.
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. 1^.
$80-12
11-87
507
22-99
Value.
Value.
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. T^.
1806
10
728
75
71
Na.
10
786
76
78
$806
8,718
886
1,665
$18,499
4,510
81,716
1,178
29,996
iiiil
166
6
8
.va.
NO.
166
6
8
115
$69-82
1899
67-60
1900
87-72
J901
1902.
Iron and Steel, and Tin Plate.
1
Pig Iron.
Scrap Iron and Steel, fit only to
Long
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Value per
Met. Ton
-
$12-03
18-04
48-00
82-19
24-75
I>ong
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. rSi.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. 1^.
180R
1800
1000
1001
1908
581
597
151
180
260
SOO
807
158
191
254
$7,006
7,006
6,570
6,148
6,286
68
105
9,079
8.881
1,542
64
106
9,224
8.884
1,567
$270
2,671
181,241
61,668
25,000
14-28
18-22
15-97
48,161
86,680
107,964
149,207
48,826
22
89
49
68
28
11.648
8,159
2,447
7,669
1,875
|74*91
61-42
49-94
190.14
85-28
858
THE MINERAL INOU8TRT.
Iron and Steel, and Tin Plate.-0(m<tn«ed.
i
Baflway Bars of Iron or Steel,
or in Part of SteeL
Ingots, Blooms, Slabs, Billets and
Ban of Steel, and Steel in Forms,
Wire, and Wire Rope and Strand,
Iron or SteeL
Tons.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueiwr
Met. iSa.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met Ton.
Ub.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
1896
1699
140
Nil
NH.
m.
897
148
$8,478
$84-60
100,417
10,769
5,849
4,668
286,868
46
6
8
8
170
$8,889
1,718
1,848
1069
6,774
360-61
66817
486-58
89-85
884,738
877,408
486,077
688,596
874
171
818
198
MO
$81,881
11,148
11,699
17,878
14,881
$66-77
65*19
1900
1901
54-66
89-48
69-S5
1908
801
88,87
7184
Iron and Steel, and Tin Plato-C^mcZiidad.
Lead and
turesof.
Value.
Marble
and Stone
and
Manufac-
tures of.
Value.
(*)
Metal
Composi-
tions and
Blanufac-
Year.
Tin Plates, Teme Plates, and
Taggers Tin.
Manufac-
tures.
Value.
Lb.
Metric
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Ton.
tures.
Valuer
1806
899,757
876,666
1,086,694
864,859
819,681
406
ITS
471
180
99
$88,871
11,806
87,896
6,519
7.471
$54-69
66-68
79-89
ro-99
75-45
$879,717
846,795
888,704
149,Tn
848JN5
$8,599,784
a;88i;64l
8,848,681
4,190,585
8,668,144
6,781
17,068
11,810
$66,810
1699
57,050
1900
79,«IS
1901 ,
^5,488
108,881
1908
Oil, Mineral.
Painte
and
Colors.
Value.
Stones.
Value.
Salt.
Year.
Gallons.
Liters.
Value.
Valueper
Liter.
Lb.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Value
per
M.Ton.
1696
8,819
160
4,706
1,476
8,000
18,165
566
17,614
5,561
7,578
600
881
810
$004
•07
•04
•15
■08
$15,654
18,104
18,814
17,928
14,817
$89,974
49,866
14,169
88,607
m.
4,887,888
5,816,118
8,548.T84
8,609,411
8,048,469
8,189
8.866
1,610
'•SI
$4,751
9.668
8.907
7,155
4,544
$817
1699
itoo
417
3*43
1901
1908
4-99
4-89
Year.
Sulphur or Brimstone
(Crude).
Tin, in Bars, Blocks, Pigs, Grain or
Granulated.
Zinc
and
MTres
Long
Tons.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Value
per
M. Ton.
Lb.
Met.
Tons.
Value.
Valueper
Met. Tou.
Value.
1898
1699
1900
1901
1908
1,414
477
600
807
1,858
1,487
485
509
810
1,8?8
$81,888
10,804
18,405
5,066
86.084
$8814
88-89
88-58
84-88
8801
740,836
999,815
1,106,184
8.108,788
1,071,981
886
458
608
954
448
$118,884
865,166
885,877
568,850
886,697
$88780
685-08
667-88
689-46
590-13
$1,586
1,604
a.048
1,641
785
(a) From Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States.
(c) Ore, so called, consisting chiefly of matte.
<e) Total exports of coin and bullion: that i«, includes both domestic and foreign not elsewhere specified.
(f) Only approximately correct. The Bureau of Statistics reports only the value of silver ores exported, bi
a much larger amounr of silver leaves the country in copper matte which is classified as copper ore and i
record is kept of its silver contents. The gold in copper matte exported is not included in the exports <
gold given in the above table. These figures include ore of both domestic and foreign origin.
(n) Including nickel oxide and matte.
(K) Includes chlorate, murfate, and nitrate of potash, and all other salts of potash.
( 7) Reported in bbls. and reduced to gals, at 48 gals. — 1 bbl.
(k) Including slate.
(m) Calculated at 1 bbl. - 400 lb.
(n) Not enumerated.
(o) Not reported separately. Included with crude phosphates.
( p) Not reported separately. Included with antimony.
NoTB.— N. £. S. signifles not elsewhere specified.
INDEX.
AblM7 Qranld* Gold Mg. * MlUlaf Co P»
AlMrdem Coppw Co., N. M WJ
AbywlnU. Gold ■':''^' JS
AcaeU Mg. Co., Colo 764-787, 7tt
AcacUi Oil Co., (M ^JJ
Acaglno ^»
Acetylene (eee Calcium Carbide).
Acetylene lUttminAtlng Co W
Actaeaon. E. O «M. S
Acker Proceee Co ■•
Acme Cement PUater Co J5
Aemo Oil Co.. Cal 'JJ
Acorn Mg. Co.. UUh JJ
ActiengeaellBchaft Knltwerke Awjhereleben 613
Adnir. A..... ;^;";« St
Mg. Co.. Colo 7M. 767, 711
_-^ w. H fn
Pyrlte, N. Y 67J
Adtms. W. J 2J
Addle Mg. Co.. VXMh 7»
Adjak Blppo Deep. Ltd US
Admiral Mg. Co.. UUb 7«t
AdTontare Cons. Copper Co.. Mich IM. 7iS, 7n
Aetna Cement Plaater Co S65
A«taa Cona. QnlckallTar Mg. Co.. Cal..6tt, 761. 76S. 7ft
Aetna Mg. Co.. Idaho 7«
Aetna Mg. Co., UUh 7ii
AetnA Oil Co.. Cal 7»
AgaU, United Btateo S«4
Aguaacalleoteo MeUl Co S7l
Ahn. Robert H «70
Aichlno, GioTannl 16, «6
Copper. lUly 179
Altklna. O. J 611
AJaz. Mg. Co.. UUh Ttl
Akerman. Dr. Richard SM
Aktlen Qeaellachaft fner Blektrokeramlc Hi
Alabama. Banzlte 11. U
Clay l»-m
Coal IM
Coke 1«
GraphlU M6
Iron MO
PhoaphaU rock 641
Alabama Cons.. Coal A Iron Co., Ala M7. 7a
Alabama Steel A Wire Co 401
Alabaator. Germany tlS. n4
Mexico Ml
AUbaattne Company of Paris. Ltd tH
Alamo Mg. Co., Colo 764—767
Alamo Mg. Co.. UUh 7tt
Alamo RedvctloD Co Ml
Alaaka. Copper IM
Gold »«. »«
SllTor »4
Tin 687
Alaska Ooldflelds Co.. Alaska 7a
Alaska Mg. Co.. Cal 7W
Alaska Mg. Co.. UUh 706
AUeka-Mexlcan Mg. Co., Alaska 70
Alaska Traadwell Gold Mg. Co tU, 7M. 7«
Albion Mg. Co., UUh 7«
Alder Creek Mg. Co SU
Aldrldge, W. H. , Copper Smelter at Trail IM
Alexander. D. H. H 411
Alexandria Mg. Co.. So. Dak 7M
Algeria. Antimony 41. Ml
Cement Ml
CUys Ml
Copper 175, 801
Gravel 110
Gypsum 3S4. Ml
Iron M». 810
L^ftd 41S. 810
Lime 110
Algeria. Marblo gio
Onyx 810
PhosphaU rock 61«. 611. SIO
Qulcksllrer 641, no
8*H 683. no
Sand no
surer siO
Zinc 80S, 810
Algoma Steel Co., Ltd asi
Alhaabra Mg. Co.. Ner Tit
Alkali. United Kingdom 848, 847
Alkaline carbonates, Spain 840
AlUh Mg. Co., UUh Tit
Allan. J. O tit
Allard method of coal screening 867
Allen Graphite Co S4i
Allgomelne ElektPo-MeUllurglsche GeBellschaft.n9. 481
Allgemelne Thermltgesellschaft 184
Alllaneo Bxpler. ft Mg. Co., Gal Tit
Alliance Mg. Co., Colo Tit
Alliance Mg. Co.. UUh Tit
Alice Mg. Co., Mont T6i, TIT
Allls-Chalmera Co 188, T68, T68. T8t
Alllson-Rattch-Pord Mg. Co.. Cal Tit
Alloues Mg. Co., Mich T61. T61. T8t
Alloy Steeto gTi
Alma Mg. Co., Cal Tit
Alpha Mg. Co.. Ner Tit
Alpha Oil Co.. Cal Tit
AlU Mg. Co., Not Tit
AlU Mg. Co., UUh Tit
Alteaaa Kopferhaette nt
Altoona Coal ft Coke Ca, Pa Tit
Al«m 11,84, 7T8
Austria-Hungary 778, 784, 786, 788, 788
Canada TTi
Chile TTi
China TTi
France TTi, 808
Germany 778, ni, 811. n8. n8
India 818, 811
lUly 86, 778. 814
Japan TTi
Manufacturara ts
Mexico TTi
Prices 86
Russia TTi
Spain TTi
Sweden 778. 841, 844
United SUtes 8, 6. 84. TTi
Alom shale. United Kingdom 846
Alvmlnlnm Industrie Aktlea Geoellschatt li
Alvmlnoos eartha» Spain at
Alaalanm U. 81. TTi
Alloys 88, 888
Austria- Hungary T78, 788. 788
Canada 778. 788
Chile T7i
China TTi
Electrical Uses 87
BxploelTes 81
For Balloons, etc St
Foundry ft meUllorglcal ose n
France 11, », T78, 808, 808
Germany SI. TT8, 814
Goldschmidt process 81
lUly TTi
Japan TTi
Mexico TTi, 881
Printing SO
Properties SS
Raw materials 88
Russia 778
Spain T78
Sweden TTi
Swltserland n
United Kingdom M, 18
860
INDEX.
Aluminum. United SUtes %, 4. 2S. M. 77C. 84t. 864
U«6« 81
WheUtonM 82
Works 88
Aluminum Sulpbato 84
Oermany 811
lUly 824
MtnufftcCuran 35
Prices 85
Sweden 842
United SUtee 8. 84
Alunlte (aee mlao Alum).
Australaalm 777
Prance 807
lUly 824
AlTftou Co 5M
Aaalfaaated Coolgmrada Tin Mg. Co 688
Amalgamated Copper Co.... 169, 751—768. 766. 767. 763
Amanda Mg. Co.. Colo 70
AlMion Mg. Co.. Colo 768
Amaxon etone. United Statea 244
Amelia Mg. Co.. Cal 768
American Agricultural Co 677
American Agricultural Chemical Co... 688. 768, 766. 7a
American Alkali Co 666
American Aluminum Anoclatlon 86
American Can Co 686
American Cement Co 768. 768, 768
American Cement Piaster Co 866
American Coal Co.. Md 768
American Cone. Mg. Co.. Colo 764. 766
American Facing Co 845
American Fuel Oil Co.. Gal 7U
American Gem Mg. Co 860
American Gold Mg. Co M8
American Iron 4 Steel Co 768
American Lead, Zinc 4 Fluor Spar Co 188
American Miaea. UUb 766
American Mg. Co., Colo 7a
American Mg. Co.. UUb 7a
American Nickel Worka 882. 4tt
American Nitre Co 6a
American Oil 4 Refining Co.. Cal Ttt
American Smelting A Refining Co..
181. 218. 2tt. 271. 272. 406, 417. 768. 760. 7a
Ameriean Standard Aspbalt Co 66
American Steel A Wire Co 222. 4M. 7a
American Steel Hoop Co 7a
American Steel Sheet Co 7a
American Tin PUta Co 282. 6N
American Turquolae Co 8S0
American Turquolae A Copper Co 260
Ameriean Zinc A Lead Co 600
American Zinc, Lead A 8m. Co., Mo 762. 7tt. 764
AmethTSt. United States 244
Amlstad y Concordia Mg. Co., Mex 764
Ammonium and Ammonium Sulphate 36
Italj 886. 827
United SUtes 86
Co. BM
ABunonlum salts, Austria* Hunganr 786. 788
Germany 816
Sweden 842
AaUBoalum sulphate. Austria 36
Belgium 86
Denmark 36
France 86
Germany 86. 37. 812. 814
HolUnd 36
Norway 36
Prlcea 37
Russia 36
Spain 36
Sweden 36, 844
United Kingdom 36-38. 847
UnlUd SUtes 3, 5. 86. 849
Amorphone graphite (see Graphite).
A. M. W. Mill «»
Anaconda Copper Co.. Mont..
la. 818. 7U. 7n. 166. 767. 764
Anaconda Gold Mg. Co.. Colo 754^767
Anaconda Mill 647
Anchor Mine 694
Anchoria-Leland Mg. Co.. Colo 764
Andenon Fertiliser Co 6tt
Anderson Mg. Co.. Colo 764
Andes Mg. Co.. Not 7tt
Andrews. C. R 660
Andrews. T 660
Angang Copper Co 181
Anglo-CanadUn Gold BsUtes, Ltd 270
Anglo-Chilean Exploration Co 27B
Anglo-French QuIcksllTer A Mg.. Concession of
China. Ltd 546
Anglo-Mezlcan Mg. Co.. Mexico 164
Anglo-Siclllan Sulphur Co.. Ltd 676
Annaalale Mg. Co.. Utah 7a
Annie Mg. Co.. UUh 7a
Annie Laurie Mg. Co.. UUh V;
Anthracite Strike Commission 14S
Anthracite Coal (see also Coal).
Prices 1S4
Sblpmenu isa
Anthracite Coal Trade In 1902 140
Recent DevelopmenU In 144
Antimony n. 776
Analysis a
Algeria 41. OM
Australasia 41, 7n. 778. 779. 780. 78S
Austria- Hungary 41. 776. 784, 7». 786. 7SS
BollTla 41
Borneo 41
Canada 41. n6, 800
Chile m
China 776
Electrolytic Extraction 4s
Electrolytic Process 226
France 41, 776, 807. 8a. 809
Germany 41. n6. 811, 816. 818
lUly 41. 776, 884. 886. 886
J»I>«n 41, Tl%. 828. 8M
Mexico 41. 42. n6. 881. S8S
Portugal 41. 42. 886
Prlcea 42
Russia 77S
Serrla 41
Smelting a
Spain 41. 776. 8». 841
Sweden 776. 842. t4«
Turkey 41. 42
United SUtes 8. 4. M. 40, 41. 776, 849. OO
Antimony ore (see Antimony).
AntofagasU Smelting Co 278
Apatite. Norway 888. SS4
Apex Mg. Co.. UUh fit
Apollo Cons. Gold Mg. Co.. Alaska 76i Ta
App Con. Mg. Co.. Cal 7a
April Fool Gold Mg. A Milling Co.. Not.. 862. 764. 7a
Arba Co 604
AreadUn Coaa. Copper Co.. Mich 106. 762. lis
Argall. Philip 481. 432. Ctt
Cyanldlng Sulpho-Tellurtde Oreo 3S4
Argentina. Borax 71
Copper 176. 176
Gold 258. 270
Sliver 864. 270
Argentum— Juntau Mg. Co.. Colo.... 766. 767. 764. 100
Argonaut Mg. Co.. Cal T64
Argonaut Oil Co.. Cal 7a
Arisona. Clay 126—128
Copper la. 164
Cyanide Process S06
Fluorspar stt
Gold 262, V6
SlWer 262, SO
Arliooa Copper Co.. Arts 164. 16i» T64
Arlsona Western Oil Co.. Cal T64
Arkansas. Asphaltum 61. 68
Bauxite u. u
Clay 186— 12s
Coal 1S4
Fullers earth Ml
Manganese 4a
Phosphate rock us
Zinc SM
Arkansas Asphalt Co i|
Arkansas Fullers Earth Co 141
Arlington Copper Co., Ltd XV9
Armhruster, W. J gy
Armour Fertiliser Co %n
Amdt. K 6ii
Arnold «|
Arnold Mg. Co., Mich 7U. 768. Va
ArrastrsTllle Mg. Co., Cal TC9
Arrow Mg. Co., Colo 704
Areenle 40. 776
Analysis 49
Austria- Hungary 776. 786. 7M
Csnsds 47, a. 776, 7a. ai
Chile 776
China 776
tNDBX.
«61
ArMnie, India «.
Blaetrolytle PracMs
France 48.
Oemany 47. 4t. nc. 811. 818. 818. nt.
lUly 47. 48. n8,
Japan 47, 778.
Mazico
Portugal 47.
Pricaa
Rvnia
47. 48.
UnlUd KInitfom 47,
Unltad SUtaa tl. 48.
Aratnleal pTrttaa. United Kingdom
Araaale mlpblda. Spain
Amentoofl acid
Austria- Hnngary
Canada
Chlla
China
Franco
Oormany
lUly
Japan
Mexico
Ruesta
Spam
Sweden 778.
United Kingdom
United SUtea
Artificial graphite (mo Graphite).
- atea ».
AaitrU-Hunganr TT*. '••.
Canada 60. 61. 778. 788. 800.
Cape Colony
Chile
China
France
Germany '^^
India
lUly 80. 778. 816.
Japan
Mexico
RttMia 60. 778, 888.
Sweden T78. 848.
United SUteo S. 6. 60. 848.
Aaboitoo Mfg. Co
Aah. Alfred J -••
Ash Bed Mg. Co., Mich 781,
Anbcroft ft Swlnhvme Proeea
Aahea. Belgium 784,
A8h!er (see aleo Stone).
Norway
Ashley. H. B ..••
Aatokwa Rydranlieklng ft Mg. Corp.. lAd
Asoclaclon Salltrera de Propaganda
Asphalt (see Asphaltnm).
Asphalt Company of America
Asphaltle limestone (see also AsphaHumV>
United SUtes
Asphaltle rock (see Asphaltum).
lattnm »*•
Avstrla-Hnngary 68. 778, 784. 786, 788,
Bermndes
Canada Wl.
Chile
Cvba
68.
68, 68. 778.
Oermany 68. 776. 811. 818.
India
lUly 68. Tit,
Japan
Mexico •"•.
RnasU 68, 771 888,
Spain 68. 778. 888.
Sweden 778,
Trinidad 68, 68,
Turkey
United Kingdom
United Statea 8. 6. 68. 68. 778. 848,
Venesnela 68,
ABMclated Mg. Co., Cole
AsMclated Oil Co
Atkabasea-Veaus Mg. Co
Atom* Mines. Ltd
Atmospheric ProdneU Co
Ailaatle Copper Co l<i.
Ailaatle DynamlU Co
883
»8
778
880
886
888
778
886
48
778
778
no
48
no
841
888
778
778
770
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
848
846
no
778
788
808
60
n8
no
no
810
n8
n8
887
no
844
884
467
818
788
018
786
884
447
888
608
no
788
60
no
no
no
67
807
818
n8
888
887
840
848
68
68
840
860
68
808
107
888
Atlantic Mg. Co., Mich 761.768, 784
Atwater, C. G 168
Anbury. Lewla B 806
Auehy, 0 478
Aurora Mg. Co.. UUh 788
Anstralaala, Aluntte 7n
Antlnfony 7n. 780, 788
Bismuth 08. 7n— 780, 788
Brass 7n, 788
(3ement 7n. n8, 780. 781. 783
Charcoal 788
Chromium 7n. n8
Clay 7n. 788
Coal 180. 7n— 788
Cobalt 488, 7n, 778
Coke 7n-788
Copper 176. 178. 7n-788
Copper sulphate 783
Diamonds 840
Gems 779
Glass 780. 788
Gold 868. 880. 7n-788
Grkphite 848
Iron 7n— 788
Iron oxide 7n
Lead 418. 418. 7n-778. 781-788
Lignite 788
Limestone 788
Machinery 778
Manganese 7n. 778. 781
Manganese 408
Mica 781. 788
Molybdenum 4n
Nickel n8
Opal 848. 7n. 780
Parafftne 788
Petroleum 778, 780, 788
Phosphate iVick 688
Plaster of Paris 780. 788
Platinum 688. Ttl
Precious Stones 780. 788
Potassium salta 778. 778
Quicksilver 644. 778. 788
Salt n8. 778. 781. 788
Sapphires 860
Shale oil 7n
SilTer 864, 880. 7n-780, 788. 788
Slate n8. 781. 788
Sodium salts 778. 778. 788
Steel 778-780.788. 788
Stone Tn— 781. 788
Sulphur 778, 778. 788
Sulphuric acid 778
Tin 680. 7n-788. 684
Tungsten 780
Turpentine 788
Turittoiee 860
Whiting 781
Sine 004, m, 778, 781—788
Australia (see Australasia).
Australia Diamond Mg. Propr. Co. S40
Australian Alum Co IS
Australian Mine M
Austria (see also Austrla-Hungary).
Ammonium sulphate 88
Antimony 41
Asphaltum 60
Clay 188
Gold 888
Graphite «48
Lead 418. 418
Nickel 480
Peti'Jleum 488, 608
QulckallTer 648
Salt 6«
Silver 364
Sulphur 674
Tin 680
Bine 008. 004
Aoftrla-Hungary. Alum no, 784. 788, 788, 788
Aluminum 778, 784. 786. 780, 788
Ammonium salU 780. 788
Antimony n8. 784, 786. 780. 788
Arsenic n8. 780. 788
Asbestos no. 780, 788
Asphaltum n8, 784. 786. 788. 788
Barytes nO. 788. 788
Bismuth 784. 786
Borsx no. 788
Brass 788, 788
862
INDEX.
Austrlm-HungsiT, Cmrbon bisulphide 78S
Cement 77C, 78C, 789
Chromiam 786. 788. 781
CUy 78«. 788
Chloride of lime 788. 788
Coal , 186, 778, 784-788, 788
Cobalt 784. 786, 790
Coke n8. 786, 788. 787, 788. 790
Copper 176. 778. 784, 786. 788. 788. 791
Copper sulphate 776. 784. 786. 789
Copperas 776. 784. 786. 786. 788
Cryolite 786. 789
Fertilisers 786. 788
Fluorspar n6. 786. 789
German sUrer 786. 789
Glass 786. 787, 788
Gold 167. 784. 788. 787. 789
Graphite Tit. 784. 787
Gypsum 787, 788
Hydrochloric add 776. 787. 789
Ii'xin 886. 887. 776. 784. 786. 787. 788. 791
Lead 776. 784, 786. T87, 788
Llrnite 791
Lime 789
Litharge 784. 786, 789
Magneslto 787. 790
Magnesium chloride 787
Manganeaa 776. 784. 786, 787. 790. 791
M!ilatone« 787. 790
Mineral palnU 784. 786. 787. 790
Nickel n6, 784, 786. 787. 790
Nitric acid 787, 790
Ozokerite 60. 787. 790
Peat 790
Petroleum 776, 784, 786, 787. 790
Phosphorus 787
Potash 787. 790
Potassium salt 787. 790
Pyrites 776. 786, 787. 790
QuickslWer n6. 784. 786, 787. 79V). 791
Salt 776, 784. 786, 787. 790. 791
Silica 787, 790
surer 267. 784. 786. 787. 789. 790
Slag 788. 790
Slate 778. 788. 790
Sodium salU 776. 788. 790
Steel 886. S87, 776. 787, 789
Stone 788. 790
Sulphur 776. 784. 786. 788. 790
Sulphuric acid 776. 784. 786. 788. 790
Tin 776.784.788. 790
Tombac 786. 789
Tungsten 784
Zinc 776.786.788.790, 791
Uranium 86
Whetstones 790
ATlno Mines of Mexico. Ltd tTt
Ayrshire Gold Mines 4 Lomagunda Ry. Co., Ltd.. 984
Asteo Oil Co., Cal 764
Asars Mg. Co. S(0
Babe, Jules L 616
Baden (see Germany).
Bachelor's Oil Co., Cal 7€9
Badger Hill A Cherokee Mg. Co., Cal 769
Badger Mg. Co., Ore 769
Badlsche Anllln-und Soda-Fabrlk 681
Bagdad Mill S06
Baker DMde Mg. Co.. Cal 769
Bahla Exp'oration Co 177
Bailey. Prof. 0. B 667
Bakrobo Mines, Ltd 286
Balaghat Gold Mg. Co.. Ud 289
Balbach Sm. A Ref. Co 218
Ballol Mg. Co.. Cal 769
Ball and pebble mill for grinding cement 102—104
Baltic Copper Co 166. 167
Baltimore A Nora Scotia Mg. Co 270
Baltimore Chrome Works 106
Baltimore Copper 8m. A Rolling Co 176. 218
Bald Butte Mg. Co. Mont 764
Baltic Mg. Co.. Mich 762. 758
Bamberger DeLamar Gold Mg. Co 262
Banka. Tin 686
Bankers Mg. Co., Colo 764
Barium 661
Barium chForide (see Barium Salts).
Barium salU 66. 66. 226
Germany 816
Barium sulphate (see also Barytes).
United States 849
Barker. H. A. 106
Barkis A Johnson Co 210
Barnes A King 80S
Barren. Joseph 634
Barrett. M 441. 675
Barrlnger. L. B 112
Barron y Cla 676
Barms. O. H 476
Bartlett. F. L 641
Bartolome de Medina Mg. Ca. Mez 164
Barton A Sons. H. H 2a
Barton Mica Mines. 466
Barytes 64. 776
Austria-Hungary 786. 789
Belgium 64. 798
Canada 64.798. 800
Chile 776
France 64. 807
Germany n6. 816. 817. 819
lUly 776. 8X4. 828
Prices «
Russia 8*7
Spa'n 819
Sweden 843
United Kingdom 64. 84S
United States 2.6.64. 776
Basin A Bay SUte Mg. Co 170
Basse A Selve 418
Batchelder. C. S 481
Baum coal washer 668
Baur. B 151
Bauxite U
France 14. 807
Germany h 816
Italy X5
Russia 817
United Kingdom 14. 146
United SUtes 2.6.11.14. 849
Bay City Oil Co.. Cal 769
Bay Counties Power Co MO
Bayley'e Gold Mines, Ltd 295
& C. Co 177
Beam. A. M 442
Bear Flag Oil Co.. Cal 769
Beck A Co. John A 74
Belcher Mg. Co., Ner 766. 767, Tf9
Belgium. Ammonium Sulphate 16
Ashes 794. 796
Barnes 64. 711
Cement 80, 794, 796
Chalk 791
Clay 798. 796
Coal 186,792.794. 796
Coke 792. 794. 796
Copiier 794. 796
Earthenware 711
Feldspar T9S
Flint 791
Glass 794. 796
Gold 7M, 796
Gravel 711
Guano 794. T96
Iron 186. 190. 192. 796
Lead 412.411.792.791.796. 796
Lime 796. 716
Manganese 4a. 712
Mineral PalnU 791
Nickel 794. 796
Petroleum 796. 796
Phosphate Rook 618. 1*4
Pyrites 680. 712
Resins 796, 796
Salt 796. 796
Sand 794
Sliver 791.796. 716
Slate 794
Steel 316.190.793. 796
Stone 796. 797
Suli.hur 796. 797
Tin 796. 797
Zinc 6a. 604. 799. 795. 797
Bell Mg. A Red. Co. 170
Bell. Robert IW. 108
Belle Mg. Co.. Cal 769
BellefonUlne Mg. Co.. Cal 769
Belt conveyors and stone h'ouse for cenent. . . .94. 95
Ben Butler Mg. Co.. Utah 719
Ben Franklin Mg. Co. Cal 769
Ben Hur Mg. Co.. Colo 764. 75*
INDEX,
863
BM«dtcks. Dr. C C7B
Benton Con. Mr Co., N*^ 1W
B«iU. B M7
Benzine (see mlao Petroleum).
RuaeU 837
Berg a. HaettenTenraltuns Hi
Bcrfbaa v. Blaenha«tten>Oewerlncbnft nt
Berkeley Cmde OU Co.. Cel 76t
Bermudei. Aephaltum M
Bertha Mg. Co fM
Benrl. United SUtes 144
Beet ft Belcher Mg- Co.. Not 7M. 717. 7»
Beet'e Keen Cement Planter Co. SU
Bethlehem Steel Co.. Pa 67f. 7M
Bettn, Anton O 2IS
Biesinger ft Beck Mg. Co.. UUh 7ti
Big Chief on Co.. Cal 7M
B'g Four Mg. Co.. Colo 7M
Big Indian Oold Mg. Co Ml
Bllllton. Tin tM
Bingham Cons. Mg. ft 8m. Co.. UUh 7S2, 76S
Bingham Placer Mg. Co.. UUh 7M
Biichoff. F 4t
Bismuth dS
Analyslft O
Australasia 89. 777— 78(^. 782
Anoirla- Hungary 784. 786
Germany 811. 81f. 810
United SUtes t. 68. M
Bituminous coal (eee Cost).
Bltnmlnona sandstone. United BUtea 8
Black Belle Mg. Co.. Colo 754. 785
Black Diamond Co^er Co 184
Black Diamond Mine Ul
Black Hawk Mill 808
Black Hllla PorceUln Clay ft Marble Co 487
Blackburn Bros 488
Blaekbtttte QnlcksllTer Mg. Co. Btf
Black l«sd (see Graphite).
Blaekwcll Cement Plaster Co 886
Blair. DaTid K 808
BUlr, DAVld W 818
Blake. Prol. W. P 688
Blelberger Bergwerke Union Action Gessellech&ft.. 804
Blende (see also Zinc).
Greece SSI
BlOMom Mg. ft Milling Co 806
Bine Bell Mg. Co.. Colo 7M, 756
Bine Bird Extension Mg. Co.. UUh 784
Blue Bird Gold Mg. Co.. UUh 280, 768
Bine Comndum Mg. Co 18
Blue 3ag1e Mg. Co., Utsh 789
Blue Extension Mg. Co.. Utah 789
Blue Oooae Mg. Co.. Csl 789
Blue GraTel Mg. Co.. Cal 789
Bine Ridge Mg. Co 481
Bluenoee Oold Mg. Co 889
BlucBtone (see Copper Sulphate).
BodUender. O 809
Bogsn Silver Mg. Co.. Utsh 769
Bohm. C. R B 652
Boleo Copper Co.. Mex 176, 179. 181
BollTla. Antimony 41
Bonix 72
Copper 176, 177
Oold 258, 277
Lead 416
surer 264. 277
Tin 688. 688
Bolton ft Sons, Ltd ^ 219
Bonanta Derelopment Co 762. 768
Bonanza Dcrelopment Co.. Mcx 784
Bonnell. W. F 881
Boradte 684
Boraclte. Germsny 811, 818
Borax 778
Argentina 72
Austria-Hnngary 778. 788
Bolivia 72
Canada 778
FVanee 778, 808
Chile 72. 778. 808
Germany 778. 818
India ... 822. 828
lUly 776. 824-828
Japan 778
Nonrsy 833
Pern 72
Russ'a 778
Borax, Spain 778
Sweden 848
Turkey 78
United Kingdom 848
United SUtes 70. 778
Borax Cons. Co.. Ltd.. 71
Borchers Bros. 819
Borchers. Dr. W 888. 498. 661
Boric Acid (eee Borax).
Italy
Norway 888
Sweden 848
Bomcro (see also Dutch East Indiei).
Antimony 41
Gold 168
Bomia, Chromium Ill
Iron 887
Manganese 482
Mica 487
PyrlU 680
Boss Tweed Mg. Co.. Utah T88
Boaton ft Colorado Sm. Co.. Colo 784
Boston ft Cripple Creek Mg. Co.. Colo 788
Boeton ft Montana Cons. C. S. Mg. Co..
189. 170. 118. 784
Boston ft OroTlUe Co 268
Boston-Aurora Zinc Co.. Mo 784
Boatcn-C^IlfomU Mg. Co.. Cal 784
Boston De Lamar Gold Mg. ft Milling Co 208
Boston-Dnenweg Zinc &).. Mo 784
Boston Get There Zinc Co.. Mo 784
Boston Gold>Copper Bm. Co., Colo 784
Boston Little Circle Zinc Co.. Mo 784
Boeton-Phlla. Zinc Co.. Kas 784
Boston -Providence Zinc Co.. Mo 784
Boston Quicksilver Mg. Co.. Cal.. 640. 641. 752. 768. 784
Doston-Rlchardson Gold Mg. Co 188
Boston-So. Dak. Mg. Co.. 8!j. Dak 784
Boston-Springfield Zinc Co.. Mo 784
Boston Stock Market In lAtt 761
Boeton- Sunflower Zinc Co., Mo 784
Bosun Mg. Co.. B. C 764
Boulder Mg. O.. Cal 789
Bountiful Mg. Co.. UUh 789
Bourn Co.. W. B 869
Boydell. H. C 299
Bowker Fertilizer Co 688
Boieman Corundum Co 18
Bradford. William H 801
Bradley. P. B. ft 8. R 679
Brandon. Arias ft FIIUppI 488
Brantley Sens' Co.. A. P 682
Braes. Australasia 777. 788
Austria-Hungary 788, 789
Canada 799
Chile 804
China 806
Germany 812, 814, 818
iLdia 828
Italy 825, Vt
Japan 829. 880
Norway 888
United Kingdom 848. 847
United SUtes 860. 861
Branner. Bohnalav 661
Brsunfels. L 816
Brazil. 0»pper 177
Diamonds 848. 247
Gold 268. 877
Manganeae 488
Mica 487
Oulckellver 544
BrazllUn Diamond ft Exploration Co.. Ltd 148
Breckinridge Asphalt Co 56. 68
Breece Mg. Co.. Colo 751. 768. 768. 757. 784
Brick (see Clay).
Bridgeport Cmeiblo Co. 846
Brldgman sampler 848
Brill. O. M 478
Brtlllant ft St. George United Mine 188
Brilliant Central Mine 898
Brilliant Gold Mg. Co 198
Brimstone (see Sulphur).
Brlnsmade. R. B 487, 850
British Aluminium Co 28. 26, 28
Brls. B. K 181
British Columbia (see Canada).
