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^^^ ■ AS
!■ ■ .C21
H ■ P9
n ■ 1870-1871
^^^^^1 BUHR
1
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^^1 B 1. 107,684 ^H
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J
PEOCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BE
EDITED BY
THE HONORARY SECRETAR]
JANUARY TO DEOEM
18 7 0.
CALCUTTA:
PBIKTED BT C. B. LEWIS, BAPTIST lOSSIOB'
1870.
CONTENTS.
List of Members of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on the
31st December, 1869, Appendix, in February Proceedings,
Abstract Statement of Receipts and Disbursements of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal for the year 1869, Appendix, in
February Proceedings, - - - - -
Proceedings for January, 1870, (with pi. I), - - -
Do. for February, 1870, including Annual Report, and
President's Address, - . -
Do. „ March, 1870, (including Proceedings of an ex-
traordinary Meeting held on 16th March,
1870),
April, 1870, - - - - 1
^ay> }) (with pi. 11), - - - ]
June, „ - - - - ]
July,
August,
September,
November,
December (including list of papers read at the
Meetings of the Society during the year 1870,
index &c.), - - - - - 3
(
Do. ,
h
Do. ,
\
Do. ,
\
Do. ,
Do. ,
\
Do. ,
{
Do. ,
Do. ,
\
(with pis. m, IV, V),
r
PROCEEDmaS
ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL
Fob Jantjahy, 1870.
The moiitlily meeting of the Socioty was held on WednesJay, the
5tii mstaut, at 0 p. u.
Th« IIonM)le J. B. Ph^ar, Vice-Pl'Gsident, in the cliair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmt*d.
The rt>ceipt of the following presentations was annoimoed : —
1. Fi*«jm n, H oxter, Esq., a specimen of Chammlm rul0ar(df
obtained near Bughodeer, Omnd-tnink road.
Dr. 8toliezka obsen-ed that the spe<dmen exhibited was a very
interesting one, representing a poculiar variety of Ck VHl^irhf not
common in India.
The &kin is somewhat stretched, but the total length of the speei-
men was certainly 12 inches, or a little more, the tail meafttu'ing
alightly more than one half of it. Dr. G ii n t h o r (Hoptile« of India,
p. 162) remarks that moat of the Indian specimens ai'e of a green
^eolonr, and Dr. Qray^ in his monograph of the Charimieontidm
(Proc. Zool. Soc. for 186 i, p. 469) etatos tliat '* the bands are in
Intlinn specimena generally absent, though in some (specimens)
I cL.^ar3y indicated.*'
llie general colour of the body in the present sppcim^^n is a dis-
' tinrt greyish oUve, having throughout a slight grocn tinge which, ac-
cording to Mr. n e X t e r's ojccouut, appeal's to have been mcuHt pro*
valent, and variable in the live animal, but itfiided rermirkably quick-
ly after death. Kath side is mai*ked with eight somewhat ij'n'gular
firangis brown cross bands ; the first three baadrt i>f the fore part of the
lK)dy being diviiied into a few epot^ ; above the shoulder there h a
conspicuous white ^p«*t, and a broadissh horizontal strip of the snrue
voloiu' bohind the fore foot. The head above, and partitdly at tho
2 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ J.vn.
sides, the greater part of the feet and three-fourths of the torniinal
end of the tail are bright yellow, the feet and tail being rather
narrowly banded with bright orange. The upper crest of the
body is grey, it slightly continues on the anterior greyish por-
tion of the tail ; the lower crest is white, and specially in front
very distinctly developed. The forehead is very concave and
the occipital crest high ; the posterior flaps are not develoj)ed,
but the orbital ridge which begins at the rostral end is very
prominent, and joins the posterior end of the occij)ital ridge by a
floxuous curve, being slightly bent downwtirds behind the eye,
but at the same time continuous throughout. A distinctly separ-
ate low ridge runs from the end of the occipital crest to the upper
posterior end of the tympanoid region ; the scales on this ridge aro
elongately tubercular, but not much larger than those accompanying
it on both sides. The scales on the gidar sack are small and
arranged longitudinally in two rows.
The deeply excavated forehead and the numerous cross bands
distinguish the present specimen as the variety called by Dr.
Gray marmaratus, but the author of the monograph does not
state where that variety was obtained ; it is certainly a i)eculiar
one, for judging from our specimen, it does not exhibit a trace of tiio
two longitudinal bands on the sides of the body, noted as charaetor-
istic of the typical Ch. vulgaris of Africa and Europe. F i t z i n g o r
applied the name Ch. Coromandelicm to the Indian Chnmaleon, but
the name G\. Ceylonicm, Laur., used by Dr. J o r d o n in his account
of the species has priority (J. Asiat. Soc. B., XXII, p. 466.)
Dr.. Gray (loo. cit.) however, says that " after rigorous examina-
tion and comparison," the differences existing in the European,
African and Asiatic forms do not possess specific value. There can
be no doubt that both forms are very similar and perhaps referable
to one species only. Setting aside coloration and compai-ing
various specimens of the Indian Chamceleon^ it is remarkable to
find that the posterior extension of the supraorbital ridge is always
very distinct in them, and the same also applies to the ridge descend-
ing from the posterior end of the occijntal crest downwai'ds, while
in the African form these ridges apjioar to bo much less developed.
In Geofi^roy's figure of the Egyptian Chamaleon (Descript. scient.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 3
de 1^ Eg^^^it (fee, pi. 4) those ridges are scarcely noticeable, and
the second one mentioned almost entirely absent.
According to VLi\ 11 e x t e r' s account, the specimen submitted was
obtained in the jungles near Bughodeer, and appears to be rare.
The geograx>hical distribution of the species is stated to be (among
others) ** India generally," but I do not know how far it extends in
India northwards, for its special haunts are Ceylon and the whole of
Southern India. I do not know whether it has been recorded
from Central India, but in any case its occurrence so far North as
the Grand trunk road deserves special notice.
2. From the Superintendent, Great Trigonometrical Survey of
India, — 2 cox)ie8 of Eeport of the Operations of the Trigonometrical
Survey for 1868-69.
3. From the Government of India, Foreign Department, — three
Amharic MSS. from Magdala.
The Ilon'ble Mr. P h e a r stated that the three volumes are the
only ones which we possess in Amharic, and they form, therefore, a
valuable acquisition to our library.
4. From the author tlirough the Eev. C. 11. Dall, — a copy of
Observations on the Geology of Alaska, by W. H. D a 1 1.
5. From the author, — a copy of a pamphlet entitled " On the
Desirability of a National Institution for the Cultivation of the
Sciences by the Natives of India, by Dr. MahendraHl Sircar."
6. From J. A v d a 1 1, Esq., — a copy of Lettre d* Abgar, ou his-
toire de la conversion des Edesseens, par Laboubnia, traduite
8ur la version Armenienne du Yme. Siecle, Venice, 1868. ,
7. From Allan Hume, Esq., — one volume entitled "My
Scrap Book, or Bough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology ;"
Part I., Raptores, No. 1, Calcutta, 1869.
Tliis is an important publication on Indian Ornithology, complet-
ing in many resi>ect8 Dr. Jerdon's " Birds of India."
The following gentlemen didy proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for as ordinary members : —
Allan Ilume, Esq., J. Wood Mason, Esq., Capt. A. G.
Boss.
Tlio following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting : —
4 Proceeding B of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.
Baden Powell, Esq , 0. 8., Lahore, proposed by Colonel R.
Maclagan, seconded l^ Mr. Thornton.
J. H. Newman, Esq., M. D., Assistant Surgeon to the Political
Agency, Joudhpur, proposed by R. M. Adam, Esq., seconded by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Fred. Wm. Alexander de Fabeck, Bengal Medical Ser-
vice, Jeypore, Rajpootana ; proposed by H. H. Locke, Esq.,
seconded by Dr. J. Anderson.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society, — T. E. Coxhead, Esq., W. U. Bourke,
Esq., Baron 0. Ernsthausen, J. A. Crawford, Esq.
The following letters were read : —
1. From John Beames, Esq., C. S., — dated Balasore Dis-
trict, Camp Agarpara, December 16th, 1869.
" Enclosed (^Vide pi. I ) I send an accurate copy of an inscrip-
tion I stumbled upon yesterday among the ruins of an old temple at
Kopari some thirty miles south of Balasore.
** The inscription was cut on the back of a slab of grey stone, the
front of which was adorned with a statuette of a divinity, resembling
that of Lakshmi. I would have sent the whole thing to the Society,
but the villagers appear to worship it, and went so far as to send for
a Brahmin to turn the image round for me to copy the inscription !
** Perhaps Babu BajendraHla, or some other member, would
kindly favour me with a translation. The people were anxious to
know what it meant, and I promised to get one of the great * Calcutta
pandits' to translate it. If it has any general interest, pray use it
in your Journal."
The copy of the inscription was submitted to B4bu R d j e n d r a-
I6la Mitra, who writes imder date of 5th January, 1870, as
follows : —
** The bulk of the inscription is made up of the well-known Bud-
dhist creed Ye dhannd heiu, ^'^., incised in the Kutila character of
the 10th century. The letters are ill-formed and defective, and
the spelling full of gross mistakes. The latter half of the fifth
lino and the whole of the sixth and seventh lines contain new
matter, but the last, with the exception of the concluding two
^^>^)»VX\;.'^\^
Ccpif of'
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 5
letters, is illegible, and a lacuna, in the middle of the sixth, renders
it very doubtful reading. The words Om sarva tath-a gata hridaya
and dharma tunga are distinct, and they imply that for " the en-
hancement of virtue" (dharma tunga) and the delight (?) ** of the
hearts of all Tath-agatas" or Buddhas, the statuette was dedicated
by some one. The name of the donor has been lost in the last line.
" The statuette is, of course, not of Lakshmi, but of a Buddhist
divinity, probably of Mayfidevf.
** The discovery of the statuette is interesting as affording a proof
in support of the opinion that Balasore was once a flourishing seat
of Buddhism and contained many topes and shrines of great sanctity."
2. From Mr. M. L. Ferrar, C. 8., dated Pertabgurh, 22nd
December, 1869 : —
I have been asked by a friend in England to try to find out who
was the gentleman whoso seal bears the following inscription— that
is to say, to find out the rank he held in India, and in whose ser-
vice. The seal is said to be a red cornelian in gold setting.
" Iftikhdr ud daulah ihtisMm ul mulk William Douglas Nix
Bahddur Shahamat Jang, 1215." (Hijri, I presume.)
Could you, or any of my fellow-members of the Society inform
me?
The following papers were read : —
I. — Note on a Circle of Stones sittjated in the DisTRicrr op
EusuFZYE, — ^y Colonel Sir Arthur Phayre. (Abstract.)
The writer describes a stone-hongo situated near Sung Butte,
about fifteen miles east of Marddn, the head quarter station of the
Corps of Guides, and relates several traditions regarding them.
An Bxcollent photograph accompanies the description.
The paper and a lithograph of the stone-hengo will shortly be
published in the Journal.
The Hon*ble Mr. P h e a r observed — that stone structures similar
to those described by Sir A. Phayre, wore found scattered over
a very large area of the earth's surface. They were often taken
to be evidence of the wide spread existence of a particular race "of
6 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.
people, but it would probably be safer to say only, that they 'were
indicative of a particidar stage of civilization. It is curio\is that
in Cornwall, whore monolithic remains of a somewhat similar
character are found, essentially the same local tradition often
attaches to them^as that mentioned by 8ir A. P h a y r e, namely,
that a party passing over the moor on some excursion was turned
into a group of stone pillars by the evil power. Clearly the tradi-
tion belongs to a late date, when all knowledge of the purpose of
the original structure was lost, and itself points to a certain ill in-
formed stage of civilization, which looks to supernatural agency to
accoimt for anything lying outside the conmion experiences of life.
But the community of tradition does not necessarily imply com-
munity of race in the people who give rise to it and transmit it.
Mr. Blochmann said that similar stone-henges had been allud-
ed to as existing in Kashmir by Lt.-Col. N e w a 1 1 in his paper on
the * Temples of Razd^n,' lately read before the Society. Col.
N e w a 1 1 mentioned especially a place called Bhadiakid near
which, as it would appear, extensive monuments exist of * Druidical'
worship from times prior to the Buddhistic Era.
Sir Richard Temple mentioned that those stone circles
were found almost throughout India.
Dr. Stoliczka said that Sir John Lubbock in his last
edition of the " Pre-historic times," mentions the occurrence of these
stone circles throughout Asia, from the borders of Russia down to the
Pacific seas. He describes and figures several of them as ** sepulchral
stone circles" of the so-called megalithic period.
n. — Observations on a Sanad, granted by Shah 'A'lam to Rajah
Pitya'mbar Mitra Baha'di5r, — by H. Blochmann, Esq. , M. A.
I have been asked by Babu Rajendral&la Mitra to exhibit
a Sanad granted by Sh^h * Alam to R^jah Pity^mbar Mitra
Bali^dur, one of the Bfibu's ancestors.
Tlie Sanad is of the kind called Farmdn i Sahti (,^ ^^^, A'in
i Akbari, p. 261, No. 2) and confers ux)on the Rajali 14 villa<^os
in the Parganah of Haweli i Il^dbdd, generally called Chail, the
revenue of which [villages] amoimts to 21891 rupees. The grant
specifies an Altamgha tenure for ever fin^dm i altamghd, na^alan ba'da
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 7
nasalin o ha(nan ba^da bafninj without ta^diq o yddditshtj or liability of
keeping up a military establishment. Nor is the income liable to
future taxation, on the ground that the revenue of the villages has
increased. All taxes are remitted, as pesMash, mdl, jihdt, faujddri ;
also aayir imposts, as qanalghah^* muhaqqildnah^ ddroghd'nah, zdhitdnah
(surveying taxes), shikdr o bekdr (?), the five per cent, muqaddami,
and the two per cent, qdnungoi.
The date of the grant is 5th Jumdda II., of the 26th year,
A. H. 1199, or A. D. 1784.
On the back of the grant, the following fourteen villages are
specified : —
1. MahgdnWf the j^gir of Rajah j^Lwa. (?) R 4 m.
2 (name not legible), an altamghd tenure of the late
Baqdullah Khdn, in exchange for a mauzd' of the name ;of S[>^
K'hanwld.
3. ITatwd, held in Altamghd by .... Mumhi % Mmtaufl.
4. jK<wii/^iir, the jagir of the late Bahddur 'Ali Kh^n.
5. Amraul, in the name of Amiruddin Khdn, the Diwani
of the fubah of Il6habad.
6. Bhimrauli (Jchdg)
7. Achharpiira Sarauli,
8. Bargdnw,
9. BahrdmpiLr.
10. JBasond,
11. Bak'hhdhh [or Yak'hdlah f?y\
12. Jagdespur Sobhd.
13. iVrti Sardi,
14. Bluili.
The Surveyor General's Map of the District of Allahabad for
1845, contains the names of villages Nos. 3, 4, 5, G, 8, 10, 12, 14, of
which Amraul (5), Basona (10) and Jagdespur (12) lie on the Jam-
nah, the last on the right bank, in the Parganah of Barah. Tho
other villages lie north and north-west of Allahabad. No. 7,
• I do not know tho correct pronunciation of tho (Turkish) word AiJUj. Ifc
is not given in any Dictionary or Glossary, native or Eui-opoaii. On tho fly leaf
of one of my MSS. I found tho remark that A*JUi is the same as the Hindi
UxA»>, coriander seed. Tho tux on qanahjhah is mentioned by Abnl Fazl (Aid
text, p. 301) aa one of the vc£atioas taxes which Akbar abolished.
8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [ Jait.
AckharpuTy may correspond to the l/lchar'pur of the map. For No.
13, Nai Saruiy the map has Sardi Neem, Instead of No. 9, Bohr dm"
pur, the map has Ihrdhimpvr and Ihrdhimdhdd, which names are
often interchanged.
The right hand corner Sanad is adorned with a black seal, contain-
ing in gold the name of Ahul Muzaffar Jalaluddin Shiih ^Alam PddisMh
i Ghdziy and the words J^l i-w and the year 1173, [A. D. 1759],
the first year of Shah 'A lam's reign. The seal is surrounded by an
eccentric circle, and the space between the two circumferences is filled,
up by fourteen small circles each conttiining the name of a Timuride,
from Timurto 'Alamgfr Pddishah, son of Jahdnddr
P d d i 8 h d h. To the left of the seal in the middle, above the grant,
the name of the reigning P^dishdh is given in large Tughrd cha-
racters ; and to the left of it, in the left hand corner of the paper, tlie
Sanad itseK commences with two short lines according to custom {vide
Am translation, p. 263.) The reverse of the Sanad contains a large ink
seal with the names of Jumlatulmulk Maddrulmahdvi IHirnddtidxlnulah
^A^a^'dh Burhdn ul muiky Abulmangur Khan (Jafdnrjangy ShujWuddcmlah,
Najih Khan ^ Aqafuddnulah Bahadur Hizharjang, Ydr i Wafdddr Sipah-
adldr Mmtam iHind, Shdh ^ Alam Pddishdh i Ghdzi ; and below another
ink seal containing the words Khdnahzdd Ehdn BaJuidur Fidwi i SJuih
'Alam Pddishdh i Ohdzi, with the year 1188 [A. D. 1774.]
The following is the text of the Sanad : —
AT* ^\j\sJt aj^ J \^y^ JjU. oyj L5^>^ ^ji *^ «;*^j^J^ ^y*
j\ c>^ ^*;] (J^l^ ^i^J ^^J t>y J «X/AiikA J j\jA ^^J c^—Aj ^yo
cujlii' jU^^ ^\y ^l^j j\.iSLe^^\fi ^1^1 J j\c^)i\y^ f^\j\^ , (princes)
^i^ljtx^*Xftx) f^^^^yj j\jJ^]j j\yd^l':> ^'^y^j l*^! J^a^L> J^^H)V^
li^li^ J liXJla. ^^j «>jo uJajj cl**j *^*J ^t-s) \j dJo^9jjo ^\yo 2$Ja.w^
f^jjS^ J yj'y^i^ di^ J (sic) j^} C»i'>^3* 3 iXJjIji (j l^T ^J^
• It was Akbar who cbaiij<ed tho uamo Ildhdhas^ which existed before his
tiine«, to Jldlufbdd ; H»U Badaoui, II, p. 176, and Mr. Boames's oditiou of
Elliot's Glossary, II, 262.
1870.]
Pr&e^in^s of the AMiaiw Society,
I
I
I
I
J i/^H^i ^^^^ JSjtj ^j^ lA*^* 1 r^!>^ ijj^9^^ iJi^*>-^j
The oxpresaion <fz panjmth i rahi* i hi <»/, * from five-sijctha af tlie
month of Eabf of the (Clia^titai) yerti-of the Zoi (dragon)* is unrlear
to me, and the subatitutioa of the cltiinay tr^rlos of tho Clxug:dt4i
Era for Akbar*s Era, or the HijraU, is mir|:>ri8ing, The word hkS^^
I do not understand ; t^^ a rnktuke for ^\ wit]jout tho nmdd, and
y^ is a qneer spelling for j^ or meruly j^ taghir, 1 kuow
nothing aa to the valiflity of tho 8unad.
ni.^-A THIRD U8T OF Benoal Ai-g.^» deUfnmmd hj Di\ G. v*
M a r t e n t(^ Profiftsor o/Baian^ in SluU^ard, — mmmmiicaUd thtQU^k
Mi\ S. K u r z.
The following is a contiiiuation of Pl'ofessor t. M a r t o i* s^ numer-
ous dotorminatiotis of AlgsB, which I coOeeted in the counie of tho
last few years in the Bengal Presidency, on tho Andaman islands, lu
Arracan, and in Burma* Two listo, containing about 20 to *25 speoieSf
have been already published in the Botanical Journal ** Flora* ^ for
1 869. In submitting this third series of determinations, I have only
t^ express my deep obligations to Prof* v. Martens^ for the great
iutorost which ho had taken in the titudy of th© Bengal Algre, and
for the liberality with which ho has placed the result of hia exami-
nation at my disposal.
The freshwater- Algs9 of Bengal, and indeed of India generally,
are aa yet viary imporfoetly known, though the number of species to
be met with everywhere in our j heels, tanks, rivers, &o,, appears
to be a very largo one. The minuteaesa of many forms, the oare
necessary in tho preparation of the oolieoted materiala, and eapeeiaily
th*3 great dilfioulty which is experienced in tho determination of
Fresh water- Algso in a dried state, seem to have been the [irinoi-
pal uauiie of their having beea almost totally uegieuted by Iiidiau
10 Froceedifigs of the Asiatic Society. [J ait.
botanists, meanwhile more than 1000 species of Musci and Hepaticte
have become known from British India alone. With regard to
Indian seaweeds, Prof. v. Martens' work "Die Tange der
Freussischen Expedition nach Ost-Asien," contains almost all that
is known about them. In a very cursory exploration of Bengal
I have obtained about 40 to 50 species of fi^osh- and brackwater-
Algee, but this number is only a fraction of what really can bo
found in a country like Lower Bengal, in the flora of which the
richness of water plants is the most characteristic feature. As my
researches into the flora of the cryptogamic plants of Bengal, and
of India generally, are now in progress, I defer for a future op-
portunity the communication to the Society of a systematical list,
containing all that is known of Bengal Algso.
S. KuKZ,
81st December, 1869.
1. — From the Sikkim Himalaya.
1885.* OsciUaria interrupta^ Martens, fllis 1/1000 lin. crassis,
laete aerugineis, distincte articulatis ; articulis diamotro aequalibus
ad duplo longioribus, punctatis, linea hyalina iutorruptis. — Oct. 1 868.
Above Senadah, 7100 feet. — Mixed with it are threads of Oacillarta
antliaria, Mart.
1886. Oscillarta hreiisy K ii t z i n g.— Oct. 1868, Sinchul, 700O
feet.
1887. Spirogyra decimina^ Link. — Jellapahar, 7800 feet.
1 888. Zygnetna imigne, K g. = Tyndarid^a imignisy H a s s a 1. —
Between Khersiong and Senadah, 6 — 7000 feet.
1889. Fae^A^rui, without fructiflcation and, therefore, indeter-
minable, 7000 feet.
1890. Scytonema aureum, Meneghini. — Near Punkabai'ee,
on rocks, 1500—2000 feet.
Ckroolepua viliosum, Kg. — Tongloo, 10,000 feet.
2. lYom Lower Bengal.
1743. Oscillaria Jtdiana, Men. — In drains at Sealdah, Calcutta.
1 756. Microcystis aeruginosa^ K g. — Forms in May a thin superfi-
cial layer in tanks at Sibpur near Howrah. (Formerly known
only from Stuttgard, where I detected it in the Royal Gardens.)
• These aod the consecutive arc the current onmbors of my " Cryptogamao
cellularcs/' now amounting to more than 2600. (S. K u a z.)
1870.]
Knjinabfil Lill>i. wafi^rfjiH near
1757* Spirog^ra tiditnfa, Tj f n V.
Saliibgunge.
1763. Jltjilrocohum h^Urntfiihiim^ IC g* — Matjltlium^Kasf^^ru BnhAi'.
1764. Ch^ifttf/pfwra Imiica^ Mart., globosa, majuscula, riri-
dia ; fills fliicciciis, rejwtite di<ihotomis, elongatis, apiiraiiifitis; articu-
lia diametro aoqulibas vel duplo ad qnadrnplum Inngioribiis^ saopa
obsoletis ; spertnatiis globosis, eeussilibus, — ^Forma JVb/t^or*shaped
ohoiuB on dead braaehes iu rivuleta, iitiur BeMrinath, Manbhiini.
1789. Sc^hHema paltnarumf Mart., cespite oompact«> ex virl-
di uinereo; filis parco ram<3si»T subdoxiinsis, aoquicraftaU, euin vagina
arota 1/22^5 ad 1/200 lin. crassia, lutt-Hjlis vel sorJide virescentib^i?*,
ba«i hvalims ; artit^tiliB diametro brevioribus, distinctia, j^anulatis, —
Cabnitta^ Botanio Garden, betwenn the old tihoaths oo tU« Btoma
oi Phoenix ftyhrafrh^ wlioroin rain-Avater is iisaallj accumulating.
1794. S^ngdra JJhha^ Ehrenberg, witli single throad* of
OseiUaria auh/tisca, V a u c b e r. — At the waterfall near MabftrAjpiirj
Eajmabdl hills.
1804. Se^ion^ma tamfniamm^ Kg, — Calcutta Botanic Garden.
1HH2. Pahmt^lmi Kurzmna^ Mart., gelatinosa, late oxpan^a,
pbttme lobota, 3 ad 6 lin. crassa, olivaceo — lutascens, laovis, wxati-
tione collabeas nigidosa, chartae arete adliaerena; globuUs
mimeroais, ellipticta, l/2oO lin. longis, 1/300 lin. crassisi iWm
teniiissiniLs, byalinis, fioxuosis iat43rtexti5. — Calcutta, Botanic Gar-
don, on brick-laid paths, during and, especiallj, towards the close
of the rainy season.
1933 and 188«J. Sptrogyra nitidn^ Lk. — Northern Bengal, be-
tween Kissengungu and Titalya* frofpieut ; also at Howrah, &c.
1893. Zijgngomum JimtjnUnati^ Mart., filis paree ramosia, elon-
gatis, hjalini«, articnlis diametro ( 1/150 ad \/V2^ lin.) 4- ad 8-
pluui longioribus ; substantia gouimira in globuloH fuscos biparti-
ta ; spermatiis globosis 1/80 lin* crasais. — Xorthern Bengal, in deep
etagaant waters between Silligoree and Titalya, forming larga i
rounded greyish cloudy masses.
1 894. IJyphfothrix inveHiettit Mar t., strato effiiso, Inride oil-
filis intemis diluto aerugineis* 1 750 lin. crassis, obsok^te
"^rtienlatis, tiiniLisis, pimctatis ; vaginis rubespontibus, opaeis, arctic,
l/oOO lin. craasis, — Northcru Bengal, between Silligoree ant] Titalyu^
in stagnant waters, forming a dense covering on wator-plants.
1 2 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [ Jak.
More or less intermixed with the last species occiu' Scytofiema
cMorophaeum^ K g., /8. tenuiw, Mart., and the next one.
Allogonium depressum, Mart., fills hyalinis, articulis diametro
(1/450 lin.) 5-ad G-plum longioribus, demum partim in globuloa
concatenatos lutescentes, margine hyalinos 1/125 lin. latos et 1/180
lin. tantum longos intumescentibus.
1932. Fhormidium oryzetarum, Mart.,* strato membranaceo,
tenui, viridi ; fills tenerrimis, parum flexuosis, aerugineis ; arti-
culis obsoletis, diametro (1/1800 lin.) brevioribus. — In inundated
rice fields in Howrah District, Calcutta ; floating.
1934. Spirogyra elongata. Kg., occurs with the fopmer and
with Oscillaria Grateloupii, B o r y.
1935. Ulothrix pectinalisy Kg., in stagnant waters and tanks in
Howrah district.
1936. Oscillaria Kurziana, Mart., strato tenui, saturate viridi ;
fills pulchre aerugineis, non granulatis ; articulis diametro (1/450
lin.) aequalibus, geniculis hyalinis ; apiculo attenuate, curvulo, O.
Cortianae, P o 1 1 i n i, affinis. — Calcutta, Botcmic Garden, in shallow
waters of the flower-pots, wherein water-plants are cultivated, as
Crypiocaryne, etc., also occurring with Ndvicula cryptocephalay K g.
1937. Cladophora Roettleri, K g., Howrah, Aug. 1869.
1938. Spirogyra Eeeriana, N a e g e 1 i, Calcutta, Aug. 1869.
IV. — On some new ob ncPEEFECTLY KNOWN Indian plants, —
by ^'8. K u r z. Esq , (Abstract.)
This paper contains descriptions of 26 new species belonging
to various families, chiefly of phanerogamic plants. Besides that
varied and very important information is given regarding other
Indian plants which were up to this imperfectly known, or incorrectly
identified.
The paper is accompanied by two plates ; on one of them three
figures are given representing the distinctive characteristics in the
sheaths of Schizostachyum hrachycladum, 2iollingeri and hngispiculatum^
considered by Col. Munro as belonging to one and the same species,
but evidently distinct. On the other plate an illustration of the
interesting Javanese fern Hemionitis ZolUngeri, K u r z, is supplied.
• This is the most common Alga in Lower Bengal, covering in large spongy
patches the ponds, ricefields, &c., and adding mnch towards a natural manure
of the fields. (S. K u jk z.
1870,]
JProuedin^i of ihn Asiatic Sncirff/,
Id
V. — List of bthds obtatpted m tite KriASUL aitd Noam Oachab
HILLS, — ^by Major II. H. G o d w i n - A u 6 1 o n, F. B. G* 8., De-
puty Supdt. Topograph. Survey of India. (Abstract,)
In this list Major Godwin-Austen enumerfttes about 200
species from the above named hilla. A fnw now Rpocies aro de-
ecribed, and very valuable information is recorded of many which
were Bomewliat imperfectly known. In cases where rare birds
wore obtained, a description and measurements, taken from live
speeimons, were submitted. As regards the geographical distribu-
tion of Indian birds, the list must be looked upon as a very interest-
ing on, for the whole of that impoi-tant Indo-Oliinose province is
not included in Dr. J e r d o n's work, thougli the names of the
birds are mostly noticed. The author was cautious not to burden
literature with new names unless sufficiently authenticated. Ho
has grven descriptions of several species which he considered may
be new, and a few of tliese species (as a Cypnelua^ Troch^ihpttsrun)
will be described by Dr. J e r d o n.
The author further acknowledges the great assistance he has
received from Dr. Jerdon persoiially, ** who htis named many
doubtful species, and some that I — says the author^ — ^had been unable
I identify.**
'TT, — Note on m^ Kjoickenmoddixgs or tub Axdaalix islakds, —
by Dr. F. Stoliczka,
On my recent visit to Port Blair, I was informed by Mr. Fr.
Ad. de E o e x> s t o r f f, Extra A^st. Supdt. at Chatliam island, of the
existence of several kitchen-middens in the neigh bourh^iod of the
settlement. The same officer also shewed me a great ntunber of
shells and fragments of pottery which he lately obtained from one
of the shell mounds. Being personally acquainted with the numerous
Kjokkenmoddings on the Danish coasts, Mr. Boepstorff readily
recognised the identity of VHith these formations ; mid the impor-
tance of their being subjected to a carefid search. I was naturally
very desirous to examine some of these mounds, but as my stay was '
to be only a veiy short one, Mr. Ttoepstorff suggested that I
[lould visit a place near Chatham island, the so called Hope T*>wn,
ad very kindly offered t43 aoeompany me to the exact locality whiuK
he had previously seen.
14 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jaw.
Hope Town is a small convict settlement in a shallow bay, north
of Chatham island. The inner edge of the Bay is occupied by a
mangrove swamp, and in the eastern corner of it, we met with
the first shell mound, just behind the mangrove swamp, and at
the bank of a small &esh water stream. This Kjokkenmodd-
ing, evidently of a somewhat round circumference, was about
60 feet in diameter, and some 12 feet in height, but nearly
half of it had been used in making a road which leads close
by. This was,, in some respects, welcome, because it saved a
good deal of digging.
The mound in itself does not present anything extraordinary,
it is a simple accumulation of shells intermixed with a great num-
ber of bones of the Andaman pig, Sue Andemanemie, fragments
of rude pottery, and numerous stones varying in shape and size,
— such as a Kjokkenmodding near Copenhagen or any other
place in Denmark can be observed. A few large trees growing
on it indicate that it could not have been much disturbed, at least
during the last two or three decenniums.
1. We examined the mound all round and dug up a por-
tion of it, in order to see what kind of shells prevail, and which
of them principally served as food to the inhabitants. The most
common species appeared to be Trochm NiloticuSy Fteroceras chi-
ragra and lamhisy Turho (SenectueJ articulatuSy Murex adustue and an-
guliferue, Nerita albicilia, polita, Oeorgina and exuvia ^c. The Neritte
especially were very numerous ; and the last two are mostly
found on the branches and roots of the mangrove vegetation close
by. Among the first named Gastropods, the specimens of Trochun^
Pterocerasy Murex &c., &c., chiefly were of very large size, not
many were half grown. Pelecypoda (or Bivalves), as Spondglus
aurantiuSf Area acapha and fasciata, Tridacna gigae and equamosaj
Capea deflorata, Paphia gldbratay &c., &c., are not uncommon, but
still far less nimierous than the Gastropods. Of Oetrea crista
galliy Lam., a species of quite an ancient type and very closely
allied to the Jurassic 0. Marshii, Sow., or flahelloid^Sy Lam., I
have also obtained several valves, and this is one of the very
few species which now appears to be rare in the harbour, for
I have observed scarcely any live specimen during my stay, while
1870.]
ProoaedinffM of ih» Asiatic ^uvUt^*
16
at the Nioobars I found it to be oominoiu Spondj^lwi aui^antim
ia also a rare shell now. All the other species of MoUnsos above
eniuuerated, and many others not particidarly alluded to> nvmiT in
largo quantities on tho neighbouring coral^reof^, fi'oni which they
evidently were obtained, with the exoeption of the Nt^itm which,
as already noted, aro generally found on the mangrove vegetation.
Of land-ehelb Cychphoms folimettg and Spiraxts HafiffMoni\ both
extremely common in tho j imgles all round, were also numerou^s,
and evidently formed an article of food.
Looking at tho eh ell faima, there is no diffcreneo to bo observ-
ed in tho size of tho jspeirimens found in tlm KjiikkcnmiidiUiig and
those at present occurring near the islands. The Trochi gene-
rally have ih^ top part of the shell brt>ken off, tlie specimens of
JHeroceraa and Mttrcx me broken ou tlie biK k uf the Ifu^t whorl,
where the shell is thin, and other species of Gastropods have
been treutod in a similar, or slightly different, mamier^ in oi-der
to facilitate the extraction of the tleshy portion of the animal. The
valves of Pelecy^joda are simply opened, but as already mentioned,
they are not e^pially numerous. Thi<.'k shells like Iridnen^^ and
othersi like Ostrem and SpondtfU which live more or less firmly
attached to rocks or corals, are not so easily obtained as Gastropofls ;
and if obtaim^d, the valves are sometimes oj>ened only with the
groateat dillieidty during tlie life of thn animal. Spec^iea of Pinna for
instance, whlib are eanily procured and posses a thin sht*ll, but con-
tain comparatively very little fleshy substance, are hardly rc^presented
in the mound I Tliis shews that the Andamanese made, if possible, a
judicious selection fnjm the scanty materials available for their table,
2. The large number of bones of the Andaman pig is remark-
able. A coniploto skidl obtained from the mound did nut exliibit
any difference from the living animal, it belonged though to a
very small but not a young specimen. Heveral of the thicker
bones which contained man'ow, were split aud broken up in tho
usual manner, as has been the practice with ancient peuple in
EuiH)pe and elsewhere. I have not observed any other kind of
bones of fishes or birds, but they may *>cc*ur.
3. Tho iragments of pottery are of a ratber thin kind, on tlio
BUiiac^e roughly grooved or striated, and indicate by their form that
16 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Jan.
they were derived from cup-shaped vessels of a very simple con-
struction. The scratches or grooves on both the inner and outer
surfaces are very dense, crossing each other irregularly ; they are
mostly straight, and have apparently been made by an obtuse
point of a shell or a stone. The material is common clay, mixed
with a little sand* and very imi)erfectly moulded, as seen by the irre-
g^ar fracture. No potter's wheel has evidently been applied, and
the vessels were not burnt but only baked in the jsun. On a few
of the fragments, which appear to be from near the upper peri-
pherical edge of the pot, a few curved lines are to be observed, but
on the whole they are very rudely and irregidarly executed.
Kegarding the form of the pottery itself, the question was very
soon settled. For, on visiting on the subsequent morning, the North
Bay with the object of examining a recently made settlement, or ra-
ther a small camp, of the Andamanese, Mr. Boepstorff found in
the jungle, not far from the deserted camp, a large pot which must
have been in use only a short time previous. This pot is of a sim-
ple cup-form, f rounded below, about 10 inches high, and with a
diameter of about 1 1 inches at the outer margin. The thickness
of the material varies from J to i of an inch ; the inner and outer
surface is marked with irregular grooves, the perpendicular ones
being much more distant than the horizontal. Fragments of this
pot are not distinguishable from those found in the shell mounds^
The only fire-place near the camp was indicated by a few scattered
stones, rather inconvenient for such a kind of cooking pot !
It is not even certain, whether this rude kind of pottery is
generally used by the Andamanese, for I have been informed that
in some parts of the island their only cooking utensils are large
specimens of Turbo marmoratus^ valves of I^idacna gigas and others.
In submitting the -ude fragments of pottery, previously men-
tionedjv to an archaeologist in Europe, no one would long hesitate
in referring them to the stone age, at least to the neolithic period ;
for, indeed, they are almost identical with the fragments of pottery
found in the Danish kitchen middens^ though here fragments of
pottery are comparatively very rare.
• Derived from the decomposition of tertiary sandstone.
t That no improvement in this very simple kind of pottery has taken phu3e
is remarkable, for the Nicobarese are well known to possess good pottery, car-
rying on a regular trade with it between their different islands.
1 8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Socicft/. [ Jak«
hardly be regarded as sufficient for killing the Andamaneso pig, as
already pointed out by Mr. Theobald, a few years ago.* For this
purpose, more effective implements of iron, such as the inhabitants
use at the present date, must, no doubt, have been employed for
some little time past.
To the east of Port Mouat, there is an extensive Gabbro forma-
tion, and in this nests of hornstone occur. It is probable that from
this, and similar other localities, the chert chips were obtained,
which Mr. Theobald/"/, cit.) quotes oa having been found by Goh
Haughton in an Andamanese camp. It is only natural that the
aborigines did their best to procure a better material than the sand-
stone which is the prevalent formation. South of Port Mouat,
a small patch of a metamorphic rock occurs, and as some beds of
it are rather quarzose and hard, they very likely did not remain
imnoticed by the aborigines. Further examinations of the Kjok-
kenmiiddings will, no doubt, prove successful in this respect.
Mr. Roepstorff informs me, that especially at Port Mouat
there are in several places very extensive shell mounds, all in similar
situations to the one I have described. In fact they are scarcely any-
where wanting near the sea shore, where there is a situablo locality,
with a supply of fresh water and with a coral-reef not far distant,
from which shells can be obtained. Some of the mounds are still
in process of increasing ; for the Andamanese always return after a
certain time to the same locality, and generally stoj) as long as
the sui>ply of shells and jungle fruits lasts ; they do not ax)pear to
bo very proficient in fishing, at least as far as one can judge from
the population near Port Blair.
Viewing the occuiTence of these Kjokkenmoddings in the light of
what we already know of the very low state of civilization of the
Andamanese, there could scarcely be anything very remarkable
about tliem. They shew us that an aboriginal populationf was, or
still is, very largely subsiding on Molluscs whicli are either collected
on the coral-reefs or in the jungles ; that the people hunt down
the pig — the only large mammal probably to be found, — extract
the marrow from the bones, employ stone axes and other stone
• Vide Journal, Asiatio Society, 1802, p. 326.
t Short people with oval skulls, roundish face, uot peculiarly promiQent
eyebrows, with hairs growing in small tufts, &o., &c.
1870.] Proceedings of ths Asiatic Society. 19
implements as their daily utensils, that they make a kind of coarse
pottery, not burning but only drying the same in the sun, that they
do not appear to be acquainted with any sort of grain or other kind
of cereals, &c. — However, when we come to compare these few simple
facts with what we know of the Kjokkenmoddings of other parts
of the world, they become of an intense interest. We could almost
verbally repeat the same as the results of the many successful
examinations of the Danish and other shell-mounds by Steenstrup,
Worsaae, Sir J. Lubbocfc, Sir Ch. Lyell and many others. In
Europe, especially in Denmark, some parts of Scotland, &c., we look
upon the kitchen-middens as the pro-historic remains of an ancient
population which has entirely disappeared ; here we have exactly
similar mounds formed by a population which still vigorously
strives for its existence with the foreigner. It is only natural to
expect, therefore, that a study of the latter will supply the most
reliable data in comparing the two thoroughly allied formations,
and that thus the archcoologist may greatly profit from the researches
of the historian.
I cannot, however, venture to enter now upon this large field of
inquiry with the very scanty materials at my disposal, but I may
bo allowed to indicate, at least, a few points which will shew how
valuable a thorough examination of the Kjokkenmoddings on the
Andaman, and other similarly situated islands, can become for the
study of European Archaoology, and at the same time increase our
knowledge of the physical changes of the islands themselves.
The kitchen-middens are always situated close to the sea shore.
The occurrence of them far inland would indicate that some terrestrial
changes in the islands have taken place. Mr. K u r z in his report
on the Andamans, (selection of the Bengal Government 1868), drew
the conclusion from the occurrence of some purely terrestrial trees in
what is now a mangrove swamp, that the islands are in a sinking
state. But from the account which he gives of several conglo-
merate banks on the western side of the islands, it is clear that the
beach must have been locally raised. On some of the Nicobar
islands, considerable upheavoments along the sea-shore have taken
place, as indicated by comparatively recently-formed strata high
above the present sea level ; and it is very probable that on the
20 Proee4fdingfi of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.
AndamaiiB oscillatory inovoiiiouts of the j^^rouiul have takuu
place similar to those known from other parts of the Bengal Bay.
It would be interesting to see whether and how far these changes
afifected the i>opulation, the history of wliich we have very probably
to decipher from the few remains, (such as the Kjokkenmoddings)
which we find on the islands, for there is, I am afraid, no chance
of the discovery of many other kinds of Andamanese libraries !
Of no smaller interest will the examination of the mounds be
with regard to the fauna of the islands at large. Perhaps the occur-
rence of other larger mammalia, than the pig, may be indicated. I
have already stated that Ostrea crista galU and Pectwiadus aurantius
appear to be at present rare in localities, where those sj^ecies soem
to have been common at no distant time ; the demand for the
Andamanese table evidently seems to have interfered with their
natural increase. A complete series of the shells occurring in the
mounds, — some of which are, no doubt, of great antiquity, — ^maj
shew similar changes, as those known from the Baltic coast, whore
Littorina littorea and Cardium edtUe never reach now the size which
they did, when, thousands of years ago, the ancient population lived
npon them.
Again, much has been written for and against the cannibal-
ism of the Andamanese, but direct evidence is in every ccwe
wanting. They are reported as the wildest cannibals by some
of the oldest Arab merchants,* who had notice of them, while
the Nicobarese (on the Londjebalous islands) are represented as a
quiet people, who approach the foreigners' ship in small canoes, and
are anxious to exchange ambergris and cocoa-nuts for iron. — If we
find in the Kjokkenmoddings hiunan bones intermixed with those of
other animals, and treated in a similar manner as these, we may be
pei-uiitted to say that the Andamanese were, at one time, or are up
to tliis date, cannibals. In the Danish Kjokkenmoddings researches
in this respect were unsuccessful. In fact the occurrence of human
bones is there of an extreme rarity, only a few skulls which are be-
lieved to be contemporaneous wdth the shell-mounds having as yet
been discovered.
• G^ographie d*Abonlfeda, &c. &c., par M. Reinand, T, p. CDXIV. The
antlior states that the Andamaneso have no canoes j for if they had any they
would eat up all the people inhabiting the neighbouring ialands.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 21
The customs now prevalent among the Andamaneso islanders,
may help us to explain this scarcity of human bones during the
stone-age in Europe. The reverence paid by the Andamanese to
the dead seems to be the only expression which apj)roaches to any-
thing like a religious view. In case of death the body is buried, and
after a year or so dug out, and the bones are divided among the near-
est relations. If a married man, the widow, or one of the children,
receives the skull, which is painted over with red earth and carried
about in a net work, tied with strings round the waist or neck. For
this reason it is very difficult to procure a perfect skeleton, and we
can hardly expect to obtain human remains of their own tribe in the
mounds. — It is just possible that similar customs may have pre-
vailed during ancient times in Europe, for here the occurrence of
human bones with implements and other remains is known to be
always of extreme rarity.
The Nicobarese, (or Najbdrs, as they are called by the most
ancient Muhammadan travellers, vide Jour. Asiat. Soc, Bengal,
V, p. 467), treat their dead in a very similar manner, but whether
they brought this custom with them when they spread over the
Nicobar islands, or whether they accepted it from the aboriginal
islanders which they seem to have nearly exterminated, it is diffi-
cult to prove. I don't think there can be a doubt that the present
Nicobarese are descendants of the Malays, and they certainly
must have immigrated before the Muhammadan creed was spread
over the neighbouring islands, which took place in Sumatra as
well as in Malacca, &c. &c., before the close of the thirteenth cen-
tury.* But a comparison of the present very deficient social state
of the Nicobarese with the advanced political and social airange-
ments of the Malays on Simiatra, &c. &c., during the 1 1th and 12th
centuries indicates that their separation is very probably of a much
older date. The study of the languages! ^^ those different insular
tribes is probably best adapted in approximately deciphering the
data, and I only allude to them here because the immigration of
the Malay Nicobarese appears to have had a great influence
upon the Andamanese themselves.
• Vide R e i n a n d * 8 G^raph. d'Aboulfoda, I, p. CDXXII jMarsden'e
History of Samatra, p. 344, &o., &o.
t Mr. Blochmann iDforms mo that he has not been able to find any dis-
tinct admixture of Arabic words in the Nicobarese langaage, jadging of course
from the very imperfect vocabularies we possess of it.
22 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.
We know from a few scanty historical records that tlio Ni(?o-
barese were eager to exchange iron for their own produce, and as their
wars with the Andamanese are also alluded to, we are perhaps en-
titled to suijpose, that the latter obtained their scanty iron imple-
ments from the fonner. The introduction of iron on the Andamans
seems, therefore, to be comparatively recent, and iron implements are
even now scarce among the aborigines. It is in fact not known whe-
ther the use of iron has become general among all the people who
inhabit the diflPi?rent islands of the Andaman group. The parts to tlie
west of Port Mouat are said to be populated by particularly wild
triljes, which live almost entirely secluded from the rest, and do
not allow even the eastern Andamanese to approach their homes.
Tile examination of the Kjokkenmoddings may also contribute
soiuetliing towards the knowledge of the time at which the Anda-
manese became acquainted with iron, though it is, as already
alluded to, not very probable that many remains of this metal will be
found. However, it may be shewn whether the people ever attempt-
ed to supply its wants by the extraction of any other metal, or
whether the introduction of iron has followed immediately the
stone-age.
In conclusion, I may remark that the Andamanese seem to
be only a x)ortion of a large aboriginal j^opulation, which a2)pa-
rently inhabited the entire tract of the islands from the most
northern point of the Andamans through the Nicobars down to
Sumatra and other neighbouring islands.
Tlie accounts which we have (from Marsdon's History of
Sumatra, and other works (m the subject) of the true al>origines of the
southern islands appear to be in many respects also applicable to the
Andamanese. The officers of the Danish Corvette ** Qalatoa" in 1847,
tell us, that an aboriginal tribe inhabits the interior of Great Nicobar.
The people of tliis tribe are spoken of by the Malay Nicobarose
as perfect savages of a peculiar dark complexion. It is by no
means improbalde that these are the brethren of the Andamanese,
for we do not need to be 6nr2)nsed in not finding tra(:es of the same
aborigines on the Northern Nicobar islands. These are mostly very
narrow and tlieir interior to a very largo extent deprived of
forest. Wliether forest trees in these parts did exist, or not, seems
1870.] Proceedings of the Aaiafic Society, 23
problematic. I should be very mueli inclined to believe that these
northern islands were formerly, in spite of the poor soil, covered with
a forest jungle, in a similar manner, as parts of them are up to the
present date. When staying for a few hours* in the Nangeouri
haven, I visited a place of Camorta on the western side of the
harbour, where near a small deserted building, a piece of ground
about a mile long had evidently been years ago cleared, the forest
having been burnt down. Scarcely a single sound tree was growing
on the place, but the whole was thickly covered with the same kind
of rough Cjrperaceous grass, which almost solely occupies the in-
terior portions of the northern island. Looking at this state of
things the idea, that the jungles on the northern islands may have
oeen burnt down at a time, when the immigration of the Malay
Nicobarese took place, in order to exterminate the aboriginal popula-
tion, does not appear to be without foundation.
The President said the thanks of the meeting were due to Dr.
Stoliczka for his paper. It was a very fitting pendant to the
paper of Sir A. P h a y r e which had just been read. That brought
under notice a phase of an antique civilization, which had long
passed away ; this dwelt upon the features of a primitive civilization,
which was still in existence ; for kitchen middens, undistinguishable
in character from those of Europe, also appeared to be still growing
under Nicobarese habits of life. There could be no inference of
identity of race here. It was to be hoped that the acquirements
and mode of living of the Nicobarese and Andamauese would be
well studied and recorded before their present primitive condition
should be altered under English influences.
• In October, 1869, Steamer Scotia, Capt. J. Avern-
24 Proceedings of the Astatic Soviet if. [Jan.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
last meeting in De<-omber 1869.
*ii* Names of Donors in Capitals.
Presentations,
Journal Asiatique, Nos. 51, 52. — The Asiatic Society of Paris.
Proceedings of the Eoyal Society, No. 114. — The Eoyal Sogis-
TY of London.
Tlie Journal of the Linnean Society, Zk)ology, Nos. 41,42. — ^TnB
LiNNEAN Society of London.
Bulletin du Comitd Agricole et Industriel de la Coohinchine,
tome second, Numoro 4. — The Committee of Agriculture and
Industry of Cochincuina.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, No. 81. — Thk
American Piiilosopiiic^vl Society.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XHI. —
The same.
Report of the British Association, 1867, — The British Associa-
tion.
Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. IX, No. 1, — ^Thb
A^ierican Oriental Society.
Zoitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlrondischen Gesollschaft, Baud
XXin, Heft. 3. — The Germ^vn Orient.u. Society.
Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology, by A. Hume,
Part I ; Raptores. — The Author.
Notes on the Land shells of the Seychelles Islamls, by G. Nevill.
— The Author.
Observations on the Geology of Allaska, by W. H. Dall. — The
Author.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Vol. II. — The Editor.
Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, No. 2.3. — The Editor.
General Report on the Operations of the Great Trigonometrical
Sur\'ey of India, 1868-69.— The Superintendent G. T. Survey.
Report on Public Instruction in Ooorg, 18GH-69. — The Govern-
ment OF Bengal.
Ri4M>rt (HI tlio Revenue Survey Operations of the Lower Pro-
vinces, 1807-08. — The same.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 25
Report of the Administration of the North Western Provinces,
1868-69. — The Government N. W. Peovinces.
Selections from the Eecords of GK)vemment, North Western Pro-
vinces, No. 6. — The same.
AVarren's K6la Sankalitd. — The Government of Madras.
Lettre d'Abgar, ou histoire de la conversion des E'desseens, par
Laboubnia, traduite sur la version Armenienne du Vme. Siecle. — J.
AVDALL.
Purchase,
Eevue des Deux Mondes, 1st Sept. to 1st Nov. — The North
British Eeview ; Oct. 1869.— The Edinburgh Review, Oct. 1869.—
The Quarterly Review, Oct. 1 869. — The Westminster Review, Oct.
1869. — Revue et Mogasin de Zoologie, Nos. 8 and 9. — Revue Arch-
eologique, Nos. 9 and 10. — The Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, Nos. 22 to 24.— Revue Linguistique, Oct. 1869.— The
Quarterly Journal of Science, Oct. 1869. — The American Journal
of Science, No. 142. — The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philo-
sophical Magazine, Nos. 254 to 256. — The Journal of the Chemi-
cal Society, July to Sept. 1869. — Journal des Savants, Aug. to
Oct. 1869. — Comptes Rondus, Nos. 7 to 17. — Hewitson's Exotic
Butterflies, parts 71 and 72. — Bohtlingk and Roth's Sanscrit Wor-
terbuch, 41 part. — Gould's Birds, Suppt. part 5. — Simson's India
Nos. 7 to 9. — Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea. — Muir's
Sanscrit Texts, Vol. I. — Commentar iiber das Avesta, von F. Spie-
gel, Vol. I. — Nature, Nos. 1 to 5.
Exchange.
The Athenaoum for Sept. 1869.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
For Februaby, 1870.
The Annual meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the
2nd of February, 1870, at 9 o'clock p. m.
On the proposition of Mr. H. F. Blanford,
Dr. S. B. Partridge was voted to take the chedr.
Annual Eeport.
The Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, in submitting their
annual report for the year ending 31st December, 1869, are glad
to be able to congratulate the Society on its increasing prosperity,
both as regards the accession of new members and the improved
nature of its finances.
There have been in the course of the year 51 ordinary members
elected, a larger number than that of any previous year. On the
other hand, the Society has to deplore the loss of 7 ordinary mem-
bers by death, 25 members retired, and the names of four were
removed from the list, for non-compliance with the rules of the
Society. This shews a total loss of 36, and leaves a net increase
of 15 members.
The number of ordinary members at the close of the year was
442, of which 304 were paying and 138 absent members. In both
there has been a slight increase, as compared with the past year,
1868, namely, 10 on the paying and 5 on the absent list.
28 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Feb.
The Council also satisfactorily observe that the total number of
ordinary members has also steadily increased for the last ten
years, as shewn in the subjoined table :
I860
Paying,
195
225
229
276 . . . .
288
267 . . . .
293 . . . .
307 . . . .
294 . . . .
304
Ahsent,
47
ntai.
242
18G1
55
280
1862
.... 82
311
1863
79
355
1864 ...
. 92
380
1865
109
376
1866
. 94
S87
1867 ....
.,..109
416
1868 . . .
.... 133 . .. .
427
1869 ...
138
442
The ordinary members the death of which the Coimcil regret
to announce are — Lieut. -Col. C. D. Newmarch, E. E ; Clu Ae. Old-
ham, Esq. ; J. B. Nelson, Esq. ; J. G. Hicks, Esq. ; Eajah Satya-
sar&na Ghoshala, 0. S. I. ; Bdbu Saradapra^&da Mukerje, and the
Eev. M. D. C. Walters.
The healthy condition of the Society is further shewn by the mark-
ed improvement in its finances. The income of the x)ast year has ex-
ceeded the estimate by 1208 Rupees, and in efiecting a saving in
the items of estimated expenditure wherever it appeared advisable
to do it, the Council has now the pleasure to state that all the debts
of the Society have been paid, and that a balance of 2,438 Bupees
was still left to the credit of the Society at the end of the year ; the
reserved fund of the Society remaining the same, 2000 Bupees, as
in the previous year. At the same time there is the very large
amount of Rupees 8,966 still outstanding for unpaid subscriptions
and sales of publications, chiefly to members.
The Council have further the satisfaction to announce the comple-
tion of the zxxviiith volume of the Journal and one volume of the
Proceedings. In addition to these, the January Proceedings for the
current year have been issued, and the first numbers of both parts of
the Journal for 1870 are considerably advanced in the press.
Museum,
In November 1868 formal sanction was given to the transfer of
the Society's Natural History and ArchaK>logical collections to the
1870.]
5^ the Asiatic Softei^.
charge of the Truatees of the Indian Museum ; and the donationa
reoeived by the Society in those Departments during the year have,
aa ujsually, been handed over to the same trubteos* A detailed
statement uf these donations has been published in the December
Proceedings of the past year.
Com Cabinet,
The collection of coins has received an increase of 4 wlY&t and 37
copper coins all which were presented to the Society.
Lihary,
During the year, 750 volnmea or parts of volumes have been
added to the libraiy. Among the preBentations of publications, the
Council would specially mention those from the Vienna Academy
of Science, amounting to more than 100 volumeSj a large portion of
them relating to nieteorological study ; from the Christiania Univer-
sity, and many other pubHc Institutions and Societies considerable
additions have also been received. Of Sanskrit and other MSS.
36 have been presented to the Society, a series of 844 MSS. has
been p\irchasod by B^bu EdjendrtdiUa Mitra, and 1 Persian M8S.
has been exchanged.
At the suggestion of the library t*ommittee, a eub-conimittoe of
five members was appointed fcjr the purpose of revising tlie present
Catalogue of the Libraiy* This work is now in progress, and the
Goundl hop© that they may be able to rexwrt the completion of
this revision to the Society at an early date. A Maulavi has been
hitely appointed to check the catalogue of the Persian MSS,, and
a Paiidita to check the Sanskrit MSS. of the Society. These
arrangements when completi*d| will markedly increase the accessibi*
lity uiid consequent usefulness of our library.
A list of the ^Societies and other Institutions from which publica-
tions have been received in exchange for those of the Society, has
been added further on. The number of corresponding Societies is
a compai'atively ^mall one, but the Council conlidently hope that,
as soon as the catalogue of the library will be completed^ it may
considerably be LucreiLso<l, inasmuch as the interest in the publica-
tions of the Society is rapidly advancing.
These extend o\er neurly 1000 pages, with a4 plutes, and sever-
30 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Feb.
al illustrations printed in tho text. The general classification
of our publications, introduced in 1865, proved to be a marked
success, and has greatly facilitated their accessibility to members
and other men of science.
Eleven numbers of the Proceedings were issued, extending over
336 pages with 7 plates. Of Part I of the Journal (Philology
&c.) 224 pages illustrated by 4 plates have been published
in four quarterly numbers, and of Part 11, (Natural Science &c.)
278 pages and 23 plates also in four quarterly numbers. Each part
has been separately paged and sui^plied with an index &c.
In addition to these 127 pages, and a few tabular statements of
records of Meteorological observations have been issued, quarterly,
with tlie numbers of Part II.
Owing to the increased bulk of the monthly Proceedings, the
Council have decided to raise the price of the same, fixing the ft-nniiftl
subscription at 4 Rupees, and the price of each number at 8 annas.
The income from the sale of the publications has exceeded the
estimate by 400 Rupees.
Bihliotheca Indica.
During 1869, twenty-three fasciculi have been issued of Oriental
Works, viz. 14 Persian, and 9 Sanscrit.
A. Persian Works,
Of Persian works the MuntahhahuitawariJch by Baddoni, and
tlie Sikandarndmah i Bahri by Nizdmi have been completed. The
former work was commenced in 18G4, and consist* of three vo-
lumes, the first of which contains the history of Sabuktigin to
Humdyun, the second volume contains the history of the first 41
yeai-3 of the Emperor Akbar ; and the third volume contains bio-
graphical notices of poets, learned men, saints, &c., that lived in
the 10th century of the Hijra. Maulawf Agha Ahmad 'Ali, the
editor of this valuable history, has added a short introduction on the
life and writings of the author.
Of the latter work, the Sikandarndmah i Bahri, the first fasciculus
had been issued by Dr. Sprenger as far back as 1842 imder the
title of Khiradndmah i Sikandari. The second and completing fasci-
culus has been edited by Maulawi Aghd Ahmad 'Ali, whose valu-
able Essay on the life and works of Nizdim', and the History of the
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 31
Masnawi of the Persians will shortly be issued as an Introduction
to this work.
Oftlie Persian works in progress, Maulawis Kabi'ruddin and
Ghuldm Qddir, of the Madi'asah, have edited 8 octavo fasc. of
Khdfi Elh^n's History, entitled Muntakhahul Lubdb, and Mr. H.
Blochmann has edited four Quarto Fasc. of his critical text of the
Ahi i Akhari, Of the English translation of the Am two fasciculi
were issued in the course of last year.
The Council also have received Introductory Notes, and Indexes
of Names and Places, to the ^ Alamgirndmah and Pddishdhndmah, by
Maulawis 'Abdul Hai and 'Abdurrahim of the Madrasah. These
indexes are now printing, and will greatly add to the value of the
texts.
B. Sanscrit Works,
The most important event the Council has to record in con-
nexion with this department of the Society, is the grant by Govern-
ment of Eupees 3000 per annum for the publication of Sanskrit
works. On receipt of the orders on the subject, the Philological
Committee submitted, in May last, a report recommending the
publication of several works of great value, and measiures have
since been taken to carry out their recommendation.
In the Sanskrit series. Pandit Anandachandra Veddntavdgisa has
completed his edition of the Grihya Sutra of Asval^yana and pub-
lished two fasciculi of the Tdndya Brdhmana. Professor Mahesa-
chandra Ny^yaratna has issued one fasciculus each of the Sanhita
of the Black Yajur Veda, and of the Mimdnsd Barsana of Jaimani
with the commentary of Sdvara Svdmi, and Babu E^jendraldla
Mitra has brought out two Nos. of the Taittiriya Aranyaka of the
Yajur Veda. The Tdndya Brdhmana was undertaken in May last
on the recommendation of the Philological Committee. It is the
largest and most important Brdhmana of the Sdma Veda, and con-
tains the earliest speculations on the origin, nature and purport of
a number of Hindu sacrifices, rites and ceremonies, interspersed
with a variety of anecdotes of great interest. The book is divided
into twenty-five chapters, the first three of which have been publish-
ed in two fasciculi. The Grihya Sutra is a manual of rules and
directions for the performance of domestic rites and >-
32 Proceedings of the Aaiatic Society. [Feb.
cording to the ordinance of the Rig Veda, The text is explained
by a running commentary by Gdrgandriyana, and the editor has
appended to it an elaborate Index to the Sutras, alphabetically ar-
ranged. A short preface in Sanskrit describes the MSS. used
in preparing the text for the press. Of the Mimansd about one
half has been printed, and the forthcoming fasciculus will complete
the first volume. Protracted illness has prevented B4ba B6jen-
dralala Mitra from completing his edition of the Tattiriya Brdh'
mana and the Aranyaka, The texts have, however, all been printed
and the necessary indexes and prefaces, ready in manuscript,
will, it is hoped, be published in course of the current year.
Considerable i^rogress has likewise been made in the collection
of MSS, and the collation of texts for the publication of several
new works. Professor Eamamaya Tarkaratna has compiled an
edition of the Nrisinh^i Tapani with the commentary of Sankara
Acharyyay after careful collation of live diiferent codices ;. and Pan-
dita Haramohim Yidyabhushana has prepared a text of the Oopdla
Tapani with the commentary of Isaiayana after a comparison of
seven diflerent MSS. Carefully collated texts of the Agni JPurd"
nay the GopatJta Brahmana of tlie Atharva Veda, the Taittiriya Pra-
tis.ikhya, and the Gohhila and the Ldtyayana Sutras of the S&ma
Veda have also been prepared and will immediately be sent to
press. Of the two Tdipanis several sheets have already been
printed.
In February last the Government of Bengal requested the Socie-
ty to undertake the ta^k of collecting information regarding Sans-
krit MSS., extant in the country, and the scheme thereupon sug-
gested by the Philological Committee was finally sanctioned on the
23rd of June followiug. Owing, however, to certain unavoidable
difficulties, no steps weretaken to cany out the scheme until the be-
ginning of September when a pandita was deputed to report on the
Library of the Raj 4 of Krishnagar. The pandita has since submitted
returns of 540 MSS. not included in the Society's collection. B&bu
Bdjendral^a Mitra, during his late sojourn in Benares, has also
examined several private collections, containing altogether upwards
of six thousand MSS., from which he obtained tlie loan of some
works to be copied for Government. His notes of rare works in those
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 33
collections are now in the press, and will comprise notices of about
250 MSS.
Of works commenced during 1869, the Council have to mention
the Ruhaiydt i * Umar i Khayydm, and an English Translation of the
Veddnta Sutra by Professor Banerjea. The first fasciculi of these
works are shortly expected. Mr. Beames has commenced the colla-
tion of his MSS. of Chand's Epic.
The following is a detailed list of the works published during 1 869.
Works completed in 1869.
Persian,
The Muntdkhdh ut Tawdrikh by 'Ahdul Qddir ihn i Muluk Shuh i
Baddoniy edited by Maulawi Aghd Ahmad 'Ali, No. 161, Ease. V,
Vol. in ; New Series.
The Sikandam&rtiah i Bahri by Nizdmi, edited by Maulawf Aghd
Ahmad 'Ali, No. 171, Ease. II; N. S.
Sanscrit,
The Taittiriya Aranyaka of the Black Tajur Veda, with the Com-
mentary of Sdyandch>ryay edited by B^bu Bijendralala Mitra, No.
159, 169, Ease. Vn and Yin ; N. S.
2. The Grihya Sutra of Asvaldyana with the commentary of Gdr-
gya Ndrdyana, edited by Anandachandra Veddntavagisa, No. 164,
Ease. IV ; N. S.
Works in progress,
Persian.
The Muntdkhdh ul Lububy by Khdfi Khan, edited by Maulawis Kabir-
uddin Ahmad and Ghulam Qddir, Nos. 155, 156, 160, 165, 166, 167,
172, 173, Ease. V toXJI; N. 8.
The A'in i Akbari by Abul Fazl % Mubdrik * ^Alldmi, edited by
H. Blochmann, M. A., Nos. 157, 162, 168, 176, Ease. VII to X ; N. 8.
The Ain % Akbari, English Translation, by H. Blochmann, M. A.
Nos. 158 and 163, Ease. II andlH; N. S.
Sanscrit,
The Mimdnsd Barsana with the Commentary of Sjvara Svomi,
edited by Pandita Moheshachandra Nydyaratna, Nos. 154, 174,
Ease. VII and Vni; N. 8.
The Tdndya Brdhmana with the Commentary of Sdyandchdrya,
edited by A'nandachandra Vedfintavigisa, Nos. 170, 175, 177,
Ease. I, n, ni; N. 8.
34
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
[Feb.
Tho Sanhitd of the Black Yajur Veda icith the Comtnentary of Md-
dhavdchdrya^ edited by Mahosachandra Nydyaratiia, No. 221, Fasc.
XXn; Old 8eries.
Finance.
Owing to the financial difficulties, brought to the notice of the
Society at the last annual meeting, the Council at the beginning
of 1869 again carefully discussed the several items of income,
and were desii'ous not only to keep the expenditure within the
estimated limits, but to effect if possible a saving in order to meet
the heavy debt.
The following is a comparative statement of income and expen-
diture.
Income.
Heads,
Estimate. Actual,
Admission fees, . . .
Subscriptions, . . .
Journal,
Secretary's Ofiice,
Tjibrary,
Coin Fimd,
Building,
1200
9200
1632
9180
1200 :
1636
0
8
300
752
50
0
0
0
12,000 13,208*
Expenditure.
mads.
Estimate,
Actual,
5000 Rs.
2000 „
3200 „
300 „
800 „
700 „
For 1809.
For previous yrs.
Journal, ,
3107 Its.
2354 „
2039 „
0000
097 „
428 „
3673 Rs.
Secretary's Office, . .
Ijibriii'v.
238 „
600 „
Coin Fund,
Building,
000
000
Miscellaneous,
000
Total, ..
12000 Es.
8715 Rs.
4511 Rs.
Grand Total, ..
12000 lis.
13*
226 Rs.
* To this has to bo udded the flouting balauco at thu uud of 18G8, being 2,334
liupooB.
1870.] Proceedings of the AHatio Society, 35
The above statements shew that almost in every instance the
expectations of the Conncil have been realized, and that moreover
the actual income exceeded the total estimate by 1208 Bupees.
This excess together with the balance of 2334 Rupees to the credit
of the Society at the end of 1868 and the savings effected during the
year enabled the Council to pay off all the outstandings of previous
years ; and besides that to retain a balance of 2438 rupees in order
to cover the expenditure, incurred on accoimt of the past year, 1869.
Wherever the actual expenditure has exceeded the estimate, it
was always done by a special recommendation of the Finance Com-
mittee, and subsequent order of the Council. The monthly reports
of the Council, as recorded in the Proceedings of the Society, shew
the various instances in which the Council deemed it necessary to
incur a greater expenditure than that estimated for. The hea-
viest outlay is that under the head of the Journal, but is owing to
the large amount paid on account of previous years* publications.
The next excess is that in the Secretary's Office, and this is due to
the new arrangement for the bi-monthly despatch of the Society's
publications to Europe, the increase of pay granted to the cashier,
find the appointment of additional officers on the establishment for
the purpose of checking the catalogues of MSS, The following is
an abstract of accounts for the year.
Income. Rs, As. F.
Admission fees, 1632 0 0
Subscriptions, 9180 12 0
Journal, 1636 9 6
Secretajy's Office, 8 13 6
Library, 752 6 0
Vested Fund, 110 0 0
General Establishments, 1 6 0
Coin Fund, 0 0 0
Orient. Publ. Fund, 429 9 9
Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 1061 7 0
Museum Catalogues, 395 13 4
Carried over, £s. 152(
S6 ProcMdinffs of thf Asiatic Society, [Feb.
Brought forward, Rs. 15208 13 1
MiBcellaneous, 15 11 0
Sundries, 540 4 9
15,764 12 10
Balance of 1868. In the Bank of Bengal, 2261 10 9
Cash in hand, 92 9 7
Es. 18,119 1 2
Expenditure.
Rs, A9. P.
Subscription, 129 0 0
Journal, 6870 7 6
Secretary's Office, 2463 13 8
Library, 2328 12 6
Vested Fund, 0 4 4
Coin Fund, 0 0 0
Building, 697 12 0
Orient. Publ. Fund, 79 3 0
Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 1481 5 6
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., ^ 458 10 6
Zoological Garden, 12 0 0
Catalogue of Persian MSS., 30 0 0
Miscellaneous, 416 5 3
Sundries, 713 6 7
15,681 0 10
Balance In the Bank of Bengal :
Dr. Muir's, 898 10 0
As. Society's, .... 1411 4 7
Cash in hand, 128 1 9
Es. 18,119 1 2
By the death of several Members outstandings to the amount of
448 Rs. have to be written off.
The following will shew the Financial position of the Society :
Canh Assets. Outstandings, Gross Assets, Liabilities^
1869 4,438 8,960 13,404 3,205
1870.] Proceedings of the Aaiatie Society, 37
The following is their Budget for the coming year : —
Income.
Rs. As. P.
Admission fees, 1200 0 0
Subscriptions, 9000 0 0
Publications, 1200 0 0
Library, 600 0 0
Coin Fund, 0 0 0
Building, , 0 0 0
Secretary's OflBice, 0 0 0
12000 0 0
Expenditure.
Re, As. P.
Publications, 5000 0 0
Library, 2700 0 0
Coin Fund, 300 0 0
Building, 800 0 0
Secretary's Office, 3200 0 0
12000 0 0
Officers.
The general duties of the Secretary, including the publication of
the Proceedings, during the year have been carried on by Professor
Blochmann and Dr. Stoliczka. The Philological part of the
Journal was edited by Mr. Blochmann and the Natural History
by Dr. Stoliczka. Colonel Gastrell carried on the duties of
financial Secretary until September, when on his leaving Calcutta
Colonel Hyde kindly offered to accept the onerous duties of the
Treasurer and retained the charge of the same to the end of the
year.
The Council favourably record their satisfaction with the services
of the Assistant Secretary, Bdbu Prat^pachandra Ghosha, B. A.,
and the Assistant Librarian B&bu Money Lall Bysack, who have
been assiduous in the performance of their duties.
38 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Fbb.
It was proposed by Mr. H. F. Blanford and seconded by Mr. D.
Waldie that the report as read be adopted. — Carried unanimously.
The balloting lists of officers and members of the Council of the
Society, as recommended by the Coimcil, liaving been submitted the
Chairman proposed, and it was agreed to that Mr. H. F. Blanford
and Mr. D. Waldie act as scrutineers.
The Chairman next submitted the accounts of the Society for the
past year, and proposed that Sir Eichard Temple and Mr. D. Waldie
be requested to act as auditors. — Carried.
The ballot having been taken the scrutineers reported that the fol-
lowing gentlemen have been elected officers and members of the
Council of the Society for the ensuing year.
President.
The Hon'blo J. B. Phear.
Vice-Presidents.
Thomas Oldham, LL. D. | J. Faj-ror, M. D., C. S. I.
B&bu B&jendr£d&la Mitra.
Treasurer and Secretaries.
Lieut. Col. H. Hyde, R. E. (Financial Department).
n. Blochmann, M. A., (Philological Department).
F. Stoliczka, Ph. D., (Natural history Department).
Members of CounciL
The Hon*ble J. B. Phear.
Thomas Oldham, LL. D.
J. Fayror, M. D., C. S. I.
V Bfibu RAjondralfila Mitra.
1 S. B. Partridge, M. D.
j The Hon'ble J. P. Norman.
Lieut. Col. H. Hyde, R. R
J. Ewart, M. D.
The Hon'ble W. Markby.
Col. H. Thuillier, R. E.
Babu Devondra Mallik.
C. H. Tawney, M. A.
H. F. Blanford, A.R.S.M.
H. Blochmann, M. A.
F. Stoliczka, Ph. D.
List of Societies and other Institutions with which exchanges
of x>ubli(:ations have been made during 1869.
1870.] ProceedingB of the Asiatic Society, 39
Batayia : — Societe des sciences des Indes Nederland6se8.
Berlin : — Royal Academy.
Bombay : — Asiatic Society.
Boston : — Natural History Society.
Bordeaux : — Bordeaux Academy.
Brussels : — Scientific Society.
Cherbourgh : — Societe Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles.
Calcutta : — Agric. and Hortic. Society of India.
: — Tattvavodhini SabM.
: — Geol. Surv. of India.
Christiania : — University.
Dacca : — Dacca News and Planters' Journal.
Dera : — Great Trigonometrical Survey.
Dublin : — Royal Irish Academy.
: — ^Natural History Society.
Edinburgh : — Royal Society.
Germany : — Oriental Society.
Lahore : — Agricultural Society of Punjab.
London : — Royal Society.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland*
— Royal Institution.
— Royal Geographical Society.
■Museum of Practical Geology.
-Zoological Society.
— Statistical Society.
— Geological Society.
— ^Linnean Society.
— ^AthensBum.
— Anthropological Society.
Lyon : — Agricultural Society.
Madras : — Government Central Museum.
Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society.
Munich : — Imperial Academy.
Netherlands : — Royal Society.
New York : — Commissioners of the Department of Agriculture.
Paris : — Ethnographical Society.
: — Geographical Society.
40 Procrfidlnffs of the Asiatic Society. [Pkb.
Paris : — ^Asiatic Society.
St. Petorsburgli : — Imperial Acjadomy of Science.
Vienna : — Imperial Academy ol' Science.
Wasliington : — Smitlisonian Institution.
Tlie chainnan tlien road the following brief address of the Presi-
dent, Dr. TliomaH Oldham, who liar? boon called away from the
presidency town by important official duties.
ADDRESS OF TIIE PRESIDENT.
Gentlemkn of the Asiatic Society,
The necessity of attendinj]^ to impoi'tant professional
duties, at a distri nee from Calcuttn, will. I reprret to say, prevent my
havnag the pleasure of being with you at tho annual meeting of your
Society. I do not, however, wi.sh that anniversary to pass, without
a few words of congi'atulation, and of farewell, [dthough I cannot
deliver them to you personnlly.
It was my duty to point out to j-ou at tho last anniversary meet-
ing, that from the state of the finances of the Society, your Council
had been compelled to insist upon the necessity for curtailing, in
every possible way, tho expenditure of the So<"iety. It was even
serioiisly in contemplation to suspoud the publication of tho Journal
of tho Society, until the finances had recovered. But, it was de-
termined that every offoi*t should be made in other directions, before
this last act, amoiinting almost, as we thouf»;ht, to the extinction of
tho Society, should bo resorted to. We felt strongly also, that if
the Society had failed to command tho siii)])Oi-t of tho.'^e interested in
natural history and philological enquiries, the cause of that failure
must be sought in tho action of the Stniety itself, and must not bo
presumed to arise from anj- absence of an intelligent appreciation of
tho value or im^wrtanco of such enquiries. This view I endeavoured
to impress uixm you in my brief address of last 3*ear. And I rcgoiee to
^Jldnk that the same views havo guided the management of your So-
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 41
ciety during the past year. In brief, we felt that to be successful, the
Society must be useful ; and that to be useful, it must adopt very
much the same principles of action which alone are known to
succeed in other associations. Among the most important of these,
pimctuality in all the arrangements of the Society appeared to
gtand first. Punctuality in judgment, pimctuality in accounts,
pimctuality in publications.
I need not hero insist on the fact, that without a sufficient
income, no Society can carry out its operations. And when, as in
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the sole source of such income is the
volimtary contributions of its members, it was of the very first
importance that these contributions should be promptly available
for the objects to which they were to bo applied. Our first efforts
were, therefore, directed to endeavouring to bring in all outstanding
claims of this kind, and to establishr a system of more regular, and
prompt collections, and payment. The result has been that your
Council are able to report to you, that we have during the year
1869, received of arrears of previous years on all accounts Rs.
2,681-5-0. But we must still point to the fact, that in a similar
way, on all accounts there was at the close of the year 1869, no
less than Es. 8,966, still due to the Society.
More than two-thirds of this large sum is made up of the
admission fees, and annual contributions of members ! And I
cannot avoid again ui'ging upon the members of the Society, that
it is not possible for the Council of the Society, to carry into
practice their ardent wishes to render the Society effective, and to
do this punctually and quickly, unless they are supported by the
members at lai-ge. The fact of their becoming members, I assume
to be sufficient proof of their appreciation of the advantages to be
gained from such association ; but if this membership brings with
it privileges, it also creates duties, and the obligation to fulfil their
part of the contract by paying regularly the contributions, whic
as members they have agreed to pay, is not the least of these.
During the year just passed, there have been elections of 51 mem-
bers. Against this wo have lost from various causes, 36, leaving an
actual addition to the list of 15 members ; the total at close of 1869
being 442, as against 427, at close of 1868. But so far as income is
44 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. . [Feb-
tf> a l)()()k or a daily or weekly or even monthly journal, no matter
what its special subject might be, if they found that, instead of
appearing at the appointed time it came at long and irregular
inten'als, the issue of January say, appearing in December ! And
it is equally so w^th the Journal of your Society ; unless it appears
regularly and at stated intt^rvals, it will unavoidably cease to excite
any interest in the subscribers.
Gentlemen, no one save those who have actually tried the ex-
periment, can realize the difficulty, and the labour involved in the
regular issue of su(rh a publication in this country. And if I
speak strongly of the obligations the Society is under to ita
Secretaries for this result, and for the regular issue of your
Journal and Proceedings, I do so, because I can speak from per-
sonal and intimate knowledge of the exertions it has necessi-
tated, and of the time which has boon, in the midst of other and
pressing duties, devoted to it. That this regularity in issue is ajH
preciated, I have had during the year many very gratifying^
proofs, and only a short time since, an old and very valued con-
tributor to the Journal, and member of the Society, in Europe,
acknowledging the receiirt of some parts of the Journal which were
wanting to comi)lote his series of some years since, says with ear-
nestness : " As to 1868, I am now able to go to the Binder with
everything for tlie year complete, long before the close of 1869,
whi(;h for the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal is wonderful ! !"
I can only express an earnest hope that the Secretaries may be
enabled to maintain this regularity of issue, convinced that the
members will duly appreciate the importance of their exertions.
I would even venture to suggest that by alternating the appearance
of the different numbers, tliese advantages would be even more fully
secured. If the members, taking 4 numbers of each part as the
regular issue for the year, or eight in all, 1 of Part I, wore to ap-
pear say in Februarj', April, July and October, and the numbers
of Pnrt IT, in March, June, September, and December, the
members would have a number of the Journal every six weeks or
two months. Such a systematic issue, could only be maintained by
having tho X)riuting and illustrations of the Journal prepared some
time before tho date of issue. But with tlie large number of
1870.]
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
45
valuable papers wbich are now coming to the Society, there will be
no difficulty in this.
I alluded last year to certain olyections wliich had been made to
the present division of the Journal, according to the subject matter
of the papers published, and endeavoured to shew, that this
appeared to me a question which nothing but experience could
answer. I think now we can come to a definite conclusion in the
matter. There has been no difficulty finding good original matter
for both of the divisions, and a full number of Journals have been
issued, while the fact regarding the sale of these numbers are
sufficient in my opinion to prove how fully the public; appreciate
the division. The returns of sales shew the following numerical
residt : —
Year.
Subscrib-
ed
volumes.
Double
numbers.
Double
numbers
of previ-
ous years.
tart I,
numbers
of current
year.
Part II,
numbers,
curr.year.
Double
numbers,
curr.year.
1860
71
13
1861
69
15
1862
68
15
1863
70
30
1864
67
34
Division of Journal was introduced.
till
1865
108
45
2
3
1
1866
113
15
0
5
3
1867
80
37
36
95
3
1868
77
38
30
64
1
1869
77
30
46
81
1
This tabular statement shews that the applications for the
Journal, were in 1860 only 13, in 1864, 34, in 1865, the first year
after the division was introduced 51, and in 1868, 133 and for
last year 158. Now, not only does this satisfactorily shew the in-
creasing value attached to your Journal in this country, but the
separate sales of the separate parts, shew, I think, very conclu-
sively that a considerable proportion of this increase of demand has
46 Proceedings of the AsuUie Society . [Feb.
arisen from tho increased facilities afforded by the division of the
subjects treated of, to all who are more especially interested in
one branch of enquiry rather than another.
Similar favorable reports of the sale of our Journal reach ns £roni
our agents at home, though wo have not as yet receiTod detailed
statements of tho separate applications.
I would also ask attention to the fact that daring the last few
years, much more has l)een given to the members than hitherto,
while to tlie public tlie cost has been considerably reduced.
Whatever doubts therefore I have had as to the practicability
of effectively maintaining this division of our Journal, have been
entirely di8i)elled by the experience of Inst year, and I believe this
division to be not only convenient (which was obvious) but also
both practicable and profitable.
I would also ask your attention to the greatly increased interest
and value of the papers published in your Journal, and to the im-
provement in the illustrations. That the contiibutions have excited
much attention from the highest authorities on the subjects treated
of is shewn by the criticisms on theili, which have appeared in the
Scientific Journals of Europe. The Society is indebted for one of the
most attractive illustrations in the Journal of last year, to Mr.
W. T. Blanford, who has contidbutod the very admirably executed
coloured plate of a new species, Trochalopieron Fairhankii^ described
by himself. Indeed it has only been by similar contributions of time
and labour, that luider the pressure of limited resources, we have
been able to produce so valuable a volume of the Journal during
the year.
It had been my wish to have taken a brief retrospect of the
labour of the Society diiring the year, but my absence for some
months will preclude the possibility of this. TTiere is one
subject which has been prominently brought forward, on which I
would say a few words. "We have had more than one communica-
tion on the early hi.'^tory of the Suiularbans; and have been
strenucmsly urged to initiate a regular examination of this wild and
now uninhabitablu juuglo district, with a view to detennine the
existence, and investigate tlio ruins of cities said to occur, or
1870.] Proceedings of the Aaiutio Society. 47
known to occur, within its limits. And tlie most terrific stories of
the inroads of savage pirates, of the occurrence of tremendous
gales — and awful waves carrying with them the devastation of
everything, have been invited to account for the extinction of these
cities, and the abandonment of the lands then under cultivation.
The joint action of the Society and others has been invited to stir
up the Government of the country to undertake a systematic
examination of the whole area ; and wonderful prospects have been
held up of intending archsoological discoveries to reward tlie risk
of life and health, which such an expedition woidd involve. I
cannot agree with those views— and for this reason, that I am
compelled to view the changes which have occurred in this Sundar-
ban tract as the necessary results of undeviating natural laws, in-
volving nothing more than the most gradual and ordinary changes,
such as are still in progi'ess.
I suppose no one will hesitate to acknowledge that tlie whole of
the coimtry, including the Sundarban proper, lying between the
Hughly on the west, and the Megna on the east, is only the delta
caused by the doj)osition of the debris carried down by the rivers
Ganges and Brahmaputra, and their tributai^ies. It is also equally
well known that in such flats, the streams are constantly altering
their courses, eating away on one bank and depositing on the other,
until the channel in which they formerly flowed became choked up,
and the water is compelled to seek another course. It is also
certain that in this peculiar delta, the general course of the main
waters of the Ganges has gradually tracked from the west towards
the east, until of late years the larger body of the waters of the
Ganges have united with those of the Brahmaputra and have toge-
ther proceeded to the sea as the Mogna. Every stream whether large
or small, flowing tlu-ough such a flat, tends to raise its own bed or
channel, by the deposition of the silt and sand it holds suspended
in its waters, — and by this gradual doi)08itiou the channel bed of
the stream is raised above the actual level of tlie adjoining flats.
It is impossible to suppose a river continuing to flow along the
top of a raised bank, if not compelled to do so by artiflciid means,
and the consequence of this filling in and raising of its bed, is that
at the first opportunity, the stream necessarily abandons its original
48 Proceedings of the Asiatie Soeieiy, [Feb.
course, and seeks a new channel in the lower ground adjoining —
until after sucjcessive changes it has gradually wandered over the
whole flat and raised the entire surface to the aame general leTel.
The same process is then repeated, new channels are cut out, and
new deposits formed. Bearing these admitted 2)rinciple8 in mind|
look to the dolta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra. The Gkuigea
river emerging from its upper levels roimd the Bajmahal Hills, and
prevented ]>y tlioir solid roirky barrier from cutting further to the
west, sought its channel in the lower ground adjoining — and origi-
nally llowcd, into the main body of its waters along the general
course now indicated by the Bhaghirathi and Hughly. But gradu-
ally filling up tliis channel it was again compelled to seek a new
course in the lower, because as yet comparatively unfilled in ground,
lying to the east. And the same process being repeated it wand-
ered ^5ucces8ively from the rocky western limit of the delta-flat
towards the etistern. If tliis progress eastwards was allowed to be
sufficiently slow to admit of the gi-aducd fUling in of the country ad-
joining, the delta was formed continuously up to the same general
level, and the larger streams or channels x)assing through this flat
to the sea became unavoidably diminished in size, and in the
quantity and force of the water they carried, the main body passing
around further to the east, and having its course in the channels
successively formed there. I need not here point out the successive
stages in the formation of the delta, or shew how these have been
exactly i)aralleled by similar changes in the course and deposits
of the Brahmaputra, and the other rivers which unite with the
Ganges. We ai'e at present concerned rather with the results
ai'ising from these changes as affecting the existence and distribu-
tion of population.
The very first necessity for the existence of man is the presence
of drinkable sweet water. Where this cannot be procured, it
is certain that man can make no settlement, — and it is equally
certain that the removal or destruction of the sources of supply of
this necessary element of existence will comxiol him to abandon his
abode, and change his habitation. We have not to go beyond the
delta of the Ganges itself to see the application of these facts, in
explanation of the former histoi-y of the Sandarban. Tlie more
modem course of the largo rivers give us a patent illustration of
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 49
the successive conditions of all. To tlio east where now the great
body of the waters of these rivers is discharged, we find the force
of the iresh water sufficient to overcome the strength of the tide,
and the influx of salt water from tlie sea. And down to the very
mouths of the rivers here, fresh water (often for hours in the day
flowing over a basis of salt water beneath) can readily be procured.
The consequence is that towns and villages line the banks of every
stream, and population and cultivation follow the course of this,
the prime element of their existence. To the east as we have said
the filling in of the Delta has not yet reached the same level as
to the west, and the fresh waters here retain sufficient power,
therefore to be carried down to the sea. In earlier times, pre-
cisely similar conditions must have existed further to the west ;
the larger portion of the river waters foimd their exit through the
channels there, and were thus in sufficient force to be carried down
to the very sea, and the natural consequences of this was, that man
fixed his abode, where he could procure fresh water, towns and
cities arose, and taking advantage of the great facilities for trade
offered by their position, increased in importance and number,
xmtil the necessary changes in the course of the streams which
supplied them deprived them of the possibility of existence. That
this is the natural interpretation of the facts, appears to me abund-
antly evidenced by the circumstance that within this abandoned tract
and in its vicinity, at the present day, when the swarming popula-
tion is seeking utility for settlement in every direction, not a single
spot finds its settler, save where fresh water is to be had ; and
the traveller may go for days or weeks tlirough the countless
anastomising creeks and channels of the tidal Sundarban, without
finding a single abode, whereas the moment be reaches any spot
where fresh water is obtainable, he finds cultivation spreading and
the population increasing.
I alluded to the existence down to the very sea board of towns and
villages along the corner of the Megna &c., where fresh water
is stiU procurable. But I cannot shut my eyes to the consideration
that in the course of time (and very probably, as I believe, in a very
short time unless prevented by artificial means), these very localities
must themselves be again deserted and a Sundarban tract will then
be found in the eastern face of the delta, as it now is in the western.
63
Proeeeditufi of th* A$Mie Simef^.
[Fra*
than I liavo been to promote your interesta. Mj absence from
Among you tliie ©veiling, which necessity alone could have eauaed
has cfmlinncd my opinion that your President ought to he one con-
stantly resident in Calcutta. And I look forward with great hope«
to the steady progress and increased utility of the Sodetyi under
the presidency of the learned member, to whom I now resign thd
Chair.
Camp Chanda, January 22wrf, 1870.
Before tie meeting terminated it was proposed by the chairman ,
Dr. S. B. Partridge^ and seconded by H. F. B 1 a n f o r d, Esiq,,
and carried with acclamation —
That the special thauka of tho Society be given to Colonel J. E.
Oastreil for his very able services rendered to the Society as
Treasurer for the last six years.
Ordhmry Meeting for the mmtth cf Fehmarf/t 1870,
The meeting then resolved into an ordinoiy meetings*
Dr, S, B* Partridge, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and tonfinucd.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced : —
1, From Colonel Q. H, S a x to n, Canur, — a set of iron imple-
ments &c. found in a cromlech in the estate of Major Sweet. The
following letter, dated 25th Nov., 1869, aceompamed the donation.
**The accompanying were quite recently dug out from a crtimloeh oa
the estate of Major Sweet in the South aide of thcNilgheiTy plateau.
Many other things of tho same desci'iption as well as some quite dif*
ferent, were found in the same place. Similar Cromlechs exist all
over the NUgherries, and some have been oponod before this, but
I beUeve not many. In some of those, precisely similar articles havd
been found, but in others the search has been fniitless, perhaps they
had been previously opened, I dont know whether the bociety has
on record any information rogai-ding the Nilgherry cromlechs, but
I send those, hoping that some iVrcluwlogist may make them inter-
esting by instituting enquiries, which I shall be hajjpy to assist in,
after my return to the hills in the hot season. None of the present
hill tribea poi^ess the slightest kuowledge as to the origin of either
1870,]
iif the Aiiatk SoeUty.
53
Ae cromlechs, or the numeroiua cfiimes still existing. No objection
is offered by the hill people to any one excavaling in the Cairnes*
liero is, however, somo euperBtitioas dread in existence about
ny int»>rferonce with the croailochs. Major Sweet pereonally
Opened this cromlech, and extracted those relics on hia own proper-
ty, and the only feeling ahewn, appeara to have been a fear, that
the sjdritB of the bygone people, to whom these relies belong, would
surtdy resent the saerilege, which the present tribes would tliereforn
not join in committing. In some instances I learn, that Uie
Burghea have made objection to the opening of cromlechs, but
never on any plea that the monument at any time appertained to
the forefathers of any existing tribe.
The metal of which these imph^ments are made appears to b© '
generally irrm and brass, but it requires examination. The earth-
enware chatties are all filled with earth and bones of which some
are enclosed- The Todara are undoubtedly the oldest occupants
of these hills, now existing. Their traditions claim for the tribe
a great antiquity, and declare, that the Todars were originally crea-
on the Nilgherries ; and that the other tribes immigrated from
P^«ome otlier d^untry. I am not aworo what evidence exists, on
which to found any opinion as to the period, back to which the
Todars woidd carry their traditions, but it seems dear that botli
croralec:hs and cairnes are autocetlent to that. On what grounds I
know not, but popidar lieliof gives from 800 to 2000 years as the
age of the relics I now send, Mr* M e t z, a German Missiona
who has for 25 years worked on the Nilgherriea, and for that^
long time held intimate intercourse with the hill tribes* indeed lived
with them in their villages and hut^, is the only person who can
be able to form any reliable opinion on tliis subject, and 1 hear
that he says they jmiai be 600 and mat/ he 2000 years old* It is
remarkable and very eon-oboraat of great antiquity that no coin of
any kind has ever beeu found amongst these remaina of a bygone
ago/'
The potttTj, sent by Col. Su x ton, is quite similar to that de-
scribed Ji'om the CJourg Croinle<-'ii8 by Dr. T, O I d ii a m, m the Pro-
ceedings of the Society for August^ 1809. The iron implements
54
Proetedingn af fh A»mftc Soefeti/.
[F»u.
aro to a great extent ideutieol in fi»rm wilii those described and
figur&d in Vol, HI, of tliD Transuct. Bombay Literary Society,
p. 324, &Q.
2, From J. G. D e 1 m e r i c k, Esq,, Ra^Tul Piiidi^^ — spocimena
ol' moulds used in coimterfeiting coins ; tbo folio wiug letter actcompa-
nied the spocimuns.
** A few weeks ago the Police of tliis Dtatrict, m searching for
implements of coining, discovered in the houses uf Chandra Mrdl
and his brothers Jewaya Mall, goldsmiths and residents of tho
town of Rawul Pindi, a quantity of moulds and forged Baetriaa
coins. These men are well known coin dealers, and as the moulds
themselves woidd no doubt bo objet-'ts of inturest to the members
of the eoin committee, I have despatched by d&k bhangy four of tlie
best specimens. They are composed of a fine desLription of clay,
and are the only ones in gtiud presei*vation. The others wore in
broken bits and formed a pretty large heap on the Magistrate's
table. I suspect that the men received timely information of the
movements of the Police^ and were thus able Uj break up nearly tlie
whole of the moulds, but nevertheless there was ample evidence to
prove that they were old and systematic offenders,'*
** Tho moulds, I send, are all of the largest silver coins of
Eucratides, of Heliot:*les and Laodice, of Ilermeus, and of Aziliseg.
I may add that no implements of coining proper were found and
that the fabricated coins were destroyed by order of the Magistrate.''
General A. Cunningham published many years ago notices
oa forged coins of the Bactrians and Indo-Scythians ; vide Journal
Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1840, Vol. IX, p. 1217 fc. Tho moulda
forwarded by Mr. I) e 1 m e r i e k show a high linisb, and coins cast
in them require carefid examination to be detected as fidsilications.
3. From the Government of India, a c^py of catalogue of Sans-
crit manuscripts in the southern division of tho Bombay Presidency.
In cijnuection with the specimens of implements forwarded by CoL
8 a X t o u, the President announced that Mi-. II. B i v o t t-G a r n a o
hflfi brought a fine eollectiou of similar relics from Central India,
and will lay them beforo tlie meeting.
1870.]
Proct^dtn^M of the AiMie Someii/.
5d
Mr. H. B i V 0 1 1-0 a r n a c, in exhibiting those specimena «f iron
Eld other implementa found in tumnli near Nag:in'ir, observed that
10 would uot troublu the mouiljurft with uny long-fhonfid dcsfTiption
of the tiimiiU firom wliiuh these rt^mains had been obtained. D*j*
tftilud ttccotmts of the Cromleiiia, Kistvaens, and Barrows of Central
and Southern India had» from tiiuo to time, appeared in the Society's
Journal, and in the Joiimale of the Bombay and Madras Sodetios,
and the exietenco and t^haraeter of these remains wore doubtless
well known to many gentlemen present* He would, however, de-
sire to roimnd the meeting of the interesting point noticed by
Colouel Meadows Taylor, who examined many Barrows in
the Deccan, and who on his return to England visited and excavated
IB of the old tumuli in the North of England, and foimd an
ittraonliuitry re^emblani^^ to exht between the remains in India
and in Europe.
Colonel Meadows Taylor in his paper, read before the
Koytd Irish Academy,* had brought out in a most striking manner,
the perfect similarity that exists between the Barrows and Crom-
lechs of the Beccan, and the tumuli of Western and Northern
Europe* N^piir ib situated on the oa^t^rn border of the traxi
foi*mation of the Deccan, and here, where the stone most reatly to
hand consists of basalt, the tumuli are frmnd in the shape oi
mouiids surrounded by a single or double row of trap boulders, and
similar in shape and eonstnifttion to the well known Barrows of
Scotland, tlie Nortli of Enghiud, and other parts of Eia*ypo, Fur-
ther t^j tlio East of Nagpiir on the sandstone formation, the form
of ttuuuli changes, and Cromlechs or Kistvaens, similar to tlio
** Kitscoty Houso" of Aylesford take the place of the Barrows.
And it is not only in the shape nf tho tumulus that the raoat
extraordinary identity m to be traced between the prehistoric
remains of India and Europe, bat in the maimer in which tlie
bodies ai*o buried in the urns and in tho ornaments,
woa^mna placed with tho urns within the tomb, the same strikin|
resemblance is to bo traced betw'eon the discoveries made in both
countries. The specimens before the meeting were, Mr. H i v e 1 1-
• See tho papers of Cnlonoi Meadows Tiiylo ••* C» S. 1,^ in tho Juurual
of iliu Royttl Irish Aciuiemy, a&U iu liial uf tJio Kth»ologic)al Society.
Pro€$0iin§i of the Aswtw Soaety.
[Feb.
0 a r n a 0 said, but a few of a very largo number of articles found
iu these Barrows, but they wero qmtx> sufficient to establish the
identity roferred to. Those irou implomonts wei'O invariably found
together with pottery urns, or with fragments of them, for it
was extremely dilB^eult to get out the urns intact. Most of the speci-
mens in the collection spolce for themselves, but the iron snafEo^
the stirrups, the spear and other accoutrements of the wan-ior,
whose tomb had been examined, were^ he ventui-ed to think, of
special interest. Ho would also di^aw attention to a very perfect
specimen of an iron battle-axe. It would be seen that the iron
crossbands by which the axe was fastened to the handle were still
intact. A reference to the Illustrated Catalogue of the Royal Iiish
Academy woidd shew that this specimen had an exact counterpart
in on axe found iu Ireland, iu a Barrow similar to that from which
the axe now exhibited was exhumed. And the same remark applied
to tho bangles and other articles in the collection, which would be
found to resemble, in every rosjiect, remains diseovert^d, under ex-
actly Biinilar circumstances, in Ireland, which remains were figured
in the Catalogue above referred to.
Another circumstance was perhaps worthy of notice, and might
be useful in assisting to determine tlie age to which they belonged.
On the sculp tarings of the Bhilsa and Oumraoti topes, a people,
who wuidd ax>pear to be distinct from the Aiytrns, were there
represented wearing bangles, and armed with battle-axes similar
to those now ©xliibitod.
There was yet another circumstance connected with the remains
which was porhapa as interesting as any of the points above
noticed of the simiiarity between the remains in India and
Europe. And he was not awai-o that this point had been noticud
before. His attention had first been drawn to it by a work outitled
** Archaic Sculpturiuga'* written by 8ir James Simpson,
the well known imtiquarian, Tliis book contained an accniunt,
I with illustrations, of peculiar marku found on tlie monoliths, which
surround the Barrows in Northern Eui^ojio, Now although he
(Mr. It ivett-Carnac) had c»iU*n visited tho Ndgpur tumuli,
and noticed some indistinct mai'kinga on the weather-worn stones,
he had never paid any veiy particular attention to them, until
1870*]
Proc^dingi oftfm Asiaik Society,
6T
be eaw ihe oiig;raviiigs in Sir Jamee Simpeon's work.
H« was then nmne<Liat4ijly struck by the further extraordinai^ re*
semblance between the so-callod '* cup marks" on the nionalitha
surrounding the Barrows in England, and the marks on the trap
boulders which eacirdod the Barrows near Nfigiiiir. Indeed, if th©
members interested would be so good as to compare the ekt^tch of the
Barrows and cup marks given in 8ii' Jamea Simpson's book,
with the tracing laid before the meeting of the ** cup marks'* on on©
of the BaiTowB at Junapani, near N%piir, this extraordinary resem-
|Wance would at once bo apparent. The identity between the shapo
id oonstniction of the tumuli, and between the remains found in
the tumuli of the two countries had already been noticed, and now
here was a third, and still more remarkabk^ pointy the disoovei'y
on these tumuli of markings which corresponded exactly with the
markings found on the same class of tumuli in Europe. He would
not trouble the meeting now with any theories founded on
extraordinai'y resembUmce. A paper containing a fidl account of th#l
discoveries, with sketches of the tumuli, the remains found therein,
ad the markings on the stones would soon be published, and all
frho took any interest in the subject woidd find therein such in-
formation as he was able to give. The subject of the similarity of
the pre-historic remains of the Deci^au and Ncjrtheru Europe had alao
been treated of, most exhaustively, by Colonel Meadows Taylor
in a paper which was doubtless familiar to most of the members.
But the ** cux) mai*kings" to which ailusion had been made above,
had not, he believed, been noticed before, and they formed, h©j
would submit, another and very extraordinary addition tu the mass
of evidence which ah-eady existed in favor of the view, that a
brancli of the nomadic tribes who swept, at an early date, over
Eui-ope, peneti'ated into India also»
These tumuli were to be traced from Southern India, through
the Deocan, to N&gpur* He had not as yet been able to aacertain
whether they were i'ound in the country Ij'ing between Nfigjiur
and the Punjab. But on the frontier they were met with in
lai'ge quantities, and from thence they could bo traced, as if marking
the line (if pmgress of some groat tribo, tluough Central Asia and
Eussia into Northern Eui^>|>e.
68 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Feu.
Enquiries were now being made on the subject, and ho hoped
soon to be able to inibrm the Society of the result of further
discoveries, and also that the chain of tumuli, the record of the
movements of tribes between Central India and Northern Europe,
was complete.
A lengthened discussion ensued in which Mr. E. 0. B a y 1 e y,
Mr. H. F. B 1 an f o r d, the chairman and several other members
took part.
Dr. A. M. Verchero drew the attention to a sketch which was
published with his paper in the Journal of the Society for 1867,
(Pt. II., p. 114). His suggestion then was that the small holes,
or cups, in large boulders between Jubbee and Nikkee on the Indus,
have been either made by a race of men, or that they had a glacial
origin. He then thought rather to incline to the latter than to the
first hypothesis, but it is just as well possible that those excava-
tions have been executed by men. There are at present no settle-
ments of any kind in the close neighbourhood.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
Meeting were ballotted for and elected ordinary members : —
Baden Powell, Esq., C. S. | J. H. Newman, Esq., M. D.
Surgeon Fred. W m. Alex. De F a b e c k.
The following have intimated their desire to withdraw from the
Society : —
E. G. Man, Esq.
Lieut. Col. G. B. Malleson.
The Hon. F. Glover.
W. L. Granville, Esq.
P. C a r n e g y, Esq.
A. H. Giles, Esq.
The Council reported that they have ordered on a recommenda-
tion of the Finance Committee — that debts to the amount of 448 Rs.
duo to the Society, and 33 Ee. 10 ans. due to the Oriental Fund, by
members and gentlemen deceased, be written ofP.
The receipt of the following communications was announced : —
1. Notes on some new species of birds from the North Eastern
Frontier of India, — by Dr. T. C. Jerdon.
2. Notes on Indian Herpetology, — by Dr. T. C. Jerdon.
1870.] Proceedings of tlie Asiatic Society, 59
3. Observation on some species of Indian birds, lately published
in the Society's Journal, — by Allan 0. Hume, C. B.
4. Not« on a few species of Andamanoso land-shells, lately des-
cribed in the American Journal of Conchology, — by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
The following paper was read, —
Notes on some new species of birds from the north-eastern
FRONTIER OF India, — by Dr. T. C. J 0 r d o u.
Whilst in upper Assam last spring, I obtained a living specimen
of a Ceriornia which at the time I was led to consider as Cer,
Temminckiiy but on comparing the figures of Gould (Birds of Asia)y
I found it to be a new and undescribod species, whi(^h I propose
to call Ceri&rnis Blythii, after the late very able Curator of our
Museum.
The species is conspicuously distinguished from C, Temminckiij
as well as from the two other Indian species, by the uniform plain
colouring of the lower parts, which are of a reddish stone colour
without any spots. The red of the head, neck and breast is of a
peculiarly vivid flame colour.
One specimen was brouglit down to Suddya by some Mishmese
£rom the adjoining liills ; it died shortly after, but the skin was
preserved. An intelligent Assamese official, who is a good sports-
man, assured mo that he knew the bird well, and that it was found
in winter at a comi)aratively low level in Upper Assam. A second
specimen was brought down alive some little time afterwards, and
this one I brouglit safely to Calcutta, and handed over to Dr. J.
Anderson fur transmission to the zoological Garden in London.
A coloured drawing of the specimen has been made, before it
was shipped.
Along with the last named specimen, a fine new Monal was
brought down from the same lulls. This difiers conspicuously
from LophopJwrm Impeyayius in the total want of a crest, in the
upper tail coverts being pure white, and in the tail itself of a
darker rufous colour than in that species, and broadly tipped
with white. Tlio feathers of the back and rump are white, with
a black centre to each feather. It is a larger and stouter bird
80 Proeeeiinjs of the Asiaiie Soeieiy, [Feb.
than the common Monal of the north-weq:t Hymalayas. The
orbital skin is blue in both species. In a notice lately sent to the
editor of the Ibis, I have named this species Loph. Sclaterii, The
only specimen known I had also brought to Calcutta, and it was
forwarded to England, together with the Geriornis.
This unexpected discovery of two new i)hea8ants within the
limits of our north-Eastem possessions indicates that we are at the
borders of a somewhat distinct avifauna which yet leaves a lai'ge
new field of enquiry open to the Indian naturalist.
Besides tbase two novelties I have obtained through Major God-
win-Austen a new swift, of which I append a description, and also
a new pigeon which will be described shortly. Major Godwin-
Austen discovered a new Trochalopteron, of which I had lately sent
the description to the " Ibis.**
Ceriornis Blythii, J o r d o n.
Whole head, neck and breast vivid igneous red, head sub-crested
with a naiTo w streak of black from the base of the bill to the occiput ;
a second streak from the eye to the nape ; whole upper plumage,
including wing-coverts, upper tail and sides of breast and flajiks
with white black-edged ocelli ; some of the lowermost of the upper
tail coverts buff with dark cross bands ; quills dusky brown, with
pale brownish bands ; tail dusky brown.
The whole of the lower parts from the breast to under tail coverts
of a reddish ashy or stone colour, the feathers very slightly
darker at the tip. The skin of face and throat yellow, more or less
mixed with orange and emerald green at the lowest part, it is
bordered laterally by a very narrow black line ; bill dusky ; legs
fleshy ; size much the same as that of the other Indian species
of Ceriornisj perhaps a trifle smaller.
From the hills at the head of the valley of Assam, and said in
winter to descend nearly to the level of the river. Called by one
good Assamese sportsman, Hkr-huria^ meaning the Golden Bird.
LophophoruB Sclaterii, J e r d o n, ('* Ibis" for 1870.)
Head not crested ; whole upper surface of head, neck, intersca-
pularies and wing coverts brilliant shining metallic blue-green, with
the back of the neck bronzy gold, and reflections of the same here
i870.] ProceeiifigB of the Astatic Society. 61
and there ; quills black, upper back and rump white, the feathers
all black shafted; upper tail coverts white; tail reddish-brown,
broadly tipped with creUmy white ; all the lower parts deep black.
Bill dingy yellow ; facial skin cobalt blue ; legs, dusky yellowish.
Size rather larger than that of LophophoruH Impeyanm,
The feathers of the head are exceedingly short and crisp. The
living bird from which this description was taken, was brought
down by some shikarees from the hills above Suddya. When I first
saw it, the feathers of its head wore not in good condition, and I
thought that the absence of the crest might have been accidental.
It has, however, moulted since I first saw it, and there is not the
smallest appearance of a crest ; indeed the feathers are particularly
short, crisj), and curved in different directions. The other two
species of Monal are both well crested, though the crest is of a
different form in the new Lopliophorm L'JSuysii from that of the long
known Impeyan pheasant.
CypseluB tectorum, J e r d o n.
The thatch palm-sivi/t.
Above glossy greenish brown, paler and loss glossed below,
somewhat albescent on chin and throat; quills and tail darker,
brown-black.
Length about 4 J inches ; wing, 4^^ ; tail 2^.
This Swift is quite of the type of Cf/ps, haiassiemisy but a much
darker coloured bird, and with a shorter tail. I first saw it in
Major G o d w i n-A u s t e n ' s collection of birds made in the hills
of North Cachar, and that gentleman permitted me to describe it.
True to its type, it builds on palm leaves, but on such as form the
roofs of the Nagas in those hills. Major Godwin-Austen
obtained the nest and qqq, being very similar to those of hatassiensia.
On coming to Calcutta, I found that the same species had been
procured by one of the Museum collectors from the Garro Hills,
and since that Major Godwin-Austen has written to me
" Cypaelm tectorum found again on the roofs of Gturo huts."
Then why absent in the intermediate range of the Khasi and
Jedntia hills ? Simply, I presume, because these races, being a
little more civilized, do not thatch their huts with palm leaves*
62 Proceedings of the Asmtic Society. [Feb.
The other papers on the list were postponed till next meeting on
account of the late hour at which the meeting terminated.
LiBARY.
The following books have been added to the Library since the
Meeting held in January.
Pre%entatiotis,
%• Donors in capitals.
Bulletin de la Societe de Geographic, Oct. to Nov., 1869 : —
The Geookaphical Society of Paris.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Nov., 1869 : —
The Geological Society of London.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia,
Nos. 1 to 6, 1869 ; — The Academy.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, N. S.,
Vol. VI, part m :— The Same.
Eeport of the Executive Committee of the Memorial to the late
H. Falconer : — The Committee.
Discours d' ouverture du 6th Deer. 1869, par M. Garcin de Tassy :
— The Author.
Bdmdyana, Vol. I, No. 10, edited by Pandita Hemachandra :—
The Editor.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol, VII, part I ; —
The Geological Survey of India.
Annales Musei Botanici Batavii, edidit F. A. Guil. Miquel. Tom.
IV, Fasc. 1 to 5 : — The Batavain Society.
Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Home
Department, No. 71 : — The Bengal Office.
Report on the Administration of the Customs Department in the
Bengal Presidency for 1868-69 :— The Same.
Purchase.
Zenker's Handworterbuch, Heft xiv. — Comptes Rendus, Nos. 18
andl9: — Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, No. 10. — American Jour-
nal of Science No. 143. — Revue des Deux Mondes, 15th Nov. — Ain
i Akbari : — Tarikh Badaoni. — Khaziuat-ul-Asfiu.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
Fob March, 1870.
Tlie monthly Meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the
2nd instant, at 9 o'clock p. m.
The Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last monthly Meeting were read and con-
firmed.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced : —
1. From Dr. MohendraHla Sark^ra, a copy of Cal-
cutta Journal of Medicine, Vol. II, Nos. 9 and 10.
2. From Colonel J, E. G a s t r e 1 1, a very fine specimen of
Macrocheira Kaempferij from Japan, and a specimen of a large
Ostretty also from Japan.
3. From B&bu Yatindramohana Th&kura, a copy
of Sangita Sdra.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
Meeting : —
Capt. E. D. 0 s b o r n, B. Staff Corpp, proposed by Dr. F.
Stoliczka, seconded by Lt.-Col. H. Hyde.
R. Stewart, Esq., proposed by Lt.-Col. Hyde, seconded by
Dr. S t o 1 i c z ka. .
Benjamin Smith Lyman, Esq., proposed by Dr.
Stoliczka, secoDded by Mr. H. Blochmann.
Dr. T. W. I n n i s, C. B., proposed by Lt.-Col. H. H y d e,
seconded by H. F. B 1 a n f o r d, Esq.,
Col. A. D. D i c k e n s, C. B., proposed by Lt.-Col. H. Hyde,
seconded by the Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society : —
64 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Mar.
E. J. E i c h a r d 8 o n, Esq., B. C. S., Dr, J. M. C o a t e s,
B^bu Abhayacharaua Mallika, Dr. E. H. C u r r a u.
The following letter received £pom Col. G. H. S a x t o n, through
Col. H. Thuillier, relating to a recent fall of an Aerolite near
Nidigullam (Vizagapatam district), was read :
Camp Parvatypore^ Vizagapatam District y January 27M, 1870.
I have just seen a terj interesting specimen of an Aerolite,
which fell near this, last Sunday, 23rd January, 1870. I have made
an official application to the Madras Government, asking it to autho-
rize its being given over to me for the purpose of being sent to our
Calcutta Museum. In the mean time, I enclose a rough sketch,
shewing the size, shape and striated markings of it. One end is broad,
and quite smooth, with a polish. The whole appears pure iron or
steel. The strise are all obliquely in the direction of its elongation,
and are very pretty. The length is about 6 J inches, the breadth
between 4 and 5, and the thickness varies considerably ; on the
heel or sole-like end, which is polished, the surface is broad and
flat, 2 or 3 inches, it then becomes thinner, but irregularly, and the
other end is almost sharp ; but I hope to have the pleasure of
sending the specimen itself.
It penetrated about 20 inches into the groimd where it fell.
Now for a description, from hearsay, of the circumstances at-
tending the fall. The local European officer who has charge of
it tells me, that he did not see the meteor, but he heard the noise,
which he likens to that caused by a house falling down. Others
describe the noise more as that of an explosion, with subsequent
prolonged rumblings. Those who saw the meteor, describe it as
being very large and beautiful, and as bursting with increased
brilliance at the time of the explosion. All agree that it passed
over this place from the north to south, and the village where it
fell is just about 6 miles almost due south from this. It is given
on the Atlas sheet. No. 108 atLat. 18-41-20 and Long. 83-28-30 ag
»» Nidigullam.*' At this village itself the people were greatly
alarmed. Some received violent shocks, and a man near to whom
it fell, was stunned. This I hear from the Sub-Magistrate who
with others from this place, went to the village, and took possession
1870.] Froceedinga of the Asiatic Society, 66
of the Aerolite, which the villagers hod carried to their temple and
under much alarm were making puja to. There is not the least
appearance of any stony substance mixed with what seems to be
well purified iron. It weighs 407 tolas, or about 10 pounds.
Dr. Stoliczka observed that should this Aerolite really prove
to be iron, it would be the first from India, but the strong striation
on the crust seems rather to indicate that the specimen is a stone,
though probably containing a very largo percentage of iron, as does
for instance the IVfooltan Aerolite, which fell some short time ago.
From C. A. Elliott, Esq., C. S., Futtehgurh, a letter referring
to the translation of the Hindi Epic, called the Alkhund. — Mr.
Elliott says that ho has translated about two-thirds of the work,
and that he has prepared an abstract of it for the Society's Journal,
which he hopes soon to forwai*d to the Society. The work itself
contains about 20,000 lines, though there is a great deal of repetition
in it. Tlie text of the poem, Mr. Elliott says, sadly needs recen-
sion, and a local printer has expressed his willingness to print the
work from Mr. E 1 1 i o 1 1 ' s MS.
The Council reported that they have elected the following gentle-
men to serve in tlie several sub-Committees : —
Sub-Committees for 1870.
Finance.
Dr. S. B. Partridge.
H. F. Blanford, Esq.
Library.
Dr. T. Oldham.
W. S. Atkinson, Esq.
Bdbu EdjendraHla M i t r a.
Dr. J. Anderson.
G. Nevill, Esq.
J. Wood M a 9 o n, Esq.
C. H. Tawney, Esq.
Y. Ball, Esq^
I*niL0L0OY, AKCn.TlOLOGY, &0.
E. C. Bayley, Esq.
The Rev. J. Long.
66 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Mar.
C. H. Tawney, Esq.
B^bu EdjondraHla Mitra.
Moulavie Abdul Luteef Khan Bahadur.
Bdbu Ydtindramohana Thakura.
The Eev. K. M. B a n e r j e o.
Dr. MohendraHla Sarkdra.
Natukal History, includino Physical Science.
Dr. T. Oldham.
Dr. J. Fajrer, C. S. I.
H. F. Blanford, Esq.
Dr. S. B. Partridge.
W. 8. Atkinson, Esq.
Dr. J. Ewart.
B&bu Devendra Mallika.
H. B. Medlicott, Esq.
V. Ball, Esq.
D. Waldie, Esq.
Dr. Mohendral&la Sark&ra.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Col. H. L. Thuillier.
The Ven'ble Archdeacon J. H. Pratt.
J. Wood Mason, Esq.
Coins.
E. C. Bay ley, Esq.
B&bu Rajondral61a Mitra.
Major F. W. S t u b b s.
Rev. M. A. Sh erring.
The Committee of Papers,
The Members of the Council.
The following papers were read :
I. — Notes on Indian Herpetology, — hy Dr. T. C. Jerdon.
Jiec. Ut February y 1870.
As some time will probably elapse before my work on the
Reptiles of India can be published, I tliink it advisable to lay
before the Society a short account of some recent discoveries in
Indian Herpetology, a few of which are the result of my own
researches, and very many from the most successful labours of
Major B e d d o m e, Conservator of Forests in Madras.
1 870.] Proceedings of the Aeiatic Society. 67
Many years ago, in the Society's Journal for 1853, Vol. XXII, p.
462 and 522, 1 gave a summary of the Eeptiles of Southern India.
After the first part had been written, I was suddenly removed to
a distant station, and was unable to take my type specimens with
me, and they were unfortimately never again seen by me, having
been lost or destroyed ; but, to complete tho paper, I gave a very
brief notice of the Ophidia and Bairachia^ naming several new
species of the former, and many of the latter order. Most of the
Ophidians have been foimd again, but tiU recently hardly any of
the Batrachiam ; and it was a source of great satisfaction to me
when Major B e d d o m e, who had previously chiefly confined his
attentions to OphidianSy partly at my earnest solicitations, directed
his researches to Lizards and Batrachians ; and he has re-discovered
most of my supposed now species noticed in the Journal, and
has also found very many new Saurians and a few Batrachians.
Science owes him a largo debt of gratitude for successfully working
out the Reptile Fauna of Southern India ; and I, on my own i^art,
beg him to accept my best thanks for giving me the opportunity of
making known accurately the species collected by myself a quarter
of a century ago.
I propose in my work on the Eeptiles of India to include those
^of Assam, the Kliasi hills, Cachar, Sylliet, Tipperah, and Chitta-
gong, stopping however at Arracan which, with tlie rest of the
Burmese provinces, has already been given by Mr. T h e o b a 1 d in
his Catalogue of Burmese Reptiles, and wlio, I am glad to say, is
making many additions to his former collections, and will, I hope,
duly publish the result in a separate form. I shall also include the
Reptiles of Ceylon, and this addition to the extent of my Indian
province will, I hope, make tho work of much greater value.*
In the present notice I shall take Dr. Gunther's ** Reptiles of
British India" as the ground work of my observations. —
I have hardly any new Chclonian Reptiles to add to the Indian
Fauna, but have to record thrfe not hitherto known in our province
as just defined. — Manouria emys is not uncommon in the hills of
* I propose, if my health will permit me, to gire a second edition of the '* Birds
and Mammals" of India, with the addition of species from the district-s noted
above, making them of greater nse to the Indian naturalist.
68 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Mar.
North Cachar, where fine and large specimens were obtained by
Major Godwin-Austen, and from enquiries I made, it extends
still further west to the Jaintia hills. This gentleman has present-
ed some specimens to the Indian Museum, one of which measures
22 inches. Tliis Tortoise, hitherto recorded from Burma, differs
from all other forms in the pectoral plates not meeting in the centre
of the plastrum.
The same zealous naturalist also obtained a few shells of what
appears to be Pyxidea Mouhotii, figured by Dr. G ii n t h e r, and
recorded as from Siam. He has presented specimens of this also to
the Indian Museum.
Cyclemys dentata of B e 1 1, the prior name of which appears to be
Emys dhoVy Gray* per Buchanan Hamilton's MS. name, and which
was afteirvrards called JEmys dentata by Gray in Hardwicke's
HI. Ind. Zoology, must be added to the Indian Fauna. It is by no
means rare in the upper provinces. I first saw it at Delhi, where
it was called Dhdd, {evidently a form of the same word as B.
Hamilton's), and afterwEirds at otlier places.
Giinther has figured with Gray's MS. name, a Tortoise
as Cyclemys Oldhami from Burmah. Theobald says that the
very specimen figured was taken by himself, and is merely
an old specimen of orbiculata. It was 8 inches long, and the
figure in Giinther shows a more oval form than the largest
specimen in the Indian Muse um, and the vertebral plates differ
slightly. — I have quite recently obtained in the Sylhet district a
very fine specimen of a Cyclemys which is of a still more elongated
form, the sides being almost parallel, and, though differing in some
parts, much more resembles Giinther's figure than any specimens
of true orbiculata f the name of which, as given by Bell, announces its
very rounded form. This specimen is ISJ inches long on a straight
line, and 10 J broad, by about 5 J in height. It is of an uniform
blackish colour above and below.
It differs from Giinther's figure in being a more elongated oval
form, but agrees very nearly with the description, with the following
exceptions. The first two of the middle vertebral plates are dis-
• DoRcribod and figared in Gray's Synopa. Bopt, p. 20, pi. 8 and 9. A ivork
not in Calcntta, I beliove.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 69
tmctlj longer than broad, wliilst G ii n t h e r says ** the throe middle
vertebral plates as long as hroad^^^ which apj^lies exactly only to
the third in the series. The postgulars are shorter, the suture be-
tween them not being nearly so long as the postgulars ; the pec-
torals are not nearly so long as the abdominals, and the suture be-
tween them is not so much arched asinGunther's figure ; the
preanals qtq little shorter than the abdominals ; the anals are
rather longer than broad, and bluntly pointed beliind, whilst in
two specimens noted by Dr. G u n t h e r, they are as broad as long
in one, and broader in the other. On the whole I do not consider
that the differences here noticed suffice for specific separation
from C. Oldhami as described by G ii n t h e r, but the whole aspect
and structure of the shell appears to point out a difference from
C. dhar or C. orhiculata. However, till young specimens of various
ages from the same localities are obtained, no satisfactory conclu-
sion can be arrived at. Dr. G ii n t h e r entirely ignores C, dhor^ or
orbieulata, as a species of British India, and therefore does not point
out the differences from that species which his adoption of G r a y ' s
MS. name of Oldhami would imply him to bL4ieve in.
The margin of Geoemgda carinata, Blyth, is entire behind. The
type specimen so completely resembles the figure of Emgs Belangeri,
Lesson, figured in B e 1 a n g. * s voyage (Kept. pi. 1), that I am
constrained to believe them identical. This figure has been hitherto
usually assigned as a sjTionym of Emys trijnga ; the original was said
to have been taken near Calcutta, which Blyth doubted, never
having seen that species in lower Bengal, though it abounds in
Southern India and Burma. The figure, if intended for JS*. trijuga, is
certainly, asGiinther remarks, not good ; but on the contrary it is
a very fail' representation of B 1 y t h ' s species, and as such I
shall accordingly consider it, and note in my Eeptiles of India.
Pangshura Sylhdensisy n. sp.
I lately procured from the stream that runs from the Terria Ghat
at the foot of the Khasi hills several specimens of a new tortoise
closely resembling P. tectay but differing in the following points. The
posterior margin of the shell is very strongly serrated, this
effect being added to by a division of the hinder marginal plates ;
70 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Mar.
tlie last yertebral plate too is much narrower posteriorly, being
pointed behind in the largest specimen; the lateral suture of
this plate is continuous with the suture dividing the penulti-
nato marginal plate from the one next above it, whilst in typical
tecta the lateral margin joins the centre of the penultimate plate.
The first two vertebral plates are less strongly ridged. The 4th
vertebral does not appear to differ in shape from that of tecta. The
plastrum also does not differ appreciably from that of tecta, except
that in all plates the dark spots are of greater extent.
The differences noted above are constant in specimens of the fol-
lowing dimensions: The largest has the shell 7 J inch, long by 5J;
the next 6 by 4i, and the smallest 3 J by 3. Had I only had one
specimen, I should have hesitated at making a distinction, but with
three of such different ages, I am inclined to think there is more
til an a casual variety.
Among the Monitor Lizards, ( Varanida) Psammosaurtis scinctcs,
M e r r., not recorded byGunther among the Eeptiles of India, is
given byTheobaldinhis Cat. Kept. Museum Asiat. Soc, from
the Punjab, Salt Range. I found it very common in the N. W. P. and
the Punjab, in the latter country indeed more common than Far amis
draceena, I also found it common at Delhi, Umballa, Lahore and
other parts of the Punjab. It has recently been described by
Carlloylein the Journal of the Society, Vol. XXXVIII, under the
name of Varanus ornatus, where a good account of the fresh coloration
is given. Some time before the notice, I presented a young specimen
in spirits to tlie Museum from Umballa.*
I found Varanus lunatus also in several of the Museums up-
country, to wit Delhi and LtJiore ; and Carlleyle met it also in the
vicinity of Agra.
Of the Lacertidce G u n t h e r records but three inhabiting
our province, of two of which he had not seen specimens,
and of the tliird only one specimen exists in the British Museum.
This lizard, named by Giinther Acanthodactylus Cantoris, 1
foimd extremely abundant in Hurriana, in the country about
• 1 find by a not« in J. A. S/s Vol. XXIV, p. 71 5 that B 1 y t h was the first
to roco;^ui8o thiiS African Keptilo from Thoobald's Bpecimen, and he moreover
staled tliat ho has seen other spccinious from the other provinces.
1870,]
Frce0eding§ oftht Asmfic SmMy,
71
Hifisar, Sirsa, and extending, though more eparingly, to the foot
of the Alpiue Punjab.* I got it at Bheirber in the bed of
the river tliere^ and within a very few miles of the head quarters
of another true Lizard, cogeneric with Ophiops Jerdom, B I j t h.
Theobald, on examining the hitherto unique Bpecimen of this
curious reptile, fi*und that the nostrils were not as in Ophtopg
between two nasals fulluwod by 3 small post-nasals, but in one
nasal followed by two post-nasiils, and he acciortlingly placed it
under the genus Trtrpidosaura, But this last group lias dis-
tinct eyelids, being a sub-genua of Zacevta, whilst Ophiops Jenhni
and this new species want them entirely. Aa the presence or
otherwise of eyelids is, I consider, a more important character than
the position of the nasals, I shall (in conformity with a suggestion
of Dr. Stoliczka, who haa been good enough to examine these
specimens and other doubtfid species of mine) ctill them P^eud-
ophiop.9^ and the new species found by me in the Alpine Punjab I
shall call Paeudopkiops Theobald i\ It is very common on the ascent
of the first range of hills beyond Bheirber, in rocks and bare ground ;
and I found one specimen on the banks of the river close to where
I got AcanthodaHylm Cantoris^ both frequenting the boulders in
the dry bed of the river. It closely resembles P. Jerdoni, but differs
in its more elongate and deprt^seed head j the posterior frontals
I separated by a small iutoiralated linear scale ; the 3rd chin-
aeld forms a suture with its fellow, whilst in Jerdoni it is separat-
^ by small scales ; and there are several other j^oints of difference
which will be noted more particidarly in the ** Beptiles of India.^'
The eolour is brown above, with a narrow pale yellowish line on
each side from the eyebrow, lost on tlie tail ; and another wider
from below the eye through tlie ear to the thigh ; between these
stripes is a series of iiTeg\dar black spots, which are slightly continued
both above the upper and Ijelow the lower line ; lower parts pearly
white ; tail polo brown with a reddish tinge, most distinct in
young specimens. Length of one 3 inches, the tail being IJ.
Major B e d d 0 m e has recently found Ps. Jerdnni on the banks of
the Toombuddra, and another place in Southern India, My first type
specimen, now in the Museum, was got by me at Mhow in Central
• The young are very beautifoUy striped longitnduially.
n
Procerdingn of ths Asiatic Smett^*
[Mar.
India. At Saugor, also to Central India, I g*>t several small sp<Ka-
moHB of a lizard of wMah I haTo a sketi'h with mtme details wliioli,
in epite of its g'eo^apldcal position, appears to rosembltj P«, Thto-
haldi more ttlosely than Jfi'di^ii : Imt witliout sptnimeus tlii?* fact
cannot bw satiiifactorily settled. It is found on all tlie rocky hills
about Saugor, but rather rare*
Maj*>r 11 o d J o ra 0 has altso quite recently sent me one apecimon
of yet another species of this genus, obtained by htm on the Bremna-
gherry hilh^, at an elevation of 5000 feet. It differs from botli the
prerious species in having a pair of small anterior froutals, the
other two haying one large one ; the head is still shorter than La
Jetdmi and more triangular, the tail is distint'tly more mmided at
the base than in either of the other two siiecies, in wliidi it is some-
what depressed. The coloration is very similar to that of the two
others. I shall call this spoeies Pseuthphiops BeddomeL
Cahriia ZmchenaulUt, D< and B», recortlt^d by me in my Catalogue
from the banks of the Cavery and neighboui^ng parts, has been
recently procured in these localities by Major B e d d o m e, and ho
has also obtained one specimen of a second Cahrita which he has
named C JerdonU It is li*om the same district as the other, but
dMers fipom the typical species in several important points, as noted
in the description of tli© species in the Madras Medical Journal for
1870, No I, p. 34 &c.
I find that Tmhjdrmnus t^x-lmeaim extends into Assam and the
Kliaai hills, where by no means rare about Hhillong. G ii n t h e r
has not seen it from a locality north of Kangoon.
Dr. Stoliczka informed me of a second species of Tachi/dromUg
which was sent by ^ir. H. L. H a u g h t o n to the Museum from
Goal[tara in Assam. It dilfers from the last and indood from ol! the
spodes cited by G ti n t h e r, except T, japottiem, in having 4 pairs of
chin -shields instead of ,3, but it has 6 dorsfd series of scales, and 10
venti'al series ; all of them keolnd. Its coloration is very similar to that
of 2\ sex-iineatuii, but the glistering pole green longitudinal stripe
IB broader, and the dark line below narrower. I sluill with the
connirrence of the Curator name this 7iit%tZro«H#^ Ilati^htmumm.
Leaglh 8^ imhus^ of which tlie tail measures 5 J.
Of the ScmcidiB I have aseertaiued by numei'ous specimons from
Darjeeling, the Sutlej valley and Kashmir, that Giinther's
1870.]
PrQ€eedin^9 of ihe Amniie Sodd^*
X%^
£uniac*^§ ffimalayanua ia identical with BlytK' s Moeoa Sikimemis^
whioli hwA tiiUB a wider distxibation, for wluch Gtintlier's name
wauld liarc been more appropriate, than the local but prior
of 13 ly til.
Thoobald has deecribed ("Oat Bop. Aedat, Mas. p. 25) a
€uriiiiis Sciuk as Pkisiodon (EuuieeeAj acutattiSf the locality of which
was iuikno\ni, I prociu'ed one specimen of this intoresting form
iu the Alpine I^ijab, on the route &om Jheliini into Kashmir.
Major B 0 d do m 0 has sent me specimens of a form of Euyrepe%
whifli comes under Giinther'a iirst section AUttthomurtntf dis-
tinj^iiijshnd amon^ other points by the two-keeled scales. Ho
Bames thia AteucfmsauruM TraiHtncorUniSy having first obtained it in
the Travaucore hills, but has since found it in Malabar, and 8.
Canara, though rare. I procured it many years ago in M^Uabar, and
notieod it at page 479 of Vol. XXII of the Journal, without de-
itrribing it, as the specimen was unfortunately lost, but I took a
aket4.rh of it wliich I BtiU possess. It is a small species, (vide Mad.
Med. Journ, 1870, No. 1, p. 33),
The same indefatigable naturalist has also recently procured
£Hprrp€i triliaeatm^ Gray, ooly hitherto obtained by myself
from one locality, and a second very olosoly aUied species which I
have called Eupt^pa BeddomeL It ditfers from trilimatm in ita
shorter, mxich more elevated head, with corresxK>ndingly shorter
xnuKzle, in t!ie upper labial shields posterior to the eye being larger
and higher, in the median occipital plate being pointed instead of
truncated boliiud, in tho larger number of body scales, the smaller
8120 of tho spines, bordering the anterior edge of the ear, and
in having 5 Instead of 3 pole bands which extend well on to th&
lose of til a tail.
The imporfoet specimen of Tiliqua trmUata^ Gray, of Central
India, presented by myself, still exists in the Museum here, and is
evidently a distinct species fi-om T. ruft^acem (ur mrinata^ S c h n e i d.)
of which it ia claJSStHl as a variety by O anther, dilfering, aa
Theobald, remaiked by ita 5-keelcd scales. Its head also m
Qvtor anil higher, and there are some other p<*ints of difference.
Neither Major B e d d o m e nor myself have found an identified
Zffffoioma Busiumimi of D. and B., &om the Malabar Coast, which
74
Fro€0$iin^B of the A$iatic Bmkty,
[Mae.
0 ii B t h e r eiroQeously identifies with Eumece^ mdicuif a large
apecies which I obtained in warm ToUeys in Sikim.
S^Teral scinka obtained by Dr. S toliczka within our limits^
and described by Steindachner, have to be added to oiir
Beptile Fauna, viz. Euprepes Ptftersii froin Charaba, Mocoa Bhjthii
from the Wangur valley, and Mocoa Stoliczkana fi'om Spiti, &c.
I found the beautiful Pseudopwt graciUs very commoa at Shillong,
The spots on the body described as blauk or dusky, are in the living
animal a beautiful and shining turquoise blue, q^uite similar to those
of the European species,
I have ascertained that the very curious Sphenocephalus tridaei^^
Z«w of B 1 y t h, stated to be from Afghanistan, is very eommon in
the desert and sandy parts of the Sotithem and Western Punjab,
extending quite to the borders of Sindh, and probably throughoat
the hitter country also. Indeed, I should doubt its occurrence at
all in tlie elevated region of Afjjhanistan* It is known in those
parts of the Punjab which it irequonts as the Ri<f Mtlhi i, e» Sand-
fish, the same name by which the Scimua officinalis is known by and
sold in Indian bazars, both being esteemed aphrodisiac. Its habits
when alive folly bear out Mr, B 1 y t h ' s conjecture on this point ; it
diTOS into the sand with great ease and celerity.
Major B e d d o m o lately detected a very curious lizard of this
family Scpsidw in the Museum at Madras, which he doacribod as
Sphmocephalusf petUaductf^lm* (Madr, Jour. Med. So, 1870, No. 1^
p, 30), It is stated to be from the banks of a river in Malabar.
Among the Geckos, Major B e d d o m e has discovered several new
Hemidactifli and GifmnodactyU^ besides my G\ Malaharicus whi«h he
has quite recently sent me from the foot of one of the ghats leading
from Lognaad into lower ^Malabar, where also I proeiu'ed ray speci-
mens, Memidacfj/fuft aurantiacuSf and JT, reiiculttfm are described
(1. cit) by Major B e d d o m e from Shevaroys and Colegal respec-
tively.
I have recently got JTemidacii/hn triedrm from Bandelkund sent
me by Colonel T i o r n a n to whom I had written to endeavour to
procure the specimens of an Agumoid lizard hereafter to be noticed.
The Oijmnodactyli arc named by Maj* B e d d o m e re8poctively G^
marmoralm^ gracUtu fF^naademi^ and ornatus, and I find from my
1870.]
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society »
75
drawings that I had previously faund Wytmademis in the Bame
difitiict. These small G^mnodactyli resemble each other very closely,
aad jKJBsihly one of them may on comparison be found identical with
G, Jerdoni^ described by Theobald in his catalogue. Major B.j
has ascertained that G. indicHSf Gray, described from speeimen
Bent home by myself haa generally an unequal number of pores on
one side than on the other side* A very curious new form has been
described by B e d d o m e, from the Tnpatty hills in North Ai'cot, aa
Oalodact^lui aureus. The Gecko has the ends of the toes dilated into
larf^je dis^ks, (vide Madras Med. Joum. 1870, No. I, p. 30, pi, II),
My G, littoralis has hitherto not occurred to Major B o d d o m Of
OP any of his collectors, but, I have little doubt, will yot reward their
labours. It is very distinct fi*om any of the other small Geckos, having
the bassil plates of the toes much dilated, — especially the mosi
anterior one which is double the size of the othera and somewhati
nail-shaped ; beyond this the apical portion of the phalanges are
composeil of small narrow plates all terminating in nails. The sub-
caudal BcutfiB are large.
I have recently obtained what appears to be a fine new species
of Fentadtteii/liis of G u n t h o r from the Khasi hills. This I shall
call P. Khasiensis, It has numerous larger rounded tubercles mixed
with the very small scales of the back. The nostrils are situated
between the rostral, 1st labial and a supranasal, and are followed by
several small scales. There ai-e 10 upi^er labials, the last long and
somewhat undulating on its upper edge, and 11 lower labials.
The body above is covered with about three series of elongated
spots, whit^ become two at base of tail, and finally unite into one.
It is a large species.
I possess one or two spocimcns of KijcteridtUfn Schneider t from the '
tiasi hills ; rare apparently so far nortli, though it is mentioned by
G ii n t h e r itom Assam and Bengal The only other novelty to
mention in this family is a species of Eahlepharis which appears
distinct from both Hardwikii and maculariust a species not in
G ii n t h e r, but recorded in Theobald's Catologue. Unfortu-
nately it is only a young specimen and imperfect. I got it in Hurriana
and shall provisionally C4ill it 2r«i^<?p/iflrf«yWi'rf^^« It has the lar-
ger tuberdes of the back larger and ilner than in maculmim^ and
76 Proceedings of the Asiatic Societ}/. [IVLui.
less close cmd narrower than in Hardwickii, It is beautifully
tanded with white, having one nuchal band as in the last named
species, but 3 dorsal ones, besides one on the root of the tail. Its
head and body are 1 J inches long, but the tail is imperfect.
Of the Agamida I have obtained two apparently new species of
Japalura, one from Sikkim, the other from the Khasi hills, which I
have named respectively microlepis and planidorsata. The former,
of which I only obtained one specimen, differs conspicuously from
vancgata, which is also extremely common in Darjeoling, by the
much smaller scales being more sparingly mixed with large ones.
The back is reddish, abruptly separated from the greenish color
of the sides by a series of somewhat raised scales ; the dorsal crest
is very low and continued to the base of the tail. The head and
body is 2 1 inches ; the tail (imperfect) 24.
The other new species is a very remarkable one, lately procured in
the Khasi hills ; the back is very flat, in which it resembles the last ;
it has no nuchal nor dorsal crest, but a double series of very slightly
enlarged keeled scales separated by only one row of smaller scales,
but on the neck by four or five ; and there are several series of
angidarly bent larger scales, the angles directed backwards. The
superciliary scales are strongly keeled, and there are several scales
above the tympanum enlarged and prominent. It has a strong
similarity in the arrangement of the scales to Japalura Swinhonia
from China.
One specimen jfrom head and body nearly 2, tail about 3 J inches.
I found two specimens only. They are of a dull yellowish colour
with dusky cross bands, and the sides mottled dusky.
Peters* has two sub-genera, which with Japalura should perhaps
form sub-divisions of Otoergptis, all agreeing in the concealed
tympanum. He describes a Ptgcolamm gularia from Calcutta
(bought).
The smaller race of Si tana , being the one procured at Pondi-
cherry and the south of India, must retain Guerin's name of Sitana
ponticeriana ; and the Deccan species, being the larger of the two,
caimot weU stand as S. minor, and will require a new name, for
whicli I propose Beccanensis, that part of India being its head
c[uarters.
• Monat. Borl. Akad., 1864, p. 386.
1870.] jProeeedmffBoftheAHiaUcSocipfy, 77
I have also got one speoimoTi of a now OrencaUiies^ from llio valloy
of the Sutlej near Kotegurh, wliirh Iirall Orcovaluten major, I liavo
not seen a specimen noradrawinj^ of Or rind lot en minor to crnniijirrit
with, but it difTors from tho doscription of that spircij's hy its hinnlltr
andmuch more numerous body s»'ah.!S, by tlii^ abdoiniiuil s( jil<*s brin*:;
conspicuously larger tliau those of the sid«js and in its mode n('(ul(»ra-
tion. The general colour is i)ur2)li.sli grey above, wit li somo Mark cross
bands on the head, Avhich beoome arrow .sbiiped on the trunk and
the root of the tail; a blackish band runs from bcliind tlu? cvo
along the side of the neck; tlio sides of tlit^ body are ^rciMi, mixed
"with black, (the black scales being small and smooth, and tlio
green ones large and kcided) ; limbs and tail with dusky cross
bands and rings; the tliroat wliitisli, witli a U)\\ black specks, and
a verylsmall light purple gidar lap ; belly tawny wliitc? with brown
Cfpecks. Length 9) inches ; the tail being rather more than G.
Beddome has recently got specimens of Calotcs Al/iolli, tho
O. RotU'i of my catalogue from the Avesteru forests.
I have got five sjjocimeus of Calvtes Maria from the Khasi hills, and
of a second 8X)ecies which is apparently B 1 y t h * s Calotaif platt/vcps.
This dill*ei*s conspicuously from G, Maria by the fewer scales of tho
body, the voiy much larger scales of the throat, the lower sincipitiJ
crests, tho inferior of whitrh is situate immediately above the orbit,
and not at a distance as in Maria. Both are beautifully gi-eeu with
more or less various marks. C maria^ being much tho largest
species, some specimens measuring 18 implies, of which the tail is
above 13. C j!>/rt///r/;/^.9 scarcel}"" exceeds 12 or 13 inches, the tail
being 9.
I much doubt the occurrence of G, Maria in the North Western
Hinndayas, whem^e recorded by G ii u t h o r on the authority oi' ono
of the S c h 1 a g i n t w o i t s ; but, as I will have fre([iuMit occasions
to note in my ** lieptiles of India," several of the habitats of tho
Peptiles given by tho brothers S c h 1 a g i n t w e i t appear to be
erroneous, probably from disidacements of hdicls.
Oriofiaris EUioiti^ Giinthor, is clearly Calotes tricar inafiis^
B 1 y t h, which that natiu'alist in a MS. copy of Ids paper ** on some
^Reptiles'* <S:c., forwarded to mo, has marked new genm. It is rather
uncommon about Darj celi ug, and never grows to a large size.
G U n t h 0 r strangely i)ut3 its with a query as Calotes Maria.
?8
Proaedingi of th^ Asiatic Soeifit^.
[IIar.
One of the type speeiraena of my CalotM nemoritmla still exists,
though much injured, in the Museum here, and it is very distinct
from €. gigtuiy also from the same locality.
The only Agamofd lizai'd noted in my Catalogue is the one de-
Bcribed by B 1 y t h from specimens obtained by myself at Saugor in
^ Central India as Braelnfmura ornnta^ All my endeavoura to pi-ocure
Kpecimons for a more minute examination of this very curious form
have hitherto failed. From some remarks made to me by Colonel
T y 1 1 e r, I wiis led to believe that Bundelkund wmiltl prove to be the
head quarters of thia Agamoid, and this indeed is highly probable, but
Colonel Tiornan to whom I applied has not yet succeeded in get-
ting me specdmena. Till some one with sufficient siiontillc proclivities
ax ami new those districts, we must rest satisfied with our incomplete
information. From a rough sketch of the Lizard and some of ite
details, I ran add to the notes furnished by B 1 y t h, the following
Bcraps of its structure. — Scales rather large, in distinct transverse
bands, not directed so obliquely upwards as in Cahie^^ not quite so
straight as in SaUa, nostrils at some distance from the snout in a
large scale j a distant fihoulder fold ; one large tuberculate scale in
the middle of the head, surroimded by smaller 4 — 6 sided ones ; a
ridge of strong scales protecting the eye. Length of one about 0
inches, the tail being not qiute 3.
To tlie section of Rook lizards^ I have to add a species of Tt^apdm^
also from the Alpine Punjab, quite distinct from G linther^s
Si^apilm msgalonijXu The central shields of the head, 2 or 3 series,
mre large ; the upper lip is sun-onnded by 31-32, instead of
39 shields, there are no conspicuously large shields on back
and sides ; the scales on the upper base of the tail conspicuous-
ly larger than those on the under side ; the foreleg does not
reach the hip*joiiit ; the nails are snb-equal and all very much
emaller than the thumb ; coloration yellowiBh brown, with a series
of dark brown oblique bands interrupted on the median line and
on the sides, below pale yeDowish. Length of specimen 7 inches,
the tail being 44.
Agama (ujili$^ i> 1 i v., an African Lizard, was added to the peninsu-
lar Fauna by Theobald* who obtained it in the Panjab Salt
Bange. I have never observed it*
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 79
I am not quite satisfied of the distinctness of S'ellio indicm and
Laudakia tiibercalatay or ratbier I am inclined to class them with
Giinthor as one, but unfortunately I did not secure many spe-
cimens (for comparison) from different localities.
Steindachner's Stellio Kiinalaijanus, brought byStoliczka
from Ladak and Tibet, is quite distinct, but hardly enters our
province.
From information, recently sent me by Major B e d d o m e, the
beautiful Liohpis guttata must be added to the Peninsular Faunn,
I sent him a specimen procured by myself at Thayetmyo, and he in
reply wrote back that he had recently got this Lizard from Canara,
quite identical with my Burmese specimen. This is a highly in-
teresting addition to our Peninsidar Reptile Fauna.
In my Reptiles of Sth. India, under the head of Acanthodactglas
Nilgheriensis, I state that I have reasons for believing that that
IJzard, and the Chameleon named in my Catalogue as O. pumilus
from the Nilghorrios, on the authority of Walter Elliot, were most
probably Cape species that had somehow got mixed with his In-
dian specimens.
Dr. Stoliczka has pointed out (Proceedings Avsiat. Soc. for
Jany. 1870, p. 2,) that the ridge on the upi>er part of the head of
the Indian Ch. rulgaris are stronger than in the African form, and
that there are no lateral longituilinal bands on the body. These and
fK)me other differences are, by no means, opposed to the once current
opinion, that the Indian form is specifically distinct from the
African, the former having been called Ch, Ceglonicns, Laur.
Among Ophidian Reptiles I have fewer novelties to point out
than in the Saurian or Batrachian Reptiles.
A considerable number of new species of the curious earth
Snakes, chiefly of the families of Uropeltiday have been added by
Major B e d d o m e. The remarkable Xenopeltis nnicolor has been
obtained in Southern India, as recorded by Theobald. Amidst
the multitude of species of the families now known to science, I
am not certain to wliich my throe species of CyUndrophis can be
referred, but with regard to my placing them in that genus, I have
the authority of Pr. Cantor (to whom I referred several of my
doubtfid species), and whose remarks I now keep in possession.
80
Proceedings of the AttinUc BochUf,
[Mar.
Under the head of OUfodm^ I have only to remark tliat I helieve
the figui'o of EiiBBoll I, pi. 19, which hasbeon (.'tilled Col. trnttwiotut,
but generally referred to the young of Tripidonntm stolatusy refers
to a species of Oligodon, ThMgf>nor»l aspect, shoii, head, markings,
ehort tail and few sub-caudal scuta are all marks of that group, and
the presence of palatine teeth recorded by Russell is not a certain
negatiye sign, for I see that several of this gmuxJ have lately boon
fihowB to possess them* Whether this snake can bo referred to
one of the lately deafttibod Rpecies or not, it must (in case my obaer-
Tations are verified) stand as Oltgodon tmmhitum*
I lately procured two species of C^chphis in the Khasi hills.
One of thorn appears to be Ctfclophh framtias of G ii n t h er, de*
scribed from Afghanistan and Mesopotamia. The only diiTerence
I con detect in the description is, that in my specimen, the
temporals are 2 -|- 2, the first temporal having apparently a small
one cut out of its anterior edge, Li-*nglh of my spoeimeu I4l, tho
tail being 4 J.
A specimen*^ in the Mnaoum (No. 8 1 J), marked Blpma monticoh^
Cantor apud B 1 y t h, appears to he the same species ; a second
BmaU black mark begins behind aad below the gape, continued as a
line of specks on two or three lowest emeries of acales» and finally just
forming a dark edging above and below tho last row of long scales^
and is lust on the posterior part of body ; below pale yellow.
The other species is a much smaller snake, a female, only 7}
inches long, having 5 large eggs in her g X fV of an inch. The
tail was 1 J. The single laige nasal is postoiiurly obliquely slit up to
the edge, one preocular and two postoculars ; the supraciliaries small
and oecipitals large ; 15 scales; ventral scuta 127 to 135, and 33
to 38 sttb-caudals, Tho color is brown, with a pale lateral band
from the eye extending to the tip of the tail j below this a mottled
brown and yeEowish band ; chin, throat and anterior part of
neck yellow, the rest of the lower parts red. Upper labials 6,
normally, the last three sub-equal in size, and not as in fr^natu*
where the Gtli is as large as the -Ith or 5th together ; temporals 1 -(- 1-
I propose for this one tho name of Cgclophts ruhrivenier.
I obtained one small specimen of a snake in lower hills of the
• Tbii ij io ftll ftppeapancft the tjpo of B I y t h*a D. monikola^ Cant. [Enir.]
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, Bl
Nortli Western Himalayas, which from its long snout ought to be
placed among the Dryophida ; but the scales are not lengthened, it
has the coloration of a young Compsosoma, and the tail is short,
with few sub-caudals. The specimen unfortunately is not in very
good order, and I do not like to name it at present. The head is
somewhat depressed, with a long-pointed snout, very distinct from
the neck ; eye of moderate size ; body not compressed ; nostril
much higher than broad, extending on the upper surface of the
snout; anterior parietals only a little smallefl^' than the posterior ;
nostril in one long nasal, faintly grooved ; one loreal rather larger
than high ; two preoculars, the lower one touching 3 upper labials,
and two postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 -}- 3, or the first upper one
divided into two ; 8 upper labials, 5th and the edge of the 6th
enter orbit; 19 rows of smooth scales; 175 ventral scutse and 44
pairs of sub-caudals. The second pair of chin shields is the largest
and ridged externally. Length of specimen, 12 J inches, the tail
being 1|.
I obtained another very remarkable snake quite recently on the
Khasi hills, which does not agree with any recorded genus (to de-
scription of which I have access), and the family to which it belongs
is also doubtful. It has a blunt head, very distinct from the thin
nock ; long, rather compressed body, and long tail ; its scales are
very numerous, not imbricated (as in some of the JTomalopsidai), and
the shields of the head are short, and do not cover the occiput, but
the nostrils appear to be lateral.
I propose calling the genus after our accomplished and able
Secretary in the Natural History Department, Dr. F. Stoliczka,
and the species —
Stoliczlcia Khasiensis. — It has two pairs of frontals, the first pair
very small and from the state of the specimen rather difficult to
notice ; the second one very large. The rostrum is slightly injured,
but the nostrils appear to be lateral, though placed rather in front,
and apparently surrounded by a slightly swollen edge ; the vertical
is very short, broader than long ; the supraorbitals rather small ; one
large preocular ; 2 postoculars ; no large temporals, small scales
like those of the body immediately following the postocular ; 8
upper labials, 5th and 6th entering tlie orbit, the last very long ;
82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Mar.
3 pairs of small chin shields ; 27 to 31 rows of small lengthened
ovate tuberculatod or ridged scales, increasing in size towards the
ventrals, those forming the last row on either side being largest ;
ventral scutce 207, anal undivided; sub-candals 114, single. Length
of specimen, 26 J inches, the tail being 7J. Colour a dusky plumbe-
ous above, white below.
Some of the characters of this remarkable species approximate it
to the Bendrophida : its somewhat depressed head, long thin neck,
compressed body, and long tail, scales increasing in size towards the
ventrals &c. ; in the character of the shields of the head, and of the
scales of the body, it resembles certain Homalopsida^ and its short
blunt head has an appearance of some of the AmhlycephaUdeB, and
it has the single sub-caudals of CercmpiR and AmhhjcepJialus,
I shall not attempt now to refer it to any family, but leave that for
the future.
I obtained a single example of the very rare Xenurelaps hungu^
roides, Elaps hunguroides of Cantor, of which only one specimen
is known, the type example in the Museum at Oxford. My
specimen is a rather smaller one, being 15 inches, of which the tail
is 2J^. It has 224 ventral scuta) and 44 sub-caudals, and 13 to 15 rows
of scales on the body. It only diflPers from Giinther's description
by having one white intercepted line commencing on the vertical,
and extending to the throat on each side. When alive, the color of
the body was ' a deep rich madder-brown, and the bands were
yellow, paling posteriorly. The chin and throat are whitish, which
passes into red, gradually deepening on the posterior part of the
body and tail, and there are numerous oblong black marks on the
abdominal and sub -caudal centres.
The number of anurous Batrachians noted by me in my paper
formerly alluded to, from Southern India, was 28. Of these, two are
doubtfid, as distinct from allied species, r/«., Rana nilagirica from
R. gracilis^ my R. agrieola, and Pyxicephalus fodiens from P. hrevis, my
P. phivialia. Of the other supposed now six^cies named there, three
have been described by G ii n t h e r under different names, and Major
B e d d o m e and myself have obtained these, and all the other sup-
posed new species, with two exceptions, which I doubt not will yet
1870.] ProceedingB of the Asiatic Society, 83
be procured by Major B e d d o m o. Tliis gentleman has also found
at least six new species not observed by myself.
I have also obtained at Daijeeling" and the Khasi hills at least
6 now species. I can only enumerate these here, but will endeavour
to give recognizable characters in another paper.
Bana crassa of my Catalogue has been noticed by Theobald,
and is distinct from Rana KukUi of Ceylon which it much resembles.
I have obtained one fine new Rana at Darjeeling, somewhat
allied to R. Liehigii^ but distinguished from it by its more fully
webbed feet. I call this Rana Sikimensis,
B o d d o m e has got one new very handsomely marked true frog
from Southern India, which ho names Rana vittata. Ho has also
procured my Rana fiavescens and R, curtipes, both which are
Rylorana^ and quite recently Kijlorana Malaharica, sufficiently dis-
tinct from Giinther's JT. temporalis of Ceylon, as indeed that na-
turalist suspected, though he had not seen Malabarica, My Hylorana
curtipes is a most distinct form from Jfal^barica, and G ii n t h e r must
have had a very hazy idea of Malabarica, when he asserted, on see-
ing a copy of my drawing of IT, curtipes^ that it was most probably
M. Malaharicaj he himself acknowledging that he had never seen
that species.
B e d d o m e has sent another small species of Hylorana which
he calls H, hipunctata,
A species of Hylorana common at ShiUong, which, from its colora-
tion, I considered at the time to be erythrcea, I find on examination
and comparison of specimens to bo quite new, and shall from its
most curious bird-like voice call it Hylorana pipiem. It has much
larger legs than any of the other Indian Hylorana, and is of a
mufli more slender habit altogether, with longer and sharper
muzzle and more slender limbs.
My Polypedates variabilis is tlio same as P. pleurostictus^ G ii n t h e r,
as ho himself 8a«»x^ected. B o d d o m o has obtained one small new
specaos of this genus, and I have got three new ones, one very re-
markable one from Sikkim, and two boautifid si)ecies from the
Khasi hiUs. A very large green backed one is perhaps the one
just mentioned by B 1 y t h in a note as Polyp, sinaragdinus from the
Naga hills, which name I shall retain for it. The other Khasi
S4 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [MaA.
one is a complete link to RhacophoniSy having the basal portion of
the fingers webbed. It is a very beautiful si)ecies which I shall
call P. annectans,
P, smaragdinus grows to a large size, about equalling Pol.
marmoratuSy B 1 y t h, {Afghnna, G ii n t h e r). It resembles P. macula'
tm something in habit, but is not so slender : the upper suirface
of the head and hind neck is slightly rough with minute tubercles,
whilst the lower surface of body Ls perfectly smooth. The body is
not nearly so long as the hind leg to the heel, whilst in nMcidatua
it is as long or slightly longer. Colour, a beautiful green above,
below yellow. The sides of body and thighs variegated and banded
with reddish brown and black. The disks of the fingers and toes
are not very large. Length of one, head and body 3 J inches, hind
leg 6}.
I obtained Rhacophorus gigas in Sikim and the Khasi hills, where
I also obtained what appears to be the true Rhacophoras Rein-
wardtii. This is a much smaller species than gigas^ and all my
Khasi specimens have one or two deep blue spots on the sides of
the body, but the dark mark on the webs of the toes is less marked,
than in the figures of tliis species in Schlegel.
I recorded Rhacophorus Reinwardtii apud D u m. and B ib ron,
from Malabar in my Catalogue, whence it was also procured by the
French collectors, but G ii n t h e r has entirely ignored this genus as
from Southern India. Major B e d d o m e has sent mo a specimen, on
comparing which with Khasi specimens a perceptible difference is
apparent. The head and body of the Malabar are indistinctly
though finely tuberculatod ; the habit is more slender, and there is
a distinct fold of skin over the eye in Reinwardtii^ absent in this.
The head too is x^erhaps a trifle longer. I shall provisionally call
it Rhacophorus malaharicus. It has the spots on the sides of the
body, so ('onspicuous in Khasi specimens of Rfinwardtii.
I have also got a new Pgxiccphahis from the Khasi hills, and
B o d d o m e has sent me apparently my P. rufescens from the
Wynaad. Ho also sent me small specimens o'f P. hrevicepsy which
from their appearance during life, ho, like myself, considered to
form two distinct species, and which Theobald also considers to
be distinct.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 85
I obtained numerous speoiuiens of Xjeiwphnja nvonticolaj G ii n t h e r,
botli at Darjeeliug and the Khasi hills. It has distinct vomorino
teeth which G u n t h e r was unable to detect in the specimens of tho
British Museum. I also obtained five specimens of a large species of
Xenoph'ijs both in Sikim and the Khasi hills, which I propose
describing as Xenophrys gigas.
Besides Ixalus tinniem, Ixalm femoralis fglandulosa of my Cata-
logue), /. Wynaademisj and /. opisthorJwdm (my Limnodytes phyllo-
philajy all of which B e d d o m e has obtained, he has got at least
three new species of this genus in Southern India ; and I have got
another in the Khasis.
B e d d o m e has likewise obtained Caloula montana of my Catalo-
gue, which appears perhaps to be C, ohscura of G ii n t h e r, and
another species which I have not yet seen, but which, from his
description, appears to be C. guttulata of Pegu, lately figured by
G ii n t h e r. He has also procured a small form allied to Caloula^
which appears to be identical in generic form with one obtained
by Dr. Stoliczka in Fonang, for wliich he proposes the name of
Ansonia, and which he will liimself describe shortly.
I have procured Diplopehna rubrwn from Nellore where I first
obtained it, and it appears to be one of the varieties of Dipiopelma
ornatum apud GUnther, asl see that many sj^ecimons were pre-
sented by myself, but I consider it perfectly distinct from D, ornatum
ofDumeril and B i b r o n, with which my D, malaharicum is
perhaps identical. I have also received from Major B e d d o m e a
specimen of D. carnaticum of my Catalogue, which again is quit«
distinct from D, ruhrum, and apx)ears to be generally spread. I have
specimens from Assam and Central India.
II. Observations ox some species of Indian birds, lately
PUBLISHED in THE Society's Journal, — by Allan 0. Hume,
C. B. (Abstract).
This paper contains much additional information regarding some
species of birds which have been noticed in Vol. xxxviii, Pt. 2,
of our Journal by Mr. W. T. Blanford. !^^r. Hume has been
for many years paying special attention to Indian Ornitliology, and
with the help of many friends has brought togeilier one of tho
86 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Maiu
£nest coUections of Indian birds. At the same time, Le has collected
a very large amount of new information regarding many birds which
previously were hardly or only little known, and such additional
observations on some species, formerly recorded by Mr. W. T.
Blanford, he offers in the present paper which will be, it ia
hoped, soon published in the Society's Journal.
m. — Note on a few species of Andaalaj^ese landshells, lately
DESCRIBED IN AmEEICAN JoUENAL OF CoXCHOLOGY, — by Dr. F.
Stoliczka.
The last number of the above Journal, Part 2, vol. v., (i). 109,
pi. 10) brought us a welcome addition to Indian Conchology in the
way of illustrations of weU known species, described under new
names. The paper to which I allude is entitled " Descriptions of
new species of terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman islands, Indian
Archipelago, by Geo. W. T r y o n, Jr."
It is not my object to point out the very vague knowledge the
author of the above paper appears to possess of the history and
geography of our Andaman settlement. It would perhaps be un-
fair to expect from the author, that he should know that this settle-
ment has now a population of about 8000 or more foreign inhabitants
(European and native), and that it has been the largest Indian con-
vict settlement for upwards of 12 years. It is also probably not to
be expected that the author should be acquainted with the numerous
publications in our Journal regarding the fauna of those islands
by Mr. E. Blyth, by Col. Tytler and Lieut. Beavan in
the ** Ibis," with various papers on the physical geography and
the population of those islands, (also in our Journal), with Dr.
M o u a t ' s ** Adventures and researches among the Andaman
islanders, London, 1863," together with an appendix on the fauna
by Mr. Blyth, and i)erhaps not even with the couple of scanty
notices in our Journal b}' Mr. Theobald regarding the shells
of those islands, — but how Mr. Try on could have overlooked
a well known species described by Chemnitz about 90 years
ngo, and figured in E e e v e ' s Monograph, and moreover the
numerous papers of Mr. Benson about Andamanese land-
shells in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., between the years
1870]
Profnedin^g ofihe AiiaUe Sociaiy*
1H59 and 1864, it aeeras almoRt incrodible to an Indian natiindisfc
to believe ! TUu words, "as I cannol discover any spwies'*
attiibuted to these islands in the various monographs** appear the
more romarkable, as Mr. T r y o n in believed to have for years paid
ft])eeial atteution to the reviews of Conchological Uteratiire, and m
Editor and Racorder of the Americau Journal at one time, when
epoaking with apparent very weij^hty authority on the Indian Unfotij
evinced a groat interest in the gonortil welfare of Indian Conchology !
(vide Am. Joum. Conch. 1867, vol. iii, p. 201).
There are abrjut 20 apeeies of landaholls enumerated by Mr.
Benson and Theobald in tlit^ir publieati nns, and my latdj
Investigations will probably increase the number to 30* Sod
apeeies are identical with those of the Nieoboje.
In order to prevent any misinterpretations of Mr. T r y o n * a^
well executed (and very welcome"^ (igure%» I give now a list of tho
identifications ; but I will not further refer to the subgenerifl dis-
inctions of iho «pecie8, as I hnpo shortly to be abli? to publish
SJtie notes r<>garding the aaatouiy of ibo auim^al^, and other pecu-
liarities of the sliells oi tho various gpwies.
1. JthjBota fmiix) Chamhfrfimi, Tryo n, L cit. p. 10r>, pi. [0,
fig. 2» is JTelix IFimghUni^ Benson, Ann, Mrig. Nat, Hist., 1863^
8 ser,, vol. iXj p, 87.
2. AmpdiU (Eelij) Bufnhyi, Try on, L cit. p. 110, pi. 10, fi^J
3, is lltlit (rochalia, Benson, A. M. N. H« 1861, 3 ser., vol vii,
p*82.
3. Orohin fUdix) Andnmammh^ Tryon, h cit* p. 110, pi. 10,
fig. 4, is i/ir/ilir f^/(/, Theobald, Jour. A*t. Son. Bengal, 1864,
xxxiii, p. 245, which is powsibly the same as IleL Btephiis, Bon^
ion, Ann. M. N. H., 1861, 3 ser., vol. vii, p. 84.
4. Opem fBnltmm} Pi^aUl, Tr'yon, L cit. p, 110, pL 10, fig, 5,
m SpiraxU JTatojhtoni^ Benson, A. M. N. II., 1863, 3 8er., voL
», p, 90.
6. ? Cyvhsfoma Lmi, Tryon, 1. cit. p. 111, pi. 10, %. fi, iw tho
old Cy'clopIioruA foiidceus, Chemnitz, gp, T r y o n * s iigure
• /f#Zi« Mel/ifHj Sinrp. Anf^mnavii^a and HrL Ami jifniu*-! exeppt»^d> No ilrmht
Mr. T ry n ii Unj» perli»j*a aiuce iouuii oul luoi'tt m F fw i Tig r, •* Mou. Uuil/'
vols. T uiid vi«
88
Proeml/mgu oftjie Asiatic Socieiy,
[Miju
could be almost taken for that in R o e v e ' s Icon. voL xiii, Monog,
Cyclophm-uij pL adii, where an aoooiint of the history of the sitecies ia
given, according to Benson* Chemnitz very probably received a
specimen of this species from the Nieobars, together with Cyclophorui
iurho^ Chem., through the Mora vi an MieBionaries ; for I also
obtained two specimens oi /oliftceus from the neighbrjiirhood of the
Nancowry harbour on Camorta, though this sx>ecies is hero, as
compared with the peculiar Kicobar one, very rare.
Mr. T r y 0 n further mentions from the Andamans ThcUpifUs
achatina^ Gray. I never received a specimen from there, but found
the species motit abaudimt neai- Mouknein on the limu-stono hills, and
only on these. I don'^t know whether there are any limestone rocks
on the Andamans. A species allied to Helix procumhens and gahata
of Gould oecurs at the Andamans^ and very yoimg shell:* are
not much unlike those of PL achat hna.
The same author further mentions Helicina Nlcoharicn^ Phil. •
is 18 probably ReL turupHlum^ Benson, A, M. N. H., Iti(i3|
\ 0er.^ Toh xii, if at all distinct from the last.
IV. — Notes on tele OEHua J5Jira, by Surgeon F. Day, (Abstract).
The author describes a new species, S, Jm'ioni^ of this remarkable
genus of siluroid fishes, and oli'ei*:? general remarks regarding the
only other two Indian fepeeies which he admits, II, Buc/mnam, and
This paper will appear in the first number of the Journal for this
year, to be pubUahed shortly.
v.— Note on Nokth Westees,— by the Hon'ble J. B. Phear.
In this note I merely offer an hypothesis to explain the re-
markable ** Nor- Wester" storms, which invariably precede the
setting in of our rainy season. We are all familiar enough with the
phenomena, the typical form of which may be described x^retty near-
ly as follows : — The mousooa breeze h blowing steadily from the '
Bay of Bengal^ (say S. E., 8. or 8, W.). A hea\*y mass oJ^ clouds
appears in the N. W.; it rises in the sky very rapiiUy, preserving i
an even front, which sti'etc'hefl in a long sharply definoil line from
S. W. to N. E. Eain is seen to be falling towards the N. W. j
1870.]
Proceedifi^t f^ftlie Auiatic Society,
89
this apjn'oaclies with the cloud and is accompamed by much thun-
der and lightning. The southerly breozo still, however, continues
until the line of cloud-front has reachtjd, or even pafieed, the zenith^
when, f(ir a few geoonds, there oocurs a complete calm, followed by
a 8uddfc»n and mighty rush of wind fi'oni tJi© N. W. — the rain
arrives, — there is a heavy downfall — the storm passes by — and for
a time there is almost a complete abaence of wind with a lowered ^
temperature.
My explanation is this :— The air coming from oceanwords ifl
largely charged with vapour at a comparatively high temperature| j
and I suppoiio that a much colder current of air is suddenly (so ta'
speak) poui'ed out upon it from the N. W. and passes over with con-
liderable velocity. Kapid condensation takes place along the sur-
I of contact of the upper and lower strata of air — dense cloud ia,
formed ; there is electrical disturbance ; and this state of thing#i
advances with the fnmt of the advancing N. W. current. As the
result of the condensation^ a largo mass of water is precipitated %9\
the 8U]-face of the earth. Tliis, in fuHiiig, dieplacea air, the wateEj
it Dears the ground driving the air out of site with inereasingl
orce. By the continuation of the process, as the front of the up-
per stream of cold air passes on, an uninterrupted sheet of falling
water is produced, which apparetUiy advances with the cloud above
and wind below. Actually, however, the path of each drop (except* J
ing those of the forefront) may, I imagine, possibly bo pretty nearly '
vertical i before condensation, the vapour, if not brought to rest by
the friction of the two currents, was moving with the lower current
of air towards the N. or N. W. j it does not acquire any new hori-
zontal velocity merely by becoming condensed, and as the di-op falla
(if the height be great) it will manifest, if anything, relative to the
earth a slight increment of veloiity towards the west. So far,
theUf there is certainly no reason why the di'ops should move in
the direction of the storm j on the c^ontrary, tliey ought to have a
velocity towards the N* and W. But the formation and falling of J
the water eliocta a ti'ausfer of matter from above to below j a par-1
tial vacancy, or rarefaction, thus takes place begiiming at the point
of condensation^ and the relatively dense cold air of the upper cur-
rent is at once ready to press into the opeming ; it pu
90
Proeerdingi of the Asiatic Society,
[Mab.
ffillmg wnter downwards and becomes thuB mixed with, the Iowot
ciirrentt At this ettige we have the lower current, which is^ to
use a convenient word, po&sessod of a velocity towards the north and
'we»ty infiltrated by the upper <'fild current which is possessed of a
^ Telotjity towardB the S. E, The resultant condition of the mixture
may be any modilication of the storm velocity, even to quiescence.
Obviously, however, the air whieh comes down from above, must
alwuye lose a very large proportion of its velot-ity, fr>r it cannot
oontiniie its forward oourse, without carrying with it the whole of
the air whieh remaiuod undisplaced l>y the rain between the cloud
and the earth, and whiih hud an initial velocity in the opposite
direotion.
My explanation shortly amounts to this, that the larg^o bod}' of
^ water geuerati3d and falling as the upper current passes on, pTo-
duoes the "Nor- Wester*' by driving violently forward the air
whirh is displfur*3d by it in its passage to the earth, while the air
which is not so displaced, is either brought to rest, or a(q«ure9 a
comparatively small forward velocity (towards the S. E,) from tbo
upper current of air permeating it. If this explanation be correct,
and the facts ocitur /is I have supposed them, they atford a remark-
able instance of transfer of motion. It would also foUuw from those
i tliat the atmosphei*ie pressure would increase during tlio pas-
of the Btorm ; for, in the first place, the advent of tlie upper cur-
entof cold, and therefore relatively dense air, would, to some extent,
efi'ect an addition of mass to the local atmosphere ; and secondly,
the two opposing currents checking each other's coui'se, would
bring about a condensation of the air, which is the product of tlioir
uuion. And it is some confirmation of my theory that, in truth, a
rise of the barometer doee, I believe, uniformly occur during a
" Nor- Wester.**
Also on the flanks of the storm there ought to be according to
the foregoing theory a stroug wind, coming from the place of the
falling water. This would mauift^'^tly last as long as the storm
remained within a certain Umitoil range, and woidd change its
direction as the storm passed by. As far as my observation had
exteudedi the phenomena which actually ocour bear this out.
il
Proc^edinffs of tha Asiatic SQoiett/
91
On certain rnoriunrED iRREGrLABrriEa op ATxtosniEuio
PREsstTRE Ts Bengal, in relation to the Monsoon rainfall of
1 868-69, — ^by Henry F. Blanford, Esq. Meteorological Ee-
porter to the GK)venimont of Bengal, (Abstrftct).
Mr. Blanford said that tho object of his i>aper was to bring
ito notice certain iiregularitioa iu tho distribution of barometric
pressure during tho monsoons of 18G8 and 18G'J» which had much
ifluenced tho cjouree of the wind enrronts duiing those two seuaons,
'"and had tn-identlj contributed largely to produce tlio anomalous
raiulidl of Bea^al and tho N. W. Provincua, tho important consjo-
auences of which must be fresh in the recollection of all.
Having spoken of them as uregularitieH, he would, before proceed-
ing to describe them, briefly notice what appear to be the normal
[features of barometric pressure in the S. W. monsoon in India. On
lis subject, unfortunately but little direct evidence is fortlicomiiig,
linco no rocT<jrd8, or none admitting of comjiarisou Mxth those of the
bengal stations, are to bo had for tho greatur part of India. In-
lirect evidence, however, ia available j and tliis indicates as pro-
[liable that at the beginning of the S. Webt monsoon a fociis of
iminimum pressiu'e exists over the central region uf the peninsula,
and that towards the middle or end of tho monsoon, as CoL
Strachey haa suggested, this focus is i?robably transferred to
the Punjab. That eutdi is tho case may be inferred irom the direc-
ition of tho winds, which im tho Bombay side are westerly diuing
[the hot weather and early monllis of the 8. W. moiisooa, while in
I Bengal the prevailing db-ection is from tlie Suutli Kast. It is to bo
[inferred that they blow, in accoiilance witli BnysBallot's law,
rards a place of minimum pressure, with a tendency to ciiculate
ad it ■ the law of their movement being tlio j^ame ui* that of tha
winds in a cyclone. A siimltu' inference is to be dra^m from the fact
displayed in D o v e * s Isothermal charts, as well as in that of Me^itiis,
Bchlagintweit, ri'z. that in the hot weather, tho focus of highest
moan temperature is about Nagpore, — in the rains, in the Punjab :
and a persistently high temperature necessarily produces a low
barometric pressure by tho expansion and consequent overflow of the
air above the heated regiun* Again, — the c*ourse of theisobaric lines
92
Proceedingi of th A»fnfie Smaty.
{MarA
across the Bay of Bengal (a« inferred from the Btatione aroimd the
coast) ia from North East t-o South West, or in general conformity ^
to the outlino of the pemnsiila, with the lower pressure (in the S. W-
monsoon) lying to the North West, If the normal pressure then be
Buoh as is inferred, the normal winds in Bengal would be from 8. E*,
(in acoordance with the law already alluded to)j but if on independent j
focus of low pressure be interposed in their course somewhere In
Lower Bengal, it would follow that the vapour-bearing winds would
be drawn in towards it, and would there discharge their moisture
as rain, while dry westerly winds would prevail in the N, ^W*
Provinces. This is whataotuallj happened in both 1868 and 1869,
Tlie re-difitidbution uf pressure of the change of the monsoons occur«
in tlie montkfi of March and October* In 1 868, as early as the month
of April, a slight barometric depression (relatively to places around)
appeared in the N. W* corner of the Bay of Bengal^ the boinjmeter*
at False Poict being lower than that at Cut tack, and that at Saugor
Island lower than at Calcutta. This difference was more marked
in May, and still more so in June, at the begiuniog of which month
the rains set in very heavily in and around Calcutta. The heaviest j
fall was over Balasore and Coutai, where it exceeded 30 inches. It
was very heavy at Calcutta and Midnapore (bet^-een 20 and 30
inches), and diminished rapidly in all directions around. The wind
resultants for the montli shew the influence of the depression very
markedly, those of tdl stations being more westerly than is
usually the case. In July the raana were not heavy, and on area ]
of low pressure in the direction of Hazareebagh appears to have
exercised an influence over the winds, rendering them more easterly.
But in August the former focus was again intensified, the minimum
pressiire being very near Sanger Island, and the winds were again
drawn towards it. The raiufall of this montli was veiy heavy
(exceeding 30 inches) over Ilooghly and Kishnagur, therefore at
a distance of about 100 miles to the north of the place of bare- |
metric depression. It exceeded 20 inches at Calcuttji, Burdwan '
and Jessore, diminishing in all ilirections around. In September,
the depression remained, but was less marked and influential, and |
it did nut di*sappcar entirely till December. Thiougbont ihii sea-
son, the windjfl in the country to wostwiU'd of the Delta never
1«70.]
Proceedings ofth Atiniw Soeifity*
9a
become S. E. Durmg the greater part of it they wore westerly, and
September they Teered to north east. Hence apparently the
drj^ness of the N. W. P. thi'oughout thf^ season.
In 1869, shortly after the rediBtribiition of pressure in IVrarch, a
alight depression appeared over a re^on including Berhanipore,
Moughyi', Patna and Hazareebagh. In May it was intensilied,
especially over the first named station, and reached its lowest point in
June, There was Uien a mean diHerence of 0.14 of an inch between
Calcutta and Berhanipore. The effect of this depression on the winds
Fad rainfall waa einular to that of the Saugor Inland dopre>i8ion of
lie previous year. At Patna, the wind was north, and at Hazaj^eebagh
and Cuttack south and somewhat westerly. The rainfall in thia
month, as in the previous yeari was heaviest, not over the place of
depression, but at some diatanre (150 miles) to north of it j ef^peeiiiUy
&v6r Baxa (Bhotan Boars), Btnajpore and Bungpore, Generally it
exceeded 20 inches over the country north of the Pudda river. In
the Bulta it was bulow 20 inches.
In July, AugiLst and September, the depression did not disappeari
but appears to have moved westward. So that, at the end of the
rains, ifoughyr, Patna and Hazareebagh wore all lower than
Berhampore.
In conclusion, Mr. Blanford eommented on the peculiar re-
action that appeared to exist between the place of gi-eatest barometric
depression, and that of grontest rainfall, the latter appearing al-
ways to be to north of the former in the instances cited ; and he
ated as a posi^ible explanation, the existence of two barometric
epreaaions, so related that one would act by retai*dingj without
resting, the wind currents in their progress ti>wartls the other. In
such a case, it appeared possible that an accumulation of air would
pbe produced not over but somewhat beyond the site of the fii'st
lepression, and that the heaping up of a nearly saturated atmos-
aided by diifusion of the vapour, would determine an
sive raiufall in that place.
He also pointed out the apparent influence of the Berhamporo
nd Mo nghyr depression, on the course of the Cyclones which parsed
iiver Bengal in 1869. The first, in May, passed over Jessore ; tho
Eld, in June, when the Berhampore depreJ:fsion was mo^t intense^
D4
Pracfffdintfn of th^ Amaiie 8o(^ifit^,
pCAH.
passed iiir©ctly towaids that station across the delta, and speedilj
broke up on t!ie north of the Ganges.
Tlio third, in the lioginning of October, when the lowest pressur
was distributed over Munghp*, Patna and Ilazareebagh, took an
unusual course to the north west and between these stations.
The President said that in inviting discussion upon the pap€
wluch hfid ju^t been read, he need not dvrM upon the gi'oat value i
Mr. Blanford'a investigations. It had long been understood
tliat the dominant cause of monsoon winds was the periodic occur-
rence of a terrestritd locus of minijnum barometric pressure. Anj
a persistent condition of low barometric pressiwe simply meant, tha
for some reason or another the spot in the earth's surface whe
it occurred, was a focus of maximum heat. He believed that
Schlagintweit's map of isothermal lines exhibited a centre utm
maximum heat in the Punjab, during tlie rainy season, and no duubf
the S. W. monsoon of oui* Presidency was greatly influenced by
such a centre. Mr. Blanford's observations led to tlie reraark-j
able conclusion, tliat in some seasons, if not tdways, there werfj
other minor centres, or at least one centre in Bengal itself, whicl
aaterially intcrforud with and disturbed tlie action of the principal'
Bntre, It was curiom* that an area of maximum rainibll should
be found at a certain distance on the north side of this minor centre
and Mr, B 1 a n f o r d had offered a very ingt^nious theory to ao
eoimt for the fact. Ho (the President) however, felt some diificultr
in accepting this theory. It appeared to him inconsistent with the
maintenance of the barometric depression, which could only bo
attributable to the continuance of local surface boat in excess of thu
in the neighbourhood. The effect of the greater ltM?al heat was, b^
& process of internal expansion to lift tlie superincumbent column of
air relatively to the suiTounding air, by reason of which the upper
portions of it be<'ame, as it werCj pom-ud aways sideways, and so tlio
amount of atmospheric matenal in the vertical colunin was lessened!
and as long as the relatively low barometer obtalnud, this operation
mu»t be going on. Therefore, the passing monsoon cun-ent must 1
affected by it, and if so, the motion of the particles of vapour in it
could not safely be calculated as if they were sliding imder the action
of gravity upon the gradient bnoj* of equal pressure. lie wuuld_
is7a]
Proceedings of the AtMic SoMttf-
9$
himself be disposed to suggest that the oxpandiiig proeesfl, to which
he referred, directly produced the result which Kr. Blanfo rd
mentioned j clearly, most of the discarded air and vajMnur would ht*
thrown off on the side towards which the wind is hlowing, i. e.^ in
the case of the 8. W. monsoon in Bengal, towards the Norths and
thufl ihoiH? would be acx'umulation of vapour on that side ; also the
additional heat of the area of minimum barometric pressure would
diuiinish the saturation of the incumbent air and consequently the
rainfall ; bo that the comparison between the rainfall on that
area, and on an arua nurtli of it, would in tliia way be doubly
affected.
Mr. H. F. Blanford made some further romarkfl regarding the
explanation wliich he gave of the scarcity of rainfall in the north
west Provinces during the last year, and also regarding the sugges-
tions made by the President.
Col. the Hon'ble R.Strachey observed that the greatest obsta-
cle which is in the way of a satisfactory explanation of the various
air currents lies in the high raitge of mountainB which bounds India
towards North. He thought that we are as yet far from being
snfiiciently acquainted with the varied influences which the Hima-
layan range undoubtedly has upon thoBe atmospheric changes in
India, and until our knowledge of this range has been much more
improved, it seemed to him almost impossible that we could arrive
at anything like a satisfactory explanation of the causes of those
atmospheric disturbances. With regard to the rainfall, this diffi-
culty is by far not so great, and an almost qult<$ satisfactory
explanation of it can be given. OoL Strachey then explained
in detail tlie rainfall and its causes throughout India. He pointed
out ihe remurkable diminution of the rainfall in the whole tract of
country along the bases of the Himalayas from Bengid towards
Peshawur, then towards Mooltan, and alluded to the local varia-
tions along the Western ghats.
Aft^r some further remarks on the same subject by Mr- H- F,
Blanford, the meeting broke up.
96 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [^vr.
LiBRAKY.
The following additions have been made to the Library sinco
the last meeting in February.
Preseiitations.
<i% Names of Donors in Capitals.
Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres, Tiende
Mode, i Christiania fraden 4de. til den lOde. Juli, 1868 : — Det.
KONGELIGE NORSKE XJnIVERSITET I CnRISTIAIflA.
Forhandlinger i Vidonskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, Aar 1868 : —
The same,
Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskabeme : udgives af den physio-
graphiske Forening i Christiania ved M. Sars, og Th. Kjerulf,
sextende Binds, Med 1-2 : — The same.
Norgos Officielle Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1866, Beretning om
Almuoskoleva)senets Tilstand i Kongeriget Norgos Landdistrikt
for Aarene 18G1-1863, udgiven af Departemontet for Kirke og
undervisningsvBDsenet : — The same.
Norges Officielle Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1867, Tabeller ved-
kommende Skiftevsoaenot i Norge i Aaret 1865, samt den Konge-
lige Norske Eegjerings imderdanigste indstilling af 16de Juli,
1867 : — The same.
Norges OfficioUe Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1865, Beretning om
Skoleveesenets Tilstand i Kongeriget Norges Landdistrikt for
Aarene 1864-1866, og i Eigets Kjobsta>der og Ladesteder for
Aaret 1867, udgiven af Departemontet for Kirke og undervisnings-
vajsenet : — Tke same.
Norges Officielle Statistik, udgiven i Aaret 1868. Fattig-Statis-
tik for 1866, tillige med oversigfc for Aarene fra 1851 af, udgivne
af Departomentet for Kirke og undervisuingsveesenet ; — The same.
Tabeller vedkommende Norgos Handel og Skibsfart i Aaret
1867, udgivne Departemontet for det Indre : — The same.
Beretning om Eigets (Economiske Tilstand i Aarene 1861, 1865,
forste Hefte indeholdende de af Eigets Amtma3nd Afgivne specielle
Beretningor, udgivne af Departomentet for det Indre : — The same.
Eesidtaterne af Folketoillingen i Norge i Januar 1866, forste Hefte,
indeholdende Tabeller over Folkemtengde med mere i Eigets
Forskjellige jurisdiktioner samt Folkemtengde fordelt efter alder,
98 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Mar.
En fremstilling af det Norske — aristokratis — ^historie indtil kong
Sverrestid af Ebbe Hertzberg : — The same.
La Norvege Litteraire par P. Botten-Hansen : — The same.
Den Norske Lods udgiven af den Geografiske opmaaling, 3die
4de Hefte : — The same.
Ungedruckte, unbeacbtete und wenig beachtete Quellen znr Ge-
schicbte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, beransgegeben und
in Abbandlungen erliiutert von Dr. C. P. Caspar!, 11. : — The same.
Det Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitets, Aarsberetning
for Aaret 1868, med Bilage : — The same.
The United States Sanitary Commission, a sketch of its purposes
and its works : — The Govt., U. S. A.
The Sanitary Commission of the U. S. Army, a succinct narrative
of its works and purposes : — The same.
A record of the Metropolitan Fair in aid of the United S.
Sanitary Commission held at New York in April, 1864 : — The same.
History of the United States Sanitary Commission by C. J.
Stille : — The same.
Brooklyn and Long Island Sanitary Fair 1864 : — The same.
Memorial of the Great Central Fair for the United States
Sanitary Conmiission by C. J. Stille : — The same.
Military Medical and Surgical Essays, 1862-1864 : — The same.
Annual Eeport of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution for 1867 : — The Smithsonian Institution.
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology 1866 and 1868 : — The Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Entomological Correspondence of T. W. Hams, M. D., edited by
S. H. Scudder : — The Boston Natural History Society.
Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society for 1868 : —
The same.
Memoirs of the Boston Natural History Society Vol. I, Pt. IV : —
The same.
Letters of the National Academy of Sciences, Phil«wielphia, 1866 :
The National Academy of Sciences America.
Report of the Committee of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce,
1869 :— The Bengal Chamber of Commerce.
Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie, Dfecembre, 1869: — The
Geographical Society of Paris.
PROCEEDINGS
OF
THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
An extraordinary General Meeting of the Society was held on
Wednesday, 9 p. m., 16th March, 1870.
The Hon*ble J. B. P h e a r, President, in the chair.
The President said that the special object for which the extra-
ordinary General Meeting was convened by the Council of the
Society was fully explained in the notice issued which is follows : —
H. R. H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH
•* having expressed a desire to become a member of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society
is hereby convened by the Council of the Society, under Rule 51 of
the Bye-Laws, for the purpose of proceeding in the matter of his
election.
The Meeting will be held this day, Wednesday, the 16th instant,
9 p. M., at the Society's Rooms, Park Street."
The President observed that he had very little to add to w^at is
stated in this notice. The report of H. R. Highnesses desire to
join our Society as a Member having reached too late to be brought
before the last monthly meeting of the Society, the Council thought
it desirable to convene an Extraordii%ary General Meeting for the
special purpose that H. R. Highness may be elected before he
leaves the shores of India, which he was so graciously pleased
to honor with his visit.
The President then requested Dr. F a y r e r to move the proposi-
tion.
Dr. J. Fay re r, C. S. I., briefly alluded to H. R. Highnesses
special wish to become a member of the Society and moved —
That His Royal Highness, Prince Alfred Ernest Albert,
Duke of Edinburgh, be elected an ordinary member of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal.
The President seconded the proposition which was put to the
meeting and carried unanimously.
PROCEEDINGS
OP IBB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR Apkil, 1870,
The monthly general meeting of the Society was held on
Wednesday, the 6th instant, at 9 p. m.
The Hon'ble J. B. P h e a r, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following presentations were laid on the table : —
1 . From the Government of Madras — 7 copies of Captain M,
W. C a r r ' s ** The Seven Pagodas."
2. From the Government of India, Home Department — A Cata-
logue of Sanscrit works in the Library of His Highness the Mah&-
rlj6 of Mysore.
3. From H. J. B a i n e y, Esq., two modem copper Coins, bear-
ing the inscription, ** Island of Sultana," in English, and the coat of
arms of the E. I. Company.
4. From the Author — A copy of " A Treatise on Asiatic Chole-
ra," by Dr. C. Maonamara.
5. From the Government of India — A copy of correspondence
relating to an inscription found at Barsee Taklee, near Akola in the
Hyderabad assigned Districts.
6. From T. W. T o 1 b o r t, Esq., C. S,— A MS. copy of a Hin-
dustilni pamphlet, being an analysis of Mr. G. Campbell's
Ethnology of India, published in the Society *8 Jouinal.
1fl2
Proceedit^s q/^ ih A$miic Sacifttf*
[Aprii^
The following gentlemeu duly proposed antl seconded at the las-t
Bieetmg were balloted for and elected ordinary members : —
Oapt R. V. 0 shorn, B. 8, Corps.
R. Stewart, Esq,
B. Smith Lyman, Esq.
Dr. T. W. I n n i e, 0. B.
Col. A, D. Dickens, C. B.
The following gentlemen oi-e candidates for ballot at the May
Meeting : —
Dr, Warth, Indian Inland Customs, proposed by Dr. F.
Btoliczkai seconded by H. M. Ada m, Eeq,
Dr, W. S C h 1 i e h, Deputy Conservator of forests, proposed by j
Dr. Btoliezka, seconded by S, K u r z, Esq.
J* E. D o b s o n, M. B., iStaff, Asst. Surgeon, proposed by CoL H.
Hyde, seconded by Dr. T. 0 1 d h a m.
J. Macnagten, Esq., Darbhunga, proposed by Mr. H.
B 1 u c li m u n n, seeoiided by Col. H y d e.
J. H. Daman t, Esq,, C. S., propowed by E. V. Westma-I
0 0 1 1, Esq., seconded by Dr. Stoliezka.
B^j^ S ft t y & n a n d O h o s h ^ 1, proposed by B^bu Tl d j e u- ]
dralAla Mitra, seconded by the Ilon'bl© J. B. P h h a r.
The following gentlemen hare intimated their desire to withdraw {
from the Society : —
G. M. Tag ore, Esq.
T. B. Lane, Esq.
The President gave notice tlmt at the next monthly gonerall
Meeting it would be proposed on behall* of the Council that a '
donation of Rs. 100 out of the Society- s Funds should be made j
in aid of the subscription to relieve the necessities of MraJ
Piddington, The Council considered that they had not them- '
eelves the power, in the ordinary course of managing the Society^s j
affairs, to apply a sum of money to such a purpose as this, but they
felt confident that the Society would gladly stize this opportunity,^
sad as it was, of testifying its high appreciation of tlie remarkable
services done by Mr. H. Piddington to the cause of soienee and
the interests of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
The President also announced tliat the Coimcil had formed a Com-^
mittee, consisting of Dr, Partridge, Mr, B 1 a n f o id and him<^
1870.]
Prne^fdi^^i* of the Asiatic Soeietif.
lu;)
self, fot* the collection of subscription b from individiinl members of
the Society and from others interested in the progress of aeience.
He was afraid, it waa onlj too certain that the widow of Mr.
Piddington was in a deplijrable state of destitution, and he
trusted that they would one and all by coming forward with their
contributions empliatically dec'lai*6 that this was a thing, which
should not be<
The receipt of the following conununications has been an-
nounced : —
L Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and
Reptilia, by Dr. F. S t o 1 i c z k a.
2, Notes on some plaees of historical interest in the District of
Hugli, by H. B 1 o c li m a n n, Esq.
3, Paper on old Dolliij by J. D. T r e m 1 e 1 1, Esq.
4, Genizmna JeMchkei re-established as a new genus of Qmhian*
uce^Sf by S. K u r x, Esq.
5, Notes on the Audamaneso, by Surgeon P. Day.
6, Notes on a trip to the Andaman^, by V. B a 1 1, Esq.
7» On the relation of the Uriya to the other Modern Aryan
languages, by J. B e a m e s, Esq., B. C* S.
Tlie following papers were read : —
I, — Obsebtations on some LsmiAN AND Malayan Ab hpibia and
Repttlia, by Dr. F. Stoliczka (Abstract).
The specdes described in this paper have been partially collected
by the author along Uie Burmese and Malayan coaat, in Penang
and Singapore, partially at thtj Nicobar and Andaman islands, only
a few flpef'ies are noticed from Jara, and a few also from the
N* W, Himalayas. Hhoi-t notes on the geographical distribution,
and on the general character of the Amphibian and Beptilian fauna
of the Andamans anrl Nicobars, fo *in a brief preface to the detailed
descriptions. Complete lists of all the known species occurring on
the two last named groups of islands are appended.
The following is a list of the species noticed, with the locaJitiea
wherefrom specimens have been obtained, and brief charai-'teristics
of the new species. Of those species marked with an asterisk (♦)
illustrations will be given.
104
Prfw§editi^it ofths AifttUc Si^ei^ty,
[APRll*,
AMPB^TBIA,
Batrachia.
1. Mfma gracilu^ Wiegni,, (typical) — Sundarbatts, Arracan,
Rangoon^ Moulmeiiij Penang^ Wellesley Province, &<J*
Ditto ditto var. Andamanansis, — Andamans.
Ditto ditto var, NiCObariensiB,— Nicobars.
Ditto ditto var. pulla, — r'euaiig bill.
2. Rana ct/apiop/tlich'sj S c b n e i d. — Oriasa*
3. Pgxicfphalm hrevic^j>Sf S c b n e i tL- — from near Kotegurh,
♦4. Polypedates Hascheanus, n. ^.
A small spetiea rrom the formats of Peiiang bill ; — distanca
between anus and heel Blightly less than the length of the body ;
brown, lighter or darker, a bW^kish Land between the eyes, a W
mark between the shoulders, a pair of blackish spots about the
middle of the body, limbs with dark cross bands ; body of lai'geat
specimen \^^ inch long,
5* Plyp> maculatus, G r a jy — Penang.
* 6. Myhrma Tyileri, T h e o b. (? ? = m-f/thropa, Schleg.)— Moul-
mein.
* 7. Hylorana Nicobariensis, n. ep., from the Nicobaro-
Allied to II, UmporalU of G ii u t h e r, but has two small glandular
tubercles behind the anglo of the mouth ; distance between anua
and heel less than the length of the body, 4th toe leas than its half,
Ansoniaf n- g^n. {Rhinodermatida,)
BiKly slender, limbs long and slender, fingers free, toes half-
webbed, disks scarcely swoUen ; muzzle short, canthus roatralia
sharp ; no tfjeth ; tongue entire, oval, elongated.
* 8, — A» F61ia]lg611SiSt found on rocks in streams on Penang
hill. Full grown 8|KHimen ff int.' li, hind limb I ^^ inches j body
tubercular, black with pale yellowish white spots on the side and
purplish red below, between tJie limbs and on the lower belly.
* 9. I}iplopi*hna CarfHstimtm^ J e r d o n.
10* Cahula pukhra^ Gray, from Moubneio.
11. Bufo vindiJi^ L a u r., from the Sutlej valley.
12. IJii/tf mehnodicm^ S c h n e i d., from Bengal, Burma, Malny- ]
Pemnsulaf Andamans and Nicobars,
ia7o.]
Pr^eeedinffi of tlie Asiatic S&cid*j.
lOd
REPTILIA.
Lacertilia.
13. Ptychazoon hamaloc^pkalum^ Kuhl, — Nicabars.
14* Ge4^ko guttaim, Dan d,— Biinna and AndamanSi
15. Gecko sientor. Can t — Andamans.
U). Gecko Smiihiif G r a y, — Java*
17. Phel^uma Andamanen»e, Blyth, — Andamans.
18. Feripia Peronit^ Can t. — Penang.
19. Peripia Cantoris^ G ii n t h. — Andamans.
20. MemidacttflM *frmatu$f Bohleg. — Bui-ma, Penang^ Anda-
mans and Nicol>ar9.
21. Htmidiutylm maculatus, D. and B. — Monlniein, Andamana,
Caloutta, &e.
22. Oyrt4idactylu6 ruhidus^ {PueUtda ruhida^ B 1 y t U) — Auda-
mana.
23.* Cyrtodactylus affinis n. sp.— Penang.
Like Gi/mnodtictifhtn pukhcllusy Gray, in fonn and coloration, but
witii lougtjr fingers and toes, and apparently more dejireBsed boily,
no enlarged chin akielda, or gub-caudals, and no femoral porns.
24. Ttliqtm canmffa, S o h n e i d. {Eup, rufintcms apud G ii n t h,)
— Bengal, Burma, Peuang, Andamani?, &c.
26. Tiliqua olimcmt G r a y, — Nioobars*
26.* TUiqua rugiferai n, »p. — Nicobars ; each Bcmle fivo
carinated ; B<*ale8 in 26 tiericfs round tbo bc>dy» 23 transverse r<JW8
between the limbs, 8 longitudinal rows on tbe beUy ; brown abovd,
two pale etreaka on the anterior half of the body, pale yellowish or
greenish white below,
27,* Mabouya Jerdoniana, n, sp.— Penang.
Like M, a^ilis. Gray, but it has 7 supraciliaries, 8 upper labials,
scales in 39 series round the body, 60 transverse rows between the
limba, pre-ancds scarcely, sub-cnudals distLnctly enlarged,
28* Ulnulia maculata^ B 1 y t h, — Martaban.
29* Riopa lineolata, n. sp. — Martaban, Similar io R.
Boivritigiiy G ii n t h., and equal to it in size, but with scales in 24
longitudinal series round the body^ and 60^ — 65 transverse aeries
between the limbs.
30. CaiofcB m^staemij B. &B., — Airacan, Bafisein, Mouhnein, ^c.
106 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Aprii*,
31 . Bronchoceh criatatella^ K u h 1, — Penang.
.•]2. ,, Moiuccana, Jj e s 8. — Singapore.
33. „ j'uhata, D. and B. — Java, Nicobars.
34. Tiarts suhcriBtata^ B 1 y t h, {Coryphylax Maximiliani, F i t z.)
— Andamans and Nicobars.
35. I>ra€o volans, L. — Penang.
Ophidia.
36. Cylindrophis rufm, L a u r., — Upper Burma.
37. Ahldbes fnelanocephalus, G r a y, — Singapore.
38. „ Bappity Qtu nth. y — Simla. •
39. ,, collar isy Q TO. jy — Simla.
40.* „ NicobariensiS, n. sp.— Nicobars.
Scales smooth in 17 series, vent, 189, anal bifid, sub-caudals 87,
coloration similar to melanocephaluSy but the lateral spots are
smaller and much more nimierous ; length 17 J inch of which tail
is 4 J inch.
41. Ptyas mucosusy L., — N. W. Himalaya, Moulmein, Andamans.
42. Ptyas hexahonotusy Can t., — (Xenelaphis id^m apud G ii n t h. )
— Penang.
43. Compsoaoma radiatumy R e i n., — Moulmein.
44. „ M^/anwrww, S c h 1 e g. — Andamans.
45.* „ semifasciata, ( Piatycops idem) B 1 y t h, — south of Simla.
46. „ Hoflgsonii G u n t h., — N. E. of Simla.
47. Tropidonotm quincunctiatusy Schleg., {Trap, Ty fieri and
HtriolatuSy Blyth) — Burma, Andamans.
48. Trop. stclatuSf L. — Moulmein, Amherst.
49. „ platycepsy Bl J thy (^Zamenia jffi'iwa/^yawtw, Steindach.)
Kulu.
50. Gonyosoma oxycrphalum , B o i e. — Andamans.
51. Dendrophis pictay Gmel. — Burma, Andamans, Nicobars,
Penang.
52. Dend. caudolineatay Gray, — Penang.
53. Chrysopelea ornatay S h a w, — Penang, Burma.
54. „ ruhescensy Gray, — Penang.
55 Psammophis condanurusy M e r r. {Phnyrea isahellinay T h e o b.)
— Simla.
1870.] Proceedings of tJie Asiatic Society, 107
56. Tragops frontictnctuSf G ii n t h., — Amherst.
57.* Dipsas hexagonotus, B 1 y t h, — ^Andamans.
58.* ,, multifasciata^ B 1 y t h. — South of Simla.
59. Lycodon striates, S h a "w. — from near Kotegurh.
60. „ aulicus L. {Tytleria hipsirhinoidesy Theobald), —
Aiidamans and India generally.
61 .* Tetragonosoma effrene^ Cant, (var.) — Banca.
62. Python molurus Lin n. — Upper Burma, Malayan Peninsula.
63. ,, reticulatusy S c h n e i d. — Nicobars.
64. Hypsirrhina pfumheay B o i e, — Upper Burma.
65. Cerh&rus rhynchopsy S c h n e i d. — Burma, Andamans, Nico-
bars, &c.
66. Hipistes hydrinusy Can t. — Amherst.
67.* Cantoria Dayana, n. sp. — Amherst. Form typical,
scales in to series, ventrals 268, anal bifid, sub- caudals 56; dull
bluish black witli numerous yellowish cross-bands, narrow on the
back but widening laterally.
68. Bangurus coeruhtiSy S c h n e i d. — Bassein.
69.* Ophiophagus eJapSy Schl e g. — Burma, Andamans.
70. Naja tripudiansy M e r r. — N. W. Himalaya, Andamans.
71. Callophis intesti)ialisy L a ur. — Upper Burma.
72. Enhydrina Valakadyny Boie. {E, Beyigalensisy Gray) —
Orissa.
73. Enh, shistostty D a u d. — GFopalpore.
74. Pelamis platuruSy L., (P. hicolor, S c h n e i d.) — Bay of Ben-
gal.
75. Trimeresurus graminetsSy S h a w. — Khasi hills.
76. „ erythrurusy Can t. — Burma, Java.
77. „ carinatusy Gray. — N. W. Himalaya.
78.* „ porphyracettSy B 1 y t h. — Andamans.
79.* Trim. mutabiliS, n. sp.— Andamans and Nicobars.
Scales in 21 series, ventrals 156-167, sub-caudals 48-62 ; second
labial forms the angle of the facial pit or is divided in two
shields ; color uniform reddish brown or with numerous greenish
white cross bands on the back, laterally with longitudinal bands.
80.* TVim. Cantoriy Blyth. — Andamans and Nicobars.
1 08 Proeeeditigs of the Asiatic Society. [April,
81 .♦ Trim. COnvictUS, n. sp. Penang.
Like T. monticoh^ G ii n t h., but with much larger scales which are
disposed in 21 series ; vent. 132, subcaudals 29.
82. Halys HimalayanuSy G ii n t h. — N. W. Himalaya.
83. JDaboia Rmselliy S h a w, — N. W. Himalaya.
Ohelonia.
84. Emys crassiollis^ Bel 1, — Penang.
Dr. Stoliczka gave a short sketch of the relations existing^
between the Andaman and Nicobar Reptilian fauna and that of
Burma on the one and of Java, Sumatra and the Philippine islands
on the other hand. All these islands, he said, &c., have many species
common. He also specially noticed the very great number of Viperine
snakes {Trifneresurus) which are to be met with at the Nicobars, but
fortunately these species appear to be less dangerous than^continen-
tal forms usually are. The Nicobarese say that not a single fatal case
results from the bite of these TrimerMurus^ and certainly all the
specimens examined had a comparatively small poison-gland. The
result of the bite is said to be only a swelling of the wounded part
Dr. S t. also exhibited a specimen of the rare Calhphis intestinalis
obtained from Upper Burma. The species has the poison-glands
extending from the head to about J of the total length of the body,
lying free in the cavity of the anterior part and causing the heart to
be much further removed backward, tlian is generally the case in
other species of snakes.
The President thought there wore one or two remai'kable features
in Dr. Stoliczka's iuterostiug paper. — One to which he particu-
larly referred was the relative inefficiency of the poison in certain
bnakes of Penang and the Nicobars in comparison with the poison of
tlie cognate species found in this country. He did not know whether
the circumstances which rendered the possession of an invariably
fatal weapon nec^essary to particular classes of snakes in the struggle
for life, while others could maintain themselves without it, had
yet received much attention. A priori, he thought one would be dis-
jwsed to expect that a poison wliich would disable without causing im-
mediate death, would be more deterrent in its etfocts, and, therefore,
more widely useful to iU possessor than one wliich killed instantly.
18700
Pr9C«$din^i of iha Anaiic So^itfy,
At any rate it was curious to find some of the insular epecies of
snakes, though provided with a perfect poison apparatus, mueh less
fatal in the eflect of their bite thiui other cl>8tly aUied spedos in
Bengal were. The investigation of the causes which had led to
this difference ought to be attractive.
A short discussion on the effects of snake-poisoning ensued.
Mr. W a I d i e desired to know what the symptoms were resulting
from the bite of the Niuobar vipera, and whether they are the same
as usually known to originate from the bite of other poitionous
snakes.
Br. Btoliozka said that the Kieobarese only speak of a swell-
ing of the bitten part» and that they oxliil)it very little fear of these
snakes. Dr. Stoliezka also observed that tho poison gland in the
species of IVifH^^fMurm which he ha<l examined^ has a simple
glandular form without any appendages^ but the skin forming it
is very tough, and internally partitioned by numerous irregular
lamelhe. The poison of the fresh snake was always in a compara-
tively small quantity present, and appeared l&sa viscose than the
CJobra pcjison. The dilferencea between the effects of poisoning
of the Ci^bra and Daboia had been pointed out by Dr. Fayrer.
' n, — Notes on plages of historioax xnterest ix thk Disxairrr
OF Hligli, — by H. B L 0 0 u li A K N, EsQ., M, A. (I, — MtMlJiran and
Fanduah.)
The Historians of India assign to Bengal muuh narrower limits
than we do at the present day* In the fahaqat i Ndpri and the
Tarikh i Firuzshdhi, the earliest Muhaiumudan lust^ries in which
Bengfd is mentioned, the territ<.iri«9 attached to the towns of S^t-
Igagw (Htjglij, Suniidrg^w (East of Dacca), and Lak'hnauti (Gsur),
Diydr t Bang^ perhaps a verbal translation of thu old
ngad^hk. The districts north of the Otmges were partly attatih-
ed to Lak^hnauti, partly to Suunargdnw, The word Bmgal or Ban-
t'tlah^ if I am not mistaken, does not occur in the T^haqat i Naprl^
Jftnd is but rarely met with in the Tdrikh i FiruzshdhL Nor does it
►ccur on Muliaiumadan €oins. One of the earliest pas«sagwi, 141
1 10 ProrffHiiHiK uf (hf Ail lit fie Suciet//, [AFEiLt
wliirli tlip fnnu lituiffiilah iicnirs, is a Oluizal* by H4fizy wliich \^
unit fnnii Hliirti/. to Hultdu UhiAsiuMm, wlio reined over
frtiin l.'Ui? tn i:(7.'}.
In liUor iiiMiiiriosy iipiiii, tlio form />///a/' / Bang becomes obsolete,
1111(1 IK) iillii*!' 1111111(1 (M'curs Imt Ihingdfah.
TIu» Houlli (MMiMl of Iloitpil, wliii'K wo imw-a-days call the 'Son-
(larluin/ W(»iit l»y tho pMUMvil iiamoof IVn\{i (vl^-'l**) irliicb signifies
lamia orrr/!inrn hit ihf fhfr : luit A^ul^a/.l. ill the Akhamdmah^ in-
t'ln(l(t^4 ill liiiM ((M'lii ilio wliolo \v\w\ alon^ tho Megna and Brahma-
putra.
TIk* alMiv«» iiiiMitioiioil tluvo t»»WMs. S.irtjanw, Lak'hnauti, andSun-
iii^rpiiiw >V(<n» t'list (loriiviii^ at diotimo whou Todar Mall completed
^l.'iK'j) IiIm AtJ i 'I'liuuir i Jiifn\ or rimt-nUl of Bong^al, of -which ve
liiiv(« II (''i]iy ill tlm Am. l.ak'liuauti. tn>tu tho earliest times, vtf
iiiiiininii'i r«ir il'i I'l'vcrM, whirli laiistsl ilio kiu^ of Beng^ continii-
n\\y Ut Mliilt llinir n'^itlouro ii» ut'iirUb»iinnj to\ms, a:i;k JPamduah and
A hi ill till ; iiii'l S.»l|ijriuw, in t.'»S*J. \va> no loiiiror inmsiilered as hanitr
nr liiirliiiiir, tmr wim'o tnlU imHov :i\l thoro :f but it had, as late u
li.'il, (It- A. I). 1.1 II, a mini/ SaniuinrAuw was siK^n after eclipsed
\\\ IHiiiKii J)(h<iiV
In (illlciiil iloi'uiiuMii?* Iv'airal i< ^^tV.^u iiio!*.:ivmo\l under the title
of i/.i'MM.'»' /i'..'.iV. iM* \\w Tav.i li-ij ^^i i .'ir.:tr':os ; and Ltak'hnaa-
ti >\ as ojiUotl ./.»■;•;..' I J. \i:' t /»:.;:.': -^^ or Taradi^e town: but the
Mnhamuiadjmv «:;no it a: :r,i i\4vl\ r.vi v.; :Uo lUckuauie ot IhsM-
/ni» I A/ i.j\| *M- ' \\A\ i.M\L\v»: r..'.*.0'».' l-.ik*:iiiAu:i and SitgaQT
held. ni«>roo\»r. a Im*! ua-.iiv' \x i:'i :"'.o c*v.y-;:*.^rs of DLhli, who in
aUu^ioii !«» \\\o {\^'^\\\cvA iv\\n'.> ,*::*:•. -r ^r v.r:*. rs, ov-iferred upon
t • l:,.' .•:.. .-■.•,'■;'.•. ^».'.>-. <A .. -» . • ■ ... X ■ '.. • ^ . . . >^- rAr=2i«xrioai
,»,o o»i-% .•■»■, v.. *■■. :*i ■.'•,' . ..- •• s.-.- ■' '.-.•-.— -■' -* "sT 3hi Krazi.'
., r..,?.. :.,^ ;>.-...- ,.•;,■••:-: .... >■ .:,,•■.;.. r.^riLS^^erf
. \-:,^-.-.. \-. : V'- ■;.. ; ^ > .: -s:- «.^ ^ Tife. f-
,«..-.^:.' ■ ■■• ;■ '* •■ ■ -* * '■■■ *■■• >^ -■^■•^ "WTi** >i-:.s :aXE
\i;ir» yK-: ' .'O V .* ^
^ ll\ ,';»:sN*- .,■ ■....'.'».*■.-.■•■ V ■ V ■■•• ■•■•*•= -i. ■ .' i - — 'i ■
.v 'T s-w-e^c.3^ vbcatks
1870,]
Proeeedm^A of th A/iMie Socidif.
\\\
lht>se towns tlie titles of Bul^hdkpitr and Bufgkdk Khdnah^^ or
I House of Rebellion.
Tlie Wostoru frontier of Bengal, nt tlie time of To<lar llklall's set-
ftloment, coincided almost exactly with a straight line drawn from
Gmfhi to Chitfud. The former vrns a fort, tht^ name of wlxi<jU often
Clips in the History of Bengal, and was situated a little north of
fUnjmahaU, or Xgmahall, ae it was then called* Muhammadon
f hiJ^torians ^enemlly call it the * door' (5fl^) of Bengal, nnd compare it
to Bdramulah, the * door' of Kashmir, and to Fort Lak'hf, south of
Sahw&i (Siwisitiln), the *door' of Sindh. The latter, the Parganah
of Chittutt, lies N. E.of Mednipur(Midnapore), and formed then the
auth west boundary of Bengal and Orissa. The diistricjts west of
fthis line, n^ Bum^oornh, Pachi^, Siughbdm, Paliiman,t Chuttia N&g^-
pur, and Hazaribagh, &i'.,wer© not considered a^ belonging to Bengal.
They were ooinprehended under the general name of Jliirkau4,
or Jhdrk'hand (Jungle Districts), whioli, according to the Akbamd-
[mah, reached in the north an high aa the Parganah of Muhair in
[south Bihdr, S. E. of Gayii, and in the west, oa far as Rata&piir in
Central India.
The districts, or Sirk4r», which formed the western boundary of
Bengal, were five — I . Tandah, which ext4inde«l to the south of MiirHhid-
I ihwX ; 2. ShnrifahAti, from tlie south of Murshid^b^d to Bardwdn ;
^ ^. SiilaimanAhdd, which consisted of portions of the preaent rlistricts of
I Kaddia, Bard w&n and niigli ; 4, Sdtffmw, which extended from the
Parganah of Ar«/i, in which H6gli lies, southwards along the river,
t^ below Tlabrah (Howrah) and over the territories of OalcuttA, the
I 2 l-Purganalis, and the south of Natldia ; and b, Maddran^ which
formed the south western and southern boundary of these dis-
tricts, extending^ in a broken semicircle, from Sliergafh or Kanee-
• Akhntiidtnah,
f Pfthimjui w.n9 nrmoited durinii the reigTi of Shn^j'^h*" (March, ISH), rmd
ro-annested Qiider Anmn^ih (in^l). Fiti*? the imor<?*tiiig chnptera r(?jj;urdi«ig
PaUmaii in the PdtliAhdhndfnah (II, p. 35B)» and *AhiiHi}$rtidfnah [pp, (M8,
I 660J. The former work has the apclUng ij^lb Pala^wum, the Uttor'eJjlG-
Paldam, Ret^Ardxng ihem&aniTii^ ot A<jitv%hnU, i. ^'hn..^ I, p. 433, a
I very rffidnble page oontainmg a few new facta reg<ii i ^iTid 3»tgUQW,
Pachif was attnched to Bihir ; its zamindAi', Bit ^^^ .tu,, uold under JShahJA*
h|n ft oomuuind of Soven Hundred.
112
Proeeffiinffn af if^ Asiatic Socieiif,
[AFttlt-,
giinJG» to MainJalg*Mt, near the jimction of the KiSpnarAin and
the Daimiflar with tJi6 Hiigli river, a little aboye Diamond Har-
The present district of Hugl^ therefore consists of portions of
the old SirkArs of Sliarifiib&d, SiilaimaTi^bM, and Satg^nw. The
name of Sharifiihfid is scarcely ever used now-a-days, but reminds
us of Sliarif i Makkah, the father of Sull^u Husain Bh^h ; and Su-
laimfi.nlb6d was early chan^d bj the people to the shorter form
* SaliiJiab^d,' by which name it is still known at the present day. Its
principal Parganah, Hawob' i SiilaimAusibad, is now merely caJle
HawelS, and oomnienced a little S. E. of Bai-dwin, extending aouti
wards, to both sides of tJie Damiirlar* A small portion of it beloi
now to the Hifgli district. There is no doubt that the origii
name * Snlaim&n^b^d^ refers to BulaimiQ,"*^ the second last Aigl^
king of BengaL
Sidt^n ^Aliiuddiu Husain Sl»^b,f whom I mentioned just now, mid
over Bengal from 1408 to 1521 A. D. He is even now-a-days
merobered by the people ; and numerous legends and stories,
rent in tbe villages of Bengal, refer to the times of Hnsain 8h4h
Good, Even the geography of the country re-echoes his name. Tli
Parganah of Husain&bdd in the Qaur District^ the Masjid Husaiij
Shihi in G'horag'h4t, Husain Sh&hi in Sii'kir B^uM (Mymensing]^
the pai*ganali8 of Husjiinpiir and Husain Ujydl in the Sirk^ra of Sha
rlfaMd and SiQaimanfibad remind us of his name. In the south <
BardwAn enpodally, and in the north of the present district of Htlglf,
Husain Shah plays u pronxinent pai-t in the legends of the pea
• He died A. H. 9»0, or A. D. 1 572 (Akbiirii»fnah, Bndaom, TaboqAt), Tli
Uidz^issaldiirvi which Priniiep and ThomiiB follow, hoa98L
t In Bome tuBtoriea, as the Tubuqftt i Akban, and even in EHphinston^
Hnsain Shdh is called 'Alafiddin, or 'Alaoddin IL Hia fdlt name is SuUd
'AJdwhiin Ah^l Mtt^dffnr Hnsain ATirt'Ai sou of Sajyid Ashmf Shnrif i MakkahJ
but whon kings have aeroral names, the lost namo is the real n;imo, ;iQd shaiilq
be TiB©d wbea a hutorjan finds the whole name too lon^. The author of tb
Riydz even took eome trooble to verifj his name by referring to old ingcn|i
tiuu» in GuQr, I»e«t a donbt «ihould renin iu^ 1 may cit« tbe Arabic inBeriptio
on the old uiosquei of Cheitin, near Saran, which Mr, B. Tiery of Cbaprah seat
■JlfL ttomo lime ago. The inscription id of interest, aa it abews the N. W. bound-
ary of^h© kiugdotn of Benjfal in tbe h^tfinning of Hnsain Shah's roign.
1870,]
Prore^dnt^i i
iia
saniiy. In May^pur, which lies west of Chinsurah, in the Pargatitth
of Bidrah about 7 miles from the right bunk of tlie Damiidar, a
Masjid and a tank still exist which were completed by Iliisain 8hdh;
and about 12 miles N. E of May^pdr^ there is a village 8h&fe
Husainpiir, which was called so to porpotuate his memory.
The above mentioned five Sirkirs, which formed Western Bengal,
present many points of interest for the historian. Of their local
histor)^ we know, at present, next to nothing. Little, too little, has
hitherto been collected, though the field is fair, yielding, like every
otht?r branch of enquiry into the p aat ages of this country, a rich
and immediate hai-vest A mere glance even at our Trigonometri-
«^al maps calls to our minds the names of Bengal kings and gran*
dees, and of Muhammadan warrior-saints who fell for the cause of the
Prophet. Let us only take the district of Hilgli, There is Mnhdn^t^h
and Papduah, on the E. I» Hailway, where the Pan dub E6juh suc-
cumbed to a nephew of Jtililudilin Finiz Sh4li, emperor of Dihlf ; and
opposite to it, Nfmtallah G'hatiQ (JU^J), west of Calcutta, tlie seat of
tJio R4j»ih8 of Bm-dah, who were continually at war with the E^jaha
of Bardw^n. Near to it, we have Chandarkond, the most westerly
point of tlie Hilgli distriut, where up-country Bajpots of the Chau-
hin dan founded a colony** In the North Western part of the dis^
triot, in ilie PargtLnu.h of JaMn&b&d, we have Madiran, once the
capital of a Sirk^r, but now so decayed, that it is not to be found in
Bennel, nor on our Trigonometrical maps, whilst its site was even a
mystery to Stewart, the historian of Bengal* Close to Mad&ran^
again, we have Gog'hit, an old seat of powerfid Brahmins, and fur-
ther eastwards, May6pi^r, about 7 miles from the right bank of the
* Thus lajs the Prophet (may God* a blesaing reat apou him !J : lie who
Bda II mosqUQ for God, aliaU have a hoase tike ib biiiH fur him by Gcxl in
Parnrtifte.'
*Tliisisthe J^mi* M»«jic1 (erected) by tbo great aud benevolent SuHdn
'AliLuddaiiy^ wu.ldin Abul-Muisnf&ir HiiBnin Shiih» the king, eoa of Sayyid
A«hraf« a de^ecndant of Uoiam. May God porpetuato hia reigtk ! A. H. £K>^.
(s= A, D. 1503.4),
* Mr. BeanneB odttion of Elliot'fl Glossary I, p. 67, not«. Bur Bh^u, samiii-
d4r of Chaudarkouii, held under Sha)ijaluui a conintaiid id' Fivn Hundrud. J'u-
dishdhndmah f« h, p, 32E.
1 1 1 Proceed ingti of the Asiatic Society. [Apbi
I>aiiiti(lHr, whore ^[ulinmiiiadan zealots broke the Maya Ohandf Id€
luid where IlusainSh&h built a tomb for Mauldn& Sir&juddin. Nort
of Ilu^^li apiiii, lies the 8a<Ted Tribeni, with the shrine of Zafar "Khi
J Ohii/i, the * friend' of ShAh pafi, the saint of Pan^uah, and tl
(ihiit of the hist king of Orissa. Near Mangr^ (Mugra), on the E.
]tiiiiway, the station before Panduah, an old road {sarak) is sti
[K>iiil<'(l out* jiH the frontier of the Kingdom of the Gaj^mtis of Orissi
()\i)Ho to it lie eleven lints, called the "s-illago of S&tgdnw, whic
wuH the capital of I/ower Bengal from the times of 'IzzuddCn, i
fiiHt governor, in A. D. 1206, to 1567, when Baud's mother thre
luTHrli' tlii'n? at the feet of Khdn Jahan, Akbar's Lieutenant, whOy
few wei^ks l)«»lore, had defeate<l and killed her son, the last King^ <
li<'ijgal. Tliere is ITugli itself, with it» little Ban Mtmjid^ or Fore
Mum j lie, where Ilindud and Muhammadans, as elsewhere, offer i
Bniall <lay figures of horses, and get eured of diseases ; whilst tl
grr>und on whi<rh the ^Mosque stands, pays rent to the Boman Oathi
lir- Church at Band««l, the first church built in Bengal (1599). Hei
ar." aho num^TouH battle-fields, stiU i>ointed out by the peasant
TJi«5 Akbarnaiuah, which contains so much regarding Bengal, thoug
the pa:r-»ages remain to be translated, mentions at least six battle
fouglit by Akbar's generals in the Hugli district.
Tlie whole tlistrict, in fa<t, is full t)f places of liistorical interes
Numerous also are the legends wliich have gathered round then
and I have oft«Mi been sui-^^rised to hear villagers tell stories whicl
wlum carefully examined, are found to throw a faint, though i
many cases unexpected light on the history of the empire of Dihl
or of the kingdoms of Bengal and Orissa, or oven on periods fo
wlii'h we possess no historical records. It is time that somethin
slioiild be <lone towards the collection of these stories, wliich ai
the true Annals of Kural Bengal. It is almost useless to say anj
thing regaivling the great value, especially in India, of legendar
informatlrm. " Whether the stories," says Mr. C. A. Elliott, in hi
exct'lh.-nt work, entitled * The Chronicles of Onao,' " are tru
** or false, they are believed by the people ; they influence thei
** actions, and form topics of conversation ; they give the clue t
** many a past and present quarrel, and without a knowledge c
* Rev. Mr, Long.
e
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 115
** thorn, it is almost impossible to decide many of the disputes
** that daily arise. ♦ ♦ ♦ A knowledge of the popular tradition
** gives to its possessor both influence over the people, and the key
"to their hearts." A little kindness shewn on the part of the
enquirer, makes villagers talkative ; they are pleased to see their
stories appreciated, and remember forgotten details quicker than the
pencil can write. They willingly place their time and services to
the disposal of the enquirer, and to take down their traditions is
more a pleasure than an antiquarian task.*
In this note I have restricted myself to a few remarks on Madd-
ran and Panduah, The legends are entirely derived from Muham-
madans, with whose dialect and mode of thinking I am more
familiar.
I. — Mada'kan.
In reading over Stirling's Eex)ort on Orissa, in the XYth
volume of the Rosoarches of our Societ}', I came across the following
pass*ago (p. 284) : —
* Whilst Pertab Rudra Deo, king of Orissa, was occupied in
repelling or provoking the attacks of the Muhammadans of the
Deklian, the Afghans from Bengal made an inroad into the province in
great force. Tlioy advanced as far as Katak, and pitched their
camp in the neighbourhood of the city, when the Governor Anant
Singhar finding himself unable to opi)ose any effectual resistance,
took refuge in the strong fortress of S^angarh, south of the
Katjuri.'
Stirling then goes on relating how the Bengal Muliammadans
plundered Katak and Puri, but failed to secure Srf Jeo, the
national idol of Orissa. Rajah Pertab at last came from the
Dak'hin and defeated them in a battle, whi(!h crippled him, however,
so much that he was glad to conclude a i^eace nearly on the enemy's
terms. The Muhammadans then returned to Bengal.
* Some villagers do know how to toll a talo. Their onae and fluency of
Bpecch has indeed often astonished me. No amount of cross-questioning
will confound them. The Lexicographist even mixy loam from them, and en-
rich the margin of his dictionary with new words and phrases. To give only
one example. In Panduah, I hoard at least five times on one day different
people use ijuAIm shdhat in the sense of salfaihat, rule, government, an ludo-
Porsian word not to bo found in our diotionarios.
lie
Ptiid$idu$gd uf the Auiaik Society,
[ApriXi
Stirling flo^ not give the date of tkis invasion* He merali
eayti that Pertab reigned from 1493 to 1524. Now on turning i
the annals of Bengal we find that Pertab*s contemporary wa
Husain Shdh, who has been mentioned above. But the history of 1
this king, as fartifi we know it, says nothing of the invasion of Oris»% J
related by Stirling. All that ia said of Husain Sh^ is, that ihsl
inhutart/ JiAJahif^ m far ew Orhsa^ paid implicit obedience t^f his cam^M
viand ^ and tliut during his reign he was hehved hy his suhjvcts. A.adJ
yet, the peasants in the Hugh' dl.^triet talk now*a*dayB of the!
iuvaRion of Orissa under Hu'Sain Sh4h ! and more remarkable still, i
tliey a^Tibe the fouiidatif»n of the old Fort of Mad^ruti to IIu.Main*a J
general that led the expedition to OrLasa, and point out his tomb j
in iho District,
The geographical position of tlie old town of Madii'an had]
for a lo ug time be«n a puzzle to me. In vain do we look
for thi« plaro on Hennel'a maps. Stewart (p. 99) places it in
Birbhum, but our Trigonometrical maps mention no plaoe of j
the name of MatMran. Abulfazl in the Akbarnimah speaks oftenl
of this town. Hiilainidn stopped here^ before crossing the fi'on-]
tier of Bengal and Orisaa ; so did Mun'im Kh&u» Akbar's
second Kh^n Khauan^ Btijah Todar Mall| and the grand K^jah I
Miiu 8ingh. In the A in, Mad^lran Is mentioned as the name of a
largo Sirkar, the sixteen pargunahs* of which were assessed at
Bs. 2,35,085. One of its villages, named Hirpah, had a Diamond
• 1. Anhatit\ Alhatti, or Alhiti, S. of J«hiuibftd, in the DiatHci ot* Hui|li.
2. Bdhj(uffu\{i Viir^aah m Iiugli| bortltiriug on Bhofaat. It is called uu the
8. Birbhum, The eaiiorti pot-tioufi of the present district of Birbhum.
4. lihunt'tfthhum,
5. Cr sv Chittou in Miduapore (Mudnipur).
6. r ^f/, now iu the District t»f Bar<lw»u.
7. i/* .J i-i«VxH, Now JaliaoAbiiil^ ildj^ii Didtriai.
8* Bavuhhum^ now iu Birbhum.
9. Bam^idnha^^ now Suuinitfrsyo, in tho Diatriota of 11lu|}( and 6nrd«^4a.
10, Shertjofk, commonly called Aifc'/wwfe/irfm, now Raneogunge.
IL, Shdhpur^ tiuw a Parganuh iu Modnipur.
12. KiL
13. Mandab/hdi, now iq tho HugU Dtatriot, botwoGH the Dataddar and the
Blip NarHQi.
14. MdkurQtNdgm{?).
15. Miiidhd*},
1«5» WsauXi (?). Perhaps a miatAke for Mfj^adal in lingll. South of No. 13.
I have not bL*ou tihlu to identify Noii. VZ^ 14, 15,
118
Pforff^mga of fh^ A$utfic Sariffff^
[Abui:
wards to bathe in the Bhagirati. **You hav*^ cli&turbed mj
prayer," exclaimod Istu&'(1 to the Dev8| "come down and perform
the service which I shall impose uponyoti as a punishment*' ** We
cannot interrupt our flight to the river," replied the Devs, *'but on]
our return we will do whatever thou commandest/' Alter eom^
tame the Devs rame bark, and presented thomselves before iMtni^fl, '
who conmiaiided them to build, at tlte place where he was, an
immense fort, after the model of the fort of Lank& (Ceylon). Th^
Dev8 at first object ed,becau&e tliHV hfid never Iwjon la Lanka ; bat, anl
IsmliMl remained firm, they quickly despatched one of their number J
to Lanki, and before morning dawned, the Port of Maddran ws
completed. The new fort was immense ; in fact it consisted of
»eveiity-two forta, and ivas therefore called Bdhattargitfh^ or seventy-]
two forts, 'which the ignorant vulgar has changed to Iihi(ar(fafh\
or * Inner Fort.* Thi-i altoration appears the more natural as itiuml
about the seventy -two forts, at an immense radius, a round wall
extends', which, in opposition to Bhitmgafh^ is now-a-days callod
Biihirgarh,^
** Hut the circuit of tlie Fort wlnrh the Devs had built in onal
night, was so great that much land belonging to llindiis had been I
taken away for it. Now there waa a Brahmin in BrahmangdnvryJ
half a mill) north of Bhitargarh, who had some influence (r<wrfi)|
with Hiisain iShih ; and as a tank belonging to him had beenl
taken within the new fort, he went straight to Qnur and told Husaiu]
Bhah that IsmfiM prepared for a revolt Had he not built an]
immense fort near the frontier of Orisaa, without tf^lling the king ?J
This appeared convincing, and Husain Shah sent a messenger toj
Madman, to recall Ism&'il to Court. Isnid'il was just superintend-
ing the digging of a tank near Clogli^t, about four miles east o£ J
Mad&ran, when the order {famvan) came. Hence the tank is evei&J
now -a- days called Farmdndig^hi^ the Tank of the Order.
** Ism^'il obeyed the call of his king ; but no sooner had he arrived J
in Gaur, than he was executed by Husain Shdh.
** When the head had been severed from the body, strange tc» |
behold, the headless trunk mounted a horse that stood near, and
rode off in the direction of Madaran, whilst the head flew up and
followed the rider, hovering liigh in the air perpendicularly above
the body*
120 Proceedifigs of the Asiatic Society. [April.
country round about Bhitaj^arh is often called Ma^inah Madaran,
Within Bhitargarh there are two tanks, called Kajlah and PatJah
TalaOf both from the times of Hazrat Ism&'il. As in Panduah, a tame
alligator lives in one of the tanks, and on calling ' Sadari Mad&rS
the animal will come near the land.
The great veneration in which Ismail's tomb at Madaran has beei
held, has given rise to the establishment of Dargdhs in other placee
Thus at Dai'wishpur, near Haripal ( W. of Biddabattee, E. I. R.
a spot is sacred to his memory; and near Shyufi (cfj^^), o
as we caU it, Sooree in Birbhiim, a field and a large tree are sacre<
to him, and travellers have to alight from their tattoos or palkees
and humbly walk on foot past the field.
About a ho8 8. E. of Maddran, there is another place, whicl
I cannot find on the Trig. Maps, called Dindnith, where two larg
gateways are standing forming entrances to an enclosure containin(
about eight or ton highahs. The gateways were erected, in A. H
1136, or A. D. 1723-24, by Shuj&'uddaulah Mutaminul Mulk Asad
Jang, in commemoration of his return from Orissa to Benga]
Peoiile say, the enclosure was a standing military b&z6r {fariidgdK)
I have succeeded in getting facsimiles of the inscriptions.
If we strip the legend of the headless rider of the wonderful, w
have the plain story that IsmdMl, Ganj i lashkar, a general o
Hiisain 8h^, invaded Orissa from Bengal in the beginning of th
16th century, gained a signal victory over of the Orissians a
Katak, and then returned to Madman, where he built a For
witliin the walls of which he lies buried. Whatever difference o
opinion may exist as to the historical value of legends in genera]
it strikes me that the Maddran legend confirms and completes, in \
most unexpected manner, the Uria accounts from which Stirlin(
extracted the above mentioned details of the Muhammadan in
vasion of Orissa.
U. Pandmh («j5ij).
Panduah is the second station after Hugh' on the E. I. Railway
It was till lately the chief town of the Parganah of the same name
and occurs as such in Todar Mall's rent-roll, where the Pargana]
is assessed at 1823292 dtois, or 45582 B. It became English h
1B70J
ProcHdhigi of the A$iatic Socteii/*
121
I 8ept6mber 1760> and formed part of wbat was then called the * Za-
minddri of Bai"d\r^** There were formerly fortifitJationB, and traces
of the old wtJl and diU'h may fttill be seen at a good distance fi-ani the
present viilagii. Tlie ruins of it8 old mosqnea, and ilie great size of
its tanks with their masaiYe ghdU amply coniinn the tradition tliat
Panduah was, till lately, a town of importance. Its paper manufac-
tories existed till the beginning of the preaout century : the term
Pandui Kdgkiz is even now well ku<iwn among Muliamniadans.
The Panduah paper, I am told, was prized for its thi tineas and
durability, whilst the Ancali Kdghiz^ or jiaper of iVrvval, a town
and parganah in Bih^, on the right bank of the Son, is still
valued fur its tluekness*
The inhabitants of Panduah are eliiefly Muliammadans. In
former times Hindiis had been kept out, though of late lower ca*»te8t
as shop-keepers, have settled there ; but even now-a-djiya, I am told,
wot a single Bralmun is to be foutid there. The iuhabitaats all
claim to have descended from the saint wiiose story is given below,
and the nobUity {shard/at) of their origin id never ^[ueBtioned out-
side of Panduah.
With the exception of the Ain» I have not found Pa^^uali men»
tioned in the works of Indian Etistorians. Another town of the
same name, which the inhabitants of Pa^tji^^ spoke of as the
'greater Pau<^ua.h' i^Uj^ij fjj), occairs often in the Tanldi-i-Finus
Shahi {reign of Firuz Shah^ EiL BibU Ind. p. 588, &c.). It lies north
of Milldah on the road to Binagepore^ and is generally culled on our
mapsPwr/ooa, instead oi Patuluah^ the nasals being omitted, and the
4 changed to r. It was a mint town,* and for some time the rc«i-
denc^ of Ilyfia Bhaugi-ah, king of Bengal (13-13 to 1358,)
The decline of Panduah appears to be due to tlie epidemic for
which the whole district is nottjrious ; all whom I asked on this snb-
jeut, unanimously attributed the decay of the town to the prevalence
of fevers*
The places of historical and aroheeological interest in Panduah
ore the tower, two old mosques, of which one is in ruins, and the
• Thonittfi, I, c. p. 66, note. The two miut«, Mu^axxrifitAbiid and Gliiispfir,
ifit^Tiliimed by TUonitts on pp, Bl, 62, can perhaps be vurifiLul. Tin* fonnL^r is pro.
biilily t he Bftrtie !i» 3! ■ ..,.-.■ ' latt»?r bokmga to Luk'litmutt
The ruiiiB of Cin u©d. In Vol. XVI, of our
Jourim)^ p. 3^7, iht. :., ^ _ . _ .. ,. , . i.
122 Trocff^iuffi of th^ A^iafie Soti$i^, \j
tomb of Sli^di patmddin (e,^JoJf ^^i-© »U), wLich lie close
ttbout twenty minutes' walk from the station. Without em
inio a m.inute desitriptiou uf these builditigs, which I wish
reaen^e till several drawingii have been tiunipleted, I may state th
the tower re.seiubles iu structure the Qu^b Mtui^ near IHb
The inside wall* are well eiiamellod, A fine view may be hi
from the top. The mosque to the west of the tower, ia very lo4
and low, as early Pat-hdn mo^quns ai'e. Within are two rowa
21 pilUirs eacli, 6 feet high, wiUi high archea. The roof coutai
63 very low cupolas. On the west side is a steep declivity, at t
foot of which is a tank. The mosque is built of small light-r
bricks which, like the 42 pillars, onr-o belonged to a Buddhi
temple. The whole east side uf the mosque is one mass of Bud*
ornaments iu excellent preservation. The pillars inside
basalt f' about lialf of them ore well ornamented, others are b1
cut. The diBtance between the doors is the same as the thi
of the walls, about one yard and throe quarters. The inner wi
wall is ornamented with low niches of Buddhistic design. In
K. W. comer of the mosque a high platform has been erected
solid masonry with a small room ou it, which is said to have aervi
8h^h pafi aa Chillahkhdnah {aA^aX^^ or room to which herm
withdraw for forty days). Outside the mosque a few unfinish^
basalt pillars lie about There is no inscription on the mosque
Across the r<^a<l, south of the tower, is the A6tdmth (threshold) c
tomb of fafiuddin. It has no inscriptions on its walls. We(
of the tomb is a ruined mosque of the 14th or 15th century, wit
ornaments half Buddhistic, half Musalmdn. It has outside thr<
basalt tablets, with Arabic insei-iptions in large Tughi^li charaetei
containing verses from the Qoran^ &c. There is another inscriptia
inside. They are very high on the walls ; facsimiles are bein
taken uf them. The story goes that the mosque was built by
rich merchant in fulfilment of a vow made by him for the safe ri
turn of his ships (to S&tginw ?) ; but he built it with chunom maJ
out of eowries, and demanded, moreover, that no one shoidd repa|j
it unless he took the same kind of lime. * Henro it is now in ruiui
* Dr. StoltcxiiA (Qform* me ihnt Kig Uaaalt of these pillara is tho aumo iv I
bftsaU fouud in tbi^ Bi^jmahul Hills. -^
124 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [April,
from Fan<][uali. Shah pafi was a man of illustrious descent. His
father, Barkhurdar, was a noble of the Court of Dihli, and had
maiTied a sister of the Emperor Firuz Shdh. Once a feast was g^ven
in Panduah, to celebrate the circumcision of a boy, and a cow had
been killed on the occasion. This saciilege was reported to the
Pandub Rajah, who had the child killed, pafi then went to Dilhi,
complained to his uncle, the emperor, and asked him to give him a
sufficient number of troops to punish the R^jah. His request was
granted ; but as the expedition was a religious war, pafi before set-
ting out for Bengal, went to Panipat-Karn^l, to ask tlie blessing
of Bu *Ali Qalandar, a renowned saint. The blessing was not with-
held, and the saint assured ^afi that he had received the glad
tidings of victory from heaven, pafi now moved to PaQ(j[uah. In his
army tliero were also two other men of renown, Zafar Kh&n i Gh&zf,
whose shrine is at Triboni, north of Hugli, and Bahrdra Saqq&y
who had imposed upon himself the task of serving as Bhishti {saq^
qd) in a war against infidels. His shrine is at Bardwdn. But it
was a difficult matter to crush the power of the Hdjah ; for near
his residence at Mah^nith he had a tank, the waters of which
possessed miraculous powers ; and whenever a Hindu had been killed,
the Pandub R^jah throw the dead body into the tank, and life and
health wore immediately restored, f afi soon saw that his efforts
would be fruitless, unless the restorative power of the tank was first
broken. This was at last accomplished by some faqirs who had at-
taclied themselves io his exx)odition. They killed a cow, and ma-
naged to throw the liver into tlie tank, when all at once the Devs,
upon whose presence tlio virtue of the water depended, went away.
The liajah was now easily defeated, and his power completely
broken. The old temple in Panduah was also destroyed, and the
prosiait mosque built with its materials. The large tower was used
as Afandrah for the call to prayer, and every Hindu was driven out
of tlio town.
* pafi soon after continued Ids wars with the infidels, and was at
last killed in a figlit. His cliildron buried liim at Panduah, and
erected the vault, wliieh, togetlier with his mosque, still exists. His
dc'scendants increased so rapidly, that Paijduah soon became a large
place. The fame also of the nobility of its inhabitants, who all
126 Proe$eding% of the Asiatie Society. [Apkil,
The President felt sure that the Society would give hearty en-
couragement to Mr. Blochmann in his efforts of collecting the
scattered traditions of the country. The stores must be rich, for no
other form of history obtained among the people, and that the
necessciry faculty exists in full development is shown by the ex-
traordinary performances of those pandits whose business it Ib to
recite the sacred books.
Babu Bajendralala Mitra, after a few remarks on the
paucity of historical records among the Hindus, said that when the
Society undertook the compilation of the Muhamma^lan historical
series in the Bibliotheca Indica, it was expected that a flood of new
light would be thrown on the mediseval history of India.
The works selected, were mostly the writings of eye-witnesses
of men who either took part in the occurrences they described, oi
were so favorably situated as to be familiar with, or able to coUee
the most authentic records of their times. Their works too were ful
of the minutest details and hold in the highest estimation by the peo
pie of this country. Owing, however, to shortcomings on the part o
the editors, and some other causes, those materials had not beei
sufficiently utilized. Ho was glad, therefore, to notice that Mi
Blochmann had taken up the task, and the interesting pape:
that had been read to the meeting, shewed what valuable use may b(
made of them. There were many nooks and comers in Bengal-
many monuments of old — the history of which was completel;
enveloped in darkness, and which can be only brought to light by i
diligent study of the records. The tower of Panduah had attracted
the notice of every traveller by the East Indian Eailway, but non
could get any information about it from, the people of the country
Mr. Blochmann's paper will now unveil the mystery that hunj
c»ver it. The Babu, in conclusion, expressed a hope that Mr. I
would do for other districts of Bengal what he had so ably don
for Hooghly and Burdwan.
The Eev. J. L o n g observed that he had obtained from the neigl
bourhood of Panduah two Budhist coins which are about thirtee
hundred years old, and indicate that Budhism must have been c
that time flourishing in those districts.
1870.] Proeeedhigs of the Aiiatio Society, 127
At the close of the meeting, the President introduced to the mem-
bers present His Excellency Mons. de Baronowsky, a Russian
gentleman, late Governor of the Province of Orenberg. The fact that
the Society had in the last nimiber of its Proceedings republished
some important papers upon Central Asia indicated the great interest
which it took in the countries constituting the Eussian Empire, and
he was sure they would be glad to welcome their distinguished
visitor. The President's proposition was warmly seconded by the
meeting.
M. de Baronowsky, in expressing thanks to the President and
to the members, briefly alluded to the object of his visit to India,
and spoke of the great scientific and commercial importance which
attaches itself to an intimate relation of the Indian possessions with
Northern Asia.
LiBKABY.
Additions to the Library, during the month of March, 1870.
*«* Kamos of donors in capitals.
Prese^itations.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Gbeat Britain and Ireland,
Vol. IV, Part I. — The Royal Asiatic Society.
Journal of the Chemical Society, Vol. VII, for November and
December, 1869, 2nd Series, Vol. VIII, January, 2nd Series, 1870.
— The Chemical Society.
Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, Vol. XII,
Part n. — The Royal Geological Society of Ikeland.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 116.— The
Royal Society.
Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Gh-eat Britain, Vol. V,
Nos. 49, 50, 61. — The Royal Institution of Great Britain.
Bulletin de la Societe Geographique, Janvier, 1870, — The Geo-
graphical Society of Paris.
Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History, Vol. I,
Pt. n. — The Portland Society of Natural History.
Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt.
Band XIX, April, May, June. — The Ijiperial Geological In-
stitute OF Vienna.
128
Proeef dings of tlrn A»iaik Society*
[APEt^j
Bijdragen tot de Taal-land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandscli
Indie, lY-L — TrrE Batatiai^ Society,
Natnurktmdig Tijdsclirift voor Nederlandseli Indie, Deal XXXJ
— The Batatian Society.
De Wajangvorhalen van Pala Sara, Pantjoe en Itadlien Pandji
in Uet Javaanscli, met Aanteekeningen, door T* Euorda. — Tub
Bataviaw Society,
A Treatise on Asiatio Okolera, by Dr, C. MacnamarOt— Tiik
Author.
Etude BUT lo Lalita Vietara, by P, E. Foucaux^ — The Author,
Indo^Partliian Coins, by E. Tliomas, Esq, — The Authob.
Rtihasya Sandaj-bha, Vol. V. No. 57, — The Editor.
Beport on the Cliaritable Dispensariea under the Government of
Bengal 1808, by Z, Murray, Esq., M. D. — The Govikkmewt of
Bengal.
Selections from the Eocords of the Government of India, Home J
Depai-tment, No. TjXXTT to LXXIV.— Tn^ same.
Kecords of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. II, Pt. 2, 3 and '
4,— The same.
Peport on the Cartographic Applications of Photography, byl
Lieut. J* Waterhouee. — ^The Government of India, Home Depa&t-^i
MENT.
Annual Eeport on the Convict Settlement of Port Blair for the J
year 1868-69.— The same.
Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign '
Depai'trnent, Nu. LXXIH, — The Government of India, FoREioir
Department*
Beport on the Revenue Survey Operation in British Burma, 1
1868-69, — The Benoax Government,
Beport on the Revenue Survey Operation of the Lower Provinces,
1868-69. — The same.
Report on the Vegetation and the Forests of the Andaman Islandsi
by Ml*. 8. Kurz* — The same.
The Seven Pagodas, by Oapt, Carr, (with plates). — The Madras
GoVBBNMENT,
General Report on the Topographical Survey of India, 1868-69*
hy Col. Thuilier, — Tira Surveyor Gsnbkal.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 129
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. m, Pt. 1.— The
Geological Subvey op Iin)LA..
FurcJiase.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. V, No. 26.
Comptes Rendus, Tome LXX, No. 1 to 5.
Jonmal des Savants, Jan., 1870.
Revue des Deux Mondes, 15th December, 1869, 1st and 15th Jany.,
1st Feby. 1870.
Quarterly Review, No. 155, January, 1870.
Westminster Review, January, 1870.
North British Review, No. 102.
American Journal of Science and Arts, No. 44.
Indian Annals of Medical Science, No. XXVI.
Revue Archeologique, Jan. 1870.
The Ferns of British India, Part XXHI.
Jacut's Geographisches Worterbuch, Vierter Band, Zweite Heelfte,
von F. Wiistenfield.
Assyrian Dictionary, by E. Norris, Pt. IT.
Facts and Argimients for Darwin, by F. Miiller.
Numismata Orientalia illustrata, by the late W. Marsden.
Vergleichende Grammatic, Zweiter Band, Erste imd Zweite
Haelfte, von F. Bopp,
Fragmenta Historicorum Arabicorum. — Tomus Primus, continens
partem tertiam operis Kit^bo-*l-Oyun wa 'l-had6ik fi akhb&ri 1-
hakdik, quern editerunt M. J. de Goeje et J. P. de Jong.
Indische Streifen, (Zweiter Band), von Albrecht Weber.
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine,
Vol. 39, No. 259.
Mirdt ul 'Arus, by Maulwf Nizir Ahmed.
Geschichte der Sprachwissenschafb und Orientalischen Philologie
in Deutschland, von T. Benfey.
Exchange,
Atheneeum, January, — Nature, Nos. 10 to 18.
132
Proce4dm2B oftfu Asiatic SoeieUj,
sOme idea of the shape and dimensions of the various articles.^
I have this day despatched a box containing specimens of oadx.
** 4. The copper pieces are divided into thi-ee sets shewn (on pL U),
in the figures 1, 2, 3, iu all there are many variations in shape, size
and weight. The following dimeaaiona of the type represented by Fig-,
la — le shew the principal difference in size of the various specimens
in inches, as -length 24^, 21i, 17^; breadth in front, or at the
sharpened and wider end-4, 3 ; breadth near the middle 2 J, 1 J- ;
the thickness varies from J to J inches. The vainous dimensions uf
the type represented by Fig. 2 are in inches : length 8J, 4 ;
breadth at the sharpened end 6 J, 5 J, 2| ; breadth above 1, 2 J ;
breadth in the middle 2 j ; and the corresponding measurementB
of the form shewn in Fig. 3a — 3o are in inches : length 7 J» 6^,
6 J ; greatest breadth in front, or at the sharpened end, ti J, 4i^, 2J ;
breadth above, or at the narrow end 4, 3^. Of these copper pieces
were found— of fig, 1, 90, of fig. 2, which gradually passes into the
next, 25 specimens, and of the form shewn in fig. 3, 209.
*' The silver pieces are principally of two different shapes, one
circular and the other cornuted, somewhat like the upper'portiou of
a bull*B head with large downward curved horns, (see figures 4 and
5), The greatest diameter of these thin plates varies as follows — 5
inches, 44", 5i", the shorter or vertical diameter of the cornuted
pieces varies from 4" to 5 J". There were found 39 pieces of the form
represented by tig. 4, and 63 of that represented by fig. 6a and i5b«
*' 6. The place where the ditn.H^vei'y was made, is a piece of waste
land, contiguous to the present village of Gungeria ; the spot where
the excavation was made, is about 100 yards to the south-west of
the village, and about a mile from tlie nearest neighbom-ing village,
the hole in the ground from which all were taken, is only about 3
feet long l»y 3 wide and 4 deoj). All the inhabitants agree that,
until about 20 years ago, this particular pdace was always covered
with jungle ; during that year it was cleared and planted with kudA^
and that since Uien, has been left imcultivated as a grazing- place
for the village cattle.
** 6. The oldest residents in the neighhoui^hood are unable to
throw any light on the origin of these curiosities. The copper
pieces, judging from their shape and size, appear to have been in-
A BLOOKFIELD . Froe : AtUt. Soc : Bengal fbr Vaj 1170.
Ti n
^vr- -r^ftre-nce 9*m p.ltZ.
& 6.
1870.]
Pro€0iidin0R of th$ Anaiic SociH^,
19a
tended, some for axes and otliors for '* phalfi** or spuds (an iraple*
ment used for removing the earth adhering to ploughs). The
silver pieces may have been naed for ornaments, and the mark (about
one-eighth of an inuh in width) which is visible on all of them,
leads ono to believe tliat they were at some time or other set or
inlaid in something, posjsibly wood, or Hme ; one disc of silver haa
a number of small holes pierced round the edge.
** 7. The copper pieces when found, were arranged carefully, the
longer pieces being in alternate transverse layers, and the othera
in regular order one above another. The silver was found in a
lump by the side of the copper^ all the plates adhering together^
so that at first it looked like a ball of earth. The quality of both
the silver and copper has been pronounced by lo<ial goldsmiths to
be ver}' good.*
''6. Nowhere within the borders of the village of Gungeria are
there truces of anything which can lay claim to antiquity. Bat
about 3 miles to the soutli-east, around the viOage of Mhow (or
Mow), there ore ruins of a Buddhist temple of considerable anti-
quity, and many roughly carved stones which show that, when the
surrounding country was covered with jungle, this place (Mhow)
wae inhabited, and uf some importance. About 4 miles to the
north-east of Gungeria, on the top the hiU of " JSoondordeyhe" i»
a Goud shrine, of some note, sun'ounded by a low wall of loosely
packed undressed stijnos j a path, winding between the rocks and
dumps of bambi(i8, and commanded at intervals by travei-ses of
loofie stones, leads up from the valley below* Tlie hill is covered
with, and smTounded by, thick jungle, so that, without guides, it
would be almost impossible to find even the path leading to the
shrine.
'* 9. The copper imxdements, or arma whichever they may be, ore
perhaps remnants of the copper age. Most of them have appar-
ently never been used, but there are a few with turned edges and
broken cornei-s and other marks of wear and tear. The fact that
hardly two of the copper pieces are of the same size, weight or
* Mr, A. Tween esunimed boib« the coppor and silver, and found the former
to be ikLmost pare ; it ooutaiued only about one half per C4?nt. of leod. The silver
contAined 0*^7 per cent, of gold, which quiuitity ia often to be observed in old
silver LitenBiU or orunmenlH. [Euir,]
l:U
Ft'Q€f^dh}0fi *>fthe Attiafic Sockiff*
j^hape, and tlie marks of the hammer (ee© tig. Ic), which aro plainli
Tisible OB aome, lead to tlie belief that all were made up by han(
and not cast.
** 10. The silver discs ai'e nearly all of the same shape and siz<
hut the homed pieces vary considerably ; fill are very thin. On firl
looking at these, the idea slrikes one, that the eii'cular discs wer
first made and tlie comuted pieces or tridents were afterwards ct^
out of them. But on carefully comparing one with the other, ;
was found that some of the tridents are muth larger than the dieo
and, therefore, could not have been cut out from them. No pi
fragments or clippings of any kind were foujul,
'* 11. If these implementB and orm^ents are so interesting as
first sight they appear to be, you will perhrjps kindly let me kno'
the opinion of your Society, of their date, origin, &c. For my pi
I shall be only too happy to give or protjiire for yon any informi
tion I can gather regaling thorn, or any otlior remains of anji
logical interest in the neighbniu}»o<Ml."
Br. Oldham drew attention to the remarkably good styte I
workmanship exhibited in the manufacture of the^Q copper remaiuf
Some of them were beautifully sharp and the hammer marks wei
Btill risible, but they hardly could be brought in close comparieoi
with implements from the so-callttd copper age of Europe. Very fet
exhibited any proof of having been in use, one or two did so, citha
by the edges being chipped or broken, or by the hammered in em
beaten tops. From ^Ir. Bloomfield's description of the lot>alit
and the condition under which these implements had beeu found, i
appeared very probable that they formed a ti'easure or were acoumii
lated and put away for safety. The silver pieces were said to he lik
those used to attach to the front of dedicatod Bidls, but soj
the native members would bo better able to speak to this.
Biibu R, M i t r a said that the silver pieces are somewhat simi
to those now used for the object mentioned by Dr. Oldham, bi
he was in doubt whether those submittod to the meeting had reall'
served the same purpose or not. Tho present race of cattle,
thought, had the horns turned upwards, not downwai-d as in th(
and pieces imitating the former shape are now in use.
1870.]
Proeifftlii^n of ihv Ashtu' Soeich/.
2. From B^bu Gopin&tlia Sena, — a copy of a Table
showing ilie mean munthly variations of the Barometer in th©
Surveyor General's office, Calcutta, from 1855 to 1BG9.
From H. V. 8 1 o n e y, Esq. — ^a piece of a calcareons tulfa taken
out of a Siau tree near Outtack.
The following letter, addressed to Dt. T. 0 1 d h a m, was received
with the specimen, —
Outtaek, April 17/A, 1870.
" By to-day's post I send you a bit of Hmost^ne which I took out
of the heart of a Sisd ti^ee.
** I do not know whether euch a thing is generally known, or
whether it is only down here where trees present such a peculiarity.
Perhaps you will bring it to the notice of the Aaiatie Society, if you
think it deserves mention.
"Many trees in the Tributary Mehals havepieees of tliis sUme in
Bssures in them, but principally Assin, Swarm, Sisii, and Abloua.
I have seen a piece as loug as 7 inches by 2 iudies tliick, but quite
irregular in sliape, it generally is foiuid about six feet fi-om the
ground, the wood closes up again after r^eiving it. The natives
use it for tinting with pawn, and have a cuj'jous way of biirtiiiig it,
which is by putting a piece of the stone witli a lighte<l bit of wood
into a handful of ati'aw, then turning a twisted straw rope round it,
and swing it round the head for a few minutes, ;when it is found
fully burnt, and ready fur use.'*
Several members made observations on the specimen submitted.
It appeared clciir tliat tho eidcareous tuffa must have been
formed in the tree, and pdrhajis the lime had been dii?sulved by
the atmosplieric water out of the substance of the tree and then
again depntiited. Tlie only objection agaiuBt this explanation would
ai»pear to be, that most of the trees, mentioned by Mr. S t o n e y
as containing pieces of the lime, are growing on siliceous ground,
and ^Ir. K u r x to whom tlie specimen was submitted, stated that
he occasionally met with very small siliceous contjretions in some of
those trees, as also in bambiis, but never with any deposits of lime**
• TbeiipeoJr
exLibii any ^
oiuib« nttrii >!
t'tions of old wood of the tree, does not
m1 losufiiOBo tl*at the Qi igin offi/rmatioti
; strinoii nfi if iht' dcctijfcd wood had been
190 Ptootodingtt uf th Aiiaiic Society. [May,'
Dr, Oldham promiBeci to obtoin further iB-forraatloii *m Mr.
8 1 o a 6 y * 6 interesting disoovery*
From the Rev. C. H. Dal 1, — From Calcutta to Lomlon, hy the '
8uoz Canal*
From Wra. H. I) a 1 1, Es^i., through the Rev. 0. H. D a 1 1,—
Materials for a monograph of the family Lep$Udm»
Tho foUowintr gentlomon duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting wore ballottod for and elected ordinary members.
Dr. Wart h, Agra.
Dr. W. S c h 1 i c h, Deputy Conservator of Foresta.
J. E. D ob 8 o n, Esq., M. D.
C. M a e n a g h t e n, Esq.
E&J& Satyanand GhoahdL
Q. H, D a m a n t, Esq.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the June ,
meeting.
B4bu Vrinddvanachandra Mandala, Zemindar of "
Balaaore, proposed by B&bu Rajendralala Mitra^ seconded
by Mr. H. Blochmann,
W. W. Hunter, E&q., LL. D, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B.
P h e a r, seconded by Dr. J. E w a r t.
Sir R i c h a r d C o u € h, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B. P h o a r,
seconded by the Hon'ble J. P. N o r m a n,
R4ji Ameer Hussun, Khdn, Bahadur, Talookddi- of Ma-
hmudabfid, proposed by Moulvie A b d o o 1 1 a t e e f, Khiui,
Bahldur, seconded by B&bu R^jendral&la Mitra.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society,
Capt, W. J. S e a t o n.
K Wilmot, Esq.
Bdbu Priyanitha Setha.
The Council reported that, on the recommendation of the Philolo-
cemented by the lime. Mr. Tween nuide a rough iiq a1 jm of a ntinll
portioti oi' tho specimen, and foujid that 50 grs, of the titDe«toue lost od igaitioti
4>.2 gre.f &nd dissolved in uitric acid left 0,9 uf inAolofaie miitler. This equais
to ^ — origan io run tter ...--. 8.4 per cent.
HuUible (inoatlj oarbonute of lime,) - - WM
iniioluble (nihoo, ulaminik 4c.) • - • 1.8. [Eimt.]
1870.]
PraceediHffS of the AsMic Soeidtf,
137
gical Committee, they have resolved that the fullowin*^ \^orks be
printed in the Bibliotheca Indioa —
The Sima Veda.
The Farhang i HaBhSdf.
The Coumil proposed — that the elections of the following
gentlemen, not having complied with the conditions of Bnle 5 of
the bye-law8 of the Sodoty, are to be cancelled, — N. Daly, Esq.,
A, J. Hughes, Esq., the Eev, J, Marks, Lieut. 0. H. T.
Marshall, T. W. Rawlins, Esq., Major J. F. Sherer,
lieut. CoL J. M o r 1 a n d. — The proposition was carried.
— That Rs, 100 due from the following gentlemen, dead, bo written
off,— from J, Furlong, Esq., Rs, 64, R. J a r d i n e, Esc^., Rs.
12, J. Kavenagh, Esq. Rs, 24, — Carried.
— Tliat the names of the following gentlemen, not having complied
with the conditions of rule 1 3 of the byedaws of the Society be
struck off the member roll, — 0. B a v i e s, Esq., Mahdrfijd Sir
M i n 8 i n g Bahddiir, B§bu R a j o n d r a D a 1 1 a, B^bu
Raman^thaS^su, A. Fisher, Esq. — Carried.
The President also brought forwai'd, on behalf of the Council,
the follondng proposition, due notice of wliich was given at tho
last meeting of tho Society; ** That a donation of Rs. 100 out of
the Society's Funds should be made in aid of the subscription for
Mrs. P i d d i n g t o n." — Carried,
The following papers were read : —
L — Notei on Old Dihli^ — hy J, 0, Tkemxett, Esq,
(Abstract.)
^Ir. Tremlett in this paper restricts his remarks to such
andent Hindifi and Pafhan buildings as have a historical or architeo-
tural interest, and are situated in or around the site of old Dihlf,
The paper ftjrms an excellent supplement to General Cunningham's
reports, published in Vol. XXXm of the Society's Journal,
The following places are described in this paper — the Tank of
Saraj Kan^lh, the Colonnade of the Gb^eat Mosque at the Qufb
Man&r, the mosquea of Shamsuddin Iltitmish (Altamsh), Sult^
Ghfoi, the tomb of Ghiisuddin Bolban, 'Atlil^b^d, the Palace
of Firiizdb^d, the mosques of Jahan Khan, the tombs of Firuz Shdh
Tughluq, MubSrik Bhih, Sikandar Lodhi, and tho Pur^ia Qirali
138
Pnpc*'f^dtftffH of th(^ Astatic 8onH(/>,
[May, ^
Tlu- paper ftincludos with a very iutt>resting chaptur, entitled ^^J
** Proposed Critma towards fixifi^ th* datn o/Fafhdn huilditnj9 al D/ZlH/^^^H
Lh\ Oldham road sumo portions of tlio pnpor and expressed th^
hope that Mr* T r e m 1 ♦> 1 1 ' s notea iiiuy soon be printed in Part I ,
of the SoeitJtj^'s Joiuiial.
11,^0 n ty Efilatton of tJw Ljia h ike other tmd^tn Ar^an
Innguagw^ by J. B e a m e s, Esq., B. 0. S.
Mr. B e a m e 8, in this paper, alludes to the appoarancu of a
Bengali pamplilet, * Uria not un independent langua^i^o,' by Bibuj
Kdntichandra of Balsisore. Though * destitute of pUiloiugit-al acumen,'!
the book had caused some sensation, and induced Mi\ B e a m o 8 I
institute a coraparisiuii between Ufia and Prakrit, He had come tol
the conclusion that Ufia was a sister, not a daughter, of Bengali.
Mr, Beamee hopes in a short time \jq bring out Im Comparative
Grammar of tlu> Aryan Languogos of India, in which the argumeat
will apx>efir in a fuller form.
Babu Rdjendraldla Mitra then rose and addressed thfl
meeting at some length. He snid that all along he had been of opinioi]
that Uria was a daughter i»f Bengali, and that Mr. B came s^ arg'U^
ments had not changed liis opinion. He thtntgUt tliat Mr, B 0 a m e si
proofs were very limited, both in number and force. The ditlbr
euces between Uria and Bengali were altogether so insignificant^l
that no calm observer would look upon them as anything but
elight dialectical deviations or differences in pronunciation. He
certainly believed with Mr. B e a m e s, that a ehdsa of Gumsar would
not understand a chwiti of Dacca ; but he idso believed thut a peasatili
of Kent would not understand a peasant of York, and yet no on^
would call tho dialect of either a sister of the English Language.
Mr. B e a m e 8* paper and Babu R a j 0 n d r al d I a M i t r a * 1
Rtrietaros will shortly appear in the second fnseicul^is of tho Fluhilci
gical Part of the JoiU'nal.
ll\,—Nifte on a Penmn MS. cnUthd Mru-AT Vh Qfds, a Life of Chrhi
compilrd at tfm request of the Emperor Albar hy Jf r otneXav * e tA
— *y H. Blocjiman:?^, Esq., M. A., Cahutta Madrmah,
Tho curious Persian M8. which T liiive the ploasnre of exhibitini
to-night, was given to mo by tlie Eev* Mr. 1* o u of the Calcutta Fr
1870.]
ffytceedift^n of tke A%iaik Smdtf*
139
Cliureli. Tho work is entitled Mir-di nl Quds or * Mirror of Sanc-
tity/ and is a Life of Ohjist, writtea in A.D. 1602, at the request of the
Emperor Alcliar, by J e r o m e X a v i e r, nephew to the renowned
Fran I-' is Xavier. Hough in his History of Chri8tiauity in
India, (YoL II# p« 282) says ofJeronaeXavie r — * Having studied
Persian for the purpose of commending Christianity to the Empomr
himsnli'j he cMsmposed two works in tliat language ; the first entitled,
The IluUtfff of our Lord Js^tit^ Chht. The second, The Life af th
ApmUe SL Peter, These works were interw^oven with Persian
legends,* wliich he imagined would render them more acceptablftj
to his imperial diadplo/ In a foot note, he adds^ —
* These two works, In manuscript, fell into the hands of Louis d e
D i e Uj a celebrated professor of oriental languages in the University
of Ley den, who published them with a Latin version, and some
notes, " which, says the Jesuit Alegambe, were worthy of tJie
fire." * * Tlie puiport of Louis deDieu's notes Vas, to defend
the Sacred Scriptures against the imputation of samtioTiiug sucdi
^rosfi falsehoods aa Jerome Xayier had mixed up with them,
♦ * * Besides his works on the Gospel, J, Xavier composed a
similar vers inn of tlie Koran in Portuguese. * * Z/y Crozt% pp,
332, 333.'
The MS, bul'tii-e tl ] , hnr, la the first of the abovomenttoned
works. Although X a v i u i s works have been translated, for
|K>leuiic reasons, into Latin by Louis deDieu, who was professorJ
of Oritiutal Languages at Leyden in 1639, or twenty^two years alter
X a V i e r *s duath^ I thought that the insertion in our Journal of
1^ short notice of this uimous MS., fr-om a literary point of view,
might not be out of place. On previoujB occasione I drew the attention
of tlie memhers to the religious view.^ of the Emperor Akl>ar,by laying
before them passages bearing on this subject, which I ha«l collect-
ed fiom Muliammadan Historians, A short notice of LeBieu's
translation itsc^lf might form a fitting sequel io my former renitirks ;
but Iho di^eovery, in India, of a MS. of J» X a v i e r * s text, is a
• Tills? lai not fl>p i%i«o. KoiiTirr tho Hir-it-til^Qods^ nor tho kistoij of St.
V feromoXftvior slionld kinve inijmd up
j^' . b&r, ia most iinpmbabJe, ujaJou U o u g h
iacaii4 \'nii,i {ii'j^MiniiL, There is >'un'tcicat evHdtJiiCti in tlio Mit-dt-rd-i^uU* to jb6w
ilmt J X }* V i (? r wuk Uioronjflilv nruinaiiiU'd with A k b a r ' b reli^tnits iTfurif,
MO Proceeding* of ih^ Asiatic Satiety
\f
matt'er of some «iiin08ity, wlion we remember the aruuety of
A k b a r ' s succesaors to destroy the monunients of his tipoatacj
from lalim, L e D i e u Vb translation of the Mir-ui ul Quds Is not
in our Library, W© have only his text and translation of the life
of Peter (No, 37 in our Catalogru©).
The following is a translation ofJ»XavIer'a prefhoe,
AlUhd Akhm^ !
Mir-dt ul Quikf in tehkh an account u §iven of the wmderfiU hi^i4>ry of
I'ahu^ Kitii^tuSf and of his heavenly teaching and hk mirachs.
Words intended t^) be epolcen at the time of prostrotio
(zaminhsi*) before His Majesty.
When the extraordinary accoiuits of the Messiah spread over
the surface of the earth, A b g a r, king of Edessa, desired to see
him* He therefore sent a messenger to him with an invitation to
rome to his kingdom, the half of which was at his service. H©
also sent a slcilful painter who was to take the likeness of Christ,
fto that the king might at least have a portrait of the Savioiir,
should he not be willing to come to Edessa. The meBsenger saw
Christ and brought him the invitation.
When he hecird that Christ found it inconvenient to go to Ede8s%
the pednter * collected his strength/ called his whole genius into play,
and drew a likeness which surpassed his f>xpectation9» But when on
the following day, he compared the portrait with the features of the
Messiah, he was ashamed of his work. He then set about to alter
it, and his feoling of shame left him, and ho glorified God. The
second and third days ho studied the features deeper ; but he only
got more ashamed than he had been before. He renewed liis
attempt*. AH, however, was in vain : whatever he completed
today, he had to reject the following day, till he despaired of his
art, and grew thoroughly ashamed and sorry.
But Jesus had compassion on him, and fLsked him, at the time
of his departtire, to give him a cloth. The painter did so, and
Christ drew it over his face and returned it to him. To Im gi*eat
joy, the painter saw that the saintly features of the Messiah had
• Vido Kin trnnstfttion, p. 213. note 2. The story of kinjr Abgar of Edofisa
ffftfl inteodod to foi niBli a piirnllcl betweeu J. X a v i o r and tfie painter; but
there ifl a lurttrS vcrhtmim in tbo natnes Ahgar and Akhar^ which the Oriental
ratod Qtiderataiida to tipprrjoinUs
^
1B70.]
Prtm^ings of ih$ Anatic Boekti/.
HI
left a dear and faithful impreesion on the cloth. The painter took
it to Edeesa, and gave it to his king, who preserved it rejoicingly,
and ahewed it every honor and adoration. By its meauB he
conquered all his diifioulties.
This story I hare, not without reason ^ put in the hoginuing of my
Drk. Your Majesty has heard an account of Christ's sublimeness
and greatness ac-cording to authorities* whinh differ in their
evidence ; and as you expressed a desire tg have a ti^uthful account,
ytm were pleased, in your search for truth and love of wisdom, to
order me, the meanest of your servants, PAdH JeromeXavier,f'
whom you have graciously admitted to Coui't, to write in Peraian
a history, containing everything done and said by Christ, as wo
End it in our bf^oks. Tlaving been engaged in this calling for forty
yoani, and studied l*er8ian fur seven or uight years, I now eagerly
and zealously fuliil your Majesty's command* I have thrown my
whf»le heart into this work, and girdled myseli* with the waistband
of xotil ; I have spent many days in completing this hook, and
denied myself the comforts, and even the necessaries of life, in
order to carry out the wishes of your Hajosty, who is God*3 shadow
on earth. Boyal orders cannot in a less degree be honoured,
especially in matters which to conceal woubl do men harm, and
which to promulgate is an act ol' worahippmg God, J as the angel]
H a p h a e 1 said to T o b i a s — * To guard the secrets of kings ia
good ; but to make God's hidden wisdom known to men, is laudable
and approved of by all/
If in presenting this book and portrait of Christ to VMur Ma-
jesty I have been late, the truth is, that I made 8< vuiul attomptH,
thinking after my own fashion that I had completed it ; but as often I
made a clean copy of my rough notos, and compared the Persian with
tlie features of the Latin (tirit)^ /of J;^!) origimil, I was dissatisfied,
and what I had looked upon as complete, appeared deficient and
defective, bo much «o that I, too, was ashamed of my work, and
• J. Xavier evidently means the Bumei'oufl Mahamnrndan historiefl of tbA
Propheta, Thus tb© Rauiotu^c**/"* » work which Akbar priaod, ooutaio« a rick
rllectiou of Eastam titJos regarding Cbriat.
^ The tojtt has ^^ >*HH'ijrtfj Zi;m/uVii(j 8h/itv(f*
% Akbar'fl favourite phmso i t;t4e mj Kifk Uimsljitiua. p. IL
11*2 ProveedintjH of the Asiatic Society* [May,
(liHpuirod of my capability and understanding. But I prayed without
encasing, and by the mercy of God, and the auspiciousness (f^i^ci7]
of your Majesty's reign, I have overcome my difficulties, and am
now at last satisfied with my work. I therefore make bold to lay
tlio l)ook at the foot of your throne. May Christ bless your Ma-
josty, and all that listen to its contents ! I am perhajra not wrozig in
thinking that of all works which, during the reign of your Majesty,
have been translated into Persian, this work wiU recommend itseli
most to your Majesty's attention ; for no book of this nature ap-
pears to have been composed in former times, because either
;•] Persian scholars were not ac(xuainted with Latin, or Latin scholars
-i did not understand Persian, or because there never was a king
1 who, like your Majesty, loves wisdom for its own sake, and searches
'.' \ for it with an equal amount of zoul.
',';| I therefore hope that your Majesty will be pleased to accept
■J tliis work, less for the labour and devotion which enabled your
\\ servant to complete it, but because it shews who Jesus was^ and
.| what he did and taught.
. j Lot it be known that this book is divided into four chapters.
■ The^W^ clia2)tor treats of the birth of tlie Messiah and of his life
prior to the commencement of his teaching. The second chapter
gives an account of his miracles and liis doctrine. The third
chapter describes the circumstances of liis death, and what, in his
love, he suli'erod for tlie salvation {saldmatl) of men. The fourth
chapter gives a sketch of his resurrection and ascension.
I have not written down all I could have written. However,
the work as it is, will, I trust, sufficiently shew your Mi^jesty,
what Christ was.
As the footprint shews tlie size of the elephant, and the mark
' \ of the i)aw the strength of the lion, so will, I hope, this work shew
f .' your MajtJHty my zeal to serve you. I intreat your Majesty to
order this book to be read in your august assembly ; for its doctrine
' 1 is the source of all virtue, and i)oaee of mind, and balm for the
sold. People may say that all books are balm for tlio soul ; but
this book above all others will give peace to your Majesty's heart,
as Clirist has said — * My word is bidm for the soul, and eternal
life.'
\
\
iii'i
\
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 143
I have to premise that the greater portion of this work is taken
from the holy Gospels, and I have avoided citing from other
writings ; but I have noted my authorities in the margin* of the
book, where I have also given the headings of the several chapters.
Several of the Christian doctrines set forth in this book may,
indeed, defy and vex man's understanding ; but they are a mirror
reflecting Divine truth, and are fully explained in other works of
mine which are nearly ready, and which, with God's eissistance, will
soon be finished.
May the Lord Jesus take your Majesty in His keeping and,
according to the desire of your servant, vouchsafe you His know-
lodge, upon which alone the salvation of your soul depends.
Written at Agrah, 15th Urdibihisht (April) 1602.
The book ends with copies of two letters, one written by P i 1 a t e
to the Emperor T iberius and the Roman Senate regarding
Christ, and the other written by *Lintul,' Pilate's predeces-
sor to Tiberius, regarding the external appearance of Chi'ist.
J. X a V i e r then mentions a Maulavi of Ldhor who assisted
him in the Persian translation, and says —
* This sublime book and its auspicious preface have been
compiled from the Gospels and other prophetic books by me, P^dri
Zeron^mo Shavir, the Firingi, of the Society of Jesus, at pre-
sent in Agrah, by order of the king of kings, the enlightened ruler,
the lord of the age, JaHluddin Akbar, the greatest (aJchar)
of kings. May God perpetuate his reign ! — ; and Maul&n&
'Abdussattdr, son of Qdsim, of L6]ior,t "^w residing at
Agrah, has translated it, jointly with me {ba ittifdq i man), in the
year 1602, the 47th year of the reign of His Majesty.'
• They arc not given in the MS.
t Hough (p. 285) calls him *Ahdel Senarin Kasem, which is no Muhammadan
name. If L e D i o a gives this name, he mast have read ^^\3 ^jluJf«xx^ for
How well J. Xavier knew Akbar's peonliaritics may be seen from the fact
that he calls him Jaldluddin Akhar, instead of JaldliuUUn Mohammad Akhar,
Akbar disliked the name MuMmmad, Abulfazl also, in his list of Akbar's
Grandees in the Ain, leaves out the names Muhammad and Ahmad, whenever
practicable.
141
Proceeiin^i of ike AiMk SacMf*
[Mj
The following table of contents of tBe first Ohaptdr will gt
gnr,d idea of tlie nature ofJ, Xttvier*s life of Christ.
m4ipUr L
T?ie CMld/iood of Je^un,
The birth of Mar^, The good ciroumetanceB of her parentB^
angel appears to her father at Jeruealem, amLoiinoing Mary's bi
The parents return to Nazareth* Anna, Mary's mother,
eeives, Thursday, 8th December, or 16th Dimdh of Akbar^d
Mary bom, 8th September^ or 16th Shahritcar of Akbar
Meanings of the word Mary, The angels announce Mary's bi
to some inhabitants of Nazareth. Mysterious music heard froi
heaven. The inhabitants of Nazareth resolve to keep the 8th Sep
tember a holiday. Papal edict of A, ]>, 1250 regarding the celeb:
tion of the Day, Mary is consecrated to Ood in the temple, o\
Friday, 21st November, or 2l)th Ab^uof Akbar*s Era, uad jiut undi
the c^are of pioua female teachera. An account of wonderful eveni
which took plat^e on her going up the steps of the temple. Her daiij
occupations in Die temj^ile, her vij'tuea. She uses continually the
plirase Deo ffraciai. She remains in the temple up to the age of thir-
teen. WonderfuleloctionofJosGph as her husband. Joseph ia forty
years old, his virtues, his purity. How painters usually represent
Beasons why Mary was married to Joseph, the chief object bi
to confound iSatan, who knew from the prophetical books tlitit th
Messiah would be bora of a virgin^hence, though watchi\il, hi
did not look for her among married women* Desci'iption of MaryJ
her slender wi'ist, oval face, light brown comijlexion, largo blue
eyes, golden hair, long hands, elegant fingers.
Birth of ChriiL Gabriers announcement. Mary's age is 1$
years, 6 months. Moaning of Nazardh, Interview of Mary audj
Elizabeth. Inferences regarding the spiritual power of Mary,
Birth of John, Doubts of Josox^h. Ho will not complain to tli<
liuler of Nazareth^ resolves to tlee and leave Mary. God sends an
angel to him in a dreani, Chritst bom, exactly at 12 o'clock, midnight,
Mary worships her son. Gospel events. No original sin. Evoota
whicli took place in other parts of the world at the time when the
Mesfidali was born, An olive oil spring appears in Kome^ becomes
a large river, and flows into the sea. The ttimple of Janus cl<
I
Proeef<iinff4 of tki AMtatk Socitiy,
UJ
general peace. Conversation between the emporor Augustus and
Sibylla, who shews him a likouesa of Ohriat. Curious Toices from
heaven • A temple of Apollo falls in. Appearance of three suus
in Spain, g^raduallj flowing into one. In another part of Spain, a
cloud of light appears.
Account of Herod. Jaroh'a prophecy that the Messiah would
be bom during his reign, is fuMled. Circumcision. The tlu-oe wise
kings of Arabia, and an account of how their bodies, after their death,
came to Constantinople, then to Milan, and at last to Cologne,
where they are at present. Their comiag was foretold in Paalni
Lm and Is« bs.
Jesus presented in the temple. Doubts of Simeon regarding tho
possibility of a virgin giving birth to a son. He thought that
the word mrgin was a mistake of a copyist. He is now convinced of
hia error. Story of Hannah the prophetess. A feast held t*> her
honor in A. D. 570 at Constantinople, after an epidnmic. The feast
ordered to be generally observed by Pope Sergiius {pdpah sarshio)
in 888.
Flight of Joseph to Memphis in Egy^it. Miraculous power of
the water of a well in wliiuh je.sus was washed. Murder of
the children in Bethlehem. Herod kills his own son by mistake.
The murder of the children is reported to tlie Emperor Augustus,
who said that pigs were safer in the household of Herod than
ohildren. These children are the first Qhrii^tian martyrs. Joseph
returns from Egypt.
Jesus in the temple. A short history of the temple. The wicked-
ness of Antiochus Epix^hanes. Jesus continues obedient to Joseph
and Mary. He does not teach before the age of thirty.
To judge from several quotations in Hough, it would appear
I tliat L e D i e u * s MS. of the Mir-U ul Q»d4 had no title. His edition
I of the * Life of Peter' contains no preface ; nor does J. Xavier
I mention himself as the author of the book. Le Dieu merely
I ascribes the book to J. Xavier^ beeatise it bears the same dato
(1(502), and because the phraseology of buth books is the same, a
fact regarding which there can Ik? no doubt, Maul6n4 *Abdua-
sattir is not mentioned. To the title Ikbfdn i Sm FUdro^ or
1 \Ci Proceed mgs of the Asiatic Society, [May,
History of St. Peter, L e D i e u adds on the title page of his edition
the words ammd dludah^ * but contaminated.' L e D i e u ' s edition
contains also a most interesting (Latin) letter written in 1598 by
J. Xavier and Emmanuel Pigneiro, who accompanied Akbar to
Kashmir, and back to L^or and Agrah. Their views reg^arding
Akbar's character, the behaviour of the Hindus and Muhammadans
towards Christians, and their moderate success as missionaries,
&c., deserve the attention of the Historian. The letter contains
also several allusions to the wellknown cunahula,* or representa-
tions, in wax, of the Messiah in the manger at Bethlehem, which
the Padris exhibited at Christmas to the amusement of Hindilis
and Muhammadans.
Instead of * Hindils and Muhammadans,' J. Xavier uses * Mann
et Ethnici,' which corresponds to the phrase * Moors and Gentoos,'
which we find so often in old Sanads of the E. I. Company, and
in early histories. Orme was the first that objected to this term.
For * Mughuls' and * Akbar,' the letter gives invariably the curious
spellings Mogorani (sic) and Acabar,
There is nothing to shew that L e D i e u observed the historical
value ofJ. Xavier's books : he was too much engaged in hot
controversy to be struck by the tolerance shewn by a Muhauimadan
ruler towards Christians.
The Persian of J. Xavier's work is easy and flowing. There
are very few passages, if any, that soimd ' outlandish.' L e D i e u
did not detect any linguistic flaws either. One phrase, however,
struck me as peculiar. 'Padri J. Xavior, of the Society of
Jesus' is translated by —
— hut guhbat does not mean * Society,' but * society' in the sense of
* friendship.'
* This word has enabled mc to correct a corrupt passafi^ in the History of
Akbar by Rndaoiif, printed in our Bibl. Indica, •Cunabala/ transliterated
wouhl bo e;4UU^, with a final nun % ghum\4ih. Tho MSS. of Badaoni (vido my
Ain translation, p. 193, I. 3 from below) have a word (jlUJLi or, without dots^
e^^UJb, for which wo have no doubt to read {*)^\JS, The passage translated
would thus be —
' Tho rin^Mng of bells as in use with the Christians, and tho shewing of the
figure of the cross, and the cun^ihula at their feast, and other childish play-
things of theirs, were daily in practise [at Akbar's Court].'
1870.] ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 147
In his transliteration of foreign names, J. Xavier naturally
^Uows the pronunciation of his mother-tongue. For Biblical
names, however, he follows the Hebrew, which he had evidently
studied. Thus he writes —
fjs^ji^, Kafamahiim^ Capernaum, according to the
Hebrew D^miSS
^y^i, nhii\ Jesus, for r\}}^t^
«4JU, ^dlimahj a virgin, or rather, a young woman,
Is. vii. 14, for HD^JT 'almah,
J. Xavier also proposes four new, but rather fanciful or im-
possible, etymologies of the word Mary, or Mir yam. He says it means
\,high. It seems as if he had derived it from Dll. 2. Sea of bitterness,
from D^ ydm, sea, and ID mar, bitter. 3. Teacher. It is dif&cult to
guess what Xavier means ; perhaps he derives it from ilTID, the
Part. Hiph. of ITT' to teach, 4. Master (Mistress ?) of the Sea, from
the Chaldee KID Lord, and ydm, a sea. The usual etymology
from ^1D, the * rebellious,' or * coy,' is not given.
Mr. Don's MS. also contains a small collection of * Prayers'
in Persian.
rV. Gentiana Jaschkei, re-established as a new genus of
GentianacecB, by S. Kurz, Esq.
The President suggested that this paper be considered as read,
as it only contains detailed descriptions, — and that, on account
of the late hour, the following papers be postponed for the next
meeting —
V. Notes on the Andamanese, by Surgeon F. D a y.
VI. Notes on a trip to the Andamans, by V. Ball, Esq.
VJLL. A short list of Andaman Test words, by F. A. de
Boepstorff, Esq.
VIII. Notes on Archaeological remains found near Taxila, by
J. G. Debnerick, Esq.
IX. Archa)ological Notes, by A. C. L. C a r 1 1 e y 1 e, Esq.
M8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [May,
Library.
Tlie following additions have been made to the Library siuce the
last meeting, in April : —
FresentatioJis,
%* Namos of Donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of tbe Eoyal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 114 :— The
lioYAL Society of Lo^^)ON.
Journal Asiatique, Tome XIV, No. 54 : — The Asiatic Socibty
OF P^uiis.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. XXVI, No.
101 : — Tiie Geological Society of Loxdoij.
Bulletin do la Societe de GeograpMe, 1870, Fevrier : — ^Tub
GEOGRAPinOAL SoCIETY OF PaRIS.
Memoirs read before tlie Anthropological Sooiely of London,
Vol. m : — The Anthropological Society.
Anthropological Eeview, No. 27 : — The same.
lieports of the Agri-Horticultural Society of the Fanjab, 1869 ;
— Tiie Agri-Horticultural Society of the Panjab.
On the Excavation of a large raised Stone circle or Barrow near the
village of Wurreegaon, near Kamptee, by Major G. G. Feorse : —
The Author.
On Turtle and Fish-oils, by F. Day, F. L. S., F. Z. S :— The
Author.
Mabda-i-'Uliim, translated into English, by 'Azimuddin Ah-
mad : — Maulavi Sayyed Karamat Ali'.
Mdkhaz-i-'Uliini, translated into English, by 'Obaidullah : — Thb
SAME.
Mabda-i-*Ulum, in Urdii, by Maulavi KarAmat *Ali :— Thk
Author.
Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Nos. 11 and 12 : — The Editor.
Ueber die Sprache Jacob Grimms, von Karl Gustav Andresen : —
W. Stokes, Esq.
Der Ur sprung der Sprache, von L. Geiger : — The same.
Transactions of the Eoyal Lrish Academy, Vol. XXI : — ^Ihs
SAME.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 149
First Annual Eeport of the Sanitary Commissioner for Bengal,
for 1868 : — The Government of Bengal.
Progress Report of Forest Administration in the Province of
Oudh for 1868-69 :— The same.
Progress Eeport of Forest Administration in British Burma for
1867-68 :— The same.
Progress Report of Forest Administration in Bengal for 1867-
68 : — The same.
Report on the Land Revenue Administration of the Lower Pro-
vinces for 1868-69 : — The same.
Table shewing the mean-monthly variations of the Barometer in
the Surveyor General's Office from 1855 — 1869 :— Ba'bu Gopinatha
Sena.
Purchase.
Die Siid-Afrikanischen Mollusken, von Prof. Dr. Ferd. Krauss : —
Calcutta Review, April 1870 : — Revue Archeologique, F6v. 1870 :
— Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 27 : — ^The L. E.
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 260 : — ^Revue Lin-
guistique, Jan. 1870 :— Ibis, No. 21 :— The Quarterly Journal of
Science, January, 1870 : — Oomptes Rondus, Nos. 6 and 7 : — ^Alpha-
betical list of Sanscrit MSS. in the Lidia Office Library, London.
PROCEEDINGS
OF TUB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
POB June, 1870,
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the
l«t instant, at 9 o'clock p. m.
The Hon'ble J. B. Ph e ar. President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and xjonfirmed.
Presentations were announced —
1. From B§bu Chandrasikhara Banerji, Dexmty
IMagistrate, Jfijpdr, — a rectangular piece of gai'netiferous gneiss
with the Buddhist formula **Ye Dhamma hetu &c., Ac, &c.,"
found in the Alti Hills.
2. From M. L. F e r r a r, Esq., C. S. — a packet of copper coins
wiuch, Mr. F e r r a r writes, had been dug u]) neai* Partdbgarh on
the ancient site of a fort, said to have belonged to the Bhurs who
held the country before the R6jputs took it.
Mr. Blochmann said —
The coins which Mr. F e r r a r has presented to the Society, are all
Muhammadan copper^ coins. One belongs to Jalfiluddin Firuz
i Khilji, one to Muhammad Sh^h Tughluq, two to Ibrdhim Sh6h
Sultdn of Jaunpur, and three to Sikandar Sh&h ibn i Buhh'd Lodhf.
The others I cannot make out. Copper coins of IbrAhim Shdh of
P'aunpur and of Sikandar Sh4h occur in prodigious quantities in
Audh. The Sikandar Shdh of 917 A. H. sent by Mr. F err ar, is
of some interest, because the beginning of the legend is very dis-
tinct, and corrects the reading proposed by Marsden (II, p. 546).
He reads c^lkLJl Jjl^ ^^ »l^ j»3i^ u'^^^^ jy^\y hut
Mr. Ferrar's coin clearly gives i^^^AjJb JSjS^\, for the almost
meaningless jy^\.
But I have not seen a single specimen of Sikandar Sh&h's coins^
which contains the name of the Egyptian Khulifuh.
152 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [June,
Among his notes on Jaunpur coins, Marsden (p. 557) mentions as
a peculiarity the occurrence of the term SSI^jo * dominatio,^ and that
* the word ^yUxL» takes the form of an adjective,'
But ^UxU* is an abstract noun, and is used as a title instead of
o\JaL»j just as on every page of the Akbarn&mah or Badion! we
find ^JUiW^, f^^^*"^, &c., for e;LjJU^, and »UU^.
3. From Bdbu Gopinfitha Sen a — a table shewing the
mean monthly and mean hourly variations of humidity, as deter-
mined at the Surveyor General's Office Observatory.
4. From Col. G. B.Malleson, Mysore — a lithographed copy
of Ashtanga Hridaya.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected Ordinary Members : —
B^bu Vrinddvana Chandra Manual a.
W. W. H u n t e r, Esq., LL. D.
Sir Richard Couch.
H&ja Amfr Hasan, Kh&n, Bah&^ur.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the July
meeting : —
E. Lethbridge, Esq., M. A. Professor, Hugh' College, proposed
by Mr. Allardyce, seconded by Mr. Blochmann.
A. E. M i 1 1 e r, Esq., proposed by V. Ball, Esq., seconded
by the Hon'ble J. B. P h e ar.
The following gentleman have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society ;— A. H. P i r i e, Esq. ; W. 8 m i t h, Esq., C. E. ;
R. V. S t o n e y, Esq. ; R. A. G u b b o y, Esq. ; Dr. J. F a w cu s.
The following letters have been received :
— From His Royal Highness, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edin-
burgh, thanking the Society for the honor they have done him by
electing him an Ordinary Member of the Society, and expressing
his desire to become a Life member of the Society, in conformity
with Rule 14 of the Bye-Laws.
— From the Government of Lidia, Correspondence regarding the
silver pieces and copper utensils found near Gungeria, an account of
which was printed in. the Proceedings for last month.
1870.]
Proc6tdmg» of ih Atiaiic Sotneif.
153
— From the Goveniment of Indiai Coirespoudence* on certiiin
excavations of cairn* aud stoue cintlos at Khairwarali in the
Wurdah Dietriot,
The following paiH.^rM wm^ ri'Jid ; —
I. — Oitsermfi"f''i '//> fh^ Andamamsif^ by Surgeon F a a n c i 3 1> a Y,
F. L. S. and F. Z. 8.
[Becejvod 2nd Miwnoh, rofcd Ifib Jtrno, 1870,]
Tho inhahitanta of the Andaman islands have for many years
been looked upon with great curiosity by Ethnologists^ by mari«
nore, and by the Indian Government, in consequence of their vici-
nity to onr convict settlement of Port Blair. Exaggerated accounts
have been given of their appearance ; they have been regarded aa
cannibals ; pieces of Hint, now used for shaving or tattooing, have
been described aa arrow-heads for shooting fish ; in fact their show-
ing themselves on the shore has given rise to as much awe as that
of large wild carnivorous animals bent on mischief. Merchant ves-
flfils generally kept many miles to the Eajst of Barren ialaiidj in
order to avoid contact with the abtjriginee.
Having been lately directed to proceed to the Andamans for tho
purpose of making certain investigations respecting the fisheries^
I took thw opportunity of obtaining as much information as I could
respecting the aborigines. In my enquiries I was warmly seconded
by Mr. H o m f r a y§ the energetic olHcer who, (amongst his other
duties,) htis charge of these people and their *' Homes/* mid who
alone, amongst tbe foreign races, hai* mastered tlieir language* I
also carefully went through Mr. Ho m fray's monthly reports.
Oonsequoutly a large amount of the information, contained in the
following, was derive«l from him, whilst ho accompanied me in my
* TUe puhlioAtlou of this Corres[>oudeuce haa been pualpumjcl outil mora
exteusivu inlbnuatiou can \j*i obtiviuLHl.
t It i» tjtuteil at tho Atidamuiis, that mauj skulls of couvicta havo been sent
ftway cia those of ttio libonginea, whiUt a U\m& mfmk^yjtccvivcd ft<^Tt\ hidia
And ipven Ui ll»e crow of u pckSHinR- tnaii-of-vrnrj hf« lutolj received u new
BpeoiHu immu in Loudon mm beiog n ~ ' iL^lauda !
X Macii of ttiiij iDruniiiitiua U c> r on tbe (IsbeHea uf tbe
AnduTTitvti islniidfl. I bHre, bowuvLu -n^^iv i^. up lujio lu detail, tki the former
ia not araitublti for tho geoor^l render,
§ Known to tbe AiiduiuuutMti as Mtjo'jitlaht " maBter of maBioiB**'
lol Proceed htg^ of the Asiatic Society. [JukK,
wanderings with tlio Andanianose around tho various stations, look-
ing out for tho best fishing-grounds. These people worked with
ufl in tho jungles amongst the small streams, they speared fish in tho
harbours, shot thorn with bows and arrows, or captured thorn with
their hands, or by means of small nets in tho sea, and elsewhere they
collected shells, crabs and reptiles, and in fact appeared desirous of
doing what over thoy i\*ere able.
I do not propose in this pai)er entering into any specidations re-
specting the origin of tlioso people,* but to confine my remarks to
their prosent appearance, manners, customs, language, amusemeiits
and methods of i>roviding themselves with food.
Those now living on the island are estimated to be about 1000 in
number, but this must be a guess, as no means are available by
which such could bo voritiod or refuted. Around the settlement,
there are better means of estimating their strength, and tliere they
appear to be about 400, divided int^ tribes, rarely above 30 strong,
for when thoy are more, tliey quarrel. Tho country is partitioned
amongst them, and one tril)e does not interfere in the territory of
anothtn', in fact such used to cause war between them. Tribes &x.
upon a spot for a dei)6t, here tho sick are tended, and any extra
supplies, thoy may have, are hoarded. On two tribes meeting, the
great sign of friendsliip is the prosenoe of women, for when hostili-
ty is intruded, tho weaker sex are sent to a place of safety.
Their huts, if thoy deserve tho name, are merely palm tree
leaves most loosely put together ; tliey try and get shelter under
any overhanging trees or rocks. Bones of animals or fish wliich have
been eaten, shells, &c. &c. are all tlu'own into one heap close by,
the smell of wldch is very offensive. When they can no longer
bear it, thoy move on, returning when tliey imagine disagreeable
odours have* disappeared.
Tliose people, when guests of Europeans, or expecting presents,
have moderately good tempers, but a very slight offence rouses
* Some may be of African orit,'in or mixed African descent, their woolly hair
and other si^^na apparently afford sac)i a solution, but aomo a^ain have entire-
ly smooth hair, and bur. few very thick blubber lips or tho Hottentot's prcgeot-
ing jaws. Sliipwreckod sailors liuve generally been killed by tho arrows and
spears of the Andamancsc, or else the last few survivors have been kept as
slaves ^nd thus assisted in continuing this mixed race.
1870.] Proceedings of th^ Asiatic Society, 155
them. When in their jungles they are said to be very irritable.
One evening after we had returned from fishing, the aborigines
retired to the ** Home" at Port Mouat, when a lad of about 8 years
ordered a girl, much older than himself, to go and bring him some
drinking water ; as she did not move at once, he shot an arrow at
her which took efifect just above the eyebrow. Another day one
small boy with a knife cut to pieces a girl's basket for some equally
cogent reason.
Quarrels in the ** Homes" are of frequent occurrence, but the
riotous ones mostly listen to the words of the elders, and become
quiet. If, however, one of them refuses to be appeased, the other
sits quite still, and does not answer liim, and this mostly ends in
an arrow being shot near, rarely liitting him ; subsequently all is
over. They do not appear to be vindictive amongst themselves.
In November 1864 the North and South point tribes, having had a
misunderstanding, were induced to meet and a pig was given them
for a feast. However they again fell out, and the knife which had
been supplied to kill their food, was em^^loyed by one of the South
tribe to threaten the life of one of the North, and all ended in a
terrible row. It was some time before order was restored, wlion
they embraced and howled for a quarter of an liour.
One of the last great quarrels with the convicts occurred in June
1864, and was occasioned by a murder committed in the following
manner. On the morning of the murder, the aborigines entered the
north outpost in some numbers, carrying with them their bows and
arrows, and begged for food, but did not obtain what they consi-
dered sufficient. They asked for more, which was refused, and
being irritated, they sought their oppoi'tunity, and while the Tolidar
GirbarSing was off his guard, J a c k o, the chief of the North
tribe and Moriarty, chief of the South tribe, fired at him with
tlieir arrows from a few yards distance, and with fatal effect.
Girbar Sing was the man whose duty it was to punish them, a
class of persons not generally looked upon favoui*ably.
Amongst themselves they usually give up anytliing another may
wish for, so shoidd they desire to retain an article, they secrete it.*
* A walk with them through a bazaar is no sinecure, they want everything
they see, think it very hard not to get what they ask for, and steal wtiatever
156
PmctedmgB of th Ajtiahc Socift^.
[jii
Should an European they know be at his meala, and they are allow-
ed to cx>me inside tho roam, he haa but little chance of ooncJuding
in peace. Thoy mount the chairs, get on to the table, look at, and
often touch everything. One wiU say to an<)ther, that pieee is,
miiie, and so on, in fact they apportion out evurythiug amongst I
themselves, and watch with much interest all that is eaten. If he
does not soon cease, remarks become more severe. *' What a greedy j
man he is!" ** He will eat everything, leaving us nothing," and!
80 on. If he drinks any liquor, they consider most of the ** grog*'
as they term it, should be tlieirs *
Their language is very deficient in words, and the different taibea
have distinct dinleets. 80 much is this the case, that the inhabitants |
of the Little Andamans are unable to understand those of the Southi
Andamans. Now many English and Hindustani words are begiji»
ning to be incorporated with their language. As for numerals, thoyi
are entirely absent, a necessity for them has not as yet been per- 1
ceived by those people, so when they talk of having taken quanti- '
ties or numbers of anything, it is impossible to have any idea of
their meaning, and what still more increases this difilculty is,
in framing an answer, they often do so from the question, almos^l
repeating the same words. This has perhaps led to their bein|^ J
considered more untruthful tlian they really are. Thus being asked, I
if it is true that a wreck has occurred, they will i>robably say itl
haa, and perhaps it has, at some period long past.
They divide the day into three portions, sunrise, midday, sunBet J
recognising no subdivisions. In like manner, the yeai* with them ha
three seasons : ^rtit^ the dry, m-ra-hudiltn, or Northern sun, a period'
which extends from Februaiy to May ; sffcondly^ tlie rainy gm-tno-lin^
being from Juno until September: and tkirdl^^ the moderate season,^
Fa-pa -i in f lasting from October to January.
they can \aj their batidd apoti. Sf>croting orttclea ib not looked apoa im a
wroriK dc^d, but afl deveruess by thcao people*
• Being a8ke<l 000 day how the owner of tho dinner wab to Uvo, If tbey de-
prived him of what was Jiis food, they woro very ready with an auawor^
obtM?rvniig, If we poor pooplo want fish wo must catfih it, if we require piga wo
nmst idll tham, if we wi!*h for a hot wo mnat briild it, bat it ia not so with yoa*
You never built the house you live in, you did not make the furniture, grow ,
your riee, catch your fiah, kill your muttoa or even cook your food. You ct*ll to
a5iiio one to bring you what yon waut and it oomed, ao if wo «at all this, you
^buve o&ly to call for more. They Ihua Uniaht^ the ar^amoiat, i^d almost (tf ^
ridlj oongumed all the food.
1870.] Proceedinga of the Asiatic Society. 157
They are by no means deficient in acuteness, and appear to have
good memories, thus they soon discovered that they were called by
the newcomers by names anything but complimentary, and as
every race has such epithets at their disposal, which they freely
employ, the Andamanese (who like a joke) recognise each race
by the several terms of abuse which were used in addressing
them.
On first seeing writing employed, they laughed at it, protesting
the impossibility of making out what had been committed to paper,
and now they look upon it with great curiosity.
Crying signifies with them reconciliation with enemies, or joy at
meeting old friends or acquaintances from whom they have been
long parted. When two tribes meet, the newcomers have to com-
mence, and the women have the priority in weeping ; subsequently
the men take it up ; whilst it becomes the duty of the hosts to re-
ciprocate in the same manner, first the females weeping, and after-
wards the males. Occasionally, the performance cannot be com-
pleted in one night, especially should the parties have been long
separated, it may even be continued through several successive
days. After the crying has been completed, dancing begins ; tliat
of the women, a few years since, differed from that of the men, they
having to clap their hands, &c., sing to the music of the stamping
of the men's feet. Their songs are the recital of events which
have taken place since their last separation. The conclusion of
the performance is for both parties to join in a grand dance.
Now, however, the men and women occasionally dance together.
Females who intend dancing, have the modesty to employ a few
extra leaves, and they relieve the men in striking the sounding
board with their feet. Should it be the intention to dance all night,
an extra coating of paint is put on, which is said to act as a pre-
ventive against exposure. It is very evident that dancing is a
favourite amusement. Having occasion one day (as we were starting
upon a fishing excursion) to go inside one of the convict barracks
at Port Mouat, the Andamanese set to work to dance with groat
vigour on the boarded floor, and it was witli the greatest difficulty
that we coidd induce them to desist.
They do not appear to have many amusements. Staring at them-
15H PrormlingH of the Aaiatk Socifitf, [JuxK,
ftjolvos in a looking-jjlass is a gi'eat attractiou. Haviug held a
watrli to tho ear of oiio at Port Moiiat, the next day every body of
ih^ tribe came to list on to the ti(<king, with which they seemed as
delighted as cliildren. TJie day I an-ived at Viper, tliey saw a kite
for the first time, and were excessively pleased at flying it, doubt-
less once having seen it, they will now manufacture them themselves.
Excellent as is their aim in throwing stones, some one last year
showed them how to connect two stones together by a piece
of string, and to throw them up, so that they catc^h in the branches
of a tree at a great lieight from the groimd.
Although clothes s(^arcoly form part of their attire, they always
beg pieces of cloth, and it is curious to see how they mimic those
who ccmsidor garments a necessity. Their laziness is probably not
to ])e surpassed ; sooner than get a bamboo to knock down fruit, they
will cut down i\i^. tree or its branches. They seem to tliink the con-
victs are an infeiior race, and should work for their benefit.
In mentioning the clothing of these i)eoj)le, perhai)8 an incorrect
term is (^mi>loyed, for the males are essentially destitute of it.
Paint forms tlnnr clothing, its mode of application shows whether
it is put on for simple ornament, with the intention of joining in
the dani^e, to prevent sickness, drive away disease, or is a sign of
mourning. Soiii(;limes, liowever, a few fibres are fantastically worn
around the forehead, neck, waist, or below the knee, in the form of
a garter, but all oilier clothing they consider immaterial. They be-
lieve themselves to be decent, and laugh at other people's ideas of
proja-icty ; still when landing at Ross, they used not to object, as
a favour to the residents, to wearing trousers for the occasion, and
these were kept ready for tliem at the landing-place, being retum-
e<l on tlieir re-embarking in tlieir canoes.
The women, however, liave some slight show of decency, for they
twist up fibres into the form of thin ropes, which they cover with
cloth and wear round their waists, wliilst dependent behind, (also
sometimes in front) are about a dozen tails hanging half way down
to the knees, anteriorly two or three leaves fresh gathered from the
jungle, comph.'tos their essential costume. As ornaments, tliey wear
a string of tlieir ancestors' bones around their nocks, or a skull is
slung in a luisket over their backs, or a bolt on their shoulders,
8170.]
Prouedin^^ of ihs A%iatie Soci'e
159
Bhould thoy have a baby to carry. Destitute of clotUiag themselves,
these savages pity foreigners going through their jungles, eapocially
in the rains.
Painting or adorning the body m done with red or oUvo-coloured
earth, and this is the business of the females. Fi>r the former, iron
is collected from a mineral spring, burnt red* and mixed with fat,
and this is used as an ornament or charm. I had an opportuaity
of seeing one of these springs, and the aborigines were excessively
jealous, lest I should help myself to any of the exuding iron, as
they required it all for themsolves. They collected it int^> leaves,
binding it up into parcels with fibres, Olivo-coloured mud is
likewise a decoration, when painted in an ornamental manner, but
if the body, head and forehead are daubed over with it, and the
head plastered with mud, it is a symbol of mourning.
All the adults have their bodies tattooed, whicli opei^ation is com-
menced from an early age, and until it is completed, they are not
considered eligible for marriage. As soon as they begin to swim,
which is at about 8, tattooing begins. Formerly it used to be
done twice a year, the uistrumont employed being a piece of sharp-
ened flint bound to a stick ; but now a smaller portion of the body
is operated upon once a fortniglit^ and this goes on until the indi-
vidual is adult. The present instrument is a bit of a broken bottle,
inserted into the split extremity of a stiek, for they drefi^l a knife,
A considerable amount of blood is lost in these operations, wlueh
are performed by making an incision nearly one-third of an inch
long und going to some depth. They do not form figures as is done
by the Burmese*
Having an objection to hair, they shave all off, with the excep-
tion of one narrow strip from the crown to the nape, which, how-
ever^ is kept cut close. They rarely have eyebrows, beard, moustache
or whiskers, and iifiually but few eyelashes. Formerly shaving
* Dr. WaI die having been good enongh to analyse their red preparulion,
reporta it to be as foUowB : —
Peroxide of iron, ... ... ... ... .♦. 42*7
QtiartsE in small fragments and very b'ttle of any oth<9r
rocky or earthy matter, .,. „ ... ... 56*4
Water expelled by ignitloy, ,.. ,.. ... -*^ '9
1000
y^rSf
Umt4^ m^H
Wrts dono every »ix montli^, by ohl woraerj, with pt^r^os of sharp on t?4
flint, but now every fortnight by means of bita of broken glus* bat
ties. This cuatom is evidently a sanitary one, as the jiingb? is
fidl of insecte, that it woidd be impossible to keep the bail* fre
from vermin.
They marry as 8oon as they ai*e able to support a wife, and I
derstood that the role was, only to bave one. The youtiifUl swain e
.a peculiar kind of ray fish teiTaed Gooni-dah^ whioh gives luwi
title to the appellation of Goo-mo^ sigriiliying ** a baf liohjr desirou
of maiTying." Girla, arriiang at a marriageablo age, wear cer
flowers, to diKting^iiiBli themselves by. Before nuirrying, you
men take a spcxies of oath, uftor wlu«'h they ^^it V017' still for seve
&1 days, scarcely taking any fond. Those who have been pig hu
ters retrain for one year, comiueiiciug in April, from eating porh
using turtle, ti^rtoise or iish instnud, but they do not cease huntlnl
pigs, as they are ueeessary for the food of the irib*i. The ttirti
hunters in like mamier use purk duxing thisprobationaiy year,
during this period honey must not be tut*ted. Tliib is apparent^
done for the purpose of ascertaining whether the indivkiual is al
to ihupport a family*
The marriage ceremimy is simple, a raau abcjiit 16 or 18 is enl
gagod to a girl of 13 or 15 belonging to a dill'erent family, with tin
consent of the girPs guardian^ who is generally tlie cluef of tba
tribe, On the marriage day, they are seateil apart ii*ora the otjie
and pass their t*mie in staring at one auother. As the 8liiid*-^s
the evening sat in, the giil's guardian advances^ and taking the
hands of the pair joins tliem together ; they thou retire into the jun-
gles, where they pass their honey *moon. On the Viridegrooui's ret
to the tribe with hia bride Jeedgo^ ci'^dng and dancting are kept u]
with great spirit- Subsequent to marriage, they are not so usofii]
as previously for the general welfai'e of tko community, the marrie
woman, termed Chumah^ has now to erect her huaband*8 hut aa^
attend to his requirements, eoaaequoutly ahe is not ordered aljoa
by the (?hief.
The wife has to perform all the homo dntiea, prt>viding shelter^
mats fur lying upon, cooking tlia food, procuring water and abell
fish, carrying loads when changing from place to place, shaTing
1870.]
PmctidingA of the Afinihr r^adi
161
and ptiintinjL? her UueliauJ, as well as utti*xitliiig him when bit'lc.
The [mnbaud ha» to protei't inn wife, make canons for fiahiiig, the
iinploments for bunting pi{^3 and turtle and spearing Esh^ whilst he
alsn obtains fond whoii not provided hy the bachelors or fipin^ters.
WidfiWirra and widi>wai have no objection to re-marry, I saw one
woman who had done so within ono month of Uor husband's duath,
but thin was l(K)ked upon as rather premature.
When ehildit>n are bom, the infant is first bathed in t-old watery
and then warmed over a fire, on the 8npp<>5dtitm tliat by boginninj^
early to etaud changes of temperature, it will be of a hardy eon-
#iitution. They do ifbt appear to be very sncoessful* howevt^r, in
ariug their little ones. Men and women seem etpially fontl of
carrying the babies about; all pet thorn; when they cry for
anything, they give it ; and over-kindness early eom*igna the little
one to the grave.*
Children are named some months before tkey are born, after
some family or favourite coguomen, cous^oqueiitly there in no dia*
tiuetion between that of the males an<l the femiles. Owing to their
vocabulary of names beiug limited to aboat twenty, they have ta
prefix 8ome wonl to oaoh, expressivo of sornethiug iu the appearanee
of the individual, or tlio locality from whenee they eome*
Amongst the numbers of Andamnnuse I saw, there was only one
woman who had as many as three living ohildreu, of this she ap-
peared to be very proud, and I wa^ iiiformeil, tliat no other family
posseased moi-o than two. From April 1868, to April 186i)» 3H
d<)&tlis were reported, and only 1 4 births amongst those families
whiuh Feside near our eettlemeat'^* During four years, only six in*
fants Irnve lived, whose parents re&ided at the homes ; of monthly
visitors oidy 12, and of the half y€*arly ones some 20.
The Andamanese, at least tho^e who reside near the settlement,
ai*e not a long lived or healthy race : but fuw appear to pass two
ecore years* They sutfer severely from fever and lung oomph ua-
tiona, and although the jungles are their natural home, illness
L* Tboso chiUlfGu wJiicb nro brought up in our Bcbools, i4,nd dotherb rnpitl)/
oumb. as mi^-'ht be autieipated, to the iion-olothinff iind exprwom ^ydtoiiL,
witich thay booomu ejcpused on rotaruing to tlicir ffttiiiiio% nud le^utiung
their life of fiTedom.
TW
Uf^» 6/
UmiFSSemy^
twsnCm
atta<:k9 them in newly cleared pieces of lan<l as virulontly as it does i
the foreign races. The sun's rays and strong winds act injuriously *
upon them, in fact they say a chief of the evil spirit rides upon
the strong sea breezes and causes sickness. The high winds and
the rains in August are oocasion of a good deal of fever and bowel j
afiWitions.
They have no remedies except their olive-coloured mud^ with
^hich thoy plaster themselves for headaches, and also employ as \
non-conductor of heat. In 1864 one having been wounded by
elugs whilst pillaging, the only remedy his tribe knew of was \
covering the spot with their red or olive paint. Now they have
great faith in quiuiuo, and take it readily for fevers or headaches^
If medicines are offered them, they invariably request the donor i
taste it first, and subsequently they have no objeetiou to swallow it,]
Should an adult die, he is rapidly buried, and the tribe uiigratea*
for about a month, to another locality, at least eight or ten miles oH
in dread of the ghost of the dejmrtod. A corpse is viewed with much
fear, wliikt almost equal repugnance is shown whon going near a
burial*ground, wliieh with them is never on a hill nor or an elevat-
ed piece of the Liountry, The following inatancea give an ide
how their chiefs are buried.
Jack o, chief of the North tribe, died on July 1st, 1865, leaving
two married sisters, whose husbands* duty it was to bury his corpse.
Death took place at 6 a, m. and within two hours his remains were
rolled up in leaves by the oldest people of the tribe, and corded
with fibre, preparatory to their being consigned to the grave. The
latter was morc4y two feet deep, and merely a few feet above high
water mark. Here the coq:)se was jilaced in a half sitting position,
with tlie face turned towards the rising sun. Previous to tilling in
the grave, one by one they took their last farewell, and each gent*
ly blew upon hiu face and forehead. After the grave was filled iHj^
there did not remain more than six inches of earth above the body,
but this is deemed sufficient to preclude tlie ribs from being broken^
whilst there are no wild animals to exhume the corpse. A few^j
atones were now heaped over the grave, above these some burning
faggots, and mourning garlands were placed in conspicuous placea]
along the shore, to mark a chiefs interments Before retiring, a 0U|
1870,]
Pr0ceHing9 of the Aniaih Soeidtf,
ir,.i
of water was left at the head of the grave, in case the spirit of the
deceased should feel thirsty during the night.
Four mouths subsequoutly, the nearest of kin went to the place
of sepulture and brought away the lower jaw, which about that
time had become divested of flesh j a mouth ofterwai'ds, tJi© shoul-
der bones and a rib were extracted, and after six months the skullj
now freii^d from impui-ities. This was slung round the neck of
the principal mourner^ and subsequently every one had it in turn to
carry about.
The ceremony for the burial of a chief is, however, generally some-
what difi'erout fi^om that descril»ed for J a o k o, A stage is erected
soino twenty feet from the ground, and on this tlio corpse is placed.
The powerful spirit of the chief it is hoped will be satisfied, and not
injiu'e any one who may incautiously pass near, whilst a firo is light-
ed below this stage to scare away any evil spbnta which may bo
lurking about. The extraction of the skull and bones, it is consi-
dered, requires great gkiU and courage, whilst by keeping tliem
carefully, and wearing them during pain and sickness, it is supposed
tlie ghost of the departed will be induced to be fi-iendly to tho
wearer,
Should a stranger die amongst a foreign tribe, his funeral-rites
are entirely neglected, the chief generally directs some of the young
men to carry away the c*oq)8e, and throw it into the jungle or into
the sea. The evil influences of a stranger*s spirit ore not dreaded^
Should those of other tribes go to condole and sympathise with
a widower, the custom is to fell into his arms, both embracing
each other and crying for about ten miautee, subsequently the
afliictions are recited.
When I was at Port Mouat> the Jutland chief was in mourning
for his only child, and was daubed all over with olive -coloured eailh
(a process which is repeated daily), whilst a rather thick coating of
mud covered his head. This mourning lasts for one month. Dur-
ing periods of deep sorrow thoy are very silent, entirely refraining
from the use of red paint and other decorations, from taking mucJi
food, even from eating their favourite pork, whilst honey must not
pass their lips, but instead they have daily to throw honeycomb^
if obtainable J into the iire. As soon as the period of mourning has
1G4 Proceed! tiff B ofifie Atmitt Society, [Jc3fSj1
expired, they wash off tlie olivtj-ooloured earth, and revert to their I
red puint.
Having no ties to keep tliera to one place, the Andamanese wan-
der about for food, or a« their ftuity dictates. They have scarcely
a want, but as luxuries they esteem tobacea, especially Cavendish,
and ** grog." They do not care for sugar, but are imniaderately fond
of honey, they eat the mUthJi^h^ are much a<ldictod to chitons ^ but j
despise raw oysters. Fonnerly they appear to have consumed al-
most anything; on wot days worms, caterpillars, roots, nuts, man-
grove seeds, sharks, shell-fish, &e., &c., articles whi*^h they now
generally refuse. Amongst iish, they prefer the mullet, ami ono
day having placed a quantity of diiforent species bufore them, they
helped themselves iii the following order, observing that the tirst
took tiie best, the last got those which were most inferior
Chorinemm, Piati/etpMus^ UorHe-mad-erel or Carathx, (Jhry$ophrif9 '
talnmara^ and lastly Tefrodon or frog-hsh, which hittor has goner-
ally the credit of being poisonous. They eat cats, but now sporo (
dogs, because they are found to be useful.
Govemmeut instituted various Homes or jdaces of shelter for
these aborigines, which many of them make their head quarters. It
is a principle wisely commenced, to induce thera to cease jdundor-
ing, and whicJi lias most undoubtedly had a very 8uti»factory ofTect. i
But it is a nustake to suppose tliat they subsist on the food pro-
vided by Government, for the whole allowance is only 20 D rupeee
montldy to cover all expenses. In the year 18C8-G9, the following
were the earnings of the aborigines: 500 pigs, 150 tm- ties and
tortoises, 20 wild cats, 50 iguanas, and (J dugongs, irrespectivo |
of Jish. The total number of rations given was 48,248, giving a daily
average of 1 32 xiersons, indufling woniun and"children, allowing
each individual only 0 pies daily, and showing an increase in those
fed of I i,575 raiicms over the previous year, but with a decrenso of
expenditure or Kupc*08 209-3-4, thuf? demonstrating them to Imve
been more self- supporting. Since the establishment of these homesi
a great change has been inaugurated, tlie convicts are left unmolest-
ed, implements of agriculture are not stolon, the lishing stakes aro
li«ft undisturbed, the gardens are no longer pillaged, run-away con-
victs have been re-captnred, and shipwrecked saOors assisted.
1870,]
Proteedinff* of the Anntie SsacUitf,
165
At tii0 ** Hame," the followiiig ia the manner in whicli thoy pa&s
the day. At a very early hour they have somethitig to eat, for
about 4 A. M. their micovered bodies beftmie cold, whiuU necessi-
tates their replenishing their fires, and once np eatings begins.
When residing in the same house, there is no rest after this early
hour. About 7 A. m. some of the men go out foraging according
to the season : it may be pig-hunting, fishing, or raptuiing tortoises
or turtloa. The young men and boys assist in making, paddling
and steering canoes. The women in a body go for shells, shell-
fish, (fruits and bulbs, in which they are assisted by the girls ; wliilst
the elderly people keep at home, making baskets, uei»t bows and
arrows, attending the sick, &e. Between 2 and 6 p. m. tite foragers
return with their spoils, these are as far as possible eij^ually divided
amongst aU.
Prior to the advent of the Europeans, the Andamanese lived en-
tirely upon the products of the waters and dI the jungles, never
tilling the soil, and storing up but little for a future day's supply.
One of the first questions usimlly asked respecting these people is,
** Are not they cannibals?** They repudiate the idea, and in return
wish to know ** why when food abounds should they devour himian
beings,*' a feast wliich they believe would eause Uieir death.
They ©at nothing raw, not even fruit. In cooking meat, they
either throw it on the embers, turning it over when the under side
appears to be done, or else cooking the llesh of the tortoise, tuHle,
or pork in unbaked eaiihen ehattiea,* Their appetites are large, for
they appeared to be easily able to consume CJ D> rd' tish at one sitting,
and alW a very short time had no objection to begin again. A large
Pinna forms their plate, a NiuUilm shell tlieir ilrinking oup. They
have no regidar periods for their meals ; when they are hungry they
eatp no matter at what time, whilst it is an almost essential com-
mencement to give them a good meal before starting for any exeur-
sion.
Their principal food at the first or north-sun period is honoy,
4hu t| and turtles. In the rainy seaaon, they do not wander about
Teiy much, owing to the difhuulty of obtnining shelter, then the
* I hare bcoii tUeiri oouk a prawii bj plooing it iniide tbd bavrl of
wUicli thuy woro smokiug !
pipe
ri^
168
LJlTHB,
>
jack soeds last them for three months* In the early part of the
middLo season piga are common, bat whon becoming scarce, fishing
and turtle-catehmg takes their place. In the report for July, 1865>
I obfierre it stated ** they are only now aware that cucumbers,
potatoes, and pumpkins are eatable, aud they use tobacco, all
which a short time ago, they used to iliug away/'
Pigs, towards the month of September, begin to rove about the
jungles, finding their way to the coaBta and ereeka, aud it is during
tliifl time, that many are killed. In the year 1865, they first began
to use dogs for pig-hunting which they learnt from some run-away
Burmese convicts, previously they had to lio in wait hours and ^H
sometimes days, even in the hopes of seeing one or two, now thd ^^
dogs find them almost at once, they are consequently held In great
edteom, and every dog they see they wish for. The Andamanese,
however, have curious ideas respecting pork as food, and when
they are able to choose, use it as follows* The children and
weakly persons eat sucklings, the bachelors and spinsters use
those of medium size, whilst adults prefer the stronger boar*
As they capture their principal supply of fish and turtle during
the low tides, and do not dry or aalt any, it follows that they have
abundance at that time of the lunar month, whilst at the iut^srvals
they are comparatively destitute.* At the change of the monsoon
(October) they generally shift their quarters to more healthy spots.
On© of their encampments which has been dwelt in for some time,
is not a model of cleanlinoas, whilst innumerable tleaa and other
animals render going through it anything but a pleasing occupation.
Beef they consider too t^oarse for food, neither as a rtde will tboj
eat birds. About January the Busang shows itself in Port Mou&i
Bay, coming to feed uprtn a species of soa weed which is
relished by the turtles.
In January likewise honey bec:;omefi common and they bring d
the honey-comb with great dexterity, neither smoking the bees
being stung themselves. A wOd shrub ** Jenedah" exists in the
jungles, and its juice appears to have an intoxicating efiect upon
the bees. The person who is to ascend the tree, takes a piece la
his hand, and biting through the bark^ the pimgent juioe exudes
* Tlio tortle aeitson with them ends about the mouth of ApriL
1 8 70 J
Froeeedm09 of the Aiiatic SacUiy,
1G7
into his mouth, this is spat at the bees, which are aaid (for I did
not perBonally witness it, though I was fihown the shrub, and
an Andamanes© went through the prouoae,) to become intoxicated,
or else to fly away. Wax obtained from the honoy-comb is luuch
used for their bow strings, likewise for bovering the fibre which
attaches the heads to arrows, as weU as for stopping leaks in their
canoes.
One of the most necessary pieces of property to these people is a
canoe, a moderately sized one being capable of accommodating
about 20 persons, whilst it is used for the purpose of obtaining food
for about 30. It is scjooped out of a tree by men, who work with
a species of adze. They take their turn at this employment, during
which x^eriod they are supplied with food by the others. When
oompieted, their canoe is of a very fi'ugile cons true ti on, and rarely
lasts above one year, for they are continually thinning its sides
by scooping out and ornamenting its interior. In faut when made,
no care is token of it, and its sides are easily stoved in. It is bal*
lasted by stones, and has a prow projecting about two feet, on
which the feherman stjinds* Tliese prows become especially useful
wliiLit fishing turtle and spearing skates and rays.
The bamboo iK>le which is employed for pushing along the oanoe,
has a shaip moveable iron head at iU one extremity, and to this
is attached a long line. When the bamboo is thrown, and the spear
becomes imVieddud in the prey, it slips away from the bamboo, but
being attached to the line, the animal is securely held by the
fisherman. Their eyes, whilst slowly and silently moving about,
are as sharp as hawks : the spear is mostly thrown with a good aim,
and should the fiidi be large, some of those in the boat dive down,
attacking the victim with knives and speiirs, whilst others endea-
vour to pass a line over the gome* Should the water be too deep to
pole about, one or two men or boys paddle the boat, as silently as
jM>9sible, the man on the prow directing them which way and how
fust to go, by signs made with his hurids or feet, but not a word is
spoken.
For their small or hand nets, very similar to a common landing
net without the handle, they use a fibre as a thread, which they
work at very neatly, employing their fingers as a mash, and by
1(18
Proe^inp of the AimtU Smefy,
[Jtnnd
changing frnm tho Kttle to tlie index digit, they gradually aug*
mont its siz© a^ do^trod. When turtles are scan;©, a hirge net isl
usedt this is altm?hed to stakes whiih encirclo the whole of a reof J
to which these animals resort for food. Just before the tide com^
mences to ebh, they ^s. the net, thus penning in all the turtWl
which may bo there at the time, but which fight most desperately i
to break out of the enclosure ; the Andamanese now use spears
to secure them, and as a rule but few escape.
Tlieir bows and aiTows are mostly employed for shooting fish iml
shallow water, the upper two-tliirds of the arrow ia a light ree
the lower portion a heavier sort of wood araiod with a piece olj
iron, or a sharp nail. Major Haughton in 1862 observed, in the
Proceedings of this Journal^ upon the flint arrow heads having been
employed by them for shooting fish, and some such fashioned pieo
of flint are still found amongst their heaps ; but the aborigines da
not recollect when tlip^e articles were so employodj they, however,^
remember their being in use for shaving and tattooing.
It will not be amisR in this place to take a slight retrospect eon-^
ceming the origin of tho *^ Homes,* ' wliich are now kept up for the
Andamanese. Wlien these i&landfi were taken re-possession of in
1857^ doubtless the aborigines caused great trouble. Cfonvic
who ran away, were killed, as were also others who were fel
the jungles, for these savages move about eo stealthily, that sci
ly a bough moves, nor does a leaf rustle. They are excelle
trackers and thus ascertain the number of persons that hav
passed, and judge pretty accui-ately how long it is since the
passed.
They helped themselves to the implements employed in fellini
timber, they used convicts* leg irons for spears, and nails for arrov
heads, they had no scruple as to ht>w tliey were obtained, Ooq0€
quently their vicinity led to insecurity, to the prevention of worl
of clearance being carried on, to garden cultivation being extende
to the prevention of bamboos being obtained from the jungle
to the plundering of the fisliing-s takes, and the settlement safiPere
accordingly.
At first hostages were taken from the tribes, some of whom we
kept in iroA in the convict settlement, a plan wliich dooa not ap
Pro€4idingi cfiht A9udk Sacutif,
169
I
I
I
pear to have Ciaiised unqualiBed satisfaction, wliilst on faults being
L'onimitted the lash was freely resorted to. On June 12th, 1864,
three convicts at the North outpost, iu a most unprovoked manner
were ruthlessly mnrdered, so all hospitality and friendship was
withdrawn, they were proliibited entering our Htatious^ unless un-
armed, and if seen plundering, the sentries were directed to Ere upon
them with slugs. In those times the aborigines distrusted us as
much as the convicts feared them, and on coming into the settlement,
they kept their arrows in tlieir bows ready for immediate reoourse
to, and whU^it some parleyed, others stood watching a few yards off,
ready for a fight, or to secure a retax»at.
Owing to the hostility of the Andamanese, convicts had to be
restricted within bounds, no one could venture into the jungles.
About the middle of June, some of the aborigines visited IIaddO|
food was given them, and they were asked to bring some bam-
boos, which they promised to do, but only brought a few dead ones*
They were evidently merely spies, for after a day or two, they enter-
ed Aberdeen and PhoDnix bay stations in force, plundered the gar-
deiL<? and carried off some eonvi^^ts' clcjthes. However, towards the
end of the mQiith, they appeared inclined to become more fi*ieadly,
thoy brought in some escaped convicts, whom, however, they first
plundered, besides removing every bit of ii'on from the boat in
which they had oacuped. On being taxed with, this, they at first
pleaded surprise, then said, they would make restitution, and brought
a canoe as an exchaDge for the misc^hief they had done to the
Government boat. At first this was not quite understood and the
canoe was sent back, but they returned it the next day, explaining
that tliey desired it to be kept as a reimbursement for the injury
they had done to the Goverument boat, so no longer considered the
canoe theirs.
A Home was kept up on Hoss island, but those who had been en*
gaged in plunder, were not permitted to land there, thus Mori arty,
who had assisted in killiiig the ToUidar (already referred to), was
considered ineligible, which caused very great dissatisfaction. The
women and children made rafts of bamboos and so lloat43d to Rose,
or even swam over on the support of a single bamboo. In October
this year, they again plundered Aberdeen and its ndghbourhood,
170
H^Oi0$dmffi of tJi^ AiiaHc Soeidy.
[JVTIif
and it began to be Teiy evident that unless some hold were obtain*!
ed QTer the tribes, all works must C(?ase, It was projiosed to isinie
a general atnneRty, eepecially as the chiefa wen? becoming rery
irate, and without their controlling power the tribes wore found
to be most hostile, plundering everything they could lay their I
hands on. In the month of Dec^ember this ainuesty was earriedj
into effect, and tlien to a great extent the chiefs began to keep i
people in order. However the aborigines continued t*i bo very sus-"
picious, imagining that in their being treated at Boss, they were ,
iorte of hostages, and used irequently to request to be taken over '
the mainland, wn they were not permitted to swim over, because they]
took more property with them, thuu they had a legal claim to. One I
day the whole foi-ty asked to go, and finding no objection was raised, I
they returned after a few days on a bamboo raft and became quieiJ
In May, 1866, the Home was removed to the mainland as ihoj
junglees' presence was not considered any longer to lie desirable*
In November of this year» the murderer J i m was released, tli0|
tribes promising in future to try and stop murders, and to disconti*
nue the use of war bows and arrows. Some of them were t4ikeu to J
Bee an execution, and it waa explained to them, that that was tfaa
manner we treated murderers, aud tliey at once expressed their I
intention of refraining ^m murders in future. In 1868*69, tlieyJ
apprehended fourteen convicts horn the Punjab and two BurmanB]
who had escaped, and aUo brought in some shipwrecked marinera.
My first interview with the people was on January 9th, 1870, at 1
North bay where I went with Mr, Homfray to look for them]
and induce their coming fishing. The sea was rather high, and it
waa not until 1 1 a. m, tlint wo discovered tmo of tluur canoes, eon- ^
taining two of these people. We pulled for the place, they, how-
ever, had landed and made their boat fast. It will be difiicult to
forget their appearance. There sat on the stumps of trees two lads,
destitute of clothing. They had some ornaments made of fibre
around their beads, and strings like ga^rters below the right
knee. As for inducing them to move, they simply declined,
observing they were waiting for more of the tribe ; however, they
pointed out where the encampment was. ,
1870.]
Vnt^i g/ the Amade S&ct^i^.
171
I
Leaving them, we went to their camp to try our pei-snadona ou
some of the others to accompany us to Yiper. We found a number
of females and chiLiren, all of whom appeared very glad at seeing
** Myo-jolah." They were engaged as uj*ual, in smoking shox't day
pipes, and eating, having taken some fish, prawns, and crabs. On
being told that I wanted fish» they brought out all they had, and let
me help myself. After a long talk, the females consentofl to go to
Viper, for as Mr. Homfray hadjudieioualy remarked* the boye
would soon follow. It was finally arranged that they should go in
our boati and we were to take a canoe in tow, containing some more
of the aborigines. Scarcely had we started before one of them
aeized my umbrella, and it waa explained to me that she did not liko
the suu'a rays, and proposed that " I should hold my umbrella over
her head/*
Wlien we arrived at Viper, we found thirty more people had
preceded us, and by evening we mustered nearly seventy. It was,
however, too late to go out, so we passed the afternocm in feeding
them, letting them fly a kite, with whitih they were highly delight-
ed, in ascertaining the Andamanose names of lish, and information
respecting the best fishing grounds,
Tlie next morning eating commenced about 5 A. M., and by 6*30
we had 43 of them in the boats, and left for Pha?nix bay and
South point. Before starting, however, they ridiculed the idea of
our getting tish, as it was not low tides whilst there was a strong
wind and rough water. Still as my atay was limited, we persevered,
and on arriving at Phoenix bay, had to commence proceedings by
lighting large tires and distributing rice, plantains, poppaws, sugar-
cane and tobacco, whilst they caught crabs, which they cooked
on the embers. In fisliing we did so badly that at their sag-
geation we crossed the point to South bay. As wo went near
the inhabited [lart of the station, they begged for what they
saw, and eoUected little bits of iron. The tide being low and
the water not so rough, they did better at this ijlace ; they shot
one LethHnwk ro§tratuM^ Guv. and Val., one Tmihi^ t^tsrniicuUtta^ KuhL
and V. Hase., and several Oit/pftitiodon nordidus^ Forsk. Besidea
these, the younger children captured many specimens of I*ermph-
thalmui Koelrmlerif Scha.
A
Ifrt^f ^f the AsMh Smd^f,
On the 1 1th, wo left Viper fur a fresh water creek with 20 af the !
people. Ouiirriving at the landing plat^a, we saw a storm rising, and |
the aborigines waved about their hands and arrows, to btut or flog |
away the evil spu-it which was creating the disturbance ; nererthe- j
less thej were unauccessfol, and it poured all day. We landed at
one of theii- deserted eneampmonta, but the fleas and other vermin
were so plentiful, we had to retreat to our boats. Their huta
pulm leaves, supported on stirks in the most primitivo style. We]
ok a few fish and bivalves up the creek, but the weather became I
severe that we were compelled to return. The Andaiuaneeel
"asserted that a large fresh wator lake exists in the island, but too |
far away for us to go to. As we were going back, tho boat huokJ
catdiing in a tree went overboard ; instantly one of the AndamancseJ
boys dtirtod overboiU'd and recovered it.
On the 13th we went across to tho Andainanese Home, a long^l
tliatched .shed, the Lead quarters of one of their tribes* On one*|
side of the entrance was a large heap of the bones of tortoisea, j
turtles, dugongs, and also a few shells, the refuse of their meals.
Inside were people and dogs, the latter as regards feeding evident- 1
ly considering all were on an e<iuality, whoever could take '
the food first being the lawful owner. Here we again had to givej
them fruit and sugar-cane, whidi was equally divided under the
inspection of their queen, a quiet looking venerable old woinoa J
Having distributed pipes and tobacco, we at last induced them to
start for a cruize throug)i the jungle, in order to ascertain what
fish there were in the fresh water streams, and what specimens o£
natural history we eoidd collect.
The distance across country was live miles, but the road a merei
jungle foot track. We tuld the aborigines to obtain fish, shellsj
reptiles and grasses, and they set to work to coUoct. We had not
gone far, when tho:*© ahead called out to us to come on, and point
ing to a ti'ee asserted, thoy saw a snake between tho bark and thoj
stem. The fissure was scarcely noticeable, but having removed th<
dead bark, out came a snake {Lijcodon anlicm) which we se
ed» They also obtained from the streams, specimens of Goh\
giurUf H. B., Ophiocephalim gachaa^ H. B,, Ilaphchilm fxrncha^^ H,
B., and Murmm macuhta^ H. B., also some Crustacea, many landj
1870. J
Pr&cfedin^s af the A^mtie Society.
173
:(k,t and five
\ of ^ild I
Aliout fi
Bhells,* some lizarcJi^,t and live gpeoie^ <
M, we arrived at tlio Home at Progress creek where we loll thoaa.
The next day was a repetition of the previous one onlj can*ied on
on the oppositi? side of Port Mouat, On the 1 5 th I had* to return
to Boss, but in the em-ly morning, prior to our starting, tho Anda-
manese hi-onght in two tortoises, a turtle, and aome fish shot and
apeared since 6 p. M. the previous evening.
From the 18th to the 20th, assisted by these people, I made an
examination of some of the aea fisheries, and the mode how they
take sea fish, a short description of which will perhaps give the
best idea of how they work. On January 18th, it being' low spring
tide, we started from Port Mouat at 7 A, M. for MacPherson's straita
and arrived at the encampment of the Rutland chief about 11 a. M.
We found them dose to the sea shore, where some fine trees
overhung the rocks, on whicli they wore Lazily reclining. We pass-
ed the body of the only child of the chief tied up in a tree, its
spirit being supposed to be powerful, the little one having died
about a fortnight previously.
About 3 p. M. we embarked, taking with us seventeen of the
aborigines in our boat, their ages varying fi^m about nineteen to
ten years. The females and younger children, with three hand
nets remained in the stern of the boat : the bachelors with three
bows and arrows and one spear in the forward part, and as ustttil
the latter were constantly chaffing the former. One youngster took
the rudder and we prepared to start for *' Jolly boys'* island, some
two miles away* Scarcely was the anchor raised, when a lad in a
canoe came with some fish, and likewise handed in a piece f>f dead
coral, amtmgst tlie branches of which numerous beautiful little fish
were to be seen alive, aa well as some lovely little crabs. On sug-
gesting that they might have got in there by acM^ident or been put
there for show, over the side of the boat dashed a young savage,
who dived down and rose again to the surface witli another piece
of coral as large aa hid head, and in it were forty small but UrLng
fish.
* CytUphorvki folia/ttMA 0 h o m., tind 8pir(mi$ Haiight&ni, Ben &., being th^
moat common.
t Tiaris mheristata, B I jih^ ia the oommotiest troe-limrd ; bofidet, ieverftl
Bpedea of Gsceotida occur.
m
Praet&din^i of ihs AMi&tk SoeM^»
[Jens,
As we were again on tho ere of starting, we heard a shout
iichmh^ kchrah (£Uli^ ^^\i) ivhen another canoe arrived, with soma
Bplendid specimens obtained by means of bows and arrows. At_
last we started, the Andaraanese as usual carrying fire with thee
and soliciting t^obacco and pipes, their most constant word beln^l
jay^ ja^^ (givej give). As a foretaste of what might be expected,
provided they did well, we presented the chief with a looking-glaas,
aome tobacco, and a box of fusees, whilst we alao gave our felloii
passengers another box of fusees, which, however, they had exhauab
ed before we arrived at the termination of our short pull, as the
were unable to resist the amusement of making fire without troabltfJ
to themselves.
We pasftod shoals of fish, many being of the most brilliatit huee«
Now our fi^liing commenced* the females started off along the shor
to fish in their manner, the bachelors with their bows and arrowil
and spears proceeded as far out upon the reof as they could, whilst '
the younger children stayed with us to collect shells and small fish*
As soon as wo commenced wading into the sea, hundreds of lishj
darted about, either from under one piece of coral to another, uf
from sea-weed to sea-weed.
We first c*ollected the little Pennies which are exceedingly active
and disappear in holes under the coral, just as one is feeling sure
of obtaining them, we, however, captured a sufficient number of
specimens. Occasionally when feeling under a 8ea-wt*ed or csoral
for a fish, a crab would lay hold of the hand of the investigator, ■
At one yell rather louder than any which hud preceded it, I went;
to the spot and saw the beautifully scarlet and striped PteraU valin
tans swimming off, whilst all the Andaraanese refused having aiiyn
thing more to do with the ** sea devil," as they term these fi&hea, '
account of the severity of the wound produced by their spines. The
water was very clear and shallow, and all tliis fishes elongai
Eos wetre expanded, it appeared in no particular hurry, but seemed!
to be quietly sailing away, as much as to challenge m& to touch it
I threw a pocket handltorchief over it, and thus obtained it Mitfely.