British Columbia Copper Co.. B. C.
177. 188. 187. 768. 758
British Gulara (nee Guiana).
British Oulans. Oold HI
864
INDEX.
British OaUnt. Dtmmondt tAI
Brltlab OuUna Co 271
Brltlfth Ouianm Cons. Gold Mines. Ltd tit
BiitlBli Iron Trmde AwoeUtloii SfS
Brlti»h South Africa Chartered Co 7M
British West Indies, Phosphate rock Bit
Broken Hill Proprietary Block 10 Co., Ltd 414
Broken Hill Proprietary Co., Ltd.. N. 8. W..
291, 414, 847. 7«0
Bromides, France 806
Bromine ft
Germany 816
Sweden 848
ITnited SUtes 1 S. TS
Bronse, lUly 825, 887
Japan 880
United Kinidom 846
United SUtes 852
Brookfteld Mf. Co 268
Brooklyn Hg. Co 221
Brooks. Alfred H 168
Brougham 4 Glohe Ref. Co 848
Brown Bros 845
Bi'own Mg. Co., UUh 768
Brown, R 448
Brownatone (see Sandstone).
Bmrnell, H. H. P 848
Brunswick Cons. Mg. Co.. Cat 768
Brunswick Gold Mg. Co.. Cal 756. 767
Brunton sampler 646
Buchanan Mg. Co.. Cal 769
Buckeye Mg. Co.. Colo 764
Buckeye Mg. Co.. UUh 768
Buckeye Salt Co 74
Buckhom Mg. Co.. UUh 768
Buckhom Oil Co.. Cal 764
Buffalo Hump Dot. Co., Wash 768
Buffaro Hump Mg. Co., Idaho 764
Buffalo Smelting Works 118
Buffalo and Susquehanna Iron Co 402
Buhrttones. Canada 799
Building material. Mexico 822
Building stone (see Stone).
Testing of 571
Bull Hill Cons. Mg. Co.. Colo 764
Bull, I. C 421
Bullion Mg. Co.. NcT 768
Bullion- Beck A Champion Mg. Co.. UUh 764
Bumby. H 448
Bunker Hill A BulllTsn Mg. ft Concentrating Co.
407, 764
Bunker Hill Mg. Co., UUh 769
BuTbach 588
Burk. William E 64
Burlington Oil C^.. Cal 764
Burflend, Joachim H 628
Burma Ruby Mg. Co.. Ltd 249. 260
BusUmente, Miguel. Jr I8S
Bussey ft Sons 582
Butler Mg. Co.. UUh 769
ButU ft Boston Cons. C. ft S. Mg. Co.... 169. 170. 764
BtttU Basin Mg. Co., Cal 769
Butte Creek Power Co 260
Butte Reduction Works 169, 170
Butterfly-Terrible Mg. Co., Colo 764
Butters, Charles a06L
By-product coke ovens 158
Byrnes pulp sampler 641
C
C. C. Cons. Mf. Co.. Colo 754. 756
C. K. ft N. Mg. Co.. Colo 764, 765. 764
Cadmium. Germany 8ll
Cadmium, Germany 818
CSdmus Mg. Co.. Cal 768
Calamine (see also Zlnc)^
Greece 821
Calcium 652
Calcium borate. Chile 802
United States 2. 6
Calcium Carblds and Acetylene 75
Calcium carbide 227
Car Lighting 75
Generators 75
Lamps 75
Manufacture 77
Prices 76
Uses 77
Calcium carbonate, Mexico 831
Calcium chloride 666
Calcium chloride. Germany tl6
Caledonia Mg. Co., Not im
California. Asphaltum 62
Borax 76
Cement 79
Chrysoprase 251
Clay 186— 1S8
Coal 184
Copper lO. 166
Cyanide Process 806
Debris Commission 289
Gold 862. 26i
Gypsum
Mica
Molybdenum
Petroleum 497,
Quicksilver
Salt
surer 8S4.
Stone
Tin
Tourmaline
California Borax Co., Cal
California Dredging Co., Cal
California Gold King Mines Co
California Mg. Co., Cal
California King Gold Mg. Co , 206.
California Mg. Co.. Utah
California Mutual Oil Co., Cal
CallfornU Oil Co.. Gal
California Oil ft Gas Co.. Cal
Calkins. A. C
Calumet ft Arisona Copper Co
Calumet ft Heela Mg. Co.. Mich..
166. 168. 216. 761—752.
Calumet Mg. ft Milling Graphite Co
Cambria Iron Co.. Pa 758, 762.
Cambria Steel Co.. Pa 158. 408. 758. 768.
Campbell coal washer
Campbell. B. D
Campbell. WillUm. Metallography in 1902
Cammett Uble
Camp Bird (Sold Mines Co., Colo 768.
Canada Alum
Aluminum 776.
Antimony 41, 776,
Antimony 41, 776,
Arsenic 47. 48. 776, 728,
Arsenious acid
Asbestos 50, 51. 776. 798. 860.
Asphaltum 776,
Barytes 64, 782,
Borax
477
608
640
660
269
670
584
261
729
729
2S2
764
724
421
124
724
242
T64
724
252
272
«2
•41
724
772
729
772
toa
729
202
772
Buhrstonss
Cement
Chalk
Chloride of lime T82
Chromium 121. 722. 222
Clay 129. 792-221
Coal 126. n6. 792-221
Coke 798. 799. 900. 221
Copper 175, IH, 776. 798 202
Copper sulphate n6, 722
Copperas Tit
Corundum ]2
Cryolite T82
Emery T82
ExPloslTss 729. 222
Feldspar T82
Fertilisers 222
Flint T82
Fluorspar T72
Fullers earth T82
Glass 788. 222
Gold 268. 267. 788. 779. 801. 202
Granite 222
Graphite 848. 848. 776. 788. 800. 262
Gravel 799. 900. 221
Grindstones T92. 200
Gypsum 354. 256. 798. 800. 801. 2QS
Hydrochloric acid 776
Iron 386. 880. 776. 798-202
Jewelry 220
Ksinlte 200
Lead 412. 416. T76. 7M. 800. 801
Lime 7«l.
Litharge
Lithogrsphic stones
Manganese 462, 776. 792.
901
INDEX.
865
Cinfcda. MmrbU 800. 801
Mica 487. 801, 80S
Mineral oils 800. 801
Mineral paints 788, 800
Mineral waters 798
Molybdennm 477
Natural gas 796. 802
Nickel 488. 487. HO. 798. 801. 802
Petroleum 499. 508. 778. 798. 80S
Phospbate rock 528. 798. 801
Phoaphonia 800
Platinum 529. 798
Potaailum salts 800
Precious stones 800
Pumice 800
Pyrites 680. 778. 798. 801
QulckslWer :, 643. 778. 800
Sal ammonia 800
Salt 582, 778. 779. 800-802
Sand 799. 800. 801
Sllex 800
Silica 801
Silver 254. 287. 799-801
Slate 778, 79»--801
Soapstone 799
Soda 776
Sodium nitrate 778
Sodium salU 800
Steel 888. 890. 778
Stone 7M-809
Sulphur 776, 800
Sulphuric acid 776
Tin 776. 800
Tripoli 801
Whiting «»
Zinc 776. 800
Zinc white 776
Ca&sda Corundum Co. 17. 19
Canada Paint Co 348
Canadian Copper Co 183, 486
CanadUn Electro-Chemical Co 666
Canadian Ooldflelda, Ltd 47. 270
Canadian King Mg. Co., Wash 770
Canadian Oil Fields. Ltd 606
Candelaria Cons. Mg. Co 272
Cannel coal (see Coal).
Canton Placer Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Cape Colony. Asbestos 60
Cape Copper Co.. Ltd.. So. 4frlca..l75, 182. 269. 760
Cape of'Oood Hope. Copper 175
Cappeau. J. P 440. 442. 612
Carb. A Rattler Mg. Co.. Utah 770
Carbolic acid. Germany 816
Carbon, Oermany 816
Carbon bisulphide. Austrta-Hungary 786
Carbon Oil Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Carbonate. lUly 816, 827
Carborundum 78, 227
United SUtes 3. 6. 78
Carey Mfg Co.. Philip 682
Caribbean Manganese C^ 462
Cariboo-McKlnney Gold Mg. Co.. B. C 268. 764
Caribou Oil Co.. Cal. HO
Carlsfund 688
CarmellU Oil Co.. Cal 77U
Carlsa Mg. Co., UUh 764
Carmlchael. A. D 440, 442
Camalllte 684
Carnegie Steel Co 401. 460
Camet 672
Carolina Minoral Co. 65
Carpenter, r. R 207
Carr. W. M 866
Carraaia-Lafoae Copper Smelting Corp 177. 277
CarUr. T. L «8, 431
Carter. W. P. H.. OraphlU, Canada 849
CasareUl A BerUnl Zinc Process 235
Cassa Oil Co.. Cal HO
Caassl Oold Bxtractfon Co « 192
Cast Iron (see Iron).
Caatner Electrolytic Alkali Co. 566
CMtaer-Kellner Alkali Co 226
CaUIpa Mg. Co.. Colo 752. 758. 766. 757
Catllhlte. United SUtes 244
Caustic lime (see Lime).
Caustic soda (see also Soda) 566
lUly 826. 827
CaT-9. B. 514
Caylloma Silver Mg. Co.. Ltd 280
Cedar Creek Mg. Co.. Cal 7T0
Celebes (see Dutch East Indies).
Celeetlte, Russia m
Cemeut 79. 776
Algeria 809
Australasia 777. 778. 780. 781. 783
Austria- Hungary n6. 786. 789
Belgium 80, 7M, 796
Caaada 80. 776. 798. 799. 800. 802
Chile n6. 804
China n6. 806. 806
Prance 80, 776. 807—809
Germany 80. 776. 812. 814. 816
IndU 823
lUly n6. 826. 826
Kiln 108, 109
Mexico 776
Norway 883
Rttstla 776
Spain 889. 841
Sweden 776. 848. 844
United Kingdom 80. 847
United SUtes 2. 3. 6. 79. 776. 880. 864. 866
Cement Industry In U. S. In 1902 80
Csment. Portland, Mechanical equipment of a
M-odem Plant 88
Centennial Copper Co.. Mich 752. 753. 770
Centennlal-Bureka Mg. Co.. UUh 261. 764
Center Creek Lead Co.. Mo 764
Center 8Ur Mg. Co., B. C 287, 764
Central America. Gold 253
Silver 164
Central Black Hills Copper Co 171
Central Coal A Coke Co.. Mo 764
Central Copper Qq 166
Central Egypt Exploration Co., Ltd 281
Central Eureka Mg. Co.. Cal 764. 770
Central Iron A Coke Co 402
Central Iron A Steel Co 158
Central Lead Co.. Mo 764
Cential Mammoth Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Central MonUna Mines Co 308
Central Oil Co.. Cal 764
Central Oil Co.. W. Va 752. 753
Central Phosphate Co 521
Central Point Cons. Oil Co.. Cal 764
Central R. R. of New Jersey 153
Century Mg. Co.. Utah 770
Century Oil Co.. Cal 770
Century Oil Co.. Cal ^770
Cerda. Fllomena 575
Cerium 562
Cerulean Mg. C^., Cal 770
Ceylcn. Graphite 348
Chalnman Mg. A Electric Co 309
Chalk. Belgium 793
Canada 799
India 823
lUly 815. 826
Sweden 848. 844
United Kingdom .* 845
Challenge Con. Mg. Co., Nev 770
Champion Copper Co 166. 167. 169
Champion Mg. Co.. Csl 764. 770
Champion Reef Gold Mg. Co.. Ltd., India 188. 760
Channel Bend Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Chapman Smelting Co 39
Charcoal. Australasia 783
Charles. J. L 431
Charleston Phosphate A Mfg. Co.. S. C 764
Cha/on. J 614
Charpy. G ••), 666
Chase. A. W 442
Chase. Charles A 808
CliateaQgay Ore A Irqn Go 866
Chatterton. Alfred 33
Chavmet M 148. 149
Chemicals. United SUtes 866, 857
Cherokee-Lanyon Spelter <^. 609
Cherry Hill Gold Mg. Co.. Cal 764
Cherry Valley Iron Co 403
Chert (see Silica).
Chesebrongh Mfg. Co 141
Chicago A Mercur Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Chicago Copper Ref. Co 116
Chicago Mica Co , 467
Chicago Mg. Co. UUh HO
Chicago O'l Co.. Cal 764
ChlcaiTd Rock Drill 88
Chile. Alum 776
Aluminum , ^ 776
Antimony '<76
Arsenic 776
866
INDEX.
Chile, Araralow Mtd 776
AabMtot 71%
Asphaltam ' T7C
BarytM , T7C
Borax TS. 776, tOt
BnuM 804
CAlctom borate 801
GMDcnt 77€. 804
CUy 80J
Goal 140. 776. 808
Cobalt 488. 808
ColM* 776
Coppw 175. n6. 808. 804
Coppor arlphate 776
Copporaa 776
Flttonpar 776
GoW 268. ri%. 803
Orapbita 776
OTpaam 804
Hydroehlorlo acid 776
lodfna 801
Iron 776. 808. 804
Laad 412. 416. 776. 808. 804
Manganeaa 462. n6. 80S
Nickel no
Petroleum 776
Pyritea 776
QuiekailTer 776. 804
Salt 776.' 804
Saltpeter 776. 808
SIlTer 2M. 278. 808. 804
Slate no
Soda 776. 804
Sodium nItraU (aaltpeter) 668. 776
Steel n6. 804
Sulphur 674. no. 804
Sttlphtirle acid n6
Tin n6. 804
Whltlnt 804
Zinc T». 804
Zinc, white no
Chile aaltpeter (eee Sodium nitrate).
China. Alum n6
Aluminum n6
Araenlc n6
Araenioua acid n6
BraM 805
Cement nO. 806. 806
Chinaware 806. 806
Cot! 187. n6, 806. 806
Coke n6
Olom 805. 806
Copper no. 806. 806
Coppema n6
German alWer 806
Olaea 805. W6
Gold 288, 286. 806
Iron n6. 806. 800
Jadestone 806
Lead no. 806. 806
Machinery 806
Nickel n6, 806
Painta 806
Petroleum n6. 806
OulckallTer 545, n6. 806
Salt n6
Silver 806
Slate n6
Stecel n6. 806
Stone 806
Sulphur no
Tin n6. 806
Zinc 806
Chinaware. China 806, 806
United SUtea 854. 867
Chippewa Cona. llg. Co.. Colo 764
Chieholm, Boyd A White 448
Chloraatrollte. United Statea 244
Chloride of lime. Auatria- Hungary 786. 788
Chlorate of potaah (aee Potaaaium Salts).
Canada 790
Sweden 848
United 9tatea 860
Chlorldd Queen Mg. Co.. Idaho nO
Chollar Mg. Co., Ner no
Chrlatmae laland. Phoaphate rock 524
Chriatmaa Mg. Co., Utah nO
Chriaty, Prof. 8. B 882
Chromium and Chrome Ore 106
Chromium, Coropoaition 128
Chromate, France 808
Chromate ealta. Prance 808
Chrome Ore (aee Chtomlom).
Chromic acid. United SUtea
Chlorate of potaah (eee Potaaaium SalU).
Chromite (aee Chromium).
Chromium. Auatralaala 717.
Auatria-Kungary 786. 78f.
Boania
Canada 121. 78t.
Germany
Greece 121. m.
New Caledonia 121. 122.
Newfoundland
New Sooth Walea 121.
New ZeaUnd
Norway 121, 122.
Ruaaia 121.
Turkey 121.
United SUtea 2. 6. 121.
ChryaoliU Mg. Co., Colo 766,
ChryaopTuae. United SUtea
Church Mg. Co.. Cal
Cin<f«> Sonorea Mg. Co.. Mez
Clndera, Norway
Cinnabar (aee alao Qulckailver).
Germany
dnnabar King Mg. Qo., Cal
Cinnamon Bippo Co., Ltd
City A Suburban Mg. Co., Tranaraal
Claliton Steel Co
Clariaa Mg. Co., UUh
CUy
77t
711
Ul
8QS
81«
881
810
112
122
122
882
816
122
860
157"
244
no
764
816
no
282
7n.
m. 786.
718. 714, 78t.
'.ini'TM. m 8ob!
AlgnrU
Auatralaala
AuatrU-HuBgary . . .
Belgium
Brick
Canada
Chile
CMmpoaitlon
France 121.
Germany 121. 212. 814. 816. 817.
India 822.
Mechanical Analyala
Propertlea
lUly ^ 225.
Norway
Ruaaia 121.
Sweden 842. 848.
Tilea
United Kingdom 846.
United Statea 2, 6, 115. 121. 860.
CUya and Clay Producto in 1102
Clere
Cleveland Furnace Co 158.
CleToland Mg. Co., UUh
Clinker cooler llO,
Clinton' a Gold Conceaaiona. Ltd
CloTerdale Mg. Co., Mo
Clowea. F
Clyde Oil Co., (Tal
Coal and (}oke
Coal
Africa 186.
Auatralaaia ...126. 7n. 778. 771. 780. 781. 782.
Auatrta- Hungary 186. nO. 784, 785. 786.
Belgium 186. 712. 7H.
Canada 126. n6. 718. 711. 800.
Chart of World'a Production
Chile 140. 776, 802.
China 187, no. 806.
Dryer
France 126, WT. 802.
Germany 186, n6, 211, 2£l. 814. 216. 818.
Grinding Machlnea 116.
India 186, 822.
lUly 126, n6. 824. 8SS.
Japan 186. 776. 222. 881.
Mexico 111. nc»
Norway
Portui^
RuBMla 116, 176. 822,
Spain 186. n6. 881. 240.
Tar. Germany
United Kingdom 186. 845. 846.
United SUtea 2. 184. 186. 7T6, 860.
Waahing
Coal Ridge Salt Co
Cobalt. Auatralaaia 481. 7n,
Cobalt (eee aieo Nickel).
Auatria-Hungary 784, 78S,
Chile 482,
122
801
722
721
7N
122
111
121
120
8M
284
227
844
121
647
257
122
562
402
770
111
2M
764
426
770
124
772
in
7U
721
7M
111
111
112
211
117
227
2M
212
827
841
212
147
74
INDEX,
867
Cobtlt. Praoee Mt
OermuiT nO. 811. 8U. SlI-SSO
N«w Cal«dooUt 4M. 810
Norway 838
RttMUt 888
Spain 888
SwltMrlaad 488
United SUUi 8
Cotelt ozldtt. 8w«d«n 848
United SUtM 8. 484. 860
Cobnr. Gold Mfnw. Ltd 881
Cochttl Gold Mf. Co., N. Hex 781. 768
Gockorill. A. B 808
OockorlU Co.. John 880
Coo 4 Co.. B. Frmnk 688
Coo Mf. Co.. Cal 770
Cooar d'Aleno Dorolopmont Co 401
Coko 778
AattrnUalA 777—788
Atutrln-Httnfnfy 778, 786—787. 780
Bolttum 788. 784. 7M
Canada 788—801
Chile 778
China 778
France 778
Germany 777. 818. 814. 818, 818
IndU 888
lUly n«, 884
Japan 778, 888.880
Mexico 778
Norway 888
Oren, OUo-HUgenatock By-product 168
Oven, Temperature of 180
Roaala 778. 887
Spam n8. 888. 840
United Kinsdom 847
United States 8. 184. 168. 778, 860
ColdeeoU. W. A 887
Collins. Henry F 186. 860
Colombia. Bmeralda 848
Gold 868. 878
Manganese 488
SllTer 864, 878
Colombian Mines Co 878
ColonUl Lead Ca. Mo 784
Colorado, Cement 78
CUy 188-188
Coal 184
Coke 186
Cyanide prooesi 808
Gold 868. 880
Oypsvm 864
Iron 880
Lead 408
Manganeee 468, 480
Natnral gas 488
Petroleum 487, 608
SllTer 864. 880
Zinc 800
Colorado City Mg. 4 Leasing Co. . Colo 764
Colorado Fue« A Iron Co 408. 768. 768. 764
Colorado Hocking Coal A Iron Co 768. 768
Colorado Iron Works 808
Colorado 8m. A Mg. Co 188. 170
Colorado Springs Stock Market In 1808 761
Colorado Zinc Co 800. 880, 866
Colors (eee alio Mineral Palnti).
China M8
Colqult Mg. Co 648
Columbia Chemical Co 686
Columbia Copper Co 178
Columbia Crude Oil Co 604
Columbia Gold Mg. Co 208
Columbia Graphite Co 247
Columbia Lead Co.. Mo 784
Columbia Mg. Co.. UUh 888. 881. 770
Columbus Cons. Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Colusa-Parrot Mg. A 8m. Co 170
Commercial Uerelopment Corp • 288
Commodore Mg. Co.. Colo 784
Commonwealth Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Commonwealth Zinc Co.. Mo 764
Communion Huettenwerk 218
Compsgnle des Produtts Chlmlques d*Alals....S8. 28
Compagnle des Phosphates 626
Compsgnle Blectrothermlque Keller Leleux A Co. 281
Compagnle Mlnlera Tunlsslenne 804
Compagnle Royale Asturlsane 804
Companla Anglo<4nitlena 676
Companla de Agullas 418
Companta Metallurgica Mexlcsna 417
Compania de Mlnas de Huanchaea 878
Companla Pundidora de Hl«rro y Adero 397
Companla Minora de Penolee 872, 418
Compania Mlnera Uncla 680
Comstock Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Comstock Tunnel Co.. Not 768, 767
Concentrating Machinery 640
Concentration of Oree by Oil 887
Coneheno Mg. Co 871
Confidence Mg. Co., Nev 770
Conley Furnace fSo
Conglomerate Mg. Co.. Utah 770
Connecticut, Clay 128—128
Feldspar 887
Iron 880
Consolidated California A Virginia Mg. Co.. Nev.
768. 767, 770
Consolidated Golden GaU A Sulphur Mg. Co..
Cal 770
Consolidated Golden Trout Mg. Co. . Cal 770
Consolidated Goldflelds of the Irory Coast, Ltd.. 888
Consolidated Ooldflelds of South Africa. Ltd 886
Consolidated Lake Superior Co 688
Consolidated Imperial Mg. Co.. Not 770
Consolidated Mercur Gold Mines Co.. UUh.... 888. 786
Consolidated Mg. Co.. Colo 784
Consolidated New York Mg. Co.. Not 770
Consolidated St. Gothard Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Consolidated Zinc Co.. Mo 784
Consolidated Cosl Co.. Md 786
Consol idated Alkal iwerke Westeregeln 688
Constellation Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Continental Oil Co., Cal 786
ContlnenUl Zinc Mg. Co.. Mo 768. 768. 786
Contra CosU Coal Co., Cal 770
ConTsrse. George 0 816
CouTerters (see Copper, Iron and Steel MeUllurgy).
Copiapo Mg. Co.. Chile 780. 786
Copper lo, S28. 778
Algeria 176. 808
Analysis m
Argentine 176, 178
Australasia 176. 178. 7n^788
Austria-Hungary 176, 778, 784—788. 788. 781
Blast Furnace Capacity 187
Boleo 176
BolMa 176. 177
Brasil 177
Brasll 177
Canada 176, 177. 776. 788—808
Cape of Good Hope 17S
Chile 176. 776. 808. 804
China 778. 806. 808
Cuba 178
Blectrolytle lea
Blectrolytic Refining In 1808 gie
Electrolytic Refineries in Europe..... 819
Blectrolytic Refinerlee In United SUtes 818
Bllmlnatlon of Impurities in nmtte 212, 218
BxporU Iff
Furnace-charging 444
Furnace plans 80S. 208
Furnace sections 194
Frsnce 776. 807-808
Germany.. 176, 228. 778. 811. '812, 814-818.
818. 818
Herreahoff furnace 806
Hoepfner process 828
ImporU 188
India 778. 888. 888
lUly 176. 178. 776, 884. 886. 827
Jsi«n 176. T78. 828-880
MarkeU 104. 106
MeUllurgy. Progrees during 1808 188
Mexico ....176. 179. 181. 778. 794. 796. 881. 888
Newfoundland ^ 176. 181 188
New Caledonia '. 810
Norway 176. 188. 888. 884
Peru 176
Portugal 176, 182. 886
Quebec 178
Reverberatory furnace 900
Russia 176. 188, 778. 888. ttl
Smelter at Crofton 198
Smelter at Oranby 198
Smelter at Trail IN
Smelters st Sallda 186
Smelting at Ducktewn 191
Smelting at Greenwood 197
Smelting at SanU Fe 196
South Africa 183
868
INDEX.
Copper. Spftln 175, 183. 776. 841. 9S8
Sweden 176, 776, 842—844
Temperature during emeltlng 201
Treatment of low grade ores 206
Truck for furnace 205
Turkey 175
United Kingdom 175. 188, 846. 846. 848
United 8Utea....S. 4. 162, 176. 776. 860. 864. 867
World's production 176
CopperCUft Ug. Co 848
Copper Queen Mg. Co.. Utah 164. 770
Copper Range Mg. Co. . Mich 169. 762. 768
Copper Bttlpbate 162. 776
Attstnilaeia 783
Auatrla-Hunganr 776. 784. 786, 789
Canada 776. 7M
Chile 776
France 776
Germany 776, 818, 820
lUly 776
Ruaaia 776
Spain 776
Sweden 776. 842—844
United Kingdom 847
United SUtea 2. 7. 776
Copperas 221. 776
AuatrU-Hungary 784—786. 788
Canada 776
Cblle T76
China 776
Prance 776
Germany 716. 817. 818
lUly 776, 826-827
Japan 828
RuasU T76
Spain T76
Sweden 776, 842-844
United SUtea 3. 6, 221, 776
Cordell. Zinc Co.. Mo 766
Cordova Exploration Co 870
Coraa. Gold 289
Cornwall Mine 696
Corona OH Co., Cal 77»
Corundum and Emery Industry in 1902 16
Corundum, Canada 19
DreMtng 664
United Statee ...2, 7, 16
CoaU Rica. Geld 276
Craig, B. A, C 19
Craig coal washer .668
Cramer. B 130
Crane. C. A 129
Crawford, J. R 657
Creede A Cripple Creeek Mg. Co., Colo 766. 767
Crescent Mg. Co.. Colo 756, 757
Cripple Creek Cons. Mg. Co.. Colo 756.767. 766
Cripple Creek Mg. A Leasing Co. , Colo 765
Croesus Mg. Co.. Cal 765
Croesus Mg. Co.. Colo 756, 757
Crookes. Sir William 238
Crosse. A. P 838
Crowned King Mg. Co., Arl* 765
Crown Point Mg. Co.. Nev 756, 757. 770
Crown Reef Mg. Co.. Transvaal 760
Crow's Nest Pass Cosl Co 267
Crucible Steel Co. of America. .. .345. 386, 768. 769. 766
Crusader Cons. Mg. Co., Utah 770
Crushed Steel. United SUtes 8
Cryolite. Austria- Hungary 786, 789
Canada 799
Germany 816
. United SUtes 21. 850
Crystal Chemical Works 472
CrysUt Oraphlt* Co 846
Cuba, Asphaltum 56, 67
Copper 178
Iron ore 868
Manganese 462. 464
Cuban Steel Ore Co S68
Culm (see Coal).
Cumberland Niagara Gold Mines. Ud 295
Cummer Co 97
Cummer dryer 113
Curamings' Cement Co., N Y 766
Curie. Madame 551. 654
Cushlng. George H 377
Cushlng ft Walkup Co 272
Cyanide Process in 1902 806
Cyanldiag Sulpho-Tellurldo Ores 384
Cyelopie Co 206
Cylindrical kiln 108. 109
Da CosU. Tlmothes tfS
Dabl ft Ferguson 6M
DakoU Mg. ft Milling Co 811
Dale. Sir Darid tn
Dales 8M
Dslton ft Lark Mg. Co.. Utah TfS
Dalton Mg. Co.. Utah TW
Daly Mg. Co.. UUb 756. 7B7
Daly-Judge Mg. Co 265
Daly-West Mill 647
Daly-West Mg. Co.. UUh 266. 762, 763, 76S
Dante Mg. Co., Colo 764, T6S
Darling. J. D 6S9. 6t>
Da vies. Samuel 61t
Davis furnace ffll
Davis Iron Works Co.. P. N 4St
Davis Mica Co «••
Davis Sulphur Co. 678
DavK William H Sflfl
Day. Dr. David T 242, 6»
Day Dawn Block ft Windham Mine 293
De Beers Cons. Mines. Ltd 244. TiO
De Lamar Co., Ltd m.
De Lamar Copper Refining Works Sit
De Lamar Mg. Co., Idaho 809, 7fB
De lAmar Nevada Gold Mg. Co MS
De Launay. L 68S. 6SB
De La Vergne Co STt
De Saulles. Arthur B CIC
Deadwood SUndard Mg. Co Sll
Deadwood-Terra Mg. Co., S'O. Oak 766. 75T
Deckhead zinc mill CS7
Deer Trail Cons. Mg. Co.. Waah 118
Del Monte Oil Co., Cal T7#
Delaware. Clay 126, 127, ISS
Delaware ft Hudson Co XSS
Delaware. Lackawanna ft Western R. R US
Delsware. Susquehanna ft Schuylkill R. R... tSS
DelU Zinc Co., Mo ..;. 765
Demarara Diamond Co SIT
Demldoff. Prince SSO
Demlng. J. J M
Deopwolf ft Co, C. H S8S
Denpiark Ammonium Sulphate St
Dennis. L. M 66t
Denver ft Cripple Creek Mg. Co.. Colo ItB
Denver Balance Co 4S1
Denze, B fit
Derby, O. A 66?
Desloge Cons. Lead Co., Mo 409, 765
Detrick. F. D fT»
Detroit Chemical Co EIS
Detroit Copper Co IM
Detroit Copper Co.. Mill iiO
Detroit Graphite Co 845
Detroit Iron A Steel Co MS*
Deutsche Gold-u. Sllberschelde AnsUlt S2t
Deutsche Solvaywerke SSS
Development Co. of America SGt
Devil's Den Oil Co., Cat Ta>
Devon Great Consols CJ. (Ltd.) 46. 49
Dewey Cons. Mg. Co.. Utah 765
Dewey Gravel Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Dexter Gold Mg. Co SOt
Dexter Mg. Co., Nev 7T0
Dexter Tuscarora Gold Mg. Co SfS
Diamond Cons. Mg. Co., UUh TTt
Diamond Creek Mg. Co.. Cal 7T0
Diamond SUr Oil Co.. Cal TC6
Diam'ond State Steel Co.. Del T65
Diamonds. Australasia S4i
Brazil 241. S6T
British Guiana MT
Dutch Bast Indies 247
India 4^ 248
South Africa 246
United Kingdom S46
United SUtes S44
Diatomaceous earth (see also SIllcaK
United SUtea 2. G6S
Dickinson Co.. J. L 74
Dickson. Charles W ' E2S
DIehl process 820. 886. 840
Dillwym ft Co 606
District of Columbia. Clay 126, 127. 128
Dixie Bauxite Co 12
Dixie Mg. Co., Nev 76B
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph 846. S46
* Doctor Jack Pot Mg. Co.. Colo 764, 756, Ti5
INDEX,
869
Doe Run L«id Co.. Mo iW. T«
DoleoAtb Mine, Ud B'5
Dolomite (see Stone).
Dominion Coal Co., N. S 761. 763. 765
Dominion Coal A Iron Co 761
Dominion Iron A Steel Co.. Ltd.,
158, 169. 5S2, 752. 753. 765
Dooltttle. C. H. .., IM. IW
Doremva. Charles A., Sodium Fluoride for Wmter
Puriflcetion 340
Dortematen'e Electric Zinc Fummce 61t
Dorr, J. V. N »12
DouKlM. Jemee. Copper. Arizona 114
Dow. A. W.. Petroleum and Maltha Products la
PaTlng «0
Dow Chemical Co 74. 566
Downs. William F W4
Drelsam Mg. Co., Oal 770
Drugs (see ChemtcalsK
Dublin Ug. Co.. Cal 770
Duektown Sulphur. Copper ft Iron Co 171. 191. 76S
Dudley. P. H M6
Dudley Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Dunkin Mg. Co, QoVo 756. 767
Dunnellon Phosphate Co MO
DunsUn. B »0. 302
Dupont Powder Co 681
Dutch Bast Indies. Diamonds 247
Gold 987
Petroleum 608
surer 264. 287
Dutch Oulana (see Quiana).
Dutch Mg. Co.. Cal 77\)
Dutch West Indies. Phosphate rock 633
DrorkOTtts. Paul 607
Dwight. A. 8 442
B
Eagle Co 86»
Eagle Flurospar Co 288, 339
Eagle Mg. Co.. Oregon 770
Earthenware, Belgium 798
India 864. 857
United States 854. 867
East Honorlne Mg. Co.. UUb 770
East Indies. Gold •• 363
East London Water Co 234
East Valeo Mg. Co.. UUb 770
Eckel. E. C 80, 261, 622
Manufacture of Mineral Wool 470
SUg Cement in 1902 85
Testing of Building Stone 671
Ecuador. Gold 263, 278
surer 264
Edgar Zinc Co 601. 609
Edwards. Th 442
Egypt. G;>ld 281
Phosphate Rock 623
Turquoise 251
Egypt ft Soudan Mg. Syndicate 281, 282
Egyptian Development Syndicate .:S1, 281
Egyptian Mines Exploration Co. , Ltd 281. 523
Bldmann 654
Eitner, P 76
Egleston. Prof. T 471. 476
El Oro Mg. Co.. Mex 760. 765
El Oro Mg. ft Ry. Co 274
El Paso Mg. Co.. Colo 754—757
El Rey Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Blbeni. A. D 470. 473. 476
Bld'orado Mg. Co.. Cal 765
Eldorado Oil Co.. Cal 770
Electric Cement Plaster Co 356
Electrical Lead Reduction Co 231. 460
Electric Power Co 613
Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy in 1902 — 223
Electrolytic Alkali Co.. Ltd 666
Elkton Cons. Mg. Co.. Colo 764-767. 766
Ella Eldon Mg. Co. SO. Dak 770
Blm RlTcr Mg. Co.. Mich 762. 753
Elmore. F. E 697
inmore. Guy H 6d6
Elmore Metall-Acttengcsellschaft 2i9
Elmore process of concentration 219
Elsie Mg. Co.. Utah 770
Ely Mg. Co.. Utah 770
Elk Mg. ft Milling Co.. Nev 309
Emerald Mg. Co., UUh 7To
Emeralds, Colombia 248
Emeralds. United SUtes 244, 248
Emery, C. E 476
Canada 799
Germany 817
Greece 90, 821
Sweden 843
Turkey 20
United SUtes 3. 7. 161. 8B0
Emery wheel manufacture SO
Emmons, S. F 628, 838
Empire Cons. Quicksilrer Mg. Co.. Cal 640. 765
Empire Mg. Co 839
Empire Oil Co.. Cal 770
Empire State-Idaho Mg. ft Derelopment Co.. 407. 766
Empire Steel ft Iron Co 765
Empire Zinc Co. 600
Enameline Stove Polish Co 846
Engelbardt, Victor 234
Erngland (see United Kingdom).