Many fishes, never previously seen by me, darted past us, and thd J
little Andamanese began to warm to their work and took some largerl
fishee as S$mmm dispar^ Giintheri Soohptia eiluUtUt Lac^p.i Mu^Ul
1870.]
Pror0fdinff9 of Ihs Amdtie SoHAtj,
175
maercfehluM, Bleoker, Ihuthis eermieuhia, K. and v* H,, Glyphi^*
I ioi'dklm^ Forsk,, Chasropa c^^anoden, Eiohardaun, Ilemiffymiut me-
hmiderus, BL, Callifodon viridescmB, Blkr. &a Whilst thus engaged,
^0 \imvi\ a loud shout out on the reef, and on looking, per^oived a
ate, Bhynchohatun hiberculaitu, Ouf., nearly six feet long siniggliDg
with some of our fisherman* We found » howevGr, that there were
many small speeies which we could not capturo, so the next day re-
tumod with a lar^o sheet* On splasliing the water, these fish retir-
ed amongst the branches of the coral. We then spread the sheet close
to the coral, sinking it with stones and placing some sea-weed and
sand upon it. As soon as all was quiet, the fiah came from their
place of security, got amongst our sea-weed when we liHed the sheet
out of the water, and thus obtained them- The An daman eso are
familiar with this mode of catching fiish.
We continued collecting about an hour, daring which period we
obtained, without lifting anything but the boys' hands, many spucics
of Esh, about 60 lb weight of shells and speeimens of the so-callerj sea
alugs, B^chfi demer {Holothuria) whicli abounds tliere. In about one
and a half hours 31 large muUet, Mutftl macrovhilttJt, Blkr., averaging
about 3U>, eanh, and upwards of 30 other large tishos as well as many
small ones had rewarded the labours of our archers^ and that witli*
out the loss of a single arrow. The succeeding day, the same
partios killed 56 large mullets by bows and aiTows within the space
of two hours.
As mon as a shoal of fi>5h, or even one large fish is viewed, all
become at onee on the alert, they dash about with the greatest ac-
tivity, run over the sharp coral without caring for it, whilst their
eyesight is most acute. They fire their arrows at objects in the
water, which no European, unused to the work, could perceive.
They appear to aim under tlie lish, and mo-^tly hit it through the
bowels, when struck, away darts the unlurttinate victim carrying
off the floating arrow, which, however, soon becomes entangled in
the sea-weed or else tit© tired and wounded fish gives in, the arrow
floats, the captive's Ufe is nearly over. The smaller children have
miniature bows and arrow**, the latter being unarmed, but having
its end sharpened ; with these they practice upon small fishes, also
on those which have been wounded by their elders. The usual
mode of killing captm^od fiali is to bite tlirou^li the vertebral column i
just behind the head, but some of the sea hahes they first oxecr- 1
cLse tho younger cliildren upon. The fish is thrown into thd bga,
and of course darts away, the boys and girls dash in aftttr and re- j
capturo it. Sometimes they will do this, especially witli the IVtf-j
thididw^ .several successive times. To a stranger it at firat appon
very improbable that they will recapture it, but I never saw them j
lose one.
As wo were preparing to leave, the Andamttaeao liaving aesdrted
that they had obtained as much as they could carry and sufficient fori
food» one of the girls brought a specimen of the pretty yellow and]
white hmi<[QCi Amphiprion pivcula^ Lac6p., and on being told that iti
was good, observed she could get numbers more. 8he took us to a «ea
nettle, Actinia^ wIuL'h she dolaL'hed from the coral rock, by inserting
her hand behind tho attachment of this polype, and on shaking it J
into the hand, two more of those little fishes came out. Subsequent- 1
ly this was repeated to twelve others, and ail had two living iisH
inside them, except one which had throe. They asserted that this waa
tlicir usiuil abode. A few days x^i'eviously, Captain H a m i 1 1 o n J
had observed to me that some little striped Esh lived inside a polj^pe j
at North bay* One day he dug one out, dragged it to the shore
and captured tliree little fiah from its interior, replacing them in
tho eea they appeared not ta know what to do, swimming round
and round as if looking for something, Tlie living polyx>e was now
returned to the sea and fhoy at once swam to it, following it as it
was dragged back again thrtnigh the water to its original localify*]
As I was going over to North bay fisliing, he came with me to see ii
ho oould not find a specimen, unfortunately after discovering one
and obtaining a fish from it, Amphiprim hifmciatum^ Bl,, he
stung by the pol>^>e» consequently I did not see it, but I have
fish. At Gopttulpore, I found living specimens of 77t^rapom inside
Mfdmoft whifth tho fishermen asserted to be common.
On returning towards our boat, a large number of escident swal*!
lows were obser^^ed soaring about, some of them darting in, otlieral
coming out, of a low cave. We sent in some of the Andaman ese ta '
look for nests, and they bt*onght us two old ones, observing the
season waa too late, whilst the ccmvicts had cleared it a few months J
1870.]
Ptacee<iin^a a/ ih4 A^iitUc SaciHg^
ITT
proviou»ly. Wc obtaiiied some specimena of Uie birds l»y atnniling
ot the eritrau(!C} of the eaTe tiad kuoiikiug tliem down with our
liands tts they ilew out. Furtlitjr on, we vMmQ across a Chihn at-
^hod to a rock, amd they drew atttsution to it as being a great
ty. But on being aaked their opinion upon Ilui(tthuri<B and oys-
ters OS foody titey expreaaed great disgust at the idea uf eating
them.
It waji dark by tlie time we readied the boat, but some of tho
abongines went before us> had lightud a tire and were eookiug andf
eating fiah. They divided their capturee before we left the ifiland^
but there WQ& a second iii vision on reaching their encampment ad
the ohief came on board our boat, and he claims everytiiing* After
be is satisfied, it is time for the resit to receive their ehai'os. Wo
gave the chief several presents, amongst wliich the spoara for Dnffong
hunting appeared to be most at tieptable, and Qouceming whJcli all
expressed imfjualifiod satisfaction. He gave us a large turtle, somo
more varieties offish, wished us ** goiwl night'* in KngU^h^ and wo
Itift this tribe, itfter having been three days ^4tU them. Their
chief and his people appeared mure inclined to work than either of
the other two tribes, amougist whom wo had [iroviouHly boon. 8till
in oonolusion, it is but junt to remark that all behave<l well, whether
hunting the jungles for snakes, and site lid, or tlie streams, back>
waters, estuaries, croekf?, or the sea for fish, altliough it was pbun
iliat aU exocpt tlie Rutland iHlandors, tjonsidered it wa8 a t^ni&idera-
ble trouble. One tribe in fact requested to know how soon I was
going, as they were becoming tired of work, and hearing that if wo
did well that day, it would be the la*t ; they seemeil stimulated to
renewed at Uvity, and were rewarded by my taking my departure. .
II* — ^otes on a trip to the jMdammt^, — by V. Ball, Esq, (Abstract.)
Tlie author read an interesting account of his visit to the Anda-
man home at Port Mouat, in company witli Mr. 11 o m f ray and
Dr. C u r r a n, Asst. Surgeon of Viper inland. In his oljstirvntionn,
Mr* Ball supported the views expressed in the previous paper
as regards the maxmers and customs, and the reputed cannibalism of
^th use people. He met the aborigines busily at work about their do-
mestic otiupations, A ivomau was soon by Mr. Ball engaged in
5 ,_
178 Proceed higs of the Asiatic Society. [JuKB,
chipping off flakes of glass from a bottle with a quartz pebble. It
took some time till a suitable flake was obtained, for the purpose of
shaving. He was also informed by Mr. Homfray, that the
Andamanese still perfectly understand the manufacture of flint
flakes, and drew the attention of the meeting to the great interest
attached to the execution of this art, of which geological researches
give daily proofs that it has been once in practice more or less
almost throughout the whole world. The very simple form of huts
does not appear to prevail throughout the islands, for Mr. Ball
was informed by Gapt. Duncan that on Little Andaman the houses
were of a bee-hive shape, resembling those of the Nicobarese, only
much larger and not elevated firom-the ground. In conclusion Mr.
Ball quoted passages from Mr. Wallace's Malay Archipelago,
in which the author says that the Nigritos inhabiting the Andaman
islands " had in all probability an Asiatic rather than a Polynesian
origin."
Besides the genered account of his visit, Mr. Ball submitted
** Notes on the Geology and the Ornithology near Port Blair"
which, it is hoped, will be published in the Journal.
m. — A short list of Andamanese Test icords, — ^by F. A. de B 6 e p-
s t o r f f, Esq., Extra Asst. Supdt., Port Blair.
The words noted in the present list are taken from the dialect
spoken by the Andamanese tribe at Port Blair. They are very few,
but the Andamanese are mostly kept very carefully away from all
communication with Europeans, and it is not easy to procure even
all the essential words, though some of those now submitted may
assist a visitor to Poi»t Blair.
For the words marked with an * I am indebted to Mr. Horn,
fray, the protector of the Andamanese.
a. is pronoanced as in the word bar.
e. „ „ „ better,
i. n „ >, bill.
Arrow (for fish), rfi-ta.
Arrow (for killing pigs), i-a-la-da.
bad, ja-bag-da.
belly, jo-do-da.
1870.] Proceedings of the ABtatie Society, 179
black) wo-Iu-bai-a-da.
boat, b&-j&-da.
bow (to shoot with), kar-ma.
(to) bum, chdpa in-olun-ga-koo.
come, min-ni-katsh.
cry, te-gi-ke.
down, ka-6-16.
drink, willi-ke.
*(to) eat, moe-kr6.
eye, dfil-da.
♦father, ar-o-de-roe.
♦fish, dk-ra,
fire, chapa.
food, ma)k.
*(to) go, t(51-pik.
go (Imperative), on.
good, bsB-rin-ga-da.
hand, ko-ru-da.
head, tsha^-ta-da.
*here, la)g-ja-da.
*I, dol-Ia.
I, ang6l.
iron, w6-lu.
little, ar-kit-ja-da.
large, i-ji-bco-ri-ga-da.
♦mother, ar-bee-te-rro.
mother, tsha-no-la.
nose, tsho-run-ga-da.
rain, jung-da.
rice, i-&t.
run away, katsh-ke.
*(to) sleep, md-me-keo.
*(to) swim, pot-ke.
sail, a-kan-gei (that is go about in a canoo).
silence, mi-lan-ga-ko.
scold, to-wo-ke.
stone, ta)-li-da.
180 Pi^oceedinga of the Asiatic Society , [JuirE,
swine, ro-go.
*there, u-tsha-da.
tooth, toog-da.
turtle, jfedi.
♦turtle, ga-ri-da.
up, ka-la-ge-a-da.
(to) want, tdr-tup-pu-ke.
water, I-na-da.
white, ta-la-6g-da.
woman, a-p^l.
*you, un-go-la.
you, an-gol.
The President, in inviting discussion on the three last papers
read, pointed out that there are great many differences between
several of the same terms noted in Mr. Roepstorff's list, and
that published by Col. Tickell in the Society's Journal for 1864.
If all the transliterations be correct, they certainly would indicate,
he thought, considerable differences between the various dialects.
Mr. Ball observed that from the short account that was read, it
would appear that Dr. D a y is inclined to consider the Andamanese
as a mongrel race, which is certainly in opposition to all the obser-
vations made by other naturalists, and seems inconsistent with the
facts.
Dr. S t o 1 i c z k a said that the statement made in Dr. Day's
paper does not necessarily imply a generalisation of the term mixed
race. Dr. Day stated to him that some of the people with smootli
hair uncommonly resemble Madrasese. Dr. Ikl o u a t relates an
instance of a Punjdbi having been married to an Andamanese
woman, and from other facts recorded there woidd seem little doubt
tliat an intermixture of the races has, as elsewhere, occasionally
taken place.
IV. — Notes on Arch(€ological Remains at Shah ki Blieri^ and the site of
the afieie7it city of Taxila, — by J. G. D e 1 m o r i c k, Esq.
The President said that the object of Mr. Delmerick's paper
was to identify the site of the ancient city of Taxila with the present
place of Shah ki Dhori. The j)hotograx)h which at<;omx)anied the
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Soeiety, 181
paper, shewed a number of well finished heads, chiefly of Buddha,
^artistically grouped. Some of the heads looked, indeed, as if of
Greek origin rather than Indian. Mr. Del me rick had also
kindly offered to send to the Society several of the heads themselves,
which would be laid before the meeting in due course.
V, — ArcJuBological Notes^ — by A. C. L. C a r 1 1 e y 1 e. Esq*
Mr. Blochmann said —
Mr. Carlleyle, Curator of the Eiddell Museum, Agra, has, on
several previous occasions, favoured the Society with most costly
photographs, tracings and rubbings of inscriptions and coins, &c.
His presentations, if published, would indeed fill volumes. He sent
lately through Mr. E. C. B a y 1 e y, several photographs of Bac-
trian and Buddhists coins, as also a large collection of well
executed rubbings, regarding which Mr. B a y 1 e y observes —
* The rubbings are very interesting ; they are several new ones
among them, as a new ApoUodotus, &c.'
Among the photographs lately sent by Mr. Carlleyle, there
are a few Muhammadan coins which deserve notice.
1. A coin of Sher Shah, with the Hindi legend SrL Sher Shah.
2. A rupee of Jahangir —
Obverse : jJ^^ •^♦«^ izH^bJ^
Reverse : ^\ Jy^j «)^*«^ alii Iff 4^1 II
3. A coin by 'Alamshah, struck at Dihli (llazrat % DihliJ in
A. H. 853.
4. A coin of Iltitmish, or, as he is generally called in school-
books, ^Altamsh,^
Obverse: ^J!>^J>SJ\. — Reverse: c^tLL*
Name and title stand in double triangles.
The legend is ij^^\, although the two i have only two dots,
for want of room ; but the two shoshahs of the t are clearly visible
between the Idm and mim.
h.:
1 82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jum
The two Vs are moreover, distinct on Baziyah's coin, publisliec
by Mr. E. T h o m a 8 {PaVhdn coifis, p. 19.)
Eegarding the name IHitmish, Mr. E. Thomas has an interest
ing note in the Journal of our Society for 1867, p. 37.
ntitmish was bom during an eclipse of the moon. Muhammadai
historians in relating this circumstance, use, as if designedly, the ob
8olete*(7?r//i{ t mdhy instead of the common Arabic term khusufi * ai
eclipse of the moon,' and they appear to look upon Iltitmish as tli(
Turkish equivalent for the Persian girift i mah. Perhaps Mr
T h o m a s' forthcoming edition of the Coins of the Pat'h^ Kingi
will set this matter at rest.
As the name of this king occurs in poems, the metre helps us ti
a certain extent ; for the passages in which Iltitmish is mentioned
require invariably three long syllables, i. e., a word of the icazn o
^^ksuo mafiilun ; and we would have to choose between IltitmiSi
(,JuiiJ\)^ riitmish (ij>^t)y and lltimish (lA^')> ^^ ^^^^r pro
nunciation suiting the metre.
yi. — Notes on some Java^iese Algw, — hy Dr. Q. v. Martens, ii
Stuttgard, — communicated hy S. K u r z, Esq.
[Received 30th April, Read lat June, 1870.]
Dr. V. Martens has had the kindness to examine my Javanesi
and other Algoe,* of which he communicated to me the names anc
descriptions in his letter, dated 26th March, 1870. I now take tli(
pleasure of placing the interesting results (with his x)erniission]
before the Society.
The Alg«) noted in this communication were chieflyf collected
by myself in the province Buitenzorg in Western Java, at a time
when I j)aid comi)arativoly little attention to this class of plants,
and, therefore, the number of spe(de8 is only very small in compari-
sion with what has become ali'eady known from those regions, sc
• There are mimerotis Andamanese and several Bengal Algao, which I retail
for a future opportunity. Prof. v. M a r t o n s is now examining the re-
mainder of my Bengal and Burmese Algoo, and it seems, therefore, preferabU
to submit the results of these examiimtions in a separate paper. In doiD^
BO, unnecessary repetitious will be avoided, and at the same time a bettei
phytogeographical sketch can be given of tlie respective countries, than i
treated separately.
t With a single exception which refers to a species obUined at Singapore.
1870.]
Proemdin^H of ike Asiatic Soctetif*
193
prolific in interesting crjptogaiiLs. In spit© of thftt| j^ei^eral new
species and even a new and well marked genus are the raaulta, dearly
indicating, how muoli atill remains to be donn in Indian Pliycology.
Zollinger 8* and E, v. Martens* ctillections of Algaj in the
Indian Archipelago are far tlie richest as yet made in those coun-
tries, hut in looking over the following shctrt list, it can easily he
observed that a good number of ppecies, although not new to science,
BtiU are very interesting in a phyto-geographical point of view, as
they were never before found by former botanists in those localities*
40.* Cidathrix maxima^ Martens; fluitans» 6 pollicaris et
ultra, chalybea vel fuscescens, fihs sine vtigina 1/120 ad l/lOO lin.
crasfiis, distincte articulatis ; articulis diametro triple ad quadru*
plum brevioribus, linea tenerrima diniidiatia ; vaginis fuscis, 1/100
ad 1/75 lin, crassis.
Hub. Javae, froquens in flumine Tjiliwong prope Buitenzorg.
48. OscUlaria antUaria^ Martens; ad sax a trachytica in
flumine Tjiliwong pr. Buitenzorg, — frequens.
bb. TQhjpothrix imphjca Martens; chalybeo-aeniginea, ciespi-
tosa^ ciespituhs ad 3 hn* altis ; filis grantduais dense intricatis, pai'ce
ramosia ; articulis diametro (1/450 lin, cum vagina) aequalibijj, ple-
rumque obsoletis ; vaginis arctis, — ^Inter mosoos ad ripam fiuminia
Tjiliwong prop, Buitemsorg, — frequens.
123. NUdla up. noi\ f N. nidificm afEnis ; in fossis ad viam pub-
Ucam ad Megamendong^ o* 4600 ped.
313. Set/ f omnia tomentosum. Kg., ad terram argylloaam inunda*
tam prope Bogor tempore pluviali frequentissime.
315. Hydrocolmm mq/uif Marten sj cae spite pollicari ex
chalybeo viridi, vaginis moEibus amplioribua pellucidie, fills inolu*
ais nunc simpUcibus ad 1/100 lin. crassis, nunc binis v. ternis,
1/300 ad 1/180 lin. crassis, eaepe tumoscentibus et fiex-uosis, tenui-
tor transverse etriatis, virescentibus v. yiolaacentibus, articulis
diametro (1/90 ad 1/75 lin. cum vagina) brevioribus» — Ad terram
argillosam et fluitans in aquis stagnantibus oryzetonim circa
Buitenzorg.
• Thia mid Llio following Duttibors refer to my DGU<M3t!oui of oryptogams
(Knrit).
1S4
ProemdingB of the AnuUe i
ltJ!IK|
817b. Spirag^a deeimina^ Link; in Ibsftis ad viam supra mon-
tern Megaraendong pr Tuj^i, c. 4600 pcd. s. m.
318. PhormitUum inund4ttum^ K g. ; in aquis curreutibtis 0177^10-
rtun ad terram argiUosam*
331. PskMmrmium fmcHcmm^ Kg. ; in a<piis oryzetorutu pr,
Buiten^org natans.
335. Ctadophora mrdida^ I^ g- ; *^^ oryzetis ad Caniprmg (vicum)
BoTong tang pr, BiiiteniGorg.
337. Bpirog^ra majmcula, K g. j in oryzetis valli Tjiliwong pr,
Buitenieorg, BSD ped. 8. m.
338. Spiroffyra adnata^ Link; ad saxa declivia fliuuinis
!I5iliwong pr, Buitenzorg.
370, Lynghja mftjuscula^ Harvey; in fossift oryzetonmi circa
Mocarai jir. Bnitenzorg, c. 1000 pod. s. m.
37i)h. Lyn(fh}fajluviutilisy Martens, (Tange dor Preuss. £xped«
Ost. Asien, 19, t. iii. f, 5) ; ad saxa in rivulo Tjiberrempr. MaeaTE|
ad Bnitenzorg^ 0. 1000 ped, s. m.
624. Nostoc paptllosum, Kurz ; olivaoeo-vmde, explanatiim,
conglomeratum, senectute caTum, papilloBum, mnbonatum, filia
intemlfl deuAe impIicatiB, ciirvatis, articulis elliptidsj violacoig,
1/700 lin< crassis, — In monto Salak iutor mnsoos juxta rirtdum |
quoddam prop. Bodjong fre<ju0iis, c. 3000 ped b. m.
Xwr^ia, M arte n», noY, gen. Fila artioulata, longitudin alitor
connata, tubuluin ramosum epinosnia conferyoideum formaniia;
ffpermatia globosa, minutai lusca, in snperEcie sparsa.
672* JT. erenaeanthoidea, Martens ; fills pollicarihuSp valdo
intricatisj pallide viridibuB, 1/30 ad 1/20 lin. erases, flexnosie, .
f amis divaricatis, subsecundis, articulis filomm crmnatorum in dia- ]
metro (1/200 lin.) aequalibus, v. dnplo ad quailruplnm longioribus ; J
spinis alternant! bus, pleniniquo binatis vel ternatis, peUucidis, tri-J
articulatis, sursum enrvatis, aciitinsculjs, 1/20 Un. longis, basi 1/801
lin, crassis. — Inter Tjiboddas et Tjiburruni, in cavis moutiaj
Pan^erango,* c. 4500 pod. s, m.
* It forma in the excarations along tbo pntb, going up tbo Pongorotigo, gre^nl
^Afense strata, covering esp€chilly tlie inUirior portioiiH of thoa© cavittos, and
' ^^^weiTitig no vlher ffopply of water except what porcobte« throagh the earth.
[8. Kuam].
1870.]
l\octi^ing9 of t/te Asiatic Soeietf,
IM
A rery remarkable Alga» very much resembling Crmaeantha ori*
mtalt'i^ Ktitsing, a, epeeiea which has as yet oiJj been fouml in
R well in Ilobiiin, Palestino, It ditlVirs, however, by the nut jointed
ot*rticute stem and branches, oidy the line prickles are jointed aa
in CmtroeeraSi and are visible already with the aid of a common
lene*
700. L^ptothrix lamelkm^ K^. = Oseillatnria lahi^rinthiffmnu^
A g. — Id the hot waters of the Tjikundal on the Gedc*, at about
7000 foot ©lovatiori. It was alroridy disoovorod by Y a n d e 1 1 i
in the time of L i n n e, in tho hot water springs of Abamo near
Padim.
1 207. Phytmerk retkulatn, K g. ; Siiigap<jre ; (vory froquont in
the Indian ocean and in the Bed Sea).
Vn. — Contrt'hutioHi towards I'enmcular Lfjrko(^rapht/, No. K — Bt/
PratApachandra Ghoeha, B. A. ( Abstra*:t.)
Lexicography as a science is quite unknown in the literature of
Beugid. Dictionaiios, in the true sense of the term, are not to
found in Bcngah'. The few that pass under that ostensiblo
[le, partake more of the nature of Vocabularies than of Diction-
aries. They appear to have been compil(*d without any refurcnce to
the etymology or orthograjihy of vuruacular worda. And as
long aa a real boundary line of the hmgungo i« not marked, Mudi
works oannot be anything else tiian banscrita liictionaries in Ben*
cliaracters. Some compilers have, however, augmented the
to of their work by iutorpolatiag all the modifications and distor-
tions iif Sixnsfritu words to which mjirupt pronunciation of the iiliter-
at45^ and errunoous spelling of the negb'gout, have given rise.
Li thii*, the first of a series of papers^ it is attempted to lay the
foundation on a s«»und principle, for a better and complete Diction-
ff/BT oi the Bengali language. Etymology of Boverid vernacular
tand t!ieir present api^lication, as dintinguitihud from that of
liiginal Sanserita words, Irom wliich thi^y oviduntly have been
derived, form the Bubjeot of this paper. The Bengali language
derives more than nineteen*tweutieth of tho bidk of its words from
the Sanscritu, aud in many instances the ongiutd Saii>«'rita form has
boon so fully preserved, that the words of the two languagos are, in
Pfoceedin^i of the AbMU Sm&ti/,
[Justs,
overy respect, excepting the slight modifiuations of the case-affixes, j
identical. Almost all the words derived from the Sanscrita, have '
retained their orthography in writing, but in common conversatioii
some of them are so far modified, that at first sight they defy ideH'
tification. Hence ari&es that difierence in the written and spokeaJ
language of the country, offering serious difficulties to foreigneira '
in acquiring fluency of speecli in the Bengali* In Romanifling
Bengali words, tlic same discrepancy has been observed, and it
becomes almost imposisible to the uninitiated t^ put in Homan
characters a conversation conducted between two natives of the
coimtry. The vowels are so indistinctly pronounced, and the differ-
ent S^8 and N^it confounded and interchanged, that in transcribing ]
them, the ear always misleads the pen. These peculiarities of]
pronunciation, not being observed in writing, have given rise to I
a seriuus question, whether such corrupt forms are to be con-
sidered as distinct words or not.
Excepting the case-terminals and certain veiy awkwardly dis- 1
tortod words whicli have to be traced to the Prakrit a and the Gdthd i
for an explanation of the mode of their formation, abnust all Ben-
gali corruptions irom the Sanscrita are not permanent types. 8a(di« |
however, as 'S*f1t?l5, ^?r^, f*f$rt?ft» corruptions of the Banscrita Stll%^
^ifr.and c£t?^ ^*re permanent nioditications, and though tlioy ar©
now and then rejected by the pod antic as vulgar, they are to be seen i
in many authors. The word f^^Jift, however, has been mi exten- |
sively iised both in literary compositions and as a proper name, that j
the most strict defender of the purity of the language finds it
difficult to eliminate it. Supporters of the converse theory, how-
ever, would retain such foi-ms as^ ^ism, *fm and JIW ; they are used in |
common conversation even by tlie learned, thougli never in ina'iting*
For the sake of euphony many Sanscrita words have been oo^j
rupted. Several such corruptions have been traced in this paper, ,
and the rules of tlie substitutiun, elimination or interpolation of '
letters in Bengali and Prfikrita have been given, and lists of words
60 derived have also been added. The paper concludes with a list i
of Bengali words dcrivod from the Bansciita either direct or thi'oii^li
^e Pr^pta, The Prdkrtta f<*rms have been placed side by side f or ]
compariaon.
1870.]
Pr$€0idinff» of (h AbuUic Socwiy.
}H1
Vill, — NbtitM on Arahic and Fenian TmcripUmts in the DiBtrid of
JlugU^—hf H, B L o c n M A N jr, Esq,, M. A., Calcutta Mad*
ramh. (Abstract),
It. B 1 o c h m a n n said^
I have collfK^ted foiirtoon Arabic and four Persian inseriptions from
Tribeni, Paii^uah, Sdtgaijw, and Diuiniit'h. Tlie Arabic inscriptionfl
are all in large Tutjhd cUaraciters with the letters much interwoven,
which renders the reading extremely difficult, and is very hkolj the
reason why these iascriptions, though so neai* our moti'opolis, have
never been collected. Another source of difHculty is this, that the
greater part of the inscriptions dtjes not behjng to the phices where
they now lie, Thus the tomb of Khdn Muhammad Zafar Khau
at Tribeni contains two inseriptions imbedded in the side of tho
sarcophagus referring to the building of a Madrasah, and the *?econd
iDscril»tion (published by Mr* I). M a n e y in J. A. S. B. VoL XW,
p. 397) which only forms the concluding poilion of the sentence,
is put first. The public buildings in Sdtg^ijw and Tribeni de-
cayed in tho course of time, and vanished altogether, but pious
hands have rescued their inscriptions and stored them up round
about the hidlowed spots of Zafar ICIiiln's tomb, and Fakhruddin*9
enclosure, or even fijted them into the tomb waUs at the time of
repEurSi as if these spots were the museums of inscriptions of the
HiSgH l>isti-ict.
Seven of the Ai*abic inscriptions collected hy me add to our scanty
knowledge of Bengal History and Geography. Tho earliesf (Tri-
beni) inscription givesTthe year A. H. fiUB, or 1298 A. I),; the
latest (of S^tganw) A. II. 930, or 1530 A. B.
The following geographical names occui' on the inscriptions—
L The (own of JTmairt^had the Great,
This is evidently Ilusaindbfid in tho Murahidd1>dd district. A
village of the same name lies between 84tg&i}w and Tribeni, not
far from the spots where trailition still points to the site of tlie royal
horse and camel Btabb^s ; but its f*nuu]ation, accordiug to tho
tradition, boloug*i to the times of Husaiu Shah the Good.
1 88 Proceedings of the Asiatic Societt/, [JuNB,
2. Tlie town of Sirhaf,
This is tho Sarhat of our maps in Birbhum. It was the birth-phice
of RuknuJdin Riikn Kh^B, who, according to the inscriptions at
Tnboni commanded a good portion of Wostorn Bengal in 698 A. H.
His name and time coincide with those of the Ruknuddin (Kai
K^us), mentioned by Mr. E. Thomas and B^b(5 E&jendra
LdlaMitra {vide Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867, p, 40.)
3. The District of Sajld Manhhhad ( ^U^XLo iUU LcjP ).
4. Tlie rhdnah of Ldohld (Ibj*).
This name occurs on the Tribeni Inscription of 698 A. H. ; but
the S&tg6nw inscription of 86l mentions the town of L&obM.
5. The District and town of Dadigar {j^ii)^)
6. The town of SimlMd ( cX^^U^ ).
7. The Thdnah of Mihrhak {^y^ ).
I should be glad if any member could assist me in identifying
the iBBt^re names.
Tribeni itself is called by Muhammadans TripdnC, or Tripani-
Sh/ihp'kr, or Firvzdhad. They refer the latter name to a Dilhl
Firuz ; but it is more natural to refer it to the Ffrdzshfih of Bengal,
whoso name occurs in the Tribeni inscription of 713, and on Mr.
T h o m a s' coins (Journal A. S. B., 1867, p, 45).
Two inscriptions of the year 698 A. H. mention no king, but
only the names of Kh^n Muhammad Zafar Khdn, and Euknuddfn
Eukn Khdn, the latter of whom gets high sounding titles, as Ultigh
MajUsulmojdliSy Majlis % Ikhtiydr^ &c.
Tho inscription from Zafar Khan's Madrasah, completed on the
Ifit MuhaiTam 713, gives the name oi Shumsuddin Ahul Muzaffar
Firiiz Shah Sulfdn.
Tlio name of tliis king is not given in the Histories of Bengal. Mr.
E. Th o m a s was the first that assigned him his proper place. His
coins refer chiefly to the years 715 to 722 A. H. ; one perhaps
belongs to 702. The Tribeni inscription gives 713, at which time
ho must have been firmly established.
The next (Sdtganw) inscription gives the date 801, and mentions
the king Na^iruddln Ahul Muzaffar Uusain Shah, and a Bengal
grandee Tarhiyat Khdn,
,1870,]
Procefdift^M nj ilht Asiatw S&eiety.
18'J
Oiir imperfect lists of Bonsai kings call tHa Mug Napr SMh ;
fbut 'Husain Sh4h (I.)' would be the pronca* name.
The next inscription mentions Barlak Sh4h, son fi/Mahmdd Sli^h,
the Suifm, as in Mareden II., p, 573* The yoar ie expressed by
the meaning of which, on account of the wdw before siUin, is not
quite dear ; and if it be Muhan^am 86 1, it would be at varianoe with
the preceding inscription.
The next inscription from Sidffnnw mentions Mdluddm Ahul
VMuzaffar Fiith Bhi'th Saltdfi^aonof MahmiLii Shdh iS'ttZ/aw, and the date,
I 4th 3luharram 892. Vide Marsden II, 574,
Tims Fath Shih would be Barbak's brother* But their father
Mahmud Shth Sulpin has not jet received a place among tho
kings of Bengal.
The last inscription of importance gives tho name of Sulfdn
i\r«iyra/ JShdhy son of Jlmain Shah SttI(uH^ and the year A, H. 936,
or 1629-30, A. B.
Whether he was called * Nai;ib Shall* {Jhulfazlf FiriMah) or nut,
there is no doubt that on instriptiona he in called * Nuqrat Sh^h'
I take this opportunity to state that the Bahniui Saqqii, men-
tioned in my last j^aper on * Historical places in the District of
Hi^gli/ to judge from the inscriptions on his shrine in Bardwau,
lately received by me, turns out to bo the poet of the same name,
whose biography will be found in the Second Book of tho Ain.
Mr. Ball said, I would venture to suggest to Mr. Blochmann
the neighbomliood of Rtijmahdl as well worthy liis attention, should
he determine to extend the limits of his investigations regarding
tho ruins and monuments which mark the early progreaa of the
Muhammad an 9 in Bengal,
Between Rfijmah 61 and Colgong (K*halg§ow) there are a number
of ruined masjids, palaces, and forts. The latter, but more especially
the one at Tilagurlii (Toly^ga^hi) being sci situated aa to command
the passes thi'ough the hills.
Considerable quantities of cut ^tono^ tiMp, granite, and gneiss
have Ijceu U8i4 in the buildings.
190 Proceedings oftlie Asiatic Society. [June,
On the small granite islands in the Ganges at Colgong, there are
wedge marks shewing where huge monoliths have been split off
from the mass of rock. In some cases, the operations were not
successful, the stone having broken off short. On one of the islands
there is a remarkable Durga carved on the rock in situ. At
Putturgutta there are cave temples cut in the sandstones on the
sides of the hill. When recently visiting these localities I saw four
traces of inscriptions.
A short discussion followed as to the historical importance of the
Efijmahdl District, and the desirability of securing some of the
valuable inscriptions which Me about unprotected at Sdtganw and
other places.
The following paper was received : —
IX.— On the JVbrmal Rainfall of Bengal,— hj H. F. B 1 a n f o r d,
Esq., F. G. 8.
The reading of this paper was postponed for the next Meeting.
Library.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
last meeting —
Presentations.
%* Karnes of Donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 117. — The Royal Society
OF London.
Bulletin de La Societe de Geograj)liie, Mars, 1870. — The Geooba-
pnicAL Society of Paris.
Anthropological Review, No. 29. — The Anthropological Society.
Prom Calcutta to London, by the Suez Canal. — The Rev. 0.
n. Dall.
Materials for a Monograph of the Lepetida, by C. H. DalL —
The Author.
Ueber den Loss, von Eduard Suess. — Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Description d'une espece nouvelle du genre Argiope du terrain
Oligogene inferieur du Nord de V Allemagne, par J. Bosquet, —
The same.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 191
Notice BUT deux nouveaux Brachiopodes, par J. Bosquet. : —
The ai3££.
Memoire sur les Fossiles de Montreuil Bellay, par M. H6rbert : —
The same.
Beitrage zur Palaontologie der Jura-und Kreide — Formation im
NordwestUchen Deutschland von Dr. XJ. Schloenbacli : — The same.
Die Fossile Fauna der Silurischen Diluvial-GeRchiebe von Sade-
witz in Nieder-Schlesien. Fine Palseontologische Monographie,
von Dr. F. Boemer : — The same.
B&ghbatta Ashtdnga Hridaya : — Col. G. B. Malleson.
Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, April 1870 : — The
Editor.
Bahasya Sandarbha, No. 58 : — The Editor.
Selections from the Records of Government, No. LXXV : — The
Government of India.
Narrative of tlie Course of Legislation by the Council of the
Governor-General during the official year 1868-69 :— The same.
Eeport on the Result of the Administration of the Salt Depart-
ment, during 1868-69 : — The Government of Bengal.
Selections from the Records of Government, Vol. Ill, No. 11 : —
The Government of N. W. Provinces.
Mcchafige.
Nature, Nos. 25 and 26.
Athenajum, February and March, 1870.
Furchase,
Gould's Birds of Asia, part 22 :— Ibn-El-Athiri cliroiiicon, Vol.
IV. : — ^Revue des Deux Mondes 1 and 15 Mars: — Revuo Archeo-
logique, Mars, 1870 :— Revuo et Magasin de Zoologie, No. 2, 1870 :
Comptes Rendus, 8-11 :— Reise der (EsteiTeichischen Fregatte
Novara, Cruafaccen,
192
Ptaeuiingi r»/ the Au&tiv SQctetif.
[JuifK,
On ih Rdiition of the UriyA to t/is otlu*r Mod4*rn Aryan Langua^es^ —
hy John Beames, Esq., B. C. S.^ Iialmur$.
[Kooeived 6th April, 1870 ; read 4th May, 1870.]
A book lias recently been published by B&bri Kfintii^handra Bhat^i-
ch^iyya, a Pandit in tlie Government School at Balaftore» undor
the title ^Sfjill ^^2 "^TT! ^C'^ **Uriya not an independent language."
This little work, though profoundly destitute of plnlological
arguments, has eroated some stir among the natives of the province,
who are somewhat disgusted at finding their native langnago treat-
ed as a mere corruption of Bengali. The local excitement on the
subject, has led me to look into the question more closely than I
hiid before, though in the course of reading fur my ** Comparative
Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages" I had come upon many
peculiarities, both of phonetics and inflection, which had caused mo
long ago to make \ip my mind as to the right of tlie Uriyfi to
be considered a language per ne. It may not be uninteresting to
others to see an attempt mado to analyze the structure of this
little known foiin of speech j and at the risk of anticipatiug state*
monts which would give to my grammar an air of greater novelty^
1 venture to put down a very brief outline of my views.
At whatever period in the history of the world tlie Aryan race
entered Orissa, it must be admitted as liighly probable that those
who did so, formed the vanguard of the immigration. Improbable
as it seems to on© who looks on the etiomitiate and apathetic TJriyA
of to-day, his ancestors must necessarily have been the pioneers of
their race. In folk-wanderings, however, it is not the hardiest or
most enterprizing race that moves first. On the contrary, when the
anceetral homo got too full of people to be able to support them
all, and it became evident that some must go elsewhere, the difficulty
would be to determine wlio should be the victims ; and that diiB-
culty would naturally be solved by kicking out tho weakest first.
They being pressed on from behind by continually &esh-is&uing
0warms from the parent hive, would in the end be tl riven further
and further, tUI they reached the extreme limits of the habitable
area at their disposal. This is the history of the Celts in Europe
and the ITpyas in India. Having reai^hed the head of the Bay of
1870.]
PtHieetdtnga of th Asiatic SmieUj*
\W
Bengal, and being driven on constantly by Bengalis in their rear,
fuading the eastern regions closed to them by fierce non -Aryan tribesi
it must have been to them a great relief to find on the south that
long narrow strip between the HjJla and tiie Sea wliidi they reuc^h-
ed across the forests of Midnapore and Hijli, This land they named
the "outljring strip" (^*f out, WW ^ strip*), or vd«c|^ ^1^. If the
above suppositions be admitted, as I think they wiJl readily bo, it
follows that the Ufiyas could not have, as our Pandit assumes,
Dwed their language from Btnigali, because at the time they
ed through Bengal, it wa^ uninlmbited, at least by Aryans ; and
the Bengalis were behind them, and did not come into Bengal tiE the
Ufiyas had left it. It is certain that as early as the 8th century,
Hemachandra knew the Utkali or Orfra to be a separate foi^m of
Prakrit from the Gauri or Bengali ; and we need not at present seek
a higher antiquity than this to establish an independent language.
I am not, however, desirous of laying much stress on the his-
torical side of the argiuucnt j that derived from the intornal struct-
ure of the longnage seems to me conclusive.
In the first place to mention is to refute the argument that be-
cause in any modem printed work in Ufiya sixty words out of a
hundred are identical with Bengali, therefore they are not twO|
but one language. The same argument might with equal justice
be applied to Mardthi.
That unnecessary parade of learning which goes among us by
the name of ** pedantry," has never struck the Indian mind as
offensive or objectionable. On the contraiy, the more lung and
learned words an autiior can cram into his work, the greater his re-
putation. In the search for these gmquipednlia verba ^ the seven
zuitions of the Aryans have divided into two camps. In the
one oamp are to be fouod those wlio draw from Sanskrit, in the -
other those who have recourse to Arabic and Persian. The former
are the Bengali, Uriya, and MarAthi ; the latter the Hindi,f
* In cluBsioal Sanskrit we huTO only ^r^f| fem,^ bnt tbe mnacuUne mnst
also havQ been in oae, aa is sbewn by numerooB forma in the modem lan-
gtuig6a«
t I one the word Hindi adTiaedly, to signify thai gre^t langrfiflge whioh, when
borrowing largely from Arabio is culled nlao Uidu, wUi«h Aorne infagnided
people would wi^^b to regard as a toparttte Uittgunge,
Paiijdbi and 8mdhi, ClnjaratihoYeris between the two. It is^possi-
ble to oonstruct a long sentence, nay to write a book even, in Hindis
Pemim, Arabic, and Turkish, in which sixty per cent, of the words
used should be identieal, because borrowed from Arabic ; yet no on©
would conclude that these languages were connected. Similarly a
book may be written in Bengali, Ufiya, and Marathi, with the same
proportion of identical words, and yet no argument could be thencd
derived for or against the conne*^tion of the languages.
The fact is that the Sanskrit words so largely employed by pandits
in Bengal and Orissa^ are not living words at all, they are dead,
dead ages ago, and only now galvanized into the semblance of life ;
they form no part of the real working stocJt of words of the lan-
guage. 'WHien they <Hed ages ago, their sons inherited their plac^
and now their grandsons or great-grandsons hold it. In plain Eng-
lish, such Sanskrit words as were used by the Unyas and Bengalis
twenty-five centuries ago, have since then undergone the usual fiate
of words, and have been corrupted, abraded, and tlistortod, till ihej
often bear no resemblance at all to the original word. And it is these
corrupted, or as they are called Tadbhava woi-ds, tltat are the real
living words of the language, the woi-ds tliat have worn into their
present shape by long use in the mouths of the people. Thosd
words our fastidious wiiters rejetit, and when by going back to the
8aji8krit for their words, they have composed a work to their taste^
lo ! they say Upya and Bengali are one langiiage ; for proof, read
such and such works. I would suggest rather, let them take a fh^a
of Dacca and a ehdga of Gtrnisar, and see how much they understand
of one another's talk.
In the grammatical structure of the Uriya language, we see
traces of a very well defined Prakrit with features peculiar to
itself, I begin with the verb as the simplest part of the language,
(in this ease at least).
There is first a present participle in u, as ektlUf and a past parti-
ciple in t, as chali ; by means of these two a whole string of com-
pound tenses are formed, thus —
( achhi I am going
I, chain j thili I waa going
^ hobi I shall be going
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 19")
/ achhi I have gone
n. chali I thill I had gone
\ hebi I shall have gone.
Then there is a series of three simple tenses (which ought per-
haps to have been put first).
I. mu dekhi, c^c, I see
n. mu dekhili, I saw
m. mu dekhibi, I shall see.
The habit of using the plural in speaking respectfully to others,
and of one self, has become so inveterate that the original proper
sing^ar of the verb and pronoun has been rejected from the
high-polite style, and only holds its own among the common people,
that is to say, the three millions of uneducated folk, who know no
better than to speak their mother-tongue as they find it. In
literary compositions, the plural amAc, turnkey semdne with the
plural verbs as Martin, Jcara, karantiy are used for both singidar and
plural, and in the grammars hitherto published, those forms are
given in the text, and the unfortunate singidar karainy karUy karai
is banished to a note as *' the inferior style ! !" It is to be hoped
that this truly prcD-scientific treatment of the language will not be
perpetuated in any future grammar.
The infinitive ends in iha, as dsihd to come, and is declined liko
a noun, just as the Hindi, and aU other infinitives in the seven
languages.
It has also a good strong form for the conditional. Thus —
Singidar. Plural.
Mu dekhi thdnti Amhe dekhi thantu
Tu deklii thdutu Tumlie deklii thant»
8e dekhi tlidutd Semune deklu thanto
In whi(;h, as in the Bengali dckhitamy wo recognize the verb ^yr
Bthd^ but in tlie Uriya in a more perfect form tlian in the Ben-
gali.
As another instance of the superiority of Uriya in the matter
of preservation of the Prakrit and Sanskrit forms, I will put side
by side the simple present of the substantive verb.
1%
Prt>eHdm0^ of the Awiatu Socifiti/,
[Jx
Uriya* Bengali.
Sing. Mil acliha'm {vulgo achhi) Mtii aehhi
Til achhi Ttii dchhia
8e achhai Se fichko
PI. Amhe aohhiiij Anii fichhi
Tumhe athlifi Tumi delihii
Sem^ne achhanti Tini dchhen
I suppose the Bengali pandits will deny my nght to put down the
first three forma «rAi, dchhis and achh€ as real singulars, but my
time for fighting them on that point has not yet como ; any how,
it 18 easy to see that in tichhai^ twhkanit\ respectively we have pure
Prakrit and Sanskrit forms in perfect preservation, whereas the
Bengali has in ita aehke and achhen gone many steps further down
the ladder of cori'uption. In the Uriya forms achhain, and achhuQ
we have better representatives of the quasi-Sanskrit forms acch&mi
and achh&mah (for the classical <3«7WMind aitmah) tlian in the Bengali,
which has only an ill-defiued feebly terminated achki for both
singular and plural. In fact Bengali is singulai-ly behind all the
other six languages in its verbal terminations, which are not suiE-
dently definite or clearly marked, and rejoice in short indistinct
vowels.
Tlie Uriya verb in its general scheme approaches more closely to
the Hindi, and holds a respectable place among its sister langriages,
not being too luxuriant like the Gujarati, nor too scanty like tlie
Panjabi j and with a regular system of terminationfl, in which respect
it is superior to the Marathi and Bindhi, in neither of which do
any two tenses exactly liarmonize, and in which the troublesome and
unneeessary element of gender is introduce. As might be expected
from the comparative peace tliat Orissa has enjoyed, and its long
immunity from foreign aggression, the verb has'preserved tones and
traces of much greater anti<|uity than any other language of the
group.
This air of antiquity which is so striking and pleasing a feature
of the language, is well illustrated by the pronouns which may be
compared to advantage with any of the others. Thus nmhe is pure
Prakrit, and retains the ^, which has licen dropped in Bengali,
The Hindi here inverts the position of the A, nud drops the final e*
ia7o.]
Proceedings of th$ Asiatic SQcitt^,
19?
ELttii, though retaining the h^ lengthens the first vowel and
rhanges the 0 to f, giving dmhi, Gujaratl an\4^ or kame^ Is inter*
mediate between TJriya and Hindi ; Panjabi and Sindhi min though
older, inasmuch as they retain the ^ of Skr. lumah^ yet w^a less perfect,
inasmtich as they drop the m.
Without going through the whole line of pronouns which would
ke too mimh space, I would here merely call attention to the
tliat of all these forms, Uriya is not more closely allied to
than to any of the other aieter languages ; that the Uriya
fbrm iH quite as genuine a descendant of the Sanslcrit as any of
them ; and lastly that the Uriya form having retained elements
which the Bengali has lost, it is absurd to say that the former
ts derived from the latter. I merely give the second person as an
illustration without comment.
n.
g'
occ.
n.
g-
1
Uriya 6ing.
tu,
tor,
tote, etc.
PL
tumho^
tunihar,
Sec.
Hindi
tu.
tera,
tujh, etc.
PI.
turn,
tumh^li,
&c»
Bengali
tui,
tor.
toke
PL
tumi,
tomar,
&0.
llarathi
tun,
tiyha,
tuj
PL
tuhmi,
tumchd,
&0.
Panjabi
tun,
teri,
tainuUf
H.
tusini
tusatjlha,
&0.
Sindhi
tun,
tunhujc
>, tokUe,
PL
tav^in,
* tahvanjoj
, &0«
Gujarati
tun,
taro,
tune,
PL
tame,
tamdro,
&0.
In the noun, we observe the usual transition from the synthetical"
to the analytical formation. Here too there is considerable ap-
proximation to Bengali iu some respects, though it will be seen
that there is equally close apprctximation to the other languages.
The accusative proposition ku is nearer to Hindi ko tlian tol
Bengali h ; and the likeness is strengthened by the fact that, as in
Hindi, hi does duty for the dative as well.
The instruraeutal exists only with a periphrastic form dwdrdj
and the system ofpmyo^m or eonstructions haa not here rec^eived
that fidl and perplexing elaboration that ci>ustituto8 the difficulty
of Hindi, and in a still greater degree of Marftthi,
The ablative is formed by the postpoisition iharu (sthin ru) or
aimply ru " from," which is evidently connected with the sign of
• AIbo tabiij, iiTliiu» inxn *c. Tb© want of a jfood litorary atandard of apoU-
iitg IF! IVfk very etrongty in till the sev&n latigoago^, notably so in Siudhi.
198
Froccedingi of the Asiatic Sacietif.
[Jl^ne,
the locative th^e or r* ** in j" and Kaa notHng at all resembling
it in tlie otlier tongues, unless ^^o adduce the Bengali re of the
dative, whiih, h^^wever, \& probably a relic of the Sanskrit genitive
<wry<i, like the Marathi dative in <m, and dates from the Prakrit
which habituallj confuses the two cases. I think it probable that
in the TJriya rw, we have the Sanskrit ablative dt^ whieh betjomes in
Prakrit ado, and ddu. It appears to have been cerebralized into
adu^ whence ru. The locative re may be a corruption of the Prakrit
termination ^, where the i has been changed to r as in Bengali,
but this I do not feel sure about.
The genitive ends in or after a consouant, or r after a vowel,
and closely corresponds to the Bengali in this, its only truly inflec-
tional case.
The plural is formed by the added syllable mdn^ or mane^ (i. e,
**nimiber''), just as in Hindi log or in Bengali yog. Here the
genitive comes out in greater clearness as fnanangkor^ where the sylla-
ble ang {a with anuawdra originQlly, though now written KPIIFT) is
the sign of the neuter of a Praki it form WRT ; this shews us that
the sign of the genitive is properly k4r. And tliis leads to a curious
and unsuspected connection. In an article on the Bhojpuri dialect
of Hindi,* I shewed that there was reason to believe that the ka of
the Hindi genitive was corrupted from a form mx^ or perhaps m,
that the loss of the ^ gave us tlie Hintli form, while on tho other
hand, the rejection of i}\e if gave us the Marwari TT, T, ^, and tlie
Panjabi ^, <^ <fl, both the k and the r are found in the Bhojpuri
pronominal genitive ^TT, as in ikara okerd (iska, uskd). Now hero
again we have from the other side of India, a genitive plural in kar^
the k of which is rejected in the singular, but retained in the plural.
We must thus again dissociate Urlya irom its neighbour Bengali,
and tighten the links which connect it with its western otmgeners,
leaving Bengali, till farther rusearch shall have been made, as the
solitary instance of an inflectional genitive.
There is thus on the whole vorj little in the declension of the
noun in common between the Uriya and its fellows. It may bo in-
teresting to give hero in one view all Aie seven declensions. It will
• Journal R. A. S. voL 111, p. -iSd.
I $700
Prf^emdrngn of the Astatic Soafify,
1»9
then be seen that Urija is a perfectly self-contained and independent
member of tlie family.
1
Hindi.
SiDdhi.
Gajariti,
MuratliL
CTHja.
1
m
1
&
6eaitiTe«
ka^keki,
d^, de.
jo.jeja
no, ru\ tidn
chd, cbj^
(■;
V
di/liin,
j^joji
chen.
[
ja.J*in
clie, ohytt»
1
jyuDj jini
oliiii.
etc.
Dative,
ko
uun
khe ,
[mate, ar-
ku
*ere
UieeiiLra] |
-re
^ocasjitive,
ko
nun 1
kbe 1
ne
kii
-ke
taU
lie
nui
-i
-e
Coon, -eii»
[dwW]
-te
AblMire,
ae, ptir
-tQ
(khiiri, te.
i. nun, etc.
tM, thBki
htin 'On
haite
IiOCfttire^
umi}
vioh
meii,
min
•ao 4n
t..«.j
te
All the genitives, oxeept Uriya and Bengali, are declined to agree
vith the governed noun ; in Siuclhi, the number of farms arises
from a de&ire to enable the governing noun to agree with each cai<e
and gender of the governed ; which is not thought necessary in the
other languages.
If we x^ass on to the question of tlie phonetics of the language, we
find some more curious particulars.
Geographiottl jumition seems to have some influence here. While
Panjabi and Siadhi in the extreme west exhibit a tendon»]7 to
employ always short vowels and closed syllables, Bengali in tlie ex-
treme east prefers long vowels and open syllables, while Iliudi in
the centre holds a middle place, neither too prone to lengthen nor
tu hhorten ; and this is a standard by which to measure the other
languages, Marathi again, which lies due south of Hindi, and iA
al^o B<imewhai <jeniral^ being neither very far to the west, nor to tlie
ea^t| exhibits the same centrality as Hindi with which it generallj
agrees in the quantity of its vowels. Oujarati is njore prone tal
shorten than Marathi^ and less so than Siudlii. Thus we get in
fact a regular gTadution from west to east. The more westerly
a language is in situation, the greater its tendency t^ short
Towels and closed syllables, and as you go fxirther ea^t by
200
I\'orreflin^H of tht AninUp 8(*€iftty*
[JtrjTK,
iltf{^r&e&y the loijg vcjwel and tkt^ open syllable become more and
more prominent, till tliey reach their extreme developement in
Beng^ali. Now iu this Bchenie, IJriya holds exaetly the place wo
should expect. Lying iu tht* same parallel of longfitude a^i Behar, itss
phonetic system precisely corresponds with that of eastern Hindi,
and is eonpoqiiently less prone to long vowels than Bengali. North
and south have uo intlueuio in this matter, it is only west and east
that we have to consider, and Orls&a tliough south is also entirely
west of the Bengali area* A few examples may bo given :
Skr. mf good, becomes in all thft langiiagus M^ ; a^ in II. P. M.
and S. liWT O. H%1, ^, m but B, irr^. Her*f JJ. has v;^ as in H.
and the rest.
Skr* mFi'9 hungry. Here as compon*4ation for the loss of the ^,
the ^ is aspirated to ^, and the preuediog vowel lengthened into
^ in all the languages except P. and 8., which exhibit \{9\ and M^^
respetjtively. Unya here has a guna form ^Tir» concerning whieh
I shall speak below.
Skr. ^[IT to sting. All the other languages retain the short vowol^
though they cerebralize the initial ^, Bengali alone lengthens it
to wf^. Uriya in ^K^ retains the vowel in its proper quantity,
Skr. ^U, Prakr ^' ; as compen-sation for rejecting one H, the
other languages lengthen the vowel and have ^\f{ P. and S. stick
to the short vowel and liave ^Tf.
So in ?rw a tent, tlie derivation of whieli is obeeure, Bengiili
alone h^is WT'?. Urija a^-ees with the others in retaining the
uhort vowel.
ijt^ bitter, becomes in all iflw except P. 8. and G. which have
f%1RT fffi? and ftf^ respectively.
In another point, Uriya is in a different camp from Bengali
The three southern languages Gujorati, Mara tin and Uriya de-
light in g^ma vowels, in places where the other languages use the
pure vowels*
Again the Uriya agrees with Marathi in preferring a dental
to a cerebral, whereas the wosteru languages and peculiarly
Sindhi cerebralize the Sannkrit dental unnecessarily. This pecu-
liarity rests upon very deep bases and would take a long time to
work out. Thus U. G. and M« have i|<9T cold, whore the otlier
I rem
1870, J Prnct^edinijB af (M Mmtf'e Sotirf^. 201
langiiiigea liavo W4?i, and Bongali m uaual a wvmi (tho derivation
IB not oertain, but it is pnibablj from an old part pass, of m^ te
he firm, meaning eongtsalt^d as ice or coutraetod by imld as tho
htiniaxi body).
I hav^ done here little more than point out the line of argument
which Bhouldi in my opinion, be followed in cases of this aort.
I wish particularly to urgo tinvt no resimrchos into any one of the
fteven languages can be eonaidorwcl fomplote or satisfactory which
do not eml>race the whole seven, because they are so closely
connected, and mulnnlly bIuhI such light on each other, that the
renaonfi for their developement and for the forms they oxliibit in
oderti times, depend upon laws, whose operation ia universal^
not be traced in one member only of the group.
Much more may, of eourse, be said on tliis subject ; in fact a
t4)h»rnbly largo book might be wi-itten on it, Unfi>rtunately such
a bouk could only be written by a resident of the province, as no
respectable grammar or dictionary of the language lias yet been
published ; and as tJiere are few persons in Orisaa who are com-
etent to take np the enquiry and work it out fully, we cannot
t to see a good answer to Bdbu Kanti Chandra^s book
yet awhile.
Bdba Bdjendralala Mitra offered the following remarks
on Mr. Beames' '* Notes on the relation of the UriyA to the
other modem Arj^an languages."
I happened to be present at a meeting of the Cuttnck Debating
Club, in December, 1868, when a paper was read on Patriotism,
In the discussion which followed, I was asked to take a part, and in
the course of my romai-ks on the injury which false patriotism or
an insensate love for every thing that is national, causes to real
I |K>inte«l out the injury whit'h was being inflicted on tlio
Iriyi ra^^^e by tlicir attachment to a provincial patois, which they
wished to exalt into a distinct language. The view I took of tho
question was new to the people, and very wai*m discussion has ever
since been kept up in the dubs, newspapers and the o facial eorrt*-
epondence of tiie province, and the little brochure which forms the
subject of Mr. B e a m 0 s* paper and tho paper itself, are amongst it*
202
P^e^idmgi 0/ tJi^ Aniaiie Soeiettf.
[ JinvEp '
oat promment results. Party feeling now runs high, and I am told
that more than one libel case has been instituted in connexion with tho
subject* The main question being purely philological, it is notremerk-
able that 80 distinguished a labourei' iu that field of science as l^Ir.
B G a m e Sf should come forward to take a part in its discussion. Hia I
paper is liighly interesting, and I am dolighted to hoar of a com- 1
parative grammar of the Indian vernaculai's from his able pen, I '
must say, however, that he has done an injustice to the author of
kia text in describing tho little work as "profoundly destitute of J
|)hilological arguineata.*' No doubt Pandit Kdntiohandraisj
not very familiar with the modt3rn Europeaa works on philology,!
and his mode of treating his subject will be found to differ from the I
course followed in similar caseA by European authors, but bearing
in mind the language (Bengali) in which he has written tho '
book, and the people for whom he has designed it, I must say
that he has displayed considerable tact and talent. My testimony
will, perhaps, not be of mui^h worth, I wiftli, therefore, to give a
brief resum^ of his work, in order that the meeting may be in a
position to judge ftir itself . The Jirst three chapters of the work
ii'eat of the origin of the dilTerout vernaculars now current in India,
and the causes which h are lead to theu- formation. The author
then defines the natural boundary of Bengal and Orissa, and in tho j
next chapter entors upon the main sulgect of his essay, the aimlli-
tude between the Bengali and the Uriyd languages. This he dooal
by quoting passages of Uriya £i*ora diverse sources, and comparing I
then with Bengali. Uriy^ vocablwa form the subject of liis next '
chapter, aod he there shows that the ordinary elements of Bengali
speech are all cm*rent in the Prorinoo of Orissa, either intact or I
under some modiiication or other. lu the eighth chapter is brought '
under reviow the grammatical apparatus of Uriyd, its declensions,
gender, number, case and conjugation. Chapters next foUow on I
songs, proper naTnes, manners and customs, dictionaries and alpha-!
betH, which go a groat way to shew that the bulk of tho Uri^ii raca j
does not differ from tho Bengali ; and the work is brought to a j
ooWusion with some very portinont remarks on the injustice and
impropriety of cutting oif the Urij4s lioni the Bengali by artificial j
burricra undor the i^ame of education.
mo.]
Proccttlings cf th AmtUlc Siteiely.
203
Ono great mistako which ritiates the wliole course of the Pan<)it^a
arguments, m the assamx^tion that the Calcutta Yemacular of this
eoaitury is the purest fonu of Bengali, and evory thing that dilTers
from it, is the result of corruption. Mr* B e a m e a makes a similar
mustako by instituting his comparison with tho Bengali of today,
Oirerlookin^ altogetlier that the separation between the TJriyds and
tlin Bengalis most have taken phiue many centuries ago, and that
, to mmve at a coireci conclusion as to the origin of the Uriy^ Ion-
its relation to Bengali, we should take up the two lon-
[ as they existod at the time of their separation and not as
thfij wdst now. Any how, I must say that there is a great deal in
tho Pandit's bonk which deserves careful examination^ and it woidd
hftve been of some advantage had Mr. B e a m e s' reply noticed them
ill detail, instead of disnussingtho whole work with a single disparag-
ing remark* It would require more time than I can command at
Oil ij:, to review the historical q^ue.^tion as to tho manner in
wii I was peopled by tho A r vans, but I sLaU^ with your per-
tniflsion, Mr. Chairman, notice some of the salient points in the
pb"' ' * 1 portion of Mr B e a m e s' paper.
1^1 _ argvmient of the Pundiit is, that TJrij^ compositions read
rery like Bengali that, a few phonetic peculiarities excepted,
"thoy may be mistaken for Bengali, and are easily understood l)y
the people of Bengal, ignorant of the ITriya language j aud such
being the case it must, he argues, follow that the two languages ore
very intimately connected. To prove this, he has quoted passages
from some Unyi works and compared them with Bengali. Mr.
B 6 a m e s accounts for their similitude by assuming that the bulk
of the vocables in them, mast be the result of pedantry, which make
I Uriyd and the Bengali both resort largely to Sanskrit words
terms. He then goes somewhat out of his way to make out
that pedantry, " so objectionable and offensive to Englishmen,*' is
an ** especial favourite of the Indian mind.*' Mr. B e a m e a, however,
does not appear to be in a position to sit as an impartial judge in
Uie matter. To decide the question of excessive pedantry in any
particular set of bouk?, the judge mw^i be familiar with the litera-
ture of the langtmge, both modern nad ancient in which it oprtirs,
otherwise what may appear pedantry to onei may bu the peculiarity
204
Procndin^B of ihf Anatic S&oioiff.
[Jvsn,
of the langttage under notice. The Mavihler alone cannot decide
that the language in which it is written ib Johnsonese, and not
English. In the same way eallsthenic oorsetfi and trichoaaron*
for bodices and hair brushes may appear pedantic to a foreig'aer
like me, but if they occur in the ereiy-day language of fa-shionabla
English ladies, they cease to be so. The oxtj-acta g^iven by
the Pandit are taken from standard books in every-day use in the
schools of Oiissa, and to dismiss them by branding them as pedan-
tio is, in my humble ox>inion, altogether to beg the question at
issue. It is doubtless true that the prodominanco of any particular
class of words in any piece of widting cannot decide the t^haracrter
of a language, but in the Uriyd over ninety per cent, of its Tocablea
are Sannkrit, or corruptions of Sanskrit, and thuise corruptions haro
taken the same turn whith corruptions in Bengali have done, and
appear to bo the results of the same lawa of decay and regeneration
which have produced the Bengali language.
The crucial test wliich Mr, B e a m e s suggests is *' to place toge-
ther a chtisd of Dacca and a chdai of Gumsur, and to seo how mucJi
they understood of each other*9 talk/' The result of this experiment
would probably go against the Pandit. But the samo experiment
tried between a cockney and a farm labourer in Yorkshire would
in the same way, I fancy^ decide the fate of Englisli in the two
places. Eor my pai-t, though anativeof Bongjil for the last four and
twenty generations, I would bo sorry to face a c/iM from Comil-
lah if the issue was to decide whether wo could understand each
other through the medium of our common language, the Bengali*
The fact is, that local peculiarities of pronunciation do not consti-
tute language, and therefore no notice should be taken of them in
deciding questions of linguistic classification. My Lord Bundreaiy
mriy ** thee a thua thow^jent thwiming on the but horn of the thea,"
but no philologist will be bold enough to spy in it a sistcir language
of the Englidi.
The first subject treated by Mr. B e a m e s in regard to the gram-
mar of the Uriya language, is conjugation, but the oonipai'ison luiv-
Ag been made with the Bengali as revised and ret^ast by our indi-
geuouE writers within the lu«t fifty years or so, the residt is very
dilTerent fi.'om what the Pandit ha-s arrived at. The ojtamplos lio
i
1870.]
JProeeedin^qa of the Asiatic Society,
20.>
\ quoted, thoagH tmconmion in modem Bengali, are not forr^ign to
It ; ehedu^ for instancoi as a present particix>le and its eompoundH are
not alti><i^t>tli€r unknown. But four centuritjs ago, Govinda I>^sa,
\n Beiigali poet, u^ed it and its cognate forms almost to the oxdusion
of all others. Thue ho says —
SflfSiJ f^f\ 1%^^ ^«l f*1"ftl5l
Again : '^f<^^ wf*f ^T^ ^^ *Tf% i
In another place dlsH^Sf-^fSt C^S jft (M^. I
Of the second form chali^ we have innuraorablo instances in old
[work^i and even in the [joetry of this centmy. Dekhi and dthhili aro
likewise common, and in the mouths of the commou pooplo the only
I forms in use. The Uriyd future dcMihiis in Bengali dckhibef but the
change is so slight that I do not think il would justify our attrihuting
lit to an iiidepemlant parentage. In the oonditional or subjuuL'tive
I past dekhi'thdfiH^ Mr. B e a m e s recognises a more perfect form than
I the Bengali dekhitam^ but hud he taken up the true Bengidi condi-
tional dekhiyd thakitdm^ hti would have found that, with the extuption
of the nasal mark, the two are closely alike, and fonmed in either case
[with tlie help of the auxilllary verb, »ihd. Of the twcdve forma of the
[ verb achha^ ac/ichi, achhdi, uckho^ achhiM^ achJw^ achhi^ achhm^ &c., nine
I are Bengali and only three forms, aehhan^ nMmn and aMtanti, aro
new. Of these the laat is by far the oldeat. It shews a lingering of tho
I Sanskrit affix anti. According to tho ridea of tho Prakrit, JSanskrit
I compound consonants drop one of them and lengthen the proceed-
ing vowel, and accordingly, wo find in Bengali the /* dropped and
n preceded by a long vowel as in uchhfn= to Uriya achhanii,
I elision of the ti i^ altogether modern. I tlxink in old Bengal!
' tho aihjc occulta in its full form of anti^ though I cannot just now
recall to memory any instance in proof of it. Tho Faridit says he
too has met witli it, but ho has given no example. Another mark-
ed peculiarity in Uriyd is, the separation of the base Brom the affix,
a$» in Kant achhi and their compounds. In Bengali they ai*e united
according to the rules of Sandhi — Karidchhi ; but this is not a matter
worthy of any remark, so I shall pass it by .
Of pronoims Mr. B e a m e s hfis given an elaborate analysis, tak-
ing hiis examples IVom the Bengali, Uriy^, Marhatt^, Hindi, Punjabi,
Sindhi and Uuzeratl ; but the result la not aatiBfootory. He has
206
Procfifidingu of the Aiiaiio Society,
[JlTNISil
taken one example from each language, and that from books, and
they ai'e not suflB.eient for a fair comparison of Uring, epoken
languiiges. What is wanted is a full survey of the various forms of J
the pronoun current in each province, and for that imrpose a deeper I
knoTivlwdge of the languages, both ancient and modern, and in their J
colloquial and written forms, ia required, than what I can pretend 1
possess. As regards tlie Bengali and the Uriyd^ however, I may sayl
that in /«., /wi, tUt*^ tumitr, &e., there is close analogy with Bengali* |
Amhe and iumhe^ often pronounced amhhe and tumhhe^ are no doubt
peculiar ; but the change has been brought on in Bengali since its
sepai'ation fi'om, or rather the birth of Uriyd, and its cause is ^d
peculiar cockney ism of dropping the aspirate*
I shall now notice the declehaion of nouns. Mr. B e a m o s' «ur*1
vey leads him to theconulusion that five oat of the six cases are differ- j
eat. The very reverse^ however, appears to me to be the fact lal
the Sanskrit, the nominative is formed in most theme;^ by the addi-
tion of an «. In a sister langnage, the Latin, the same rule obtains
to a great extent, but in the derivatives of the Latin and the 8anski*it,
we tiud the mark in some cases changed to o, and in others altoge-
tlier omitted. Li Italian and Spanish we have o, as oceMo and &jo
from the Latin oeuitUt but in the language of the Troubadours, in
Provencal and in French the mark is omitted- In India» the Pun- ]
jabi and the Marwari retain the o^ but all the others drop it. The
result is, that the auminative is alike both in tho Uriya and the
Bengali*
Tho mark of the accusative singular in Latin and Sanskrit is m,
but in most of the languages derived from them, it is dropped* So
is the case both in Uriya and Bengali. This rule is, however, not
imilbrmly observed ; and sometimos the place of the m is supplied
by the syllable ku, in Uriya, and Xu, in Bengali, and to trace tiieir
origiu, 1 must refer the meeting to my jiapers on the Gathii and tho
Hindi ditdects, where I have shown that tu overcome the intricacies
of the Sanskrit declension, it was usual with the scalds of ancient
India to convert themes of various terminations to one form by affixing
an expletive i*, and to mai*k the elision of case-afBxes, the usual rule
was to add a w, which together make ku. In written Bengali, the kn
chuuges into h ; but in the spoken language, in some districts, the ku
ia7o.]
JPtoeeedtn^g nf the Asiatic Socieitj^
207
still retuias ite position, and wo need not^ therefore, take it to bo ft
serious difficulty in the way of the iiihliation of the Uriya dialuet.
^e dative is in most instances a counterpart of the aocusatiyei
ftd so is it in Uriy4 and Bengali.
' III Sntton*» Uriyii grammar^ the sign of the instrumental is ie. It
k the same in Bengali, and that cjise in- the two languages may
tlierofore lie taken as IdentleaUy the .Htmio. Mr B e a in o s, however,
doHd not notice this mark, and gives dvard ; but that form ortm-s more
lrec|uently in Bengali than te, and consequently the argument is
not at all altered.
The ablative in ancient and spoken Bengali, is formed by tlie addi-
tion* of //{<?>£«?, a compound of the verb if^/rti, with the expletive k already
adverted to inconiiexion with tlie accusative- In Uri^'^, it is formed
with tlie sUme auxiliary verb and the mark of elision u = (haru :
a later improvement haii dropped the verb and retained only ru,
Mr. Beamed admits the genitive to be alike In Uriya and Bongali|
► I Tioed gay notliing about the origin of the sign for that ease.
^The locative in Sanskrit is e, and in Uriya and Bengali we have
exactly the some fonn — hUe li'om hUa a hand. But there are other
forms likewise curront, thus we have te in hdtete in Bengali, and
hitare and hHere in Uriyd ; but the last is not peculiar. In the
Chandi^ a Bengali book about thtee centurieti old, we iiud the pas-
sage C<5WTC«n ^^R C^C^ C^WKJ ^Iwf^, and in the dialects nf
Sylhet and Caohar the /r form is the only one in use. In the spoken
language of Uneca, it likewise occurs very frequently.
The vocative is aliko iu both the languages ; and so we have in
eeven out of eight casjej*,the two languages to correspond very closely,
and in one only (the fifth) to diiicr but slightly.
The plural in Bengali is formed very differently under different
circimistunces ; but mostly by the addition of a noim or adjective of
multitude j such as, ya«», A<f/y*f, chafja^ aakala^ sarbii, &c. &e. lu
Uriyd, there is more fixity in the rule, and the word niimcc, for
weight or measure, is generally, though not uniformly, employed :
the use of that word, however, i» not imkuown in Bengali^ and the
Pan<Jit, whose Ixwik Mr, Beamed hoa reviewed, has given eoveral
instances of it £nmi old Bengali workn. On the other hand, tlio Ben-
gali pliLTtd murk iiabft is also li-oquently iD&cd in i^jpokon Uriya, and
208
FroaedingB ef tJw Amite SociH^f,
[Ju:rE,
such pIirasGs m gitchha 9aha ka^iphtUU ;hka mha thiU^BTQ yery common*
Tliese facts, I trust, will shew that the Urij'i, iustoad of being a
** self-contained and indftpendiant uaQniber of the Aryan Indian ver-
Daculara," is most closely and intimately connected with the Bengali^
and the Pau<Jit has very good reasons to take it to be a daughter
and not a sister of the vernacular of thia province. The exact rela-
tionship may be reversed j but even a cursory glance at the old
literatiu'es of tlie two languages bIu?w them to have been at one time
one, and their difTeronoee to be due to later or modeni growth.
Mr. B e a ni 0 s has devoted a good portion of his paper to the dia*
cuBBion of Uriya phonetics. .But they caU for no remark* It has
not been denied by the Pandit, and no body will venture to gainsay,
that Uriy^ pronuDciation is ditfei'ent from that of Bengal. The
question is, are tht>y such as to justify oiu* taking the Uriyik to be
an independant language ? and I maintain that the fihonetics of
the two dialects do not suiHoo to solve it. In an excellent paper on
tho Bhojpuri dialetft, Mr. B e a m e s has shewn that, notwithstand-
ing raueh graver dilferences in glossology and grauimai'^ — in deden-
Bion and conjugation, — in pronouns and the degrees of compai-ison,—
in adjectives and conjunctiuns — than what obtmug in Uriyd and
Bengali, the Bhojpuri is a dialect of the Hindi ; and by a parity of
reasoning, I expect he will admit tHe TJriya, in a like manner, to bo
a daughtf^r of the Bengali. Phonetic peculiarities such as he has
noticeJ, and sut^h as may be muUii>Uod ad hiUniium^ do not constitute
language, and* therefore do not affect the question at issue in anj?
TFay. I liave no doubt that every member hero present will bear
me out when I say that such pecubaiities exist in almost every
eounty in Knglaud^ but they do not sulfice to divide the English
language into a number of sistor dialects. In the districts of Ben-
gal, we have tho same peculiarity in even a more marked dcgree.
I well remember a remark of the late K6]ll of Krisliuanagar who
onoe tofd me that hia pronunciation must be more correct thaa
mine, because his district was once the seat of government, and he
had therefore every right to lay down the law in such cases. To
put this more clearly* I beg to draw the attention of the meeting to
a comparative table (Yide p* 215) which I once prejiared to illustrate
the difforencea of the Ori^sa^ the Calcutta and tho Dacca dialects.
IBTO-]
tin^9 of thif AsMie 8<)w^y.
209
' Til** first oolumn in it contains the fii'st two paragraphs of an article in
wltieli the editor of the Utkala Dtpika ei)nd»:nuued my theory ahout the
Bengali origin of Uriy4; they contain just 142 words of whiah 137
I Bengali or derived from Bengali, and o are Eiighah. ' The trans-
lion of this in Bengtdi in the second column contains 144 words,
of which none diifers radiofllly from the Uriyi, but fifty-six have
some phonetic or grammatical peculiarity or other. Li the thiitl
column is given a version of it in the spoken language of Dacca,
prejiared by a resident of that district, B^bu RamakumAr
Bose, DejMity Mugintrate of the 24-Purgimnah.H. It contains
1*16 words, of which 47 are diflorent from the Bengali. Tlius
it will be seen that the Dacnia dialect differs nearly as much
from the Bengali as the Uriya does, iu sound. If I had timo
to get translatiuus of the Uriya extract prepared in the spokeu
dialects of Comillah, Bylhet, As^iam or Coch Behar, I could
liave easily shewn that thuy differ fiilly as much from the Bengali
in their phonetics and grammar, as Joes the Uriyd. But I euppuso
ihey are not wanted. The table, as it stands, shews clearly enough
the relation which the Unyd bears to Bengali, No one who knows
the language of the middle columu, can read the other two witliout
the conviction that they contain Bengali luattor badly written.
And such being the case, I cannot but repeat the assertion,
that the Uriyd is more closely related to Bengali than the other
yemaculars of India, and that the relationship most probably is that
of mother and daughter and not of two idsters, .Aud if this
be admitted, it must follow that, as in ComiUah, Assam, Sylhet,
and Coch Behor, so in Orissa, oditratifin should be conducted in
Beogtdi and not in Um^. K^ I have oh'eady said^ ey<d\y county
in England and Scotland has its dialectic x^eculiarity, and yet edu-
lion is not carn<^d on through the medium of separate sets of
oka, prepared with special regard to the dialectic peculiarities of
each county, but in on© common English, In France almost every
department, in the same way, has its peculiar dialect, but as yet
there has not hoen a vornacularist hot-headed enough to suggest
that each district should have a separate language ; and the French
of the Institute of France is the only recogni«ed inediiira of edu<ja-
lion- The same circumstance© obtain in Germany including Aoa*
210
J^i*of*^ed hiifft (if thf Anwik Soct'd^.
[JrjTK,
triR nntl PniAsia, Init nowhere is language divided rm tlio ground
of provincial pec^uliaritiei of promineintiqn* In nindnstan Proper,
ihere are at least a dozf^n kiudH uf Hindi differing from etifU other j
ranch more I'emarlcahly than Uriy^ does from Bengali, and none
knows tliif* better thau Mr. Be o m ft s^ who has so carefally fitudied
them in all their different phasoa ; hut none has yet ventured tof^- J
enmmend that separate sets of school books should be got up in eack i
of those diflerent dialeots. I seo no renBon, thpreforet why a different
policy fdiQuld be adopted in Bengttl. To tlie Uriyiis Ihts is a qne^tiom
of the most vital importauoe. Aecoixling to tlie hist census, they num-
ber only a litUe over two millinns in the three diMtriota of Balasor€i|
Cuttack and Purt, and a nullidu may be added for those who Uya '
in Gaujam^ Samblialpur and tlie Tributary Mahals. But on the other
hand, we must dtnluct at biaattive lacs for foreigners, Muhamiaadana,
Kyius, Madra^isi, B*.*ngalis, and others, who want not and car# not
for the Uriya language, so that we have only about 24 miiUonfl for
whom a distinct literature has to be created. The thii^ diRtncta
tmder the Cuttauk Comuussioner yield to Government in the way of j
revenue under 1 7 laos a 3'ear, and tho zatuindars at 37 per cent, get I
about U or 12 lacs. Tliis sum is divided among 3881 pereons, of
whom only 26 get above ten thousand a year each, and of th<*m 16
are Bengalis, mostly non-residenl, who are not likely to offer any
especial encouragement to the Uriyd language. The people are I
mostly agriculturists, and having very little trade, are generally very
poor, llow it is possible lor such a small community, and under '
such circumstances to create a literature in thair yernaculaT, and
maintain it, I cannot eoneeivo. Our veniacularists nuiintain that
tlio vernaeidars of India should V>e so improved as to suffice for a
Gniversity Courae for the B. A standurd, if not for Honors, Tliis
would imply thrd each of them shoidd incUnle the whole course of
Algebra aud Geoincfr>', and eoufciiderable portions of Astronomy,
01iomistry» Naturid I'liiloa<jphy, and other scieneoa, be^ddeg transla*!
ii ins from Newton's Prijuipia, Grote'a (Jreoce, Oibbon^a E^imnn
Empire, Milt^s Logic, and Abercrombie*8 Heutal Philosophy. To
Buppose that such a thing is possible for a poor eommuni ty of 2^
miUions of LTriyAs to aocwuuplish, is to stippose an imxioesibility. To i
suppose that the whole or a miijority of the people who spoiik the
1B70.]
PrnreeduKjfi of thf ABtaik 8cmet}f,
tn
oijo imndrod and one vernac^ularB whicli^ according to a little work
on rhilology bj Mr. B e a m e s, are now current in India, is so
Utopian or absurd, that I iieod nut wait to notic© it. It has been
. that if the Uriy^^ themselves uauiiot ^^i up a litoraturei the
tiveniment will help them. This ia, however, very iinlLkely. Vast
no doubt aro the resources of the British Government in India, and
fiter still is its earnestueas to ameliorate tiie condition of the peo-
!lo under its sway, but I doubt very much of they will ever puthc©
to croute a hundred and ono literatures, and keep them au eourant
feiih tJiose of Europe, even if eueh a thing as a ** deficit" was never
aown to our finauciera* Admitting, however, for the sake of ar-
gument, that Government would assist to a veiy largo extent in
fui'thering the education of the people, I would ask, would it be
fair, would it be just, wuidd it bo politic, on its part to do eo by
multiplying languages? Had our Government been guided by
that narrow, jesuitiucil, unholy and uncliristian doctrine of divide ei
imjjtra, it would perhaps have been expedient. But the llbi^^ral and
noble-minded gentleman who represents Her Britannic Majesty in
iim cfiuntry and his council, would scorn such a p<jlicy, and, I ara
liafied, would not deliborattdy lend themselves to uphold it. Th©
un object of language is to unite mankind by one common bond
of speech, but to foster a hundred and one langnages within tho
boundary of a single country like India, would not be to promote
that all-important object, but to raise a tower of Babel to disiuiito
and disperse the native races. It is not my intention, however, to
advocate, at present, a single language for all India, but to plead
far tho Uriyiis, and on the ground of unity of religion, race, and
language, to take them amtmgst us, and to phire at their dit<i>o8al
a fair share of aU we possess, and may hereattor obtain. In Orisaa
they cannot xmblish a single book without adventitious nid,^ whilo
in Bengtd book-making has already become a pn;titable trnde, and
many have their manors placed behind their publishers' counters.
We ah^oady publish more than tive hundred books every yoar, and
hope ere hmg to multiply tlie number manifuld. As a note-worthy
instance, I may mention tliat a few years ago I proi>ared a map of
India in Bengali, and it brought me a iiroiit within ono year of
over six thousand rupees. Tho sumo map woa subaequently trana-
212
Proferdinfffi of the Asiatic Bockt^*
[.TimE,
lated into ITriya, liut oven tho School Book Socioty could not ven-
ture to undertake it on their own act^nuntj nud tlie Government at
Iftst had to advance, I Uiink, some twi> or three thousand rupees to
help tho pu}«li< ration. The map, however, fell still-bom from Ihe
press, and altnost the whole edition iB, I believe^ now rotting in the
godowns of its publisher. laet but Govorninent introduce the Ben-
gali language in tJie sehoola of Orissa, and the Uriyia, instead of
seeking granta-in-aid irom Guveruinent and private individuals for
oocaaionally bringing out solitary new books, will have the whol**
of our Bengali puhlieation^ at their dis^posal without any t'Ost, and
would be uuitod with a race of thirty milliona with which they have
so many things in common.
Nor is the fusion of their language into ours at all impratjtitable.
The experiment has already been tried and found to be comjilotely
fiui't^etisful. Some twenty years ago when tho district of Miduapur
was transferred from the Commissionerahip of Outtock to that of
Bui-dwan, the language of tho coui'ts there and of the people was
Uriya. The new Cununiasiouer, for the aake of uuifurniity in all
Ms districts or some other cause, suppressed Uriya, and introduced
the -Bengali language, and nearly the whole of Mi(bmi>ur 18 now bo-
come a Bengali speakLng disti'ltti and men there often feel otfendod
if Uiey are called Uriyas- • That similar measures in Balasore^ Cut-
tack and Pmu would effect a similar change, I have no reason U*
doubt,
I fear I have abeady occupied the time of the meeting a groat
deal too long, but I must crave your indulgence, Mr. Qiairmani
for one more remark. It hits boon said that if the Uriya, like tht
other vernaculars, is not tit for a University Cuurso, it would aufiioa
for the elementary education of the people, and tlxat is what i»
most urgently needed* To hupjKirt tliis view, it has been poiutod
gut by a learned gentleman, himself a university fwholar, that ulo-
mentary maiis education is preferable to high class education; and
inasmuch as the cost for ever)- boy in a Ouvernment College would
suffice for 40 boys in a veraacidar school, wu ishould prefer to have 40
to 1 . The education in the Colleges, it it needless to 8ay, is at least 40
times superior to thai in the vernacular schools, but the latter nevi^r-
theloss 'u said to be more ilesirablo* The gentleman has evidently
1870.]
Proci^dhiffit of the Aswiic Soeiefy,
218
no fiiith in the adage wliieh aptly desrribea tlie merit of iniper-
fbct learning, or perhaps he patronises the homeopathic doctrine of
•• the greater the dilution tlie higher the potency.'* On tliat princi-
ple the paper of Mr. Be am e s (1 say tliis withont meaning any
olfenee to that gentleman) wonld prove more elfeetual if it wero
torn into forty parts, and each han'ded to a separate member, than
if the whole were imdei'stood hy one man, Bnt, however, that he,
QOtkiiig could bring a greater misfortune upon the Uriyda than
the enforced introduction of such a principle into their country. I
yield to none in my earnestness for the elementary education of thd
poorer classes, but for the sake of truth, I must confess, even at
the ri^k of laying myself open to much oljloquy, that I have no faith
whatever in mass education by itself > independent of higher education,
•s a means for tlie material, moral and intellectual nnxelioration of a
nation, however much it may recommend itself by virtue of its appa^
rent philanthrojiy : to me it haa a smack of fiickly sentimentalism
irbich I cannot >jut condemn. Elemc?ntary mass education alone,
without a higher educatitm, can do but little good to any race of peo-
ple. It implies a fioupqon or suspicion of the three Rn, which is utter*
ly worthless as an element of intellectual improvement. In Japan,
we leam firom Mr. Bernard, eveiy grown up person, whether
man or woman, is proficient in elementaiy reading and writing ;
bat the Japanese are not, on that account, a whit better than the
nations of Europe. In Eugland mass education has extended much
more than in India, but less so than in France or Prussia, but 19 *
England at all inferior on that account^ moraUy, physiciilly or
intellectually, to those countries ? One unhappy result of defective
Bcraps of instruction miscalled education I shall advert tOj it is that
wliile the bulk of English tMeves formerly were ignorant men, the
relative proportion of educated to ignorant thieves has of late be*
come as 68 to 32 ; that is, for every pei-son who has become a
thief from want of education, two have taken to the pi'ofession of
Lirceuy with the full benefit of the kind of education which is now
become so fashionable a theme of praise. That it has in any way
helped to raise England above other nations, I have every reason to
doubt. But let ua suppose, as a great Froachman once rlid, that fate
by some mortal struke of cholera or plague was to carry oil from Eug-
214
Fre^udmfftf of the Asiatic Soeieiif^
[JUXE,
laud fifty of her greafeost matlwjmaticians, llftj of hat highest astro-
nomers, iift:^'^ of her ablest clieinistij, iifiy of hor most distinguished
geologists, fifty of her foremost physicists, fifty of her profoimdost
fttatesmeu, fifty of her best writers, fifty of her wisest doctors,
and fifty of her most proficient engineers, and to compensat'e tho
loss by a amull mridictuix of reading, writing and cyphering in
every man, woman and child, ami that siich a thing as a cross mark
in the maiTJago register, of wliich we have now near tliirty per cent,
was never to be* The loss in such a case would not amount to ^ye
hundred persons, — mere ** ftolips and exotics'* as they have been poe-
tically described by the gentleman whom I have j ust alluded to, of
no essential value to Englit^h society, — and t)ie gain wotiid be educa-
tion in five millions of sttirdy corn-growers. Would not England
fioverthcless be two centnries behind hand oi France ? England
would still retain many o£ her third class astronomers, mathemati-
cians and scientific men, but they would not suffice to uphold her
prestige as an Intellectual nation. In Orissa there is no man learned
in the sciences, and the dfxitrin© uf mass education to the exclusion
or supersession of higher eduoation,would remove the chance of her
evar getting one. It would chain her down to one dead level of
intellectual poverty firom which she will have no prospect of rising.
It may convert her sons into indift'ercnt copyists, or bad substitutea
of Babbage's cjilculating machines ; but not into intenet^ttialf
sturdy, self-reliant men. May the msdom of our rulers avert Irom
her so diie a calamity !
Ctmit^uiians to the subicriptions tn aid of Mrs. Piddinffton.
%
The Aaiatio Socieiy of Bengal, Rs. 100 Paid.
The HonHble J. B. Phear, 50
E, Taylor, Esq., 30 Paid.
H, Bloclunami, Esq., 10 Paid.
CoL H, L, Thuillier, 25 Paid.
Dr. J. Ewartj 25
£&bu Eijendrolila Mltra^. 10
Dr. P. etoHczka 25 Paid.
H. P. BUnford, Esq., 50
Iieut« J« Watertiouse, 10
Dr» X Fayrer, 20
CoL E* Maclagan, 30 Paid.
H* Woodrow, Esq., 16 Paid.
W* S. AtkinsoiLj Bsq,, 25
A. Tween, Esq., 10
Lieut. W. J. A. WaUace 16
S, Kurz, Esq., . 10
Dr. D. Bojdfl Smith 20 Paid.
**No Kame," 20 Paid.
Haja Satyanand Ghoslial, 10 Paid.
The Hon'ble W. Markby, 20
E. Gay, Esq., 10 Paid.
I>r. S. C. Mackenzie, 10 Paid.
Dr. 8. B. Partridge, 20 Paid.
Dt* Mohendxttlal Sircar 5
Moulvie AbduHateof Khan Bahadur, 5
Major H. H, Godwin-Austen, 50 Paid.
Surgeon J. B. Baxter, 10 Paid.
Dr. J, Ander&oiij 16 Paid.
Wilton Oldham, Esq,, 10 Paid.
0, a Adley, Esq., 15
E. M. Adam, Esq,, 20 Paid.
J. H. Barker, Esq., 10 Paid.
Babu Deyandra Mdlika, 10
Moulvie Futteh Ali, 12 Paid.
W C, Botiiierjeo, Esq., 5
E. Buck, Esq., 10 Paid.
T. 0. H., Eangoon, 50 Paid.
Sir D. Macleod, K 0. S. I., C. B., 100 Paid.
T. H, Huglie^, Esq., 20
A. V. Nursiugrow, Esq,, 200 Paid.
B^bu Bamanatha Thakura, 10
Moulvie Kubiruddin, Ahmad, 5
Babu Syatnaeharana Saracara, 5
OoL E. T, Dalton, C. S. I., 20 Paid.
M. 8. Howell, Esq., 16 Paid.
B. Gordon^ Esq. 6 Paid.
Ctol. J, X, Walk^?r, 16 Paid.
PROCEEDINGS
or THS
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR July, 1870.
A Meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 6th in-
stant, at 9 o'clock p. M.
The Hon'ble J. B. Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced —
1. From J. Q. Delmerick Esq., a number of Buddhist heads
and stone tablets with figures, from near Pash&war.
The Prenident drew attention to the prevalence of the Ghreek
Ijpe in these heads. The figures appeared to be of day, or a
composition of clay and other ingredients, very b'ghtly burnt,
poaaibly only sun-burnt. They still retained thoir original shorp-
nees of definition and were singularly well preserved. Obviously
they had been attached to masonry, and no doubt formed part of a
subject, worked out in high relief upon the frieze of some building.
It was also remarkable that every one of them was unsymmetrical,
•*. tf., compressed or flattened either on the right side or on the left
aide. The purpose of this must have been to adapt them to being
seen with the greater artistic effect from a particular point of
view : and it indicated considerable advance in knowledge of the
peculiar conditions necessary for the success of sculptural orna*
ment.
A conversation ensued in which several members joined.
2. From the Government of India, Home Department — 27 Pho*
tographs of Jain and Buddhist ruins in the Buld&nah District, West
2IK
Ptoceedin^i a/ the A^iath S&ckty.
[JttLY,
BariTj together wiUi a f^ipy of au itiscnption* found near Barsee
TakJeo.
3, From G. Latliam Esq-, C. E,, a copy of * India to England, a
new Overland Eoute tia Turkish Arabia/
4. From Babu Gopinath Sen, a cox>y of a Table shewing the
moan montlily and mean hourly variations of tomperatiiro aa deter-
mined in the S. G. Oilioo for 1855 to 1869.
6. From the Aiithor, Pralad Mdld^ or the Wit and Wisdom of
Bengali Byots and Women, as shewn in their Proverbs and Pro*
veibial Sayings, bj Rev, J, Lon^,
0. From W. Ohihara, E.sq,, LL.D., C. S., Ghdzipiir, an Urdu
Tranfilation of the Persian Balwanindmah^ by Khairuddiu Muham-
mad of H^dbQd.
Air. Blochmann said —
The Balwantnamah by Kliainiddin Muhammad of Bali&bad is a
work of great vtduo. It eontainft a hietory of the Ndzims tmd Kdjahs
of Bonai-ee, and is full of intuvestlng details referring to the times and
transttctions of Warren Hastings, The author lived in the end of
last centuiy and has written several other Historitial works, as tlio
Jaunpurndmahf or Chronicle of the tuwn of Jaunpv'ir ; the Tazki^
ratul' Uktmiij\ or biographioal notices of modem Persian writars,
chiefly of Audh J the Kitdb i \fl<ims/tnbf or History from the time
of Nddir Bh^h to the death of Mirza Najaf Kli4n ; the '/^m/^rf-
maJiy a voluioinous history of the reigu of 8hiih *Alam (II.) with
a minute account of the doings of tlie notorious Ghtildm Uddir ; tlio
QwMidrnivnah^ or History of Fort Gwalidr ; and several otlxer works
oil law, rhetoric, and grammar.
His last work appears to have been the above mentioned Tttzkirai
ui'^Ufnmiij which was written, like the Balwantndmah, at the sugges-
tion of Abraham WeUiuid, Judge of Jaunpur, and dedicated Uj the
Uaiquis of Wellesley. It contains ndditional matter for a History
of Jaunpur, and biographies of learaed men thiofly of such aa
lived at Jaunpur. He often praises the oihcers of tho East India
Company, because ** they prefer a Learned man of another religion
• Tho copy of tlio itiioriptioti ia tmforianateij so fiinlty oji to ounToy no
tense. Tub £i>[tok.
f Called in bUo OatiUoguo of Pcraiau M8S, c^f ttie Society JTaUrat uVVU^m^*
THit EmTOE*
1^70.]
Pi^ocfiMn^^ of tht' Anfttiic St/cieiff*.
219
to a fool of their owti." Tlie books tdso contains a liistory of !iU
life iind a list of his works, from whivh it appears tliat tbo proper
title of the BaJwantnimuih is Tuh/ah i Tdtahf a copy of which, I fintl,
is in the Society*s Library.
Khairuddin was bom Becomber, 1751. The Tazh'rutui ^Ulamd^
the latest of thoso of bis worka which ore known to me, was writtem
in A, n. 1216, or A, D. 180U
Hie works deserve the attention of ftH who wish critically ta
study the times of the decline and fall of the Mughul empire and
the early period of tlie E. I. Company,
The beat thanks of the Society are due to Dr, W, Oldham for hia
valuable present.
The foUowing gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at tho ladll
Meeting were balloted for and olooted Ordinary Members—
E. Lethbridgo, Esq,, MA.
A B. Miller, Esq.
The following gentlemen ore candidates for ballot at tho August
Meeting —
K. H. Wilson, Esq., C. 8., and A. M, Broadly, Esq., 0. S., pro-
oaed by W* W, Ilimter, Esq., IJi.D., C. S,, seconded by the
lon'ble J. B. Phoar.
The President on the part of tho Council reported that a donatioa,
f Eupees one thousand had been reeoived by the Society througi
be Government of Bengal from the Kimdu family of Dacca, in aid
&f the annual grant made to tho Society by the Oovornment for tho
conservation and cataloguing of Sanscrit MS8. in India,
The President was sure that the Society in under talking at the re-
quest of Government to disxjoso of the Es. 1,000 a<M:rording to tho in-
tention of tho douurs, would reeogni^o the liigh motives, wliieh had
these gentlemen to make so handsome a donation for public pur-
poses, lie trusted that this honorable exuniplu would not be lost,
and that the liuitdu family might be able to boast uf a long list of
imitators.
The President then proposed a voto of thanks to the douora, whiidi
^08 carried ununimuuHly.
220
Proeeodingi vf thi Asiatic Society,
[JiTLT,
TLe Prosidont, in tho eapaDity of Chairmein of the Gpote Fartrait
Fund Committee, then stated tliat he hjMi be^n directed hy the
Committee to offer the Portrait of ^f r, A. Grotc to tho Asiatic Society
for its acceptance, upon couditiuu that the picture be huiig in the
meeting-room of the Society. The likeness was immiBtakeable.
It ahnost brought back their old friend intcj their inidflt again.
No place could be so fitting for the reception of the picture, ae the
walla of the room in wMch Mr. Groto had so long and so ably pre-
sided over their Councib.
Mr. Woodrow said : — ** I have been asked to respond to tho
offer, probably bocaua© I am the oldest member of the Society present.
It ia more than twenty years ago that I was admitted a member of
this Society, and so far as I can judge, no Calcutta member labour-
ed throughout this time more steadily and contiauously than did
Mr. Grote»for tbe good of the Society* Whether as member, office-
bearer, or President, Mr. Grote's labours were unwearied. As l*re-
fiident, his office was no sinecure. I have often wondered at tlio
patience and courtesy he shewed. Through his wide correspon-
dence with friends in all parts of India, he was ablo to bring before
every meeting some interesting infurmation that ho had himself
obtained. The Asiatic Society will accept with sincere thanks tho
portrait of Mr. Grote, one of its most valued Mends.*'
The proposal to accept the offer was carried with applause ; and
the President pointed out a position in which the picture might
advantageously be hung.
The President then exhibited a stone implement brought by
Mr. W. Theobald from Prome.
Mr. Theobald said —
The Celt eidiibited this evening, is remarkable for ita size, which
though not greater or even equal to many Indian CeltB, is greater
than that of any Celt which has hitherto been found in Biraiah,
with a single exeeptiou I shall presently advert to. Its general
type is that of the Birmese Celt, the cutting edge being formed by
grinding down one side only (as in a plane), whilst all Indian
Colts are, I believe, formed by gi-intliiig or chipping away both eui»-
f aces J so as to produce the ordinary form of a cutting edge (as in an
18700
Proceedings of ih» AtiaUe Somet^,
SSI
axe). It differs, however, from most Birmoso oelte wliieli have oomo
under ixkj obBervation, in wanting the shonlders generally present,
and in being made of a somewhat unusual material, a hard touj^h
argillaceous sandstone, almost conglomeratic in structure. The Celt
was picked up in the bed of a stream in mj presence some S5 miles
^H N. W. of Prome, and a veiy similar rock to that of which it in fa-
^H bbioned, is met with in the neighbourbood.
^^1 Its extreme length is 7} inches.
^^^L Width at top, 2
^^^^ „ at bottom, 4^ „ (making a little allowattoo i
L for rolled comers). Average thickness a trifle over I inrlu
^H The form of this Celt, that is, the ab^emie of shoultlurs, ntid its
^^ great nhe aud weight, int.dine me to think that it was usod in tha
hand and not fixed in any handle, as was almost certainly tlio oaso
with the smaller ooee*
Tlie only other Birmese Celt approaching this in t^iz^ whs on o
purchased by me in the Promo District some years a|^o. It was of
t, well smoothed, much longer and narrower than the present
one, and with the cutting edge g^xmnd into a curved oot a straight
line* It was figured in the Plate of stone weapons from Birmah, I Vo-
oeeding, A. 8. July, 1869, PL lU. fig. l-lo, and is precisely similar
in general proportions and type to a celt in tho Christy collection,
labellod ** horn Sumati-a."
The following table wiU exhibit tho contrast between the pre-
sent Celt and tho ordinary forma met with In Birmah The Celts
themselves can bo seen and studied in the Geological Museum |
where they are aow displayed in connexion with a tine series from
India.
Length,
Top
Bottom.
WhifhL
\
R>.
oz.
\o. 1.
71
2
44
2
lU
2. •
3*
1|
2}
0
41
3.
2f
1
n
0
21
4.
2fr
I
1}
0.
39
5.
U
1
IJ
0
«l
6,
4
■1
1«
0
2*
222 Proceedings of the Asiiitic Societi). [July,
No. 1. Large Celt. Exhibited.
2. Largest Celt of ordinary type (flat).
3. Smaller do. do. (do.).
4. Ordinary do. (high shouldered type).
5. Smallest do. (do.).
6. Chisel (figured A. S. Proceedings, July, 1869. Plate III.
[Fig. 2-2^.)
The following letter was read —
From Mr. K JET. Steel to W, T, Blanford, Esq,^ dated Revenue
Survey (Jamp^ Suddia (^Assam), April llth, 1870.
* Knowing the interest you take in such matters, I send you a
few notes of an earthquake felt here to-day. If it has been felt
with violence in Calcutta and neighbourhood, which I doubt
from the direction of the wave, it may be of interest to learn that it
extended as far as here, especially as I have the exact time, taken by
observation of the time on purpose. Our Longitude is nearly 96°, our
Latitude 27° 52'; Calcutta Longitude is 88° 25', Latitude 22° 33'-
The difference of time will be about 32 minutes or less; this I
have not subtracted from the times in the following record. I regret
that I had no barometer the time, as we had a rare wind, easterly,
the direction from which the wave came, and which rose suddenly
after the shocks, died away soon after, and then was renewed for
four hours again.
April, 11th. 10. 49 A. M., three moderate shocks rapidly succeed-
ing one another, 2 sec. interval about.
10.51. Got up a 6 in. Theodolite. Lower level E. and W., upper
N. and S. Direction of wave from E. to W., plainly evident. Con-
tinued wave motion, every 3 or 4 sec, imtil
10.59, when it became slighter and oscillation slower.
11.04. StiU slighter and slower.
11.09. Scarcely perceptible and ceased.
Wind at first moderate and easterly, rose rapidly. Due east.
TVeather fine, a few clouds. Sunny.
Thermo. 75^, at 11 a. m.
12 a. m., wind moderated a little, though it afterwardjs increased
a good deal and died away at sunset.
1870.]
Pi-ooufdingi of ths AiMie S^ietf.
22.t
H 1871
^^^^ TLcT6 woa no notioeablo rise or fall in tlio wfttor of the rWcft Brali-
^^Hpapootra, 20 yards from my office. Mon bathing in it^ did not notice
^^^^mo shock, though all on land did.
Animals did not seem io notice it. Office clock placed noarly east I
and west, did not stoji,'
In reference to Mr. Steel's letter, the President remarked that
tliB MTiter seemed to speak very positively with regard to tho
direction of the vibration. It would be well to know in what mode
Mr, Steele ascertained this^ for it waa oertaialy mutter moat dilii-
cnlt of direct obseiTation. Probably a j>ool of water by the wavo
oeciUation of its surface afforded Uie most obvious and distinct in-
ition of tho dii-ection of the disturbance ; but ho (the President)
Id 8ay, from his own experienco, tliat even when the waves were
largo and well marked, it wae not easy to form a rv\j definite con-
clusion on the point by the aid of this phenomenon. He would be
ifipoBed to imagine that observations of rock masses, however csten-
ive, would fail to give any certttin rosiUt. Perhaps a ^^ew from a
height upon a genei'aUy level maaa of foi^est foliage would bo more
[jcessfuL
Mr. "Westland mentioned that in one instance he had been easily
able to detect the direction of the earthquako wave by tlie violent
oscillations of a single tree ; but the President pointed out that ])ro-
bably it was only one component of the tree's motion which would
bo thus obser%-0d, namely that at right angles to tho lino joimng
the t(i>ectator and the tree.
The fallowing papers were read-
L — On tht Normal Jlatn/ull of Bengal, — 2?y 11. P. Blamford,
Esq., F. a S.
Mi\ Blanford read his paper, which will shortly appear in Kot
m., of Part II, of tlie Journals
After a few words on the interesting nature of Mr. Blanford's
in^piiries, tho President said it seemed to him that tlie i»aper just
read, condeused itself into the statement of a law something as
follows, namely, that in monsoon rains with continuity* of thct same
cotulitious of earth sui facoi tho rainfall dimininhid gnultiully from
wind\« urd to leeward ; for iustiiiii.u in the delta of Bengal, tho rain*
224
Proae^ingi of the Asiatic Sm^tif,
[Jttlt,
fall diminished from a maximum along the lino of sea coast to a
minimum at the foot of the Hills ; and again the rainfall diminiah-
od from another maximum at the first crest of the Hills to a small-
er amount further in upon the cxjrresponding plateau. And it was
easy to see why this should be so ; the Tapoui-- bearing air masses
continually parted with their freight as they went on, and so loss
and less rain was the result, until some new element was introduced
into the conditions which had the effect of increasing the degree
of satnration. At the HiUs this was brought about by a eimplo
mechanical process ; the advancing stream of air and vapour under
the influence of its own velocity", and the pressure from behind slid*
ed up the escarpment, and was thus with compai'ative suddenness
carried to an elevation, which at once gave rise to Y^ry great rori-
f action and consequent disappearance of heat. Also the low tem-
perature of mountain surfaces maintained by active radiation con-
duced to the same end. In this way, the charge of vapour in the
air brought up from below became excessive in relation to the heat
available for the purposes of maintaining it in a state of suBpenaion
and lai'ge quantities were precipitated. He did not know whether
the grout rainfall along the coast line ba*i been ascertained to be a
true maximuni or not. It would not be easy to make very accurate
observations on the amount of rainfall at sea : but he was prepared
to learn that this rainfall was reidly a maximum, and if so, he was
inclined to attribute it to a cause in some sense the reverse of that
which effected the saturation at the mountain top, i. e,, an increase
in tho quantity of vapoui* instead of a diminution of the tempera-
ture. Having regard to the fact that the delta was literally sown
with shallow tanks^ khols, and pieces of water of eveiy sort and
sizQy he thought it very possible that tlie surface soil heated by a
tropical sun might, under these circumstances, yield a more plen-
tiful supply of vapour than the sea itself. In truth this arrangement
of land and water bore no slight resemblance to the genex*al form of
contrivances for multiplying the heating surface for the generation
of steam in boilers*
With rogai'd to the occurrence of a rise in tho barometer at
Cherrapoonji iTmnediately before a heavy fall of Uiu monsoon
rains, this might be claused by increase in the vapour-flow from
1870.]
FroeHfdin^B of the Asiatic 8<>cifttj,
225
[bolow encliug in a downfnll of rain, but until actual predpit«tioa
19k place, simply eflectiug an augmpnt^tion of tlie matoriul of
[Ui© superincuuvbent atmosphere. It might; bo likened to the in-
I Crease of depth in a streani of water caused by increase of supply
I frtim its source* If this were so, the like pheuomenon ought to
be observed on similar sites, such for instance along the Western
iGbata.
Mr. W. G. Willson said, — With reference to the observed rise
I in the barometer at Cherrapoonjee before rainfall, I would remark
that, a« the same phenomenon hna not been noticed at othur Hill
1 fitjitions, it cmn hardly be exphiinod by any increase of presj*urd
f which might be caused by the vertical dis2>lAeementa of tho aerial
furrents as they are forced upwards, coming in contact with the
, alnping sides of the mountains.
Nor does it seem probable, d prim^i^ that the forcing of masses
of air over an elevated region would increase the ahnoRphone pres-
aure, in that region, above its normal condition ; since the equili*
I brium could be maintained by tlie lateral diatributiott of what
othenvis^ might cause an excess of atmosphere.
We will probably have to look for the explanation of the pHono-
I meuon of tlie increase of atmospheric pressure before rain (if such
[be the case) in the same local configuration which causes tho
[ enormous rainfall for which Chorrapoonjoe is celebrated.
As I understand, Cherrapoonjee ia situated at tlie head, or focus,
of a system of valleys, wide at their entrances, but naiTowing up
and converging as they approach their common focus.
The prevailing winds force atmospheric niai<scs up the sides of
I tliese valleys. These masses are hf^ritontall^ compressed as they
are forced, from the much wider, to the narrower limits converging
I to Cherrapooujeo,
It is possible that this horizontal ooraprossion ahm may be soffl-
ciont to saturate tlie region about Cherrapjoujee, and thus be a
cause of excessive rainfall, as well as increased atmospheric pres-
; cure before rain.
Dr. Oldliam said, he thought the peculiarity of position of Cherra-
pooiijee, ontl the effect which this had on thu fall of rain there and
i on the atmu»pUeric pressure, had scuruely been fully appreciated*
220
Pf'oft^f^irt^Jt &f the Atiatie SoeUfy.
\JviA
The station of Cheira was not only, as it liad been described, placed
not ikr from tli© southern face of a range of iiilk, which rise near^
ly peq)eiidiciilarly from the plain of Sylhot, the face of tho scarj
being uoarly at right aug;lo& to ihe prevailing winds, but it wa
also encompafiscd on either side by huge glens or valleys whio
have been cut down to tho depth of several thousand feet, and
which extend from the plains wull into the hilhi, and curving round
on either aide, leave but a very limited area between. Now not
\y wiia the surchargod atmosphere wliieh had floated over the
lains driven by the prevalliug winds against the face of the hilJS|.j
but it was also driven up tliese gorges or glens, and the vaiiouaj
currenta of saturated air met just over the station of Chen*a. Boi-
ling up from either side the thick fog-hke mist moots in a donsej
mass above the station, and as he had expressed it some sixteeaj
years since, the satiu'ated gponge, as it were, was suddenly squeezed J
and the moistm'e which it previously held, deposited. Tliis also*
readily accuuals fur the greater atmospheric pressure at these times.
n. — Notes on Bamarqand, Brj Monsk. he Khajhicop. {From ih§ ^
Itussiun.) Communicatal by T. O. .Forsyth, Esq,
(Extract.)
Twenty-SLX years ago on the /j- September, 1841, I saw for fcft©^
first time the celebrated cax>ital of Timurlang from an elevated spot J
on the road leading &om liulchslnt to Samarkand, where I arrived]
exhausted by the heat and covored with dust.
Vast ruins scattered over the cotmtry immediately surrounding]
the city, plainly indicated that its glory had passed away. Never*!
theloss in spite of iUs decrepit state, it presented an imposing aspect i
when viewed from a distance. I must confess that tho pleasure I
with which I contemplated tho landjscape, was considerably enhan-']
ced by the recollection, that since the 8th September, 1404, tho day]
on wliich Gonzales Clavijo, Ambassador of Henry III, of Castilci,^
entered Samarkand, no Eoi-opean had penetrated that celebratedj
town.
About three o'clock, I wo^ informed that Iluiihim Padkhwa
the governor of Samarij^and, had sent his horses and fairashes, and I
wished to see me.
IB70.]
Pi'OC^f dings of the Asiatic Society,
22T
1^ P^'
His Sepoy guard was ranged in two lines under the doep dark
gatowity of bis castle, dressed in loos© gowna and painted olotk
httts bordered with sheepskin. Their eqiiipmcmta wore as varied
AS they were fantastical ; one could imaginu they had b^eu armed
for tho occaeinu with weapons borrowed ii*om some Mtis<^uni ot
the Middle Agea. Thoro were gunfi, spears, clubs, axoSp and area
bows, and quivers full of arrows. After cros8ing one or two courts,
we entered a vaulted passage, also lilled with a<ildi«.a's. It termi-
Mated in a large court with a fountain: in tho centre^ and a Bpacioua
mdny or roof, supported with wooden pillars.
rbr^him Dddkhwiih wan not there, bnt I liad scarcely seated my-
telf on a small carpet spread for mo, when ho appeared and sat
iown on a cushion in the middle of the Aiwfln. Seeing that my
place was so far removed from the govemor*s, I rose and heedlesa
of Chaui"! dgfei's frantic signals, seated myself within half a yard
him*
This conduct, which tlie Bukhiria evidently considered very bold,
aiade a dilTerent impression on tho ola TJzbak with whom my
buamess was ; for he addreaaed me very cordially in tho Tartar
language*
The day following, which, in accordanco with somo foolish point
of Bokh^an etiquette, I was obliged to spend at homo» tlmt I
might rest from the fatigues of the journey, a numerous purty
came to visit me. They were natives of Marw, and thoreioro
deeoondant^ of the inhabitants of that town who, in the reigns
of Sh&li Mui^iid and his son Amir Haidar, had been carried
away by force and settled in Samnrqand. Thoy brought me
qimntities of peaches, and received in exchange several yards of
cloth and a few tunpis^ the small silver coin of the country worth
about tea pence, 1 gathered from their conversation that they
wore bitter, though secret, enemiea of the Buldiariaa govorn-
iiient* The invasion of N&dir Shdh and the conquost of Bukhiiri
by the Persians had made a deep improstuon on their memories,
and they still cherished a lirm hope of one day seeing a repetition
of those events, the more so as they can foresee no better termina-
tion of thoir aufft-rings. This leads me to think that altlvough the
preeent geuerutioa was boru on Uie soil of Bukhara, and is obliged
228
F^ the Astatic Sifmtif.
[JlTLT,
Id profess the Siumi religion, yet the greater portion remained 8h^
'ahs at heart, and this of course waa an additiunal cause of hatred
towards their oppressors.
1 was informed by ray visitors aa well as l>y my heat, who seemed
to be thoroughly acquainted with the Btatistics of the district,
that Samarqand comprises, under the present governor, five tumaua I
or cantons, yielding on au average 70»000 batwans of corn of
various sorts, that is to say, about 9,108,320 kilogr, of grain,
ol' which 30 per cent., or about 2,750,000 kilogr,, are levied bj
the government as khiWt/\ or laud tax. On every field of com of one
*|anub,' equal to 3,0*J8 hoctarus, the govermuent Wies a tax of 18. 1
tim<fM or &anc8, and 6 taugas for each (anab sown with grass. Thia j
revenue ought to suffice the guvemor for his own subsistence ; fur
the pay of his servants and otfioers, and for tho wages and support
of 1250 rmukar^, or sepoys, that form the garrison of the provinee iJli]
time of peace. The rest is sent to the Amir as * peshkash' oif]
present for the New Year's day on the 21st of March. For uistanee, I
in 1841, he sent the sumfif IrSO^OOO tangas by hla son to liukhtlrd.
This does n<:it include the revenue which is sent direct to Bukhfiri ta |
the Zaltdtchi Bashf, an otiicial totaUy independent of the govornor.
The tax levied on the flocks of slieep^ comes under a dilTerent i
administration and is brought to the Amir every spring, by offi-i
cers specially employed for tlie purpose. 1 could not gain exact 1
information as to the value of these two last duties ; but the custuma
of Samarqund can yield but an inconsiderable sum *, for the dutiea I
are only levied on caravans froui Ktjkdn and Bukharfi.*
On the 4th, 5th, and 7tli of September, I visited all the objects of
interest in Bamarc^and, of wliich there are but few ; but before 1
describing them, I must say a few words about th« town in general,.]
The topographer, Yakovk'f, who accompanied Jkles&rs. Leiiman and]
Bogcislofski, has drawn up a plan of Samarqand, whitth I have on-* 1
closed in mj desci-iption of the Kh&n&t of Bukliird, iniblished m
1843.
The wall of the town was in very good condition, when 1 viaitedil
it* The whole forma an ahnost perfect square, or rather trapiaium ;
lor the northern side is longer than the others. The most irregii*
hu: wall is tluit on the west, where the fort projeetis. This wall i
Fwoemt%n^9 cfihe Aiiaiic Soei^i^*
229
eoiTosponds exactly with that of Bukhara id height and in tMck-
04)88, as well as in its battlements and turrets* It is 13 kilomotros,
319 metres, in circumference, and encloses a space of *253 3 J |anli>)«.
Samarqand is therofore larger than BukJidrA by SOU (an^bs.
Thi& is oocasioned by the number of gardens ; for, in jKiint uf popula-
tionj it is decidedly inferior to the latter town, Tliu inhabitants
are reckoned at &om 30,000 to 35,000 souls. The outer wall has
tax gates. On the western side, it has but one gate, the Darwfizah i
Bukhari ; there is also one on the eastern side caUed QalandarKhdui.
The ttuuth and north sides ^ have each two gates ; tho8e in the for-
mer are called Paikobak [Kaiqubdd ?] and D, Chah i Ziuduh ; the
others D. Sozan-girdni and D. Khw^jah Ahr^r. The last takes its
name from the yenerable saint of 8amarqand, who is buried dase to
this gate. The ruins whicli surround the town lead on© to suppose that
it was formally of much greater importance than it is at present, or
when it was rebuilt alter one of its numerous catastropliies, it miL^t
have been enloi'ged towards the south-east* The ground to the (
vest^ more espetially that northwards of the wall, which bea
tlie name of Qal*fih AMiiidb is more thickly covered with ruins
than the rest. This, however, cannot have taken place very recent-
ly. Since the time of Timur, his ancient eapllul has nut altered
in form. One thing is certain that in tlie hoiglit of its prosperityi
ihe environs of Samarqand were in a much better state of cidtiva
Hon than tlioy ai'o now, nnd vestiges of gardens still remain whorei*!!
by Timtir*s order, his wives entertained Olavijo so mu^nihcontly.
The town is supplied with water by tliree rivulets deseeutling from
the uortbcrn declivity of Mount A^alyk. The hrst enters Samar-
qand a little to the eastwards of the Khwdjali Aliriir gate j having
^irtLHl the eastern and northern sides of the Fort, it leaves the
L>wn and waters the fielils to the north of the Btikharian road,
secHind water-course entering the town near the gate ol
Sozan-gh'rini quits it on the eastern aide and unites with tho
tliird which ekirts the same sides, both tog^tber flowing into the
XTi i Ma*^hhad, as llio people call it. This stream washes the ba**e
of tiie northern wall of the town* Stuh an abundance iif water
admits of every house bcnrtg Well auppb'cd, and contributes greatly
t<:> t he salubrity of the town.
230
Profeedhign of the Aiiatie Sucifty.
[JiTLY,
M, Struve^ in our Geugrttplaeal Il4!*port oa Central Asia, fixes tlie
laHtude uf Samtirqand at aU'" 3B' 45", and ite longitude W 38' 12", R
of Paris,
III. — Azotes on a 7V ip across thn Patkoi Jiantfg* frotn Assam to th^
Ilooloom/ Valky, — Bif H. L, Jenkins, EdQ.
Lo^t year I was unable to y'et beyoud the Nongyang Lake, par
ly fi-om waat of pruviMious, aiid partly owiog to my haviny* started
latt* iu th© season, the Singfoos were too busy reaping thoir crops
to accompany mo, 1 attempted to start much csarlter tliis eeasou
with my irieud, Air, A. J. Foal ; but some of tho Singfoos who had
agreed to show tliB roatl were unfortunately detuiui'd by a luwauli.
Waiting for thetu^ we loftt several Jays, and LLltimiit*-!}' did not loave
ihis la«t viUage on the NiutU'oop till tho fith Deeembor. FiiUowing
the path dieacribed last year up the Namroop river, and then up
tlie Nambong aud Nunkee streams, wo reached the summit oi tho
I'atkoi about 2 o'clock on the 8th December, To our great disap-
pointment on examining Ihe barometer we found it broken and
useless* Water boiled at a temperature of 208, giving aa altituda
of about 2, 1 40 feet. The air was very clear, and it was plain tO'
eee that the Patkoi, which is here only a single ridge, oould bee
crossed five or six hmnlz'od feet lower by making a slight bend to*
tlie westward of the present path. That night we descended somaj
three or four hundred feet and camped near a small spring of
water-
Continuing the descent very gradually the noxt day in an e^ister-
ly direction we crossed tho str'eaiu from the Nongyang Lako about^
noon, nnd then ascended the Digf>om hill and stopped at the first
water we eonld lind on its eaAtei^H &lope. We eatinuUed the dis-
tance travelled that day at lifteeu miles, The path lay tiirough.
thit-k forest ; we lost it several times during the day, and were ob-
L'ged to halt whilst the Singfoos dispersed tlieinsolTea in all direc-
tions to tind it.
Early on the following day we came on a small stream, alsc^
called Digoom, and went down its bed^ fur some hours occasionally
• For a Mnp ruf^ Mr, Jeukina* Brdt pripiT published ia Prooaoduiga Asiatic
Sociuij, Ika^ol^ foi IbGt), pp. ti7 to 7i. Tuu £i>fioii.
1670.]
Proct$dm^n of the Aaiaiie SQci^^^tf,
SSI
fildrtiiig the water through deose wot jimgle. Aboat noon we
etruuk oH I'rom the right bank over a low hill to the Loglai, a
fthallow }rut vorj rapid stream about eighty jm*d? broad. It seotn-
ed mhiisablt^ to carap carlj, in onler to eunhtnat hotter eheltor thaa .
usital, as rahi threatonod ; ao we hrdted for the night on the eaniil
on the? hank of the Loghii about half a mile below a largo poong*
or Ridt 00350. Di*itanco tliis diij about ten miles.
During the whole nt the next day our f>ourse lay down tho bed
of tlie Loglai, and we made very slow progress at first uver the
enormous bouldori? anti rocks of aanrlstono ; but the rivi.»r bwame
hu'ger as we advanced, receiving tuarh additional water fi,*om
aanierous biuaII aireams fltiwiug into it on eitJier aide. Towards
ev<>ning largo rooks and boulders were less frequently met with, and
we gut on faster over tlio sand and shingle ; w« stopped at thq
mouth of a Uttle stream eallod Kysoo, having travailed eleven or
twelve miles. Here the Loglai is navigable for canoes, and tho
extreme width of its bed ©xtioeds a hundrud yards*
On tho 12th leaving tho Loghii wo ascended the Kysoo for two
hours, tJien crossing a low hiUeame on the Nandip, a stream similar
to the Kysoo, and travelled down its bed till evening, camping on its
hank. Distance about sixteen miles. The path durijjg the whole
day was goc»d. The beds of botli Mtreams are composed of shingle
and gravel with few large rocks. The forest, a«* on the Aswiaiu aide,
is eompoeod of very large trees, and ttie undergrowth of jungle la
impenetrably thick.
On the morning of the l»?th, we found there was barely rice
enough in the caxnp to give each man ono meal, so it \\t\^ necessaiy
\ Ibroe the paco, in order to get into a village as soon as |Missible«
Following the Namiip for about an hour we reachiid itficonilu-
ence with the Yoc»ng!*oom, a stream of the same biw. For four
hours tlie path led up tho Yoongsoom, occasionally skii'ting thd
wiit^r through very heavy and (-'Xtremuly wot junglu until that
Bh*eam became so small as, to be nutraccuble, when ci*o86 lUg a pieoe
of high lying forest land we came on the Yoongmoi, a somewhat
larger stream than either of tho two former. About two hours'
P^walk down the bed of tho Yoongmoi brought us to the Namyoong^
i livor not muuh inferior in size to the Logloi, hut deeper and less
232
Procc(fdinffs of the Awiatk S&ei4if^.
[Jtn.Y,
rapid. We hnld on our way up this river until it beetimo dusk
when we were glad to learn that the Nttnijoong village was close
at kand. Our guides told us tliat it would bo highly improper for
a party of strangers to enter a Tillage after night-full, so w© camp-
ed on the Band on the bank of tlie Namyoong and sent off two men
to tliG TiUago for food. In about an hour the men rottirnod bring-
ing with them a good supply of riee and some ti8h, ajid thoy also
brouglit ua back our money. On hearing of our neeesBity, the
people of the village had gone round from house to house eoUect-
ing rice, and with the contributiona they sent a mcas^wgo t/> say that
they were not jackalB but hunwin beings, and coidd take no pay-
ment from hungry travellGrs, The Gham, or Chief, sent us an invi-
tation to enter his village in the moruing. Distance this day about
twenty-four miles.
On the Hth, we went up the river to the Namyoong village,
about a mile abovo our encampment. This was the ninth day since
wo left the last Assam village, and druing this time we had »een
no cniltivation, not even a bit of clearanoef and the sight of the
large open rice-fields gave us no ^mi\X\ plea**ure. staking our en-
campment on the Bide of the river opposite to the village, we were
soon surrounded by the inhabitants, about two hnntlre<l in aU.
They brought presents of fowls, rice, b^^'s^ fish. It is the Singfoo
custom to present a gueet with ft^ud as soon as he enters the house,
and the Ohum's wifi^ brought ua a small quantity of cooked rice
neatly tied up in plantain leaves and somo ** Sahoo,'* a sort of
whiskey distilled from rice. This spirit was very a^jceptablo, as
our own stock was nearly exhausted. It is very strong, and not
unpalatable when one becomes used to it,
Tha Gham, whoso name is Ningi-oo Monoh, was very civil, and
told us to apply t»* him for everything we wanted. After chatting
eomo time, he told us that a messenger had arrived with a letter for
us from the Giiofs of the large Singft>o village on the Denai» and
he w(u^ good enough to say that the letter should bo delivered the
next day. We asked for the letter^ and to see the messenger at
once, but were gravely repiTived for wishing to transact business oa
the very first day of our arrival ; and as our own Singfoos agreed
tiiat our retjucKt was most uncoromunious, we were obliged to ap*
pear eontented*
l«70,]
Proee&HngB of the Aiiatic SacieUj,
233
Early the next morning we made enquiiy for the letter, but
were again told that our haste was ill-maunerod. ** The Gham/'
ilipy said, ** eats first, and after that he is at liberty to pay atten-
to matters of le&a importance." About noon we obtained pos-
eion of the letter, wliich was written in Shan, the Singfoos
having no written character of their own, A KamiJtee boy, wha
uame with us hsim A«sam, read out the contents, of wliich tho fol-
lowing is a ti'ansliition v —
** 8ibbom Gham and Seroj Gham having consulted ail the otlier
©hams send this. Jenkins Sahib is not permitted to visit our vil-
lages. No European has ever oomo this way. If the Sahib wishes
to Bee our eountry, he should come through Burmali. The Ghama
will not allow him to come by the Patkoi. lie must return. *'^ — By
Lregarukii messenger.
Kingroo Menoh then handed us another slip of paper conveying
y him tlie following instructions : —
'To NtNGEOo MuNoir.
** Detain the Sahib at your villag© till you hear from us. If you
are unable to detain him or turn kim back, send ua a message,
and let your messenger travel day and night.'* From Sibbom and
Seroj Ghams.
)n questioning Legandoi, the bearer of these letters, he at first
iA fhe whole blame on the Burmese Woon or GKjvernor of
Magong, who, it appears, though he does not attempt to govern
the 8ingfr)08, is supposed to exercise political control over them to
a certain extent. It would seem, however, that the influence this
officer possesses in Hookoong at prosent is little more than nomi-
nal f for the messenger explained that when the Ghams are agreed
amongst themselves as to any particular Line of conduct, they ig-
nore the existence of the Woon. Burmese authority, ho told us,
was maintmned by the excitement of dissenstona amongst the
diiieront clans — no sijigle Chief who has any cause of disagreement
with his neighbours dai'es incui* the displeasure of the Woon, lest •
the Chiefs with whom he is at variance should be invited to bum
and plunder his village.
Whatever the cause may be, it is certain that the Burme^ are
keartUy detested by the Hingfooai
234
Proceed I fifft 0/ ihe Asiatie Society*
[Ju
As our Assam Siu^ooa refused to go on with us until the pwhi-
bition was removed, we determined to send a remonstrance and to
wait in the neighhourhood of Kamyoong for a reply.
AVe wrote to the Gliama of the Donai villages, that we oonsidered
it hard to bo detained, reminding them that their people had full
liberty to go into Assam whenever they please, and that their tra-
ders travelled all over Upper Assam unmolested, and we begged
them to give us permission to go forward and see them.
On the morning of tlie 16th we sent olf three of our own people
with NingrooBoo, the ^^ounger brother of Ningroo Meaoh, with our
letter and with presents for Sibbom Seroj and four other Ghaui^ of
note.
We received no reply tUl Uie 25tli when Ningroo Doo return
He told M^ that the Ghams after muLrh tliacuiision had not come to
any agi^eement up to the time of his leaving them as to whether wo
should be aUowod to go forward or not, and that, as the small-pox
had broken out in some of their villages, the people wei'e avei*se to
any traveUors being allowed to move about, wishing to prevent tho
disease from spreailiug ; he had returned to lot us know that there
was little probability of our being allowed to go on immediately.
It was bar illy to bo expected, perhaps, that isolated tribes like tho
Singfoos unaccustomed to European visitors would give up their
sec'Iudiveness at the hrst call witliout some hesitation ; but we had
lost 80 much time at the commeneemunt of the journey that neither
of us could afford to wait longer, especially as the chance of being
allowed to proceed on a very early day seemed to bo small*
So on the SOth wo commenced our return journey through the
Mosang Noga country, as we wished to examine the paas by which
Grifhth, and Baylicld crossed the Patkoi in 1837*
This! route has already been fully doHtTibod by Oriflithp so it doet
not seem necessary to say much regarding it. There are four steep
ridges crossed by tliis path rising :^,000 to 4,Ono foot, boaides tho
main range itsolf, on which wo boiled water at a temperature of
202, the temperature of ^^ air at the time being G3, giving an al-
titude of about 5,500 feet above the sea leveL It is much to be
regretted that GrilHlh chance*! to take tliis route ; for it is doubt-
less owing to his descnption that a gonei-al impression has ari^eil
1870.]
PtHtc^tfinffi of the Amdie Buvtet^.
235
tkftt tlie Patkoi Range is a foraiidable barrier erected by natiiro to
prevent commtinicatioii between India and the countriea lying to
tht) east.
Whilst at Namyfiong viUago, which he found ii-om obserration
to be abuut 26*;i0 Int , we had eereral opportunities of conTeraiug
with the people of the ^lewroo tribe who inhabit the mountain
rangi> to the east between Ilookixing and the IiTuwaddy.
Fn»in the descTiptioii given by tlie Meeroos there would appear
to be eeroral pajises of no great elevation through this range* The
Meui*ooa wear Cliineso ornaments, and bring articles of Ohineao
manufat'ture t^ Hookoong for sale. Besidesj these ornaments and
their pipes we nota'cod earthenware ctips, copper cooking Yes^ela,
WTonght-iron ploughslmros, and cast-ii^on p^ins, all undnubtedly of
Chinese make, Ntuther the Singfous nor the Meerot»8 niakp any
UBe of copper as a circulating medium. In the larger trtinsa<^;tionjs
they use lumps of silver obtained from Yxinan and houi tlie tShana
of alK)ut hfilf a pound wt*ight, and theso lumps are ualieaitatingly
eboppod into small i>iecee and weighed out when it is recptiaito to
inea»ure tlie price of articles of email value. They have some
rupees in cireiUation, but these coins are lo(»ked on with 8ns|uoion
on ac^jount of the impurity of the silver. Tho dearness of salt was
most remark able* A ooars(> black salt was selling at about the
rate of a shilling a x^^^^^- ^^^ ^*^*' vnih several peoplu who had
traded in tho PanBce country, and one of the routes they describt>d
strikes the IiTawaddy at Mainluh, a large Shan villagt», situated
on the left bunk of the PhooDgmai at its confluence with the
Irrawaddy.
In a little map attached to Dr. Clement WiUiams^s book on
Upper Burmah* Maiulah is placed at the month of a largo river in
lat. 26, or about VM\ miloa above Bliamo.
Dr. Williama does not give the namo of tliis riTer ; bnt it ia w«ll
kno\^Ti to tlie BingfiHjfl and Meerooa as the Phoongtnai Kha*
We were iuformeil tliat a man carr>*iitg a load cotdd reach the
nearest Pansee villogos from Muirdah in two days' march.
The SingfooB divide the Chint?8u into two classes^those wlio eat
pork, and tUoso who do not eat iiork. The jwrk-unters, tboy said,
u&ed furmerly to oome down the I'huougmai in groat nuiubiira and
236
Pmrrfidingn of ifu* Asiatie Rwift^^
[July,
cross to Iloiikorifig IW jailo ftiid aiulior, but of Uito years j owiiig
to wtir betweeu the two daBseft, tlio trade has been r<?8tnctefl to
the almtiiiners from pork. It is to be remembered that the route
across the Patkoi 1»y \he N(»Tigyaag Lnke is no new sehome now
brought to notice for the first time. Thirty-five years ago, atteu-
tiou was directed to this same route by Captain Charlton, then
commandiug the troops oa this frontier, who is known to fame aa
the first man t<i discover the t«a plant in British India. Captain
Charlton writes— his letter will be found in the Journal of the Asia-
tic Sockhj for January 1836 — ** What a pity there is no means of
communication between Suddya and Yunnan. A good land road,
and there are no natural obstacles of any conseqtience to prevent it,
would afford an outlet for British merchandise into the very heart
of China." As the Singfoos of Hookoong trade wiUi Yunan and
with Assam, it cannot be disputed that Captain Charlton was right
in asserting that no physifid obstacle exists to prevent a thoroxigh-
faro from being eslablishod the whole way.
It has been urged w4th some plausibUity that the Singfoos are so
poor and so simple in their habits, that they do not want better
communication with other countries, because thoy could reap no
benefit from fruor intert'ourso. It is true that their \yauta are few ;
but some of these wants are very ill*8uppUod, as in the case of
salt for iufttauce, wliich is very b»id in quality otid vory dear through-
out Hookoong; besides, the bulk of the populatiju engage in some
kind of barter when not occupied in cultivating, and a people of
this kind would not bo likaly to opposie the opening of a road,
because they are capable of seeing that the measure woidd prove to
their advantage.
But whilst the people themselves may bo trusted not to oppoa©
their own interests, it must be admitted that some difficulty lios in
the fact that nearly all their Ghamft are lai-ge slave-holders, and
suffer heavily and constantly from the escape of tJielr slaves across
the border into British temtory. All the Chiefs feel a great deal of
irritation against us on account of the extreme abolitionist policy
that has been adopted of late years. Stdlj considering the magni-
tude of the question, it will hardly be saul that the cost of indem-
nifying a score or so of petty Chiefs for the loss of their slaves
1870.]
Pror^fdinffs nflhe A^iaik Soeietjf,
237
woiilil be a heavy impost, and it would eoem to be no more than fair
to ^ive the Ghttma the means of inirahaeing that amount of labour
from their servants, wliieh they have been accustomed to obtain by
force, if we interfere to prc+vent the ejcaetion.
As there is now a British oflir er resident at Bhamo, it might bo
possible to send a party np the Irrawaddy to explore and rnuko a
rough Burvoy of the river as far aa Mainlah. In all probability, a
party starting from Assam would be able to reach Miiiuluh ; for
tiuce we have returned, a letter kaa been received fi^m the Denai
Ghama, inviting ua to meet them next year at Serojmo,
JSerojmo is said tu be only six days from Mainlah*
The leth January, 1870,
IV*— -4 Contrihution io Malayan OrnUhologtj. — B*j De, F. Stolxozka.
(Abstract*) |
The paper contains notes on about oner hundred species of binls
which have been collected t-liietly in the Wellesley Province, the
oountry East of Pemmg Island. Althougli the geographical situation
of this Province is intermediate between that of Malawa and Tenas-
eerim, the fauna bears a greater relation in identity of species
to the former than to the latter. A number of the species
recorded are also found at Mida^ca, Sumatra, and Java, and do not
appear to extend fmiJier North ; others are also met with in the
Tenasserim and Burmese Provinces ; and a few are common to
India generally. In several cases intermediate forms between
' 4hoeo occurring in Burma, or North Eastern India and those
found on Sumatra, Java and the other islands have been noticed.
Dr. StoliL'zka di-ew the attention of the meeting to the marked
diflerence which ejJsts between the £auna of North Eastern
India and Burma, and that of South -Western and Southern
India, The former extends from the central Himalayas about
Darjeeling tlu'ough Assam, Caehar, Burma into the true Malayan
Provinces, and is diaracteriztid by a very large number of peculiar
Malayan types j the latter has a strong admixture of African
forms. Tlie first a|>pear8 to have travelled from South East
towards North West and the other from South West towards North
East, and both appeared to have been 8ti>pped in tbeii* further pro-
238 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [July,
gress partially by the intervening Bengal Provinces whicli at the
time of the migration were probably open sea, partially by the Hima-
layan range in the North, though this could not have had formerly
the gigantic dimension and altitude which it now possessed. In
the South of India and on the Malabar coast Malayan species
again occur.
Mr. W. T. Blanford endorsed the views expressed by Dr.
Stoliczka, and mentioned some of the peculiar African types
which are to be found in the fauna of Central India. He said a
list of birds collected in a district West or South- West of N^gpiir
contains almost as many African types as it does of Indian.
The reading of the following paper was postponed —
On tlie Capture and Death of Bard Shihoh. — By H. Blochmann,
Esq., M. a.
The receij)t of the following communications was announced—
1. Gond Words a)id Phrases, — i?^ Eeveeexd J. Dawson,
Ghindwdrah,
2. Second List of Birds from the North-Eastern Frontier, — By
Majok H. H. Godwin-Austen.
The mooting then broke up.
LlBllAHY.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
last Meeting.
Presentations,
%• Names of Douora in Capitals.
rroceodings of tho Eoyal Society, Vol. XVIU, No. 118.— The
Royal Socikty of London.
Report of the Committee of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce,
1869-70. — The Bengal Cuamuer of Commerce.
Catalogus Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi, digessit F. A. Guil.
Miquel. Pars Prima, Flora Japonica. — The UNivERsrrY of Leyden-
Annalos Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi, edidit F. A. Guil. Mi-
quel. Tom. IV, Fasc. 6-10. — The University of Leyden.
Tho Journal of the Chemical Society, for February, March, April,
1870. — TuE Chemical Society of London.
J870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 239
Monatebericht der Koniglich-Preussisclien Akademie der Wis-
Benschaften zu Berlin. January to April, 1870. — The Berlin
Academy of Sciences.
. Abhandlungen der Konigliclien Akademie der Wissenschaften
sa Berlin, 1867-68. The Koniql. Akademie deb Wissenschaf-
ten, Beelin.
Actes de L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et
4xte de Bordeaux, 3" Serie, 30* annee. — The Bordeaux Academy.
BoUettino della Societa Geographica Italiana, Fascicolo 4°.—
The Italian Gbograpuical Society.
Schriften der Konigliclien Pliysikalish-CEkonomisclien GesoU-
schoft zu Konigsborg, 8tli and 9tli vols. — Tue Konigsberg Ac^u:)emy.
Notes of a Visit to Gujrat in December, 1869, by J. Bm-gess,
M. R. A. S., F. R. G. S.,— The Author.
From Calcutta to London by the Suez Canal, by the Rev. C. H,
Dall. — The Author.
. Balwantndmah (Urdu MS.).— W. Oldham Esq., LL. D., C. S.
Report on Sanscrit MSS., submitted to the Goverment, by R^jen-
dralfila Mitra. — The Author.
Prabad Mala, or Bengali Proverbs in English. — ^Rev. J. Long.
Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, May 1870. — Thb
Editor.
Nuskhah « dil-Jcushd, Vol. I., by Janmejaya Mitra. — Babu
Ba'jendeala'la Mitra.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. HE. Part IT.—
The Superintendent Geological Survey.
Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Home
Department, No. LXXIV. — The Govt, of Bengal.
Selections from the Records of the Govt, of Oudh. — The same.
Selections from the Records of Govt. N. "VV. Provinces, Vol, III.,
No. 2.— The same.
Selections from the Records of the Govt, of the Panjab, No. VI.
— ^The sameI
Selections from the Records of the Govt, of Madras, No. XL
— The same.
Sections from the Records of the Bombay Govt., No. CXV.
— The same.
24a
Prtcetdin^B of the AHta(u Socwfy,
[Jlxy,
Itt*port of tho Moteorologieal Reporter to the Government of
Bengal, Meteorological Abstract for 1869, — The saBiIE*
Sanitary Report for Oudh, 1808-69. — The bame,
Eoportufthe Sanitary Administi'ation of the Panjab, 1868. —
The same.
BeiKjrt of the PoH<jo of tho Lower Provinces of the Bengal Pre*
irtdency, for 1868, VtiLs. I. and II. — The same.
Annual Eeport of tho Madi-as Modicul College, 1868-69. — Thb
Report on Madras Civil Dispensaries, I8G7. — TifE same.
Report on Populoi* Education in the Panjab, for 1868-69. — TffE
Report on tho Administration of Civil Justice in the Province of
Oudh, 1868.— The S.U1E.
Annual Report of Criminal and Civil Justice, Rangoon, 1868. —
The same,
Repoil on tho Admluiiitration of Civil Justice, Panjab, 1868. —
The same.
Nature, No8. 27—31.
Athens&um for April, 1870.
Tho Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 28 — 30. —
Tho London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosopldcal Magazine, Nos,
2G1-2G2.— The Ibis, Vol. YI. No. 22.— Rovuo et Magasiu do Zoo-
logie, No. 3,— Revue des Duux Mondes, Avril, Mai.^The West-
niiuster Review, April. — The EiUnlmrgh Review, April. — Tho
Quarterly Review, April. — The North Bntisli Review, April, —
Coraptes Reudiis, Nos. 13 — 16. — Exotit? Biitti'rilios, parts 73-74. —
— ^Lt-^'ons 8UJ* la Physiologie, par H* Milne Edwards, Tom 9,
part n. — Schmarda's Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien and AnneH-
den. — Tho Classification of the Sciences, by H. Spencer! — Duncker,
die Goschichto dor Arier. — Jenyns* Observations in Natural
History. — Johnstou-s Cheoiistry of Common Life, 2 Vols. — The
Year Book of Facts, 1861, 1802, IBG-I, 1867.— lot eUectual Observer^
Tols. L— IX. and Nos. 13, li>, 18— .51, 55—62, 64— 7a.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR August, 1870.
A meeting of the Society was held on "Wednesday, the 3rd
instant, at 9 p. m.
The Hon'ble J. B. Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting were balloted for and elected Ordinary Members —
E. H. Wilson, Esq., C. 8.
A. M. Broadley, Esq., 0. S.
The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot at the Septem-
ber meeting —
E. F. St. A. St, John, Esq., Superintendent of North Arracan,
Akyab, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B. Phear, seconded by H.
Blochmann, Esq.
The following gentleman has intimated his desire to withdi-aw
from the Society —
W. L. Willson, Esq.
A letter from A. C. Lyall, Esq., Commissioner of West Borar,
forwarding copies of inscriptions foimd in the district, was laid
on the table {vid/! Proceedings for July).
The following letter from Major F. W. Stubbs, enclosing a
Sanscrit inscription and several drawings, was read —
Attack, 20th May, 1870.
" I send you drawings of an inscription and somie curious rude
carvings, both on rock, which I copied from the originals near
this the other day. The Post Master here, Im^ 'All, told me,
242
Procmlings of the Astatic Society*
[AuotreT,
there was an iuscription on a well of ^rhich lie had long heard,
Imt hail never Been ; eo we made an ex]>edition together on tho
1 0th instant, and vieitt^d the place. This you will see by the!
eketc'h map I send, is not far off. We drove out a little beyond
the old fort near Mala Mfm^ur, whore the Tah^il used to be kept
in the days of the Mughids, and the revenue realized from the I
district (a much more fertile one than in the Sikh rule, or since)
deposited. Its name Jamgdli is not found on any uf the UoverLiiaent '
maps. Prom thencoi we rodo along a ahort cut towards K4mil«
pur, loading for n distance up the bed of the Kaneyr river.
About a couple of hundi-ed yards otf the road to the right, oup j
guido stopped, and pointed to a small quoi'tzite boulder imbedded I
in the ground close to a small depression, which he said had
once been a well. The inscription is on a flat worn sui^ftice of
the stone. IJnfortimtitely a largo part has been broken off irom
the comer, and more titan half the first line, and part of the neixt|
tliree, ai'e thus lost. I could not tratie any mai'k of violence on the!
gtonc ; but the fracture must have been caui*od by violence. Alongi
with a facsimile, I send a copy which I took in pencil, in order
that you may compare both. The original rubbing I send in a
eecond packet with some others. The letters appear to be of the
ninth centiiry. I hope the lost part will not prevent the generall
meaning irom being read*
From thence the guide took us to another place, where he told'
us there was a rock carved all over with letters which no one coidd
read. Going down tho dry bed of the Kaneyr and a littlo way up J
that of a smfdl conlluentj wo found a largo block of reddi^^h brown
day slate on a tlat, somewhat worn cleavage surface of whidi, about ^
6 feet broad by 4i deep, were a number of curious looking chara
tors, tliat at first puzzled me much. Without any order of posin
tion or regularity of shape, slightly indented with the blunt point
of an instrument, rather than engravod on the rock and ye
time-worn, it was difficult to make out what it was that had beeiJ
scratched upon the slate. With tlie aid of a slanting light, how-J
ever, I was able to recognize a stag, and soon tho linos resolve
themselves into a curious collection of animals with here and thnr
something intended to rex*^*gaeut a man. I send drawings of tli«l"
1870.]
PiHicrt'din^n of ihe Asiatic Sftcift^.
243
three plaineet, as also tlie nibbings I took In two of the latter
which 1 have put down separately, I hare marked in colour the
animal intended to be represented, a cow aud perhaps a doo-aatelope.
Having done this, yoti know all I do of these curious relics. There
were no letters on the rock. I tliought at first there were oer-
lain Aryan characters, but closer examination sluiwed nothing
resembling a letter. There are no local traditions respecting
either this or the well inscription j but the plac^ may yield some-
thing olse to further search. If so, I wiU try and get all I can.
The colouring of the drawings is as rude as the carving of the
isginal. It does not represent the colour of the rock which is a
dark blue brown, tinged with red/'
Babu E^jendrfdaln Mitra said —
'*The lettors of Major Stubbs' inscription are unmistakeably
^rit, so is its language. In the first line, the words Sri Ftsh'
iu are clearly legible.* The second I read pada pari pa^aha^ '* im-
pression of the feet,** and the third, pttkti prd hhuta kauMuhha
"jewels (named kauMtuhhd) arranged in a line," and infer therefrom
that the monument was inscribed by some pious Hindu to rc<?nrd
the dedication of a block containing an imjiression of Vishnu's feet ;
but a portion of the right hand side of the stone being broken
and missing, I caniiot be positive,'*
The following letter from H. James Eaixey, Esq., Zemindar of
Khulna, Jessore^ addremt^d to Hk!«^ry F. BLA^npoRD, Esq., was
. read : —
Khulna, the 25th Jun^, 187a
" I have the honor to bring to your notice the ocourrenoe in
Districts of Backergunge and Jessore, and even as far north
iPiuTuudpore, I believe, periodirullv during the prevalence of tha
• /Viiavi rij-t of Major Stuhb/ insa'uptuyn lr^ l*cva Kd*ffxri»
^fVwj a • • •
•■3
fT^erf^f^
"wfe^^ I
244
Pr0eM(ihtpM o/fhif A^iaik Saetetg*
[AuacsT,
6, W. monsoon and raiuj SQoaon, of certain p^^uliar noises from the
noutli and south-etist direotions, or soaboard, resembling the rejwrt
of cannons or loud explo.stona, usually lieard distinctly after a htttfy
fall 0/ rain^ m' c^smtium 0/ a tnjuall, ffentfralli/ whilst tk$ lUh in riBtft^j
and to fiolieit your being good enough to investigate tHs physical
phenomenon, witli the viow of disi.covering the cause thereof, its
tliere most deddedly exists a profound iguurunee on the siiliject bj
the public at large, and more partieularly as it may prove of some
interest to scientifio research."
** In tho E)i{ilUhman Newspaper, a corrc'Spondcmt under tlie
wgnature of MarmU, has lately noticed these singular nuisesg as you
may liave casually observed, with the avowed intention of obtain-
ing an authoritative explanation of it ; Imt judging from the futfle
eflbcta of numerous previous similar attempts, I tlo not think, he is
liktdy to meet with better suooess, which is ray only apology
for trcrubling you on the subject, though it may be hardly needed,
as I venture to think, you will be sulfiii^ntly interested in the en-
quii^i to enter into it een amore/* ♦ « •
In inviting discussion, the President remarked that the subject
was not quite new to the Society. It was brought forward several
years ago, and a paper upon it was to be found in a volume of tlie
Journal to which liis memory did not at the moment enable him to
refer. The better opinion at that time appeared to be, that tbd
sounds were attributable to breakers on the sea coast. Phenome-
na of a similar kind, undoubtedly due to tliis cause, were met
with elsewhere. In Devonshire and Cornwall, along tho northern
face of which at times a very heavy swell rolls In irora the Atlantic,
the booming of the surf is heaixl at CMinsiderabls distances.
Mr. Westlimd said : —
•* As to the aciual occurrence of thede unexplained sounds, there j
can be no doubt ; they havo beon heard by r^^ry mmy persons and
are perfectly well-known in those parts of country where tliey are
heard. 1 have myself heard them, or at least hare heard sonndaj
agreeing in doj^criptiou with these ** Btirisal guas,** to which I coidd
not assign any known cause. About March 1 865, a paper waj^ read
before the Society, by Babu Gour Das Bys^ick, in which ho inferred |
\
1870.]
PfOcml$fig9 of the Amttie Saeiety.
24$
to the sounds, and mentioned the theory of thoir being caused by
surf breaking upon the shoi^o of the Bea, and ho statod tilso that
an expedition once sturted southwardB to discover tht^ir origin, but
after going a certain distantjo southwai*ds, had to return.
A0 for the orij^a of the sounds, which are beard forty or fi.fty
miles from the seashore, it does not appear to me that any re-
liable theory has been started* The opinion tliat they proceed
from the operation of the sea and the rivers in tlie formation of
islands, it is impossible to accept ; for if the process of island-for-
mation had been going on so violently and so froquently txs would
be indictitod by the natm-o, and frerpiency of occurrence of theso
sounds, the Bay of Bengal would havo boon by this time haK-filled
ritli isbinds,"
Mr. Dull remarked that his attention was first called to these myste*
rtouA eonnds, dimng the month of September, twelve or fourteen
years ago, at Furreedpore. He did nut hear them, but was made
aware that the attention of the Europ«an residents tliere, had been
drawn to them, and not a little effurt made to discover their cause.
The idea, that thoy were echoed surf sounds from a distant
shore, was never namod or thought of. They did not appear
to come from the dif ection of the sea side ; which was also at too
!it a distance from Furreedpore, to be looked to as the place for
ounds, that answered rather to the loud discharges of artillery
three or four miles away. Mr. Dall was at the time the guest of
Mr. Uaveushaw, (since made Commissioner of Cuttack), and he
ad that ho had bonn occasionally awaked from a sound sleep, at
iiidnight by these " gunsj* Such as ho liad hearil, seemed to come
from the east, and Mr, Itavenahnw had been told of a boating par-
ty crossing the waters from Furreedpore towards Dacca, who had ,
first hoard the **guns" in advance, and afterwards in their rear, I
westwards. Slight earthc^uake movements being by no moana un-
conmiori throughout Lower Bengal, most thinkers thereabout were
ined to ascribe the sounds to explosive gases stirred by some
of volcanic action, and escaping to the surface through the !
wateiti, which, at that season, flooded the country in every direc-
tion, rendering tlie plae^ of explosion diificult of observation by re-
liable witnesses. Native observation of tlie disturbance of the
240
Procffidin^ft of thfi As'mtte Soctftt/,
[Atrocraf, '
wfttora (if Mr, Dall reraembered rightly) luid been net^nsionally
reported, but hardly bolioved. The only other solution suggested
at Furreedpore was, that the noiaos were caused by the falling in
of large ma^sses of oarth from tho aides of rivers whic-h are every
year changing their beds. Tho " giina" were heard, oecasionaUyp
in tolerably quick succession ; and sometimes three ur four in the
course of an hour ; and again weeks would pass without their l>eing
hodird at alL But of this the speaker was not very definitely in-
formed, lie was sure that careful and lutoUigent observers, like
Air. IZavenshaw, would give Uie Society all they knew on the sub*
jeet if applied to by the Secretary,
Mr. Blanlbrd said, that to enable tho meeting better to appre-
ciate the nature of the phenomonon described by Mr. Rainey, and
the explanatiouA that had been hazarded respecting it, he would
first read the brief notice of the Barisal guns that had ^already
appeared ia tho pages of the Society's Journal. After reading
an extract from a paper by Babu Gour Das Bysack, published in
Part 1 of the Journal for 1867, (Vol. XXXVI) he pointed out that
of the causes suggested, one only could be considered a vera canm
and worl.hy therefore of attention, viz. that snggostod by Mr. Pollew
in the extract he had read, and again this evening by the Presidfiut
of the Society. Subterranean and vokanic agencies, &c., in the
absence of any c^^rroborative evidence, must be classed with the
* eheirtcity* which, at the present day, is popidarl}^ appended to, as the
cause of every ill -understood phenomenon, precisely as * Bulplmt*
was appealed to in earlier times, under similar eircumstanees, A
thick alluvial formation such as the Dolta, would be but ill-fitted
Cor conveying a sound wave under any circumstances, and did any
such sound as that described proceed from aubterranean volcjinic
action, it is difficult to conceive that it aliould be unaccompanied by
any tremour of the ground* But none such is spoken of.
The conditions under which tho sounds were hoard, were all such
as to point to the breaking of the surf as their cau>io. They aro
haard during the 8.W. monsoon, especially in the luU after a
squall when the surf theretbre is liighest. To clear up every
supposed difficulty, much closer observation was doubtless re-
quired, than had hitherto been given to the matter. But as far fts
1S70.] Proceedings (ff ihf A»iaUv Bormy. 24T
lit evideno<i goes, tlio beating of the surf ?st»omH a {»ml)ubk
, and it b tlio onli^ dofimte omisu that has been u^sigruHl.
Mr. Westhmd said — ** I bai-dly venture in diiTor in apiuiou ultli
Mr. Blanfurd on a matter of tlii^ niitiire, but it set'ms to nit? that
there is one very great dilKeulty in aLcepting tlio surf tLt^ory. wkicL
I ah all try to explain.
In the first place^ it must bo remembered tlmt theao sounds am
heard some foi-ty or tifty miles from the sea yhore. Thii* is a dijfc*
tanee over which the sound of camion even rarely travels so oa to
be distinctly pereeived, and even in the case of accumvilai4>d dia*
charges of cannon, such as in tinng sidutes, or in tlie caets of u
battle, the imstunces of theb* beiug heai-d over su<th long distanci.\»|
ore euiliciently rai-e to be regarded as nmisual phenoiiiGna, Now in
the case of these ** Bari#<al (Jims** the noises are heard not raiily,
but fretiuenily^ over these long diiitunces, and after forty ur fifty
miles traveUiiig from the sea, if they really come theneO| they are
fitill sharp and well-heard ^cjunds. If they are produced by the
breaking of surf, it is clear tliut to produce a sound loud enough
to be heai'd so well over sueh a long dtstance, it will riHiuire» not
the breaking of a wave at any one point, but the breaking of waves 1
over a considerable extent uf shore.
It is possible to imagine a wave breaking simultaneously over a
long line of shore, but imfortunutely sound dues not travel simul*
taneoualy. The travcUiug of ttound is very slow indeed over such
a long distance oa forty miles, and the concuHbion prtjducod by the
breaking of one part of the wave would neeessai-ily reach the obsor^
ver*8 ear long before that produced by the breaking of another part ;
the sound of this simultaneously breaking wave wouhl, to tlie distant
hearer^ bo scattered over a little spmce of lime, and bo tliprefore im-
perceptiblo through itn Toeing so scattered. The suimd as it is
Bcrtually heard, however, is suHieientJy ©harp to be eoeipared, aa
it is by every ono» with that of a gun.
It is not tlierefore by a simultaneously breakiug wave, that the
sound can bo produced, but it can oidy be (on Ui© wave-breaking
hj^pothesis) by a number of waves, or what is tlxe same thing,
different ptirtfl of the same wave, breaking at diflerent pails of the
eoost, their ntomenlB of breaking bi-ing so arranged, that the *ionnd
starting at these diifereut moments fium these dillorently di^tmit
248
^f the Asiatic Society.
[ArousT,
points^ will I'tjath the observer's ear at one instant of tmiL% 8o that
the eoncuaaiuna, though Boparately impoiTcptilJe, ffnnn, hy their eii-
multitive efibct, a single perceptible concuasion, producing th© sound
as iif a gun. It is possible to imagine the occuvrenct*, ont-o in a
way, of this exact arrangement of so many djtferent waves, but it
is a concurrent arrangement of so many elementa as to form, even
in a single occurrence, a wonderful uoineidenoo. But that the same
coincidence should occur, with respect to the same observer, over
and over again at intervala of ten minutes or S0| during a single
night, is to me quite inconceivable ; and I cannot at present occopt
a theory which requires me to believe in the frequently repeated
occurrence of such an extremely unlikely event.
The chief argument in support of the surf theory, lies in the
fdlcgation that the sounds are heard most frequently in a hill fol-
lowing a storm, when the waves might be expiictcd to be loudest.
But this is a fiict somewhat vaguely stated, and without moro
€«xtonded and more exact observation, it cannot be accepted as tlie
basis of any conclusion.
Another remark I would make on the surf theory is this. Wo
see the production of the noise depends upon the existence of cer-
tain couditions as to the comparative distances from the observer's
ear of the various points where tlu? waves break. Now to two
observers distiiut froni each othor by even ten miles, these dist^m-
ces are necessarily quite dilTerent, and the same series of waves
which combine to produce a perceptible sound up(jn the ear of ono
observer, cannot so combine with reference to the otlier observer.
Tlie various concussions will nut meet at his ear, but will be stiat-
tered over a short apace of tiiuo, and tlma bo dissipated.
If therefore we could find as a matter of fact that the sounds
were simultaneously perceived by two distant ob^crrers, we could
deduce from that foL't the conclusion Ihat they are not produced by
the breaking of waves, or in fact by any other cause which is nut
strictly conEned to one spot, but depunds for its efTect upuii attm-
mulatiou from a numl»or of pai'tial rfiuses (such as the breaking of
diilV^rent waves, or dltTeront parts of tho same wave) tqjread ovist
a certain vxtent of space. The breaking nf a wave two or thr<M>
miles long, might be cuucuivuU so to toku place as to produce at
isrc]
I^aciedmgi of th A$iatk Sactefy,
249
any given point a flimultanGoiis sound px'eceded and followed by
sQenee, but tJie conditions neceBSEirj' for it to produce tliat effect,
^ouM render it imfw:*s8ible that its sound should be heard as a
iiiiltanoous eomid at any other point even slightly distant from
he first.
The first step, as it seemE to mej towards making any deduction
whatever as to the origin of the sounds, is one wliich might eosOy
be taken, and has not yet been taken, namely the investigation
whether the nights when the Bounds are frequent at one place, are
the same as those in which thoy are fret^uent at another somewhat
distant X)laee. From a few comparisons bearing on this point, we
could at least tU&eovw whether the cause was a general one, or
only a pui'«>ly local one.
Biibn ItAjendralala Mitra thought that though the surf theory
seeioed to be viewed with great favor, it did not meet all the require-
ments of the case. There was no question that sound was audible
from great distances under particular conditionj^ of the atmosphere ;
hut it has yet to be shown how, in travellings it undergy)e8 such
teansniutation, as to ehajige the dull roaring of the surf into
distinct detached sountls of the booniing of a gun, and how that
booming ie heard eight or ten times successively, and then is fol-
lowed by a lull. Heavy sur^ besides, was common wherever
the eea rolled over a low shelving beach, but it was not always fol-
lowed by die peculiar booming. If it be said that tli*j estuaries
I the Delta favoui'ed the transmission of sound, still the dilhculiy
"would remain unexplained ; for tho Deltas of the Wwati, the Ma-
hanaddf, the Ilanube, tlie Hississippi and the Amazon, had similar
^etuaries, but they did not produce the ** Barisal gims.** At Pdri,
too J they were never hcvard. Even at the ba^e of the Gangetic
Delta, they were not common every whi^re, but couhned to one locali-
ty, and it was probable therefore that some other iigency was at
work besides the surf to produce them.
Mr. Blanford said that he could not agree with Bdbu KSjendra
Ula Mitra that tho conditions of tho Mahnuaddi Delta bore any great
reaemblanco to those of that part of the Ganges Delta, where the
£arisal guns are heard, with regard to the supposed conditions of
the phenomongn. The shore line of the Maliinaddi Delta h very
250 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society: [August,
similar to that of other parts of the Orissa and Madras coast. Thero
are no estuaries with expanses of sand banks whic^h are dry at low
water and exposed to the full brunt of the S. AV. wind, and the
direction of the wind in the S. W. monsoon is more or less parallel
to the coast. There is therefore l)ut one line of breakers, and the
sound they produce is not so likely to be heard far inland. Ho
could not therefore attach much weight to Babu Bajendralala Mitra's
objection.
In reply to Mr. Blanford, Bdbu Rajendraldla Mitra said that
it was true that the position of the Mahiinaddi running towards
the east was not favorable to a particularly heavy surf, but the
Irdwati opened to the south, and the rush of the tidal wave from
the Southern Hemisphere marched on its coast with great force, but
yet the peculiar booming sound was there never produced.
The President thought that Mr. Westland had over-estimated
the force of two of the objections which he proposed to Mr. Blan-
ford's explanation. In the first place, he felt sure from his own
experience, that under favourable circumstances, the report of heavy
ordnance might be heard at distances comparable with those of
which Mr Eainey wrote ; in the part of Suffolk, with which he was
familiar, it was not an uncommon thing to hoar the guns of the
Harwich redoubt, say twenty miles off, and probably these were
all pieces of small calibre. And on some occasions, the sounds of
firing at Sheerness or elsewhere in the noighboiu'hood of the mouth
of the Thames, reached the same place, and must have traversed not
less than fifty miles. Also he thought that if they reflected for a
moment upon the behaviour of a roller as it broke upon the shore,
they would perceive a reason, why its sound might at a distance
be nothing more than a single roi)ort. The mass of water in mo-
tion, CMjnstituting one of these rollers, was during the swell, which
succuoded a storm in the bay, exceedingly large. As the lower
part was checked in its advance over the shallow flats of the coast,
the crest of tlu* wave gained uixm its base, until it was left with-
out support, iukI then an enormous volume of water endued with
cunsidorablo liorizontal velocity, fell from some height with a very
great shock ; this occurred first at the point of the roller where the
mass aud the elevation was the greatest ; the shock was sudden, be-
1870.] Proceedingsof the Asiatic Society, 251
cause it succeeded tranquillity, and it was violent. The process of
breaking then ran along tlie length of.tlio roller, but it was very
different in result from the first crash ; tho fall of each succeeding
element was in some degree stayed by its predecessors. All pre-
sent who had been at the sea-sido would remember how markedly
the sound of the first blow of a great breaker prevailed above the
continuation of the roar. On the shore itself, and for some dis-
tance inland, no doubt the whole sound, moie or less prolonged and
confused, would be heard ; but he, the President, supposed it might
well happen, that further inland still, the minor sound would be so
weakened in intensity, as to bo lost and only the greater, that which
results from the first shock, would remain. If so, the phenomenon
would be reduced, almost precisely, to that of a single distant ex-
plosion.* Also in the breaking of surf upon a beach, there always
occurred maximum breakers at intervals of greater or loss duration.
Thus the explanation to which Mr. Blanford gave his support,
seemed to be fitted to account fur these so-called Barisal guns in all
respects. But the matter should not bo left to conjecture. A little
careful observation ought to suffice to clear it up, and he thought
the Council might readily effect the organization ue(;essary for the
purpose.
The following paj^ers were read —
I. On the Capture and Death of Prince Lard Shikoh. — By H.
Bloch>laxn, Esq., M. A.
(Abstract.)
' Mr. Blochmann exhibited a rare (Delhi) MS., tlie property of
the Government, bearing on the fly leaf an autograph of Dara
Shikoh. lie said, the MS. was a cojjy of a religious poem by
Bahauddin Sultdn Walad, son of the groat piifi-poet Maulaud Jalil-
uddin i Hiimi, and was of great value as l>oing in tlie handwriting
of the author himself (A. H. 697, or A. 1). 1297-98.)
■ The religious views of Dard Shikoh, like those of the emperor
Akbar, present many points of interest. lie was tho author of the
• Prof. Tyndall in his Lecturat on Found, Bays (p. 55)—" Tho roar of the
breaking wave itself is mainly due Uj tho exiilosiun of bladders of air. Tub
Pbksiuknt.
262
t*f'(Keetiiftq/i of f/if Attiatic Soetei^.
[AtGU^r,
•Stf/iwaf al-auliti^ a work coiitaming biographical ni>tit.'ee of Muham-
tandan Baluts, and of a treatise ou Mystirism (^Ta^awwiif), MSS. of
Uieae two work* ore very rare, and the copies in thu Govurumont
coUec'tiun uf Delhi M8S. are ptsrUaps unique. The Ptn-sian traiis-
latioQ of tlie ITpaaisUads wUiuli was made at Dara's ooet, waa men-
tion od by most Historians*
Tho writer then montious tJio two battles wliieli Dir& Hliikoh
lost against Aarangzib».his younger brother. The first was fought
on the 6th Eatnaz^, 1068 (28th May, 1658, A. D.) at Samogar^
nine miles east of .^gi-ah, in the Parganah of Fathfibdd ; and the
second at Deor4, 3 Aw south of Ajmir, on the 27th and 28th
Juiuada tl, 1069, or 1 2th and laili March, 1659, A. I).
After the last battle Dira tied to Ahmadabid, and from thence
over Kaehli to BUakkar and crossed the Indus. He passed
the territory of the GhandC tribe (Dehrikot, Long, 67® 34', Lat.
27° 38'), that of tho Magasis, and reached at last Dador (I^ong.
07*^ 4r, Lat. 29*^' 26'), a town which enjoys the notoriety of being
the hottest inhabited place on eai^th. The Zaminddr of the jdace,
Malik J i wan, reeeived Dard hospitably; but no sooner had the
priuce lell Didar for ftandiiliir thou Malik Jitvan, or his brother,
foil upon him, touk him, tind his son Sipihr Shikoh, prUonerB, and
haudt.Hl them over to Anrangzib^s otilcers.
iJiii-i 8hikoh was kiUed, at Aurangzib's orders, by Ko^ar Beg
ChtOali at IChizrabad (Delhi) on the 21st Zi Hajjab 1069, or 3lst
August, 1650, and was buried in Hum&yun'B Tomb,
The writer thou mentions the discrepancies " i tho
*^/<MwytriMW4iA, Mantir i Xiamijiri^ Khdfi Khan^ the i ^^^a la-
tin I Ohaghldif and European Hn^turics, as Bemier, Mphinstoxie^
Mamhtuan, vVc, Klphiofttone plai!e8 the capture of Dira SKikoli
^in £(iJitrm 8indh, instead of near Qandahar, and givea insteail of
^ MaUk Jiwan, Zamindir of Didar' merely ike * Chief of Jim or Jiim*
(which lies in Eastern Siadh, between T*hat'hah and Amrtot).
|Manduuan increases the coni\iaion« by calliug this Afghan Za-
adir < a Btigah ;* but Malik J(iraii could not have been a Hindu,
because ho subsequently reomred ito*n Aurangztb the title of
Bakbty^r iThdn.—a title never conferred on Hindus. It would
appear that Elphinstoue, or tbe sources (rom which be copied^
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Societij, 20.3
read M}y^ vSi^U malik i jiitUy for \dj^ '■^U* mdlik jiican; and
malik, owner, having "been translated hy ' chief,' * Jiwan' was
arbitrarily changed to ' Ji^n or JuHj' to suit the * owner.' 13ut tho
name of the town in Eastern Sindh, which Elphinstoiio meant, is
Jon. It is now quite unimportant ; but it was formerly, up to tho
timeB of Akbar, renowned for its beautiful gardens.
A short discussion followed tho reading of the paper as to whe-
ther the title of Xhdn had ever been conferred on Tlindiis or not.
Several Members mentioned examples of Hindus bearing this title.
Mr. Blo(rhmann tliought, they miglit have atfsumed the title ; but
he had not met witli a single instance in the Histories of India,
from tlie Memoirs of Babar to the TazkinttiMsaldfin and Khdfi Khan,
that the Mughid Government ever con/erred the title of Khdn on a
Hindu.
II. — Notes on theArcli<€oJogical Remains on the Assia^ AUl, and Darpan
Hills (Orissa). — JJg Babu Chandilv Sekiiaua Baneiue^v.
(Abstract.)
The antiquities noticed are met with on the summits of three
hills, two of which are situated in the centre of the Katak Dis-
trict, and the other on its western border. The names which the
natives give to them are Assiagiri (marked Assiah on the maps),
Naltigiri, and Banmil)anta or Mahabin&yaka. The first of thcso
has four peaks, on one of which tlio Prophet is fabled to have
alighted for prayer on his aerial joumey, and left his foot-x)rint ;
there is a mosque built on a spot So 00 feet aT)Ove the level
of tho surrounding countr^^ by Shuja'uddin Muhammad Khan,
in tho year 1 132 of the Hijrali. The second i)oak is called Udaya Giri.