English Crown Spelter Co.. Ltd 806
Epsom salt. Germany Sit
Epsom salt, United SUtes 456. 467
Equality OU Co., Cal 770
Erie R. R US
Erste BOhmlBche Zinkhatten u. Berghau Qesell-
schaft 804
Espcranza Mg. Co.. Mex 765
Estableclmlento Industrial de Zorrftos 610
EtruBcan Copper EsUtes Co 1TB
Euiert, P. O «»
Eureka Cons. Drift Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Eureka Con. Mg. Co., Ner 770
Eureka M«. Co.. Cal 76S
Eureka OU Co.. Cal 766
Eureka-Swansea Ext. Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Eutonia Mg. Co., Utah 770
Evans ft Dougherty 121
Everdell. Henry C 68
Ewlng 868
Excelsior Drift Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Excelsior Salt Works 74
Exchange Mg. Co., Utah 770
Exchequer Mg. Co., Nev 770
Bxplonives, Canada 799. 800
Explosives. Germany 816
F
Fabrlk Elektriscber Blelcbapparate 280
Falding. F. J.. Sulphuric Acid in United SUtes. 680
FaU Creek Mg. Co.. Cal 770
FaU River Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Famatlma Copper ft Gold Syndicate Ltd 276
Famatima Development Corp.. Ltd 176. 276
Fanny Rawliogs Mg. Co., Colo 754. 756. 765
Parrel Copper Co 170
Fassett, Charles M 867
Father de Smet Mg. Co., So. Dak 770
Favorite Mg. Co., Cofo 766
Fay 868
Fay. H 426
Fayette Mfg. Co 466
Feamot Mg. Co 305
Feather River Exploration Co 269. 766
Federal Asphalt Co 56. 68
Federal Chemical Co., Ky 582. 766
Federal Graphite Co 247
Federal Lead Co 437
Federal Steel Co 786
Feldspar (see also Clay).
Feldspar 227
Belgium 793
Canada 798
Connecticut 237
Germany 816. 817
Norway 838. 834
Prices 237
Sweden 842
United SUtes 2, 7. 237
Ferraris. Errolnio 616, 821
Ferguson. Hu^j 17
Perrelra Mg. Co., Transvaal 760
Ferris- Haggerty Mg. C^., Wyo 766
Ferrocbromlum 124. 229
Ferromanganese. United SUtes 3. 4
Ferromolybdenum. United SUtes 3. 4
FerrotlUniura 229. 694
FpiTotunBBten 695
Ferrous 9ulph.ite (see Copperas).
United States 8. 5
870
INDEX.
F«rttUz€ra, AttttrUt-Huncftir 7M> 7^
Canada 800
United SUtM 861. 854, 857
Flfteen-Thraa Oil Co., Cal T70
Figaro Mf. Co.. Colo W
Flnanea Coni. Hg. Co.. Colo 785
Flndley Mg. Co.. Coro 754. 766
Finltta. Olaon 4 Co «»4
Flnlay. J. B 407
Flrsbrlck (sea Clay).
Fire CU7 (aea Clay).
Fiah Springs Mg. Co.. UUh 770
Ftalier. Henry, Ammonium and Ammonium 8ul*
Phate jW
Aiibcatoa M
Barytea .f 84
Calcium Carbide* A Acetylene 76
Chromium and Chrome Ore 106
Copper 182
Fluorspar 838
Fullers Earth 841
Gems and Precious Stones 844
Gold and Silver 252
Lead 406
Mica ««
F.}taflBittm salU 532
Sodium salU 665
Zinc and Cadmium 699
Fitagerald. F. A. J 862
Flagstone (see Stone).
Flat Top Coal Land Aaaoctatron 786
Flint, Belgium 7M
<^n<Ui4 799
United States 8
Florence Mg. Co., Mont 766
Florence Mg. Co., Utah 770
Florence Oil ReL Oo. 604
Florida. Clay 126-128
Fullers Bsrth 841
Phosphate Rock 618. 619
Flnker. W. H. 261
Fluorspar 838. 776
Austria Hungary 776, 786. 789
Chile ■"«
France 839. Wl
Germany 289. 776. 816. 817. 819
Prices 238
Russia "«
Spain 289, 889
Sweden 776
United Kingdom 239. 845
United SUtes 2, 7, 238, 239
Fluorspar Co. 838
Poerster. F 686. 663
Forlorn Hope Mg. Co.. Cal 770
Fortln A Orarel 468
Foster. C. Le Neve 22
Foster-CooUdge sampler 429. 480
Four Aces Mg. Co.. Utah 771
Four MeUls Mg. Co., Colo 765
Four Oil Co.. Cal 766
Fowler. Samuel S 650
Copper, Canada 177
Gtold, Canada 267
Lead, Canada 415
Flranee, Alum 776. 808
Aluminum 22, 23. 776. 808, 809
Alunlte 807
Ammonium :3ulphate 36
Antimony 41, 776. 807—809
Arsenic 48. 776
Asphaltum 50. 58, 776, 807
Barytas 64. 776. 807
Bauxite 14. 807
Borax 778. 808
Bromides 808
Cement 80. 776. 807—809
Chromate ^08
Chromate Mlts 808
Clay 129. 807
Coal 186. 807—809
Cobalt 809
Coke 776
Copper 776. 807—809
Copper sulphate .* 776
Copperas 776
Fluorspar 239. 807
Fullera earth 242
Gold 2B3. 257, 808. 809
Graphite 776
France, Gypsum 884. 8SC.
Hydrochloride acid 776.
Iron 886. S91. 776,
Kaolin
Lead 412. 4U. n6. 807-
Ume 807.
Manganese 4€t, 484. 776. 807.
Mlllstrones 807.
Mercury sulphide
Mineral paints
Nickel 488, 776. 808,
Nitric add
Petroleum 776. 807.
Phosphate rock 618. 688. 807.
Plaster
Platinum
Potassium nitrate
Potassium salts «
Pyrite 6M^ 778,
Quicksilver Tit,
Sal ammoniac
Salt 668. 776. 807.
Silver : 864. 867. 807-
SUte 776.
Soda 776.
Sodium nitrate 776,
Steel 886. S91. 776.
Stone 607.
Sulphur 674. 776.
Sulphuric acid 776.
Tin 776, M8.
Zinc §08,804.776.808.
Zinc white
Uranium
French Guians. Gold
Franco-Russian Platinum Industry Co
Franklin Mg. Co. Mich 168. 167, 762.
FrankoUne
Frasch, H. A
Fraoch Nickel Process
Frasch Process Soda Co
Fraser Oil A Gas Co
Free Coinage Mg. Co.. Colo
Free Coinage Mg Co.. UUh
Free Gold Mg. Co
Freeland, W. II., Copper Smelting at Duektown..
Fremont Cons. Mg. Co.. Cal
Fremont Mg. Co.. Utah
Fremont Oil A Gas Co
French Guiana (see Guiana)
Frerlchs, G
Fresno A S. Benito Oil Co.. Cal
Friedman. L. W
Frisco Cons. Mg. Co.. Idaho
Frisco Cons. Mg. Co.. Ltd
Frisco Mg. Co., UUh
FrOdlng. Separator
Frontlno A Bolivia Gold Mg. Co., Ltd.
Frontino A Bolivia Mg. Co.. Bolivia
Frontlno A Bolivia Mg. Co.. Colombia
Frost. O. J
Fullers earth
Canada
France
India
Prices
Turkey
United States 2, 7,
Fullerton A Sunset Oil Qo., Cal
Fullerton Oil Co.. Cal
Fulton, Charles H.. Cyanide Process in 1908
Fumace-Charging, System at East Helena. «
Furnaces (see MeUllnrgy).
Fumiss, H. W
887
T7«
soi
2U
680
76S
T«
638
212
68S
m
771
771
667
771
878
7iS
407
771
C6C
271
760
76S
481
2tt
719
241
821
241
241
241
446
IM
G. A C. Cons. Mg. Co t6B
G. A G. Zinc Oxide Co 681
Oabel Process 4M
Gage, 8. H. «•
Galena (see Lead).
Garnet |41
United SUtes 2. 7. 242
Garretson Furnace 106
Garretson Furnace Co 20i
Ckirretson. Oliver 8 208
Gaud, F 76
Gautier A Co., J. H 245
GelKjbeek, S 122
Geltel 655
INDEX.
871
0«ld«nhula BsUtw Gold Ms. Co.. Tranaraal 7M
Oems, AuatrAlasU 771
0«mt And PraclouB Btoact 144
G«mtnl Mk. Co., Utab 766
Gonoral Chemical Co 6S1, 7IS
Ooneral Bleetric Co 4M
OoDOViore Mf. Co.. UUh 771
QeorgtA. ABbostoa SO
Banzlte U
Clajr ll»-128
Coal 184
Coko 114
FttUan' eartli 141
Gold 261
Iron SM
ManganoM 46». 460
Oeorsla Cbenilcal Worka BSS
Ooorgla Coal A llg. Co 461
Ooorgia Coal A Iron Co 877
OalaU Mg. Co., Cal 771
OaUna Mg. Co.. Utah 771
Oalona Traaaaro Mg. Co.. 8o. Dak 771
Canyon Mg. Co.. UUb 771
Garden City Mg. Co., So. Dak HI
Oarflold Cooa. Mg. Co., Colo 766
Garibaldi Mg. Co., Cal 771
Gorman Ammonia Syndicate.... 87
German Iron 4 Steel Union 898
German allrer. Anstrla-HimgaTy 78t
Cbina 806
Japan 829
Germanium 662
Germany 818
Alabaater 814
Alum 776. 811, 812. 816. 818
Aluminum 22. 776» 814
Aluminum aulpbate 811
Ammonium aalts glti
Ammonium aulpbate 86, 87, 812
Antimony 41. 776. 811. 816. 818
Araenic 46. 47. 811. 816. 818-880
Aabeetoa 776. 8l6
Aaphaltum 66. 776. 811. 816. 818
Bartum aalU 816
Barytea 776. 816. 817. 819
Bauxite 816
Blamutta 811. 819. 820
Boraelte 811. 818
Borax 776. 816
Braaa 812. 814. 816
Bromine 816
Calcium eblorlde 816
Cadmium 811. 818
Carbolic add 816
Carbon 816
Cement 80. 776. 812. 814. 816
Cbromtum 816
Cinnabar 816
Clay 129, 812. 814, 816. 817. 820
Coal 186. 776. 811, 812, 814, 816-819
Coal Ur 816
Cobalt 811. 816, 818—820
Coke 776, 812, 814. 816. 819
Copper ...175. 776. 811. 812. 814. 816, 818. 819, 828
Copper aulpbate 776. 818. 82o
Copperaa 776. 817. 818
Cryolite 816
Emery 817
Epaom aalt 818
BzploeiTea 816
Peldapar 816. 817
Pluorapar 229. 776. 816. 817. 819
Gold 268. 267. 811—814. 816-820
Glaaa 812
Grapbite 848. 776. 811, 818, 814. 816. 817
Gypaum 864. 816. 817
Hydrocbloric acid :....n6. 816
Iodine 818, 816. 816
Iron 886. 892. 776. 811. 818. 816. 818
Kaolin 816
Lead ....412. 418. 776, 811. 818, 816. 818-820
Lignite 811. 816. 818
Limeatone 816. 819
Lltbarge 811. 816. 818
Lithopbone 816
Magneaium carbonate 816
Magneaium eblorlde 816
Magnesium aulpbate 811
Manganeae 462. 776. 811. 813. 816-819
Marble 812. 814
Marl 813
Germany. Mica 819
Mineral oil 816
Mineral palnta 811-81.
Nickel 486. 488. n6. 811. 818—816, 818—880
Nitric acid 816
Ocher 818, 819
Osokerite 816
Petroleum 499. 609, n6, 811, 818. 816. 818
Phoapb«U 818. 816
Pbospborua 816
Pltcb 816
Potaasium aalu 811. 818—816. 818
Platinum 814. 816
Pyritea 680. 776. 812. 818. 816, 817, 818
Q«»rta 817. 819
QuiekailTer 776. 813, 816. 818
Salt 662. n6. 812, 818. 816-818
Saltpeter 816
Sand 813. 816
Selenium 818
Silica 818, 815, 817
81lT«r 264. 267. 812-816. 818-820
Slag ....818, 816. 816
Slate n6. 818. 816. 817
Soapatone 817
Soda n6. 818. 815
Sodium nitrate n6. 814. 816
Sodium aalU 812. 816
Sodium aulpbate ^ 817
Steel 886. 898. 776. 815
Stone 814—817
Strontia minerala 816
Sulpbur 674. n6. 812. 814. 816, 818, 819
Sulpburlc acid 812, 816. 817. 819. 820
Tin 686, 776. 812. 814. 816, 819
Tombac 816
Tripoli 817
Tungsten 812. 819
Ultramarine 816
Uranium 812, 819
Waterglaaa 816
Wbite lead 816
Wttberite 816
Zinc 602. 605, 776. 812. 814. 817. 819. 820
Zinc wbite n6, 813
Gerrymander Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Geyaer-Marlon Mg. Co., UUb 771
Geyaer Mg. Co., Colo 771
Giant Oil Co., Cal 771
Gibraltar Con. Mg. Co., Cal m
Gibson, Tboa. W 487
Gilcbrlat, J. C ttl
Glllaon 668
OlUaott. C. B 426
Ollmore Mg. Co 412
Gilaonito. United SUtea 2
Glaaer. P Ul
Glauber salts, Russia 887
Globe Oil Co.. Cal 761
Globe Refining Co 849
Glttckauf 688
Godbe. B 819
Golconda Mg. Co.. Nev 771
GoleU Coo. Mg. Co.. Cal HI
Gold. Abyssinia 388
Argentina 263. 276
Australasia 253. 290, 7n— 783
Austria-Hungary 268. 267, 784, 786. 787. 789
Belgium 794, 796
Bolivia 268. tn
Borneo 268
Braxll 262. 277
Brttlsb Guiana 263
Canada 268. 267. 798-802
Central America 263
Cbart of world's production 266
Cblle 268. 278. 803
China 268. 286, 806
Colombia 268, 278
Costa Rica 275
Dutch Esst Indies 287
Dutch Guiana 263
Bast Indies 253
Bcuador 268. 278
Egypt 281
France 263. 267, 808, 809
French Oulana 263
Germany 263. 267. 811—814. 816. 818. 820
Guiana 279
Honduras 27*:
Hungary 2.,..
8W.
INDEX.
26S. 288. 822
..258. 884. 82S. 827
288
.268. 288. 888. 880
268. 288
.268. 288
Gold. India
Italy
iTory Coast
Japan
Korea
Madagaacar
Malaj SUtas 268. 290
Mexleo .268. 270. 881. 882
M osamblque
NawfoundlaAd 268,
Nicaragua 878
Nofwaj 268. 888
Paru 268. 280
Portttcal S68. 886
PonucvM* Baat Afrlea 283
Rhodaala 268. 288
Risnla 268, 280. 886. 887
Salvador 278
Barrla 281
SoOdan 268
Spain 268. 281. 888. 840
Swadon 268. 842. 848
Tranavaal 268. 284
Tntkay 268
United Kingdom 263.267.846. 846
United SUtaa 8. 4. 262, 268. 268. 861. 864
Unignay 268. 280
Venaiuflla 258
• Watt Africa 288
^^ Weat Coaat 268
' and Bllrar 262
A SllTor Cafb. Mg. Co.. Utah 771
4k SlWar Bxtractlon Co. of Amarlea 888
Bay Mg. Co 268
Belt Con. Mg. Co.. Colo 786
Coart. Gold 282
Coaat Agency. Ltd 282
Coaat Pioneer Syndicate. Ltd 282
• Coin of Victor Mg. Co.. Colo 786
Coin Ug. Co. (Gllpln Co.). Colo 771
Cyanide Proceea In 1802 206
Gold Deposit Mg. Co.. Colo 786
Gold Dollar Mg. Co.. Colo 754-767
Gold Fields of Mysore and Ganeral Bzplora*
tlon Co., Ltd 288
Gold Hill Bonanta Mg. CO.. Colo 765
Gold Hill Mg. Co., Cal HI
Gold Hill Ms. Co., Utah 771
Gold King Mg. Co.. Colo 765
Gold Leaf Mg. Co.. Waah 771
Gold Sovereign Mg. Co.. Colo 764. 765
Golden Channel Mg. Co., Cal 771
Golden Crest Mg. Co 811
Golden Cycle Mg. Co.. Colo ..754. 766, 765
Golden Eagle Mg. Co.. Colo 766
Golden Eagle Mg. Co.. Nev 771
Golden Pleoce Mg. Co.. Colo 764. 767
Golden Horseshoe Mg. Co 817
Golden Horseshoe Mg. Co.. W. A 780
Golden Jubilee Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Golden King Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Golden Reward Mg. Co 811
Golden SUr Mg. Co., Cal 771
Golden SUr Mg. Co.. Ont 766
GoldfcchRtidt process 31
Good Hope Mg. Co.. UUh Ttl
Good Title Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Goodanough Mg. Co.. B. C 766
Gopeng Tin Mg. Co 592
Ooransson 864, 674
Gould A Curry Mg. Co.. Nev 771
Gould Central Oil Co.. Cal 771
Gould Oil Co., Cal Ttl
GouUl 878
Gouvaneur Lead 4k Garnet Co 248
Grablll. C. A 204
Grafton Mg. Co.. Colo 765
Gratiamlte (see Gllsonlte).
Grammont Afflnerle 219
Granby Copper Go 177. 178
Grand Central Mg. Co.. Mex 765
Grand Central Mg. Co.. UUh 765
Grand Gulch Mg. Co.. Ariz 766
Grand Pierre Lead 4k Zinc Mg. Co 239
Grand Price Copper Co 206
Grand Prise Oil Co.. Cal 771
Granite (see also Stone).
Canada 802
Ind*a . 822
Granite Bl-Metalllc Co 262
Qranit* Hill M^. Co.. Cal 771
Graalte-Poonnan Mg. Co 2tt
Grape Vine Canyon Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Graphite 848, 77€
Artiflclal 851
Australasia 848
Austria-Hungary 848. 776. 784. 787. 789
Canada 348. 849, 776. 798. 800. 802
Oeylon 848
Chile 776
Franca 77«
Oarmaay 848. 776. 811. 818. 814. 818. 817
India 34S
lUly 348, 776. 824. 825. 627
Japan 348. 828. 829
Mexico 348. 776. 831, 822
RusaU , 348
Spain 848
RufliUi 886
Sweden 348. 776. 848. 844
United Kingdom 848
United BUtaa 2. 3. 7. 348. n6, 857
Grass Valley Exploration Ca. Cal 765
OrasaelU Chemical Co 86. 688
Gray Bagia Oil Co., Cal 786
Gravel. Algeria 810
Belgium 793
Canada 79»-80l
United Kingdom 846
Great Australian Quicksilver Co 644
Great Bonansa Mg. Co.. Utah 771
Great Boulder Main Reef Mine 294, 818
Great Boulder Perseverance Gold Mg. Co., Ltd..
W. A 296. 780
Great Boulder IVoprletary Co.. W. A 780
Great Britain (see United Kingdom).
Great Cobar Copper Co 175
Great Eastern Mg. Co.. Utah m
Great Eastern Quicksilver Mg. Co 141
Great Fingall Mg. Co., W. A 760
Great Northern Mg. t; Development Co 808
Great Western Cement Plaster Co 255
Great Western Mine 540
Great Western Mg. Co., <3al 771
Great WesUm OH Co., Cal 786
Greater Gold Belt Mg. Co., Colo 765
Greece. Blende 821
Calamine 821
Chromium 121. 122, 821
Emery 80. 821
Gypsum 864, 8n
Irrn 881
Lead 412, «21
Lignite 821
Magneslte 821
Manganese 482. 821
Millstones 821
Pussolan 821
Salt 6C2. 821
Sliver 854
Sulphur 574, 821
Zinc i02
Green MounUin Oil Co.. Cm\ T85
Green River Asphalt Co S5
Greene Cona. Copper Co.. Mex 180.756.717, 786
Grenct M8
Greenville PertUlser Co 682
GrenviUe Graphite Co Mi
Glass 288
Auslralasia 7»>— 788
Austria-Hungary 786.787, 788
Belgium 794. 796
Canada 799. 800
China 886. «N
(Sermany gij
India 828
Italy : 825, 827
Norway 883, 884
Sweden 848. 844
United Kingdom 848. 848
United SUtea 8M. 8S7
Glen Deep, Ltd 8M
Granite (see Stone).
Griffin cement mill 96,88, 88
Orlfflth ft Boyd 882
Grindst'ones (see also Stone).
Canada TK. 880
United States t, 688
Grlxsly Mg. Co., Cal 771
Groth. Dr. L. A SSI
Guadalupe Milling Co., Mex 76s
Guanajuato Conf. Cp 27|
INDEX.
873
Oumn«Juato Gold Mg- Co-. Mez 7SI. 763
OuanaJuAto Power 4k Electric Co •••;,;;■ V2,
Guano. Belgium 794. 7»6
Guggenheim Exploration Co "T*. 417
Ouggenhelm'g Sone. M 181. nt. S71. 271
Outana (mo Brltlah Guiana, etc.).
Gold 2J
Oulllet. Leon •«
Guirocbant. J •• J*J
Gunti *•• JJJ
Outbler *J
Gwln Mg. Co. Cal 7«6
CypBum •"• JM
Algeria •". «»
AuMtria-Hungary 787. 7W
^Canada 864. 36C. 788. 800-8M
Chile 804
Prance 854. 868. 807
Germany 864.818. 817
Greece 3M. Ml
India 864. 822
Mexico 881, 882
Sweden 848. 844
United Kingdom SM. 846
United Btatet 2. 7, 864
in Kanaaa in 1902 856
H. L -^98
Haas proceM 493
Haff, M. H 821
Hale. R. M 449
Hale * NorcroM Mg. Co., Nev 768. 767. Tt\
Bali 667
Hall A McGonnell 811
Hall Mg. * 8m. Co 178
Hallett. 8. 1 840
Hamel-Reynolda Aisphalt Mining Co 67
Hamilton Otto Coke Co 168
Hammon. W. H.. Natural Gas In United SUtea... 481
Hampden Corundum Wheel Co 21
Hanford-Protno Oil Co.. Cal 771
Hanford Oil Co.. Cal 788
Hanford-Sanger Oil Co., Cal 771
Hanna 4k Andrua Co 496
Hanna A Co.. M. A 277
Harblnson- Walker Refraetoriet Co 466
Hardin County Mineral 4k Mg. Co 229
Rargreavee 821
Harinet furnace 230
Harriaon Broa. * Co 589. 681
Hart Mg. Co., Colo 768. 767
Hartford City 8alt Co 74
Hartaals 634
Haakoveck. A 129
Haaareidter 820
Hatton Garden Syndicate 247
Havemann. C. H. T 818. 821
Hawkina. John H 12
Hawk-McHenry Mg. Co.. UUh 771
Hawley. R. H 48
Haworth. Braamua. Oypaum in Kanaaa 806
Hayea. Dr. C. W 63. 183. 632
Head. A. P 393
Head Center Cona. Mg. Co.. Arix 771
Hecla Cona. Mg. Co.. Mont 189. 788
Hecla Mg. Co., Idaho 788
Hedwigaburg 633
Heim. M 182
Helnxe. August 170
Helena * Livingaton Sm. 4k Ref. Co.. Mont 768
Helena Mg. Co.. Oregon 768
Heneage. E. E 248
Henry Nourae Mg. Co., Tranavaal 780
Henton. John 211
Heratol 74
Herculea Mg. Co.. Utah 771
Hercynla 633
Herlng. Carl 217
Heronlt Furnace 221
Heronlt. M 23
Herreahott. J. B. P 208
Herx. W 124
HerxegoTlna (aee Boania).
HerxogUch Anhaltiacher Bergflacua 633
Heater A Mg. Co.. S. Dak HI
Heyn. Prof 8M
Heywood Oil Co.. Tex ?•«
Heywood. William A 197, 19«
Hidalgo Mg. Co 271
Hidden Fortune Co 810, 811
Hidden Treaaur* Mg. Co., Cal 788
Hlgglna Oil Co., Texaa 780
High Falla. Pyrltea Co 678
Highland (Leadville) Mg. Co., Colo 771
Highland Mg. Co.. UUh HI
Hllarion. Rouz et Cle 219
Hilda GraTel Mg. Co.. Cal 77l
Hill. B. F 642
Hill, R. T 302
Hill A Griffith 345
HillUrd, F. B 248
Hillaide Mg. Co., UUh 771
Himalaya Mg. Co.. UUh 260. 771
Hloma. A. H ttO
Hobart. Frederick, Iron and Steel 367
Iron and Steel MeUllurgy 398
Hoepfner. Carl 821
Hoffmann 666
Hofman. H. O.. Lead Smelting 426
Holden. B 822
Holden. George A 140
Holland. Ammonium aulphate 38
Holtman. F. W 442
Holy Terror Mg. Co.. So, Dak 788
Holxer * Co.. Jacob 880
Home Mg. Co., Cal 771
Home Mg. Co.. Colo 78€
Home Oil Co.. Cal 788
Homeatake Gold Mg. Co.. So. Dak 768. 767. 780
HomeaUke Mg. Co 810,811. 314
HomeaUke Mg. Co., UUh 771
HomeaUke Oil Co., Cal 780
Honduraa. Gtold 27€
Silver 278
Hoover, H. C. Ore Treatment at Kalgoorlle 338
Hope Salt 4k Coal Co 74
Hopfelt. R 77, 662
Hopkins. T. C 237
Hopper. J. L 44l
Horn Silver Mg. Co.. UUh 286. 768. 767. 788. 771
Horaefly Mg. Co.. Cal HI
Horseahoe Mg. Co.. So. Dak 768
Horaeahoe Bar Cona. Mg. Co., Cal 771
Horaeahoe Mg. Co.. Cal 309-811
Horejae-Splrek 660
Hoakina. Albert J.. Mica In New Hampahire 488
Hot Air Mg. Co 258
Houghton. S. A 8M
H'ouaton Oil Co.. Tex 788
Howard alloy press 462
Howard. W. H 444. 461
Howe. Henry M 883
Howley, James P 289
HuannnI Tin Mg. Co 690
Huddle. W. J.. Rare ElemenU 681
Httller 669
Hulae 669
Humboldt Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Humfrey 883
Hungary (aee alao Anatria-Hnngary).
Antimony 41
Aiphaltum 68
Gold 263
Lead 412. 413
Magneaite 467
Petroleum 499
Pyrlte 680
Qulckallver 54."
Salt 583
Silver 264
Sulphur 674. 676
Hungarian Sulphur Syndicate 676
Huatlngton mill 98
HuUhlnaon. G. A a 204
Hutu Gold Mlnea. Ltd .* 288
Rutton. F. R 476
Hydraulic lime, Norway 833
Hydraulic mining coaU 301
Hydrochloric acid 778
Auatrla-Hungarr 778. 787. 789
Canada 778
Chile 778
France 778. 808
Garmany 778. 818
lUly 778
Rttfsia 77C
Spain 77C
Sweden 77C
United State* 778
874
INDEX,
IlMZ Co 46f
Idabo. Claj 1J«— 118
Copper 166
Cyanldo process S08
Gold tt«-a61
Lead 497
Mica 467
Mg. Co 467, 766
surer 264. 261
lies, M. W 426. 440
Illinois. Cement 79
CUy 126->128
Coal 184
Plttorspar 238
Iron 260
Salt 660
Stone 570
Zinc 6W
Illinois Steel Co 868. 408
Illinois Zinc Co 616
Ilsey. Dottbleday A Co 845
Ima Mg. Co 698
Imanl Gold Mg. Co.. Ltd 884
Imperial Mg. Co 811
Imperial Mg. Co., Cal 771
Imperial Oil Co.. Cal 766. 771
Import duties of the principal covntrles of the
world 776
Imyo Marble Co., Cal 771
Inca Mg. Co 280
Independence Cons. Mg. Co. , Colo 766
Independence Mg. Co., Utah 771
Independent Chemical Co 74
Independent Mg. Co.. Cal 771
India. Alum 822, 823
Arsenic 48, 838
Asbestos 822
Asphaltum 828
Brass 823
Bt>iaz 822. 823
Cement 823
Chalk 823
Clay 822, 828
Coal 136,139.822. 823
Coke 823
Copper 822, 823
Diamonds 248
Earthenware 823
Fullers earth 822
Glassware 823
03ld 263. 288, 822
Granite 822
Graphite 822
Gypsum 864. 822
Iron 822, 823
Jadestone 823
Laterlte 822
Lead 823
Lime 823
Limestone 822
ManganeM 462, 464. 822. 828
Marbld 828
Mica 468, 822. 823
Mineral oils 823
PaInU 823
Petroleum 499, 509. 822
Precious stones S23
Quicksilver 646. 823
Rubles 249. 822
Salt 662, 822. 823
Saltpeter 822. 823
Sandstone 822
Slate 822
Soapstone 822
Steel 823
Stone 823
Tin 822. 823
Trap rock 822
Zinc 823
Indian Territory. Asphaltum 62
Clay 126—128
Coal 134
Coke 136
Gypsum 354
Natural Gas 481
Indian Red 495
Indiana. Cement 79
Clay 126-128
Indiana, Coal y^
Coke
IS
.818. 816, tii
»4
•778. 80S. »M
776. 806. 906
Natural Oaa \\\ 4g|
Petroleum gmn mm
Stone *^' S
Zinc S
Ingalls. Walter R ^
Zinc MeUUnrgy cm
Ingham Cons. Mg. Co.. Colo 78*
ingot Mg. Co.. UUh iS
Ingnaran Copper Co IJjJ ^4
International Acheson Graphite Co.. N. T S6L 7«6
International Emery * Corundum Co... ' " **
International Mg. Co.. UUh 77,
International Nickel Co '^ ^
International Petroleum Co nJ
International Steam Pump Co m" 75a
Inverell Diamond Field Co.. Ltd sis
Inyo Derelopment Co Tun
Iodine. Chile 22
Geimany
Norway
lola Gold Mine
Iowa, Clay '..'.'.*.*.'.***.*.*'*"iiaJjS
Coal !:.:::::::::_ IS
Gjrpsum ' — ^^
, i^d :::::::::::;:: S
Iowa Mg. Co., Colo «u
Ireland (see United Kingdom).
Iridium ^
United States SI
Iron and Steel ^' ifj
Iron. Algeria JiJ* „«
Australasia '.iiiiiii'.'.^JSB
Austria-Hungary.
5«'«*"™ 386, 890. T9S-7M
Chart of production In principal countries
cf the world •«.
Chile
China
Electrometallurgy
Exports 3,,
J^^* 886. 891. 776. 807-«9
2*™»"y 886. 892. 776. 811-818. 815-818
P**^* 821
ImporU yj.
In«** m! 823
I**'y S86. 893. 776. 824. 82S. 827
J*P»n 776. 82S— tao
Markets In 1902 ^ittA
MeUllurgy In 1902 a<
;;«*«> W. 77C m! 888
Nonray „,, g„
Portugal 0}
?«"«» 886, 898. 77i." 898-«8
fPa*n »»8, 894. 778, 8»-«41
Sweden 886. 894. 776. 841>-844
United Kingdom 886 894* MI Ma
United States. *
2. 4. 7. 857. 386. 776. 861, 864. 8U. »7. tt8
Iron Ore (see also Iron and Steel).
Cuba Id
Production of Lake Superior Minos sr
Receipts at Lake Erie Ports ne
United SUtes m
Iron Oxide. Australasia 717
United States «
Iron Silver Mg. Co.. Colo IM. 7|7, fH
Ironclad Mg. Co.. Colo 751, ng
Irwin. W. G 441
Irwin 4k Sons. Henry 41s
Isabella Gold Mg. Co.. Colo 764— 7ST. 1t6
Isle Royale Mg. Co.. Mich 166. 168. 116. 718. ns
lUly. Alum K. 776. 184
Aluminum t^i
Aluminum sulphate 8M
Alunlto 134
Ammonia 888. W
Antimony 41. HO. 824. OB
Arsenic 47. 48. 771, 8K
Asbestos 60. 826. \M
Asphaltum 66. 68. T76. 884--e28
Barytes 776. 824. 8»
Bauxite u
Borax 72. n6. l
Boric acid
Bronte
Caustic soda
.886. sn
.ns. 07
DfDBX.