Tho sea is said to liave once touched its foot, though it has now re-
ceded to a great distance. The most remarkable objects on it are a
collosal iigui-e of Buddha, nine feet in height, and a b^oli, or well,
lined with stones, a sculptured gateway, and remains of two temples.
At the foot of the third peak are to be found tho ruins of a large
fort, and at that of the fourlli 2)eak, called Achuta haMantay there is a
small building, once the abode of a hill chief. Close by is a place
called Amai-abati, which was at one time tlie capital of one of tho
254 l?roceedingH of the Asiatic Socieif/. [August,
Gangavansa kings. There was a large fort built of laterite, which
has lately been entirely demolished, and its materials used for the
repair of the Trimk Road. A magnificent tank, twenty acres in area,
and some broken pillars are all that now remain to attest its former
greatness. The Mahabindyaka hill stands by the side of the high
road to Katak, and is covered by a dense foresti It has a small
temple and a perennial fountain which are held in great reverence
by the people, and the place is reckoned to be one of the four most
sacred spots in Orissa.
The receipt of the following communications was announced —
1. Notes on the Mondar Hill. — By Babu Rashbehareb Bobe,
Ba7i1;a,
2. A Gondi Vocahulary (enlfirged). — By Bev. J. Dawsow,
CniNDWARA.
3. The Vdstu Ydya, and its hearings upon Tree and Serpent-warship
in India. — By Babu Pratapa Chaat^ra Ghosha, B. A.
4. Notes on sotne Reptilia and Amphibia from Central India^ —
by W. T. Blanford, Esq., F. G. 8., C. M. Z. S., &c.
(Abstract.)
The writer has been mainly induced to collect and note the
localities of Reptiles by finding that the provinces into which Dr.
Giinthor proposed, in his * Reptiles of British India,' to divide
the Peninsula, differ to a very important extent from those which
ai)X)eared probable from a study of the land Mollusca, the birds,
and mammals. It appears that Dr. Giinther was to some
extent misled by the imperfect evidence at his disposal ; for the
Roptilia appear to agi-ee in distribution with the other animals
mentioned.
The following are the Zoological sub-divisions, into which the
writer j^roposes to divide India proper. He especially restricts this
name to the country to which it was originally applied, and
excludes the regions east of the Bay of Bengal, which are entirely
different in climate, inhabitants, zoology, and botany.
1. The Panjab province. This is the eastern extension of
the great desert province.
2. The Indian province proper, thus sub-divided —
1870.] Proceed in ffM of the A ^ ioti* • JSovicf// U .3 .'>
a. Qniigetic sub-province.
b. Dcecan sub-province.
c. Bengal aub-j^rovinco.
d. Madras sub-province, in^rhuling Northern Ceylon.
3. Tlie Eastern Bengal province. This belongs in a groat
measure to the Indo -Chi nose fauna.
4, The Midabar province — Southern Ooylon and all tlie W(}storn
Coast of India, with tlie so-called Weatern Ghats, as far nortli as
Bombay. Part of the fauna peculiar, tlie rest Iiido-Chint'so and
Malay in its affinities.
A few of the lieptilos characteristic of each province, are men-
tioned.
The writer proceeds to notice some reptiles and frogs (collected
in parts of Central India in S. E. Berar, Cliauda, Kiiipiir, BiLUpnr,
Udaii)nr, and Ch<»tu-Xiigpur. Tlu.y are the fidlowiug —
1. Emys \_P(nig:ihiira'] ttcium, Bell, var. intcnnedia. A fonn
intermediate in character between PiWffshvra tectum, Ikdl, and
p. tentoria, Cray, and apparently connecting the two. It cannot
1)6 distinguished as a separate S2)ecies.
2. JUiinfda riftata ? Pttters.
3. Trioni/x (/(Wffidoufi, Cuv.
4. Cahrita LeaehennuUii (M. Ed.).
It is shewn that writers have hitherto probably been in error
in confounding Cahrita Imnnca of Gray with Laaerta L*Hchniaultily
M. Ed. They diti'or from each other in tlie character of the nasal
plates.
5. C. Jer(h}n\ Bedd.
Tlie chiu'acters of the nasal plates are again distinet from those
of the other two species, being similar to thosr? in Ernniaa. Tho
throe, liowever, appear to f«)rni a good genus.
6. Ophiops [Gymnops] microlopis, n. sg. and sp.
Tlio new sub-genus Gifuinnps^ is ch.'iracterizeil ]»y having tlio
nostril between two swolkm shii'Ms, oui^ above, the other bi'l<»\\',
with a small post-na«al. Then? are no eyelids.
0, microlfjjis has tlio head hhiilds smof>th, not rug<)se, The auir-
rior frontal singb', post-fivmtals \\iilu>ut any iiilervening plale,
oecipitalb small, yiuh nearly equal to the fourth part <»f a post-
256 Proceedings of the Asiatie Soeieiy. [AtJQxrsT,
occipital in size ; chin shields, six or seven on each side, the first
two or three pairs meeting ; dorsal scales, minute, carinated ; two
large shields in front of the anus, the posterior the larger ; tail,
elongate, sub-quadrate in front, rounded behind, more than double
the length of the body. Colour grey in the middle of the back,
imder-parts white, sides with two white lines, the upper much the
longer, the lower not seen behind the shoulder, and with dark spots.
Length, 7*2 inches, of which the tail is 5*1. A single specimen
only found at Korba in Bilaspdr.
7. Buprepes innotatus, sp. nov.
Small, resembling Euprepes macularius in size and form, but with
the centre of the lower eyelid transparent. Scales in 32 longitudi-
nal series, those of the back and sides with five keels. Back olive,
sides purplish brown, a ' white line running back on each side
from the superciliary ridge to the middle of the back.
8. E, [^Tiliqua] carinatus, (Schneid.) var. fE, rufeseenSf auct.)
This species has usually five keels on the scales in India.
9. E. [^Ttliqua] macidarius, Blyth, var.
A variety is common in Chatisgarh, Chota-N^lgpur, &c. It
appears probably different from T, muUtcartnata, Kuhl.
10. E. [Tiliqua] septemlineatus, sp. nov.
A small species, blackish brown in colour, above with seven
wliite lines, three on the back, two on each side, imder-parts,
white ; scales three-keeled, in thirty longitudinal rows ; one sx)eci-
men only about four inches long.
11. Riopa Ifardicickii, (Jray.
12. li. alhopunctataj Gray.
13. IIemidactylii9 maculaius? Dum. ct Bibron.
14. H. gracilis, sp. nov.
Near iZ. retkulatus, Bodd. It is small, slender in form, the
body loss depressed than is usual in the genus, back with elongate
sub-tribedral tubercles, six inguinal pores, none beneath the thighs ;
tail, smooth, elongate, scarcely depressed at the base and not at all
bohinil ; colour, grey with dark spots forming bands on the back
and dark lines on the sides and belly. Length three inches, of
\Nliich the tail is If. S. E. Berar and Eaipiir.
15. H, marmoratus, sp. nov. Back minutely granulate, a very
1870.] FroeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 257
few BmaU flat tubercles at the sides and loins, tail depressed,
ringed with three elongate scale-like tubercles at the side of the
hinder part of each ring, sub-caudal shields large. Femoral pores
about twelve on each side with a considerable interval between
tiiem ; all the fingers and toes with claws. Colour, grey above
marbled with dusky, whitish below. Length of body, 1*85 inch,
of tail (renewed in part) l-S".
10. Calotos versicolor f (Daud.).
17. Sitana Pondiceriana, Ouv.
18. 8. DeccafiensiSf Jerd, Appears doubtfully distinct from the
last.
19. Charasia dorsalis, Gray.
20. Typhlops hraminus, (Daud.) var. pammeces.
21. Tropidonotus quincunciattts, Schleg.
22. Bti/as mucusuSf (L.).
23. Zamenis ? hrachyurus, Gunther.
24. Dendrophis picta, (Gm.).
25. Passerita mycterizansy (L.).
26. Lycodon aulicm^ (L.).
27. Naja trip^idiansy Merr.
28. Bunyarus ccerul^us, (Schneid.).
29. Dahoia Russellii, (Shaw.).
80. Rana eyanophlyctisy Schneid.
51. R, gracilis, Wieg.
32. Pyxicephalus hrevicepsy (Schneid.).
83. Callula pulchra, Gray.
34. Polypedates mucuktus, (Gray.).
6. A fourth List of Bengal Algae* determined hy Dr. G. v. Martens,
communicated hy S. KuRZ, Esq.
(Continued from Proceedings for January, 1870.)
2662. DictyonemafmcescenSy Martens. — Filis hetoromorphis, prima-
riis ad -^^ lin. cum vagina crassis, obscure fuscis, articulis distinc*
tis plerumque binatis, diametro ajqualibus, vaginis rugosis, crassis,
ooloratis; filis Becundariis ^i^ lin. tantum crassis, pallidioribus,
* In this List the species which have been already published as occurring in
Bengal, are omitted.
258
Proemlifip 0/ the Anmiie Somitf^
[August,
articulis subobBolotis viriflosrentibus, — Oalcutta, natanB in aqua stag-
nanto horti botanici. Januarj^ 1870*
2663. OscilUria amphibia^ Ag. — Howrah District, very frequent,
forming slippery layers of about i liu. thickness on brick stairs
leading to tanks, etc., also fiubmergo J or nt'iir tlie surface of 1
water.
2CC4, OscillnrCa Cortinna^ Menegli. — Ht>wriiU District, in taal
etc, on tho upper surface of waterplants.
2665. Oetlogomum Hcuintum^ Kg. — Howrah Distriot, in tanks,
on lea\«^ of a gpociee of Cnjptocoryne. January, 1870.
:2666. Mmtigonama (jramtlatum^ Martens. — Filia fascieulatis, basi
coalitis, diametro '^\^ ad -^ cui^vatis, sensim attenuatis, vaginia
hynlinis aretis, articuliB inferioribua diametro dux>lo brevioribua,
pul<'Iire granulatis, superioribiis obsoletis fuscoaanigineis,^ — How-
roll District, in tanks and slowly running waters, on the stems of
'plants, especially of grasses. January, 1870.
2667. Lyn^hja solitnn'n. Kg. — Howrah District, £i*cquent ia
tanks on dead or living plants.
2671. liivulnna Ltnn^ Menegh. — Howrah District, very frequent
in tanks on tho leaves of VnlUftneria,
2672. Conferva homhycina^ p. crm^iar^ Martens, articulis diame- \
^^ (tItt ^^ tH ^^0 *lttplo ad quadraplum longioribus.— Calcut-
ta, Botanic Gardens, in tanks. January, 1870.
2673. Jifastii/onema caejtpitommt Kg. — Calcutta, Botanic Gardens^
on dead submerged atoms of Se^hama pahidam. January, 1870.
2074 » LeptMhrix §uhtilisfiima^ Kg. — Ilowrah District, on moist
walls of buildings. (Grows, for instance, on the damp walla in the
Library Iloom of the Herbariu in -building, Botanic G4irdGn8.p)
267o, Sc^hntma VteilUrdi^ Martens, 8trato eompacto nigro, fills
BubsimpHcibTis flexuosis aeuminatis, cum vagina 3^ ad ^\^ lin.
crassis, a>rugineis, vaginii^ lutein erasais, — Howrah District,
walls, especially of waterworks, vetiy frequent.
X2, Omlkru^ h'momf Ag. — Howrah, froquent in tanks. Janu-*
ary, 1870.
2024. IIj/po(flQuum Bengahn^p^ Martens. Fronde ttenni purpurea
sesquilineam lufa^ alterne decomposito-pinnatiiida, segmentis linea-
ribus deaticulalis, axillis acutis, dontlculis obtusiuscuUs \ oostia ^
Proettdin^i of the Atintie Somttft
259
flogmentis oonfomiibua e miiltiplici seri© cellularum elongatarum
compusitis, coiliilis fron<lis Bexangiilaribus ^ lin. craaaU ; spermatiis
Ifluperiiciesparsia, — Lower Bengal, Mutlah, tidaL December, 18G8.
2026. JlhizQchnium Antillarum^ Kg. — Lower Bengal, Mutloli,
brackiBli water, December, 1868.
2687. Fischeria ienuky Marteaa. Fflis ramieque primariia subto-
lulohlg t^nuioribiis, ramulia ^^ lin. crassis, acuminatis j arttculia
BUperioribua diametro duplo longioribiis, — Calcutta, Botanic Gar-
dena, on damp walls of the nortbem faces of buildiugs. Bidl
orange-coloured, when fresh. January, 1870.
Nearly allied to /V^fcA^r^a thermalhy Schwabe, which grows on
walls exposed to the hot Tapours of hot spriugSi as, for inatance, at
Carltsbad, Bohemia,
2705. Protoeoccm cohaerem^ ^^^^ Calcutta, very common on
walls of buildiugs, exposed to the weather. Febrmiry, 1870.
2707* Cimhpkora simpUciHuculay Kg* — Hooghly river near Kid^
derpore, Calcutta, on old tidally submerged brickwalla* February,
1870.
2708. HijpogloiBum Leprieuriiy Kg* — Calcutta, occurring with
the last.
2709, Seijtm^nm aurmm^ Menegh* — Calcutta, on muddy banks
of the Hoogldy river at the Botanio Qordene. February, 1870.
2710* ChtlumMmtm $aUnm^ ICg^. — Calcutta, Hooghly rivor near
Kidderporo, on an old brickwidls, February, 1870,
2711. Ifoi'Ufw^fphon coriaceuB, Kg. — Hooghly rivor along the Bo-
tanic Gordons, Calcutta. Fcbi-uary, 1870.
2712. Conferva lomhjmna/K^. — Calcutta, Hooghly rivor near
Kidderpore. February, 1870,
2713. Omllurid tmuUyljyn^h. — Calcutta, Botanic Qardena, in.
tanks.
2714. OmUimaantUatia^ Martenfl.-^Calouttd, on muddy banks
of the Hooghly river, Botanio Gardens. February, 1870*
2715. OmiUatia tmuh y fonmsay Bory.^Calcutta, Botanic Oar-
dons, in tanks.
* Tbifi Alga is veiy fineqnont in Bengal ; hardly are the walls or buildings -
• wUite*wu»1icd, whuii tlioy &gum turn timt gr^cn aud then black, being oovored
by tluti i*fc<£ocooo(ttf.
200
Froctedin^B of the Astatic Socidtj.
[Atrouar,
Olomcapsa rttpesirisj p. pallida^ Martens.— »0n walla in tJie Bota*
Bic Gardens, Calcutta* January, 1870.
1006-6. Fo/ysfphmun ri{fo4au(ym^ Ilarvey. — Caleuttat Botanic
Gardens, on submerged branches occurring togetlier witli Cafe/ulla
Oiytmiia^ Qrev, along tlie Hoogbly river.
At the close of the meeting, Mr. N. A. Belletty presented to tho
Sodetj four Jynthia coins.
EaliU Prat^pa Chandra Ghosha, Assistant Secretaiy, has since
sent tlio following note regai'diiig those coins.
** They are silver Jayanti coins. As usual, they bear no names of
kings*
Area T. — SlSPt^?"*! ^^^ ir^^f^PinTJ
Of the Honoy- worker of the lotus at the foot of the most glorious 5jV«i, i
Of the illustrious sovereign of Jayanti-piira. Sdh^ 1 653 or A* 1>. 1 74 L
Area I, hears rude figures of a musket and a long kmfe and tho
ymtru. On tlio top of the inscription in the margin is a half-
moon, and below it a leaf, perhaps meant for that of the BfL
In 3Iiii"sden'6 work (lICCXyi-MCCXVn) the com is figured and
described; but his date is 1683»
The second coin is a duplicate of the first. It boars an imprea^
fiion on the margin of a punched stag.
The other two are exactly alike. They ore a little larger
than the two above described, and the metal appears to be a littlo
more tdloyod.
The legends on both areas are identical with those of the abovep
excepting the dote, which is 1712 Saka^ or A. D. 1790. The mar-
g^, as in the above three coins, is decorated with a string of beads.'*
LlBBABY.
Tlio following additions have been made to the Library since i
lost Meeting.
Pre9entatmi$^
^% Namea of Doucwi ia CapUale.
Eeport of the thirty-eightli meeting of tho British Association
for the advancement of Science ; held at Norwich in August 18C8»
— Tus Biaxisn AssociAiioir.
1870.]
Proceedingti of ihs A9iatic Saekt^,
S81
Catalogue of Scientific Papers, Volfl. 11 and HI.— The Euyal
SOCTETV OF LOJTBOX.
Philosophical Transai^tious, VoIb, 158, 159, part L— Tub Same,
Proceediui^ of tho Eoyal Society, No* 1 1 9. — TuE Samk.
Mttterials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea and the neighbour-
hood, hy L. W. Dillwyn, F. R. S.— Tiie Sxuz,
lV»ceoding8 of tho Boyal Physical Society of Edinburgh, for
18o5-66,^ — TiLB EoYAL PiiYdiau. Society of EDrxiaMion.
Tho Transactions of the Linnean Society, Yoh XXYI, parts 2 and
3* — The Lixnean Society of London.
Journal of the Linnean Sodety, Botany, Vol. X, parts 48 and
49, and Vol. XII, Zoology, VoL X, parU 43-46.— Tiifi Same.
Procoodings of tho Royal Institution of Great Britain, Vol. IV,
paila V and ^T. — The Koyal Insth trTioK.
Annalos dea Sciences Physiquoa ot Naturelles d*Agriciilttiro ot
d*Industrie, 3* Serie, Tome XI. — The ImpeeiaIi JSocikty of Aoai-
cuLTrnEj &c., OF Lyon.
Actes de L'Acadcmio Imporiale dos Sciences, Bellos-Lettres ot '
Arte, do Bordeaux, 3* Scrie, 31^ Annee, V Tiimostre.— Tub Ih-
PEaiAi. Academy of Boedeaux.
Bulletins de LV-Vcademie Royal© des Sciences, dee Lettres et dea
Beaux Arts de Belgiciue, 2'"* Sdr. Tomo XXV, XXVI.— The Roy-
A0AI*EMY OF BeLUIUM.
Annuaire de L^Acadi'-mie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et dea
Boaux-Arts do Belgique, 1869. — ^The Sams.
Sitzungsberiehte der Kaiserlichen Akademie dor Wf ssens<.liaften,
ath.-Naturhist. chissc, Band L\ai, Abth. 1, Uufto IV- V ; Abth.
Hefto rV^-V ; Band LVII, Abth. 1, nefte. I-V; Abth. 2. Uefto
I-V; Band TJX. Abih. 1, Hefto 1-2, Abth. 2, Hefte 1-3.— Philos-
Hist, Clasae, Band LIX. Hefto 1*4, Band LX, Htfto 1-4, Band
LXI, Heft. L — TuE liiPEBiAL Acahemy of Sciejv'ces of Vienna.
Register zu den Biinden 51 bis 60 der Sitzungfiberlehte der Phi-
lotfoplnsch-IIii*torischcfn class© der Kaiserlichon Akadomie der Wis- ^
sensthaffcen, VL — The Same.
Jahrbuch der Kai^crlich-Konigb'chcn Qeologtschen Belchsonstalt,
Band X\'III, No. 4, Band XIX, No. 1. — Tue Impeklal Geological
iKbiiiuiE OF Vienna.
2G2
ProceedinffB (*f th^ Antaiic Sactffti/,
[AtTGUST, I
Verhandlungon der K. K. GeologiscLen Roichsonstalt, 1869, No,
L — TiTE Same,
Arcluve fiir Osterreicliisclie Geschichte, Bftad XIj, Hulfto. I-II,
— The SAao,
Fontos Berum Austriacarum, Osterreichische Geacluchts Quelles^ I
Baud XXVIII, Abth. 2, Band XXIX, Abth. 2.— The Sam:e.
Die Porpliyrgesteino OiiteiTeicli^fi aiiB dor Mittlerea Geologischen
Epoiilio, vua Dr. Oustav Tschermak. — The Sai^e.
Tabidao codiciim mamuscriptorum preeter Graocos et Orientales
in Bibliotheca Pidutina Viudobonensis asaervutantm, edidit Acodo-
mia Caosaroa Vindobouonsia, vulunien II. — ^Xile Same.
Baise der Osterreichischea Fregatte Novara um die ©rde, in den |
Jahren 1857-58-5S>, Antlii'opologisclier Theil, von Dr. F* Midler.
— ^The Minister of Foheign AjjFair&, Yiiixna*
Abhandlungen der Hathematiacli-Physikalisclicn Olrisse der Ko-|
niglicli Bayeriflchen Akademie der Wisseuschaiten, Band X. AbUi,
2, — TuE BoYAL Agadbm:t of Sciences of Bavaeia,
Abbamlliingeu der Historischen Classe derKuniglichBajerischen
Akadomie der Wissenschaften, Band XI. Abth. 1, — The Same.
Abhandlungen der PiiilosopUisLh-Philobjgisehen Classe der Kti-
aiglicb Bayerisclien Akademie der Wiflsenticliaften, Band XI,
Abth. ni.— The Same.
Denkschrift anf 0* F. R v, Martins, von 0, F. Meissner. — TnB
8ame,
Ueber die Entwicklung der Agrikulturchemie. — The Same.
Zeitschrift den Dentechen Morgenlandiscbon GesellsAchaft, Band '
XXm Heft. lY, The Gerjian Oriental Society, Leipzig.
Njelrotudonidnyi Kozlemenyek, Kiadja a Magyar Tiidomilnyds |
Akadi'mia Nyelretudomfinji BizotU^ga, Szerkeszti Hunfalvry PdJ,
Hutodik Kiitet,— TuE HtrjfOARiAN Academy of Sciences, Pest.
Magyar Tudomdnyos Akaddmia Ertesioje, A, M. T, AkadieniiAJ
Bendeletubol, szerkessrti Eonay Jai'ziat.^ — The Same*
Aarboger for Nordisk oldkytidigbed og Ilistorie udgirone af Det
Kongelige Nordisko oldskroft-Solskal, 1869 : — The Nortueiin Au-
cnEoLOOicAL Society of Copenuaqen.
McTinoires de la Soeiete Royale des Antiquarios du Nord, 1868.
--Tn£ KuYAL Society of Noetiieebt AuriuuAaiEa, Coi^enuaoen.
1870,]
Pro^trdinfjs of ihB Anintte S^etety.
263
M^moires de UAcademio Imp^*riaJe des Sciences de 8t, Peters-
bourg, Tomo XII, XIII. — The Impebial Academy of Soienoes
OF St. Peteesbouro.
Bulletin de L* Academic ImpMalo dea Sdoncea de St. Petors-
bourgi Tome XTTI> — The S^vitK,
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Koysl Asiatic Sodoty 1867-
70. Part"5 1 and 2. — Ttee Ceylon Asutic iSociety.
Bamayana^ Vul. 2, paii: 2 by Ileniachandra Bhuttauhaiya* — Thb
Editoh.
Kahasya Sandarbha, No, 59.— B-^u Eajendbal.vl\ ^fiTRA.
List of Biivlfi in Alaska, by W. H. Ball, and M. M. Bannister-
— W. H. Pall, E.sq.
Angfiihrliches Lehrbuch dor Ilebraiachen Si>rache des Alton
Bundos, von 11, Ewald. — The AuniOE*
Elements de la Qrammaire Assyrienne, par Jules Opport, — TnB
AuTnoK.
Uacines et Elements simples dana le Systeme Linguistiquo Indo-
Enrop^en per A. Hovelaquo. — ^Tue Authob,
La Theorie Specieuse do Lautverschiebung. — The AtrxnoB.
Lea Ktndos Indiennes dans I'ltalie Septentrionale, le Maha-
bharata, Dora d'lstria. — The ATrriioa.
Note snr la pronunciation et la transcription do deux SiMantea
Sanekrites. — The Arxnon,
Die Papageien, monographisch bearbeitet, von Dr. Otto Finsch,
Band 2, Halfte 1-2. — Tim Atttuob,
Pragmenta Historicum Arabicorum, Tomiis Primus, continens
partem tertiam operis Kitibul-Oyiin wa 1-hadaik fi akhbari T-La-
kiik, edidenmt M. J, de Goeje et P. de Jong. — ^The Auxnoas.
Indisehe Streifen, von A. Weber, Band 2.— Tke Auihor.
Comparative Dictionary of the Non*Aryan Languages of India
and High Asia, by W. "W. Hunter, Esq.^TiiE Govx. of Ixdia,
Selections from the Becords of the Govt, of Intlia, For. Depart,
No. LXXIX,— The Same.
Narrative of the Course of Legislation by the Council of the Go-
vernor-General during the offidal year 1868-69, — The Saicb.
Administration of the Puzgab and dependencies for 1868*69. —
Tub Same.
Dispensarj^ Eeport, Punjabi 1868.— The Same.
Proceedinffi of Ihs Asiatic Soeiehj,
[August,
Export on tho Admimstration of the N, W. Pi'ovinc^iB for 1868-
G9.— The Same.
Selections from the Eoconls of the Govemment North-Wostom
Provinces, YoL III, No. 3. — Tiie GovEKN^rENT N, W. Provikces.
lutlebteflness of the Cultivators of Oudh.^ — TirE Govt, of Bexo^vl,
Selections from the Becorda of the Govt, of Oudh, Groves, — l^im
Same,
Statistical Committee, forms to accompany the Annual Beport of
the Province of Oudh, 1868-69,— The Same.
Eeport of the Administ* of tho Madras? Presy. 1868-69. — TiiESAsrE,
Solections from the Record;^ of the Madras Government. Civil
DiBpeiisaries, 1868-69. — The Same.
Administr. Eeport on British Birma for 1868-69. — The Same,
Eeport on Public Health, 18G8 (B. Birma)— The Same,
Eeport on Hospitals, 1868 (B. Birma).^ — The Same,
Eeport on Vfic^iination, 1868 (B. Birma).— The Same,
Adminifcitr, Eeport of the Bombay Presy., 1868-69.— The Same.
Eeport uf P. Instruction in Lower Bengal for 1868-69. — Th:e S^vme.
Eeport on Eerenue Administration of Oudh for 1869. — The Sa^E*
Eeport on tho Topograph, Survey of India for 1 868-69. — The Same.
Eeport of tho Committee of tlio Landholders and Commert-'itd
AsBooiatioQjs^ for 1869. — The Samb.
Exchange.
The Athenceum, May, 1870. The Nature, Nos. 32 to 35.
Pi^rehme.
MuUer's 2oo1ogia Danica. — ^Gould*s Birds of Australia, 2 Vul^T
— The L. E, D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 263. — The Amerioan
Journal of Smence, Noa, 145-46, — The Ibis, No* 21, — ^Eervue do
Zoologio, No. 4. — Tho Annals and Magazine of Natural Ilistory,
No, XXX. — Tlie Quarterly Jouinal of the Geological Society, No,
102. — Eevue Linguistique, April, 1870.^ — Eevue ArehiSologique^
No. V, — The Numismatic Ohronielo, part I, No. 1. — Eevue des Deux
Mondos, May and June. — Journal des Savants, April. — Com[»to8
Eendus. Nos, 17'2L— TheCalcutt-a Eeview, July.— Tho North Bri-
tish Eeviow, April.— Noun ell es auiteH a Butfon,Hi8toiro Naturelle dea
Poissnna, Tome 2nd.— Dr. Puley*8 Vedanta Siira, — Dr. Pratt's Ety-
molog. ForsL'hungea der Indo-GermttniBchou Spraehen, Bd. 2. Abtlu
2.— Fiiucht^e Muhabharata, Vol. X. — Coui'teiUe's Dictionnttire Turk.
PROCEEDlNaS
ot riiK
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR Septembkr, 1870.
A meeting of the Society was held on WuduHsdaj, the 7 th
inBtant, at 9 p. m.
The Hon^ble J. B, Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were annoimced —
1. From the Chief Gommiaaioner of Mysore, two copies of the
dassiiiod Catalog^ie of Sanscrit MSS. in the Sarajsvati Bhandarain,
Mysore.
2. From Mens. L* Lafont, — A table showing the resnlts of
Meteorological Observations made in 8t. Xavier^s Oollege Observa-
tory, during the iirst six months of 1870.
3. From the Author — A copy of ilain Results of the Modem
Vaidic Iteseanthea by E, Ghoslia.
The following gentleman duly proposed and scc^ouded at the last
meeting, was balloted for and elected an Orditiary Membr3r : —
B. F. St. A, St, John, Esq.
Captain J. Forsyth has intimated his desii'e to withdraw from the
Ktioty.
The following letters addressed to the Secretary were read ; —
1. From A. 0. Hume, E«q,, C. S., Agra.
** In a former letter to you I have stated that C^pidm t4€iimim,
Jerdou, of Major God win- Austen's list, which appeared at p. 91 of
J, A. 8. for 1870, was probably C. itifumatm, 1 have now one or
two more corrections to make to that list.
The bird desuribed by Major Austen as MhjfiiesroB plicaiuif
Lath,, is really the female of that species. The description given
of the naked space on the tla-oat settles this.
In the male piivtUa^ the gukir pouch is bright yellow, and in
fact the bird mentioned by Major Austen as Acerosf sp, ixid.
2(10
Prume^mg% of ty Aftiatte Socidjf.
[8ei*t.
No. 146, h, is pretty clearly the male o^ Bkyi'f^^rot^ pUmim. Dr.
Cantor states tliut iu this species the male has the bill (gretjuisli or
yellowish) white, iris pale crimsonj guhir pouch rich gamhoge
yoUow, foet blackish, while the fuiualo has tko iris golden
Vandyke, eyelids brick oolour, pouch dirty azuro with two trans-
verse black lines, &c.
The male pUcatiis has the medial part of the crown, the occiput
and nape, a sort of rufous bay, the sides of tho head and nock and
firont of the latter glistening white, more or less tinged with y<?liow.
The female has the head and neck black, and is smaller in size.
There can be no doubt, I believe, that Major Austen's No. 146^.
and lAVth^ are female and male of the same species.
Then his No. 23lrt, An(hrf?p(cs 9 is unmistakoably Chtirojfftrta
Sin^ateitsis^ Gm., AiUhreptett pha^fncotU^ Bljth, one of the very com-
monest of the Nfi4f(armida, m Tippera, whence I have received
very uumoruUfi specimens.
Major Austen says, he obtained two specimens of S^nlophutt
ruhropijgim^ one having a fine colour of shining wliite. One wouhl
alm<»»t siLspect that this latter muiit be S, hmafifs^ Gould. I havo
had at least 20 specimens of encli f*pocies before me, at one time
or another, and so far as my experJonce goes, Gould \h quite coiTiK?t
in saving that rubroptf^wn is disiinguiFlied from htnntm (amongst
other tbings) ** by th** almost total absence of tlie lunate mark on
tho ffides of the neck," and again in stating that in rubropt^giun
** tlie lunate mark on the sides of tJie neck is obsolete in some
individuals, and is not very conspir^uons at any time in the adidt."
Thii specimen of the so-calhnl JCphiatim Ltmpufi d«>es, if correctly
describedi most certainly not belong to that spooiws^ which is n^vnr^ / I
believe, chestnut, Temminck's PL Col. 99 is a very fair rei>rosenta-
tiou of Lempigif which la doulitloatt often rtt/o«s, but iilways a brown
and not a chestnut rufous. The wing also is too small. Probably,
this specimen boloDgcd to ^. MtttdU^ Bon., a species which does
occur in Burma, and whii^h is generally confounded with Lempigi^ al-
though Bonaparte points out the leading distinctions clearly enough
in the Conspectus.
HmmuntM niffrifrmiH is of course nothing but tlie young of j
ffen imrm Seottier i.
1870.]
Pr&ceedin^t 0/ the Asiatic Societi^,
267
Tlia Carpophaga sporios not detennined, appeai-s to bo notliing
but th(3 iBimuture, or female, intfi^nis. In the old fomalo, thoro ia
' much coppery gloss, and in the iimnature birds of both sexes
iknd in some apparently adult females, there is absolutely none. I
have a female insiifnii from Tippera, which appears to correspond
exactly with Major Austen's description, and I have little doubt,
that this was what his birds were/*
2. From Lieut. E. H Steel, Dlbrughar.
" During my stay in Assam, I have both had in my p09ae8iioi|4
and seen various Celts which have been found in the hill ranges
to the 6* E. of Dibnighar, I think that perhaps sketches and
doscripHons of tlieni might be of interest to the members of the
Asiatic Six'iety, and in tliia hope I am induced to send them to you.
Ko. 1, (pL in,)^ is a Celt of Jade stone in tlio possession of W.
Haly, Esq., and he procured it, I believe, from the Namsang
Na^as. I sketched it some little time ago. The stone is of a
greenish hue, somewhat mottled, and Id parts presents the ajipear-
ance of being nist-stained : the edge ia i^erfocrt, and shews but little
mark of having been used: it is larger by far than mont of tho
Celts found in the same locality, and of a more sym metrical shape,
Rod presents an ai>pearauco of high Buish.
No. 2f (pi. IV.) is mthe possession of Lieut. W. Bamm, B. 8. C,
who kindly allowed me to copy it. It is far smaller than No* 1, and
of tt lighter green hue ; in fact, looks a i>iec6 of pure jade atone. It
bears marks of having been UHcd, both on the edge and on the head*
No. 3, (pi. TV.) is of a very diilerent shape, as will be soon by
Uie ftketch, and tlxe htono is also of a very ditfurent character, being
a euft whit<.' friable substance, of a brownish ytdlow on tho
iltside, in fact looks a?i if it had been calcined after its manufxic-
ture* I am unable to determine what stone it is.
Besides these three of which I send sketches, I had one in my
own possession which I sent to England, and which Sir John
Lnb1»ock pronounced an imdoubted Odt, but at the same time h©
regi*ett4^d that it had not been found by some rtdinble pcrwou, m
Hfu ; this Celt was exartJy similar in shape and si/e to Lieut«
Barron tf, and of the wmm huud jadu.
268
Pt&cs0dinfft of the Atiaiie Bim^i^,
[Sept.
All of those Celts wer© found among the Namsang Nagas^ a
tribe to the S, E. of our firontier fttation of Typore.
I read some timo ago in the Society's Journal that in Burma
specimens of the stirt marked 1 are considered spurious and dea4f
and those of No. 3 authentic. Exactly the reverse opinion obtains
up here among the Nagaa : No. 1 is a live stone \ No* 3 a dend,
I have seen an exceedingly fine collection of Celt« fit^m the
Danish shell mounds; they all seemed highlj- finished like the colts
found here, and I see no reason why these latter may not also
be coELsidered gonuino,
I also hardly think it possible that the Nagas would manufacture
objects they hold in such awe merely for sale, especially as they
are so unwilling to part with tke few spedmens that they possesfl.*'
Mr. Ball said —
**Tho A88aiii Jade Celt to which Lt. Steel alludes was described
by Sir John Lubbock, in the Athmwum for June 22nd, 1867.
"There is at present ia the Geological Musoym an imijl*?ment
made of soft shale, which was brought from Assam by Mr. Medlicott.
(Proc A. 8. B., Sept 1867, p. 162).
** I take this as a favourable opportunity for making a few remarks
on stone implements wliicli have been discovered in Binghbljiim.
In Jidy, 1868, I exhibited to the Society some chert Hakes, and
at the same time read a communication from Capt. Beeching <if the
10th M. N. I, which dcBcrilted their mode of occurrence near
Chaibassa and Chukerdharpur in the Singhbhtim district. Since
that time, I have visited the localities and obtained what I believe
to be strong evidence of the human origin of the flakes. ITiose at
Cluikerdharpur must have been transported at least three miles ad
the nearest source of the material of wliich they are made ia situa-
ted at that distance. Tt is dLfficidt to believe frc<m the nature of the
case, that the transporting force can have been other than human.
** Besides these Bakes which I found in many parts of Singh-
blium, I have been fortunate in discovering abeawtifuUy made Colt,
which I now exhibit, in anoth«^r pai^t of Chuta-Niig^nir. 1 1 lay on
the surface at the foot of a small hill near the village of Buradili,
8. E, of Gomaria in lumar. It in, I think, tlio best-formed weapon
yet obtained in 8, W. or Lower BeugiU/'
1870.]
^ the Aiiaiic Socieitf,
2€9
Col* Hjde thou made the following' obaervations on tke effe ct
produced by a thimdor stui^m on u sflf-registoring; itidicator^ —
** Wliile testing the qualitiefl of the coal from the Eaneoguuge
field, I mshed to ascertain the amount of drtiught in the chimney
in use, and the regidarity with which it was maintAined.
**For this purpose an ordinary aelf-reeording indicator was
constructed, and fixed as follows.
" At the il<M)r line of the Mint, a hole was bored into the clmxuiey
horn the Engine room ; in this hole an iron tube one inch internal
diameter and &ix feet four inches long was earefidly sot in mortar.
The tube projected three inches into the chimney and lel^ 8ullicient
outside for the convenient fixing of the indicator. On the outside
end of the tube was fixed a tap g inch bore, and this was connected
by means of an air tiglit junction with one stem of a tube of U
form, fixed in a block of wood, bo that it might stand upright.
** The diameter of this U tube was 2y^ inches, and it was filled
about half way up with water. Thus one stem of the U tube in open
to the inside of the chimney, while the other is open to the room
in which it is fixed.
** Within the stem that is open to the room is placed a liglit copper
ball float, which sits un the surface *if the water, and fnllows tJiu ohcU-
lation of the water. A thread is attached to this float, and ii'om it
passes over a small wheel to a pencil tluit is free to travel un the
line of the axis of a cylinder di'iven by a clock, after the manner of
an ordinary indicator, (TiVftf PL V., diagram No. 3,} bo that any
motion in the water in the U tubo will l»o tndy imlicated by a line
drawn on the paper of the rBVoh4ng cylinder.
** On the top of tlio stem of the U tube tliat opens to the chimney
ad in the junction is phiced a small screw, so that by closing the tap
ad opening this screw, both stems of the U tube can be opened to
the room, and the water in both stems brought to a level. With
the float in this condition the cylinder ia tnmed round., and an
equilibrium atmospheric line is traced on the paper. The tap
15 thgn opened to the chimney, and tlio screw closed ; after wliich
any diminution of pressui'e consequent on tlio current within the
chimney is indicated in amount and duration on the paper,
** it will be been lliui the fail ul the fiout and the iliogruui No. 1
270 Proceedings of th^ Asiatu Society. [Sept.
drawn on the paper only indicates half the total disturbance, /. e.
half the difference between the pressure of the atmosphere outside
and inside the chimney, so that when it is desired to give a diagram
showing the true difference, it is necessary to double the vertical
scale as has been done in diagram No. 2.
**Thi8 indicator was at work on the 5th August last. At 5
minutes past 2 p. m., a small but severe thunder storm passed direct-
ly over the Mint, and two remarkable flashes of lightning occur-
ed, one following almost immediately after the other. There was
loud thunder.
" When the diagram was examined, it was found that a very
marked diminution of pressure had been indicated, as having
occurred in the chimney at 2-5 p. m., the time of the thunderstorm.
** The diagram, with an enlargement to shew in tenths of an inch
the actual amount of disturbance, is given. It will be seen tliat
two distinct falls in pressure in the chimney are indicated, and that
after the disturbance had ceased, the pressure within the chimney
remained somewhat less than it was before the storm.
" The height of the chimney is 80 feet and the inside diameter 5
feet."
The President said that, assuming the phenomenon described by
Col. Hyde to be attributable to the passage of the thunder storm,
one explanation only occurred to him. The storm was distin-
guished by a thunder claj), which caused the windows of houses to
rattle. Ho thought it possible that the concussion thus apparently
produced by the impact of the sound wave might have a very
a2)prociablo effect upon the barometrical column. Col. Hyde's
apparatus measured the difference between the simultaneous atmo-
spheric pressures on the two legs of the indicator, inside the chimney
and outside the cliimney, respectively, and it was obvious that the
sound wave would travel more slowly through tlie heated and rariiied
air of the chimney than tlirough the outside air ; therefore the outside
leg would be affected by the concussion before the inside leg. He
pointed out that if this happened, the consequence would bo just
such a disturbance in the uniformity of the diagram drawn by the
self- acting register, as Col. Hyde liad exhibited. Ho had not tlie
data relative to the actual pressui'os, tem^ieraturos, densities, and
1670.]
Proe^ediitffji uf the Anhfic So^httf,
271
tho height of the ohinmny, roquisite to a ralpulation of thf? amount
of tho (listurhaute upon tliia basis ; hut ho a<lniittofl that he did
not thiiik the amount whicli would reftult irom sutih a r'alculatioii
would be nearly so larj^t* as that in the diagram. The expltmatioii
waB, thereioro, no doubt insidrniout,
CoL Hydu said — ** Some time sintitj, I observed the water in the
open stem of the Utube oscilkiting, thinking that tlds might, perliaps,
be due to tho conLUsttion of tho atmosphere in the room, where twn
powerful air pumpe, driven by a 30 H. P. Engine were delivering air,
I made a careful experiment^ by cloi^iny^ tUo opt>u mouth of the IT
tube, 80 as to leave only a very small hole open to the room. There
was not the slightest alteration in tto oscillations, and it was evident
that these oscillations were unaffected by the air pumps, and were
solely caused by the action of the chimney draught. It would
§eem also that the length G'-4*' of tube l" diameter, and the contrac-
tion catised by tho J tap would effectually negative the supposition
of any sudden motion (sueh as is indicated in the diagi'am) being
given to the water in the U tube by concussive aetion on tho open
stem, and the diogram I think clearly indicates a diminution of
pressure within tho chimney in relation to tlie pressure in the room^
at the base.
** The most probable cause seems to ho a sudden local diminution
in the temperature of the storm 5pace or cloud passing over the
top of the t'himney. The dtu'ation of tlie disturbance ^4thin the
chimney is about tliree minutes as shewn by the time lines, and the
ctent of the distm-bance amounts to | of an inch in diminution of
sure.
** The diagram indicates an occurrence that caused a sudden in-
crease in the velocity of the current up the clumney^ a recurrence,
and then a return to neiirly tho original condition^ and its shape, I
think, shews an exhausting action through a c<mtrtteted orifice.
" I have not any record of the temperfiture or of the reading of
the barometer at tho time of the st-orm ; but the height of baro-
meter and the teraperatiu-o of the air and of tho inside of the
chimney were reconled at 1.38 and at 2,3B p. m. as follows : —
1.38 r. M, Barometer, 29,74| air temp. 86, chimney temp. 220*
2.38 p. M. ,, 2y.W2» „ 84, ,, 24t>/^
272
P7'nr0fdiji0H of th(* Asiatic Soci^tf^^
[8ept.
The following papers were read —
I. — J^ote Of I Three Specia of Butravhia from Jlouhnfirt^ — btf
Dh. F. 8 t 0 l 1 c y- k a.
[Received oad read 7tb Septi 1870.]
The two known species of Oxy^hsmui^ and one new of Ixalus, havo
been lately obtained, in tlie eaino locality, by Mr. W, Tlieobald on
the Ataran river, east of Moidinein (Tenasserim Province). Both
genera characterize the Malay fauna. The dlBcovery of t}ie Ox^§h99i
tparticularly intercJiting in point of geograpliical distribution.
•0. Ittvk has up to this only been recordt^ fi-om lla* rhilippiadS
iind ia stated by Giinther to be * confined" to thoso islands,
0. lima occurs in Java, China^ Camboja and Siaui, and is eaid
to liave also been found in Bengal. The last loculity was consi-
dered doubtful, but, through the dificovery of the species at Moul-
mein, it receives more probability, though specimens in our u<-'igh-
bourhood must be of extreme rarity. They ai*e not represented in
any of our collections, while 0, lavis is.
The discovery of the Oryghisi so far north is further interesting
in connection with the fossil species, 0. ^milhu^ which I have
described from the upper tertiary frog-bods of Bombay, (vide
Mem* GeoL Survey of India, vol, vi, part III, p. 387), And,
since I had the opportunity of examining the two recent s^iecies,
I am conhdent that the goueric determination of the fossil one is
correct. This fact, though as yet almost single, clearly indicates
that the Malabar coast liad its Malayan fauna, ^ — which is so consi-
derably ditTcrent from thiit of Central India, — ab-eady at an earner
period than the present one. It remains to bo shewn, how far this
observation will be supported by the study of the fauna of the up-
per tejtiary deposits of the Indian Peninsula. Good materials for
tliis are, however, as yet a desideratum. Every fragment of a bone
and every shell must be collected and carefully ojcamined, before
we can speak with any confidence on this important subject.
The genua Ixaim includes a number of small tree-frogs without
vomerine teeth. The species chiefly occur in Ceylon^ South India
(Nilgheris) and the islands of the Philippine and Indo-Malayan
AiHihipc^lago, but none have as yet been reported as far North
Moulineiu^
1870.]
Proci^in^B of the. Asia fie Socieft/,
278
0xT0LO88tT9 L^VIS, G It H t h e r.
Batracliia salient. Brit* Mus,, p. 7, pi. I, fig. A.
A small specimen, the hody moasiiring 1 J inch, whit^li length is
jual to tJie distance between the anua and metatarsal tubercle |j
the 4th toe is half an inch long j tympanum very indiBtinet, smalle^
than the eye. Skin with a few sc^itteted tubercles, more numeroua
posteriorly, laterally bef^ween fore and hiud-limba conspicuously
extended, Color above, pale vinaceousi, or ashy brown, lighter on
the limbft, all ot»* with darker fine marblings and spots ; a some-
what indistinct very narrow liand between the eyes, which are very
prominent ; upper lip spotted with white ; a short, tliin ilexuoua
fold extends from the upper edge of tlie eye to the shoulder ; an-
other much less diatinet short fold crosses obliquely the angle o£j
the mouth and is white. Below, yellowish white, on chin and i
throat marbled and reticulated with dusky, farther on uniform white,
with little tuberclos, these bocnming most distinct on the median
hinder side of the femora. There is a distinct fold of the skin on
tile inner aide of the lower two-thirds of the tarsus, and a very tliin
fold also on the fifth too, which Gilnther does not notice.
Four Bpecimona of this species exist in the Asiatio Society's
collections, They are about equal in size to the Moulmoiu speci-
men and quite similar to it in coloration ; all without a pale
median dorsal streak. Very probably they are also from Burma.
All the specimens agree in their structural characters so perfect-
ly with Guuther*e description and figure, that there can be
hardly any doubt as to the identity of both, but the Burmese form
appeai*s to be constantly smaller than the Philippine one.
OXYQUOSBVS LIMA, Tschudi, VuT.
Giinther, Eeptiles of India, p. 40 U Dum. and Bibron, VIII,
Erpetologie gen., vol. p. 334.
Body, above, covered with small, sub-equal, pointed tubercles,
obsolete on the fi-^mt part of the head ; below, with Diunerous
interspersed large tubercles of which two longitudinal rowa oa tho
middle of tlie cliin and throat are especially conspicuous on ac-
count of their regularity ; the large tubercles do not extend on th# 3
loins, but are very moiked on the lower bell)', Bnout iihcai»
274
Ptoe^fffin^n o/thf A$t'aitc ftwit*ty.
[Skit.
rounded, with tlie nustrila swollen and obb'quo, directed upwards ;
eym largo promineut ; tympanum qui to indistinct, a thin fold
runs from the upper edge of tlie 03^0 to tlio shoulder ; no distinct
fold on the side of tho body, whirh measures l^V inch, the length
being very nearly equal to the distance between the anua and the
inner metatarsal tubercle ; length of 4th toe very nearly half iudi ;
total length of hind limb 1^ inches. Fingers thin^ ij-ee and
elongated ; toes entirely webbed up to the tip ; metutarsna with
two tubercles, the inner cousidorably larger (but not as large as Ul
0. IdmM)^ than the outer, the former being lateridly eompreaaed
with an obtuse ^^gB^ the latter tubercular and pointed. The tar*
8U8 haa on the upper hinder end a small tubercle, and on the sido
of the lower inner half a thin fold ; this and the other tuberclca
aro yellowish. Tongue moderately narrow, elongated, terminating
posteriorly in a long point.
Greenish l>rown above, some of the slightly enlarged tubercJea
being black and forming, especially on tlie limbs, small irregular
dark spots, a pale median dorsal streak, an other much less distinct
on each side of the middle portion of the body ; lower eyelid and a
abort streak above the arm yellow j the thin fold behind the eye
and the fore limb in front blackish brown ; each femur bc*hind
witli thi'ee dark longitudinal bands, separated by two light colour-
ed ones, the upper one of these is very narrow and yellowish, the
lower much broader and with a distinct orange tinge, the lowest
dark band ia purer black than the two upper ones ; hinder side of
tni'BUs blackish, this color continuing on the iifth and the adjoining
toe ; extreme edge of upper lip pale. Below, yellowish wlute
with two sub-parallel longitudinal brown band»^ exttnuling from
the midle of the lo\v«^r lip to the bully, tho sides of tho body and the
front side of the I'omora uniform pale yellow ; hind-limbs greenish
pale brown ♦ ixnely marbled and punctated with darker brown and
with two Bomnwhat irregiilar brown spots in the bent between
the belly and the femora.
Although difl'ering in some points from Giinther'a defKriptioa, it
is most probable that the specimen which I have just described^
does not dilfer ^pecihcally from O. It may at least tliere ia no sulfi-
cient ground (ov a {specific separatifm fi*om tlie mat^^rials befoi'o me.
I«70.]
Protet^din^i qf the Aniatk Socieftf,
%76
Qiinther does not state aU the details of ooloratioQ which I hava ■
given, his specimens in spirit did pruhiililj ntit shew them suiE^
ciently clearly, but in the principal pciint;*, the ooloratiuri of tlie
fresh Moulniein specimen well agrees with ]m Jiceount» and so dtm&
also the general structure of the body.
IXALUa CINERA8CEIT8, U, Sp*
Bmly, small, stouti^h, moderately depressed, abcivo with a few
scattered tubercles, below on chin and throat smooth, on tho belly,
and the lower Bide of tho femora, very densi^ly and coarsely tubur-
ciliated, the tubercles being flattened and mcu'e or loss distinctly poly-
hedral. Snout, short, obtuse, shorter than eye, but equal to tUe leugih
of thG Rxpoyed pupil, or to the distance between the eyes which are
-very prominent j nostrils rounded, very slightly swollen and some>
what laterally placed below the indistinct canthus rostralis ; tympan-
um quite indistinct j a fold runs ii'om the upper eyelid po,'^teriorly to
the shoulder. Length of body } J of an inch, slightly shorter tli an
Uie femur and tibia together ; kital length of hind limb 1 ^
inches, length of fourth toe not C|uit« ^*^ inch. Fingers, quite free,
elongated with well developed ewnllen discs, which are only slightly
smaller than those on the toes, the latter being barely half webbed ;
mctatnrsus with a small inner tubercle and a very indistinct
one at tho base of the foiu-tli toe } no fold on the tarsus. Tongue
broadly ^al, distinctly notched boliind ; eustachian openings small
and very wide apart.
Color — abovoj olive ashy, very minutely freckled with dark,
paling at tho sides j a broadish somewhat infiistinct band bftween
the eyeS) one irregtdtir band on each side of the back — in one speci-
men represented by a mere elongated spot, three bands aci'oasj
the lower arm and a few spots on the hngers, tliree cross-bandtl
DBS each femur and tibiat the middle band being in each cane I
broadest and most distinct; a spot on the knee, a few small spot*!
,un the tarsi and toes, and a large spot rtjund tlie anuis are dnrlcl
by, often encircled with a more eonHpicut»Ufl enlarged black line j
"shoulder fold, a few small spots on the lips, one spot on tho
aide of the posterior belly, followed, and partiidly encircled, by
a silvery yellow tinge, the inner basal half of the femora and|
276
PraoMdi'ngs oflh Anatic Soati£y.
[Ssin-.
Uf a great extent, also their hinder ai<lt*, and the toes interntillj are
blackJsJi. Below, pale brownish white, somewhat purer on chin
and thj;oat, and all oTor finely Bjiopkle*! and punctated with dark*
The specimens examined uppeiu^ to be quite fuiign^wn; the
largest measures only | of an incln Ilie strticture and eoloration
art! pecnliar, and distingiusb tlie present Bjieoies from any as yet
known Ixom the PhilippineB, Ceylon, or South India.
n. — On th UHhod of asmying Bih&r 09 conducted in the Indian Mint, —
Mtj Dh. H. E, Busteed, Oi^G. Assay Masteh. (Abstract.)
The method of assaying Silver, as now in use in II. M/s Ljdian
Mints is one poeidiar to them j it was introduced into the Calcutta
Itlint about the year 1B50, and thence eitended in coui'se of time
to those of Bombay and Madras*
It has been favorably reported on and described more cw- less in
detaU as an olhoial duty by various assay ofMc^rs, to local Mint
authorities in India^ but beyond thia, it would appear, that no at-
tempt has been made towards giving publicity to the praetical
working of the process, or to making generally known the labora-
tory details of this method of assay.
It has been suggested to the writer that some such attemi^t now
woidd be not only interesting but useful, as after 20 years' experience
of it, the assay olRcos in the Indian Mint must be in a position to
assign its true yalue to a method which has been used for tlie
assay of an immense importation and coinage of silver bullion.
To render it more generally intelligible, and to show wherein the
process about to bo explained contrasted with those in more general
1106, Dr. Busteed verj' briefly adverted to the principles on which those
processes depend for their results, omitting details and technicali-
ties. In medern acceptance, the principal duty of an assayer is to
ascertmn tiie proportion of the precious metals present in any
Bample of mixed metal submitted to him for examination, so that
from the result of his investigation, the proper value may be as-
signed by calculation to the mass which the sample ia supposed ta
represent.
This the assayer effects by separation of the precious metals from
the ooiurser ones* The most ancient means of eflfootiug this was, by
1870.]
IH-ocHiif^B of thn Asiatic Saeiety,
277
the method of cupelUUion, He ©xplninGd tho principle of this
mntliodj what ekill and experience it required on the part of
the oi)erator, and how it still fell short uf accuracy in its resmlts.
Its short oomings led to the iuTontion of another procesB by
Gay LiLfisae, known as the volumetricj or humid, method, whidi la
much more accurate, and is now practised yery generally on tho
Continent* Ite principles wei'C briefly glanced at. Its introducftion,
however, iutci tho Indian Mints was not considered desirable by
their a^say officer, for certain roaRons, a few of which were giTen*
The method of cupellation, therefore, being not accurate enough for
the purposes of buying and selling bullion, and that hy the French
process being considered not well suited t<i Indian Mints, it became
necessary to look out for, and introduce into the AIint« of this
country, a process more likely to an&wer all the endft in view.
This object was attained by the adaptation and introduction of
the process now in use, ns., tho *^Chlfiridc proce>*« of awauying sil-
ver/* Hitherto it had never been reported to, eitcept on a swy
smaU scale. Assay ere appear to have shrunk &om tlie manifest
dithcnlties of manipidation in collectings drying, and weighing tlio
precipitated L'hloride of silver. The credit is due to Mr. James
Dodd, a former Assay Master of the Calcutta Mint, of having so
simpliEed, modi tied, and systematized the details of this miitl&ud,
as to render its application to the assaying of silver on a large
scale easy and accurate. The principles and an outline of the
details of the process were then given, an understanding of some
of the chief appliances and steps in the manipulations being as-
sisted to by suitable photographs. The system of weights in use
and tlie quantity of the samplo taken for assay were also explained,
as well as the putnte wherein this system might fairly be considered
better suited to a Mint in India than the other methods.
In conclusion, Dr* B. alluded to the rast amount of silver bullion
which this process enabled the assny officers of the Indian Mints
to deal with confidently and aiicurately, dtiring the past 15 years.
In one year alone, that of 1665-66, the imi*ortation of silver bullion
reached to tlje immense amount of over M miiliuup sterling, — so put*
ting to a crruoiid test the system of assay used for il« valuation.
278
IVotmdiftgi of ihv A»iatk Somfy,
[Sept.
m, — Th* Vthfu l%tf and its henrinffH upon Tree and Serpmi-worshtp
in India, — B^ Babu PhatXpachandha Guosha, B* A.
(Abstract.)
Tlio Vaetu Yaga and various other forma of Serpent and Tre©*
wor»liip arc traceable as much to a feeling of fear as toother causes*
It is evidently a sacrifice, invented by the ancient Aryan con-
querors with a view to propitiate the aborigines or primeval
owners of the land. Vastu is the principal god, and though the
aborigines themselves are not worshipped by name, the Niga is no
doubt the osteueible object of worship. The several gods, i>roperly
pitrU (ancestors, prodeoossors, former owners) that occupy the
several mandalas^ nro also the names of Nagaa, The Vastu is the
God Eur thy ijuite distinct fi-om Dhora (Terra) and in fJie prayer hu
ia represented as the supporter of the world*
The V^stu Yaga, therefore, appears \ai be a memorial of the
foundatiou of the new Aryan home and of the N^gas, a power-
ful race of aborigines. In the ceromony for dedicating a tank,
a stick is planted on its banks. This stick ia the Naya-yitifUi^
or the Naga-pole. The application of the term Nfiga to the reptile
dasB is without doubt of comparatively recent date, and since that
time may be noted the double meaning of the word applied to the
N%a aborigines as well tie to the N6ga seqients, Ananta ia wor-
shipped not as a snake, but as a fc»riii of Vishnu. It literally
means etemify. The Anantdchaturdm*^ Na^npamhami^ and such
other minor vratas, tliough cotiuected with tlie K^as, have notldng
to do witli the actual reptile,
» The aborigines of In<Ua bore a peculiar relationship to the firat
Aryan settlers. Many of the aborigines were held in high estima-
tion, and in a legend the goddess 8arai*vati is described as imxiarting
the art of music to two of the Nfigas {Kamvala and ^/r'lwfitru,) and
the name of Karkotaka, another N%a, is enjoined to be uttered
eveiy morning. There are again several fruits, trees, and tlunga
which are named after the Nagas, and these are all derived from
the N, E. frontiers of India.
From the above, it would appear that the N%as as a raoe of power-
ful aborigines were respected for their prowess and also hated for
BTO.]
Proe^t^dingn of tha A^i&iie Sttcietf.
27»
their bftrbarous habUa. Tlie omineTit among thorn wore soon ideutifiod
with some Hiudu gods, and iiltimnt&lj thu Nugas, aa a raoOj became
k class of gods. Serpent^worshii), in the true Benae of a ereaturo-
"Worship, was never prevalent in India, and though, under peculiar
circumstances, this warsliip may be seen at the present day among
lie several bill tribeaj still such a practice does not obtain among
^flie Aryans, Tlu* sciiiont, as an emblom of eternity, is respected,
but it is the worship of Yis^hnu and not of the reptile. Serpents
have crept into our mythological legends, but in whatever form
they appear, they are put down as enemiea of Yishnii, lUhu is
dai'knefls, and its stellar form is a suako* Sun = Ilari ^ Vislinu,
the destroyer of Kahu, the first deatroys as darkness, the second aa
auake, and the third as death.
Figiu'i^s of NdgQS occur in sculptured stones, but only for
ornanientatiou.
Several trees are described in later Purfinas as fonris of Vishnu
and other gods, but they ai-o cherished with a dogreo of care because
of thoir extreme usefulness in the tropical c*ountry. For inataiice,
Tuln as an oi^malic herb, the Durvd as a fodder on which the cattle
live, the religious fig tree as offering cool shelter, the coeoanut as a
refresliing firult« Some trees again are noted as obnoxjous when
planted near dwelling houses, because in a Hindu hygienic point of
view, they are considered injurious to health. The papaya plant ia
one of those that no Hindu would like to have near his house*
IV, — Amtlyiin of a new Mineral from ^fttfnaL — i?y D. Walbue, Esq,
During the period extending from November^ 1 863, to the end of
1864, 1 had various samples of metallic ores sent to me for ana-
lysis by Mr, O'Eiley, the Deputy GoniraisBioner of Mai^tabang.
BurmalL They were mostly samples of Galena, but one of %
different kind particularly attracted my attention as of ratlier unu-
sual composition, so that I suggested U\ hJm, that it might bo
desirable to publish it. To this proposal he assented, suggosting
that it should be presented to the Journal of the Smaety. Circuni-
ncea at the time prevented me from can-ying my [»n:»po8al into
'•ffect, but recently I re%ujued tlie investigation which had been lyiug
hmg incomplete.
2tt0
Proreifdinga of the AnitUie S!ociHt/.
f SlSl*T. 1
The analysis of the sample first sent by him on 24 th July having
heea undatiKfactory on one point, and the spocimen hariug been
exhausted, I wrote to Mr. (3'Riloy for another sample, in order
to settle this point. In reply he said that he had only a small
specimen left, but sent me anotlier small piece from the same range
of hills, bearing a strong reaeaiblance to the first, which lie thought
might probably be the same, I have no information of the locality
whence they were got : Mr. O^Kiley's letters were all dated from
Shoaygyeen, except one in February 1864, fi-om the Karen counti-y.
In a subsequent letter, he mentioned that the samples refeiTed to
were from the same range of hills as a sample of ore he was then
sending me, which turned out to be a double sulphide of copper
and iron. This is all the information I can give of their aouroep
as some time afterwards Mr. O'ltiley died.
The following is the result of my analysis of the first sample sent
on 24th July. ,
a^ppor , • • . 1 7000
SUver, , -090
Iron, 36 470
Antimony, 1 ■ 150
Arsenic, , 32*700
Sulphur, 1*360
Deficiency and loss, • , , , 1 0-624
Earthy matter, , -SfiO
Total, louuoo
The silver is equal to 31 J ounces, troy, per ton.
The unsatisfactory point which I wished to clear up was the
dnticiency of lQ'62i, which T fiupposed might be oxygen combined
with the metals. But this did not appear a very probable solution
of the difRculty, and it might rather be owing to errors in analysis*
The dotormitmtions had all been careftdly made according to the
usual methods. The ai-aenic and antimony were separated from the
other metals by Hydrosulphate of Soda, and the arsenic determinod
as Arp^euate of Magnesia and Ammonia, and there was no reason to
doubt the correctness of the process. But I had some fear that
arsenic might have been lost during tho operations prtq>aratory to
1870.]
ProeeMling^ ttf the A»iuUo Socifi^.
281
it« aepflration from the other metals, and an experiment made on
the fiec*ond sample by conducting the analybis in the same way gavei
suppoi't to this viev, as by this plan only 3r5 per cent, of arsenic
wad obtained, instead of tlio 37 per ctsnt. indicated below by another
pjrocess. Probably arsenic had been volatilised as chloride.
The second sample sent by Mr. O'Eiley, 11th October, was
similar in appearance to the first, but differed somewhat in compo-
sition, as will be seen presently. No particular note had been
taken of the physical properties of the first sample. The second
one was in the form of a flattened piece about fth of an inch (or I '2
centimetres) thick, with a dull, blackish, earthy looking surface.
When broken, it presented an uneven fracture of a laminated struc-
ture, somewhat cellular, of a steel grey colotip with a puqilish tint
and metallic lustre. In general appearance it is like mispickel,
but of a redder shade. Minute specks of brownish green matter
could be seen here and there on the surface, particularly between
the lamellas, when these presented themselves to view edge-
ways. It gives no streak on paper but a dark grey one on
nnglazed porcelain. Iliirdness, 5*5.
Siiecifie gravity at 81^ F. (27° C.)
Ill small pieces, 7*343
In powder, 7-428
The pieces were boiled in the bottle, but no doubt still retained
air in some interior cells.
It is easily soluble in Nitric and Nitro-HydrocKloric acids with evo-
lution of Nitrous fumes. One portion was dissolved slowly by diluted
Nitric acid containing 3 per cent, its volume of Nitric acid of 1400
and the solution completed somewhat more rapidly by a solution
containing 5 per cent, its volume. Hydrochloric acid at atmospheric
temperature dissolved it partially by standing some time (two or
three days,) to the extent of about 10 or 11 per cent., and by repeated
I boiling about 13 per cent, more, but there appeared no definite limit
to the action. Acetic acid dissolves a portion, evidently oxidised
matter.
Ignited in a platinum crucible it caked together, lost its metallic
lustre and betmme of a brownish colour, but whitish at the edges
where it adhered to the crucible and was removed with some diffi-
282 JProeeedingi of the Asiatic Society. [Sept.
culty, having slightly attacked the platinum. By this ignition, it
increased nearly 2 per cent, in weight. Ignited in a small gla^s
tube by the blow-pipe till the glass softened, it did not appear to
yield any arsenic.
In the analysis of this sample, the arsenic (with a little antimony)
was separated from the other metals by fusing with Nitrate of
Potash, and Carbonate of Soda (Potassium Nitrate and Sodium
Carbonate,) or by passing Chlorine into the mineral mixed with
solution of Potash. As in this case, however, the action was very slow,
the mineral was first oxidised by a little nitric acid, then mixed with
solution of Potash in excess and Chlorine passed through it. This
plan answered very welL The results of two analysis for the three
principal constituents, agreeing very well, were as follows : —
Copper, 13-28
Iron, 43-88
Arsenic, , 37*03
A complete analysis was made by digesting a portion for about
twelve hours with diluted Hydrochloric acid and thus removing
the oxidized matters. The results were as follows.
Soluble in Hydrochloric acid, dilute.
Oxide of Copper, 1.21
Protoxide of Iron, 1 .97
OxideofLead, 1.89
Arsenious Acid. . , . , . , 1.12
6.19
Insoluble.
Copper, 12.13
Iron, 42.12
Arsenic, 38.45
Antimony, » .54
Earthy Matters, 12
93.36
99.55
Ix>S8, .45
100.
Prmnding^ ef ih$ Aitattc Bomt^.
t88
In one email piece I found 2. 67 per cent, of matters mBoluble in
nitTO-mui'iatic acid, but generally it was very smaD,
It will be observed tbat this sample differs from the first in the
smaUer proportion of what may bo considered accidental constituents,
and is a purer specimen of the essential constituents^ arsenic, iron,
and copper. The Inside pieoes contained no sulphur : Uio outside
crust yielded a trace probably in the state of earthy Bidphate. And
while the fii'st sample contaiaed a notable quantity of silver, this
did not appear to contain any, or at least so little that I could not
di-'tect it in the amount of matorial at my disposal. The (juantity
of antimony was also less than halt that of the hi'st sample*
I have not been able to find in auy book on Mineralogy I have had
acicesy to a description of such a mineruL The nearest are Arseni-
cal Iron Pyritet* (Mispickel) and Axotomous Arsenical Iron. But
it difi'ers from the fornior in the total absence of Sulphur, and from
both in the presence of a consitlerable quantity of Copper, as well
as in the lar^or proportion of Iron ; and it differs still more in the
proi>urtron of tJie two basic metal>» together to tlie Arsenic, the
latter being snioU in projxjrtion to the former.
The constituonts approximate, though not very closely, to 2
©quivalentii of Arsenic, ti uf Iron and 1 of Co|iper ; rather more than
6 of iron and less than 1 of cupper. This can scarcely be reduced
to any prooablo atijmic formula ; but if the proper metaUic nature of
rseuic bo admitted it may be C'onsidered as an oiloy, and alloy*
re not limited in tht^ir composition to deEnite ^ormults. The ojtoeei
of basic motals in ita compubition gives it u fijtity under the action
of hout not very usual in oi'senides or unoxidlsod arseuicid com-
pounds*
I would venture to propose for this mineral the name of O'Bi-
le^'ite in honor of the gentleman who sent it to me, whoiie services
have uufortimatcly bven lost to the Indian Government by an un-
timely death. This notice may perhai)s lead explorers of these
districts to discover additional specimens of this or analogous
minerals.
264
ProeMdingi of th A^iatie SotiHy.,
[8ept.
V, — Notis on Charaka Sanhitd. — /?y Db. Mahenbra Lal Rlrcae.
(Abstract »)
Charalca Sauhitd has not yet been examiDed by acliolftrs cither
of Eui'ope or America, The account of Charaka in BoBhtUnck and
Eoth*s Dictionary publishing at St. Petersberg is taken from the
Sahdakalpadfumaf In. wli ch we ha\*e a fabulous account of the
autlior, taken from Bhaha PraUasa^ a very modern work on Medicine*
It appears, there is a M8, in Wilson's Collection, about which
Dr* Both writes to Mr. Hoernla, Professor, Jayanarayan OoUt^ge,
Benares, as I learn from a letter fi'om the formnr to BaLu RdjeJidra
Lala Mitra, who did me the honor of referring to me on the aubject>
and very kindly sent me Mr. H.'s letter to him.
According to Dr, Roth, thero are 1 1 part« or sections in the
Oharaka of Wilson^a Collection, wliich are called Sthmas^
Now in the MSB, in my possession, one of which is a careful
transcript from a very old and reliable MS. in possession of one of
the Kavirfijas of Berhampore, made (purposely for myself) under
the order of the late Raja Prasanna N6rayana Deva B6hadur» aa
weU as in other M8S. in possession of other Kariraja-s, which I
have soeni there are eight part« or sections or SthAnaM, Dr. Wise,
the only European writer who gives any correct account of Chara-
ka, mentions ordy eight parts or Sth/tnm^ the names of which
exactly correspond with those in our MSS. Besides, the addi-
tional parts mentioned by Dr, Both oi'e but adhythjas of one or
other of the eight Sth4nas.
All our MSS. thus Agreeing, I conclude, the original Chjiraka
Sanhita consists of eight 8tharia8 or Sections. The following list
Bhows the names of these sections, and the number of the chapters
or adhyayas they severally contain : —
IT Ujft^^lH
\* ^HjRrrf^ (
1870.]
ProeeediHffi of the Asiatic Society,
285
I
Charaka ib nut the origino] attthor of the work wliit h goes by
hiB name. That author wn& Agnivesha, ii^ha, along with five otlier
rishis, Bhela^ Jatukiirna, ParafifiT.*i| Ildritat and K^hiripdni, re-
ceived inatruciion from Bharadvftja> who hiinseli" was taught by
Indra. Indra had received Uio ftdence from the twins Aishvini
Kumdras ; Ashini Ktiinaras from Prajapati, to whom the seionoo
(Ayurveda) was revealed by Brahma, the supreme creator.
But Ckaraka does nut pretend to the authorship of the work.
At the end of every sthitna, nay at the end of each Chapter or
Adhyaya, we havo tho admission :
from which it appears that he gives the authorahip to Agnivesha,
and takes credit to himself only for revif^ion and corrH'tion.
In the fabulous account of Charaka in Bhabaprakasha^ quoted
in lUji mdhS K^nta*fl SaMakitlpatiruwa^ and alluded to above, he
18 said to have compihjd from the works of the six disciples of
Bharadvaju. This is very probable^ but he does not say so himself-
As to the antiquity of the work, it is impossible to fix the date
when it flowed fr«>m t!io lips of Atruya, or issued from the pen of
Agnivesha, and when it was revised and e<lite<l by Charaka. All
that we can say, at the present stage of our inquiry, is, that it
seems to us to be anterior to Sushruta, the only other ancient
Hindu work on medicine extant Sushruta calls himself the son of
Vishvu Mitra, who was the contemporary of Il4ma, and claims to
have derived his knowledge of medicine from Dhanwantari. Now,
Dhanwantari is a mythological personfige^ but the Dhanwantari
from whom Sushruta received instruction in Ayurvnda was ho who
was calletl Dibodasa and was king of K6si, whifth is now oup
modern Benares, It is eingular thnt nnithor of these works makes ,
any allusion to the other. Both make A'yui*veda of divine origin,
and they agree in tracing this origta from above downwards as fur
as Indra. But alVer that thny diverge. Charaka, as we have seen,
makes Bharadvaja derive his knowledge from Inrlrn, wliereas
Sushruta makes it X)hanwautari. We are inclined to think Bu*
Bbruta to be a latter work, inasmuch as his preceptor is a laUir per-
ISO n age than Bharadvaja.
Btisides the above^ we have other grounds for believing Sushruta
to be a later work. Though not so full and eopiottSi it is more
-
286
ProenedtnffM ofth^ Anaiic Soeirty.
[Sept,
syatematic and nfbre logical in its daasifioations than OKaruka. It
IB more precise and accurate in it^ anatomy. Suahmta does not
make any mention of beef as an artii'lo of diet, wLich Charaka does.
Hence, Sushruta cuuid not have llourialitjd at an age when beef was
still an article of food. Again, both Bagbhatta, and Misrabhaira,
the author of Bhabaj^'alcjvHha, by far the most andont of the
modern class of medical \rriterft, both these authors, we 8ay, agree
in giving priority and superiority to Atreya (or Bharadvija), the
preceptor of Agniveshai the author of the work which now goea by
the name of Charaka.
Hence, if we take Sushruta to have flourished about the time of
Udma, the illujitrious fjontemporary of his father Vishva Mitra, wo
must claim for Charaka a date anterior to that of Sushruta.
But Charaka could not liave Hourished in the pre-Pauranio ag0|
inasmuch aa Iiidra is called in the work, -^^^if^ (the slayer of ii
demon culled Bala, mtmtioned only in some of the Purinas).
Such being the antiquity of Charaka Sanluti, it must possnaa
yeiry unusual interest, not only for the historian of medicine, but no
loss for the philologiat and the liistoriun in general, and the piula~
sopliui* As for its value in a medical point of view, this is not
the place to dilate ujjon it. Tiiia much, however, I must say, that
its pathology apail, I have found it to contain excellent and sound
remarks on therapeutics, dietetics, and hygiene.
The hiat<iry of any period should now be deemed incomplete,
irnless we had an insiglit into the nature of the diseases which
prevailed in that poriod. In this point of view, we have no doubt,
the study of Charaka would throw much light on the Idstory of
the time in which it was written. From it, we shall be able, in a
great measure, to decypher the mental characteristics, the various
occupations, the mode of living, and vari*)us otlier ci re urns ta aces,
csonuected with life and its preservation which prevailed in that age*
The receipt of the following couimuuications was announced —
1. Descriptions of New Land SheUs jro/u the SLtn StalM
Pe^u — By W. TttEOBALD, Esq.
2. On the Land ShelU of Bonrhon wWi ilesct'iptwm of nmo
tj)ecle»* — Bi/ G. Nsvill, Ksu., C. M. li, S»
8* D€»c$*ipliofit qfnew aptcUa of MQllmca from O^ylon* — By Mi£4»sus.
G. and H. Nsvux*
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 287
Library.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
last meeting : —
Presentations,
*«* Named of Donors in Capitals.
Tilleeg til Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, Aar-
gang, 1866, 1867.— The Eoyal Society of Nobthekn Antiqui-
ties, Copenhagen.
Asirboger for Nordisk Oldkydighed og Historie, udgivne af
det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Solskab, 1866, 1867, 1868.—
The same.
Memoires de la Societe Eoyale des Antiquaries du Nord, 1866,
1867.— The same.
Bijdragen tot de Taal-land-en Volkenkimde van Nederlandsch
Indie, 4th vol., 3rd part. — The Royal Instit. of Netherland India.
Journal Asiatique, Nos. 55, 56. — The Asiatic Society of Paris.
Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie. April and May, 1870. —
The Geographical Society of Paris.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 120.— The
Eoyal Society of London.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV,
No. 2. — The Royal Geographical Society of London.
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, Vol IV, part 2. — The Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain and Ireland.
Bollettino della Societa Geographica Italiana, fas. 5. — The
Italian Society of Geography.
Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wis-
senschaften zu Berlin, Mai 1870. — The Royal German Academy
OF Sciences.
Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Nos. 10 —
17. — The Geological Institute of Vienna.
Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsan-
stalt, Nos. 34, — The same.
The first Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural
History, January 1870. — The American Museum of New York.
Original Sanscrit Texts, Vol. V, by Dr. J. Muir, — The author.
28B Proee^din^ft of the A*iatie SoeUif/. [Skpt., 1870.
Main Results of tlie mrvdern Vaidik Ro»earohes, by R. Ghoaha.
— The authob,
Prufeasional Papers of Tn<lian Eugiaeering. No. 28. — The Editor.
ElmjiyfinM, Yol. IIi No, 3, edited by Hemachaodra BhatU-
oharya. — The Editor.
Meruoirr^ on tliu History, Falk-lnre, and Distribution of the races
of the North- Western Provinces nf India, ]>y the latf* 8ir II,
EDiot. Edit»?d by J. Bennies Esq., C. 8., 2 Vols,— Lady Elliot,
Sfisti^ii Prak^d, Kalki Parana, No. I. — Kedaraxatha Banerji,
PUBLISHEB.
Archives Paloographiques do TOnent et de rAraeriqiie par Leon
de Ro8ny, parts 12. — Mvisoxxeuvb and Co., Plthlisuers.
Eooords of the Greolo^i^ical Survey of Intlia, Vol. Ill, part 3. —
The SlTPERINTEN'DENT, GEOLOGICAL SiraVEY OF IpTDIA.
A nlasaifiod Catalounio <^>f Sanscrit works in the Sarasvati BUiin*
diiram Mysore. — The Commissioner of Mysore,
Htmters Coniparativo i^tctiouary, Part L — The Gov. op Tntha*
Dniry'8 Hand-book of the Indian Fitira, 3. VoIh. — Tni:: samk.
SokK'tions from the Records of tht) Madraa GoYornnient^ No. II ;
Survey and Settlement of tho ChoUu mbrum and Manergnody
Tahiuk;^, No. 15, Report on PubHt' Instiiiction in the Madi*a8
Prenidtjucy for 18fi8-69.— The »\ue.
Rejjort on Meteorology, Musoum and Horticultural Gardens in
the Province of Oudh, 1869*70.— The s^uie.
Report on the Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice,
Oudh, 1869.— The same.
Oeimus of Oudh, 2 YoK — The same.
Sanitary and Vawine Reports, Oudh, 1869.— The same.
Dispensaries and Lunatic AKylum. Oudh, 1809. — The &ame.
Progress of Education, Oudh, 1869. — The same.
Purehme.
Conchologia Indica, by Hanley and Theobald Part 1 : — Westmins-
ter Review, Jidy ; — Quarterly Review, July: — Revuu ilejs iJeiix
Houdo3, July : — Revue Archeidogique, Juin : — Revu*.* de /^fudo^i©,
No8. 5 and 6: — The Annals and Mag^mnoof Natural History,
July r— The Philosophical ifagazine, July: — Journal of the Statis-
tical Society^ June : — Compter Readus, Nos. 23 — 26: — .Tournal des
Savants, May and June : — Zonki.ir^a Dictionary, pai't XV : — ^Boht-
liugk's Dictionary, part 43 : — Ciii-onique de Tabari, 2ud Vol, — The
Indian Medicjil Gazette, September: — Paepati's E'tudes aur lea
Tc'liinghianes au Bohemiens de rEmpir© Ottoman.
The Nature, Nos* 3G— 40 : — ^Tho At]ienieuiu» Jtme,
rroc.A5i*tSoc: Bengal. Sept 1870.
TL m
' y
Cell hiiuti tun*yfUfth£NtunsQn4^yas*^
Jhroc. A Rial SocBen^
"a s ,? *q
PROCEEDINGS
OF TUB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOB November, 1870.
A meeting* of the Socieiy was held on Wednesday the 2nd
instant, at 9 p. m.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following presentations were announced : —
1. From R. F. St. John, Esq., A note on the antiquities of
Thatone.
2. From Capt. A. Bloom£eld, B^gh&t, six ancient copper coins.
They are old Hindu copper coins. On some of them the
figure of an elephant may be seen. They are all square.
3. From Lieut. J. Butler, Commissioner, Naga Hills, A spear
of an Angami Naga, a coat of the same, and a pair of ear
ornaments.
The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot at the next
meeting : —
A, Rogers, Esq., Solicitor, Calcutta, proposed by L. Schwendler,
Esq., seconded by Col. H. Hyde.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to with-
draw from the Society : —
Captain H. H. Thuillier, J. M. Boss, Esq., and C. Lazarus, Esq.
The following letters were read : —
1. From Fleetwood H, Pellew, Esq., on the * Barisal Guns.'
' In regard to the " Barisal Guns," my notion was that waves of a
* There was no meeting on the first Wednesday in October, as the members
present did not form a qaomm.
290 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Nov
length of a milo or two each, advancing obliquely from the S. S. W.
would break successively on the coast from W. to E. To a
person dose by, the sound of each wave would be somewhat con-
tinuous ; but to a person 40 or 50 miles off, if the wave broke simul-
taneously, the sound would be a boom like that of a gun, because
both extremities of the wave would be nearly at the same distance
from the hearer as the centre.
' I have at Pooree, when the S. W. Monsoon has lulled, seen far
to the south a very lofty wave break with a distinct booming noise ,
a second or .two after another nearer, then one opposite to me, and
then others towards the north as far as one could see. Even to
one standing on the beach, the noise of these waves (except the
nearest) was so like that of guns that we used to remark on the
resemblance. When the wind was blowing strongly, the wave was
tm'ned over by the force of it, before it attained its full height ; but
when there was no wind, or a slight breeze from the shore, whilst
the swell was still high from the effect of the monsoon, this pheno-
menon often occurred, the wave rising to an immense height and
breaking over a mile or two of beach at one moment.
* I may remark that the wind blows very obliquely on to tiie
Pooree coast and would not take the sound so far inland as at
Backergunge.
' The great difficulty about the Bai-isal guns arose from the fact
that the Musalmans at Perijpore and round the Kocha Eiver cele-
brate their marriages chiefly in September and always fire off
earthen bomb shells, and it is almost impossible to tell the sound of
these from the Barisal guns. I should never have believed in
them at all, if I had not once, when in the Sajjlenja river in the
Sundai-ban, with nothing but forest to my south, heard thorn dis-
tinctly on four or five different occasions in one night. Of course we
may have been mistaken, but the sound to our senses was un-
doubtedly from the south, and much louder than I ever heard it
before. It woke me up from sleep, we were then about 30 miles
from the coast.'
2. From H. J. Eainey, Esq., Zamindar Khulni, Jessore, on the
same subject.
Pfvrsedin0H of th Aitatie Soct^fi^.
201
* On© incident, and a prominent one too, 1 Laro, I find, inadver-
tently omitted to moation in my last letter, which is, that tha
direction of the »oundA appears to travel invariably along the
course of the ©treania that discharge themselves into tlie Bay.
This circumstance I have carurully observed for a series of years,
and hence I indicated the noises as coming from the aaa-hoard ;
0, g, the BubHlivisjon of IChidiid is situate on the coiiiluence of thd
rivt^rs Bhoirub and Eujifcii (the latter a luteal name for the conti-
nuation of tlio PasaiJ, which rtm respectively N. and E, of it, and
when 1 waa reeidiug there, I noticed that the sound** appeared to
come from tlie S* E,, while now that I am living across the Hupsii
on the west side of it, the noises are heard from the 8. W. Again,
I lived about a year at a place called Nali, alim Schillorganj, on the
Baleswiu' Eiver, and to the oast of it, wht^n the detomitions, for ^suoh
I may call them, were distinctly heard from the S. W. No Eu-
rupoan has, I believe, resided lower down the BiileewtfnBi¥«tjn
tho Sundarban than Scliillerganj, which is distant about a tide
only from the open sea, and the sounds heard by me there were
decidedly louder than those I hear here, while below that plaice,
and 1 have heard them very close to the sea, as far down tho
Hm'unghdtii river as a boat could well venture out during tho 8,
W. monsoon. They were audible with even still greater prccLiion ;
but the reports wore quite as distinct there from one another as
they were elsewhere, wliieh would not appear to boar out t!ie surf
theory or hypotheaia originally propounded by Mr. Pellow^ and
which appears to have found much favour.*
3. FaoM 0. A, Elliott, Esa., Off§. 8fc^. to the Govt, of the JVl JF. P,
* I am directed to forward for tho inlbrmation of the Aftiatio
Society, copy of a Report dated 7th July, by the Civil Engineer
of the Allahabad Circle, relative to the Monolith at Kosiuiibha
in tho Alhdiabad Districrt.'
Eeport.
"I have the honor to report that in conformity witli tha
orders of Government, dated 22nd April, 1870, I piKiceeded to
** K»)6im'* on tho 1 9th May, and under my personal 6iiper\ision
commenced the work of excavating the Monolith alluded to in
292
Froetedings of ih Asiatic S(ycietf.
[Nov.
the above orders. The poBition and dimensions of the exposed
portion of tho shaft as I found it, has been &o minutely and
accurately described by CoL Cunningham in his report (tyid^^M
Journal of the Asiatic Society, for 1865, Vol. 34, Port I.), that i1^^
needs no repetition at my hands,
** The small excavation made by Col. Cunningham and partially
refilled by him was in the first instance cleared out and a more ex-
tended area subsequently embraced, so as to eLabie me to reach the
bottom of the Monolith with the least possible amount of labour.
'* The o:xcavation was uainterniptedly carried down to tlie depl
of 16 feet, exposing the shaft for a length of 26 feet Irom the to]
but without exhibiting any appearance of approaching the base
at this depth, however, it became necessary to cut away a portion
of the underlying bank against which the column rested, to
admit of its circumference being accurately measured, and during
this opttmtion a joint running parallel with the axis of the shaft
in the direction of its base was discovered on the underlying side
and as it was popularly believed and strongly asserted by a ri
epectable body of natives collected on the spot that it was a secr^
recess concealing treasure, operations were susponded and circom-
stances verbally reported to you on the 25th May, together with
my view of the matter, that it would most probably be found to
a piece let into the base of the Monolith, to replace a flaw in t]
original stone of which it was formed. But there being a possibility
of doubt on the subject, Mr. Chalmers, Assistant Magistrate, wi
deputed to accompany me and witness tlie opening of the recei
However, owing to an unfortunate accident (my horse falling ani
rolling over me) I was unable to witness the further development
of the Monolith, although I was in camp in the vicinity. Tho
remainder of the operations was carried out under Mr. Chalmers*
Buperintendenoe and the recess opened in his presence, and the
supposed repository of treasure resulted^ as I had antioipated,
being nothing more than a piece carefully let in to replace a fla^
in the original stone. The piece measures B feet long, and is about
the area of the column at its base*
** Owing to the accident above mentioned and the intense heat
the weather, I was at this stage of the proceedings reluctantly
1«70.]
Pi-ocetulingM of the Asiaiid !
nn
compelled to suspend work till tlie ensuing cold weather op until
the receipt of further orders.
" The Monolith, as iaow exposed, measures from top to haee 84
feet having a circumf»3rence of 7* 10'' f»jot at top, and ten foet at
bottom, which taken together with the two pieces lying in its virgi-
nity gives a total length of 40' 9*'^ and this in mj opiuipn does not
fuUy represent the full height of the origiual column, as the top
portion exhibits a broken suface without a truce of the capital op
any means of connecting it with the Monolith, had it ever existed
even in a fteparate piece.
** Colonel Oimninghani in his report is of opinion that the column
retains its original position although overturned j the result of
the oxcnvationa prove the contrary, as the lower portion of it was
found imbedded in pure clay without a particle of brick or stone
intermixed. I naturally exj^joetod t^ diid some traces of a base-
ment of some description, but all vestiges of brick and stone dis-
appeared at the depth of IG feet from the surface, the base of tlio
Munolith resting in dark stilf day ; it is therefore my opinion that
it has never been erected on the site it now occupies, and its origi*'
nal position will more likely bo fmind amongst some one of the
many very remarkable mtiimds surrounding it. On some of these
the foundations of immense palatial buildings can be distinctly
traced, and I would beg to suggest for the cimsidoratinn of Gov*
emment whether it might not bo in the tutern'st of Areheologicol
science to have the more remarkable of them thoi'Oughly exanuni}d
during the next cold season.
** During the tfxcavations no object of interest beyond the remark-
ably large bricks described by Col. Cunningham was discovered,
** In cont'luaion I may udd that the cost of removing the Monolith
into Allahabad will moat probably fall very little short of Ka,
10,000, There being no road of any description between ** Kosim"
and *' Serai Akil" (9 miles), a smooth track will have to be made over
this portion, and from the latter plaoe to Allah abad» several nullahs
will have to be temporarily tilled in, and the immense si^e of the
column will require special ooutrivancea for moving a weight uf 15
tons (about) across country.^*
(Signed) H» K* NssniTTp Civtl Mi^inm-.
294 Proceedings of the Astatic Society [Nov,
In reply to a letter from the Secretary of the Society, regarding
inscriptions on the Monolith, Mr. Nosbitt writes as follows : —
**In reply to your letter No. 533 of the 12th instant, I have
much pleasure in informing you that there are many inscriptions
on the ** Kosim Monolith," and they are almost in as many vari-
ous characters as there are inscriptions, the most remarkable and
apparently the most ancient of them being of a peculiar shell-
shaped pattern.
** I shall endeavour to procure the " rubbings" you require as
soon as possible, but at present I am myself unable to get out to
Kosim (30 miles), owing to press of work in the station.
" The Government having taken a favourable view of my sugges-
tion to explore some of the most remarkable mounds alluded to in
my report, I entertain hopes of making some interesting dis-
coveries during the ensuing cold season. I may add that wliilst
excavating a tank a few miles from Kosim, two white marble
figures in good preservation were discovered. One is called by the
natives whom I consulted ** Mahabeer," and the other " Nundhea."
They are now both deposited in the Allahabad Museum."
The President then exhibited two inscriptions received from
Babu Rashbihari Bose, Banka.
Tlie first inscription is taken from Col. Franklin's * Inquiry con-
cerning the pi to of Ancient Palibothra, Part II.* The second is a
Bengali Inscription taken from a Hindu Temple on the Mondar
Hill.
Bdbu PljendraMa Mitra said, that not having Franklin's work
at hand, he could not say whence the first inscription had been
taken ; but judging from its character and subject, he was satisfied
that it was a Buddhist record, and commemorated the dedication of
a statue or a chatya. The character was intermediate between tlie
Gupta and the Kutila, and had been inscribed probably in the
sixth century of the Christian era. The fifth letter of the third line
was doubtful, so were the last two letters of the last lino. Ho read
the record as follows : —
1 870.] Froeeeiings of the Asiaiic Society, 295
"^m ^ftj^^ — or ^^'H^
" The liigUy veneratod, the great king, the king of kings Sri
TJgrnbhoirava + d( dicated this."
The second inscription was from a modem temple on the Mondar
Ilill, built 'about 270 years ago, by a zemindar of Subbalpur. It
was written in the old Bengali character of the Tirhut typo and in
the Sanskrit language. The temple was intended to supply the place
of an older one, dedicated by aChola li6jd, wliich, according to the
local legend, had been demolished by Kfildpah^, and the remains
of which are still visible. The following are its transcript and
translation : —
^^f^^^fH: ^^113>T?rf?r: ^<»i^^^i<WW il
"The well-disposed, and auspicious Chhatrapati, son of tho
auspicious Y^isudeva, dedicated tliis pure and noble place of victory
on earth for S'ri Madhusudana, in tho S aka yi^ar 1521, when tho
noble Brahmdna Duhs'dsana was the officiating priest. S'aka 1521. —
[A. D., 1597.]
The following papers were read —
I. — On the Funeral Ceremonies of the Ancient Hindm, — By Babu
Ra'jendrala'la Mitra. (Abstract.)
Tho paper opens by adverting to two articles which have already
been published on the subject, one by H. T. Colebrooke on tlie
modern ritual, and the other by Max MiiUer on the ancient
ritual ; and then notices in detail the cremationary and sepul-
chral ceremonies described in the Arapyaka of the Black Yajur
Veda. Some of the rites noticed are remarkable. The first
ceremony was the removal of the dead from the house to the
burning ground, and this was done on a cart drawn by two
bullocks, or by aged slaves. The procession was headed by
the eldest of the i)arty, and included an old black cow. This
ir** x;jb4^ Vy il^ >/7 iLfs^/rfA^ s&d «-** dieace resofyred bj m yoomger
^/fAhetf u fti>/r dwij^^y <«- * Si«rraz^ of the d&ad, who ofTeT&d to
UiMrrr }tef, TJwr t^ir^iu^nij of htiryln^ the bone& va* porfofrmcd on
tliMb ^id^ '^rjy '^ 7th dsT ; icn.d on the ICrth daj the monmers as-
kt-fUshUA *j/'/^\^rf 9tzA idUir 'r^eitain obhitions, offerings, and prajrers,
raiA^yJ a '^-s/'/le of JFt/ziiesi, and then retired to the house of the chief
rsMmrfi'ff t// fi<r?ut '/n kid'» fle*h and l^arler.
7'ij^r i/fi*f'\w\hii^ jy/rtjon of the paper iji deroted to a consideration
//f the obj^p'^'t a/jd m^Ois/iSii^ of the mantra which was first quoted by
^>/J/rbf'/'/k'r a>, the WJie auth^/rity for the performance of Suttee, and
haJi feiw^ij Uj^'Ij fr<:<jDentJj noticed. According to the Aranvaka, it
nUfmhi U; rtyi^XfA when the wr/men put on colljrium on the tenth day
of the moiiming, imrae^l lately l>efore putting up the stone circle,
A r;^in vernation eninted in which most members took a part
II, — C'^//n* o/* /A* Hharqi Kings of Jaunpur, — By Eev. M. A.
HiJERKiso, Benares,
Mr, IJI^K'limann «aid —
'i'ho pttp'yf will HJiortly appear in the Journal. Mr. 8herring
li/iH not iiU'X with any Hilver or gold fxiins of the Sharqis, nor with
i'At\i\t*'.r I'oiiiH ]irior U) tho reign of Ibrahim Slidh. The first Jaun-
pur king, Malik Harwar, Bult^n uhhsliarq, does not appear to have
Mlnuk vitiUH ; nor dor-H lio Houni t^> have assumed the title of Shah.
'i'lio lii'ginning of liis reign is variously given in the Histories.
FiriHliiah, who copied his extrar;ts from the 2'6rikh i Mubarak Shdhi,
giv<5H 700 A. H., and niakos him reign six years. Tho Ain has 16
yoars, wlii<:h would remove hinjulu^ ten years earlier. The Luck-
n(iW iCdition of Firishtah has 776, A. H. There are also slight
dihrrcpanries hotwcon Firishtah and the Ain in the length of the
ntigiiH of the other kings.
Mr. Hhi^rring conlii'nis Marsden's remark that the Jaunpur coins
nxhihit tho name of* tho Egyptian Khalifah Abulfath, who appears
to have t!onf4»rrod tho taijHd^ or right of sovereignty, on the Shar-
cjIh, long alter tho Kb alif all's demise.
18?0.]
Proceedings oftks Asiatic SoMtf.
Tlie most important point rovealotl by Mr. Sherring's pnpor is,
that coins were struck in the name of Huaain Shdh, the last Sharqi,
long affcOT 881, the year in which, aooorcUiig to the Muhammadan
Historiana, Jaunpur lost its independenee, and even after 905,
the yoar in which Husain iSh41i is eaid to havo died,
Marsden also has a Husain Shdht of 886, A. H.
HI. — Notes on the Bonhara Temph near Omnrpore^ Behar. — Bif
Bauu lUsHBiiLUii BosE, SuB-Drv^ifiioNAL Officeb, Baa'Ka.
IV- — An Aeamni of Copihnoon^f Juiore, and Us AHtiqmli4Sf in con-
neciion with the Fair held there in March, 1808* — Bsf Babu
Basubihahi Boss.
The Secretary read extracts from both papere, which will bo
published in the forthcoming niimbor of the Joui'nal. He &aid —
Babu Haehbihari Bose has since favoured the Society with an
excellent facsimile of the inscription of the Bonhara Mosque* The
inscription is in Arabic and runs as follows : —
\j^ aJ dUt ^ Alj iAsr-^ ^^f^fJ^^Ajhi^h JU ^^\ Jlf
jiLJiji^^^j^lj UaJi J3U ^lUJJ ^Lsr'f 0.^-*^ 1^ mlUi^J Allc
' Thus says the Prophet (may God's blesaliig rest upon him !) —
He who builds a mosque for God, shall have a castle like it built
for him by God in Paradise. This is the Jdmi' Masjid (erected)
by Sultan *Alauddunyi wa-ldin Abul Muzaflar Husain Shah, tbo
King. May God perpetuate his reign I Zul Qa'dah 908, A* H.*
[June, 1502, A. B.]
The iascription commences with a well-known passage from the
Muhammadan Tradition, and is almost identical with the inscrip-
tion on the Cheran Mosque published in our ProceedingB for April,
1870 Cp* 112). Tlie characters being Tui/hrd^ x^^*-^^^^^ conaiderablo
dUQoulties in deciphering. The Arabic inscriptions on the slabs
which lie about in Tribenf and Siltg^ow are in the eamo character,
and several of them belong to Elusain Shah.
'Al&uddin Husain Shah reigned over Bengal from 1498 to 1521.
298 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Nov.
His numerous mosques, and the part which he plays in Bengal
legends, have been referred to in the Proceedings for April.
The Cheran inscription and the inscription before the meeting are
of historical interest. Bihdr during the greater part of the 15th cen-
tury formed part of the Sharqi kingdom of Jaunpur. Husain Shdh,
the last king of Jaunpur, was deprived of his kingdom by Buhliil
and Sikandar Lodi, and Jaunpur was reannexod to Dihli, Husain
Sh^ taking refuge in Bihdr, and ultimately in Bengal. He is said
to have died in 905 A. H. (1499-1500, A. D.). The two inscriptions
go to shew that Bihar was not annexed to Dihli, but to Bengal, and
thus confirm the histories.
The following communication was announced —
List of Reptilian Accessions to the Indian Mmeuniy Calcutta^ from 1865
to 1870, with a description of some new species, — By J. Andebsok,
Esq., M. D., F. S., F. Z, S., Curatar, Indian Museum,
Library.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
Meeting held in September last : —
Presentations.
«% Namos of Donors in Capitals.
rrocoedings of the Eoyal Society, Vol. XVIII, No. 120.— The
EoYAL Society of London.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, No.
2. — The Royal GEOORArHiCAL Society of London.
The Journal of the Chemical Society, Vol. VIII, May, June,
and July. — The Chemical Society of London.
Bulletin de la Societo de Geographic, June, 1870. — The Geo-
graphical Society of Paris.
Journal Asiatique, No. o7. — The Asiatic Society of Paris.
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. IV, Part 2. — The
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Report by Baron von Richthofou on the Provinces of lliinan,
Hupeh, Honan., and Shansi. — F. von Richthofen.
1 870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 299
Rdmayana, Vol. 2nd, No. 4, edited by Hemacliandra Bhattd-
charya. — The Editor.
Jahresbericlit des Physikalischen Central Observatoriums der
Akademie fiir 1869, abgestattet von H. Wild, Director. — The
Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
Anecdota Syriaca, coUegit, edidit, explicuitque J. P. N. Land,
Tom. ni.— The Editor.
The Central Provinces Quzetteer, ed. C. Gbant, 2nd edition. —
The Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces.
Selections from the Records of the Government of the N. W.
Provinces, Vol. Ill, No. 4. — The Government of Bengal.
The Annals of Indian Administration in 1868-69. — The Same.
Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No.
CXVn.— The Same.
Report on the Charitable Dispensaries under the Government of
Bengal for the year 1869. — The Same.
JExchange.
The Nature Nos. 41—48.
Purchase.
Journal des Savants, July 1870 : — Comptes Rendus, Tom. LXXI.
Nos. 1-6 : — Revue Archeologique, No. VII : — Revue de Linguis-
tique, Tom 4, fasc. I : — The Numismatic Chronicle, 1870, part 11 : —
Otto Kistner*s Buddha and his doctrines : — Max Mailer's Outline
Dictionary: — Asher's Study of Modern Languages: — Moffat's
Standard Alphabet Problem : — Gray's Hand-List of Birds, part I : —
Fergusson's History of Modem Architecture, "Vol. Ill : — Wallace's
Theory of Natural Selection.
PEOCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR December, 1870.
A meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the 7th inst.,
at 9 o*clock p. M.
The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phoar, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced :
1. From Babu P^dhic&pras&da Mukerjf — five copies of a plan
of the Temple of Jagannath at Puri.
2. From W. Talbort, Esq. — a crystal head, a ring and a charm,
and three earthen figures dug up at Dera Ismail Khan.
3. From Rev. J. Long — six Gujrati books.
4. From the author — a coi)y of Revision of the Mollusca of
Massachusetts by W. H. Dall, Esq., and on the genus Pomphohjx and
its allies, with a revision of the Limnaidce of authors, by W. H.
DaU, Esq.
Mr. J. Wood Mason exhibited some cocoons of Hymenopterous
insects fichneumonidcejy found in a garden in the neighbourhood
of Calcutta, and made some remarks on the habits of those insects.
Mr. Blochmann exhibited a silver coin, belonging to Mr. G.
Nevill. He said, the coin was struck by an old king of Bengal,
called Ghi6suddin Bahddur Sh&h. It was described and figured
in Mr. Thomas' Initial Coinage of Bengal (Journal, Asiatic Society,
Bengal, 1867, p. 50, and Pi. I., No. 5); but specimens are rare.
302 Proceedifigs of the Asiatic Society, [Dec
Unfortunately the margin was cut away, and no trace was left of
the date and the name of the mint.
A. Eogers, Esq., duly proposed and seconded at the la^t meeting
were balloted for and elected an ordinary member.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting : —
F. C. Daukes, Esq., C. S., Mirzapur, proposed by W. Oldham,
LL. D., C. S., seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.
R. S. Brough, Esq., Assistant Superintendent, Government Tele-
graph, Alipore, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded by Mr.
H. Blochmann.
Isaac Newton, Esq., Officiating Superintendent General of Vac-
cination, Panjdb, proposed by B. Smith Lyman, Esq., seconded by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
B^bu Ganendranatha Thakora, proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq.,
seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society : —
Capt. E. W. Trevor, 0. Campbell, Esq., lieut.-Ool. Briggs,
Lieut. J. Butler, Col. F. P. Layard, H. Reinhold, Esq. ♦
The Council reported that on a recommendation of the Philolo-
gical Committee they have sanctioned the publication of the fol-
lowing Sanscrit works in the Bib. Indica : —
1 . Tatvachint6m6ni.
2. Aphorisms of Pingala.
3. Sulapani.
4. Hem^dri.
5. Tribhdshyaratna.
6. Baudhayana Sutra.
The following letter regarding counterfeit coins has been re-
ceived from Major F. W. Stubbs.
Attock, l^th November y 1870.
"It is not often probably that one meets with a counterfeit gold
mohur of obsolete Muhammadan mintages, and therefore it is as
well to be on one's guard against such forgeries. Accordingly
I send you the following description of one brought me a day or two
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 303
ago, clearly a die-struck imitation of the rupee of Ghideuddin Tughluq
8h^, described as No. 78, page 47, Thomas's Coins of the Patan
Suites of Hindustdn. Were it not for the mistakes made by the
engraver of the die, I do not think it would have been possible
to have detected the forgery.
The legends were as follows : —
Obv, Al-Sult^ al Ghazi Ghias ud dunyd wa-I din Abul-
Muzaffar.
Hev, Tughluq Shdh al-Sultan ndmin (e/i^l* y^itl-Jl) amir ul
muminin f^ri
Margin, hazihi-1-sikkah ba Hazrat Dihli fi sanat tis'a wa 'ishrin
wa sab'a iat —
in which the six mistakes are evident : —
1. ^dmtninBteeidof ndgir.
2. Date in figures impossible.
3. Difference of dates in words and figures.
4. The word zuriba omitted.
5. Jf of ma^ omitted.
6. The usual forms of the letters alify /awi, focj had thick clavate
shapes: in this coin they have the more elegant form, first in-
troduced on his coins by Sher Shah.
I had a gold mohur of this king of the type described at page 7
of the Supplement to Thomas* Patan Coins with a legend similar to
No. 76 of his series, (but perhaps not the same mint), which I con-
sider to be a cast ; but Colonel Guthrie, in whose possession it now
is, thinks it genuine. Both came from the same place, Eawal Pindee,
a nest of coiners. This notice may be of use to collectors."
The following papers were laid before the meeting : —
I. Descriptions of the species of Alycccince^ known to inhabit the
Khasi Hill ranges^ by Major H. H. Godwin- Austen, F. R. G. 8.,
Major Godwin- Austen's recent researches in the Klhasi hills have
increased the number of species of Alycon from those hills to 1 6, of
which 7 are new, and of several species, previously described, inter-
esting varieties have been noticed. The present list does not include
all the species from the Assam valley. Beautifully executed
figures accompany the descriptions.
304 Proceedings of the Astaiie Society, [Dec.
II. (hi some undescribed species of Camptoceras, and other land-
shells, by H. F. Blanford, Esq.
In addition to the only known species of the interesting genus
Camptoceras (C, terebra, Bens.), Mr. Blanford describes two others,
lately discovered by Major God win- Austen in the Mymensinghj heels.
Besides these the author describes one Ali/cosus, one Diplommatina^
two Olessula and two species of Selicarion, all from Darjeeling.
m. On sofne new or imperfectly knoton Indian Plants, by S.
Kurz, Esq.
This is a continuation of Mr. Kurz's very valuable notes on
various Indian plants (including those from Burma and the Malay
Archipelago), published in our Journal for this year. The present
paper contains a large number of new species described from
Burma, chiefly jfrom the collection of Dr. Brandis.
IV. Note on Onchidium verruculatum, Cuv., from Ceylon, by
H. Nevell, Esq., C. S., Ceylon.
Animal ovoid, thick, solid, roughly tuberculated, especially down
the centre of the back ; tubercles irregular, very retractile ; dotted
at times with cells or points ; sometimes elevated, containing a black
matter, occasionally dendritically fllamented on the posterior slope.
Mantle, above, dark olive, rough, thickened ; beneath, yellowish
at the outer edge, shading into dark olive grey at the junction with
thfe foot. Foot pale greenish white, soft, semi-pellucid. Ten-
tacles grey ; head and its appendages very dark above.
Length 2 inches, breadth 1^ inches, height in centre 1 inch.
This species was originally described and figured in Napoleon's
* Expedition to Egjrpt' under the name of Onchidium Peroniiy a Mau-
ritian species. Cuvier subsequently called the Eed sea form 0. ver-
ruculatum, and it is interesting to find it in Ceylon.
It has been considered to represent one of the typical species of
Peronia, but it has afforded a singular confirmation of the views
expressed by Dr. Stoliczka in the Joum. As. Soc. Beng. Vol.
XXXVIII, Part n, No. 11, 1869, where, after an account of tho
anatomy of the genus, he proceeds, (page 99.) to show tho probable
identity of the so-called genera Onchidium^ Onchidiella, and Peronia
It would appear from the evidence brought forward there, that
the only true grounds for separation of Onchidium and Peronia
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 805
are the filamentous appendages to the mantle of the latter ; inter-
mediate forms appearing imknown.
Now the present species presents at certain times these filaments
developed from its mantle ; and also presents on those parts of its
body where the tubercles want these filaments, the singular black
" cells of pigment," noticed by Dr. Stoliczka.
A careful examination of several living specimens has afforded
me the following additional data on the subject :
That in the present species, the tubercles, when plain, are stud-
ded with black points, in varying number.
That when the tubercles develop filaments, these occur similar-
ly to the black points.
That the black points sometimes show a tendency to become rais-
ed on stalks.
That the filaments disappear in confinement, or in alcoliol ; and
that they only occur partially, and in some specimens only, while
others at the same locality and season want them.
Not being able to keep vivaria I have not ascertained whether tho
filaments disappear permanently or temporarily, how they so dis-
appear and whether they are replaced by black points ; but I think
enough is noted to establish the fact that the black points or colls
become developed at seasons, or in specimens, into filaments ; and
thence Peronia cannot be separated from Onchidium, unless on cha-
racters distinct from those already quoted.
V. Extracts from a Diary written on the occasion of a visit to
K^harakpur and Munghir. By Ba'bu Sashbeha'by Bose.
Several extracts from the paper were read referring to the
Mosque of Lak'hinpur, the conversion to Islim of one of the
Rajahs of Kharakpur, and the legend of tho Five Virgins who
threw themselves from the hill, which in remembrance of them ia
called * Panch Kumfiri.*
The paper will be published in the first number of the Journal
for next year.
l^Ir. Blochmann said — ^Ihave collected* from Mughul Historians
a few notes on the History of the Rdjahs of Klharakpiir. Kharak-
piir is the name of an old town and Parganah, south of Mung^r
306
Proc0€dmg$ oj tM Anaiic Soeteijf,
(Monghyt). Tho rivor Man tra\*ei*3oa tlio district and flows oast
of Mungur into tlie Qangea.
At the time of the t^onquost of Bihlr and Bengal by Altbar^
(A. D, 167 i-75), there were in Bihar throo powex'ful Zomind^ra —
Bujah Gajpatf of Hdjipiir (Patna), Raj all PiVran Mall of Gidhor
(S. W* of Kharakpdr), and Eijiih Singram of Kharakpdr. Gajpati
waa t»)tally ruined by the Imperialists whom he opposed ; but
Puran Mull and >Singrain wisoly submitted and assisted Akbar'a
generalji in the wars with the Afghiua^ When the g^eat Mutiny
of Bihfir and Bengal broke out, SingriXui, though not perhaps very
oponlyt joined the rebels, but submitted Jigain to the IMnghuls,
whan Akhai*^s general Bhahb^ Kh&n marched against him. He
was BO anxioua to avoid coming in open contaot with Akbar, that
h^ handed over to Shahb&z tho sta'ong fort of Mahda,* But h©
never paid his respects personally at Court, where his son, apparently
as hostage, was detained, and remained submissive till Akbar's
doath ( 1 605) . The accession of Jalidngir and the rebellion of Prinea
Khusrau inclined him to mak« a Unal attempt to recover his in-
dependonce and to collect his forces which, according to Jahangir*©
Memoirs, consisted of about 4OO0 horse, and a large army of foot-
soldiers. Jahdngir QulS IChsiu LAlah Bog, governor of Biliir, lost
no time in opposing him, and Singrdm whilst defending himself,
was killed by a gunshot (IGOG).
Stngrim^s son, whom Jahdngir calls a favourite of his, was not
immediately installed on his fa therms death ; but had to wait till
1615, when on his conversion to IsUm he was allowed to return to
Biiidr* Like several Hajalis, he retained al\er his t'onversion the
title of his ancestors, and is known in Muhammadan histories as
Jii;ah Hoza/zun.^ He remained devoted to tho service of tho
emperor, and was in 1628, when Jahingir died, a Commander
1600 (brevet rank), and 700 horse.
On Sh^jahdn's accession (1628), Rdjah Rozafzdu entered activ^
service. He aeeompanied Mahabat Ivh^n to Kiibul in tho W(u* with
NosT Muhammad Khan, king of Balkh, and served later in tlie ex-
pedition against Jhujhar Qingh Bundelah. In the 6th year of 8h4h-
• Mahil^f |«>4^. T cmitnoi find tbe fort ou tho mupSr
t ltoi*aJg,mt *^*k»ly iacreaBiiig, growing iu power.
IB 70.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 307
jahdn's reign lie served under Prince Shuj&' in the siege of Paren-
dah, and was promoted in the beginning of the 8th year (1044 A. H.,
or A. D. 1634-35) to a Command of 2000 (brevet), 1000 horse.
(Pddishdhn.y I., 5., 67). He died soon after in the same year.
His son was Bdjah Bihruz.* He served in the siege of Qanda-
hdr, and was in the 30th year of Sh&hjahan's reign a Ck)mmander
of 700, with 700 horse. In the beginning af Aurangzib's reign,
he assisted the emperor against Prince Shujd', and in the (second)
conquest of Palimau in 1072, or A. D, 1661.
Rajah Bihruz died four years later, in the 8th year of Aurangzib's
reign.
He is evidently the E^jah whom Babu Rashbihary Bose calls
Majah Beroje,
On referring to the Survey maps, I find in the Parganah
Sikharfibidf, which forms the Eastern boundary of Kharakpiir,
two villages of the name of Bihruzpiir, evidently so called in
memory of Edjah Bihruz.
The story of the Lak'hinpiir saint whose tooth-pick shot forth
green branches, resembles that of Sayyid Shah 'Abdullah Kirm^ni
of Birbhiim. Shdh 'Abdullah left, it is said, when yoimg, Kirman
in Persia, his native country, and visited Shdh Arzdni, at whoso
request he went to Bengal. On departure, Sh6h Arzdni, gave him a
tooth-pick of chambeh wood, and told him to remain at that place
where the tooth-pick would become fresh and green. Shah
'Abdullah arrived in Birbhum, and stayed at Bargaon, near
Bhadia, where he performed several miracles (kardmdt). But
as the tooth-pick remained dry, he went to Khuslitigi-i, another
village in Bfrbhum. One night he put the tooth-pick into his
pillow, and awaking he found it was fresh and green. He then
planted it, and it soon became a large tree, which is still seen.
Shah 'Abdullah is especially renowned for the power which he
had over serpents, and now-a-days in Birbhum his name is repeat-
ed in formulas of enchantment. His dargdh is in the hands of his
descendants, and is visited by numerous pilgrims.
Sh&h 'Arz&ni, whom I mentioned, is a Muhammedan saint who
died during the reign of Shah Jahan at Patna, in A. H. 1040, or
1630.
* Bihrut, literally a man whoso day is good.
308 Proceedings of the Asiatic Socic ft/, [Dec.
LiBKAllY.
The following additions have been made to the Library since
the meeting held in November last.
Presentaliom.
%• Names of Douora in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, November, 1870.— The Royal
Society of London.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for
the year 1869. Vol. 159, part IE. — The Royal Society of Lon-
don.
Proceedings of the Royal Lrish Academy, Vol. X, parts 1-3. —
The Royal Irish Academy.
The Transactions of the Royal L-ish Academy, Volume XXIV,
Science, parts 9-15 ; Antiquities, part 8 ; Polite Literature, part 4.
— The Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1868-69. — The
Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Volume XXV,
part n.— The Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume XIV,
Nos. 1-4. — The Royal Geographical Society of London.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume XXXIX. —
The Royal Geogratuical Society of London.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1869, parts 1-3. — The
Zoological Society of London.
Transactions of the Zoological Society, Volume VII, parts 1-2 —
The Zoological Society of London.
Journal of the Anthropological Society, October, 1870. — The
Anthropological Society of London.
Aiinuaire de L' Academic Roy ale des Sciences, des Lettres et
des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 1870. — L' Acade'mie Royale des
Sciences, &c., de Belgique.
Bulletins de L' Academic Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des
Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Tom. XXVII, XXVIII.—L' Acade'mie
Royale des Sciences, &c. de Belgique.
Annales Mot^orologiques de L'Observatoiro Royale do Bnixollcs,
1869. — L' Acade'mie Royale DES Sciences, &c., de Belgique.
1870.] Proceedings of the Asiatic ^ocief If, 309
Zcitsclirift der Deiitschen Morgenlaiiclisclien Gosellschaft, Band
XXIV, Hefte l-II — Thb German Oriental Society.
Atti dolla Eeale Accadeinia delle Scienze di Torino, Vol. IV,
Pisp. 1 — 7. — R. ACCADEMIA DELLE SciENZE DI ToRINO,
BoUettino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del liegio Osservatorio
dell' University di Torino. — R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino.
Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserliclien Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Math-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 1866, Mterz — Juli ; und der
Philos-Historischen Classe, 1869, Februar — Juli. — K, Akademie
DER WlSSENSCILAFTEN ZXJ "WiEN.
Denkschriften der Kaiserliclien Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Math-Naturwissenscliaftliclio Classe, Baud XXIX, Philos-Historis-
che Classe, Bcende XVI-XVIII. — K. Akademie deb Wissenschaf-
ten ZTT WiEN.
Archiv fur Osterreichische Goschichte, herausgegebon von der
zur Pflege vaterlandisclior Gescbiclite aufgestellton Commission
tier Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band XLI, Hali'te
1-2. — K. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wibn,
Almanach der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1869.
— K. Akademie der Wissenschaiten zu Wien.
Die Temperatur-verhultnisse der Jahre 1848-1863 an den Sta-
tionon des Osterreichischon Beobachtungsnetzes, von Dr. C. Jelinek.
— K. Akademie deb Wissenschaften zu Wien.
Atlas der Hautkrankheiten, Text von Prof. Dr. F. Ilebra, Lie-
ferung VII. — K. Akademie der AVissbnschaften zu AVien.
Vorhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-botani-
Bchen Gesellschaft in Wien, Band XIX. — K, K. Zoolooisch-bota-
KisciiE Gesellschaft.
Bulletin de 1' Acad^uiie Imi>^riale des Sciences de St. Peters-
bourg, Tom XIV, No. 1-6.— L'Acade'mie Imfe'riale des S(;ien-
CES DE St. Pe'tersbouro
Memoires de L' Academic Imperiale dos Sciences do St. P^ters-
bourg, Tom Xin, Nos. 8, Tom XIV No. 1-9, Tom XV, No. 1-3,
— L'Acade'mie Impe'riale DBS Sciences de St. Pe 'lERSBouRa.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
18G9, January, — December. — The Academy of Natubal Science:^
OF PHlLADELrillA,
310 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Deo.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, N.
S., Vol. VI, part IV. — The Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, •
Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, by J.
Leidy, M. D., LL.D. — The Academy op Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
Vol. I, part I. — The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Scien-
ces.
Journal of the Boston Natural History Society, Vol. IL— The
Boston Natural History Society.
Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society, Vols. II-IIL
— The Boston Natural History Society.
Abstract of English and Colonial patent specification relating to
the preservation of Food &c. — The Eeqistrar General, Mel-
bourne.
Patents and Patentees for 1865 to 1866, Vols. 3, — The Begis-
TRAR General, Melbourne.
Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Band V. Ueber
das Sapta^atakam de Hala, ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Prdkrit
von A. Weber. — The Author.
n Brahui studio di Etnologia Linguistica di F. Finzi. — The
Author.
Description of new Land and Fresh-water Molluscan species
collected by Dr. J. Anderson, in upper Burma and Yunan, by W,
T. Blanford, F. G. S., C. M. Z. S.— The Author.
On the species of Hyrax inhabiting Abyssinia and the neigh-
bouring countries, by W. T. Blanford, C. M. Z. S. — The Author.
On the Geology of a portion of Abyssinia, by W. T. Blanford
Esq., F. G. S. &c.— The Author.
Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, made
during the progress of the British Expedition to that country in
1867-68, by W. T. Blanford.— The Author.
Kepertorium fiir Meteorologie, von Dr. H. Wild, Band I,
Heft I — Director of the Meteorological observatory at St.
Petersburg.
Annales de L'Observatoire Physique Central de Russie, publides
1870.] Proeeedings of the Asiatic Society. 311
par H. Wild. — ^Lb DmBCTBUB db l'obsbrvatoirb Physique Cen-
tral, St. Pe 'tbrsbouro.
Comifteliiiaceae Indicao, Imprimis Arcbipelagi Indici, C. Hass-
karl. — The Author.
Sunt! dei Lavori Scientifici letti e dicussi, nella classe di Scienze
Morali, Storiche e Filolologiche della B. Accademia delle Scienze
di Torino. — G. Gorrbsio.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine Vol. HE, Nos. 1-4 edited by
Dr. M. Sircdr. — ^Thb Editor.
Eashasya Sandarbha, Vol. VI, No. 61, edited by Babu R.
Mitra. — The Editor.
Annual Eeport of the Secretary of War 1866. The Secretary
of War of the U. S. America.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Paleeontologia Indica,
Vol. m, Nos. 1-4. — The Supbrintbndent of the Geological Sur-
vey OF India.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. VII, part II. —
The Superintendent of the Geolooioal Survey of India.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. Ill, part 4. —
The Superintendent of the Survey of India.
Selections from the Records of Government N. W. Provinces,
Vol. IV, No. 1. — The Government of the N. W. Provinces.
Report of the Sanitary Administration of the Panjab, 1869. —
The Government of Bengal.
Report of the Revenue Survey Operations of the Lower Provin-
ces, 1868-69. — The Government of Bengal.
Annual Report of the Insane Asylums in Bengal 1869. — The
Government of Bengal.
Exchange.
The Athena3um, September, 1870.
The Nature, Nos. 49—62.
Purchase.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History Nos. 33 and 34 : — Lon-
don, E. and D. Philosophical Magazine, Nos. 266 and 267 : — The
American Journal of Science, Nos. 147 and 148. — The Quarterly
Journal of Science, No. 28 :— Comptes Rendus, No. 10: — The
&l;2
Proceeding* of the Asiatic Bocisitj.
[Deo
Westminsfer Eeyiew, October, 1870 :— Revue Archealogiqiie Aoist
1870: — Eevue des Deux Mondes, 1 and 15th September: —
Hewitson's Exotic Butterflies, Nos. 75 and 76. *
Nederlandfich Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, Jaargang II, Afle-
vering 1-12.
Sanscrit Manuscripts,
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APPENDICES.
816
Appendix A.
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322
APPENDIX B.
ZUt of Ihmationt (not including JBooh^ or otksr puhHeatiofii, and
MSS,^ lhe4e being acknowl^t^d in the nmtUhltf library linUj,
[OhJQota mcu-ked with an ajitorisk >iAre been tr^nflferr^ to the Trnateos of
the Indiim Muaeum].
Donors.
Bloom£eld, A., Esq. ..
Bloomfield Captain, A.,
Butler, Lieut. J •
Chandrasikkara Banoijii Babu,
Committee of Groto Portrait Fund
Deloieriuk, J« Q., Es<|, .*•»•*..
Ditto dittOy t • •
Ferrar, M. L., Esq., C. S
Qastreil, Co!. J. E « « *
Hexter, H. Eeq. *
Eainey, H. J*, Esq
Saxton, OoL, Q, H. . . . * ,
Stoney, E. V., Esq
♦Eight pieces of silver and seven*
teen pieces of clipper utensila
found near the village Oun-
geria.
Six ancient copper coins.
A spear of an Augami Naga, a
coat of the same, and a pair of
ear ornaments.
*A rectangular piece of gameti-
ferous gneiss with the Bud-
dhist formula '* Ye Dhamma-
hetu, (S:c!. &c, &c,, found in the
Alti Hills.
A portrait of A. Grote, Esq., C. 8.
*A number of Budciiiisi heads
and 8t*m© tablets with figures
from near Peshawar.
Specimens of moulds used in
counterfeitiEg coins.
Copper coins dug up near Par-
tabgai'h.
*A specimen of Macrocheira
Kaempferi from Japan and a
specimen of a large Ostrea.
*A specimen of Chamteleo vid-
garis fiT>m Bught>deer.
Two modern copper coins bear-
ing the inscription ** Island of
8ultana'' in English, and the
coat of arms of the E. I.
Company.
♦A set of Iron implements &o,
found IB a cromlech on the
Nilgiris.
•A piece of a calcareous tulTa
taken out of a Sit^ii tree near
Cuttack.
INDEX.
Page
Abbayacharana Mallika (Babu), witbdrawal of, 64
Ablabes collaris, 106
„ melanocepbalus, 106
„ Nicobariensis, 106
„ Eappii, 106
Acantbodactjlus Cantoris, 70, 71
„ Nilgberiensis, 79
Accounts, Annual, , xix — zxxix.
Aerolite, Note on tbe recent fall of, 64
Agama agilis, 78
Akddlab, 110
'Alauddin Husain Sbfib, Sultan, , 112
Alg8B from tbe Sikkim Himalayas, 10
„ Li»t of Bengal 267
„ Notes on Javanese Ib2
„ Tbird list of Bengal 9
Alkbund, on tbe Translation of tbe 65
Allogonium depressum, 12
Altmasb, Coin of * 181
AlvcaeinaB, 803
Ambaric MSS. from Magdala, S
Amir Hasan Kban Babadur (Itaja), election of 152
Ampelita (Helix) Bigsbyi, 87
Ampbibia, Malayan and Indian 103
Ampbiprion bifasciatum, 175
„ percula, : 176
Ananta cbaturdasi, • . • • , 278
Andaman Home, Tbe 164
324 Index,
Tagt
AndamaneBe, Burial of the dead among the « • 163
Children of the 161
aothing of the 158
Customs of the • ^ •••.... 153
Dr. F. Day, on the 153
^^^Aiiguage of the . . 153
Marriage of the 160
Medicines with the 162
Natural History of the 174
Painting the body among the 159
Property of the 167
Test words, A short list of 178
Andaman Islands Kjokkenmoddings on the 13
„ Notes on a trip to the 177
Anhatti, a parganah in Madaran, 116 note.
Annual Accounts, xx — xxxix.
Ansonia, n. gen., 104
„ Penangensis, n. sp., 104
Anthreptes phsBnicotis, 266
Antiquities of the Assi &c. Hills, 253
„ of Madaran, 115
„ ofPanduah, .....^ 120
ArchfiBological Notes by Mr. Carlleyle, 180
Archaeology of Shah ki Dheri, 181
Area fasciata, 14
,, scapha, Bemains of 14
Arsa, Pargannah of Ill
Arwal in Bihar, 121
Assam Celts, 267
„ Earthquake at 222
Assay of Silver in the Calcutta Mint, 276
Assi, Alti and Darpan Hills, Antiquities of the 253
Ateuchosaurus Travancoricus, 73
Atmospheric pressure, Irregiilarities of 91
Attock Inscription, 241
Bah&uddin Sultan Walad, 251
Indtx. 326
Fage
Bahrdm Saqqa, 1 24
„ ofBurdwan, 189
Bairah Pargannah, 113
Balosore Inscription, 4
B&lgadhi, a parganah in Mad^ran, note 116
Ball (Mr. Y.) on the Andamans, 177
„ on Assam Celts, 268
„ on S[r. lilofluaann's Hugli Inscriptions, .... 189
Balwantnamah, Mr. Blochmann on 218
Bancoorah not in ancient Bengal, ^ Ill
Bang&lah in Hafiz's Ohazal, . 110
Bangurus caoruleus, 107
Banhar Temple, Hotes on the 297
Ban Masjid of Hugli, * 114
Barbak Sh&h, son of Mahmiid Shah, 189
Bard&h, Eajahs of 113
Barometers affected by a thunder-storm, 269
Baronowsky, H. E. Mon. de, introduced to the meeting, .... 127
Barrisal Guns, 289
„ Mr. Eainey on 243
Barsee Taklee inscription, 218
Batrachia from Moulmein, 272
Baudhayana Sutra, 302
B^iiM, or MjmenaiTig, •....••..... 112
Beames (Mr, J.) on Balasore Inscription, 4
„ on Una and other modem Aryan Languages, 138, 192
Bengal Algse, List of 267
„ Third List of 9
Bengal (Lower), AlgBB from 1^
„ Muhanimadan names of 110
„ Normal rainfaU of 222
Bhati old name for Sundarban, * 110
Bhowalbhum, a parganah in Madaran, note 1 16
Bibliotheca Indica, New recommendations for 137
„ Report on 30
Bihniz, Raja, 307
326 Index.
Page
Birbhum, a parganali iu Madfiraii, note 116
Birds, Mr. A. 0. Hume on Indian, 85
„ from North Cachar and Khasia, 13
Blanford (Mr. H. F.) on Barrisal Guns, 246
,, on Camptoceras &c., 303
„ on Normal rainfall of Bengal, 223
,, on Nor-wester8, 95
„ on Irregularities of atmospheric pressure, . . 91
„ (Mr. W. T.) on Eeptilia, &c., from Central India, . . 254
Blochmann (Mr. H ) on Balwantnamah, , . . 218
„ on capture and death of Dara Shikoh, .... 238, 251
„ on the Eusufeye circle of stones, 5
„ on Mr. Ferrar's Copper Coins, 151
„ on Hugli inscriptions, 1 87
„ on the Mirdt ul Quds, 138
„ on places of historical interest in the district
of Hugli, 109
,y on Shah 'Alam's Sanad, 6
,, on Sharqi Elings, 296
Bloomfield (Mr. A.) on silver utensils from Gungaria, 131
Bones of the Andamanese dead, 21
Bourke, (Mr. W. M.) withdrawal of 4
Brachj'saura ornata, 78
Brahmangdnw, north of Bhitdrgarh, • 117
Briggs, (Lieut.-Col.) withdrawal of 302
Broadley, (Mr. A. M.) Election of 241
Bronchocele cristatella, 106
,, jubata, 1 06
,, Moluccana, 106
Buddhist heads and figures from Peshwar, 217
Budget of Income and Expenditure, 37
Bufo melanosticus, 104
,, viridis, 104
Bungarus co^ruleus, 257
Burma, New Mineral from 279
Busteed (Dr. H. E.) on the Assay of Silver, 276
Index. 327
Pape
Butler, (Lieut. J.), withdrawal of 302
Cabrita brunnea, 255
„ Jerdoni, 72, 255
,, Leschenaultii, 72, 255
Cachar (North) and Khasia birds, 13
Callophis intestinalis, 107
Callyodon viridescens, 175
Calodactylus aureus, 75
Caloula guttulata, .... 85
„ montana, 85
„ obscura, 85
„ pulchra, 104
Calotes Elliotti, 77
yy gigas, 78
,, Maria, 77
„ mystaceus, 105
„ nemoricola, 78
» playtyceps, 77
„ tricarinatus, 77
Calothrix maxima, 183
Calotos versicolor, 257
Callula pulchra, 257
Campbell, (Mr. C), withdrawal of 302
Gamptoceras terebra, , 304
Cantoria Dayana, n. sp., . . . . / 107
Capsa deflorata, Bemains of 14
Cardium edule, 20
Carlleyle, (Mr. A. C. L.,) ArchsBological Notes of 181
Carnegy (Mr. P.), withdrawal of 58
Catonolla opuntia, 260
Celts from Assam, 267
Central India, Beptilia &q. from 254
Cereberus rhynchops, 107
Geriomis Temminckii, 59
„ Blythii, 59, 60
Chaetophora Indica, 11
828 Ltdsx.
Page
Chaleoparia Singalensis, 266
Ohameleo Cejlonicus, 79
„ pumilus, 79
„ vulgaris^ 79
„ vulgaris^ peculiar variety of 1
Ohamp&nagari, a parganah in Mad&ran, note 116
Chandrakond, 113
Chandra Sekhara Banerji (Babu) on Alti, &c. hills, 253
Charaka Sanhita, Notes on the 284
Gharasia dorsalis, 257
Ohittua, a parganah in Madaran, note 116
„ boundary of Bengal, Ill
Choarops cyanodon, , , . 175
Chroolepus villosum, 10
Ohrysopelea rubescens, 106
„ omata, 106
Chthonoblastus salinus, 259
Ghuttia Nagpur, not in ancient Bengal, Ill
Cladophora Eoettleri, 12
„ simpliciuscula, 259
„ sordida, 184
Ooates (Dr. J. M.), withdrawal of 64
Coins of Altmash, 181
Cabinet, Eeport on 29
(Copper) received, 101
from Jynthia, 260
from Balaghat, 289
of Jahangir, 181
Moulds for Counterfeiting 54, 302
of the Sharqi Kings, .,,.,. , 296
of Sher Shah, 181
Communications received, 58, 103, 147, 190, 238, 254, 286, 298, 307
Oompsosoma Hodgsonii, 106
„ melanurum, 106
„ radiatum, , 106
,y semifasciatum, 106
Index, 329
Page
Conferva bombycina, , 259
„ bombycina, P crassior, 258
Coiyphylax Maximiliani, • ^ 106
Coxhead, (Mr. T. E.), withdrawal of 4
Couch (Sir E.,) Election of 152
Council, Election of members of 38
Crawford (Mr. J. A.), withdrawal of , . , 4
Crenacaniha orientalis, ••«..... 185
Cromlechs, Iron implements found in . , 52
„ near the Nilgiri plateau, 52
Curran (Dr. E. H.), withdrawal of . , 64
Cyclemys dentata, 67
„ Oldhami, 68, 69
Oyclophis froenatus, 80
„ rubriventer, 80
Cyclophorus foliacous, Eemains of 15, 87
„ tiu'bo, 87
C^clostoma Leai, 87
Cylindrophis rufus, 106
Cypselus infumatus, • 265
,, tectorum, 61, 265
Cyrtodactylus affinis, n. sp 105
„ rubidus, 105
DaboiaEufiseUi, 108, 257
Ball (Mr.) on Barrisal guns, 245
Damant (Mr. G. H.) election of 136
Damudar,The 112
Ddrd Shikoh, Capture and Death of 251, 238
Darwishpur near Haripal, 118
Day (Dr. F.,) on the Andamanese, 153
„ on the genus Hara, 88
De Fabeck (Surgeon F. W. A.) election of 58
Delhi, Notes on Old, 137
Delmerick (Mr. J. G.,) on the archseological remains at
Shah ki Dheri and the site of Taxilla, 180
„ on moulds for counterfeiting coins, 54
330 Index.
Page
Dendropliis caudolineata, 106
„ picta, 106, 257
Diamond Diine at Hirpah, 116
Dickens (Col. A. D.), election of 102
Dictyonema fuf^ceacons, 257
Din&nath south-east of Mad^ran, 120
Diplopelma camaticum, 85, 104
,, ornatum, • 85
„ malabaricum, « • . • 85
„ rubrum, 85
Dipsas liexaganotus, 107
„ monticola, • 80
„ multlfasciata, 107
Diyfir i Bang, 109
Dobson (Mr. J. E.,) election of 136
Draco volans, 106
Earthquake at Assam, 222
Edinburgh, Election of, H. E. H. Duke of 100
„ (H. E. H. Duke of), Letter of thanks from 152
Elaps bunguroides, 82
Elliot (Mr. C. A.) on the translation of the Alkhund, 65
Emyda vittata ? 255
Emys Belangeri, 69
„ crassicollis, 108
„ dhor, 68, 69
„ (Pan gshura) tectum, , 255
„ trijuga, \ 69
Enhydrina shistosa, 107
,, Yalakadyn, 107
Ephialtes Lempigi, , 266
„ Mantis, 266
Emsthausen (Baron 0.), withdrawal of 4
Eublepharis fasciatus ? , 75
Eimieces Himalayanus, » 73
Euprepes Beddomei, 73
Index, 381
Page
Euprepes (Tiliqua) carinatus, var. E. rufescens, t . . 256
„ innotatus, sp. nov 256
„ (Tiliqua) macularius, Blyth, var., 256
„ Petersii, 74
„ (Tiliqua) septemlineatus, n. sp., 256
,, trilineatus, • » • 73
Eusu^e, Circle of stones in 5
Farhaug i Kasliidi, Publication of the 137
Farmdndig'hi, The tank of ^ 117
Fath Shah, brother to Barbak, , 189
Fath-Khan, son of Shuja, 123
Fawcus (Dr. J.), Withdrawal of 152
Ferrar (Mr. M. L.) on the seal of Mr. Douglas Nix, 5
Finance, Eeport on the Society's 34
Fischerea tenuis, 259
Forsyth (Capt. J.), withdrawal of 265
Funeral ceremonies of the Hindus, • 295
Gadhi, boundary of Bengal, Ill
Gecko guttatus, 105
„ Smithii, ., 105
„ stentor, 105
Geomyda carinata, , • . . 69
Ghi&suddin, Hafiz's Ghazal to 110
Giles (Mr. H.), withdrawal of 58
Gloeooapsa mpestris. P pallida, 260
Glover (The Hon. F.), withdrawal of 58
Glyphidodon sordidus, 175
(Jodwin- Austen (Major H. H.) on Khassi and North Cachar
birds, 13
„ on the Alycseinae, 303
Gog^hat, 113
Gonyosoma oxycephalum, 106
Gora Chand, Burial-place of 123
Granville (Mr. W. L.), withdrawal of 58
Grote, Portrait of Mr., 220
Gubboy (Mr. R. A.), withdrawal of 152
332 Index.
Page
Gymnodactylus, gracilis, 74
„ indicus, 75
„ Jerdoni, 75
,, littoralis, 75
„ Malabaricus, 74
), marmoratas, 74
,) omatus, 74
„ pulchellusy 105
„ Wynaadensis, 74
Hadigar, 188
Halys Himalayanus, 108
Hara Buchananiy 88
„ Conta, 88
„ Jerdoni, n. sp., • 88
„ Surgeon F. Day on the genus 88
Harw^ in Belinda, 24-Purganahs, 123
Haweli, ..' 112
Haweli i Madman, a parganah in Madaran, , . . . • note 116
Hazaiibdgh, not in ancient Bengal, Ill
Helicina Nicobarica, 88
„ scnipulum, 88
Hesauli (? Mysadul), a parganah in Madaran, note 116
Helix exul, 87
,, gabata, 88
„ Haughtoni, 87
„ procumbens, 88
,, stephus, 87
„ trochalia, 86
Hicks (Mr. J. G.), obituary of 28
Hemadri, 302
Hemidactylus aurantiacus, 74
,, firenatus, 105
„ gracilis, n. sp., 250
,, marmoratus, n. sp., 256
„ reticulatufl, 74, 256
Hemigymus melanopterus, 175
Index. Sd3
Page
Hemionitis Zollingeri, 12
Honicurus nigrifrons, ^ 266
Herpetology (Indian), Dr. Jerdon, on 66
Hexter, Mr. H., on Chameeleo vulgaris, 1
Hinulia maculata, 106
Hipistes hydrinns, 107
Hirpah, Diamond mine at , 116
Hormosiphon coriaceus, 259
Howrali or Habrali in Muhammadan Bengal, Ill
Hugli, Ban Masjid, 114
„ Inscriptions in the district of , 187
„ Places of historical interest in the district of 109
Hume (Mr. Allan 0.), Election of 3
„ Notes on Indian birds, 59
„ on Godwin-Austen's birds, , , 265
„ on Indian birds, , • 85
Hunter (Mr. W. W,), Election of 152
Husainabad, pargannah of * 112
„ the Great, 187
Husainpur pargannah, 112
Husain Sh^ in Sirkdr Baziih^, 112
„ MuBJid, in G'hor^g'hat, 112
Husain Ujy6l, 112
Hyde (Col. H.), on the effects of a thunder-storm, 269
Hydrocoleum heterotrichum, 11
„ majus, 183
Hylorana bipunctata, 83
„ Malabarica, 83
„ Nicobarensis, n. sp., 104
,, pipions, 83
„ temporalis, 83, 104
„ Tytleri, 104
Hypheothrix investiens, 11
Hypoglossum Bengalense, 258
,, Lepricurii, 259
Hypsirrhina plumboa, 107
334 Index.
Page
Ichneumomdao, , , 301
Indian plants, 304
Inscription at Balasore, , 4
Inscription at Attock, 241
Innes (Dr. F. W.), Election of 102
Inscriptions in the district of Hugli, 187
,, near Barsee Taklee, 218
Ism&'il Ghazi defeats the Udias, 117
,, forces the Devs to build the fort of Bhittar-
garh or Bahattargarh, 117
Izalus cinerascens, n. sp., • 275
„ femoralis, 85
,, glandnlosa, 85
„ ophisthorhodus, , 85
,j tinniens, • • 85
,, Wynaadensis, 85
'Izzuddin governor of Satganw, 114
Ja'far 'Ali Murshid Quli Khan, 117
Jahanabad, 113
Jahangir, Coin of .* 181
Jaldliiddin Abul Muzaffar Fath Sh^, son of Mahmiid Shah, 189
„ Firuz Shah, 113
Jalaluddin i Eumi, Maulana, , 251
Japalnra Swinhonis, 76
Javanese Algse, Notes on 182
Jenkins (Mi\ H. L.) on the Patkoi Eange, 230
Jerdon's (Dr. T. C), New species of birds, 59
„ ( ), Indian Herpetology, 58
Jesus, Childhood of, in the Morat ul Quds, ....,,.. 144
Jhdrkaud or Jungle Districts of Bengal, , m
Jounpur, Sharqi Kings of 296
Jynthia Coins, P. Ghosha's, Notes on 260
Kajla and Patlah, Tanks of 118
Katjuri near Sarangarh, 115
Khauik of (Monsr. de), on Samarqand, , 006
Khan Jahan, Lieutenant of Akbar, II4
Index, 335
Page
Khan Muliammad Zafar Kbdn, 188
Kliasia and North Gachar birds, 13
Khoruckpur, Antiquities of 305
Kirpai in Chandrakond, 117
Kit, a parganah in MadSrtui, 116 note.
Kjokkenmoddings on the Andaman Islands,*. 13
Kosumbha Monolith, , 291
Kiirz (Mr. S.), on Bengal Algae, 9, 257
„ on New Indian Plants, 12, 304
j, on Javanese Algae, 182
Kurzia crenacanthoidea, 184
Lacerta Leschenaultii, 255
Lak'hnauti (Gaur) in Muhamniadan histories, 109
„ Muhammadan names of 110
„ visited by fever, 110
Land-shells of the Andamans, w. 86
Lane (Mr. T. B,), Withdrawal of 102
Ldobla, 188
Laiidakia tuberculata, , , 79
Layard (Col. F. P.), Withdrawal of 302
Lazarus, (Mr. C), Withdrawal of 289
Leptothrix lamellosa, 185
„ subtilissima, 258
Lothbridge (Mr. E.), Election of 219
Lexicography, Vernacular, ...,.• 185
Library, Additions to the, 24, 62, 96, 127, 148, 190, 238,
287, 298, 308
„ Eeport on 29
Limnodytes phyllophila, 85
Liolepis guttata, 79
Littorina littorea, « 20
Lophophorus Impeyanus, 59
„ Sclaterii, 60
Lycodon aulicus, 107, 257
, , striatus, 107
Lygosoma Dussumierii, , 73
336 IvUtex.
Page
I^gl>ya fluviatilis, , . . . 184
„ majuscxda, 184
„ solitaris, 258
Mabouya agilis, 105
„ Jerdoniana, n. sp., 105
Macnaghten (Mr. C), Election of 136
Macrocheira Kaempferi, 63
Madman, Bhitargarh modem name of 117
„ Mr. Blochmann, on 109
„ mentioned in Akbamamah, • 115
„ a Sirk^ in the Ain, 115
„ Sirkir of Ill
y, The Legend of the headless Eider of 117
Hadinah between Bhittargarh and Go'ghat, 117
Mah6nat'h, 113
Hahendral6l Sirdur, (I^Oi on Charaka Sanhita, 284
Mdkor or N6gor, a parganah in Madaran, note 116
Malayan Ornithology, Contributions to 237
MaUeson, (Lieut.-CoL G. B.), Withdrawal of 58
Man, (Mr. E. G.), Withdrawal of 58
Mandalghat, 112
„ a parganah in Maddran, note 116
Mangra or Mugra, 114
Manouria emys, « 67
Martens' (Dr. G. v.), determination of Bengal Algse, ...... 9
Mastigonema caespitosnm, 258
„ grannlatum^ 258
Maulana, Sirajuddin, Tomb of , . . 114
M4y&pur, 113
Meeting, Annual, 27
„ Ordinary monthly, 1, 52, 63, 101, 131, 151, 217,
241, 265, 289, and 301
„ Special general, 100
Members, election of, cancelled, , 137
„ elected, 3, 58, 102, 136, 152, 219, 241, 265 and 302
,, List of i-xvii.
Index. 337
Page
Members, Obituary of • 28
„ proposed, 4, 58, 63, 102, 136, 152 and 302
„ withdrawn, 4, 58, 63, 64, 102, 136, 137, 152, 241,
265, and 289
Microcystis aeruginosa, 10
Mihrbak, 188
Miller (Mr. A. B,), Election of 219
Minabag, a parganah in Maddran, note 116
Mineral, Analysis of a new 279
Mint, Assay of silver in the Calcutta 276
Mir6t ul Quds, Notes on the 138
Mocoa Blythii, 74
„ Sikimensis, 73
Monolith at Kosumbha, 291
Motion, Notice of 102
Moulmein Batrachia, 272
Mugil macrochilus, 174
Muhair boundary of Jahrkand, Ill
Mu'in uddin i Chishti, Tomb of, at Ajmir, 125
Murex adustus, Eemains of 14
„ anguiliferus, Bemains of 14
Museum, Beport on 28
Mymensing or BSziiha, 112
Na9iruddin Abul Muzaffar Husain Shah, 188
N&ga panchami, 278
„ yashti, 278
Naja tripudians, ' 107, 257
Nelson (Mr. J. B.), Obituary of 28
Nerita albicilla, Eemains of 14
„ polita, „ 14
Nevill (Mr. H.), on Onchidium, 304
Newman (Dr. J. H.), Election of 58
Newmarch, E. E. (Lieut.-Col. 0. D.), Obituary of 28
Nicobarese, Bones of the 21
Nimtallah G^hatdd, , 113
Nitella nidifica, , 183
338 Index.
Page
Nitella sp. nov., 183
Nix(W. Douglas), Seal of 5
North- Westers, The Hon. J. B. Phear on 88
Nostoc papillosum, 184
Nu9rat Shdh, son of Husain Shah, 189
Nycteridium Schneideri, , 75
Oedogonium scutatum, 258
Officers, Election of the 38
„ , Eeport on 37
Oldham (Mr. 0. A.), Obituary of 28
„ (Dr. T.) on silver utensils from Gungoria, 134
„ on Normal rainfall, 225
Oligodon tacniolatum, 80
Onchidium Peronii, 304
„ Terruculatum, 304
Opeas (Bulimus) Pealei, 87
Ophiophagus elaps, 107
Ophiops Jerdoni, 71
„ (Gymnops) microlepis, n. sg. and sp., 255
Oreocalotes major, 79
Oriotiaris Elliotti, 77
Orissa, Frontier road of the Gajapatis of 114
,, invaded by Afghans of Bengal, 115
Ornithology, Malayan, 237
Orobia (Helix) Andamanensis, 87
Osborn (Capt. E. D.), Election of 102
Oscillaria amphibia, 258
„ antliaria, 10,183,259
„ brovis, r 10
,, Cortiana), 12,258
„ Grateloupii, 1*2
,, interrupta, 10
„ Juliana, 10
,, Kurziana, 12
„ limosa, • 258
,, subfusca, 11
Jndtx. 339
Tage
Oscilloria tenuis, 259
,, tenuis 7. formosa, •...,, , 259
OsciUatoria labyrinthifomiis, 185
Ostrea cristagalli, Eemains of 14, 20
„ flabelloides, 14
„ Marshii, 14
Oxyglossus lima, var., • 272, 273
„ Irovis, 272,273
„ pusillus, ,,.. 272
Pachit, not in ancient Bengal, Ill
Palamau, not in ancient Bengal, Ill
Palmogleoa Kurziana, , 11
Panduah, Antiquities of ^ » . • 120
„ Mr. Blocbmann on 109
,, Paper factory at 121
Pandub Eajah, 113
Pangshura Sylbetensis, n. sp., 69
„ tecta, • • , 69
„ tectum, I 255
„ tentoria, 255
Panipat Kamal, Bu' Ali Qalander, Saint of 124
Paphia glabrata, Hemains of • 14
Passerita mycterizans, 257
Patkoi Eange, Mr. Jenkins on the 230
Pectunculus aurantius, Eemains of 20
Pelamis bicolor, 107
„ platurus, 107
Pellew (Mr.), on Barrisal Guns, , 289
Pentadactylus Khasiensis, . . . • 75
Peripia Cantoris, 105
„ Peronii, , . , . , , 105
Pertap Eudra Deo defeats the Afghans, , 115
Peshwar, Buddhist heads and figures from 217
Phayre (Col. Sir A.), on a circle of stones in the district of
Eusufzye, ^ 5
Pha^TPea isabellina, , , 106
340 Index.
Pa^e
Phear (The Hon. J. B.)* on Barrisal guns, 250
,9 on the Eusnfzje circle of stones, . . 5
„ on North-Westers, .•....• 88
„ on Thunder-storm, 270
Phelsuma Andamanense, 105
Phoenix sylvestris, • 11
Phormidinm oryzetorum, 12
,, inundatum, 184
Phycoseris reticulata, 185
Piddington, (Mrs.), Donations to, 137
Pingala, 302
Pii-ie (Mr. A.), Withdrawal of 152
Pitdmbar Mitra (Rajd), Sanad of Shih 'Alam to, 6
Plants, New Indian, > 12
Plectopylis achatina, 87
Pleistodon scutatus, 73
Polypedates Afghana, 84
„ annectans, 84
„ Hascheanus, n. sp., . • < 104
„ maculatus, • . . 84, 104, 257
,, marmoratus, 84
,, pleurostictus, 83
„ smaragdinus, 83
„ variabilis, 83
Polysiphonia rufo-lanosa, 260
Powell, (Mr. B.), Election of, 58
Prat^pachandra Ghosha, On Jynthia Coins, 260
„ On Tree and Serpent worship,. . . . 278
,, On vernacular Leidcography, 185
Presentations received, 63, 101, 265, 289, and 301
President, Address of the retiring 40 et seq.
„ Election of 38
Priyandtha Setha (Babu), Withdrawal of 136
Prome stone implements, 220
Protococcus cohaorons, 259
Psammophis condanurus, 106
Index, 341
Fage
Psammosaurus scincus, 70
Pseudopliiops Theobaldi, 71
„ Beddomei, 72
Pseudopus gracilis, • • • 74
Psichohormium fuscescens, 1B4
Pteroceras chiragra, Eemams of 14
Pteromis volitans, • • 174
Ptyas hoxalionotus, 106
„ mucoBus, 106, 257
Ptychozoon homalocephaluni, 105
PtycolflBmus gularis, 76
Puljlieal ions, Eivport on • 29
Puellula nibida, • 105
Purrooa, residence of Hyas Bhangrah, 121
Python molurus, • . • • 107
„ reticulatus, 107
Pyxicepkalus breviceps, • . • 8*i> 104, 257
„ brevis, ®2
fodiens, ®2
pluvialis, • ®2
rufescens, 84
Pyxidea Mouhotii, 08
Kainey (Mr. R. H.), on Barrittal Guns, 243, 290
Eainfall of Bengal, 22.3
Rajmahal or Agmahall, 1^1
Eajendralila Miha (Ettlju), on Attock Inscription, 243
on Balasore Inscription, 4
,, on Barrisal girns, 249
,, on Funeral ceremonies, 295
on Mr. Beame's Uria language, 138, 201
„ on Pandua antiquities, 126
on Kosumbha Monolith, 294
Bana agricola, ®*
„ crassa, ""^
„ cyanophHctis, 104,257
„ curtipes, • • • ®^
>>
842 Index,
Page
Bana flavescens, ........ ^ ...«•..• 83
„ gracilis, 82, 257, 104
„ gracilis, var. Andamanensis, 104
„ Kuhlii, 83
„ Liebigii, « 83
„ Nicobariensis, 104
y, nilagirica, 82
„ pulla, 104
„ Sikimensis, 83
„ yitata, «.... 83
Bashbeliary Bose (Babu), on Bonhar Temples, • • 297
„ „ on Khoruckpur, 305
Batanpur in Central India, Ill
Beinbold (Mr. H.)r Withdrawal of 302
Beport,. Annual, , 27
„ CouncQ, 58, W2, 137, 219
Beptilia and Amphibia from Central India, 254
Beptilia, Malayan and Indian, • 103
Bhacophoras gigas, 84
,, Beinwardtii, , , 84
Bhizoelonium Antillarum, 259
Bhynchobatus tuberculatus, 175
Bhysota (Helix) Chambertinii, 87
Rhyticeros plicatus, 265
Bichardson (Mr. E. J.), Withdrawal of 64
Biopa albopunctata, , 256
,y Bowringii, 105
„ Hardwickii, 256
,, lineolata, n. sp., 105
Bivett-Carnac (Mr. H.), on Cromlechs, 55
Bivularia lens, 258
Boepstorff (Mr. F. de), on Andamanese Test words, ...... 178
Bogers, {Mr. A.), Election of 302
Boss, (Capt. A. G.), Election of 3
„ (Mr. J. M.), Withdrawal of 289
Bozafzun, B4jd, 306
Index, 343
Page
Buknuddin Eukn Khan^ 188
Eiipnarain, The, 112
Sainbhum, a parganah in Mad^bran, note 1 16
Sdjla Mankhbad, 188
Salimdbad or Sharifdbdd, 112
Samarqand, Monsr. de Kkanikof^ on , • 226
Samarsanhas, a parganah in Madaran, note 116
Sima Veda, Publication of the 137
Sanad of Sh^ 'Alam, 6
SAraddprasada Mukerji (B4bu), Obituary of 28
Sarangah, Fortress of 115
Satganw (Hugli) in Muhammadan histories, 109
„ Sirkar of, Ill
Satyasarana Ghoshala, C. S. I. (Eijdh), Obituary of 28
Satytoanda — Election of » • 136
Saxton, (Col. G. H.), on Canur cromlechs, 52
„ on the fall of an Aerolite, , 64
Serilophus lunatus, ...» • • • 266
„ rubropygius, 266
SchHch (Dr. \V.), Election of 136
Scincus officinalis, • 74
Scytonema aureum, • 10, 259
„ palmarum, 11
„ tomentosum, 11, 183
„ chlorophaeum, • 12
„ „ /Stenuius, 12
„ Yieillardi, 258
Sckizostachyum brachycladum, 12
„ longispiculatum, 12
„ ZoUingeri^ # 12
Scolopsis ciliatus, 174
Seal of William Douglas Nix, 5
Beaton (Capt. W. J.), Withdrawal of 136
Serranus dispar, 174
Shah 'Alam, Sanad of, to Edja Pitdmbar Mitra, 6
„ p6fi of Panduah, 114
844 Index.
Page
Shtt pdfi son of Barkhurdar, 124
„ Husainpur, 113
,, ki Dheri, Archaeological remains at 180
Shahpur, a parganah in Mad&ran, .note 116
Sliarimb&d, Sirkar of, Ill
Sharm Makkah, father of Sultan Husain 8h^, 112
Shergarh, a parganah in Madaran, Ill note 116
Sherring (Rev. M. A.), on the coins of the Sharqi Kings of
Jounpur, • 296
Sher Shah, Coin of 181
Shuj^u'ddoulah Miitammal Mulki Asadjang, 120
Sikkim Himalayas, Algee from the. 10
Silver, Assay of 276
„ utensils from Gungeria, 131
Simlabid, 1 88
Singhbhoom not in ancient Bengal, Ill
Sirhat in Birbhum, • 188
Sitana Deccanensis, •76, 257
„ Pondiceriana, 76, 257
Smith Lyman (Mr. B.), Election of 102
„ (Mr. W.), Withdrawal of 152
Societies with which exchanges of publications have been
made, • 39
Sooree in Birbhoom, • 120
Sphenocephalus tridactylus, 74
Spiraxis Haughtoni, 87
„ „ Bemains of 15
Spirogyra adnata, • 1 1> 184
„ decimina, 10, 184
„ elongata, 12
„ Heeriana, 12
„ majuscula, 184
„ nitida, • 11
Spondylus aurantius, 14, 15
Steel (lieut. E. H.)i on Assam Celts, 267
„ on Assam Earthquake, 222
Index. 345
Page
Stellio himalayanus, 79
„ indicus, 79
Stewart (Mr. E.), Election of 102
St. John (Mr. R. F. A.), Election of 265
Stoliczka, (Dr. F.), on Aerolites, v 65
on the Andamans, 180
on the Andaman Kjokkenmoddings, 13
on Andaman land shells, 86
on Chameeleo vulgaris, I
on Malayan and Indian Amphibia and Beptilia, 103
on Malayan Ornithology, 237
on Batrachia from Moulmein, 272
Stoliczkia Khasiensis, 81
Stone Implements from Prome, 220
Stoney (Mr. R. V.), on calcareous tuffa, 105
„ „ Withdrawal of 152
Strachey (Col. the Hon. R.), on Nor-westers, 95
Stubbs (Major F. W.), on Attock Inscription, 241
„ on counterfeit coins, 308
Sub-Committees, Election of , 65
Sulapdni, , 302
Sulaimdndbdd, Sirkar of Ill
Sunndrgdnw (east of Dacca) in Muhammadan histories, • . . • 109
Sus Andamanensis, Remains of • 14
Synedra Ulna, 11
Tachydromus Haughtonianus, 72
„ Japonicus, • 72
„ sex-lineatus, • 72
Tagore (Mr. G. M.), Withdrawal of 102
Tdndah, Sirkar of Ill
Tarbiyat Khan, 188
Tatvnchintdmani, 302
Taxilla, Site of „ . . . . 180
Test-words, Andamanese 178
Tetragonosoma effrene, i o7
Teuthis vermiculata, 175
346 Indeas.
Page
Thuillier, (Lieut. H. E.), Withdrawal of 289
Thundep-storm, Effectsof a 269
Tiaris subcristata, 106
Tiliqua carinata, 73, 106
,y olivacea, 106
yy rugifera, n. sp., 105
p trivittata, 73
Tolypothrix implexa, 183
Tragops fronticinctus, 107
Translation from the Mirat nl Quds, 140
Tree and Serpent worship, 278
Tremlett (Mr. J. D.), on old Delhi, 137
Trevor, (Capt. E. W.), Withdrawal of 302
Tribeni, 114
Tribhdshyaratna, 302
Tridacna gigas, Eemaing of 14, 16
„ squamosa, ditto, 14
Trimeresurus Cantori, 107
„ carinatus, •• .••. 107
„ convictus, n. sp., 1 08
„ erythruruB, • • 107
„ graminous, .••... 107
„ monticola, 108
„ mutabilis, n. sp., • 107
„ porphyraceus, 107
Trionyx gangoticus, , . 255
Tripani-Shdhpur in Firuzdbad, 188
Trochus Niloticus, Remains of 14
Tropidonotus quincunctiatus, , 106, 257
„ platycops, 106
„ stolatus, 80, 106
„ Tytleri, 106
Turbo articulatus, Remains of 14
„ marmoratus, Remains of 16
Tyndaridea insignis, 10
Typhlops braminus, var. pammeces, • • • . • 257
Index. 347
Page
Tytleria hipsirliinoides, 107
Ulothrix peotinalis, 12
Urid to the other modem Aryan languages, Eolation of . . 138, 192
Yaucheria sp. ? • 10
Yaranus draceena, 70
,, lunatus, • 70
„ omatus, 70
Y^stu-y&ga, Notes on the • 278
Yerchere, Dr. A. M., on cromlechs, • • • 68
Yernacular Lexicography, Contributions towards, 185
Yice-Presidents, Election of • • • • 38
Yrinddvanachandra Mandala (B&bu), Election of 15
Waldie (Mr. D.), on New Mineral from Burma, • 279
Walters (Eev. M. D. C), Obituary of 28
Warth (Dr.), Election of 136
Westland (Mr.), on Barrisal Guns, * 244, 247
Willson (Mr. W. L.), Withdrawal of 241
Wilmot (Mr. E.), Withdrawal of 136
Wilson (Mr. E. H.), Election of 241
„ (Mr. W. G.), on Mr. Blanford's Normal rainfall, . . 225
Wood-Mason, (Mr. J.), Election of • 3
Xenopeltis unicolor, .•••..• 79
Xenophrys gigas, 85
„ monticola, , 85
Xenurejaps bunguroides, • 82
Zafar Khan i Ghazi, 124
„ Shrine of , . . 114
Zamenis ? brachyurus, «... 257
Zygnema insigne ..•••••••.. ••••.. 10
^ygogonium Bengalense, 11
APPENDIX.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BEMAL,
ON THE 31sT December^ 1869.
LIST OF ORDINARY MEMBERS.
The • distingoishes Non-Subscribing, and the f Non-Resident Members.
N. B, — Gentlemen who may have changed their residence, since this list
was drawn up, are requested to give intimation of such a change to the
Secretaries, in order that the necessary alterations may be made in the
subsequent edition.
Gentlemen who are proceeding to Europe, with the intention of not return-
ing to India, are particularly requested to notify to the Secretaries, whether
it be their desire to continue as members of the Society.
Date of Election.
1847 J^ine 2.
1860 Dec. 5.
1867 June, 5.
1868 Sept. 2.
1869
1860
1860
1859
1S66
1869
18.V2
1867
1860
1861
1865
1843
Jan. 20
July 4
April 4
Feb. 2,
Jan. 17
Oct. 6
July 7
Aug. 7
Oct. 3
May 1
Jan. 11
Sept. 4
1864 Dec.
1861 Sept.
1860 Feb.
1861 July
18.^5 July
1869 Feb.
1826 Sept.
1835
1859
Oct.
Aug.
♦Abbott, Major-Gen. J., R. Artillery.
Abdullatif Maulvi.
Abhayacliarana Mnllik, Bdbu,
tAdaiu, R. M., Esq.
Adley, C. C, Esq., C. E.
fAliniad Khan, Saied, Bahadur.
tAitcbison. J. E. T., Esq., M. D.
♦Alabaster, C., Esq.
AlUin, Lieut.-C(»l A. S.,
Allanlvce, A., E>q.
♦Allan, *C., Esq., B. C. S.
fAniery, C F., E>q.
Amir Ali Khan Babddnr, Munshi,
♦Anderson, Dr. T., F. L. S.
Andeison, Dr. J., F. L. S.
♦Andei-son, Lieut. -Col. W., Bengal
Artillery.
♦Anderson, W., Esq.
♦Asghur A'li Kb^n Bahadur, Naw&b,
Ashton, The Rev. J. P.,
♦Aspbar, J. J. T. H., Esq.
Atkinson, W. S., Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
fAttara Singh Bahadur, Sirdar,
Avdall, J., Esq.
Europe
Calcutta
Calcutta
Sanibbar Lake
via Jeypiir
Duni Dum
Alli-bur
Labor
Cliina
Calcutta
Seranipore
Europe
A HI ri tsar
Calcutta
Europe
Calcutta
Europe
Europe
Europe
Calcutta
Europe
Calcutta
Bhaddur
Calcutta
7.' *Baker, Col. W. E.,Benp:al Engineers. Europe
3. 1 Baldicbanda Slugba, Babu, Calcutta
^H Dat«of£1octlo».
^H
H 1865 N^v.
1
tBnII, v., Esq., GeoL Survey.
Geol S. Offic€. ^M
H 1860 Nov.
7
Banerji, The Rev, K. M ,
Calcutta ^H
H ISm Dec.
1.
t Barker, R. A. Esq., M. 1>.
Se ram pore ^^^^H
^H 18(U May
4
*BunT, Dr. J. B.,
Europe ^^^^|
B 18G2 Aug.
6
fBa&evi, Cnpt. J, P., Royal Ea-
^^^H
gineer«.
Utacamund ^^|
H I860 Jnly
4.
Batten, G. H. M., Esq., B. C. S.
Calcutta ^^^H
^B 183S Jan.
3.
♦Batten, J. H,, E^q., B. C. S.
Europe ^^^^H
H 1859 May
4.
Bayloy^ E. C, E^q., B. C S.
^^^H
H 1861 Feb.
6.
tBayley, S. C, Esq., B. C\ S.
^^^1
H 18fl8 May
6.
•Baynes, J., Esq.
Europe ^^^^|
H 1860 Feb.
3.
fBaxter, J. B., Esq, M. B. C. S.
Port Canning ^^^^|
H 1849 June
6,
♦Beadon, The Hou'ble Sir Cecil, B.
^^^H
C. S.
Europe ^^^H
H 18G4 8l>pL
7,
fBeameB, J., Esq., B. C. S.
Balasora ^^^H
■ 1841 Api-il
7.
Beaufort, F. L., Esq., K C. S.
Calcutta ^^^H
■ 1861 Sept.
4.
♦Beavuu, Lieut. R. 0., Bengal Staff
^^^^1
Corps.
Europe ^^^^H
H 1847 Aug.
4,
♦Beckwitli, J., Esq.
Europe ^^^^H
■ 1867 Jaly
3.
f Belletty, N. A., Esq., Civil Assistant
^^^H
Surgeon.
Mymanaing ^^|
H 1869 Jim.
20
tBellew, Br. P. F.,
M ad ras ^^^^M
■ 1830 S>*pt.
1.
'Benson, Lieut.-Ool. R.,
Europe ^^^^1
■ 1862 Oct.
8,
tBernara, 0. E., Esq., B. C. S.
^^^1
^M 1862 Jiine^
4,
fBhau Daji, Dr.,
Bombay ^^^^H
■ 1864 Nov.
2
Bliuileva Mukerjea. B^bn,
Chinsurali ^^^^H
■ 1840 July
15.
♦Birch, Major-General Sir R. J. H,,
^^^H
K. C. B
Europe ^^^H
H 184G Mar.
4
♦Blagrave, Major T. C, 26th Regt.,
^^^H
B. N. L
Europe ^^^H
H 1859 Sept.
7.
Bhme, CoL Sir S. J.,
Cakuttm ^^^H
■ 1857 Mur.
4.
Bhmford, H. F., Esq., A. R. S. M.,
^^^H
F. G. S.
Calcuttii ^^^1
H 1A59 Aug.
3.
tBlaiiford, W. T., Esq., A. E. S. M.,
^^^
F. G. S., GeoL Sm^vcy.
Geol. S. Offic^e ^M
^■|8G4 April
6.
Biochinann, U., Esq., M. A.
Calcutta ^H
^^^857 Aug.
2
*Bogh, Licnt.-Col. Sir A., Ku
Europe ^^^^H
[ 1869 June
o
Boniiorjee, W. C , Esq.
Calcutta ^^^H
^m 18G6 June
a
Bourke, W. M., K&q,
Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1859 Got.
12.
tBowring, L. B., Esq., C. S. I., B.
^^^H
as.
^^^H
H 1868 Jau.
15.
tBoxvvell, J., Esq., 0. 8*
^^H
■ 1854 Nav.
1
♦Boycott, Dr. T., B. M, S.
^^^H
H 1860 Mar.
2
Brandis, Dr. D.,
Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1860 OlI.
3.
•Brundretb, The Hon'ble J. E, L.,
Europe ^^^^H
■ 1862 Jan.
15.
jBriggs, Limit. C<jL D , Stuff Corp*.
^^H
■ 1866 Apiil,
4.
■
♦Broiierick, H. C, Esq., M. D,
Europe ^^^^|
^^^^ ^^^^^H
^^^^H IHU of Klectiuiu
^H
^^H 1847 June, 2.
♦Brodie, Capt. T,, 6th Regt., B. N. I,
Europe ^H
^^m 1SGG Jan. 17.
♦Brown, CiA. D.,
Eurof>e ^^M
^^H 1866 Nov.
f Browne, Lient. Col. Horace A.j
Prome, BnrtQ^H
^^H 166() June, 6.
tBrownfiL4J, C, Esq.
Kdmrup ^H
^^M 1808 June, 3.
tBuuk, R C, Esq , C, S.
Cawnptir ^^M
^^H 1806 June, 6.
tBnclcle, Dr, TL B., C. B. !
Dacca ^H
^^H is 56 Sept. a.
Bnsliiinddin, Sultan M»jhftmmad,
Cbinsurab ^H
^^M 1867 Sept. 4.
Butler, Lieut. J,,
Naga Hilla H
^^m 1800 Jan. 20.
tCadell, A., Esq., B. A, 0. 8.,
MozH ff ernag^^H
^^H ISOO June, 6.
fCampbell, C, Esq., C, E.
Jabulpur ^^^
^^H 18n9 Sept. 7.
♦Ciiinpbell, Dr. A,,
Europe ^^M
^^^1 1S63 JiiDe, 3.
♦Ciimpbell Tlie Huii^hlp O,
Europe ^^M
^^^B 18r>0 Jrd. 3
tOarnac, J. IL Rivett, E.sq., B. C. S.
Nag-i^ur ^^1
^^M 186*5 Not. 1
tCarnegy, P., Eh€[.
FuiziibU ^H
^^K^ 1807 Deo. 4.
tChambers, F. J., E.^q,
Liieknow ^^1
^^^H 1S08 Aug. 5.
fOhnnilraniohana Gosvilmi, Pandita
Gowh^tf ^H
^^^^m 1803 AiTg. 5.
(Oliatnlranuthft Raya, Raja.
N&tor ^H
^^V^ 1868 Feb. 5.
fClark, Major E.' G., Bengal Staff
.^1
Corps.
Baraitcb, Ouc^H
^^H 1803 April. 1.
*Clegborn, Dr. H.,
Europe ^H
^^H 1809 July, 7.
tCoats, J. M., E:^q., M. D.
Hazarib^H ^H
^^M 1861 Sept. 4.
tCockburn, J. F., Esq., C. E.
Knrbarbari ^H
Colliery ^H
^^H 1808 Nov. 4,
tCole, Lieut. Ft. IL, Roval Engr.
Siilkot ^M
^^H 1862 April, 2.
♦Colles, J, A. R, E^q., M D.
Europe ^H
^^m 1851 Mar.
•CoKin, J. H. B,, Esq., B. C. 8.
Europe ^H
^^H 1868 Dec.
tCuoke, J, E., Esq.
llaidat^bail ^H
^^H 1860 Dec.
♦Cooper, F. H,, E^q., B. C. 8.
Europe ^^1
^^H 1857 Miir. 4
•Cowell, E. B, Esq., M. A.
Europe ^H
^^H^ 1868 Mnv, i\.
fCoxbead, T. E., Esq, C. 8,
Sdrau ^H
^^^H 1800 May, 2
*>Cox. W. H., E^q,
Europe ^^^
^^^^M 1866 Jan.
Crawford, J. A., Esq., C. 8.
Cab'iiUa ^H
^ \H6l July, 3.
♦Crockett, OIiv(?r R,, E^.
China ^^M
^^H 1867 Aug. 7.
tCurrnn, \l. H.. E>q., L. R. C. S.,
^H
L. K. R C. P.
port Blair ^M
^^m 1868 Sept. 2
Cuteem, E. Ch. Van, Rsq.
Calcutta ^H
^^M 1S66 Feb.
tDttly, N., R.q.
Mnynnonng, ^^
Bununh 1
^^1 1802 A(mT/>
•Dalrvmple, P. A, E, Esq., 0. S.
Europe ^J
^^^H 1847 June,
tDalton, Col. E., T,, C. S. I., Statf
^H
Corps.
Cldiotd N^in^l
^^H 1861 Mar. 6.
♦Davev, N. T., Esq., Revenue Snrv.,
Imhoj*^ ^H
^^m 1805 Mny, S.
fDavies, C, E^q.
BaliriWi^hav ^H
^^B 1861 Nov. 6.
tDavtes, R. H, Esq.. C S. L, B C. 8-
T^nckuow ^^1
^^H 1869 AprU 7.
^ .=^
tDay, Dr. F., F. L. S., F. Z. S.
MadtM ^H
Date of Election.
1869 O^t. 6.
fDelmerick, J. 0., Esq.
Rawal Pindi
1864 July, 6.
Devendra Mallika, B&ba,
Calcutta
1856 Jane, 4
DeBourbel, Major R , Bengal Engrs.
1861 June, 6.
♦Denison, His Excellency Sir W.,
K. C. B.
Europe
1863 Feb. 4.
tDeva Narayana Singha, The Hon'ble
R&jah,
Benares
1861 Mar. 6.
*Devereax, The Hon'ble H. B.,
B. C. S.
Europe
1862 May, 7.
fDhanapati Singha Dughar, Raya
Bahadur.
Aziraganj
1853 Sept. 7.
♦Dickens, Lieut.-Col. C. H.,
Europe
1869 Sept. 7.
♦Douglas, Col. C,
Europe
1869 Feb. 3.
tDrew, F., Esq.
Jammd
1S64 Dec. 7.
*Danlop, H. G., Esq.
Europe
1867 Jane, 5.
fDuthoit, W., Esq., C. S.
Mirz^pur
1861 May, 1.
♦Earle, Cnpt. E. L., Bengal Artillery.
Europe
1857 May, 6.
♦Eatwell, Dr. W. C. B.,
Europe
1868 Oct. 7.
tEddowes, W., Esq., M. D.
Erinpur
1840 Oct. 7.
•Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., B. C. S.
Europe
1863 May 6.
tEdgar, J. W., Esq., B. C. S.
Cachdr
1865 Feb. 1.
♦Egerton, Ph., Esq., B. C. S.
Europe
1846 Jan. 7.
♦Elliott, Sir Walter, late M. C. S.
Europe
1859 Nov. 2.
tElliott, 0. A., Esq!, B. 0. S.
Farruckdbdd
1856 Mar. 5.
♦Ellis, Lieut.-Col. R. R. W., 23rd
•
Regt., B. N. I.
Europe
1854 Nov. 1.
♦Elphinstone, Capt. M. W., 4th Regt.,
B. N. I.
Europe
1868 Sept. 2.
Ernsthauscn, Baron 0.
Calcutta
1861 Jan. 9.
♦Erskine, The Hon'ble C. J., Bombay
C. S.
Europe
1856 Aug. 6.
♦Erskine, Major W. C. B.,
Europe
^ 1863 Oct. 7.
Ewart, Dr. J.,
Calcutta
1862 Aug. 6.
♦Eyre, Col. Vincent, C. B.
Europe
1865 June, 7.
Fawcus, Dr. J.,
Calcutta
1851- May, 7.
Fayrer, Dr. J., C. S. I.
Calcutta
1863 Jan. 15.
fFedden, Francis, Esq., G^eol. Survey.
Hinganbat
1869 April, 7.
fFerrar, M. L., Esq., B. A., C. S.
R^i Bareli,
Oudh
1868 May, 6.
♦Field, C. D., Esq., C. S.
Euro|>e
1859 Oct. 12.
♦Fisher, A., Esq.
China
1869 Sept. 1.
♦Fisher, J. H , Esq., C. S.
Mattri
1860 Mar. 7.
fFitzwilliam, The Hon'ble W. S.,
Europe
1865 April, 5.
JFleming, Dr. J. M.,
Khundw6,
Date of Election.
1867 A^ril, 3
1869 Oct. 12
1861 Feb. 6.
1863 Dec. 2.
1863 June, 3.
1868 April, 1.
1860 Mar. 7.
1869 Sept. 1.
1859 Dec. 7.
1867 Sept. 4.
1849 Sept. 5.
1864 Aug. 11.
1859 Aug. 3.
♦Ford, Lieut.-Col. B.,
fForlong, Major J. G. R., Madras Staff
Corps.
fForest, R., Esq., Civil Engineer.
tForsyth, Capt. J.,BengL Staff Corps.
♦Forsyth, T. D., Esq., C. B.
♦Frederic of Schleswig Holstein, H.R.
H. Prince,
♦Frere, His Excellency Sir H, Bartle,
K. C. B., B. C. S.
fFryer, Capt. G. E.,
Futteh Ali, Maulavi.
Fyfe, The Rev. W.,
fFytche, Major Genl. A., C. S. I ,
Chief Commissioner of Burmah.
1867 Dec.
4.
1807 Sept.
4.
18C8 Nov.
4.
1859 Sept.
7.
1865 June
7.
1842 Sept.
2.
1807 May
1.
1861 Feb.
6.
1809 Oct.
6.
1859 Sept.
7.
1802 Julv,
2.
1809 Jul>,
7.
1864 Dec.
5.
1802 Feb.
5.
180;) Nov.
4.
1859 Dec.
7.
1860 Jan.
4.
1867 Aug.
7.
1809 Oct.
6.'
1807 June,
5.1
1860 July,
4.
1866 June,
6.
1861 Sept.
4.
1860 Nov.
7.
tGarrett, C. B., Esq., C. S.
Gastrell, Col. J. E., 13th Regt.
N. I , Supdt., Rev. Survey.
Gay, E., Esq.
Gauvain, Capt. V.,
♦Geddes, J. C, Esq., C. S.
Geoghegan, J., Esq., B. C. S.
tGiles, A. H., Esq.
♦Gladstone, W., Esq.
Glover, The Hon'ble F.,
f Godwin-Austen, Major H. H., Topo-
graphical Survey.
tGomes, A. D. B., Esq.
♦Goodeve, E., Esq., M. D.
♦Gordon, J. D., Esq., C. S.
fGordon, Robert, Esq., C. E.
f Gurucharana Ddsa, Babu,
f Gauradasa Basaka, Babu,
fGowan, Lieut.-Col. J. G.
♦Grant, Sir J. P., K. C. B.
Grant, T. R., Esq.
Granville, W. L., Esq.
tGray, B., Esq., M. B.
fGregory, Capt. J., Depy. Commr.
Grey, The Hon'ble W., B. C. S.,
Lieut. -Governor of Bengal.
tGribble, T. W., Esq., B. C. S.
tGriffia, L. H., Esq., B. C. S.
fGriffith, R. T. H., Esq., M. A.
Europe
Abd, RfijpuUL-
n&
Etowah
Nim^r
Europe
Europe
Europe
Amherfit
Calcutta
Calcutta
Rangun
Shdh&b&d
Calcutta
Calcutta
Calcutta
Europe
Calcutta
Krishnagar
Europe
Calcutta
Cherr4 Punj£
Calcutta
Europe
Europe
Henzaday, Bur-
ma
Janiu Kdndi
Kiiulna
Morar, Gwalior
Europe
Calcutta
Calcutta
L^hor
Debrughar
Calcutta
Saran
Ldhor
Benares
Date of Election.
1869 "i^b. 3.
1861 Feb. 6.
1869 May, 5.
1862 Feb. 6.
1867 July, 3.
1869 April, 7.
1847 June, 2.
1866 Jan. 17.
1863 Juno, 3.
1855 Mar. 7.
1847 May, 5.
1859 Oct. 12.
1866 Nov. 1
1862 Oct. 8.
1861 Feb. 6.
1859 Oct. 12,
1862 Aug. 6
1866 April, 4
1853 July, 6
1854 Mar. 1.
1868 Aug. 5.
1863 July, 1.
1860 Mar. 7.
1863 Jan. 15
1867 Sept. 4
1867 Aug. 17
1867 Aug. 7
f Giriprasdda Singba, Th&kur, Allighur
JGrowse, F. S., Esq., B. C. S. Mainpuri
Gubboy, R. A., Esq. Calcutta
♦Guthrie, Col. C. S., Bengal Engrs. Europe
fHacket, C. A., Esq., Geol. Survey. Geol. S. Office
tHaeberlin, The Rev. C, Chbot&N^pur,
Ranchee
♦Hall, F. E , Esq., M. A., D. C. L. Europe
fHamilton, Major T. C, Rangoon
♦Hamilton, Col. G. W., Europe
fHamilton, R., Esq. Wurdah
♦Hannyngton, Col. J. C, 63rd Regt.,
1868 Nov. 4,
1866 Feb. 7
1867 May, 1
1868 April, 1
1869 Sept. 1
1866 Mar. 7.
1860 Jan. 4
1862 Oct. 8.
185:3 Dec. 7.
1864 Sept. 7.
1841 Mar. 5.
N.I.
Europe
♦Hardie, Dr. G. K.,
Europe
Harendra Krishna Bahadur, Kumdr.,
Calcutta
♦Harington, The Hon^ble H. B.,
Europe
fHarrison, A. S , Esq., B. A.
Bareilly
JHaughton, Lieut.-Col. J. C , C. S. I.
Cuch Behar
flleeley, W. L., Esq., B. A., C. S.
R6jshahi
♦Henry, N. A., Esq.
Europe
tHerschel, W. J., Esq., B. C. S.
Dacca
♦Hichens, Lieut. W., Bengal Engrs.
Europe
tHobart, R. T., Esq., C. S.
Chundr
♦Home, C, Esq., C. S.
Europe
Hovenden, Major J. J., Bengal
Engineers.
Calcutta
fHowell, M. S., Esq., C. S.
Dchra Dhoon
tHughes, A. J, Esq., C. E.
Daridbdd
tHuirhes, T. H., Esq., A. R. S. M.,
F. G. S., Geol. Survey.
Geol. S. Office
fHughes, Lieut. W. G.,
Tounghoo, B
Burmah
fHolroyd, Capt. W. R. M.
L^hor
Hoyle, G. W., Esq.
Calcutta
♦Hyatt, Dr. B. N., Civil Surgeon.
Europe
Hyde, Lieut.-Col. H., R. B.
Calcutta
Hyde, E., Esq.
Calcutta
flrvine, W., Esq., C. S.
Goruckpur
jlnnes, Lieut.-Col. J. J. McLcod, R.E.
L&hor
flrwin, Valentine, E-q., C S.
Tipperah
f Isvariprasdda Singba Bahadur, Rdjab
Benares
Jackson, The Hon'ble E.,
Calc
♦Jackson, W. B., Esq., B. C. S.
Ei^
VUl
Date of Election.
1861 Dec. 4. *James, Major H. R., C .B
1864 Sept. 7. *Jardiue, H., Esq., C. S.
1845 Dec. 3. tJenlon, Dr T. C.
1866 Feb. 7 J 1 Johnson, W H., Esq.
1847 June, t^. *J*Jinntoae, J., Esq.
1862 Mar. 5.f"fJaliiistone, C.»pt. J. W. H., Assistant
Commissioner.
I Johnstone, Capt. J.
1867 Dec. 4
1859 Sept. 7,
1865 June, 7,
1869 April, 7.
1858 Feb. 3,
1863 July 1.
1868 Feb. 6.
1850 April, 3.
1861 Dec. 15.
1867 Dec. 4.
1867 Mar. 6,
1862 Jan. 15.
1867 Mar. 6
1869 May, 5.
1839
1861
1863
1869
1851
1^68
1869
185-2
1868
1868
1859
1869
1865
1856
1860
1862
1864
1869
1866
1866
Mar.
Mar.
Sept.
Sept.
Dec.
Sept.
May,
April
Feb.
July
Dec.
June
June
Feb.
Jan.
Doc.
Nov.
April
May.
Jan.
* Jones, R., Esq.
f Jayakissen, Ddsa Bah&dar, R&jah,
Kabimddin Ahmad, Moulavie,
Kfiliprasamifl Singha, B4ba,
♦Kane, H- S., Esq., M. D.
fKavanngh, J.j Esq.
*Kay, TboRov. W., D. D.
fKempson, M., Esq., M. A.
jKing, G., Esq., M. B.
fKing, Capt. H. W.
♦King, W., Jr., Esq., Geol. Survey.
fKnox, G. E , Esq., C. S.
Kurz, S., Esq.
■^Laidlay, J. W., E^-q.
-Laing, The Hon'ble S.,
Lane, T. B., Esq., B. C. S.
Latham, G., Esq , C. E.
■^^Lnyard, Col. F. P.,
Lazarus, C, Esq.
fLeeds, R. J , Esq., C. S.
Lees, Lieut.-Col. W. N., LL. D.
jLees, L. IL, Esq., M. D.
iLeitner, Dr. G. W.,
JLeonard, H., Esq., C. E.
'Lonpolt, J. C. Esq , C. S.
*Lcwin, Capt. T. II.,
♦Liebig, Dr. G. von
Lindsay, E. J., Esq.
Lobb, S., Esq., M. A.
Locke, II. n., Esq.
tLockwood, E. D., Esq., C. S.
♦Lovett, Lieutenant B.,
fLow, James, Esq., G. T. S.
Europe
Europe
Dacca
Si&Ikot
Europe
Sh&hpdr
Keonjas vi&
Bhadrack
Europe
Allighar
Calcutta
CalcutU
Europe
Gt)ond, Oudh
Europe
Berilli
Najfbdbdd
P. & 0. Co.
Office
Europe
Meerut
Calcutta, Botfl
uical Gardeiu
Europe
Europe
Calcutta
Calcutta
Europe
Calcutta
Mirz^plir
Calcutta
Simla
L&hor
Calcutta
Azimgarh
Eurox)e
Europe
Calcutta
Calcutta
Calcutta
Tipperah
jlspah^u
Almora
^^^B ^^^^^^1
^V DtftCa of Eleetloa ,
^^^H
■ 1854 Nov. 1
♦Lnshinpjton, F. A., Esq., B. 0. 8.
Europe ^^^^^
■ 1869 July 7
fLyall, C. J., Esq., B. A., 0. S.
Balandshalir ^^^H
1 1868 Dec. 2
tMacauliffe, M., E.'^q., B. A., G. S,
^^H
W 1B66 Jtirie 6
Macdoruilil, Mnjor J., Staff Corps.
Catcutta ^^H
1848 April 5
fMaclugun, Ool K., F.R.S.E. ^LiLlior ^^M
1806 Jan. 17
JMacgregor, MajurC. M., StnU Corps. Simla ^^^|
1853 April 6.
♦Macrae, Dr. A. 0.,
^^^H
1867 July 3.
Mackenzie, S. C, Esq., M. D,
Calcutta ^^^H
1867 J«ly B
Macnaiiiara, Dr. C.
^^^H
^ 1863 Jhq. 15.
niaine, The Huu^ble H. S.,
Europe ^^^^1
■ 1867 AprO 3
f Main waring, Lieut. -Col. G. B.,
Darjeuling ^^^^|
■ 1860 Jan. 4.
*Maii, D. K., Esq., M. A.
Europe ^^^^H
■ 1865 Mar, 1.
tMalleson, Lieut-Cal, Q B.
^^^^1
~ 1862 Sept. 3.
♦MaUet. F. R., Esq., Geol. Survey.
Europe ^^^^1
1860 Jaiy 4.
fMau, E. G., Esq.
Rang an ^^^^H
1852 Nov. 3,
Manickjee Rustornjee, Esq.
C^ilcutta ^^^1
1861 June 5.
tMtina ^hifrh BalidJur, MaMrijah,
Ondh ^^M
1867 Mnr. 6
MfU'kUy, TheHon'ble W.,
^^^M
1869 July 7.
tMarkham, A. M., Esq., C. S.
^^^^M
1864 Awg, 11.
♦Marks, Tiie Rev. J. Eheuezer,
^^^^M
1868 July 1
♦Marshall, Lieut. C. H. T.,
Europe ^^^^1
1850 J;in. 2,
♦Marnhman, J. C, E^q.
Europe ^^^H
_ 1863 Nov. 4.
♦McCleIki.il, D. J.,
Eiiro|>a ^^^^1
■ 1837 Oct 4.
fMcLeotl, The Hon'ble SirD.F.,C.B„
^^^H
■
K. C. S. L, B. C 8.
Mmrce ^^^|
■ 1860 Mar. 7.
fMcaiicott, 11. B., E,^q., F. O. S.,
^^^H
■
Gf'oL Survey.
GeoL S. olBce ^^H
■ 1861 Feb. 6.
♦Melville, Capt- A. B., Staff Corpa.
Europe ^^^
1855 Nov. 7,
♦Miiltlleton, J.^ Esq.
Europe ^^^^|
1867 June 5.
Miliuan, D. D., Tho Bight Rev.
^^^H
Lord Bishop of Calciilta, R.,
^^H
1850 April 3
♦Mills, A. J. M., E^q,, B. C. a
^^^^1
■ 1867 April 2,
Muhendralala Snracdrii, Dr.,
^^^1
■ 1847 April 7^
♦Money, D. J., Esq., B. C. 8.
Etirope ^^^^1
■ 1856 Ft^b. 6
tMoney, W. J., Esq., C. S. I..B.C. 8.
M V niaijsing ^^^^|
■ 1S67 i^Iar. 6
tMontg^onjerio, Major T. G., R. E.
^^H
1865 July 5
fMorland* LiuiiL.-Col. J ,
^^^H
1854 Dec. 6.
tMorris, G. G., Esq., B.C. S.
Uackerganj ^^^H
1837 July 5.
♦Moir, J., Esq.
tDurope ^^^^M
H. 1854 Oct. 11
tMuir, The Hon'hU Sir.W.,K. C.S. L»
^^^H
1
B. c. a
AUah^bid ^^H
■ 1862 July 2.
♦Napier of Magclala, Lord R., General,
^1
■
G. C. S L, K. C. B.
[Europe ^^^H
^ 1869 May 5.
NeviU, G.p E»q., C. M. Z. 8.
Calcutta ^^^1
^^^^^P ^VP ^^^1
^^^^H l>ate of£leotJan.
m
^^H 1869 Uaf 5.
fNewall, Lieut. -CoL D. J. F., R, A.
Mean Meer ^H
^^H 1865 Feb. 1.
fNewul Kiehwar, Mynshi,
Lucknow ^H
^^H 1852 3opt 1.
♦Nicholis, Capt. W. T., 24th Regi-
■
ment, M. N. I.
Europe ^^M
^^H 1863 Jan. 15.
Norman, The Hon'ble J P,,
Calcutta m
^^M 1869 July 7.
pursing Rao, A, V., E.sq.
Vizagapatam ■!
^^H 1851 June 4,
Oltlham, T., Es^., LL. D., F. R. S.,
J
Geol. Snvv<?y.
Calcutta ^M
^^H 1869 April 5.
tOltUmra, W., Esq., L. L. D., C. S .
Gliazipnr
^^^1 1867 Aug. 7.
1 Oldham, R. A., Esq , C E.
Dehreojon Sone
^^m 1806 July 4.
fOrmBby, M. H., Esq., C. E.,L L. D,,
Geol. Survey.
Geol. S. offii;^
^^^B 1837 Jime 7.
•0- Shaughnessy, Sir W. B,,
Europe ^H
^^H 1847 Feb. 10,
♦Ousely, Major W. R.,
Europe ^^|
^^H 1864 Mar. 2.
♦Palmer, Br. W. J.,
Europe ^H
^^H 1868 Nov. 4.
f Pearson, C, Esq. !
Rawul Pindi^n
^^H 1862 May 7.
Partridge, S. B., Esq., M. B.
Calcutta J
^^m 1869 July 7.
Pell. S., E^. 1
Calcutta ^m
^^H 1S67 Feb. 6.
*Paul, J., Esq.
Europe ^H
^^H 1860 Feb. 1.
fPenrse, Major G. G.,
Kampti ^
^^H 1867 Mar. 6.
Pearimohana Mnkarji, M. A., Bahu ,
U t tarparah ^J
^^H 1864 Mar. 2.
*Pellew, F. H., Esq., C, 8.
Europe ^^|
^^H 1865 Sept. 6.
f Peppe, J, H., Esq.
Gayd H
^^H 1868 May 6.
fPetet^on, F. W., Esq.
Bombay ^H
^^B 1867 Nov. 6.
♦Petit, Mons, Eugene,
Europe ^H
^^H 1835 July L
tPhayre, CoL.Sir A.P., K.C.S.I, CB.
Simla ^^M
^^H 1864 Nov. 2.
Phear, The Hon^ble J. B.,
OnlcuiU ^M
^^m 1869 Feb. 8.
fPiekford, J., Esq.,
Madras ^^^
^^H 1868 May 6.
Pirie, A., Esq.
Calcutta ^^^1
^^H 1867 Sept. 4.
♦Place, Mons. V'., Consul- Gen., France
Europe ^^^H
^^H 1862 Oct. 8.
fPulinavehan Sen^ Biibu,
B erl 1 a m pu^^^|
^^H 1868 April 1.
f Pramathanfitha R§ya, Kum^r,
Dig^pati ^H
^^H 1869 Feb. 3.
Prat6pachaiidra Ghosh a, B. A.
Calcutta ^H
^^H 1839 Mar. 6^
Pratt, The Ven'ble Archdeacon J.H,,
^_^H
MA.
Calcutt^^^^l
^^H 1860 Jan. 4.
Priyandtha Sethn, Bdlm,
Calcnttai^^H
^^H 1825 Mar. 9.
♦Prinsep, 0. R., Esq.
Europe ^^M
^^H 1853 April 6
Radh^niltha SikdirA, Baha,
GalctitU ^1
^^H 1849 Sept. 5
R.ijondra Datta, Bibu,
Calcutta ^H
^^H 1856 Mar. 5
RftjendraUla Mitra, Bfibn,
CalcntU ^^
^^B 1868 Jan. 15
fRakhaldass Haldara, B&bu,
Chhota Nagpdrj
^^^^ 1864 May
Ram^nfitha Vasu, Bdbo,
Oalcnttm ^J
^^^P Vjf^^^^^^^^^^H
IHic of EIcLrtlun.
^^^M
1837 Feb. 1,
Raman^tha ThAkiira, Bfibu,
GalcutU ^^^1
^ 1866 Jan. 17-
fRattray, A., Ksq., Asst. Commr,
^^^H
■
nni Tracts.
Cliittagong ^^^H
■ 1869 June 2.
f Rawlins, T, W , Esq , C. S.
Alldb^bkl ^^H
■ 1K60 Mar. 7.
tReicl, H. S , Esq., C. S.
AlJilaab^d ^^M
■ 184)8 June Z.
Reinhold, H., E«q.
Calcutta ^^^H
■ 1864 Bee. 7.
tRiclmrason, R. J,, Esq., C. S.
Slmfiab&d ^^H
^1 1857 June 7.
♦RidiMl, The Hou^ble H. B., B. C. 8.
Europe ^^^^|
■ 1^68 April 1.
Robb, G., Esq.
Calcutta ^^^H
~ 1868 July 1.
fRoberts, The Rev. J.,
Panjab ^^H
1863 April 1.
♦Robci-tson, C, Esq,, C. 8.
Europe ^^^H
1865 Feb. 1.
Robinson, 8. H,, Esq.
Calcutta ^^^H
1847 Dec. 1.
♦Rogers, Capt. T. E.,
Europe ^^^H
1866 Dec, 6.
Ros8, J. M,, Esq,
Cnlcutta ^^^H
1 1869 July 7.
tRoss, Lieut. J. C, R. E.
^^^H
H 1861 Dec. 4,
tSaunders, C. B., E^q., C. B.,B. C S.
Haidar&bid ^^H
^ 1864 June 1,
Saunders, J. O'B., Esq.
Caleutta ^^^|
1854 Dec. 6.
tSaxton, Col. G. H., F. G. S., MadrjiB
^^^H
^
Stuff Corps.
^^^M
■ 1854 May 2,
♦SchUler, F., Esq.
Europe ^^^^|
^ 1869 Feb. 3.
t8chwen<ller, L , Esq.
^^^H
1860 Feb. 1.
♦Seott, Cei E. W. 8.,
Eoropo ^^^^1
1866 Jan, 17,
fSeaton, Capt. W, J,,
Rangdn ^^^^|
- 1869 Aug. 4.
Selbach, W., Esq.
Cakntta ^^^H
H 1860 July 4.
tShelverton, G., Esq.
Wfdtair, near ^^^^B
Vizagapatam ^^^^|
H 1866 Sept. 5.
^Slierer, Major J. F.,
Europe ^^^^M
■ 1867 April 3.
tSberiful Omrah, Nawab Sir, BaM-
^^^H
^1
dur, K. C. 8, L
Madras ^^^H
■ 1845 Jan. 14.
♦Sherwill, Lieut.-Col. W. 8., 66th
Regiment, B. N. L, F. G. S.,
^H
^H
F. R. G. 8.
Europe ^^^H
■ 1868 Oct. 7.
Shircore. Dr. 8. M,,
Calcutta ^^H
■ 1863 April 1.
tShowera, Lieut,-CoL C. L.
^^^H
■ 1869 June 2.
Schroeder, J., Eaq.
Calcutta ^^H
H 1866 June 6.
fSime, J., Esq. B. A.
^Sladen, Major E. B.
^^H
■ 1864 Sept. 7.
Europe ^^^H
■ 1866 JuQo 6.
fSmart, R. B., Esq., Rev. Survey,
Raj par, Cen- ^^^H
tral FrovLUC^ ^^t
H 1865 Jnly 5.
t Smith, D. Boyes, Esq,, M. D.
^^H
■ 186S April 1.
fSmith, McLftren W., Esq. ,
BerUampur ^^^^H
■^ 1868 July 1.
Smith, W,, Esq., 0. E.
Cftlentta ^^^|
1856 Fi'b. 6.
♦Smith, Col. J, F.,
Eur op 13 ^^^^M
1854 Sept. 6.
♦Spankie, The Hon'blo R., B. 0. S.
^^^H
^ 1864 Mar. 2.
fSpearman, Capt. H. R.,
RanguA ^^^1
^^^^^IV^ v^lV ^^^^H
^H i[3^t«or£leetioa.
^H
H 1867 May
1,
fSteel, Lieut. E. H., R A.
Debrugbar ^H
^M 1843 Sept
4
fStevens, W. FL, E^q,, C. E.
Durbhanga ^^M
^M 18G7 Dec.
4.
♦Stepheu, Major J. G., 8th N. L
Europe ^H
^1 1863 Sept.
2,
Sltnvail, R D., E^q.
Ciilcutta ^^H
^m ISVA ApiH
6.
♦Srewurt, J, L, Esq, M. D.
Europe ^^^^^
■ 1861 St^pt.
4.
Stnkes Whitley, Esq.
CalcutU ^^H
H 1863 Nu\^
4.
StoUi'zkfl, F., Esq., FU. D., F. G. S.,
^H
Geol. Survey.
Calcutta ^1
^1 1868 Sept.
2.
fStoney, R. V., Esq.
Augul Yift ^H
CutUck ^^^M
H 1S43 May
a.
8trachev,Col., The IIon'He R., F. K.
^^^H
S, F.L. S, 1\G. S,,C.S.I., C B
Calcutta ^^H
■ 1869 Feb.
3.
Struchey, The Hou'Me J.,
Cak-utU ^^H
■ 1859 Mar.
2.
fStahbs, Major F. W., Beii. Artil-
^^^H
lerv^
^^H
H 1858 Jnlj
7.
♦Sntherlnua, H. C, Esq., B. C. S.
Europe ^H
H 1864 Aug.
IL
Swinlioc, W.j Esq.
Cnlcutta ^H
H 1863 Sept.
3.
Sy^m^cbarana Saracdra, B4bu,
Oalcuttft ^H
^M 1806 Jan.
17.
Tngoro, G. M., E^q.
Calcutta ^M
^1 1S65 Sept.
6.
Tiiwney, G. XL, E^q., M. A.
Calcutta ^H
H 1865 April
5.
Taylor, R,, E^q.
Calcutta ^H
■ 1860 May
2.
Teinple, the Uou^le Sir R., K. C.
^H
S. L, B. C S.
Calcuttft ^M
H 1859 Mar.
2.
fTheobrtld, W,, Jr., Esq., Geological
^H
Survey.
B. Burma ^H
H 1869 Feb.
3.
tTlionuis/T., Esq.
Lncknaw ^H
■ 1869 Oct.
6.
t Thomson, A , Esq.
Fni^ab^d ^^M
^1 1860 Jnno
6.
^Thompson, J. G,, Ef?q»
Europe ^^^1
^1 1863 Mar,
4.
♦Thoitip^on, Major G, H., Bengal
^^^H
Stnicf Corps.
Europe ^^^H
^m 1863 Jnne
4.
fTliornton, T. H.^E^^q., D. C. L ,0. S.
^^H
^1 1847 Jttue
2.
ThnHlicr, Col. H. L,, F. R. G. S.,
^H
Royul Artillery.
Calcutta ^M
H 1863 May
6.
tThiiillier, Capt. H. R.,
Fnrldpiir ^M
H 1802 Jnly
2.
*Thnrh3w, The Umi'lle T. J. H.,
Europe ^H
■ 1865 July
5.
fTolbort, T. W. H., Esq., C. 8.
Dei a Ismait ^B
Khan H
H 1865 July
6
Tonnerre, Dr. 0. F.,
Calcutta ^M
H 18G2 Feb.
5.
*ToiTeiis, Col. n. D.,
Europe ^^^H
^1 1861 June
5.
tTreujtett, J. D., E^q., M. A,, C. S*
Delhi ^^B
■ 1863 Mar.
4.
^Trevelyrin, The Right Hon'ble Sir ^^H
C, K. C. B. Europe ^^H
V 1841 Feb.
3-
♦Trevor, The Hnn hk C. B., B. 0- S, Europe ^^^M
B 1864 Mur.
2
fTrever, Lieut. E, A., Royal Engr. Hiiidarub^d ^H
^B 18GL Si^pt.
4
Tvveen, A,, Esq., Geological Survey. Cukutta ^|
^^^ 1863 May
6
tTyler, Dr. J.,
J
^ ^B^^H
Bftteef Electfoa.
^H
^ 18G9 Jllne 2
Udayachdutk Datta, B^bu,
Pnrnlia, Man- ^^|
bliutn ^^^^1
I 1860 May 2.
fVanrenen, 5Iajor A. D., Ben. Staff
^^^M
■
Corps.
^^^^H
■ 1864 Feb. 3.
tVercliere, A. M., Esq., M. D.
Jiiiluudar ^^^^|
■ 18G4 April 6.
fVijayar^ma Gajapati Kdj 3f«nniS
^^^H
1
Sultan Bahdtlar, Maharajah Miiza,
Vizianagaratn ^^M
1 1869 Augt. 4.
Wahid All, Prince JaUn Qadr Mn-
^H
■
baminad, Bulmdnr.
Garden Reach ^^^^M
■ 1805 Nov. 1
Wd.lks D., E^q, F. C. S.
Calcutta ^^^H
■ 18t)I May 1.
' fWidker, Col, J. T., Royal Eogrs.,
^^^H
■
Boiubiiy.
^^H
■ 186a Dec* 2.
fWHlkor, A. G., Emi., C. S.
Oaao, Oudh ^^^H
' 186.3 May 6-
♦Wall, R W., Esq., C. S.
^^^^H
^ 18Gl» Dec. 1,
Wallace, Lieut. W. E, A., R. E.
^^H
■ 1863 Oft. 7
Walkr, W, K . Emi., M. B.
Gulcntia ^H
■ 186:2 Jan. 15
fWard, G. E., E^([.. B. C. S.
Muzaffamagar ^^M
■ 1852 Jul7 7.
*Wurd, J. J, Esq . B. as.
b>urope ^^M
^ 1859 July 6
*W«rrand, R. H. M., E^q., B. C. 8
Europo ^^^^M
1865 Hay 3.
WaterhLMiae, Lieut, J., Royal Ar-
^^^H
^
tlUenr.
Calcutta ^^H
■ 1854 July 5.
♦Watson^X, Esq . B, C. 8.
Europe ^^^H
~ 1847 No7. 3.
♦Wauffli, MHJor'Gen«?ral Sir A. S,.
^^^H
C B., F. R. S., F. R. G, 8,
^^^H
18t)9 Sept. 1.
tWostland, J., Esq,, 0. 8.
JfMsore ^^^H
JSm Feb. 6.
fWeHtiiiHcott, E. V,, Edq., B. A., 0. S.
Drnajpur ^^^H
' 186-J Oct. 8,
Wbeeler, J. T . Esq,
^^^H
1 1867 Aug. 7.
tWilcox, F., Et<q., Bengal Police,
PnruUa^ Man- ^^^^H
H 1864 Mar. 2.
Wilkinson, 0. J., Esq.
Palcntta ^^^H
■ 1861 Sept. 4.
tWilliaini?, Br. 0 , H. M.^s 68th Regt.
Rarigun ^^^^^
^ 1867 Jan. 16.
fWilliatniion, Lient. W, J.
G arrow Hi! fa ^^^^^
1867 Mar. 6.
Wilhon, W. a., Esq., B. A.
Calcutta ^H
^ 18.'i9 Sept. 7.
tWillson, W. L., Esq., Geol. Survey.
Geo!. 3. office ^M
■ 1859 Aug. 3.
♦Wilmot, C. W., E^q,
Europe ^^M
■ 1865 Fob. 1.
tWilmot, E., Esq.
Delhi ^^H
■ 1866 Mar. 7.
♦Wise. Dr. J. F. N.,
Europe ^^^H
^ 1867 July 3.
fWood. Br. J. J.,
^^^^1
, 1851 May 7.
♦Woothow, IL, Esq., M. A.
Europe ^^^H
H 1859 Mar. 2.
♦Woitky, Major A. U. P.,
Europe ^^^^H
■ 1862 Aug. 6.
♦Wylie, J. W., E.q., Bombay C. S>
Europe ^^^H
^ 1869 Sept, 1.
Yrtduli'ila MallJka, Bibu,
Cakulta ^^^|
^ 1868 June 3.
Yatiudramohanii Th^knrai B4bUf
Calcutta ^^^1
^^^^r »» ^^^^^^^B
^V DateorElectivn. |
^1
■ 1867 Mar.
6.
fYngendranatha Mallika, Bibu,
Anaul fl
■ 185S April
4
*Yoang, Lieut.-CoL C. B.,
Burope ^^^H
■ 1856 July
2.
*Yale, Col H,, E. E.
.„. ^
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS
• ^
^B DalaoTElKUon 1
H 1825 'Mu.
9.
M. Oarcin de Tassy, Membre del'Lust.
Paria ^^^
■ 1826 „
1,
Sir Jtjlm Phillippart*
Loudon ^^^H
■_ 1829 Jdj
1.
CouDt De Noe.
^^M
^H 1831
7.
Prof. C. Lassen,
Bonn ^^^H
^^V 1834 Nov.
6.
Sir J. F. W, Herschel, F. E. S.
London ^^^|
■ 1834 „
5.
Col W. H. SykeB, F, R. 8.
London ^H
■ 1835 May
6.
Prof. Lea. ;
Philadelphia ■
■ 1842 Feb.
4.
Br. Ewald.
Gottingen ^H
■ 1842 „
4,
Riglit HonM)!G Sir Edward Ryan, Kt.
Lomlon ^^^^1
■ 1843 Mar.
30.
Prof. Jnhs Mohl, Mcmb. do T lustit.
^^M
■ 1847 May
5.
His Hi^lm«88 Uekekyan Bey.
^gy?^ ^H
■ 1847 Sept.
1.
Ocd, W: Mnmo.
Loudon ^^^H
■ 1847 Nov.
S.
His Higlinetsa the Nawab Nazim of
^^^B
Bengal
Murshid^b&d H
■ 1818 Feb.
2
Br. J. D. Hooker, R. N., F. R. 8.
Kew ^i
■ 1848 Mar.
8.
Prof. Heury.
Princeton, Uni- .
ted Stat€s H
H 1853 April
6.
Major*fleQ. Sir H. C. Rawliasoiij K.
^H
C. B., F. R. S., B. C. L.
LondoE ^B
H 1854 Ang.
2.
Col Sir Proby T, Cautley, K. C. B.,
^H
F. R. S.
London ^H
H 1858 July
6.
B. U, Hodgson, Esq.
Europe ^^^^M
■ 1859 Mur.
2
The Hon'ble Sir J. W. Colvile, Kt.
Europe ^^^H
■ 1860 „
7.
Prol Max Mullet,
Oxford ^^M
■ 1860 Nov.
7.
Mons. Stanislas Julien.
^^M
■ I860 ,.
7.
Br. Robert Wight.
London ^^^1
■ I860 „
7.
Edward Thomas, Es^,
Loudon ^H
■ I860 „
7
Br. Aloys Sprenger*
Germany ^|
■ 1860 „
7,
Br. Albrerbt Weber.
Berlin ■
■ 1865 Sent.
6
Kdwartl Blytb, Esq,
Europe ^H
■ 1868 Feb.
5
Genl A. CunDingbam.
Lnudon ^H
H 1868 „
5.
Prof. Bapu Deva Sisiru
Benares ^M
■ 1868 „
5.
Dr. T. Thomson, F.R8.,F,L.S.,P.G.S,
Loudon I^B
■ 1868 Sept.
2.
A. Grote, Esq., 0. 8.
London ^^
XV
LIST OF CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
D«le«r£l«elloa.
^H
1844 Oct. 2:
Macgowan, Dr. J.,
En rope ^^^H
1 185B JuDe 4.
Kramer, Herr A, von,
Alexandria ^^^^|
■ 1856 ,, 4.
Porter, The Rev. J ,
Dam 3 ^^^^1
■ 1^56 ,, 4.
Schlagintweit, Herr H. von,
Bavaria ^^^^|
■ 1856 „ 4.
Sniitb, Dr. E.,
Beyrout ^^^^|
V 1856 „ 4.
Tflilor, J., Esq.,
Bnssorah ^^^^|
1856 „ 4.
Wilson, Dr.,
Bombay ^^^^|
^ 1857 Mar, 4
Ncitner, J., Esq.,
Ceylon ^^^^|
■ 1858 Mar. 3.
Schlagintweit, Herr R. von,
Giesen ^^^^^
■ 1859 Nov. 2.
Frederick, Dn H.,
Batavia ^^^^M
■ 1859 May. 4.
Bleeker, Dr. H.,
Bat a via ^^^^|
■ 1860 Feb. 1.
Baker, The Rev. H.,
E. Malabar ^^H
■ 1860 1.
Swinhoe, R., Esq., II. M/s Consul,
^^^^H
■ 1860 April 4.
Hang, Dr. M.,
Punah ^^^^1
■ 1861 July a<
Gosehe, Dr. R.,
^^H
■ 1862 Mar. 5'
Murray, A.» Esq.,
London ^^^^|
■ 1868 Jan. 15*
Qoldfitucker, Br. T.,
London ^^^^|
■ 1868 July 4*
Barnes, R* H., Esq.,
Ceylon ^^^^|
■ 1866 May 7-
Schlagintweit, Pror. E. von,
Munidi ^^^^1
"^ 1866 „ 7,
Sherring, Tlie Rev. M. A.,
^^^^1
^ 1868 Feb. 5.
Foucaux, M. F. IL,
^^^^1
■ 1868 H 5.
Holmboe, Prof*,
Christiania ^^^H
1
LIST OF ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. ^^|
■ IS86 Oct. 7.
Stephenson, J., Esq*,
Europe ^^^H
■ 1833 Fob. 7.
Koramnt Ali, Saied.,
^^H
■ 1843 Dec. 6.
Long, The Rev. J.,
^^^1
■ 1865 May 8.
Dall, The Rev. C. H. A.,
Calcutta ^^^1
k
ELECTIONS IN 1869.
^H
^^^F OrDINAEY MEMBERS.
^^M
^ C. C. Adley, Fisq., C. E.
Dam Dnm ^^^H
, Br. P F. Bollew.
Madras ^^^^|
H A, Cadell, Esq., 0. S.
Mo^atfamagar ^^^^|
^1 Sird&r Attar Sing B&bddur*
^^H
■^ Di, J. B. Baxter.
Port Canning ^^^^H
The Rev. J. P. Ashton.
Calcntta ^^^H
F. Drew, Esq.
Jamniu ^^^^|
Thrikura Griprasida Sing.
Alligltur ^^^^1
J. Pick ford, Esq.
B ^^^^1
^ Babn Prat^pchandra Qho^ha.
Calcutta ^^^M
■ The Hon'ble J. Strachey.
Ik .
Calcutta ^^^H
L. Schwendler, Esq.
Calcutta
T. Thomas, Esq.
Lacknow
Dr. F. Day.
Madras
The Rev. C. Haeberlin.
Chhota Nagpur
M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. S.
Oudh
E. D. Lockwood, Esq., 0. S.
Tipperah
Moulavie Kabiruddin Ahmad.
Calcutta
R. A. Gubboy, Esq.
Calcutta
R. J. Leeds, Esq., C. S.
Mirzdpur
8. Kurz, Esq.
Botanical Garden,
Sibpdr
G. Nevill, Esq., 0. M. Z. S.
Calcutta
Lient.-Col. D. J. T. Newall, R. A.
Mean Meer
W. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., G. S.
Ghazipur
J. Schroeder, Esq.
Calcutta
J. C. Leupolt, Esq., 0. S.
Azimghar
T. W. Rawlins, Esq., C. S.
Allahabad
Bdbu Udayach&nda Datta.
Purulia, Manbhum
W. C. Bonneijee, Esq.
Calcutta
J. M. Coates, Esq., M. D.
Hazdribfigh
Robert Gordon, Esq., C S.
Uenzaday, British,
Burmah
C. E. Lyall, Esq., C. S., B. A.
Bulandshahr
A. M. Markham, Esq., C. S.
Bijnour
A. V Nursing Rao, Esq.
Vizagapatam
S Pell, Esq.
Calcutta
Lieut. J. C. Ross, R E.
Meerut
Prince Jali^n Q^dr Mirzd Muhamad Wdhid-
611 Bahddur.
Calcutta
W. Selbach, Esq.
Calcutta
Capt. G. E. Fryer.
Amherst British
Burmah
J. H. Fisher, Esq., C. S.
Muttra
E. Hyde, Esq.
Calcutta
Babu Yadul^la Mallika.
Calcutta
Geo. Latham, Esq., C. S.
Calcutta
J. Westland, Esq., C. S.
Jessore
A. Allardyce, Esq
Serampore
J. G Delmerick, Esq.
RavYul Pindi
A. D. B. Gomes, Esq.
Sundarbans
B. Gray, Esq., M. B.
Labor
A. Thomson, Esq.
Faiz6bdd
R. A. Barker, Esq., M. D.
Serampore
Lieut. W. J. A. Wallace, R. E.
Calcutta
XVll
LOSS OF MEMBERS DURING 1869,
By retirement.
The Hon'ble 0. P. Hobhouse.
A. Anderson, Esq.
Col. H. Hopkinson.
J. Agabeg, Esq.
Capt. A. PuUan.
B^bn Keddran&tha Mukarjea.
T. Martin, Esq., 0. E.
Lieut.-Co., P. S. Lumsden.
Capt. W. J. W. Muir.
A. E. Russell, Esq., C, S.
A. Mackenzie, Esq., C. S.
E. B. Harris, Esq., C. E.
G. W. Olive, Esq., M D.
E. Bonavia, Esq., M. D.
The Rev. J. Barton.
B&bn Bhol&n&tha Chandra.
W. A. D. Anley, Esq.
J. B. N. Hennesay, Esq.
B^bu Digdmvara Mitra.
N. S. Alexander, Esq., 0. S.
Dr. C. R. Francis.
D. R. Onslow, Esq.
Calcntta
Fyzabad
Assam
Calcntta
Dera Dhun
Calcntta
Midnapur
Simla
Abn, Rajpntana
Bnrdwan
Calcutta
Bnrdwan
Nagpur
Lncknow
Calcutta
Calcntta
Chapra, S&ran
Mussnri
Calcutta
Fureedpur
Sagor
Calcutta
By the election being cancelled.
H. E. Perkins, Esq., C. S.
Hoshy^rpur, Panj^b
J. W. Chisholm, Esq.
Bilaspur
Major W. A. Ross.
Simla
R. H. Renny, Esq
Goalpara
By death.
Lieut. Col. C D. Newmarch, R. E.
Oudh
C. Oldham, Esq.
Madras
J. B. Nelson, Esq.
Calcutta
J. G. Hicks, Esq.
Labor
Rdjd Satyasarana Ghoshdla, C. S. I.
Bhumkail&5
B&bu S&rad&pras&da Mukarjea.
Baraset
The Rev. M. D. C. Walters.
Calcutta
[appendix.]
ABSTRACT STATEMENT ^
OF
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL
FOB
THE YEAE 1869.
STATEMENT
Abstract of the Cash Account
RECEIPTS.
Admission Febs.
Beceived from New Members, ... Es. 1,632 0 0
Contribution.
Beceived from Members,... .. 9,180 12 0
1869. 1868.
1,632 0 0 1,280 0 0
9,180 12 0 9,771 12 0
Journal.
Sale proceeds of Journal and Proceed-
ings of the Asiatic Society, ... 639 15 0
Snbscription to ditto, ... .., 917 0 0
Refund of Postage Stamps, ... 36 14 0
Ditto of Freight, ... .. 9 0 0
Commission received from tbo Baptist
Mission Press on the printing
charges, ... ... ... 33 12 6
Library.
Sale proceeds of Books, ...
491
4
0
Ditto of Mahabharata, Vol. III.
16
0
0
Ditto of a Copy of Index to ditto, ...
3
0
0
Befund of Postage Stamps,
4
2
0
Ditto of Freight,
23
0
0
Beceived from the Indian Mnsenm
Sale proceeds of a Teak wood Almira
&c.,
215
0
0
1,636 9 6 1,425 2 3
Secretary's Office.
Befund of Packing Charges, ... 12 6
Ditto of Postage Stamps, ... 110
Ditto of Paper supplied to Pandita,
(Consvn. of Sans. MSS.) 1 10 0
Ditto from Cashier, his excess of Salary
for August last, ... ... 5 0 0
752 6 0 479 11 6
General Establishment.
Beceived lino, ... ,. 16 0
Vested Fund.
Beceived Interest on the Government
Securities from the Bank of Bengal
for one year at 5i per cent, on Bs.
2000,
110 0 0
Museum Catalogue,
Befund from the Indian Museum
of half the amount of a Bill for Rs.
791-10-9 for drawing out an inven-
tory of the collections,...
395 13 4
8 13 6 15 2 0
16 0 1 11
110 0 0 110 0 0
393 13 4
Carried over, Bs. 13,717 12 4
XXI
No. 1.
of the Asiatic Society for 1869.
DISBURSEMENTS.
Contributions. 1869 1868
Befond of Contribation to Major H. B.
Thuillier, ... ... Bs. 60 0 0
Pee for getting a Money Order for the
above, .. ... 0 12 0
Commission on Collecting Sabscrip-
tion bills, ... ... ... 44 4 0
Befund of Contribation to S. Lobb,
Esq., ... • ... ... 24 0 0
Journal.
Freight for sending Journal and Pro-
ceedings to Messrs. Williams and
Norgate, ... ... ... 76 0 0
Lithographing and Engraving charges
129 0 0 60 5 3
Ac.,
124 6 0
Printing charges.
6,433 14 0
Purchase of Postage Stamps,
148 2 0
Commission on the Sale of Books, . .
73 4 0
Packing charges.
4 8 0
BindiDg a Book for the stock of the
Journal,
4 6 0
Petty charges,
5 15 6
Library.
Salary of the Librarian, ...
840 0 0
Establishment,
120 0 0
Commission on Sale of Books,
42 7 3
Purchase of Books,
1,052 10 0
Landing charges on parcels received
from Europe,
20 0 6
Book binding,
2ul 4 0
Salary of a Ticca writer for arranging
the Library,
28 0 0
Ditto of a Ticca Duffcory for do. do. —
9 8 0
Printing charges.
4 0 0
Bearing postage,
1 14 0
Petty charges.
9 0 9
Secretary's Ofpick.
General Establishment, ...
29* 0 0
Secretary's Office Establishment,
1,468 0 0
Purchase of Postage Stamps,
49 14 2
Ditto of Stationery,
23 2 0
Insufficient postage.
3 11 0
Bearing postage.
0 10 0
Binding Letter files, Ac. ..
10 0 0
Purchaseof a Sheet Almanac,
2 0 0
Ditto of Army List,
25 0 0
6,870 7 6 7,807 8 9
2,328 12 6 2,830 8 11
1,876 5 2
Carried over, Bs. 9,828 4 0
Miscellaneous.
Beftind of Banghy expenses from the
Indian Masoam on a box of agate
and flint implements, ... 8 2
Ditto ditto on a box of specimens, . . 7 8
XXU
BEGEIPTS. 1869. 1868.
Bronght over, Re. 13,717 12 4
Indian Museum.
Befand of the amonnt paid for the
Coral case as per Higgs and Haider,
Bill No. 110 on the 15th February
last, ... ... ... 300 0 0
Postage Stamp Account.
Beceived from Wallieoolah Sycd, being
the Balance of Postage Stamps, ... 21 13 4
Commission Account.
Beceived commission on purchase of
Postage for Bs. 25-0-0 at i anna per
Bupee, ... ... .. 0 12 6
16 11 0
0 0
21 13 4
0 12 6
Messrs. Williams and Koroate.
Sale proceeds of a Copy of Matapari-
ksha, ... ... 0 8 0
Beceived from Sycd Ker6mat61i being
the price of 2 Copies of Eamil, Vol.
Ill and IV. ... 6 0 0
Beceived by transfer to the Library
and Miscellaneous account as per
thoir order on Messrs. (jillanders,
Arbuthnot and Co. paid on the 28th
August 1869, £100 at I-IO-J per
Bupee, ... ... ... 1,054 15 0
1,061 7 0 2,132 11 8
O. P. Fund.
Befuud of the amonnt paid for printing
charges to the Baptist Mission
Press on the 16th July 1868, ... 5 0 0
Ditto ditto paid on the 30th June
1809, ... ... 64 6 9
Beceived by transfer to
Messrs, Williams and
Norrrato, Sale proceeds
of Bibliotheca Indica, . 765 0 0
Less paid them for freight,
advertising charges and
commission, ... 394 12 0
370 4 0
Bev H. A. Jaschke's, sale proceeds
of his Thibetan Grammar, 31 15 0
429 9 9 489 12 8
31 15 0
Carried over, R». 15,579 0 11
DISBURSEMENTS
.
1869.
Brought over, Bs.
... 1,876 5 2
12 0 0
... 563 9 6
11 15 0
9,328 4
9.AjR5i 1ft
Ditto of Directory,
Prindng charges.
Petty charges,
Vested Fund.
Pd. Commission to the Bank of Ben-
gal for drawing Interest on the
Government Securities, ... 0 4 4
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS,
Salary of the Travelling Pandita, .
Ditto for Compiling Catalogue of
Sanscrit MSS.
Travelling allowance,
Transcribing the Ekdmvara PurHna
from Uria to Nagri,
Stationery,
Printing 2000 Copies of Sanscrit
Tabular Form,
Copying MSS.
Binding Sanscrit MSS. .
A Japanned Paper Box, .
Postage for sending letters &o to
Travelling Pandita,
Banghy Expenses for sending MS.
Miscellaneous.
Salary of the Mali,
Meeting Charges, including Oil, &c.,
Advertising Charges,
Bailway Charges on a Box of agate
and flint implements, ...
Ditto ditto on a Box of Specimens, ...
Purchase of a Petty Charges Book,
Bepairing the Clock,
Fee for Stamping 25 cheques, ... _ .
Proportional Exchange on a Bill of
£100, ... ... ... 54 15 0
Petty charges, ... ... 27 14 9
Indian Museum.
Pd. Higgs and Haider for supplying,
a Teakwood polished Coral case, ... 300 0 0
106 0
0
87 0
0
61 8
6
32 0
0
31 15
0
70 0
0
40 0
0
11 10
9
11 3
9
>
4 4
6
3 0
0
57 0
0
2( 0 10
3
27 8
0
8 2
0
7 8
3
1 2
0
30 0
0
1 9
0
Catalogue of Persian MSS.
Pd. Mnnshi Abdul Uakim his Salary,
fcr Cataloguing the Persian and
Arabic MSS. in November last, . . 30 0 0
Zoological Garden.
Pd. Printing Charges, ... ... 12 0 0
1868.
8 2,037 14 0
0 4 4 0 4 4
458 10 6
416 5 3 577 4 0
300 0 0
30 0 0
12 0 0
Carried over, Rs. 13,009 5 9
C. HoBNE, Esq.
Befnnd of the amonnts paid on the
15th July 1867 and 16th July 1868, 7 9 0
XXIV
RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.
Brought over, Es. 15,579 0 11
Babu RajendralXla Mitra.
Refund of the amount paid on the Sth
December 1868 and Ist June 1869, 8 0 0
Dr. a M. Verchere.
Refund of Postage Stamps paid for
sending Library Books, ... 0 9 0
7 9 0
8 0 0
MouLvi Abdul Luteep Ehan.
Refund of the amount paid on the
11th December 1868, ... ... 18 0
TnE Secretart or the Elphinstonk Institution.
Refund of the amount paid on the
3uth April 1869,
Babu Udayachanda Datta.
Refund of Postage Stamps paid for
sending Library Books,
E. 0. Batley, Esq.
Refund of Banghy Expenses and
Postage &c., for sending Books,
H. Blochmann, Esq.
Refund of the amount paid on the
loth September 1868, ..
Prasanna Clmara Thakura.
Refund of Freight paid for sending
Books to England on the 8th De-
comber 1868, ... ... 12 8 0
0 9 0
2 0
0
0 11
0
I
11 1
0
5
2 0
0
18 0
2 0 0
0 11 0
11 1 0
2 0 0
J. G. Dklmerick, Esq.,
Rccoivetl in dcptjsit,
6 6 0
Refund of Postau^e Stamps for send«
ing Library Books,
12 0
GoVKRNilENT NoRTH WESTERN PROVINCES.
Refund of Freight for sending Journal
and Proceeding of 1868, ... 12 11 0
G. Shelveuton, Esq.
Refund of the amount paid for cashing
his draft, ... ... ... 0 5 9
W Oldram, Esq.
Refund of the amount paid for on the
3lBt May, ... ... ... 2 11 0
Ditto of Freight, ... ... 4 0 0
12 8 0
7 8 0
12 11 0
0 5 9
6 11 0
Carried over, Rs. 15,652 2 8
XXV
DISBUKSEMENTS. 1869. 18C8.
Bronght over, Bs. 13,009 6 9
Building.
Pd. AssesBment, ... .. 456 0 0
Ditto Lighting rate, ... ... 96 0 0
Ditto Polioo rate, .. ... 144 0 0
Ditto Petty charges, ... ... 1 12 0
Messrs. Williams and Norgate.
Paid Book Postage for sendiug 14
parcels of Books, .. ... 8 8 6
Do. Messrs. Gillanders, Arbntlinot
and Co. as per their order £100
at 1 s. 10^ d, per Bapce, ... 1,054 15 0
Do. by transfer
on account of
SaleofBiblio-
theca Indica, £76 10 0
Deduct fi-eight,
advertising &
Commission
charges, ... £39 9 6
£37 0 6Rs. 370 4 0
Do. do. on ac-
count of Sale
of Library's
Books and
Journal Asi-
atic Society
£5-5-10 at 2s. 52 14 0
Deduct 10 per
cent. com-
mission, ... 6 4 0 47 10 0
697 12 0 1,136 8 8
417 14 0
1,481 5 6 1,955 0 0
O. P. Fund.
Paid on Loan, ... ... 79 3 0
BXbu RajendralXla Mitra.
Paid to the Baptist Mission Press for
printing charges, ... ... 2 0 0
Babu UDAYAcnXxDA Datta.
Paid Postftge Stamps for sending
Library Books, .. ... 0 11 0
79 3 0
2 0 0
0 11 0
E. C. Bayley, Esq.
Paid Postage and Bangby expenses
for sending Books, ... ... 11 1 0 11 1 0
Carried over. Eg. 15,281 6 3
XXVI
RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.
Brought over, Bs. 15,652 2 8
Curator of the Biddell Museum.
Rooeived in deposit, ... ... 12 0 0
P. S. Geowse, Esq.
Rofnnd of the amounts paid on the
Slst January 1867 and 81st January
1869, .. .. ... 10 0
Dr. G. W. Cline.
Refund of the amount paid on the
30th June 1868, ... ... 0 3 0
M. Macauliffe, Esq.
Refund of the amount paid on the
30th November 1868, ... ... 0 3 0
Major F. W. Stubbs.
Received in deposit, .. •• 1 12 0
G. Nevill, Esq.
Refund of the amounts paid on the
7th July and 1st September 1869,... 2 6 0
Major McHahon.
Received in deposit, ... ... 0 6 0
R. H. Wilson, Esq.
Received in deposit, ... ... 17 0
S. KuRZ, Esq.
Refund of the amount paid on the
7th July 1869, ... ... 4 4 0
W. L. Heeley, Esq.
Refund of the amouut paid on the 31st
May 1869,— ... ... 18 0
Dr. J. Fayrer.
Refund of the amount paid on the 1st
June 1869, .. ... ... 6 8 0
A. S. Harrison, Esq.
Received from him for Books supplied 11 2 0
12 0 0
10 0
0 8 0
0 3 0
1 12 0
2 6 0
0 6 0
17 0
4 4 0
18 0
B. Quarttch, Esq.
Received in deposit, ... ... 0 9 0
Capt. M. W. Cabr,
Received in deposit, •• ... 4 2 0
8. LoBB, Esq.
Received in deposit, ... ... 6 6 0
6
8
0
11
2
0
0
9
0
4
2
0
6
6
0
Carried over, Rs. 15,705 14 8
ZZYU
DISBURSEMENTS. 1869. 1868.
Brought oyer, Bs. 15,281 6 3
H. Bloghmank, Esq.
Vtdd freight for Bending Booka to
England, .. ... ... 0 10 0
Do. to the Baptist Kission Press for
printing char^^es, ... 3 0 0
Do. Books purchased through A. S.
Ilarrison, Esq.y ... ... 6 7 0
J. G. Delmerick, Esq.
Paid Postage for sending Library
Books, ... ... ... 1 '1 ^
Refunded the amount by Postage
Stamps rocoivod on tho 10th Sep-
tember, 1869, ... ... 6 6 0
GOYERinCENT NoETH WESTERN PROVINCES.
Paid freight for sending Journal and
Proceedings for 1869, ... ... 18 2 0
G, Shelyeeton, Esq.
Paid discount for cashing his draft, ... 0 4 0
W. Oldham, Esq.
Paid Postage and freight for sending
Library Books, Ac.; ... ... 7 7 0
F. S. Growse, Esq.
Paid Postage for sending Libraxy
Books, ... ... ... 0 15 0
Db. G. W. Cline.
Paid by transfer to tho Asiatic Society, 10 0 0
Major F. W. Stubbs.
P^d Bullock- train hire and packing
charges for sendiug Library Books, 6 2 8
G. Nevill, Esq.
Paid to tho Baptist Mission Press for
printing charges, ... ... 2 6 0
S. Euitz, Esq.
Paid to the Baptist Mission Press,
for printing charges, ... ... 4 4 0
Dr. J. Fatreb.
Paid to the Baptist Mission Press, for
printing charges, •• ... 6 8 0
10 1 0
7 8 0
18 2 0
0 4 0
7 7 0
0 16 0
10 0 0
5 2 3
2 6 0
4 4 0
W. L. Heelet, Esq.
Paid Bancrhy expenses for sending
Library Books, ... ... 18 0 18 0
6 8 0
CaiTied over, Ba. 16,365 7 6
XXVUI
RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.
Brought over, Bs. 15,705 14 8
H. F. Blanfobd, Esq.
Befond of freight paid for sending
44 Parcels of Books to England, .. 14 0 0
14 0 0
Walliullah Sted.
Beceiyed by transfer the Postage
Stamp, ... ... ... 39 9 2
89 9 2
Db. T. Oldham.
Befond of the amount paid on the 5th
October, 1868, ... ... 5 5 0
5 5 0
Carried over, Bs. 15,764 12 10
xzix
DISBTJBSEMBNTS. 1869. 1868.
Brought oyer, Bs. 15,855 7 6
B. F. Blantord, Esq.
Paid freight for sending 44 parcels
to England, ... ... 14 0 0
Walliullah Stsd.
Paid Postage exx>en8es for current
expenditure, .. ... 119 12 10
Dr. T. Oldha¥.
Paid to the Baptist Mission Press, for
printing charges, ... ... 5 5 0
Lt.-Col. a, S. Allan.
Paid by transfer to the Asiatic So-
ciety on account of contributions, ... 7 4 0
W. Stokes, Esq.
Paid proportional freight and postage
for sending Books, ... ... 0 5 0
Major H. H. Godwin-Avsten.
Paid Postage for sending a parcel
receiyed from London, ... 0 10
Dr. p. Stoliczka.
Paid to the Baptist Mission Press, for
printing charges, ... ... 8 12 0
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
Paid to the Baptist Mission PresSy for
printing charges, .. ... 2 0 0
Madras Club.
Paid discount for cashing Madraa
Currency note, •• ... 0 4 0
G. E. Knox, Esq.
Paid Postage for sending Library
Books, .. ... ... 0 12 0
Col. C. L. Showers.
Paid exchange to the Uncorenanted
Seryice Bank on his draft for Bs. 72, 10 0
W. A. Byrne, Esq.
Paid Madan Mistry for making two
Insect Boxes, ... 4 8 0
Do. freight for sending do. • . 2 12 0
Bey. H. A. Jaeschke.
Befanded the amount to Messrs.
Sohroeder, Smith and Co., .. 34 5 0
14 0 0
119 12 10
5 5 0
7 4 0
0 6 0
0 10
8 12 0
2 0 0
0 4 0
0 12 0
10 0
7 4 0
84 5 0
Carried oyer, Bs. 15,556 8 4
XXX
RB0BIPT8. 1869. 1868,
Brought over, Ra. 15,764 12 10
Balance of 1868.
In the Bank of Bengal, ... ... 2^1 lo 9
Cash in hand, ... ... 92 9 7
2,354 4 4
Rs. 18,119 1 Z
mSBUBSEMENTS. 1869. 18G9.
Bronght oyer, Bs. 15,556 8 4
t)K. J. MuiK.
Paid Bev. K. M. Baneijea, ... 101 6 0
Lt. H. a. Speabhan.
Paid froighfc and packing charges for
sending Journal, ... .. 7 8 0
W. Theobald, Esq.
Paid freight and packing charges for
sending Library lirjoks, ... 7 12 8
W. DuTHoiT, Esq.
Paid Banghy expenses and packing
charges fur sending Books, ... 2 14 0
Col. E. T. Dalton.
Paid Banghy expenses for sending
Photographs, ... ... 0 10 3
Col. E. T. Dalton, Ethnoloot of Bengal.
Paid Banghy expenses and packing
charges for sending Photographs, . . 3 0 0
Jaices Beahes, Esq.,
Paid Banghy expenses for sending
Library Book, ... ... 16 0
101 6 0
7 8 0
7 12 3
2 14 0
0 10 3
8 0 0
16 0
Balance.
In the Bank of Bengal
account Dr. J. Mnir, 898 10 0
Do. do. Asiatic Society, 1,411 4 7
15,681 0 10
2,309 14 7
Cash in hand, ... .. 128 1 9
2,438 0 4
Bs. 18,119 1 2
Examined, Errors and Omissions excepted,
8d. PratApachandra Ghosh a. Sd. Buddinath Btsack,
• Asst. Seery, Cashier,
Asiatic Society, Bengal. Asiatic Society, Eengat
Audited and found correct,
R. Temple, K. 0. S. I.
D. Waldie, F. C. 8.
XJiXll
STATEMENT
Abstract of the Cash Account
EEOEIPTS.
Oriental Publication.
Received by Sale of Bibliotheca Indica, 2,798 12 6
Ditto by Subscription to do. ... 143 14 0
Ditto by Sale of Srauta Sutra, ... 67 0 0
Befand of commission on Sale of
Books from P. Ghosha, ... 2 8 0
Ditto of postage and packing charges, 74 12 0
Government Allowance.
Beceived from the General Treasury
at 500 Bupees per month.
Ditto ditto additional grant for the
publication of Sanscrit works at
250 Bupees per do. from April to
November 1869,
Vested Fund.
Beceived Interest on the Government
Securities the Bank of Bengal,
Ditto by Sale of Government Security,
Ditto Premium by Sale of ditto.
Ditto Interest by Sale of ditto,
212 8
0
, 1,500 0
0
136 14
0
15 10
0
Custody of Oriental Publications.
Befund from the Cashier his excess
Salary for August 1869,
79 3
0
55 0
0
8 9
0
35 0
0
2 5
0
11 13
0
86 2
0
6 0
0
0 10
0
0 2
0
30 0
0
0 2
0
50 0
0
11 15
0
326 13 0 .
1869.
1868.
3,076 14 6 2,938 7 8
6,000 0 0
6,000 0 0 6,000 0 0
2,000 0 0
2,000 0 0
1,865 0 0 4,4iq 6 1
2 8 0
AiN I A'kbari.
Beceived from the Right Hon'ble tho
Secretary of State for India for the
additioual Grant to the Asiatic So-
ciety towards the publication of the
Ain i Akbari, ... ... 5,000 0 0
Asiatic Society of Bengal,
Maha Raja Pertap Sing, ...
V. B. Soobiah, Esq.,
K. Roghu Nath Row,
Kalidasa Mookerjea,
Challapali Rangaiya,
Tbakura Giriprasdd,
Damura Vallabha,
V. M. Pundit,
F. Samasa Charyar, Esq.,
Babu Brajabhushana Dasa,
J. Pickford, Esq.,
Desia Santgram Sivakram,
Kesavachandra Acharji,
2 8 0 14 7 0
5,000 0 0
Carried over, Rs. 17,944 6 3
TTTin
No. 2.
OrienM Fund for ISeS.
DISBURSEMENTS.
IS^^K l^^
Okizttal Ptelicatioxs.
Ttad commisaion on the Sale of Books,
2S0 12
6
Freight, ... .••
2iH? 12
0
Packing charsres.
61 3
0
Purchase of Postage Stamps,
IW 13
6
AdTertising charges.
217 0
0
Paper for printing Bibliothcca Indica,
;iS 1
0
Pettj charges.
12 10
6
—
—
1,136 4 6 1,1^> 11
Vested Fuxp.
Paid commission to the Bank of
Bengal for drawing interest on the
Crovemment Securities, ... 0 8 6
Ditto on selling the Government
Security, ... ... ... 4 2 1
Ditto Brokerage for do. ... ... 1 14 0
Ditto fee for renewing the Govern-
ment Security, ... ... 2 0 0
CrsTODT OF Oriental Wokks.
Paid Salary of tho Librarian,
360 0
0
626 12
9
Book binding,
30 12
0
Binding 2 Stock Books with papers, ...
52 8
0
Fee to the Bank of Bengal for stamp-
ing cheques, ... ...
3 2
0
Stationery, ...
67 7
0
Printing charges,
98 8
0
Bepairing 2 Book cases, ...
183 0
0
Preparing charges.
19 9
6
24 Tin Boxes for sending Bibliothcca
Indica,
7 10
0
Ticca Duftory for arranging Biblio-
theca Indica,
14 8
0
Cart and cooloy hire for removing do.,
22 10
6
Petty charges, ...
28 2
6
Library.
Purchase of MS3. and Books,
484 4
6
Fee for getting 4 ^lonoy Orders at
lOORs. eoch,
4 0
0
Kharooah cloth and piece board and
tape &c., for binding MSS.
15 3
9
COPTINO MSS.
Copying charges for Persian MS., ...
71 0
0
Papers for copying do. ...
6 0
0
8 8 7 14 0 10
1,514 10 8 1,518 5 0
603 8 8 603 7 0
77 0 0 37 3 0
Carried over, Rs. 3,239 16 7
XXXIT
BECEIPTS.
1868.
Brought forward, Bs. 32G 13
017,944 6
Tirini Oliarana GhAckravartf,
10 10
0
Bamakrislina G. BhuOakar,
0 12
0
A. Gadell, Esq.,
8 14
0
J. n. Lloyd, Esq.,
•••
8 11
0
A. S. Harrison, Esq.,
,,
1 8
0
Capt. Valadeva Pant,
,,
1 14
0
P. Swaminatlia Jyer,
••
8 4
0
H. D. Hawkins, Esq.,
•..
0 1
6
Bamswami B. Eaider,
...
12 8
0
Pundit Bnmgoo,
...
6 12
0
_ S71 11
Carried over, Bs, 18,316 2 0
xxxv
DISBURSEMENTS. 1869. 186a,
Brought forward, Bs. 8,249 16 7
AiN I Akbart.
Paid Salary to Miinshi, ... ... 390 0 0
Ditto printing charges, ... ... 2,133 3 0
Ditto 16 plates forth© Ain i Akbari,.., 334 0 0
Ditto Enjn^ving a plato for ditto, ... 8 11 3
Ditto Lettering on stones of 2 plates, 4 0 0
Ditto 2 copies of Ain i Akbari, ... 87 8 0
Alamoir NamXh.
Paid for preparing the Index and
Preface of do. ... ... 80 0 0
Tarikhi Badaoni.
Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 761 0 0
Ditto extra work in composing the
Preface of do. ... ... 30 0 0
MiMAXSA DaRSANA.
Paid Editing and printing charges, ,
Taittiriya Brahhana.
Paid Editing charges,
Grihta Sutra of Aswalayana.
Paid Editing and printing charges, .
Secundar NamX Behari.
Paid Editing charges,
Taittiriya Upanishada.
Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 762 0 0
Ditto Banghy expenses for sending
2 parcels of do. ... ... 5 0 0
. 331
2
0
144
0
0
613
4
0
75
0
0
Taittiriya Sanhita op the B. Y. Veda.
Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 280 12
Umar I Kheyani.
Paid copying chargoa of MS. ... 15 0 0
MuNTAKHAD Ali LUB.AB OF KhAFI KiIAN.
Paid Editing and printing charges, ... 2,(»88 10 0
Ditto advance for do. do. Vols. XL & XII. 500 0 0
Taxdya Maha Braiimana.
Paid Editing and jH'iuting charges, ... 328 3 0
B.vrsAYAN C\M Sl'tra.
Paid Transcribing c)iarge.<«, ... 6 3 0
Vaya Parana, ... ... 18 0
Poems of Chand, ... ... 6 2 3
2,957 6 3 2,074 13 0
80 0 0
791 0 0 2,113 0 0
331 2 0
144 0 0 224 0 0
613 4 0 672 0 0
75 0 0
767 0 0 820 9 0
280 12 0 364 14 0
15 0 0
2,588 10 0 876 0 0
328 3 0
6 3 0
18 0
6 2 3 13 8 0
Carried over, Rs. 12,225 2 1
ZXXVl
RECEIPTS. 1869. 1868.
Brought forward, Bs. 18,316 2 0
Balancb of 1868.
In the Bank of Bengal, ... ... 115 15 8
Cash in hand,... .., ... 0 0 0
115 16 8
Bs. 18,432 1 8
DISBURSEMENTS. 1809. \ms.
48Si 12 8
Broaghfc 1
Asiatio Society of Bengal,
Babu Tarinicbarana Chacki-avarti, ...
forward, Rs. 12,225 2
424 9 9
10 10 0
1
Baba Brajabhaaana Dasa,
F. Ramaaa Charyar, Esq.,
Captain Valadeva Pant, ...
Ghallapali Rangaija,
Damara Yallabha,
...
26 1 0
0 2 0
2 5 0
11 13 0
1 13 0
Ramswami B. Eaidor,
•••
12 8 0
Thakura Griprasad Slug,
V. B. Soobiab,
...
31 0 0
18 9 0
J. W. McCrindIo,
...
30 8' 6
J. H. Lloyd, Esq.,
...
3 11 0
573 10
3
Balance op 1869.
12,798 12
4
In tbo Bank of Bengal, ,„
Cash in hand.
...
5,559 8 1
73 13 3
Ti fT?9 "i
4
Rs. 18,132 1
8
Examined, Errors and Omission a excepted,
Sd. Pbatapacuandra Guosua. Sd. Bi'ddinatu Bysack.
Asst. Secnj. Cashier,
Asiatic Society, Bengal. Asiatic Socictij, Dt'n'jah
Audited and fuuud correct,
R. Templk, K. C. S. I.
D. Waldie, F. C. S,
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PEOCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,
EDITED BY
THE HONORARY SECRETARIES.
JANUAEY TO DECEMBER,
18 7 1.
CALCUTTA.
PniNTED BY C. B. UtWIS, BAPTIST MIS8I0H PEEBS.
1871.
CONTENTS.
^••^•«^
Page
List of Members of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on tHo
3 Ist December, 1870, Appendix in February Proceedings, I
Abstract Statement of Receipts and Disbursements of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal for the year 1870, Appendix
in February Proceedings, . . XIX
Proceedings for January, 1871, , 1-20
Do. for February, 1871, including Annual Eeport
and President's Address, 21-54
Do. for March, 1871, 55 80
Do. for April, „ 81-94
Do. for May, „ 95-118
Do. for June, „ 119-136
Do. forJuly, „ .' 137-158
Do. for August, „ 159-176
Do. for September, „ 177-224
Do. forOctober, „ 225-229
Do. for November, „ 231-250
Do. for December, „ 251-298
Meteorological observations for January to December,
1871, itoxcvni
Appendix A, , 300
Do. B, 306
Index, 307
EREATA.
Page
Line
For
Bead
2.
9.
H. W. Soevens,
H. W. Stevens.
86,
16,
Hootoone,
Hootoom.
56.
X4,
M. S. HoweU,
A. P. HowelL
9>
16,
Filgatte,
Filgate.
ft
22,
Boom,
Bourne.
82,
8rd from below.
Insert,
A, P. Howell, Esq.
84,
2,
X>osse88,
possesses.
»
7.
This,
It.
106,
23.
'taUO^.6.'
' tail, 1".2.'
107,
2,
CynonycteruSf
Cynonycteria,
»9
>9
i.
*.
131,
17.
' Bun a moon's limb.'
' sun and moon's limb.
f>
29,
'3'.2''.7'V
« 3'.2".7".*
»i
30,
*4'.ll^'
* — 4M1'V
131,
99
^ T 2-2
after In. -^,
insert C. ^■^.
225,
10,
Prakria,
Prakrita.
»
11,
Vyakuranam,
Vyakaranam.
247,
8,
Ilalim,
Ilatim.
PEOCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASUTIO SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR Janxtaby, 1871.
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the
4th instant at 9 o'clock p m.
The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced.
1. From the Government of India, Home Department, 5 photo-
graphs of the temples and inscriptions at Barsee Taklee and
Pinjar.
2. From the Author— Eiickblick auf die Jahre 1845 bis 1870,
Schreiben von W. R. von Haidinger an Herm E. Doll.
8. From Dr. Newman — five silver coins.
4. From H. v. Schlagintweit-Sakiinlinsky — a revolving scale
for measuring curved lines on maps, &c.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting were bcdloted for and elected ordinary members.
Isaac Newton, Esq.
B. S. Brough, Esq.
F. C. Daukes, Esq.
B&bu Ganendranatha Thdkura.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
T. F. Harkness, Esq., 0. S., proposed by A. M. Markham, Esq.
seconded by Ool. A. D. Yanrenen.
Proceedings of the Aaiatie Society.
[Jan,
Col. J. F. Tennant, proi>OB&d by CoL H, Hyde, seconded bj
Dr. P. 8toliezka*
Dr. W. WftagGJ5, proposed by T)r. F. Stoliozlcftj seconded by Mr. .]
H, Bloc'iimaan.
G. C. Farr, Esq., proposed by Mr. E. Hyde, seconded by Col.
H- nyde.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to with*
draw from tlie Society, 0. F, Amery, Esij^., Capt. J- P, Baeevi, H, E,,
T. Thomas, Esq., H. W, Seevens, Esq.
The Coimcil reported on the progress which has been made in
the collecting and preservation of Sanskrit MSS., and communicated
the suLjoiiiecl eorreijipoiidence on tho snbjeet.
In laying this oon'espondenco on the table the President observed,
that inaamuch as the measures proposed and subsequently under*
taken for the conservation of Sanskrit MSS., and tho preparation
of Catalogues, were commnnicated to the Society, in May 1869, the
Council thought it right to inform the Society of the progress which
had since been made in the matter. He referred to the original
ixutrootions of tho Government, and the few alterationa which liave
been suggested by the Society. The task was entrusted to Babu
Efijendral^la Mitra, whom the Government had recommended for
it. Ono instalment of the ** Notices &c.*' had been published and
was on the table before them. It would be seen that tliis was not
in tho tabular fonn which the Government at first contemplated,
but the deviation from it had been sanctioned by the Gt>vern*
menfc of Bengal in their letter, dattjd 22iid May» 1869, and
whether or not every one would coufiider it judicious, there wer©
certainly very substantial reasons to be urged in support of it.
When these " Notices" were submitted to Government, no objection
was taken to the form of the publication, but it appears that thd
advisers of the Government considered that it was defective in
certain important points. The President quoted a passage to this
effect houk an official letter of the Government of India. Ha
could not better explain the error into which the Government
had here fallen, than by reading the answer which the Secretary
of the Society had written in behalf of the Council. In condufiion ,
Proctiedin^i ofth^ Aiiati^i
a.
No. 5557 dated 23rd Nov., 1868 Govt, of Bengal.
., ami ,, Iflt &lay,i86aAs, Sou .,
„ 1U43 -, aaud „ „ Govt. M
he said it was almost incomprehensibla, how the hhuulereviioteil
comiiiitted, not only in the Secretariat to the Qoraiimeiit of India,
but also bj a scholar like Mr. Clialmera, to whoM very iniatdTis
but mistaken ob&ervationa the President teforred. Theae gentle
men must have penned their strictures without having read
Sanskrit, and yet it was in Sanskrit, that the OoTenunent letl
dirocted tho prinripal matter of the lists, indaaivd of the r^irfi
matt&r in question, to be published.
No. 396.
Jaiatic Soci^tif'i iJeww, CalctUta^ 27th Jum^ 1870.
Fi-am P, SroLiGZKA, Esq, Pn. B.,
Honorary Secritary^ Atiatic Societif nf Ben^d^
To t}^ HoN'ntE Ashley Eden,
Secretary to the Goremmeni of Bengali
Sia, — ^Eeforring to the eorrespoudence, noted at margin, regard*
ing tho conservftttou of
records and purchases of
Sanskrit Manusitiripta ixa
native libraries, I am desired by tlie Council of the Ataatio Socio*
ty to furwai'd a copy of Babu liiijendralAla Mitra's ruport on the-i
aubject, explaining tho operatiuna which have been iixHtitutod bj
the JSociety for that purpobo, in aooordanee with the ordei*a of the
Governmyut of BougtU,
A specimen copy uf No. 1 of the ** Notices of Saniskrit MSB/* is
herewitli enclosed, as well as copies of tho lists noted in pcu'a. 8th
of Babu B^jendrfddla Mitra'^ letter.
The slight alteration in the arraugoment of printing has also been
explained by Bubu Bajondrtdala MiU*a, and the Council of the
Socie^ hopes that thia change will be advuutageous.
The expenses incurred by the Society for the above object of
collecting MSB. during the littter half of the official year, 1869 and
1670) are detailed in tlie aecunipanying bill, and in submitting the
same for the consideration of tho Government of Bengal, I am
desired by the Council of th« Aniatio Society of Bengal to re-
quest tJiat the Society may be sanctioned to draw a quai'terly or
half yearly advaneoi equal to one fourth or one half of the annual j
grant sanctioned for the purpose. A detailed statement of the
ProcmdtnffB qfths Atiatic Society.
[Jak.
yearly o3q)on90S will be prepared and eubniitted to the Governmeut
of BungaLf if desired.
Babu Eajendraldla Mitra expects to publish annually 3 or 4
numbers of the Notices of 8auskrit MS8, ; ufNo* 1 of these Notices
150 copies have been i>rintod, and they ai'e now at the disposal
of the GoTernmont of Bengal.
With regard to the distribution of the Notices, I am desired by
tlie Council of the Aaiatic Society to submit a list* of names t4>
whom copies could be sent, for the favouruble consideration of the
Govemmont of Bengal. The spare eopies of these ''Notices/* the
Council would suggest, may be sold to tlio public at one Bupee
pep number.
From Ba'BU RA'.rENDltALA'LA MlTRA^
To the Seoretaty, A$talic Soeirft/ of Bmqal,
Bated, Chitpur, 2Ath May, 1870.
Biii^' — I liave tho honor to submit the following report on the
operations carried on during the last official year for collecting in-
formation regarding Sanskrit MSS. extant in native UbrarioB,
2. The final orders of Oovemnient on the subject were received
in May 1869. I happened to bo unwell at the time, and nothing
was done until my arrival at Benares in the middle of June following,
when I c-ommenced to collect lists of such rare MSS., as were avail-
able in that city. Although some ultra orthodox pandits wore
averse to allow their collection to be examined and analysed for the
information of Europeans, I had no diihculty in inducing several
persons to allow me access to their Libraries for the purpose of
taking notes and copies of such M8S. as I liked, and obtained
much valuable ijiformation from some of the professors of the local
Sanskrit College, Two native gentlemen of the city, Bibu Haris-
chandra and Sitalprasfid, very obligingly placed the whole of their
collections, each containing upwards of two thousand works, at my
disposal, and Pantlit Vinavaka S'astri brought me a few rare MSS.
of the Kalpa sutr^is and of the Sikah^s, The Biljguru of Benares
and several other pandits also otfered me assistance, and I soon had
a total of upwards nf five thousand MSS. at my disposal* Owing,
however, to the delicate state of my health at tho time, and my
* TUia list in omittarl ia tUo preaent ooinmunicaiioti.
187L]
Froeeidtn^i of the Asiatic Sockt^,
stay at Benarca having been limited to seven weeks f^tJ}*, I coulti
not examin© moro than about half of thorn. These were mostly
works of wliich the Asiatic Society posaesaes copies. The few that
appeared to me to be new have been included in the accompanying
volume of ** Notice^,*'
A. The principle on which the notices have been drawn up has
already been explained in my minute of April 1869.* I have taken
the Catalog:UG of the Society's Library for my guide, and described
only such works as were not included in it, except when better MSS«
were met with than are to bo found in Calcutta.
4. The plan of quoting the initial and the concluding sentences,
also the epigrap]is, which was Erst suggested by me and ap*
"proved by Government, rendered a departure form the tabular form
originally proposed unavoidably neceasaiy ; but none of the heads
of iuformation recommended by Mr. Stokes has been omitted, and
on tbe whole the form adopted will, I believe, be found to be La
every resjioct convenient. It has greatly economised space, and
obviated the necessity of printing, in narrow columns, long extracts,
mostly in verse, and other matter not lit to be tabulated.
6. Among the works noticed I would draw the attention of the
Committee to the Upanitdiads, most of wbitih are rare, and have
hitherto been known only through Duperron*s translation uf the
Persian version of D&r6 Sekoh. From thi*ee to ilvo copies of oacK of
them have now been obtained, and placed at the ditiposal of Pro-
fessor E^mamaya Tai*kai'atna for publication in the Bibliotheca
Indica. The little treatises on Yedie Phonetics (Nos. K}2 to 136)
are also rare, and of considerable interest. Pi*ofe8sor Max Miiller,
in his history of Sanskrit literature notices only one of them^ — that
of Niratla — and the others, therefore, I imagine, wiU bo new to
many scholars in Europe. The commentary of Sdres'vara on the
Brihadaryaiiuka Upanishad and that of SankaHinanda on the
Atharva Upauit^hads are also worthy of note. Most of the dramatic
works noticed are not included in the IjBt annexed to Professor Wil-
son's Hindu Theatre ; some of the medical works are also valuftble,
and the Malmbhdshya is remarkable for ago and accuracy* Alto*
gethor 204 works have been noticed, of which G*J are portions of
• Proceed mg», Asiatic Sucitay, Boogal, fyr Muy* l{iC9, p. 127 H sv*i.
6 rmt$eding$ of the A»Mi€ Saei^ty,
tUo Vodas or commentaries theroon, 26 are tin>atift«« on Vodio
cHjroraonials, and 8 parts of tho Vedangaa ; 11 are on the Vodantai
8 on tho Nyaye^f and 2 on astronomy, one of them being an exposi-
tion of Arabic iksvixm borrowoil by the Brahmans. Of grammatloal
treatises 2 only are included in the list, and of medioal compi-
lations 6 ; but law, rituals^ poetry and the drama, are repro-
sented in it by 6, 12, 2S^ and 14 codioos respectively.
6. On my return to Cideutta, a pandit was employed on a salaiy
ofBs. 80 a month, and travelling allowances, to proceed to the'
mofUasiL Ho commenced operations at Krishnagar and in five
montlis eoUoctod the names and short descriptive accounts of about
four hundred MS8. new to the Society. Among these are included
a numb tvr of Ttuitras belonging to the Baja of Kri«h nan agar ; but
few of them are of any grt-at antiquity. Notices of those have been
drawn up in the pi^scribed form, and will be sent to press in the
cotirse of next month.
7. In March hist, advantage was talcen of the Rev. J. Long's
trip to Dac<^a to send the pandit to that district, and he has sinoo
been employed there. The iield, however, does not seem tu bo <
promising, and no work of any value has yet been met with* \
1 have, therefore, asked the pimdit to return to KrislmAgar, whero
and in the neighbouring town of Nuddea, the moat renowned seal
of tho Nyiya school in Bengal, there remains yet much to bo
dono.
8. In July 1B69, two MS. lists were obtained from tlio Hooie
Office, one ^ * * he names of 2744 works said to be owniid
by Pandit i^ ^ < of Lahore^ and the other of works supposed
by tho Nepalese pandits to be rare In the Nepalese Libranee «t j
Khatmandu. Both these have been printed, and copies are h«ane-
with suVimitted for inspection* Tho first contains the namtss of «
great number of scarce works, but it has been much swelled oiit
by iuHertLDg the same treatisoks under did'erent names in dlffereati
plncxss. The Nepalese list contwis nothing of any value.
9. Nominsd Usto haTe likewise been obtained from the renown*
ed Pandit Kangichirt Svami of Brindaban, and £rom diff«reiit
parta of Bengal^ extraela firom which will ena long be publisfajed.
10* Muelihaaikot been doDo in th«) way uf purchasing MSdl
I
I
1871.] Proemiingt of the Aiiatie SoeiHif. 7
Benares I coiUd (jLtain unly 9 oodiooa, and three hftv© since been
pui'chasod ui Calcutta, making in aU 12 as per margin.*
VitrchxsUn Eleven M8S» have lilcewise
•TativaDusftiidhitiii. boon copiod. An opportunity
l:"Zy7n:'^;n.Hrtti ^'^^^^^ "'T"""! for sccurmgacopy
BuiyisikidhiknnLnani&ld. of S%aria*8 commentary on the
Darahftpnmamisaprftyachittokmrikl Archikaa of the Sama Veda, but
Pmyof^iairu, by Keshada. ^^ ^y^^ Sclotv has tesolvod to
Baadhay anas' aomaTaiLra, incomploto* -n-i i.
Dif^-drisya vivaranmn £khya» print that work m the BlOllotheoa
Aimapuimniu Indica, I did not deem it neces-
AhitagTiero Antesn|iprQjoga. '
GhaTanapaddbati sary to avail mysolf of it«
i±" runXika. Tlie foUowmg ia an abstract
Pingaia chbanda Btitra with tho com- ©f the expenditure incurred by
Bfiakhyiyana Grihya Satra. the Society ou account uf Ooveni-
Kapila Saubita. j^g^^ f^^P collecting lists of MS8.
Himnya koai autnu .
Kiina aatro. and preparing copios for press,
4 SUabia. ^ ^^^ ^^^ revifiing the pi'oofa
of the Sanslcrit portion of the Notices.
Salary of Travelling Pandit from 14th August 1869 to
February I a70 @ 30 Rfi., ....,....,- \^^ 0 0
Travelling allowance for ditto for the period ending
March 1870, , 145 6 9
Stationery, postage and stamps for lettefB, Banghy ex-
penses and ContingencieSp , •....** 85 I 6
Printing charges of forms for collecting materials for
Catalogue, 70 0 0
j^pying MSS. with paper, &c», 12111 6
fy of Pandit for preparing, copying and con'eetiug
>gue« for the press, 147 0 0
so of Sanskrit M8S., 64 0 0
Es. .. 82a 2 9
^Ko bill has yet been presented for printing the Kotioes,
^e cost will probably amount to lie. 250 making a total of Bs.
1^079>2-9 against the Gavemmont grant of Ba. 3,200. The saving
is due to tho circumstance of no measures having been taken to
commence operations until after the rains of la«t year* The ex-
8
ProcHitf^i of the Asiatic Sockiu*
[Jak.
ponaos during tho rurront year will, It is bolioved, take up the whole
of tho amount sanctioned.
No. 2017.
Fty^m II, S. Bbadox, Esq.,
Off^* Undm" 'Secretary to the Govt, of Bengal
T& the Hopiif, See^. to the Asiatie Societt/ of Bengal,
Fm-t miliam, the llth Jtihj 1870.
Sm, — I am directed to acknowledge the reeeii>t of your letter No.
395 dated the 27th ultimo, with ita enclosures, reporting the oper-
ations earned out by the Society iu view to giving effect to the
wishes of Government for the discovery and preservation of records
of ancient Sanskiit literature, and in reply I urn to request that
you will convey to the Society an expression of the Lieutenant-
Governor's thanks for the trouble they have taken in the matter.
His Honor also desires me to acknowledge the services rendered
by Bfibu Hajendralula Hitra in this undertaking. A copy of
your letter and Babu liajendraliila Mitra's report will be trans-
mitted to the Government of India, and will also be published in
the supplement to the Calcutta Gazette, A copy of the •* catalogue
of Sanskrit MSS.'^ and of ** notices of Sanskrit MSS.** will also be
furnished to tho Government of India.
2. With reference tfj paragraph 4 of your letter the Lieutenant-
Governor is pleased to sanction the payment of the bUl submitted>
amounting to lis. 1,079-2-9, for expenses incurred by the Society
in collecting MS3. during the second-half of the financial year
1869-70. The Aecountant-General will be instructed accordingly,
and will also be addressed in regard to advancing the So<.iety fundjs
to carry on future expenses, subject to adjustment lialf-yeaily, as
suggested by you.
3. The Lieutenant-Governor approves of the list proposed by
you of persons and institutions to be supplied with copies of the
" Notices of Sanskrit MSB.," but desires that the Cambridge Univer-
• ViJ^ yaur letter No. ^'^ '^^^^ ^'"^ Coondoo^ famUy of Bha^yo-
281 dated tlio loth Muy kul, itt Dacca, may be added to the dis-
1870
tribution list. The number of copies thus
to be distributed is seventy-five, and I am to request that of the
balance, fifty-five copies may be forwainled to this Government for
1871.]
JVoOf^inyi of the Asudic Sitetety,
use and transmtssioii to the Goinemineiit of India, the remamijig
ttirenty copies bein^ sold to the public at I Ro. per copy.
No. 2734,
lyom H. S. BsADov, Esq.,
Ofy, l/Hder-Secy, to the QoH. of Bcn^al^
W To the nonarary Sfcy. to tJuf Astatic Soei^^ty of Bmgah
' Fi^ft mVutm, the VMh Srptemhcr 1870.
8m, — ^With reference to my letter No, 201 7» dated the I Itli Jiilj
1870, the subject of the discovery and preservation of records of an-
roient Sanakrit literature,! am directed to forward for the infuruiation
• No. 3963 dat^ the of y OUT Society the aecompanying copy of
^th ultimo, and enolo* a letter^ from the Government of India
in the Home Department, fontaiuiug the
views of His Excellency the Govomor-Geaeral in Cvuueil t»u the
Ulcerations of the Society in this undertaking.
^H 2. It will be seen that the catalo^«a [** Notioee of Sanskrit
^H manuBcripta^'J are considered lucompluto in surue points, whidi
^H tend materially to lessen their value and usofuluo^a, especially to
^^ European scholars, and the Govemmout of Iiiilia nt'cordingly do-
1^^ sire the iuBertion in the ** Noticos'* of the name** and addresses uf
^B the persoBB to whom the manuscripts belong, thd places in whiell
■'■ they are deposited, the number of piiges in tmch maausoript, the
» number of lines in each page, and the poculiuritiuti of the monu-
scripts, in order to alford a ready means of identifying thom bcre-
niter. The dii^etitions can be ousily followetl in all ** Ncilit^gs'* that
^^ ^^7 ^^ pvibliahod hereafter, but this is of course not |)OBfiible iu
^1 the volume oirtiudy printed. I am, however, to suggest that eiJViet
'' ' might be given to the winhos of the Governmeot of Intlia by adding
I a supplemtjutary list of the manuscripts drawn up numcriijolly
with tlie additional infonuatiria*
3. The Government of India, it will bo noticed, dusiro to addf
t Tbe Cambridge UuU Sixteen name» to the list of i)ersottH and
verslty bua^ idruutly boen gucietios to whom copies of thu
' Nutii I
induded.i'wrepaiifcgiiipb a , . , . , i • . * i
of my letter abuve qnotod. ore to be circulut^Hl, and point out aevenu
typographical cnors in the names in tlie list of the Bociuty,
4. In (.^unduaion I am to invite attoution to ihesuggi-i^tion nmdn
by tho Govurnmont of India in paragraph 5 of their lottur rugartUng
the use of betiur paper and typo in printing the ** Notice^/'
w
Pn>e$si%ngs of the Aiiatie &c*l ip.
[Jaj(,
Jhw* M C, Bojfh^^ EBq,^ C. S, /, Secretary to ih^ Ooremm^ntof
Induif Home Deparimmitf to the Officiating Secretary to ike Govern'
ment of Bengaly General Departments^ {A^o, 3963, dated SimiOf
the 29iA August, 1870.)
Sir, — I am directed to acknowledge the reeeipt of your lottor No*
2018, dated tho 1 Itli ultimo, and the enclosed correspondence,
fihowing the operationa carried on by the Asiatic Society of Bengal
in regard to the discovery and preservation of records of ancient
Sanskrit literature.
2, In reply I am directed to etate that the efforts that have been
made by the Asiatic Society to give effect to the wishes of the
Government for the disc<»veiy and conservation of these Sanskrit
manuiscripts are satisfactory. I am, however, to point out that the
catalogues received with your letter are incomplete in some points^
vrhioh tend materially to lessen their value and usefulnofis, especi-
ally to European scholars.
3, It ia very desirable that the names of the persons to whom
the manuscripts belong shotild be inserted in the notices, as should
also the places in which they are dejiosited. This might still bo
done by adding a supplementary list of the manuscripts di^awn u|>
numerically, with the names of the owners and their addresaea
opposite. The number of pages in each manuscript, the number of f
Mnes in each page, and the peculiarities of the manuscripts, should
also be given in the catalogues, as a means of identlfymg them
hereafter.
4, Tlie list of persona and Societies to whom it is proposed to 1
distribute the notices may be also considerably enlarged, and there '
are some inaccuracies in that list, A corrected copy of the latter
is enclosed, (hoi'e follows a list of institutions, &c., &o.).
From Du. F. Stoltczka,
Hon, Secretary to the AviattQ Society of Bengal^
To H. 8. Beauon, Esq.,
Offy. Under-Secretary to the Ooremment of Benyal.
8m, — I have the honor, by direction of the Council of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter NoJ
187K]
Procet^inffa o/i/^ Asiatic Hoci^fif,
II
2734, dated the 19th September laat, forwarding eopy of a letter from
tho Secretary to the Governmont of ladia, Ilome Department, No.
3963, dat^d Simla, the 29th August, 1870, and stating that the
Notioes of ** Sanskrit Manuscripts'* lately submitted by the Society
*' are oonaidered incomplete in some points, which tend materially to
lessen their value and usefulness, especially to European echolara,^'
and that the OoTernraont of India ae<;ordingly desire tho compi-
lation of a ** suppjomfintary list of the manuscripts dra\rn up numeri-
cally** with the additional information,
2. In reply, I am directed to state that in the blank form, annexed
to the Govornment of India lett«r Ko. 4353, dated 3rd Novembor,
1868, which was forwarded to the Society for its guidance, there are
nine columns : 1st for number j 2nd for name, in Devanngari ; 3rd
for ditto, in Eomau charactx^r ; 4th fur subject matter and name of
author ; 5th for number of pages ; 6th for number of lines in each
page ; 7th for substanco on which is written and character ; 8th for
names of place where and of person with whom found, and 9th for
remarks regarding accuracy and pecnliaritiea* Of these, informatioii
under the heads 5, 6, 8, 9, it is now said, is wanting in the * Notices.'
On reference, however, to the Sanskrit text it will be seen that the
required details regarding the 6th, 6th and 9th heada are given in
the second para., and that regarding the 8th in the third para, under
each name. The editor has likewise added (10th) the extent of the
work calculated according to the Indian method in stanzas of 32
ayUabled each ; I Uh, tho date of writing whenever available ; 1 2th,
the initial words or stanza; 13th, the concluding words ; Hth, tJie
colophon wliieh in Sanskrit works serves the purpose of the title
page, and 15th, a full description of the work, its contents, history>
and literary notices* The Council of the Asiatic Society fail, there-
fore, to perceive how it has been made out that infonnation under
some of the heads had not been supplied^ and lure driven to suppose
that HhQ Sanskrit portion of the ** Notices** has been entirely over-
looked by the Government of India. From a reference to those
NoticeSt it la dear that more information of an useful oharaotor
has been supplied than was asked for*
3. It might be said that if all the information had been given
in Engliahi it would have provcRl more convenient. But the word-
IWucotfdtn^B 0/ th A9i^t%€ S^^etff.
[Jak*
ing of thw original ordur of Qovemmont left no option to tliu Society
iu the matter. It is tliero dibtietly laid down that '' all procurable
unpriiit'ed lists of Sanskrit MSS. in native Libraries should be
printed uniformly inoc-tuvo, iu tht»Naguri rhanvrter/' »uul tho editor
i-mM uot depai-t fi^m that positivu injunction without laying Mm*
aell' I tpun to ceiiiiui'o. Tho scheme eontomplated no quotations op
e^ttracts, and the Nagari diaructur could uot, therefore, be limited to
any ono particular j^ai-t. It may be added that those who will
hereafter wiah to identify tho MisS. noticed, will be men ctonvereant
with the Sanskrit Literature^ and to them the Sanskrit port of the
Notices will prove more useful than the English part, while to
Indian scholars, at tho suggestion of one of whom tho work has boon
undertaken by Gurernment^ the Sanskrit will be the ouly part of
use, and for years to come the English will be of no avail It ia
scarcely likely that those who know no tiling of ^am^krit will interest
themflelves much in tracing old M8S* in that language,
4* Better paper will be used for tho printing of the futuro
Nos. of the ** Notices."
The following copy of a minute relating to the cataloguing of
Sanskrit MSS. has been receivod from the Secretary to tho OoTom-
ment N- W. Provinces.
** Notices of Sanskrit MSS, l»y RdJendraUld 3litra,
(1.) " These Notices are moat unsatiaXactory. The editor states
that he haa taken '* tJie catiiloguo of tlio Asiatic Society's Libnu^y
tm his guide, and has noticed only such works as are not to ho
found in it."
(2.) ** He carefully avoids all mention of where the MSS. ho
comments on are to be found. He does not state who they belong
to^ what their value is, or whether Government should endeavour
to purchase them.
(3*) " Whenever he gives a eenslble notice it seems to he takea !
from Max Miiller'e Sanskrit Literature.
(4.) **A catalogue of this kind to be practically useful should
contain a report of tho places searched for MSS. and the place
where each MS. is to be found.
1S71.]
rrocmdin*f9 of i
S&cidy*
U
val
(6,) ** It should also mention whother the hook is avatlaHe or
not to European sciiolars. The catalogues of ike Bodlulau, Inilia
Othce a»d Berlin Libraries would shew this.
8d. J. Ca&xio&s."
Ifinutc of Bdhu EiijeiidraldUt Mtira on the above [#ft a Mt^r uddreued
to the Secret art/'].
Mr. ChalmerB' critioisms ai'o founded on tho isamo imagimiTy
fthortcoiuings on which the Goverimxunt of India lommentod im
li>y unfortunate **Noticoft;*' I have thtjreforo only to ntfor to
Uio re[dy lately forwarded to tho GoFernment of Bengal on tho
bubjuc't.
Tho tst para, of the critiquo contains a general observation, the
value of which doponds on what follows. I need not theroforo no-
tice it.
Tho 2nd para, accuses mo of having (1) carefully avoided all
Dtiun of where the MSS. eommeuted upon are to bo found ; (2)
whom they belong toj (3) what in Lhuir value; (4) and whether
Government should endeavour to purchase thoui or not* Tho tirsfc
three charges are, as you are aware, entirely unfounded — duo t*ithor
to the ori tie's not knowing the 8anskrit language, or to his having
failed to qualify himself for the task he has assumed, by read-
ing the Sanskiit portion of the Kotioes which would have at
once shown him that the required information has been duly
furnished. The last charge caonot be fairly brought against me.
I am requii'ed by Government to print lists, and notlung but
lists, in order that Sanskrit scholars in Europe and India may
point out what MSS. should be purchased. The words of the
Government letter are : ** To print unifrirnily all prcjcurable un»
printed lists of Sanskrit manuscriptnin ludian Lihrurirs, and to send
to the various loarned Socieiios of Europe, and to ittdividual
arsin Europe and India, with an intimation that the Government
will care f idly attend to their suggestions as ti> which of the manu-
Bcripts thei*ein mentioned should be examined* or transcribed," I
have quoted this part of tJie letter in my Profarn, and as Mr. Chal-
mers has read it, he shoubl huvo Huggeated what BI&8. are worth
having) and not found fault with mo for not doing what he as a
14
Profiefedmgs of tha A^atic Soct'eiy,
[jAir.
Bcholar and others are required to do. Sanskrit scliolors in Ben-
gal are exceedingly avei'se to sell MSS., Imt when opportunities do
ofier T never fail to take ndvantnge of ihom^ and purchase for *
Government whatever, in nij Itumble opinion, appears valuable.
The 3rd para,, without dirL^ctly charging me with haTing cribbed i
from Max Miiller^s ancient Sanskrit Litorature, insinuates that I
have done bo. I cannot but talvo this aa unfair. I have given th©
name of Max Miiller whenever I havo quoted from him, and shall
be glad to be shewn an instance to the contrary.
The 4th para, repeats the first charge of the 2nd, and therefor©
eallB for no further romark.
The oth contains a sugy^estion, but the published portion of the
** Notices'* should have shewn to Mr, Chalmers that it waa uncalle<l
for. I have quoted from Aufi-echt's Catalogi codicum mtmuscripto-
rum Bibliothecae Bodleiaoae, and from Weber's Verzeichniss der ^
Sanakrit-Handschriften, the only Berlin catalogue accessible to me*
Mr, Chalmers seems not to bo aware that no catalogue of the India
House Library has yet been published, and therefore it is impos- J
Bible to quote from it* I have lately got a MS, list of the contents
of that Library through the kindness of Dr. Host, and intend to
notice it when necessary.
The real cause of the misunderstanding lies in the expectation
that the Kotiees should serve the purpose of a catalogue raisson^ '
which they do not profess to do, nor were they originally re-
quired to do. The Society und*^rtook to supply only lists in the ^
Nagari character of MSS. still extant in the country, with brief i
notes of their contents, in ordor that future scholars in Europe may i
be enabled to compile a complete catalogue of Sanskrit literature,
and not to supply that dosidoratum now. The Government is of
opinion that the time has not yet come for a comprehensive scheme ;
of this kind, and if this be borne in mind» the ''Notices** will not '
be found to be so defective as they are said to be.
The President placed on the table diagrams exhibiting the
diurnal oscillations of the barometer observed by him at Dal-
housie during a portion of last October. He did so, not on account
of the merits of these curves, for they were only rough approxima-
1871.]
Proce^dtnffi of the Asiatic SoHeff.
15
tions to the truth, hut in order to press on the attention of memhors
of the Society the importance of observatiuns of this kijid in India.
He mentioned the purt whiehj ftccording to a very generally re-
L'ei%'ed theory, the presence of vajiour had in etfooting the double
maximum, and pointed out that this country seemed to afford
extraordinary opportunity for the complete investigation of thia
subject,
CoL the Hon'ble E. Straohey begged to differ altogether from
the views put forwai*d by the President, and characterized the
doetrine which attributes the daily oscillations of the barometric
pressure solely to the influence of vapour in the atmowphero as a
dogma. The actual tension uf vapour at any place does not represent
the portion of the total atmospheric pressure, due to the pressure of
the vajiour, aud the diiTerence between the total pressure and the
Tapour tension is not the pressttre af the dry air. The very nu-
moi*ou8 barometric and hygrometric observations which he (CoL
8trachf^y) had made in the plains of India and in the Himalayasi,
up to elevations of between 18 and 19000 feet, speak entirely
against this view — which he thought had fii'st been put forward by
General Sabine, — inasmuch as the same fluctuations in the total pres-
sure, which are to be observed in the plains, are equally marked at
high €*levations in Tibet, where there is extremcdy little moisture
in the atmosphere, CoL Strachoy refeiTcd to a paper which he
had published on the subje<?t some years ago in the Proceedings
of the Koyal Society on the distribution of vapour in the atmos-
phere, in which the data for the above concduaiuns of his wore given
at length. He said that the day maximum and minimum are un-
questionably connected with the heating of tlie air by sun, and can
bo explained by the dispersion of the air over that part of the
earth's surface where the temperature is highest, and its accumula-
tion to the east and west of the most heated area. That this is
the true cause of the phenomenon is also indicated by Uie fact,
proved by observation, that the time of day maximum and mini-
mum change according to the hour at which the sun rises and sets
in diiforent localities. The explanation of the noctumal maxima
and minima is moro ditlicult, but they are probably secondary result
of the diurnal clianges of temperature. "
16
Ptoe90dmffi of the Asuiiie SkHfict^.
[Jaw.
Colonel Straehey noticed certain modification b of tho nsual daily
I Maxima and minima in the atniOBpheric pres»ur69, to bo obeenred ml
tlio billfl. Tliese must bo considered as purely local, and aro to b^
explained as caused by certain disturbances of the planes of equal
pressure in the air, due to the unequal expansion of the rariabla
depth of air over the plains and mountain slopes, which again are
followed by currents of air between tho plains and the lulls. During
the day, the air is heated over the plain and forms a superior current I
toward the mountain, at night the converse takes place and gives
rise to an inferior current towards the plain. These changes are
quit^ analogDtis to the daily sea and land-brooze.
Dr. Stoliciika observed that he was struck with the great regu-
larity with which tho maxima find minima in the atrao&i>heric pres-
Bure return at high elevation* He had made observations for two '
Buecessive years on the elevated plains of Tibet, between 15 and
20,000 feet, and found that as a rule the nutxima fell about the hour
of 10 A. M, and 11 p. m.> the minima bet\^een 3 and 5 p. M. and
about S A. M. Certainly the regular oscillations of the atmosphere ia '
these regions could not be attributed to the existence of vapour, tor
there is almost none whatever present. The anuutd raiu fall scarco-
ly amounts to half an inch.
In reply to remarks which fell from CoL Strarhey, the President
Roid that nothing could be further from his mind than any intontion
to set up or maintain tho ** dogma** which Ool Straehey attributed
to him. In truth he had brought the matter forward solely for tho
purpose of ui-ging that observation and research were still needed,
and that the peculiar facilities of India in this respect were neg*
lected. We had it in our power t<:> niuko observations, with varia-
tions of condition as to elevation, humidity and temperature, suoh
as could hardly be secured elsewliero. We could almost be 8iitd
to be able to expei-iment in thia sulyect, so great were our oppor^
tunities of making simultaneous observations at diflereut heights in
pretty nearly the same vertical line, and at variously situated
stations, distributed over a larg<dy extended surface of the earth.
Tho odvantngea offorod by the character, and position of the coun-
try for analysis of the elomenta of tlie problem and comparison of
results seemed to be in a great moastire uiihoeded. They oould only
Proeftdinff* of ike Atiatic Societif,
17
^1871
^Bfa^CffeotiTely luudo use of by combined action, and of this air pre-
^^fjll-it could Lardly be eaid that there voa any.
H Tl
■ lolbi
W Tl
I
The following papers were brought before tlie meeting.
I, Notes on the district of Dera Irtnail Kliau, by T. W- H.
Tolbort, Esq., C. S.
This pappr contains notes on the history^ arebtcology, and
natural productions of the dibtrict ; it wiH shortly appear in the
Journal of the Skjciety.
2* On the antiquity of Indian Arthitecture, by Bfibu Eijendra-
kla Mitra, {AbntracL)
The oldeet remains that have come to light are the pillars of
As'oka, and they are not of a greater age than the middle of the
third century before Ohrist. Hence an opinion is gaining ground
that tlio ancient Aryans were not proficient in the art of building
substantial edifices with stonos and bricks, and that the primitive
Hindus were dwellers in thatched huts and mud houses. Mr,
Fergusson, who has adopted this opinion, adds that the Hindus
learnt the art of building from the Grecians who came to India
•with Alexander, and that the oldest specimens of areliitecture in the
country appear to be in the first stage uf transition from wood to
stone. The author oombala these opinions by a number of quota-
tions from the Big Veda^ — ^a work generally believed to be of the
same age with the Mosaic chronicles — in which allusions are made to
fortified towTi«, birge palaces, three-storied dwellings, bricks, inlltirs
and other objects which could not have existed without masonry
works of some kind or other. Quotations are also given from
Punini, tlie R tmiiyana and the Mahabhdratha to provo the existence
of mas*>nry liuuses at a very early period of Indian history. It is
denied tliat the Buddhist rehgion — a mere reformation of the old
Hindu faith — could have any influence in originating architecture,
and the invasion of Alexander, ia compfu-ed to the recent British
expedition to Abyssinia, in which very little impression was produced
on tlie domestic arts of the Abyssinians. It is diificult to believe
that Alexander brought any large number of quarriers, masons, and
arohitoctfl to leave some b«^liind for the education of the people of
Pr9€$$iin$9 (/ the Aiiaiic Saeietjf. [J
the country in architectur©, and it would be absurd to suppasa that
a king, like As'oka, who is presumed to have originally lived ia
thatehed huts, would of his own accord aond ior architeuta and
quarriers fnim Greece to build him a ptilace. In reply to the ai^a*
ment founded on the ornamenta of old Indian architecture being
copied from wooden originals, it is contended that they do not
Bufhee to indicate the exact age when the transition fir&t took
place, inasmuch as there is a spirit of conservatism, a mannerism or
a survival of custom ia architectural ornamentation, so strong t^t
it preserves intact forms long after the lapse of the exigencies which
first lead to their production, and such evidence, therefore, cannot
be accepted as conclusive.
Eev. K. M. Benerjea made some observations in support of tlio
views expressed by Babu Eajendralala Mitra.
Mr* Wood-Mason exhibited an interesting cose of polydactjlism
(see pi, I), in a horse from Bagdad, and remarked that the spliut-
like rudiments of the metacarpals of the fourth toe on each fore-foot
(iv. in figs. 1 ot 2 of pL I) had given rise to a supernumerary digit
provided with the regular number of iihidanges and encased in an
asymmetrical hoof j the asymmetiy of wliich was such, that the pre-
sence of another of the same shape internally to it would have formed
a symmetrical pair, like the cleft hoof of a ruminant. The metatarsal*
of the fourth toe on each hind foot were by the law of correlation
Bimilarly aHected, but the supernumerary hoofs of these were stout-
er and more in-egular in shape. He next mentioned the fact that
M. Ailoing in a recent contribution* to our knowledge of the orgaui-
atation of the foot of the horse had described a poly dactyl o hors©
with the extra digits developed from the rudiments of the second
toe (ii. in figs. 1 et 2) ; the hoofs of these only dill'orod from those
of the principal digits in their smaller size. He next distinguish-
ed between those monstrositiosf that had resnltud from injuries
received by the embryo <>* utaro or in the QQ^^ btitweeu those wliich
might be said to be due to the ** anomalous retention of embryonic
• Aim dea bo. nut. (zooK), 5o Scr., vol. viii, pp. 55 ct 8«qq.t pi. 1.
f For full iiiroriTi.itIou ou the aulijeot of luoaatrositiei ikd^ Dttrwiii*8 " Afll* |
lUB^b tkikd PliiuU under dumestioutiuii.^'
187L]
Froc^ediHg^ of ike Aaiaiic Somehj*
19
cliaracters," and those tHat took tlie form of the re-developmeat of
viable rudiments of digits, or other structures, normally present
in some remote aucestors of tho grau|i to which the individual
_ affected belonged. This explauation applied to the pt>IydaotyIe
foot figured on the accompanying plate (I.). The resemblance to the
[extinct mpparion* would have been perfect if the two outer toes
EOn each foot had been developed. In illustration of these remarks,
ke traced the Horses back in time to their three-toed progenitors,
tJIij>j}anon and Anvhitheriumy whose remains abounded in themiocene
Jeposits of Eurupe,India (in tho Sewalik-Iiills), and America : in Hip-
par ion the two outer toes of each foot possessed the same number
lof phalanges as the principal toe, but were reduced to mere dewclaws
'and did not touch tho ground j in Auchiiherium^ on the the otlier hand,
they were nearly equal in size to it. The figures sufficiently show-
|©d the great length and breadth of the " splints" (ii, et iv. in (l^h,
1 et 2)^ and the nbtuseness of their distal extremities as compai*ed
with the slender, finely pointed character of these same structures
in an ordinary horse.
Explanation of Pbto I,
Fig. 1. Front ?iew of right carpua(mmta the prosntial series of carpiil bone^)
of & poljdtiotyle borae ; \ iiat* size.
Fig 2. PuHtorior view of Hanio.
Tlio Eoman nnmeruU ii, iii, it refer to the 2ud| 3ril and 4t)i digits rospeo*
I tiTely in both ligurea.
The following papers were received.
On terrestrial Alollusca fi*om the neighbourhood of Moidmein,
jTenosseriiii Provinoea, by Dr. F. Stoliczka,
Monograph of the Indian Cijpvimdm^ Ft. I, by Dr. F. Day.
LiBRAKY.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
[meeting li»^ld in December last.
Prestnttatiom*
%• Names of Donora in Capitals.
Proceedings of tho Royal Institution of Gr^at Britain, Vol. V.
Part VII.— The Ikstitittion.
Journal of the Chemical Society, S«pt., 1870. — ^The SoaExy.
* Yid^ the mtHpiifleont memoirs of M, Gftodry ami Dr. Leidyi and ia con-
rnesino therewith Prof. Hiitley'fl Preaidoatial addreaa to the Gcolog'oal Society
of Loudouj Fobruiiry, 1870.
20 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Jan.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay, Vol. IX. No.
26. — The Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay.
Monatsbericlit der K. Akademie der Wissenscliaften zu Berlin,
Juli, 1870.— Akad. deb Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
Zeitschrift der deutsclien Morgenleendischen Gesellschafty Band
XXIV, Heft 3.— The Editor.
Raliasya Sandarbha, No. 62. — The Editor.
The Pali Text of Kachcliayano's Grammar, by P. Mason. — The
Editor.
Professional Papers of Indian Engineering, No. 29. — The
Editor.
Memoir of Dwarkanath Tagore, by Kissory Cband Mittra. —
The Author.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Paleeontologia Indi*
ea. Vol. ni. Nos. 1 — 4. — Icones Plantarum India Qrientales, by
Major H. Beddome, parts 4-6. — Flora Sylvetica, by Major H,
Beddome, parts 3 — 6. — Selections from the Records of Gbvem-
ment, Home Department, No. 80, Foreign Department, No. 81.
The Government of India.
Records of the Geological Survey, Vol. Ill, Nos. 3-4. — The
Government of Bengal.
Purchase,
The Kamil, part 7. — Zenker's Turc-Arabe-Persian Dictionary
part 16. — Lond. E. and D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 268. —
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 35.— Comptes
Rendus, No. 9.— Museum Heineanum by Cabanis, Theil I— IV.
Exchange.
The Nature, Nos. 53—57.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THK
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAi
FOR FEBEUAfiY, 1871,
Til© annual meeting of tlio Society was htld on Wctlnosdayp at
9 F. M., Ist Fcbruitry, 1871.
The Hoii^ble Mr. Justice Phear, rreaiduut, m Uia cliair.
Tht» President eiilled upon tho Seeretury to rwwl the anuual
repurt of the Council,
Annual Beport fob 1870*
The Council of the Asiatic Society of Bougul, in presenting their
annual report for the year 1870, have again to uongratulate the
memhera on the healthy condition of activity which the Society
has maintained.
During the year under review, there were 28 ordinaiy meniherfl
elected, while in tlie «ame period, the Society sustained a loi3« of 57
Dienibers. Of tluH latter number 45 are duu to death or resigna-
tion, and 1 2 have been removed from the list for nou-coiupliauce
with the rtdes of tho Society* The somewhat Itirge number of re-
signations appears to bo partially due to tliu iutroductiou of tlio
revised rulea of tlie Societyj by which members, leaving for JSu-
rope, are particularly rcqite^ted to state, whether they wi-ih tliat
their membership ribouid continue or not. Formerly information
on til is point was rarely giveiif and it was greatly on this aceotmt
that tlie member list had grown to unnatural dimtjUHions.
At tlie close of the year, tho number of ordinary menibers waa
414 ; of the^e 266 were paying membetrs, and 14^ absent* A
marked decrease in these numbers ia to be observed, when the
22
Proceedings of ih& Mtatie Sodd^,
[Fi
present year is rorapaTefl with Ibe pnfit, and eren Tritli seyeral of
th© preceding years, as will be seen from the subjoined table : —
Tlie Coimeil regret to announce tlie duath of llie following ordi-
nary members ; — J. Kavenagb, Euq., E. Jardino, E«q., Lieut, B.
0. Beavan, B&bu BadhtinAtba Siliadara, M. H, Onn:^1»y, Esq., LL. 1>»,
Biibu K^ipraaaniia Sinlia, J. Avdall, Esq., Major J. J. Ho-
venden, Edja 8ir Ueonarayana Sinha, Babadui', K. 0. S. I., Dr. T.
Anderson, F. L. 8,
Although it might at first sight appear that the decrease in the
ftocesaion of new members, and the somewhat numerous reaigna*
tions are due to a diminishing appreciation of the scientiEc elforta
of the Suciety on the part of the public, tJio Council take pleasure
in remai'king that such is far from being the ease. On the con-
trary, the Council feel themselves justiiied in asserting that the in-
terest of the scientific public in tho working of the Society has in
the last twelve months seu&iljly increased in India as well as
abroad. This is particularly shewn by the largely increased demand
for the pultlications of the Society, the sale of the Journal and
Proceedings having been greater than in any previous year, and
the Society having also received several olfers of various foreign
scientific institutions for an exchange of their publications. In no
less a degree have the members themselves evinced their interest
in the Society by the regularify of their contributions, both in the
way of subscriptions and of scientific communications. The ac-
tual income of tho Society has exceeded the estimate by an appre-
ciable amount.
187 L]
Proceeding* of iJw Asiatic So<?»Wy.
2S
I
The numerouB communications, forwarded to the Society, — chiefly
by its members, — equally shew thut the acientiiic interest in the
Society are largely increasing. More than 60 valuable contribu-
tions in various branches of science and literatiu-e have been re-
ceived, and this does not include many of the shorter papers printed
in our Prooeedings.
MusEtTM*
During the post ^ear, the Council of the Society, in aooordaiioe
with the provisions of Act XTIIof 1866, and their previous prao*
tico, have CH>utinued to trunsfer all tht? donatiune rctceived in the
Natui^al Iliatory and Archajulugioal iJopartmeata, to the Trustees of
the Indian Museum. A detailed statement of these donations
has beun published in the December Proceedings for last year.
The Council uf the Asiatic Society feel it their painful duty to
express, at this opportunity, theii' great regret, that the Govern*
ment of ln*lia will not be able to provide in the new Museum building
At the appointed time — 2*)rd Marelij 1871, — the necessary accommo-
dation, which the members of the Society had a right to expect
for their valualde collections. The Council, however, entertain the
hope, tliat tlie d<day in carrying out the provisions of the Museum
Act will be only ttjaiporary, and that thn Government will spare no
efforts to give to the public and the Society at the earliest possible
moment, the benehts wliioh it is the purpose of that Act to bring
about.
OoDT Oabijtbt.
The Society's collection of Coins received an increase of 14
Copper coiuSi presented by Captain A. Bloomiield, M. L* Ferrar,
Esq, I and H. J. Hainey, Esq. A set of 17 silver coins haa been
purchased.
LnjBAitv,
Within the past year, the Library received an addition of 77§
volumes, or parts of volumes. Many of these were obtained in
exchange for the publications of the Society, others were purchased,
aud for a considerable number the Society is indebted to private
individuals and to the GKivemment of India. Detailed lists of the
mcmthly accessions to the Library have been regularly published
ilk each number of the rroceoilingH. In tlie collection of mauu-
24
Frocf^edintfi of the Anatic Society*
[Feb-
cripts, valuable additions have alao bocu maile ; thero Tvere 9*1 j
Samacrit inanuseripta purehased or copied, aud 6 Persian workfl
were pure based.
Tlie Council regret tbat it bus been bejoud tbeir power to make^J
the Library as useful uis tbe membert* hiivo a right tu expect it
be, nud as tbe Counuil would earnestly desire to make it, The]
difEculty lies principally in the inadequate Bpaeo now available
for the hooka. It was cbiedy on tliat at^count that tbe new con-
templated editioa of the Library catalogue has not been completed,!
The Council will, however, endoavoiu' to remedy this growing evil at
the earliest jjot^siblo opportunity, but Lbey q^innot take any utfoctiv**
steps until the Natural Ilistorj collections are removed from thfl
Society^s house.
The collection of M88. has also boon examined during last yearj
Maulavi Abdul Hakim, ujider the Secretary's superintendenceJ
chocked the Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani MSS*, and Pundit
Premchandra Choudhnri examines at present the Sanscrit MB3«J
The Catalogue of the Pundit is to be a catalogue raimnn^ ; he ha
analyzed about 500 works on grammar, loxicogi-aphy, prosody J
prose and poetiy, rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine
Ail MS8. received since thtj preparation of the old catalogue
have been entered into the MS. catulogues of the Society.
A list of the iSocieties and other scientific institutions, with whiclj
exchanges of publications have been made^ is apx>euded further on
Publications.
The Council have anxiously bestowed continued attention upon the
publications, as these constitute the truest indicia of active life in the
Society, and they have now the satisfaction to announce that thfl
49th volume of the Journal will very shortly be complete<l, and on^
volume of Proceedings was issued ; both will extend over more iha
1200 pages, accompanied by 36 plates. It lias been the aim of the
oiHecrs of the Society not only to insure the regularity of issue of thq
various numbers of the Journal and ProceedingSj but also to int
duce an improvement in the illustrations aceouipauying tlie papers.
The value of the improvements effected is tloarly indicated by
increasing applicationR for the various numbers of the Journal
thfl^
th^
Fth^J
^trd^^l
1871.]
Fro0eeding$ of th Anatic Sotiei^,
U
»
Proceedings. The Hale of these hm heen during tho past yei3P
larger than in any previous year, amounting to K^. lilt).').
There have been issued for the year 1870, eleven nutiihera of
Proceedings, equal to 317 pages, (uxclusive of appendicjos), and 6
platea. Of the Journal, part I, ^Philulogyj Arulittjology, &c., &c.,
3 numbers were issued and the 4th ia ready for issue ; the part will
extend over 301 pages and 13 plates. Part II, Natural History, Ac.,
was issued in 4 quarterly numbers, and includes 432 pages and
18 plates, and in addition 08 pagen of Meteorological Observations.
Each of these part*? t'lin form a separate volume, for each is 8e[»ar-
ately i)aged, and provided with a special index, &c. &o.
BlBLIOTHECA. IlfDlCA.
Dining 1870, forty-seven fasciculi have been isfiued of Oriental
works, t?Ji., 2 Arabic, 12 Pei-sian, 30 Sanscrit, and 3 fasciculi of
English Translations, r»s.| 1 &oni the Persian, and 2 from the
Sanscrit.
Arabic Work*.
Maulavi *Abdul Ha! lias issued 2 fasciculi of the Iq/lbah, or
Biogi-uphical Dit^tionary of Persons who knew Muhammad, The
work was commenctfd by Dr. A* Sprungor, and cuutinuoil l»y Mania*
vi 'Abdul Haq, whose death temporarily interfered with th© pro-
gress of the book,
Fenian' Work*.
Of Khafl Khan*8 History, Maulavis Kabiniddin and Ohulim
Qidir, of the Calcutta Madrasah J have issued six ftiscicidi. An-
other fasciculus will com[doto thir^ imimrtiuit history of the Mughid
Emperors of Delhi* Maulavi Agh^ Alimad 'Ali has issuod 3 fas-
ciculi of the MaAsir i ^Alamgiri^ a ]ii»tory of the reign of Amiing-
aib. Of the Quarto Text editiou of the *Ain i Akbari, Mr. Bhjch-
m&nn has issued two fasciculi ^ and one fasriculus of the English
Translation.
Maulavi Ztilfaqiir 'Ah, of the Calcutta Madrasah, has brought
out one fascii idus of the Critical Porcs^iiin Dictionary, entitled * Far-
hang i Roshidi,' by Maulavi 'Abdurras<hid of Tattah.
A'ghA Ahmad 'Ali^s introdurtiou to the JSikandiirnimah i Bahri
is nearly compl<^ted and will sJnirtly be issued.
26
l¥od0§dtngs of thff Aiiaik SatUi^.
[Fe
In conseqtience of the additional grant of Rs, 3000 ptir mm
taade by the Government of India for the publictttion of 8ancKTi|
works, annoiinoed at the last Annual Meoting, the Sanscrit serio^
has made ponsideralde progreea. Ko leas than 3Q faMiiculi huvfl
been issued during the past year, against 9 in 1869 and 5 in IdGS^j
Babn EAjondmUla Miti-a has issued 2 fasciculi of the Taittiriyi
Brahmana of the Black Yujur Yiida, and one of tho Xrauyakn
Both works are now almost completed, and an index is in th^
coiLTseof preparation. Paudita Xnaiidafhandra Vedautavagiaa ha
published 10 fasciculi of the Tandya Mahalirahmana, and eight fajsciJ
culi of the Srauta Siitra of LatySyana. The Council have entrusted
tho publication of the Stoa Veda SanhitS to Pandita Satyavrat
Sdmaararai who hoa already issued the first fasciculus of the satJ
with the Commentaries of Sftyana. Paudita Harachandra Vidyrtho
shana has published three fasinculi of tho Agni Purana, and one of
the Gopatha Brikmana of the Atharva Veda. He has also issued.^
the Gopala Tapani of the same Yeda, with the commentary of Vis
oavara. Pandita Rdmamaya Tarkaratna of the Sanscrit College
Calcutta, has publlnhed one fasciculus of the Nrisinha T&pani witB
Sankora's Commentary ; another fasciculus will complete th«
work* Pandita Mahesachandra Nyayaratna has issued one fa^4
cidus each of the Mamansa Parsaua and the Sauhita of the Bhiri
Yajur Veda, Pandita Cluindrakauta Turkalaukira is now editing
the Oobhila Sutra, and a fasciculus of the same is soon to be issai^dJ
During 1870, BAbu RAjendrahila Afitra issued the first number of
Notices of ** Sanscrit Manuscripts," and a second number has jugtl
been published, Babu Eajendraldla's annual report on the work done
by the traveUing pandit will appear at the end of the official year.
Professor E. B, Cowell issued his translation of the Mait
Upanishad, and Rev. K. M, Banerj«a the first fasciculus of
translation of the Brahma Sutra.
The following is a detailed list of works published dm-ing 1870j
Old Sen'es, Arabic, — A Biogi-aphicol Dictionary of Persons who
knew Muhammad, by Ibii Hajfir, edited in Arabic by Maulavi^
AbJtd Hili, No3. 225, 226, Fade, VXII and IX of Vol. IV.
1&7L]
Proe0*dingi of the A$iatte Soeifti/.
27
iV>w Serm, Ptntm, — The Mnntakhab al Lubab of Khafi Khan,
edited by Maulavis Kabir al Din Ahmad and Ghulam Qadir, Nos,
178, 180, 186, 192, 204, 205, Fasc. XIII to XYIIL
The Ain i Akbari bj Abul Fazl i Mubarak i AllAmij edited by
H, Blochmanti, M. A., Nos. \\)% 211, Fa«c XI, XII.
The Maasir i 'Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Miisf aidd Khan,
edited by Maulavi Aghd Ahmad Ali, No. 195, 210, lh\m. 1, 11.
The Farhang i Eushidi by Mullii Abdur Ka^bid of Tattah, edited
and annotated by Maulavi ZuLfaqdr All, -No. 200, Faso. I.
Old Series^ Satmrii. — The Taittiriya Bmhmana of the Black
Tajur Veda, with the eommontary uf Sayan;iebarya, edited by B4bu
Eajendral^a Mitra, Nob. 222, 223, Pasc. XXHI, XXIV.
The Sanliita of the Black Tajur Veda with the commentnry of
Madhava A'chdiya, edited by Mahosachandra Nayaratna, Vul. HI ;
No. 224, Fasc. XXIII.
AW iSWfV*, tSamcrit* — Tfindya Mahfibrahmaua with the oommen-
tury of Sdyana Ach^ryya, edited by Anandacihandra Vtjdantavagifta,
No8. 179, 182, 188, 190, 191, 199,206, 207, 212, 21 7, Faec. IV to Xlll.
The Srauta Sutra of Latydyana, with the eouimenlary of Af^ni-
swami, edited by Anandaehancbra VcdatttaTagiBa, Nos. 181, 184,
185, 187, 196, 198, 202, 2i:i, Faso. I to VIII.
Gopala Tapani of the Atharva Veda, with the commentary of
Visvesvara, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhushana and Visvani*
tha tSastri, No. 183.
The Agni Purana, a eyfitem of Hindu Mythology and Tradition
in the origrnal Sanscrit, edited by Haradiandra Vidyabhixehana,
No* 189, 197, 201, Fasc, I to III.
The Taitteriya A'rimyaka of the Black Yajiir Veda, with the com-
ment ai*y of S6yandchai'aya, edited by Ilajendraldla Mitra, No. 203,
Fasc, LX.
The Mim&n8& Darsana, with the eommentajy of 8aYara Swa-
niin, editnd by Pandita Mahesachandra Nyayaratna, Noe. 208, 209,
Fase. IX and X.
Oopatha Brahmana of the Atharva Veda in the Original San-
scrit, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhusana, No. 215, Fa»e. I.
The Nrisiuha Tdpanl with the commentary of Sankai*a Xehiirya,
edited by liamamaya Tarkaratna, No. 216, Fa^c. I.
28
Proeeedin^s ofiha Aiiatie Society,
[FebJ
Hn^h'sh Tl'amlaiiom, — Tlie Am i Akbori of Abul Fad i Allaiui.
Trandated irom the Peraian by II. Blochmaan, M. A., No. 194^
Yob I, Fase. lY. ^
Old Series, Samcrit. — TheMaitri Upaniflhad with the commentar]^^
of liaiuatii'tba, edited with an English Tranelation by E. B.
OoweU, M. A.
New Seriei, Samcrii. — Tlie Brahma Snti-ae, with the comment
of Sankarach^rj^a translated into Euglifih by Kev. K. M. Bauexje
No. 214, Fasc. I.
FiNAJfCE.
The Council has already had occasion to remark tliat the finan*
cial condition of the Society is satisfactory. The expenditure hm
been as much as possible kept within the estimated liniit** of thfi^H
various items, regulated by the income. The actual income ha^H
exceeded the estimated Inconie by Es. 745 , while at the same time
a Having of Es. 582 was effected in the estimated expenditure,
thus making a total sui'plu8 of Bs. 1,327, which, added to the
balance of Us, 1,540,* left to the credit of the Society at the dose i
1869, makes a grand total of !Rs. 2,867. The reserved funds of tin
Society in Government Securities, amoujiting to Bs. 2000, remaiue
the same as in the previous year.
The Council were anxious to secure this surplus for the benefl
of the Society^ because they expect that in a short time a oonsidel
ablw outlay will be required for the repairs of the building, ana
tliey ai'e equally alive to the necessity of increasing the amountp
to bo devoted for the jiroper accommodation and aiTnngement o^^
the library, as soon as suHicient ro<mi for it can be obtained. ^|
An abstract of the accounts for the year 1B70 ib shewn in the
subjoined table : —
Income.
Actual 1870.
Admission fees, . . # • Bs, 864 0
Subscriptions, .. •< •* *, 8,812 10
Publications, •• .. •. .. 1,903 I
Library, t , •. .. .. .. 752 T4
Coin Fund, ♦ . . . . . . • 0 0
* Excluding £upot}« SiRi-iO-O, held ta triuii for Dr. J. Mair.
1871.] Proceedings of the Astatic Society. 29
Seoretary*8 Office, .• .. .. .. 287 6 0
Vested Fund, .. .. .. .. 110 0 0
Miscellaiieous, •• .. .. •• 914 4 10
ia,644 4 1
Ool. E. T. Dalton's Ethnology of Bengal, .. 5,000 0 0
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., . . .. 3,703 2 9
22,347 6 10
Balance of 1869, in the Bank of Bengal :
Dr. J. Muir, .. .. 898 10 0
Asiatic Society, .. 1,411 4 7
Gash in hand, . . 128 1 9
1,539 6 4
2,438 0 4
Es. 24,785 7 2
Expenditure.
Publications, Rs. 5,239 13 5
Library, 2,472 8 3
Secretary's Office, 2,585 2 3
Building, 9l0 10 3
Coin Fund, 13 6 4
Vested Fund, 0 4 4
Miscellaneous, 1,633 7 10
12,854 15 8
Ethnology of Bengal, 5,000 0 0
Oonseryation of Sanscrit MSS., < . , . . 1,527 6 6
19,382 6 2
Balance of 1870, in the Bank of Bengal.
Dr.J.Muir, 898 10 0
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., 1,653 1 9
2,551 II 9
Frocetidinffs qf tft4 A sin fir Sncifft^.
[Feb.
Amatie Society, ....*.. 2^725 6
irash in hand, 125 15
2,851 5 3
5,403
Es. 24,7a5 7
Tour Council ^esiro to pltw^e on rtH^^ird, that they have had lin-
ger their yonaideratiou the very iniportaut question of roductioa
[i*ii Riil>8mj»tiouH now oontrihute^i hy Tnemliors, vvht^ther resideu
fer non-resident. They have t'ftU:ulatL*d the immediate loss of an^
Bual reeeipta wliiiih this would produce, and carefully esttmat
how far and how soon they coiild Justly nnticipato that the incom^
of the Society wouhl rorjovctr itsoU'. Th»^y are eonfideiit, that such
reduction of thosubHCjriptiu OS would lead to a future increase
income, by bringing to the Society a considerable increase in th^
number of members, and would at the same time render that ic
4foni6 le«8 Huutuuting by placing it on a wider and more secur
basis* They felt strongly also that these benefits shoidd be grautlj
i#d to the membei's of the Society at the oarliost possible date :
going that the time is now near at hand (23rd Marth, 1871), whe^
the Society under their conti^aet with tlie Government of India will
liecome entitlt?d to such permanent addition to their income, as ma
b« realized for the u^e of the building which they now occupjj
(and which is valued and assessed at 400 E.s. per month), the
were disponed to recommend to the S«xuety the immediate reductioJ
of the subscription of resident members by one-third, and of noal
resident members by one-sixth of their present contributions. Any
immediate reduction of income, resulting from this action, won
have heen more than recouped by the rent of their premises,
ter a full consideration, however, they have for viirious reason
resolved to leave this veiy important question until the time shu
have actually urrivtid, when the Socittty will become entitled 1
realise this addition to tht^Ii- permanent income. They con£
themselves, therefore, to expressing the hope, based on their ooij
viction of the importance of the matter, that their successors i
oilico may be enabled to satisfy the wishes and ju&it expectation
.i87l.] Proceedingi aj the Asuiitc Society, 31
of the members of the Society by carrying out at an early date this
important change.
Rejecting, therefore for the present, the consideration of this
question as affecting the income of the Society, the Council beg to
submit the following estimate of the probable receipts and expendi-
ture.
Income. ExPENDirnRK.
Admission fees, Es. 900 00 000
Subscriptions, , 8,500 0 0 0 0 0
Publications, 1,500 0 0 5,000 0 0
Library, 600 0 0 2,600 0 0
Coin Fund, 0 0 0 100 0 0
Secretary's Office, 0 0 0 2,800 0 0
Miscellaneous, 1,000 0 0 1,000 0 o
Building, 0 0 0 1,00P 0 0
Bs. 12,500 0 0 12,500 0 0
Officers.
The general duties of the Secretary, including the publication of
the monthly Proceedings, have been, as likewise in the previous
year, carried on by the Honorary Secretaries, Mr. H. Blouh-
mann and Dr. F. Stoliczka. The Piiilological Part (I.) of the
Journal has been edited by Mr. Blochmann, and the Natural
History Part (II.) by Dr. Stoliczka.
Colonel H. Hyde carried on the duties of Financial Secretary
and IVeasurer.
The Council desire to record their satisfaction with the g^od ser-
vices which Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha has rendered to the
Society as Assistant Secretary and Librarian ; they also favourably
report on the services of Babu Mauiiaia Bysaok, and Mauiavi
Sayyid Waliuila, assistants in the office and library.
List of Societies and other Institutions with which exchanges of
publications have been made during 1870.
Batavia : —Societe des Sciences des ludes Nederland mm.
Berlin : — Royal Academy.
32
Pfoceedingi of the Amatie Society,
[Feb.
Bombay : — ^Koyal Asiatic Society.
Boston : — Natural History Society.
Bordeaux : — Bordeaux Academy,
Buenos Aires : — Public Museum.
Bruxelles \ — Academic Koyal© des Sdenoes &c. de Belgique.
Cherbourgh : — Societe Impt^riixlo des Sciences Naturelles.
CftlcaUta : — Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India.
: — Tattvavodhini Sabha.
: — Geological Survey of India.
Christiauitt : — ^University,
Dacca : — Dacca News and Planters' Journal.
Dera : — Great Trigonometrical Survey.
Dublin : — Hoyol Irish Academy,
* : — Natural History Society*
£dinburgh : — Itoyal Society,
Germany : — Oriental Society.
Lahore : — Agricultural Society of Funjab.
London : — Boyal Society.
: — Boyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
: — Boyal Institution.
:— Boyal Qeograpliical Sodety.
' ; — Museum of Practicid Geology*
*— — : — Zoological Society,
- : — Statistical Society,
— : — Geological Society.
^ : — Linnean Society.
:— AtbeasBum*
; — Anthropological Society,
: — Nature,
Lyon t — Agricultural Society.
Moec^v I — ^Societe des Naturaliates.
Miinich : — Boyal Academy*
Madras v — Government Central Museum.
Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society.
New York : — Commissioners of the Department of Agriculture.
Netherlands : — Bojal Society,
Forla : — ^Ethnographlcal Society.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 33
Paris : — Geographical Society.
-^— — : — Asiatic Society.
St. Petersburg}! : — Imperial Academy of Science.
Yienna :— Imperial Academy of Science.
-^— ; — Anthropological Society.
— — : — Zoological and Botanical Society.
: — Imperial Royal Geological Institute.
Washington : — Smithsonian Institution.
It was proposed by D. Waldie, Esq., and seconded by H. 11.
Locke, Esq., that the report be adopted. — Carried.
The President requested Mr. II. H. Locke, and Mr. J. Wood-
Mason to act as Scrutineers.
During the time that the balloting lists for the election of officers
and members of Council of the Society were examined, the Presi-
dent addressed the meeting.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Gentlemen, — It will be seen from the report of the Council tliat
the administration of our finances during the past year has been
effected with care, and has been such as to exhibit very satisfactory
results. For this, in great measure, we have to thank our excel-
lent Financial Secretary, Colonel Ilydo. The diminution of income,
however, which appears to be imminent as a consequence of an
apparently growing loss of members, will seriously cripple the So-
ciety, unless the current can be turned and our numbers be speedi-
ly augmented by new accessions. Unfortunately, the position in
which the Society has for some time been, and still is, kept by
reason of the non-completion of the New Museum building, is one
of grievous embarrassment and disadvantage. The greater part of
our house space is taken up by the Museum Trustees under statu-
table powers for the purpose of displaying the c^ollections to the
public. Our valuable library is rendered practically useless, for
want of standing ground whereon to range the cases. And we
have no room in which we can properly set out the current literary
84
fmsudiH^K oj thti Asiatic Sacietf,
and scientific perioclieala for inRpLH^tion and daily reference on tho
part of our members. TJius it ha^ on tbis account alone become
matter of puliljc noDceru, that, live existing state af tkitiga »lioiild
not be proloiiged. Moreover, by the Museum A^t of 1 8(36, tli9
Connc^il of the Soeiety was in a manner eliarged with the duty of
eeeing that tlu> biiildin|j to be eret-ted by the Government under
the terms of that Act for tlie receptiou of tlio CoUuetiuuB should be
fit and proper for it« object. And the period preftvribed by th©
LegiBhitti re for the completion of this building extended only to
23r<l March, 1871. When, tht-u, in the otuly part of the past
year it was seen that the Museum huihiiug works remained at a
stand still, and no sign was given by the Govei'nment of any im-
mediate inteution to resume them, it became incumbent upon the
Ooundl, as well on aceount of the interests of the Society as by
reason of their statutable obUgations, to press the exigency of the
case upon the attention of Government. Actuated by this double
motive, honourable abke, I venture to think on either pai-t, the
Council wrote to the Government of India, and received in reply a
letter, which appeariug aa it does to ignore or set a^ido the orii^i-
nal agreement made with the Society, hat* been to your OouneU
matter of gi-ave eoncern and regret. I will not, however, dwell
upjn this uupleajiant iucid*tut, lor after all, it may have been leaa
due to design than to gaucherie and nmladroitness in tho State
Becretariat.
I am sorry to say that the eorrespondonce between your Coua-
cil aud tho Govemmeut has \vd to uothiug defiuite. The Counoil|
in their reply to the commuuicatiou of wliich I have spokeni
while they remonstrated against tlie attitude wliie^ the Govern-
ment assumed towards them, expressed their readiness to do all in
their power to assist the Goverumeut out of ita diiliculties. To
this no answer has been returned to us. And the matter therefore
stands thus : The Government is under a statutable contract with
the So<!iety to complete the Museum building by the 2:ird of m-^xt
month, so far as to render it fitted to receive the extensive natural
liiatory and archceological collections which should tht^u be ii'ana-
ferred to the Museum Tru^^tees. By the same contract, on Uv^
completion of the building, the fciociety is to have a poHiou tlmreof
1871.]
Frocitdin^M of tU Amaiic Smetif,
U
for its own aoeommoclation, and for the reception of iU Library and
otlier property. Our present house would thus, on the Govern*
ment fultilliug its undertaking, become an additional soui*ce of ra^
Tenue to ujs. These advantages to the 8c>tji«ty wej-e the considera-
tion for tlie transior to the Government on hehtilt' of the pubUc of
I our exceedingly valuable, and in many respects, unique collections.
And so far as the public are toncoruBd, this transfer t'Ook eliert from
ilie time of passing the Act, for it was oug of the tonus of tlie Act,
that the eolleetions of the Society and the additions thereto (sub-
sequently to be made) slioidd, until the building was so far com-
pleted, as to be In a condition to rei eive them, remain in the Socie-
ty's houBtJ under the care of the Museum Trustees, and eljould be
open to all persons desin^ue to view the same under rules to be
established by the Trustees, Thia term in the contract has been
fally complied with. And the result has been, that for some time
pa»t, the Society has been in the situadon of need, and embarrass-
ment which I have already described. I do not wish to exaggerate
the difficulty which the Council now experiencos in merely miiin-
taiuing the existence i»o to speak of the Society. It is enough to
say tliat it is very great, and increases every day. By our contract
with the Government no dotibt we were bound to bear this burdea
for a time, and we have no right to complain that it has proved to
be mure heavy than we anticipated. Uut we are entitled to expect
tlmt the Government will perform its side of the bargain, at tuiy
rate to the extent of enabling us to get iree of the most heavy of
our obligati«ins at the appointed date* I wish to assume tliat it
I will do HO, Although it is plainly impossible that the Museum
buihling should be completed on the 2drd March, we have reason
to believe, indeed I may say wo know, tiint the works will be re-
sumed almoHt iiumediutely, aiid will be carried on to some sort of
completion at, peihapt<, no very distant date. It will, however, b©
jfclrery serious matter to us, if we should be compelled to remain
m our present situation until the building be made litted in
any degree to receive the collections. And there is no reason, why
we should be called upon to suffer in this way. There is certainly
a choice of modes for the Ooveriunent in which it can aHbr<l us
relief, and 1 do not evon now doubt that it will adopt one or tho
8B JPro€i0dm08 of the Aaiatk Brnkfy. [Fjui*
other of them. It is nevertheless much to be deplored that the Go*
veniment has not yet, at the eleventh hour I may say> made u« ac-
quainted with the course which it propoaes to pursue,
Tlie Society hag, I regret to stato, su8t:iiuud the loss of several
valuahle members by death during the past year, Th** names are
all given iu the Ruport of the Council, and I will only repeat one
or two of them here.
Of those, Mr. Avtlall was our oldest member* He was elected so
long ago as the year 1826» and always maintained a strong interest
in the welfare of iho Society. He contributed several papers to
the Journal.
Babu Kaliprofiona Bingh, although at the time of his death still
a young man^ had distinguished himsolf by his Bengali translation
of the Hahabharat in 18 volumes. He had also tranalut^^d some
Sanscrit Dramas, and was known as the author of Sketches by
Hootoone,
Mr, Orm«by, was for a short time one of the Honorary SecretarieB
of the Society.
AndLt. Beavn was a naturalist of conisiderable proniL^o.
1 have alrendy spoken of the success which has attended the ad-
ministration of our funds during the year, just terminated and have
acknowle^Jged how much we owe to Colonel Hyde for his exertions
in tliis department. We are not the less indebted to our other Ho-
norary SocTetarie», Mr. Blochniann and Dr, Stoliczka, who by their
unwearied labours, and the application of their great literary and
scientific acquirements have brought our Journal, in the Philologi-
cal and Natural History parts respectively, t^> a high pitch of exctd-
lence. Also both Babu H^jendralala Mitra and Mr. Blochniunn
have done groat public service by mowt ably editing, and superiu-
tendiiig the publication of the Sanscrit and Persian w urks which
we have been able to issue under the Government grant for that
purpose ; and the other learned pundits, engaged in the undertaking,
have done their work in a manner deserving our best couimenda
tion.
The salaried staff of the Society, with Babu Frotapachandn^
OhosliH at their head» have performed their several duties to the
entire satisf action of the Council.
187L]
Pf^c<fsdtng$ of ike A$iaiic Societjf,
37
If I strictly conformed to the custom which generally regulates
the character of the presiduiitial addre^i^ea iu Soeietiea such as this,
I sliould, at this point, eudearotir to set out in some detail the
more remarkable steps of advance which have been taken in scienc
during the past year. I refrain, however, from following the usua
course for two reasons. Firstly, because our table is now so amply
supplied with the Journals and Pruoeedings of the principal scien-
tific bodies of the West, that any of our members can, by a glance
at a few title pages, acquire a fuller knowledge of that which haa
lately been» and is now being dt>ne by the Savants of Europe and
America, than I could convey to him with the labour of many hours,"
at the risk after all of passing over his particular subject of inter*
est. Secondly, and indeed I may say chiefly, because I wish to
avail myself of this ojiportuiiity foi* the purpose of pressing upon
yoiu? notice with earnestness, though at no great length, a topic
which I conceive to be of considerable moment to tlie interests uf
meteorological science throughout the world.
Let me first, however, offer a few words of preface, for I do nut
assume that all, whom I desire to addressi are oonversatit with i
meteorological facts relevant to my object.
We moat of us know in a more or less generid way that nearly
all the more important atmospheric currents, i. 0. the jiersistent
winds, gales and storms, owe their origin to the vertical displace*
ment of air which, by reason of the sun's action, is continually tak*
ing place over a certain eqaatorial belt of the earth's surface. I
need not now describe the procesa (thougli it is well to rememlior
that it is not perfectly simple) by whi>h the air over this belt be-
comes rariiicd and is caused to ascend. It is enough fur my pre*
sent object to remind you that the imtnediato conaeqm'ncij of this
upward movement ia a cairn or rather oomparative absence of
horizontal motion in the air over the belt in qnestion, an inflow of
l^jur along the earth's surface frutn the direction of itiich pole to-
wards and up to ihia belt and a corresponding t?uffl^»w nltoyo, of
the rifien air from the belt towards the polos.
The I'otatiou of the earth introducoa an apparent modilication of
these simple phenomena. If the siu-face of the earth were perfect-
ly smooth, the relative course ui>on it of a £i"eo heavy x>*ti"ticle, sup-
38
Proewdinifi of ike Attiaiie Society,
[Fb
poaod to be approftching the equntop and to ha moving under the
influoTice of an initial volocity, would in cousequenoo of the rotiition,
be »ueh us to ant the fluece»«ive parnlleb of bititude lit ooutinonlly
dimiuishin^ angles on tlio ofistem tside ; and the case would be
reversed for a partial u receding from the equator. Or to state the
Barao proposition soraewliat ditFerentlj, a particle st^irting witli a
given velomty, in passing from tho smaller ciroles of latitude to the
larger would, as it wont on, eeem to observers at each 8uece«sive
point in its course to be coming from a more and more easterly
direttion, while conversely in passing from the birgnr cirdua to the
smaller its apparent diret'ti**u would grow to be more and more
westerly. It is true that the earth's surface cannot be considered
smooth even as regards its action upon such a mobile fluid as iha
atmoisphere. The horizontal motion of masses of air over the
earth is much dieeked by fritition along the surface of contact or
more correctly by the obstruction wUit;h is uffordtHl by iJie eartli^a
inequulitiea of surface. Still the effect of this disturbiug cause is
upon the whole of a subordinate character ; and gpealdng generally
withont regard to special localities or occasitms, I may say that the
law which expresst^s the motion of a free particle relative to the
earthi also gives with some degree of approximation the course of
moving x^ortiona of the atmosphere. The tiow of pdar air towards
the equatorial belt, of which I have spoken, thus becomea an eat^
terly wind in both hemispheres, while the upper outflow or anti»
trade cun-ent is westerly and in both cases with a certain exception
the longer the course by which the ciurent has reached a given
pointp the greater is its deviation from a polar direction. This
explanation of the trade winds and of the intervening belt of calms
was developed, more than a century ago, by Halley and all ob-
servations since made have served moat fully to demonstrate its
truth.
It is comparatively lately, however, that Dove and others have
shown that the atmospheric phenomena of the trade and inter-trade
regions are but simple teases of the air-movements which take pla<^
outside those limits. For instance, the well known veeiing of
winds in the temperate zone is now held to be referable to precise^
ly the some cause as is the peculiar constant direction of the trade-
187K]
Proce^dintfB of ths Aniaih Sacktif,
d9
currents, There is not rautih diffimiity in perceiving one great rea-
ton why the prohlems furnishod bj the extra-tropical parte of the
Jobe are of e»2>ecial eoniploxitj. The volume of vapoiir-bearin^
air whi<-'h, rising from the equatorial belt and escaping away noi-th-
wards and sonthwarda, coaatitutes the anti-trades, must^ so to speak,
fihi'ink in volume as it proceeds tuwai'ds the poles. It advances or
flows away from the place of as<^:eat in t^nsequenue of the superio-
rity of the horizontal pressure which is represented by the sum of
its own tension and that of its contained vapour at thn hoight,
where the lateral escape occurs over that of tb© adjacent purtioa
of atmosphere. And it is enabled to pass into and lit itweU to the
gradually le&seniug spherictd spae(3 which, as the residt of gravita-
tion, corresponds to the higher latitude of the teiTestrial globe,
bec4iU8G it gradually cools by radiation on its journey and as it
cools contracts. The necossai-y result of this process is, that tlia
onward flowing mixture of air and vaptmr comes to bo at some
point epecihcally heavier than the compnratively dry air which
feeds the trades below it, and which is itself underg<»ing a converse
.nrocess. Consequently the upper sti'eam lalls, or ratliur (lor it ifl
)Elf course at any couftidorabie disttuice fr^jm the e*[Uutor gonerully
moving with a high relative velocity) drives through the lower
i|rtratum, and makes it« appearance on the earth's surfai'e as a wteudy
* Bouthwcst wind in the northern hemisphere and as a northwest
wind in the southern hemisphere. The dowiiooming in this way
of the anti-trades determiues the outKide edge of the belt, over
which the trades prevail, so tliut on Iho polar side of this etlge the
atmospheric phenomena are the resultants of a totally new order of
things, namely, a conflict of currents of equatorial westerly winda
on the one side with currents of pdar easterly winds on the otJier,
the currents constantly tdiifting beds if%ter a^ and always varying
f N^eatly in hygrometiical condition. We, therefore* see ample reii-
eon here for the compleidly and variableness of the atmospheric
phenomena in the extra -tropical zones.
I have so far entered upon these details, notwithstanding that
every one present is probably more or leas familiar with them, sim-
ply l»y way of leailing the membyis of this Society and indeed
through them, persone outaido our boily to consider the singidai* ad-
40
Proceed in ff 8 of the Aaiatie Soeuft^*
[Feb.
vantages which India ofTers for meteorological obaervatioii and re*
©earch. The great peninsula covering a« it does scarcely less than
twenty-eight degrees of latitude is in various resj^ects so special in
its character, tliat the periodic sliiftings of the equatorial wind belts
of which I have spoken, have a greater range above its surface or
in its neighbourhood than any where else probably in the whole
circuit of the globe. Not only does the southorn trade belt come
tip to and over it in the period of the southwest Monsoon, but in
the other half of the year tho polar edge of the northern trades
lies far to the south of the Himalayas, thus bringing some of the
principal phenomena of the extra- trt^pical region well witliin the I
observation of the Indian Meteoitdogist, So low as Calcutta we
not unfreqnently get warm equatorial breezes and showers of rain
about Christmas time. Also neither of the trade winds presetrved
its normal character in our region. The belt of highest tempera-
ture does not, where it transverses this pai-t of Asia in the summer
months, mark the Icm^us of minimum atmospheric pressure ; obser*
vatiou appears to have shown that this minimum prevails at that
time over an extensive area in Central Asia, whOo tliore are com- |
paratively small spots of relative minimum within the peninsula i
itself. On the other hand in the winter months there seems common- J
ly to exist in the northern part of the peninsula a locus of relative 1
maximum pressure. The coninequence of these conditions is, that
instead of a trade-wind in tlie ordinary sense of the teim, u tf. an
atmospheric movement ell'ected in approximately parallel currents
towards an anuukis whit:h is coincident with the diui'iial locus of
maximum surface temperature, we have as long as the sun is on
the north of the equator a monsoon converging towards a 1o(jb1
focus of low pressure which lies outside that annulus ; and at the
opposite period of the year we perceive tliat tlie wind constantly
inclines away, and often apparently blows directly, from a centre in
the upper pai-t of ludia. These recurring phenomena appear to pre-
eeut such a particular case of a general law as is especially valuable ]
for the purposes of sciontifie inquiiy.
Again a consideration of the possible causes which give rise
to a separation between the simultaneous positions of places J
of minimum pressure and of maximum heat respectively, leads
us to see another reason for rating highly the importance of]
187L]
Proeeedififfs ofOie Asialie Society,
41
Inflia as an area of meteorological obseiration. The height at
^hich the mercury of the barometer stands, indicates to us
sometluDg more than the mere amount of atmospheric pressure
on the surface of the mercury in the bowl of tho instrument.
It gives US the woight of the whole superincumbent column of air
and this necessarily varies with the composition of that column.
Now with us in In^lla during a great part at least, if nut the whole
of the year, the vertical atmofsplieric column is made up of two
radically distinct portions, a lower and an upper, tlie one polaTi
comparatively cool, dry and dense, the other equatorial worm, va-
poiu'-bearing and specifically light. The baronieter is immediate-
ly affected by any alteration of the relations between these portions.
Also the heating of the surface soil has t]ie effect, iu an interval of
time more or less short, of dimini^hhuj tho uir-material in tho
column which is vertically above it, and of contemporaneously in-
crenaiug the vapour therein as long as a source of vapour remains
at the base. These two changes are, it is muuifest, diumetx'ically
opposite in chai*aoter, and it would be impossible to say, & priori
whicli would at any given hour prevail over the other. As a mat^
ter uf fact, almost univereally over all zones of the earth*s surface,
the baroniHtric column exhibits regular diurnal oscillations in it
height. In the temperate zones these osciUations ore comparative-
ly speaking, snudl. But in the tropical and subtropical regions
the ca-**e is different. There, the barometer discloses considerable
and, well marked periodic changes of atmospheric pressure during
the twenty ffmr-hotirs, constituting in the whole two distinct oscil-
lations. At iliiferent times, various tlieories huve been put forward
to account for this phenomenon* I need not now endeavour to
specify them in detail. I will, however, very shortly refer to two,
in order to indicate the veil of uncertainty which still obscures the
subject J and which we cannot hojio to pierce except by the force of
pxhaustivo observation. One explanation, which has been very
Ktenaively accepted, is based on the imrticular solar agency of
which I have just spoken. The pressure at a given point in the
atmosphere (in accordun(;e with a well known law of pressure in
elastic iluids) is taken to be the sum of two separate pressures,
namely, the tension of the vapour ut that point under tlie conditions
44
J^roce^dtH^i of th^ Anatio Socief^*
[Pbb.
throughout India would have for acienc^o generally, and as means
for the solution of this qiiestion in particular, under careful analy-
sia and comparison ? Every condition affecting the supply of
vapour through the action of huut at tho earth *s gurlace, is a cause
which iiitluencea the locid atmospheric jiresdure in a direutian con-
trary to that iu which the heat alone operates^ and we Und such
conditions existing in notable opposition of extreme thronghont
the countries which are immediately subject to Her Majesty's Tu-
dian Government. Need I contrast the maritime and the t-onti-
nental tractsi, the deltas and the inland plateau:?^, tho plains and
the mountain peaks which I may say are paired against each
other from the Himalayas to Point do Galle (more than the breadth
of the northern tropic) and fn>m the west coast of Malabar to the
Salween. In truth we possess in India almost unrivalled opportu-
nities for exainiuiwg and analysing the atmospheric column in fill
its parts.
Doubtless the daily periodic changes of pressure, by their very
nature, are ineffective to cause anything more than very limited
oscillatory louid movement of air masses. These movements, how-
ever, are not always insignificant in themstjlves, as for instance tli©
land and sea breezes of our coast districts, tlie winds on the out-er
iianks of mouutain ranges and in mountain valleys and the diurnal
modiiications of tho Moiisoou which we experience in Calcutta,
But the daily phenomena of thi&i class are especially important, be-
cause they are both the type and tho material of those annual va-
riations whith tire serious eiumgh to be the governing forces in
regard to ihe winds of tliis portiou of the globe. We may in this
matter lilson the year to one long day with the solstices for mid-
night and noon. The gradual incrcabo of ti^mperaturti which takes
place over the greater part of th»* eartli's tsurlace from a minimum
In the winter mouths to a maximum in the summc^r months is (A
in th« case of a day of 2 4 houi's and probably for a common reason)
generally speaking accompanied by a double oscillation of the
atmospheric pressure. In places of western Europe near the sea,
where I may remark the source of vapour is uiJimited^ both sets of
maxima and minima are I believe invariably sti'ongly mivrked, the
summer maximum which is attributed to the vapour, being commonly
1871.]
PrW00diH0B of thr Af>iutiv SociftyT
46
the ubsulute maximum. But ^itli iitlvam?e into the interior of the
ciintmoutj ilie plioiiomena change. Ft>r iuatuucB at St. Pwtei*sburgh,
the aumia^ maximum ilivides itself iota two subordinate maxima.
Fiirfhtjr on, iii* at Moscow, these two reUvtive maxima are still
found, but their absolute magaitudti are diminished and the sink*
ing between them increased ; and finally on this aide of tlio Ural
the summer max:imum disapponra altogether. The expluuatiim
which is commonly given, is that which I tirat referred to in uc-
oounting fur the diurniii osi»illutions of tlie barometer. It is argutid
vith much force tlint the riHe towards a maximum goes on as lorig
as the additions of vapour which are lifted up by the actiim of thtt
heated surface conliuue to be more than sufficient to trompenwate
for the iuereasa of rarifaction brought about by tlie same agency.
Eut as fiium m the supply for any reason \rhich may locally obtain
falls below this amount, the proewss t>f nuifaction prevails to di-
mmish the material in the atmospheric oolumn and consequently
to lower the pressure, Tlius it would luippen that all phu-es which
are in tins way atfjxt.Mil by, so Uj speak, a duticlency in the supply
of vapour are sunounded by places where the tttinospherio pres-
sure at thtf same time stands relatively at a maximum. Thoi'e is
au eloaient, which 1 liave not yet mentioned, and which is more
than any other Influential as a cause aifoctlug the efiicieney of the
oarth's surfono ns a licating agent, and therefore affecting the den-
sity of the superincumbent atraosxdierio column, I refor to the
activity of terrestrial radiation. This not only depends upon the ma-
terial condition of the surface itself, but aLsci upon the circumstances
of the local situation. We all know the striking difTeronco in this
respect between the plains and a liill stJitiou. IVofessor Tyudall
is of opinion that the presence of invisible vapour in the air oper-
ates to chock the radiation from the earth's surface, nxid so ts a
principal ingredient in the varying circumstances upon which sur*
face temperatiire depends.
That loci of ma^tiiniun and minimum pressure do perJodiciiJ
manifest themselves as a con8e«|ucnoe of the rctcun^eneo of the samff^
local f<»ndition& is certain, as also that periodic wiadB or modifica-
tions of winds are the rostdt, I will repeat that we seem t€> have
especial advantages in tlds c^ounti-y l<tr wurkirjg out the problem
1^^
Ail
46
Froe$9dingB of the Asiatic SacUiif^
[Feiu
of the causes of tHs cdase of phenomena. One locu8 of suck
pla^.'eB of riiiniraum pressure for the northern heinif^phere in the
hotter months appears to he a large tract of central Asia, extending
down into, or rather having what I may ctdl outliers in, our,
own Indian peninsula. I have oh-eady referred to thia in men-I
tioning the eau&e of our Monsoons. The part which this region o£l
low barometer playa in govorniug the course of the periodio windsl
ie only vaguely ascertained ; and its pos.^ilde iniluence as an ele-
ment in the generation of om* circular storms ha« not yet, I bolievey J
been made the subject of serioiia inquiry. It would appear proba^i
ble that the harrier to horizontal mutton which is presented by th^
Himalayaa must to a large extent exclude the barometrical condi-
tion of the atmosphere over Central Asia fiom being any signific^ant
element in the motion of tli© lower strata of the atmosphere over
the peninsula of India, at any rate over those tracts which are com-
paratively clo!*e to the hills. The niinalayan range, if aa^umod to ]
bo of the effective height of 10,000 feet only, (j>rybHbly the eJI'ective j
height is fdmost double this), would in truth be a dam to at least!
cne*fom*th of the whole material of the atmosphere^ and to much 1
more than that projKjrti on of the therein contained vapour. For]
fitrata above tliis height, no doubt, any diiference which might J
emst between the northern and southern pressures would become]
active ; but it may, perhaps, be questioned whether there is much
difference at a high level in any degi'ee proportional to tlmt which
is found to obtain near the earth-surface j for assuming the relative I
emallneee of weight in the trans*Himalayfln atmoBi»heric column to -
be in any considerable degree due to the absence of vapour, it is
probable that this element affects the density of the lower part of j
the column especially. If, however, in consequence of the exist-
ence of the Himalayan mountain range, there is at one period
of the year, so far as regards the Gangotic trough and tho
higher part of the Bay of Bengal, a motive force operative upon
the upper strata of the atmosphere which has no effect or com-
paratively little effect upon the lower, there must thus arise
by a sort of torsion sucJi a divergence of currents in the body
of the atmosphere as would be favorable to the formation of
local centrei of minimimi pressuie and constK^uent vorticellary
187L]
Pf'fwtffduf^i of the A$iatie Sotiei^*
movement* This last conftideration leads me ta notice the remark-
able mechanieul effeut whioh ia pruduued upon the course of the
lower 6ti*eam3 of air in our regions by tiie physical con ti juration of
^e land The peninsula of India acta as a weilgo to divide the
adyancing etroam of the southern trades into two branches, one of
wMeli slides up tlie Malabar coast, the other passes along the eas-
tern aide of the peninsula ; a portion of the latter ci'ossing the Bay
of Bengal is headed by the highlands of Burma and by them
diverted northward and westward along the flanks of the Hima*
layas. The angular epai^e marked out by tJiis lust deflection lie*
on the left Bide of the stream, and tliereforebj an experiraental law
which the illustration of the free moving particle above given per-
haps goes some way towards explaining^ but which has also been
otherwise ingeniously explained by Dove, the atmospheric pressure
within the bend will be commoidy less than that on the outside, and
thua we hero again meet with a cause tending to produce periodi-
cally in the neighbourhood of our shores a locus of relatively low
barometrical pressure, and so to originate a rotatory motion of the
air. And finally we have the periodic occurrence of warm eurrentii
in the eastern portion of the Bay of Bengal, to which Mr. BlanftJrd
in his valuable paper published in the Proceedings of the Koyal,
Society' attributes the generation of these low pressure centers.