876
IUI7. Cement 776. ttS. SM
Ch*lk / 816. 826
Ctay 886. 886
Coel 186, n6, 824. 886. 887
Coke n6, 824
Copper 175, 178. 776. 824. 826. 827
Copper ealphate 776
Copperas 776. 884. 827
Pluorapar 776
Olau 886. 827
Gold 263. 824, 826. 827
Graphite 848. 776. 824. 826. 827
Hydro3blorlc acid 776
Iron 886. 398. 776. 824, 825. 827
Lead 418. 413. 71%, 824. 826. 827
Lead carbonate 826. 827
Lead oxide 826. 887
Manganese 462, 464. 776. 824
Marble 824
Mineral palnU 826. 827
Nickel 776
Nickel alloys 826, 827
Petroleum 488. 776, 824. 826
Pboephste rock 826. 827
PoUsh 826, 827
Potassium aulphate 826
Precious stones 886
Pumice 824
Pyrlte 680, 71%, 824
Quicksilver 648. 646. 71%. 824. 886. 827
Salt 662. 776. 824. 826. 827
Silver 264. 826-827
Slag 826, 827
Sodium nitrate 776
Sodium salts 826. 887
Steel 886, 393. 776, 826. 827
Stone 827
Sulphur 674. 676. 776. 826. 827
Sulphuric edd 776
Talc 826
Tin 776. 826. 827
Zinc 602. 606, 776, 826—827
Zinc oxide 776, 827
Ivanhoe Gold Corporation, W. A 317. 760
Ivory Coast. Gold 282
J
Jack Lake Gold Mg. Co.. Ltd 870
Jack Pot Mg. Co.. Colo 764—767. 766
Jackllng. D. C 440
Jackson Bros 140
Jackson rertlllzer Co 682
Jackson. W. J 448
Jackson Mg. Co.. Cal 766
Jacobs. C. B 66
Jadestone. China 806
Jadeatone, India 823
Jagersfonteln Mg. Co.. Transvaal 760
James. Alfrwl 284. 316, 834
Jamison Mg. Co.. Cal 766
Janin, Louis, Jr 830
Japan, Alum 776
Aluminum 766
Antimony 41. 776. 828, 830
Arsenic 47. 828
Asbeatca 776
Botax 776
Brass 829. 830
Bronse 830
Coal 136. 139. 776. 828-830
Coke 776. 829. 830
Copper 176. 776. 828-830
Copperas 828
German Silver 829
Gold 263. 289, 828-830
Graphite 348. 776. 828. 888
Iron 776. 828-830
Kerosene 828
Leid 412. 776. 828. 829
Manganese 462. 828, 830
Nickel 71%, 828
Ocher 8J{8
Petroleum 499, 828
Quicksilver 643. 776. 828, 829
gait 662. 828
Silver 264, 82fr-830
Sodium nitrate — 776
Steel 776. 829
Sulphur 574. 676, 828. 830
Tia 686. 776, 828. 829
Japan, Yellow mcUI 828
Zinc 776, 828
Zinc white 776
Jareckl Chemical Co 682
Jeannette Mg. Co 268
Jefferson A Clearfield Co.. Pa 766
JefferMin Mg. Ca. Utah 771
Jefferson, Mlis 667
Jennoy. W. P 636
Jennls Ltnd Mg. Co., Cal 771
Jennings 01! Co 604
Jet. United Kingdom 846
Jewelry, Canada 800
Jewels. Mexico 832
Jlmulco Copper Co 181
Job. R 666
Joe Bowers Bxt. Mg. Co., Utah 771
Joe Bowers Mg. Co., UUh 771
Johnson, A C 442
Johnson. Mattbey * Co., Ud 68, 628
Johnson, P 187, 486
Johnaon ssmpler 488, 642
Johnson, Woolsey McA 820
Johnston A Jennings Co 684
Johnston, B. H 887
Jones. J. T 441
Jones, R. H 131
Jones * Laughlln Steel Co 403
JopUn Separating Co €88
Jubilee Mg. Co., Cal 771
Jubilee Mg. Co.. Transvaal 760
Juleff. J 690
'Julia Oona Mg. Co.. Nev 771
Jumbo Mg. Co.. Utah T71
Jumpers Deep, Ltd 886
Junction Mg. Co., Cal 771
Junction Oil Co., Cal 771
Jupiter Gravel Mg. Co.. Cal T 771
Jupiter Mg. Co 811
Juptner. H. von 448
Juragua Iron Company, Ltd SS8
Justice Mg. Co., Nev 7M. TH. 771
K
Kalnlte (see also Potassium SalU) SS4
Canada 800
Kalakent Copper Works 818
Kalgurll Gold Mines, Ud S8S. 800
Kalgurli Mg. Co., W. A 760
Kall-SjTDdlcate 6U
Kallon Chemical Co ISO
Kaltwerk Salsdetfurth 688
Kansas. Cement 78
Clay 186, 187, 188
Coal 184
Coke 186
Gypsum 864
Lead 409
Natural Gas 481
Petroleum tf7
Salt 560
Zinc 689, fOl
Kaoiln (see also Clay).
France 808
Germany /.. 816
Russia 836
Spain 888
Karan Mg. Co., Cal 771
Karl Brown Oil Co.. Cal 771
Karl Quicksilver Mg. Co 640
Kate Hayes Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Katlnka Mg. Co., Colo 766
Kaufmann, W. H 486
Kedana Co 280
Keller 388
Keller furnace 231
Kelly. T. P 846
Kelly. W. M 200
Kemp. Prof. J. F 347, 687
Ore DeposiU 632
Kendall. Edward D 332
Kendall Gold Mg. Co 308
Kendrick * Oelder 8m. Co.. Colo 766
Kennedy. M. B 673
Kennedy. W. M 130
Kennedy Mg. Co.. Cal 766
Kentuck Cons. Mg. Co.. Nev 771
Kentuck Mg. Co.. UUh 771
Kentucky. Asphaltum 68. 64
Cement 78
876
INDEX
KantQcky. C1«y **•"!!!
Coal JJJ
Cok« gf
riuonpar g
Iron JJJ
PMrolram ^
Zinc Jj;
Kratucky. Fluanpar Co «•. »•
Kentucky Iron * Coal Co., Ky 7M
Kepplor. O JJ
Kern Oil Co.. Cal •••• W«
Kern RiTor Oil Co.. Cal 7««. 771
Kera SnuMt Oil Co.. Cal Tf
Karowne (mo also Patrolanm).
jspaii Ml
RttMla »7. M;
Kanhaw. John B. C M^
Aluminum Induatry in W02 »
Progreaa In Electrochemistry h3
Keyi. W 15
KeyrtoneMff. Co., Cal JJJ
Klee«nte »♦
KlaMlinff» F ««
Kind Comrade Silver * Lead Mine ai
King. Dreealng .' Jg
KInga County Oil Co., Cal 771
Kingston A Pembroke Mr Co. , Ont 7M. 787
KInUTin Mines. Ltd WJ
Klrkgaard, P JJ
KJellln Pumaoe »J
Kleln'i Claisiaer Ml
Knight. Wilbur C, Copper. Wyoming Ml
Bpeom Salt In Wyoming 4M
Gold. Wyoming '••
Petroleum. Wyoming BM
Knight * Barron -•• JfJ
Knutien. H »». 2*
Koch. Duran y Cla 675
Kodoe Mg. Co 25
Koenlglich Preussischer Bergflacus 6SS
Kolb M7
Komlnuter Ball Mill IW
Korea, Gold »>
Kovar. F l»
Kttgclgen. von «2J
Ktteter, F. W 45. 487
La Belle Iron Works 4W
La Fortuna Mg. Co., Arls 76€
La Grange Mg. Co.. Cal 772
La Relne Mg. Co.. Utah 772
La Suerte Mg. Co., Cal 772
Lace Diamond Mg. Co.. Ltd 245
Lachlan Gold Fields. Ltd 2»1
Lackawanna Iron ft Steel Co 168. St2, 402
Lacrosse Mg. Co., Colo 766, 767
Lady Washington Mg. Co., Ner 772
Laguchee Co 660
Laird Mg. Co., Cal 772
Lake City Mg. Co., Colo 766
Lake Superior Mg. Co., Mich 766
Lake Superior Power Co 488, 400
Lake View Consols Mg. Co. , W. A 218. 760
Landlleld. J. B., Jr 808
Lane. Alfred C 78
Langlaagte Deep, Ltd 286
Langlaagte EsUtes. Transvaal 760
Lanyon Bros. Spelter Co 600
Larkin Mg. Co., Cal m
Larson 4k Oreenough 407
Last Chance Mg. Co., B. C 810. 766
Last Dollar Gold Mg. Co., Colo 260. 764, 766, 766
Laterlte. India 822
Laughlln. C 442
Laur«l Mg. Co.. Cal 772
Lawrence Mg. Co.. Colo 7M
Lasaretto Chemical Co 682
Le Chatelier. H 660. 676
Le Roi Mg. Co., Ltd., B. C 177. 267. 780. 766
Le Roy No. 2 Mg. Co.. Ltd., B. C IH. 267, 760. 766
Lead Ml. T76
Algeria 412, 810
Analyses * 483
Australasia 412. 413. 777—779. 781—783
Austria- Hungary.. 412. 418. 776. 784. 785. 787. 789
Belgium 412. 418. 792. 793. 795. 796
Bolivia ■<l=i
Canada 412. 41.'». 776. 798. WO. vm
Chile 4'2. I'fi. r-fi 9'^'K *"
China TT6. s -, ^^'
666
CIO
631
Crude oil in smelting 411
Blectrolytic smelting 450
France 412. 418, 776, 807— SOI
0«rmany 412. 418. n6. 811. 818. 816. 818-890
Greece 412, 80
Improvements in Smelting 42S
India 828
lUly 412. 4U. nO^ 884. 818. 827
Japan 412, HO^ 888. 8»
MarfceU in 1902 420
Mexico 412. 417. 776^ 881. 828
New CatodonU 810
Norway 834
Portugal 419. 835
Russia 412. 418, 778, 886
Sampling Mill 427
Smelting Cost 449
Spain 412, 418. 778. 888-841
Sweden 412. nc. 842-844
Turkey 419
United Kingdom 412. 413. 846. 846. 8«
United States 8. 4. 406, 418. 412. 776. 8S8. 855
LeadTille Cons. Mg. Co.. Colo 768. 717
Lebeau
Lecocq. E
Loderlin. B. L. E
Lee. Harry A 408. 503
Leeds Copper Works 219
Leh Chin Tin Mg. Co 892
Lehigh Portland Cement Co.'s Plant 82. 93
Lehigh Coal ft Navigation Co.. Pa 7W
Lehigh Valley R. R 158
Leldle 653
Lenher. V 6iT
Lennlg ft Co., Charles 222
Leo Mg. Co.. Mont 7T2
Leon Mg. Co.. Cal 7R
Lepldolite, United SUtea 2
Levant Emery Co 19
Levat. David 279
Leviathan Tin Lode Mg. Co G88
Lewis, Ernest A 868
Lewis, F. H.. The Mechanical Equipment of a
Portland Cement Plant 88
Lexington Mg. Co.. Colo 764, 1SS
Liberator Mine 594
Liberty Bell Gold Mg. Co., Colo 766
Lightner Mg. Co., Cal 766
Lignite (see also Coal).
Australaala 782
Austria-Hungary 791
Germany 811, 816, 819
Greece 821
Llllte Gold Mg. Co.. Colo 766
Lime. Algeria 810
Austria- Hungary 791
Belgium 796, 796
Canada 798. 800—8QS
France 807. 809
India 882. 883
Sweden 842. 844
Limestone (see also Stone).
Australasia 788
Germany 816. 819
United SUtes 8, 678
Linares Lead Mg. Co.. Spain 788
Linda Vlsla Oil Co.. Cal 772
Llnder, B 190
Llndgren. Waldemar 884
Lion Con. Mg. ft Milling Co.. UUh 773
Lipschutx, A 75
Litharge, Austria-Hungary 784. 785^ 789
Canada 800
Germany 811. 818, 818
lUly 827
Sweden 843
United SUtes 2. 7. 422
Lithographic stone, Canada 800
United SUtes 8
Lithophone 86
Germany r»5
Little Bell Mg. Co.. UUh 772
Little Chief Mg. Co.. Colo 768. 757
Little Chief Mg. Co., UUh 772
Little Jimmie Mg. Co.. UUh 772
Little Pittsburg Mg. Co., UUh 772
Little Puck Mg. Co., Colo 754, 7S5
L'ttle SUndard Oil Co.. Cal 77*
T.ive Osk Con.. Mg. ft Milling Co.. Cal 77*
T/vp T»nk»»«» Mr. Co.. Cal 77?
» «-.r*-«nft' ^J.'lt ft Con\ Co T4
T.'-TTinRrd Ms. Co., UUh Tt.
mDBZ.
87?
London Paclile Petrolonm Co ■••• UO
LionM. Jabes ». OS
LonM. Joteph • •••• itt
Lon«, P. H i4«
Long Tunnel Extended Mine IM
Lookout Mountain Iron Co MS
Loreni. William A 440^411. 9il
Loa Angelee Oil Co., Cal ITS
Loa Angeiea Oil A Tranaportatlon Co.. Cal 7M
Loula* Ms. Co.. UUh T71
LouUlana. Clay lSe-128
Petroleum 604
Salt 6M
Low Moor Iron Co 401
Lower Mammoth Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Lubricating oils (eee Petroleum).
Labriphlte Co MB
Luclle Mg. Co laS
Loek7 Bill Mg. Co.. UUh 77S
Lndwlg 148. 588
LuUh Cona. Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Loatre Mg. Co 17f. 872
Lutj. 8. F 888
Lanrtaim. Fodartoo S14
Maehtnerr. AuatimlasU 779
China 806
Mad River Aabeatoa A Tale Co 60
Madagaaear, Gold 868. 888
Madeleine Mg. Co., Utah 772
Madiaon Mg. Co.. Colo 764
Madraa Diamond Co 248
Madaen Mg. Co., UUh 772
Magnealte and Bpaoni SalU 466
Magneaite. Auatria-Hungary 787. 790
Greece 821
Hungary 467
Russia 887
United Statea 2. 8. 466
Magnesium 282
Magnesium carbonate, OermsnT 814
Magneaium chloride, Auatrta-Hungary 787
Magnealtim chloride. Germany 816
Magnesium sulphate. Germany 811
Magnetic concentration 655
Magnolia Gold Mg. * Milling Co 262
Magnolia Mg. Co., Colo 766
Maharba Syndicate 247
Maine. Clay 126—128
Feldspar 287
Stone 670
Blalachlte. United SUtee 244
Malay SUtea. Gold 258. 290
Tin 590
Malayaalan Mg. Co ^ 290
Malcolmaon. Jamea W.. Copper. Mexico 179
Gold, Mexico 270
Lead. Mexico 417
Mallgnon 664
Mammoth Cyanide Co S06
Mammoth Garfield Mg. Co., Cal 772
Mammoth Mg. Co., Idaho 467
Mammoth Mg. Co., Nev 772
Mammoth Mg. Co.. UUh 766
Masganeae 469. 776
Australasia 462. TH. 779. 781
Austria-Hungary... 462. 71%, 784. 786. 787. 790. 791
Belgium 462. 792
Boania 462
Braail 462
Canada 462, 776, 798. 801
Chile 462. 776, 803
Columbia 462
Cuba 462. 464
France 462. 464. n6. 807, 809
Germany 462. 776. 811. 818. 815-819
Greece 462. 821
India 462. 464, 822. 828
lUly 462. 464. 776. 824
Japan 462, 828. 830
Portugal 462, 835
Prtcea 460
Rusala 462. 466. n6. 836. 83H
Spain 462, 776, 840. 841
Sweden 462. 776. 842
Turkey 462
United Kingdom 462. 845. 84«
United SUtes 2. 8, 469. 776. 852
Manhatun Mg. Co., UUh 772
Manafleld. Copper l?5
Mansfeld Kupferschleferbauende Gewerkschaft.... 219
Maple Creek Mg. Co.. Cal 772
Maple Mg. Co.. Utah 778
Marble, AlgerU 810
Canada 800. 801
Germany 818, 81«
India 823
lUly 824
Mexico 881. 882
United SUUe 670.862,866, 868
Marfa * Mariposa Mg. Co 642
Marguerite Mg. Co.. Cal m
Marina Mariscano Mg. Co., Cal 772
Marion Cona. Mg. Co.. Colo 766
Marlpoaa Com'l 4k Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Marlssal. M 614
Markiach-Westfallscher Bergwerk Veretn i04
Marl. Germany 818
Marmaduke Mg. Co.. So. Dak 772
Martha Washington Mg. Co.. UUh n8
Martin. R 449
Martin. 8. 8 666
Martin White Mg. Co.. Nev 772
Mary McKlnney Mg. Co.. Colo 766
Maryland. Cement 79
Clay 126—128
Coal 184
Feldspar 2r/
Iron 860
Maryland Coal Co..Md 766
Maryland Steel Co 158
Maaon 4k Barry Mg. Co.. Ud 176. US. 766
Mass Con. Copper Co.. Mich 166. 768. 768
MassachusetU, Clay 116-128
Graphite 846
Iron 360
Pyrlte 578
Stene 670
MassachusetU Graphite Co 846
MasaarunI Brltlah Guiana Diamond Syndlcata 247
Maasarunl Diamond Mines, Ltd 247
Maasena Electric Steel Co 280
Mastic (see Asphaltum).
father, H. A 206. 816. 686
Matheson 4k Co.. W. J 484
Mathieson Alkali Co 666
Mathews. John A 666
Alloy Steeds 671
Mathewson. E. P.. Reverberatory Copper Fumaoea 800
Mathison 4k Co 89
Matte (see Copper).
Matthlessen 4k Hegeler Zinc Co 616
Mattirollo. E 16
Maurice. Coal washer 668 '
Maxfleld Mg. Co., Utah 778
May Cons. Mg. Co.. Tranavaal 760
Mayday Mg. Co., Cal 771
Mayday Mg. Co.. UUh 766. 778
Mayer. E US
Mayflower Gravel Mg. Co.. Cal 771
Mayflower Mg. Co., Mich 758. 758
Mayflower Mg. Co.. UUh 771
Masapil Copper Co 181, 876
Maieppa Mg. Co.. Cal 771
McAdamlte 29
McAdamlte MeUl Co 19
McCharles. A 487
McColIough * Dalsell 846
McConnell. Rinaldo 849
McCormack * Co.. J. S 846
McCormack Bros 106
McDermott. Walter. Concentration of Orsa by
Oil
Wl
McDonald csll 588
Mcllhiney. Parker C. Manufacture of White
Lead In 1902 488
McKay. Smith 808
McKechnie Bros 819
McKenna, Charles F.. Cement Industry la the •
United SUtes 80
McKlnley Mg. Co., UUh Ttt
McKIttrlck Cons. Oil Co.. Cal 772
McKittrick Oil Co., Cal 772
McLennan. J. C 655
McWtlliam / 664
Mechemlch system of concentration 61t, 666
Melster. Herman C 622
Meitzschke 553
Melcher Mg. Co., VUh 772
Memminger. C. G., Phosphate rock. United SUtea. 619
Menio Mg. Co., Cal Ttt
Mennirke. H 614
His
WDBX.
M«pham 4k Go.. Q«ors« B 496
Mercad Gold U%. Co.. Cal 762. 76S
Marcantlte Crude Oil Co., Cal 772
Mercury (m« also QulckxllTer).
Mercury milphlde. France 809
Meridian FertlUier Co 682
Merrill. C. W 818
Merrlmac Chemical Co 682
Merrlmae Mg. Co., Cat 772
MertOQ. Th, D 441. 442
MeK>Hte. United SUtea 244
MeaqulUl Mff. Co.. Mexico 768
Measlier, B. H 442
• MeUlUc BxtracUon Co 888
( MeUllsraellachaft 22
MeUllOBraphy. Progreaa In 1902 869
Metallurgy of Nickel dnrlnc 1902 490
Metcalfe. George W 197. 198
Meteor Mg. Co., Utah 772
Metsger. F. L 667. 480
Mexican Coal A Coke Co 189
Mexican Gold A SllTor Recovery Co 274, 2TC
Mexican Lead Co 418
Mexican Mg. Co.. Nev 768. 767. 772
Mexican Petroleum Co 610
Mexico. Alabaster 881
Alum 778
Aluminum 778. 821
Antimony 41. 42. HO. SSI. 832
Araenlc T#€
Aabeatoa 776
Aaphaltum 776. 882
Barytea 77b
Borax V78
Building material 882
Calcium carbonate 881
Cement 776
Coal 189. 776. 882
Coke 776
Copper 176. 179. 180. 776. 831. 832
Gold 262. 270. 831. 8S2
Graphite 248. HO. 841. 842
Gypaum 881, 882
Iron 897. 776. 831. 882
Jewell 831
Lead 412. 417. 776. 831. 8S2
Marble 831. 882
Nickel 778
Pearls 882
Peat 831
Petroleum 610. 776
Precious atonea 832
Pyritea 776
Quicksilver 643, 647. 776, 831, 832
Refractory earth 831
Salt 778
Sand 831
Silver 264. 270. 831. 832
Slate 776
Soda 776
Sodium nitrate 776
Spanish white 881
Steel 776
Stucco 881
Sulphur 676. 776. 881
Tale 831
Tin 686, 776, 831, 832
Tripoli 831
Zinc no. 831
Meyer, R 663
Meyer. Dr. T 681
Meyer 4k Charlton Mg. Co., Transvaal 760
Mica 406
Australasia 781, 788
Brasll 467
Canada 467. 801. 802
Germany 819
India 468. 822. 823
Russia 837
United Kingdom 847, 849
United SUtes 2. 8. 466, 852, 856
Michigan, Bromine 73
Cement 79
Clxy 126—128
Coal 134
Copper 163. 166
Gypsum 854
Iron 360
Manganese 469
Salt 660
Silver 2.54
Hlehlgaa Alkali Co 15R. 66o
Michigan Mg. Co.. Mich 7S2. T6I
Midaa Mill sag
Mldaa Mg. Co tl€
Midget Mg. Co., Colo iu
MidUnd Mg. Co.. UUh m
Midnight Bowers Mg. Co., Utah T72
Mikado Gold Mg. Co 270
Mlllen. Thomas gg
Milling Practice mt
Millstones. Austria-Hungary 7S7. 79t
'^nce 80T. 909
Greece g2i
Milwaukee Coke 4k Gas Co isi
Mlnchln. J. B.. Tin, Bolivia S88
Mine Securities Co 756. 767
Mine Workings. Sections of 72o[ 7J7
Mineral oil (see Petroleum).
Mineral oils. Canada goo, 801
Germany * g^g
India \,\\\ g23
Mineral paints. Austria-Hungary.... 784, 786. 787. T90
Belgium Tfj
C«n»«a m; ggo
J«nc« 807
p«nn*ny gu. gi7
Italy gss, S27
United Kingdom 945
Mineral waters, Canada ', ffg
Spain g4o
Mineral wool. United States %
Mineral Wool. Manufacture i 470
United SUtes gg
Mining costs 709
Mining Stock Bxchanges in 1902 .'.'.' 751
Minnehaha Oil Co.. Cal 772
Minnesota, Cement 79
Clay 1M-U8
Iron MO
Minnie Mg. Co., Utah \\ m
Miocene Ditch Co esg
Mtraboff. M \ gQ^
Mississippi eUy 126— 128
Miaaouri. Barytea §4
Clay 126-129
Coal 1S4
Ooke 135
Iron 260
Lead 409
Stone 570
Zinc 529 foi
Missouri Zinc Fields Co.. Mo. tw
Mistletoe Mg. Co., Cal \ rn
Mitchell, George 214
Mitchell. H. C ././.'. 421
Moctezuma Copper Co \\ igQ
Modoc Mg. Co., Colo ] 799
Moeser - * 554
Moesl-nir Co ' ;. S09
Mogollon Gold t; Copper Co gCS
Mohican Mg. Co.. Cal 77,
Mohawk Mg. Co.. Mich i«g. 761—763
Motssan. H 262 6SS
Mollie Gibson Mg. Co., Colo 764-757
Molly Bawn Mg. Co.. UUh 772
Molybdenite (see Molybdenum).
Molybdenum 222, 477
Analysis 472
Australasia 477
Canada 477
United States 2. 8. 4, 8. 477
Monarch Mg. Co., Colo 799
Monaxlte 479
United SUtes 2. 8. 479
Mond. Dr. Ludwig 922 623
Mond Nickel Co.. Ltd 497
Monde Nickel Procesa 283, 492
Mono Gold Mg. 4k Milling Co 262
Monongahela River Cona. Coal Coke Co..
888. 768. 768. 7M
MoaUn Geaellachaft 287
MonUna. Clay 126—128
Coal 124
Coke 121
Copper 192, 119
Corundum , 12
Cyanide Proceaa 2O6
(Jold 262, 261
Graphite 246
Gypsum 264
L«d 489
Petroleum m
Sapphlrea fn
II9DBX.
8»9
MontAna, Silver »4. 2€t
MoDtana Corundum Co 16. U
MonUnm Coal A Coke Co.. Mont 752. 76S. 7M
Uo&Una Ms. Co.. Ltd 263. 268. 309. 760. 766
MonUna Ore Purctaaalng Co., Mont 161, 170. 766
Monte Criato Mff. Co.. Utah 772
Moateeito Ug. Co.. Cal 772
Monterey 8m. A Ref. Co 418
Monteioma Lead Co 418
Montgomery 4k Co.. W 668
Montreal A Boston Ms. Co.. B. C 177. 753. 753
Montreal Ms. Co.. UUh 772
Monument Ms. Co.. Colo 766
Moon-Anchor Ms. Co., Colo 754— 7i7
Mooney Con. Ms. Co., Cal 773
Moore. B. A 160
Moore, 0 366
Moore, R. W 330
Morsan Ms. Co.. Cal 773
Morsan. R. P. 461
Momlns Olory Ms. Co., Wash 773
Momtns Mill 648
Momlns Star Ms. Co.. Cal 766
Momins Star Ms- Co., Colo 754, 756
Mom da Mine Co 463
Morro Velho Co 877
Morse Ms. Co.. Colo 766
MorUr. Construction of Foundation 387
Mother. W. H 443
Moulton Ms. Co.. Mont 756, 767
Mount Btachoff Tin Ms- Co 584
Mount Diablo Ms. Co.. Ner 766
Mount Lyell Copper BsUtes 685
Mount Lyell Ms- A Railway Co.. LU.. Tasmania.
176. 288, 760
Mount Morsan Gold Ms. Co.. Ltd 282, 760
Mount Rex Mine 584
Mount Rosa Ms. Co.. Colo 766
Mount ShasU Gold Mines Corporation 166
Mount Shaste Ms- Co.. Gal 766
Mt. Blanc Cons. Ms. Co;. Cal 773
Mt. Diablo Oil Co., Cal 773
Mountain Copper Co.. Cal 166. 760. 766
Mouaum Lake Ms- Co., Utah 773
Mounteltt View Ms. Co.. Cal TJ
Mountaineer Ms. Co.. Cal 773
Mosamblque Co. 383
Mozambique. Gold 888
Mflhlhaeuser. Otto 128. 131. 435. 613
Mulr. J. J 307. 660
Mflller. B SJ
Munser Mill Co 388
Miurlatle add (see Hydrochloric Add).
llbeoTlte (see Mica).
Muthman 864
Myers Bros. Drus Co J*
Mynbouw MaatsehapplJ Katahoen 387
Myrlck. C. M -•• 668
Mysore Gold Ms. Co., Ud.. India 388. 760
If
Naelf. P 4«
Nasel, Oskar •••• JM
Namaqua Ms. Co.. Cape Colony 175. 7f0
Nancy Hanks M» Co.. Cal 773
Naphtha (see also Petroleum).
RqmU 827, 838
United SUtee 86e
Napa Cons. QulcksllTcr Ms. Co.. Cal ^.540, 641, 766
NashTllle Mg. Co.. Cal 773
Nassau Gold Coast Mg. Co.. Ltd 282
National Asphalt Co 68
National Cons. Ms- Co., Cal 772
National Copper Co. IW
National Lead Co 768. 768, 766
National Lead, Zinc A Fluor Spar Co 288
National Ms. Co.. Colo 754. 756
National Ms- Co.. Qa 261
National Mg. Co., Mich 753. 768
National Rock Asphalt Co 66
National Salt Co., N. T 663. 766
National Steel Co 766
National Tube Co 158. 408, 766
NatWIdad Mg. Co.. Mez 766
Natural Asphalt Co 66
Natural Gas, Canada 788. 80S
United SUtea 2. 8. 48v
Natural Gas Industry In the United SUtes during
1902 481
Natural hydraulic cement (see Cement).
Navajo Ms. Co.. UUh : Tit
Nebraaka. Clay 12^-128
Nederlandsehlndisehe Gold Ms. Co 287
NeiU. James W 197. 188. 208. 622
Nellie V. Ms. Co., Colo 764. 756
Neodymlnm 654
Neuhausen Aluminium Werke 76
Neumann. Diw B 77, 628
Neustassfurt 683
Nevada. CUy 127—128
Copper ITS
Cyanide Process 300
Gold 353. 3a
Lead 410
Salt 560
Sliver 254
Sulphur 574
Nevada Keystone Ms. Co 268
Nevada Ms. Co., Nev 772
Nevada Sulphur Co 574
New Austral Co., Ltd 283
New Caledonia. Cobalt 488. 810
Chromium 121, 123, 810
Copper 810
Lead 810
Nickel 488. 810
Salt 810
Zinc 810
New Central Coal Co.. Md. 766
New Century Jis 638-630
New Century Oil Co., (^1 773
New BnslAnd A Canadian Asbestos 0> 51
New BnsUnd Gas A Coke Co.. Msss 158. 753. 758
New Brie Mg. Co., UUh 772
New Gold Coast Agency. Ltd 282
New Guinea Gold 295
New Hampshire. Clay 126—128
New Hampshire, Mica 466. 468
Stone 570
New Haven Mg. Co.. Colo 754. 755
New Idria Quicksilver Mg. Co.. Cal... 540. 541. 752.
753. 766
New ImperUl Mg. Co.. UUh 773
New Jersey, Oment 78
CUy 136-138
Copper 170
Iron S6«
Manganese 468
Zinc 601
New Jersey A Mo. Zinc Co.. Mo 766
New Jersey Zinc Co 66, 402, 581, 589, 601. 608, 766
New Klondike Mg. Co.. UUh 772
New La Plata Mg. Co.. So. Dak 772
New Leadvllle Home Mg. Co.. (^lo 767
New Mercury Mg. Co.. UUh 772
New Mexico, Clay 126—128
Coal 134
Coke 1S5
Copper iTl
Cyanide Process 810
Gold 252. 262
Oraphlto 946
l-«i« 410
Petroleum 5O6
Sliver 254, 263
Turquoise 350
New Montesuma Mg. Co.. Cal 773
New PHme Western Spelter Co 608
New Queen Gold Mg. Co.. Ltd 292
New Rambler Co 527
New Redwing Mg. Co., UUh 778
New Sapphire Mines Syndicate 349
New South Wales (see also AustralasU).
Antimony 41
Chromium m, m
Coal 131
Cobalt 489
9«W 190. Sfl
Op*! 348
Platinum 523
Quicksilver 544
Silver 291
IJ» 693
Zinc 304
New Southern Cross Mg. <3o., Mont. 773
New SUte Mg. Co.. UUh 773
New Trinidad Lake Asphalt Co.. Ltd 53
New Tear Gold Mg. Co 303
New Tork. Cement 79
Ctay .136-138
Feldspar 337
880
INDEX,
New York. Graphite ....; M«
Qyptam iB*
Iron MO
Pyrlte 6Tg
Salt MO
Stone WO
New York and Honduraa Roiario Mg. Co., C. A....
276. 767
New York * Nevada Copper Co 170
New York. OnUrio 4k Weetem R. R lU
New York. Susquehanna * Woatem R. R 163
New Zealand (see alao Auatralasla).
Antimony 41
Chromium US
Coal IM
Cyanide Process S16
Gold »6. Ml
If anganeee 468
Phosphate rock M3
Silver Ml
New Zealand Cons. Mg. Co.. Cola 767
New Zealand Crown Mines Co., Ltd MS
Newcomb. B. VL Ml
Newfoundland, Copper 176. 181. 188
Chromium 121
Gold SM. 869
Pyrlte MO
Newland, D. H.. Copper. \f%
Copper MeUlIurgy In 1M8 IM
Copper, Michlfan 166
Gold and Silver 2M
LMd 408
497
Nickel and Cobalt
Petroleum
Tin M4
Zinc and Cadmium 6M
Niagara Electro-Chemical Co 284
NUgara Ifg. * Sm. Co.. UUh 778
Nicaragua. Gold 876
Nichols Chemical Co 318. M9
Nicholson. Frank. Zinc In Missouri 624
Nicholson, George E 609
Nickel and Cobalt 484
Nickel 282. 776
Australasia 778, 779
Austria-Hungary 486. 776. 784, 785. 787. 790
Belgium 794. 796
Canada 486, 487. 776, 798. Ml. 808
Chile 776
China 8M
France 489.776,808. M9
Germany 4M. 488. 776. 811. 818-816. 818.
Alloy, lUly 776. 8M.
Japan 4M.
MeUIlurgy
Mexico
New Caledonia 4H.
Norway 4M. 8M.
Prioea 488
RiUBia 776
Spain 776
Bwltierland 489
United Kingdom 4M
United States 8. 6. 4M, 486. n6. 8U. 855
Nickel-Copper Co 491
Nickel Plate Stove Polish Co 845
Nickel-steel rails 494
Nighthawk * Nightingale Mg. Co. . Colo 767
NIkolaJav Works 219
Nile Valley Co 282
Nimrod Syndicate 280
Nineteen Oil Co., Cal 778
Nitric acid 233
Austria-Hungary 787. 790
France 809
Germany 816
Sweden 843
Nobel Bros 613
NorddeuUche Afflnerie 219
Norman, Sharpe A Golby 542
North American Copper Co 172
North American Dredging Co.. Colo 752. 753
North American Graphite Co 848. 849
North Bloomfleld Mg. Co.. Cal 778
North Bonansa Mg. Co.. Nev 773
North Carolina, Barytes 65
Chrysopraae 261
Clay 126—129
Coke 135
Copper 171
North Carolina, Gold jgj
Graphite jfj
Iron ..!!.!!!!!!!!!!! m^
.....v. 461
466. «7
616. 518. Sn
Mica
Phosphate Rock
Tin ^^
North Carolina Corundum Co *ic
North DakoU. Clay .'.".'.*.'.*.*.".". 'uf—US
Coal
134
North Gould * Curry Mg. Co.. Nev '" 773
North Mercur Mg. Co.. Utah 775
North Rapldan Mg. Co.. Nev 773
North River Garnet Co ^43
North SUr Gold M Ines Co. . Cal '26O. 762 75S Trr
North SUr Mg. Co.. B. C * «}
'Northern Copper Co * ' * n^
Northern Light Mg. Co.. UUh m
Northern Spy Mg. Co.. Utah m
Northern Territories Mg. ft Sm. Co., Ltd 293
Northwest Sapphire Co 2S0
Northwestern Sm. ft Ref. Co yn log
Norton. C. L .'.'.*.*.'." * 47g
Nortt>n Emery Wheel Co 20
Norway, Ammonium sulphate jc
AP»J't« 'V.V.Vsi S34
Ashlar ttj
Borax .,,...
Boric Add
ns
Cement
Chromium .121 128.
Cinders
Clay
Coal ;;■*;
Cobalt '" •»•'
Coke ;;
CoPPW 176. 182. 832.
Feldspar gsj.
CM"* 833.
Gold j5j^
Hydraulic lime
Iodine
I"" 888.
Lead
Nickel
Paraffin
Petroleum \,\
Phosphate Rock jig]
SM.
PoUsh
pyrlte .
Rutlle .
Salt ....
Saltpeter
Silver ...
.5M. S83.
.264. 8».
Steel
Stone
Sulphur ....
Tin
Whetstones .
Zinc
Notfrse Deep. Ltd..
Nova Scotia
Gold
Nova Scotia Steel ft Coal Co..
Nugget Mg. Co.. Colo
N^BSet Placer Mg Co.. Cal....
Nnndydroog Mg. Co.. India...
Nuremberg Syndicate
(eee alao Canada).
833
8X.
sn
834
S8S
834
833
834
834
834
S38
SS3
834
834
834
R4
834
M4
524
834
834
833
tm
834
n4
834
.ns. 834
834
834
834
834
834
2M
.6M, 833.