It is I think apparent from the facts stated in the hasty sketch
which I have juHt made, that In<lia proper, the Bay of Bengal and
Burma together, constitute a region which, for the purposes of one
br6meh at least of meteorological science, demands to be taken and
treated as a whole. It is a most ha|>pily situated field of view,
singidarly mmplete in itself, of disitributed phenomena which are '
mutually inter-dependent an<l wln*!}i cannot be separated without
destruction of their value. It is rich in the data of the highest
proldems of the science. AVitliin it are Ui be found in the simplest
form those materials for inquiry and investigation which almost
certainly contain the clue t^ further great advances in knowledge-
If this valuable mine of Sfrientihc information is to bo worked at
public cost for the public advantage^ is it not evident that the
organization for the x>u^rpose should, if possible, be uniform for the
whole area and subordinate in all its parta to one centro of manage*
48
P$*oceedinffg of ih Ana Ik Soctrtf/,
[Feb.
moot? 1 am Jirtppy to Hay that the hypothesis of this qn^tioii|
does not need to be arj^ued out by me. The Govemmeut of this I
country has already satistifid itsolf that the regular obBervation of J
metoorologiral phenooiena is work proper to be done at public ex-
pCMise. It is, therefore, I assumn, dt^sirouR tliat the best availabld '
results shoidd be arrived at Now I do not hesitate to eay, having
regard to the peculiar c ircumstunc os of fiituation which I have men-
tiouedy that a carefully preparetl system of observations earrii^d on
throughout this trat.*t, under the direetion of one competent head, j
ought to yiehl results of th*^ hi^bi^st scientiHc importance to the
whole world. Need I puiut out tliat iu any system which ia to be
effective, the dlspositiou of the stations ruust be matter of eonsidar*
ed arningement, with a view to combined work* The observations
ahoidd be made in <jonformity with wt^ll devised directions adapU^d
to secure results as complete as possible. The instrunienl^ upon I
tlie accuracy and uuiformity of which everything depends should
be issued from one central station after comparison and adjustment
with standards there kopt and maintiiined in efficiency. They
should also from time to time be readjusted by reference to these
same standards. Everj' station shoxdd be furnished with the means
of keeping correct local time at least. And above all, the results of
the local observations should be reduc;ed and tabulated for pubHcit-
tion and reforence, under the instruction and superintendence of |
one dii'ecting head. Unless this be done, they are useless for eom-
parison with the results of observations made with different instru*
ments and under difi'erent circumstances, •*, e. useless for the whole
body of scientific men. As it is what have we ?
British India for administrative and other pui'poses is divided I
into eight principal districts or provinces, viz., Bengal, Madras,
Bombay, N. W. Provineea, Dude, Panjab, Central Provinces and
Burma ; and in each of these, excepting Burma, is a sepai^ate
local system of meteorological observation with its own independent
head* It is r*3nmikible, too, that the gentlemen, who are at the
head of these dill'ertmt systems, possess as little community of char-
acter and situation as can woll be conceived. They are, in Btiugal
and the N- W. Provinces officers of the Educational Department,
in the Ponjab a member of t^lie Mt*dical iService, in Madras the
1871.]
Proc^edin^'t of th^ AniniiC Soeieti^,
49
Gnvomment Astronomer^ all specially salaried for this extra -work ;
iu Bombay, tlio iSupGriotendent of the Observatory, in Oude the
•* Scieutitic officer," and in the Central Provinces the Sanitary
Cc*mmissioner, under aiioldig'ah'nn to do this work ex-offieio. There
arn no official relations between those provincial officers, and fta a
matter of fact, I believe, if ono of them requires the registers, or
results of a neiglibourin^ province for comparison with his own^ or
for I lie purposes of scientific inquiry, ho experiences great difficul-
ty and delay in obtaining tliem.
Thou again, in regard to organization, the systems seem to vaiy
considerably in tho diflerent provinces. In the Panjab, I am in*
formed, the officers who keep the registers are all volunteers ; and
they seem to b© somewhat irregular in the matter of observing, for
according to the published reports out of 19 stations, from 2 only
have continuous registers extending over 2 J years been furni?^hed ;
&onL most of the other stations registers covering a few months
only, or for interrupted periods, are foilhcoming. In Bengal and
Madrns there is a paid observer at each station and also a sujierin-
tendirig officer (generally the Civil Surgeon) who receives on al-
io want-e for j^upnrvising the work.
As to the instruments, the kinds in use are vety diverse. Tha
ftd of the system in each province, (except Madras, and from a
recent period Bongal) gets thtsn whence and how he can. Por
instance, barometers of several sorts, standards or aneroids, are
employed indiscriminately, and coDse€|uently the registers of ob-
servations effected by them are of little value whenever small
difl'erences are important, as for example in the comparison of ranga
in the daily oscillations of atmospheric pressure, inasmuch as no^
data exist by which due allowance can be made for the instrumen-
tal irregidaties, und these are of the same order as the diiforences
in question. In Bengal and Madras, the barometers are cM>ni pared
with a provincial standard at the Presidency towns. And those of
two stations in the N. TV. P- have been compared with the Calcut-
ta standard. Whether or not in the other provinces any corapari-
eon is effected with a local standard I cannot say positively, tliough
I have henxtl that it is not ; but certainly no attempt has yet been
mailo to compare the local standards if there are any, with one as*
^mui^MA jrvr^nfi^r <miftirL JLvnfvr»e^ tK ^ttprK^xiL nf ^li^
Of/<i^!mr#;r<i nt Akj^/ aEfj/i F^/it Blair M»d r«tpift«n V> the reporter
i(«r/r IWf ^iiJ ; f/'jt th« mr/f^t hnynXMnl of tiiefte n^siers is kepc «p
n^/I^I/ ^/j tii^ T'/lfintuTT 4fXHnum.% nod netiritj of tiie Chil Sargeon,
who ruy^)%t hX auj m^ftafml Ifstire hu pr/st and so extlngoiih tiie
In lUm^nl ny^tun^ ctiri'/tuilj ^foon^h, the central Metecm^ogical
^iJ,«Kfrvat//ry m t^mU: itulHlPhfAfml fft the Ixxral Beporter, who is thus
ifA/t only yf%tir\f7»M in r^j^^anl to the prinrrlpal station of his own
IfTovlnrjjf but i«» nlvi nAw^A to tho alt/.-niative of either testing his
iiihfr»n/i<ffitH U'iifiH*:H \**iry/funl\y, fft of entrusting them for this
obj<;''t to oiUi'jiT^t ov<?r whorn he has no c^piiiT^jL lie is, moreover,
in t}ij« way 'l<;f/riv<?d of the m*:iiuH of carrying out any special ex-
p<frjiii';ntal iij^|iiiry, howevor iifn>'/rtaTitit may be for the regulation
of hi« own work.
1 ni;iy mid that, at Calcutta, even to this day, as our Council
known U^t wf;il, for one reanou or another we have nothiug that we
t'liu hiUr to th«; Mj'riillfio Hrideties of the West in exchange for their
jHihli^tationH in ni«fteorology. The fK>-called Observatory in Park
Hl.roMf, /iwun a non Incrndo, is ho placed tliat no effective observa-
tion of the hky vM\ be hud from it. I ne(jd hardly say that often-
linMJH tlin forniM and behaviour of the ch>uda give most important
infonnuflon rohitivo to niovenientH and evon to the constitution of
air niM'mcH at hi^h altitudes. One or two especial instances of this
ve ori'urnMl laioly, but our oificial observers have literally been
l)ln to notice th(;ni.
1871.]
Praeeedi'n^/s of ths Aitatie Socii*i^,
ai
Experiments of sueli a chaxaeter as those wliirJi would be necea-
sary to test TvTidairs tJioory in regard to tliu caMm of the azure
colour of the sky, or to measure the retardative upei-ation of invisi-
ble vapour ou terrestrial radiation, are, I believe, sctiroely thought of
m falling" withia the work of any meteorohigicol station in India.
And I do not know that a Bingle spectroaoope has yot been intro^
duced inUy oui* otficiul collections of instiTiments.
It S00IU8 to mo that the state of things wbich I hare just de-
scribed Ls most disci^edi table, I should scarcely go too far if I said
that it represents a good deal of money tlu*own away : certainly it
is very remote from that which ought to be» Surely the time has
come when in the place of this infirm and unsatisftictory system
(or more properly want of system) a well planned simple orga-
ni/atirm inspired and direc^tod by a niiiu of reiil scientiiic power and
ac(.[nir«mLtuta should be 2»ut into action.
If auy tilt fig t]iat I httve said to -night should help to hastt^n such
a reform as this, my object will have been attained.
The scrutineers announced the following el&ctioas ;
The Hou*ble Mr. Justice Phear.
l7ciHpreM tdentSn
Th. Oldham, LL. D.
Babu liajundraliia Mitra.
Lord Napier of Magdala, G. C. 8. 1., G. C. B.
Secreiarien,
CoL II, Ilydei E. E. (Financial Dept.)
H. Bloehmann, M. A. (Philological Dept.)
iT* Stoliczka, Ph. D. (Natural Itistory Dept.)»
M^mhetH of CuunciL
The Hoii'ble Mr. Justice Phear,
T. Oldham, Esq., LI., D., E. li, and G. 8.
Babn liajendralala Mitra.
Lord Napier of Magdida, General, G. 0. S. I,, 0. C. B.
CoL n Hyde, R. R
Babu Devundra Malhka^
J. Ewart, Esq., M. D.
F, StfAie^kBy Esq., Ph- D^ F. G 8.
H« Bloefanuum, £»q^ IL A«
Ccrf- BL Thnillier, R. A-, F. R. 8., C. & L
H. F. Blanfcird, Eeq^ F. G. 8.
W. 8. AtkiBflon, £0^^ IL A.
F. W. Innw, Esq., M. D , C. B.
£. Gaj, E^.y M. A.
W. W. Hunter, Esq., LL. D.
It was proposed by D. Waldie, Esq., seconded bj HaulaTi
AbduHattif Khzji, Babadur, and carried onanimouslj —
Tbat tbe marked tbanks of tbe Society be given to tbe Secretariea
for tbeir earnest attention to tbe duties of tbeir office during the
past year, from wbicb tbe regularity in tbe issue and tbe value of
tbe Journal, as well as tbe very satisfactoiy finimf»iAl condition of
tbe Society, bave largely resulted.
Messrs. L. Scbwendler and J. Wood-Mason were appointed audi-
tors of accounts for tbe past year.
Tbe meeting tben resolved itself into an Ordinary Montbly meet-
ing.
The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Pbear, President, in tbe cbair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced —
1. From the Govt, of India — A copy of Antiquities of Ksishmir,
by Lieut. H. H. Cole, E. E.
2. From the Government of India, Home Dept. — nine photo-
graphs of the ancient temples in West Berars, and twenty-one
photographs of ancient architectural structures in Mysore.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members.
Col. J. F. Tennant.
iJr. W. Waagen.
G. C. Farr, Esq.
T. F. Ilarkness, Esq., C. S.
The following gontleiiion have been announced as candidates for
ballot at the next meeting :
1S71.]
Procmlhi0i of the Aiiatic Society*
5S
0. B. Clarke, Esq,, M. A», Botanic Q-ardensj Calcutta, proposed by
the Hon*ble J. B. Phear, seconded by W. 8. Atkinson, Rs<j,
James Wilson, Esq., Cathedral Mission College, Calcutta, proposed
by n. F. Blanford, Esq., seconded by H. Blochmann, E»q.
Baba Dvijendi-anatha Thakura, proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq,,
seconded by Bfibu BiijendraUla Mitra.
B^bu Ilarachaudra Chaudhuri, Zemindar, Sherepdr, Mymensing,
proposed by H* Blochmaau, Esq,| seconded by B6bu E^jeudiuilsUa
Mitra.
Bibu Govindaehandra Chaudhtai, Zemindar, Shorepdr, Mymen-
sing, pr<»pQsed by H. Blochmann, Esq., seconded by Dr* F. Stoliczka.
A. Oough, Esq,, Queen's College, Benares, proposed by W-
Oldham, Esq,, seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.
Nawib Ziauddin Ahmad Kh^n, Bahfidur, Chief of Liiharii, Delhi,
proposed by MauIaYi Kabir uddin, aeconded by II* Blochmann, Esq,
Walt*jr Abbey, Esq., Civil Snrgeon, Mergui, proposed by 9-
Kur2, Esq*, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
E. Benedict, Esq., C. E,, Calcutta, proposed by L. Schwendler, '
Esq., secoDded by Col. H. Hyde,
T. 8, Isaac, Esq., Supt Engineer, Presidency Circle, proposed by
T. Oldham, Esq., seconded by H. H. Locke, Esq*
The Hon* Sir W. Grey, and L. B. Bowring, Esq., have intimated \
their desire to resign the membei^ip of the Society.
The receipt of the following communicationa was au nounced —
1. Anangements for the discharge of long overland tulegruph
lines, by L. Schwendler, Esq.
2. Associations connected with vaiious places situated in the
sub-division Banka, Bhngulpur, by B4bii Rashbihari Vasu.
3. Mondari Vocabulary, by B4bu Kakhaldas Haldar.
The following additions have been made to the libraiy since the
Inst jiiceting hukl in Januai*y last.
ii*« Names of Douoi-a in CapUaU.
The Beport of the British Association for the advancement of ,
Science, for 1869.^ — Thb British Association.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, VoL XIX, No*
123, — The Eoy.vl Hocibty.
Proceidififfs ofih^ Asiatic Smefy.
[1
BuUottins della Sociota Geografica Italiona, faso. 5°.— The Geo-
GRAF III CAL Society of Italy.
Bulletin do la Society Imp^riale des Natiiralistea do Moscow,
187n, No. I. — The Lmperiai. Society of Natt7halist8 of Mosooty.
Tlio Qiiai'terly Journal of tho Geological Society, No. 104.—^
GEoLootcAL Society of London.
Journal of the Statistical Society, September, 1870. — The
TifiTicAi Society op Lojtdon,
The Numismatic Ohronicle, No. 39. — The Numismatio Society
OP London.
The Smithsonian Eeport for 1868 ; Smithsonian Miacellaneou
Collection, Vols. 8 and 9 ; Smithsonian Contributions toknowle
Vol. 16. — The Smithsonian iNsTrruTioN,
Cowell's Lecturos on Hindu Law. — The Untveesity of Ca
Hauiayana, Vol. 2, No. 5, edited by Hemachandra Bhuttacharya^
— The Ebitob.
Ill list rations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmirj by Liout, H. H.
Cole J Deaths of Madras, during 1868, — The Goternment of India.^
Griffin's Panjab Chiefs, — The Government of the Panjab.
Genural Report of Public Instruction in Bengal during 1869-70 j
Annual Eeport of the Adiiiiniatration of the Bengal Presidency foj!
1809-70. — The Government of Bengal,
Purehme*
Helfenstein^s Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages :
— Etude sur 1© rituel du respect social dans I'etat Bralimaui*
que, par C. Schoebel. — Vuller*s Grammatica Lingii£D Persiose :-
Daa Jatapatala, von Dr. G. Thibaut : — Ueber die Entaiehung unci
Verwendung der im Sanskrit niit K. anlautenden Personulendun-
gen, vou Th. Benfey : — Dr, A. Bastian's Sprach-vergleichende
Studien : — ^V. von Strauss* Lao-tsc*s Tao ih King : — B* Gachet*i
CEuvres de Koutsa et de Hirayastoupa. — Dr. StickePs Handbuch zurl
Morgenlandischen Miinzkunde, I Heft : — Deuteches Worterbueh,
14 Baud : — Dr. C. Somper's Boisen im Archipel der Philippinen,
1-2 Heft,— Philosophiial Magazine, No, 269. — Calcutta EevieWi ,
January, 171 : — Bee?e^8 Con. Iconica, parts 284, 285 : —
The Nature, Nos. 58-6 !• The Athenajum, November, 1870,
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOB Mabch, 1S71,
The montlily meotiag of the Society waa held on Wednesday, the
Ist instant, at 9 o^clo*^k, 1*. m.
The Uon'ble Mr, Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and con^rmed.
Presentations wore announced —
1. From the author — A copy of a pamphlet entitled : Arevifiion
of the TerehratuUdm and Lhif^uUd^^ with remarks and description of
some recent forms, by W. H. Dall^ Esq., Smithsonian Institution.
2* From the author — a copy of Tatvdvali, a treatise on Vaisha-
sika Philosophy in Sanscrit verse, with notes by the author, Pandit
Chandrakclnta Tarkaknkira ; — also Pravida Sataka by the same.
3. From the author — General report on the Punjab Oil Lands,
by Benj. Hmith Lyman*
4, From Eev, C. II Dall — Three Nepal coins hearing on the
ohverse in a square compai-traent the legend in Nfigari ohararters
^=^1'flHm*a***r^ and on the reverse ^SWl-^T^Nifi^T^^, and
at the lower margin on the reverse the date ^.^^ 1789.
Legend L Sri Sri Sri Nejmla Sarkdira, the Government of Nepal.
,j II, Sri Sri Sri Surendra vikramarka Deva (the name of
the prince).
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members.
C. B. aarke, Esq., M. A.
J. Wilson, Esq.
Babii Dvijendran^tha Th6kura»
„ Harachandra Chaudhun.
„ Govindacumdra Chaudhuri.
A. Gougb, Esq.
56 Pra<?Mdin^g o/ih^ Asiatic Society ^
Nawab Ziauddlu Ahmad KhJin, Bahadur*
W. Abbey, Esq.
E. Benedict, Esq., 0. E.
J. S. Isaac, Esq., C. E.
Benjamin Smith L^Tnan, Esq., has Gxpressed his wish to be<Jome
a life member of the Society, in oonformily with rule 14 of the
Bye-laws of the Society.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting :
I>r. F. N. Macnamara (for re-Gleotion), pr^^p^^;od by the Hon*ble
J. B. Phear, seconded l»y I). Waldie, Esq.
Oscar Trefftz, Esq., Calcutta, proiKJsed by H* BlochmanUi Efiq*,
seeonded by Br. W, Waagen.
M. 8, Howell, Esq., proposed by Col. Hyde, Beoonded by Dr.
Stoliczka,
Captain A. J. Filgatte, E. E., proposed by Col, Hyde, eeconde
by Dr. Stoliczka.
Major J. M, Graham, proposed by CoL Hyde, seconded by
Tennaiit.
CoL F. n, Eundull, R. E., proposed by CoL Hyde, seconded
Dr. T. Oldham.
T, M. Bourn, Esq., Mining Engineer, proposod by F* Fedden,
Esq., seconded by Dt* T. Oldham.
W. J. Ciirtoys, Esq., proposed by the Hoa^ble J, B. Phear, se-
conded by H. H» Locke, Esq,
W. E. Ayrton, Esq., proposed by the Hon'blo J. B. Pheor, sq
conded by CoL Hyde.
Walter Bourne, Esq., 0. E-, propoBed by Dr. T. Oldham, second-
ed by Dr. Stoliczka.
Mr. W, 0. Bonnerjea has intimated his desire to withdraw £m^
the Society.
J* Sohroeder, Esq., and Lt-Col. C, Macgregor have resigned zSS^
membership on their leaving India.
The following letters were read : —
1. From the Secy., Trustees Indian Museum, forwarding a cor
respondence on the earthquake felt in Sind on 2ttth October, 1870,
187K]
Proee^fdin^s of the Aiiaiic 8&ekhj^
S?
Tliifl correspondence is a copy of one forwarded by tlie Bombay
Govt, to the Seey. of Stat© for India.— The Collector of Shikarporo
reports that a severe shock of an earthquake was felt about a quar-
ter to 3 p. M. on the 28th October, 1870; it lasted for about a
minute. The earthquake was eapeeially felt at Nau«hera, Lark-
liana, Lubdursa, Mehur and Kukur, and the shock is stated to hare
been more severe in the hills than in the plains. A second but
slighter ehock was again felt at Nusaeerabad, Teje, Mehur and
Ktikur on the let November, 1870.
Another report from the Commissioner in Rind says that a alight
shock was experienced at Jacobabad and Thoole at about 2*30 F. m,
on the 28tli Oet^iber, 1870.
A thii'd report records a severe sbook of an earthquake at
Dadoo, lasting for about 5 minutes, at 2 p, m. on the 28th
October, 1870 ; and a second slighter shock, lasting for about
one minute, was felt about 3 p, ic. on the same day. The eartb-
quako appears to have been experienced throughout the Talooka
Dadoo, as various rejiorts state that shocks have also been felt at
diiierent times of the day and night on the 27tk, 28th and 29th
October, 1870. No serious damage appears to have been done,
2. From Mr. J, H, Samuells — addressed to, and commimicated
by, Col. Dalton.
Mr. Samuells reports that the temples near Harchoka in Oliang
Bhokar are y^vy extensive, but uufurtunately some of them are
almost entirely in ruins and the destruction by the annual Moods
in the rainy season goes on so rapidly, that in another 100 years
many will have probably altogether disappeared. The inscrip-
tions are very mueh worn off, but what remained preserved, Mr*
Sumuells had taken rubbiugs of, and also executed plans of the
diiierent temples. The inscriptions appear to be in very old Nagari
character.
The Council notified (in conformity with rule 13 B. of bye- laws)
that the names of the following gentlemen have to be struck off
the list of members for non-compliance with rule 13 of bye-laws*
A. G. Walker, Esq.
0, J, Wilkinson, Esq.
68 ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Soci$ty, [Ma boh,
Dr. C. Williamfl.
C. B. Garrett, Esq.
F. J. Chambers, Esq.
£&bu Nundolala Bose.
J. C. Whisliaw, Esq.
H. Duhan, Esq.
B. L. Martin, Esq.
J. W. Sherer, Esq.
And that the election of Sir Sherif ul Omara, Bahddur, be can-
celled for non-payment of admission fee —
Also that Es. 1203 due from the above gentlemen, together with
Bs. 204, due to the Society from Kaliprasanna Sinha, dead, and Bs.
57 from Bamanarayana Tarkalankara, dead, and Bs. 5-10, due to
the Oriental Publication Fund from the last named, be written off.
The Council reported that they have elected the following gen-
tlemen to serve in the several Committees* during the ensuing
year.
Finance,
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
E. Gay, Esq., M. A.
Col. A. Allan.
Library.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
Col. A. Allan.
Babu BajendraMla Mitra.
Dr. J. Anderson.
J. Wood-Mason, Esq.
Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.
G. Nevill, Esq.
Col. J. F. Tennant.
E. Gay, Esq., M. A.
Philological.
E. C. Bayley, Esq., 0. S. I.
B&bu Bdjendralala Mitra.
C. Tawney, Esq.
* The President and Secretaries of the Society are e»'Offieio members of aU
Committees.
1871.] ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 59
W. W. Hunter, Esq., LL. D.
Eev. J. Long.
Eey. K. M. Banerjea.
Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.
Maulavi Kabiruddin Ahmad.
Maulavi Abdul Latif Kh&n.
Natural HUtory,
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
Dr. J. Fayrer, C. S. I.
Dr. J. Ewart.
H. F. Blanford, Esq.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
W. S. Atkinson, Esq.
V. BaU, Esq.
H. B. Medlicott, Esq.
Dr. J. Anderson.
D. Waldie, Esq.
J. Wood-Mason, Esq.
G. NeviU, Esq.
Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.
Physical Science,
Lord Napier of Magdala, G. C. B., G. C. S. L
Col. H. L. ThuiUier, C. S. L
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
Col. J. F. Tennant.
H. F. Blanford, Esq.
D. Waldie, Esq.
L. Schwendler, Esq.
Coins.
E. C. Bayley, Esq., C. 8. 1.
Babu Eajendralala Mitra.
Major F. W. Stubbs.
Rev. M. A. Sherring.
J. G. Delmerick, Esq.
60 PtocHiingi of tfi^ AJKKtKKtUf* [MabcHi
OoL the Hon'ble R. Strochej made a commtmi cation to the effect,!
that the Government of India have lately resolved to place 4 laca of
nipeos in deposit, whicli sum should be available for completing
the new Museum building. He regretted the delay which haa beeml
caused in the construction of the buildin|j and stated that it wafti
greatly duo to the tiuaucial diHieulty in which the Government of
India fuund themselves a short time ago. Col. Strachey mentioned^
that the original approximate estimate amounted to about 3 J laca of
rupees » This 8um had been sanctioned by Government, and the work
for the new building was commenced. Subsequently the regular
estimate came up and it amounted to about 7 lacs. After about 4 laca
had already been spent, a revised estimate was called for, and this
rose up io about 10 lars. It waa, therefore, not surprising that thd
GKjvernment stepped in and euij^uired into the whole matter carefully,
and this caused such delay that it became impossible to complete the
Museum within the ai>x)oiuted time, 23nl March, 187L However i
he (CoL Sti'achey) hoped that the proeont acttion taken by Govern*!
ment in the matter would bring the building to ita desired comple*
tion at aa early a date as possible-
Col. Strachey 's communication was most favorably received by ^
the meeting*
Mr, H. F. Blanford exhibited several barometric and other.
meteorological curves and made the following observations :
The diagrams that I have to lay before the meeting this evening, ]
will, I think, be interesting to the Society, as they exhibit in a gra^ ^
phic and readily appreciable form certain unportaut features of
our local Meteorology. Beyond this, there is no especial ounnexion
between them ; each illustrates certain special points, some of which
have recently been discussed in the Society, and they must be re-
garded as materiala wliich have been generalized up a certain point ;
representing facts which may be of important service in any future
Bcientilic treatment of our Meteorology,
The £rst sheet shews the mean diurnal variation of some
the principal Meteorological elements at Calcutta for each month of"
the year, as deduced ii'om the hourly observations recorded for 16
years at the Surveyor General's Olfice. Those elementa are (1) the
1871.] JfOSMf^nF'^ Aniaiuj Siteiety. 61 ,
atal atmospheric pressure, (2) the temperature, (3) the vapour pres*
0, (4) the curve of saturated vapour pressure corrospouding to
that of temperature, and (5) the mirve of humidity. The first shewa
the variation of the diurnal barometric tides for each month of tha
year, and I will draw attention to the great regularity of the wave
curve which is one of double curvature, having an absolute maxi-
mum about 10 a, M, and an absolute minimum about 4 r, M* with a
secondary maxinmm and minimum at 10 p. M. and 4 A. H* The
hours of absolute mo^mum and minimum vary a little during tho
year, the former being about an hour earliur and the latter about
un hoiu' later in the hot months then in the cold. The differencflrl
of the morDtng and ervening maximum is greatest in the driest
months and least in the rains. lu the latter tliis difference is com-
paratively small, the two crests having nefirly the same height; but
the afteirnoon minimum is always considerably lower then that of 4
A. M. The explanation of the double tide is a subject on which great
diversity of opinion exists. The explanation ft>und in most of our
ti'eatises is that originally suggested, I believe by l>ove, and adopted
by General Sabine and Sir John Herschell, rts.that the curve is com-
pounded of two distinct elements* one of the di'y air pressure which
talven by itself has a maximum at about 4 a. M. and a minimum
at 4 p. M., the other a curve of vapour pressure which has two maxima
and two minima at or about tlie periods of the maxima and minima
of the total pressure curve* Col, Bta-achey* who, as you are aware has
given much attention to this subject, has long since pointed out the
insufficiency of this explanation in the case of the barometi'ic curves
in India, or rather the failure of verification when the curve of ob-
served vapour pressure is superimposed on a supposed dry air curve
of a single periodic variation. And you will soo tliat no composition
of the vapour pressure curve of Calcutta with any such supposed
curve will give a curve approaching in form or regularity to that of
our tidal curve of total pressure.
The curves of vapour pressure exhibit groat variations in the
different months of the year* In the montha of the rains, the pres-
sure IB almost unvai^ing, or there is but a shght increase during
• Similar objections have been raisecl by Mr* Broun, Frofesgor Lam oat of
Ifmuoh and othen.
62 Proceedings of the Aiiatic Sm^tif. [March,
the daytime and decrease towards early morning, forming a onrro
of single variatioii. From September to May the curve is mo;
complicated. It presents a rise for an hour or two after simrise j then
in most months a rapid and deep depression to a minirn^TTi about
3 or 4 p. M*, after which the rise is very rapid to 7 or 8 p, m, and
thereafter (in the hot months) gradual to midnight. From this
hour it faUs again to sunrise. In December and January, thd
absolute uxiniinum is at sunrise, in the other months in the aftemoo;
and it is deepest in Maroh, (the driest month). The absulute maxi-
mum is in the evening or at midnight from October to March^ and in
tlie morning in April, May and June. The curve generally for all
these months may be described as one conforming to that of tem-
perature, but with a deep notch cut out of it during the warmer
hours of the day, thus producing two crests, of whirb the earlier ia
the higher in the hottest months the later in the remainder. This
form of curve is well known as characterizing a continental climate,
and something similar, but much less in the relative and absolute
magnitude of the afternoon depression, obtains at certain stations
in the interior of Europe during the summer months. The ciu^vea
of saturated vapouj presstire are given for comparison, and the
ratios of the two are shewn by the humidity cui-vea which are almost
an exact inversion of those of temperature. The temperature
curves are of the some general form throughout ; differing chiefly
in the absolute mognitudos of their ordinates which are greatest
in Marchj the driest, least in July and August the dojupest months.
The next set of curves that I have to exhibit are the diurnal
barometric curves for Simla, deduced from Major Boileau's hourly
observations for 3 years. They are as regular and shew nearly
as great a range of tidal pressure as those of Calcutta, but with^H
this marked difference, that in all months except July and August"
the morning (4 A, M.) is the absolute minimum of the day. This
peculiarity of the barometric curve has been noticed by Planta-
mour in the c^se of the Great Saint Bernard, and is stated to ba
characteristic of mountain stations situated on ridges, as distin-
g^iBhed from stations on plateaux and plains. The exj^lanation
given, I behove, by him is that the lower strata of the atmoflphero
being heated, lift a larger proportion of the upper atmosphere above
l8iK]
Prceeedingt of thi Aiitdie Saeidy.
es
stations in the positions of Simla and the Bt^ Bernard, and so dimi-
niah relatively the loss of prosftiiro due to overflow in tlio higUoafc
rtj^utts of the atmosphere. Plaatamour'a law of the diiferonod
between stations on ridges and those ou table*land3 is borne out
by our looid experience, in so far that while Darjeeling, a ridge-
station^ in several months of the year has, like Simla, aa absolute
minimum at or aliout 4 A. M,, both Shillong (4,800) foot and Huzari*
baugh (2000 feet) which aro ou table-lands, havo^ like Calcutta, aa
absolute mimmum in the afternoon.
The next sheet to wlilch I have to direct attention is one shew^
ing the mean curves of pressure and temperature for the year,
as given by the mean daily values of these elements at Calcutta
for 15 years. The temperature curve erhibita great irregu*
larities, ae if there were a tendency to rapid changes at certain
periods. Father Secchvhas noticed a similar result ou discussing the
Homan registers for a much longer period, and Mr. Buchan hfts
pointed out that the regigtora of Scotland show a tendency to tho
recurrenee of warm and cold days at certain periods of the year.
It would, however, be premature to draw any such condasion firom
the registers of only 15 years.
I have here two sheets that shew the variation of the moatt
daily presstu'e at a considerable number of stations, for the yeai*s
1869 and 1870. The northornmust station is Roorkee, the sou*
themmost Port Blair, The chici' noticeable feature that these
curves present is the almost exact coincidence of all thuir in^egula-
itties, these being greatest at Hoorkee and least at Port Blair. Thia
oorrespoadence of the barometric waves and the deerease in tho air.ount
of their variations in proceeding from north to south, wtis firatpointed
out in the case of European stations, many years ago, I believe, by
Professor DuniBU; aud theexplatiiitiou of the phenomeuon given by
Professor Dove is, that the alternations of the oreats and troughs
forming these irregular waves, depends ou the prevalence of Polar
and equatorial currents, the trade aud aritltrarlu cuiTents wliieh cross
and alternate with each other in the Temperate 2Sone. These
curves shew that the same phenomenon i^ presented here in the
Monsoon region at all periods of the year, tlie variations being
absolutely less, however, than in Eurf>pe, and decreasing in like
manuer as the stations are in lower latitudes
64
ProceedwyM of the Asiatic Society,
r*
Finnlly I liare to bring to t!io notice of the Society a set of curva
sliewiag tlie mean diurnid variation of the wind for eatih mon|
of the year at Colcattii. These have been tk-awn up from a dil
ciission of in years' observations at the 8urvpjor General's Offie
The observations are record od only to eight points, n'z., N. NE,
BE., &o., and I may remark how this very rough method of obs
ration 8ufficL's(when so lon(? a period aa 10 years is coniiidored),
shew a regular variation, even when in some montlis it amounts '
little more than one point of the compass. The diurnal variatio
of the wind appears at first Might soniowhat anoDiakiua, &ia<i
Calcutta is at no very great dintanee from the 8ea» and it luigl
be expected that as at coast stations, there would be a tondoncty 1
a southerly or sea breeze during the latter part of the day and j
land breeze at night. Tito case is, however, precisely the revera
The land wind at Calcutta, •.<?., a WNW. jwind prevails strong
during the day, in the cold and hot weather months, and even \
the rains, when the variation is very smalb the westerly tendency
still manifnst ; while the southerly or sea breeze prevails or ttinds \
prevail during the night. When the mean of the whole year is con
dered, it appears that the WNW. wind tends to set in abuut 10 a.
and to increase in force and steadinesfs up to about 4 p. M., after whi<S
tlie wind veers roand rapidly to south, and a little east of south,
which quarter it continues till midnight or 1 A. M. It then diminish^
in force and there is a tendency to calm until about ^unrino* Tlj
coincidence of the prevalence of the westerly wind with the perid
during which the barometrie gradient is from west to ea-<*t, owic
to the advance of the ai'ternaou minimuoi fVom the eastward, su
gest^ the cause of this phenomenon. It is true that this gradie
is absolutely small, and the loci of maximum and minimum
separated by a quadrant of the earth's circumference; but thoeffa
to be accounted -for as the diurnal oscillution, when deduction
made of the mean monthly or anoual component, ia also small, beil
a predominance of 12 or 13 per cent, only, and is proT»ably ni
greater than may be acci>uuted for by the cause suggestod, whid
must have ttotm effect.
Colonel the Uon'ltle R. Strachey said that he iliought the Sodel^
and indeed all persons interested in the progress of science, were mu
ri,]
Procffdiwj$ of the Aiiatk Soeief^,
6.1
indebted to Mr, Blanford for tbe manner in which he was taking up
the study of the Meteorology of India, and of Calcutta in parti(5ular.
It was an indigpiitahlo fnct that there was no eountiy in the world
that had suth great advantages as India, to otter to a student of
Meteorological Science, if such a term coiUd be used in the present
state of our knowledge or rather ignorance. Here the great mo-
tive force of all atmospheric phoHuuiena^ the Sun, acted with an
tltensity and rogulurity that led to a corresponding intense and regu-
lar development of those phenomena, would reader their study in
a correy]Mjndiiig degree ea^. The great plains of India presented
vast areas of land over which the action of the atmosphere waa
romarkablj little disturbed by local causes, and which thus
offered special facilities for watohiag the principal pheuomena at-
teuding that action. The niountuiiis on the north of India, in
like manneri gave advantages for c^ntj^uiries into the condition of
the atmosphere at great heights above the earth's surface, not
equalled in any other pail of the globe. The great ocean that
surrounded the Peninsula, again, offered similar opportunities for
observing the special phenomena due t<t the peculiarities of a ma-
rine surface, and to the juxtaposition of laadand sea. On the whole
ho had no hesitation in saying that India was the country of all
others in which meteorology could best be studied, and to which wo
shouhl look for the investigations which could rescue meteorology
from itJ5 present somewhat dist^reditable positiuij, and advance it to
that of a real Seience.
CoL Striiehey said ho would oti'or a few coninicnts on the t'hief t*>*
pics of Air, llUiufortrs instruL'tioiis and observations.
First as to Vapour- He had on a former evening stated gener-
allj' his objections to tbe suggetit**d depeudeace of the double diur-
nal tide of pressure on the variations of the vapour pressure, it
was impossible for any one who had looked at the facts to have it
moment's doubt on Uiis point, and it was obvious that, after hav-
ing nmdB tlie suggested allowance for the variations of va^mur
pressure, the double tide remains in the Bombay^ Madras and Ual-
outta olisei'vatione just aa plainly marked as bofore, though some-
what altered iu form.
As he hud before said, to subti'uct the vapour pressure, as indicated
Proceeding* of the Atiatic Socuty,
[MabcHi
liy a hygrometer, from the totrtl presaure* indicated by the baroma*
ler, was to eomniit an act of folly. It meant nothing* It rep»
sented no physical fact. Tlie vapour tension at the earth's surfa
was not the resolt of the pressure of the particles of vapmr in Uio
upper eirata of the atmosphere, but of some tiling quite dilforeii
It was the measure of the rf*sistiiuco offered to the passage of th#
Yapour particles in an upward direction hy the air particles,
the superincumbent vapour particlos together ; and the condition <
the vapour in the upper etratu proved that this resistance of
air particles was very g^*eat, so that, roughly speaking, the vaj
teuBion was commonly about four times as great at any place as ^9
pressure from above of the vapour particles. Of course there were
great local variations from any such rough general average, but
the average might be mentioned to show how senseless was th©
subtraction, of the observed vapour tension from the observed total
pressure.
Kef erring next to the local variations of vapour pressure at i
eutta, Ci>L Strachey remarked, that the only satisfactory way of <
sidering such phenomena was in connexion with their physic
causes J and that most of the apparent pecidiaritios, such aa tUa
noticed by Mr* Blanford, might readily be explained when view^
in this manner. He (Col* S.) had not had the means of cnticallj
examining the variations of vapour tension at Calcutta, but he ra
mombered enough of the results of such an examination made i
him of the phenomena at Madras^ to be able to indicate to the 1
ciety the kind of analysis of these facts that he had suggested. Thd
it was observed at Madras that at a certain hour of tht^ day a very
sudden increase occurred in the quantity of vajjoui*. This was at
once exphiined by the fact that at this hour the seti breeze became
established. As the heat tjf the day increased, the wind blowing
from over the sea brought in more vapour, and a maximum occurr
in the afternoon. As the temperature full, and the wbid veer
landwtti'ii, the vapour became h?ss, and when the land wind
thoroughly established, the vapour became mucli less, and a mini-
mum was arrived at somewhuro near th« mininium of temperatu
But certain subsidimy complications of this general rule were ;
observable. After the sun rosei the heat, radiated to the ea
1871.]
Ffaceedin^t of the Aiiattc Soeietf*
caiiBed tho rapid evaporation of any water, either a deposit of dew
or pools of water &c,, exposed to the rays of tile sun. Tlius a
rapid development of vapour began* But soon the air became
heated, and ita capacity for vapour increased more rapidly than
the process of evaporation could supply vapour. This caused the
air to become relatively drier. Like opeiiitions in the converao
sense took place in the evening. Such results were more or less
visible in the observations made at v&i'ious places that had come
under his notice, but necessarily each locality would have its own
peculiar conditions, and would show a special set of changes. It
was, he thought, in some such manner as this that all Meteorologi*
eal phenomena should be looked into, with the intention of ascer-
taining as far as possible the precise physical causes of their com-
ponent elements. A mere record of facta such as was commonly
put forward as a discussion of the Meteorological phenomena of
any locality, could only be of use in a seientitic point of view so
fai' as it was thus treated, and he hoped that all observers would
bear this in mind.
The variations of the pressure of the atmosphere were next re-
ferred to. Col. Strachey said that he had little doubt that the dou-
ble tide was simply the result of the heating power of the sun oa
the atmospliere, though we did not distinctly know haw tlio result
was brought about. He remaiked that the explaDation of the
phenomenon involved the solution of a very difficult problem in hy-
drodynamics, and that he believed tliat it was only by the aid of ma-
thematical science that any precise explanation could be given. He
regi'etted his own want of mathematical knowledge and hoped that
eome of the mathematicians of India ur Kurope might be led to in-
vestigate the problem. It was^ to ascertain tUo effect produced, (on
an elastic vapour atmosphere covering a sphere), by a source of
heat gradually moving round the sphere* The necessary result of
such a process could be generally stated with great ease, but its
precise mathematical expression was quite a different thing. The
Sun, the source of heat, certainly caused the expansion of the por-
tion of the atmosphere between the meridians say of B o'clock a, m»
and 5 p. M,, and a general overflow of the upper parts of the atmos-
pheric colLmms 80 expanded must take place to tho east and the
68
PricadingM of the Anutlia Sttci^ty.
[MabcrI
west, catieiug a dispersion of air and consequent reduction of pres-
sure, near tJ\e centre of th« lieated spare, and a heapinp: up of air "
and inoreftse of preasure at its two inargiua, TMci he believed to
he tlie most likely explanation of the two maxima and the inter-J
veuing minimum of pressure. At the same time he munt guar
himself by fstnin^ that tho aboye was a very coarse and imperfout
explamition of the plienomenon, not intended to be put forwai'd oal
Bcaeutifit.'aliy precise. As a fact the movement of the air particlea
which caused the diumul tide of pressure was a wave movement^
and not a real permanent luovemtmt of tianslation* Tiiis wi
proved by the cir^-nmstance that the tide of air pressure moved
round the earth Mulh the Sun and quite independent of the actual
motion of the masy of the atm(x>phcre at the place of nbservatioa.
Col. S. referred to various peculiaritiea in the form of the curve oi
diurnal pressure at various places, and ollered comments on some
of tliem. He particularly su^^gested the pro^^riety of making care*
ful observations at some small island, in an extensive sea area
witliin llie tropics, as a moans of asccrtuiuing the normal diurna
curve in its simplent form. He noticed the well known inochiiTiicalj
law of the possible co-ejtistence of any number of waves in a fluidj
body, and said that, no doubt, many of tlie local peculiarities of the!
barometx'ical curves, daily or other, were due to such superimposed 1
waves, and that what the scientilic obseiTer had to do was to se-J
parate tliese and indicate their several causes.
Col. iStrachcy piuuted out how the diurnal variation of pressure
was most marked when the diuinal variation of t4:jmperttture was^
greatest. Also how the daily tide was best marked near the equa-
tor, and gradually faded awuy towartls the poles. He sug^estedl
as a siLfRcient explanation of this, that at the equator the force|l
exerted by the eun in creating the wave action iu the atmospher©|l
0(jntinued constantly x^arallcl to the actual motion of the air particles,
forming the atmospheric wave as they revolved with the earth on
its axis, and that consequently the impulbe was accumulated in an
intense degree, and a true accelerating force developed. As we
lejive tlie equator this parallelism is departed Irom, the actualj
direction of the air particles of the atmot^phoric wave being forced!
into a email ciicle uf latitude, so that the impulse eaubod by th#l
I
?Taceedingn of the AsimtieaSmi
heat is not anoumulateil, aad at length at tho pole no force at all
can be exerted.
The gradual ^lisappearanoe of tho re/iuiar dally variations of
pressure, as wo rouedo from the equator, was pointed out to be a
phenomenon analogous to the correspouding disai^pearance near
the equator of the irrf^fftilar variations of prossure, so strongly mark-
ed near the pole. The 8te«dines8 of the pressure in India whic^h
is most marked, aud the change that takes phuie from the cold
season of greatest pressure to the h<tt season of least pressure,
were referred to as phenomena readily explained in the manner
suggested in the case of the daily variations. The eonatancy of
til© pressure over large areas, aud the propagation of what may ho
called the irregular variations, from day to day, over the whole of
India, wero phenomena whit.'h had been notii't^d by the late Mr.
James I'rinsep, and some very inetrut-tive diagrams exhibiting this
had been published iu the Hoeiety^s Journal, OoL Stradiey thought,
in 18.36. The subject had lung ago attracted Ool. S.*s notice, and he
invited attention to it as well worthy of epL'cial examination^ in
connexion with what he had said regarding the superimposing of
wraves in a fluid mass. These great fluctuations, extending over
half the continent of Asia, were manifestly in tho nature of great
waves, and the smaller fluctuations atfecting smaller areas, were
smaller waves, f>r so to speak ripples, breaking into the general
fluid surface. This part of the subject was one of much intorestj
in whieh very little hud yet been done, and ho hoped that Mr,
Blauford might be able to throw more light upon it.
The curves of tenjperaturo to which Mr. Blauford had direcited
attention were noticed by liim as indicating certain irregulariitM of
importance. Ool. Straohey wished to say that in his opinion the
first thing to do was to attend to tho rtf/ulan'ties. If we were ever to
make a Science of Moteoruhigy we must do it by supplying i>hy si cal
explanations of tlio observed phenomena. The regular phenomena
were without any doubt those at the present time best deserving
attention. When we had thoroughly mastered them, and wero
able to give a satisfactory explanation of their peeultarities, we
should be in a reasonable position to advance to the irregularities.
It certainly caunot be said that any sucli command hua yet been oh-
70
Proci0d$nff9 of the Asiatie Socteff.
[MARdf,
tained over tlie laws of the ordinary diurnal change of temperature,
and to the study of these, he would express a hope, that Indian
observers would apply themselves. The primary causes of thoea
changes were simple enough. On the one side, the Sun during the
day added to the heat of the air and the earthy and on the other
the air and the earth during the night threw off their heat into
celestial space. Very little waa yet known of how these operations
took place, or why it was that special laws of inareaae and decrease
of temperature governed eai.*h soaaon or eaoh locality. One of the
causes of such variations he might refer to, (as before, rather ia
illustration of the general scope of his advice, than as au attempt
to deal exliaustively with the subject), was the quantity of vapour
in the air, by reason of which ite power of transmitting radiant
lu^at varied. As the air was dry, it transmitted more j as it waa
tilled with vapour, it transmitted less heat* Thus the diurnal vft^
nations both by day and night would increase in extent as the aur
was drier, and vice verail. OoL Sti-ochey had examined the Madras
observations with a view of osnertttining how the matter was, after
the suggestion had been made by the researches of Professor Tyn-
dall, and the result, as above stated, quite corrohoroted the labori^
tory experiments.
The diurnal winds of Upper India were very well known to all
persons acquainted with that part of tUe country. That they were
due to the daily variation of the pressure he had little doubt They
wei'e not conhui^d to India at all, and in truth extended all over
Southern Asia up to the Caspian. The correctness of this theoreti*
col explanation of these diurnal westerly winds, woi^, he thoughtj
quite coniinnod by the circumstance that during the months of dry
westerly wind a faint easterly wind was common early in the
morning, showing that tlio high pressui'e to the east of the place
of observation had a similar effect to that produced to the west of
it. Of course as the actual course of the crest of the wave of prea*
sure waa east to west, and tlie great fail of pressure waa to tho
ea«t of the crest, the westerly wind mtist be the best marked.
It is important, Col, 8, said, always to bear in mind that wind is
nothing more than a eonatquenc^ a/ inequality of preisursp and^ i
tlierofore, commonly, if not always, more or less directly of ehan00$
187L]
Ff0€t6d%ng$ of the Aiiatio Sacieiif,
71
of iemperaturff. It is a vulgar error to drop out of view the easen-
tial change of preflsxire as the direct cause of wind, which should
be fitudiouflly avoided in Col. Strachey'e opimon by every scientific
Meteorologist The study of the winds, with the view of obtainingj
the precise explanation of theli" mochanical causes, ia much to bfl
reoommended, but here, as in all other like enquiries ^ the observer
must seek for true physical forces, and not permit himself to be
blinded by the vague generalities which afflict this section of
meteorology as they do all others.
Closely connected with the winds is the subject of rain^ but on tliia
he (CoL S.) would not venture to say anything excepting that, of all
the phenomena with which meteorology affected to deal, this waa
least understood^ and most involved in all sorta of misconceptions <
the grossest description of the physical forces that were operative inM
its production.
In conclusion Col. Strachey said^ he would earnestly exhort every
one who desired to assist the progress of meteorology, to treat it in
some such spirit as he had explained, to abandon the misleading
dogmatism that had hitherto obstructed all real progress, and to
seek for the precise, true, physical and mechanical forces which
produce tlie phenomena that he studies*
Tho President briefly alluded to a few of the most important
meteorological questions noticed by Col. Strachey, and expressed
a hope that the time may soon arrive when it will be possible tO<j
carry out the many valuable suggestions which CoL Strachey has
brought forwai-d.
The following papers were read : —
On a PRACTtCAL MBTHOD K>R DBTECTINO BAD nrstTLATOBa OH
Telegraph Lmss, — hy Loma 8ciiwENDL»a, Eao*
On© of the many practical measures, and certainly not one of
the least important, introduced during the last few yrara with a
view of increasing the ufficteucy of tlio Telegraph
72
Pr^imdingn of IIm Anuftiv Society*
[Ma&cr^
ifl the establisliment of a scientific 83r8tem of testing all materials
and instruments eDipltiy^'d on the lino. Many practi<ial resultn
h&YB already been obtained therefirom, but it is not tbe object of
the present commimication to enter into the details of tliis most
interesting subject ; I will, only point out one impoilaat fact thjit
has been established.
A ^eai many lines in India eoutain rledrtraUy defective inmlator~
aom§ to such an esf^nt m to lower th^ itisulnlion to a deffref ichich if
faUl to ths direct and regular working ofhng Une$.
Why such insulators could creep in, notwithstanding^ the care
taken in England to secure efBeient Telegraph Stores for India,
ifi a question with which I cannot deal at present, but which maj
perhaps form the subject of a, future paper, when more data have
en collected,*
ae very fact that electrically defective insulators, showing no-
thing externally, do exist and are distributed over lines of such
vast extent, has created the necessity of having a reliable method
by which such insulators can be detected, and other perfect onea
substituted with the least possible expense.
It is clear that such a method, if practicable, must be very sim-
ple, and the instruments used portable and handy.f
After some searching in this direction, the following method was
found to answer the purpose most satisfactorily.
The principle of the method is to produce magneto- electric
cfurrents through the resistance of the insulator under test, and to
measure these currents by the effect they have on the boily of the
tester^
• The caBB© for the low inmlatlon of in?nlat^>j'B seems to bo the poroua
•tftte of some porcelain, through which a minute qaatitity of water diffmiee
Haelf ill time. When hentiiig aa imperfi^nt insnlator, it becomes wlwaja perfect,
but iTnmerging it a aufticieutly loojy time in waU*r, it beoomea agaiti imperfect.
The leakage eeeme to be iuTariablj m thia part of ft poroelaio which is
cemented in the iron hood.
^ To use a deflection method is out of the qneatiou, hecanse the still oompara-
tirely high reniBtanceof insulators, which have to hfitletected, would neoeuitAie
a high electromotive force, and a very delicate GtilvaDometer, which arr»ng«-
menta ooultl not bo made easily portable, as it la required wlieu the tester pro-
oeeds along a liua.
1 87 1 .] Proeeedingi of the Astatic Society.
The subjoined diagram shews the connections readily :
78
Fi^l.
--^
o
o
o
o
rs
o
4J>
m'
\ iSJ^
J is a magneto-electric machine, the two terminals t and V of
which are insulated from each other and from the ground.
t is in permanent contact with a perfectly insulated leading
wire /, long enough to reach the insulator, to the iron hood of
which it is to be hooked.
t' is in permanent connection with the clamp c to which is
fixed a small platinum knob, m, and both the clamps, o and c\
are permanently connected with each other. A good insulated
leading wire, //, which is to be hooked on to the bracket of the
insulator under test, is in contact with the moveable platinum
knob m' which, however, is insulated from c\ when pressed down,
but which in its position of rest^ (or when not pressed down
short), closes the circuit between c and c' at /.
The whole arrangement is constructed light but strong, protect-
ed from rain and can be carried along the line by one man only.
74 Proeeedtn^s of the Asiatic Society. [Mabcr
The tester proceeds as follows : —
After having cleaned the insulator carefully, he removes tem-
porarily the line from the insulator and hooks the leading wire
No. I to the iron hood and leading wire No. 11 to the bracket of the
insulator. He then turns the handle of the magneto electric ma-
chine with one hand, while one finger of the other is resting on
the knob m of clamp e.
As soon as he touches with the other finger the knob m^ of
clamp c\ at the same time pressing it down, the metalio cir-
cuit between c and m'is opened, and the positive and negative
magneto-electric currents have to pass from one finger to the
other, and consequent!}', if strong enough, will give the tester sensi-
ble shocks, by which he is at once informed that the insulator
under test is defective, and much under the fixed standard of
insidation.
If the tester does not feel any current through his fingers, (a
comparatively rough galvanoscop), he has only to repeat the ex-
periment by placing his tongue on the knob m, while his hand
still presses the knob tnf down. If no current is felt by the tester
through this most delicate galvanoscop, the tongue, he can rest
assured that the insulator is perfect for all practical purposes.
By opening and closing the circuit alternately at the knob m ',
the tester has it in his power to allow at short interval currents to
pass through his tongue, and consequently will be able to detect
the slightest induction currents.
The following experiments were made with insulators of known
resistance to ascertain the highest limit by which the tongue is
still able to detect induction currents.
The currents in these experiments were produced by one of
8iemen*s well known dial instruments, the revolving bobbin of
which had a resistance = 1577 S. U.
The absolute resistance of each insulator was first carefully
measured in the ordinary manner, without water in the porcelain
cups, and the insulator afterwards tested by the method above
described.
1871.]
ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society.
75
No. of Insulator.
Resistance in vnilU.
S. U.
Strength of magneto-electric cur-
rents as indicated bj the human
body, through the resistance of the
insulator under test.
1.
0.11
Strong shocks felt by fingers.
2.
0.13
Ditto ditto.
8.
0.145
Ditto ditto.
4.
0.19
Ditto ditto.
6.
0.75
Slight shocks felt by fingers.
6.
2.30
No shocks felt by fingers, but good
shocks through tongue.
7.
6.70
No shocks felt by tongue, but a
strong acid taste.
8.
7.1
Distinct, but slight acid taste.
9.
82
Ditto ditta
10.
82.0
Nothing felt by tongue.
11.
189.0
Ditto ditto.
12.
615 0
Ditto ditto.
13.
2620.0
Ditto ditta
14.
8
Ditto ditto.
From these experiments it follows that all insulators offering a
resistance up to about 1 mill. S. U. can be detected by the fingers,
and those above 1 mill, and under 8 mills, can be unmistakably de-
tected by the tongue. It appeared also that tongues of different
persons were equally sensitive, since several persons, Europeans
and natives, acknowledged the known acid taste, even through the
insulator No. 9, having 8.2 mill. S. U. resistance.
The highest limit of the method could of course be increased by
filling the revolving bobbin of the magneto-electric machine with
much finer wire and increasing the nimiber of permanent magnets ;
however, this will be scarcely necessary, because it seems to be a
fact that if an insulator has more than about 8 mills., the resistance
is generally so high as to be practically infinite and, therefore, a
76
Pi*ocf^dingi qfthe Aiiatic Soctftf,
[March,
greater sensitiYeness of tlio iustrument would only complicate th
method.
As it is inteiided that the tester liimself should tiim the hand
of the magueto-electTiu maeliine, he has it entirely in liis power to"
regulate the strength of the induction currents by turning fast
or slower, and an, besides this, he always begins the testing by i
fir8t sending tlie currents through his fingers, noseyere shocks can
occur to him in the subBOquent operation.
The method has also a safeguard in itself against careless
rejecting good insulators, because the tester wiE certainly
oareful in having the insulator properly cleaned befoi-e testing If
in order to a%*oid severe shocks.
There can also he scarcely any doubt that the tongue is tB
best detector in this particular case^ because it is sufficiently
Beusitivej never comes out of order and inJicates almost momen-
tary currents ; it is beeides tlie cheapest instrument tliat could be
used*
[iN'i;/^]. This method may also with advantage be used td
detecting bad joints in a telegraph line. It is then only necessar
to c*onnect the two ends of the joint to the two terminals of th
m ague toelecti'ic machine, in such a way that the body of the test
acts as a shunt to the joint.
A joint which offers a resistance of not less than 5 8. U, alio?
a tun cut to pass sufficiently strong to he detected by the tongue p
but if the joint has a resistance of more than 200 S. U. the cur-
rent passing is strong enough to be felt already by the fingers of
the tester.
Mr. W* E. Ayrton observed, that there is one point of excellency
in Mr. Schwendler's arrangement for detecting bad insulator
wliit'h, as ^Ir. Schwendler has not mentioned it, he should like
say a few words about. Testing insulators by passing a curre
tlirough them is not th^w, but the turrcnt used for this purpose hii
uji to the present time been that oV>tained from a galvanic battel']
and to observe such a current a most delicate galvanometer is re-
quired. Kow both a galvanic battery and a delicate galvanooiet
are in theniaelves most unportable, the battery because it must
lano
Proee^dingn e/ih Amiic Somei^.
n
very large, and also because by being shaken its effect ia greatly
diminished, and a delicate galvanometer requires most careful ad-
justment each time before it is used after being moved. To obviate
the use of a galvanic battery, Mr. Sthwendler has sijggf>flted a mag-
neto-electric machine which is much more portable and also has the
eame power as a very large battery. An ordinary magneto- electric
machine, however, sends (rapid) reverse currents which would
produce no effect on the needle of a galvanometer, even although
the galvanometer were very delicate, because the rapid reverse cur-
rents produce a quick suc^^ession of opposite effects on the needlei
or practically no effect at all. This, it is true, may be obviated by
attaching to the magneto -electric machine a particular kind of re-
versing arrangement, but thija is liable to get out of order. Conse-
|aenUy whut is required is a delicate portable gtdvanomeler affect-
. by reverse cun*unts, and such a galvanometer Mr. Schwendler
has found in the human tongue, which is most delicate and certain-
ly is most portable and is affected by reverse currents, therefore ia
most suitable to be used with the magneto- electric machine*
Mr. Schwendler exhibited the apparatus for testing the re*
mstence of insulators and explained in detail the advantages of the
practical method. The experiment, ae described in the above
paper, was tried by several members.
The President noticed that Mr. Lethbridge has brought an
interesting communication relating to the old Dutch records in
Chinsurah. It wiU be brought to the notice of the Society at the
next meeting. There were also two other papers on the list
OjT a new OEXUS of BATSi with DEBCaTPTIOX OF A 2»nrW SPECIES OF
Kehtvoctla, bj/ G. K Dobsok, B. A., M. B,, Aui, Surgeon 11. M»
British Forcet, (Abstract.)
The new genus, described in this paper, is characterised by the
presence of a nrttfle phalanx in the 4 th finf^er^ two in the 3rd and
three in the 2nd. The single, terminal phalanx of the 4th finger,
and second or terminal phalanx of the 3rd are rudimentary, so mi-
nute as to be scarcely discernible, and, therefore, do not add appre-
ciably ti) tlie length of these fingers.
78
Pfocredin^a of the Atiatia Soeiety.
[1
Tlio typical number of plialanges in the 2iid, 3rd and 4th fingors
of a bat is two in each digit ; this number is often exceeded in many
genera of Insectivorous bate by the addition of another short plia-
laax, but in no genus, hitherto described, is the number loss than
two. Ab the greatest breadth of a bat*a wing ia uaually found by
measuring along the 4th finger, it foDows that, in this typical spe-
cies where we fi.nd the terminal phalanx of the 4th finger rudime
tary, and the homologue of the Ist phalanx only in other bats, (tl
2nd and 3rd phalanges being suppressed), the wing must be ce
paratively extremely narrow. On account of this remai-kable na
rowness of the wing, the author suggests to call the now geniM_
" SUn(^pUms.*' The type spedea is from Darjeeling.
Tho new Kenvoula diifers from other allied spocios by corta
peculiarities in the shape of the head, of the ears &c. Tho sg
name aurata is pi-oposed for it.
On Indian and Malayan TelphmidtBf by T. Wood-Mason, Esq.
The receipt of the following communicalion was also announce
Notes on birds olsened in the neighhourhood of Naffpur^ Kam^
Central FrovinceSf Cfukalda and AhoUi in Bcrai\ by Lt.-CoL A.
Mc Master, Madras Staif Corps*
Library*
Tho following additions have been made to the Library since 1
meeting, held in Februai^ lost.
Preieniatiom,
<»% Names of Donors hi Capitals*
Philosophical Transactions of the Hoyal Society of London
lS70,vol. IGO, partL^ — Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific pajiers,
vol, IV.— The Royal Sociei-y of IjOM>03f<
Praceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. XYI,
5. — The E. Geographical Society of Londojt*
Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Nos. 47 and 48, Bota-
ny 53 and 54. — ^TrnuRactions of the same, vol, XXVI, part 4,
XXVII, parts 1 and 2.— *Tlie Linkeak Socieit of London.
Geschichtliche ErgebniBae dor Aegyptologie. — Die Entfaltnng
dor Ifloe dos Menschen dui'ch die Weltgoschit^hte. — Sitzungsberichto
1809, n. Heft iii-iv j 1870, L Hefto i-iv,— AUmndluugen der Phi-
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 79
losophiscli-Pliilologisclien Classe, Band XII ; Abth. II ; der Mathe
matisch-Physikalisclien Classe, Band X, Abtli, III. — BAYEEiscnB
Akademie deb Wissenschaften zu Miinchen.
Possilo Mollusken des Tertiajr-Beckens von Wion, von Dr. M.
Homes. — K. K. Gbologisohb EEicnsAiirsTALT, Wien.
M^moires de la Society Imperiale des Sciences Naturellcs de
Cherbourg, Tom. XITT and XIV. — Sooiete Impbeiale des Sciej^cbs
Nattjkelles de Chebbouro.
Monatsbericht, Novr. 1870. — ^Abbandlimgen, 1869. — Akademib
deb Wissenschaften zu Bebun.
Bulletin, Tom XV, Nos. 1, 2.— M^moires, Tom XV, Nos. 5-8.—
ACADEMIE ImPEBIALE DES SCIENCES DE St. PeTEBSBOUBG.
Tatv6vali. — Pravoda Sataka, by ChandraldLnta Tark6lank4ra. —
The Atjthob.
A revision of the Terehratulida and Zingulida, with remarks on
and description of some recent forms, by W. H. Dall. — The Au-
thor.
La Langue et la litterature BLindoustanies en 1870, par M.
Garcin de Tassy. — The Authob.
General Eeport on the Panjab Oil-lands, by B. Smith Lyman,
with 11 plates. — The Authob.
Ueber das !R&mdyana, von A. Weber. — The Authob.
Journal of a Voyage up the Irrawaddy to Mandalay and Bhamo,
by J. T. Wheeler. — The Authob.
Eahasya Sandarbha, No. 63. — Babu Eajendbalala Mitra.
Annual Report on the Convict Settlement of Port Blair for 1869-
70. — The Govebnment of India.
Annual Eeport on the Administration of the Bengal Presidency
for 1869-70. — ^Eeport of the Administration of the N. W. Provinces
for 1869-70. — ^Eeport of the Administration of the Eegistration De-
partment in Bengal for 1869-70. — The CoochBohar Select Eecords,
No. in. — The Government of Bengal.
Eeport on the Meteorology of the Panjab, for 1869. — ^Thb Go-
vebnment OF THE Panjab.
Uzchange.
The AthencDum, for December, 1870.
The Nature, Nos. 62-65.
80 Ptoeeedingg of the Asiatic Society,
;j;i'! Purchase,
I,: j Eeisen in China von Peking zur Mongolischen Qrenze, von Dr.
2 f A. Bastian : — F. Bopp's Vergleichende Grammatik :— The L. E.
ii ' D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 270; — Annals and Magazine
Jj! of Natural History, No. 37 : — Zenker's Dictionnaire Turc-Arabe-
|: Persan, Heft XVn :— Bohtlingk und Eoth' Sanskrit- Worter-
J ' buch, Bogen 51-60.
t
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR APRIL, 1871.
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the
5th instant at 9 o'clock p. m.
The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed
Presentations were announced : —
1. From Col. T. C. Hamilton — a large round Gold coin, very
thin, somewhat more than an inch in diameter.
Col. Hamilton writes that he received the coin from Mr. W. H.
Pattisson, District Superintendent in Bamree, who obtained the
same on the island Oheduba. In an account which Mr. Pattisson
published in the Arracan News of 1871 (p. 27) regarding his trip on
Choduba island, the same officer states to have been informed that the
inscription on the coin is in Cingalese, and that the coin was struck
during the reign of Maha Paramat, king of Ceylon in the year of
religion 446. This would nearly correspond with the year 1086, A. D.
Since the publication of the account, just alluded to, Mr. Pattisson,
however, believes to have ascertained that the inscription is in old
Siamese character.
2. From G. Latham, Esquire — two charts of the Harbour of
Bombay.
3. From Major J. M. Graham — a group of rudely moulded
brass figures, representing *' Lushais" and their social habits.
The following memorandum accompanied the donation :
" The group was presented by one of the * Lushai* chiefs of the
tribe of * Nuttun Pooea' to Major Graham, then Deputy Commis-
82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [AprHi^
sioner of the Hill parts of Chittagong. It consists of a great nma-
ber of small brass figures and two trees, arranged on a wooden
block, nearly ten inches square and about IJ inch thick."
" Amongst the figures will be found men engaged in acting, which
consists in representations of fights, attacks on, or by, wild beasts,
the proceedings of war parties, &c. Their singing is a low monoton-
ous, buzzing chant, often accompanied by the music of drums, small
gongs, and of a wind instrument which in appearance, and sound,
strongly resembles the bagpipe. Liquor making, dancing, fishing,
shooting, smoking &c. are also shown."
'^ On the trees are figures of birds, and animals, such as the Tou-
can, and the long-armed black ape or * Hooluck.* "
'^ The method of fastening the bison, {Bos Gaurus) , which animal
is domesticated by the Lushais, will also be observed."
'^ The Bison is kept for the sake of his fiesh and, as he represents
a description of Lushai currency, ho is much used in barter.
It is also worthy of remark that, while the Lushais will eat al-
most anything under the sun, they will not touch milk, which they
consider to be excrement."
4. Prom Lieut. W. Miller, M. N. I. — an egg of Megapodim
Nicohariensis from Kamorta island and the carapace of a remarkably
shaped Pagurid Crab from one of the small Nicobar islands.
From Capt. J. V. Falle, — a skin of the great Albatross, Diomedea
exulans, Linn., shot off the Cape.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting wore balloted for and elected ordinary members :
Dr. P. N. Macnamara, (re-oloctiou).
Oscar Trefi'tz, Esq.
Capt. A. J. Filgatto, R, E.
Major J. M. Graham.
Col. P. H. Eundall.
T. M. Bourn, Esq.
W. J. Curtoys, Esq.
W. E. Ayrton, Esq.
W. Bourne, Esq., C. E.
Tlio following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting: .
18710
Proc&eSinffi of ihe Aiiatic Society.
H
Blbu KalipTasaTina Ghosba, prtnposed by B^bu Rijendralila
Mitra, seconded by Mr, H* Blocliniann.
Capt. B. Rogers, B, St. 0,, proposed by Mr. J, Wood-Mason,
seconded by Col. H. Hyde,
C. F. Bligb, Esfi-, proposed by 0. KeTil], Escj,, seconded by J.
Wood-Mason, Esq.
Ch. Sanderson, Esq., proposed by iku Hon'ble J. B. Phear,
iecondcd by H. H. Looko, Esq*
The following members have intimated th©ir desire to withdraw
from the Soeioty.
Dr. S. C« Mackenzie.
B. J. Leeds, Blsq.
Letters were read —
1. From Mr. St John — On some North Arracan Celt^.
Mr, St. John gives 'outlines of several colts in his collection. One
large form is from Upper Barma and, in having a short abrupt
shoulder, resembles the Burmese celts described and figured by Mr.
Theubald in the Proceedings of the Society for 18G9, p. 181 &c., pK
iii and iv. Two other celts are from the hills in North Arracan and
are in form and bIzo very similar to those figiu^ed in the Proceedings
for 1870^ pis. iii and iv. One of them has the lower edge shai-pened
from both sides, ihe other only from one. A fourth outline repre-
sents a long irtm hatchet, of the shape of a broad chi^^el ; it is stDl
in use by the Arakanese in being simply put through a hole at the
end of a stick of a male bamboo.
2. A letter was also read from Mr. E. C, Bajley« 0. S. I., re-
garding a Goldmuhur, struck by Firuz ShAh Zufar in A. H. 791.
The coin appears to be unique. A drawing of it wiLL appear in the
philological part of the Journal together with Mr. Bayley's notes.
The following papers were read —
1. On Iitdian axb Malavak TsLPUUsm.^, by J. Wood-Mason,
Esq. (Abstract.)
The author gave a general sketch of the organisation of Tf^lphuiA
indim and noticed its relation to the two other known species of the
genus, T. Leschenattltu a.n<i Gwrim. He also referred to the de-
scriptions of 15 new species of which two belong to Milne-Edwards'
84
Proc00din^i t^f the Asiaiic SQckUj*
[AfiJH
subgenus Paratdphma^ oocmring in Eastern Bengal, which provinca
possesp a decided Malayan character in its fauna. Some remarks an
the distribution of tlie various species were also made.
Dr. Stoliczka observed that the results at which Mr. Wood-Masoa
arrived regarding^ the geographical distribution of the Indian Lui^
crabs are partictilarlj intoroating, because they were obtained ind
pendently of the ©xaniijiatitin uf other groups of animals. This wi
chiefly due to Mr. W. T. Blanford in having pointed the distinc-
tions existing between the Imliau and Malayan fauna within th
geographical area which we usually designate India. Many of tb
details on the subject are given in Mr. Blanford's paper on the
Central Indian Reptiles, published in last yearns JournaL It is, D^
Stoliczka stated, natural enough that Burma, Eastern Benga
stretching along the slopes of the Ilimalayas up to Nepal, should
po&>^eds a fauna very closely allied to that of the Malayan peninsu
and tlie neighbouring islands, but it is diflictjlt to explain how tl
same Malayan forms have come into existence on nearly all the
higher ranges of hills in South India, along the Malabar coast, an
even on some perfectly isolated hills, while the intervening part \
the lower country possesses an Indian fauna with a i>rovalenco
Afi'ican types. Ileliable data regarding the distribution of tl]
animals, particularly in India, are as yet very scanty, and car
drawn up hste of those observed in various districts are mu
needed, that we may be able to explain the peculiar phenomenon \
the isolation of the Maloyan fauna in some parts of Southern IndL
It does not appear improbable that the fauna of India was
some remote period chietly, or altogether, Malayan, and that it ha
been more or less defttruyed in those porta which were affected
the enormous volcanic eruptions, characterized as the trappea
formation of Oentral and K. W. India. It must have been son
where about that time when a communication was establiehod ba
tween India and Africa, and when African forms were enabled
travel eastwards and attain a firm hold in India* The immigratic
from the West must have been considemble, for it seems to ha^
greatly checked the further development of the Malayan fant;
which remained preserved only on the more elevated hiUs, chiefi
those consistiJig of gneissous and other mctamorphic rocks. It is also
1871.]
PrcceedingM af ih$ AsittUe Soetei^\
^5
highly probable tbat the overflow of the traps produced a great
change in the climate of India, particularly in the less elevated
coimtry, and that this climate was more favorable to the develop-
ment of Afritan than of Malayan forme.
2. On soire old Dutch recorbs of the settlei^ent of CnDfeTJKA ;
by E. Lethbridge, Esq., M, A.
A short time ago I act'idontally discovered that some of the old
records of the Danish settle raont of Serampore, or Frederiksnagar,
and some of those of the Dutch sottlement of Chinsura, ^ere pre-
served amongst the ai-chives of the Judge^s Court at Hooghly. By
the permission of the Judge of Hooghly, I was allowed to examine
these records ; and I expected to open up a rich mine of antiqua-
rian wealth, for Dutch records, at all events the European ones,
are generally considered to be more fuB and detailed tlian any
others, except Yenetian records. The documents still preserved at
Hooghly are contained in a large nloiira, and are covered with
the dust of years. As 1 believe is the case with all the record re*
positories in India, there are absolutely no modem scientiiic ap-
pliances for the preservation of these papers ; and consequently
most of them are worm-eaten and decajring, and many are in a
state of inseparable cohesion. I was somewhat disappointed to
find that most of the Butch papers which I examined were of only
local importance j a largo number were merely proiocoles or r*-
ffitters of the wilU of the old Dutch residents, and hardly any of
them of any general scientific valuti at all. Fortunately^ however,
the records of the Court supplied me with a very good explana-
tion of this fact; I found that in 1853 aU the Dutch reenfrd^
of any historical mid acunUfic value had been handed over
bodily^ and without even any proposal to retain copies of them ia
this country, by ttie Government of India, to the Government of the <
Netherlands' India j and by the latter had beea doubtless at once
transferred to the Boyal Archives at the Hague. I have beea
fortunate enough to diseorer the list of these documents, made by
the order of Mr. Torrens (the then Judge of Hooghly^ at the time
of the transfer ; and a copy of this list I beg to be allowed to sub-
mit to the notice of the Society, (vide App'nclixj p. 89).
86 ProrMilmgti of ike Asiatic Saeteh/, [Aprii., ,
To this list should bo added (as is evident from certain romarks of
Mr. Torrena) a eomplete aeries of the minutes of the Governors of
Chineura* I^Ir. Torrens says—" The latter must undoubtedly, I
think, have been of very considerable historical importance ;" and
I ventxire to behevo that the Society will agree with me that eomo
of the series described in the accompanying' list may probably be
found to be of very high scientific value. The Government of His
Majesty the King of the Netherlands is well known for its* liberal
encouragement of science ; and it is very probable that, if the So-
ciety should tliiuk the matter of sufficient importance to warrant
its being mooted, copies of the more important documents trans*
f erred fmm Chinsura, might be obtained without much difficulty
from the Itecord Department at the Hague.
It may be worth while liere to add a brief account of the circum-
stances of this transfer — ^an account which I have gleaned from the
Records of the Judge's Court at nooghly* It may be remembered
that, at the time when Chinsura and other Dutch possessions on ths
Continent of India were exchanged for the Britisli settlements ia
Sumatra, in 1824, a Dutch Officer (named the Fiscal) at Chinsura
was, imder the terms of the Treaty, taken into British employ, ap-
parently to protect tiie jnterei^ts of former Dutch subjects. Many
of the old Dutch Records wore retained in his custody; possibly
all were so retained, but on this point I have not been able to ob-
tain certain infi>rmation. On the death of this officer in 1852, the
Government of Netherlands* India expressed a wish " to be fnr-
niahed by an early opj^nrhinity vrifh the Dutch Records appertain-
ing to the late office of tlio Fiscal of Chinsura." After some cor-
respondence, the Governor- General ordered, on the 31st Dec.
1853, that all records possessing any general historical interest
sliould be sent to Calcutta to be handed over to the Dutch authori-
ties ; all records having only local importance, and generally all
those in Bengali, being retained in the Judge's office.
With regard to the contents of the more imi^ortant records
©numerated in the appended Ust : —
No. 57 is a book containing a Note of Warren Hastings on the
capture of the Fort, and Tov^n of Cliinsiira in 178L This may
very possibly prove to be merely a copy of, or an extract from, a
1871.]
Procsedingi &/ the Aiiatte Socitt*^*
87
Eeeord of the Calcutta Foroign Office, which waa established in
17H3.
No. 42, contmns 21 vol times of Journals and Minutes of tho
administration &om 1773 to 1805 ; tliis would in all pro b ability
furnish materials for a fairly complete history of Netherlands' India
for that period.
No. 12 is a packet containing copies of 5 firmans permitting the
Dutch to trade in the provinces of Oudh, Allahabad, and Agra,
The dates are not given.
No. 8 is a packet containing documents respecting transfer of
some premises at Dacca from the Frunch autliorities to tho Dutch
I in 1674- This is, I fancy, the eai'liost mention that wo have of
the French being settled in Bctfgal. The India House Hecovda
(calendared hy Mr. Bruce) mention the arrival of a French fleet
under Admiral de la Hayo, in the Bay of Bengal in 1673; and
Stewart says that the French settled here about 1G76*
No. 6 contains two Perwanas under the eetd of Yizior Sadoolah
Khan respecting a house at Patna.
No. 4 contains documonta respeoUng the acquisition of land at
Boranagore by the Dutch in 1 680.
No. 3 contains copies of grants respecting lands at Pipley and
Balasore, in 1676.
In conclusion, I may perhaps be pardoned, if I venture to call the
attention of the Society to a fact which must have frequently at-
tracted the notice of many of its members : — ^I moan, the immense
historical value of many of our Mofiissil Rec^orda (especially those
preserved at places of historical noto like Hooghly, Burdwan and
Dacca,) which ore yearly crumblLng away and becoming lost to
science for ever, tlut»ugh lack of the most ordinary precautions for
securing their preservation. I believe that in no other coimtry in
tho world, possessing a civilised Govomment, lA so little care be-
stowed on the preservation of the materials lor its history ; and in
no country is there a greater need for such precautions as can bo
devised by the skill of the archivist. With regard to accessibility,
our Mofussil Records ore practically, for all purposes requiring
extensive reseai^cli, absolutely closed to the eludont ; for whilst tliey
are scattered in scores of remote and insecure hiding -places, with-
Sft
rroc€tdmg9 of th Asiatic Sueutjf,
[Apb
out indexes or calendar's vorlby of the name, and in tlie cusi
of record- keep era of no acioniiiic skill and comijaratively little iiu
tolligence, the search fop a single fact would not nnfrequen
Involve the waste of years, and years of hard labour* Moreo'V
he annual deatniction of valuable documents that must go on id
climate, like that of Bengal, must be enormous. A momorandu
written by the late Mr. Piddington, is noted by Mr, Torrens, (tl
Secretary of the Asiatic Society), aa a paper of very great valii
and is printed in the Journal of the Society for July 184Q. It inq
eat^s some of the pocidiai' dangers to which documents are expose
in India, owing to the deleterioua nature of some of the ingrodioD
of the ink generally used, and to other causes. The dangers ]
suiting from the darapnesa of the climate ; fi*om the ravages
Tf^ hite-ants, rats, bouk-wonns, and other vermin ; fi'om decay ; fro
mutilation, inflicted either intentionally, or tlu'ough ignorance 1
carelessness ; from fire &c. — all those are Buificiently obvious. It will
be within the recollection of the Society that a valuable collection
of Oriental manuscripts, the property of Government, was recently
damaged by rain ; when a circular was issued by the Home
partment, ordering that in all annual repoi-ts made by olHcors
charge of public libraries, museums, or collections, it should
specially stated whether or not the whole of the property is safe
and in good condition. The present methods adopted in the pre-
servation of all Mofusfiil Becords are of such a nature that it
impossible that any documents can long remain in good conditia
I believe that it was found, a short time ago, that the CoUectoral
Eecords at Jessore had been so extensively tampered with by
terested parties, that the evidence of any of these documents wi
hold to be almost worthless; and I have heard many disti-iet offiea
of experience state their behef that a similar state of things exii
in many, if not in most of the Mofussil Becord-OfiiceB. It wH
stated last week in tlie Fioneer that the Kecords of the cutcher-
ry at Ermakulam are at present inaccessible, owing to the
number of the venomous serpents that have taken up thuir abode
amongst them.
The Records are generally placed in common wooden almird
fastened by ordinai-y padlocks, and x>iaced in rooms of more or le
I
JS7I.] Pt*ocerd$nff4 af the AiiaUe Sbtieiy*
|[©neral resort. Tlie inaecurity of bucIi custody may perhaps best
be illustrated by a very brief description of the metbod of custody
whioh is fouad necessary evea in England, where the climate is
much less injurious^ and the fear of mutilation smaller. As soon
as any sets of Becords have been taken into the custody of the Mas-
ter of the Rolls (who is ex-officio bead of the Englibh Record De-
partment), they are cleaned, sorted, bound or mended as far as may
be necessary and practicable, and placed in boxes for subsequent
aiTungoment* Then a catalogue or general descriptive list is
drawn up j and afterwards the more iiuportant documents are in-
dexed, and the most important are ultimately calendared. When
tlie work of arrangement is complete, they are placed in iron
presses in the room assigned to their class* Every room in tba
building is separately tire-proof^ being caaed with iron and furuish-
ed with an iron-door which is thief-proof. Water can be turned
on at a moment's notice in any room for tlie extinction of Ere,
Hot-air pipes are placed around every room, so that an equal tem-
perature is preserved throughout the year ; and by this means
damp is excluded and i\>t arrested. Every part of the building
being thus protected by every means that sdeace can devise^ the
whole is constantly watcbed night and day, both by the Depart-
ment (on Olficer and an olHce-keeper being resident in an adjacent
house) and by the Police ; a police patrol is on duty throughout
the night in the building. The perfect accessibility of uJJ recorda is
iilao well pi-ovidud fur.
Appendix^
Litt of Dutch Jifcordi likeJif to be of any ht^toncat value.
No. I * 1 packet of papers or docomeuts of Dutch Government,
during the administration of C. Van Citter, Governor of Chiusura,
dated the 29tU April, l79o.
2. 1 pa^'ket of papers, dnt^d the Sth July, 1771, in Dutch and
Persian lespecting the right of the Dutch Authorities at Poply in
eome parcels of ground at Balasore.
3* 1 packet of original documents in Persian, and copies of
grants relating to tlio Peply Factory at Balasore, date<l in 1084^
Uidgree.
Pf09Hding$ of the Asiatie S&eUty.
[April,
4. I packet contaiiung dooumenta in Persian inspecting transfer
of some land in Buranagoro, by one Bamopur Mozoomdar to Uie
Dutcli authoritieB in 1088, Kidgree.
6. 1 paclcet containing documents in Persian respecting the pur-
uhaseof aparcelof ground^ Cnssimbazar, dated 19th January, 1750.
6. 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting the
purchase of two houses at Paftia, and copies of two Purwanahs
with seal of Yizeer Sadoollah Khan, awarding possession of the
houses to a Dutch General, (no name mentioned).
7. 1 packet containing document in Persian » respecting the
proprietory title of a house at Dacca, which formerly helonged to
one Mehdee Alii Khan (date and year not mentiotjed),
• 8. 1 packet containing documents, dated the 25th September,
1674, in Dutch and Persian, relative to the making over garden
land with premiBes at Dacca, by the French Authorities,
9. 1 packet containing documents in Persian, and Bengalee,
respecting purchase of some land in Beeetoopore, adliah Moorshe-
dahad, dated the 23rd December, 1772.
10, 1 packet containing documents hi Dutch, Bengalee and Pe^
eian, respecting transfer of a water-course at Kalkapero to the
Dutch Government,
11. 1 packet eontaining a deed of sale and a pottah in Persian
and Bengalee, of a certain quantity of land at Cassimbazar, granted
to Mr, T. M. Eoss on the 2 1st instant, 1181, B. S.
12, 1 packet containing copies of 5 Firmans permitting the
Dutch to trade in the provinces of Oude, Allahabad, and Agra,
dated Ist February.
13, 1 packet eontaining documents respecting a house at Bala*
eore.
14. 4 Prothocoles in Dutch, raai-ked A, B, D and E respective to
Patna and Ca8simbai!:ar from 1763 to 1785.
16, 1 Prothocole in Dutch, during the incumbency of W. F»
Van Citters from 1817 to 1818.
16. 2 ditto in Dutch of the Eesident for 1823 and 1 824,
17. 1 Diary in Dutch from 1818 to 1828.
18. 1 Order book in Dutch from 1820 to 1822.
19. 1 Aocount-curreat book in Dutch, 1793-4.
1871.]
rrom§im$9 ^ih^ MtmiU l^^itif*
91
20. 1 Journal book in Dutch, 1793-4.
SI. 1 packet containing in Dutch rules for proflaouting aetioas
in Europe Courts,
22. 1 Book of certificates in Knglish regarding eale of Japan
Copper, &c., commencing firom 28th AugUiSt 1818 to ith Pnh. 1820.
23. I Begister of certiiicates in Dutch and English rmpecting
purchase of a ship and other pfoper^ by a Dutoh gentlanuui
named L. Chngtianson on the 7th January, IB22.
24. 1 Bataria, acoount-ourrent book in Dutch for 1794-5.
25. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditta
26. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto. ,
27. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto*
28* 1 Amsterdam ditto ditto ditto.
29. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto.
30. 1 Begister of Pensioners in Dutch*
31. 1 Eegulations respecting Batavia in Dutch for 1819.
32. Begister of Minutes respecting Batuviahi DuUh from 1820
to 1825.
33. 1 Book containing orders for the PolitJO in Dutch for 1817.
34. 1 Widow Fund Begidation Book in Dutch for 1817.
35. 1 Military Widow Fund Book in Dutch for 1817.
86. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1822.
37. 1 Civil Widow Fimd Book in Dutt^h for 1820.
38. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1822.
39. 1 Book containing receipts in English of Despatcbea ad-
dreosed to the OoTernor-General of Balavi.
40. 1 luistruetioQ Bo4>k in Dutch (date and year not mentioned).
41. 21 Principal Ledgers in Dut«h from 1773 to 1806,
42. 21 Journals and Minutes in Dutt^h from 1773 to 180*5.
43. 8 Orphan Account Books in Dutch from \HIH U^ 1H2.^.
44. 12 Books containing letters received and copii»» of lottera
sent in Dutch from 1775 to 1821,
45. 7 Books containing ord««rM itm^tH^iing Batavia in Dutcb«
1718-19 til 1825,
46. 4 Sequestratio or Accotmt B<*«ilcs in Dutc^h from 1789 to
1814.
47. 8 Gastorsor expense books in Duic^h from 1799 to 1814.
92
Ptorffdm^n of the Asm tic St^ciet^,
[Apri
48. 3 Eegulation Books in Dutoli from 1750 to 1 766.
49. 2 Books eontaining statute for Bataria in Dutch from 1664
to 1669.
50. 1 Cliinsura Police Regulation Book in Dut^b for 1761,
61. 1 Memorial of the Residenta.of Cliiasurai in Dutch, from
1819 to 1822.
52. I Book eotttaining Proceedings in Engliah and Dutch of 1
Dutch Court at Chinsura from 1815 to 1817.
63. 1 Memoir Book in Dutrh.
54. 3 Books containing copies of lettora in Dutch on Tariotl
subjects.
65- 2 General KuBter Eolls in Dutch shewing the names of
officers appointed by the Dutch G-overnment of Ohinsnm.
56. Correspondence on Tariou!? subjects in Duttjh and Englia
between the Dutch authoritiea and English Commissioners,
67. One Book containing extract from the Proceedings of the
Hon'ble Warrgn Hastings, Governor-General, relative to the caps
tare of the Fort and To\m of Chinsura, 1781,
68. 1 Book containing letters and receipts in Dutch from 17S
to 1798.
69. 2 Books containing letters of Colonel Tan Cittera in Dutolj
60. 2 Books containing copies of correspondence between th
Dutch Governors of Chinsura and Batavia from 1792 to 1795,
GL 2 Registers of letters in Dutch and Engli&h of the
Kesident on various subjects, 1817.
62. 6 Various accoiint Books in Dutch.
63. 20 Registers of letters in Dut^h on various subjects*
64. 1 Batavia account-current book in Dutch,
65. 3 Account Books in Dutch from 1817 to 1821.
66. I Begister of letters and accounts in Dutch and EngUsh
relative to the old Church at Chmsura.
3. Oar jl QUA^rnTATivB ME'rHOB op testing a " Tblbgb
Eabth,'* by W, E. Ayrton, Esq. (Abstract.)
The method used up to the present time for testing a telegraph
earth has been qualiMive uuljr. As, however, the elGctrical contl
tion of eruiy ** earth" is of great practical importance, it
lISTI,]
Proe$$Mng$ of the Aaiatie Smd^,
n
ssary that some accurate quanUfaitv0 method should ho devified,
arder that every telegraph office may ascertain whether the
resistance of their earth ia higher or lower tlian tlie maximum
resistance allowed* The principal difficulty met with is that, if
the resistance between two oartka be measured successively with
1 positive and negative currents^ th§ same result is not obtained-
Oonsequently the ordinary law for a Wheat^tone's Bridge, or
Differential Galvanometer, wouhl not hold true. This difficulty,
however, has been overcome in this paper, and formulaa are devel-
loped suitable for a Wlioatstone^s Bridge, a Differential Galvanome-
ter, or simply for a Galvanometer of which the law of tho deflec-
tions is known.
The details of some experiments are also given, and a particular
instance is mentioned in which a much better ** earth** was obtain-
ed by burying the plate in tho upper stratum of soil than by bury-
ing it much deeper, on account of a bed of sandstone that existed
at about fifteen feet below the surface. * ^
Mr. Ayrton's paper will be printed in full in the natural history
part of the Journal.
The following paper was received :
Notes on the Country of Braj, by F, 8» Growse, Esq,, M, A.,
B. C. 8.
Tills paper will be published in the first number of the philolo-
gical part of the Journal which will appear shortly.
LtBBABY.
The following additions have been made to the library since the
meeting held in March lost.
Prismtati^Hi.
*«* Names of Donors in Capitols.
Monatsbericht der Koniglioh Proussischen Akademie der Wis-
ienschaften m Berlin, December 1870: — Akadbhiis dee Wissin*
SCHArrEN ZTJ BEH1.TN.
Selections fi'om the Records of the Government of India, Home
Department, No. LXXYTT ; Papers relating to the Nioobor Islands :
— Govt, of India, Home Dept,
04
Pf'0e$$din09 of ilie AmUc Society,
[AfRIL,
Bahasya Sandarbha, VoL 6, No. 04 : — Babtj EAJEwBRAnAUi
MiTBA.
Kam^jana, Vol. 11, No. 6« edited by Kemackandra Bhatti*
cMrya : — The Ebitor.
Eecords of the Geological Survej^of India, Vol. IY| part I :— -J
Thb Geolooioal Buevey of Ixdia.
Beport on tbe Kevenue Survey operations of tlie Lower Provin^
for 18G9-70 : — General Beport of the Bevenue Siirvey opera*
tione of the Bengal Presidency upp-er circle, 1869-70: — Tins Sira-
"TEYOE GeNEKAL OF IxDIA.
General Beport on the operations of the Great Trigonometrical
Survey of India, 1869-70: — S cti'erintendent of tide G. T. Sua-j
VEY OF IXDIA.
Beport on the Bevenue Survey operations in British Burma, '
1869-70 :^Solectionfl from the Kecorda of the Government of India,
Home Department, No, LXXII : — Selections from the Records of
the Bengal (Jover^mont, P. W. D, No. I : — Beport on the Admini-
stration of the Salt Department 1869-70: — Paltoontologia ladiea,
VoL III, No9* 1-8 : — The GorERN'METrr of Bengal.
Flora Sylvatim, by Major R. H. Beddome, part TI : — Sanitary '
and Medical report on the settlement of Port Blair, Anda
for 1869 : — The Goveeniient p/ Inbm.
Grimm'a Deutsches Worterhuch, Band XY. Liefenmg 10 :^I
The Calcutta Beriew, April 1871 : — HtJwitfson'B Exotic Butterflies,
part 77 ; — The Annala and Magnzme of Natural History, No. 38 ;
— The American Journal of Science, January 1871: — The L. E«
and D. Philosophitid Magazine, No. 271 ; — The Ibis, January J
1871 :— Conchologia Indiia, part 2*
PROCEEDINGS
OF TUB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
The monthly meeiang of the Society waa held on Wedueaduy,
the 3rd instant at 9 p. m.
The Hon. Mr. Justice Phear^ President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmod.
The receipt of tho following presentations was aniiounLtHl : —
1. From T. R. Lewis, Esq., M. B. — a copy of a Beport on the
Microscopic Objects found in Cholera Evacufttiona^ &c.
2. From E. Blytb, Esq*, — several copies of a Note on the contro-
versy between Mr. W. Theobald and Br. Gray.
Mr. Bljth records his belief that the sknE of Te^tudo Phayr^i^
which was transferred from Dr j?al( ner's collection to the Britisli
Museum, belongs to a specimen of the same tortoise in the Society ^^
collection ; it waa originally sent to the Calcutta Museum by Sir
A, J. Phayre from Arracan, The fatit was first noticed by Mr, W*
Theobald, but it« correctness was disputed by Dr. J, E» Gray in one
of the late numbers of the Athenasum.
3. From S. E. Peal, Esq., — a few notoa on tlie cultivation aud
manufacture of Tea.
4. From Akskayaeumdra Datta, — a copy of The Beligious
Sects of the liindus.
6, From His Highnoss Thakura Gii-iprasiida Sinha, Raj^ of
Besma, Allyghur, — a copy of Vedurthaprudipa, Commentary of
Wl»ite Yajur Vodai Fasc. I| in Braj BhSaUa.
6. From W. H. Dall, Esq., through Rev. 11 , Dall,— A PreU*
minary Sketcli uf a natural arrangemont of the Ordei- i>watf/a<r*tf,
ite
96
Pme$$dinff9 of the Asiatte Socid^.
[Mat,
(Extract fivMn the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natoral
History) f and Note on tranflrverBely striated muscular fibre among
the OmtrojHida^ (from the American Journal of Science and Arts,
VoLI, February 1871).
7. From Rev. H. Ghmdert, — a copy of prospectus of a Malaya-
lam and English Dictionary.
8. From Babu Bajendralala Mitra — a dried spocimen of a now'^
species of Sctncus. (For a description of the sjiocies see p. 115).
This specimen was obtained by Babu K. Mitra from a Kash-
mir merchant, who stated that he brought the same from Arabia,
The lizard is largely used medicinally in various diseases, and iaJ
particularly highly valued as an aphrodisiac by the Muhammadans.
It is commonly known under the names of regmdkij or the sand­ j
reg%udah^ or tlie deecondant of sandj and mqunqur^ which word iai
said to be of Greek origin. Scinca, and also the conmion greea
European lizards, had been formerly largely used by mcdiievolJ
European physicians, who attributed to them most wonderful 1
metUcinal virtues in all kind of diKcases.
In India the seine is taken in the form of a j>aato mixed with
fiaffi-on, cardamum and other spices, or in the form of a powder,
with beetle leaf, but it is never prescribed by Hindu physiidana.
The following gentlemen were elected ordinary mombera l —
A. P. Howell, Esq.
Babu Kaliprasanna Ghosha.
Capt. B. Hogers, B. S. U
C. R Bligh, Esq,
Ch. Sanderson, Esq
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the n&xt
meeting : —
Capt. 0. Stewart Pratt, Adjt. 34, N. I., Morar^ proposed by Mr.j
Wood-Mason, seconded by CoL H. Hyde.
Mouiavi Habsburrabju&n, proposed by Mr. Blochmann, second-
ed by Bfibu E^jendralala Mitra.
J. W. jUexander, Esq., proposed by Dr. T, Oldham, seconded by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Bibu Gangaprasad Sinha, proposed hj Mr. U. Blociimannr
seconded by Maulavi Kabiiudd in.
187 1 .] Pr<K$edin^9 of (he Asiatic Smd^* 97
Bibu Ramakrifikna IHsa, proposed bjr Mr. H* Bloohmann^
seconded by Moulavi Kabiruddin.
The Presideiit reported that the Council had elected Dr. P,
StoHczka as a Trustee of the ladian Museum, ou behalf of the So-
ciety, in place of Dr. S, B. Partridge who has resigued his trustee-
ship on leaving India.
The President also commumcated a proposition of the Council
that Ch. Darwin, Ksq,, be elected an honorary member of the
Society,
The President said that according to the provisions of Kule 6 of
the Bye*laws of the Society, the Council should, in the case of a pro-
position for the election of an honorary member, state the grounds
on which the recommendation is baaed.
In the present case, the President thought it would scarcely be
aeceasary to say anything more in support of the proposition of
the Council^ than to recall the very great influence which the works
of the author of the * Origin of species/ ' Animals and plants under
domestication' and the ' Descent of Man' had updn the study of
natural history in every one of its branches. Few can claim such
a thoroughly philosophical treatment of natural history, as Oh,
Darwin, who is justly styled the naturalist of the day.
The ballot will take place at the next meeting of the Society,
The following letters were read i- —
1. From Major Stubbs — on a Muhammadan coin*
Mr. Blochmann said : — The ooin of which Major Stubbs has sent
a rubbing, is a most curious one. It was struck in A. H. 1 202,
(A. D., 1788) by Muhammad Bedar Bakht, whom the notorious
Ghulam Qidir, on the 22nd ShawwAl, 1202 (2Sth July, 1788)
placed upon the throne of DiMi. The reign of this puppet
king, who was a son of Ahmad Bhah, was of short duration.
When he was first brought forward, Shah *Alam (IL) wae still
upon the throne. Ghulim Qddir, sword in hand, made him
descend, and sent him to his apartments, and three days later made
the new emperor iniict corporal punishment upon his venerable
predecessor. He used to lounge on the throne, aide by side
with Bedir Bakht, whom he covered with abuse and ridicule.
100
Proc^edm^i of th§ Aiiatic Sodeiy,
[M^t,
gai^ ftom, Qidir *Ali^ AfziSngaxij from Aiztm, and Iqbilgafij
from Iqbdl 'All.
3. There are at present no Hdjahs of Kharakpiir in the dls*
trict, all their estates including the j&gura granted by the em«
peror ha^ng been sold a few years ago by Mr. Latour by public
auction, which led to long and harassing Litigation. There are
Bome illegitiniate cliildren of the last Rijah still surviving. I may
as well mention here the remaiaing Rajahs of Kharakpiir subse*
quent to the table given above^ Faiz *Aii succeeded MuraGT&r
*Ali^ and was suooeeded by CUdir 'All, who was succeeded in his
turn by Jo^^ 'Ab'p who again was succeeded by Bahmat 'AU,
with whom the lino became extinct,*'
The following papers were read : —
I,— Styi^ of dress m ANOiEjrT India, by B^bu B^jendralila
Mitra, — (Abstract.)
Buchanan Hamilton, in his ** Eastern India,*' first started the
opinion that the ancient Hlitdua knew not the art of preparing
needle -made dresses ; and it has since been adopted by Dr. Forbes
Watson, Mrs. Manning, Dr. John Muir and others. The pre-
misesi however, on which this opinion is foimdod, appear to be
imtenablo. Mention is made of the needle and sewing in the Big
Yeda, which dates ^m twelve centuries before the Christian era
according to the lowest computation, and the existence of those
words in the language cannot be accounted for, except on the sup-
position that the people who used them knew and had what thej
meant. It is also argued that it is very unlikely, that the heroes of
the Yedic agOi who were able to forge, and wore in the habit of
using, armour and mail coats, never oame to the idea of fashioning
their clothes into made dresses. Beferenees are likewise made to
the Bdm&yaoai the Mah&bhirata and other ancient Sanskrit works to
show that they allude to dresses which could not have been otheff^
than needle-made and shaped. The most overwhelming proofs on
the subject are, however, met with in sculptures. Though the bulk
of the human figures at S&nchi, Amaravati and Orissa are nudes or
eemi-nudes, stiU there ore some which bear unmistakeable evidonoe
of the antiquity of Indian made dreeaeB. Among the Sanchi bas-
relieb there are several figures dressed in tunlce whichjoould never.
1871.]
^roceedingi of ih$ Aatatic Society,
101
have been fashioned without the aid of needles ; those of the two
archers, one of them the Buddhist King, Piliyuk of Benares, figured
in Mr. Ferffusson's * Tree and Serpent Worship,' (plate xxxvi)
are particularly remarkable, inasmuch as the chapkans there shown
are peculiarly Hindu, and the like of th&m has nowhere else
been «een. On a Buddhist rail*i>08t from Buddha Gay4 which
probably dates from a time earlier than the 8ilnehi rail^ and
which is now preserved in the Indian Museumi there are two
figures fully dressed firom the neck to the middle of the leg
in a garment which appears strongly like ihejnmd of the present
day. At Amaravati, there are also several figures dressed in
tames which owe their shape to the tailor's art, (Vide r©rguflson*s
plates Ixvi, Ixxxiv). The Orissan sculptures offer even more
positive proofs. In the Queen's palace (Rani Nour), among the
rock-rut caves of Khandagiri there is a statue 4' — 6" in height, cut
out of the solid rock, which is dressed in a close fitting chapkan,
with the skirts hanging down four inches below the knee, and
having sleeves down to the wrist. Over the chapkan there is a
haubert or coat of chain mail, the sleeves of which reach the elbow.
A light scarf is wrapped round the waist, and its ends hang on the
aides, holding on the left side a short sword. The head is partially
mutilated, but there are traces on it of a twisted turban. The legs
and the feet are enclosed in thick high boots or buskius. The age
of the figure is supposed to be the third century before Ohnsty
and the existence of chapkan, chain niail and boots at the time^ it
is believed, must be accepted as the most conclusive evidence on
the subject. The dress differs so entirely firom the chiton, the
chlamys, the himation, and such other vestments as the soldiers
of Alexander brought to India, that they cannot be accepted i0
Indian modifications of the Grecian dress, even i£ it were possible,
which it is not, to suppose that such a foreign dress would at once
ke imitated in stone many hundreds of miles away from the place
where it was exhibited in India. The dress reappears on some of
the Amarivati bas-reliefs. Among the sculptures on the temples of
Bhuvanesvara there are representations of coats, kilts, boddicea^
L^Ai^ra, p^i/ajjtnii, and other articles of needle-made dress, some of
; ^em on gods and goddesses, and they cannot but be accepted as
102
Ffi^eMdingB of the A$iatic Soc$fff^>
[HatJ
intligenons. Among the Ajanta fre8<^e« there ar© alao traces
flowing ilresses with sleovcs, and thoy all tend to show
the Ilindus knew» and did ufie, made dresses long before the advei
of tho Muhammadans in India.
In roplj to the remark of Capt. Meadows Taylor, in which h<
says that the Hindus had no tailora among theni, and tliat there
no word in their language for tailors, it is shown that lu thd.
Vocabulary of Amara Sinha, which dates firom before the Christi^
era, there are two words for tailors, one, iunnmhiya^ applying
doming, and the other, iauchtla^ to general tailoring : the derivation'
of the last word is given in Paniiii^ts rules. The profession of tho
latter was of sufhcient importance to necessitate the esiabli&hmeui
of a separate tribe, and a mixed cla^s, the lawful issue of VaisyaA
by Siidra woniea, was, according to the ancient law-book of Usanas,
destined to live by it, and bear the distinctive title of ueedle-mony
Sanskrit words are next quoted to show the names which vi
ous kinds of made dresses bore in ancient times ; the most remark'
able of these being kanchuka, k&nchuhhj hirpaM^ anpika, cholaka^
ehola, nm, Sj'c. The first indicated the modern /dm «, and warders,
guards, and the personal attendants of kings generally dreeeed
themselves in it. Kings, princes, chiefs and warriors^ when they
did not put on chain mail, wore a tunic, something closely like a
chapkan. While ordinary people contented themselves mth the
simple dJiUti and chadar, not unoften supplemented by a turbau.
Among women, tlie boddice was in general use, the body dothos
consisting of either a Bari or a ghiigr^ : the former predominating.
When respectable women wont out of their houses, they generally
wrapped themselves in a chudder thrown over their ordinary dr<
Sculptures, however, do not, in all cases, support the above dedi
tions, and nudity is the prevailing character of the bas-relioDa
Banchj, Amara vati, and Orissa. The q^uestion is, tbei-efore, raised as to
how far those sculptures may be taken as evidences on the subject.
On the one hand, it is difficult to reject the testimony of autheiiitL-
graven atones ; on the other, the ancient records of the Hindus and the
Buddhists, efjunUy authentic, are in direct conflict with thom. Th<
furmor rrvv*. went cxueons, princesses and ladies of rank in poj
ally
luoS
|l87Lj
Jh'OCmlingi o/tlu) Amaltc iiwi
U»3
^
^
dt&kahilk ; whUe tlio lattcir insist upon decency, nioUesty ant] ut ivoring
of the person as of the utmost importance. Looking, however, to the
foots that in many instances clothing is represented on females, but
not to cover their modesty ; men and oven ohildron are clothed, Init
wives and mothers are left without any covering ; horses are covered
with housings, but female beholders af the highest rank^ standing in
the verandas of two-storied houses and decked with a profusion of
rich jewels, are made to content themselves with the raiment of the
atmosphero ; it is concluded that the prevailing chai^acter of the bas-
relicis and statues of Sanchi and Amarivati is due, not so much
ethnic or social causes as, to the exigencies of art. No doubt tlie
.lily clad Tamulian aboriginal races formed the great bulk of
Buddhist congregations, and were mora ireely and pleutifidly repro-
Bentod on the monuments of their co-religionists than the Aryans,
but their presence alone does not sulfiee to account for all the pecu-
liarities noticed. It is supposed, therefore, tliat a conventional rule
of art, such as has made the sculptors of Europe x>refer the nude to
the draped figure; or a prevailing desire to display the female contour
in all its attractiveness ; or the unskilfulness of early art ; or the
dilEculty of chiseling drapery on such coarse materials as were
ordinarily accessible in this coimtry ; or a combination of some, or
aU, those causes exei'cised a more potent iaduence on the action of
the Indian artist than ethnic or social peculiarities in developing
the human form in stone. There was likewise, it is to be pre-
muned, a longing for variety, and a pruriency of imagination and
design, which made the males ax)poar in dresses of diverse kinds
and the females in a state of uiiturOt At Bhuvanes Vara a roligiouji
eentiraeut, tlmt of veneration for the creative energy or phalUo
worship, wajs evidently also brought to boar upon art, and to
produce an effect highly oflcnsivo to good taste. Btit whether so or
not, it wuuld, the author of the paper is of opinion, be as eHectiitJ
lo draw our conclusions reganling the costumes of the ancient In*
[dians solely and exclusively from tho stniiptures they have loft
.©libid thorn, as it would bo fur tho Now-Zealander uf Macaulay
to do the same witli reference to the Eun>p^au3 of the 19th can*
:tiiry from the ooUoctiun of modem statuary in the Crystal Palace
[at Kensingtun or the Loiivro.
iia^^
Proef^in^a «/
[iLvY^
II,— A nisTOBY OF THE Oakk*hae«, by J, G. Dolmerick, Es<j.,
IRawul Pindee*
(Abstract.)
Mr. Blochmann read extracts from the paper, wliieli is to be
lisbed in the foHhcomiBg number of Part I, of the Joumi
18TL He said— The historical notes collected by Mr, Dolmi
are most interesting, and coniprise nearly every notice of the
fotind in the Muhanunadan Historians of Inditi, Mr. Delmericli
mentions above forty chiefs who ruled over the tribe from thu
time of Mahmud Ohazni till onr age. The present chief, Karam
Did Khdn, ret^oivos from the Government a small pension as a sort
of compensation for the losses suffered by his family during thf
Sikh Hole, For the early history of the tribe, the author has use^
traditional information obtained by him on the spot, and tJn^ro
no doubt that the principal facts are reliable. The Akbamdm
places the hnal settiemeDt of the Gakk^bars in the Bawul
District somewhat later than local traditions.
Mr. Blochmann also mentioned that among the historicii] MSI
of the Society, there was a short history of Gakk'hars, prosi
some time ago by Major Pcarse, who, on various occasions had
tributed to the collections of the Society. There was a note on
fly-letif of the MS. by the donor, according to which the worl
** an extract from a larger work found at Eohtas." Mr,
merick, to whom the book had been sent, says regarding it —
" I consider it an original pi-oduction from the brain of
Chand, the grandfatlier of Bdizadoh Ratan Chand of Goliana, zl
Bdwul Pin^i, tlie head of the ancient Qinungo fomily. I hac
already seen a copy of it, I believe the few historical facta (^ntaine<
in it have been scraped together from various histories, and chieflj
from the legends or tales related by the hhdU of the country, par-
ticularly from the family bh^t of the Gakk'hars, at Kiiri, allal
Pawul Pindi, The work was compiled by order of Major Jamei
Abbott, Deputy' Commissioner of llaziira, and as Major Pearse wal
an A esistant Commissi6ner there for some time, he must have pro^
cured a ropy of it from the Deputy Commissioner. It is perfeetlj
worthlesa,**
187L]
Pr<^eMdm^M o/th A^iaiu SGcifftf/*
105
Mr. Lethbridge observed that, witTi regard to tho occupation of
Tibet by tlie Gakk'liars, it may be interesting to note the similarity
between certain forms of the names of the chief towns of the
Gakk^hars (which are properly Dangjxli and Pharwala), and of those
of Tibet, which arc Lassa and Pntola. De Laet, writing in 1631,
epeaks of •* Kakares, whose chief towns are Dankahr and Purholat a
Teiy broad and mountainous region, divided from Tartary by the
ridges of the Caucasus." Mandehloo calls the district ** Kakires,
with the chief towns Dankalen and Binsohu*^ Bennell tells us,
that the Tibetan capitals are sometimes called Baronthala and
Putahj and sometimes Tonhr and Putala.
ITT- — On some new species of Maultan bats from the collection
OF Dm Stouczka, — hj G» E* Dobson, B. A,, M, B», AmUtani
Surgeon U. MJs British Forces,
Mr. Dobson said — I have thepleaa^ire of bringing to the notice of
the members of the Society four new species of Malayan bats
from the collection of Dr. Stoliczka who, knowing what an interest
I take in this order of Mammals, Idndly placed at my disposal, for
examination and description, the spooimons collected by him at
Penang, Moiilmoin, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, Of these
new species two belong to the frugivorous and two to the insec-
tivorous divisions of bats, and represent four genera namely Gynop'
Urw, MacroglosmSi Phylhrhina^ fmii AscUia. For these spocies I
propose the following names : —
L Cympierus hrachifsoma,
2, Macro(/louus speUcia*
S. Phifllothiua Nicoharetms*
4» Asellia Stoliczkfma.,
As full descriptions of these bats will be publiaJied with illustra-
tions, in the natural history pEU't of the Journab the fullovving short
diagnoses of the species will suffice for Iho proi^ent : —
1. Cy. hrachys&ma^ Dobsou,
Head, bi'oad, triangular ; body very abort ; tail short and slen-
der ; fur bicolom^d, slatey-blue with a greyish or silvery tingo ;
I tips of the hairs sooty-brown*
105
Proeeedingi of th Jiialic Sttcieiy*
IUa%^
Length : head and body 2^9 ; head l^.SS ; foroarm 2^2 ; 2iid
finger 4''.0.
2. i/1 $pelcetii, Dobson.
Head long ; niiizzlo naiTow, pointed ; tongue very long ; index
finger without a ilaw ; a prominent, anlxaitanooua gland on eacjh
side of the anal opening ; fur short, dark-brown.
Length : head and body 4". 2 ; tail 0^45 ; head r.55 ; forearm
2^75 ; 2nd finger 4^6.
3. Phjlhrhina NitoharemiB^ Dobson*
Head long j muzzle obtuse ; nose-leaf \*^th three small ]>oint8 on
its anterior margin, the transverse portion erect, forming an arc of
a cirelo, rolled back on itself and overhanging the concave baso
which is divided into two celU by a single longitndinal fold. Wing
membranes attached to base of metacarpal bone of outer toe.
Length : head and body Z\Q ; tail TJ ; forearm 2'.o ; tibia 1^0.
4. Aselita Stolirzkanei, Dobfion.
Ears acntely pointed, outer edge doubly omarginate immediate-
ly below the tip ; nose-leaf large, transverse portion erect, npper
part of crest tri-acumlnate, in form like an isosceles triangle with
an obtuse vei-tical angle, having its apex divided into three pointd
by two narrow incisions, perpendicular to the base. Fur pure
white, with purplish-brown tips, beneath dirty-white.
Length: head and body, 1",6 ; tail 0\G ; forearm r.52 ; 2nd
finger 2'.6.
The discovery of the new species of Ma€rofflo$9Wt leads to Iho
necessity of an important change in the classification of the Pteror
pine bats, as proposed by Br* Peters of Berlin.
Dr. Peters has devoted, perhaps, more attention to the examina-
tion of this interesting order than any other living natui'alist, and
his generalisations have, accordingly, been, I believe, very exten«
fiively accepted. In the Vol, of the monthly Proceodiugs of the
Berlin Academy for the year I8t37, page 8Co, he arranges the generm
of the Pteropino bats (with the exception of Pterojuu, of which hd
enumerates tlie species in a former i>aper in the same volume)—
thus : —
Itt7l0
Froc$0din^i of ih AHtUie Somt^.
A. Tnd^ finger mih a claw,
2. CynonycUru,, D. *-* ^ 3; ^ g.
3. Cynopleru,, D. || { \\ ^^
3fl, PifftwchtruSf
4
2 3. i«
4. Mege§^op(tf
5. JBarpi/ta,
24, I,
- T- M Cauda dietintta.
B.L^ 1 i i !^ caudanulla,
2 3, 1, 2, I, 8JS,
6. Epmopl^orm, D. 'J i i 1 |i
7. Mmroghum, D. 1-^ 1 i i B
•^ ' 3.3, 1, \ 1. SJ.S.
B. Indsxfiiiger without a claw*
8. O0phaht^9^
9. MkfpUrii^
' sjt, X i, 1, as.
* t.ai, 1, I— 1, 1, ^^.
It will Be thus seen that tho genus Macr^ghssuSf according to
Profc Peters, oomes under the head of the firt*t diviflioni or tlia«0
Data provided with a elaw on the index finger, and this generalisa-
tion was perfect go long as Jf. mmirnui^ remained the type of the
genus, but the above noticed new species, of which two spirit
fipedmens are before you, has not the dightest trace of a claw on
the index finger. That this is a true Maeto^hinu is suifidentlj
evident, if the form of the head, and the miinber, charaeter, and
arrangement of the teeth be comparod with the same partes in J/l
mfnimuty the points of tlifference consisting in the possession or ab-
sence of a claw on the index finger, the place of attachment of the
wing membrane to the foot, and the comparative length of the tail.
These differences would, perhaps, warrant the formation of a new
sub-genus for the reception of this species, which, however, I
hesitate to do till the discovery of other species requires it.
The differences referred to would, no doubt, be of great import-
ance in separating the species and placing them in different gene*
ra, were there assoclatorl with them corrospontllngly important
dilTeiencos in the form of tlie head, and the chai'actur, number and
108
Fhyc$idin^i qf the Asiatie Smettj^
LMat,
arrangement of the teeth. Bat when we come to osamine and com-
pare those parts in the specimens of tho two species, we are at |
once struck by the almost complete similarity of the speoimena in.]
these respects, the relative importance of which it is imnecessary tal
dwell upon.
Tiiereforo that part of Prof* Peters's classification which depends j
on tho presence or absence of a claw on the index finger must be
abandoned, and some other generalisation, based on a more con-
stant and important characteri substituted, but I have not yetj
examined a sufficient number of species to enable me to Indicato
this character.
Among the bata obtained by Dr, StoHczka at tJie Nicobara three
specimens of MiniopUrk AuatralU^^lom^n^ occur. Mr. Tomes ia J
describing this species* says ** the name under which I have da- 1
scribed this species was given under the impression that it waa
exclasivoly a imtivo of Austi-alia. It was not until after I had
arranged and named the apecimens in the British Museum and in
some other collections, that I found it to be an inhabitant of Timor
(and probably of other islands of tho Indian Archipelago), as well
as of Australia, and that the name of AmiralU was not strictly j
appropriate. But to avoid the confusion which might possibly I
arise from a change of name, I have thought it desirable that it
should remain unaltered." I believe this is the first time M.
Austraiis has been recorded from the Nicobars, and in so recor<ling '
it, I not only add a species to the faunaj but also a fresh locality to
tho species placed neai'ly as far north of the equator as its firatJ
locality was south of it, so that Mr. Tomos's surmise has provedl
correct, though I believe in a far wider sense then he expected^
and taking the name AusiralU literally, ho might with almost ec|t]
justice have called the species geptenttionaiis.
IV. — NOTBS ON TnE ANATOldTY OF CEEMKOCOKCmrs SyhabkeksiSi
by Dr. F, Stoliczka,
A peculiar amphibious shell, living on the moi^t pret ipitoual
rocks of the Wes torn Ghats near Bombay, was described by Mxa
• AmmlB and Mag. Kat Hist 1S58, Yol. U, p. 161.
1871.]
-Fr$C0$d$n^9 of the Asiatic Soriefy,
KM)
W, T, Blanford as Cremmhaf.es Si/hadrensh, iu Ann. and Mng. N* H*
for September, 1 86ft, vol, I^ In this paper Mr. Blanfuinl noted tho
I species as representiag, in 8ome respectSf a connecting link betweau
tho LiTTouLNiDji: and OYCLosroMiDiK, but ho incli0t4 to ita claasi-
fication in tlie former family, although Ue wm not able to discover
the presonoe of gilla.
In Ann. and Mag. N. H. for May 1869, vol. HI, p. 343,
Mr. Blanford proposed to eubstitnto the generic nam© Cremnomn'
chm for Cremmhaie$^ the latter having boon preoccupied by Br*
Giinther iu Ichthyology, In «rourii, Aaiat. Soc» Bengal, YoL
XXXIX, p. 10, &c., Mr. Blanford added a new spedos to the
genus, C. conicus^ with the variety cfmaiiculatKs, and classed Lay-
ard's An^uhtm carinattts^ in the same genus. All three forme occur
at Mahableshwar in similar localities, as the first named species ;
they appeal' to me to be only vaiieties of Layard*8 carinatua,
Prol Troschel obtained a specimen of Cremtiaconchm Sijhadremii
witb the animal dried in, but all he cauld examine were detached
portions of the radula ; these, however, agreed so well with thoao
of Littorina, that no doubt remained as to the Littorinoid character
of tlio species in question (vide Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1867, pt. 1^
vol. XXXm, p. 90).
In my review* of the genera of tlie family LrrroRisiDja I have
classed Cremnocortchus in the sub-family uloutcik.^, but it appears
that the species now known to constitute tho geuus shew rather
more affinities to Lit tor {na than to Lacuna, I shall return to this
subject of classification again.
Considering the verj' great importance wMch attaches itself to
the discovery of every form, representing a link between two others,
now widely sex^arated, I was glad to receive several specimens of
CremmeonchuM Syhadrtmis through Mr. Pairbank from the Maha*
bleahwar cHfis. The following notes wiU give an outline of tho
principal anatomical characters of the species, in addition to thoBO
already noticed by Mr* Blanford and Prof. TroachoL
• Monogmph orcretooeood GntlmpcKla^ Palu^ont. ladicn, II, IS67-S8, p, 363.
110
Pm^eiiingi ^th^ Aiiatk Seciei^^
[MAr,-
^"
S!de tIow of ft mule Hpeeimen, partially protruding oub of tho sIigU.
Vidw trom bolow of another spooimoQ, sbevring tho i^olo of the root^
Ad Atomy of a fcmalo epecimQu ;
-radiilfl, fc— kidnoyi U — liver, o*-Tiigi
fill, fe— heart, wv— thoU retmcbor, /—foot*
nQ — obaoleto plame, i — mtestlnes, ut — ntorasp pr^mntwAo^
wg — •alivury glanda, at — stomach oi?— ovary, a — a&as»
4^ 2 utnm of toeth of tho radula. 6* sido viow of tbo oeatre tooth*
The animal (figs, 1-2) of C S^hadrensts has a short rather stout
hod}% with a thick subcylindrieal foot, posteriorly with the oper-
ctilimi attached by a slight lobo, just abovo the baao j mantle-
iwlgo very slightly crenatod and Bomewhat tliickened ; muzzle
ahort, thick, with the orid opening at the end, which is not lobed }
tontacles subulate, of considerable length, rather far apart, pointed
at tho end| with large, black eyes on their outer swollen bases ;
ftole of foot roundish or oval, with an indistinct median grooro.
Sexes distinct : male with a large, flatly depressed penia, perfoiv
atcd at the end, without any appendage.
Qeneral colour pale whitish grey, slightly darker on tJio back|
and with ft few irregular darker spotfl at tho feidus of the foot, ten*
taclea usually blackish ; the mujszlo appears reddish on account of
the red colour of tho buccal parts.
Tho 80X08 appear slightly to diiFor in size ; at least none of tho
males were o^ Itirgo as the fomaluu. Tho shuH of tho largest spooi-
1871.]
Procs^in^i o/tJuf Asiaiic Socteft/.
Ill
men of the latter ineasiirod : larger diam. 8, smallor diani. 7 5,
tot^l height 8 niju.
The intornal anatomy (figr- 3) dooa not osaeiitially differ from that
of other Prf^sohraachiate Go^tn^poda. The bucjoal parts in the mouth
SLtB soft, fleshy, with the usual cartilaginous valves interndly. I
have not observed a trace of a separate jaw. The oesophagus passes
^B through the nervous ring, beyond which the ealivary glands are
^m situated. Stomach large, black ; it had vegetable matter inside, the
^H animal having apparently been living on minnte algae. Intestines
^m very long. The uterus in the female is disc-like, large, flattened, of
V ft g^^jish colour ; the ovarium very large, occupying the greater
portion of the middle and also mostly of the posterior surface,
^K and of the inner or collumellar aide of the body. In a full grown
^m female, (examined in March) the eggs were somewhat more than
one half millim. in diameter, yellow, with a large transparent,
©xcentrie, nucleus, eneloi^ing a minute nucleolus*
Kin tlie male, the testis is situated, similarly to the ovoiy in tlie
female ; it is generally of a pale yollowish colour and the sperma-
tossoa are rather short, extremely thin, gradually thickened toward*
one end. In some specimens the testis occupied the whole of the
surface of the termuial 1 1 wliork. The vas deferens lies along
the ventral (or columellar) side and is of very great lengtli j it was
^m filled witli well developed spermatozoa.
^P The kidney is largo, elongately ovate, grey, situated behin<3 thif
gills. The liver is greenisli, consisting of two anterior smaller lobes
wliile a larger, much subdivided, lobe occupies the terminal portion
of the body.
■ The gills consist of a single rather narrow plume, composed of
thin fillets which are grown to the npper side of tlio gill-cavity.
The fillets are on the right side very finely prolonged and partially
f become branched, resembling in this respect the brwathiug organ of
Ipulmonifei'ous MoUusca ; the same form is already indicated la
Bveral of the more terrestrial than aquatic Lfftortntc, To the right
tot the gill is a narrow thickening, which is generally stated to
Fl>e a rudiment of a second plume ; it is barely indicated in this
species.
The radula is narrow, very long, from 10- H m.m. ; the greatiir
n2
Procif^dingM of fh Amtic &ei#^.
fMAT^*
|K}rtioa df it lies rolled in on the right side buliind tke mouth.
It is composed of between 260-280 transverse rows of tfoniogloesata
teeth, the formida beiiij^ 3.1.3, (see fig. 4)» The centre trxHh is
somewhat h>ngor than liroad^ rounded above, strongly emargmate ftt
the sides, and less so at the base. The npper edge is very strongly
infleeted, with 7 dentides of which the median ono is the largest^
(see fig. 5). Along the concave sides runs a very thin, raised la-
mella, and the priijecting comers of the base are also bent upwards.
The lateral teeth follow below each other under a rather st^p
angle ; idl have the tipper edges strongly inflected, each having tho
median denticle the etrongost and obliquely projecting, tlie outer 5
denticles on each side decreasing in size ; on tlie outermost tooth
the latter are somt4imes hai*dly traceable. The general i^hape of ^
the first lateral tooth is oblitpitdy qradrangidar, posteriorly deeply
emarginate and with the posterior half of the upper edge tliinner ^
and a little longer. The bases of the two outer lateral t^atli ara
obb'quely^ and more or less obtusely, pointed.
The teeth of C. eannaim^ and its vai'ieUes^ are perfectly similar
lo those of SifhadrrmtR, exct^pt that the metlian denticles of tho
teeth are a little stronger and more pointed, as tHjmpared with the
adjoining lateral denticles.
When we compurc the general anatomy of CrrmmtanchuM with
that of Lttforina,^ >ve find that both nro almost perfectly identical.
Prof. Ti^oschel, in tlie above noted communication (p. Ui), eharao*
teri^ied CremmvonckHS as possessing an umbilicated shell and iha ]
median teeth of the radula without laterally raised lamellro, wlule
LiUorina has, according to the some autlior, a non- umbilicated shell
and the median teeth with lateral lamellee. The statement relating I
to Cremnui'onchtt*, is, however, evidently an oversight on the port
of Prof, TroschoL The median teeth of Crtmnoconchtu have, l_
ttli*eftdy noticed^ laterally raised lamellm, and the shell is either
umbilicated or not ; as is clearly shewn by Cremmeonehus turitiatm^
and its varieties. In the two points alluded to, the genu», therefore*,
perfectly agrees with Lttionna, and it is indeed not ea«y to find out
Buffi^oieutly distinctive characters between the two.
• I )mre examined in connection with this tnhji^ci Li ttorinn ftvclanoitoma^Mtd
Iwo otht>r speoioB T€M7 dosDlj aUiod or ididHtioiJ wilU wuitiUUa axul itU^rmcdia.
1871.]
^r^efdm^s of (he AftaUc Sociciff,
ua
The form of the alieU of l>oth is ao Tarlable that no Importance
can be attached to it| tlie only diiferenca being, that the one of
I CremnocdneUua has a pecnliarly thin textnrOf and that it la covered
I with a very distinct ulivaeeous epidermis. Aa to animals, CremHO"
^neAuM diifers from Zithnna by the subcyllndrlcal foot, the sole
of which is ooly indistinctly grooved, and by the males having
the penis destitute of an appendage* There is no pt*culiar
I difference in tlie form of the teeth, except that eaeh has 7 denticles,
whilo in LUtorina there are usually only a present. The operculum
is also in both very similar, paueispiral and horny, only in most epe-
ciniens of C\ S^kadremU it becomes in time (juite tuataceuua*
For these reasons I believe, therefore, that Cremmconchwt can be
f regarded only as a subgenusi of LUfortnUf and should be classed
iiiext to JiMla (=^ Bemhicium)^ the relative position of tJie lateral and
ral teeth being very similar in both. Of Ruella two sxiecies
rbecur on the Arracan coast, at thd AndamanSi and Nicubars^
[Penang, &c.
In my Monograph of the South Indian Ghistropoda, (Paheont^
Indica, II, p, 259, et soq.), I have divided the Littorlxid.e into
tbroe sub- families, poa^Attix,K, la coning and ijttoiunin^. Subse-
quent researches make a thorough change in the claasiheation of
I the fumily necessary.
In the first named sub-family only RUella can be regarded
as a true Littorinid, and mu^t be placed near Littotina* Fomat
and its allies must be excluded from the present family. In
'the I:>ACUNLN^^ have provisiou/illy to remain: Lacuna, Modultutf
VhtmotU^ and Lacunar iu, while Lithofjlt/ifkui is to all appuaranoQ
did foim, and must be classed near Hylhmia and Amnicola*
tie UTToniNiKJE include Ci/Cionnma^ Sj}irttn^m(t, Amhtfrleifa^ Eehhv'Ua^
MamuSf Jiiitdla, Cremnoconc/ius, JVcnli^ides^ and LiUorina, Itcsoaruhea
■in fossil conchulogy may increane this list considerably.
With regard to the relation of Cremmeunchus to OyckUumm^
CychphoruSf and some of their allies, it is worth wiiiie drawing
attention to the many points of similarity which exist botween thd
Vltittorinm in general and these opereulated landshells. The aai-*
'mals, and their dentition, are in both ollten extremely similar, with
the exception that the foianor have the end of the muzale truncate,
vhile the CYCLOPHoBiHiB hav© it lobed. The o^iereulnm in (JifclQ-
114
^rocfedm^s of ih Asiatic SaekUj.
IVLxrA
$Umus 15 similar^ pQucispiral, but tastncoouSj wlule it is homy in 1
Littorina. Cremnovonchmj howeveri liaving oocasioniiUy a ieetooeous
opert*uluin, indicates a link between tlie two genera and it also indinoa J
to the latter by the males not poases^ng an appendage to the poani/
The gillfl of BOme Liiiorin^B^ and partieukrly thos« of CremnocmKhml
equally indicate a passage to the fonn of the lungs of true pituionata^
Fuitheri the foot ia grooved along the middle of the solo is
LUtorin(€y it is equally so in the Ctjclostomi^ only the two par
of the fiole are in the latter genus still more developed on account ol
the {u^boreal habitat of the species, though Tory pTObivbly this will no
be found to be so much the case in the purely ti>rrostri*d ones, and
C^clophonts and others the groove has entirely disappeared. The ZiM
torinw have no jaw, at least none distinctly developed, neither hava
the Ci/cJos(ofiu\ but the Cydophorif which may be said to be mora
terrestrial, than the former, possess a weil-developGd jaw^ like \
IIkucid^ and other pn.iIo^'ATA.
Considering these nvuneroua points of structure whieh I have
just notieedi it can be searcely doubted that there exJBts an i]ili«
mate relation between Littorinw and Ctjiiostumi and their aasociat4ja {
and that the origin of the latter may be looked for in the eocplanatl
tion of certain shght changes in the organisation of tlie former*
Crennioconchua^ as already stated, shews in severiil poitita a st
greater inclination to CyclmUfmmi than do the common Littorimo*'^
Mr* Blanford's general remai'ks on this subject were, therelbro,
perfectly juBtiJledf though he wofi not in possosaion of all the detiuk
upon w^hich he might have been able to base more definite conclu-
elona.
In point of general classification, the comparison of Uie and
tomy of LUtorhim and C^clostomi indicates, that among the dif-
ferent orgajjs, the structure of the breathing organ seems t^i
be subjected to a greater variation, or change, than are
instance the gcucrative or digestive parts, or the rudula, &cJ
Therefore, it i« not advisabk to me ih hrtathhig or^an a$ an ImportQ
character in the principal clas^ificalion u/ the MoUmca^ tn (hs ichi|
in w liich it has been introduced for such a purpose in the isystemn <
Cuvier and others.
I could quote other examples in support of this view, as fo|
instance that of Ccrithidca vUum, where the gUk have enurolj
diflappearedj and become replaced by true lungK, while no on
187h]
Procfi^ingB of ths AiiaUc Societtf,
lU
•will at tho same time deny tlie tkiso rulatiou existing botweou
the morino Cerithia^ tho braekiish Fotamtdes and tU© species ol
CerUhtdea above referred to, *
V. Desciiiption of a hew species of Soufcus,— ^^ Dr, J, AnjjmiBQN,
SoineuB Mitranus, n, sp *
Head rather Bmall and much pointed ; tail short and thick at tho
base. Snout contracted behind the nostrils and dilated in front of
tliem, eharj), spatnlate and fossorial. Nasal crescenlic, occupying
the place of a first 8UX)eriar labitd, Ijut witli the lateral portion of
the rostral bdlow it| in contact \rith the ro&tral| ixrai labial^ anterior
loreal, largo eupranaBal and email internaaal- The supranasals
largo, not contiguoutf, pontngonal, four of their sides large and one
I veiy Bmall| in contact with the internastd, Intemasal finiulij round*
ed, Ijring betwooD the rofttral, nasal and supranasal. Rostral with a
broad, rounded^ bharp anterior margin ; itd aides much convergent*^
its postorior end forming only a narrow suture with the frontiU ;
its under surface broad and slightly Bhclving upwards ; its posterior
margin a creacentic, cutting ridge, deiined from the surface anterior
to it, by a deep groove. The frontal large, conical from behind
forwards, and pointedly unguiforna, forming sutures with the ros-
ti-al, Bupranasal, anterior loreal, and contiguous by its hinder mar-
gins with tho post li'ontals. Post frontrals large, pentagonal, broad
in front) pointed behind, forming a broad suture together* Yerticai
aoderate size, rather narrow, ita anterior margins forming an ob-
j angle J ktoral margins concave and slightly convevgent; abruptly
ti'uncated posteriorly* Two pro-occipitak rather 8mall,oblongly pen-
tagonal, placed obli(iuely, and contiguoiLs. Occii)itid consid*:rahly
smaller than the vertical and wedge- thai>ed fi'om before backwm'ds :
two rather large scales placed transversely along its external
margin. Two small postoccipitalj3» Five lai'ge superciliarios with an
internal line of fuur small plates, tho first of which et^uals tho length
of tbe throe succeeding ones. Four rather large scales form the
lower margin of the eye, the anterior scale as long as tho two bo*
hind it* Loreal region concave. Two elongated loreals one before
the other, the anterior sliii^ld in contact with the supranasal, nasal
and three lower labials. Eight upper labials, the two below the
* I have n&inoil this lUard in honour of uiy learucd fncud Bilbu ime&drul^a
Milro who obtuiued it under iho cireumiiiatjcca mt'iitioiidd on puge &lO.
116
IVoee^$nff$ 0/ the Asiatic Satiety ^
IUjlY
eye the largest. Eight lower labiaLs : a large shield behind the ,
mental succeeded hy three paira of largo shields, separated fjon
eat'li other by a median, h:)iig]tudinal, row of three smaller shiehla,!
External ear completely hidden* Twenty-nine to thirty rows of
smooth^ imbricate scales round the middle of the body. Two largii
proaual sciiles.
Colour of dried specimen yellowiah buff above, each scale with
white 9|K}t in the centre of its free margin with a brown 6j>ot oal
either side of it. Ten vertically elongated, or more or less rounded J
deep red-lirown spots along the side from the middle of the nock toj
above the thigh, the Inst spot reduced t^ little more than a speclc.|
Bides and under surface yellowish. Snout to vent 4* 12'* ; vent tal
tip of tail 2" £»'" ; snout to postonor margin of occipital 8'" ; anteriorj
limb r r" J posterior limb, 1* 2'".
The nails of this serine ai»e flat and broad, and rather eonoave on the
under surface : the toes are laterally extended by the outward elon-
gation of the dorsal sctiles, an arrangement which gives the foo
groat breadth, and suggests the idea that it is specially modified to a]
fossorial habit of life.
The specimen from which this description is drawn, was obt
by Bibu Kajciidi^aliila Mitrafr^jm a Kashmir meiH^haut, who stiitiidl
that it came l>om Arabia and that it was the El-adda of tlie Arabs.
It is exti*©mely likely that this term is a generic one applied to al
number of nearly allied seines, inhabiting Ai-abia, ^^yria, Hgyptandl
Abyssinia, (see antea, p. 96),
The present sijocies is distinguished fi'om iS, i>ifhunnli*j — if th^j
descriptions and tU-awiugs of that lizard are corrL^et, — by its morel
markedly fossorial snout and by the number, form, and dispositioiLl
of itfi cranial plates, and by its peculiar coloration Another specleoi
from <d\j:abia is the Sv, w/Tc^^ns/t, Hemp, and Ehr*
The reailing of the next paper was postponed,
li^oUs un ^Kfvifral Arabic and I^enian inscrijdwnSf by H. Bloch*
mann, Ei**^*, M. A.
The following communications have been received : —
1ft J^ef^euds and liattacis connected with pernoitu dtificd^ &t Md iVll
ffi'sat veneration^ in JJhajutjaur atkd the nei^hbohrin^ di^tricUf by li4bu
iiftshbihari Boso.
2. List 0/ birds, collected, orobstrmdin the Wardha VMtfjf and iU^
tmnitjf mar Chanda^ by W* T. Jilanfoi'd, Es(^.
1871.]
Procifdtngi of ths A sialic Society,
117
LiBiaitT.
The following additions have been made to the Librarj since thd
[m&eting held in April last : — ^
•^^ NamoB of Donora in Capittik.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Sodety of London, Vol,
XXVn, Parti:— The Geoi/>gical Society of London.
Transactions of the Royal Socioty of Edinburgh, Vol. XXVI,
?art I; — Proceedings, Session 1869-70: — The BoYix. Society op
"Edixbubgh.
Journal of the Chemical Soc^iety of London, Vol. VlII, Novem-
ber and December ; Vol. IX> January : — The Chemical Society
OF London.
Journal Asiatiqiie, No. 58 : — The Socte'te' AaiATigi^E, Paeis,
Monatsbericht der K. Preusaiechen Akademie der WisBonachaf-
ten, January 1871 : — K. PaEUsaisCHE Akauemie dee Wissen-
IaCUAFTEN ZU BeRLIK.
I Atti deUa Keole Accademia deUe Sotenze di Torino, Vol. V,
DiBp. 1-7 ; — \o\s IV, Appendice ;— Notizia Storica dei layori fatti
id&Ua dasse di Scienze Fisiche e Matematidie, 1864*1805 ;— Obser-
Ivation do L'Essaim des E'toiles Filantea du 12-H, Nuvembrei
1869; — BoUettino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del Kegio Osser-
pTatorio dell* Univeraita di Torino, 1869 !■ — ^Bsale Aooademu deixb
t>:nze di Torino.
Kongb*ga Svenska Vetenskapa-Akademiens Handlingar, Ny-
♦*i)ljd, 18f»4-67 ; — Meteorologiska lakttagelser i Sverigo utgii'na af
jKongliga Svenska Vt'tenskaps. — Akademien, anstiiilda och bear-
Ifcetade under inseonde n^ Er EJlund, 1864-66. — Lofoadsteckningar
[ofver K. Svenska Vtjttmskaps Akademiens, efter Ar 1854 aflinda,
lamotor, Band I, HKlftel ;— ofversigt, 1865— 68.— DioThiorar-
en des Ariatoteles von den IClassen dei* Siiugethiere, Vugol, Rop-
len imd Ineekten %'on Carl, J. Sundevall ; — Ci»us2>ectum Avium
fpicinarium, cdidit, Carl. J. Simdevall ; — Hemiptera Afiieana des-
crijisit Carolus Stiil, Tom l-l: — Kongl. VETENSKAPa-AKADEiOE,
lOLU.
M6moires de la Soci6t^ Boyolo des Sciences de Lii'go, 2"*^ S^rie,
Tom 1-2 I— Socu'iB' Royalb des Sciences d« LieW.
U8
FroeB^din^i of the Amiic SmHij.
[M.1Y,'
JoiU'Bal of tho Agricultural and Hoiticiiltaral Society cjf Indin^^
VoL n, Vt, n t — The AaiircirLTTniAL awb Honxiriin^TtiRAX. SooiKTTi
OF IXDIA. ^
Arcliivo per L*Amropologia ^ la Etnolojria, pubblicato per Dr.
P. Mautegozza, Dr. F. Fiusd ; — The Auraoits.
Brahma uad dio Brahmanen, von Dr» M. Hang: — Tub At7Tiiai^|
Derivativo ITypotliesia of Life and Sijooiee, by Prof. OreilS-
The Author,
PreHmiaary Slcethh of a Natural Arrangement of tlie Or
Docpffhnm, hy W. 11. DaU,— Note on tho transversely etriaked
muscular fibre amoog the (Jastoropoda, by W. H. Dull : — TiibJ
AuTiion.
The Eoligioiis Sects of the Hindua, by Akshayaoumira Datta :-
The Author.
A Report on the Microaooplc Objects found in Cholera evaoua-i
tions^ by T. B. Lo^is : — The Author,
Bimayana, Yob II, No. 7, Edited by Hemaebandra: — Tni
Editor,
Baha«ya Sandarbba, November, 18R5 : — Thk Editoe.
Flora Sylvaticn, Part VII ; — ^Icones Plantarum India? Orion-^
talis, Pai't YII ; — General Beport on the Typographical Surveys i
India, 1B6D-70; — General Beport on the operationB of the Gre
Trigonomfftriral Survey of India, during 1869-70 \ — General Bepor
on the Bovenuo Operations of the Bengal Prosidonoy, 1869-70:
The QovBRKMEyT of India.
Vodarthapradipa No. 1: — II. H. Tha kur ULRiPxiAaAD Bexiij
Exchange.
The Athenreum for February, 1870.
NatnrO| Nos. C5-75.
Pitrchtise,
B^TQO dee deux Mondes, 1 5th October, 1870 : — Journal dns Sfl
vants, September, October, November, December 1870: — Comptoi
Bendiis, Nu8. 11-19 i- — American Journal of Science, February 1871
— Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Alanh 1871 : — ^L. ""
and Dublin Phihmtjphical Maj^zine, No. 272 : — Thoi-ell^ft Bomarli
on Synou}*iiia of European Spidora, No. 1 : — Tbondl on Eui*ope
Spiders: — Goiibr^ Birds of Asia, Part XXIII : — Ferguson's Hin
toiy of Ai'rhitecturo, Vols, I and II : — ^Cunningham's Geography d
Ancient India, Vob I. : — Tyndtill's Diiunagnetism : — Galtou*i
Hereditary Genius : — Buale's Disease Germs :^JacoDiot The Bibli
India : — Bhagavatgita in Persian vor^e, (MS.) by Feizi.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOE June, 1871.
— ♦-^
The monthly meeting of the Society was hold on Wednesday the
7th instant^ at 9 o'clock p. m.
The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The Proceedings of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced, —
1. From B^bu Eamadasa Sena, a Bengali MS., entitled Pas'u-
pas'amokshanam, by the late Radhamohana Sena.
2. From the author. — A copy of * Remarks on the anatomy of the
genus Siphofiaria^^ by W. H. Dall, Esq., and a copy of * Materials
towards a monograph of the Oadiniida,'* by W. H. Dall, Esq.
3. From the author. — English Legislation for India, by A. M.
Broadley, Esq., C. S.
4. From Rev. M. E. Lafont. — 2 copies of * Meteorological Obser-
vations made in the St. Xavier's College Observatory from July to
December, 1870.*
5. From M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. S., 2 silver and 6 copper coins,
dug up at Qanouj.
The copper coins present no particular points of interest. Tliey
are a coi)per coin of Firuz Shah III. of Dihli, two copper coins of
Ibrahim Sh6h of Jaunpiir, one copper coin of Husain Shall of
Jaunpiir of A. H. 887, two defaced B6U)trian copper coins, and
fragments of two silver coins.
6. From the author. — A copy of Memoir of the Ghazeopoor Dis-
trict, by WUton Oldham, LL. D., B. C. S.
120
Pr00Mdin^s of the Asiatic Socidy^
[jt
7, Fi'om the author. — The Topogrftphy of the Mogul Empire, as
kuown to the Dutch in 1C31, &c,, by E. Lelhbridge, Esq., M. A,
8. From the Society. — Six copies of Abatraet of ProceedingB of
the Muhammadan Literary Society of Calcutta.
Ch. Darwin, Eeq,, proposed by the Council at the last meoting of
the Society was balloted for and elected an Honorary Member.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the laal
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members : —
Capt. C. StewQi-t Pratt.
Maulavi Hahiburrahman.
J, W, Alexander, Esq.
Babu Gangiipraead Sinha,
Babu Eamakrishna Dim*
Tho following gentlemen are candidates for election at the Jiiiy^
meeting ; —
J. R. Reid, Esq., C B., Azimghur, proposed by W. Oldham, E«j, i
Lli r>», C. S„ seconded by II. Blochmann, Esq.
J, tSmithi Esq.^ C. 8,» Ghazfpur, proposi^d by W. Oldham^ Esq,, j
LL.D., C. 8*, seconded by 11, Bbjchmann^ Ei^q,
E. W. Gates, Esq., 0* E,, proposed by 8. Kurss, Esq., seconded by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Col, Octaviiis Hamilton, proposed by the Hon'ble J. B» Phear^
eeconded by Col. H. Hyde.
0. T. Buckland, Esq., 0. 8., proposed by Col. H. Hyde, seconded ,
by Dr. F. Stoliczka,
Khalifah Sayyid Muhammad Hasan, Prime Minister to His High*
noes tho Mahiirajali of Pati^lah, proposed by Maulavi Abdoal \
Luteef Khan Bahadur, seconded by tho Hon'ble J. B. Phear.
Capt. B. D. Osbom has intimated hia desire to withdraw from |
the Society,
The President said that, acting on the request of Dr. Neil, Me*
teorological Reporter of the ^^njab, he must ask the attention of )
the meeting for a few raoraents to a short coiTOspondeneo which I
had passed between Dr. Neil and hinihulf. It had happened un*
1871.]
Pro0$$ii$^$ of the J/ftaftc S!&<f{ffy,
121
fortunately that a pnsaago m tlie Presidontinl Address, delivonxl l>o-
fore the Sodoty in March last, was so coudtetl as to lead l>r. Neil to
consider that it conveyed an incorrect r^presantation of tlie state of
Meteorological Observations in tlio PiiDJab^ and accordingly that
gentleman wrote to the President in the following terms : —
^
Lahore, May Uth, 187L
*DsA» Sm, — ^Iwas somewhat sHiprised to find you statint^, in your
Prefiidential Address at a recent meeting of the Asiatic Sot:iety, that
** according to the published reports out of 19 stations,* from 2 only
have continuous registers extending over two and a half years, been
furnished*'' &c. I must ask you to contradict this statement, as it
disagrees entirely with facts, and in doing so, I trust you will give
the same publicity both to your contradiction and to this letter, aa
has already been given to your address/
* From IMultan alone I have records of continuous regtstratioua
from 1862 t^ the present time. From Lahore^ Syalkote, Dera
Ismael Khan, Rawalpindi, continuous registrations have be*m kept
up feiuco May 1866, Since January 1861), observations have been
registered at Ludianah, and for three and a half years continuous re-
gistrations are on record at Shahix^or.'
»' At present registrations of — Barometric pressure, Hygrometry,
Solar Temperature, Max. and Min. ditto.. Direction of Wind, Eaiu-
Idl, — are being recorded in Lahorn, Mill tan, Dora Ismaol Khau^ Ka»
WWpiudi^ Ludianah, Dhurmsala and Murree, at all of which places
the observers ore paid. The observations are recorded on the plan
recommended by Qlaischer \ the instruments are all good, the baro-
meters being, in the cases of those at Lahore^ Ludianah, Dera
Ismael Klian, Dhurmsala and Murree, mercurial which have been
compared with a standards In other stationsi registrations which
do not include records of atmospheric pressure are kept as in Um-
ritfiur, Gui-dai^porD and Dolhousie. In some of the stations I have
had anemographs erected for the continuous registration of the
dii*eetlon of the wind. A hiatus will occasionally occur in a
register from such accidents as treiikageor disorder of instruments.
Out of three barometers (Adio's Mei-curial) which I onlered recently
* In tUo Pai^iib.
]T2
ProcHdinff9 of ih^ Atiatie fii^cid^.
^ [JtrjirB,
That embassy
only one reached me which ie destined for Ladakh
hna already cost GoTernment three barcimeters and myself one,'
The remaining portion of Dr. Neil'a letter did not bear upon the
particular matter of complaint, and therefore for the moment he, (the
President), would abstain from reading it. Ho at once replied to
Dr, Neil us follows : —
19^/i Maij, 187U
* Deab SiK, — Your letter^ dated the 11th May, reached me lato
in the evening of the 17tli. I reg^ret much to learn from it that you
consider you have occaBion to complain of a statement lately made
by me in the course of an Addi'e8s to the Asiatic Siwicty, You
quote from the Address the foil owing words, '* According to tho
published reports, out of 19 stations in the Punjab, from 2 only
have eontinuoua registers, extending over two and a half yeoi's been
furniBhed/' and you say that this statement disagrees entirely with
facts/
' You will observe that in this passage, I do not refer to your
records of registration, as to which I have indeed no information*
I merely speak here of the published reports. And at the timo
when I delivered my address there were, I believe, but threo of
these^ namely, the reports for 1866, 1867 and 1868, The report
for 1869 was (if I am not mistaken) not then published. At any
rate, I was certainly not aware of its eitistence*'
* Tlie montldy abstracts in these three Koports for 18C6, 1867 and
1868, appear to mo to cover a period of almost exactly two and a half
years. I have just now in consequence of your letter, carefully looked
through these again, and I must confi3S8 I am quite unable to dig*
cover on this review that my original statement in reference to tbi«
period is in any degree erroneous. In regard to all excepting 2
out of the 19 stations, there seem to be breaks of greater or less
extent in the continuity of every abstract, I take for instance your
own-princJi»al station of Lahore, I find there are no observations*
or results of observations given, for the months of May, June, July^ ]
August and September 1868. I need hardly say, however, that I
am nevertheless most ready (if you still wish mo to do so) to comply
with the request, which you make to the eEQd^ that I should giv© |
the eanio publicity to your letter as was given to my oddi'ess \ and, i
1871,;)
Ptoceedingi of M<? Aiitttie Sttctdy,
125
(accordingly, imlead I hear from jou to tho contrary I will take caro
that your letter is read at our next meeting, wliidi will take placo
on Wedut'sday, 7th June, and is also publit^hed in our Proceudinga.'
P* I thank you very much for your kind worda of aourttssy towards
mysolf . '
I am yours Tery faitlifoUy
J. B. PUEAB,
FrfiB, of A9. Soc, BengaL
To A. Nsa, Esq., M. B. C. 8. L.
To this letter he received tho following answer : —
Lahar^, 23rrf Mag^ 187L
* Dear 8m, — ^Your reply to my lett<tr is, as I of course expected it
to he, citiito satisfactory. 5Iy Ilei>ort for 18C9 was out ahout tho
end of last year, hut was not distributed till some time after- I
should like my letter to be published, howeror, in the next issuo
of the Journal, not so much in reference to your remarks about my
Eeports, as boeauso it contains my views, in great part at least,
regarding the method of conducting Meteorology in this country,
and what ought to bo dono in order to have a combined plan of
registration. I believe Col. Strachey has for some time had tho
matter under consideration, and I wrote to him about the same tim^
as I addressed you, but I have not tis yet hetird from him in reply.'
* The hiatus, which you note in the Lahore Register for part of
1868, was owing to my having had to leave the station for another,
and some time elapsed before I could get a proper system of regi-
stration re-established. Tlie breakage and damages tluit so oflen
occur to inspections are a source of continual anxiety to mo. Baro-
meters are an especiiil source of grief and annoyance. Thanking
you very much for your letter,'
* I am, dear Sir, Yours very faithfully,
A. Neil/
^
^
* Ab an explanatory footnote to my letter, I should like to say/ —
* I have since learnt from the President yf the Society that he
had not soon my la^t Keport (&r 1809) beforo he delivered his ad*
124
hfii oftAs Aifotit Soeii4jf»
[j«
dress. This of courae exiilains the mbtako whiGh would nooesftan^
find its way into most x>eopIa's oiinds^ th&t up to the time of hit
deUveiing hiB address, two and a half years of oomplete registration
had been made in only 2 stations. The Begistratiou of Metoorolii*
gical Phenomena was only oommenoed in the middle of IB30/
A. N,
Had it not boon for the especial rv] ' m n I in this second
letter of Dr. Noil, he, (tho President), 8)1^ » . i i k t . - i i >iidorod himself
justihed in laying before the meeting only that portion of Dr.
NeiFs first letter which he had already read, as being seemingly
sufficient to satisfy Dr, Neil*s purpose. IIo felt himself, however,
under the circumstances constrained to read the remainder, althoiiglt
before doing so he must premise that one passage, at least, in it
appeared to liim to have a much greater tendency to discredit tho
Punjab observations, than any words employed by him in hia
address could possibly have. Tho remainder of the letter waa ia
follows : —
^ I gather from your addi^eas that you are of opinion that tho
(whole Meteorological Begistration of India should be under one
directing head. I am quite of opinion that it should bo as much
as possible conducted upon one system, but that the entire mauogo*
meat, with any regard to useful result, is withiu the mental capa*
city of one human being, Is a question which hardly merits being
argued. One definite system is requisite and necessary, and tha
simpler the system the better and more accurate wUl be the resulta.
This moat desirable starting-point would, I conceive, be best ob-
' tainod by a conference of tho i>reQent staff of MeteorologistSp Each
f ahould have his own j)rovince to manage upon the defined system)
and each should intei-pret the data with which he is supplied ac-
cording as hia better knowledge of his awn province will guide
him. My field of observation is, you ^-ill admit, a tolerably lai^e
one. It embraces about 10 parallels of Latitude by about an
equal number of degrees of Longitude. Within this area there is
much for the Meteorologist to consider* lie has to do his best to in-
torj>ret the laws which regulate the dimatic phases of a country,
part of which has an elevation of only a few hundi-ed foot above
sea level, while immense tractb have an altitude as high as any
18710
JVgtfiwItufi fi/ (^0 AntfHt S^eifff*
Imown inhabited tract on tho gloW, Tb expoct, tln^roforo, that one
dirtX'Uog head coxild so cxpixnd liis powers of olmorvntioii, Iiowotw
profound hu knowlo^go of thu gonorul laws of Motoorologj might
I be, as to grasp and interpret tho masses of Kli'tcondoguiU facta
whioh would pour in tipon him from all tlio ProvinroM and Vrt^i*
denoies of India, is to expect a manifost impossibility. Our first
and jp^atest noet>8sity, I concoivo to bo tho corruct rcgistrntitni of
barometric and wind phenomena, Tho fonu of bnromctor which
ksme most is Gay Lussnc*fl syphon, road by two Vurniora. Soma
[objeot to tho bothor of reading two Vtiruit>r», but to this I alwayi
any — there is not so much trouble in reading two Vi'rniers aa there is
I in n^iog all the troublosomo iK»rroc<aon9 for capillarity, tompora*
turei reduction to sea IotoI &o. ^,^ Tho nneinogmph whif'h I
I have in use gives a pencil tracing of tho dirtmiion of the wind
for 21 hours. I onclose one for your inspection. It only gives
I tho direction you will peroeivo. The force ean be obtainod oa
required liy a separate instrument— such n» RobinnimV anemo-
meter. I can generally form an idon whothor tho wind lum botm
blowing high or gontly, or even whether it lias not bc^on an abso*
lute onlm (wr dn not oftnn have an abenoluto (nrdni in tho Pimjab)
by the nfraightHHR or othurwiso of the tracing.*
'I have noted with grunt pleasure tlio evidunt interest which
you take iu tho profjroa« of Meteorological Scioaco* We can no
moro foretell what the patitmt pursuit of thit* H^nonco moy dlBcloso,
than could tho past genoration have antieapatud the woudci-ful and
glorious revelations of geology, mictroticHipy tuid oUHtrii'ity/
I mil, youis foitlilVdlyi
A* K&iL.
Profi\ Q/Amkmff tmd Sur^ety^ Lahore Medkttl Sehooi,
MHior&logfcal Jirporterfor th Pufi/ai,
TniS nofif'llLK MlU PttSAQ,
Prnidcnt qf ih Auaiic SocUijf of Bmigith
If the Meteorologieal Beporior of tJiu I^unjab roaUy entertains the
persuaHion^ as hn thorns hero to iutlmnto that ho i\mm, that by taking
the two rea<ling« of ttiy|ihon baromct&r, ho gets obsorvaUons» which
* As in f oftiti'i Usrotntttera,
I'ifi
^neeedintfB of the Aiiatio Socifit^.
[Jims,
are auch os to free him from the obligation to reduce thom by suoh
corrections as correction for temperature and for the height of ihe I
place of obserFation above the sea-levol before publishing, then it is I
hardly too much to say that his letter discloses that which makes '
Mb QYm tables altogether untrustworthy.
The foUowing papers were read : —
L — ^NoTES ON 8KTBBJLL ArABIC AJ^D PbRSIAW DrSORTPTTOKa BECEH^©^
FROM MzMBEiis OF THE SocrETY, — hy H. Blochmanx, Esq., M, A., I
Calcutta Madiiasah. (Abstract.)
Mr, Blochmann said, —
Tho inscriptions which I lay before the meeting wore received by |
the Society in the course of last year. Some of them were for- I
worded in the shape of rubbings, others were decyphered, by varioual
mcmnbera as Dr. W. Oldham, C. S., Gha2dpar ; Mr, J. G. Delmerick,
BIwal Pintjli; ,Mr. A. Cadell, C. S., Muzaffamagar j Mr. A. 8.^
Harrison, Bareilly College, and Mr. A. Oarllyle, Agrali, to whom
the Society owes several most costly contributions. Oneinscrip-j
tion I obtained from Burdwan,
I trust the members of onr Society will continue to favour
UB with inscriptions and rubbings. These inscriptions, if not]
always of historical importance, are yet interesting, and help his- 1
torians to correct dates and vorify events, or settle boundaries, ar '
fill up gaiis— and this is especially the case witli old Bengal inscrip-
tions— in the lisi^ of kings.
1, An imcnjdton receiced /f^fn Dr, W, OldhutK It refers to tho
building of a mosque in A. D. 1527 by a Bengal Amir, who lived]
under Nn^rah Shah, the same king of Bengal whose name ckjcutsJ
in the inscriptions at Satganw. It hi on black basalt, and was foundl
at Sikaudarpur, ziFah 'Azimgarh. The locality is here of import- 1
onoe.
2. Two ffiicriptiom from Mr. Delmerick. One refers to thoi|
building of Fort A^ak by Akbar in 1583 (991, A. 11.); the othe
to the construction of the Margalidi Pass by Aiirangzib, when thi» j
empei'or was at Hasan Abdil. It^date is A. D. 1072 lA, II. 1083), '
mu]
Procudin$8 ofth Asiatic Samt^,
127
I'
8. JFV'awi Mr, A, S, Marrtson, An inscription from the Mau-
ftfileiim of the famous Rokilah Chief UUk Rahmat, and from tvro
inos<iue3. Also au inscription fi^H>m a mosque in the Mirz4i MahuU
lah, Bareli, buUt by Hakim 'All of GiHu, a personal friend of
Akbar, in lo79 (or A. H. 987), when the Hakim waa Faujdar of
BambhaL
4. Frofji Mi\ A, OadelL Two interesting insfHptinns from the
Mausoleums of two B^irha Sayyids of the Kunrllfwal branch, S.
Mahm6d and 8. Chhajhu, who served under Akbar. The latter
died in 1.^59-60 (A H. 967), the former in 1574 (A. H. 982).
^^ A peculiar interest attaches to the Bjirha Sayyids, who up to the
^present time form an important element in the population of the
^^Muzafl'arnagar District. They trace their origin from one Sayyid
IJlbiil Farah who in the beginning of the Muhanimadan rule immi-
krated from Wilsit into India. The elan has received much atten-
tion from historians. Sir H. Elliot in his Glossary, and Mr. C-
Elliott in his * Chronicles of Onio,' speak of them. Mr. B. J. Leeds
lias a lengthy note in his Report on the Castes and Races of the
Muzaffarnagar District, and Mr. Cadell has forwarded together
•with the inscTiptions several valuable genealogical trees.
The Jijirha Sayyids first served under Akbar, and though praised
the histories for their valour and firmness in battle, they were
Qeored at for their boorish manners. But under Jahingir they
came more refined, and in the following reigns their influence
I very great, as may be seen from the fact that they made Farrukh
Siyar, Ea(rutldarajat, Rafj'uddaulah, and Muhammad Shilh em-
Brors; they detlironed and killed Jahilnddr Shah and Farrukh
jjiyar, whom they had blinded ; and they blinded and imprisoned
rinces A'azzuddin, 'All Tabir, and Hum^yun Bakht.
5. From Mr. A, Carllyh, Several inscriptions from tombs in
the old cemetery at Agrah. They do not refer to persons histori-
cally known, but are distinguished by their elegant versos. Also
an inscription from the Ajmiri gate in Agrah. It refers to the
bmlding of a mosque by one Haji Bulaiman, in 1031 A. H., or
A, D, 1622.
I draw the attention of the meeting to the beauty of tlie letters ;
, Carllyle is a master in taking rubbings.
12^
rr$C€€difigB o/th Jaintie Socieiif,
[JmrB,
6. The last injBcriptioii I have received from Bardwdn. It stands
over the tomb of a Persian poet, Bahr^m Darvisb Saijqfi. Our library
has a copy of his works. HewaaafaqSr, and wandered about th&j
streets of Agrah as a bhishti di&pensing water among the poor. Hf/nc©
also his nom-cle*pliime| Saqqd, a bhishti. He is mc^iilioned in works ia ^
Persian literature, and it is stated that he died on his way to Ceylon.
His tomb was discovered at Bardwan by the Persian writer Khush- ,
go. From the inseription it appears that Saqqa died at Bardwto I
in A. D* 1574, or A, H. 982, Poeple often pray at his tomb.
Within his shrine is also the tomb of Sher Afkan, Jdgfrdir of]
Bardwan in A. B. 1 606, whom Jaliangir had killed, in ordor to|
maiTy his beautiful wife, Mihnmnisa, to whom he gave the title cl
Nnr Malmll, and later that of Nur Jahfin.
The tombs of Bahrani Saqqd and Sh^^r Afkan are the historioal^
mights of Bardwan.
MEM0RA2fDUM ON THE ToTAL EcLIPSB OF DbcR. 11.12, 18?1,
*y LiEUT.^CoL. J. F. Teka'ant, U. E., F. R. 8.
In December of this year we have a Total E^^hpse visible
in Southern India. The duration is short, but in some respects
the circumstances are very favouralile, as tho Lino of central
Eclipse passes over the NUgherry Hills, where I rinderfitiuid tine
weather may be confidently expected. In order to be prepared,
I have computed carefully the Central Line across India, and have
addled tlio extent to which errors of tho Tabular place of the moon
may be expected to sluft it, In the following Table ^a represents the
excess of the Moon's time above the Tobular Eight Ascension in
time, and AS the excess of the Tabular above the true 8 declination.
I hope to have before the Eclipse a knowlerlge what en'ors may.
be anticipated in the Tables and thus bo in a position to choose
central spot, if it is worth making a change. The figures, howevorj
show that this is not probable, the principal result of an error
Right Ascension being to shift the Centre of tho Shadow along :
path the deviation from whicli would bo corro<!tedby a amaU error i
the declination >v'hich could hurdly be foreseen*
1 1871.]
■
BMMpt <{/* a# A9iaii0 S^eMy. 12$^ H
I
The duration of the ^H
3
Eclipse will bd small* At ^|
« W *t" rt -^ »« «D t^ ift o> QO
"^
the Nilgherries it will be ^H
M
C4 OlS <0 ^' 05 ^ C d 1-4 ^' c«j
about 2 minntes, but thin ^H
P
[Mill I++++
caimot, so far as I know, be ^|
4
<
<lDaOd)tDii3aoeQOxoe<tO
as yet accurately predicted ^H
•6
ii-om uncertainty as to the ^H
g
>" ♦ » . ,
real diameters of the Bun ^|
t2
>^ rs ,3C. 3C' i.o •- :-j -f* iri as ^i
C ^ rs - *-* Ir^ 30 O '^-l O -^
5i 1": '^ z ^' rt ^ri 2 ^- 3C( oo
and moon, when free &om ^M
1
S
H
"M -1 CI CI /rj Tl ri '^l ^ r-^ rH
+++++++++++
i£ « 3^ M C r* 7* op » -^ <N
™ iO W5 M O t> ^ <M CO « lO
the enlargement by irradi- ^M
tion« If the value of the ^H
moon* 8 diameter deduced ^M
by Oudemaua Irom EclipseSj ^H
1
i
be used with that of tho Sun ^H
H
t>. t* 1> 1:-* t* 1> l> l-* t* l> 00
obtained in the Greenwich ^M
H
CO
Transit Circle, then I End H
^p
o
1
the duration in tho Nil^ ^H
■
%
ghenies just 2 minutes. ^M
1
"8
t^^SSSSSSS^Sfi
The data of the Nautical ^M
^^H
§
—t .35 X b^ CC 0 0 •»'' ^ -* TO
t> *^ 0 >© Ci. •*? to -J 5fi :0 'JD
Almanac give 2 minutes 7 ^H
H
^
+-^++++^-++++
socouds, and if I may judge ^H
H
«
from the result I got in ^H
1
•(l
1868 tho real duration will ^M
1
►J
j3
^' ..**
fall butweeu these. ^H
P
1
0 -rF- ff^ -H 0 -* CT> C-l t-* 00 *H[
£1 ?i r! 0 ri t^ iM jj 0 ^ 0
** ^ 0 0 OS aiD X t* !'• r» i»
bhort as this^ time is, it is ^M
Sz;
r-t r-t •-• .-•
1 1 1 t 1 M 1 1 1 1
* '?-1 t-. SO 0 CI 0 0 00 ©1 ^
G> 0 CO t/S t if3 »^ M lO 0
enough with an adequate ^M
preparation to x^roduuosomo ^H
residta of value. It is long ^M
^2SSS25S*^5S
enough to allow Photo- H
££s:;3t:it::ss
graphs to be taken of the H
1
eooj^i^^^ggg^^i
Coronal as to whose structure ^H
there is more to be diseover* H
ed. There seems now no ^M
p
1,
3
■4
i
sort of doubt that the Corona ^^
a
e;:
is not only a Solar ap[)fc)n- ^H
k
1
V
4
^
dage^ but is, as I stated iJi ^M
liio
ProceedingB ef the Asiatic So^iity*
[Jr^K^
Tiij Boport on the Eclipse of 1868, the comparativoly cold
atmosphere of the Sun* This ehoiild be farther spectrosoo-
pic^lly examined. Observers hare differed about the number and
position of the faint bright lines they have seen, but it does not
seem that any one has connected the variations with the position
of the part examined. To do this appears urgently necossaiy, and
there have been additions made to the spectroscope which will
allow more than one portion of the Corona to be examined, and
itB lines recorded during the short time it is visible.
There Is another subject too of 8pe<;troseopic examinatioQ. ICireh-
holl" in his theory of the solar constitution supposed it surrounded
by an extensive atmosphere consisting of metallic and other vapours,
as well as gases, by the absorption of which the dark Fraunhofer
lines were produced. It has long been clear that there waa no
such extensive atmosphere and some physicists have been eatisEed
that there is none such. Mr. Lockyer and his collaborateurSi
though they have detected a greater nimiber of bright lines at the
bases uf Uie prominences, have never approached, so far as I knoWi
tho number of even the conspicuous dark lines, whose explanation
has, therefore, not been satisfactorily made out. At the Eclipse of ,
December 22, 1870, however, Professor Young at the moment of |
obscuration, and for one or two seconds later, aaw as far as he |
could judge every atmospheric line reversed, and this was con-
firmed by Mr. Pye. I have but the scant information of this
point given in the Royal Astronomical Society's Council Report,
but it is BuHicient to show me why thie^ has not been seen before
by observers looking out for it, and also to make me feel the im-
portance of verifying the observation.
To understand why it has not been seen before, it must be eon*
sidered that the imago of a bright object in the focus of a Tele-
scope when relieved against comparative darkness is enlarged by a
phenomenon known as irradiation; the light encroaches on th^l
darkness. The sun thus appears larger aud the moon sniallei?}
than the real size* This continues till the real contact of tho UmbflJ
internally ; at this moment the thread of light, which pre\*iously hadl
ooDftlderable width, appears suddenly broken and vanishes in a
Total Eelix)8e : while in the Transit of a Planet or Annular Eclipse
1871.]
PrQCt>edtnffit o/l/m Astatk SaeiHtj.
:n
I
ere appears th© ** black drop*
the obscsrvera of the Transit of
enos in 1769. At A in this-
gure I hare onrloavonrod to]
ivQ somG idea of this plienome-
jon in an Annular Eelipse, and ^;
it page 16, Vol XX tX, of the |
onthly notices of the Astro-
omieal Society will be found
iome figures illusti^ating this in
Planetary Transit. When we are doaluig witii m tiiiu a stratum
surrounding the true Photosphere, we cannot seo it in suriiihitie,
as it ia lost in the iiTadiation, (it may be partly visible in \ery
large Telescopes where the irradiation ia veiy smaU), and we
are veiy apt to lose it at the moment when the sun disappears, for
it 18 found only between the places where a mumunt before the
Sun a Moon's limb appeared, so that the observer following either
of them might well miss it.
In the search for^ and verification of tliia important obserration,
the duration of Total phase can matter little.
I have been in communication with the Home Secretary on the
subject of observations of this Eclipse, and my views I may say
have been moat cordially received. X am not yet in a position to
Bubmit a proposition officially, but I have great hopes of being able
to do so in a few days**
P. B.^ — I may just mention that in plotting the Shadow Track on
a map it is necessary to allow ff>r the error of its zero of Longitude,
a precaution often forgotten. The Longitudes of the G* T- Siirvoy
require a corret^tion of 3'- 2". 7", and those of the Atlas of India on©
of 4*-l I' to adjust them to the aceeptud Longitude of Madras,
Tlio President was very glad to learn from Col. Tennant that
the Government is likely to sanction a ecientiiic ejcpeditiou to the
Nilgherries on the oocoaion of the Total Eclipse in Decemb^
next. The objects to wliich CoL Tttunant proposed to direct obser-
vation were, he need hardly say, of very groat ecientific interest
and importance* Tho spectroscopic analysis of the Corona, so fnr
* This Uttf filiicQ b€ea cIquc,
Mi
Proeredirtf^i of the Aiiatie 8m0fy.
[JtTN
as it liad yet been e£fQctod, Had boen productire of no very certftu
roBults, TliG matter could not, however, be in better bands tha
Uiose of Col. Tennant. He only wished to suggest that thoa
members of the Society, who might have the recj^uisite leisure tind^
opportunity, should, even witb the unaided eye, endeavour to
observe as carefully as po&sible the exact apparent ahapo and
characteristics of the Corona. He believed that data of very con- '
aidurable value might be thus obtained by persouB, who knew how
to observe. 1
Later in the evening Col. Tennant kindly consented to draw up
some short directions which might serve as a guide to members of
the Society who might visit localities of tho Total Ellipse.
m. — Notes ox ihiiee DfscRiPTioirs found in CnirriA' Na'opxt'b^ i
Ba'bit Rakhal Das IIaxdar,
Mr. Blochmann road exh'acts from the paper, which will be pub*J
lishod in the second number of the philological part of the Journal*
The Inscriptions are in Sanscrit and Hindi, of the yeai's A, D,
]665, 1668, and 1737. In one of them (A. D. 1665), aChutii^
Nigpur Hajah of the name of Raghimath is mentioned.
Mr. Bloclimann said— Babd Rakhal Das Haldar remarks on the
absence of authenticated historical information regarding Chutia
NAgpiir. Muhammadan historians certainly give very little to
enable us to verify the details of the family history of the Hajahs*
I have, however, collected the scattered notices which are found in
the liistorical works of the Mughid period, not only regarding
Chutia Nigpur, but alBO Pachet and Paldmau, and trust they may
tki'ciw some bght on the history of these districts*
The notices are taken from the Akharndmah (Lucknow edition
m., pp. 491, G41), the Tuzuk i J&hdn^it'i (Sayyid Ahrnad's edition/
p, 155) ; the Pinihhdhfhmah (I , b., p. 317 ; 11., pp. 248 to 250, and
356 to 361); and the ^ Alamgirmimah (pp. G49 to 6G0, and p. 072),;
A few additional notes maybe gathered from Sarishtahdar Qrant'fl
essay on Bengal and BUiar Finances inthoYth Report.
Tlie extracts will l»e published in the Journal. They refer to|
the first invasion of Chutia Nagi^iir (or Kokrah, as it is ctdlod,)
under JShahba^ Kh6n iCombUi one of Akbai^^s generals, in iL D
Procmlmf^s of fh$ AnaUe Soeuiy.
laa
I
1585^ wliGn Madlin Bingh was zatniudap of Kofcrah, and to tlio
second invaBiou, in 1616, under Ibnkhim IvLfiu FatL-jung, governor
of Bihar, wlio defeated Rajak Durjun 8&1. There aro also some
notes on the diamond washings as then carried on in th& Biv^er
8ttnk.
Regarding Pachet we have a short notice of Eiijah Bir Naraini
who died in A. H, 1042-43, or A. D. 1632-33.
The extracts regarding Palamau refer to the invasions, in A. D.
1641 and 1643, by Shaiatah iCliAn and Zabardast Klian, when
Prritab, son of Bolbhadr, the Chero, and Tij B^u, his usurping
Uncle, were Eajuhs* PraMb was afterwards reinstated, and was
Btill alive in 1G47. The/awa' of Paldmau was then B, 250,OUO,
and iXiB peshkaih which tlie Bajahs had to pay to Shabjah^'s trea*
siirj, was fixed at a lac of rupees. The *Aiamffinidtnah says that the
the Raj tdis did not regularly pay the pefthkash ; and in 16fil, the
fourth year of Attrangzib's reign, Daud Khin, governor of Bihar,
was ordered to invade the district. Of this expedition we have am-
pie detailfl. The result was that the fort^ Deokan, Ko^'hi, and
Kimdah, were occupied, and Palimau itself was taken by storm on
the 1 4th December, 1661, when tlio then Elijah, whosD name ianot
given, had to submit to the appointment of an imperial Faujdir.
TIiG first Faujddr, Mankli Kh^, remained at Pol&mau for a few I
years.
rV. — Ok soatE new species of Persux bats, By G* E* DoBsoir,
B. A., M. B* Amttmt Surgeon II. M.'a BriiUh Forces
(Abstract.)
Mr, Pobson introduced to the notice of the Society two new
species of Persian bats. One of the species is the typo of a now
genua of Wtmohphine bats, and its discovery leads to the nece.^ity
of forming for its reception a new group, as the chtira^fters given
by Dr. Gray of the four groups into whidi he divides the Emo-
lophida^* do not admit of its being placed in any one of tliem.
The nasal appendages aro very complicatod, the autwHor por-
tion of tho nose-leaf is horse-shoe ahaped^ uonaidting of two
• Prgc. Zool, Soc 1866.
l-M
Prmwditi^n of the A^mtie S(*e*ity*
[JuiTB,
lantiniB j the upper, overlying lamina deeply omargiaate in front, I
th& opposite aides of the emargination turned upwardSj and sup- 1
porting the anterior portion of a broad, flat, longitudinal crest
whitrh ends in a triangular* hoad above and between the nostrils.
The hinder portion of the nose*leaf arises from a thick root imme-
diately belxind the nostrils ; the base is hollow containing a single
cell, the opening to which is guarded by a lanceolate process of
membrane. The crest is trident shaped, consisting of a central,
lanceolate process, similar to that below, but longer, and two
lateral and somewhat broader projections^ parallel to it, and
nearly equal to it in length. On each side of this hinder
nose-leaf are six cells of which one is situated behind and at ita
side, immodiatvly above the eye, occupying the position of the
minuto pores observed in nearly all the animals of Gray's 2nd
group.
The form of the ears, and the place of attachment of the outer ,
margin are also remarkable, as well as the pocuL'ar shape of the I
bones of the arm in the neighbourhood of the elbow joint.
For the new genus Mr. Dobson proposes the name lyi^tnopi^
and for the species p&rsicui.
Dentition. — In. — , c.
4 *
pm.
— 2 3 — 3
m.
2— 2' ~ 3—3'
Length of head and body 2^25 ; toil V.2 ; forearm* 2''.0.
The second new species belongs to the genus Ptpistreilus^ Gray*
It approaches P, ierotmus, but differs from it in the shape of the '
tragus, colour of the fur, &c, — Ears large, triangular, outer margin
faintly hollowed out bolow the tip, and omarginate opposite the
base of the tragus, terminating by forming a small lobe j tragus
rather long with subacute, rounded tip, and almost straight Inner
margin ; fur above dirtj^ bult beneath pale buff.
Dentition, — In.
2—2
pm.
1—1
3—3
, m.
6 ' ^~' 2—2'"" 3—3
The minute upper pre-molar, placed inside the line of the teeth,
so commonly seen in the species of the genus to which tliis bat
belong®, is not discernible in either of the two specimens brought I
from Persia, ♦
Length of head and body 2^8 ; taU 2^0 ; forearm 2''/2.
1871.] Proceed ings of th^ Asiatic Society. 1.15
The specimens were obtained at an elevation of 47/50 foot near
Sfairaz in Persia ; Mr. Dobson accordingly proposes for tlio now
species the name " ShiraziemisJ*^
A full account of these new species, with notes on some others
from the same region, will appear in Part II, of the Journal.
V. — Names of birds &c. in fouk of the ABomoiyAL lanouages
OF Western Bengal, hy V. Ball, Enq,
This paper gives a • list of names of a groat number of birds
and other animals in four- of the languages which are spoken
by the different aboriginal tribes in Western Bengal. A com-
parison of the names shews that, as a rule, there is a great
difiPerence in the designations of wild animals in the various
languages noticed, while on the contrary the names of the do-
mesticated animals are, as in most other languages, derived from
the same root. Tliis paper will bo published in the Philological
part of the Journal for the current year.
The receipt of the following commimications was announced.
On the Death of Ifumdyun, by C. J. Rogers, Esq.
LegenSk and UcUlads of the District of Bhagalpur^ by Bdhu Hash
Behari Bose.
Antiquities of Jdjpur^ by Bfibu Ch. Sikhur Bannerji, Tumlook.
An account of the antiquities of Jesar-Tshicaripury by Babu Hash
Behari Bose, Banka.
Library.
The following additions have been made to tJie Library since
the meeting hehl in May last : —
Presentations,
<i% Names of donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. XIX, No. 126. — Tub
Royal Society or London.
Proceedings, parts I-II, for 1870: — Transactions, vol. VIII,
parts III-V. — TuE Zoolooic.u^Society of London.
Monatsbericht, Febr., Mrorz, 1871.— K. Akademie der Wissbn-
BCUAFIEN ZU BeBLIN.
JM
Proaeding^ of the Adntic Bncief^,
[Tmm,
SJtzimgsl>©riehte, 1870. Heft I-IV :— Bonlvschrift aiif Chriat.
Erioli Hermann von Meyer, von Carl* A. Zittel. — Konol» bayes*
AkaDEMIB DEK WiaaEXSOHAFTEN ZU MlIKCHEN.
DLseorso del Commre Negri Cristoforo- — SociETA Geoorafioa
ItALlAlfA.
Historical and Statistieal Memoir of the Ghazeepoor Diatriot, by
W. OltJlham, B. C. 8., LL. D, part I.— The Author.
The Topography of the Moghiil Empire aa known to the Dutcli
in 1031, by E. Lethbridge. — The Author.
English Legislation for India, by A. M, Broadley, C, S. — Tub
AUTHOE.
Guhsar^-Kashmir, by Kriparam. — ^Tme AirrsoR,
Mat€*riala towards the Bionogi'aph of the Gad$mid*Bf by W. H,
Ball : — ^Eemarks on the Anatomy of the Genus Stphmarm^ by
W. H. Pall.— The Author,
Pas'upl^'amoksha^iam, by Eadhamohana Sona, — Ba'bu Ea'ma-
DA^eA Sena.
Memoirs of tbo Geological Survey of India, vol. Vii part 3 : —
Palnoontologia Indiea, vol. IH, Nos. 5-8. — The Superintenbent
OF THE Geological Survey of IrmLA..
Abstract of Proceedings of tho Muhammadan literary goeiety of
Calcutta. — The M, Literary Society*
Report on tho Land Revenue Administration of the Lower
Provinces, 1869-70, — Tite GovERNaiENT of Bengal.
Records of tho Geologioal 8urvey of India, vol. IV, part,a I-H. —
Tho Leepeedeepeeka.^ General Report on the Adraiuistration of
the Bombay Preddency, 1869-70. — The Govkritkent of India,
Furchme,
The Westminster Review, April 1871. — The Annala and Ma-
gazine of Natural History, No XL.— The L. E. & D, Philoao-
phical Magazine, No. 273. — Revue des Deux Mondes, Janr,
Fevr., Mars, 187U — Comptes Rendus, Nos. l-12,^Hewitson*»
Exotic Butterflies, part 78. — Roovo's Conchologia Iconiea, parts
286, 287.— Cheref-Ntimeh, vol. I, part II.— Ibn-El-Athin vol V.
Tlie Athenajujn for Man/h. 1870.
The Nature, Nos. 76—79,
Errata in the two last numbers of * Proceedings,^
On page lOG, lino 23 from above road * tail, r.2' for ' tail 0^6.'
„ Cyntmycieris for Cynonycterus,
„ ifori.
„ * Ban and moon's limbs' for
' sun a moon's Hmb.'
„ < — 4'-ll 'for U'-ll .'
„ after In. -j- insert C. j^T-
99
w ■
lUf y
99
A
99
99
»»
»>
99
19
99
99
99
»>
99
131,
99
17
99
99
»
99
99
99
29
99
99
99
99
99
99
30
99
99
»
99
134,
99
30
99
99
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL
Fob July, 1871.
— ♦—
The montlily meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday
the 5th instant, at 9 p. m.
The Hon'ble Mr, Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and conErmed.
Presentations were announced —
1. From Eev. J. Long, — A copy of 'Historical Notice con-
cerning Calcutta in the days of Job Chamock.' — A copy of the
* Holy Bible in short-hand.' — A copy of * Outlines of Amharic,'
by the Rev. C. H. Blumh£u*dt. — A copy of a * Manual of Geo-
graphy in Maharatti,* vol. II, by Major T. Candy. — A copy of the
Parsee Acts, by Sarabjoe Shapoorjee Bengalee. — A copy of the
Phonetic Journal for 1864.
2. From Eev. C.B.Lewis, — A copy of the Christian Spectator,
Vol. I., No. L
The Council reported that they have elected Col. J. F. Tennant
as Member of Council and Financial Secretary, in place of Col.
H. Hyde, proceeding on leave.
Also, that Mr. J. Beames, C. S., has resigned the task of editing
Chand's poems.
The following gentlemen proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were elected Ordinary Members —
J. R. Reid, Esq., C. S.
J. Smith, Esq., C. S.
E. W. Oates, Esq., C. E.
Col. 0. Hamilton.
C. T. Buckland, Esq., C. S.
Khalifah Sa^jid Muhammad Hasan, Frime-Miuistor to H. H.
the Mah^jah of Patialah.
Tlie following; is a candidate for ballot at the next meeting —
Babd Ganga Prasdd, Deputy Colloctor of Moraddbati, proposed
ly Mftuluvi Abdullatif Kh6n, Bab&diu-, seconded by Babu Bd-
jendralila Mitra.
Lieut. W. A. J. Wallace has iutimated his desiro to witlidraw
from the Society.
Tlie following communications were read : —
L — Obseevatiokb oka Pebsiak MS. ok the Luna of the Twelve
Apostles, by Jiiboiis Xatiee, — bt^ H. Bloghmann, Esa., M. A-,
Calcutta MADitAaAH.
At the meeting held in May last year, I laid before tlie Society
a rare and cnriona Persian MS., entitled Mirdt-ul Qud*. It was a
life of CLrist, written by Jerome Xavier, nephew to the renowned
Francis Xavier, and deditated by him to the Emperor Akbar.
The sequel to this work kas now turned up. The MS. before
the meeting is a hijitory of the lives of the twelve apostles by the
same author. The copy belongs to the Seram|Hjre CuUoge Libra-
ry, and seems to bo unir^ue. From a remark in the book, it
appears that it was composed in 1608 A^ D., the third year of
Jah^gir^s reign. The first chapter, however, the life of St. Peter^
was evidently written eoilier, as the Latin ti-anelation of it by the
celebrated Ludovicue de Bieu of Leyden speaks of it aa a distinot
work, and mentions A. D. 1600 as the year in which it was writ^j
ten.
In point of Btyle, both works exliibit the same features. Th
sentences run smoothly and are occasionally elegant. We mayJ
therefore, conclude that Maulani 'Abdussattar of Labor, who assiat
ed J. Xavier in the Mirdt-ul Qnds^ also superintended the translation
of the sequel.
Jn the preface, J. Xavier dedicates the work to Jahangir. Hej
says —
** As the history of the life of Christ was written during the
reign of his late Majesty 'Arsh-ashyiiiii Joialuddjn Akbarshih,
and was dedicated to hiui, receiving from him the title of Mirat-ul
QmUt so, from motives of gratitude, has this history of the twelve
apostles ♦ * ♦ * been written in honour of his Majesty the present
1B7I.]
Pracfi^dinffi of tJ^ Atiaiio B&tiet^.
139
^H euro
emperor, the successor in power and dignity, tlio true son and heir
of the late emperor, the light of the dynasty that rules over the
ideal and worldly kingdoms, the Qdnih-qiran (Lord of the auspi-
cious conjunction), and will, 1 hope^ meet with hia approyal, and
receive a name from his Majeaty, the shadow of God oa earth,"
Thus we see that the title of the foiiner work, the Mlrdi-ul Quda
was given by Akbar ; but there is no record to show that Jahlngir,
whose indifference to everything, save superstition, is well knowiii
conferred a title upon the lives of the twelve apostles.
The work itself calls for no furtlior remark. The Bev. C. B.
Lewis has lately written a review of it in the Christian Spectator,
July, 187L J, Xavier'a life of St. Thomas contains nothing now.
His mission to king Gondapherus of Hiadiistin and the establish-
ment of the Nestorian Christians in the south of India are related
in several works. The name of the king has boon compared to that
of king Gondophares who occurs on Bactrian coins. (Prinsep's
Antiquities by Thomas, U, p. 214),
We know from Muhammadan historians (Badioni) that Akbar's
80D8 received lessons in the Christian religion; and the Dutch
traveller De Lact {De Imperio Magni MotjoHs^ p. 271) tells us that
Jfthangir ordered the sons of his younger brother Prince Danyiil
to be baptized and instructed in Christianity^ not because he
eared for the reUgion, but because he wished hU nepfmQg to appear
icahte in the ei/es of hii Mnhaininadan court ien,^
Copies of both Persian works by Jerome Xavier have been mado
for the Library of the Society,
* Jam fiDte retnlimna Begem qQnm nn^orem n&tn filiiim Goiiiro [Khuama}
Biinnri una fiHo Solt&QO Gorm [nuuc Xu Zialiun, i, <« SnltAn KhtiiTam, iiow
Sbfthjiklidn] oommittereti null oommiBflisse fiiitrii siii DUaa CIm | Odiiydl Shah]
qui Bamtnpnre disoesaerat filloa, Xa-Etbiuiorem el Xn-Hoa^ti [SIj^U TAhnturiia
ftni Sbah Hg^hau^], qnoa in ipsa paariLia Jeauitia oommiaerat baptlxanduA ot
GKristianth relixioiie jmbnendoaj non qoad GlmstiaQae religioui fav^oretf sod
vt paeroa Mahometanla mvlaoa faooret i et eadom levitate a fido CbriaUana
rarsua ahatrazei-at.
I may rocntkm that a notice of the first part of De La^t'a work (the goo-
graphtcul portioDs) lately nppeared iu the Caloatta Hov^iew by Mr, Lcsthbrtdgo
of tUe Hugh CulldgQ. The second part of De Lust's work, Ibo bistori-
col portioiij i» also ictcrestiDg and Talnablo, and doaervet to bo traiia*
lated Hid remarka on Jahaiigir'a Man^abdilra and their Mangnbe, on Khaaran'^
tnurdor by Sh^hjahftD, the last fi|<ht with 'Daman, on Abiilfaxt^a dt»atlt at ttm
band of Hiiah Bir Sinffh Batidelnh (wrougly oalladin aeaily all printed bulonea
Ifor Singh) desorre the aitentien of biatoriauo.
IJO
rroct*eiJm(fA of tfte A/tttftc Svnfh/, [J^I*1
II. — Notes un hik Aklaii Ujamhitai*,^ — hr/ Ba'liu Ea'jeniiiiala'c
(Abstract.)
After aclvorting to the imitution of the Yajur Veda preporocl
the Jesnit missionaries of Madras, during the last eenturv, with i
view to prove, by Vedic evidence, the autheuticitj of the Bible auf
the diviaity of Josub Clirist, the author describes in detail a forgei;
which was committed about three centuries ago, to establish the di\
nity of AUuh as described by the Emperor Akbur. A copy of th
ftpurious document has lat43ly been received from Babu Hari&chandr
of Benares. It bears the titled of "Allah tJpanishad," and pro
feeaea to be a chapter of the Pippaldda 8%khd of the Athai^va Veil
As the Bdkhain question is no longer extant-, and has ceased to 1
60 fur several centuries, it haa been appealed to by at least half a dozen
apocryphal Upaniehads, and notably by the Gopalu Tajtdni^ to serv
for theii' parentage, and the author of the work under notice,
bably aware of the circumstance, haa availed himself of it to esoaj
detection. It opens in the usual Hindu style witli a salutation to Oana
ea, and then describes Allah to be both Mitra and Varima ; that he \\
th© bestow er of all blessings, and the supporter of the Universe. He
is the Lord of all the gods (illahV, and manifest in his own light. H&j
is addressed as the Allah of the propliet {rashl) Muhammad AkharJ
and gloried repeatedly by being called **th© great God** in th
Arabic phrase AlhiJm Akhar, It terminates with a prayer for tli^
preservation of men, cattle, lions and aquatic animab, in the coiu
of which a female divinity, tlie destroy eress of demons {a^ura «a)l
harint) is invoked with the Tantric mystic formulcc ^rw/w, hrin ana
p?iatf which form tho vija mauira of one of the manifestations of th^
goddess Durgi.
The language of the MS. is very obscure, apparently so mada
with a view to imitate the Vodic style, but tho imitation is neithe
happy nor grammaticaUy correct, A plural verb has been twic
used for a singular nominatiTe, and the adjectives do not a]waj*ft
From Q cnraory pGrnsal of De LaetU work oij Persia. I am iiidioed io tlttiii
thnt it coDtuiiis tio original itiatUtr*, but ia a. compilation from other worlei
on Persia. Even in his wut k mi Itidrnj ihr^re is much that U copied fWifl
others. Hia topogTfiphica.1 rioU's od liihar and Bengal are worthless, aod
itilaletidiii({.
PfHhceedin^g oftkn Asiatic ^Qciety*
141
correspond with their nouns* Tlie rniUocation is also defective*
Tho work nevertheless, wlien first published, met with great success,
and niuny Hindus even now maintain its authtmticity, The late Sir
R,ija IlMliakunta was so for taken in by it that, on its authority, he
introduced in his great lexicon the words Alia and Ilia as Sanskiit
Yocnbles.
The use of Aklmr's name suggests tlie idea that it was got up in
tlie time of that emperor by one of his courtiers to give currency
to his new faith among his Hindu suT>j«^*ts, but who it was, it is im-
possible now to determine. It ia said in the Aln t Akhari that
Badaoni, the author of the MantakJmh HttawarikK was agi'eat Sans*
krit scholar, and was employed by Akbar in translating the Atharva
Veda in Persian, but as he was a devout Muhammadan who look-
ed With horror upon the new faith of his master, and freely stig-
matized it in his history of Akbar's reign ; it is not at all likely that
he woidd be gnUty of calling Akbar a propliot, and Allah the God
of Muhammad Akbar and not that of the Arabian prophet, unless
we believe it was done with a view tQ ritlicule the religion of Akbar,
whicih is scarcely probable. A writer in the Oudh Akhharj a Hindu -
Biani newspaper of Lucknow, says it is the work of the Khdnkhiindn
of Akbar, but as there were eeveral such officers during the long
and prosperous reign of that monaroh^ it is not possible to ascertain
which of them was the author of this gross religious imposition.
Mr. Blochmann said —
Vikhu Kiijendxaiala Mitra mentioned that the Allah Upanishad
was ascribed to one uf Akbar* s Khiu Klianans, Akbar had three,
Boir^m, Mun'im Khan, and Mirz^ ^Abdurrahim, son of Bairim« If
auy of the thruu bad written the Allah Upanishad, it could only be
the last. Buirtiui was a bigotted Shi'ah, and Muii'im a brave,
pious soldier, anything eUe but a writer. Besides^ the book
could only have been written after A, H. 986, from which year
Akbar had commenced to abjure Islim ; but Bairam died in 909^
and Mun'im at Gaur in 983. Consequently, Mirza 'Abdurrahim,
the Kh^ Khandn par exctllffncti of Akbar^s reign, could be the only
one to whom the imputation could refer. But he, too, was a mont
unlikely man to xiudurtake the edition of a liiudii work. People
took him for a 81ii*fth in Siurni garb, and nowliere does BaiUonl,
the oenBor of Akbar's age, make the slightest allusion to Hladd
tendencies in the Khfm Khinfin*
The imputation thtreforo falls tb the ground.
In connection with Uiis subject, I may mention that the. Society
lately received from Allahabad a copy of a metrical Persian trans-
lation of the Bhagavat Giid^ the title page of whifh meutions Faiisi
as the autiior. A few weeks ago, X examined the book, and though
some passages in it, especially tlie beginning, are well written,
there are in it so many Hmdnlzed Persian phrases and occasional
slips in rhyme and metre, that I cannot bring myself to beliero
that Faizi is the author.
Maulavi *Abdullatif observed that Faizf was known to have been
tJie tii-bt Muhammadan that studied Sanscrit, and as the Upanishad
had been referred to Akbar's times, he might be the author of it.
Mr. Blochmann said that this was a mere supposition ; the state-
ment of Faizi being the tirst Muhammadan that learned Sanscrit
was an exploded error [Elliotts Index, p« 259], and there waS|
besides, no evidence whatever that the great poet knew Sansorit.
Maulavi ' Abdullaiif thought that under these circumstances Faizi
i^sembled the many Europeans who got their Munshis to print
works, putting their own names on the title page.
Mr. Blochmann said that Muhammadan historians invariably re-
present the translations which appeared during the reign of Akbar,
as having been madefi-om Hindi, and not directly by the Maulavis
firom the Sanscrit Some of the translators, as Naqib IChfin, knew
even so little of the vernacular, that they had to get help in reading
the Hindi versions.
I
in» — MEMOBANnTTM ON TITE TmrPTDER-SlOBM WHICH PASSED OVEeCaL-
cuTfA ON THE 8th June^ 1871,— Jy J. 0. N, James, Esq.
About 9 p. M. X fir&t observed dark masses of cloud rolling up
from the south, although the direction of the wind at the time waa
from the N, E, Gradually these clouds spread over from S. E, to
West and N, W., and I then observed distant thimder with occa*
aional flushes of lightning to S* W. and 8. By 1 1 p. m . the entire
I87L] jPro€eedtnff9 of the Asiatic Society, 14?J
sky was overcast with heavy block douds and about this time, I
ejqjeriGiioed a peculiar sensation of uneasines wliicti prevented me
from sleeping. I got out of bod and walked into my verandah
which faces the south, and had not been there above ten minutes,
when I was startled by a regular crash of thunder on the west.
B Several crashes followed in quick suocession on the north and N.
■ W., and all, as far as I could possibly observe, came from clouds
^ overhanging the northern portion of the city. This drew my at-
^Bleiition to the north and I then walked out to an open terrace on
^B|v north of my house. It was now midnight, the wind had voor-
^^V'to south, and I distinctly observed black masses uf cloud com-
ing up from the south, while others seemed rushing towards them
^^firom the N. W. and north. The clouds from tlie south were appa-
ll rently lower than those comiwg from the N. W» and N. On
these clouds meeting or crossing each other, the first severe claps
of thunder and vivid flashes of lightning wore observed by me*
At times the flashes of lightning followed with barely an interval
of a second between each, while the roar of thunder was con-
tinuoufl for nearly 30 or 40 seconds at a time.
Bain coming on, I returned to the south verandah ; this was
about I A. M. I now experienced a sensation very similar to that
II had often felt when overtaken by storms in the higher Himalay-
as, m%,, an irritation about the surface of the skin caused by my
hair turning, and felt sure that the storm was eloso in my neigh-
boui'hood. I now took up my position so aa to watch the h'ght-
ning conductors and observatory on the Surveyor General's Office,
disteint from my house about 1 50 yards : —
At 1-20 A. M. the large masses of black clouds seemed to tne to
be traversing over the southern portion of the city from W. to
E*, wind N. W- The lightning was extremely vivid and the
thunder deafening, and I now first noticed, sparks (as it appeared
to me) shooting in and out of the conductor over the anemometer
at top of the S. G. 0. observatory.
The appearance of the conductor ia given in fig. 1, plate II. The
portion of the conductor from A to A was alive with sparks, flash-
ing to and from it. Suddenly there was a streak of lightning from
a doud overhead which almost blinded me, followed on the instant
Ml
PreeudingB of the Atiatie Soei^^if*
[J0LY,
liy a detonation which made mo shudder. The obdorvatary ap-
peared a mass of Ere, there was a sound of metal striking metal,
and I olj&ervod the large conductor on the east of the Survey-
or Generals Office looking as if it was red hot* Thia was momen-
tary, and as I was anxious to observe all I possibly oouldt I again
watched the observatory. Agaiu the conductor over the anemo-
meter was alive with sparks along tlie same portion of it from A to
A, but not a spark seemed to touch the point. This seemed ex-
traordinary to me, 80 I watched more closely to see if any other
portions of the conductor were similarly aflocted, and now noticed
that the horizontal portion of it from the observatory to the back
atalr case was similarly aOected, as roughly shewn in Eg. % on
pi. II ; horizontal portions of the oonductor from A to A and B to B
receiving and emitting sparks.
About i to 2 A. M, the lightning and thtmder was incessant^ at
F an^ flash and exploHion the masses of cloud seemed to reoede from.
^ aach other, rise and then fall lower towai'ds the earth thau bofom.
While watching this, there was a 6ash of lightning and I distinctly
saw a stream of electricity, from a cloud overhead, discharged up-
on the Office, which shot back again into the cloudy and then
flashed off towards the East end of Park Street ; this discharge I
believe struck No. 22, Park Street.
What I witnessed will be best understood from the drawing
given in lagure 3, of plate U.
The conductor above the anemometer (A) and the one on the
east of the OiEce (B) again appeared rod hot» and thu horiztiutiJ
portions emitted sparks for au instant only. After this tliore waj
a perfect lull for nearly 10 minutoa and then followed a sttccesstan
of flashes and detonations, all overhead, and from W. tt> S. over
Cht^wringhee and Park Street and south towards the Martiniert*,
which I can only describe as a blaze of lightning and a territio roar
of thunder.
This first portion of the storm seemed to mo to pass away to tho
South and East, and then turn round by east to north or N. East.
Throughout this storm, for nearly 4 hours, I elos^^ly watched the
streams of electricity discharged towards this city and really fancied
that neaily every house must have betju struck. From tiovurnment
Plate S.
»^™ii:
Ztaflo^«l^0d At fb« Barmtjm Ommtl'9 Offie* GalMtta.
1671.]
Proceedings nf the Amaiic S^et^.
H5
House Dortliwards and westwards towards Howrali, there ap-
peared to me an almost continuous discharge of the electric fluids
and as the storm advanced Southwards and Eastwards, I observed
the same phenomena extending, m nearly a3 I could ascertain, in a
frircle from the Fort up Park Street to the Martiniere and over
towards the General Hospital.
Mr. H, Blanford, in reading Mr. James* noto, suggested that tho
appearance of sparks given off by the horizontd part of the con-
ductor might perhaps be due to a di8<;harge towards the falling
rain drops. The zigzag flash returning from a struck oliject to tho
clouds and then back again to Uie earth may be asciibed to au
optical deception. \
Mr. Ayrton, said : —
Mr. James' paper is certainly a vivid description of an Indian
thunderstorm. It is, however, I think, to lesa startling displaya
that we must look for our physical iuformation about ntmosi>heric
electricity. Not only during visible storms, but at all times there
€€eur in the air phenomena wliich instruments electrically more
delicate than our senses are able to see and measure. Tho best
kind of such instruments, electrometers as they are called, require,
however, that the air inside them should be kept artificially dry ;
and unfortunately the season when observations of atmospheric
electricity would be most interesting, viz, dui*ing tho monsoon, is tho
very time when it is most diflficidt to maintain an artificially dried
atmosphere. This difficulty, however, can be overcome when
Butiieient attentiou and time can be devoted to tlie umnagoment of
the instrument ; — ohaervationa too of this kind arc only valuable
when made regularly. Therefore, I think that obsorvatiotts of
atmospheric electricity can only be rarrted on with any practical
benefit, when they are in the hands of a man who can devote hia
time to meteorological registration. I would, therefore, strongly
recommend to those who have the management of the Meteorolo-
gical Department at Calcutta, that arrangements should bo made
similar to those already existing at Greenwich and Xew for the
registi^ation of the electric potential of the air.
Tho only steps that have, I believe, heen taken to register atmos-
pheric electricity in this country consisted in two portable dec-
UG
Premfdings of the A$iati€ Society,
[Jcn*Y|
trometers being sent out about two years ago to tlie IniHaft Tele*
graph Department, but from an error in packing they were both so
damag-ed aa to be unserviceable. TheBO instruments too were
more suited for inalcing rough measurements at different places j
while travelling, than for making delicate measurements at aa]
observatoiy. The inetruments at present in use in Europe for thii
purpose ai*e very perfect, and give on sensitive paper a photograpUo^
curve showing the electric state of the atmosphere.
As an example of the importance of observations of atmospheiio
and tarrestrial currents I may mention that from tests made portly
on the 10th, partly on the I Itli, and partly on tJie 12thof Fobruar
nf this year, it appeared that very strong positive natural current
were flowing through the telegraph lines in tlio directions Deesal
to Agra, Indore to Agra, Allahabad to Agra^ Agi-a to XJmbaUa, '
Calcutta to Baneegunge and Calcutta to Sahibgunge, in all cases
in the same direction from southward to northward. In the
cjiSGs whore the lino ran nearly duo north and south the current
woe such OS could have been produced by the insertion of about]
8 galvanic cells in the line. In the other cases it vai^od from I
about 8 to 2 cells, depending partly on how nearly the lino ran duo]
north and south. Un the ICth of February the earflic]nak6J
occurred at Calcutta. Now I do not for a moment conclude froodJ
this solitary instance, that natural electric currents have necessari-
ly any connection with Eurthquakos, still as wo know very littlo
about either of these phenomena, it ia just possible that they may
bo connected.
And if in the observatories iu Europe and Australia it is thoughtl
worth while to carry on a regular system of observations of atmos-*
pheric electi-iclty mainly for the purpose of endeavouring to con-l
nect the results of these observations with the weather, so that the"
electric state of the air may act a^i a barometer to foretell th©
weather, how much more important ia it that such a system ofl
observations should be established in a country like India, visited i
as it is by thunderstorms doing such a vast amount of damage*
^li\ Woodrow observed that he heard several persona stating
that they saw the conductor of a house appearing red hot during 1
the late storm.
1871.]
Fn^eudifigs of th Amttic Soi'itttj.
147
Mr. H. F. Blanford montioued that ho had been iaformod by
Mr. James of a very striking msianco of this kind. At Bauaou,
which was frequently visited by sever© thimdtiratorms, he was
, informed that an observatory erected for tlio G. T. Survey was pro-
I tected by a lightning conductor, which was desiTibed as a thiulc
iron rod. This rod was, as Mr. James assured him, subsequently
found on the grouud as a fused mass of iron, and having been re*
moved was in another year found to have been fustjd like tho
former, and in a like condition. This effect was ascribed to light-
mng.
The President said they were indebted to Mr. James for a very
graphic description of a thunderstorm. Some of the phenomena
mentioned did not appear to be easy of explanation* The mode in
which Mr. Blanford accounted fur the manifestation of sparks or
coruscations on the horizontal portion alone of the conductor wai
ingenioua, but did not seem altogether satisfactory. Falling drops
would, ho supposed, pass in just as close proximity to the vertical
portion of tlio rod as to the horizontal. Without any disparagement
to Mr, James, it might perhaps be doubted whether he had been able
to possess himself of the actual phenomena with oomplete accuracy.
No class of phenomena was eo^dillieult of precise observation, as that
fwith which Mr. James had to deal, both on account of the extreme
shortness of their duration, and the absence of a standard of com-
parison and measurement. In one particular, Mr. James had evi-
dently been misled. The mutual recession and approach of two
clouds upon the passage of a flash of lightning between them,
of which he spoke, was illusory. The ILash merely illumined and so
revealed an interval between two cloud masses, which before were not
separable from a back ground conn eoting them, and when the light
disappeiu-od again, tlie apparent connection was resumed* The
[mental impression produced by this rapid succession of eventa
gave rise most naturally to the idea of relative motion of the two
cloud masses. But actual motion to the sumo angular extent of
oscillation as that which is, in this way, apparent in the instant of
the flash would be sometliing tridy enormous!
The storm was evidently one of the ordinary type prevnlmit
here at this time of the year. A lower vapour- beaiing current
148
Proteedingi of thd Asiatic Soc^fti/,
[JlTXY,
was passing over from the 8. W. and 8. This encounteitj or is
crossed by, the course of a condensing cause coming up from tho
K. W. The latter is no doubt a relatively colder and generally
swifter moving current, somewhat above the first, often perhaps
ptirtiaily driving through it. The result is a curious moveraont
m eehehn : while the lower clouds appear to be coming from the
8. W., the heavy storm masses as a whole gather first in the
N. W. and seem to traverse the sky as if coming from that quarter.
Also the two atmospheric currents in highly contrastetl m6teort>lo-
gical condition give rise to violent eleLtriciil disturbaiife. In the
normal course of tlie monsoon rains, when tlxo vapour-bearing
current is not interfered with by a ditferontly conditioned cross
current, the precipitation of wat«r, however heavy the downfall may
be, is seldom fouud to be accompanied by any great manifestation
of thunder and lighbiing. JIo, (the President,) was afraid that little
confidence could bo placed upon tlie correctness of the path attri-
buted to the lightning tlashes. Many causes of deception existed with
regard to this. And he might make tlie same remark with regard
to the behaviour of the clouds spoken of by Mr, James towards
tlie east after the bulk of the storm had passed, It was always
matter of much nicety to determine the true motion of a cloud mass.
Indeed this could scarcely ever be done with much accuracy except
for a limited regiou noar the zenith. The apparent angular motion
of a portion of a surging mass at a low altitude did not atford
sufficient data for the purpose. It was then almost impossible
with the eye alone to form even an approximate estimate of tho
geometrical dimensions. With regai-d to the alleged heating of tho
conductor to the extent of making it luminous, ho would suggest by
way of test for the future tliat a collar of wait or resin bo kept
continually surrounding the rods of all the principal buildings in
the town.
Somewhat later in the evening Mr. Ayrton observed—
Tho explanation has just occurred to me of tho phenomenon
observed by Mr* James of sparks appealing to issue from the
horizontal, but not from the vertical portions of the lightning
discharges, so if it be not contrary to the rules of the Society, I wiU
refer again to that subject.
W E. AyRTO-N..?roreedm|s A.S B forjulv J87I.
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Pfi^ceedin^it of ih$ Asiatic Soeiriy.
149
W'
Faraday ia his ExperimeattU Kosearches arrived at tho foUaw-
ilig law, a law which htm also been proved from entirely Mathe-
matical considerationB, that whea a charged insulated body A
(Bee figure i on plate III) acts by static electric induction on an
uninsulated body B, the amount of electricity on any area a on
the surface of one of the bodies U equal and opposite to the amount
on the area j9, marked out on the surface of the other body by the
linos of force which also mark out the area on the surface of the
first body *
Now let us consider the state of the lightning conductor before
any discharge takes place. Let it be acted upon by a horiicoutal
doud, uniformly charged. Draw lines of force, markiug out equal
areas of the surface of the cloudy or, what is the same things since
^^tbe cloud is uniformly charged, marking out areas eontoiuing
^B equal amounts of electricity,
^M Then since the linos of force mtist be perpendicular both to
^rthe doud and the lightning conductor, and also since they cau
0 have no very endden bends we shall, if we suppose a vortical plan©
drawn tlirough the conductor, obtain as a section a figure some-
l^what like the aoeompanying figme ii on plate III.
^^H|nHBrOain&Hc£(rd and DuhUn Mathematical Jour nnf Novemlicir^ l^^^i or PhUa*
^^KspBBi Mtujasine^ 1854, aocond baLf ye&r^iti whiob tho ptiovf ia givon somowhai
OA fbUowfl ;
Let S be any closed nnrtnoe^ contomftig no part of tho ©leotrffied bodies in
side it, which we may concxsive to be descnbtjil lj€twn(»ti A »»d B ; let P b«
tlie oompuuout in tho direotioit of the nurmiil, uf the n.v'^tittnni force at ikuj
point of the snrfuuo 8^ »nd let th be aa elemeut of the duifiice at the namo
point. Then it inay be easily provod tliat
j'/iMs^O (I)
the integrationa being extended over the entire surface. No*r let S be inp-
poHed to oonaiat of three p;irt4; tlio portioa a» of the miiTuee of A ; ihts urea
3 projected by lines of force, on the surfuce of B ; and the «nrfutH? (fetiemted
by tlie curved Uoea of projection, Tliw value of P at each point of tlio bitter
portion of 8 will be nothing, flinco tho t4^tn|irt>nt at any point of a hue of pityeo*
tiott i* the direction of tlie ibreo. llcnco, if [// i'J*] und {jf P*U) dL<nute the
valnes of XT P^lSt ^*>r *he portioiiB a and & of S, th«i fcjuiition (I) becotnee
Bat if p be tho oleotrio density at any point on tho sorfaco A or B, wo haro,
by Coulomb's theorem,
P
Hence [/Tpdif] -f (^yp.h) = 0,
i^hich is the theorem qDotcd in the text.
ISO
Proceediti^if qf the Asiaiie Society.
[JrLY,j
Now by Faraday's law the portions of the conductor AB, BC, 1
CD &c* ©aoh contain equal quantities of electricity, therefore thoa^l
portions EF, Gil which are longest contain least electricity, per uni'lj
0/ length. The olecti-icity, therefore, will he moat concentrated ate
the point J of the conductor and least concentrated at the anglei^
y, 8, and along the vertical portion KA. But the resultant pros-
sure on the air, or tendency to produce discharge at any i>oint nea
a charged body, is directly proportional to the electric density of
the amount of electricity per unit of area at that point, therefora
the discharge will be greatest at the point J, next greatest alougl
the horizontal portions AE, FG, and least along the portions J5Fp|
GM and the vertical portion XA. The only difference being that
at the point J the discharge although greatest will most probably
be a silent one, whereas along the length of the conductor it will n '
be disruptive or in the form of sparks. We may, therefore, expec(^|
to soe with (he n/e no discharge along EF, GU, KL or at the
point J, but sparks issuing from the horizontal portions AE andFG-
TV. — SuggcsiionRfor Vmton to the Totnl Eclipse ort \2ih Deecmler^
1871, % Lieut.-Chl. J, F. Tenkant, F, E. 8.
At the last meeting of the Society aft^ar the conclusion of ray
Memorandum t1»o President suggested, that idl who might liavo thai
opportunity should visit the Xeilgherries, and should endeavour torn
contribute their share to the result, and that those having sjiectro^
scopes should use them. Thore is in fact no difficulty in seoing
during the Total Phase of an Eclipse lines of light varying more 01
less in number and brightness with a spectroscope directed nearl;f
to the sun ; nor would it bo impossible that any one so arme
should see some lines of light or darkness which he buUeve
to be unseen by others, but this would not be of any use, Th^
light falling on tlie slit of a spectroscope at this time come
partly from the Corona and partly from the Protuberances, while
there is of course such fiiiut dilTiii^cd light as is about. We knov
that this mixed light must vary with the point which happens
in the prolongation of the lino of vision of the spoctroseopo, but
less we can distinguish tho objects which emit each ray we areJ
really gaining little knowledge.
ie7L]
Proc0Bdinff» of ihe AiiaUc Somi^.
An amateur (In one sense we ore all so) then| must before making
up his nuiid to such a proceeding consider wliat he loseo : I ven*
ture to say tliat he will entirely lose the ^eat sight. In order to
see with the spectroscope, he must deliberately shut himself out
from tliis. He may then see what others have seen before, but he
can, without spocial means, add no material fact to what is known,
and it is far more likely that ho will lose the real sight witiiout
seeing so much. If he is in any degree anxious or nervous,
it is pretty certain that he will have no clear idea of what he
sees in the instrument. The case of a man who having carefuUj
made up his mind to objects and methods of examination, provides
himself with adequate apparatus, and deliberately gives up the
sight for the ohanoe of being of use, is of course quite different. I
could not recommend any one going down to the Eeb'p8e-line with-
out due preparation ; to lose one of the moat magnificent sights ho
can 8ee» and to miaa the opportunity of appreciating how much it
has been given to man to penetrate into the mysteries of nature.
I purpose, however, now, in pursuance of a promise to the President,
to oiler some suggestions to visitors who are not content with
this.
Any person possessing a chronometer and the means of dnding
its error, will do a service if he will simply note the four momenh of
eontavt tj/ the Stuis and Mooni Limbi. As I explained before, the
first contEict is especially diifieult to note, but the otlior tiiree are
comparatively easy. He has then only to mark his place accurate-
ly on the Atlas of India> or some good map, and deduce his
Latitude and Longitude and height above the Sea. These data will
help towards the problem of determining the Solar and Lunar
diameters and, if accurate, they canuot be too numerous.
As Totality comes on ; if he dues not mean to take the moment
of the Sun's disappearance, I would adviae him to lay aside hia
Telescope, and look for the strange fringes of colour or light and
shade which mark the commencement of this Phase. I quote some
accounts of this from Grant's History of Physical Astronomy.
In 1842, M. Fuuvellu gives the follomug from Porpigiian. ** At
** the moment when the Eclipse was about to become Total, I per-
** ceived the ast rays of the sun to undulate with ^rmt intensity and
152
Promffdin0» ofihe Asiatic Society.
[^TSVit
** rapiditif on a whit© wall of one of the Military Establishments of
** tho Rampart of St. Dominique. The effect might be compared
** with that which is observed whoE the light of the Sun falls upon
'* a wall or ceiling after having been reflected from tho surface of
''water In a etate of agitation. The same phouomeaon appeared
"at the emersion of the sun," the undulatiana were at first very
intense and gradually died away. '' M. Ai'ago states that
** during the few seconds devoted by his colleagues and himself to
** the observation of sunh phenomena the fa*;ade9 of tlie great tower
** of the citadel of Perpignau appeared illtiminated by a siH^ularljf
^^Jluduaiahg H^ht,^^ M, Leathuric at Moutpellier says ** A litUe be*
** fore the commencement of the total obscuration there were seen
**oB the ground and ou the walla undulaiimf Bhadmcft composed of a
** eucceseion of arcs, 3 or 4 deoimetros in length, but of much les«
*• breadth p which seemed to turn on thenisdvM. The effect was ana*
** logons to that produced by those moveable sliadows wlii<*h are
" seen at the bottom of (i shallow basin filled with clear water when
** tho surface, slightly agitated, is Ulumbiated by the sun's rays.'*
At Seyne, Mr. Savoumin says : ** There were here and there seen
''shadows and luminous patches running after each other, the
** effect of which was similar to that produced by the passage of a
*' succession of small clouds over the sua. These patches were nci
" all of the same colour ^ some were red ; others yellow^ Mm or white. The
** children amused themselves running after them, and trying to
'*put their hands on ^em. This extraordinary phenomenon was
** remarked only a few instants before the complete disappearanoe
*'of the sun."
IVofessor Grant quotes some Swedish observations of 1733, but
they do not seem to me to refer to the same phenomenon. Tho
accompan}ing quoted by him &om Deliijle, however, clearly
refers to this. '' The second observation is one which a ouxi-
"ous individual acquainted me with having made by mere
** accident. Having directed his attention to a large white waU|
" at the moment of the tcjtal immersion of an Eclipse of the SuHi
'* he saw the Moon^s shadow pass upon the wall, tinned with dij^lerent
**€olours,^^
This phenomenon was also seen and drawn by M. Poulain a
1871.]
Tmffi qf the AiMic Society*
IW
Frencli officer at Goree in 1861, whoso attention the Astronomer
Boy al called to ifc.
In 1 8C8, 1 askod Col. Addison of H. MJs 2nd ^the Quoen's) Begt.
f examino this matter at Aden. I expressed considerable doulit
I to the reality of the phenomenon which, save for M. Savournin's
statement, that the children ran after these shadows, I think one
might have considered (in the absence of evidence to the contrary)
as caused while resting a weary eye. Col. Addison had a largo
sheet hung up and (I quote from memory)* more than one of hia
olBcers saw these shadows passing rapidly across the sheet ; so
rapitlly that they could not measure the veloci^ ; in the direction
in whitih the Moon was advancing on the Sun.
Colonel Addison and M. Poulain are the sole persons I Imow,
who have looked for this phenomenon, but it was seen againi
unless I mistake, in 1869, and I beheve that the following des"-
cription by Mr* Charles Coalo refers to it. ** Tlie grandest of
" all to lis, who had no astronomical ambition, or astronomical
"knowledge, to gratify, was the effect upon the clouds daring
'*tho total obscniration. Those who have had the pnviloge of
being on White Top" (near Abingdon, Virginia and 6530 feet
high) **and enjoying the westward scene, will remember the
** grand panoramic view of moim tains beginning on the north-
**ern and southom horizon and stretching away to the west,
' * till they seem to meet, and will appreciate the scene, which we
**now attempt to describe. Stretching along this semicircle of
** mountains in long horizontal lines, far below the Sun lay light
** and Uoecy clouds, as if resting on their wings during the seem-
** iug struggle between the orbs above them. At tlie moment of the
** falling of the dark shadow, when naught was to be seen above
" but the stars and the circle of light ai-ound the moon, these clouds
'* became arrayed in all the colours of the rainbow, presentmg an
'* indescribable richness witli their back ground of sombre moan-
" tain. To our vision it was as if bands «f broad ribbon of every
** conceivable hue had been stretched in parallel lines half roimd tho
** universe." One sees here the pen work of the American Juur*
naliflt : indeed Mr. Coale in another letter remarks that he waA
* The papers wore ' > Boynl AjtronooiiciLl Societj,
Proeeedifi^s of Oi^ Asia(/e i
iTOf
probablj^ extravagant in giving the clouds all the colours of the
raiobow (though he considors this allowable in country journalism)
and ho proceeds to nam© ** pink, purple, yellow orange, and
fiery red," and ** a band of lilac,*' though not green or blue , as being
colourg he had seen. It is quite impossible notwithstanding exag*^
geration to compare this, whitli 1 take from Mr. Prot-tor's late worlpH
on tho Sun ; with the descriptions I liave quoted from Professoy
Grant, without seeing that the phenomenon was tho same that M« k
Savournin saw at Seyne, It is eminently fitted for examination byH
those unaccustomed to use instruments, and, while I believe worth
investigation, will not deprive them of tho great spectacle. Tha
occasion will, I think, be very favourable.
To those one degree more professional who may possess iol
scopes on mountings and seek to do some further service, withoul
too great a sacrifice of personal feelings, I would suggest th(
Belection of certain parts of the Corona and their eyeful scrutiny^
00 aa to enable drawings to be made and descriptions to bo written
immediately afterwards. The parts I would refer to are those which
1 have in my Report of 1868 called ^are, I did not of course $eB
bom then, but it was quite impossible to examine carefully myj
original negatives without a strong conviction, thjit in those places a1
all events gas, luminous though much less so than the body of thi
protuberances, was streaming Irom them into tlie general Ugh
of the Curuna. As photography will probably be entirely directodl
to tho general Corona, these brighter parts will be to a great extent
lost in detail. Indeed if they are to be done justice to by Photo*
graphy, it must be by special aiTango me uts alio wing large pitjturea
to be rapidly taken in some Erlip^e of the future. At present
X would call the attention of draughtsmen to these spots, from
which, when found, they should not allow their attention to go.
McKlurute power would alone bo necessary, though if tho air b(
steady enough high power would concentrate the attuutiou b;
limiting tlie space. It is alleged too that thero are nodes ani
bands of light in the Corona of complicated structure and qui
free of the 8un ; these too might be noticed, probably the besi
phui wUl be to attack the first such object seen and adhere to lU
Lastly, I would urge on those who I trust may be induced
Proeei^dinga qf the Aiiaiic Society.
go to tho EclipsG track hj cnrioaity or some hop© of adding to Imow*
ledgt)^ to romomber, that well equipped parti oa (I hop© tho Madras
Observatory may Bend one) are not able as a rule to choose botter
sites, from which views can be got, than many others about, and that
there is nothing so injurious to good observation, as tho motion,
and ©von tho presence, of strangers. Possibly volunteers may be
wanted for some work ; then, if you accept the position, do tliat
work in perfect silence where it does not require speech ; but, if
you have no share in the work^ keep at a distance from those who
have, remembering that an involuntary motion or exclamation,
may seriously disturb those who are endeavouring to close their
niiuds to the surrounding circumstances, and to concentrate them on
tlie duty they have undertaken. To suffer men who are content to
lose all the great sight of the day for work, to do their work without
iutemiption, is in itself a service to science, though one which
does not force itself into notice.
V. — The Antiquities of Jdjput% — hj Babtj Chtjkder Sekhak Bathjuji .
(Abstract).
Baby Chander 8ekhar Biiniirjf mentions early notices of Jaj-
pur, legends connected with tlie invasion of Orisa by the Af-
ghans under Kala Fahar in 1558,* a description of the memorials
of the Afghan conquest, the importance of Jajpur as a place nf
pilgrimage, and a description of temples and several other worka
of Bindi'i sculpture.
The puper will be printed in the second number of Pai-t I. of
the Journal.
Tlio roroipt of tho fnllowjag communications waa announced.
1. Mouograph of Indian Ct/prinida*, Pt. II, by Surgeon F. Day.
2* Note on Lieut*-CoL MacMaster's Uni of birds from Nagi>oro,
&c., by W. T. BlanforcL
* This is the yeitr nientioned by Stirling. But the Alcbarndtnjili (fives
A, n U75, or A, D. J 567- Such np t^ke an inlPi"08t in tho liistorj' of Ofisi,
ehoiild ix'ttd thu h«?(ri»nitijr of the " ' •'-Tlh jeur of Akhnr'B reign as
givf^n ill the Akbaru^nin)i, provi*!' HS.ana obtAitiablo. There aro
most t*xtraorflinuty iliirerenooa b«+hm m /i .u.m.. i *, ncpcmnt iliuI that of Stirltr»tr,
which profcsBOB to ho takon Imrn I he I'llri V'^iiinaavfili. Tho jiciiod ot OfiKji
bisiorj ill tho Akbiinuimuh ivxtonclK fmni nbout 15i)0 tu the eud of tho Uiih
coiitnry.— Tb« KDiTOtt.
PrfifH}t*dtnff* of th^ A^Mic >r>
July,
LlDll>VRY,
The following additions havo boen made to th© Library einoe
th© moeting held in June last.
Preieniatiom*
9*11 Namee of donors in CapiUla-
Momoirs of tho Eoyal Astronomical Society, Vols, XXXV —
XXX^TIT ; Kiitices, Vols. XXVEU— XXX ; IndoK to the First
twenty-nino volumes of tho Monthly Notices.^TuE Eoyal Astro*
NOMICAL BOCTBTY OF LoNUON,
Pi-oceodings of tho Eoyal Society, Vol. XIX, No. 127.— The
Royal Socfety of Londo?^.
Proceedings of the Hoyal Geographical Society, Vol. XV,
No. I. — The Eoyal GECOJurmcAL Society of Loxijon.
Journal of the Statistical Society of London, IMarch 1871. —
The Statistical Society of Lo:*don,
Journal of the Chemical Society, February, March and Apri],
1871. — TuE Chemical Society of London,
Bollettino della Societa Geografiea Italiana, volume sesto, let
Magg:io, 1871. — Societa Geografica Italiana.
Nyelvtudomsinyi Kozlemenyek, Kiadja A Magyar Tudomanyaa
Akad^mia Nyelvtudomanyi Bizottsaga, szerkeszti, Hunfolvy PiL
Hatodik Kutet, Fiizet, ebo masodik, harmadik ; Hetedik Kotet, ,
El3o Fillet : — Ertekezeaek A. Tcrmeszettudomauyi Osztiily Kor^leol.
Kiadja a Magyar Tudomanyos Akadcmia Aa Osztoly Eendelet«
bol, szerkesgti, Gregurs Gyula, levelezo taq ; Tzam 1, IX, XI^ —
Xm : — ^A Magj*ar THdomanyos Akademia Jegyzokiiny, 1867,
Fuzet 1-2, Almanach 1867, 1868, 1860, :— Nyelvtudomanyi Kozle- "
menyek, Otiidik Kotot, FUzet Elso, Masodik, Harmadik : — Ertesituje '
Elsd Evfolyam, szaai 1,— 17: Miaodik Evfolyam, sz&m, 1 — 20. — j
A. Maqyak Tudomanyas Akademia, Pest,
Abstract of PiH>cee<ling8 of the Mahomodan Literary Society of ^
Calcutta, 1871. — The Mahomedan Lit. Societt of Oalcdtta.
Historical and Stutiatieol Memoir of the Gha2eex>ur District, by|
W* Oldham, B. 0. S , LL. D., part I.— The Author,
Eeport on the Hill of Mohendragiri and the mitiYe part of
Barwah, by C. Palmer, Esq., M. D., Capt. W. O. Murray, and V.
Ball, Esq., B, A.— Dr. 0. Palmeh,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 157
A Lecture on the Modem Buddhistic Eesoarches by Babu Ram
Da8s Sen. — The Author.
Introduction to a Philosophical Grammar of Arabic, by G. W.
Leitner. — The Authok.
The Topography of the Mogid Empire as known to the Dutch
in 1631, by E. Lethbridge, M. A. — The Authok.
English Legislation for India by A. M. Broadley. — The
Author.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Nos. 7 — 12. — The Editor.
TJber das Eamayan von A. Weber. — H. Blochmann, Esq.
Christian Spectator, No. I. — Eev. C. B. Lewis.
Outlines of Amharicby Eev. C. H. Blumhardt; — Historical Notice
concerning Calcutta; — A Manual of Geography by Major T.
Candy ; — The Holy Bible in Short Hand ; — The Parsee Acts by
Sarabjee Shapoorjee Bengalee ; — Phonetic Journal, Vol. 23 : — Eev.
J. LONO.
Eeport on the Financial Eesults of the Excise Administration in
the Lower Provinces, 1869 — 70 ; — Eeport on the Cultivation and
preparation of Tabacco in India, by Dr. Forbes Watson.— The
Government of Bengal.
Selections from the Eecords of the Bombay Government, Nos.
118, 119. — The Government of Bombay.
P%i.rchase.
Eeeve's Conchologia Iconica, 284 — 287. — Quarterly Eeview
April 1871. — American Journal of Science, Nos. 3 and 4. — L. E.
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 274. — Comptes Eendus
Nos. 15 — 17. — Feer's Etudes Bouddhiques, pr. serie. — Vambery's
Uigurische Sprachmonumente imd das Kudatker Bilik. — Semper's
Holothurien, Band I. — De Goeje Bibliotheca Geographica Arabi-
corum. — Eeise in Hadramaut. — Spiegel's Eranische Alterthums-
kunde, Band I. — Lexicon Latino-Japonicum. — Darwin's Descent
of Man, Vols. 1, 2.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL
FOR August, 1871.
The montbly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday
the 2nd instant, at 9 o'clock, p. m.
The Hon'ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced —
1. From Father M. Lafont, — a copy of Eesults of Meteorolo-
gical Observations, made at St. Xavier's College Observatory,
during the first half of 1871.
2. From Babu Prtinkissen Chatterji, — a stone seal, found west
of Bard win.
The inscription of the seal has not yet been deciphered.
3. From C. R. Markham, Esq., — a copy of ' Memoir on the
Indian Surveys.*
4. From H. F. Blanford, Esq., — a copy of Tamil Grammar by
Bev. C. T. E. Rhenius, — and a copy of Tamil and English Dictionary
by Rev. J. P. Rottler.
Babu Gungaprasdd, duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting, was elected an ordinary member.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
E. T. Atkinson, Esq., C. S. (for re-election), proposed by Dr. F.
Stoliczka, seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.
Robert Fellowes Chisholm, Esq., Consulting Architect to the
Government of Madras, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded
by Dr. F. Day.
160 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soeiety, [Auo,
Capt. S. B. Miles, Bombay S. C, Asst. Pol. Agent, Quader,
Mukran, proposed by L. Scliwendler, Esq., seconded by Col.
J. F. Tennant.
Henry Buckle, Esq., Asst. Commissioner, British Burma, pro-
posed by Dr. T. Oldham, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
The following papers were read —
I. Some remarks on the connectioit between Inertia
AND Time, hy W. E. Ayrton, Esq.,
The following was written not on account of its actual novelty,
but because the ideas contained in it will probably be new to the
majority of those present.
Of all the properties of matter inertia is, I think, the one least
understood by the general reader. With weight, hardness, friction,
elasticity, &c. he is perfectly familiar, but that matter possesses
another property as important as any one of those I have men-
tioned never seems to present itself to him. K you ask an
ordinary practical man why it is difficidt to set a massive fly-wheel
in motion, he will probably say on account of the weight and
friction. The friction certainly does in a small degree prevent
motion being given, but this can to a great extent be overcome
by tlie bearings of the fly-wheel being well made.
And not only is it difficult to set a massive fly-wheel in motion,
but it is difficult to stop such a wheel wlien in motion. This
ccrtuiiily is not caused by friction, since the friction would itself
tend to stop the motion.
Tlie weight too cannot in the least prevent motion being given
to, or taken away from, a well balanced wheel, since the action of
the earth on each side of the wheel is exactly the same.
There is, therefore, another property that matter possesses — its
inability to change its own state of rest or motion. This property
which is called inertia is best defined by Newton's law ** Every
b(jdy continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight
line, except in so far as it may be compelled by impressed forces
to change that state." Now, by uniform motion we mean moving
through equal spaces in equal times, or rather we should say, we
call those times equal during which a body unacted upon by any
1871.]
Proe$€ding$ of the Asiaiic Sociei^,
161
forca doderlbes e<}ual spaces ; far no person lias an innate per*
ception of equal times. Nobody can from liis inner consoiousnesa I
8sy one time is equal to another. Hours and minutes are aa arbi-
trary in their conceptloni and require just as much explanation
as degrees of temperature. By general consent the earth is the
stamlard body that has been selected to determine equal timea
by iU motion, so that according to Newton's law those times J
are called equal during which tho earth describes equal spaces,
or better during which any particular mertclional plane describes
equEd angles. In fact when a person spenks of minutes or
hours, he is tacifUy assuming the fact of the earth*8 inertia.
And for eomx)aring time without the aid of the eartVs rotation,
clocks are used in which the condition of a body in motion, prac-
tically unacted upon by any fon^e, is arrived at by compensating
by the action of a compressed B|)ring or otherwise for the inevi-
table forces of friction.
The earth and moon regarded as a mechanical system possess
a certain amount of *' energy/* or power to do work. This energy
ia partly potential, that isi energy depending on the relative
position of the earth and moon, and partly kinetic, that \b^ en orgy
dependiJig on the two bodies being in motion. Now the earth's
daily rotation produoea tides by the mutual attraction of the aea
and moon, and as the motion of the sea on the surface of the eart!
is retarded by tidal friction a certain amouat of the energy pos
sessed by the system muat bo lost in overcoming the friction or in
generating heat.
One ellect of this loss of energy is to cause the periods of rota-
tion of the earth round its axis and of the moon round the earth
become more and more equal, or in other words to make the
rperiod of the earth's diurnal rotation gradually longer and longer.
The earth is, therefore, not a true time*keeper, and if a chrono-
meter were set now to keep true sideral time, we should ex-
pecft, if the chronometer neither gained nor lost, to find at the
end of a lapse of years, that it was apparently too faat, if com-
pared with the then true sideral time. Such a chronometer it
has been calculated would at the end of a ceutuj-y be apparently
0*44 of a minute too fajst.
102
Proceedings of the Asiatic Socwi^*
[Ara* I
To compare, tlierefore, time at one period of the earth's existence
with time at another period we require, in addition to the sidoral
and Bolar second, a mechanical second which would bo doEned aa
tJie pmod, or a definite portion of the period of vibration of a
body practically quite unacted upon by any force. Such a timo-
keeper haa boon made at the University of Glasgow and consists
of a spring pendulum truly balanced about its centre of inertia
and hermetically sealed in an exhausted glass tube. The vibra-
tions of such a pendulum are of course not in the least affected by
the earth, and could only be influenced by the little air that has
unavoidably been left iu the tube producing some change in the
metal of which the pendulum is composed, The number of vibra*
tions of the pendulum per second are carefidly counted now, and
will be counted again at some future pex-iod, when the number
will be apparently greater per second than it ia now, since a
sidereal second then will roally be a longer time than a sidereal
second now. In this way the actual loss of speed of the earth's
diurnal rotation can be practically measured.
Col. Tennant said : —
He did not see how our idea of inertia involved an idea of
time, Inertia was the passive power by which change of state
was resisted, and when a body was at rest there was no ques-
tion of time involved ; but he had not come prujMircd to discuss
this point in detail. The paper seemed to be mainly leading
to the question which had lately been raised as to the effect of the
tides in retoi'diug the Earth's rotaTiun on its axis, and he
thought some account of this nught be interesting,
lie (CoL T) would remark on Mr, Ayrion's statemont that an
increase in the duration of a revolution of 0.44 of a minute in a
century has been found by calcidation. The whole tidal problem is
of extreme complication, and in its generality cannot be touched by
analysis* The motion of the waiter hah been deduced on certain
hypotheses which are very far indeed from representing existent
facts. Thus we have some knowledge of what the motion would be
in a canal surrounding the earth equatfirially and of uniform, or great,
depth and section, or in similur canals passing through the polos ;
1871.]
PrQC$iding$ of th Mtattc Bmd^,
US
also in canals of comparatively Bhott length ; and in various coses
la canals where the wave is derived from a tide wave in the sea.
The last case does not concern this problem greatly, and as regards
the former cases the conditionB imposed by the necessities of analysis
make the results rather representations of the kind of phenomenon,
than capable of giving accurate values by calculation. Of course
when on any such hypothesis a theoretical result has been obtained,
which tihows that a retardation would take place in the earth's ve-
locity of rotation, it is easy to assign values to the constants and to
deduce a numerical result, but such result^s should be considered as
arithmetictd exercises, and not as r«_nd deductiuu"^ proved. It was
▼ery much to be regretted, CoL Tennant thought, tliat mathematicians
who calculate such thing* occasionally give iho results without those
words of caution which would prevent their being misunderstood.
This matter has of late received a great importance from the
strong suspicion that there is a true retardation of sensible amount,
and the evidence is quite unconnected with any invustigationa into
the tides. It was found very soon after accurate observations of
the Moon were taken, that the time of describing its orbit was
i than formerly, it being quite impossible to represent old Edip-
by calculating from the known elements* For long it was
found impossible to account for this phenomenon from gravity :
at lust Laplace deduced a result from this cause which so com-
pletely coincided with that necessary to exi>lain the old Eclipses,
that he thought himself jostiEed in asserting that the sidereal
day bji<l not varied by ^^^ of a second between the* time of
HipXTfirehus and hia day. His results were conJirmed almost idija^
tically by Lagrange, and till very recently were accepted, wilii their
consequence that any action of the tides was rejectaneous. Lately,
however, Mr, J, C. Adams in llie course of a re-oxauii nation ol'tho
Lunar Theory was led to a diilcrent result. Ha found that the true
theoretical value of the Moon*s acceleration only served to explain
about half of the observed cliange in its motion of which the rest had
to be explained. This conclusion was hotly disputed. French mathe-
maticians, jealous of the honor of their counlr^-man, upheld his re-
sults, but Mr. Adams* reasoning was unanswerable and has prevailed;
it is acknowledged now that gra\dty alone dues not produce the
164
Prcceedingi cf the Atiatie S&cifty,
[Auo,
celeration of the Moon^s motion* It lias been BUggefifted that tUo
otlier supposed to fill space, and whose exidtenoe had been ooii«
Bidered probable from the peculiarities of the motion of Encke'al
comet produced a similar though less rosidt on the moon, but De-
launay suggested that the tides ehould produce a retardation ul
the Earth's velooity which might account for it.
iSinee then the theoretical discussion of the result of the tidal '
ion has been in question. Col. Tennant had not been in the way
"of seeing all the solutions, but the problem is very intrioato ©von on
the limited h^-potheses which render it analytically possible. The,
Astronomer Boyal has shown that on tlie supposition of a cana
equatorially surrounding the earth, the result of using the firafi
order of 8mall quantities only in the solution is tliat the frictioa
produces no efi«ct on the velocity of revolution, but that it retardal
the moon. This is precisely the opposite of the result sought, but
he has also found in tbo terms of the second order one wliicUj
would retard the earth.
This or any thing similar is Tery far fi*om giving a trustworthy |
value of the retuiniation, however, and he (CoL T.) would oautioa]
ail to hesitate before giving faith to ligures on this subject.
Mr- Ayrton repbed : —
With reference to Colonel Tennaut^s remark that " Inertia ia ,
the passive power by which change of state is resiated, and that
when a body is at rest there ia no question of time involved,^*]
it wUl be obvious that the first half of tliis sentence related
two things, a body at rest and a body in motion, whereas thol
Becond htdf of the sentence refers only to a body at rest. Kowl
as regards a body in motion^ inertia is the property it possesses to '
move uniformly. What, I ask, is meant by moving uniformly if na
reference is to be made to time ? Also what is meant by equvl
times, if no reference ia to be made to the inertia of a body in mo-
tion ? I therefore maintain, as before, that the two ideas inertia oud
-equal times are ao intimately connected| that neither can be es«
lained without reference to the other.
What follows in Colunel Tennant's remarks rather tends to show
the di&eulty of applying direct calculation to the aetual motion oC
1871,]
Pr^eadin^a of th Asiatic Soeieif*
\&r*
tiie fiea^ tlian to show that a retardation of the earth does not ext»t
OT that the rate of this retardation could tiot bo calrulated* The
ealculatioTi to which I have filhided of 0.44 of a mintite and to which
Colonel Tennant objects so stronglj was ohtained in the folio wing*
wajhy Pruf Thomson, Mr, Adams and Prof. Tait working together.
Hhey started with the assumption that the known difference between
the acceleration of the moon relative to the earth, as calculated by
Mr. Adams, and the actual relative acceleration, as observed by
Mr. Dunthorne, was due to tidal friction, and then by allowing for
the necessary consequent retardation of the moon's mean motion,
and using a certuin aasiunption with regard to the proportion of
the retardations due to the moon and 8Uii| they arrived at the
result I have given. Now with reference to the general question,
indopoudenlly of any calculation, it appears to me that as long
as the sea moves on the surface of the earth there must be
tidal friction. Friction must produce heat. Heut jiroducod in any
system of bodies must to a certain extent be dissipated uuleas
the heated bodies be surrounded by a perfectly non-conducting
thermal enveh^po, a tluTig of course quite unknown, Wlierover,
therefore, heat is produced, there must be a certiun losa of energy.
And the loss of energy in the case in question must cause a retar*
dation in the earth^s diurnal rotation, unless thero exists some
other cause not yet nscertained which compensates for this loss of
energy. The connection, therefore, between tidal friction and tlie
imdoubted fact of the earth's retardation possesses, I think, a high
degree of probability.
The President understood Mr. Ayrton'fl remarka on Inertia to
be intended to lead up to the principal topic of his short paper,
Mr. Adams demonstrated, now many years ago, that I^aphice'e
celebrated explanation of the Moon*s acceleration was not nearly
so complete as it liad been thought to be^ It left about one half
of the inequality unaccounted for. But, to discover the true causa
of this residuum was a task of the greatest difficulty. Any one
who liad practical experience in dealiog with the formal pp of the
Lunar Theory would know quite well how complicated the problem
was. The best supposition — one he believed that was at this time
IfiG Proceedings ofih$ AiiaUc Society. [kiin\
generally accepted, — seemed to be that the earth's angular velocity '
of rotation, an ingredient in the ealeulation^ wa« not cai&staiit as
it had always been assumed, but was slowly diuiiutshlug. The i
tide-action on the surface of the globe is cousiderel by many J
eminent physleists sufficient to bring about saoh a result. Oa thai
olher hand, if the earth is contracting in radius by a procees of j
cooling denudation or degradation an acceleration of rotation to I
some extent would be the eonaequeuce. Hence it beoomes a^
matter of interest, if possible, to contrive an accurate time-knoper ]
who should be independent of the earth's rotation, and servo toj
make its deviation from constancy indinputable. Ho would bdJ
glad if Mr. Ayrton wo^Ud kiniUy explain the particular mode tti
which this end wad sought to be attained in the case of the Glas-
gow instrument.
Mr. Ayrton said : —
The pendulum at the Glasgow University to which I referred ia j
made simply on the principle of the balance wheel of a watch, that |
is, a certain mass of metal is made to oscillate by the action of a
spring, and iudepondently of the action of gravity. The friction,
howeveTp of the pivot of the balance wheel is obviated by the wheel
and spring being virtually in one. The arrangement can be best
understood by imagining a straight flat piece of spring rigiiUy
fixed at one end and havliig a mass of metal fixed at the other
end which mass oscillates in a horizontal piano by the action of the
spring. The actual arrangement of the pen d alum is really mora
oomplicatod tlian this, but the principal of action is as described.
As regards the President's remark that the earth by contracting j
may acquire sufficient acceleration to compensate for the retarda-
tion prtidueed by tidal friction, I would mention that Laplace proved <
solely fi*om Fourier's tlieory of the conduction of heat that tha j
acceleration of the earth's diurnal rotation produced by shrinking
from cooling could not have amounted to ^J^th of a socontl in tite
last 2,000 years. Sir William Thomson has also shown that the
acceleration from this cause must bo extremely small compared
with the probable retardation produced by tidal friction.
1871.]
Frtc4§im(f9 of tht AttUiic BacUty,
107
IL— AccomiT OF A viarr to tub Eastkuh akd Northsrh fkontixb
OF IKDEPENDEJrT SlILKIM, WITH NOTES ON TDK ZOOLOGY OF
ALPHfE AND SUB-ALPDrE BEOIONS, % W. T. BlaNFORD, F. G. 8.,
C- M. Z. S. (AhtmctJ
Mr, W. T, Blanford gave a brief account of a journey he had
made in company with Captain Elwes to the Eastern and Northern
frontiera of Sikkim in August, Septomber, and October, I81O,
Starting from Darjiling on the 13th August, they tToaaed the Tista
to K&lingpung in the Daling Di'iar of BhiUin, and thence marched,
by Phyddong, Rhinok, Chusachen and Lingtu, to the foot of tho
Jolep*ld, a pass leading into the Chfimbi valley of Tibet, considera-
bly to the south of the Yakli. Tlieir objett waR, if unopposed,
to cross this pass and march up the Chumbi valley to the Tankra-la
and to cross that to lilchiing, thna reaching the upper Tiata drainago
by a shorter and pleasant er road at this season than the hot and \?et
Tiata valley. However, they found, their plans were known at
Clnimbi where the E4ja of Sikkim was staying, and the frontier
wafl guarded. They spent a day near the Jelep-M which is under
HOOO ft* in height, and then marchud northwards along tlie west
slope of the Chola range to Chuman&ko near the ChoM, On their
road they passed 3 lakes, each \i to 2 miles in length, larger thai|4
any hitherto mapped in Sikkim and known as the Bidan-tso,]
Nemi*tso and Tanyek-tso. They also passed, besides the Yakl^^
an unmapped paaa called the Gnatui-U.
At Chumanako they found the Eaja of SikHm, who had com<» ]
from Chiinibi to meet them, and begged them not to attempt to*
enter Tibetan territory. They^ therefore, had to march round by
Tamldng and the upper Tista valley to Lichung. They remained
for Bonie days in the Lac bung valley at elevations of from 8000 to *
IC,0U0 feet and made a considerable collection of bii'ds* The fauna
is distinctly Pahe-arctic, a complete change taking place from the
Malay fauna of Sikkim, when pine fore^iU are entered at about
8,000 feet* Leemmorgeyers, ravens, crowa, ehougha, tita^ tree-
creepers, redstarts, larks, pipits and finches, pheasanta and »nnw
partridges are the commouent bird^. Tho mammala are burhul,
goraJ^ seroWp bears and Lagvmy$,
166
Pro^geaiwjs of Oi$ AMtaiic Socieijf.
[Auo.
On attemptlug to pass from the Lachung to the Ldchan valley
by the Donkiu pass and the small portion of the upper Lachen
vallijy which ia in Tibet, the travellera found themselree again
stopped by the Tibetans. After two or thi-ee days negotiation, a
much Iiigher official, the governor of Kambajong, anuved, and
with much politenosa said he was obUged to refuRG to alU)w them
t^ pass, as he had just received special orders on the subject from
Jigatsd and Lhassa. They were, thereforoi compolled again to
descend to the hot Tista valley, and mako 10 long Tunrches in-
stead of 2 short ones to reaeh lilongra Lama pass or Djo^kong-
tongj the Tibetan frontier in the Lachon valley, Ilere tliey
again met the Siibd of Kambajong, who hail procured some Of 14
ainmm and goa skins, and 4 live Si/rrhapttfi 2\hetanus for them.
They obtiuned fi'om him a little information concerning Tibot,
the most interesting of which was the absolute prohibition of all
imports of tea from Sikkim,
Around Kongra Lama they obtained a few birds not elsewhere
seen, amongst them a new Mont ifi'ing ilia. They left tlie pass oa
the 5th October and» marching bark by the Tista valley, reached
Darjiling again on the 20th. In conclusion, Mr. Blanford briefly
described some of the traces of former glaciers which ho had seen.
None were noticed on the Chold range below 12000 foot ulevation,
but in tho upper Tista valley glacial markings descended to be-
tween 5000 and 6000 ft. He especially noticed the great mo-
raines of the Ldchi'mg and Lachen valleys, described by Hooker^
and expressed on opinion that the plains of Ph&lung, four miles long
by two miles broad, were entirely composed of moraine accumula-
tions, probably derived from the gi'eat glacier which paased down
the Lachen valley*
Dr. Stoliczka 8ai<l^ — ho would not enter into the numerous details
of observations made by Mr. Blauford on his interesting tour, but
only tillude to one or two points noticed by him. Keferring to tho
difficulties which every traveller has at tho present time tu encoun-
ter in erosfiing the Tibetan frontier, it would appear, as if tho
Europeans had, so to eay, come into discredit with the Tibotana
within the laet 20 years. Some 30 or 40 years ago, tho diiiicultieo
were hr imr Jk.*\ so CPeaJ, as severjil E^T.^T*ft*^» liJi^ >v^<r, a'^k'.- t,^
enter Tiber liiposi^ Bliatin, KiaajwBi *r5»i lih^ ::^i2cf vaIj*';^ > 1j \*
renurlrable far inssanoe dial the tVv> RoTajo. <0«ihi\:i.' M;^.'»TiAr:,'«*
Hue asd Gabbet wei^ allowed pdaoofalV t<^ <9Viji<^ th^ >r>5,vf ..f
Eastern Hbet and Xorih China, even aiV<^T lii^T kai V^wr, <n\^vC \x^
from Tiiaasaa- It is bv BO xoeans Uki^ilT T^a} a £aftTv>T>Ma^ >ro<:^'i S^
eqnallT weQ treated at the pi>d9i»it timok .V»d $«kU oYv«r oia^ ^)^<>
appnndied anj part of the bonder <if that vas) niakih>vii <v^»;;^1TT
will nndesstand the anxietr of a traT«ller to pivv«tW mtv> ih^ iiit^^vr
of Hbet, where neariy everything i$ new t.^ the obs^wnror. Ivi^lUn
officers had, sometimes under the grMit^^t «irffi\ndtieis detv^ni th^Ht
time to exploie the sonrcets of rivers of other conntri^ whilf> no lUio
has as yet made an earnest attempt, or at any rato not 8tt«x^\UH)^ t^^
diflcorer the sources of the river from which India derin>» h«r nani<t)^
If his (Dr. St') memory serves him right, he thought^ that the only
reliable knowledge we have of the sources of the Indu» ic» a »ta<^
ment by Moorcroft in his travels, that a range of hilb sox>arativ» tho
sources of the Indus from, the Hansarovara lakes, but it i» not
even perfectly certain whether Moorvroft had soon these ih>uv\hvjI|
or not. A subject of such general interest^ as this, w\>uld by it-
self warrant the equipment of an expedition to Uit^e unknown
regions. It is to be hoped that tlio endeavours of tlie Onvit IVi^
gonometrical Survey to increase our knowledge of tlio geograpli^* of
Tibet will sooner or later solve this pn>blem.
With regard to the personal objections whi<>h Tibetann mnko to
Europeans, attempting to cross the frontier lVi>iu tho Kunnion and
Ladak side, Dr. Stoliczka thought, they nppoarod ti> hiiu to bo
chiefly of a commercial nature. The Chinoso as rulers of tho
country have a monopoly in supplying Tibet with tea, opiutu antl
all articles of luxury connected with tlie Bhudhist rt^igion;
and because they are afraid of losing this monopoly, thoy n)t\i8o
Europeans access to the country. Naturally there aro besides
these other reasons, as for indtanoo love for ruling or protiH«tion
to a co-religionist, &c., but those seem to be of minor importanoo.
The Tibetans themselves aro not directly hostile to Europeans ;
they invariably say that they liavo ortlors not to allow Europeff
to cross tho frontier, and tliat if they would allow it, their he
170
ProctvilhigB of the Aiiaiic Soe^wfy.
[Aro.
would be burned down and they tbemselTes killed or expelled
from the country. A European when ho goea into Tibet from
Knmaon, Spiti or East^em Lartak is not opposed with force, but
he is starved out. The success of an expedition into these regions
rests, theroforo, principally in provisioning a party for a couple
of months, which it is certainly not difficult to do*
Another point to which Mr. Blanford alluded was the abseueo
of any large moraines in the lower parts of Sikkim. The abscnc^e
of any very extensive traces of glacial action in the N» W. Hima-
laya is equally remarkable, as compared for instance with the Alps.
Large moraines and glacial deposits are in the N. W. Hinialayaa
chiefly conEned to the central range and to the north of it. In the
valleys on the southern side of the N. W, Himalayas traces of old
debris may be often seen 3000 and 4000 feet above the present
level of the rivers, but these accumulations appear with very few
exceptions to be common river deposits.
The foUowing commumcations have been received :
HL A FIFTH List of Benqai. Aloae, hetejimixed by Dr. Q, v.
Martens, communicated htj Mr. S. Kcnz.
No, 2758. Omllaria mterrupta^ Martens. On muddy ground of
dried-up tanks, Hot, gardens, Calcutta.
2759. Anahtmia moUiA^ Kg. — Calcutta Botanic gardens, on mud
along the edges ol tanks, and in water.
2760, Eifdrocohum vtolaceum^ Martens, n. sp.
Cojspite atroviolaceo ; vaginis diametro 1/180 ad 1/150 lin., arc^fl^
pellucidls; fills inclusia ternis v. pluribus, llexnosis, 1/360 lin*
crassis, pallide violaceis, obsolete articulatis ; articuUs granulatis,
diametro triplo brevioribus. — Calcutta, in stagnant waters of the
Botanic gardens.
52. L^n^hya cincmnata^ Kg,, invested by Glmotila amcatenaia^
and colourless inartictdato filaments like L^piothrtx^ but in-
determinable.— Seebpore, Howroh, in swamps and tanks, inha-
biting the culms of grasses.
2763 Mdoc grei)arium, Thuret. — Botanic garden, Calcutta, on
inllorescences of a Fimbristiflkf submerged in a tank.
(Unicum.) Oicillaria Froelichu^ Kg,, irith the some Lrftoihrim
1871.] rroc^in^$ of tk4 Antitic Society. ITI
filaments* as mentioned sub No. 2762. — Calcutta, Botanic gaidons^
floating on stagnant waters.
2785. Gkeoiila eoncaf^ata. Kg. — Calcutta Botanic gardens iu
tanks, floating ; August, 1 870.
2785 b. Gkeofila protogenita^ Kg.— -Eajmahal, floating in tanks ;
October, 1870.
2792. Ificroeysth oliraeea^ Kg. — Muhudeepore, ruins of Gour
in stagnant pools, with Diafomacew, Closterium, EugUne^ etc.
2793. JRhiwcJonium Kochianum, Kg., with single threads of
Lynghya majuscHla^ Harv., Staurospermum ccerulescens^ ^S-t ^^^
other Alga, — Hajmahal, floating in tanks near the station ; Octo-
ber, 1870.
2798 and 2803. Cluetophora radians, Kg. — On submerged bricks
and dead branches in tanks at Hajmahal station ; Oct. 1870.
2800. Palmella hdlosu, Kg., occurs together with CJuetophora
radians, Kg. — Hajmahal station, in tanks, on submerged brick-
stones; Oct. 1870.
2801. Leptothrtx muralis. Kg. — Bajmahal (station), damp walls
of the traveller's bungalow ; Oct. 1870.
2802. Hypheothrix suhundulata, Martens, n. sp.
Strato compacto, sordide olivaceo, fills 1/400 lin. crassis, pallide
aorugineis, obsolete articulatis, granulatis ; vaginis pellucidis, 1/350
lin. crassis, leyiter undulatis. — Kajmahal, in tanks, on Paludina
shells ; Oct. 1870.
2804. Spirogyra suhaqua /5., fasciis spiralibus condensatis. —
Eajmahal hills, Sahibgunj waterfalls, on rocks ; Oct. 1870.
2811. Spirogyra decimina, Lk., with Gotnphonema dichotomnm,
Kg. — Eajmahal hiUs, waterfall at the base of the hills near Sahib-
gunj, on trap rocks ; Oct. 1870.
2812. Protococ'cus vulgaris^ Kg. — On the ruins of one of the
ancient gate- ways of Gour, Bajmahal ; Oct. 1870.
2813. Scyionema arugineo-cinereum, Kg. — On walls of buildings,
very common in and around Calcutta.
2815. Scytanema cinereum, Men. — On a ruined bridge over
the Ganges, S. of Bajmahal, on damp brickstonos ; Oct. 1870.
2817. Cylindrospermum spiraU, Kg. — Calcutta, Botanic gap
floating in tanks.
172
Pr^oeediwjM of th Amtie Society,
[Aim* I
8037. Polyitipfwnia antfrniUsima^ Kg, — Calcutta, salt-lake
Nov. 1870.
3038. Pcdtjniphonia pol}/chroma^ Mm'tena, n. ep.
Crospitosa, pollicaria^ puloliro violacea, in nibrum, virideia, palUdd
fasQum et flavescetitem colorem transiena j filia capillaribusj basi
1/20 Un. craBsis, radicantibua, eupeme complanatia ; artitiulis pen-
taaipboneia, tUametro plerumque sequalibuB, margine cortit^tis^
BUpreniis brevissimis ; ramiB divaricatia oppositis alternisque ; car-
poclonii& lateralibiia curvatis. — ^Caleutta, salt-lakos ; Nov. 1870.
3039 and 3050. irtjpotfhsmm pifgviwum^ Martens, n* sp.
Fronde tenui purpuroai 3 ad 4 lin longa, vix somi-linoam lata,
repetite dicliotoma \ cellulis frondis quadrangularibus, costoD eloa^*
gatis J eegmentia Hnearibus, apice inusis ; soris in segmentis top-
minalibus et sporophyUia axillaribus ad costam aggregatia ; cysto-
carpiis stipitatie iirceolatifl. Calcutta, salt-lakea, on the culms of
Ct/perm and on submerged braaddeta along Balliagbat canal;
Nov. 1870.
304 0» Conferm Antillurum^ Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, on Bub-
morgod culniB of Panieam, Not* 1870.
30-12 and 3043. Lynghja cinera^cenAy Kg. — Calcutta, ealt-lakeai
on an old log of wood» in brackish water.
3044. Scyionema granulatum^ Martens, n, sp.
Strato oUvaceo fusco, tenui, pidvenilento ; fHie siraplieibua earn
vagina 1/300 ad 1/225 lin. crassia, nunc Tireecentibus, nunc fu&cid,
laxe intrieatiB ; Taginis aretis hyaUnifi ; articulis distinetis diametro
usque ad duplum brevioribus, dupUci aerie granulatia. — Calcutta,
salt-lakea, on mud-banks. Nov. 1870.
8061. Cattnella Opuniia^ Qrev., with Chthamhlmtwt Zyngbjf0$t
Kg,, and Poly«tphoma angmUanma^ Kg. — Cakutta, salt-lakes ; Nov.
1870.
3053, Ch/ttomorpha chhroiica^ Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakos, com*
mon; Nov. 1870.
3054. ntjpheoihrix ifftrnXf Maj'tens, n. sp.
Btrato compacto aordide virescente; fiUs pallide forugineis v.
lutescentibus, cum vagina 1/300 ad 1/225 lin. crosBis, denae intri-
catis, obsolete articulatis ; articulis diametro brevioribus, vaginia
iHsUnctia, hyalinis. — Hyph. mvetiieHti proxima. Calcutta, salt-
^OB, on roots, etc. Nov. 1870,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 173
3055. OseiUaria tmerrima^ Kg. — Calcutta, Bolt-lakes, on wet
mud; Nov. 1870.
3057. Leptothrix mamillosa, Menegh. — Calcutta, salt-lakes,
amongst Algae; on mud, submerged; Nov. 1870.
3058. Leihleinia Juliana, Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, on Naja»^
Fotamogeton, Ceratophyllum, etc. ; Nov. 1870.
3059. OseiUaria brevis, Kg., with some filaments of the handsome
Spirulina oscillarioides, Turpin. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, covering the
mud with a layer of soft green. Nov. 1870.
3060. OseiUaria versicolor. Martens, n. sp.
Strato tenui fusco v. violaceo; fills 1/175 lin. crassis, violaceis
V. fuscescentibus, interdum viridibus ; articulis dijunetro triplo ad
quadruplum brevioribus, ad genicula duplici serie granulatis ; api-
cibus rectis. — Calcutta, salt-lakes, covering wet mud ; Nov. 1870.
3061. JHydrocoUum Zenormandi, Martens, n. sp.
Vaginis pellucidis arctis, 1/100 lin. crassis ; filis internis fascicu-
latim contortis, 1/600 lin. crassis, obsolete articulatis; articulis
diametro coqualibus, subgranulatis. — At first observed in 1866, in
the collections of the celebrated botanist, Mr. Bene Lenormand,
at Vire, Dept. of the Calvados, from Java, and now found also
by Mr. S. Kurz in the salt-lakes near Calcutta, on submerged
grasses.
(Unicum.) Fhormidium Lynglyaceum, Kg. — Calcutta, salt-lakes,
on an old submerged log of a tree ; Nov. 1870.
lY. List of Alg/e collected by Mb. S. Kurz in Bubma and
ADJACENT Islands, by Dr. G. v. Martens, in Stuttgard.
This paper will appear in the Natural History Part of the
Journal.
Y. Note on Hemidactyltts marmoratus, H. Kblaarti, Theoh,^
AND Ablabes Hdmbeuti, by William T. Blanford.
In the Journal of the Asiatic Society for 1870, Vol. xxxix.
Part ii, p. 363, I described a Gecko as new under the name of
Hemidaciylus marmoratus. I have since obtained many specimens
of this species, which is not rare on trees, and is occasionally seen
on houses, in tlio lower Godavari valley and neighbouring parts of
174
Proeetniiji^n of the Asiaiic Sncietf,
[AtoJ
UiG Madras Fresidencji and I find Dial, although the majority ]
resemble the typical Bpotnman in tho absence of any enlarged i
tubercles on the back, a few are occasionally found with such
tubercles, and that the fonn is only a small variety of H. Leschat*
aulfit\ with uniform or nearly uniform granulations.
The largest specimens I have as yet obtained of Itmii4ucttflm
marawratus measure 5.2 inches of which the tail from the anus is
exactly one half or 2.6. JT. L&schenauUn grows to a larger size
than this* I tind in 4 specimens of the latter that the number of J
scales across the abdomen are respectively 36^ 39, 39, 42, and the i
upper labials from 10 to 13, (usually 11 or 12,) lower labials 7 to 9,
(8 being the prevailing number). In 4 specimens of the variety
murmoratuSf the scales across the abdomen vary from 34 to 42^
(the numbers are 34, 38, 3'j, 42,) tho tipper labials vary from 10 to '
12, tlie lower from 7 to 9. The femoral pores are quite as constant |
in number as either the scales across the abdomen or the lablalsi
they are usually 12 in each thigh, but occasionally vary between
10 and 14. i
From those differences, it is manifest that ITcmidactylm Keharii^
Theobald, must also bo considered a variety of JT. Lmchmiaultfu
As I hud, guided by Giinthor and other eminent herpetologists,
attached a higher value to the presence or absence of enlarged
tubercles on the back of this group of IIemidact(fh\ than tho charac- \
ter deserves, it is probable that some of my other iduutiiieations
on page 364 (loc. cit.) are incorrect,
I was in error in including Ahlahe$ SHmherii in tho fauna
characteristic of the Malabfir province* I have found several
specimens of a small snake near the lower Godavari whieh appears
to belong to that species, and I find that the same farm oceura
near Calcutta. The only important difference between specimena
from the diffei-ent localities is in the number of ventral scaloSy
which I End to be 155 in a Mtilabar specimen sent by Major Bed-
dome to Br. Stollczka j about 2 1 u in specimens from Ellore, and j
no less than 240 in one from Calcutta. This is a remarkable de- j
gree of variation certainly, and there is a corresponding difference |
in leugtli, the snakes &om Iltmgal and Ellore lieing more elongate.
lyt. Giiiithcr, I should add, fnund tho number of ventral scales to
l»o 175.
1871.]
Prof endings of the Aiktic SocinUj*
17fi
LiBRAKY,
The foUoving additiona have been made to the Librarj' since the
meeting held in July last.
^reEmtatiom,
^^^ Names of Donors in Cupittils*
ProceediDge Boy* Soc., London, vol, XTX^ No. 128»— Tub Royal
Society of London,
Monatsbericht, April, 1871 — Verxeiuhniss dor Abliaiidlungen
von 1710-1870, in alphabetiscLer Polge dor Verfasser. — K, AkadimI
MIE DER WlSSENSCHAFrBN ZU BeIILIN.
Proceedings Zool, Soc, 1870, part HI. — ^Tiie Zoological Society "
OF London •
Quarterly Journal Qeol. Soo., toL XXVII, part 2, No. 106.— The
Geological Soceexy of Londok-
Bulletin, Anne© 1870, No. 2.— Socfe'te' Impk'ulale des Natuba-j
L18TES DE MOSCOU.
Bulletin, Juillet— Dccembre 1870, Janvier— F&trier 187L— So-
•cie'te de Ge'ographie, Paris.
EVkonyvei, XI. 10, 11, 12Dai^ab ; XllT, 1, 2, 4 Darab— Nyelv-
tudomanyi K5zlem6iiyekj Til Kotet L 2. 3 fuzet, VIII Kotet, I. 2.
3 fiizet. — Ertekezesek, II — X, ezam — A Magyar Nyelv Szot^a, V
kotet, 1. 2. 3. 4 fiizet— A Torveny Tudomanji E'rtekezesek, XII
t&zam — Almanach 1869| 1870 — E'rtesitoje, 11 ^vfolyam 13-20, szanii
III, evfolyom, 1-20 szam, IV» ^vfolyam 1*12 ezam — A Magayar.
Tud. Akad. Alapezabdlyai. — Magyab Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest,
A Memoir on tlie Indian Surveys by 0. E. Markham. — The
AUTHOK,
Pamayana, edited by Hemaehandra, vol, II, No. 9,^ — The Editor.
Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, Second Series, vol. I,
No. I. — The Editoe,
Rottler's Tamil and English MctionaTy. — Ehenius' Tamil Qram-
mar. — H. F. BiaisT'Oiid, Esq.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Pulseontologia Indi-
ca, voL III. Nos. 9-13. — The SxfFr, of the Geological SintvEv
OF bfDL^.
1*76 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Aug.
Selections from the Eecords of the Government of N. W. Pro-
rinces, vol. IV, Nos. iii — iv. — The Government of the N. W.
Peovinces.
Purchase.
The L. E. D. Philosophical Magazine Nos. 275, 276.— The A.
and M. of Natural History, No. 42. — Jacut's Worterbuch, vol. VI
part 1. — Dictionnaire Djaghatdi-Ttirc. — The American Journal
of Science, No. 50. — The Numismatic Chronicle, 1871, part L — Re-
vue Archeologie 1870, No. IX. — Eevue des Deux Mondes, Jan.,
1871. — Calcutta Eeview, July 1871. — Comptes Rendus, No. 18-
22. — Reise der Fregatte Novara, Botanischer Theil, Band I. — Boht-
lingk imd Roth' Sanskrit- Worterbuch, 45 Lief.
Uxchange^
'' Nature,'' Nos. 80-88.
" Athenaoum," April and May, 1871.
PROCEEDINQS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOB S^FTSMBEB, 1871.
The monthly meeting of tho^SoQietj was keld oa Weduosdtiy tlio
6th instant, at 0 o*okit;k P. M.
The Hon'ble Mr, Justice Fhear, Fresident, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The receipt uX the fallowing presentations was announced —
1. From Captain W. O, Maitland— Two Thibetan M83., given
to him by an inhabitant of the Naga Hills.
2. From the author — a copy of ** Kulu^ its BeautieSi Autif|iutie8,
and Silver Mines, including a trip over the snowy range and gla*
ciers/' by J. Calvert, E^tj., F. a 8.
Tho following gentlemen were elected ordinary mombtjrd—
E, T. Atkinson^ ^^<li (re-election).
B. F. CliiHhokii, Eati.
Captain 8. 1$. Miles.
H. Buukle, Ei$q.
The following gentlemen are eandidatea for ballot at the next
meeting.
J. A. Aldis, Esij., M, A., proposed by the Ilon'ble J. B. Fhoar^
seconded by OoL A, 8. Allan.
Dr. A. Neil, Lahore, proposed by tho lion* bio J. B. Phoar, so*
conded by li. F. Blanford, Esq.
J. O'Kinealy, Eaq., 0. 8., proposed by Col. J. F. Toananti soooiid-
od by Dr. F, Stoliczka.
J. A. Briggs, Eu(i-, Asst. Sapt. Tulograph Dept,, propofod by
Mr. L. Schvvendler, tieoondod by Mi*. \V, E, Ayrton.
H, Q. Cooke, Esq., G. 8,, Miduapur, proposed by Mr* J, Wood'
Hason, seconded by Mr. II. Blochmaau.
Pr^^ee^ding^ of the Anatic Society,
[Sept.
Col G. E. Evezard, Magistrate of Poena, proposed by Mr. W. T.
Elanford, seeonded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
CoL A. B. Dickens has tendered liis resignation as a member of
the Society.
The following letters were rend —
From M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. 8., Seetapore, Audh, regarding the
bidhplace of T?djnli Todar MaU.
*' In Fiis*'. IV, of your Iniuslution of the ASn Akbari, you record
that Ry ah Tmlar Mall was ])orn at lAhor, \Vuuld you kindly
inform me whitii of the native Historians givos hi« biogi^aphy. I
ank tliN. as the people oi Lahmpur^ a lai'go town of 11000 inhabit*
ants In the pargantih of the same nam e^ in this iliatrict (8itipdr)
and included in the Kin Akhari in ' Sirkar Khairlbad* all beliere
that he was a native of their town. I am inclined to think that they
have good grounds for their beliefi for in the first place the Eijah
was not a mythical personage, like Earn Chantlr or king Bii-at,
whoso birthplace is claimed by many places — and 8e<.'ondly, hard
by Lftharpiir is Miijdpur, called after IheEajah, and having a year-
ly mela in his honour. At the present time, there is a large com*
iDunity of K'hatris (the Hajah's caste) at Ldharpdr. I think the
point is worth clearing up*"
Mr. Blochmann said —
On the receipt of Mr, Ferrar's letter, I looked up several MS.
histories, and found that the Uadnir ul Vmara and the Tafrih ul
*Imdrat call the Hdjah a Lahauri. The ^laisir must have derived
his information from the AkbarnSmah, though I have not yet
found a passage in that work, where the Eajah's birthplace is
given* 1 then asked Mr, Ferrar, to obtain more pailieulars re-
garding Todar Mall's father, who ia not mentioned in the
histories, as I thought that the Laharpiiri Bajuh might bo thd
Todar Mall 8hahjahdni^ a dietinguiijhed Hindil courtier of Sh^h-
jahin^s time. But the lAhai-puris evidently mean Akbar's re-
nowned minister uf finances. Mr. Ferrnr replied —
** I will make more enquiries from the Laliarjulr people about
Todar Mall, and shall let you know the result of them* Mean-
while, and since my iast| I have been iufermed by a respectable
IB7L]
Prodndtngi ofth& Anatic Society.
Brahmau of that place that Todar Mall's father was a ' PanjabS
K'hatri/ and came and married the daughter of a OhApari K'hat*
ri ia LLtharpur, where the aon wan bornt The latter seems to
have lived there during his boyhood.
♦' L&harpiir eoutaiaed II 000 inhabitants in 1869 — and probably
15000 in the Nawdbj. It takes its name from Lahari Mall, a Fassi^
who 500 joars ago invaded the surrounding country. Up to then
it had been known as * Tughluqpur/ having been founded by ths
Emperor Firui! Tughhiq (1357 — 1388, A. D.)| who passed through
there on his way to the Bahriit/h shrine of Sayyid Salar. I hope
that we may be able to settle the birthplace of such a notablo
personage as E. Todar Mall was."
Mr. W. T. Blanford exhibited a collection of diipped quartets
implements found about 40 mile« west of Bhadrfiohalam on th©
Godivari, The 35 epeuimens exhibited were all found within a
space of about 50 yards sq[uare, and at least as many more were
rejected on aooouni of being badly made* The place where they
were found was in dense jungle, the rock soft sandstone, and the
implements, as was usually the case iu So nth era India^ had evi-
dently been chipped from pebbles. Several were formed of white
vein quartz, an unusual cirttumstance. The forms of these im»
plemonta were those of the kind most freqaontly found in French
and English gravels, and they varied from about 3 to G inches in
length. That the spot where they were found was a place of
manufacture was probable, not only from the oecurreneo of ill form-
ed implements, but fdso fix>m flakes, evidently chipped from the
quartzite being abundant.
The following oommnnications were read : —
1. Letter from R. L. Forbes, Esq., AssisTijrT CL»MiftS9ioKi»,
PaLAMAU, liEOA^Dma the MromJL IKVASIOXS of rAULMAU-
CoMMUNicATED hy OoL. E. T. Dalton, C« 8. I.
(Abstract,)
Mr. Blochmann read the letter, wliich will be published in the
hcoming number of Port I of the Journal. The particulars of
the conquest of PaMmau by the Mughuls, and esjieciolly of the final
IfiO
jPrtvWm^# ofty Aitaiie 8<mi4f(ff*
[Sept.
war under Dmtl Kliaii, Aurangxeb's general, are still rememLeretl
by tha iiihaliitanta of the district, Mr, Forbes*8 detaibs prove
m a moat striking uirim ' tlie reliability of our Mubaramadan bis*
torians j tho ouly diwropoiicies refer to the relation e^liip of several
Ohero cbielJs. His geograpbical remarks form a valuable commea-
tary on several passages in the Paditih6hndmah and the ^Alam^ir*
ndma/tf and correct, in one case, a bad reading of the Society^e
edition of the latter work.
2. Notes on and translation of two Coppeh-plate nrscniPTioHs
PBOM ChaibassAj Sufoiinc'if, Ay Pbatapachandba Quosiia.
(Abstract.)
The copper tablets were discovered buried in the ground in tin)
viDage of Bamangh^|f, Thoy record grants of several vil-
lages Bamanvasii, &c., to two brahmans by two jirinces of tho Ma*
yurbbanj ftimily, a family still exliint in the Xatak Tributary
Ma hall!*. The plates are each surmounted by a seal, bearing the
name of the donor, and signs such as the bull, the ti-ident, and tho
€resc«:^nt moon. Rajabhanja, the srin of Panabhanja, is the donor
mentioned in one tablet and Ranablianja ia the donor of tlie other.
The tablet of Ranabhanja bears a date which is supposed to bo 66
Samvat,
3* On two Saubian Geneba Eubylepis and FLocEX>£BMAy Blyth,
WITH A DE8CKIPTI0N OF A NEW SPECIES OF MaboUIA, FrtZINOEB,
% Db, Andebson, Cubatob, Indian Museum.
In comparing some of the Reptiles in the Indian Museum with
the catalogue of that Section prepared by Mr. Theobald for thia
Society, I have lately made two identiJicationa which it is desirable
should be put on record, as they refer to two of Mr, Hlyth^s genera
which have hitberto eeeaped the notice of Herpetologiste. I refer]
to the two genera EuiifJqjis ond I'l&ce/ietma, In Mr, Theobald's
Catalogue, no mention is made of either of them^ audi can only ac-
count for their having been overlooked by the circumstanco that
they were originally pubb'shed as foot notes to two c^nsecntivo
pages of the Journal of tliis Stjcioty for 1854.* The species ill us- I
• J. A. B. Bctig. vol. xiiii, pp. 738-739.
187L]
Proc0i^ding9 of the AiUik Society,
181
tratiug the first mentioned so^callcMl g^enus was referred Ly Theo-
bald to Phitioihn oiJ^wmavW ami Bibroa, and renamed by him
P. gmlatusj and the other spedea for whieh Biyth bad suggested the
generic term Plocederma was placed by Theobald in the genus
Zaudaha, which he regarded as distinct from Skllio^ and referred to
Qray^s species SielUo iuhirculatus.
Before coubidering the affinities of these two forms I shall first
point out the characters of the sub-genus Mumecef which Wieg-
maun, its author, regarded as only a subdivision of his Section Eu-
prepest.
In the Catalogue of the Berlin Museum published in 1856*
Lichtenstein identilied Plediodmi Aldropandi^ D, and B-, with
Scincus pavimeiiiatus. P. Geoffroy St. Hilairef, but justly retained
for P. Al^irovdHiii, D and B.J Schneider's name auratum^ which,
even according to Bimieril and Bibron*s showingj was entitled
by priority to stand for the speeies to which they had alhxod
the name of AIdrot*andus* Prof, P^ters|| was the first after
Wieg?nann himsell' to direct attention to the fact that the S. pavi'
meiUalmt Is, Geotf, St. Hilaire was the typo of Wiegmaun's sub-
genus Eumtces and Dr. Stolicxka^ last year brought Peters'
observation to the notice of tliia Society*
The history of the sub-genus Enmecet is as follows : In 1834,
Wiegmann** in establishing tho genus refciTed 8, rufiicmn^i
Merr, and S.punc^aius, Schneider, to it» but in the following yearjf *
he pointed out that these two species did not belong to it. In
1837,tt ho indicated that Fum<*tei was intermediate between
Gonpjlm and Eaprcpes and that S^ pamfnentaim^ Is, Geoff. St.
nilaire, was the only speoies referable to it, and that it differed
from Enprepes in the form of its tongue and dentition, but he did
not regard these diilerencea as of generic but only of sub-generic
^ Nomea. Eept. et Amphib. Mosei ZooL, BeroL, Ltobteustolii, p. ID,
t DoBo. d rJBgypt, p. 135, pi. 3, tig. 3, pL 4, tig. -4, 4a.
j D. and B. UoipL GonL vol. v, p. 70l, 7Uk
§ Schnoider, Hist. Amph. Zoo« 11^ p. 176, Gntithor places .S\ iiitraiu^ iu
Mabouia and recouU it from Persia.
I| Muimta. der Akad. su Berlixi, I86i, pp. IB, M>*
If Joarn. As. Boo. Bcng. 1870, TOl xxxix p. 17i.
•* ticiptit Meat p. 36.
ft ArcU. fur NfttmiroecU, (Wieg.) vol, U, p. 288,
ij Wieif. 1. c, VOL V, p. lajS.
182
Proceedingti of the Asiaiic Society,
[Smi'T.
value. Ho states that the nostrils of S. pavin^ntatm are situated
in the centre of a small nasal shield, but ia his work ou the
Ilerpetology of Mexico be writes, ** narU in Medio scufdh «f7cP
(scuteliii duohm in unutn coalitiiy^ which would lead me to
L'onelude that he doubted whether the character of a single nasal
shield were a rehable and constant foature. At that time he divid-
ed the genus into two small aub-divisions : one Section, A. cxjntain-
ing S, pnvimeiUain^ and S. rufisven»t Merr., the latter of which ho
afterwards referred to Euprep^*^ and anotlier Section B. in which he
placed 5. pttncfatus^ Schneider^ and which he also afterwards located
in Euprepe^, The characters of the first sub-division wore thej^e,
** palpcbra supcri^tr m^lkcris : inferior scutfilkta squamosa : denif^
2xt7it(ini numeroai,** It is therufore to be understood that the
scales of Eumeces (E, pavimmta(us) wore smooth the nostril in a
single plate resulting from the coalesoenoe of two nasals| the in-
ferior eyelid scaly, and that it had palatine teeth.
In 1839, Dumoril and.Bibron^ do not api>ear to hare been
aware that Wiegmann had corrected his original mistake and
had removed S, rufeacem and ^S*. punctatm from Eamcces^ for thejr
enter into an elaborate criticism of his arrangement of the
genus in his Herpetology pf Mexico. They regarded Wiegmann'a
Eumeces as not founded on a suificient basis and they therefore
retained his name simply to apply it to the group represented
by the t^'po 6*. punctatm of Schneider, which has a transparent
eyelid, a double fronto-parietal and a small nailobular ear. They,
however, in the same volume described the genus Fh&tio4oi%
which has all the characters of Wiegmaun's first section {A) of
Eum^ei as represented by Eumsoc* paeimfintatus^ Geoif«, which
iProfessor Peters states is i^Tionymous with SvWjw iStjhneidtn^
Is, Geoff. St. Hilaire, Phsliodon Aldromndi^ D. andB., and Plntio-
don cypriu^^ Cuv. Under these circumstances FUHiodon cannot
stand, as Eumfcn has the prior claim to acceptance,
Blyih's Euryhpis has the palatine teeth and palate of Eumi^fiff
as described by Wiegmanu, and also the scaly eyelid and smooth
scales. The nostril* however, is not in a single plate but is placed
between an anterior and posterior nasal shield, and not as described
• UtiFpet, Geul. vol. v.
IS7U]
Pr^€udin$% of the A$iaiie Society,
ISS
by Bljth and Theobulcl in a small separate nasal slueld. The
Leiid x>lut€ss «Je arntuged as in E. pmimentatm and the ear biis
from three to two Icjljes anteriorly. The only character of import-
ante in which it differs from Eum^cfis b& definod hy Wiegmann, and
illustrated hy E, pavtmftdattts, is the oocuiTence of tho nostril ho-
tween two shields) but keeping in view Wiogmonn's statement tliat
the sinf^le nasal of E. pavftncntatitM results from thfi union of two,
this singular ditlerenee tJuii hardly be considered as generic, I
therefore regard Eurylepis as another synonym of Eume^^t, Wieg-
mann, Eumeees thus defined would appear to correspond with
Pitzinger's* genus Mahouta which like Eumecei haa a single nagal^
a scaly eyelid and palatine teeth, and the palatine groove reaching
forward to the eye, so that tlie only generic distinctiun that exists
between them is the charat-ter of the nostril » but if I am correct in
regarding that character as not of anfficient importance to separat^il
Etirt/hjm from Euimtes^ it cannot have more force when we compare
Mahouia and Eutnccei and I am therefore inclined to gronji to-
gether these smooth scaled skinks with palatine teeth and scaly
eyelids under the first proposed term Mttbomu^ Fitzinger. Scmcui
which ha8 palatine teeth is sepai*ated from Mahouia by ita dilated
toea and shoTol-like muzzle.
Thei*6 ia this peculiarity in the scales of the this new form that
led Ulyth to term it Euryltph^ rrt,, that the scales on the
midiUe of the back from on a line with tlie axilla as far back as oq ''
a Une with tho gioin, while they have only the ant^ro-posterior
breadth of the scales of tho sidi^s of the back and sides, are so much
transvensely extended that each dorsjil scale haa the breadth of threo
of the lateral rows of scales. The middle of the back ia thu^ covered^ 4
in the area denned, by a single row of narrow, hexagonal much
transversely extended scales. The scalep^ between the occiput and
the enlarged dorsal series, are of the same size as those in the sides.
Each dorsal scale, largo and smtJl, is marked by shallow groovesf
&om the number of 3 to 10, or 11, the iirst number being re*
stricted to the small scales and the latter otx'urriug on the larg9^
scales or plates : tlie smaller scales have each a minute j>ore. If
these grooves were brought together in pairs, they would produeci
• Keue ClftBS. Jar Ue|it. 18£a, p. 23. f D, and II. ). a v. p. 70S.
184
Precetdtngs of tfte Asiatic SqciH^,
[Sex^t*
n keeled cliaracler in the scale, so that it would appear that
they are perhaps modifications of the carinated furin of scales. It
should be borne in mind, however^ that this form notwith-
standing its grooved scales, is a trxdy smooth scaled sdnk.
To revert, however, to the sigaijxoanoe of the large dorsal
plates in the form under consideration ; it does not appear to
me to merit generic status, because another and distinct species
has reijentljr come under my observatioui in which there are two
rows of enlarged dorsal shields^ each about half the size of the
large scales of the typo of Euryhpis, Mahottia with the foregoing
facts before us may be defined as follows : —
Mabouia, Fitzinger.
Head conical, scales smooth and £nely grooved ; dorsal scales
either of uniform size or enlarged. Tail long^ round and smooth
without spines ; lower eyelid scaly. Nostril either iu a single
plate or between two plates, an anterior and posterior. Teeth
numerous, conical, somewhat laterally compressed. Palatine teeth. '
Palatine notch broad on a level with the eye. Limbs moderately or '
well developed, rather for apart. Toes, 5, 5.
The species which has given rise to these remarks may be
oharaeterized as follows :
Mauoyia t^otolata, Bljlb,
EuryUpU imMMu$t Blytli, Journ. As. Soc. xxii pp. 73dj 7i0.
PU§tioion feutotuff Theobald, Cat. £opt. As. Soc. Mas. 18l>8, pp. 25, 26,
Eumttss MC^hoMiat Tlioob., Jerdpa, Proc. As* 8oo. Beugiti, 1870, p. 73,
Body rather elongated, limbs moderately developed and far
apart, the distance between them eq^ualling five times the interval
between the shoulder and ear. Tail Ifrds of the length between
the snout and the vent : cylindrical, regularly tapered. Bupranasals
transversely elongated forming a suturo behind the rostral. Frontal
transversely octagouaL Post-frontals pentagonal, broad estornally
but narrowing towards the common, broad, mesial suturo. Vortical
elongate, oblong ; lateral and posterior margins concave. Two small
pre-ocdpitals not forming a suture together, but separated by the
point of the anterior extremity of an azygos, arrow-hoad<ahaped -
ocHjipital, with a moderately sizod exoe^lpital bhit^ld, on either aida j
1871,]
Promi(Un^9 of the AsitUic SocMtf.
1B5
of it. Two temporald, on© above the other between the exoccipital
and the posterior margin of the last upper labial. A posUicular
between the two last labials^ before the temporally and with a
small postocular above and two small shields in front of it. Six
fiuperuiliaries, the third from before hackwardft being the largest-
A rather large pentagonal prsoocnlar below the first superciliary.
A vertically obldug loreal with its upper margin wedged in be-
tween the prmlrontrtl and postfrontala. Au hexagonal postnasal
over the suture of the lirst and second labials. Two rows of very
small shields between the upper labials and the scaly disk of the lower
eyolid. Two transverse chin shields, one before the other, behind
the mental, the hinderraost being the largest and succeeded by
three pairs of large shielda, of which the auterior pair form a
suture. Eai" of moderate siase witli three or four strong donticula-
tions on its anterior margin, the two npperraoat being double thii
size of the others. A dorsal line of transversely broad, longi*
tu(h"nallj narrow* hexagonal scales fnym over the shoulder to on a
line with the groin* These scales are as broad as the three'
lines of scales external to them^ and are obiicurely marked by
10 or 11 fine grooves, while the stuall dorsal scales have three such
fine BuleL Twenty-one rows of scales round the middle of the
body. Scales on the under surface of the tail enlarged, those on tfie
Tipper surface the same as on the side of the body. Two large anals
Beparated by an oblique suture. Anterior limb when laid forwards
roaches beyond the anterior auirle of the eye ; posterior limb reach-
es only a short way beyond one-third of the distance between the
groin and the axilla. Centre of under r^urface of the feet covered
with small tuborch s ; a line of larger tubercles on the hind foot
embracing ihe smaller ones, and curving backwards from the outer
to the inner toe. About 8 inter-maxillary, and 28 majtillary teeth
in the upper jaw, as a whole ; and Hyo palatine teeth on either side.
The specimens are much faded, but the cjoloration appears to
have been a pale olivo grey above with a dai'k brown biuid running
along the large» dorsal scales, and spottixl with whitish* A dark
brown baud along the side tVom the eye and partially pnjlouged
on to the tail. This baud is urnameuted at regular intervals with
three longitudinal lines of whitiMh spots. Tail more or less darkly
.speckled, the markings tending to form trauuvorse rings.
IBfi
Pruceedin^s of tlw Aimtie S9ciM>f.
[Sept.
Length : — snout to vent 8," 8"' ; vent to tip of tail 5/ 2'" ; li«ad
6'^' ; fore limb U),*" hind limb I'', fourth toe 4/"
Mah. Punjab^ Salt Range.
Two epefinieue were t^olleuttid by Mr, Theobald in tlie Salt
Bange of the Punjab, and presented bj him to this Society and
described by Mr. Blyth who created the abovl named genuM for
their reception. There cannot be a duubt as to their identity,
but both, Bljth and Theobald, have fallen into some inaccu-
raclea regarding cei'tain of their characters. The former saya
that the nostril is pierced in a amall^ separate, naaal shield, an error
repented by Tlieobold. Mr. Blyth also states that the lower eye-
lid has a traimloceut disk, but Mr. Theobald more accurately
describes it as scaly, with a transverse row of large plates. He,
however, says the body is surrounded by 23 rows of scales while |
the two specimens exhibit only 21 in the middle of the body>
and Blyth limited them to 19.
If I am w^rong in my estimate of the value to be attached to the l
occuiTence of the nostiil between two plates, and the presence of I
the enlarged dorsal plates, then Blyth's EurtfUpit will stand, buil
for the reasons stated, I do not regard these eharactera as gaaeriOtl
^ Mabouia Blythiawa, n. sp.
Uostral triaugular, hexagonal, in contact with the supranisals.]
Anterior nasal triangular, rather small ; posterior shield sub* j
quadrangular. Supranasals transversely oblong, forming a siitiir0 1
behind the rostral. Frontal transversely elongate, its anterior!
mai^ns forming an obtuse angle. Posterior frontals large|l
hexagonal, forming a broad suture. Vertical elongate, lateral mar*l
gins slightly convergent posteriorly, liinder margins formiag aa
obtuse angle, Pra^occiiiitids pentagonal, forming a broad sultiraJ
behind the vertical. An azygos, wedge-shaped oceipitaL Ex-*
occipitals of moderate size, pentagonal.* Three rather large tern- 1
porals between the exoccipitals and the two last ujiper labiaJa^l
one anterior to the other two ehields which lie one above the otherj J
the former separated from the eye by a chain of small shieldl
running from the anterior angle of the eye, along the upper eyelid
and the lower margin of the eye to its anterior third. Sis
fiuperciliai'ief>| the Jii'&t and last vqtj smalt A small point
1871.]
Proeefidings of the Aiiaiie Saeiety»
IS7
ledlj quadrangular, and a larga, oblong shield along the an-
rterior third of the lower margin of tho eye, the former behind
the latter, with a large pentagonal loreal in Iront of tliem, and a
vertically elongated, hexagonal postnasal before the latter^ in con-
tact with the 2nd, npper labial, posterior nasal, snpranaaal, frontal,
postfrontal and loreal. Eight upper labials, the seventh and eighth
the largest, the anterior niai*gin of the last on a line with the
posterior angle of the eye. Seven lower labials, the last but one
the largest. Mental like a labial, but more transversely elongated >
with a large, azygos, pentagonal plate behind it, with the concavi-
ties of its two hinder miirgins directed backwards and in contact
with two pairs of labials. A pair of transverse shields in cjontact
with the second and third labials and forming a autore together
behind the azygos plate ; another large pair with a small a«ygo«
shield between the plates, succeeded by another pair with a still
amallerpair behind the latter. Thirty rows of smooth
round the middle of the body. Two longitudinal Hum, in thil
middle of the back, of transversely elongated, hexagonal scales oon^
fiiderably larger than any of the other dorsal or lat^^ral acales, and
commencing from behind theocuiput and diminishing in size on th^J
, root of the tail Yen trals of moderate size with their posterior ma
I gins rounded. Two large preeanals with a small external pair. Ta
rounded, slightly, laterally compressed, long and tapering, one and
I two-thirds as long a^ the body. A single row of enlarged sub-caudala.
les on the upper sorface and sides of the tail of uuiform size.
^Ear moderately large, erectly oval, with from three to four strong
lobules on its anterior margin, the uppermost the strongest.
Under surface of feet cowered with tubercles, those of the hind
foot embraced by an enlarged series extending from the base of
the first to the base of the fifth ioe. Limbs well developed,
the fore limb reaching to the tip of the snout, and the hind
limb when stretched forwards extending to the anterior third of
the space between the axil and groin. Seven intermaxillary and 34
maxillary teeth in the whole of the npper jaw, and 36 in the mandi-
ble. Seven to eight palatine teeth on either side* Snout to vent,
3" b'"" ; vent to tip of tail 6 " j head 7'"; fore Umb l" V ; hind
limb 1" 6'" J fourth toe 6.'"
Olive brown above ; three dark-brown, hmgitudlniil lines along
IHH
Proceedings of the Asiatic Saeiettf.
[SfiPT.
the bftck, from the nape tu the base of the tail, A broader
dark-brown hand from the eye over tho tympanum, along tho
side, A broad, pale -yellowish band below it £i*om below the
eye thi'ough one half of the tympanum along the sidos to the
groin. A palish duslcy band from the angle of the mouth, over
the shoulder, and along the side below the yellowish band. Up-
per surface and sides of tail palOj uniform browniah*oHvo. All
the under pturts yellowish.
Hah, Amritziir ? Purchased from a Bokhara morohant who
btMlud that he obtained it at AiuriUur.
Blyth* in a notioe of some Keptilea from the Fanjib writes of
the next form which I purpose to consider, ** a well marked
Becoud species of Dr. Gray's genua Laudakia^ founded on Affama
iubm-mhta of Hardwicke's 111. Itid. ZooL, if not rather a new
genus adlned to Ltiudakia (in wLitdi case this may bear the aamo
Plo&ffderma^ nobii^)/' This specimen is still in the Musoum and was
referred by Theobald to Lamlakia tuhercalata^ Gray, which he oon-
sidered generioally distinct from SUlUo, and which it dooa not appear
to be. The examples of the genua Stellio in the Indian Museum
agree with Dr. Gunther's figure of 5. iruiicus which he afterwarda
referred to S, tuherculatug^ Gray. There are, however, two well
marked species of the genus in India as Dr, Stoliczka has shown mo
from the rich matenals in liis possession, and as Jio is to describe th©
result of his observations, I shall proceed to point out the charac-
ters of the type specimen of Blyth's supposed genus Floced^rtna^
but, to enable me to do so, it is necessary for me to remark that the
two species recognized by Dr. Stolic^ka are distinguished by tho
8126 and distribution of the enlarged scaler of the dorsal region.
One species S. tuberculatum has the scales considerably and generally
amallor than the other and more numerous, those ou the back of
the neck being scarcely enlarged, while in the other, larger-scaled
form, the scales in that region partake to a certain extent of the
nature of the dorsal scales and are prolonged more or less to the
occiput. I am inclined to tho conclusion that Blyth'a Flocf>derm(t
is a young individual of Dr. StoUiizka's large scaled form, but the
following ai'6 the characters of Bljih*s S, mehnurus.
• Juura. Am, Soo« Beng, xxiii, pp. 737,738.
187L]
ProcudingA of ih^ Asiatic Sacttftt^,
im
Steluo MELANtrnua, Blyth,
lMUda1cia(PUnied0rma)fmhinurafBij%U,Jonra. As. Soo. Bong, 1S5I, vol. ixiii,
p. 737-739.
Lai^iA^ta tuhorculata, Qvnj, Theobald, Cat. Bept* Aa. Soc. Beng., 1868, p. 38*
A short rudimentaiy crest of enlarged, keeled, tubercular scal^si
Scales of tlie back enlarged, imbricate, strongly keeled, with sorrated
free margins, and with a small apical spine. On the middle of the
back, there are 8 row« of the etdarged scales much larger than
those external to them which number 7 rows, gradually decreasing
from within outwards, the outer row, however, abruptly sepa-
rated by its g^*eater size from the minute scales of the sides.
In the large central rows of scales, the strong keels form longi-
tuilinal lines, while in those external to them, the keels form ob-
lique lines, £i"om wifhin outwards- Htdf way between the middle
of the back and the shouldeFj the number of rows of enlarged
dorsal scales decreases to 16, so that the scales are rc?stricted
a much narrower area than on the back, but before the shoulde
there is again a slight augmentation in their distribution,
ows increasing to about twenty, but the scales having diminish-
'ed in size, the lateral extent covered by them is not much in-
creased. On the back of tJie neck, there are no enlarged scales besides
those ofrhe central crest which begins where the enlarged scales
stop, on a line with the shoulder. The scales on the sides of the
body are granular, each with a minute apical spine and arrang-
ed in transverse lines, and there are no enlarged scales among
them. (In this character it differs from S, tuhfreulatm), I count '
149 rows of scales round the middle of the body, 53 of which are
ventral, smooth and without any trace of keels. The scales on tlii»
ux*por surface of the limbs, with the oxci^ption of those on the ttiil, are
the largest, their margins aro sorrated and each has an apical spine.
The scales of the tail are large and aiTanged in verticils which are in-
terrupted, however, in their curve on the upper surface of the has
of the tail All are keeled and have strong apical spines, with^
the exception of those in the middle of the under surface of the
tail which have no keels, but generally have an apical spino^ ^vith
a smaller one on each side of it. Nostril above the second «
too
ProfieedmgH of ih Asiatic S^ktfj,
[Sept.
tliirrl labials, but separated from tbem by two rows of scales.
Seventeen upper and fiiteou lower labials* A median line of
slightly enlarged keeled scales behind the snout, and a similarly
enlarged plate on tlie occiput. Two to tliroo rows of enlarged
oonical, spined scales frf)m lielow tho eye to the tympanum. A
group of tubercular! spinous scales at the anterior margin of
the ear. A fold at the under margin of the tympanum pro-
longed to the nock, on the under surface and gidos of which there
are numerous folds, those in the latter locality being here and
there covered with groups of spines. A pit bcforo the shoulder
irom the upper anterior margin of which a fold ia prolonged ovor
the shoulder to the sides of the back with small spines 0(jnurring
on it at intervals ; a smaller and more indistinct fold between the
latter fold and the shoulder with a few large spinous scalefi.
The opening of the ear is very large and patulous. TIil* tail is
slightiy dilated at its base and doproased^ long and slender and
more than twice as long as from the snout to the vent. The wrist
reaches as far forwards aa the snout » and the hind limb just touches
the Tent. The third finger is nearly the length of the fourth
which is the proportion in the corresponding toes. A small callous
patch of about 20 scales in the centre of the abdomen, with a
prffianal series of two rows of callous scales. A deep depression
behind the vent. The dental formula of tlie upper jaw is pre-
maxillary teeth 3-^3^0; maxillary teeth 13 -|- 1 3 = 26 j total 32.
Snout to vent 3" 2'" j vent to tip of tail V 9,'" head 10''' j fore limb
1* 8'" ; hind limb 2" 8"' ; fourth toe 7"\
Colour in spirit, I quote from Blvth> *' Olive grey» probably oUto
green and changeable when olive j the head and body speckled
over with dark scalesj and also with some scales paler than tho
rest ; the long slender portion of the tail dusky black and thd
lower parts pole and bulfy white, apparently suffused with crim-
son when alive ; the throat and below the shoulders beautifully
marbled with greyish black, probably blue in the living animal.^'
Blyth states that the loealit}^ from whence the specimen w^as ob-
tained was uncertain, but that he believed it to come from Kashmir.
Mr. Theobald, however, who collected the specimen states in his
Catalogue that it came from Simla.
187L]
l^rocnedingu of the AmUk $&eht^^
m
4. Notes ojt «ome Inthan ajoj BttRMEsE Ophidiajts,
hif Db. F. Stouczka,
(Abstract. )
In this paper notes ere given of the following speciee : l)fphl{
Hofifieldi^ T. hoihriorhynchuif^ T. hraminus and T, pamm^ceM.
T. porttctm, n, &p, — 18 longit. rows of aculea ; 40G-440 tmnsvi
OWB on bod J, 11-12 on the tail ; head-skieUls regular ; eyo vei
indistinct ; circumference ^^ to -j*^ of length of body ; leaden or
olivaceous brown aboTe, paler below and on the head ; mouth aoi
below tail pure white. Bengal and N. W. Provinces.
T. Andtimaiiensif, n. Bp, — IB longit. ix>W8 of scales, about 390
transverse rows on body and 17 on the tail ; head shields above regu-
lar ; one separate lower pra?-ocular and one sub-ocular ; 4 labitilR,
the third larger than the fourth ; circumference a little leas than
-j'^^th of total leDgth ; ejo indistinct ; blackish brown above, vinaceoua
on side, grey, checkered with white, bolow. Andaman islands.
T. Theobaldanm^ n, »p. — 22 long, rows of scales; 485 transverse
rows on body, 26 on the tall ; circumference /^ ^^ ^^^^ total length ;
head'shielda regular; eyes perfectly indistinct ; uniform light brown ;
ludia.
JS(iii6i4f b ieaien at ut^ — A h lahet eo UartM, — CompMnom a JTodgsom, —
Samrn h fane to Ut tm> — Tropidancfus q u in eu n dia im , Of thl s 1 ast speci
a varioty is describecl and figured, with the posterior front
united int^ one shield.
21 heUuluff^ n. sp. — 19 rows of small, sharply cartnate, scales, head-
shields like in the last species, but the anterior fipontals more ob-
tuse in &ont, 9 upper labials of which the 4thf 5th and 6th enter
the orbit» 1 + 2 temporals; 140 veiitrals, 63 suboaudals ; olive brow:
above with two series of little dark spots along the back, all
ventrals black at the base ; Pegu (Mr. S. Kuj-x).
r* Eimalayanui, — 71 Junaut* — T. ntlminiatm, A unicoloured
large variety is figured and described of tlie last species^
y. macroptt^ Blytli, is the same as 7\ nmcrophthalmm^ Giinther,
and most probably also identical with T, Sikkimewfii^ Anderson.
T. plumhkolor from Quolior.
PmmmophiM coftdanuru\ The N, W. Sub-Himalayau variety ia,
possibly the same as P, Leithii of Giinthert IVom Bind.
102
Prottcdingti of the Asiatic SotieUj,
[Skpt.
Dipstis Fontmi occui's at Pankabareo, baso of Szkkim liills.
2?. hexagoiwtus, BL, is not identical with D, multi/asciaiaj BL, aa
iiggesttjd by Dr. Anderson.
D. huhaUna 18 caminon in tbo low valloys of Sibkim.
2), irigonata Irom Qnftlior,
LeptorhjUonjara is not considered to be generieallj dietinot from
Ht/pmhina enhgdrix liaa sometimes 23 rowa of scales,
TtHmeremms Andersoni of Theobald is qmtre distinot from 71
mmiicola with which it was wrongly idcmtified by Dr. Anderson.
It is an Andaman species, and allied to T> porphi/racem of Bijth.
[This poper will be publiisbed with illuati'ation in the Natural
History Part of the Journal for the current year],
6. Notes on new on little k.vown Indian Lizaads,
bg Dm, F. Stoliczka.
{Abstract.)
After some preliminary remarks, the author gives notas ou the
following, known or new, epeciee : —
Laoertid^,
Tachydromui HjpUmaim^ and tlio allied Bpeoiea T, meridknalU^ T.
Hautjhionianwi^ and 21 tepttmtrknalk, — Ophiops Jerdom\ Blyth, =
I^HudophiopM Jerdoni ^ Pi, Throhaldi and ? ^= P«. Meddamei of
* Tbe naming of this flpeoiea was the caasd of a Tnost u^justiflubttt Httiusk
hy Dr. Aorlerson opoii Dr. Jerdon, as recorded by the former in the PitKS. of tlittj
Zool. Soc, of Loudon for 1871» p. 156. I do not wiah to repent that prK8Uui|]
tuous stfttemeiit, -which has justly elicited the indi^iiritionofnatuiultst^ uihumoil
bnt n reference top, 72 of the Society's Proceedin^»^ for Febmtiry 187M n\i\ »ht3H
that it WII8 1 who onViually gave thiit in formation to Dr. Jerdon* iui reourdcd 1 ^
biru (hc>t.). The apecinienj for which the nw)f unme wcis piopuaed, woa i-ectiivod
dunnf? my teniporBry touare of the office &s Ciirttutr of H(»* TndiAti Mim^'hto, aod
lUi iiach I thong^htit rv/^i in comtnnnicating the i n
1 knew to be engaged in the preparation of n iim
A few |K}ints of minor importance in the idciitsiir .iMuu ,n ,,n . |" v n.-i \'ji.\v mi u
atffcerwiirds compared by Dr. Jerdnn, with the knowiedg*^ of one or tho other
of tho officers of the Musenm. The name HxriAjht^jrvianux has been n^Lmr* .! iw
Jendoti on my saggeation.— Of nlJ this Dr. Anderson ahonhi, oi mii^ht i
Hwure. Bnt if ho svishee todtyle hmiself a " Director" of the Maoeum, V. i
he be so auxious to apply Dr. Jerdon's Blatetncut " with the contiurrf i#t-o oi itufi
Curator" to himself? The monopoly of namiu^ and deseribin;^ 8|>ecimeiia in ifc
pabtie Mndoatii, \f hieh Dr. Anderson apjwai^ to chiiin tus hia oxclaaive rijjhfc, ht
rortnniitcly not yet been mudo luw in the Indian >Io»uutn at Cutoutttu
1871.]
Pr&CB0dinff« i^f th$ Asiatic Si^i^t^.
19^
Jerdon. — Ophiopi [^ymiw/w] microUpU, Blunf., from Kuhurbaleo. —
AcantMuctylui Oantority from near Agra, Ambola, Ludiaaa &c.
species
noticed are
In tUia family the more important
Of Remidact^U 15 species are distinguished :
1. JL irUdruSf from which Jerdon*8 if. suHriifdruf is poseibl/"
diBtinct
2. H, niactdatM^ D. and B. (smaller form).
3. //. Fi^rmif Kelaai't = M. nuicuUtm^ D. and B,> larg« »ped*
men, ? s= JJ. Sjfhii, Giintlier,
4-5. H, graeilii^ Blf., and 27". niicuMm, Bodd.
6. B^/renalui, (r — H, punctaius, Jordon).
7. H, L^sch^nautUi =: R. Keh%arii^ Thoob., 5= K. mummatM*^
Blanford.
8. R, Mortoni, Theobald ; Burma.
9. JZ CaddBi = H^ B^Hj/ahsnsitf Andurs<»ri.
10. //. anranfiiicmf B«idd,
1 L n* giganimi^ u. sp. tjimilai* to Coeiwi^ bat muoh birger, the
general size bein^ t»qual to that of Gecko guttaiui. First labial not
ectoriug; the nostril, Itt — 20 fomoral pores on either side of thigli,
separate in proB-an£ti region ; olive greyj marbled and spotted with
darker.
Rab. Goddviri vaUej near Badrachalain^ on trees ; discovered by
Mr. W. T. Blanford.
12* if. \_DorgHro'] Berdmm-ti^ Blyth, Tliis species iB re-de-
aoribed, and a figure of it given. Burma, Oachar, Sikkim Terai|
Tista ToUey and Kumaon.
13, R, [^Dorgur(i\ Mandelianua^ n* sp. Body long, much depres-
sed, as is also the tail, the latter with shai^p lateral subtuberouIatt»
edges ; 12 — 14 upperi 10 — 12 lower labials ; first larger pair of
enlarged ohin-shieldj» forms a suture^ second smaller, separated
from each other and from the labials by smaller scales^ 36 long.
series of soales on middle of belly. No femoral pores observed.
Grey, densely iuai*bled and punctated or streaked with blackisli and
with intermixed larger pale spots Pankabaroe and Tista valley
in Lower jSikklm.
104
Proeitdingn of the Aitiatu Society.
[Sep
14-15* 27; [i).] OaudatHu and ff. [i>.] STarenorum, Tbcob.
Pcripia Cantoris and Feronii havo generally a distiuct minut
8eta on the inner toe.
Nyctt^ridium phtyurttSf Sclmeider, is = I^^ci. S(}hneiierianuti
Bhaw, = iT. Simalayanum^ Anderson.
Oymnodaciylus Lawderanus^ n. ep. Body covered with small and
larger tubercles ; no enlarged stales behind the nostril, 9 upper,
lower labials ; first pfiir of chin- shields forma a suture and is foil owe
by smaller shields ; 32 long* series of scales across belly ; two pairs
of femoral pores, close together on pree-anal region j pale greyish
brown, densely spotted with dark brown ; Kumaou ; diaoovere
by Mr. A, Lawder.
{?. nebulo9USy Beddome, ie not == Q. nebukmSf Blyth, (nomen
nudum).
Gym, maculaiita^ Beddome, 1870, is not =^ G, maculalus^ Steind.,
1866.
Gym, marmoratu$^ Beddome, 1870, is not = G. marmoraiit*f
andB., 1836.
Japahira wriegata^ may possibly be the same as /. mieroUpU^ Je
don, but is certainly distinct from Jerdon's pUnidontuta^ the lati
having been wrongly identiiied by Anderson with the first,
Sitana Fonticeriann extends eastward to the Ganges and north-
wards to Hurki and into the Panjab.
Charasia BUnfordana^ n. sp. :== Ch* dorsaliSf apud Elanford, J^
A* S. B*, vol. xxxjXf 368 ; differs from the latter by its larger scales
which are in 80 — 100 series round the body, &c.
Ch, [^Oriotiaris^ tricar inatm (Blyth) = Or tot. Ellictii^ GUuthen^
Stellio Day an ut J n« sp., difTera from St, tuhercui^tuSf =^= St. indicm c
Blyth, by the larger scales on the back, these behig continuous ob
the neck ; by having only 40 long, series of scales across belly, and bj
its longer tail and limbs, &:c. Hurdwar ; discovered by Dr. P. BayJ
Euprepe^ \^TiUqua\ macular iu^^ Blyth, quite distinct from thi
next ; varies very much in coloration.
jE", [71] mrinatm has quite as ot^en 5 as 3 keels on each scale.
EnprepeB montiivlaf from Sakibgunj on the Ganges, has a tr
parent disc on lower eyelid.
Himtlia indica^ Gi'ttJi ie distinct from IT nktcuhtff^ Blyth an4
I87L]
3f9i^« of the jimattnSoemy7
N
also distinct from H. DmiimtWi\ D. and B. Oliaractera of the
three species accorapaiiied by di*awings are given*
Mocoa Sikhm^mts is redeambed and is not the same as Giinther's
Mum. Simalaifanm,
Mocoa sacnif n. sp. Like Sikkimensis, but more slender, with 22
longit, series of scales round the body and 40 tTansverBe seines
between the limbs ; ear denticulate in front ; sub-caudttla enlarged
from near the anus ; bronze brown above with a few dark 8pot«,
blackish at the anterior side ; rest greenish white. Parisnath ; W.
Bengal.
A new species of the very rare genua JlUtella^ Gray, baa beea
discovered by Major Beddome in South India* A figure and des-
oription of it is given. It ia named by Beddome 7?. Mahharim.
Uiopa angnma^ Theobald. Dr. Anderson has included two
dilferont species under this name (see Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon*
1871, p. 159). The measurements and dimensions are mostly
those of true an^iuna^ but the coloration is taken from a species
which Theobald (Lin. Soc* Jour* Zool. p. 26) most probably noted
under the name R. B<^ringi^ but which is distinct from both these
species. It diHers from the former by its much longer limbs, but
chieliy by its coloration j from the latter by the structure of sealea,
&c. The speciiic name cyanella is proposed for this new species.
Riopa alhopunctata and Hurdteickiu Notes on tlie structural
affinities as well as on the geographical distribution of these two
species are given.
[This paper will appear, with numerous illustrations, in the Ist
number of the Nat. Hist. Part of the Journal for the ensuing year.]
6. Ok HjLAiiLToK Buchakak's original naAwiuos of fish in tee
Ltbeailt of xue Asiatic Society of BknoaLi by Surgeon F* Day,
In the Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal exist several
volumes of manuscripts and drawings by Dr. Buchanan. In two of
these are one hundred and forty -nine original, coloured deline'
ations of fish, and 45 uupios. On the former are ** the specific
names in Buchanan's handwriting^, marked under the figures^ so
as to leave no doubt or difficulty in referring them to corre-
sponding descriptions in the Uangetic fishes.*' (McClollaud*)
Proefedin^i of ih Asiatic &/em
[Sbft
In *' Chambers* lives of Scotc^hnien," it is stated, that Buehaiinti,
Hiimilton on his departure from India was deprivod by the Mur-
•|ULS of Hastings of all his extensive drawings and papers relatiug^j
to ©very brant h of natural history. (McClelland.) Since this period
it has been generally admitted that the Indian Government appro-
priated the private coUeotions of drawings belonging to that olBcerJ
Having boen fummhed with the original correspondence^ I find
that Buchanan j on having resigned the olEce of Superintendent of the
Botanic Gardens, sailed for Europe in 1815 in the ** Marchioness of
Ely," taking with him ** collections of natural history, coins and
Hindu Mauuscripts'* which he presented to the Court of BlrecU*;
of the Bast India Company.
In a communication from Dr. Hare, a successor to Br. Buchanan ,
in the appointment of Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens,
the Chief Secretary to the Government, (dated July 27th, 1816
there occurs the following passage, ^' In a letter from the Ktgh^
** Him^Me the Governor- General of the .5th January, 1815, His"
** Excellency says : * by a letter from Dr. Buchanan received here,,
*• * it appears that he proposes to carry to Europe all the drawing
** * of animals and plants coUocted by him dui-ing the tour which he
** * was employed to make in this country. Dr. Buchanan state
** * that it is his object to request the Court of Directors to occef
** * this collection oa a present from him. Now, I appreheod tha
** * those drawings are already the property of the Hon'ble Couil
** * the service for which Dr. Buchanan was employed and pai4
** * having specifically been the famishing Gt>vemment with a knon
** * ledge of the animal and vegetable productions of tliis country^'
'* * delineations are essentially included in this service.* * ♦ • The
** drawings were transmitted to Government with the following
'* letter, dated 1 8th February. * I have been honoured with you
**Uetterof the Slst ultimo, withdrawing the permission of tk
•* * Hon'ble Vice-President in Council for sending to the Hoq*1
** * Court of Directors, such drawings of natural productions i
** * have been made at the Public expense, and desiring me i
" * dehver them to you which I have aooordingly done by the be
14 ( « * ♦ my object in requesting, that X might be permitted to
** * present the drawings to the Caurt of Directors, did not originate
187L]
iin^i qfthe Asiatic Sochtf/.
197
»* * ill a view of claiming the merit of making a present to tlie Com-
** * pany of its own property, but arose from a conviction tbat their
** * being deposited in the collection at the India House vras the
** * most probable means of rendering them uaefiil to science,' " The
drawings were kept in India to illuBtrate Dr. Buchanan's statistical
reports on several of the districts, and it was proposed to take
copies of the originals, whii^h were subsequently to b© transmitted
to England.
8om8 of these drawings have been transferred to the niustrations
of Indian Zoology, General Hardwicke having had them ** copied
from the drawings of Buchanans Hamilton by that gentleman's*
consent." (Eichardaon.) Others have been reproduced by McClelland
In his Memoir on the Cyprinidm of India, B. A. 8. of B. 1899.
In the Zoological Record for 1869, p. 127, Dr. Giinther observe
of these drawings, that they ** exist in triplicate, one copy beiny'
in the British Museum, where their Iree use is allowed.'^ He
also remarks : *^ It may be questioned whether it is desirable to ^
utilbce drawings, the types of which are lost, in any other way,
but as a help to supplement the insufficiently published descrip-
tions.'* But have the types been lost ? In the ** Catalogue of the
Fishes of the British Museum," Vol. m, p. iv, 1861, the receipt is
ac^knowledged of ** 6. A oolleetioQ of fishes from Bengal, believed '
to contmn many typical specimens of Buchanan Hamilton's work,
presented by O. H. Waterhouse, Esq*"
The first consideration wliich suggests itself is» how was tliie
collection obtained from Bengal ? It does not appear to have
existed in the Miiseom of the Asiatic Society or in the Botanical J
Gardens, whilst the collections conveyed to Europe by Buchanan j
were presented by him to the India Hoxise,
At page 471 in the same volume, Br. Giinther observes of the
Ophiacephalus^ auranliactiSj H. B., ** the typical specimen is not pre-
served in the collection presented by Mr, Waterhouse : and in fact
the drawing is taken from the Hardwicke collection," It would
appear fmm this, that Dr. Giinther had arrived at the conclusion,
probably on good evidence, that Air. Waterhouse had presented
* More prob&blj with iho cons^tit of tbe Soperijiteiideiit of the Botmaio
Gtirdc&B in wliOAe charge they remiuued.
196
Frocesdingg of the Asiatic Society,
[Sbpt
Hamilton Buchanan's (i/pi?» to the British Museum ; he also observes
in eeveral places of spet^meria *' pi'oliaLly types of the species."
In sliort it seems that the original collection, or some part of it>
still exists in the natioDal one.
As to the aecond portion of the sentence, a slight inaccuracy has
occurrecf, bocanso Hamilton Buchanan could not have copied from tJi©
** IlluatrationB of Indian Zoology," He published the *' Fishes of th©
Ganges*' in 1822, and died in 1829, General Hardwieke returned to
Europe in 1818, and his work wa5 published in 1832 or 1833, several
years after Hamilton Biichonan^a death. Irrespective of this the
original drawing, No» CO, was left in India in 1818, by Buchanan.
I cannot omit questioning whether the British Museum possesses
copies of all these original drawings. My reasons for doubting
are, that sorao omissions and wrong identifications, besides
figm'es j-^lacod to the literary credit of General Hardwicke, instoad
of Hamilton Buchanan, have found a place in the B. M. Cataloguea,
which could scarcely have occurred, had Br. Giinther had access to
each accurate delinoations, as the Asiatic Society of Bengal possesses.
I, therefore, propose enumerating the drawings which eidst in tho
library, the figures niarked l>eforu eath being identical with what
1 have placed In pencil on those of the collection, for the purpose
of future identification,
In examining these drawings in volume marked iv, I bavo
first placed the unpublished names as oxisting upon them within
brackets, next the names as published in the fishes of the Ganges,
with H. B, after each of them, and lastly the determinations in the
Catalogue of tho Fishes of the British Museum, as it is believed
that that institution possesses copies of the original drawings, and
it IB also supposed the remains of the typical collection.'^
L {Gmtropomm phikhanda\ l^ inches long, Chanda phuU^
" H. B. = Amhams ohlonga^ C. and V,, B. M. Catal.
• By reproduced, it must be distvnctty tindergtood th«t I njoan " mth the
lenvti of tho uuthor* or jickuowledged us '' oLitaiuod from H Ji. oollection/* ua
M'Clellaud ob«et ved of i.he ii^e bo made of them : " 1 hnvo bweu more anximifl
to tderitify Buchfinua'tJ apo«ie« tbaii to deaoribo new onna, j»tid to r<*aerFe hifl
Dumes t)mii to subatituto others," By cmiiieJ. I ofoouraa irikjftii *' accidentally"
or " overlooked/' aud \ beJievo doe to the drawing in questiou uut being
ftjnoogat thiitie hi thu l}iiti«h Museum.
1871.]
Proeeeiingi of the AmUc Sacieti/,
2. ( „ ? bahrul)j l^^ inelAes long*
A, --- ? B, M, CaUl.
3. ( ,, hogo^a), 2^*^ inoiies long.
Ambasm hogoda^ B. M. Catal.
4. {Silurus chaka), in Fishes of Ganges pL 28, f. 43. Flatg-
itacHs chamj H* B. = Chaea Bmhmam^ Gunther, B, M. Cutal.
5. ( ,j kampahda)y 2 views, each 4 inches long. Probahly
the omitted first spetios of Gallichrous* P, spiue serrated. Maxil-
lary borhela reach to the middle of the total length. Anal tin with
about 63 rays*
a. ( „ pahda), CalUchtom paU^ H. B,, pL 22, f. 48» ==
C.pahda, B. M. Catal
7. (Mahpterure kagaU)^ reproduced HI, Ind. Zool. MalapUrurm
ih, H* B. = Ailia Bengalivmh^ Oniy, B. M, Catal.
8. (Hf/poiftomits ^ aisorX reproduced* 111, Ind. Zool. jS/xo/' r/th-
dophom$^ H B. =^ <Sf, rahdophoni*t B. M, CataL
9. (Plmdodus mm}g<^oi\ 2 views, each 3 inrhos long. Pitmhdai
mangou^ H. B. == Amhlgceps mangoia^ B. M. Catal.
10. ( ,, ? fii^iwi*^«*)^ 2 viewe, each 3 J inches long, P»
tehhUta^ n. B. = Olypio»iernum — f B. M, Cntal^ ; also probably
G, iHUmatmnf Blyth, B. M. CataL
11- ( „ hata»i\ 2 views, each 3^*^ inohes long. Barbels all
shorter than the head (quite different from pi. 23, f, 60, whitJi is
P. carcio^ n, B^, erroneously named P, hatmtU4). P, batoiWj H. B.
= 31 ttc tones batasWf B. M. Catal.
12. ( „ har&)^ 2 views, each 2^*jf inches long. JS* harm^
H. B. = Ilara Biwhanani, Bl^-th, B. M. Catal.
13. ( „ chafigdramara), 2 views, ea<;h 2 inches long, 2
short naaal, and 4 maxillary and mandibular barbels. P, ehandra-
vmra^ H. B. = Maeronei — ? B. M. Catal.
14. ( „ muri meha)^ 2 views, each 3|^ inches long. P.
murii$8j H. B, = £utropius f munus and Pieud^utropiua wegalopg^
Gunther, B, M. Catal.
15. (
vnm)f 2 views, each 2^% inches long, P, unta
H. B. = Pteudeulroptus aihnnoid^f Bl., B. H, Catal,
16, ( ,, aurafia\ 2 views, ea^h 0 inches long. P, nenga^ II.Bt,
reference omitted in B. M. Ctttiil., =^ Arim artotde^^ C. and V., 1. c.
*2i)0
I*r(fC4(din0$ of the Asiatic Socitl^.
n, (
long.
khongia)^ 2 view«, each 3 incliee
H. B, = Mara eonta, Bljth, li. M, CataL
Id. ( fi tel^agra and w^rmdn)^ publishod as P, eonuin^
B , pi. 1, f. 72 == Mmroim — ? B. M.Oatal. 5= Macfonm irachactuk*
ikiM^ C, and v., I. c
l^J. ( ), tmggana\ P. tengnna^ H, B., pL 39, f 58 ^s jr«?r#->
w<*.v^ iaigunoj B. M, Catfd.
20. ( „ kenM), P. c<m*:<i, H. B., pi* 31, f, 69, reforeno^
omitted in B. M. Catal. 23^ Mat?rm0$ iMksm, Sykas 1. cit., it is a iZji*
mipimelodmi*
21. ( ,, eawtMi)^ P, ca vastus, II. B. ^=^ Mucrones catsoiiui^
B. M. Catal.
22. ( „ Jcurki)^ orroueously iig^ired pi, 23, f. 60, as P. hata-
Btm ; it ie P. hatasim^ H. B. = JJT. tengani^ H. B., in B* M. Cafcal.^ 1
tlto latter name, however, referring to a diiieront species with a long
adipose dorsal tia, itud thurofore P, hatasim and P, airmo must bo
distinott and may both be good species, one with long, the other
with short barbels.
23. y, tirid€ic$m^ H« B*^ pi. xi, f. 56, reference omitted in
B. M. Catalogue ; it ie a Remipumlodia,
24. ( ,, ? namjra\ F.nangm, H. B,, pi. xi, f. C3, refereaoe
omitted in B. M. Catalogue ; it is a Macrones,
25. ( „ rama Unggara)^ P, rama^ H. B., pL 3, f, 55 = RUa
— ?B. M. Catal.
26. Ophiaurus haro^ reproduced in HI. lud. ZooL 0, boro^ H. B*
= Opldchthya horo^ B. M. Catal,
The gills of tills Qcd are contained in a large cavity on either
aide of the head, and do not oommunieate with each other. The
fish distends this receptacle with air takon iu by its month ; it
appears to be able to respire directly from the atmosphere, or by
means of the air contained in the water. On holding its smdl gill
opening hrmly closed^ it takes in air by its mouth ; should ltd
month be held dosed, it struggles until its head is released, so as to
be able to respire. If the gills are exposed by cutting away the
gill membrane, and it is placed in water, it slowly movfs its branchina,
and appears to fool no inconvenience in being unablo to obtain
air direct through it» mouth.
1871.]
Fro€4f§din^s of ike Asiatu
201
27. ( J, rwttraitu)f perhaps O, hijala^ H. B;, appai*eatly
omitted from B. M. Catalogue.
28. ( „ harangc/ia), reprotlueed HI. lad. ZuoU 0. haraji'
cha, H. B. = 0, horo, B, M. Catal.
29. (Murmnojfhig ba2i\ nearly 12 inches long, Munmut ha^ia^
H. B. = Mm^mnegox ciuereuM^ Forsk., B. M. Catal.
30. ( „ tilelaim), 8J inches long. i/. iile^ H. B. ==: Murw-
na tile, B. M. Catal.
31. ( ,» fat/iifU), about 15 inches long, 31. «alhete^ H. B.
= if. mth$te, B. M. OataL
32. {Muratm bamack), reproduced 111. Ind. 55<ioL ai* M. Benffa-
Uenm; the same aa M* maculata^ H. B* = Angmlla Hm^almtm,
B, M. Catal, H. B's name rejected as " (not LacepA,** wluUt no
A. maculata^ Lacep^^de, finds a place in the Catalogtte.
33. ( ,, ? rakta bomya)^ reproduced in 111, Iiid. Zool, J/-
miiaboumf H. B. == Uoringtia raitahmra^ B. M. Catal.
34. A shark is figured^ Squalus carcharitu Y II. B*, omitted .
in B* M. Catal,, it is Carchariiu Gan^ftictts^ B. M* Catal.
35. (SquaUoM characiuM f KdttUa). This shark with a sharp
noae was not desuribed,
36. {Trichopodm hijs), T. coUm, H. B., pL 15, f, 40= TriVsAo.
ff after /(uciatusf B. M. Catal,
37. ( „ rtiber% 2 inches long, J. lalius^ II. B. = T, fa*
aciatun, B< M. Catal,
38. ( „ vittatm), \^% inches long, T, ehma, H. B> = Tri^
cUgMUr — ? B. M. Catal,
39. ( „ fmcm), 1^ inches long. T. iotu, H, B = 71 — ?
B. M. Catal.
40. ( J, eim'ulesc^m)t 2y\ inches long. T, coira, li. B. =
r.fiueiaiw, B. M- Catal,
41. {Achifirii jihha)f 11 inches long, Cj^m^los^m Im^ua, H. B.
= a lingua^ B. M. CataL
42. ( „ kukur jMa), D, lOi}^ A. 7B, A. c^nof/hum, IL B,
= C*ftUfffloisui HdmiUomtf Qitnther, B. M. Catal,
43. {FUurofuetn ani), 2^% inehea long, P. arsit^^ H. B. =
Pxeudorhomhus <im«#, B, M. Catal, with the following remark, *'»
coloured drawing of this huh, 31 UauH long, is in the i^ollection of
202 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, |_Sbpt.
drawings, presented by General Hardwicke to the British Muse-
um.*'
44. {Slolephorus balitora\ reproduced McClelland, OyprinushM'-
tor a, H. B. = FsilorhynchtM balitora, B. M. Catal.
45. ( „ 8ukati)j reproduced McClelland, = F.sucatio^ B. M.
Catal.
46. {Colitis geto\ H. B., pi. xi, f. 96 = Botia dario, B. M. Catal.
47. ( „ dari\ C. dario, H B., pi. 29, f. 95 = B, dano,
B. M. Catal.
48. ( „ turi)y reproduced McClelland, O. turio, H. B. ==5
Nemachilus turio^ B. M. Catal.
49. ( „ hilturi)^ reproduced McClelland, 0. hilturio, H. B.
=• K botia, B. M. Catal.
50. ( „ botya), reproduced McClelland, C. botia, H. B. =
N, botia, B. M. Catal.
51- ( » ^flw^ya), reproduced McClelland, C, pangia, BL B.
= Acanthophtlialmus pangia, B. M. Catal.
52. ( ,, kkorika), reproduced McClelland, G. corica, H. B.
,= N. corica, B. M. Catal.
53. Unnamed, reproduced McClelland as 0. soaturigina =
iV^. — ? B. M. Catal.
51. ( „ savun khuriJcd), reproduced McClelland, G.savona,
n. B. = N. savova, B. M. Catal.
.35. ( ,, ghorgota), reproduced McClolland, G. gongota, H.
B. = Cohifis gongotaj B. M. Catal.
56. ,, halgartiy 11. B., reproduocd McClolland = Lepido-
c phiUchthyif hahjara, B. M Catal.
57. ( „ cJuda kn/cura), roprodm^od McClelland, G. cucura
H. B. = GohiliH gongoia, II. B., B. M. Catal.
58. ( ,, guntc), reproduced McClelland, G. guntea, H. B.
=r GobitiA' guntea, B. M. Catal.
59. 60 and 61 are the originals of Ophiocephalas barca, pi. 35,
r 20. 0. aurant incus, pi. 23, f. 22, and O. wrahle, pi. 31, f. 17 == 0.
barca, 0. airiatus, and 0. gachua ? in B. M. Catal.
02. Agentosus inilitaris, outline only.
63. Pseudeutropins, unfinished.
64. {Mugil bongon). This fish does not appear to have been
187L]
Pro(f9edifi^M of th§ Auaiie Socteitf,
203
described by Ilamiltou Buchanaii, unless as M, cephahis ? Tho
Bangon in the Culcutta markets is J/1 planic^ps^ C. and V.
65. Utmamtid. Rata fiuciatilui^ H. B. = Tty^on Mphen, B. M.
Catah
66. (Kaicltanda)^ ^^^ mohoB long, outline of head mth inter-
maxillarioa protruded- Vhanda? ifitt/er, H. B., omitted in B. M.
Catalogue, appears to be = Qfrren aUijtpinis^ Oiinther in B, K. Cata-
logue, the specimen of wlueh belonged to tho Buchanan eoUoction j
the species ib abundant in Calcutta and Bombay.
67. {^Bolorentni-R ? katkaya\ reproduced in HI. of Ind. Zooh as
PUrapon trivittatm^ considered Therapon aervuv^ BL, in B. M. CataL,
whereas Coim trmttaiust H. B., was the original desfTlption^ and
I = T, invittaiUBt L c.
68. (MugU hmkmya) 3 inches long. M. cattcaimy H. B. =»
M,—?, B. M, Catal.
69. fMugUlmis). Mugti albula ^ H. B,» omitted from the B. M.
Catalogue, the same species however, appears to be described aa
M, nepaUnsMf Giinther, who records, one skin 8 inches long from
the " fresh waters of Nepal'' presented by Mr. Hodgson, and in
VoL i, p. 279, another marine liah Therapun §ervua^ is thus referred
to ** Half-grown; stuffed, (Nepal?)* Presented by B. H. Ho<lgson
Esq.*' Both these fish ascend the Hoogldy to within or a little above
tidal influence, and perhaps the two skins were prepared m Oalcatta.
As not a single example of the Family AlagUicUB is found in Nepal,
the designation Jf. nepaUmis for this Calcutta fish ib, I think^ a
little inappropriate, and I would suggest its being altered to if.
hBuh^ n. B. (MS,). I may remark that 1 have lately obtained five
specimens of it in the Hooghly at Calcutta,
70 and 7L Same as No. 64.
72. {Cohitta chunojf 1^*^ inches. Gobms ehum^ H. B., omitted
in B. M. Catal.
7d« ( ,; §adammdi\ 2yV inches. GMm tad&nundta, H. B. ^>=
O^ ModanundiOf B. M. Catal.
74. GohiuM tfutum^ H* B*» 2^^ inches. = <?. — >' H. B., B. M,
CataL, with the remark ^^ a figure of it (No. 272) exists in the
collection of drawings of fishes by Hardwicko (M88. of the British
Museum).'*
204
Prf^eedinga of the Aniatic BQtiHif.
[Sept.
75. ( „ ihuikim)^ ^^ incliea, Q. nttmis, H. B», omitetd in
B. M. Catalogue.
76. {Gubioid^s ^qunmnlom)^ 5y*^ inches. G, ruber ^ H. B. =^ ^W
pauchm vagina, B. M* Catal. It is a beautiliil drawing of Amblt^-
opus Sennannimim,^ Lao^p., ©howlDg most distinctly tho crypts in
which the scales aro imbedded, iirhich is not found in T, vagina.
As a synon^TH oi Amhlyopii$ H&rmannianm^ O, rubictmdust H, B., ia
given, which latter is an entirely distinct species, delineated in H, B.'s
work, and appears to be Amblgopus taniaf Giinther (B. M* Catal), a
common species at Calcutta. I may here remark that in the Proc.
ZooL 8oc., 1869, p* 518, 1 considered Ambhjopfu cirrhatui^ Blythj aa
AmbJt/apus cmculus^ BL ; in the B. M. Catalogue it is A, hrachgga^i^r^
Giinther, which is similar to Blyth'a species, whose name would
have priority should the fish be looked upon as moro than a
variety. It is not uncommon in Calcutta.
77. (MalcalJcar) % inches. Trichiurus lepturm^ H. B., apparently
ondtted &om B. M. Catalogue.
78. {OhiikdopUrui hUih^rf) 4 inches, 111. In. ZooL, (7, buiit
n, B. = Ekotrii hutis, B. M, Catal.
79. {Sijgnaihm kharke^A^^ inches long. S* carce^ H. B. =
IchthyQcampiis earee^ B. M. Cattil,
80. ( „ deokhida)^ 6^^ inches long. 8. deoeaia^ H. B. =
Borgichthgg — ? B. M. Catal.
81. {PolgnemU9 paradiHeiu) 6 inches long, = idem, B. M. Catal.
82. ( „ ) 7 inches long. P, ieria^ H. B. = P, htra-
daeiglui, B, M. Catal.
83. ( „ ragt) 12 inches, P. mU, H- B. = P. IndimSf
B, M. CAtal.
84. Uniinished drawing of Serranm.
85. Mtrac/toide^ gangeHCj H. B., pi. 14> f. 8. ^^ Bafrachui grnn-
mem, BL, B.M. Catal.
86. {CoUus ? chnka)f CulUomorm cfiaca^ II. B,, 4-/^ inches long,
= Platycephalus tmidwi^^ Forsk., B. M, Catal.
• Dr. Ciintor ongiually rprerred the desoription* to tbeae ep^ics which
probably he woold not hnve done, hnd he teen the draiving«. Shonld a donbi
exiBt fia to whether the ruhee ia a IVy^vchjcn or an Artkhhj<yp\L^^ I CAniiot
iTDiigine how there could be Htiy roepoctiug the latter apeciea.
1871.]
Pro(mding9 of the Aiiatio Society,
205
I
87. (Clupamdon ? suhomo khmrtka), l^V i^icliea long, reproducod
in Ind. Zool. is Oorica 9ob&rna^ H* B*, omitted from B. M. Catalo-
gue, but under Clupeoides pseudopifima is quoted: *'The fish which
served tbr the figure of Corica guhorni^ G^ray , Ind. ZooLj was perhaps
eimilar to CL pseudopterm^ — it is also represeated with separate anal
firdets,"
88. {Clupanodmi moti), 5^^ inches long, C. fnotiut^ H. B, =
Pellona fftotiuSt B, M. Catal.
89. ( „ chapra)t C. ehapra^ H, B., p. 248, omitted from the
B. M. Catalogue. The drawing is reproduced in the Illufttrationa
of Indian Zoology under tlio name of G, Indim, and = Vlupea In-
dka^ Gray, B. M. Catalogue* Another illustration in the Indian
Zoology 13 conaidered as O. chapra, Gray, (L c), unfortunately this
sheet is missing from the copy of the Indian Zoology in Calcutta,
50 I am unable to compare it with H. B/s drawings.
90. ( „ champil), 2^ inches long, apparently not described.
91. (Athmna dhani)^ 9/10 of an inch long, reproduced
Mcaellond. A. danim^ H. B. = EUutria— ? B. M, Catal.
92. MyHta ramcaratif H. B,, 8 inches long, reproduced 111.
Ind. Zool. = Ooilia ramearati^ B. M. OataL
93. {Lahriis darki), l^<j inches. LahrU9 ladU^ H. B. = Badu
Buchannni, Bleeker, B. M* Catal.
94. (Tetfodoji kariya phoha)^ 2^ inches long. T, cutcutia^ H, B,
= T. cuicutm, H. B., B., M. Catal.
95. (Efox angulaiuB), 4J inches long, not R eHuntio II. B»
96. {Cijprinm korikmt)^ reproduced McQeEond. G. conchonius^
H. B. == Barhm eaHc/mniuSf B. M. Oatal.
97. ( ,, impungti)^ reproducod McClelland. C?. ierio, H,
B. = B. Urio, B. M. Catal*
98. ( „ pungn), reproduced McClelland. C. pamio, II. B.
= Lahm— ? B. M. CataL
99. ( }» jauyali), reproduced McClelland. C. jmlim^ H. B,
= Laheo— ? B. M. Catol.
100. ( „ %ri), reproduced McClelland. O. f^ra, IL. B.
^BariliHJf^? B. M. Catal.
101. ( „ gi^mt), C, ^u^auh, R. B, = Bar^w^? B, U,
Catul.
^^
206 Proceedings of the Anatie Society, [S:
102. ( „ /a^i), reproduced McClelland. G.htiiM, H. B. =:«
Croftaochilus latiuSy B. M. Catal.
103. CyprinuB elanga^ H. B., 6^'^ inches long = Rashora elanga^
B. M. Catal.
104. ( „ hukrangi\ 3 inches. (7. morar, H. B. ?
105. ( „ godiyari)f reproduced McClelland. C, lamta, H.
B. = Diseoynathus lamta^ B. M. Catal.
106. ( „ soda balitora), reproduced McClelland. 0. sada^
H. B. == Orossochilus sada, B. M. Catal.
107. ( „ etyawyrn ^oAtfwwi), reproduced McClelland. C, yo^
hama H. B. == Orossochilus yohama, B. M. Catal.
108. ( „ dhenro), C. dero, H. B., pL 22, f. 78 = Tyhyna-
thus— ? B. M. Catal.
109. ( „ mriycda), H. B., pi. 6, f. 79 = Oirrhina mriyala, B.
M. Catal.
110. ( „ morala), H. B., pi. 18, f. 91 = Laheo morda, B.
M. Catal.
111. ( „ c^rfra), reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. C, chedra, K.
B. = Barilius cocsa, H. B., B. M. CataL
112. ( „ kh4)ksa). a cocsa, H. B., pi. 3, f. 77 = B. cocsa,
B. M. Catal.
113. ( „ morar)y H. B., pi. 31, f. 75 = Aspidoparia morar,
B. M. Catal.
114. ( „ curalati lata), G, lata, H. B. = Cirrhina — ? B.
M. Catalogue.
115. ( „ hoga), H. B., pi. 28, f. 80 = Tyhynathus hoga, B. '
M. Catal.
116. ( „ 2?rt«^w^iyfl), reproduced McClelland, (7. panyusia,
H. B. = Labeo pangusiay B. M. Catal.
117. ( „ 6flwy<i;*a), reproduced McClelland, = ry%»aMi«
— ? B. M. Catal. ; it appears to be Cirrhina reha^ H. B.
118. ( „ anyra\ reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = Laheo — ? B.
M. Catal.
119. ( „ Xwrn), 10 inches long. L. 1. 92, L. tr. 13/?, 14
rows of scales between 1. 1. and ventral fin. (7. cursis, H. B. = La-
heo cursa, B. M. Catal.
1871.] Froeeedings of the Asiatie Society. 207
120. ( „ nandin), C. nandina, H. B. pU 8, f. 84 = Laheo
nandina^ B. M. Catal.
121. „ toTy H. B., reproduced HI. Ind. Zool. = Barhus mosal,
B. M. Catal. ; it is, however, a distinct species,
122. „ mosalf H. B., reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = JB, mosal
B. M. Catal.
123. „ goniusy H. B., pi. 4, £ 82. = Laheo Dmsumieri ? B.
M. Catal. ; however, it appears to be identical with C curea and
C. cursts, H. B.
124. „ cursa, H. B., 1 H inches long. L. 1. 62. L. tr. 12/? ; 1 3
or 14 rows of scales between 1. 1. and base of ventral fin. = Z.
cursa, B. M. Catal.
125. ( „ tiki), C. tiUo, H. B. = Bariliut tileo, B. M. Catal.
126. ( „ goha)f H. B., reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. = ^o^
gohay B. M. Catal.