76T
7«T
773
TM
71
Obalskl, J n, in
Obermeyer Co., S MS
Oberschleslschen Berg-u. Huettenm. Veretn Mi
O'Brien, A. O HS
Occidental Con. Ux. Co., Nev 758. 7ST. 773
Oceanic Oil Co.. Cal T67
Ocean Island, Phosphate Rock SM
Ocher and Iron Oxide PIgmenta 6iS
Ocher, Germany 818» 819
Japan 8M
Pricea €96
Spain sn
United SUtes 8. 8. 4M
Ogden, J. A 648
Ohio, Bromine 73
Cement 19
Cay U8— 128
Coal 134
mDBX.
881
Ohio. Coke 126
Oyvsum IM
Iron 8«0
Natural Gm 40
Petrolaum 497
Salt 8«0
Stono 670
Ohio * Colorado Sm. * Rof. Co 196. 406
Ohio * Indiana Natural Oas Go....^ 767
Ohio Farmen' Fertiliser Co 68S
Oil City Petroleum Co., Cal 767
Oil Concentration of Oree 697
Oil concentration plant 703. 704
Oil shale. United Kingdom 846
Okanagan Mg. Co., Wash 778
Oklahoma. Clay 116-188
Oypsvm 854
Oleoroee Mg. Co.. Cal 773
Old Bonansa Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Old Bullion Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Old Colony * Bnreka Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Old Colony Mg. Co.. Mich 768. 768
Old Colony Zinc A Sm. Co.. Mo 767
Old Dominion Copper Co 164. 768. 763
Old BTergreen Mg. Co.. Utah 778
Old Home Con. Mg. Co.. Cal m
Old Indian Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Old Susan Mg. Co.. UUh T78
Ollnda Oil Co.. Cal 778
Olive Mg. Co.. Ont 767
Olyntho. Antonio S77
Omaha Con. Mg. A MtlllBg Co.. Cal 778
Omaha Mg. A Milling Co.. UUh 778
Omega Mg. Co.. Colo 767
Ontario (eee also Canada).
Gold 870
OnUrlo Corundum Co 19
OnUrlo Gold Mg. * Milling Co 870
OnUrio OraphlU Co 848. 849
OnUrlo SilTer Mg. Co.. UUh 766. 767. 767
Onyx. Algeria 810
Ooregum Gold Mg. Co.. Ud 868. 760
Opal. Australasia 248, 777, 780
Ophlr Mg. Co.. Ner 816, 766. 767. 778
Opohonga Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Orange Free SUte 4k Transraal Diamond Mines.
Ltd 246
Orange mineral. United SUtes 8. 488
Ordway. J. M 476
Ore Deposits. Rerlew of LiUrature 688
Ore Deposlta. Section, of.... 718. 748. 748. 746. 746. 748
Ore Dressing. Literature In 1908 689
Ore Reserres. Estimation of 788
Ore. Valuation of 711
Oregon. Clay 126-128
Coal 184
Cyanide Process 810
Gold 862. 268
Oypsnm 864
QuleksllTer 648
Sliver 864
Orient Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Orient Mg. Co.. Utah 778
Original-Empire Mg. Co.. Cal 767
Orleans Mg. Co.. Cal n8
Oro QuarU Mg. * Milling Co.. Cal 778
Oroya BrownhiU Mg. Co.. W. A 760
Orr. William 818
Osaka Electrolytic Refining Co 816
Osceola Consol'd Copper Co. 166. 168. 668. 762. 767. 778
Osmium 664
Osmlrldlum 688
Osmond. F. 660
OtUwa Porcelain Co 466
Otto * Co.. C 169, 161
Otto-Hllgenstock Coke Oren Co.. Ltd 161
Otto-Hoffman Orens 166
Ooro Preto Mg. Co.. Brasll ttl, 828. 760
Overman Mg. Co.. Nev 778
OrerstroB Sampler 646
Ovoca Copper SyndicaU. Ltd 168
Owen. Frank 690
Owl Commercial Co 241
Oxygen 284
Osark Zinc Oxide Co 609
OtokerlU fO
Austrla-Hcngary 60, 787, 790
Ctermany tl6
VaStod SUtca to
134
Pacific Coast Borax Co.. Cal 70. 767
Pacific Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Page * Kraus 699
Pahang Corporation. Ltd. 690
PalnU (lee also OcherK
China 806
Br. India 823
United Kingdom 847
United SUtes 862. 868
Palladium 664
Pappoose Mg. Co.. Colo 754. 766
Parafflae. Australasia 788
Russia 888
United Kingdom 847
Parattine oil, Norway 834
Parla Copper Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Park City * Mid. Sun Mg. Co.. UUh 773
Park City Meuls Co 865
Parkes process 461
Park Oil Co., Cal 767
Pamall-Krause morUr 680
Parrot Silver A Copper Co 169. 170. 768. 768. 767
P«<xlnum 29
PaUrson A Co 123
Patlno. S 690
Patfo process 298
PstUrson Creek Mg. Co.. Cal ns
Pattlnson process 461
Paxton. J. W 845
Payne, F. W 808
Payne Mg. Co.. B. C 767
Peabody Mg. Co., Cal 778
Pearls. Mexico 882
Peat, Austria-Hungary 790
Mexico 881
Sweden 844
Peerless Oil Co., Cal 767
Pembrey Copper Works 819
Pennsylvania. Bromine 78
Cement 79
Clay 126—128
Coal 184. 186
Coke 186
Feldspar 887
Graphite 847
Iron 86U
Natural Gas 468
Phosphate Rock 618, 621
Salt 660
Stone 670
Pennsylvania Coal Co.. Pa 168. 767
Pennsylvania Co 606
PennsylvanU Con. Mg. Co.. Cal 767
Pennsylvania Graphite Co 848
Pennnylvanla R R 168
Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co 21. 222. 240. 666. 767
Pennsylvania Steel Co 168. 767
Penobeeot Mg. Co 810, 811
Pennies Mg. Co.. Mex 767
Penrose. R. A. F.. Jr 690. 688
Pensance Mine 696
People's Heat A Light Co 168
Perfection Ore Crusher 640
Peridot. United SUtes 244
Perkins. F. C 88
Perkins. W. G 486
Perron, C 498
Perron process 498
Perala, Petroleum 610
Peru. Borax 72
Copper 176
Gold 268. 280
Petroleum 610
Quicksilver 647
Sliver 864. 880
Sulphur 676
Peters, Edward D.. Treatment of low-grade Cop-
per ores 106
Petraeus Sm. A Mfg. Co.. C. V 409
Petro Mg. Co.. UUh 767
Petroleum 497
AppalachUn Field 497. 602
Australasia 778, 780. 788
AustrtapHungary 499. 606. n6. 786. 790
Belgium 796, 7N
Canada 499. 608. 776. 796. 802
Chart of World's Production 49ii
Chile 776
INDEX,
Petroleum, China 776, tOC
Dutcb Bast ladles 608
France 77«. «07, 809
Fuel 601
Germany 4M. 600. 776, 811. 818. 816. 818
Runiary 40l»
India 4»0. 609. 881
lUly 4W. no, 814. 8M
Japan 776. 888
Mexico 610. 776
Norway W*
Persia
Prioea
Roumanla . . .
Russia
Smelting by .
South Africa
Spain
.40I, 611. 776, 811. 887.
610
610
610
888
614
.614. 776. 840
776
614
Turkey ••••
United Kingdom M7. o^f
United SUtee 2.8.497.776.861.866.866. 868
Petroleum Center Oil Co.. Cal 778
Petroleum Development Co.. Cal 767
PetrolU on Co.. Cal 778
Pettlnoa A Broe ••• "J
PharmaeUt Mg. Co., Colo 764—767
Phelpe. Dodge * Co 174. 176
Philadelphia Graphite Co 846. 847
PblladelphU Natural Gas Co 768. 769. 767
Philadelphia 8m. A Ref. Co IW
Philadelphia Suburban Gas Co 168
PhlUdelphla A Reading R. R 16J
Phoenix Con. Mg. Co., Aria 766. 767
Phoenix Mg. Ca, Mich 768. 768
Phoenix Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Phosphate rock 'J:^'J^' 5J!
Algeria 8W. M«. ttO
AustralasU fp
Belgium M>. ™*
British West Indies 611
Canada W. 2J
Dutch West Indies BSS
Bgypt ••*
p^e» 618.618.107. 809
Oermany «•• SS
Italy •*•• «'
Norway ««• "J
Prioes 51'
Sonla n«. 614.186-818
spam ««. MO
Tunis W6
United Kingdom 618. 846. 847
United SUtes 1.8.616. 618
Phosphates (see Phoenhate rock).
Phosphorus, Austria-Hungary 787
Oermany
816
848. 844
Pleard. H. K ^^
PIcard. Henri «*
lecher Lead Co <»
Picnic M» Co., UUh 778
Pig iron (see Iron)
Pigment. UnK«d Stetes <
Pilot Mg. Co., Cal 778
Pine MounUin Mica A Asbestos Co 60
Pinnacle Mg. Co.. Colo 764, 766
Pioneer Mg. Co., Cal 767
Pioneer Mg. Co., Utah 778
Pioneer of Nome Mg. Co^. Alaska 767
Pioneer Tin Mg. Co 694
Pitch, Germany 816
Spain 840
PltUburg Coal Co 886. 768. 769. 767
Pittsburg Gas A Coke Co 168
Pittsburg Reduction Co 18. 14. »— 16
Pittsburg A Montana Copper Co 170
Planet Mg. Co., Cal 778
Plaster of Paris, Australasia 780, 788
France 809
Platinum and Iridium 626
Platinum. Analyses 619
Australasia 618, 777
Canada 619. 798
France 809
Oermany 814. 816
Prlcea 688
Russia 680.886. 888
Sweden 843
Platinum. United Kingdom
United SUtes s. f. M
Washing In Urals
Pluma Mg. Co
Plumas-Bureka Mg. Co., Cal
Ponupo Mg. A Transp. Co
Pointer M» Co.. Colo 764, 78S.
Poland (see Russia).
Pole Cons. Mg. Co
folonlum Kgr
Polts. M _
Porcelain
Portland cement (see Cement).
Portland Gold Mg. Co., Colo 860. 164-767.
Porto Rico, Phosphate Rock
Portugal, Antimony n 41*
Arsenic * ' 47*
Coal '
S2y» iHifa.
Gold m.
Iron •. .■.'.'.:!/.
iii!
462.
t47
311
TC7
T5
1X2
l€i
8S4
SX&
Manganese
Pyrtte ^^^
siiTor !!!.!!!!! •»
If" •• '...'.iii; sss
Tungsten gjg
Portugese Bast Africa. Gold tn
Potash. Austria-Hungary 717 7^
lUly Qg[ ^gj
Norway g^
United SUtes gn* en
Potassium bromide. Sweden .*.**. siS
Potassium chlorate, Sweden \ g44
Potassium chloride '.'.* 04
Potassium nitrate. France ..!!!!!!!!!! sog
United Kingdom ....847 «*«
PoUssIum salu ......!
AustralasU \\\,\\
Austria-Hungary '.'. .Wl!
AustralasU .....!
Canada \\\\\\
France !!!!!.'!!
2?r™»»y tU. 8U-n«.
nices ,,
U2
T7b
tl8
SS4
7f7
7T8
Ift
n8
fTB
16
111
United SUtes m
Potassium sulphate'
Potomac Oil Co., Cal
Potoal Mg. Co., NeT 71$, 757,
Pottery glaaes m.
Power, F. Danvers
Cobalt, New CaledonU
Pownlng Mg. Ca. Cal
Pozsl-Bseot, E
Prague Bisen-Industrie Geaellschaft
Prah Gold Mines, Ltd
Prairie Pebble Phoq»hate <3o
Pratt, J. H iB, m.
Corundum and Emery In 1908
Precious stones. Australaala 1W,
Canada
Br. IndU tt8
Italy tS6
Mexico 8S1
United SUtea 1.80. tn
Prentiss, F. H 204
Prichard. W. A., Ore Treatment at Kalgoorlie. 8n
Pride of the West Mg. Co., Aris IWt
Prime Western Spelter Co OOS
Primroee Mg. Co.. Transraal 7M
Prince Albert Mg. Co.. Colo 761 TIS
Princess Maud Mg. Co.. Waah 778
Prior Hill Mg. Co., S. Dak 771
Producers' A Consumers* Oil Co.. Cal 7t7
Progress in Aluminum Industry In liOS 88
Prospect M*t'n. Tunnel Co.. Ner 771
l^roeperity Oil Co.. Cal 771
Proet. B tlOi 614
ProTldenee Mg. Co., Cal 778
ProTldence Mg. Co., Colo 767
ProTldenda Mg. Co.. Mex 717
Provident Oil Co.. <3al 771
Puget Sound Reduction (^ 4f
Pumice. Canada I69
Italy 04
United SUtee S. 60
Punjum Gold Mg. Co .% no
Puratylene 71
Purlngton. C. W 818
Purjue Surprise Mg. Co.. UUh 778
INDEX.
883
Purlqnie. C. V 1»
PouoUa. OrMM 821
Pjrtt* 776
AwtrU-BoBganr Hi. 7U, 787, 780
Belfflum MO. 788
Borala MO
CanadA MO. 771. 788. 801
Cklte 771
CbinA 778
Franc* MO, 778, 807
Oarmuiy 580. 811. 818. 818. 817. 818
Hungary 880
lUly 880.778. 884
Japan 778
Mexico 778
Newfoundland B8c
Norway 880.888. 884
PortQgal 880
Prteca 876
Russia 880.776.888, 887
Spain 880. 776. 840
Swadaa 880, m. 841
United Klngdoin 880, 845, 847
UnlUd mates 8. 8. 844. 578. sn, 880. 8H
Pyiitea Mg. A Chemical Co 878
Pyrltlc Smeltlnc 885
Quart! (see also Silica).
Germany
United mates
Queen Beas Proprietary Co., B. C.
Queen Cross Reef Mine
Queen Esther Oil Co., Gal
Queensland (see also Australssla).
Antimony
Coal
Copper
Gold 280.
Manganese 488,
Molyhdenum
Opal
Sapphires
Tin
Queenslsnd Copper Co.. Ltd.
Queensland Raub Syndicate
QulckslWer 640.
Algeria 648.
Australasia 644, 778.
Austria-Hungary ..548. HO, 784. 786. 787, 790.
Brasil
Canada 648. nt.
Chart of World's Production
Chile 776,
China 646. 776.
France 776.
Germany 776. 818, 816. 816. 818.
India 646.
lUIy 548, 546. 776. 884. 826.
Japan 548. 776. 828.
Mexico 648. 647. 776. 881,
Psni
Prices
Russia 548, M7. 776.
Spain 548, 547. HO. 840,
Sweden 776,
Technology ,
United Kingdom 847.
United SUtes 8. 5. 540, 548. 778. 8U.
QulcksilTsr Mg. Co.. Cal 640. 7M. 767.
Qofncy Mg. Co.. Cal
Qulncy Mg. Co., Mich 166— IM, 216. 5M. 761-
Qnincy Mg. Co.. Utah
Qulnnesssn
817
244
787
288
778
41
188
178
282
464
m
2M
250
688
176
280
776
810
788
781
644
800
804
808
818
822
8n
828
882
547
648
848
8M
767
778
-763
787
5U
RadioactlTlty 6K
Rsdlum 551. 664
Ragoslne. A. V 608
Rambler-Cariboo Cons. Mg. Co.. B. C 767
Rand Mines Mg. Co.. Transraal 760
Ranson. T. D 846
Rare Elements 661
RariUn Copper Woite 218. 228
Rasehen. J 6S9
Raub Australian Gold Mg. Co 280
Rauh Sons Fertiliser Co., E 682
Raven Mg. Co.. Colo 767
Raren Oil Co., Cal 778
Raymond. Dr. R. W 684
Raymond ttg. Co.. Utah 778
Real Companla Asturlana de Mines 418
Reamer Cons. Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Reco Mg. Co.. B. C 767
Red Bank Oil Co.. Cal 778
Red Cap Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Red Jacket Mg. Co.. Nct 778
Red lead. United SUtee 3. 7. 422
Red Wing BxUnslon Mg. Co.. UUh Ttl
Red Wing Mg. Co.. Utah 778
Reddlck Mg. Co.. Cal 178
Redgrave, O. R 476
Redjang Lebong Mg. Co 287
Reece, Dr 681
Reed Oil Co.. Cal 767
Refractory earth. Mexico 881
Regulus (see Copper).
Renison Bell Mine 586
Repauno Chemical Go 6n
Republic Cons. Mg. Co., Wash 767
Republic Iron * Steel Co 7M. 769. 767
Republic 'Mg. Co., Colo 754. 7M
Republic Mg. * Mfg. Co U
Rescue Gold Mg. Co., Nct 773
Resins, Belgium 785. 786
Retsof Salt Co 767
RsTcnue Mg. Co.. UUh 778
Reward Gold Mg. Co.. Cal 767. 773
Rex Oil Co.. Cal 767
Reybold. B. C, Jr., Pyrltlc Smelting 686
R. O. W. Mg. Co., UUh 778
Rhode IsUnd. Clay 186-128
Graphite 848
Rhode Island Graphite Co 348
Rhode IsUnd Mg. Co.. Mich 7M. 7M
Rhodesia. Gold 2H. 288
Rhodesia Copper Co 182
Rhodeela Exploration * DeTelopment Co., Ltd.... 284
Rhodolite. United SUtes 244
Rich Bar Gravel Mg. Co.. Cal 773
Rlchardo. H 1»
Richards. J. W 460
Richards. Robert H.. Ltteratura of Ora Dreeslng.. 689
Progrees in Gold Milling in 1802 288
Richmond Guano Co 688
Rlchm<md Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Richmond Mg. Co.. Nev 787
Richard. T. A.. Sampling and Estimation of Ora.. 708
Ridge Copper Co IM
Ridge A Valley Mg. Co.. UUh 772
Rles. Helnrlch. Literatura of Clays 128
Rio Tlnte Co.. Ud 175. 183. 760
Rio Tlnto Mexicana Co 180
Rising Sun Stove Polish Co 845
Rlx. W. P 132
Roasting Process at Kalgoorlie 841
Rob Roy Mg. Co.. Mo 787
RoberU. I. L 77
Roberu-Austen, Sir William 871
RoberU Oil Co.. Cal 771
Roberuon. William F 529
Robinson Construction Mg. 4k Sm. Co 188
Robinson Deep Gold Mg. Co 286
Robinson Gold Mg. Co.. Transvaal 7M
Rocco-HoroeeUke- Nevada Mg. Co.. Nev 767
Rochester * Pittsburg Coal 4k Iron Co 402
Rock Salt..- 584
Rockland Mg. Co.. Cal 778
Rocky Gulch Mg. Co.. Ora 767
Rolls. Feed of. etc 648-MS
Ropes, Leveratt S., Corundum. Montana 18
Rosario Co 276. 668
Rose Creek Mg. Co., Cal 778
Rose Maud Mg. Co.. Colo 754. 7M
Rose Mg. Co 306
Rosenhaln. W Ml
Rosiclaira Lead A Fluorapar Mines 218
Ross A Co 845
Rossi. Augusts J 6M. 60
TtUnium and Similar Alloys 888
RossUnd-Kootenay Mg. Co.. B. C 760
Rotary kiln for burning cement 106. 107
Rothmund, V 77
Rothwell. R. P 145
Roumanla. Petroleum 610
Royal Dutch Co 609
Royster Guano C'>.. F. S 681
Royal Oak Gold Mg. Co 2M
Rubies. India 248. 822
United States 144
Ruby Cement Plaster Co SM
884
INDEX,
Ruby Hill Mf. Co., UUh 77S
Rusgl«a-CoI«B Co 97
Rugby Mf. Co.. Cal ni
RusMlI Irwin Zinc Ug. Co.. Mo 7C7
RuMla. Alum 776
Aluminum 776
Ammonium sulphate S6
Antimony 776
Anenic 776
Anonloua acid 776
AsbMtoB 60. 776, 836, SS7
Atphaltum 66. 776. 836. 837
BarytM '. 837
Bauxite 837
Bonslno 837
Bonx 776
Colcstlto 837
Coment 776
Chromium 131. 181
Clay 138. 837
Coal 136. 776, 886. Sn
Cobalt 836
Coke 776, 837
Copper 176. 188. 71%, 836. 837
Copper aulphate 776
Copperaa 776
Glauber aalts 837
Gold 363. 880, 836. 837
Graphite 848. 836
Hydrochloric acid 776
Iron 386. 398. 776, 836—838
Kaolin 836
Kenwene 837. 838
Lead 412. 41S, 776. 836
Manganeee 462. 465, 776, 836, 838
Mloa 837
Naphtha 837. 838
Nickel 778
Parafflne 838
Petroleum 499, Bll. 778. 836-838
Phoaphate rock 618. 624. 830—838
Platinum 630. 836. 838
Pyrltca 580. 776. 836. 837
QuleksllTer 643. 547. 776. 836—838
Salt 662. 835—838
Saltpeter 837
Silver 264. 280. 836—838
Slag 888
SlaU 776
Soda 778
Sodium nitrate 776
Sodium pboephate 836
Steel 386. 393. 776, 837. 838
Strontlanlte 837
Sulphur 776, 836. 837
Sulphuric acid 776
Talc 837
Tar 837
Tin 686. 776. 836. 837
WItherlte 837
Zinc 602. 776. 836-R3S
Zinc oxide 776
Ruthenium 563
Rutlle, Norway 833
Ryan, Thoo. J 650
S4,$ramento Kg. Co., Utah 767, 773
Sailor Con. Mg. a Milling Co., Cal 773
St. Claire Furnace Co 386
St. Claire Steel Co 386
St. Eugene Cone. Mg. Co., B. C 768
St. Joe Lead Co 409
St. John del Rey Mg. Co.. Brasil 760. 768
St. Joseph Lead Co., Mo 767
St. Lawrence Power Co 24
St. Louis Testing 4k Sampling Works 63
St. Ralner. L 304
St. Seine, B. D 214
Sal ammoniac, Canada 800
Prance 809
Salar del Carmen Nitrate Syndicate 668
Sallna Cement Plaster Co 365
Sail Mountain Asbestos Co 60
Salmon River Mg. Co.. Nev 773
Salom, Pedro O 231. 460
Sal Soda (see Sodium Salts).
Salt 560, 776
Algeria 562. 810
Australasia ^..778, 779. 781, 783
Austria-Hungary. .662. n6. 784. 785. 787. 790. 791
Belgium 796. 796
Canada 562, 776. 799-802
Chile 776. 904
China 776
France 663. 776, 807. 809
Germany 662. 776. 812. 8U. 816. 818
Greece 562, 881
India 568. 823. 823
lUly 663. 776, 836. 827
Japan 662. 838
Mexico 776
New Caledonia 810
Norway 834
Russia 563. 836-838
Spain 562, 776, 840. 841
Sweden n6, 843. 844
United Kingdom 663. 846, 8tt
United SUtea 8. 9. 660, 663, Hi. 8S3. 868
Salt Creek Hydraulic Co 629
Salt. J 131
Salt Lake * Nevada Mg. Co.. Utah 773
Saltpeter (see also Sodium and Potaaalum aalta).
Chile 803
Germany 816
India its. 833
Norway 834
Ruaala 837
Salvador. Gold 376
Silver ri%
Sam Houston Mg. Co.. Cal 774
Sampling and Estimation o( Ore In a Mine 706
Sampling of ore. Section showing results 736. 741
Calculations In 723
Sampling machinery 641
Sampling mill 427
Samson Cement Plaster Co 355
Sampson Mg. Co.. Utah 774
San Andres de la Sierra Silver Mines Ltd 272
San Carlos Mg. Co., Mex 767
San Diego de Char. Mg. Co., Mex 767
San Francisco Mill Co.. Mex 767
San Joaquin Oil Co., Cal 767
San Luis Chrome Concentrating Works 131
San Pablo Mg. Co.. UUh n4
San Rafael Mg. Co.. Mex 767
Sand (see also Silica).
Algeria 810
Belgium 794
Canada 799—801
Germany 813. 815
Mexico 831
Sweden 8tt. 844
United Kingdom 845
United SUtes 2
Sander. K 610. 611. 614
Sandoval Zinc Co 609
Sandstone. India 822
United States 570
Sanford. Samuel. Anthracite Coal Trade In 1902. 140
Recent Developments In the Anthracite
Coal Trade 145
Seaboard Bituminous Trade In 1902 143
Santa Fe Copper Mg. Co.. N. Mex 752. 753
Sta. Oertrudls Mg. Co.. Mex 273. 768
Sta. Maria de la Pas Mg. Co.. Mex 768
SU. Maria de Guadalupe Mg. Co. . Mex 768
SanU RiU Mg. Co.. Colo 767
Santa Rosalia Mg. Co.. Mex T74
Santa Tsabel Gold Mg. Co., Cal 753. 753
Sapphires. Australasia 280
United States 314. S4f
Sauveur, Albert 672
Savage Mg. Co.. Nev 756, fST. TT4
Sayles-Bleacherles 582
Saylor. David O ^ 88
Schniewind. F S6
By-Product Coke Ovens 158
Schoenite 534
Schorr, R 448
Schouwaloff. P. P SIO
Schrelber. C 319
Scorpion Mg. Co., Nev T74
Scotia Mine 94
Scott Bros. Fertiliser Co 68S
Scott. H. Kllbum n8. 388. 467
Sea Breeze Oil Co.. Cal 774
Sea Swan Mg. Co.. Utah 774
Seattle Sm. ft Ref. Works 454
Sedeck. A 131
Seg. Belcher ft MMes Mg. Co.. Nev 77*
Seldel ft Co.. R. B M6
INDEX.
886
T74
787
n4
760
440
774
767
348
607
V\
682
668
410
774
774
774
663
790
Ml
B9\i\ Coal Loading Machin« 668
Selenium. Germany 8i8
Selukwe OoM Mg. Go.. Ltd SSI. S84
Senator Oil Co.. Cal .-. 767
Semet-Solvay Ovena 168
Senrla. Antimony 41
Gold 381
SeTllIa, Copper *. 175
Sewer pipe (see Clay).
Seymour. J. 8 76
Shale oil (lee alio Petroleum).
Anstralaala 777
Shannon Copper Mg. Co.. Arts 164. 763. 763
Sharon Coke Co 168
Sharon Steel Co 370, 402
Sharp Mg. Co., Utah 774
Sharwood, W. J 309, 832
ShaaU Oil Co.. Cal
Shawmut Oil Co.. W. Va
Sheba Mg. Co.. Cal
Sheba Mg. Co.. Transvaal
Sheedy. D
Sheep Rock Mg. Co.. UUh
Shelby Iron Co., Ala
ShelbyvlUe Cons. Mg. Co
Shell Transport 4k Trading Co
Shenandoah Con. Mg. Co.. Cal
Sbepard Co.. T. P
Shepherd. B. S
Shlflett. R. A 66.
Shoebrldge Bonania Mg. Co.. Utah
Shower Cons. Mg. Co.. Utah 774
Sledler. Ph 45. 487
Sienna (see Ocher).
Sierra Nevada Mg. Co.. Nev 766. 767. 774
Sierra Nevada Mg. Co.. Net
Sierra Union Water 4k Mg. Co.. Cal
Sllez. Canada
Silica
Austria- Hungary 787.
Canada
Germany 818, 817
United Kingdom 846
UniUd SUtes 9. 663
Silicifled Wood. United SUtes S44
Silicon 666
Sllozleon 664
SllTer (ese also Gold).
Algeria 810
Argentina 364. 276
Anstralaala 264. 290. 777—780. 782. 783
Aostrla-Hangary..264. 267. 784. 786. 787. 789. 790
Belgium 793. 796. 796
Bolivia 264. m
Canada 264, 267. 799. 801. 802
Central AmeHca 264
Chart of World's Production 366
Chile 264. 278. 803. 804
China W6
Colombia 264. 278
Dutch Bast Indies 264. 287
Beuador 364
Prance 364. 367. 807-809
Germany 364. 367. 813-816. 318-830
Orseee J64
Honduras 376
lUly 364. 826-827
Japan 864, 828—830
Mexico 364. 370. 831. 88S
Norway 264. 833. 834
Pern 364. 380
Portugal 836
PHce. 266
SUMU 364. 280. 836-838
Salvador «6
Spain 364. 839. 841
Sweden 264. 842. 844
Turkey 364
United Kingdom 264. 267. 846. 847
United SUtea 3-4. 262. 264. 861-864
Silver Bell Mg. Co.. Mont 774
Silver Bow Mg. Co.. UUh 774
Silver City Turquoise Co 350
Sliver Cloud Mg. Co.. UUh 774
Sliver Hill Mg. Co., Nev 756. 757. 767. 774
Silver King Mill M»
Silver King Mg. Co.. Arli 774
Sliver King Mr. Co.. Utah 767
Sliver Park Mg. Co.. Utah 774
Silver Queen Mg. Co.. Utah 774
Silver Shield Mg. Co.. Ttah 7S7. 774
Silver State Mg. Co.. Utah 774
Simmer 4k Jack ProprleUry Mines. Ltd S86.
Singkep, Tin
Siskiyou Con. Mg. Co.. Cal
Six FoinU Mg. Co.. Colo
Skagit Cumberland Coal Co.. Wash
Skinner. L. B
Skylark Mg. Co.. UUh
Slag. Austria- Hungary 788.
Germany 813. 816.
lUly S36.
Russia
Slag, cement (see also Cement).
Slag Cement and Slag Brick Manufacture In 1908.
Slag wool (see Mineral Wool).
Slate
SlaU. Australasia 773. 781.
Austria-Hungary 776. 7SS.
Belgium
Canada 776.
Chile
China
France 77t.
Germany 776, 8U. 811,
India
Mexico
Russia
United Kingdom S46, 847,
United SUtes S. 9.
Slimes Treatment
Sloan. B. C
Slocum, C. V
S loss-Sheffield Iron 4k Steel Co 768. 769.
Small Hopes Con. Mg. Co.. Colo 766. 76T.
Smldth ft Co.. F. L
Smith, O. C
Smuggler Mg. Co.. Colo
Snowflake Mg. Co.. UUh
Snowshoe Copper Co
Snowshoe Mg. Co.. B. C
Snowstorm Mg. Co.. Utah
Soapstone (see also Talc).
Canada
Germany
India
Spain 840.
United SUtes 8.9.
Socledade Geral de Mlnaa ds Manganei
Sociedad Espanola a de Sodeos
SocletA Elettro-Sidercorgica Camuna
SocietA Fonderia di Zinco
Soci6t6 Anonyme des Fonderles et Laminoira. . . .
Soci«t6 Anonyme dea Mines de Mangantee
8ocl4t6 Anonyme des Petroles de Crlmte
Soci^te Anonyme pour L'lndustrle de L' Aluminium
Soci^t^ de Chrome
8oci6t6 d'Electro-MeUllurgte
Soci6t6 de la VieiUe-MonUgne
Soci6t6 Electro-MeUllurgique Francalse SS,
SocI«t6 Francalse des HauU Foumeanx
Socl6t6 Mini^re Caledonlenae
Socorro Gold Mg. Co
Soda (see also Sodium SaIU)«.
Austria-Hungary
Canada
Chile 776.
France T76,
Germany 776. SIS.
Italy
Mexico
Norway
Prlc«s
Russia
Spa In
Sweden 776.
United SUtea 8. 8. 9. T76.
Sodium
Sodium bicarbonaU
Sodium bromide. Sweden
Sodium carbonate
Sodium Fluoride. Use of In Water Purlfleatloa...
Sodium nitrate (see also Saltpeter).
Canada
Chile 6SS.
China
France 776.
Germany 776, 614,
Italy
Japan
Mcx ico
Prices
RuKBia
Spain 776,
760
686
774
T67
n4
48
774
790
816
SS7
8SS
T76
782
776
776
•07
817
8SS
176
776
S4S
ns
819
461
6S6
767
tt7
lOS
•S6
7t7
n4
ITT
760
774
TM
S17
8SS
S41
614
SSI
iOf
ns
403
6U
SS
ISS
319
604
SS
S6
771
ns
SS4
666
n%
776
S44
sss
843
667
SM
776
809
816
776
776
776
669
776
841
886
INDEX.
Sodium nitrate. United Kingdom MT
United SUtee T7C
Sodium phoaphate, RubsU IH
Sweden 844
Sodium salte 224. 226.284. S6S
Auatralasia 778. 778. 783
Auatrla-Hunganr 778. 780
Coat 228
Oennany 812. 818
July 826. 8n
Sweden 848
United SUtea 685. 868
Sodium aulpbate. Germany 817
Soldler'a Hill Diamond A Tin Mg. Co 248
Soledad Mg. Co.. Hex 787
Solvay Proceaa Co 168, 686
Bomondoco Emerald. Ltd 248
Bonora Ifg. Co.. Cal TT4
Sonera Quarti Co.. Mez T74
Bopreaaa Mg. Co.. Max 787
Borakai Tin Mg. Co 682
• Boudan. Gold , 268
Botttb Africa. Copper 182
Dlamonda 244
P«troleum 614
Booth African Gold Dredging Co 288
Bouth American Exploration Co 278
•outh Auatralla (aee alao Auatralaala).
Gold 290. 283
Uanganeae 482
Bouth Bingham Mg. Co.. UUb 774
Bouth Carolina. Clay 128-128
Phoaphate Rock 616. 618. 621
Stone 670
Bouth Chicago Furnace Co 402
South Chilean Syndicate 278
South DakoU. Copper 171
Clay 126-128
Cyanide Proceaa 310
Go'.d 262
Gypsum 264
Mica 488. 487
Tin 684
South Eureka Ug. Co.. Cal 774
Bouth Fork Con. Mg. Co.. Utah 774
South Godiva Mg. Co., Utah 787
Bouth Jeraey Gaa, Electric * Traction Co 68
South Lily Mg. Co.. UUh 774
South Paloma Mg. Co.. Cal 774
South SUger Mg. Co., Cal 774
South Swanaea Mg. Co.. UUh 787
South Winnie Mg. Co.. Colo 783
Southern Bauxite Mg. A Mfg. Co 12
Southern Boy Mg. Co.. Colo 787
Southern California Oil ft Fuel Co.. Cal 787
Southern Oil Co 604
Southern Queen Mg. Co., UUh 774
Southern SUtea. Gold 252
Southern Statea Fertlllier Co 682
Southweat Chemical Co 682
Southweatem Chemical Works 808
Spain. Alkaline carbonatea 840
Alum 778
Alumlnoua earths 838
Aluminum 778
Ammonium aulphate 38
AAtlmony 41. 776. 838, 841
Araenlc 47, 48. HO
Arsenic sulphide 839
Asphaltum 58. 778. 839. 840
Barytea 839
Borax 778
Cement 839. 841
Coal 138. 776. 839-841
Cobalt 839
Coke 776, 839. 840
Cbpper 176. 183. 776. 839. 841
Copper aulphate 778
Copperaa 778
Fluorapar 239. 839
Gold 263. 281. 839. 840
GraphlU 848
Hydrochloric add 776
Iron 386. 394. 776, 838-841
Kaolin 839
Lead 412. 418. 419. 776. 838—841
Manganese 462.776.840. 841
Mineral waters 840
NickPl 776
Ocher 83*
€74. 711. 811
, 611, m
S«
Spain. Petroleum
Pboaphato rock ,
Pitch
PyriU
QnickallTor 64B. 647, TT6w 840^ 811
Salt 682. 776, 840. 841
BllTor 1S4. 888-811
Soapatono 840. 811
Boda T«
Sodium nitrate 776. 811
Steel 387. 894. 776^ 89
Sulphur .-...674, 678. 776. 846i 841
Tin 776. 846. 841
Tbpax of HlBoJoaa 148
Tungataa 610
Zlne 681.686.771.846. 841
Zinc oxide 7W
Spftnlsh-Ameriean Iron Co SI
Spanlab Bar Mg. Co.. Cal TM
Spanish whiU. Mexico 8n
Speak 8. J fli
Spearflah Mg. ' 4k' MmingCo..' So.* 'Dak.'.'.*'.'.* '.'.'siii W
Specie Payment Mg. Co.. Colo W
Specimen Mg. Co.. Colo Ttt
Spelter (aee Zinc).
Spence Mineral Co.. Cal 7T4
Sperry, E. 8 9
Spike. W. D. C 441
Splrek quIekalWer tamace 648. 841
Splrrk. Vlncente. QuicksilTor. lUtjr 641
Spring. W m
Springfield Mg. Co.. UUh 714
Spueller. J 8W
Spun*. J. E 614. 813
Squaw MounUln Mg. Co., Colo W
SUckpole. M. D 311
SUdtberger Huette HI
SUndard Add Co m
SUndard 4k Hecla Mg. Co 4tT
SUndard Chemical 4k Oil Co 60
SUndard Cons. Gold Mg. Co.. Cal 786. 7CT. W
SUndard Graphite Co 341
SUndard Mill 141
SUndard Mg. Co.. Idaho TH
SUndard Oil Co 241. 666, IH. TBS. 788. W
Stanfleld. B 6R
Stannary Hllla Mlnea 4k Tramway Co M
Star Mg. Co.. UUh n4
Staasano Cumace 3n
SUuffer Chemical Co 29
Stead. John E 687, 8H
Steaua Romana Co 611
Sterling Mg. Co.. Cal 7W
Steel (aee alao Iron) n*
Alloya of «"
Auatralaala 771—716.781 19
Auatrla-HuBgary 886. 887. 776. TST. W
Bolgium Wm, 8S8L 788-91
Canada 816, 888L Tfi 89
(niart of ProduetioB in Prlaclptl Ceonlrlea.. 91
Chllo 718. 8M
China > 711 89
ExporU 2
France 886.881.718. 9i
Germany 886.888.711 W
Importa 2
India 2
Italy 188.886.711 »
Japan 771 »
Mexico 2
Norway 831 2
Ruaala 886, 888. 711 BIT. 2
Spain 887, 8H 7»1 2
Sweden 887. 184. 771 89. 2
United Kingdom 887.884.841 2
United SUtea .867. 8U. 887. 771 Btt. 861 88T. *
Steel Emery. United SUtea ^
Stevena. E. A
Stewart Iron Co
Stillwell. A. G
Stockton Mg. Co.. Utah S
a^tsm^m »*•
9
SI
fW
stone
AustralaaU 77T— 19. Jj
Austria-Hungary TJ J
Belgium JJTm!
Canada '•"J
China — 5
France ••;■ «.
Germany "♦'LI
India S
lUly ^'
INDEX.
887
Stons, Norway
United Kingdom 84S. M7. M8
United SUtes S. B70. 852. 8U, 887. 868
Stono. Ooono C 4f. 681
Stonowaro (mo Clay).
Stimito Settlomonte, Tin 688
Stnlte Tradlnc Co 888
8tratton*a Indapondonco Mine. Colo 180, 780. 788
Strong Mg. Co., Colo ^88
Strontla minarala, Oormany 818
Strontlanlte. RoMla 887
Strontium K*
Strontium anlphata. Unltad Kingdom 846
Stroiea «lne process 888
Stmthera, Joeepb. Alumlnnm and Alum U
Antimony ••
Anwnic «
Aaphaltum M
Barytea Jj
Bismuth •■
Borax JO
Bromine "8
Chromium and Chrome Ore 108
Copper 188
Copper Metellurgy In 1801 188
Copperaa 8*1
Oen» and Precious Stenes 844
Gold and SIlTsr 868
Graphite 848
Lead 406
Magneslte and Bpoom Salt 466
Nickel and Cobalt 484
Ocher and Iron Ozlde pigmente 486
Phosphate BTock 618
Platinum and Iridium 688
Potassium Salts 688
QuicksilTer 840
Salt S^O
Sodium Salte 886
Sulphur and Pyrlte 678
Zinc and Cadmium 888
Stucco, Mexico Wl
Stull. R. L J«
Sturgeon Lake Mg. Co 870
Sturterant separator •40
SuberbleTlUe Co •• JM
Sucoees Mg. Co.. Uteh 774
Sulman. H. I* 5?
Sulphide Corporation.. Ltd 414. 804
Sulphur Tr«
Australasia 778.778. 788
Austria-Hungary ..674. 676, 778. 784. 786, 788. 780
Belgium W6. TtT
Canada TI8. 800
Chile BT4. T78. 804
China T78
Pranee 874. 778, 806
Germany 674. nO, 818. 814. 818. 818. 818
Greece 874. 8X1
Italy 874. 676. 778. 836. 817
japaa 874. 678. 888, 810
Mexleo 878. 778. 811
Norway W4
Peru Wf
PHcea 878
Russia T». 888. m
Spain 874. 678. 778. 840. 841
Sweden 874. 778. 848-844
United Kingdom 847
United Stetes 2.8.678,674.778.868. 868
Sulphur and Pyrite 871
flulphur Mg. * Railroad Co R*
Sulphuric acid T78
Australasia ""»
Austria-Hungary 778. 784. 786. 788, 710
Canada 778
Chamber prooeas 681
Chile Tf8
Contect procees 881
Prance 778. 808
Osrmany 811.818.817,818. 810
Industry In 1802 680
luiy no
Prices 680
Russia 778
Spain 778
Sweden 778. Ml. 844
United Stetes 2. 770
Sultana Mines of Canada. Ltd 170
Sumatra (see Dutch Best Indies).
Sumdum Chief Mg. Co.. Alaska 174
Sumdum Mg. Co.. Alaska 774
Sunbeam Con. Mg. Co.. Uteh 774
Sunday LAke Iron Co., Mich 788
Sunrtee Mg. Co.. Uteh 774
Sunaet District Oil Co., Cal 774
Sunset Eclipse Mg. Co., Colo 764. 766
Sunset Mg. Co.. B. C 788
Superior Oil Coj. Cal n4
Susquehanna Iron * Steel Co., Pa 788. 768, 788
Swank. James M 880
Swanasa Mg. Co.. Utah 788
Sweden. Alum 778, 841. 844
Aluminum 778
Aluminum sulphate 841
Ammonium salts 841
Ammonium sulphate 86. 844
Antimony 778. 842, 844
Arsenic 778
Arsenlocs add 848
Asbestos 778. 848. 844
Asphaltum 778. 848
Barytea 843
Borsx 848
Boric acid 848
Bromine 848
Cement 778. 848. 844
Chalk 848, 844
Chloride of lime 848
Clay 842-844
Coal 128. 842-844
Cobalt oxide 842
Copper 176. 778. 842—844
Copper sulphate 778. 842—844
Copperaa 778. 842—844
Emery 848
Feldspar 842
Ohu* 848. 844
Oold 258. 842. 843
Graphite 348, 778. 848. 844
Gypsum 843. 844
Hydrochloric acid 77$
Iron 388. 884. 778. 842-844
Lead 411, 778, 842-844
Lime 843. 844
Litharge 848
Manganese 481, 778, 841
Nltrie aeld 848
P>«t 844
Petroleum 778
Phosphorus 843. 844
Platinum 848
Potassium chlorate 844
Potassium salte 843
Pyrite 680.778. 841
QuicksilTer 778, 843
Salt 778. 848. 844
Sand 843. 844
SIlTsr 164. 842. 844
Soda T78. 844
Sodium phoephate 844
Sodium saKs 848
Steel 387. 3N. 778. 842. 843
Stone 848. 844
Sulphur '..*674!'t78.' 842-844
Sulphuric aeld 778. 843. 844
Tin T78, 843. 844
Tin salte 844
Zinc 801. 808. 776, 841. 844
Sweet Vengeance Mg. Co.. Cal 774
Swinburne A Aahcroft sine process 235
Swltssrland. Aluminum 11
Cobalt 488
Nickel 488
Sygua MIna TM
SylTlaite 584
Syndicate Mg. Co.. Cal lii. 117. 788
Syndicat du Tunnaa. Ltd HO
Syraeoie Co^ A Salt Co 14
T
Tscony Crucible Co H6
Talc and Soapstone 618
Talc. Italy 8»
Mexico m
Russia 881
United Kingdom 847. 848
United Stetes 1. ». 883. 868
Tkmarack Copper Mk. Co.. Mlch.188. 187. 761-763. 788
Tanama Mg. Co., Cal 774
888
INDEX,
Taqaet, H. If Cl<
Tar. Runia 8S7
Taimanla (see also Australasia).
Coal m
Copper 176
Gold »0. SM
Tin 8M
Tasmania Gold Mg. * QuarU Crushing Co 2M
Tata A Co ttT
Tatum. B. H 401, 410
Taunton Crucible Co S4S
Tavener, P. 8 JW
Tavener's furnace for slncvgold slimes 8M. S2B
Tarlche Milling Co 174
Taylor Crucible Co.. Robert S46
Tecumseh Copper Qfg. Co.. Mich 753. 7SS
Tehama Cons. Chrome Co 121
Telega Oil Co BIO
Teller Hermanos * SiO
T^llurlde Reduction Co S0€
Tellurium B67
TemonJ Mg. Co.. Colo 7tt
Temple Iron Co.. Pa 147, 768
Tennessee. Clay IM— 128
Coal 124
Coke 18«
Copper 171
Fluorspar 289
Iron 810
Lead 410
Manganese 458
Phosphate rock 618. 618. 621
Pyrites 88, 678
Tennessee Coal, Iron A Railroad Co 266. 277.
768. 769, 788
Tennessee Copper Co., Tenn 171. 762. 768, 768, 7S7
Tennessee Fluorspar Co 228, 289
Terbium 668
Tesora Mg. Co., UUh 774
Tetro Mg. A Milling Co., UUh 774
Texas. Asphaltum W
Cement 79
Clay Ue-128
Coal 124
Cljrpsum 264
Iron 280
Lead 410
Natural gas 482
Petroleum 497. 606
Quicksilver 642
Silver 264
Texas A Pacific Coal Co.. Tex 768
Texas Mg. Co.. Cal n4
Tharsls Copper A Sulphur Mg. Co.. Ltd... 176. 188. 780
Thiederhall 53.1
Thiel. A 46. 487
Thirlot. L 122
Thirty-Three Oil Co.. Cal 788
Thofera, Herman 214
Thomas Iron Co., Pa 788
Thompson. J. J 861
Thorium 867
Thome. W. E 269, 801
Thorpe Mg. Co.. Cal 774
Thunder MounUIn Gold A Silver Mg. * Milling
Co 281
Ticonderoga Graphite Co 247
Tile (see Clay).
Tin 226, 684. 778
Australasia 688. 694. 777-788
Austria- Hungary 688. 778. 784. 788, 790
Belgium .* 796, 797
Bolivia 688, 688
Canada 778, 800, 801
Chile 778, 804
China n8. 808
Deposit, Section of 788
Dredging 868
Electrolytic extraction 236
France 778. 808. 809
Germany 688. 778. 812. 814-818. 819
India 822, 823
lUly n6. 828. tn
Japan 688. 776. 828, 829
Malay SUtes 690
Markets In 1902 696
Mexico 586. 778. 881. 822
Norway 884
Portugal 688. 836
Russia 688. 778. 838. 887
Spain 776. 840. 841
Sweden 778. 842. 844
Tin. Tasmania CM
United Kingdom 688. 696. 778. 848—848
United SUtes 684. 778. 863. 857. 888
Tin salts. Sweden 844
Tin Concession A Batu Bersawah Mg. Co 280
Tlntle Copper King Mg. Co.. UUh 774
Ttntic Mg. A Milling Co.. UUh T74
Titanium 8ST
TlUnlum and Similar Alloys 888
T. K. Mill S06
Tobaseo Mg. Co 888. 808
Toltec Mg. Co 860
Tombac. Austria-Hungary «..788. 788
Germany 818
Tomboy Gold Mines Co., Colo 780. 788
Tomboy Gold Mines, Ltd 880
Tomboy Mg. Co., UUh T74
Topas of Hlnojosa, Spain 840
Totoral Mg. Co 680
Tourallne Mg. Co.. Colo 788
Tourmaline. United SUtes .'...244. 861
Town Topics Mg. Co.. Colo T88
Tracy Mg. Co., Cal 774
Transvaal (see also South Africa).
Gold 263. 884
Trap rock. India 881
Treatment of ores at Kalgoorlle 288
Trent Mg. Co., So. Dak 774
Trever 687
Tri-SUte Mg. A Mfg. Co 86
Trlcart. Alexis 815
TrlmounUln Mg. Co.. Mich 188. 762. 182
Trinidad. Asphaltum 68, 68, 68
Trinity Copper Co., Cal 762. 7S8
Tripoli. Canada 801
Germany 817
Mexico 821
United States 8
Triumph on Co 604
TroUhatuns Blektrlska Aktlebolag 008
Troy Mg. Co., Alaska n4
Troy Steel Co ni
Truscott, S. J 817
Tube mill for grinding cement 100
Tule Belle Mg. Co., Cal 774
Tungsten 688
Auatrslasia 780
Austria-Hungary 784
Portugal 826
Spain 840
United Kingdom 8W
United SUtes 2. 2. 6. 10. 688
Tungsten A Rare MeUls (3o 838
Tunis, Phosphate rock 688
Zinc 808
Turkey, Antimony 41. 42
Asphaltum 68
Borax 72
Chromluqi 111. 122
Copper 176
Emery 80
Fullers earth 242
Gold 288
Lead 419
Manganese 4a
Petroleum 614
Silver 264
Turner, C. E 291
Turpentine, Australasia 782
Turquoise. Australasia 260
Egypt 261
United States 144. 180
Tuscarora Chief Mg. Co.. UUh 774
Twentieth Century Mg. Co.. UUh n4
Uehllng. Edward A 408
Uklah Oil Co.. Cal n4
Ulke. Titus 282. 462. 681
Electrolytic Refining of Copper in 1902 218
Metallurgy of Nickel In 1902 490
Ulna Co 278
Ultimo Mg. Co.. Cal 774
Ultramarine. Germany 618
Umber (see Ocher).
Uncle Sam Cons. Mg. Co.. UUh 412. 788. 774
Union Carbide Co 78. 217
Union Cons. Mg. Co.. Nev 774
Union Copper Mg. Co.. N. C 768. 787
Union Gold Mr. Co.. Colo 768. 787. 788
Union Milling Co.. Mex 788
INDEX.
889
Union Oil Cow. Gal 768
Vttlon Steel Co 170. 408
Union Zinc Mg. Co.. Kns 788
Unlon-Walbl Co 8M
United Alkali Co.. Ltd 884. 887. 868
United Barlnm Co 88
United Ooko A Qm Co 180
United Copper Co.. Mont 170. 171. 788. 788. 788
United Om ImproToment Co., Pa*. 768. 760
United Globe Copper Co 184
United Gold Mine* Co.. Colo 788
United Gold Mine* of West Africa, Ltd 888
United Oil Co 604
United Petroleum Co.. Cal 788
United Kingdom. Alkali 848. 847
Alnminum 88, 88
Alum shale 846
Ammonium ralphate 88—38. 847
Araenic 47. 846
Arsenical pyrites 846
Asphaltum 848
Barytes 84. 846
Bauxite 14. 846
Borax 848
848. 847
848
80, 847
United Stetes, Bromine 8. 6.
BrouM
Cement
Chalk
Chloride of Lime
Clay
Coal
Coke
Copper
Copper sulphate .<
Diamonds
Fluorspar
Glass
Gold
Graphite
GrsTsl ,
Gypsum
Iron
Jet
.176. 188. 846. 848.
.188. 84fr-8«T
847
848
847
.867. 846.
846
848
848
Manganese
.888. SN. 846-848
846
848
16. 847.
....846.
418. 418. 846. 848,
846.
847,
Mineral palate
Oil shale
Palnte
Parafflne
Petroleum
Phosphate rock
Platinum
Potassium nitrate 847.
Pyrite 680, 846.
QuIckslWer 847.
Salt 888. 846.
Sand
Silica
SllTor 864. 867. 848.
Slate 846. 847.
Sodium nitrate
Steel 887. 884. 848.
Stone 846. 8«T.
Strontium sulphate
Sulphur
Tslc 847.
Tin 688. 686.
Tungsten
Uranium
847
847
847
8«T
847
848
846
847
848
847
848
848
846
847
848
United Salt Co 74
United Stetes. Agate 844
Alum 8, 6. 84. 778
Aluminum 8. 4. 88. 88. 778. 848. 864
Aluminum sulphate 8. 6. 84
Amason stone S44
Amethyst 844
Ammonia 88
Ammonium sulphate 8. 6. 88, 848
Antimony 8. 4. 88-41. 778. 848. 888
Arsenic 48. 48. 778
Asbestos 8. 6. 60. Tit, 848. 864
Asphaltlc limestone 8
Asphaltum 8. 6. 68. 68, 778. 848. 888
Barytes 8. 6. 84. 778. 848
Bauxite 8. 6. 14. 848
Bismuth 8, 88. m
Bituminous sandstone 8
Beryl 844
Borax 70. 778
860. 864
Calcium borate 8.
Carborundum 8, 8.
Catltnite
Cement 8. 8. 8. 78, 778. 860, 864.
Chemicals 868,
ChlorastroUte
Chromic add
Chromium 8, 8. 108. 184.
Clay 8, 8, 186. 188. 860,
Coal 8. 184, 188. 778. 860. 884.
Cobalt 8. 8. 484.
Coinage of Minte
Coke 8. IK 168. 778.
Copper 8, 4. Itt. 176. 178, 860. 864.
Copper sulphate 8, 7.
Copperas 8, 8, 8tl.
Corundum 8. 7.
Crushed stesl
Cryolite 81.
Crysoprase
Diamonds
Dlatomaoeous earth 8.
» »4,
fl4
■mery .\..\.'.V..8,* 7. 1^
■poom salt 4i6b
feldspar 8. 7,
FtaTomanganeae 8,
Ferromolybdenum 8,
Ferrotungsten
Fertilisers 861. 884.
Fluorspar 8. 7. 888,
Fullers earth 8. 7.
Garnet 8. 7. 848,
Gllsonlte
Glass 864,
Gold 8. 4. 888. 888. 858. 861.
Graphite 8. 8. 7. 848. 848. 778.
Grlndstoaea 8. 886,
Gypsum 8. 7.
Hydrochlorle aeld
Iridium 8,
Iron. .8. 4. 7, 867. 881 778, 881. 884. 866. 887.
Iron oxide plgmente
Lead 8. 4. 406, 488. 418. 778. 888. 866.
Lopldolite
.8. 7.
Litharge
Lithographic stene
Magneslte
Malachite
78
868
8
78
844
868
867
844
860
860
867
887
860
887
860
867
n8
778
18
I
880
844
844
848
880
467
887
4
4
8
867
778
841
844
8
887
864
867
688
864
778
.8. 8. 466
.8, 8. 468. 4a. 488. 778.
8
16
844
lUrble
Mesoltte
Mica 8, 8. 488.
Mineral Woo! 8,
Molybdenum t-A, 8.
Monaslte 8. 8,
Natural Gas 8. 8,
Nickel 8. 6. 484. 488. 778. 868,
Ocher 8, 8.
Omnge Mineral 8,
Osokertte
Palnte 868,
Peridot
Petroleum. .8. 8. 487, 488. 778. 868. 866. 888.
Phosphate rock 8. 8. S1(.
Platinum 8. 6. 688.
Potash 868.
Potassium Salts 688.
Precious stones 8. 888,
Pumice 8,
Pyrites 8, 8. 844. 678. BH. 680.
Qiiarts
QuIcksilTer 8. 6. 640. 648. 778. 868.
Red lead 8, 7,
Rhodolite
Ruby
Salt 8. 8. 680. 681 778. 866.
844
868
8
478
481
80
868
844
868
618
778
844
Sapphires 844.
Silica 8, %,
Slliclfled wood
SllTcr 8—4. 868. 864. 881.
Slate 8. 8.
Soapstene 8. 8.
Soda 8. 8. 8. 778.
Sodium nitrate
Sodium lalte
Steel 867. 883, 887. HS. 861,
sa
844
864
778
883
868
778
886. 867
890
INDEX.
United 8UtM. StMl cmeiT H
Stone t. 881. 868. 887. 868*
Stoneware 887
Sulphur 8. 8. 678. 674. 778. 868. 868
Sulphurle acid 8. 778
Talc 2. 8, 688. 868
Tin 684. ns. 868. 867. 868
Tourmaline 844. 861
TrtpoU 1
Tungiten 8. 8. 6. 10. 688
Turquolae 844. 860
Uranium 2. 10
Utahllte 844
Venetian red 8. 10
WlMtatonea 8
WhlU lead 8. 7. 488
Bino 8. 8, 6. 10. 6n. 80S. nO. 868. 864. 868
Zinc-lead 8
Sine oxide 8. 688. 778. 868
Sine eulpliate 8. 10
United SUtse Cact Iron Pipe Co 768. 7C0
United SUtea Gold Mf. Co 270. 768. 761
United SUtee Grant Mf. Co.. So. Dak 774
United SUtea Graphite Co 846
United SUtea Slarble Co.. Waah 768
United SUUa Mf- Co 178. 886. 412
United SUtea Oil Co., Cal 788
United Statea Oil Co.. W. Va 768. 768. 748
United SUtea Potaah Co 632
United SUtsa Red. A Bef. Co.... 407. 488. 768. 768, 788
United SUtsa Smelting Co 800
United Statee Steel Corporation.. 868. 888. 768. 768. 748
United SUtsa Zinc Co 808
United Sunbeam Mf. Co.. Utah 774
United Verde Copper Co.. Arls 164. 788.
United Zlno A Chemical Co 681. 800
United Zinc Co.. Mo 788
Urallte 60
Uranium 668
Austria-Hungary 786
France 808
Germany 818. 819
United Klncdom 8l<
United SUtea 8. 10
Uruguay. Gold 868, 880
Ueina Wlgg 482
Utona Oil Co.. Cal 774
Utah, Aaphaltum 62
Cement 7t
Clay 188-128
Coal 184
Coke 186
Copper 188, 172
Cyanide proceia 818
Ollaonito 62
Gold 262
Gypeum 864
Petroleum 608
QulcksllTer 642
Salt 680
SllTer 264
Sulphur 674
UUh Cooa. Gold Minee Co.. UUh....41S. 762. 758. 788
Utah Cona. Mg. Co.. Ner 774
UUh Sulphur Oo 674
UUh-WyomIng Oil Co.. Utah 774
UUhllte. United SUtee 244
Uyak Bay Mg. Co.. Alaska 774
Val de TraTere Aaphalte PaTing Co 68
Valeo Mg. Co.. UUh 774
Vallejo Mg. Co.. Cal 774
Valley Power Co 280
Valley View Oil Co., Cal Tlk
Val Verde Copper Co 184. 804
ValTlTia Co 278
Vanadium 668
Van Aradale. G. D 211
Vandalia Mill 806
Van Llew. W. Randolph 187, 212
Vattler. C 898
Vaughan. T. W 241
Velardena Mg. A 8m. Co 272
Venetian red 496
United Statee 8. 10
Venezuela. Aaphaltum 68, 69
Gold 283
Ventttra Con. Oil Co., Cal 788
Ventura Corporation 694
Vertln Chemiaehe Fabrlken 881
Vermont. Clay US— 128
Stone m
Vernon Oil Ca. Cal 7»4
Veiln sampler C47
Victor Mg. Co., Utah 774
Victoria. Coal Uf
Gold tfo 294
Victoria Coal A Coke Co., W. Va Til
Victoria Copper Co., Mich TB. 783
Victoria Mg. Co., Utah n4
Victory Gold Mg. Co.. S. Dak 775
Vincent. C k7
Vindicator Con. Mg. Co.. Colo 764. 9K, Ttt
Virginia, Barytea «
Cement 79
Clay 118—181
Coil 114
coke UK
Gypsum »
Iron 119
>*wiganeoe Ǥ, m
Mica 4K
Pyrtt« «?l
Zinc 902
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co.,
611. 681. 677, 688. 758. 788
Virginia Chemical Co as
VlrginU Cona. Mg. Co.. Cal TIS
Virginia Cona. Mg. Co.. Colo tig, 917
VlrginU-SUU FerUliser Co S82
VlTlan A Sona, B. H n»
Vogelen ks
Vogle. J m
Vogt. J. H. L 448. iS9
Von der Ropp. A 449
Von Gemot, Adolf tl2
Vulcan Detinnlnig Co ggf, m
Vulcan Sm. A Ref. Co.* Cal TTS
V. V. Syndicate, Ltd m
Walhl Gold Mg. Co.. Ltd MS, 7i0
WalUkaurt Gold Mg. Co 19Z
Waldeek. K 44S
Walker, B KM
Walker Mg. Co 84t
Walllngford Broa 40
Wandering Jew Mg. Co.. Utah Tii
WaraUh Minerals Co 6»
War Bagle Gold Mg. Co., B. C 167, 788
Waring. W. O fl
Warner Oil Co., Cal 78B
Warwick Iron A Steel Co.. Pa 78B
Waaatch Mg. Co., UUh 77S
Washburn. W. H M
Washington, Cyanide proceea 814
CUy 118-121
Coal 114
Coke IK
Gold 161. 2K
Graphite 141
Iron M9
SIlTer 184. I84
Washington Con. Mg. Co., Waah 778
Washington Copper Mg. Co.. Mich 781. 7S1
Washington Oil Co.. Cal TTI
Waahoe Copper Co IM
Wasp No. 2 Mg. Co.. So. Dak SU. m
Waterglass. Germany 8U
Watson. Thomaa L 12
Manganese. Georgia 419
Watt Blue OrsTel Mg. Co.. Cal 77K
Watters, William G 4K
Watta. A. 8 M
WaTsrly Gold Mg. Co 2«
Wayne Chemical Co 74
Weatherly-Bonansa Mg. Co., Waah TH
Wedge Bxtenslon Mg. Co.. UUh TTK
Wedge. U 441
Weed. W. H 884.886, 8»
Copper. Montana 141
Gold. MonUna Ml
Wellington Oil Co.. Cal 71S
Welle, J. Walter 477
Welsbach Light Co 4»
WenstrSm. Separator 4»
Weet Africa. Gold »
Weet Argent Mg. Co.. UUh 771
Weet Century Mg. Co.. UUh 77S
INDEX,
891
WMt coMt. Gold m
W«t Lftke Oil Co.. Cal 7«S, 776
WMt Moraine Olorj Mg. Co.. UUh 776
WMt IC't'n. PUcor Mg. Co.. UUb 776
Wei* Shore Oil Co.. Cal 7tt
Weetpbal. J 6SS
Weet Virginia, Bromine 71
Clay 116-m
Coal IM.. lis
Ooke U8
Iron SCO
Natural Oaa 482
Salt- 6<0
Wcatera Australia (aee aleo Anatralaala).
Coal 1§6
Cyanide Proceat .« 816
Copper 178
Gold »0. 184
Tin 686
Tnrqvolae 860
Western Cbemteal Co 688
Westera Bxtractlon Co 806
Westera Kentucky Mg. Co 888. 888
Weatera Union Oil Co.. Cal 776
Weatlnghonae Electric A Mfg. Co 768, 768
Westmoreland Coal Co 768
Wetlierlll concentrator 680, 666
Wetberlll. J. P 448
WethsrlU A Co.. 8. P 888. 486
Wbat Cheer Zinc Co.. Mo 788
Wheal OrenTllle Mg. Co 686
WbetstonM. Aoatrla-Bungary 780
Norway 884
United SUtM 8
Whitby. A 888
White 667
White Knob Copper Co 188
White Knob Copper Co.. Idaho 768, 787
White Lead. Oabel procen 484
Germany 81C
Manufacture In 1808 488
United SUtea 8.7. 488
White Rock Mg. Co.. Ner 788
Wbltlng. Australasia 781
Canada 800
Chile 804
Whitney Reduction Co 888
Whittler Con. Oil Co.. Cal 788
Wilder. F. A 868
Wild Goose Mg. Transp. A Trading Co 868
Wllhelraahall 688
Wilkinson. W. Fischer 884
Wllllaraa. B. G 488
Williams. G. F 848
Williams. John R 880
Williams A Co.. C. K 828. 486
Wlllsoa Aluminum Co 108, 828
Wtllletta Mg. Co.. Cal 776
Wilson A Barrett Mg. Co., UUh 776
Wlnchell. Alexander N 808
WInehell. H. V 887
WIngato. Hamilton 818. 822
Winona Copper Co., Mich 762. 768
Wtnslow. Arthur 088
Wisconsin. Cement 78
Clay 188-188
Graphite 848
Iron 880
Manganese 488
Btone 670
Wisconsin Graphite Go 846, 848
Wisconsin Oil Co.. Cal 775
WUhertte. Germany 818
Russia 887
W8I1I BK
Wolfram. Germany iU. 818
Wolhuter Mg. Co.. Transraal 780
Wolperts. Prof 471
WolTerlne Copper Co.. Mich 188-148, 751-768. 788
Wood. H. ■ It8
Woodlark Island Propr. Co.. Ltd 286
Work Mg. Co.. Colo 754—757
Wright. L. T. 442
Wyandot Coppsr Co., Mich 762, 768
Wyoming. Clay .% 188—128
Coal 184
■psom 8an 468
Gold 288
Oraphlto 848
Oypsum 854
Natural Gss 483
Petroleum W. 508
WyomiDf. Bilyer ,
Wythe Lead A Sine Co..
188
Ttt
Takes. J si8
Yankee Con. Mg. Co., Utah 781, 776
Yankee Girl Mg. Ca. Utah 775
Yarsa, Adan de 514
Ybarra Mg. Co., Cal 775
Yellow Aster Gold Mg. Co., Cal 788
Yellow Jacket Mg. Co., Not 768, 767, 776, 777
Yellow metal, Japan m
Ymlr Mg. Co.. B. C 288. 768. 780
Yoder Mill so5
Young America Mg. Co., UUh 77B
Ytterbium ssg
Yttrium sgg
Yuba Con. Mg. Co.. Cal 776
Yukon Goldflelds, Ltd 888
Yukon on Co., Cal 7f|
Zaoca Lake Oil Co., Cal.
Zahn, W
Zemlatschensky, C
Zenith Furnace Co
Zinc and Cadmium
Zinc
Algeria 808,
Australasia 804. 777. 778, 781-
Austria-Hungary 802, 778, 785. 788. 780,
Belgium 802. 804. 788. 788, 786,
Canada 778,
Chart of World'a Production
Chile
China
Dlatlllatlon
■lectric furnace
Sleetrolytic Bxtractlon
France ^ 802, 004. 778. 808,
Germany 802. 806, HO. 812, 814-817,
776
184
128
158
688
778
810
-788
781
787
778.
..n8,
.812,
818
818
286
HydromeUllurgy
IndU
lUly
Japan
Magnetic coneeatratlon
MaikeU
Met»Ilurgy In 1808
Mexico
Mining In Missouri
New Caledonia
Norway ^..
Roasting furnaces
881
, 778. 888-227
778, 828
.778, 881
824
810
811
802. 778. I
Spain 808. 808. 778. 840. 841
Sweden 868, 808, 778. 848, 844
Tunis 008
United Kingdom 806. 808. 848-846
Ventilation of matter 816
United States.
8, 6. 10, 688. 808. €11, 778, 888, 8M, 818
Blne-Lsad. United SUtM 8
Bine ore (sse also Btnc).
Missouri iM
Roasting 810
United StatM 2
Zinc oxide t78
Attstria-Hualgary 778
China ...
Chile ....
France ..
Germany
Italy ....
Japan . . .
Mexico ..
RuMla ..
Spain
..yn, 815
United SUtM 8,18,778,
Zinc sulphste. United States 8.
Zinc white (sco Zinc Qxldc).
Blreonlum • •
Zoe Mg. Go.. Colo
Buba Mg. 0».. QU
718
778
778
888
18
Y88
776
^w-
^-*!^^i*^
k^^9^j!%^
3A^
Preface.
THE adyertdsing pages of the annual volumes of this work will well
repay the careful perusal and study of every reader who wishes
to be well informed upon the present condition of the mineral
industry. They give an admirable and practical insight into the present
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These advertising pages are no less important to those who desire a
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Every country in the world is wisely striving to develop its mineral
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volume, which gives the latest and best practice in every department
of the industry, has become indispensable. It is constantly consulted
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The Publishers*
Buyen' mamial of €be mineral Tnansiry
jnplMHticAi TNdex
PAGE
AllUhCbalDiert Co 016. 017
American Metal Co 018
American Nickel Works 035
Amerlan Smelting & Refining Co 048
Atlantic Mining Co 041
Baker & Co 062
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co 058
Baltic Mining Co 041
Bartlett k Snow Co., C. 0 056
Bnmbam, WilUama k Ca 027
Castner, Curran k BulUtt 080
Colorado Iron Works Co 010
Copper Smelting, Modern 088
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Engineering and Mining Journal 078
and inside back cover
FootoMlnenaCo 966
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Holthoff Machinery Co
Hunt, Fred. F 055
Jeffrey Mfg. Co 025
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Lambert Hoisting Engine Co .071
Lead and Copper Smelting and Copper Con«
▼erting. Notes on 046
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co 040
Manufacture and Properties of Iron and
Steel 018
PAGE
Matte Smelting 040
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co 037
McKieman Drill Co 051
Metallurgy of Lead 042
Metallurgy of Steel 052
MeUllurgy of Zinc .026
Mineral Industry Inside front coyer
Mining and General Telegraphic Code 014
Nichols Chemical Co 081
Ore Deposits of the United States and
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Ore Deposits, A Discussion 020
Ore Dressing 022
Outline of Qualitative Analysis 080
Phelps, Dodge & Co 033
Professional Directory 057-061
Production and Properties of Zinc 024
Prospecting, Locating and Valuing Mines. .044
Rand Drill Co 020
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Stanton, John 041
Traverse Tables 034
United Copper Co 047
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004
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Buym' manual of m mineral Tndustry
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AXB AND OAB C01CFBS880B8.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
McKiernan Drill Co.
Rand Drill Co.
(See Machinery — Ventilating Machinery.)
AXB LIFT FU1CF8.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Rand Drill Co.
ALumvuic.
(See Metals.)
AXALGAXATOBS.
AUis- (Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
AVTZ-FBICnOV METALS.
AKTIMONT.
(See Metals.)
ASTXBT8' XATEEIALS.
Devoe, F. W., & C. T. Raynolds Co.
ASTESIAV WELL8.
(See Machinery.)
A88AYEE8.
Hunt, Fred F.
Ricketts & Banks.
(See CJhemists.)
A88ATEB8' AHD CHEMISTS' SX7PPLIE8.
Baker & Co.
ASSAY rUBVAOES.
Allis-(^halmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
BABBITT METAJC
(See Metals.)
BALLAST infLOADEBS.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
BABTTES.
(See Paints.)
BATTEBIES (STAMP).
Allis-CHialmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
BATTEBT PLATES.
Allis-Cllialmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
(See Amalgamators.)
BATTEBT SCBEEHS.
(See Perforated Metals — Screens.)
BATTEBT ZtSCB.
Matthiessen & Ilegeler Zinc Co.
BELT C0WS70B8
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
BELT BBESSOrO.
Chas. A. Schieren & Co.
BELTDTO (LEATKEB).
Chas. A. Schieren & Co.
BELTDTO (LINS BELTS, GKAZV BELTS).
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
BLAST rUBBAOBS.
(See Furnaces.)
BLASTDTO SUPPLIES.
Allis-Chahners Co.
BLOWEBS AND EZEATTSTEBS.
Allis-Clialmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Fans, Machinery, Ventilators.)
BOILEBS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
(See Machinery.)
BOOKS.
(See Publications.)
BOOTS.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
BBICX MAOEIHBBT.
Allis-Clialmers Co.
BBVSKE8, PAIBT.
Devoe, F. W., & C. T. Raynolds Co.
BVCKETS (OBE AND WATEB).
Alli8-(^halmer8 Go.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
CABLE OOXrVETOBS, CABLEWATSk
TBAMWATS» BOPEWATS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
0AOE8 AHD SKIPS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried, Grusonwerk.
Lambert Hoisting Engine Co.
(See Machinery.)
906
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Go.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
Allis-Chalmers Go.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
OAB UHLOADEB&
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Buyers' Manual of The Mineral Indnstty—Claaaified Index.
Knipp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Macomber & Whyte Rope Co.
(See Machinery.)
OOAL-MZHZVO XAOEZHZaT.
Allia-Chalmers Go.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Kruop, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lambert Hoisting Engine Co.
Rand Drill Go.
(See Machinery.)
OOAL-WASKZHO XAGHXHEBT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
OOKX OTSVB.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
COKE WOBKB EairaPMEHTS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
ooMpasasoBB.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Rand Drill Co.
(See Machinery.)
OOVCEHTaATOBS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
00VDEVBER8.
(See IViachinery.)
(See Cars.)
0ABTIH08.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery— Metals, Iron, Steel and
Brass.)
OKAIH BELTDTO.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
(See Belting.)
CEAZVB.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
OEEMIGAL WOBKS XACHIHXBT.
(See Machinery.)
OHEICBTS.
Hunt, Fred F.
Ricketts & Banks.
RoesHler & Hasslacher Chem. Co.
(See Assayers.)
GHZMXBT8' AFPABATUB AHD BUPFLZS8.
Baker & Co.
OHLORINATION FLAHT8.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
CHBOKE STEEL.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Metals.)
OLABSIFIEBS (HTDBAVLIO).
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
CLAT-WOBKINO XACHIHEBT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
GOAL.
Castner, (Mrran & Bullitt.
OOAL-HAHDLZNO KAOKIHBaT,
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. CJo.
00VTBACT0B8' SUPPUSa
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Ck>.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Rand Drill Co.
C0HTEETEB8.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
OOHVEYIEO BELTS.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
(See Elevating and Conveying Machinery.)
COB VEX mo XAGHZNEBT.
(See Elevating and Conveying Machinery.^
OOFFEB.
(See Metals.)
OOFFEB BOTTOMS
(See Metals.)
Buyers' Manual of The Mineral Industry— Classified Index.
007
COFFER DEALERS AHD FBODXTCERS.
(See Metals, Copper.)
CBAHES.
(See Elevating and Conveying Machinery;)
ORITBEEa FLANT8.
Allis- (Palmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
ORITSHEB ROLLS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
CRITBHEBB.
Allis- (Palmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Orusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
OTAHIDE HILLS.
Allis-C^halmers Co.
Davis Iron Works Co., F. M.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
CTANIBE TAHKB,
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
DZAMOVD BRnxa
Allis- (Chalmers Co.
(See Drills.)
dibhttsorators.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Knipp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
(See Pulverizers.)
DRAWnrO XATERZALS.
Devoe, F. W., & C. T. Raynolds Co.
(See Mathematical Instruments.)
DREDGIVO XACKZinCRT.
Allis-dialmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
* (See Machinery.)
DRILXA
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
McKiernan Drill Co.
Rand Drill Co.
(See Machinery.)
BRILL STEEL.
(Sec Metals— Mine Supplies.)
DRTINO AND OALCXHIVO XAOHIXSRT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Bartlett & Snow Co., C. 0.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
DTXMFIHO CARS.
(See Cars.)
;dthamite.
(See Explosives.)
BTHAMOS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
(See Machinery.)
ELECTRIC GOAL MIHIHO XAOKDrXRT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Coal Mining Machinery.)
ELECTRIC ICACHIHERY AVB BUFFUBS.
(See Machinery.)
ELEVATnrO AHB COVYZYIVS MACBIVBRT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
I^mbert Hoisting Engine Co.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
EvonnEERnro ihstrujcehtb.
Devoe, F. W., & C. T. Raynolds Co.
ENGINES.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Rand Drill Co.
(See Machinery.)
ETCHINO FLATES.
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
SZCAYATINO XACHINBRY.
(See Steam Shovels — Machinery.)
EZFLOSITES.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
FANS.
(See Machinery and Ventilating Ma-
chinery.)
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried.. (Jrusonwerk.
(See Ore Feeders— Quicksilver Feeders —
Machinery.)
dod
Buyers' Manual of The Mineral Industry— Classified Inde^.
FEBBO-VICXEL.
Orford Copper Co.
[See Metals.)
FILTEE FBE88E8.
Johnson, J., & Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
F0BOZHO8.
(See Metals — Iron and Steel.)
FUBNAOES.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Davis Iron Works Co.. F. M.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Nichols Chemical Co.
(See Assay Furnaces and Machinery.)
FD8E.
(See Explosives and Mill, etc., Supplies.)
OAB FB0BV0EB8.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
OAVOE BECOBDDrO.
(See Machinery.)
OEABOrO.
(See Machinery.)
GOLD.
(See Metals.)
HAVLZHO XACHUrEBT.
(See Machinery.)
HABDWABE, XZSOELLANEOTrB.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
KOXBTnrO XAOKDfSBT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lambert 'Hoisting Engine Co.
lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Rand Drill Co.
(See Machinery.)
EYDBAULZO XAOHIMSBT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
(See Siachinery.)
INSULATED WZBE8 AHD GABLES.
(See Wire and Wire Cables — Electrical
Supplies.)
ZBOV.
(See Metals.)
nos.
Allis-Chalmers O).
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Concentrators.)
LAXFB, lONEBB', 8AFETT, ETC.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
LEAD.
(See Metals.)
LEAD LlVnrO (OHEMIOAL AED CKLOmXVAT.
ZHO).
(See Mill, etc., Supplies.)
LZn BELTS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
(See Belting— Machinery.)
LITHABOE.
(See Assay Furnaces — Apparatus and Sup-
plies — Chemicals. )
LTTKOOBAFHEBS' FLATBS.
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Go.
LOCOMOTIVES.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Baldwin Locomotive Works.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
(See Cars and Machinery.)
LUBBICAHTS.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
LUBBZCATZEO OILS.
(See Oils.)
XETALL17B0ICAL WOBXS ABB OBB
FUBCHA8EBB.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
XACHIMSBT.
(Makers and Dealers in Mining, Smelting,
and other Machinery and Supplies.)
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Davis Iron Works Co., F. M.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Johnson, John, & Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Nichols Chemical Co.
Rand Drill Co.
XACHZHE TOOLS AND SVFPLXSB.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
XATEEKATXCAL XESnUXEVTS.
Devoe, F. W., & C. T. Raynolds Co.
(See Drawing Materials.)
XATTE.
Americlin Smelting & Refining Go.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Orford Copper (>).
Rickeits & Banks.
United Metals Selling Co.
Vogelstein L. (Aron Hirsch & Sohn.)
(See Metals— Ores.)
Buyers' Manual of The Mineral Industry— Classified Index.
909
METAL BBOXEBS A2n> DEALERS.
(See Metals.)
METALLUBOIGAL WORKS AHD ORE PUR-
CHASERS.
American Smelting & Refining Co.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Ck).
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
Orford Copper Co.
Ricketts & Banks.
XEIALLUROZSTB.
Ricketts & Banks.
(See Professional Directory.)
KETALB (ALLOTS).
Roessler & Haaslacher Chem. Co.
(Bearing Metals.)
AlUs-Chalmers Co.
Ck)pper.
American Smelting & Refining Co.
Atlantic Mining Co.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Baltic Mining Co.
Copper Queen Cons. Mining O).
Detroit Copper Mining Co. of Arizona.
Montana Ore Purchasing Co.
Nichols Chemical Co.
Orford Copper Co.
Phelps, Dodge & Co.
Stanton, John.
United Globe Mines.
Vogelstein L. (Aron Hirsch & Sohn).
Wolverine Copper Mining Co.
Gold.
American Smelting & Refining Co.
Balbach Smelting &; Refining Co.
Montana Ore Purchasing Co.
Iron (See Iron Ore.)
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lead.
American Smelting & Refining Go.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Nickel.
Offord Copper Co.
Platinum.
Bhtkdr & Co.
Silver.
American Smelting & Refining Go.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Montana Ore Purchasing Co.
Orford Copper Co.
Spelter (See Zinc).
Steel.
AlHs-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Zinc.
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
MILL, FACTORT. SMELTER ft MIME BUT-
FLIES.
AlUs-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Davis Iron Works Co., F. M.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Rand Drill Co.
MILLS (FULVERIZUfO.)
Smidth & Co., F. L.
Allis* Chalmers Co.
MILLS (STAMF.)
AUis-Chalmers Co.
Davis Iron Works (>)., F. M.
Krupp, Fried., A. 6. Grusonwerk.
MTLLSTOKES.
(See Mill, Factory, Smelter and Mine Sup-
plies.)
Mm GARS AMD CAR WHEELS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. O.
(See Cars.)
MIVE SI7FFLIE&
(See Mill, etc., Supplies.)
(See Mill, etc., Supplies.)
MIHERS* LAMF&
(See Lamps.)
*MIIIINO 00MFAVIE8.
Atlantic Mining Co.
Baltic Mining Co.
Copper Queen 0)ns. Mining Co.
Detroit Copper Mining Co. of Arisona.
Montana Ore Purchasing Ck>.
Sultana Mining Co.
United Globe Mines.
Wolverine Copper Mining Ck>.
MIHINO MACHIVERT, OEWERAL.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Davis Iron Works Co.,/ F. M.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lambert Hoisting Engine Co.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Rand Drill Co.
MOTORS.
(See Machinery.)
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
NAILft.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
VICESIi.
(See Metals.)
EICKEL OXIDE.
Orford Chopper Co.
OILS AHD GREASE, ILLUMDrATDfO AMD LV-
BRIOATDtO.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
ORE BREAZXE&
AUis-CJhalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonw^erk.
(See Breakers — Crushers— Machinery.)
910 Buyers' Mcmaal of The Mineral Industry— Classified Index.
ORE BXHTEBB.
American Smelting & Refining Co.
fealbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Montana Ore Purchasing Co.
Nichols Chemical Co.
Orford Copper Co.
Ricketts & Banks.
Vogelstein L. (Aron Hirsch & Sohn).
(See Sampling Works and Smelters.)
ORE CABS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoflf Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Cars and Machinery.)
O&E COKCENTEATOBS.
(See Concentrators— Machinery.)
0BE-DBES8ZHO MACHDfEBT.
(See Concentrators.)
QBE FEEDEB8.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Feeders and Machinery.)
OBE-HANBLOrO MACHDIEBT.
(See Machinery.)
OBE B0ABTEB8.
(See Furnaces— Roasting Furnaces.)
OBE BAMFT.KBB.
(See Machinery— Sampling Machinery.)
OBE-TE8TIHO WOBKS.
Ricketts & Banks.
(See Sampling and Testing Works.)
OBE WASHEB8.
(See Machinery.)
OXIDES.
Orford Copper Co. ^ .^ ,
(See Copper Oxide— Lead Oxide.)
FACKINOB.
(See Rubber Goods— Mechanical, Mill and
Mine Supplies— Machinery.)
FAINTS.
Devoe, F. W., & C T. Raynolds Co.
FEBIODICALS.
(See Publications.)
FEBFOBATEB ICETALS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoflf Machinery Co.
Jeflfrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery— Screens.)
FICK8.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
FILE DBIVEB8.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
(See Miichinory.)
FIFE.
Allis-CHialraers Co.
Holthotf Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., (irusonwerk.
(See Tubes.)
FIFE XACHIHEBT.
(See Machinery.)
FLACEB MACBIHEBT.
Allis-C!halmers Co.
(See Machinery.)
FLATDnm.
(See Metals.)
FLATIHTTM APFABATU8.
Baker & Co.
FOWEB TBAmUOSfilON XACHIVEBT.
(See Machinery.)
FBE88VBE OAUOES.
(See Machinery.)
FBOGSSSE&
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoflf Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonw^erk.
(See Machinery.)
FBOSFEOTIHO DBILLB.
(See rh-ills.)
FUBLICATIOHS.
Copper Handbook for 1903.
Cyanide Process, Practical Notes on.
Engineering and Mining Journal.
(iold Mines of the World.
Journal of the Association of Engineering
Societies.
Lead and Copper Smelting and Copper
Converting.
Iklanufacture and Properties of Iron and
Steel.
Matte Smelting.
Metallurgy of Lead.
Metallurgy of Steel.
Metallurgy of Zinc and Cadmium.
Mineral Industry (Annual) : An Encyclo-
paedia of Mining and Metallurgy.
Vol. I. From Earliest Times to the End
of 1892.
Vol. II. Supplementing Vol. L, 1893.
Vol. m. " ^r . . .r .
Vol. IV.
Vol.V.
Vol. VI.
Vol. VII.
Vol. VIII.
Vol. IX.
Vol. X.
Vol. XL
Vols. 1.-II., 1894.
Vols.L-IIL, 1895.
Vols.L-IV., 1896.
Vols.L-V., 1897.
Vols.I.-VI., 1898.
Vols. I.-VIL, 1899.
Vols. I.-Vm., 1900
Vols. L-IX., 1901.
,„...... Vols.L-X.. 1902.
Mining and General Telegraphic Ck>de.
Modern C:opper Smelting.
New Basis for Chemistry.
Ore Do])o.sits, A Discussion.
Ore Deposits of the United States and
Canada.
Ore l^ie^sing.
Buyers' Manttal of The Mineral Indtistry— Classified Index.
911
Production and Properties of Zinc.
Prospecting, Locating and Valuing Mines.
Qualitative Blowpipe Analysis, A Manual
of.
Quantitative Analysis, An Outline of.
Report Book for Mining Engineers.
Stamp Milling of Gold Ores.
Storage Batteries in Mills and Factories.
Terminal Index.
PUBLXSHEB.
Engineering and Mining Journal.
FIJLVZBXZSB&
( See Crushers — Machinery. )
Allis- Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
FU1IP8.
Allis- Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Rand Drill Co.
(See Machinery.)
QUAaaTZHO 1CA0HZHIB7.
AUis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
QUABTZ 1IZLL&
AUis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
QtnCKSILVSB TEEDEB^,' FhR^kOSB, STO.
(See Machinery.)
(See Metals — Iron and SteeL)
BAZLWATS.
(See Tramways.)
BAILWAT EQVZFKElfT AND iniPPLXES.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
American Smelting & Refining Co.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Nichols Chemical Co.
Ricketts & Blanks.
(See Smelters.)
BSOULATO&S, DAICPZBS, STO.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
BETOBTB.
(See Assay Supplies, Mill Supplies.)
BOABTnrO FTTBHAOZS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Colorado Iron Works.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Kruppy Fried., Grusonwerk.
Nichols Chemical Co.
(See Furnaces.)
BOOK BBEAKEB8.
(See Breakers — Crushers — Ore Breakers-
Machinery. )
BOOK DBZLL8.
(See Drills — Machinery.)
BOOFZVO.
(See Mill, etc., Supplies.)
BUBBEB GOODS.
Allis-Chalmers Ck>.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
8A7ETT LAMPS.
(See Lamps.)
SAXPLZVO AND TE8TXK0 W0BK8.
Ricketts & Banks.
SAXPLZVO KAOHZHXBT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
SAW MILL KAOKZBSBT.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
(See Machinery.)
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Perforated Metals.)
SSOTXOVAL TBAOK.
(See Machinery.)
SKAFrmO AHD PULLKTSb
AUis- Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
(See Biaehinery.)
SHEET OOPPEB.
(See MeUls.)
SHEET LEAD.
(See Metals.)
SHOES ASD DZESL
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Mill Supplies — ^Machinery.)
SHOVELS, BAKD.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
SHOVELS, STEAK.
(See Steam Shovels.)
SZLYEB.
(See Metals.)
(See Cages and Skips— Machinery.)
912
Bttyera' Manual of The Mineral Industry— Classified Index.
BMELTHf O FUaHAOES.
(See Furnaces.)
8KELTIHO W0BK8.
American Smelting & Refining Co.
Baker & Co.
Balbach Smelting & Refining Co.
Matthiessen & fiegeler Zinc Co.
Montana Ore Purcnasing Co.
Nichols Chemical Co.
Orford Copper Co.
Ricketts & Banks.
(See Refineries.)
80DA, OAVBTIC SODA.
BOBTZNO BELTS.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
SoWay Ptt)oes8 Co.
(See Metals.)
SnBSELEZBSV.
(See Metals.)
gPBOOKET WHBKIiS.
Jettrej Mfg. Co.
(See Machinery.)
8TBAX SEPABATOBS.
(See Machinery.)
STEAK SHOVELS.
(See Dredges— Machinery.)
(See Metals.)
STEEL CAMS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Knipp, Fried., "Crrusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
STOYE BLANKS (ZIHC).
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
STBirCTTTBAL IBON AHB STEEL.
(See Corrugated Iron and Steel.)
SULPHXTBIO ACID.
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
(See Chemicals.)
TANKS.
(See Mill, etc.. Supplies.)
TAPPETS.
(See Stamp Mills— Machinery.)
TESTZNO W0BX8.
(See Sampling and Testing Works.)
TDT.
(See Metals.)
TIPPLES.
(See Machinery.)
TOOL I
(See Metals— Steely
TBAMWATS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthofif Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Krupp, Fried., Gnisonwerk.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
(See Cable ways — ^Machinery.)
TITBBIHES AND WATEB WHKKIJI.
(See Machinery.)
VALVES.
(See Machinery.)
VALVES, BUBBEB.
(See Rubber Goods.)
VAVHEBS.
(See Concentrators— Machinery.)
VABNISHES.
Devoe, F. W., & C. T. Raynolds Co.
VEHTILATOBS.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Blowers — Fans.)
WA8KB0ABD BLANKS (ZINGI).
Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co.
WATEB WHEELS AND TVBBINEB.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Krupp, Fried., Grusonwerk.
(See Machinery.)
WELL DBILLINO XACHINEBT.
(See Machinery.)
WEEELBABBOWS.
Alli8-C%almers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
(See Mine Supplies.)
whkKTS, cab.
(See Cars.)
WHDIS, HOIST.
AUis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Lambert Hoisting Engine Co.
WHITE LEAD.
(See Paints.)
WIBE AND WIBE BOPE CABLES.
Allis-Chalmers Co.
Holthoff Machinery Co.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
(See Cables— Machinery.)
WIBE CLOTH.
(See Screens.)
WIBE BOPE TBAXWATS.
(See Rope way s-Cableways. )
WOODEN PIPE.
(See Pipe.)
WBOUOHT IBON.
(See Metals, Iron.)
ZINC.
(See Metals.)
TIJE Bl'YER'ti MAMAL OF THE MISERAL ISIWSTRY.
913
THE AMERICAN METAL CO., Limited.
52 Breadway (P. 0. Box 957). lew M.
IC5-t Seeurity BuiMiog, St. Louis, lo.
Coppcf» Copper Ofcs»
Mattes and Bullion,
Lcad» Lead Ores and Bttllion»
Tiiv» Spelter, Antimony,
Nickel,
Advances Made Oiv Consignments.
AGENTS P'OR
BALBACH SMELTING & REFINING CO., Newark, N. J.
HENKY K. MESTON & CO., Limited, London, Eng.
METALLGESELLSCHAFT, Frankfort-on-MAIN, Gennany.
METALLURGISCHE 6ESELLSCHAFT, Frankfort-on-Main, Geimany.
WILLIAMS, FOSTER & CO. )
PASCOE, GRENFELL & SONS. ) ^-i"'"**. Swawea, England.
SOCIETB ANONTME LE NICKEL. Paris.
914
THE BVYEUa MANUAL OF THE MINERAL IXDVSTRY.
BUY THE BEST-SAFETY AHB SECRECY.
Mining and General
Telegraphic
Code.
By BEDFORD McNEILL.
(Hmnio EHomnR.)
A most thorough and admirably arranged compend
intuitively calculated to meet the requirements cf
Mining, Metallurgical and Civil Engineers, Di
rectors of Mining, Smelting and Other
Companies^ Bankers, Stock and
Share Brokers.
PRICE
$6.00.
THE TERilNAL INDEX.
An •xcellent key to th« above, deftly compiled
tm assist In quickly determining the possible
alternatives of any mutilated despatch em-
bodied in McNeill's Oode.
PRICB, ^2. SO POSTPAID.
Thi Enginiering and Mining Jiuroal
aei BROJtowAY, Hew york.
THE BUYER'S MAWAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
915
Mining Machinery
CRUSHING MACH1NER.Y— Rock Breaker*. Roller Mille.
Stamp Batteries, Ball Mille for Dry and Wet Cruehing. etc.
AMALGAMATION APPARATUS— AmalgunaUng Tables.
AmalgamaLtion Pans, Settlers, Clean-Up Pans, etc.
SEPARATION AND CONCENTRATION APPARATUS
— Grizzieys, Sizing Drums, Jiggers, Magnetic Separsitors,
Concentrating Tables.
IMPROVBD OSCILLATINO-TABLE C50NCENTRAT0R
LeaLckiA^ Pla.iiis of Various Kiads
COMPLETE ORE-DRESSING PLANT
A LtLrg* T««ting Station for Crushing aind Dr«««lng at the Work*
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916 THE BUYER'S MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
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THE NANUFACM AND PROPERTIES
OF IRON AND STEEL ^
HARRY IftlSE CAMPBELL
QeneFBl Manafer Pennsylvania Stael
Cor
Thoroughly Rewritten
and brought up to date
This notable treatise has been min-
utely revised and thoroughly rewritten,
and the volume has been doubled in
size by the infusion of entirely new
and original matter. Among the many
new features added to the present
work are the divisions on the blast fur-
nace, the open hearth and the use of
fuels, while the pig and ore process, as
well as the Bertrand Thiel and Talbot
methods, are fully discussed. A new
departure is the description of each
separate important iron producing dis-
trict in the world, and no other publi-
cation has thus far attempted to cover
this field. The introduction will prove
absolutely indispensable to every engi-
neer, as it incorporates in pithy form
a review of the main principles under-
lying the manufacture and properties
of steel.
Octavo, Clotli* Profttaely Xlltutrated.
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Introduction
Chapter I. The Errancy of Scientific
Records.
Chapter II. The Blast Furnace.
Chapter III. Wrought Iron.
Chapter IV. Steel.
Chapter V. High-Carbon Steel.
Chapter VI. The Acid-Bessemer Process.
Chapter VII. The Basic- Bessemer Pro-
cess.
Chapter VIII. The Open-Hearth Furnace.
Chapter IX. Fuel.
Chapter X. The Acid Open-Hearth
Process.
Chapter XI. The Basic Open-Hearth
Process.
Chapter XII. Special Methods of Manu-
facture and Some Items
Affecting the Costs.
Chapter XIII. Segregation and Homoge-
neity.
Chapter XIV. Influence of Hot Working
on Steel.
Chapter XV. Annealing.
Chapter XVI. The^History and Shape of
the Test -Piece.
Chapter XVII. The Influence of Certain
Elements on the Physical
Properties of Steel.
Chapter XVIII. Classification of Structural
Steel.
Chapter XIX. Welding.
Chapter XX. Steel Castings.
Chapter XXI. Factors in Industrial Com-
petition.
Chapter XXII. The United States.
Chapter XXIII. Great Britain.
Chapter XXIV. Germany.
Chapter XXV. France.
Chapter XXVI. Russia.
Chapter XXVII. Austria.
Chapter XXVIII. Belgium.
Chapter XXIX. Sweden.
Chapter XXX. Spain.
Chapter XXXI. Italy.
Chapter XXXII. Canada.
Chapter XXXIII. Statistics.
APPENDIX.
Including Many WorkiAff DrawlaffS
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THE BVYBW8 MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
ORE DRESSING
By ROBERT H. RICHARDS
ProfeMor of XUiltiff
Ungincexinm and Metallurrjr at the
of Tedinoloffy, Boston. Mass.* U. 8. A.
Maaaadmaetta Inatitnte
This magnificent con-
tribution to metallurgi-
cal literature is now
ready for distribution,
after many years of care-
ful preparation by the
author, who is one of the
ablest experts on the
question, and is undoubt-
edly the most exhaustive
and practically useful
volume that has ever
been written in any lan-
guage on the subject.
This important book will
prove of immense value
to metallurgical engi-
neers and all others
who are interested in the
separation of metals
from their ores, as it
embodies full and com-
plete details in relation
to Breaking and Crush-
ing, Gravity Stamps,
Screen Sizing, Hand
Picking, Jigs and the
Laws of Jigging, Slime
Concentration and
Amalgamation. All of
the various known pro-
cesses are incorporated
in the present work, and
the information con-
tained therein is reliable
and thoroughly up to
date in every instance.
I^ist of Chapters.
Chapter I.— General Principles.
Part I. — Breaking, Crushing and Comminuting:
Chapter 11. — Preliminary Crushing.
Chapter III.— Rolls.
Chapter IV. — Steam, Pneumatic and Spring Stamps.
Chapter V. — Gravity Stamps.
Chapter VI. — Pulverizers other than Gravity Stamps.
Chapter VII. — Laws of Crushing.
Part II. — Separating, Concentrating or Washing :
Chapter VIII. — Preliminary Washers.
Chapter IX. — Sizing Screens.
Chapter X. — Principles of Screen Sizing.
Chapter XI. — Classifiers.
Chapter XII. — Laws of Classifying by Free Settling
in Water.
Chapter XIII.— Hand Picking.
Chapter XIV. — Jigs.
Chapter XV. — Laws of Jigging.
Chapter XVI. — Fine Sand and Slime Concentrators.
Chapter XVII. — Amalgamation.
Chapter XVIII. — Miscellaneous Processes of Separ-
ation.
Part III. — Accessory Apparatus:
Chapter XIX. — Accessory Apparatus.
Part IV. — Mill Processes and Management
Chapter XX. — Summary of Principles and Outlines
of Mills.
Chapter XXL— General Ideas on Milling.
Appendix, Tables and Other Useful Information,
Index.
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924
THE BVYER'S AfAyiAL OF THE MINERAL INDV8TRY.
production and proper-
ties of Zinc
By.
Walter R.eivtoiv Iiigalls.
This is a special treatise brought
thoroughly up to date by an eminent
authority on the subject. It is valu-
able alike to technical men and others
who are commercially engaged in the
mining and smelting of zinc ores and
marketing the product. The book is
replete with information as to the con-
ditions under which zinc is commer-
cially produced at the present time in
all parts of the world, together with
comprehensive records of the past and
the prospects of the future. It is the
only book which deals especially with
the zinc industry. We present here
for the reader's benefit the table of
contents :
CHAPTER I.— History of the Zinc
Industry.
CHAPTER IL— Present Economic
Conditions.
CHAPTER III.— Uses of Zinc and
Zinc Products.
CHAPTER IV.— Statistics of Produc-
tion and Prices.
CHAPTER v.— Analysis of Zinc Ores
and Products.
CHAPTER VI.— Properties of Zinc
and Its Alloys.
CHAPTER VII.— Chemistry of the
Compounds of Zinc.
CHAPTER VIII.— The Ores of Zinc.
CHAPTER IX.— Occurrence of Zinc
Ore in North America.
CHAPTER X. — Occurrences of Zinc
Ore in Europe, Africa and Australia.
CHAPTER XL— Mechanical Concen-
tration of Zinc Ores.
CHAPTER XII.— Sampling and Valu-
ation of Ores.
Royal Octavo,-Cloth, Illustrated with about 350 pages
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THE BVYEWH MAM AL OF THE MIXERAL INDUSTRY.
925
JEFFREY MACHINERY
Minest MiUSf Factories^
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THE BVYERS MAyVAL OF THE MIXERAL ryPTffTRY.
THE
METALLVKGY of ZINC
=AND CADMIUM-
By WAI^TBR RENTON INGAI^I^S
W8T OP CHAPTERS
I. Zinc and Its Ores.
II. Calcination of Calamine.
III. Blende Roasting.
IV. Roasting Furnaces.
V. Utilization of the Sulphurous
Gases.
VI. General Principles of Zinc Dis-
tillation.
VII. Retort and Condenser Manu-
facture.
VIII. Fuel and Systems of Combus-
tion.
IX. Chimneys. Heat Recuperation
and Furnace Design.
X. Types of Distillation Furnaces.
XI. Practice in Distillation.
XII. Losses in Distillation.
XIII. Refining Impure Zinc and Com-
position of Commercial
Spelter.
XIV. Cadmium and Its Recovery.
XV. Cost of Producing Zinc.
XVI. Design and Construction of
Smelting Works.
XVII. Examples from Practice.
XVIII. Proposals to Smelt Zinc Ore
in the Blast Furnace.
XIX. Manufacture of Zinc White,
Zinc Gray, Zinc Chloride
and Zinc Sulphate.
This important volume has been very carefully prepared by the
author, who is one of the ablest experts on the subject. It is thor-
oughly up to date in every detail, and it is the only special trea-
tise on the Metallurgy of Zinc ever issued. It should certainly
find a place in the library of every mining and metallurgical engi-
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OP
Qualitative Analysis
BY
JOHN A, MILLER, M. Sc., a. M., Ph. D. (Berlin)
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SMELTERS AND REFINERS OF COPPER
932
THE BlYElVti MASCAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
PRACTICAL NOTES
ON THB
CYANIDE PROCESS
BY
FRANCIS L. B05QUI, Ph. B.
Superintendent of the Standard Consolidated Mining Com-
pany s Cyanide Worksy Bodie, Cat.
A USEFUL, MONEY-SAVING BOOK FOR PRACTICAL MEN.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
History and Chemistry of the
Cyanide Process.
Limitations of the Process.
Agitation and Percolation.
Construction of a Plant.
Construction of a Plant.
Details of Construction.
The Zinc or Precipitation
Room.
The Clean-up Room.
Arrangement of Pipes, Valves,
Etc.
Laboratory Tests (General
Considerations).
Laboratory Tests (Tests on
Tailings).
Laboratory Tests (Tests on
Ores).
Preparing Tailings and Charg-
ing Vats.
The Leaching Process.
CHAPTER.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIIT.
XXIV
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
Zinc Precipitation.
Methods of Standardizing
Lump Volutions.
Cleaning-up and Reduction
of Precipitates.
Melting.
Direct Treatment of Tailings
and Ores.
Cost of a Plant.
Cost of Treatment.
Extraction.
Gold Losses.
Management of a Plant
Dangers in Working the Pro-
cesses.
Other Cyanide Processes and
Mcthodf.
Exemplification of th« Pro-
cess in Other Localities.
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OmOE, 99 JOUH ST., MEW YORK OHY.
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Traverse Tables
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BY
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THE BVYEWH MANUAL OF THE MINERAL lyDVSTRY. d35
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Nickel for Nickel Steel
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THE BVYEWS MAyVAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
C YANIDE
PRACTICE
By Alfred James
Late Technical Manager and Special Expert in South Africa, New Zealand,
Australia and the United States of the Company introducing the Cyanide Process.
An exceedingly valuable and important contribution to the subject, faith-
fully recording the personal experience of the author in the actual working of the
process, and covering a vast amount of information and data which is nowhere
else obtainable. The process section of this excellent treatise embodies sufficient
and requisite details to enable a mining engineer to accurately test his products,
design and install efficient and economical plants, and work them advantageously.
The latter portion of the book demonstrates the advances which have been made
in the treatment of dry crushed and roasted ores, and in the treatment of slimes
by filter press and other methods. The treatise incorporates the following
divisions :
HISTORY OF THE PROCESS— Its Early Struggles in Africa and Else-
where—INVESTIGATIONS OF SAMPLES— PLANT EXTRACTION—
Method- of Crushing — Treatment with Cyanide Solutions — Zinc Box Work and
Cleaning Up— TREATMENT OF SLIMES— African (Decantation)— Filter
Press Method and Precipitation Process— FILTER PRESS TREATMENT OF
Slimes— Single and Double Pressing— TREATMENT OF SULPHO-TEL-
LURIDE ORE— The Roasting-Sliming-Filter-Press Process and The Concen-
tration-Sliming-Bromocyanide (Diehl) Process— DRY CRUSHING— COSTS
OF ERECTING PLANTS— EXTRACTOR BOX WORK. AND SUMP SOLU-
TIONS—LOSSES IN CLEANING UP— BROMOCYANIDE— ASSAY OF
OLD SOLUTION^ AND REACTIONS OF CYANIDE WITH VARIOUS
MINERALS— RECENT CYANIDE PRACTICE AND TABLES OF DIAM-
ETERS, AREAS AND CONTENTS OF VATS AND 1,000-GRAIN ASSAY
TABLE.
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Smelters of Spelter
and Manufacturers of
Sheet Zinc and
Sulphuric Acid
Selected Plates for Etchers' and Lithographers' use
Selected Sheet for Paper and Card Makers' use
Sfove and Washboard Blanks
Polled Battery Plates
Zinc for Leclanche Battery
Special Sizes of Zinc Cut to Order
THE BVYEWB MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDDSTRY,
Modern Cop-
per Smelting
Bdttfard Hyer Teters^ Jr.
Twelfth Edition.
The Stande^rd authority of the world on
Copper Smelting.
It oontatxu a record of practical experience, with directions bow to Imild fumaoea and how
to overcome the various metallurgical difficulties met with in copper smelting.
TABLC or CONTSIIT6
Chapter L Copper and Its Ores.
" II. Distribution of the Ores of Copper.
" III. The Sampling and Assaving of Copper.
" IV. The Chemistry of the Calcining Process.
" V. The Preparation of Ores for Roasting.
" VI. The Roasting of Ores in Lump Form.
" VII. The Roasting of Ores in Pulverized Condition.
" VIII. Automatic Reverberatory Caldners.
" IX. The Smelting of Copper.
•• X. The Chemistry of the Blast Furnace.
" XI. Blast Furnace Smelting (with Carbonaceous Fuel).
•• XII. Blast Furnaces Constructed of Brick.
" XIIL General Remarks on Blast Furnace Smelting.
•• XIV. Pyritic Smelting.
" XV. Pyritic Smelting— Its History; Principles; Scope; Apparatus* and Practicil
Results.
«• XVI, Reverberatory Furnaces.
«« XVII. The Bcssemerizing of Copper Mattes.
" XVIII. The Electrolytic Refining of Copper.
" XIX. Selection of Process and arrangement of plant
General Index, etc.
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THE BVYER'S MANUAL OP THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
C Cm O.
Pocahontas Smokeless
Coal
The Only American CocJ Officially En-
dorsed by the Governments of Great
Britain, Germany eind the
United States
THE STANDARD FUEL OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY
CNDGItSCNENT BY THE GERMAN GOVERMNENT.
After making a thorough test of C. C. B. Pocahontas Coal, the NAVY DEPARTMENT
OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE has placed it on its list of Admiralty Coals acceptahle to
that Department, for supplying the requirements of men-of-war, and the proposals issued by
the German Government last November stated, "That bids for the coming year would be
received ONLY FOR POCAHONTAS AND CARDIFF COALS ON THE ADMIRALTY
LIST."
ENDORSEMENT BY THE GOVERNMENT OP GREAT BRITAIN.
In March, 1894, by command of Her Majesty, a report on the coal mines of the United
States was presented to the House of Parliament.
This report, which was made by Sir Julian Pauncefote, British Minister at Washington, to
the Earl of Roscbery, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, stated that "POCAHONTAS COAL
IS UNDOUBTEDLY ONE OF THE BEST COALS MINED IN AMERICA FOR THE
GENERATION OF STEAM."
In addition to its remarkable steaming qualities, C. C. B. POCAHONTAS COAL IS
PRACTICALLY SMOKELESS, AND THE NAVY LEAGUE OF ENGLAND HAS
OFFICIALLY STATED "THERE IS VIRTUALLY NO OTHER SOURCE OF SUP-
PLY OF SMOKELESS COAL OUTSIDE OF GREAT BRITAIN. EXCEPTING THE
POCAHONTAS COAL OF WEST VIRGINIA."
ENDORSEMENT BY THE GOVERNMENT OP THE VNITED STATES.
THE UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT for several years past has been making
exhaustive tests of various coals, with a result that it has adopted C. C. B. Pocahontas as
its standard fuel.
The annual report of the United States Geological Survey for 1 000- 1 901 states: "POCA-
HONTAS COAL OF WEST VIRGINIA IS THE STANDARD FOR STEAM COAL."
C. C. B. POCAHONTAS IS THE ONLY AMERICAN COAL WHICH HAS EVER
BEEN ENDORSKD BY A EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT, and these high testimonials
regarding its superior steaming qualities and smokeless character from such disinterested
sources show that it is regarded both at home and abroad as equal to the best Cardiff.
ITS ADOPTION BY THE UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT AS ITS
STANDARD FUEL FOR USE ON ITS CRUISERS, AND THE FACT THAT IT IS
NOW PLACED ON THE ADMIRALTY LIST BY THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT
ARE THE HIGHEST ENDORSEMENTS WE COULD ASK FOR, AND ESTAB-
LISHES ITS REPUTATION AS THE GREAT STEAMING COAL OF THE WORLD.
CISTNEII, CURRIR & BULLITT,
SOLE AGENTS
C. C. B. POCAHONTAS
COAL
Main OfFice: ARCADE BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
040 THE HIYEWS MASl AL OF THE UINERAL INDUSTRY,
Matte Smelting
ITS PRINCIPLES cAND LATE9i
'DEVELOPMENTS
With an Account of the
Pyritic Processes
BY
HERBERT LANG
Mininsr Bngrineer and Metallurgrist
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THE BVYER'H MASVAL OF THE MINERAL INDDSTBY.
•tt
ATLANTIC MINING CO.
Producers of LAKE COPPER
JOSEPH E. OAY, President. JOHN STANTON, Tieuudb
J. R. STANTON, SecreUiy.
AtlNB OPPICBl
Atlantic Mine P. O.^ Houghton Co., Mich.
WOLVERINE COPPER MINING CO.
OF AilCHlGAIS
Producers of LAKE COPPER
JOHN STANTON, President. J. R. STANTON, Secretary and Treasurer.
Kearsarge P. O., Houghton Co., Mich.
BALTIC MINING CO.
OF^ iniCHlGAIS
Producers of LAKE COPPFR
JOHN STANTON, President. J. R. STANTON, SecreUry and Treasurer.
iVtINB OfPlCBt
Baltic p. O., Houghton Co., Mich.
JOHN STANTON,
11-13 William Street. New York
Sales Agent for Above Companies.
042 THE BUYERS MAWAL OP THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
The Metallurgy of Lead
AND THE
Desilverizaiion of Base Bullion
BY
H O. HOFMAN, E. SI, Ph. IX
Professor of Metslhirvy,
Massachusetts Instituts of Tschnolocy
CONTENTS
PART I. Introduction.
Chapter I. — Historical and Statistical Notice.
Chapter II. — Properties of Lead and Some of its Compounds.
Chapter III.— Lead Ores.
Chapter IV.— Distribution of Lead Ores.
Chapter V.— Receiving, Sampling and Purchasing Ores, Fluxes and Fuels.
PART IL The Metallurgical Treatment op Lead Ores.
Chapter VI. — Smelting in the Reverberatory Furnace.
Chapter VII.— Smelting in the Ore-Hearth.
Chapter VIII.— Smelting in the Blast Furnace.
General Smelting Operations.
Furnace Products.
PART III. Desilverization of Base Buluon.
Chapter IX.— Patinson's Process.
Chapter X. — Parkes' Process.
Chapter XI. — Cupellation :
A. — German Cupellation.
B.— English Cupellation.
The Recognized Standard Authority Describing
Advanced American Practice
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THE BUYER'S MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY, 943
Anverican Smelting V
^^ Refining Company
Buyers of all classes of
aOUf, SILVER, LEAD mud COPPER
ORES, MATTES, BULUOM ami FUR'
MAGE PRODUGTS.
ILefiners of
BOLD, SILVER, LEAD mud COPPER.
Manufaturers and Exporters of
COPPER SULPHATE.
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Cdwo^ Bnwb. SocrottLfT- luac CngloAKotai, Itmjmum.
W. E. MonriM. Ass't Soc'y. ■. Stilir, Ais't Traas,
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944
THE BUYER'S MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
PROSPECTING, LOCATING
and VALUING NINES
▲ Practical Treatise for the use of Prospectors. InTestors and Mining Men
generally: with an account of the Principal Minerals and Country
Rocks; Ore I>eposits: Irocations and Patents: the Barly I>eTelop-
ment of Mines; Karthly Mineral Products: Coal: Gold Gravels and
Grarel Mining: Measurement of Water; and Artesian Wells.
VI/ITH Ff|f»TEEIN PL.ATBS
By R. H. STRETCH, E* TVl*
BY FAR THE BEST BOOK OF ITS KIND...-INVALVABLE
TO ALL WHO ARE INTERESTED IN MINING
CONTENTS
CHAPTER.
CHAPTER.
I.
Introductory— Mistakes in Min-
X.
Making Locations.
II.
III.
ing.
What Constitutes a Mine.
Rock - forming Minerals and
XL
XII.
Patents to Mining Ground.
Early Development of Mines.
Rocks
XIII.
Ores.
IV.
Physical Character of Mineral
XIV.
Useful Earthly Minerals, Etc.
Deposits
XV.
Coal.
V.
VI.
Origin of Veins.
Filling of Mineral Veins.
XVI.
Gold Gravd Deposits.
VII.
Influence of Rocks on Vein
XVII.
Water and Its Measure-
Filling.
ment.
VIII.
Mineral Depfosits Other than
XVIIL
Artesian Wells.
Veins.
Useful Tables.
IX.
Prospecting.
Good Books of Reference.
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THE BUYERS MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
945
ARON HIRSCH & SOHN,
HALBERSTADT, GERMANY.
New York Representative ^^^==^=
L, VOGELSTEIN
90^96 Wall Street
PURCHASERS OF
Ores
and Smelter Products, Copper
and
Lead
Mattte, Bxillion, Blister, Etc.
Zinc
ek.i\d Zinc Ores, Etc.
SOLE AGENTS OF
DE LAMAR. COPPER. R.EFINING WORKS. |
Ca.rteret. N. J.
DOMESTIC AND
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^-=
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IN
Copper.
Lead.
Spelter,
Antimony.
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MANUFACTVKEKS OF
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Copper Fire Boxee, Brass Cartridges, Etc.
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AT
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16 THE BUYER'S MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
Notes on Lead atid Copper
Smelting and Copper
Converting
9y n. W. HIXON.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter Chapter
I. Copper Matte Smelting. X. Improvementa in Roasting Furnaces.
IL The Calculation of Furnace Charges. XI. Smelting New Concentrates with Hot
III. Extraction of Gold and Silver from Blast at Anaconda.
Matte. XII. Copper Converting at Anaconda.
IV. Types of Furnaces. XIII. Blowing a Converter Charge.
V. Spouts, Settlers and Jackets. XIV. Design of Converter Plants.
VI. Blowing In and Barring Down a Fur- XV. Lining a Converter.
nace. XVI. Casting Anodes Direct from Con-
VII. Handling Blast Furnace Slag. verter.'
VIII. Design of Lead Blast Furnaces. XVII. Cost of Producing Copper at Ana-
IX. Lead Slags & Losses in I^ad Smelting. conda.
APPENDIX L
Specifications of Buildings and Machinery for Copper Converting Plant, Anaconda Min-
ing Company, Anaconda, Montana, and accompanying working drawings, etc.
APPENDIX IL
Notes of Improvements and Changes in Lead Smelting; Mechanical Roasting Fumacea;
Utilizing the Bruckner *s Waste Heat; Peculiar F.£Fect of Coke in Smelting: Liquidation of
Bullion Drosses; Effect of Slag Composition in Smelting Tincose Ores; Automatic Charging
Apparatus; Bosh Water; Jackets; Settling Pots; Proposed Method of Saving Flue Dust;
Briquetting Sulphides; Flue Dust Briquetting; Determination of Flue Dust Losses.
The author of this book has had ten years* practical experience at three of the largest
smelting works on this Continent, namely: The Arkansas Valley Works, at Leadville, Colo.;
the Guggenheim Works, at Aguas Calientes, Mexico, and the Anaconda Works, at Butte,
Mont, and has been in close touch with all the operations of the respective works, has en-
countered all the difficulties that are constantly appearing, as no one can who is not in daily
observation of the details of a metallurgical process, and has reflected on their cause and
the means of overcoming them.
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THE BUYER* S MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY. 947
United Copper
Company V V
p. AUG. HSINaSX. Ptm. S. Gm. Ngr. AR.TIIVR. P. HBINZE* Vio* Pwm.
STANLEY GIPPORD, Seo. «> TraM. JOHN NaoGliialM.
DIREerORS
p. AUG. HEINZC. A. P. HSINZB. HUGO BLVMBNTHAL
P. W. WHITRIDGB. 8. B. NASH. JOHN Na^oGINNISS.
a RXVSBNa A. A. BItOWNLBB, J. iJiNGBLOTH.
AUTHORIZED CAPITAL t
$5,000,000 Preferred Stock, $75,000,000 Common Stock
ISSUED!
$5,000,000 Preferred Stock, $45,000,000 Common Stock
Surplus and Undivided Profits of United
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$985,500.00.
Owns all the bonds and controlling stock interests of follow-
ing companies whose mines and works are located at Butte^ Montana:
Montana Ore Purchasing Company, Minnie Healy
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Company. Con*a-R.oclc Island Mining Company.
Belmont Mining CompSLny.
Dividends paid by Montana Ore Purchasing Company $2,808,968.00
OFFICES:
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948
THE BUYER'S MANUAL OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY,
THE
ORE DEPOSITS
: OF THE:
^/fitted *y*fafe^f and Canada
BY JAMBS FI][RMAN KBMP, A.B.B.M.
PBOR80OB or OBOLOOY » THB 80HOOL OF MIHB8, COLXTIIBIA UMITBBUnr.
Third 9ditiim.
Entirely Rewritten and Enlarged, with
Elaborate Illustrations.
The Rooagnixett Autherlty en MmaHeau
Etonomie Oeoiogiy
This is the only treatise extant containing an accurate and complete record of the vari>
ous Ore Deposits of this Continent, and is positively thorough and reliable on the origin and
modes of occurrence of the useful minerals in the earth's crust. It is specifically up-to-date
hnd is essentially requisite to the teacher and student in economic geology, and to all prac-
tically engaged in prospecting or mining the useful minerals and metals. The present (third
edition) has been faithfully revised, bringing the book up to the times, and embodying the
latest theories of Ore Deposits and the most recent developments in actual mining operations.
IX will certainly interest even a larger number of readers than did the first edition, which
!Mron such universal commendations. It is, beyond all doubt or question, the dominant author-
ity on the subject in any language, and everyone interested as a Teacher, Student, Geologist,
Prospector, Miner or Mining Investor should certainly have THE BEST BOOK.
•PART T:— iNTtlODUCTORY.
Chapter I.— General- -Geological Facts and
Principles/ '^ .. , ^ , .
Chapter II. — The Formation of Cavities in
Rocks.
; Chapter III.~The Minerals Important as
Ores; The Gangue Minerals and the
Sources Whence Both Are Derived.
( lAPTER I\'. — On the Filling of Mineral
Veins-
, Chapter V.— On Certain Structural Features
of Mineral Veins.
iCHAPTERi VI.-y-The Classification of Ore De-
posits, A Review and a Scheme Based
on Qrigin. -
PART II.— THE.QRE DEPOSITS.
; Chapter I. — The Iron Series (in Part) —
; Introductory Remarks on Iron Ores —
' Limonite — Siderite.
• Chapter II. — The Iron Series, Continued —
t ' Hematites, Red and Specular.
\ Chapter III. — Magnetic and Pyrite.
Chapter IV.— Copper.
\ Chapter V. — Lead Alone.
; Chapter VI. — Lead and Zinc.
Chapter VII.— Zinc Alone or With Metab
Other Than Lead.
Chapter VIII.— Lead and Silver.
Chapter IX. — Silver and Gold — Introdoc*
tory; Eastern Silver Mines and the
Rocky^ Mountain Region of New Mexico
and Colorado.
Chapter X.— Silver and Gold Continued-
Rocky Mountain Region, Wyoming,
The Black Hills, Montana and IcUho.
Chapter XL— Silver and Gold Continued —
The Region of the Great Basin, in Utah,
Arizona and Nevada.
Chapter XII.— The Pacific Slope— Washing-
ton, Oregon and California.
Chapter X II L— Gold Elsewhe»« in the
United States and Canada.
Chapter XIV.— The Lesser Metals— Alumi-
num, Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth,
Chromium, Manganese.
Chapter XV.— The Leaser MeUls, Contin-
ued-Mercury, Nickel and Cobalt, Plati-
num, Tin.
Chapter XVI.— Concluding Remarks.
Appendix L— A Review of the Schemes for
the Classification of Ore Deposits.
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eMODERK
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TBE BVYER^S MAXVAL OF TUB MIXERAL IMU'sTHY.
STAMP MILLING
OF
GOLD ORES
BY
THOMAS A. RICKARD
Mining Enginur and Metallurgist^ Fellow of the Geological Society^ Associate
of the Royal School of Mines ^ London ; Member of Council American
Institute of Mining Engineers, and Editor of the
Engineering and Mining Journal.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
L The Philosophy of the Stamp-Milling
Process.
IL The Stamp Mills of Gilpin Co., Colo-
rado.
III. The Typical SUmp Mills of California.
IV. California Practice in Amador County.
V. The Profitable Working of Large Bod-
ies of Low-Grade Ore.
VL Milling in the Black Hills, South Da-
kota.
VIL Early Australian Methods.
Vin. More Modem AustralUn Methods.
Glossary of Stamp-Milling Terms.
IX. Gold Milling at Bendigo, Victoria.
X. Double Discharge Mortars in Victoria.
XI. The Use of the Stamp Mill for Ores
Unsuited for such Treatment
XIL The Stamp Mills of Otago, New Zea-
land.
Xin. A Review of Australian Practice.
XIV. The Wear and Tear of a MilL
XV. The Flouring ot Mercury.
XVL MilU and Millmen. .
XVIL The Future of the Suoip Mill.
This book offers a careful description of the most recent gold-millmg practice in this and
other countries, being a record of the results of investigations made by the author in the course
of professional work during the past ten years. The author's inquiry into the principles of this
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tory practice of Colorado and Calif omia, in both of which States he has had charge of th^
operations of typical milling plants. The search for the scientific principles explaining methods
so diverse led him to the general study of the reduction of gold ores and induced him to
q>read the inquiry over a field nearly commensurate with existing mining regions. The matter
thus collected is rather a painstaking description of practice than a discussion of the cheiifi8.try
and mechanics of the stamp-milling process, and is therefore quite as valuable to those^engaged
in the work of the mill as to the student and engineer.
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FERRO ALLOYS ««• METALS
"POLUEKMETOS"
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Metallic Manganese Metallic Maffnesiuin
Metallic Chromium Metallic Molybd^um
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The Metallurgy of Steel
BY
HENRY M. HOWE, A. M., S. B.
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is the
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CoatributioA
to the
Literature of
Iron and Steel
Ever published.
Every
NetoLllur^ist,
every
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this
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter I. — Classification and Constitution of SteeL
Chapter II.- Carbon and Iron Hardening, Tempering and An«
nealing.
Chapter III. — Iron and Silicon.
Chapter IV. — Iron and Manganese.
Chapter V. — Iron and Sulphur.
Chapter VI. — Iron and Phosphorus.
Chapter VII. — Chromium, Tungsten, Copper.
Chapter VIII. — The metals occurring but sparingly in Iron.
Chapter IX. — Iron and Oxygen.
Chapter X. — Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbonic Oxide.
Chapter XI. — The absorption and escape of Gas from Iron.
Chapter XII. — The Prevention of Blowholes and Pipes.
Chapter XIII. — Structure and related subjects.
Chapter XIV.— Cold Working, Hot Working, Welding.
Chapter XV. — ^Pircct Processes.
Chapter XVI. — Charcoal-Hearth Process!
Chapter XVIL— The Crucible Steel Process.
Chapter XVIII. — Apparatus for the Bessemer Process.
Appendix I. — Special Steels.
Appendix II. — Anti-Rust Coatmgs.
Appendix III. — Lead Quenching.
Appendix IV. — Direct Process.
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Molybdenum, Vanadium, etc., etc,
MINERALS IN GRAM TO CARLOAD LOTS
Advise us of your requirements, or if you have rare ores or crystals to sell,
mail small sample. Correspondence in all countries.
FOOTE MINERAL CO,
FORMERLY Dr. A. E. FOOTB
Hlah^st Aui/Arcls At Nln» Or^At Expositions
1317 Arch Streett FHDLADELFHIA 24 Rtie do dump de Hais, PARIS
^
Professional Directory.
The skill and knowledge acquired in building up in a very few
years an industry whose output last year had an aggregate market
value at the place of production exceeding $l,000,OpO,000, are
sought for by those in every land who wish to utilize its mineral re-
sources. It is not surprising, therefore, to find American mining en-
gineers and metallurgists in such request that their services command
far higher salaries than are i)aid to the engineers of any other country.
The names of most of the eminent men in the profession, those who
have largely contributed to this marvellous growth of the mineral in-
dustry, are found in the pages of this Professional Directory. All
engaged in the industry look here when they wish to find experts
eminently qualified to assist them ; it is therefore not only in accord
with the highest code of professional ethics but also very desirable that
the names of all those most skillful in the arts treated of in this work
should be f oimd in this Directory.
Cbe Profmional Directory of tbe mtaeral ndnstry
naex
PAGE
Adams, William H 959
Aldrldge. W. H 959
Allen, W. W 950
Banks, John H 961
Beach, Henry T 969
Beatty, A. Chester 969
Benedict, W. de L 959
Blow. A. A 959
Bougllse, Geo. de La 959
Bradley, Fred. W 959
Brandes, Juan Felix 959
Brown, Cony T 959
Brown, Robert Oilman. 959
Channlng, J. Parke 959
Constant, C. L 959
Coming. Christopher B 960
Daggett, Ellsworth 959
Darlington, Wayne 959
Dlckman, Mackenzie ft Potter 950
Dlgnowlty, C. L 960
Doveton 4 Purlngton 960
Gilchrist, Peter 8 960
Hammond, John Hays 960
Hewett, G. C 960
Holdcn, Edwin C 960
Kempton, C. W. & P. B. McCoy 960
Keyes, W. 8 960
KlsUngbury, Geo 960
Klepetko, Frank 960
Ledoux 4 Co 960
FAOK
Maynard, George W 960
McCoy, P. B 960
Meyer, Franz 960
Moechel, J. R., Dr. Phil 960
Molson, C. A. 960
Munroe, Hall 4 Hopkins 960
Nicholson, Frank 960
Olcott, Bben Brsklne .960
Olcott, Corning 4 Peele 960
Oxnam, T. H 960
Packard, Geo. A 960
Peele, Robert 960
Pittsburg Testing Laboratory, Ltd 961
Raymond, Rosslter W 061
Rlckard, Edgar 961
Rickard, T. A 961
RIcketts, P. de P 961
Rlcketts 4 Banks 961
Rogers, Edwin M 961
Sauveur 4 Whiting. .' 961
Sharpies, Stephen P 961
Spllsbury, B. Gybbon 961
Stalmaan. Otto 961
Storrs, Lucius S .961
Stow, A. H.. ;...961
Sutcllffe. John 961
Symington, R. B 961
Tyler, 8. W 961
Wlnslow, Arthur 961
Cbe profcddional Directory
of the
)VIiiieral Xrtduetry.
^DAMS, WILLIAM H.,
18 BiMidwmy, Hew York, «Bd Minenl, Ya.
Pyrites Mlnee, Ck>pper Mlnee, Spence Roasting
Furnaces. Agent Pohle-Croasdsle process.
^LDRIDGE, W. H., R M.,
Klalag ud XstsUnfgioal EiwiaMr,
Oars Oansdian Paolflo BaUway, Txall« B, 0., or
Xontreal, Qnoboo.
^LLEN, W. W.,
OoBsaltiiig Snginoor*
Specialties: Designings constructing and organising
Mining. MeUUorglcal and IndostrUl Plants.
Room 1708, 170 Broadway, V. T.
Cable address^ "Sarabax," New York.
gEACH, HENRY T.,
CoasoltiBg Engineer,
Oitj HaU, Syxaoose, H. T. P. O. Box 870.
Formerly Chief Bng. Clearfield Bit. Coal Co. and
DlY. Bng. New York State Canals.
gEATTY, A. CHESTER,
B
ftn-B8S KoFhoo Bldg., Bonvor, Oolo.
Cable: ••Granite," Denyer.
Code: Bedford McNeill.
ENEDICT, W. DE L.,
OonaoItiBg Mining Eagliiser,
48 Cedar Btrsot. Vow York.
Cable Address: ••Verpear." New York.
gLOW, A. A.,
Consulting Mlalag EBglaoor,
180 Bishopsgate Street Witliia, London.
Villa Building, Vow York.
Cables, Tephrite. Bedford McNeill Code.
gOUGLISE, GEO., DE LA,
80 Rao Taitbont, ParU, ftanoo.
gRADLEY, FRED. W
Orookar Buildint, Ska rzmndsoo; Oal
Cable address: '•Basalt, San Francisco." Bedford
McNeill Code. •
gRANDES, JUAN FELIX,
Oonsnlting Mining Eaginoor,
810 Coronado BoUding, DenTor, Co)o.
Cable: Brandes, Denyer. Bedford McNeill Code.
gROWN, CONY T.,
i I
Sooorro, H. M.
gROWN, ROBERT OILMAN,
Oonsnlting and Mining Enginoor,
Mgr. Standard Cons. Mining Co., Bodie. CsL ' I -
n K, ..* '" ^"»» **^*' 8an FrmnoUoo. ^ ^
cable Argebj, San Francisco." Bedford McNeill
Code. . , ^
QHANNING, J. PARKE,
.1
Goasnlting Enginsar,
11 Broadway, New York.
QONSTANT, C L., E. M.,
OoBsnltiag Mining Eagiaaar,
88 CliiT Street, Vow Yoik.
Cable address: "Chaconstan.*
J)AGGETT, ELLSWORTH,
miiifiy Eagiaaar,
Salt Lake City, Utah.
J) ARLINGTON, WAYNE. .}
. CoBsaltiag Mining Enginoor and Motallnrgist,
Boise, Idaho.
J)ICKMAN, MACKENZIE & POTTER,
Mining Enginoors, Metallnrgiats, Chomista,
1180 Rookory Bnildiag, Ohioage, ZIL
080 THE PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.
J)IGN0WITY, C, L.,
GoBtultiiic
Mines and Mineral Landa Only.
iai9-» Eaal KaUta Truat Cte. Bldg., ghUa., Pa.
J)OVETON & PURINGTON, ,
Oonanltlac XialBg and Mfttallnfiiflal Sngiaaar,
Oodfrer Daniel Doyeton — ^Late Metallurglat Tboa. F.
Walah'a Camp Bird and Camp Bird Limited.
Cheater Wella Purlngton — Late of Camp Bird mlnea
and Mills.
819 MaJaatio Bvildinff, I>anTar. Odoxado.
Telegraphic addreaa: "Doyeton, Denyer." Bedford
McNeiU Code.
Q.ILCHRIST, PETER S.,
Gbamioal Enginaar,
Cniarlotta, H. 0.
Sulphuric Acid and Fertiliser Plants a Specialtj.
fjAMMOND, JOHN HAYS,
Oonanltiiic Englnear,
71 Broadway, New York.
48-46 Thraadnaadla St., London, E. C, England.
Bedford McNeill'a and Lieber'a Codes.
fjEWETT, G. C,
Xining Enginaer,
Oolondo Bpringa, Oolo*
Cable: "Bewett." Code: Bedford McNeill's.
H
OLDEN, EDWIN C,
malag Eagiaear,
74 WaU Btvaat, Vaw York Oitj.
Bedford McNeill Code.
J^EMPTON, C. W., & P. B. McCOY,
Mining, MUling, MeUllurgy. Exploration.
89 Bxoadwaj, New York.
Gable: Macton, New York. Code: Western Union.
Jg^EYES. W. S.,
Xiaing Eagiaear,
Paoiflo ITaion Olub, Ban Fraadaoo, Gal.
J^ISLINGBURY, GEORGE,
Miaing Engiaaar,
References — New York, Capt. J. R. DeLamar;
Denyer, Eben Smith; Los Angeles, O. P. Posej;
San Francisco, J. J. Crawford.
841 Wilflox Bldg., Los Angalaa, Gal.
Cable: Kisllngburj, Los Angeles.
^ T^LEPETKO, FRANK, E. M.,
«'^^ Oonsulting Engineer,
Mining and Metallurgy. Specialty: Metallurgy of
Copper.
OAoaa: 1008-1018 Xaxitima Building, 10 Bridge St.,
Haw York Gity.
Lately Manager Boston and Montana Consoli-
dated Copper and Silyer Mining Company, and of the
Reduction Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining
Company, of Montana.
At present Consulting Engineer Cerro De Pasco
Mining Company of Peru; Boston and Montana
Cona. Copper and Silyer Mining Company of Mon-
Una, and Michigan Copper Smelting Company of
Michigan.
J^EDOUX & CO.,
AasaywB and Ore temf Ian,
89 JohB Btvaat,
' Sew -YoxL
J^AYNARD. GEO. W..
Gonaultiag Mining aad Matallnzglcal Eagiaear,
Boom 88, No. 90 Vaaaaa Street,
Haw York.
JJ^EYER, FRANZ, PH. D.,
llatallnzgloal aad OMniaal Eagiaaar.
88 Bioad Btvaat, Haw Yoxk, H. Y.
Cable Addreaa: Frameyer. New York. Moreing it
Neal'a, Hawke's and ABC Codea naed.
Specialty— MeUllurgy of Zinc.
|uf OECHEL, J. R., DR. PHIL., PH. M,,
^^^ Ooaaultiag Ohamiat aad Xatallwgist,
Analyses. Assaya.
Xaaaaa Gity, Kb.
J^ OLSON, C. A.,
Consulting Engineer, The Exploration Co.,
Dooly Building, Salt Lake, Vtak.
Cable: "Molaon. Salt Lake." Codea: Bedford
McNeill, Moreing ft Neal.
J^UNROE, HALL & HOPKINS,
Analysta, Aaaayara aad Eagiaaazs,
Fourteenth and Haw York Aya., H. W.
Plants designed and erected for the manufacture of
Sulphuric Acid. Nitric Add, Mixed Acids for
Bxploslyes, Dynamite, Smokeless Powder
and other Exploalyes, the recoyery and
concentration of apent adds.
jq'ICHOLSON, FRANK
Goasultiag Xialag Englnnar aad Xetallnrgiat.
Haw York, 881 Broadway, oaia Knginaarlng and
iffwiwif Journal*
Joplia, Mo., Rooma 19 and 80, MeXialay
Buildiag.
Cable Address: "Nlchhop.** Codes used: Bedford
McNeill, Moreing & Neal and Ueber's Standard.
QLCOTT, CORNING & PEELE,
^^ Gonaultiag Xialag and XataUnrgioal
Eben Brakine Olcott.
Robert Peela.
Christopher R. Coiniag.
88 Wall Btvaat, Haw York.
QXNAM, T. H., M. E,
^-^ 1088 WaU St.,
Loa Angalaa, Gal.
Mines and Mining.
Examining and Reporting on Mlnea a apecUlty.
PACKARD, GEO. A.,
XataUurgist aad llialag EagiaMr,
Parmaaant addraia: 18 Lafayatta St., Wakatald,
THE PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY. 961
piTTSBURG TESTING LABORATORY
Limited,
XnipeotlBg and IbtaUiirfioal SnffisMn and
Ghamitts,
886 Water St., Pittatrarffh, Pa.
J^ AYMOND, ROSSITER W.,
Xininff EBflinaer and XetaUnrriiti
88 John at., Hew York (P. O. Bm 888).
J^ICKARD, EDGAR,
Ooninltinf Klalaf Sacineer,
Triunfo, Baja Oallfoirala, Ifozioo.
J^ICKARD, T. A.,
Editor
The Knglneerlag and Xinlnf Jovnal.
Blr. Bickard baa Bntlrely Dlacontlnoed BngliMeiiiiff
Practice.
OaUe Addreii: "Beadlgo, Vew Yoik.''
T>ICKETTS& BANKS,
'''^ AaMjen, XetaUnrglati and Xlalar AwlBoen,
104 John Street.
See Pace 96S.
P. de P. Rlcketta, Ph.D. John H. Banka, Ph.D.
J^OGERS, EDWIN M.,
Ooaaultiav XlaJng Eaclaeor,
88 Broadwaj,
Vew York.
3 AUVEUR & WHITING,
Xetallnrfioal :
The Boston Teatinc Laboratbrlea.
IM Tremont St., Boston.
gHARPLES, STEPHEN P.,
Ohemiat and Asiajer,
18 Broad St., Booton, Maat. '
Expert examinations and testa. Technical prob-
leina Inrestlsated.
gPILSBURY, E. GYBBON,
Ooniolting Mining ud OlvU
XetaUurtiat,
4ft Broadway, Vew York.
Cable address: '*Spllroe,** New York.
gTALMANN, OTTO,
Mining and Xetallnrvioal
Salt Lake Oitj, Vtah.
JTORRS, LUCIUS S.,
' Ooolotist,
Oooper Bnildbv,
gTOW,A.H.,
Bed Jaokot, W. Ta.
Poor years Johns Hopkins Uniyerslty; 16 yeara
mlsceUaneons work in West Virginia, inside and
oat. Held and office, constroctlon, reports.
QUTCXIFFE,JOHN,
OoBBolting Engtooer and Ooatraetor,
Pongftkeepsle, H. Y*
Befers to long and soccessfol management of
Iron Work8» SUte Works and General Mining Op-
eratlona in Mexico* Canada and the United States.
QYMINGTON, R. B.,
8880 80th BtiMt, San Fraaeisoo. OU., i
Blade Diamond, Washington.
'J^YLER, S. W.,
Oonanlting Mlaiag and !
Oonanlting Mlaiag aad MetallnrgiMl
8 Windsor Hotel Blook, Bonver, Oslo.
Cable Address: "Betyl," Denver.
^INSLOW, ARTHUR,
Oeneral Manager Liberty Bell Gold Mlaiag Co.
Lyoovm Bldg., Kansas City, Mo^. ud
ToUnxlda, Colo.
S1DA3AiaS31
i/4A^t.i/v OF THE unERAL l\DVi>IRY.
ilMtfr '^ iftlfc "Mf' "^ ^ i^ "Mfc iM' "iMf ilfr "Mfif "^
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Patented July 17, 1901,
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and prices
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110 N, J. R. R. Ayc,
NBWARK. N. J.
PBiemedlIsnblS.llOL
New York Office, 120 Liberty St
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F. W. DEVOE <a
C. T. RAYNOLDS CO..
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