127. ( „ kani punti), reproduced McClelland, C. caniusj
H. B. = Barhus gelius, B. M. Catal.
128. ( „ himacuhtus), G. titius^ H. B. = Barhus titiusy
B. M. Catal.
129. „ phututiio, H. B., reproduced McClelland, = J?.
phutunio, B. M. Catal.
130. ( „ pAw/ c^^/a), reproduced McClelland, C. phulo, K.
B. = Chela phuh, B. M. CataL
131. ( „ Ihola), reproduced lU. Ind. Zool. (7. lola, H. B.
= Bola goha, H. B., B. M. Catal.
132. ( „ ko8wati)f reproduced McClelland, (7. cosuatis, H.
B. = Barhus cosuatis, B. M. Catal.
133. ( „ geli punti), reproduced McClelland, (7. gelius,
H. B. = Barhus gelius^ B. M. Catal.
134. ( „ Wi/fl), H. B. = B. harila, B. M. Catal. and?
B. morarensis, Giinther, 1. c. The figure has been somewhat
damaged by termites.
135. ( „ yaytf), H. B., Ij*^ inches long =^*pi(^aruiyfly<»,
B. M. Catal.
136. ( „ Dyangra anjana\ Sj'^ inches long. C. anjana,
H. B. = Rashora daniconius, H. B., B. M. Catal.
208 ProcecdtngiofthAiiaUeSQcUt^. [fi
137, ( ,, phakra)^ reproduced McClelland, C. vii^tf, H, B»^
= BarUiu9 — ?» B. M. Catal.
138. ( ,, baUhola)^ reproduced McClelland, Q, hama^ EL B.
= B, hamn, B. M. Cutal,
139. Cyprmu9 lauhuca^ H., B. reproduced McClelland, = Ohtt^\
lauhuea^ B. M. Catal. ; It is a FerUampmf MeCleil< = Cachim^ \
Giiather, and Euniira^ Giiuther*
140, ( „ rf^ifi^t/a), H. B., reproduced MoCielland, -=^ 2>a»*#
danffikf B. M. Catal.
HI. ( ,, joHtji;a\ reproduced McClelland. C Jo^iaf H. B.
= iV«ria danrica, H. B,, B, >L Catal,
142» ( „ /ciyi4*tJi'), 0. a/jwar^H.B., reproduced McQell and, ]
fc= Cachim atpar^ B. M. Catal. Mu<j1i damaged by termitee, one ii- ]
gure destroyed.
148. ( „ mtiha)f H, B,, reproduced McClelland^ = Nurm \
danrka, B. M. CataL
144, ( ,, ^ir^(yaw_5f/tf), reproduced McClelland, C. rerh, B^
B* = Bariiitti rerio, B. M. Catal.
145, ( „ cachittii)f H. B., reproduced McClelland, ^= Ctwhiun
aipar, B. M, Catal.
140. ( ,, ^ora) H, B. = CJuila ffora, B. M, Catal. The tail
id injured by termites.
In Vol. I. of animals are 48 drawings of fiah, some of which ara j
duplicates of the foregoing, others copies of some miBsiug figures ;
they are as follows.
No. 1 unfinished copy of No. 124 ; 2 = 146 ; 3 = 70 ; 4 = 70 ;
6= 114; 6 = 86; 7 = 65; 8 =32; 9= 27 ; 10=8; 11 =16;
12 = 140 ; 13 = 92 ; 14 = 6 ; 15 is a larger drawing of 123 ; 1
16= 115 ; 17 = 28 ; 18 = 118 ; 19 = 61 ; 20 = 14 ; 21 = 29 ;
22 = 18 ; 23 = 78 ; 24 = 142 ; 25 = 117 ; 26 = 120 ; 27
MffMiuM chiialu, H. B,, reproduced 111. Ind. Zool. ; 28 = 109 ; 29 = ^
122 ; 30 = 82 ; 31 = 103 ; 32 = 126 ; 33. ia a figure 7^^ inches
long of SUlaijo thmina. In fact all the rest are reproductions of the
origiualB now uv Vul. FV, except the foUowiug; — 36, 9 J inches long
of Catla Bitchamnif C, and V. ; 39 is a figure 9i inches long of <7y-
prinu4 ehagunk H. B,, the original of which is misdtng. Dr, Guuthor
urn.]
Piv^9$dingi of the Asiatic ^eww'/y.
:20y
in the Zool. Record for 1869, demurring to my identification nt ihtr*
hus Bmvijniy Giintlior, with Ci/prinu* cht^utito, Ham, Budi*, observes
this ^h has ** largo scales and minute barbels/' In the iigiiro there
aro about 41 scales along tho lateral lino and well developed ros-
tral and maxillary barbttLs. The species may be readily rocognisod
£x'om the drawing, 48 is Folynemus Indi^uij 11 J inches long. This
Yolimio iv contains 30 coloured iUufitrations of fish*
[I would suggest that the numbers I Iiave inserted on the draw*
ings in pencil be recorded in ink, and that the original figures hava
the Society's stamp on each seporato sheet].
7. MoNooBApn OF IxD£AN CYPEmtD.^, Pt. m, iy Surgeon F. Day.
This is a continuation of Dr. Bay's Monograph published in No*
3 of tlie Nat. Hist Part of the Journal ; it will appear in No. 4 of
the same Part for the current year,
8. Notes our soke l.ind -shells from titk ncnnTY of MouLMErw,
wrrn descriptions of new spzcies, — % W. Thkobauj, Esq,
Mr* Theobald gives notes regarding various species of Cycloithorm
and Slr<*ptit,tU'^ and a few other shells, found in the ueighbourho*jd
of Moulmein. If iUustratious of the newly described species
be supplied in time, tho paper will appoar in the 1st number
of Part 11 of the Journal for the ensuing year, 1872,
9. Notes on the Ornitholooy of CAsiixut, —
b^ W. E. Bbooks, Esq., C. £*» MtawaK
Ml*. Brooks notices several imporfwtly known or new species of
birds from C'a&hniir. His observations on the breeding aetuioiiy
&c., of many of the speeies m-e particularly interesting*
Tho new species noticed in this paper aro as follows :
Certhiii Hotlj^ani^ — dift*ir& from C'/timiliarhhy a much larger biU,
leas rufuui* tone on rump and upper tdl coverts, and by hanng 4
plain primariee and tlie dth marked with a buff patch on tho outer
web.
SUta €a$hmiremH'^ Coloration y^vy like that of S, Hinhnk^ann,
Imt the wing ia 9*3 incthos ; no whito edglngii to the undur tail
coverts.
• Thia is very uloao i*> S. casia of Bamp^Or tli<^" two bciutf riaL-ih r^f *
Mi£0, Ei)iT.
210
Proeeidii^t of the Asiatic SoeiHfj. [Sspr*
Duvuticifla maJQT, Similar to D. affinis^ Hodgs,, but much
larger; wing 2*28 — 2*3, tail 2*7, bill at front '55, mid-toe aud claw
-72 inches.
HoritM pallklm. Above light olivo grey or greyish olive with
a slight tawny tinge ou the wiugs ; lower back and upper tail
covertB lighter ; a dull whitish grey suporciliura ; a pde browa streak j
through the eye ; cheoke and eai- coverts brovviiijih ; chiu to
abdoniDu greyish wliite, sides of bretist and flanks aud lower tail |
eovei'ta pale broMnxish groy. Total length 6*15, wing 2*2, tail 2-2, ,
bill 0*33, from gape 0*5, tarsus 0 9 inches.
Phiflloacopm 'fallen. In plumage resembling Fk. vmdanue^ but of J
a richer and deeper olive ; bill much longer, daiker and of a more j
pointed and elendor form than in the last species. Average length
4*75, wing 2-3, tail 1*7, bill at front 0*36, from nostril 0'31, tarsus
0*7 inches.
MHaeilla Cashmiremls, Coloratioa as in J/< LuzonentUf except i
that the chin and tla*oat are black, the black extending for 2} {
inches from base of lower mandible j white portion of head as in
petionata, remainder of head and back deep black. Length 7*6^
wing 3*55, tail 4, bill at front 0 o, tarsus '1)7 inches,
Ahmda guttata. Larger than j/ul^tih and not so rufous on
the breast and with bolder maikings; wing 3*7 — S'9, tail 2*6 j
— 2*8 inches.
Siumui nitcmt Hume* Like St, untcohr^ but smallor, with |
ehorter wing mid brighter colours.
[This paper wiU be publi^^hed in fuU in the Ist numbar of the
Nat. Hist Part of the Journal for 1872 J.
10. Notes oh xine kew srEcms of Indian akd Indo-Ciiixesb Ves-I
PEKTIUONTDiE, WITH B£MA113CS OJf TUK SYXOl^MY AKD CULmtyiCX- J
TlOlf OP SOME OTHEK SPECIES Of THE SAME FAMII^Y, — bp Q, E.
DoBsoN, B. A., M. B., Aiiktani Surgeon H, J/.V British ForoM,
The following diagnoses of nine new s|>ecie8 of bats are intendod
I prefatory to more detailed descriptioua accompanied with illus*
trations to be published hereafter.
Sec.— ScoTOFHiUNA, Gray.*
• Ana. and Mag. Nat. Umi., 1866.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatio Society. 211
Genus, Nycticejm^ Eafinesque, Incisors, — .
Sub-genus, Nycticejus ; premolars, ^^J- wing-membrane attach-
ed to base of toes.
N. EMARGixATirs, Dobson.
Glands of the upper lip largely developed,* forming rounded pro-
minences between the nostrils and eyes ; ears nearly as long as the
head, with broadly rounded tips ; outer side flatly omarginate
beneath the tip causing it to project outwards ; tragus moderately
long, slightly curved inwards and obtusely pointed, maintaining al-
most the same breadth from the base to within a short distance of
the tip. Fur, above, tricoloured, at the base dark ferruginous
brown, then buff, the tips light yellowish brown ; beneath, dark
ferruginous brown at the base, the remaining portion buff.
Length, head and body 2^9 ; tail 2^.2 ; ear (anteriorly) 0.85 ;
forearm 2''.2 ; thumb 0''.45 ; tibia O^.SS. Loo, ?
Genus, Vespenigoy Keys. Bias. Incisors, --.
Sub-genus, FesperuSy premolars,^, wing-membrane attaclied to
base of toes.
V. PACHYOTis, Dobson.
Head flat ; muzzle very broad and short ; glandular prominences
of upper lip largely developed, immediately behind them a furrow
extends from the anterior corner of one eye to the other in front
of which the fur of the head does not pass : ears triangular above
with rounded tips, outer side without emargination ; lower portion
of the ear from below the level of the tip of the tragus to the
termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth very
thick and fleshy ; tragus short, curved inwards ; tootli very mi-
nute, inner incisors bifid at their extremities, much larger and longer
than the outer ones. Fur, above, dark brown throughout; be"
neath, a lighter shade of the same colour.
Length, head and body 2''.2 ; tail, V\6 ; ear (anteriorly) 0/'o5 ;
forearm, 1".6,- tibia, C-GS.
Loc. Kasia Hills, Bengal.
V. Andersoni,* Dobson.
* Moro detailed descriptions of this and of the next new speoies will appear
in Dr. Anderson's forthcoming account of the Zoology of the Yonan Ex-
pedition.
21:^
Pfoe^din^n oj Ihr AtMie Saeitl^,
[BXfT*
Ears moderate with rounded tipa, outer edge with a shallow but
wido emarginatiou botieath the tip, then convex and again emar-
gmate opposite the base of the tragus ; tragus obtusely pointed,
inner margin straight, outer convex upwards ; fur^ above, dark
brown with grayish tips ; beneath^ light grayish brown fop two-
thirds its length, the remaining portion ashy. Inner indBora long
and bifid ; outer incisors %^ory short and acutely pointed, placed in
fi-ont of the inner ones and lying on their outer sides.
Length, head and body, 2*,6 ; tail, 1^9 ; ear (anteriorly) 0*.75 ;
forearm, 2". 15 ; tibin, cr,85.
Zoc, Momein, Yunau,
YSSPEBUS ATBATUS.
Nyctieejus atratm^ Blyth, Cut Mamm* Ifns. Am. Boo. Beag. l?o« 96.
The following is BIyth's description of tJiis species, — '^Liko'
(Veip.) fuligimm^ Hodgson, X A. S, lY, 700, (whi^h I>n Gray
ranks as a SScofophilm)^ but with only one pair of upper incisors-
Length of forearm IJ in/'
I have examined tlie t^^T>e specimens thus described ; their fore-
arms correspond exactly with the measurement given, but Mr.
Bly th has not been equally accurate in stating that they possess only
one pfiir of upper incisors ; there are certainly ^(i>o^ajr* of upj)er in-
cisors, but the outer ones are, as in many other species of the sub-
genus Ftfsperus^ very small and might easily be overlooked ; the
inner incisors are remarkably long, but very unlike those which
are so characteristic of the genus Nt/cficejus, The necessity,
therefore, for changing the genus is apparent. The species ia^
however, still quite distinct from Sc. fuli^ino»my Hodgs.
Y. PACHYPUS.
Vcspetiilio paehyptiSf Terak. Memo. Mamm.
Vtfifpenu puchypus, Wugaer, SuppL Scbrebor.
8c^tcphilus fulvidm, BIyth, J. A, 8. Beog., VoL XXVTIIj 293.
I have compared the type specimens of Sc. fuhidm^ Blyth, from
Tenasserim with Tommi nek's description of V, pachypm from Suma-
tra and Java. The measurements agree in every respect with those
of the latter species, and the colour of the fur, form of the
fo&t^ &c., equally corrcsiJond, I think it very probable Mr.
1871,]
Prvctedings of the Auntie SocMy^
2n
Blyth did not possGfls a copy of Temminck'a Monograph when ho
described this species as, otherwise, he must, at least, have noticed
in his descnption the close affinity of the speoies*
Subgenus, Pipistrellus^ Gray j premolars, -^ j wing^-membrane at-
tat-ihed to the base of the toes.
P» AFFiNiSi Dobson*
Head flat ; glands of the upper lip so developed as to cause a deep
depression between them on tho faro bnliind the nostrils ; ears,
measured fi*oin behind, as broad as long, outer edge without
emargination ; inner margin of tragus straight^ outer convex up-
wards : tail long, of nine vertebrro, the last free ; above, chocolate
brown, lighter on the head and neck, tips. of the hnira light brown ;
beneath, dark brown with light brown or ashy tips ; on the pubes
and along the thighs dirty white or very pale buff. Outer incisors
at'utely pointed, inner obtuse, flattened at their extreuiities ; first
upper premolar minute, placed insiJe tho line of teeth and not
distinguishable from without. Lengthy head and body, l^.g ; tail
V*M ; ear (anteriorly) 0^0 j foreai^m 1^55 ; tibia O^.e.
Loc. Bhaiuaw, Yunan,
P. AusTENtAKtrSi Dobson.
Ears triangular with broadly rounded b'ps, outer margin su-ai^'ht
above for nearly half its length, tlion slightly convex to the base ;
tragus rather broad witli a straight inner margin. Pur, sooty-
brown throughout with grayish or ashy tips which give the fur
on the ventral surface a grayish appearance ; cutaneous system
black, specimens in spirit appear altogether intensely black.
Incisors nearly equal in lengthy inner incisors bifid ; first upper
premolar minute, placed inside the line of teeth but may be dis-
tinguished from without.
Longtli, head and body 2^0 ; tail l\4j forearm VA\ ear (an-
teriorly) 0", 65 j tibia C.e,
Luc, Cherra Punji, Bengal.
P, Al^KECTANS, DobsOQ.
Head slightly ele^Tited ; face hairy ; glandular promineneos of
ujiper Hp small ; ears pointed, outer margin deeply hollowed out
beneath the tip causing it to project considerably ; tragus long,
acute, with a straight inner margin. The colom* of the fur of a
214 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sept.
specimen in spirit appears to be above, dark brown with lighter
tips ; beneath, brown with reddish tips. Upper incisors nearly-
equal in size ; first upper premolar minute, placed slightly inside
the line of teeth, second premolar nearly equal to canine in size.
This species unites the external form of a Vespertilio to the dentition
of Fipistrellus ; the form of the ear and tragus is almost precisely
similar to those of the next species which is a true Vespertilio.
Length, head and body 2^0; tail l^.S; ear (anteriorly) 0". 6 ;
forearm r'.8 ; tibia 0*.75.
Zoc, Naga Hills, Assam.
Sec, — Yespehtllionina, Gray.
Gen. Vespertilio^ (as restricted, Gray).
Dentition, — in.' --- ; c. ,— r ; p. m. — ; m. ,— ; wing-membrane at-
tached to the base of the toes.
Subgenus, Vespertilio^ Tomes.*
V. NiPALENSis, Dobson.
Ears narrow and pointed ; outer margin deeply hollowed out
immediately beneath the tip causing it to project considerably;
tragus long, narrow, and pointed ; fur, above, black with brown
tips ; beneath, black for two -thirds its length, the remaining por-
tion pure wliite ; the whole ventral surface of specimens dried
from spirit appears white and the dark portion of the hair ia
not perceived till the fur is raised. Canines very short ; first and
second premolars in both upper and lower jaws very small and
conical.
Length, head and body l^.GS ; tail W^b ; ear (anteriorly) 0''.48 ;
forearm r'.35 ; tibia 0".6.
Lac. Katmandu, Nipal.
V. Blaxfordi, Dobson.
Outer side of ear with a deep emargination about the middle cut-
ting off the lower portion which resembles very closely the large anti-
tragus of the species of the genus Rhinolophus ; muzzle j^ointed :
face very hairy ; fur, above, on the back, black for three-fourth's its
length, the remaining portion light yellowish-brown, on the top
of the head, black with shining tips ; beneath, black for three-
* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1857.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society^ 2 1 5
fourths its length, remaining portion ashy. The first and second
premolars in the lower jaw are very small, in the upper jaw they
are still smaller and scarcely distinguishable without a lens.
Length, head and body V',7 ; tail V\5 ; oar (anteriorly) 0".5 ;
forearm l\2S ; tibia 0".5.
Zoc, Sikkim ; Simla ; Dalhousie.
Subgenus, JLerivoulUy* Gray.
Ji.fusca, Dobson.
Resembles K, picta very closely in its general form ; on the
outer side of the ear there is a wide emargination which forms the
tip, and without which the ear would be reguhirly broadly oval as
in Miirina suillus ; fur, above chocolate brown with paler tips ;
beneath of a somewhat darker shade of the same colour, the hairs
tipped with yellowish-brown. This species differs from JT. Hard^
wickii, Horsf. which it resembles in some respects, in the form of
the ears, and colour and distribution of the fur.
Length, head and body 1^.6 ; tail 1".6; ear (anteriorly) 0^.45 ;
forearm l^.S ; tibia 0".6. Loc, ?
11. Notes on a collection of birds from Sikkim, —
hy W. T. Blakford, F. G. S., C. M. Z. S.
(Abstract.)
This is a description of a collection of skins made by Mr. L.
MandeUi, together with a few notes on birds obtained at low
elevations in Sikkim by the writer. Tliree species are described
as new, and two others, Zosterops simplex ^ Swinh. and Eiispiza
rutila^ Pall, are added to the fauna of ths Eastern Himalayas.
The now species are —
1, Fhylloscopus pallidipes^ sp. nov. Brownish olivaceous above,
rump a little more rufoscent, lores and a line through the eye to
the upper part of the ear coverts dark brown, suporcilia wliite,
elongate, quills earthy brown with rufoscent olive margins, cen-
tral tail feathers the same colour as the back, outer ones ea»thy
brown edged with olive. Lower parts silky white, sides of breast
olivaceous. Under wing white. Bill dark above, pale below, legs
very pale coloured. Wing 2*05 inches, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-76, bill
* As restricted by Tomes, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858.
216 Pro€€eding9 of the ABiatie BocUty, [Sept-
from forehead 0*4, from gape 0*55. The 5th quill is the longest,
exceeding the 1st bj 0*87, second by 0-4, and 3rd by 0*15 in.
This species is distinguished from P. tristts, P. negUctut^ and all
allied forms by its pale coloured tarsi, and from most of them by its
smaller size.
1. Pellomeum Mandellii, sp. nov. This is closely allied to
P, ruficepsj Swains., but differs in its smaller size, approximating
in this respect to P. Tickelli^ Blyth. It is distinguished frx>m both
races by the much larger spots on the breast, and by having large
spots on the sides and back of the neck, similar to those on the
breast. Wing 2*65, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*95, bill from forehead 0*6,
from gape 0*75.
3. Propasser saturate, sp. nov. Male with lores, forehead,
Bupercilia and cheeks pale silvery pink, the bases of the feathers
brown ; head above dark crimson with blackish centres to the fea-
thers, ear coverts and sides of neck a little duller. Back with.
broad dashes of brown, edges of the feathers paler with a gloss
of crimson, rump and upper tail coverts nearly the same colour as
the back, wings and tail feathers earthy brown with red edges, and
pale rosy spots on the tips of the outer webs of the wing coverts
and of the last 3 quills. Chin gre^dsh, throat full rose colour,
darker than the cheeks, and with a silvery gloss ; the breast
deeper and darker red, abdomen j)ink, all the feathers of both
with naiTOw central stripes ; lower tail coverts brown, edged with
pink. Length about 6 inches, wing 3*32, tail 2*6, tarsus 0-95, bill
from front 0 49, from gape 0*62.
Female earthy brown, feathers of back paler edged, wing coverts
and 3 last quills with albescent tips, rump tinged ochraceous.
Under parts fulvous, all the featliers with dark centres, broader
on the breast, naiTOwer on the abdomen, which has a rufescent
tinge.
This is the bird, a female of which was formerly assigned to
P. fJiura by Mr. Blyth ; the male is darker and richer in colour
than its allies, and wants the pink rosy rumj) of the other Himala-
yan species.
The birds obtained by the author at higher elevations in Sikkim
in 1^70, are described in a separate i)aper.
1871.]
PtQOHdmgn qJ iht Atiuiic Bmktf,
217
I
It. Note oir toe e&bor of the Calcutta SxAimARD Baeoice-
TER, COiiriRSD THTlt IHOSE OF KfiW AND GbKKXWTCH, — iy H,
F. BiJiXFoitD, Esq.
This flhort paper will be publislied in the 4th number of lb©
Journal for the current year,
13. Ox A FORM OF Galtanombter suttablk roR THE QUANTI-
TATITE KB.iSUE£9il£NT OF THB ElECTROMOTITB FoUCE, Alf0
Intbbjcal KEaiAXAjrcv of Tkleoblapu Batteribb, — 5y W. E»
Aybtow, Esq.
(With plato IT.)
The efficiency of a galvanic battery depends on tlie magnitude of
two properties it poaseasea, its electromotive force, or power lu send
a current, and its internal resistance, or power to impede a cun-ent.
The greater the electromotive force the greater the current sent if
the whole resistance in circuit remains the same, and the gi'eater
the Luternal resistance of the battery the lees the cuiTont sent,
other things remaining the eame.
It is therefore of greut practical iniportanre ia Telep^aphy to
be able eaiiily to measure the olectroraotive foroo and internd re-
eistance of a battery eo as to see from day to day that the former
doe*» not diminish, and that lh« Iutt*^*r doej? not inrreaao.
I vrill first examine the way in which this haa been practically
done up to the present time, and point out tlie objections there
exist t'j this method.
A galvanometer was employed, on the bobbin of which were
wound two coils, one of a comparatively high resistance, called
the *' intensity** eoil, and the other of a comparatively low
re&istanee, called the '* quantity** coU, The electnmiotive force
waa measured by observing the deflection produced when the
ooil of high resistance was inserted between the battery polee \
and the internal resistance could be found bj- comparing the de-
flections produced when the coiLs of high and low resistance
were respectively used. In some instruments the low resistanoe
galvanometer coil was di^nsed with and instead the high re-
sistance coil was shunted.
!20
Pr&ce^din0M of (he Auaiic StKiet^,
[Skft,
^xccediu^^Hy iiii-.fnHitive for amall dilfureuce?^ luid also with the
*'inteDbity'' cull 30, 40, or 50 cells ail protlitce nearly thy sum©
dotlectioE (S>0'') ao that it is impossible practically with this galva-
nometer to compare the electromotive fart'es, or to dud the inter*
nal resiBtaneQ6 of large batteries.
TSTiat therefor© is reqturt*d is an instrument which irUl give
independent accurate measurements in aholute unit^ of the electro-
motive force and internal resistance of any battery. Such an
instrument will be still more valuable if it be simple, portable,
and tolerably cheap. AU these requirements have been ful£U&d
in the little galvanometer arrange! by Mr, Schwondler, and which
therefore I have considered of sufficient interest to bring before the
notice of thia Society. This galvanometer that I have on the
t*tble is a tangent galvanometer the bobbin of which is wound with
two ooils one of thick wire and having a resistance of abuut one
Biemena' Unit, and the other of thin wire and having a resistance
of about 100 Siemens' units. Forming port of this instrument are
two resistance coils of 200 and 2000 Siemens' units respectively*.
The 200 coil can be placed or not at pleasure in circuit with the
thick galvanometer c^il, and similarly the 2000 resistance coil wit
the tliin galvanometer coil.
Tu (1) {4^6 pi. iv,) is attach ed onf^ end of each of the coils.
To (2) the other end of the thick coiL
To (3) the other end of the thin coil.
To mmturff the llfiUtamt qfa Battery,
Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screi
respectively of the galvanometer, and make the fallowing ub.scrva-
tions, in each case the mean of the readings witli + 'und — current
to be taken.
Plug up holes marked A and 200 : then the battery, and th€
thick coil only are in circuit, T*et the deflection of the needle be tt^}
Remove plug from hole marked 200, but leave plug in hole
marked A : then the battery, the thick coil, and a resistance of 20G
S. U* are in circuit. Let the deflection be i*^.
Let It be the internal resistance to bo found of the battery,
then
200 X tan fP
E==
tan «**^ — tan b^
^ I Siemens' Units.
rVJgWS
o
1871,]
Ptoceedinps of the Asiatic SociM*/*
221
To memure Hut Resistance of a Non-Ehetromoior,
Insert thia resifttanee in the battery branch, and repeat the pre*
ceding obsorvatioua obtaining respectively defiectiona a^ and h^
then if r be the resistance to be found
200 X ^'on ^1*"
E + r
1 Siemens' ITnita.
tan ai^ — tun h^
Eliminating E from this and the preceding equation wo have
\ tan a[ — tan b^"^ tan a° — tan &°/
The most constant electromotive force that can be practically
made use of is that of a new Menotti's cell with clean zinc and
csoppor, a stondard cell as it is call«d. Tlie electromotive force of
such a cell is tlicroforc taken as our unit of electromotive force.
To expreu ifw EUeiromolivt* Force of a Battery in iertnu of that of
Standard cell.
Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screws
respectively of the galvanometer, and plug up holes marked B and
2000 : thea the battery and the thin coil only are in circuit. Let tho
deflection be ^.
Remove tlie plug horn, hole marked 2000, but leave plug in
B : thea the battery, the thin coil, and 2000 S. tJ, are in circuit.
Let the deflection be m^*
Hepeat these two tests with the standard cell substituted for the
tery. I^t the two deflections now obtained be p^ and tf.
Then if E be the electromotive force of the battery, and e that
of the standard cell,
_ tan r X tan m'' tan ;>° — tan g^
" tan//*" X tan 5° ^ tan f° — tan m'' ^ ''
This galvanometer can also be used aa a telt«graphie receiving
instrument but then the two copper stops^ S, S', shown in the dia-
gram, on pi, iv, should be placed one on each side of the alumin-
ium needle. If well adjusted, signals can be read wliich are
produced by ten Menotti*8 cells at the other end of a line about
L400 miles long consbting of No. 5 1 wire and havug an insulation
of two millions per mile.
r
^P ins
fli
i
224 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Sept.
Purchase.
The American Journal of Science, June, 1871 — The Ibis, July
1871 — The L. E. and Dublin Pliilosophical Magazine, July 1871 —
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, July 1871 — The
Quarterly Eeview, July, 1871 — The Westminster Eeview, July,
1871 — The Edinburgh Review, July 1871 — Eevue des Deux
Mondes, Juillet, 1871. Comptes Rendus, Nos23, 24 — Journal des
Savants, Avril 1871 — Hewitson's Exotic Butterflies, part 29.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL
Fob Octobee, 1871.
The montlilj meetiiig of the Society was held on Woclnesdny, the
4th October, at 9 p. m.
T. OUlham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chuir.
The minutcis of the lost meeting were read and contirmei
TJie foUowiug proseutatious were laid on the table —
1. From RAj a Dhimai>ati Singh Bitliddur — A copy of Prakria
Maaorama Yyakuranani.
2. From the author — a copy of Satiparinaya, a Saaacrit poem,
ty Pandit Chaudrak&nta Tarkilankdra.
3. From Eev. C. H. Dall, lieport on tho Brachiopoda, by
W- H. DaU.
The following gentlemen were elected Ordinary Members —
J. A. Aldis, Esq,, I^g^j. . Neil, J* O^Kinealy, Esq., 0. 8., J. A.
Briggs, Esq,^ 11. G, Coo,-,v, Esq., CoL J. E. Evezard.
J. M. Foster, Esq., M, D., Civil Surgeon, Nazeerah, Assam^ pro-
pc^sed by Mr. J. Wood*Masou, eooonded by Mr. H. F, Blanford,
will be balloted for as a member of the So<uety at the next meetingp
The Council reported that they have elected Dr, 0* King, a
member of their body.
The Chairman, briefly referring to the sad loss which the Society
Lad experienced by the cruel osauiiainatioa of the late O^g. Chief-
Justice, stated that the Council of the Society, of which Mr. Nor man
had fur many years been an active and zealous member, had^ at their
last meeting, recorded theii* own expression of the pain with which
226
J^f^eemttngi 9/0$ Mudw Soeki^.
[per.
they bad Iieard of Uie murder, which had deprired tlii^iii of a lon^*
esteemed colleague and friend. It appeared aluo to tlie Council
that probably the Members themfielTes would prefer, at their general
meeting, to put on the records of the Society a resolution expree-
fiive of thoir horror of the deed, which has 80 suddenly depriyed
them of one who was belored by all that had the adraniage of
his acquaintance, and who had, fit>m a few months after his arriTal
in the country, been a member of their Society, and a frequent and
much-interested attendant at their meetings. If this were eo, iie
would take the opportunity of proposing the following resolutioQ^ —
' The Society would desire to record the pain and sorrow with
which they haTe heard of the cowardly murder uf the lato Chief-
Justice Korman, in whom they haye lost an earnest and trutli-
seeking supporter, an esteemed member of the Sodety, and a much. J
respected friend/
lie believed it would, from the feeling of the meeting, be un-
necessary that this should be formally seconded, as it would be
carried without the slightest opposition.
Carried unanimously.
The Chniruian also proposed that the Secretary should seiidl
copies of resolutions of the Society and the Council, together with
a letter of condolence^ to Mrs, Norman, and further, that out of
respect to the memory of the late Chief-Justioe, the meeting be|
adjourned.
Carried unanimously.
After announcing the receipt of the following paper, the Chair- ]
man adjourned the meeting.
Account of a visit to the EASTER3r akh Nobthbh!? FBOKTiBas
OF Independent Sikeim with ^otes oif the Zoology of mm
AxPrnE AND SUBALriNE REOIONS, — PaET II, ZoOLOOY. Slf Wu.*
ujlu T. Blanfobd, F. G. S., C. M, Z. 8. (Abstract)
This is the second portion of the paper already noticed^ Ji
commences with a short note on the Sikkim fauna and remarks on
the peculiarity of a belt of country, inhabited by animals with
Malay affinities^ intervening along the base and lower slopes of
the Eastern Himalayas between the fauna of the Indian plains
and the Falaearctio region of the higher mountaius. The peculiar
1871.]
ProetedingB of the Asiatic Soetrty,
227
paucity I during summer, in Bikkiiiii of tlie migratory birds, wliicli
visit the plaiua of India dui-ing the winter, is poiuted out, aud the
occasional replacement of those species which cross the Hima-
layas twice in the year, but do not breed there, by allied forms
which never leave the mountains except aa occasional stragglers.
The greater portion of the paper is devoted to notes on the range,
habits, &c., of mammals and birds noticed by the writer in the
Paisearctic regions of Sikkim, with occasional descriptions of tlie
rarer species, or of peculiar phases of coloration or plumage. Two
birds are described as new. These are*—
MoniifringiUa ruJlcolUs^ sp. nov. Pale umber above with darker
streaks, the forehead whitish and the rump rufescent, a dark line
from the lores, beneath the eye, and over the ear covei-ts ; the
latter and the sides of the nock ferruginous ; the outer web of the ,
first primary, a wing band formed by a large spot on the basal j
portion of the inner web of most of the secondaries, and the greater]
part of the smaller wing coverts white ; all the basal portion of the
tail feathers except the two tniddle ones cinereous, then a little
wliite, and the tips for half an inch brown like the middle feathers.
Lower parts white with two black diverging lines on the chin
In the female the ferruginous collar is brown behind and appears,
to extend across the front of the netk. Length 6 inches, wing
3.75, tail 2.35, tarsus 0.82, bill from forehead 0.42.
The general coloration dilTurs from that of the three other
species belonging to restricted Moniijrinplla, ITiat it is not the
winter plumage of M* Adamsi is proved by that bird having more
wliite on the tail and much narrower brown tips to the outer
rectricea than the present species, and by its having the ends of
some of the secondary quills white.
Otoeoru Elwesi^ sp. nov. This is near 0, psmcillata^ but distin*
guished by the white of the sides of tho neck intorvoning between
the black of the cheeks and tbat of tho breast. It is smaller than
0, longirmtrk^ and has a mucii shorter bill. The black on the head
and breast is arranged as in (K alpnfn*t the bade is pale fulvous
brown with faint dusky streaks and passing into greyish lilac on the
nape, back of neck, rump and wing coverts, the quills brown^ the first
prunary with the outer web white, the middle rectrices the same
22& Proceedings vf ihe Jiiaiit Society* [Oc3T» I
colour as the back, all the rost Llaokish, the two^outer on each
Bide edged and tipped with white ; lower parts while, legs blaek«
Length 7J5 inches, wing 4.7, tail 3.2, taisits 0.9, hind toe
with ita claw 0 J5, the daw alone 0.36^ bill tcom the forehisad 0.4 *
from the gape 0,6.
Both these new species wore found in the Lichen valley near the
Tibetan frontier, in places where Zepm Tihetanm^ Leuctniiefe fmma^
iopijgia^ Cinclm iordiditSj and other Tibetan animals* were met witli.
Library,
The following additions have been made to the Library since tlie
meeting held in September last.
Pf'esenMions,
9^11 Karces uf Douora in CopitaTa.
Proceedings of the Eojal Society of London, Vol* XIX, No* 129. — ^
The ItoYAL Society of Londost.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, part T, 1871. ^
Transactions of Do., VoL VH., pjtrt VI. — The Zooloo, Sooiety
London.
Proceedingfl of the Eoyal Geographical Society, London, VcjI.
XV, No. IL^ — Tme Eoyal Geographical Society of Loimoir,
Journal of the Royal Qeogi^aphical Society, London, Vol. XL, — . ]
TnE TloYAL Geoobaphical Society o¥ Loxdon,
Bidletinde la Sociiite de Gcogi-aphie, 1871, Mai-Jnillet. — 8o-
Cie'te' de la Geoobaphie, Paris.
Bulletins de T Academie Eoyale de Belgique, 2me Tome, XXIX
XXX. — Aunuaire de PAcademie Eo^ale de Belgique, 1871,
M^moires de V Academie Eoyale do Belgique, Tome XXXVIIL-
M^raoires Couronncs et M^moires des Sayants Etrangers, Tomes
XXXV, XXXVI. — ACADEMXB EuYALE UE8 ScXEIfCES BEiS LeT-
TRES ET DES BeL\UX-AeT8 DE BelOIQUE.
Memoirea de V Academie Inipcrialo des Sciences de St, Peters- J
bourg, Tome XVL — Bulletin do L' Academie, Tome XV. — AcjLm
DEMIE ImPEBLALE DES SCIENCES DE 8t. PETERfcBOlTBOt
Actes de V Academie de Bordeaux ; 1869, Se et 4e trimeetres.
Academie des Sciences, Bexuss-Lettres et Aets de Bordeaux.
Jahrbuch, Band XXI, No. L — K.K. Geol, EEicnsANsxAXT
VtBKJfA.
1871.] ProceedingB of the Astatic Society. 229
Eeport on the Brachiopoda, by W. H. Dall. — The Author.
The Eamayana, Vol. II., edit, by Hemachandra. — The Editor.
The Christian Spectator, 1871, Octr. — The Editor.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Aug. 1871. — The Editor.
The Bengal Atlas, by Babu Eajendralala Mitra. — The Editor.
Catalogus Codicum Orientalium Musei Britanici, part II, Codi-
ces Arabici, 1846-1871. — The British Museum.
Pehlavi Grammar, by P. D. B. Sungana. — The Trustees, Sir
J. Jeejeebhoy's Translation Fund.
Prukrita Manoramd Vyakaranam. — Raja Giri Prasada Sixoh.
Tagore Lectures on Hindu Law, Vol. II, by H. Cowell. — The
Registrar of the Calcutta University.
Exchange.
The Nature, Nos. 89-92.— The Atheneeum for July 1871.
Purchase.
Harold's Coleoperologische Forschungen, Heft I-YI. — Burmeis-
ter's Handbuch der Entomologie, 1-5. — Cand^ze, Monographie de
E'lat^rides, 1-10.— Thomas's Pathan Kings of Delhi.— The Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, 1871, Aug. — ^L. E. and D. Phi-
losophical Magazine, 1871, Aug. — American Journal of Science,
1871, July.— The Calcutta Review, 1871, October.— Comptes
Rendus, Juilletl871. — Tenesser, Reisen in den Philippinen, Band
n, Theil 2, Heft U.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OE BENGAL
FOB NOYEMBEB, 1871.
I
^
A tQocting of the Society was lield on Wednesday the let of
Novem>»or, 1371, at 9 r, M.
T» Oldiiam, Rsq., LL, D., Vice -President, in the chairs
The mmutes of the last meeting were read and conErmed,
The following presentations were laid on the table —
1 . — From Cupt. W* L. Samnells, Assist. Commissioner, Pachum-
ba^ Chord liue, — Two copper axos.
The following letter accompanied the donation —
' In my letter to you which accompanied the inscriptions, I men-
tioned to you that some singular looking pieces of copper had been
accidentally found by a native of tliis district in digging for bam-
boo roots on the top of a hillock. I am sending you the only two
Bpecimena I have, and may as well tell you the circuoistancoB under
whiL'h I came by them.
* On rotiiTDing to Pachumba this year from the Eewah frontier,
I set about making enquiries as to whether there wore any known
ruins or rock excavations in the neighlmurhood^ and one clay in
talking to an old resident of the place on this subject, he mentioned
to me that last year a native had brought Mr. Ileyne, the Man*
ager of the Bengal Coal Company^s mines at Kurhurbar6e,some three
or four vory curious looking pieces of copper, which he had dug out
of a liilloek on the borders of this subdivision* On enquiry I found
that Mr. Heyne had given them all away, but I managed to reoover
one, which I can*t help thinking may have served as a head for a
battle-axe, I have mounted it on a handle in true primitive
fashion, and I leave you to judge whether a man with such a wea-
pon in his hands could not lay about him with some moaning.
Some who have seen it, think that it is made of bronze, others that
it ia pure copper ; but that it has been formed by moulding in
Proceedin^i of the Asiatic Saciety*
[NotJ
sand, I tliink there ib not a doubt of. At ail events, the iind wi
an interestiDg one, and I was consequently induced a few days
to start off from here with tho Intention of visiting the locality, an^
having further excavations niado under my own 8U|>erinteDdouc?0,
I, therefore, went last Friday to the village where the finder of tbo
articles lived, and on his appearing befure iw*^ ho produced auutli'
piece of copper of the same weight as the BUpposed axe-hoa<
(3J D>s), but elliptical in shape. What this can have been it h
hard to conjecture. The native informed me that he had foutii
five pieces altufjether, throe of which he gave to Mr. Heyne,* on<
to Mr. F. Peppe, the manager of the Gawan Estate ( District
Hnzareebagh) and the fifth ho that day put boforfe me. He
them all within a cubitus depth of the surface of a hillock vvliicl
covers an area of about 4 local cottahs (i. e., about 10 or 12 cottulij
of the Bengal standard measure), and there are, he says, Beve;
other hilioeks near it, some larger and some smaller. But Ik
refused to point out the locality, and gave a wliolo string of frivo-
lous excuses for not doing so ; but when I got him to myself lie
told me the true reason, and I cannot refrain from relating it ao it
13 a curious instance of supGrstition.
* It appears that thi« man, whr^ae name is Anup Teli, cultivated
land about this %^ery hillock, and he told me that the night after he
found these things^ he had a dream in which a hhuf of terriUl
aspect appeared before him. lie was no ordinary looking spirit,
but of prodigious proportions, liis skin being red and liis dothaa
black, whilst a proftimoa of hair hung down his back from hia,
head to his heels, each hair being as thick as a man*s wrist* Ilav-^
ing dismounted from a tiger which had carried him to Anup*i
door, ho entered the hut and pointing to the copper pieces, in.
formed Anup that they wore his (tho hhuCs) property. AjiiV
at once expressed hia willingnesd to give thorn up^ but the hhk
was for none of them, He wanted in exchange four haira o:
Aniip's right knee, and in the bargain offered to relinquish
claim to the treasure which he said lay buried under the otlie*]
hilioeks in that locality* But tlie much-coveted hairs And]
would not part ivith at any price. So the hMd mounted his tiger,
aUl
• Two of these wem takcu io Culcutta^ by Dr.
Geetogicjal Sunroy of ladiii.
F. Sto]iciku, Palueatitola^at, J
187L]
rt^eudingB &/th4 Aiiatk Sacui^*
2S8
and trotted oiT in higli dudgeon. When tha day broke, Aniip
proceeded to do a little xilou^lilng belbre rosiimiDg bis excavations
at the hillock ; but as he passed that spot, one of hia bullocks dropped
down stone-doad, and within a few days the remainiDg two biilh>ckg
which he possessed died also. Upon this he deserted that plac©!
and took up hia residence in the village where he now lives. This,
he says, happened three years ago, and till last year he concealed
these copper pieces, which he believed to be gold j but thiiJcing
ha might then realise something by them, he carried them off in
great secrecy to Mr. Hoyne, to whom he imparted the information
of where he had found them. But thia little indtacrotion brought
fresh troubles on him ; for when he returned home, his little girl
sickened and died. For this reason he said he never would tell
another eoul where the hillocks were and much leas would he
venture near the locality to point them out«
* I believe the man Irom his demeauour to have been thoroughly
sincere in his belief that evil would bet'al him, if he disclosed any-
thing further that would lead others to the place ; for I used every
kind of persuasion without avail, and even offured Jiim Its. 20 oa
the spot, bnt he begged me not to press him and assured me in a
whisper that Mr. Hoyue knew the exact placOj as he had made a
note of it in his pocket book. Finding now that such is the case,
it is dear that the man had uo motives of personal .gain, as I at
tirst thought, in withholding the iuformation from me ; whilst tho
fact of his refusing the Bs. 20, being under ordinary ci roams tan oes a
most unusual trait of native character, proves that his fears were
at all events genuine.'
The Chairman, in soliciting any remarks which the mambera
desu^ed to offer on this very iuterestiug had of Captiiin Saiauelis,
said, that the specimens which he would send round, were, if iafcead-
ed for weapons or unpleaient^ of any kind, of the rudest form* There
could not be a doubt that they were, one entirely so, and
the other to the extent of more than half its surface| simply the
bloom, derived from the small copper furnaces which were known
to have been in use with the old smeltt^rs or workers in eoppar in the
liountry, and of which littio smelting pots examples still remainod.
One, as he said, was entirely so* It bore all the marks of the hn^
rth or sand into which it was run, a rudely aii^cular or «li|^htiy
3S4
^roe6$imf9 ofiit AtMde Smidp,
[Nov.
oral tbin plate of copper, just as the melted melal^ wooM nater*
all/ spread cmtt if pooied ottt in the eetni-Tiaooaa aiate in wUiA woA,
little poti inndd jield it On tlus piece tliere waa not a toaio^ af
kaannerlng or of die application of anj looL T1m> aeeood oq the
oOier haod^ tlioogk precisely similar to tlie first for ooe kalf ita
avrlaoe, had the other portion beaten and hammered ap to a stiai^ht
Ihm^ the two ends of this being hammered oat into two shoolderB or
two •emidrcnlaHj etured recesses, which would be admirably suited
loT the application of a handle farmed of a split bamboo or stickyJ
as Oaptain Samndls has applied it* Bat the cunous pari of il ia,
that is, if thaae were so intended for the application of a handle,^!,
and with such a handle tmqnestioQably the heavy mass of copper
would form a mde^ but very effectire, axe or club, though not a cutp-
ting tool, — I say if this were the intention, it is doubly strange, that
those who knew so well how to hammer this part so neatly into
shape^ iihntdd not also hare hammered out the edge, so em to forma
shnrp cutting surface. This edge now remains with all the roughnc
and thickness of the old bloom just as it flowed &om the melting pot, j
*' I beli<!ve the metal has not been examined as yet, so that I ant
unable to say whether it be pure copper or not, but it looks as if it ,
were 80,
** The discovery of any copper implements is of high interest, and
while, thanking Oaptain Satnuells for this ooutribution, it is hoped
that the discovery may stimulate others to searching for such evi*
dence of the state of metallurgical knowledge among the ancient
dwellers in these lands.
** I may mention that within a few mOes of where these copper
blooms were found, there is a very large excavation, stretching forj
nearly half a mile on a local lode of copper ore. In tlils the ore ia
probably too diffused to pay for working now, but a very consider-
able quantity of copper must have been extracted from this place in
olden times."
2.— From J. M. Foster, ilsq., M. D., through Kr, T. Woo
Mason — three Asim small sUver coins.
Babu Pratapa Chander Ghoshe, Assistant Secretary, said thaP
the largOKt of tbo three coins contains the name of * Sri Brajanith
Singh, the king/ and the two smaller that of ^ Sri Qauriuath/ Na
years are mentioned.
187L]
Proceedrnffs of the Asiatic Seeiety.
235
The Presiilont mentioned that he had seen a complete collection
of Asam coins with Mr* Leonard.
The following gentleman duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting was balloted for, and elected Ordinary Member —
J, M. Foeteri Esq,, M. D., Nazeerah, Assam*
The following gentlemen ore candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
Cupt. W, L, Samnella, Assistant Commissioner, Pachnraba,
Chord line, proposf-4 by CoL E. T. Dalton^ 0. S. 1., seconded by
Mr, H. Blochmann*
S* E. Peul, E^q., Sibsagar, Asam, proposed by Mr. J. Wood*
Maaon, seconded by Mr. H. Bloclimanji.
The Chftirman said he had to report on thio part of the Council
that they had had under consideration the terms of Rule 29, By
this rule, as now worded, it was coDipnlsory on the Society io hold a
meeting in each month in the year. Practically, however, it was
found that during the months of September and October, it was ex*
tremely doubtful whether a sufficient number of members could be
brought together to constitute a meeting, and rarely has it been
tickat on one or other of the meeting evenings in these months,
tiiere had not been an adjournment, as there was not a quorum. Fujp-
ther than this which, is the practical result — it has been felt, that
with the serioui^ly increased duties now devolving on the Secreta-
ries, in editing the Journal and the Pi*oceedings, it was not just
or fair to those officers, who it must be remembered are purely hon*
orary officers, to keep their time so preasingly occupied during
the whole year, without any respite. It certainly is the rtile else-
where for Scientific Societies to have a certain recess during the
year, and it is considered that it will be desirable to have
such a recess here also. The Coundl, therefore, recommend that
the words, * ixcepUng in Sepimnher ttnd Octuh$r^ be inserted in Rule
29 after the words : ** The Society shall meet on the first Wednes-
day in each month/'
This being an alteration in the rules must be referred to the So*
ciety at large. Voting papers will be sent out, and as the time re>
1
286
Fr^miim§% rftht Atiaiic &d<<^.
LNor^
quired for the rnlee will be given bj this ftirangment, the moui
meetisg on the first Wedneedaj in February will be made
meeting for the discussion of the question.
The following letter wae read —
From Cnpt. W, L* BAUinaJM^ forttorSing facMmiles ttf iusffifi
itplan^ and a drmemg of a rack ctU UmpU at MareMts^ CAi
'laend joubjdik bangby a parcel containing facsimiles of
eome inscriptionB which I found cut on the pillan of a rock-<*ii|
temple at Harchoka in the Chutil Nagpdr Tributaiy Mahal ol
Chang Bhokar, and which I came acroes this last 8eas<»n in
settling the frontier line between Hewah and Chatia Nii^iir.
* One inscription ( marked B) I got amongst some very inter€«tiiig|
remains of rock -cut templce and mona&t^riee near the Tillage o|
Mira in Bewah. Tht?i?e temples were risited by a Capt. Hluni
in 1795, and are mentioned by him in his '* Narrative of a
from Chunargbur to Yart&ago<jdum^' published in 1801 in the
Tolnme uf the Asiatio Besearehes. On pogee 73 and T4|
naotionB hating taken sketches of these temples with their
•sreoients, which makes me anxious to koow whether your
IS in possession of those sketches, and if so, whether I could be b^\
Toured with a view of them ; for my visit to the M4r4 temples, Ihna
press of work, was, I regret to say, a very hurried one. I was th*
fore unable lo make a plan of them as I should like to have di
if I had had the time. But if Capt. Blunt's sketches are to
fore, I slicmld be very much assisted iu writing my report on ti
temples, if I had these fiketclies to refer to. Capt. Blunt states
he was unable to find any writing or inscription, and as
the temples and monastGriee go, I was siniilurly disappointed
I doubt, if he noticed the remains of a stone aqueduct, as no m^i*
tion is made of it in his narrative. It was in following op
remains and fragments of the aqueduct with a view to asc^rtaaS?
ing from i^henee and for what distance the water had been con*
reyed by this artificial channel that I came to a spring whtoli
issued from a rock in the side of a hillf and found the rook
excavated so as to form a grotto of the following dimensiona—
length Ifl' 4' J dt-pth 6' j height 4 '. The roof is horijBontal with
far J
187L]
Procudingi ofth^ A$%<$tk Society,
237
a pldn frieze and cornice along its Trhole frontage, the fonuor
bearing in its centre ficulptured fig'ures in relief of Biva atid BJia-
wani with a cobra's hooded head rising above them. The height
of the frieze is 2 ^6", The shape of the grotto is rectangidari
except tliat at one end the elds wall forms an obtuse angle with
the back wall from whence the spring of water issues. It was on
this side wall that I found the inspription marked R,
* I was for some time puzzled to think what the singular device
which is seen on the right was Intended to represent, till it
fltrnck me that something similar to it might be got by twist-
ing two blades of the long broad jungle grains in a particu*
lor way, I therefore cut two strips of paper to be used as a
substitute for the grass and put a coloured line along the centre of
each to represent the mid rib, and coloured the edges also to mark
tlie lines which would indicate the breadth of the grass when cut
in stone. In an envelope attached to the copy of this inscription
you will find the paper ligure I allude to, and on examining it, you
will observe how exactly the directions of the coloui'ed lines on the
paper correspond with those shown in the copy of the inscribed
device. This may be a mere coincidence, but still it is natural to
suppose that the carver of the inscription had something in his
mind^s eye that suggested to him the device I am alluding to ;
and I that it was something of the nature suggested by mo is, I
think, more than probable,
*• This groUa^ as I have termed it, appears to me to bear some
resemblance to the primitive wells of Thrace which are described
as consisting of arched excavations in the sides of rocks where the
water was dii*ectly obtainable from springs ; with this diJierence
only I that the Mara *' weir* or grotto, whichever is the more cor-
rect expression, has a flat roof instead of an arched one.'
Babu Pratapa Chandra Ghoshe said —
**The inscriptions are in old Nfigari characters, but are so rude,
that the characters are identified with mucli difficulty* Tlie iu-
Bcriptions, so far as I have read them, are names of perhaps the
donors of particular portions of the temple. They bear no date. I
suppose they are Buddhistic, but I must not be certain b«for« I
read uU the impressions sent by Capt» SomueUs."
Mr.
y,c^
to tW
Ux.J.J.Cv^, El
d«i
4&I
IMi.
iktdji
to ihmOmOxwi
a Kkai.
VftUAy aboiii
A BdUk nutBff Am aortk mi natk, &• frond lins my
n^idly, ir 4^ m 1,4M &aL I ikodld Odftk. tksre am ^Qai»
IM of then oBooiids dotted about m oq logdbr lorai, oloi^ tlho
od^ of ikam milUli. In ontnrd Ibm l^of iso piMooljr tiw ooaiio
OB tbooe iHortitttod im Coptein Meodowo Tojlor^o boolt, with iMXfgm
Olooeo niber oronlj pheed zovod. Koioiiero of ikoM stooeo mp*
poored to no to haxm poiinil lliioiigii otooo-dnoMT^ lyndo^ Iheg^
borti]^ firo Mm radolj sliapod, vlii^ mofcee mo tkh^ Uwy w«ro
OvigKBoIlf intended to Iwfo boon plnood npRgkfc^ not in Ibo poohiom
Iboiid i liovoTOE^ aotliii^ VBB finuid to indicate llinl anf bnlldn^
mm otoeCed hme^ otill il is steao^ tbai tikeao fiTO-oidod otoaoa
abooli bo tbera^ and fiouiid Ijio^ flat on Ibo grooAd. I am om^
tiMgrworo noTor latondad to be placed in tbai poailioiu Tbe
momda m ewery eoae were boUow at the top^ makiag me tbink
tlni a ckambor would bo fottnd iuideinjealb« tbat tbo atono
iag tbo oeiliag bad probeblj giren way ; bul^ ooi t^oaiiig t
BOlbiiig watt fouad to g^uarantoo fiuob an idea,
* 1 oaauaenced digging oporalioad on Ike principal monnd in
place, 40 y( 4$m diameter, there being more cut stone sunoiindin^
tk, and tliroe or tour in the centre ; yery groat earo wao tokeai in
digging and removing stones. The top of one of ihaeo fiTO-fiidod
otooaa wae bit open doee to the sarfaee, and in the centre of tbo
moiDid thii waa earefoliy left standing, while operations were goin^
*m up to one fotit deep. Nothing but loose stones and earth wna
I
1 8 7 L] Proctfeding» qf th A iiatic St^ieiy, 239
removed, imtil about 15 inohes from tho surface broken red pottery
began to sliow on the eouth side. At last some stiiT leaden colour-
ed clay was found, fast binding pieces of pottery, and on close ex*
amination large quantities of teeth were found, which evidently
had been piit into a gurmh and imbedded in this clay. These
bones are, 1 believe, the back teeth of horses, in very good pre-
flervation. This clay then began to be found in patches, in which,
as a rule, you always lind pottery and other implements, and ap-
peared in no other place than on the south side.
* I was standing one evening looliing on, when all of a sudden I
saw a **iind/* and immediately jumped down into the hole, and
with the greatest care dug out of the clay, well cemented together,
two copper bells, two round copper (in my opinion) ear-rings, and
an iron axe; these I hanilled with the utmost care, vainly hoping
that the whole would remain in this solid state; but after a few
days, the heat of June soon dried up the day, and the whole be-
came detached. This and a few inim imploraenta and a gold ring
were the only things found. This excavation was carried down
about 2*6 feet.
* In the other wo went down over three feet from the surface, and
notliing but iron was found, very rust eaten. The only implement
in good preservation was a kind of saucer for holding oil, which
had a handle with a hook to hang by, and a spiral spring, which
must I think have been wound round a stick,'
, The following papers were read —
!♦— 0/4 a netv FhotO'caUographic Printing Process. — I}g OAPTAiif
J. Wateeuousb, Amsiant Sm-i^tgor Gmaral^
1 have the pleasure to bring to your notice this evening a new ^
process of photographic printing, I have lately worked out, which| ,
though it can scarcely be called original, i& in some respects new I
and, as I believe it has never before been worked in India, a de-
scription of it may not prove uninteresting to many of the membera
of this Society, more especially as the new process will be used for
the reproduction of photographs and drawings of all kinds for the
illiLstration of our Journal.
The few specimens I have with me, though very imperfect, ore^
Butlident to shew the capabilities of the process. I liave hitherto
S40
Jhnmtdimgw p/iJu AmMu Smt^,
[Not;
cilueflj practised on sabjects ib line in order to perlMt mymU in
tlie manipulations, whleli were entirelj new to me* Imt I knov
from the trials I harts alreadj made, dust tiie proeaM will also give
azcellent resulta in half looie aa aooa as I shall hava bean abla to
master the diffiettlties 'oCthe printing, and to obtain proper appli-
aooea. I am^ therefore, nnwilling to delay the publication of a
process by which absolatelj permanent photographic repfoductio&a
maj be made fitim any elass of subject with great perlection and
economy by means of applianoee which are within the reach of alL
In principle my process is similar to that introduoed in 1866 by
Tessier du Mothay, which was afterwards modified and improved
by Albert of Munich and other Germans, and still further perf<
by Ernest Edwarda of London^ who has brought it into extenai'
use under the name of Heliotypo. Many of the members
may probably have read deseriptians of it in some of the EngUah
serials, or hare seen specimens In a publication entitled ** Art, Pio-
torial and Industrial/' which is iUnstrated endrely by its meaiia.
The distinctiTe feature of all these prooesses is, that tiie princiii^
Buriiace is composed of gelatine^ hardened in such a manner that ii^ri
may stand the wear and tear of printing, and they all dej>end upoo^B
the well known property peculiar to a dried film of gelatine mixed
with an alk aline bichromate of becoming insoluble after e:
to light, and repelling water in the parts exposed to light exaetl:
in proportion to the amount of the action of the light upon th(
and at the same time of acquiring a corresponding affinity for
greasy substance, such as printing ink. Although this propei
by itself has been most usefull}* applied in many photographic pi
oessea for the reproduction of subjects in line, it would be qttil
incapable of giTing the required results in the processes now und
notice, because the unexposed gelatine remains in a pulpy soft si
incapable of withstanding the wear and tear of printing, and
over it would be liable to dissolve entirely with any rise in tempi
ature, the consequence of which would be the loss of all the lighi
tones. It has been found, however^ that the chromated gelatine
film may be so hardened or oxidised by certain substances, such aa
Ihc alums, especially chrome alum, tannin, dilorine, bichloride of
merttiry, permanganate of poiaah, and other suitable oxidi^
1S7L]
Froee^dtn^i a/ the A viatic SocUt^,
241
au^entSf that it made quite insoluble in water, though etill capable
of retaining a certain amount of water, without interfering with its
property of attracting greasj ink in the parts exposed to light and
repHlling it in the unexposed parts, so that if such a fihn bo spread
upon a surface of glass, metal, or other suitable material and after
exposure to light under a photogrupliic negative, be washed till aU
the chromio salt is removed^ wo obtiun a printing surface possessing
the properties of an ordinary lithogi-aphie stune, that is to say, it ia
absorbent of water in some parts, and absorbent of greasy ink in
otiiers, but, as I have mentioned, it also has another most valuable
property which is not possessed by the lithographic stuue, and which
baa been most aptly termed ** a discrimiaating power of absorption,**
tto that when it is inked in with a roller, the ink will be thickest on
the parts representing the deepest shadows of the picture, and
whifh have received the most exposure to light, the middle tints
will take less, the lighter tints still less, while the high lights will
lake none at all, and be represented by white paper. It will readily
be seen that in this way an exact transcript of the original photo-
Igiuph may be obtained, shewing the most dolieato delineation of
detail with as perfect gradation of tone as in a proof produced by
the ordinary process of silver printing, but possessing the great ad-
vantages of a lithograph or engraring over a silver print in respeat I
of undoubted permanence, cheapness and rapidity of productioa.
The above is the principle upon which those processes depend^-
the practice though presenting some diilicullies of manipulation is
verj^ simple, A mixture of gelatine and bichromate of potash,
with one of the hardening or oxidising sub&tauces I have mention-
ed, and also a little glycerine, sugar or other substauct*, capable of
preventing the gelatiue Elm from being too brittle is poured upoa
tlie eurface of a perfectly level finely ground glass plate, and care-
fully dried in the dark in such a manner as to preserve ii
very eyen surface. When dry the plate is ready to be exposed
tmdear a reversed negative in the usual manner. After the
BUrlaoe has received sufEeiout exposui'e the plate la turned aud
its under surface is exposed to the i\dl power of the light for
a short time to render it thoroughly hanl and insoluhlo and prevent
it from swelling too much in the after wushlug. The plate is now
242 Proeefidinff^ of th0 Aiiatfe S&neiy, [Nov*
washed till all the bichromate is remoyed and is then rolled in wit
soft prmting ink.
This is the dmplest mode o| printing hut in the coi]
of working out the Heliotyp© process Mr. Edwards found tha
it was very difficult to ohtain perfect contact between the nega
dve and the gelatine £lm and thus it was impossible to obt
the shai^pest results, so he thought of preparing a tissue wklu
might be printed upon juBt like a sheet of een^itive photograpl
paper or carbon tissue and afterwards transferred on to a :
plat© or any other suitable surface which would stand the wear
and tear of printing. This was a great and valuable improve mentis
but in the course of my experiments I found some difficulty i^|
transferring the tissue, and as I find that with proper precau-
tions fairly sharp results may be obtained by printing on IU^h
original plate, I have abandoned the use of tissue till I have nior^H
fully worked out the process. ^|
I will now briefly describe the mode of working which, after man^^
trials and failui-es I have found most successful.
Having well cleaned some pieces of Jinely ground plate glass
such as is ordinarily used for looking-glasses, and having cart^fully
levelled them. I prepare a mijtture composed of —
Gelatine, 1 ounce.
Honey Soap, 30 to 60 grains.
Tannin, 10 grains.
Distilled water, .... 8 ounces.
I have found 10 grains of tannin to 1 ounce of gelatine suiHoie
to render it quite insoluble^ and I think oven less would do ; but it
more is added, it has the effect of rendering the film insensitive -
light. The object of adding the soap is to render the tilm tougt
and prevent it from becoming brittle and breaking up when dried J
its use for this purpose was first suggested by Mr. Johnson, it
working the autotype process. Some precautions are nooessary in *
mixing the solution so that it will give an even transparent film
when dry. I have tried many kinds of soap, but I have found tlial
the honey soap exported by Coward of Ix^ndou, such as is commonly 1
aold by the box wallas, is the best« The soap and taimin mu^t b^ I
187L]
Protmdingn of th$ Awiaiic Sociiiy.
243
P
P
¥
W
P
N
pepaiately dissolved in about 1 ounce of hot water, then mixed]and
*dded very gradually, and with coastaEt stirring to the gelatiao
dissolved in the remaimng 6 ounces of hot water. The mixture is
then filtered through eoarae cloth and poured on the plates. Should
any air bubbles be formed they may be removed with the point of
a pen- knife. The gelatine soon eets and as Boon aa I find the film
is firm, I turn the plates face downwardt^ and plaoe them out to dry
in the open air on suitable supports. They dry in from 12 to 24
hours or longer according to the state of the atmosphere. I thiulc
the plan I have here adopted of preparing the gelatine film with-
out the addition of the sensitive bichromate is advantageous in
many ways- It enablos the plates to be dried in the open air,
quickly and evenly and I find that when turned face downwards
very little dust settles on them ; another advantage is that a stock
of plates maybe prepared and kopt till required to bo sensitised for
use. After sensitising the plates dry very quiekly and heat may be
used without any fear of the film bocaming di8'=*olved and flowing
otl^the plate. I tried Mr. Edwards* process of mixing together the
^latine» chrome alum ami bichromate of potash according to his
published formula, but I found that the plates so prepared took a
very long time to dry and required to be kept carefully level in the
drying box, besides this there were other disadvantages which led
me to abandon the use of r.hrnme alum and substitute tannin with
which I had made some experiments so long ago as 1866*
Wlien the plates are thoroughly dry I immerse them in a solution
of bichromate of potash about 1 oz. of the salt to 20 ounces of water
and then place them in a drying box. As the gelatine is quite
insoluble there is no necessity for keeping the plates level in this
SQL^ond drying and if necessaij heat may be used* The plates dry
in 2 or 3 hours and are then ready for nm, I expose under a
rtn^enad negativQ for about 10 minutes in the sun for a clear line
tubject and about half an hour for a subjeot in half tone accord-
ing to the density of the negative. \Vlien sufficiently exposed
I remove the negative and expose the hack of the sensitive plate to
light for a few minutes in order to thoroughly harden the under
surface of the gelatine film and prevent swelling and it from
puckering up during the printing. The plate is then thoroughly
244
Praci^iingi df the Astatic Society.
[Not.
rafthed in several changes of water till all the bichromate is re-
moved and is ready for printing.
The priritiiig is the most difficult part of the whole process and sue-
ceas appears to depead entirely upon the composition of the ink* In
printing lino subjecta some inks are too tough and cannot well be
cleaned oil' the plate, others are too soft and are liable to be rubbed off
when the plate is cleaned with a eluth* Then again in printing sub-
jects in half tone a stiff ink will only take on the shadows, while a soft
thin ink will take all over the plate and by giving a slight ton© to
the high lights destroy all brilliancy of effect* In printing subject
in line I roll In with a tolerably stiiF ink made of onlinary Hthogri
phic chalk ink thinned with olive oil instead of varnish and before
print! ug, cloan tho surface of the plato with a damp cloth* Pot
halt' tone subjects, the plate must lirst be rolled in with stiff ink it
order to obtain depth in the shadows and tho detu.il of the ha
tones afterwards brought out by tho use of a iofter and lighten
ink which should just be of such a consietency and tint that th«j
halftones may all be well developud, but the high lights left clearJ
The inking in may be done with lithographic rollers, bnt rollers
india*rubber have been found better. The printing is best pe
formed by vertical pressure in an ordinary type printing pr
which should be furnished with an India rubber bed to prevent
the glass plates being broken, and tho plate should be covered with"
a padding of felt, so that the paper may be well pressed into tliQi-
hoUows forming the deepeat shadows. Euamelled paper is th^
best for printing on, especially for subjects in half tone. The proof
I have with me have all been pulled in an ordinary copying pres
which I find answers the purpose fairly, though it is iuconvenicmj
in many respects.
If it is required to print on a tissue, a plan which certainly posse
es msny great advantages, a perfectly polished glass plate is use
instead of ground glass, and the surface is rubbed with a solutftu
of wax in ether, so that when it is dry, the film may be stripped ofl
with ease. The composition I have described above makes au i
oellent tissue.
Such ore the details of my process as far as I have gonejB
it ifl very imperfect in many points, but I am stiU working
1871.]
Pr^M$iinp of the Amtie Saciety,
245
I
I
at it, and hope aoon to perfect and bring it into practical use in the
8urvoyor Generara office for tlie reproduction of line delicate draw-
ings iu line or brush shading, which are not susceptible of being
reproduced by photography, and also to replace the costly and te-
dious process of silver printing for ordinary photographs.
The experience I have already gained has shewn me that the
process is perfectly practical, and also exceedingly economical both
in time and in material. It is true the preparation of the plates
takes a long time, but once the plate is prepared, copies may be
puUed from it at the rate of from 100 to 200 copies a day, and as
the plates may be kept ready prepared^ the time taken in their pre-
paration is really »jf little consequence. As regards the cost of
materials, I hnd that the preparation of a square foot of surface
costs about 4 annas and 6 pie. This is a mere trifle, when the
great advantages of the prot^esa are considered ; Ist, in being able
to copy drawings or other subjeota in line with a sharpness and
delicacy equal to the finest lithography or copper plate engraving,
and 2ndly, in being able to print copies of shaded drawings or ordi-
nary photographs, which shall be permanent and perfectly repro-
duce all the gradations of the original, and I need not point out
how immensely valuable it will be for the reproduction and cheap
circulation of photographs illustrating various branches of science.
I would only further add thtit I do not put this forward as an
original process of my own, as I must acknowledge my obligations
to former workers in the same direction, I can only claim to bo
the fij'st to have worked out a practical proooss suitable for use in
this country, and hope that the subject may be taken up by somo
of our Indian photographers.
n, — NoU on three Arabic Jmcriplwns hy 0arly Muhammadan Kin^n o/
Bengal^ remved from A. BitoADLEY, Esq , C. 8., BniAJi.— ^y
<iH. BLOcnMANK Esq., M. A., Calcutta Madraaah,
The three Arabic inscriptions wkit'h I have the pleasure to lay
before the meeting, were sent to me^ among others, by Mr. A.
Broadley, C. S., Bihar. Mr. Brondley has taken rubbings of a
birge number of inscriptions, which he found on mined buildings
and shrines in the town of Bihar, a town, which in the early
246
PteeMdingn of the Amaik Soeie($.
[No^
poriod of Bengal histoiy held a mucli lugUer rank than it do^
novr-a-daj9. From the rubbings which I have examined, it
certain that Mr. Bn>adle7'8 inscriptions will considorably add
our knowledge of the beginning of the Muhammadan perind
Bengal History, and I hope that he will 6iid leisure to publish
large ooilection, and add archeological notes on the old buildinga of
Bih&Ty and alao collect the numerous legends, etill current in the
district^ regarding the early Muhamma^^lan invadera of BongaL
My object in laying a few of Mr. Broadley'a inscriptions before
the meeting, is to direct attention to BIh&r inscriptions in generalj
and to appeal to officers stationed in that provint»e to send rub-
bings to our Society for publication. Every inscription with the
name of a king and a date on it, is of value. At a former meet-
ings I explained what progress had been made, up to the preeeiij
time, in the elucidation of Bih^ and Bengal history. I mentiou<
that we do not even possess a correct and complete list of
Muhammadan kings of Bengal and Bih^, and that no histo:
had yet attempted to ^ the limita to which the kingdom
Bengal, at various timesi extended. There exist no MS. kis-
turiee of Bengal ; the first attempt at a connected histoi
known to us, U the short chapter by Nlzaniuddin in tlie Tahaqul
Akbari^ which was composed so late as A. H. lUOl, or A, D. 1592,
For the beginning of the Muhammadan period, we have only
occ^i&ional notices in the MS. histories of the Dihli empire, and
ooins and inscriptions. The information which coins yield, will be
found in Mr E. Thomases excellent Essny on the * Initial Coinuiif Oj
BengaV (Joiimal, A, 8. Bengal, for 1867). He compiled a valu
able list of the early Muhammadan Governors, and assigned to
several kings, whose names were not to be found in the existing
histories of Bengal, thoir proper places. As an example, I may
mention the king Shamsuddin Finiz, of whom Mr. Thomas found
ooins strnck between 1315 and 1322, A, D. The inscriptions %t
Tribenj near Tliigli, which I lai«l last year before the Society, men-
tion the same king as having reigned in 1313, A. D. Two of Mr.
Broadleye inscriptions — and this wilt shew the value of hia dia*
coveriee, prove —
1. that FiroK already reigned in 1309 over (Western) Bengal»
or Lah'hnauti.
id
be I
4
IfitL]
Proceedings of ty Ammw^
247
I
2. That South Bihar under him belonged to Bengal, whilst
other inscriptions shew thatBihdrin 1352 again belonged to Dihli.
3, That Shamanddia had a bob of th© name of Hfilim Khain^
who in 1309 and 1315, and hence most likely during the intervening
years, was g<5vernor of Bihdr,
From a letter, I lately had from Mr. Broadley, it would also ap-
pear that portions of Ilalim KhSn'a palace still exist, and that his
descendants ai-e still inhabitants of the town of Bihfir.
Of the three iuscriptiona before tlie meeting two belong to Halim
Khin and contain the date« 1309 and 1315 ; the former inscription
Bms to have belonged to a sarai, the latter to a mosque.
' The tliird inscription is of a still earlier date, and mentions an
edifice built in A. H. 640, or A. B. 1242, by 'Izzuddin Abulfath
Tughril Khttn> who styles himself SuI^An^ and asfiumes other regal
©pithotH, as Khaqdn ul Jlu^azzam, khtUada-Udhu mnlkahuj Sf€,^ though
his contemporary, the author of the TahatpU I JViif iW merely calla him
Hdkim^ or Governor, of Lak^hnauli, which was then' looked upon aa
belonging to the Dihli empire.
The characters of all three inscriptions are f^ighH,
m, — A Ehtory of the Vilhge of Arufa^ Tahiti Jagtdan^ ZiVah
Ludhidnd* — By Attah Singii, Chikp of Bhabdaue.
This pnper is written in Hindi, and contains eeverul interesting
facts. The writer states that Afufa lies a litthj north of Bhuddnur,
and eight hog south of Jagraon, and is inhabited by Muhanimmlans
and B^jpiits. The decline of the place dates from the time of Ah-
mad Sh6h Dtirriini.
In old times, Afii^a was inhabited by Hfijputs of the Pramnifla
clan. Many of the inhabitants were killml when the Miiliammadans
invaded the diBtritit, and many emigrated. Among tlie fugitives
were also several families of Brahmans, and hence it is that i;ertain
clflnB, as, for example, the Kiligotra Brahmans of the hills of
CJbintfiptiri, look upon Arura as their original domiuile.
The writer then mentions several legends of Bdi Firuz, undf^r
whom AfUfa flom-ished* His tomb still exists, and in one of its
inscriptions the year 1532 Samvat is legible. The old tank called
Eam'yani near Afura is fretiuented by numerous pilgrims.
248
Proeeeditiffi of ihe Aaiatk Society,
rSor)
People say that the ancient name of the place is Ahichatta, and
that ita ruler, Edja Buddhamati compo&ed a work in Prakrit, enti"
tied Bharma Kathd, which ia still used by the PiTija tribe in the dis-
trict. In the 15th chapter of tliis book^ it is mentioned that a
former prince of the city of Ahichatta, named Kanaka Ketu, reign-
ed at the time of Mahdvira Swami^ the twenty-fourth incarnation
Buddha. Under him the town was so lurgo^ that Bhaddaur antf
the adjoiniag villages were the suburbs of Aruya,
III eoncliision, the writer mentions a few facta connected with
Bhai Bahadur Singh of Bhaddaur, who died in A. D. 1 866.
IT. — Description of a Nm Spmes of AhromU, — B^
W. E. Brooks, Esq*, C, K, Eta'wah.
Abbobkib Jekdoki, — The dark slatey-headed Ahrortm. Dimen«j
Bions— length of skin 3 J, but the bird in the ileah would probablj
measure 3J ; wing 1*82; tail 1*57 ; bill at front '35; from gaj
about *5 ; tarsus -72.
Culors similar to those of A, Xanthoschittos^ hut the slate colour
of the head and shoulders ia very dark and without the greenisl:
tinge observed ia the other species. There ia no apparent light
coloured coronal streak, but a greyish white supercilium. Lower baci
bright yellow green, as are also upper tail coverts. Upper part o|
wiug vivid green, all the coverts primaries secondaries and tertial'
as well as tail feathers edged vivid yellow green. Two outer tail
feathers white on their inner weba ; the white of the outer one bein^
spotless, while that of the penultimate one is clouded with pale brown
spots ; but that of the lower sui'face of body from chin to under tail
coverts bright yellow ; bill and feet coloured as ia the other gpeeiea*
Dr. Jerdon was acquainted with this bird, and he procured thi
specimens which Mr, llumo and I have. I therefore name it after^
him J but he confounded it with Ahrorni$ XatUkoMchidos^ Hodgaou.
X have examined Mr* Hodgson's original drawing with dimensioha
of the latter ; and find it represents undoubtedly the North-W©s*j
tern bird, which extends to Caslimero. This drawing ia very aecu*|
rate, and perfectly accords with Cashmere, Dhurmsala and Kuina-
on birtls ; also with others procured on the Nepal border by Mr«J
Yealman^ in the cold ueadon. Mr. HoilgBon'^ dinieuHious of J^i/<«l
1 87 1 J Proceedingi of the Aatatie Saektjf. 249
ihosehistci are — ^length 43 ; bill from gape i ; tail 1} j wing 2| to 2 i,^ ;
tarsua J.
Dr. Jerdon'a dimensions of Alhc-mperciliarU are^length 4J ; wing
21 ; tail 1;^; tarsus f. Inasmucli as tliesa are tho diinensiona of
Hodgson's bird, and as bis drawing exactly reprosents tho North.-
> West species, I have no hesitation in putting Alho*6upereiUari9 aa a
synonym of Xanthoschuto9, Abramii Jerdmi ifi tho eastern repre-
sentative of A, Xanthoschutoi*
Mr. Ball exhibited several birds captured by him in the Rod
and Arabian Seas, and said — ** I wish to make a few remarks upon
some birds which I recently captured in the Red and Arabian Seas,
when on board the Mail Steamer * Mongolia/ I am more particularly
ious to exhibit them as they have been cured by a process
what novel. Having neither the facilitios nor inclination for
sMnning them, and being unable to procure any pure carbolic acid,
I tried the effect of injecting them with common disinfecting fluid.
The result has been that tlio birds have kept admirably and aro
only now gradually drying up into mummies. Tho spocimens
include —
Ut, — A male and female of the common Tinnumulm alaudatim^^
Briss. ^^1
2nd, — A bird which I rather think may be a Hobby, Hypoinar*
cJiis suhbuii'Of L,, but if so, it presents a very unusual phase of
plumage* At some future time, I hope to describe it more fully.
Srd. — ^A species of Roller fChraciatJ distinct from botli tho Euro-
pean and Indian birds. It comes nearest to tho former, but diifers
irom it in many details of plumage. Speaking gonorally, it has n
more subdued coloration, and the violet blue of the lesser wing-
ix>vertfi is not continued^ asin C Garrulu^ on to tho shoulders* The
liead and nook too are a dirty green rather than a bluish green*
I have not yet had time to ascertain whether it belongs to a known
species*
AtK — A specimen of the somewhat rare Sondorling, CatidrU
Gtenarm^ Tern. It came on board in the Arabian Sea in a very
^K exhausted condition.
^H Besides the above, I obsorved many other land birds flying about
r or resting upon the ship* Notably a small party of six. ^smS^
250
Proceedings of the Atiatic Society,
wkich kept up with tho aliip for two days, I in vain tried to
capture a spocimen, tlioy were observed one by one to drop
exhausted into the soa. I am unable to say with any degree of
certainty to what species they may have belonged, but think it juat
possible that they may have been Olm hrachyotm^ Gmel. Their
markings and eijse resembled those of that bird, they had laost
decided ear-tufta, —
The meeting then broke up*
Librahy.
The following additions have been made to the library slnoe
meeting hold In October last*
Ptaentatiom,
^•, Names of Dcinora in Capitals.
Journal Asiatique, No. G2. — Socie'te' Asiatiqite, Pabis.
The Quarterly Joui-nal of the Geological Society, No. 107. — \
Geological Society of Loxbon.
Join'ual of the Chemical Society, May, June, and July, 1 87:
The CnEincAL Society of London.
Monatsberichfc der K, Pr. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Julji
1871. — ^K. pR. Akademie beb. WissExscnAFTEN zu Berlin,
Momoires de la Soci^to des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourgfi
Tome xv.^ — Sooie 'te' des SctEifCEs Natttrelles db OflERuocrRo.
^eitschrift der Beiitachen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaffc,
xxv, Heft. 1, 2.^TnE Editors.
Indische Studien, yon Dr. A. Weber, Band xii. — ^The auhk
Wiasenschtiftlicher Jahresberieht iiber dio Morgenltlndii
Stndion, 1862 bis 1867, von Dr, E. Qosche.— Tjie autoob.
Eeview of Christian Literature in India, during 1870, by J.
doch, LL.D. — The Auxnon.
Account of the Operations of the Great Trigon. Survey of Im
vol. L, hj Col. J. T. Wulkor, R, E,— The Surv* Gj^^eral of In'Dla..
Selections from the Itecords of the Govern, of India, No*
LXXXin. — The GovEHNiktEA-T of India, Hoate Detartment*
Numismatic Chronicle, Part II, 1871. — American Joumi
Science, August, September, 1871. — Rovuo Am Doui Mondefl,
Sept. 1871. — Comptes Bendus, 9, 10. ^Journal des Savants, Ji
August, 1871.
PEOCEEDINOS
or TUB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR Becemsse^ 187 L
A meeting of iho Society was held on Wednestlay, tUo Gtli in*
stant at 9 oMuck p, m.
1\ Oldlmm, Esq., LL. D., Yioe-President, m the chair.
The mmntes of tlie lust meeting were read and couiii'iued.
Tlie following presentations were announced —
L Prom the GoTernment of India in the Homo Deportmout, a
et of photograx>h3 of temples, &c., in Biliar,
Thu fuUowlug correspondence accompanied the donation.
I'Hm Ahxhub Howbll, Esq., Under- Secretary ta ih^ ComrnmciU
of India.
I am directed to forward, for tlie nee of the Asiatic Society, a
6ot* of photographs of the Anti-
quities of llehar, together t\it)i
• 14>8 piottirea.
Fj'oin Oovoriimeot of Bengal No,
closures,
t From Ditto No, 21»4, of 2Ctk
copies of the paperu noted on the
July, lb7l. and Enclosure. mai-gin,t containing a short OO-
count of each subject by the photographer.
IVom T. F. Peppb', Esq., Suh-Deputy Opium Agent of O/wta-
Nagpore^
I have the honor to forward herewith a concLie notice of the pho-
With photogmpl4«, one compteto set. tographs of the antiquities in the
trti., No9. from 1 to 1123, niiU ouo m- Behar division, of wltich I have
complete »et, miuuii Nod, a» A, C, n i « -
16, lU, ly, 2ii, 23, 26, 28, 38. Hw. negatives, as called fur m your
7l:7^7%f"»b/«1.1f98,"iS !«"- N.. 66, dutod 22nd July.
106| 107, lutt, lus?, Ill, 11^, 111, and ahio one ogmplete sot of those
1152
Proceedingi of the Aiiaiic S&ciHy*
p>w.
122, 123*39 which will bo aetit on
their arrival from Calcutta.
Total B€iit —
Large ... » 102
BujaU •* •• 105
Totca
207
mentioned and nnmbared accord*^
ing to the doseriptions. The
Shahabod pbotogTaphs are no||
included in tlie above, as I Kavo
unfortunately no copiea of thenu
Afl soon as they are recoived, the
eopios and dGscriplions will be forwarded.
2, I also forward aomo duplicate copies, which will be complet-
ed as soon as tho remaining copies are received from Calcutta,
This therefore makes three copies of the photographs more or leae
complete. I regret to state tho sets could not be supplied complete
at once \ but as this could not be done, care will be taken that the
missing ones ai*e hereafter eent.
3, In the meantime, I would beg to stnte that I have been put
to considerable expense iu having them printed in Calcutta, and
that as so many more are still retiuired to complete the seven copie
of each, I would beg that an advance of lis. 600 be given to enablo""
me to have them printed*
4, My transfer to Chota-Nagpore has prevented me from taking
negutivea of some of the antir|uitios still remaining to bo phot
graphed, and would beg to mention them for your guidance ;
The tower at Gimak.
Tho fort at Behar,
The rock sculptures at Pabuttee, east of Girriak.
6» I have also included some co]iios of negatives of Chumpnrtii
which are probably not refiuired. In that case they can be returuJ
ed, and so much of tho description as applies to them may be cut
tailed,
Gta* — There are a great many interesting structures and re*
mains of antiquity in and about Gya, as it has been a place of coxi<«
Bid crab lo importance for many centui'ies. Unfortunately, during
this time, there have been at least two changes of religion, and ve
few of tho older structures are now intact ; for ae the buildings
tlie deeertod faith were at hand and readily available, they were
used in Jfie eonstruction of buildings belonging to the prevalent
religion. On rare occasions only was a new temple built of fresh]
materials* With tlie exception of tlie temple of Yi^hnu Pad, aU-I
isn.]
ProcHdingB of the Aiiadc SoeMy*
253
the other teiMpIeg are either converted Buddhist^ or built with tha
materials obtaiued from Buddhist, buildings*
Photographs No$, I and 2. — The tomplo of Vishnu Pad, the larg«»
est and most important in Oya, although comparatively modern, is
a most imposing structure, but its condued situation prevents a
good photograph being obtained of it. It fronts the east, and tho
f(i{'(td<t is very strikiug, although greatly diaiigurod by ragged pnr«
dabs, &o.
2^0. 3. — To the south of the temple, and almost touching it, thero
is a handsome pillared hall, where tlie bare rock shows itself ; in
fact, the pilliira are let into tlie solid rock for a foundation.
iV^a. 4.-^Alongside, to tho north, is the temple of Gadadliur or
mace-bearer, which must have been a fine stone temple, but hag
been modiGed and ronoTred at a comparatively late date, and a
number of Buddhist figures are collected in and around it.
iVo. 6. — ^In front of the Vishnu Pad and Gadadhur temples ia the
holy plaee whore the pilgrims bathe in the Fulgo, which forms a
priucipEil part in the ceremony of Pind^ for which so many pilgrims
annually visit Oya from all parts of Hindustan and Nipal.
Kos, 6 and 7. — The old t^jwn of Gya is picturesquely situatod on
a rocky ridge running along the bank of tho Fnlgo. Photographs
Nos. 6 and 7 conjointly show the whole river front of the old town
of Gya, with its background of hills, and the nearly dry bed of the
river in the foreground.
Ko$, 8 and 9, — Are views of the old town from tho Bam Oya hill
on the opposite bank of the Fulgo, and the village of Selempur
in the foreground.
jYo*. 10 and IL— The town extends from the banks of the Fnlgo
to tlie foot of the hills, occupying in fact the wh(de vaUey between;
No. 1 0 is the view looking west from the high bank of tho river,
and No. 11 is the view looking north,
Nos. 12, 18, and 14.— The southern extremity of the town occu-
pies a rocky eminence which commands the greater part of the
town, and No- 12 is a view looking north from this point, and Nos*
13 and 14 are views looking south and west.
Nos. 15 and 16, — The peculiar priesthood oF Gya, the U^'awals,
without whose assistance no ceremony is olfectivo, Imvu their houses
U4
Proccedinffs of ihs Aaiatie ISoeidt/.
on the banifi of the river, and in tho most prominotit aitos witliiD
the city, but they, I believe, are reatricted to cortain portions of it
riiotograpbs Nob. 15 and 16 aro some of thoir housos along th^
banka of the Fnlgo, many of tliem five and six storios high and
very old.
No9. 1 7 and 1 8.^ — To the south of the town the range of hill
which snrroimds the town ends in a conical hill called Bx^ahmajoE
which is considered of great sanctity. There is a temple on
summit dedicated to the sakti or femalo energy of Brahma, bon
the name. It is approached by a flight of stone stops leading uj
from below. The liill itself ia 450 feet high, and is a promiueij
object ia approaching Gya from every direction. It is one of th
principal places which must be visited by the pilgrims who como
perform the ceremony of Find*
iYo*. 19 and 20. — Another of the principal places of pilgrima
is the SiU'uj Xund and temple. This is only a short distant
from tho Vishnu Pad. The temple is one of the oldest in Gya, and
evidently belongs to Buddhist times. Inside there is a valiiablQ
inscrijjtion dated in the era of Buddha*s death or Nirvan, which is
of great value, as fixing the date of that event. Tho vestibnlo is
formed of two double rows of pillars ten ft^et in height, and fiv©
pillara in each row. A great number of mutilated statues are lei
into tho walls on either Ride.
iVcp. 2L — Another place which must be visited by all pilgrims i
the tank, or Kund Petta Mahaswar, Tlie present buildings
quite modem, but a great number of Buddhist statues are coUecte
in and around them.
JVm. 22 and 23.— The final ceremony of Pind is performed at '
Achybor temi>le which ia situated near the foot of the Brahmajon
hill and close to the Rukmini tank.
JN'b. 24, — Gives the relative positions. The Aohyber tempio i
very old, and must have been a monastery cJiapel, as the presen
buildings, although mostly rebuilt and altered, seem to Imve :
c«'iginally a Buddhist monastery.
iVof . ^25, 26, 27, and 28.— Higher up the same hill, which
down to the Bukmini tank, there is an old temple much in the sam^
stylo as the tem^de at Budh Qya, called Muugla Duva, but
187L]
pToeeedtngM of the Asiatic So&i^f.
later dato, and on the same hill lower down, on tho ©astern sidei
is another of the same stylo fatJing the Sarafivatti tank.
Nb9, 29 and 30. — The modem town of Oya, or more pinjperly
Saliibanj, contains few strnctures of any antiquity. Tho largest
temple is a double-spired one, built by a wealthy Kaist^ Fatb
Baliadur. Near this is a fiBO sculptured doorway.
iVa, 31, — Over one of tho gateways of tho town there is a fin o
arch. This was the limit of the city aa originally enclosed. It
has, liowever, extended very considerably to the north sinco then,
Bmhlh Qya — This plaeej so celebrated in tlie annals of the
Buddhi&t world, is situated six miles to the south of Gyn.
No, 32. — Tho great temple faces the east, and is 50 feet square
at the base, and is 160 feet high. Colonel Cimningham gives tho
date of its erection by Aniara Bova about 500, A. D. It is remark-
able as being the fiuest brick structure still standing in India.
No* 33. — To the west of the temple itself is tlie famous Bodhi
Drum, or tree of knowledge, famous throughout the Buddhist
world as the tree under which 8nkya Siagha sat for six years, and
IB still visited by pilgrims from. Biirmah, Ceylon, &o. It ia
Raid to have been rooted out by a Brahmanist king, Sasanka^ and
renewed by his contemporary tho Buddhist Puma Yarmma.
Only one large branch is now alive and from all appearances it will
not last much longer. Kxcarations made some years ago under tho
auspices of the Asiatic Society showed that the whole temple was
surrounded by a Buddhist railing similar to the one at Sanchi.
This shows conclusively that the present temple occupies the exact
Bite of the original one, as those railings bear inscriptions in the an-
cient Pali of tho time of Asoka.
iVa. 34. — The front of the temple which faces tho east is in very
bad repair, and large masses come down every rainy season. In
a few years tho aspect of this side will be entirely changed. Tho
porch in front has now nearly disappeared ; oidy portions of the
arch of its roof adhere to the said walls. The peculiarity of this
portion is the Lehra or horizontal arch to the third story, and tho
radiating arches on the second stoi-y, ^
No^ 35. — In front of the building there is a small arched doorway
leading into the courtyard, in which m the Buddlia Pad, or impres-
2ao
Proc^in^s qf th4 Aiiaiie SocUtjf,
[D«
Bion of Buddha's feet, to which offenogB are made by all clajises «
pilgrims, as also to the Buddha tree, but none of the orthodoa
Uter the temple itself*
No. 36. — Tlie south side of tho temple is in the best preservation,'
and mnuy of the niches still coiltain plaster figures of Buddha, but_
in many they ore wanting*
No, 37. — On the same side a deep excavation made to follow
the railings disclosed the original plinth of the temple in tolerably
preservation. This has since been fiUed up. It showed that th^
general level of the roxirtyard, and the surroimdiog part was cnnJ
siderably above tho plinth which must have been approached bj
steps, instead of descending to it, as at present, through the
arc hod passage ia front.
The arches in t!io front supporting the entrance and roof of thfl
first and second story have attracted considerable attention , and i^
has been doubted whether they were true radiating arches, and
whether they were part of the original buibiing. Both these
doubts have been cleared away, but it is still a problem how thej
came to be built^ and it has cast great doubts on the assigned
of tlio buikling itself. Fergnsson has decided, principally on th€
fact of those arches, that the building cannot be of the age assigned
to it by Colonel Cunningham, as it is quite anomalous to find
arches in a purely Hindu structure of such an early date, Tho
fact, however, remains, and there seems no other solution to i|
than that the Hindus did understand the principle of tlie ar
but only resorted to it In structures of brick, very few of whicli
are now left.
No. 3H. — Inside the little cenotaph, t^ the left of the entrance
there are some Buddhist figures, representing Buddha himsel
seated under tho Buddlia tree.
No, 39. — To the oast of the great temple there is a smaller one
of something of the same style, but much later, dedicated
Tara Deva.
BiTRBADnB. — The group of hills in which tho caves have beemj
excavated is about sixteen miles to the north of Gya, and somfl
two miles from the bank of the Fidgo.
No, 40, — The most westerly hill is an isolated peak called.
187L]
Proeeedin^a of ike Aiiatic Suciefy,
* Kawwa Dol,* or tho crow's swing. There are a number uf large
boulders at tli© foot, which seem to have fallen from the top.
Many of these are sculptured with rude lingams, &c., and on one
to tho north-west angle of the hill there is a short inscription,
wliit'h, however, is nearly illegible.
Nou 41. — On the east side of the hill there must have been a
large temple, some few pillars of which are Btill standings and a
* gigantic figure of the ascetic Budh, mertsuring eight feet high> with
a breadth across the shoulders of six feet, still in ita original poaitioD,
witli part of the onginal bnck wall behind it.
Ko, 42*— The temple itself must have been a large one, but
there are only a few pillars now standing sumowhat apart irom
the shrine where tho gigantic Budh is* "Whether more tlian one
structure existed here it is difficult to say, but a groat many
mounds are existing in the neighbourhood, and a large village
must ako have existed to the north-east.
To the east of the Kawwa Dol there is a group of hiUs, tho
higheat being Burabee, and the whole group is called Burrabur*
Near the centre of the gi*oup, and to the southi five oaves have
been excavated in the solid granite rock, and the labour expended
in cutting, and subsequently poli&liing tho compact granite miist
have been enormous. There are three of these caves in one
group.
iVi^. 43.^ — ^Tho Sudama and Lomas Hishi are cut in the western
face of the rock ; tho Sudama to the north, and the Lomas Illslu
to the south. The Sudama cave, which has a jilain doorway, has
an inscription in the ancient character of Asoka's pillars, cut in
the side of tho doorway. It records the excavation of the cave,
in the twelfth year of the reign of Bajali Pyadasi, that is, of Asoka
himself; the cave therefore dates as far back aa 2oi2 B. C. It
consists of two rooms, a circular one of 19 feet, 11 inches in dia-
meter, and an outer one 32 feet, 9 inchea in length, by 196
inches in breadth, the walls are 6 feet, 9 inches in huight from the
vaulted roof, whicJi has a rise of 5 foot, 6 inches, making the total
height uf tho chamber 12 feet, 3 inches.
No, 14. — ^The Lonias Rislii is similar to the Sudama cavo both
in si2o and airangexiiunts, but tho roof ib ludinishud ; v^lule tho wails
238
nr^M$dmg9 qfik9 Asiatic ScKr«#/y.
[Dw,
and roof of the Sudama oavo are liiglily polighod. The doorways t
botli oaves are of the Egyptian atyle, but the porch of thti Lomfl
Hishi lias been unlarged uud arnumonted, and rojjreaents tbo ^blo
end of a tkatcbed iiouse with a frieze of elepLanta 6un*oiUidiiig tbe
doorway, executed in a most artistic manner. Indeed the dramn^
of the elephants eontrasfcs favourably with the popular modern repre
eentatious of tbia animal. Colonel Ounningbam is of opinion
thifl porch was executed at a later period than the cave it
There is an inscription in the porch over the doorway, of tha
or fourth centuiy of our era. It is curious to remark that in
representations found on the bosses of the Buddhist i^ailing
Budh Gya, there is a similar representation of the gable end of a
thatched house forming the doorway of a cave also,
iVi^. 45. — On the northern side of the same granite rock as the
two preceding, there is the third cave of the group called
Kama Chopai'. It is 33 feet, 6^ inches long, by H feet wide# Th
Bides of the cave Eire 6 feet| 1 j inches high, aud the vaulted roof ]
a rise of 4 feet, B inches, making the totui height 10 feet, 9 iuoheaJ
On the outside of the doorway, there is an inscription in the auciu
Pali recording the excavation of the cave in the nineteenth ytM
of the reign of Itajoh Pyadaai, that is, of Aisoka himself- TUa
cavo, therefore, dates as hr back as 24d B. 0. To the east oft
doorway the rock has been cut away, and several rude sculpturos'
bave been executed on Uio sciuped face represouting a liuga and
two rude Brahminical ligurefi.
ITo* 46» — The group of hills nearer the Fulgo river, and about"
half a mile to the east of the Burrabur group, is eallod Nagarjiuu*
There are several caves in this group. Tbe largest is cut in tfat
southern face of a rocky ridge, and is approached from below by
flight of rude stone steps. The height of the cavo doorway, abov«
the level of the plains, is about 50 feet. The cave itself measure
4G feet, 5 inches long, by 19 feet, 2 inches bi'oad, both ends be
Be mi -circular, and, in the inscription on the doorway in the ancient
character of Asoka^s edicts, tho cave is eallod the * Gopi^s' cave, aac]
was executed by Dasaratha on his acceesion to the throne. ** TUo
Gopi*s cavo, an abode lasting as the sua aud moou, was caused i
bu ujfccavulLMl by Dasarathai beluved of the Devas, on his accesmon^l
1871.]
Proegadinga of the Asiaik Sachtt^,
25a
as a hermitage for ike most devoted Bhadantas (Bud>liiUt
ascetics)." Dasaratha, acoording to tlia Vishnu Parana, was the
grandson of Asoka, and aa the son of Aaoka^ SayasuSi only reigned
eight years, the acceBsiou of Daaaratha must have taken place
in 214, B. 0.
I iVW* 47 and 48. — The other caves in the Naguijuni group are
aituated in the northern aide, and on the southern face of a rocky
ridge, running parallel with the Nagarjnni hill, there are twa
eaves, one to the west being nearly hidden in a recess, and has its
entrance facing the east. The cave itself is 16 feet, 4 inches, by
4 feet, 3 inches, and there is a rude brick wall running across it,
diviiiing it into two rooms, which has been done by eioine late occu-
I pant^ eaid to have been a Musahnan fakir. There is an inscrip*
tion in ancient Pali, in which the cave is called Vadithi-ka-Kubha,
the rest being letter for letter the same as the inscription in the
6opi cave ; the date is therefore the same.
iVa, 49* — The eastern cave has a small porch 6 feet long by 5 J
feet broad, and the doorway ia Egyptian, like all the doors of these
eaves. The cave itself is 1 1 feet, 3 inches, by 16 feet, 9 inches long ;
the roof is vaulted, 10 feet, 6 inches in total height. There is an
inscription on the porch in the andent character of Asoka's ediete,
in which the cave is called Vapiya*ka~Kubha, or the well cave» The
inscription is word for word the same as that on the Gopi cave, eo
that the date is the same, 214 B. 0. In &ont of the cave there ia
a large well 9 feet in diameter. From various inscriptions on these
oaves it would seem that they have been at various times occupied
by Buddhists and Brahmnnists, but were originally excavatL*d for
Buddhist ascetics by the kings Asoka and Dasai-utha, in the thii'd
I tjentury B/C. About the third or foui'th century of our era, the kings
Sardula Varma and Anunta Varma placod Bruliminii.ai images ia
tliree of them, and subsof^ueutly Mussuloian fakirs took posses-
sion of them. They are now, and have been fur many years,
uninhabited,
Nos, 50 and 51, — Alongside the Tapiya cave there is a curious
boulder poised on two others, and the cavity UiMh formed had beuu
[built up into a grotto no doubt for Buddhist ascetics. The
[Kaguijuni hills ai'o 6ome little distance from the Burrabur group,
260
Proceedings of ih Afiaiic SiH'ieiy,
im
and No. 51 is a view of tlie Burrabur group from the plau^
Irout of kliD NagUTJuni wive.
iV^, 52, — Is the view of the Burrabur gronp from tlie rocky ridge
in wliieh tbe two nortbem cavea are cut, with tlie Biirrabur peak
and temple in the centre.
Dhjlrawut. iVb«. 53 and 54. — Dliarawut lies immediately to th©
north of the Burrabur liills, about 1| miles distant. There ore
large and extensive moimds in and aronnd the present large villajje,
and a large tank called Chandohur Tal| which is some 2,000 fe^
long by 800 feet in width, evidently as old as the Buddhist monaa*
tenes which existed here, On the banks of the tank tber^ is i
little temple, near which there is a fine standing figure of
famous Bnddhisatra Avalokiteswara, the Pudma Pani af
Tibetans, and is always represented with a lotus in his hand.
Nos. 55 and 5&. — From the little hill to the south of the tiinkt
which is covered with brick and stone rubbish, eome curi^?
Bculptures were obtained by the villagers searching for bricli
representing various object* of Buddhist worship.
Nair. No. 57. — Nair is on the Patna and Gya road, westfron
Dharawut, and about twenty miles from Crja. There is a pil
temple close to the road very much in the same style as the temple
at Poonawa. It consists of three rows of monolithic pillars,
pillars in each row. Fronting the temple there is a further roi
of four pillars. The temple or shrine behind consists of brick aui
mud cement, hut verj little of it is now standing ; the 6up©rstr\u>
ture is entirely gone, and none of tlie temples of this form aro
sufficiently complete to allow of a conjecture as to their origmal
form. The roof of the portico and the shrine is composed of large
granite slabs, a linga now occupies the shrine, and there ia a
mutilated figure of Gauesh lying outside.
Judging by the size of the mound, and the part of the shrink
remaining, the temple must have been a lofty one. The brick
are large and well made, although inferior in this respect to thos
used in the construction of the Buddha G}'a temple. It is probable
that the temple dates about 700 A, D.
No, 68. — Shows the temple from the east, with the remaiae of
the shrine and mound of brick rubbish.
187LT
Proeeedin^B of the Aiiatie Sitckii/^
2ai
Pali. No. 59, — About sevon miles nearer Gya, on the Patna
road, there is a large mound witli a smiill modern temple. Near
this is a large slab with a representative of tlie same group of
figures as at Koch DaptUoo, &c.
KrsPA. Nog, GO and G I.— This 'place is nearly west from Nair,
about six miles. There are large mounds there, and a vei'y fine
standing statue of Sakya Singha as a teacher with the Buddhist
creed in an inscription round the head. Near the above there is a
large four-armed figure sitting on the shoulders of another squat-
ting figure. This figure is quite unique; this being the only
specimen of the kind to be found in the district, it is not known to
what it refers.
No, 62- — There is also a curious sculptured bloi'k, which it is
diiRcult fjo make out to what it belonged. It fould not have been
tho base of a li agn, as that is invariably inserted into the yoni,
whereas in this case there is no place for insertion.
Oenjajt. No, 63, — ^About a mile and a half from liispa to the
north-east, there is a village called Genjan on the top of a large
mound. Here there is a very fine statue of Budtlha the ascetic,
with representattons of the birth, teaching, and death or Nirvana
of Sakya Singha in small figures surroimding it, Thi*? is oae of
the best-executed sculptures in tlae district, and altlamgh muish
mutilated and broken, it is of considerable interest.
Bajgebr. No. 64. — Kajagriha is one of the few places about
which there can be no doubt of its identity, and was visited by tho
Chinese pilgrims, Fa-Hian in the fourth century, by 11 wen Thsang
in tiie sixth century* They both visited the * Son Bundar* cave,
famous in Buddhist annals as the spot where the first Buddhist
eynod was held in a temporary building in front of it, by Ajatasntru,
Eajah of Magadha, There is an inscription ctit on it not later
then 200 A. !>., but the cave itself is prtdwiblj^ older. It measures
34 feet long by 17 feet wide, and is cut iu the solid rock, but is
neither smoothed nor polished.
No. 65* — The cite of the aiiLiijiit ciiy is now overgrown with
brushwood, and is surrounded by hills ia every direction. A
small elevation in tho centre marks the cite of a monastery chapaL
View 65 in lookiug cast from the door of die oave.
264
Procfsditigi of t/te Asiatic Sacht^.
[Dl!
ortJiodox. Notwitlistandiwg tliat there is a linga now occupying
tho ehrine, the buililiDg itseli' is by popular tradition the work «
Xol Eajahs (a generic name for the aboriginal races). This ba
odour with the orthodox would seem to prove its Buddhist origic
A^o. 80. — Four mii^a east of Konch, on the same road, there ia
village called Pali, where there must have been some large tompU
only a few pillars of whit'h are now standing. It must have bee
of the same style as those at Nair and Poonawa,
iVb, 81. — The sculjitured doorway, part of which is lying under
a tree close by, closely resembles the hno rme at Poonawa.
Seharee. No, 82, — About eight miles west of Konch, near tl3
village of Seharee, there ia a small stone temple on the roadside J
it is constructed entirely of Chunar atone, and was completed ,
Chuoar and eent down fit for erection. It is now the pride of 1
little hamlet where it stands.
OoMGA. — This place is situated within a mile of the dkk bungalo^
of Madunpore on the grand trunk road, and fourteen miles we
of Shergbati.
No, 83. — ^The temple ia built on a rocky spur of one of the high
est hiUs overlooking tho grand ti'unk road, and is built entirely
equared granite blocks without cement and ia in excellent preservi
tion. The height of the temple fi'om the rock to the crest is abou
60 feet, the extreme length from east to west is 63 feet, and the
breadth o3 feet
No, 84, — To the north and south there ore balconies whicli_
^ve the temple a distinctive character, and mai-ks a trauaitic
from tlie oiicij pillared portico which had previously been tho ruU
as at Poonawa, Nair, and Pali.
No. 83. — The large porch in fi'ont was entlroly enclosed, and wn
lighted by these side balconies, the interior lias a very imposing ai
pearance, and the monolithic pillais with bracket capital is a de
ded advance from plain column with cross brackets.
No, 86, — Inside there ia a large slab of blat^k chlorite with a lotij
inscription recording the building of the temple by Bhairub ludra ig
Sambat 1496, i\ e,, A. D. 1439, on Thursday, the light half of t
moon Bysac'k, and was dedicated to Jftgamath, Balbhadru, and
Subhadra. The shrine is, however, occupied by a Huga,
1871.]
Praceeditt
• Asiatic SaciHtf,
265
X{o. 87.— To the south of tlie temple tli ore is a fino large tank
with a flight of stone steps on the east side nearest the fort, part of
of which is stiU standing north and south of the tank. Several
mouDtls indicate the position of the town.
No, 88*— Higher up the same hill on which the temple is bnilt,
and on the summit of a higher ridge, there is a curiouii little altar
with a huge hoiilder alongmde it. Under the boiilder sacriiiL'es of
kids and other animals are still made. Every available ledge and
spur on this liill seems to have been occupied by similar etrmitures,
and there are also a groat number of figiu*efl and lingams both on
this and the adjoining hills.
jV^t,, 89*— Htill higher up, and also facing the east^ are the ruins
of another temploi nearly as large as the one lower down, and in
the same style, but nearly the wliole of the superbtructure has fallen
down. iJn the path between the two templi-n there are several in-
scriptions cut on the faoe of the rock, but £rom the textun^ of the
granite they are nearly illegible.
On the hill opposite the duk bungalow there is a small temple and
tank which are of a much earlier date, and the bricks and style re-
semble those at Budh Gya. In this case also the chamber has an
arched roof.
Deo, Na. 90, — Deo is twelve miles to the west of Oomga, and
there is a very fine temple here. It is in the same stylo as those at
Oomga and like these built of squared blocks of stone. This temple,
liowever^ ftu:es the west, and has been higlJy omamenti^d* There
\ no inscription on the temple^ but it may be of a somewhat earlier
flat© than those at Oomga.
Nn. 91, — This place is also tho residence of the Maharajah Jai
Pergash 8ingh, K. c. s, i. His palace, a large rambling biuliling, is
quite modern.
BaiDOE ovEja the Pookpook Eiv£R. No. 92, — The bridge ov«r
the Poonpoon river, where it crosses tho grand trunk road between
Muddunpore and Baroon, is given simply to show the character of
the scenery on this part of the country. The Poonpoon, which Is
here only a few miles from ita sourcei is a mean little stream, but as
it collects the whole of the rainfall between the Sone and Morhur
rivers, it beoomes towards Patna a large river, which lays the coun-
txy under water for many miles to the south-east of Patna.
tM
Prtettdingi of tht AUatie Somvfy.
[1
CnsoN* — Id situated north-east of Oomga, about eight miles. A
large number of isolated little hilla are dotted over the country for
some distance north of the grand trunk road« Monj nf these largis
masaes of granite are not shown in tlie revenue m^^p^- Nearly
every one of these hilk had little structures of some kind on thei
summits.
Nm. 93 and 04. — To the east of the village of Cheon thnrH tu-u the
ruins of a temple of coiiisidorablo size built of squarod granite black
without eemont. It is now in ruiusi only part of the shrine aad
dtwrway romiiiuing.
The intt^rior of the shrine is occupied by a linga, and there n2tm
no inscriptions ; but from its general resemblance to the temples at
Oomga it may be considered as of the same date,
Nt*]t, 95, 96, and 97. — To the south of this temple, and to tli«
east of a little hill there is a line, life-sized f(mr*armed dtatue willi
many fragments of others, also soveral mounds and massea of brlokt
rubbish on ^Yeiry side. About 300 yards to the west, on auothor
little hill called Puchar, there is a cave abuut half way up the hill.
It is a natural hollow which ha^ been built up endosiug a oliambor
BOme 10 feet by 12, with a doorway supported on bracket pi
Inside there is a figure of Budh surrotiiided by a seven-bvi
snake called ' lungabeer.* There is also a iigure of Mahamaya, Uie
mother of Builh.
No, 98, — A little platform has been constructed in front of tha
cave, and a flight of rude steps led up from below* The cave fiioea
the south.
Ko, 99. — About a mile to the south there is another duster of
little hiUs witliLU the boundary of the viEago of Deokilloe wher©
there are many little caves similar to the one at Oheon« Most of
them are filled up. One curious td tar-like structure crowns tha
sunmiit of a ridge between two liills immediately above a nati
hollow in a rock which was used as a tank.
iVa- 100. — And on the north of the hiU a bund has been tlirowS
across a hollow, thus forming a large tank, thus showing that iho
whole locality had been one of some importance. All these hiUii
must have literally swarmed witli Buddhist ascetics. Judging by
the great nujubor of little cavos and structures, tho remains of
187L]
Proee^ingi of the Aiiafio So&ietff»
2«t
wliicli now exist, it is to bo regretted that no inscriptions liavo oomo
to liglit.
PoojTA'VTA. JVa, 10! . — Tills village is situated fourteen miles west
of Gya, and the principal antiqiiitj Ss a pillared temple of Trilok-
nath, wliich haa no superstructure left, but which, according to
Major KittoO) was not the case when he visited it in 1847, at whioh
time a considerable portion of the superatructure was still perfe^it,
A^o, 102. — One of the doorways is beautifully carved in black
chli:>Tite, and is the finest piece of sculpture of the kind in this part
of the country*
Seetamuuee. — This place, which seems to have escaped the notico
of all the antiquaries who have visited tliis district, although only
fourteen miles from Poonawa, shows how difficult it is to obtain
information of the whereabouts of antiquitieSi even to enquirers
irho devote themselves to euuh pursuits.
Tlie village is situated about a mile south-east of a village called
Nadgurha on the Nawadah and Gya road, and fourteen miles east
from Poonawa.
JV5>. 10^. — ^The cave is excavated in a large block of granite on
an open plain ; th<^ doorway is of tho Egvptian fonn, being 1 foot,
10 inches at the top and 2 feet» 2 inches at the bottom. The pas*
sage leads into the cave at an oblique angle, and is 3 feet, 5 inches
long. The chamber itself is 15 feet, 8 inches along the floor, and
15 feet aloDg the roof, and 6 feet, 4 J high in the centre, and
11 feet, IJ in width. The roof is vaulted, and springs at once from
the floor. The whole of the inside is higldy polished, and the rock
is as compact as those in which the caves are executed at Burrabur*
Curiously enough tbere is no trace of an inscription, inaide or out-
side* Inside, from the high polish every where, no inscription could
escape notice; outside, without a recess being cut for its reception,
no inscription could be cut, and there is no sign of any such recoss*
Its construction at any time must have been an adiievement of no
ordinaiy kind, and it is remarkable that an inscription should havd
been omitted. Its date cannot be less than those at Burrabur,
which it so closely resembles. The form of the doorway and tho
polished interior are conclusive, I think, on this point.
KcjRKmAja. iVb. 104.^ — Is situated about tlu*ee miles north-east
d56
Profiedwgs. of the Atiatte Sacififi^,
[D«
ofPoonawa. Thgre are large and extensiv^e niins at this placei^
and a groat niimber of statues scattered over a large area.
The principal one is a figure of Sakja Singlia sitting under tlie"
tree nt Budh Gya, T^ith repreaentations of evonts of Lis life on.
either sidei and a small inscription on the pedestal.
BiranAOAoir. — ^There is no place in this district where the ruina
are so extensive, or on such a large scale* Unfortunately, tha,
greater part are hidden under immense monndjs of brick nibbial
and although thi> place has been used as a quarry for bricks for
many years, the foundations are not yet reached. The place is thaj
site of the ancient Kalanda, according to Colonel Cunningham J
where the greatest monastery in all India existed,
iVb. 105,^ — ^There are a series of lofty mounds some 60 feet bigh|l
covering a space 1,6D0 feet long, by 400 foot in width. The prinJ
eipal ruin is that of the groat teniple of Baladitya, which is said
have resembled that at Budh Gya, and must have been built
tween 460 and 500 A. D.
if'os, 106 and 1 07. — The statue enshrined in this temple was most
likely the gigantic one now caUod Bhairav* It is in a sitting posi-
tion, and is now collected with a number of smaller figures in a
small courtyard at the foot of the large mound.
Ko, 108. — To the north there is a large statue of the ascetic
Budh, with several inscriptions on it giving the names of tkfl
attendants,
iVo. 109. — ^There is also a Jain temple in the same style as the
Budh Gya one, and is therefore of much tiie same age.
No* 110. — At the adjoiniug village of Jagdespore there is a ver
fine large figiure of the ascetic Budh surrounded by demona and
alliiring females.
Chillor, — Major Kittoe notices this place as the site of one of
the eighteen viharas of Behar. The ruins are very extensiv©, coa-'
fiisting of large mounds, with many iigures and sculptures.
iVo. 1 11. — Tho principal one is of a beautifully carved one, nearly
life-size| said by Major KJttoe to be a representative of Siva, but
this is doubtfid, as there is a small figure of Buddha in the hi3ail^
dress^ tho outline of an antelope forms the upper edge of the dresi^
which may determine what the figure really is* The e^tpressio
^71.]
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
and attitude of this fi^ire has more life in it than is general
anioogst ancient sculptures.
Dapthu. — iVo*-, 112 and 113. — Is Bitnated about a mile inland to
the east of the Fulgo, and about fourteen miles from Gya io the north.
This eeems to have been the site of a large Buddliist community,
and the remains are extenBive. There are two temples partly etAud-
ing. The northern one was dedicated to Surya, and a large figure
of the same is still standing inside*
JS^o, U4» — Botli tomplos seemed to hare had a pillared portico
in front, but which has since been built up with brick. Tlie door
of the shrine in the southern temple is very fine, and has been
figured in the first volume of Martin's Lulia. Oxitside there is the
some curious group of a prince on horseback with the same atten-
dants, &o.f 08 at Koneh, &o., only differently arranged.
iVof. 115 and 1 16. — The south of fixe district of Gya is bounded
by a range of hills which foiin the boundary between Gya and
Pulnmau near Maharajganj. Some of these hilla are composed
of huge masses of granite of very suggestive outlines. The most
conspicuous of these is the * kotila* or granary, the curious dome-
like peak of which is nearly inaccessible. Nevertheless on certain
occasions a light is observed on its summit which would show that
some one has a knowledge of tho way of getting up to the summit,
although I believe the revenue surveyors failed to do so.
Ko. 117. — The continuation of the some hills, and whore the
Koel river runs round their base, and at tlie point where the rock
slopes down into the river, Hiree large boulders block the path»
Tliese stones are said to have been collected by the popular hero
* Bhimsen' for his * chula* or cooking-place, which the arrange-
ment of the three bouldei's favours, as they closely resemble the
three stones used by travellers to rest their pota on wliilo cooking.
On the sloping rock which dips into the river there are some
ctiriona worn hoHows, which I have no doubt were caused by the
women of the aboriginal tribes in hulking their rice, as is the
universal custom amongst the Kol ti-ibea of Chota Kagpore, oa
the wooden instruments for this purpose, so commonly in use
elsewhere, are not used by them. I could never obtain any clue
as to tho meaning of these depressions until I bad soon the practice
270
Frtfceedm^i of tht Atiatic Society,
[D.
of tho Kol worn en, and it la known tliat the aboriginal tribe of
Mliars wete in poeseseion of tli© country until dispossessed by tlio j
anoestors of the present Kajput family of Sonpura.
TiRUUT. Ko. 118. — Bukra. This place, which is one of the
banks of the Gandaek or Naraini, must have been a place of greatf
importance, and has been identified as the ancient Taisala, The
printupal antiquity is one of Asoka's pillars sui'inounted by a lion.*!
It is only 18 feet above the present level of the ground, and 27^
feet, 1 1 inches above the level of the surrounding; fields* Colonel
Cunningham made an excavation down to the water level, or H
feet below the present surface, but found no inscription, and had
not then reached the sc^uare base, so that the whole length abovo
tbe water level ia 32 feet, and, including the statue and capital^J
44 feet 2 inches,
Ifo, 119, — Immediately to the north, and outside the courtyard
in which the pillars stand, there is a ruined brick stupa with a fine
old pipul tree growing on the top. TMs place ia famous in Bud-
dhist annals as the place where the second Buddhist synod woa
held.
LoTTHYA NEAB AftE-RAj, iVo, 120. — Between Bukra and Betteah>'
and twenty mil ea north-west of Kesariya, at a villago callwd Loui'ya,
there is another of Asoka'e pillars, and of the same polished oom-
pact sandstone. It is 36 J feet high and has no capital j it 13 41*8j
inches in diameter at the base, and 37 J inches at the top. It Uaal
fievcral of Asoka's edicts neatly engraved on both sides, and the
letters are still as fresh and sharp as if only done a year ago.
8maoui^. — On the borders of Nepid, nortJi-east of MotihariJ
is the fort of Simroun, the ancient capital of Mtthila. The :
cover an area of sixteen square miles, but are so overgrown wit
dense jungle that it is almost impossible to make out anything.]
A brick wall of four feet thick by a further tliickness of 10 feut of J
mud, surrouudft the whole. The bricks used are lEirge, 10' X "' X 2'^l
well burnt, and finely fitted toguther. Within the outer enclofiturd
there is another, comprising about live acres; inside this was the
palace and principal buildings* Between tlie two enclosures a grc«t
number of figures, earviugs, statues, and large welk buUt witU '
Btone ai*e scattered all over. TJie palace and many of the principal
187L]
Proceedings of the Asiatic Saciefi/.
27i
btdidings were built of stiuared blocks of saudstoae 3 feot by li.
Some part of the waUa aro Btill standing, but from tho irregularity
of the upper courses thoy must have beou robuUt, so that little
remains to show what the structures original were
JVc)5. 121 and 122. — Some large figures are collected near tha
little modern temple, which are beautifullj carved, and seem repre-
Bentatives of Surya. Some blabs of sandstone are collected in the
same place which no doubt formed part of a doorway, and executed
in the very best taanner. They consist of several figures enclosed
in scrolls of lotus stem ia a most beautiful and artistic manner.
A^o, 123.^ — An itiscTiption let into the wall of the little temple i»
quite modern, but I am convinced this stone had an older inscrip-
tion which must have been obliterated to receive the modern one*
iVi?» 124, — This is a view of the rock in which the * Kama Chow-
par* cave, at Burrahur, has been excavated, and showing the
general appearance from the east of the immense granite block in
which the cave has been excavated, and also the scarped rock to
ihe south.
iVb. 125* — Is a sculptured slab with a representation of the nine,
Avatars let into the wall of the porch of tlio temple at Kouch.
JVb* 126. — Is a curious slab with some carved figures, and sur*
mounted by some singular emblems with an inscription in Sanscrit
imilcrneath : unfortunately the inscription is too much worn to be
decipherable. The figures represent a seated figure in the centre,
sometlung like a Budh, with male and female figures on either
Bide. The emblems above are an open hand with a rosette in the
pabu; Uie emblems of the sun and moon on either side. There are
three specimens of this emblematical stone in this district ; the
present one is from the banks of the hirge tank at Madiuporo on
tlie grand trunk road twenty-four mllea west from Sherghati,
near the templo of Oonga ; the other one is under a tree near that
temple ; and the third is on the temple of Gtijadhur at Gya. AH
of those fetones are neaily similar, and the stone is the same in each
case, viz.f a soft soapstone, and in consequence the inscription is
not readiible in either of them. From the style of workmanship
and the peculiar selection of this soft stone, it is probable that
thtse stones are the work of a dUTui'unt race of people Iroiu the
272
Piroc0iiiH^i of the Asiatic Socieitf,
[Dbc.
cRrverg of the numerous statuoa and figures generally found in tills
district J the manner in whiok the hair is arranged in tho figurea
differs also ii*om the iisunl Biuldhist and Hindi figures. It ia
believed that similoi* emblems are I'uund on some Canarese inscrip-
tions.
^Tq^ 127.— la another view of the bojiutifully executed figure at
Chillor, showing tho standing figure of Budh, the teacher, along-
side.
No. 128. — Is a view of the southern temple at Dapthoo ; it is tho
larger of tlie two temples, and a-s it stands at present it consists of
a pillared hall, wliich was originally open, hut was subsequently
enclosed. The shrine has now nearly fallen, and in the enclosed porch
there are a great number of figures collected, most of thorn in very
good preservation ; but the want of light in the interior proven^
their being photographed.
J\^*j. 129.*— To the south of this temple there is a fine stand tng i
figure of Mahamaya, the mother of Budh, in good preservation
and well executed j she is represented as four-armed, one hand hold-
ing a water vessel.
Ho, 130.— Is another view of the Tishnu Pud, at Gya, giving the
whole of the iii>per portion of the temple, whieh, from its very con-
fined situation, cannot be photographed as a whole.
No. 131. — Is a view of the old town of Gya looking west from
the Vishnu Pud temple, with the Brahmajoni temple and hill in
the distance.
No, 132.^Is another view of the fine old temple, at Deo, giving^ '
a better view of the south side of the temple, with part of tli©
Maharajah's palace to the left,
SlIAHAnAD«
Sas8eram, from having been selected by Sher Shah as Ms reflidenca^
was at one time a place of great iuiportancg, and there are very
interesting buildings still in existence, although from inferior work-
manship many of them are in a very dilapidated condition, and in a
few more seasons some of them will have fallen.
Not. 133 and 134. --The prinripal building is the tomb of tho
Emperor Sher Shah, which is situated to the west of the town m
187L]
Proc^ittgi of the AniitUc Society,
%U
the middle of alai^e tank. From the north side of the tank a bridge
leads to tlie island, on which the tomb stands ; it has partially fal-
len doim, and is replaned by a mud embankment. The island is
raised by steps from the level of the water. Above thia ia a wall
30 foot high, surmounted by battlements six feet high. The ter-
race is placed obliquely on Uie island, for what reason it ia difR-
cult to say. The four comers of the battlements are formed into
octagonal buildings, forming inside airy apartments- There are
two balconies projecting on either side stipported by stone brackets
covered by cupolas supported by four etoae pillars. The tomb it-
self consists of a great hall surrounded by an arcade forming a gal*
lery. In the centre of the great hall is the grave of the king op-
|K)site the niche for prayer : the other graves are said to be those
of favourite officers.
No* 135, — Sher Shah also erected a large monument to the
memory of his father Husain Klian Snr, in the middle of the
town ; it ia enclosed in a large area by a high wall of cut stone ;
the tomb is not ao largo as that ot his son, but like it consists of a
large ball surrounded by an arcade and covered with a hondsomo
dome,
Eohias^arh, — Tliis fortress is situated on the banks of tbe river
Sone, at a distance of some thirty miles south of the grand trunk
road, and occupies the whole of the crest of a nearly isolated spur
of the great table-land* Buchanan Hamilton, in Martinis Imh'tf,
states that this important fortress derives its name ^m the young
prince Rohitasiva, the son Harishchandra, a king of the family of
the sun, in the most remote period of Hindu legend. His image,
he further says, was worshipped at this place, until the time of
Aurungzeb. From the time of Harishchandra until the 12thi
century of the Christian era, it is not known in whose possessioa
the fortress remained, but at this time it belonged to Fratapa
Devala, father of the last Hindu emperor, and it continued for
some time subject to his descendants. The tradition is, that it
came under the Mussulman rule in the time of Sher Shall, A, D,
1539, and that on its capture he immediately set to work on strong-
thiming its defences, but that the works projected were never com-
pleted owing to his having discovered a more favourable situation at
274
Proeefitn^i of the Aiiatk Society,
Ct
Bbergarh noar Sasseram^ where lie erected a fortress named after
liimself. When Man Sing^h was selected as vicei*oy of Boliar, 1iq|
sele(t43d I^^jlitaa as a place of safety for his treasure and fanLily, and
almost the whole of the present buildings were erected by him, and
this is confirmed by the inscriptions on the principal entrance to
the palace, andWso on the gateway of the fortress leading to thai
main table-land called the Ketantya gate. From these it wotildl
appear that the works were finished in the year 1654 Sambat,^
or A. D. 1597.
The fortress occupies the whole of the plateau, measuring about J
four miles from east to west, and five miles north to south ; butj
&om the deep windings of the precipitous crest, the whole circum-'l
ferenee is said to be twenty-eight miles round.
No. 136, — The palace called the Mahal Sarai extends its greatest
length north and south and the principal front faces the west,
where it overlooks a large enclosure, probably intended as a parada i
ground, as the principal state rooms have balconies projecting Arom
the walls overlooking this enclosure*
' No. 137. — At the southern end of the principal front is a large
airohed gateway with two elephants cut in the stone on either side, j
'wbbA (JOnseqnootly called the Hathiya Pul. Within this gate there]
are several vaults and recesses for the oecommodation of the guard |
and the officers on duty.
No, 138. — Passing through this gateway the passage leads inta
a sort of conrtyard; and immediately opposite the entrance ia one
of the finest builLlings in the whole place. It was the public recep* J
tion room, and was called the Barahdoware or twelvu gates, and it |
is divided into two principal hiJla, one behind the other, with lofby I
arched roofs, and are the only respectably sized rooms in the whole
palace-
No, 139, — The eastern face of Barahdoware is ornamented with
a double row of arched doors giving light to the spacious halla
behind, and also giving a Hght, graceful appearance to this aide^
which is wanting in the principal front.
No. 140. — The northern part of the palace seems to have been]
the quarter sot aside for the ladies* apartments, aud fhe chief
building was surnmuded on tliree sitles by a flower garden. It
1871.]
^Toettdingg of the Amlk Soctettf,
275
was tho residence of the cliieffl mfoi and was oaUed the A'iuah
Mahall. Photograph No. 140 is the view looking west with the
open verandah of the Takht P^diihalii to tho leflfc.
iVa. 141, — ^Is a view of the Bonie building from tho opposite side
looking south-east. This building ia not overlooked by any part of
the palace, except from the roof of the Takht Padishiihi or principal
ate room, and evidontly intended as the chiefs audience room.
iV*o. 142. — la a view of the Takht Padishihi with the cupolas on
the fiummit, and part of the country beyond the waUs, which is very
pretty and park^like.
iVi?, 143.^ — The inscription over the principal entrance on the
inner side is a £ne specimen of the florid style of Pursian writing.
The inscription is given both in Hindi and Persian on the same
tablet.
M. 144.— To the north-west of tlie palace, where Sher Shah had
[itemplated the erection of a citadel, there are the remains of
reral very large buildings. The principal one is the tomb of the
superintendent of the works, who is said to have been an Abys-
sinian slave {HahMy It is in the same style as the tomb at
Sasaeram, and b now picturesquely overgrown with jungle.
No* 145. — Between the palace and the edge of the precipice>
there is a small ravine by which the water from the tanks above
finds its way to the edge of the precipice over which it throws itself
in a tiny rill, which is lost in spray before reaching the bott^im,
I Prom the opposite bank of this ravine^ a good view of the palace is
obtained.
Nq. 146.^ — At the south-east comer of the table^land there are
some curious old buildings constructed ovidontly with the stones
l^om some still earlier buildings. At the foot of a long Hight of
Steps, leading np to the Hiudu temphi and the mosque, is a amalli
but handsome, temple ascribed to Man Singh.
Nq. 147. — The Lnl-darwaza or lied Gate seems to have been t!ie
principal entrance from the places below, and although the cUfls
ai-e ntiai4y inaccessible themselves, they have been strengthened with
works on a large scale. The difis are ^&rj grand and impressive.
Photograph No. 147 Is tho yi^w looking south over tho ridge of
thechtt
276
^the Amtic 8meiy.
[Di
iVb. 148. — Tho precipice all round the plateau is qtute perpon-
cUculor, dipping down for a difitanoe of 500 feet iu mme placoSf
and nearly double that distance in others.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the lost
meeting wore balloted for and elected Ordinary Members^ —
Cttpt, W. L» Samuellfl, Assistant Commissioner, Pachuniba,
Chord line,
S, E. Peal, Esq., Sibsagor, Asam.
The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot nt the
meeting^ —
W- D, Butcher, Esq,, M. E. C. S., proposed by Mr. Q. Nerill, |
seconded by Mr* J. Wood-Mason.
The follo^^g gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society —
Dr. H. Worth; J* F. Cockbum, Esq* ; Dr. J. M. Fleming.
The following letter from J. G. Delmeeigk, Esq., Biwalpindi, was
read —
• I bog to inform you of the discovery of a hoard of seventy-four^
Indo-Baetrian hemidrachms in this District.
* Of llieso no less than fifty- eight were of Menander, viz. : — 20gj
with bare head ; 15, with helmetedhead ; 22, with bai-e head, hurling*
a javelin. 1, Owl on the reverse. Six were of Antimachus Niko-
phoros, and ten of ApoHodotua, square, and of the common elephant
and bull type.
* These coins were recently found by Sharaf, eon of Najii, cast^-
Mochi, age 16, of the village of Shakarpari^ Tah(;il of liiwalpindij
The fiite of tlieir discovery is a ravine five miles due north of ]
walpindi on tho Saidpur road- Bharaf waa emx^^*^!*'*^ ^ digging
out the root of a shrub when he accidentally came upon the coil
in a hole. They might have been in a pot, which ho thinki
may have been broken by the spade with which he was digging^'
but he saw no pot* No buildings or ancient remains are any-
where near the epot^ and Shakarpafi is an in&igniEcant village
with no pucca buildings or ruins. Tlie finder was rewarded froi
our local funds, and the whole of the coins, whiuh Avere in por£
1871.]
Pr6€e$ii^8 of ike Atiaiic Saeietif,
277
proaervation and as fresh looking as if just issued from a miat^
were forwarded for deposit in the Oeatral Museum at L^or.*
Blbi] Bajendralila Mitra read the following report, for 1870-71,
on the progress ho had made in cataloguing Sanskrit MSS. that
are found in private libraries in Bengal.
**I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions carried on during the last official year (1870-71) for collecting
information regarding Sanskrit manuscripts in native Libraries*
2. The task of searching for MSS. during the past year was
confided to the travelling Pandit solely, cirnumatancef* not having
permitted me to proceed to the mofnssil. The Pandit had, how-
ever, the aid of the Rev. J* Long ft)r a time at Dacoti, and subse-
qnently consulted me regularly about bis work, fiirniiihing me
every week nominal lists of whatever MSS. he met with, and notic-
iag in detail those only which I thought to be new or rare.
3. Nearly four months were spent by the Pandit at Dacca,
Vikrampur, and other old towns and villages in Eastern Bengal,
and most of the leading pandits and zemindars of those places
were consulted. No one evinced any disposition to withliold in-
formation or aid. The Kundu family of Bhagyakula touk groat
interest in the operations of the Pandit, Thej eonvened a meet-
ing of the influential people of their neighbourhood at th(?ir house,
andurged them to assist us with the loan of MSS. They also
their sense of the importaaue of the undertaking by sub-
scribing Rs. 1000, towards ita furtherance. The amount was sent
to the Government of Bengal, and has since boon received by the
Society. Dacca, however, though celebrated as a seat of commerce
for over two thousand yearS| and the metropolis of Bengal for a
time during the supremacy of the Muhammadaus, never ai-^inired
any reputation for learning, and does not contain any Sanskrit
work of great value. All the MSS. that were examined turned out
to be such as are common everywhere, or of little iniportance. Be-
tween forty and fifty little treatises were found, which were new
to the Society, and detailed notices of those have been soc^ured.
4. On the return of the Pumlit from Baooa he was sent to
BiQsberiya in ZtUa Qugli, which was at one time noted as a seat
278
Procemlinga of the Aiiatic Society,
[I
of Sanskrit learning ; but nothing of any interest was met wit
then?.
5. The Piuidit was tlioroforo, after a tbrtnight*s stay at that
plaL'e, Bijnt on to liuidwtm whoro I had hopcxl to iiiid largo collec-
tions of MSS. in the Library of the MaMrAji and the pandits ol
the district. But I was equally disappointed there. The Ma
raja, at my request, very obligingly allowed the Pandit access 1
his Libraiy, but there were not quite a hundred MSS. in Sanskrit
and they cxjmpnsed the Mah&bh^ata and other well known work
which have been idready printed. The head pandit of the Maki-I
raja's palace, however, showed somo works on the Vedanta now'
to the Society's Librai^, and notices of these have been duly so*
cured. Bui'dwan, is a place of some antiquity, and was of consider^
able importance dui-ing the Muhamraadan rule, but it seems, likij
Dacca, to be very poor in Sanskrit works, and there is not a singU
pandit of any note who has a decent collection of MSS.
6. The disappointment at Burdwan, however, was amply com<<|
penaated at M^nkar, near the Boodbood station of the East Indian
Eailway. Babu Hitalila MisVa, a «emiudar and Honorary Mag
trate of the sub-division, has an excellent libraiy, in which th
travelling Paudit fouud between five and six himdred works on tJie
Vedanta. These I had hoped, would have occupied his time for at
least four months, but before he had time to take notes of aboafe
forty or fifty works^ the Dusserah vacation intervened, and th^
Babu's pandit subsequently fallmg ill, there was nobody to kee
the library open, and the ti-avelling Pandit had to be removod
Halisahar, a small town sittiated opposite Hugh,
7. Halisahar had at one time a large number of iQlnM or colleger J
of Sanskrit loamiDg, and several are still extant In the time ot
Raja Krishnachandra Edya of Niidia, about one hundred and lif
years ago, the place was celebrated for its Nyaya school, and eomol
of the best pandits of Calcutta came from that place. But the
pandits who now own the toles^ proved tho most bigotted of thoi
kind, and offered so many obstacles, and raised so many diilicuitioa^l
that after two montlis' stay, my travelling Pandit had to retu
without getting a single work of any importance,
8. During the last two months of tho year, the travelling Pan*
1871.]
Proceedtngn of tM Aiiattc Society,
279
dit was employed in examining tlie library of tlie late Sir Eaja
IladliaHnta Bahridur, K. C. S. I. wliere he will have ample work
for at least four months*
9. My assistant %vas, for a time during the period tinder report,
employed in examining the library of Rija Yatindramohana Tha-
kura of Caleutta, who has very kindly placed bia collection of M88.
at my disposal. It is perhaps the richest private collection in
Calcutta, and contains a larger nnmber of Tantras than what I
have any where else met with, not excepting the collections of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and of the Sanskrit colleges of Calcutta
and Benares. Yery few works of this class have yet been examiaed
by European orientalists, and owing to the circumstance of some
of them being of an offensive character, thay are generally looked
upon with disfavour. They are wanting too in the halo of anti-
quify. The oldest among them, as far as I can guess^ does not
date before the 3rd century of Christ, and the bulk of thom
were composed probably between the 5th and the 12th con-
tiiries. They exercise, however, the most sovereign inEaonce on
the religious life of the Hindus, and control ail their actions.
A few display a curious phase of thought, in which a hyper-
trophy of the sentiment of veneration for the creative energy has
lead to the most mystic and obscene rites that mankind has ever
indulged in. Some of the works of this class profess to be rovela-
tious by S'iva made at the request of his consort Pai'vati, and
a great many are acknowledged to be compilations, but they all hava
the same characteristics, the same style of composition, and very
similar professions of faith. Their subjects are various* Ancient
legends, topography, medicine, and grammar are frequently treated
of, but those subjects are all intended to lead to the establisliment
of the preeminence of the female energy in the creation of the
world, or the mysterious adoration of the phalKo emblems as the
means of salvation. Traces of this dogma may be noticed in tho ]
Egj^tian, the Chaldee, the Hebrew, the Gnostic, the Greek and]
other ancient creeds, but nowhere has it been developed to saj
inordinate or reeolting an extent, or carried to eo extravagant a
length as in the Tantras, and in that respect they are of interest j
to the antiquarian and the dtudent of ancient religious history.
280
Proc00d%n0s of the Asiatic Samty*
The mystic charms and mantras and gestictilations wMch the hot-
ter cloaa of these works inculcate havo, furthor, ahnoat entirely
superseded the rituals of the Vedas, and in the present day scarce-
ly a ceremonial is performed, or a prayer repeated by a Hindu,
which does not boiTow its primary elements from the Tantraa.
For a correct understanding of the modern Indian forms of raligioii
it is necessary^ thorofore, that these works should be carefolljr
examined, and thoir true character thoroughly brought to light. Ifc
may be added also that^ however offensive some of these works
may appear in the light of modorn European civilization, they were
held in peculiar esteem by the dreamy monastic followers of tha
Buddhist creed in the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries, who translated a
great number of them, and compiled others, with a view to en^aft
their doctrines on Bud^lliisra, and we find in Osoma de Koroai^B
essay on the Buddhist literature of Nipal and Tibet hundreds of
Tantras noticed as forming parts of the saored scriptui'os of those
places. Mr* Hodgson describes them as containing tlie esoterics
of the Bnddliist religion of Nipal, and in connorion with the Mvni*
dhiflm of the noi'th, these works, therefore, are also of importance.
10, According to the Nila Tautra, the original Tantric revela-
tions of B'iva are reckoned at 64, but their nuuibor htia of Into ,
multiplted manyfold, and in the collection of E;tju. Yatindramohana
Thakura, there are upwards of three hundred different works. Moat
of them are, however, ii-agmentary, and others are avowed compi-
lations. In the notices already ptihliahed I have given brief ao«
counts of upwards of a hundred of these works, and I hope er«a
long to add considerably to that number. In Etirope there are not
a score of thesie works to bo met with in the India House, tho
Berlin^ the Bodleian, and other collections.
11, Altogether notices of about six hundred manuscripts have
been compiled, and are now ready for the press.
12, The publication of the notices has not been carried on 60
expeditiously as could be wished. The form originally suggested
by me and approved by the Society, did not meet with the ajjpro-
bation of the Government of India » and the correspondence whicb
thereupon ensued, prevented me from pushing on the work. I
have, therefore, to report the publication of only two numbois of
1871,]
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society*
281
about 250 pages, contammg notices of 317 manustn'ipta. These,
-with the first number which haa been reprinted (the first edition
havmg been exliausted), constitute a volume of 360 pages, contain-
ing notices of 619 works, of which 40 are on ntuals, phonetioa and '
oOier Vedic subjects, S2 on the Njaya, 17 on the Vedfinta, 20 on
astronomy and astrology, 14 grammars, 23 Kdvyas, H Ndtakas and
38 Smfiti treatises. The body of the Yedas are represoatod by
only two works, the Eudrakanda of the Yajiir Veda and the Chh^u-
dogya Brahmajga of the S^ma Veda, This paucity is, however^
not a subject of wonder, considering that the study of the Vedas
had fallen into disuse in Bengal long before the reign of the Sena
rajas, and the founder of their dynasty, nine hundred years ago j
had to obtain five Br^hmans versed in Tedic rites from the Xing]
of Kanauj to oilidate at a sacrifice. The descendants of those
priests, who now constitute the bulk of the Brahmans of this pro-
vince, have nowhere kept up the learning of their ancestors, anlJ
not a single native of Bengal is to be now met with who has sys*'
tematically studied the Vedas. The Vedic Sutras are also ill-re-
presented, and the few that have been noticed were obtained irom
Benares* The philosophical and theologiL'al portions of the Vedas,
the Upanishads, have, howeveri been represented by no less than 7S
treatises, most of which will bo new to European scholars. The
Purinas are met with in considerable numbers in Bengal, but a9
most of them are contained in the Library of the Asiatic Society,-^
I have not deemed it expedient to notice them at length. On the
completion of the Society's catalogue, which is now in a forward
state, full inibrmation regarding them will be rendered ai-cessibld ]
to scholars.
13. Annexed ia a list of the MSS. whicli have been purchased 1
for Government. Most of them, it is beUeved, will be new to the In»
dia House Library, though soino of them are of little interest.
They had to be bought as they formed parts of a collection which
could not be broken up. Owing to the owner not having called for
their price, most of them have not yet been paid for. Three oi* tlio
works in the list| viz, the 2nd part of the Saukhayiuia Suirskf
the Vivarana Bliashya and the ChhaDdogapariii'iijhta, were copied
from codices in the possession of pandits at Bouares.
^^^ 282 ProceedinffB of the AsiatU S^cietif, [Dec.^H
^H Bkonda Fuianiva Ksbetram^h^t-
Goraksha-s'aiaka. ^^^|
^m mya.
Furnananda-ehakra. ^^^H
^H B'aktisaFigatQa Tantra*
Ya&'isli|1ia-yogakdiii}a. ^^^^H
^H Kamariipa-y^tra paddliati.
Tfi'vara-gita* ^^^^|
^H Kigama-tattva-B^ra,
Gaiigaslitaka, ^^^^|
^H Bralnaajn^aa-mahri-taBtra-sara.
Aunad^kalpa. ^^^^H
^H K^li-salmsraDama stotra.
PurasV'liarana-rasoUdsa. ^^^H
^H S'rjgurusaliasr&nimastotra.
Gangashtaka. ^^^^H
^H Brahmajoana Tantra,
DoTikavacha. ^^^^H
^H Kddlijuaiia-dipika.
Datt^troya Sanliita. ^^^|
^H Bolarohana-paddliati.
PiiTasV'harana-yivoka. ^^^H
^H Kilistavarija.
Gurd Tantra. ^^H
^H Byam;i-stotra.
Durgadadindma stotra. ^^^M
^H Yati-Lhusbuj|L
Takaradt-Bvarupa. ^^^^|
^H Barsann-kalika.
Kfla Tantra. ^^^|
^H SVilduiktiratoavalf,
YagaU Patala. ^^^H
^H Ilariiigmjtmrita.
Adl>huta*&dra sangraliar ^^^^|
^H r^ana Sanhiti.
Saj avail ablia, ^^^^|
^H Matrika-koslia.
KogaviniM?baya. ^^^^|
^H Madana-pdrijata.
S&nlthya Kaumudi. ^^^^|
^H Santi'S'ataka.
MuiKJiaindla Tantra. ^^^^H
^H Bliat-cliakra Tippani.
Sandbyd paddbati* ^^^^|
^U Yagal^Lmukbi-kavaelia.
Karpurastaya Tiki, ^^^^|
^H ' Stotra.
S'lTa-sanbit^, ^^^^H
^H Y^stuhoma.
G^yatri-Lrldaya. ^^^^^H
^H Orantha-sangraha.
GaurikanibiiHka. Il^^^^^l
^H Chaurakdvya fiatika.
Sundarl-s'aktidana. ^^^^^H
^H G^j'atri-hridaja.
Do. Tika. ^^H
^M Gayatri-kalpa.
Sabasranama-etnti* ^^^^|
^H Jnaaa Tantra.
Yijako8ba, ^^^^|
^H Guriigita.
GaiigSstaTa. ^^^^|
^H Pit^a-nmiaya.
Gayatribriknianolldsa Tanti'a. ^H
^M fiarasvati Tantra.
Tripurd-samuehcbaya Tiki. ^^M
^H Guhyitiguhja Tantra.
Aparokabauubbuti. ^^^H
^H Mugdhabodlia-tika.
Bvarodaya. ^^^H
^m Svatautra Tantxa.
Favanayijaya. ^^^H
Proceidiiigw of th$ Asiatic Society,
283
Mdtrikajagaiiman^ala-kayaclia.
Grautha-sangmha.
Prasna-k aum ddi .
JjotiiLs^gara-sara,
Oiandro ami 1 ana .
Padartlitt-sangraha.
Vya vastMrn a v a,
Dvitiyatlivyutpattivida*
Anumiti Raliasya.
Vyfipti-panchaka Eahasya.
Sifilia-vyaghra Eahaeya,
ShatchakraTivTiti Tiki.
Suddhi-ctipika»
Divj-a- cliiitj^mam.
Anuapurod Upanisliad ,
Ninrlna Upanisliad.
Ekakskara Upanishad.
YaJTjyavalkya tTpanishad.
Akehamalika TJpamshad.
Ty adli i karan a-dharma vachchti-
na-bliavtw
Samaay^bli^va Ealiasya.
ViB'eshavyfipti Bahaaya.
Ty&p tigi^ahopaya Bohasya.
Tarka Bahasya.
Vydptyanugama Hahasya.
Sam^nyalakahaa^ Rahasya.
Pakshata Bahasya.
Vrihannaradiya Purfi^a*
Tarka Tippa^i-
Vytiptyaaugama Tippani,
SamaDya bhava Tipimui,
Siiiha-vyaghara Tippaui.
Tardrahasya-vrittika*
Kdtantra-yrittikd*
Katantra- vritti*dui*ga- tika.
Kfitantra parie'lsb^a.
Durgav^kya-prabodha,
Biddhiata*dipa.
8 abda- chin tamany alaka.
Smriti-chandriya sraddliakala,
ValakrishMshtaka.
Xdiifasafa Tantra,
Sraddhavidki.
Chhandoga Paris' iahta,
Vivaraoa Bbasliya,
Sinkh^ana Sutra, part !!♦
The following papor was read —
The Eock'cui Ejceavatiom at Sarckoka^ dUcovered htf Captain W. X.
Samuelh when employed tu Boundary Commhtimer an the Retook
atid ChutUNagpdr Frontier^ Saasm 1870-71.— i?y Capt. W. L-
8amuelL8, Assistant Gommisnoner^ Pachmnha^ Owd line.
I The Secretary read the paper, which will bo printed in No. IH
of Part I of the JoumaL A tracing of the excavations and a plaa
of the templea by Capt, Samuella will aooompony the paper.
Colonel Thmllier moved that the thanks of the members are dae
to Capt. Samuella for hia valuable and interestiag oontributiooj
and donations to the B&ciety,
284
Proee^dinps of iftd Aiiatk Society.
[DecJ
The Chairman put the motioa to the vote. Carried imammouslyj
A conversation ensued In which several monibers joined.
The receipt of the following papers was announced —
1. List cf SMU colUcted on the Arakan Ct>m£. — By W. TheoLald
Esq,, Burma,
2. (hi a JS^eto Sjfecm qf Flamingo. — Bg W. E. Brooks, E8q.|
C. E,, Etawah.
The meeting then broke np.
XilSBART.
The following additions have been made to the library since tha
meeting held in November last.
«% Names of Donors in CapitaJs.
Journal Asiatique, No. 63. — SociE'te' Asiatique, Paris.
Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Vol. XI, Nus. 49 to 52 J
— Tke Likkean Society.
Ditto, Botany, Vol. XI, Nos. 64 to 56, Vol. XIII, No. 65,— Tax ]
LiNKEAN Society.
Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. XXXIV,
Pt, in. — The Statist icai. Society of Lokbon.
Proceedings of the Hoyal Geographical Society, VoL XV, Noa. 3^j
and 4. — The Eoyal GEooHAPmcAL Society.
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland, VoL I, No. 2. — The Axtkropolooioal Institute.
Annual Keport of the Settlement of Port Blair for the year 1 870-1
71. — The GovERXMBifT oe India, Home Bbpaetment.
Eecords of tho Geological Survey of India, Vol. IV, Pt. IV. — Thb"
Geological Sitrvey of Indla..
Catalogue of the Syriao MSS* in tho British Museum, Pt, IL-
The Trustees of the British MusEtrM.
Memoirs of the Akaakuf family, a sketch of Ruasian Bural Life
soTonty years ago. — ^Betd. J, Lokq,
1871.] Proeudingi of the Asiatic Society. 285
Catalogue, Punjab and Sindh Plants. — J. E. T. AircnisoN, Esq.,
M. D.
Seventh Annual Report of the Sanitary Commissioner to the
Government of India. — J. M. Cunningham, Esq., M. D.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 1871, No. 9, Sept.— The
Editob.
The Christian Spectator, 1871, Nov. and Dec. — The Editob.
Purchase,
Tarikh-i-Jahangir (Mirza Jahangfr), MS. :-— Journal des Savants,
September, 1871: — Comptes Rendus, Nos. 11 to 14: — Bevue des
Deux Mondes, 1st October, 1871 : — The Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 1871, September and October: — Westminster
Eeview October, 1871 : — ^L. E.and D. Philosophical Magazine, 1871,
September and October : — Hewitson Exotic Butterflies, Part 80 : —
Eeeve*s Oonchologia Iconica, Parts 288, 289 : — Kitab al Khrist, I
Band, Text : — Al Hariri's Durrat al Ghawwd9 : — Ma'sddi, Les
Prairies d'Or, texte et traduction, par C. Baxbier de Meynard,
Tom VI.
286
Proceedings of the Aiiatic S(>cift^,
APPENDIX.
COBHESFQXBENCE EeLATIVB TO DeEP SeA DSLSDOTSa,
CdcMita, UihJum, 1871.
I\r(m p. Stoliczka, Ph, P., Honif, Se^etarff Ag» Soc* of Bengai
To E. C* Bayley, Esq., 0. S. I., Secretary io ih^ Oawmmmi &/
diHf Home DeiMirtment^
Sm, — I am inBtructed by the President and Council of tlie Asii
tic Society of Bengal, to solicit tlio favorable consideration of
Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General in Council to a sui
jeot which appears to the Council of the Society one of the voiy
highest importance, namely, the desirability of ondertaking deep
sea dredgings in Indian waters.
The Council believe they ijan best bring the matter before Hii
Excellency in Council by submitting a copy of a Memorandum^
drawn np at the suggestion of the Natural History Committee and,
after full discussion by the Committee, accepted by the Couni
the Society.
It cannot, the Coimcil believe, be questioned that results are to
be expected from deep sea dredgings of the highest importance for
the pi*ogre6B of both biological and physical science. It is a well
known fact, that in former periods of our planet there prevailed a
much more uniform distribution of temperature, and of animal and
vegetable life* In the kainozoic epoch the climate in Europe was
somewhat similar to that of our present Indian and Ausfa'alii
waters, and many of the then inhabitants of the seas shew gr<
altinities to those now found living in Indian sens. In order
trace the connection of these faunas, dredging in Indian wal
would undoubtedly supply most valuable materials.
Again, as yet tliere have been no systematic observations made
regarding the laws regulating the temperature of water in Indian
aeas, the various cfurrents, the physical character of sea bottom^ Ac,
Yoluable results may, therefore, be justly expected for the progress
of hydrography, and collaterally for the benefit of navigation ; and
cilj^i
I87h]
Proce^dingi of the Aiiatic Societi/,
2S7
I
equdly important will be the examination of the »ea bottom for
tbe studj of geology and physical geography*
An undertaking of this range is beyond the means of any private
individual, but it« importance is so great that the Council believe
it to be well worth the consideration of His Excellency the Ticeroy
and Governor- General in CouncU, and the enlightened Government
of a powerful State like the Indian empire.
The Council of the Society are, therefore, confident that His Ex-
cellency in Council will approve generally of the proposal^ put for-
ward in the accompanying Memorandum, and trust that he will
give the Tindertaking the same generous support which has been
afforded to similar expeditions in Eugluud and other coimtriea.
They would hope that steps might at once be taken in comrau-
nication with the Admiral commanding the Indian stations, and
that this project may be brought under the consideration of the
Lord Commissioners of her Majesty's Admiralty at home, so that
certain special preparations which will be required may be made
without delay. Owing to the peculiar nature of the climate in
these latitudes such researches can bo favourably carried on only
during one-half of the year, and the importance of completing
prehminary arrangements at an enrly period beoomeS| tliereforei
more obvious.
^O Of ItIL
dtt'
Memorandum on Deep Sea Dredtjmg Op&ra(i'>n-^ jiropvmJ
takrn IN ImlUm Watcr>i.
The Sub-Committee appointed to oonaider the deairability of im-
dertuking Deep Sea Dredging in Indian waters, beg to submit the
following Memorandum on this subject : —
The vast importance of Deep Sea Dredging for tlio study of
Zoology, Geology, Physics and Hydrography has been placed be-
yond ail doubt by the results of the explorations which have been
lately oarrieil on, and are still being' prosecuted, under the auspicet
of the Governments of England, Sweden and Norway, and in
America* In England, the importance of such researches was re-
commended to the conaideration of tlie Royal Society of Loudon
chiufly for tlie followhig i*eaaona : —
288
* i»f ike Aiiaiie Society,
[Dbc.
1 . To tost a rather generallj aoeepted opinion that na animal
life existed below the depth of a few hundred fathoms :
2* To determine the influence of light and of pressure upon
animal life at great depths :
3. To further the study of the geographical distribution of
animal and vegetable lifo,
4. To determine the temperature^ the strength and direction of
the currents, the relative Chemical compoaitioa and the amount of
dissolved gases in 8ea Water at various depths, &o.
6. To determine the nature of the Deep Sea bottom, the mode
of its deposition, and the sources whence the materials composing
it were derived. .
The interest attaching to the study of these nuostions, and their
important bearing upon the progress of Biological and Physical
Beience, having been duly oonaidered by the Eoyal Society, it was
.Tesolved that application should be made to Government for ossifl*
tanue. The Lordu ComniisMioners of the Admiralty in the most
liberal manner acceded to the recommendation of tho Eoyal Society
by placing a suitable vessel at the disposal of the Dredging Com-
mittee by whom the Scientific exploration of the Deej) Soa has
been, and is being, most successfully prosecuted. The results of
their explorations have been given from time to time in the reports
printed in the Proceedings of the Boyal Society (Vol. XYII, No.
107, Yol. XVIII, No. 121, &c.), and they fully justify the high
expectation of success from the expedition which had been formed.
The Sub-Committee woidd only draw attention to one or two of tho
most important acquisitions to science.
Dredging operations conducted down to the enormous depth of
upwards of two thousancl fathoms have proved the existence of
animal and vegetable lifo in abundance, even at that vast depth.
Moat valuable observations have been made on the rate of dl*
minution of temperature with increase of depth. The existence of
two distinct submarine climates in dose proximity and on the aamd
llavely called respectively the Warm and the Cold areas, has been
Ftnost oondusively proved, and eac^h area has been shown to t>0886fl8
its own peculiar fauna and sea-bed ; this in the warm area being
almost entirely composed of Obb^mm-mud and in the cold area
187LJ
Ptoc6edit^i of the Asiatic SomM^,
269
of fragments of rooke. It B^mfi imposfiible to overrate the impor*
tant beariBg of these observations on the study of Geology. The
Atlantic sea-bed was in places found to be covered with a jelly-like
not work of protoplasiu fHalh^hius of Huxley), which offers a '
curious parallel to the Laurentian Eozoon, the oldest trace of
animal hfe yet discovered*
Up to the present time naturalists in India never have had a ^
possibility of carrying out such researches. There has been no
vessel, fitted for snch duties available, and no means of carrying
them on. Since, however, it has been determined to form the In*
dian waters into a special naval station, and several steamers have
been placed on the station, it is hoped that the posaibilittes of J
success have been entirely changed. (The experienced ofEeer who
commands the station is fully alive to the great importance of
enquiries such as we have alluded to, and has expressed his anxious
willingness to aid them, in so far as his duty will permit, The
readiness and friendly support wldch the Lords Commissioners of
the British Admiralty have shewn in the promotion of any line of
research calculated to advance knowledge, lead us also to hapo
that the same Mendly aid will be extended to ludian naturalists,
and we would, therefore, urge that an application be made to the
Government of India for its support in these enquiries, with a ro*^
quest that it will also urgo the question on the favourable consider-!
ation of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Admiralty, so
that if consistent with naval duties, some one of the steamers, now
in these waters, might for a time be placed at the service of the
Committee.
It is beyond doubt that results of equal value and import anoe uA
those obtained by the Dredging Expeditions at home can, and wil
be obtained by explorations of a similar kind undertaken in In^
waters, and, no regular dredging operations having ever been oon^
ducted in the seas of a tropical country, the Sub*Committee vott**
ture to think that the more favourable climate and the far richer
fauna and flora of tropical and subtropical regions justify the ex-
pectation of even more numerous and more varied results, than
those* which have been obtained in colder regions* The variety
and abundance of animal life must be enormous, because we luiTo
290
I^roeeedin^i qf the Asiatic SocUfy*
[Bac.
to deal in the Indian seas with such vast dlHerenoes of depth and,
by a oonBeqnencSp of temperature. It Is known that these seas are
the home of several species of MoUnaca and other invertebrate
animals only known to occur besides in the Middle and Upper
Tertiaries of Eui-ope, Of others occurring in the same, and even
in more ancient, deposits, we know that the nearest livLag repre-
sentatives are only to be found in Australian waters, and it would
be a most valuable acquisition both for Geological and Zoological
science, if we could in any way establish a connexion between these
widely separated faunas.
Again, it is an acknowledged fact that complete and rapid d©-
kstrnction of organic life hardly ever extends over very large areas.
We know the enormous ricliness of the Oephalopodous fauna that
existed during the latter part of the Cretacjeous Epoch in some dis-
tricts of Southern India, and it seems to us almost incredible that
such a vast variety of forma of animal life should have in one
moment, so to speak, been entirely extingmehed. Moreover, the
feet that species of Nautilm^ very similar to those found fossil in
[the deposits just mentioned, continue U> live in the waters of the
^Bay of Bengal, almost justifies the expectation that some recent
descendants of the Atmmnitidm^ beUeved to be entbely extinct, also
may have survived.
The Sub-Committee are confident that explorations of the deep
I «ea in Indian waters wiH not only furnish data which will illustrate
the modification of certain supposed laws regulating animal and
vegetable life in countries Geographically and Climatologically
diHerent, but that they will undoubtedly supply much and most
important material for the study and explanation of many yet
obscure facts in Zoology, Geology, Physics, and the collateral
branches of science*
The Sub-Committee, therefore, earnestly hope that Government
may be led to regard the undertaking of Beep Sea Dredging in
Indian waters as the most important source whence great progress
to Natural History and Physical Science will result.
In the first iastance your Committee would suggest the exami*
Fnation of the Bay of Bengal by a line of Dredging right across
fiom new Juggurnath Black Temple to Oape Nigrais^ to be fol*
1871.]
Froc09dit^9 of the AMik Sacieiy,
S9I
lowed by another traver»e from near Madras to the AndamanB or the
Nicobars, and again by a line from Ceylon to the ci^ast of Sumatra,
It would be necessary that, say three persona acquainted with the
mode of enquiry should accompany each oxpeflitioa, and it is hoped
that siifliciont accommodation could readily be found for them on
botird.
It is unnecessary to point out, that very vast acquieltirniB to
our knowledge of the depths, currents, character of bultuiu, &c,,
of that part of the Indian Ocean and of the Bay of Bengal would
result froni these traverses, quit© iudependently of the additions tu
our knowledge of the life, inhabiting tht\se as yet entiivly un-
searched seas.
Your Sub-Committee, however, do not wish to insist on tlie
adoption of tliis ground in the first instance. No course can be
taken which will not yield a rich harvest of novelties and additions,
and they would sn^r^i^t that the convenience of the vessels on the
station, should be oup of the Erst considerations, as well aa the
climutal periods of ]\ionsoon, &c., &c*
With regard to Ihd appliances necessary for Deep Sea Dredging, ^
the Sub- Committee beg to enumerate the foUowing^ —
1 . Three dredges of various sizes and an adequate supply of
strong Manilla rope, which will probably b© best obtained thi-ongh
the Admiralty. For heaving up the dredge, the vessel charged with
the conduct of the expedition, should bo pitjvidud with a donkey-en-
gine, and might be otherwise so fitted as to render it adapted for thcr
duty : the latest experiences in Deep Sea Dredging at home, have
shewn that a double -cylinder donkey-engine proved to be the most
ethidont contrivance for hauling-in.
2. Sounding leads.
3. At least a dozen of Siemann's differential thermometers ; or
Prof. Killer^s new Thermometer for Deep Sea Dredging^ ; thesis
may be obtained from the Meteorological Department at home.
4. Water bottles,
5. In order to determine the nature and proportion of the dis*
solved gases, oontained in sea water from various depths, an opera-
tion which must be performed at once on ship-board — 3 glam
hydrometers and 2 of Prof. Miller's apparutua for the Analysis of
gases will bo necessary.
292
Pr^dfdings ofthe.Aiiatic StHneiy,
[D»o.
6. The Sub-Committee believe that an annual grant of E»,
2000, placed at the disposal of the Dredging Committee for the
purchase of gksa bottles, spirita of wine, scientific apparatus, &c«,
&c., necessary for the preserv-ation and examination of the material
obtained, would be sufficient.
7. They recommend that a Dredging Committee be appointed
by the Government, including —
The President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for the 1
being.
Do., Natural History Committee, ditto.
Do., Physical Science, ditto ditto.
Thos. Oldliam, Esq., LL. D., F. E. S., F. 0. 8,
Col. J, F. Teimant, E. E., F. E. 8.
F. Stoliczka, Ph. D., F. G. 8.
W. T. Blanford, E^i-, F. G. 8., 0. M. Z. S..
H, F, Blanford^ Ewi., F. G, 8.
J. Anderson, Ksij., M. D., F. L, S., F. Z. 8.
J. Wood'Mason, Esq., F. G. S.
8. That this Committee be entrusted with the management of
the explorations and with making euggestions as to the manner
in which theee can bo best carried out.
9. That all Bpecimens collected be in the hands of the Com-
mittee until they ehall have been worked out ; that the choicest
specimens be eventually transferred to the Tmatees of the Indian
Museum where they should be preserved j and that th« Committee
have direction of the distributian of the duplicates to the Museumn
and men of science in Europe and America, who are engaged in
aimilar research es.
10. That the report on each Dredging exp^tion be submitted
to Government through the Committee hy the officers who shall
have had charge of the expedition.
Thomas Oldham,
Febd. Stolic/jla,
James Wood-BIajon.
1B71.]
Proc&edingi of the Aiiatie Soeidy*
293
From J* Geoohegan, Esq., Under- Secrdar^ to the Ooummmmi of
India, Ikpartfnmt of Agriculture^ Bavmm and Oammetee^
Th the Mon^. Secrctartf to the A$iatie SccieUj of BmgaL
Simla, th» 2%th Avffmt, 1871.
SiE, — I am directed to acknowledge tbo rocBipt of your letter
No. 280, dated Hth June last, forwarding a Memo, on a proposed
series of deep sea dredging operations in Indian waters, and
requesting the Government of India to extend its support to the
undertakiDg and to place a steamer at the dispoBal of the Com-
mittee appoiuted for the pnq>oee.
In reply I am directed to state tliat the Governor-General in
Countfil oordially approves of the proposal of the Society, and would
be glad to make a steamer available for the under tukmg. At
present^ however, no vessel can be spared either f^om the Hoyal
Navy or the Indian Marine.
A Nautical Survey of the Indian seas is, however, contemplated,
and wh*?n the result of inquiriea that have been instituted in con-
nection with that subject is arrived at, it will be considorod wbother
a vessel can be made available for the joint purpose of carrying
out the deep sea drodgings as well as the Marine Bui'vey.
M. M,S. Forte, BetfuhfllH, AnguH 26fA.
Eii EiteeUmoy the Comvimder-tn^OMef Her Mojestjf^s iVara/
Forces f Fast Indies,
To Fbsd. Stoliczka, Eontf- S^relartff Asiatic Soi^isiy, Ben^aL
Sm,— I have the pleasure to acknowletlg© the receipt of your
letter^ 23rd June, enclosing papers from the A^tio Sucitjty re^pird*
ing ** Deep Sea Dredging/*
I beg to assure yuur Society that I will assist in every way in
my power so desirable an object. I would take the liberty to sug*
gest to you to obtain aa soon as possible all the apparatus necea-
sary, — ^ready to embark in any vessel which may be made avail-
able.
I will represent to His Excellency the Viceroy that one of the
two vessels of war stationed in the sea of Bengal might with ad*
Taniage be employed on this service during N, E. MoBsoon (10 p-
posing her aervices not otherwise urgently required) a ti^mporary
cabin being erected for the aocommodation of the gentlamen who
would conduct the scientific operations.
The small (or donkey) engine on bofird could be made to serve
the purposes de&ired in the circular you have sent to me.
Anntio Society g Roami. CdaUta^ 9M Oetoher^ 137L
From F, Stoliczka, Esq., Ph. B*, Mony. Hceret. As. :Soc. Bmgat,
To J. Geogheqan, Esd., Undtr-S^rdary to ths OorernmcfU 0/ India^
Ikparimmi of AffrimUtire^ Revenm and Commerce.
Sib, — I have the honor to acknowledge your letter No. 1B1 , dated
Simla, 2Sth August, \%1\ and to express the thanks of thu Ctiimeil
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for the great interest with which
His Excellency the Governor-General in Council ia prepared to
meet the recommendation of the Society conveyed in my letter No.
280, dated 14th Jane, 1871.
The Council has been informed by His Excellency the Admiral
of the India Naval station that there is a likelihood of a Steamer
being avnilable for the proposed Beep Sea Bredginga during
the approaching North East Monsoons provided that ** her BerrSsea
are not otherwise urgently required," and His Excellency suggeoii^
that the necessary apparatus should be obtained as early as prais^
ticable.
The Society has also received most encouraging letters from tlie
Swretary of the Boyal Society of London, and other leading men
of science at home.
Considering the great importance of the subject I have the
honor, by direction of the Council of the Asiatic Society, to suggest
that His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor- General of India
may he pleased to appoint a Committee for Beep Sen Brodging«,
and also to apply thi*ough the Right Hon'ble the Secretary of State
to the Lords Com niissi oners of the Admiralty for the early supply
of the necessary apparatus which I had the honor to Apec^ify in mj
letter, No. 280, dated Ulh June, and enclosure.
1871.] Proceedmgg of th» Asiaik Soeieijt* 295
The Council is coafident that the Royal Society would he glad to
afford their aid in selecting the necessary iDstrumentfli and also in
testing their value. The appHcatioa for those instruments just at
this time would probably be opportune, as several expeditious for
Deep Sea Dredging are being organized in England, in Norway,
by the German Empire and by the United States.
.Fhwi J. Geooheoajt, Esq., Under Secretary to the Oorernment of
India ^ Bqmriment of Agriculture Bevenue and Commerce.
Ta the Bomrary Secretary io th9 Asintic Society of Benyai.
Simla f ifie 6th Komnther, 1871.
Sra, — ^In reply to your letter, No. 500, dated 9th Ultimo, on tlio
gubject of a proposed aeries of Deep Sea Dredging operations^ in
Indian waters, and the allotment of the Steamer for the purpose,
I am diret^ted to inform you that Hi a Excellency the Governor-
General in Council much regrets that it is not, at present, possi"
ble to promise the services of a vessel. The request will, however^
I borne in mind and due intimation given of any arrangementa
"Vhich may hereafter become feasible. Copies of the Offico Memo-
randum and enclosures accompany.
To J3«> Excetlmcy the Commander -in-Okkf^ Hpt MajcAty^g Naval
ForceHf EaU Indies,.
8ii^^ — I am directed to acquaint jou that a telegram to the fol-
lowing effect has this day been despatched to you : —
Your letter of 9th October, and telegram of 23rd, Your Excellen-
cy's proposals regarding " Dryad" approved. — She should go to
Bombay for repair and fittings and be back at Sandhends by last
week of December to take the King of Siam up to Calcutta*
Enclosure of letter No. 18 of 18th October will have informed
Your Exf'fjllency that a man-of-war is now required at Sandheads
only to meet the King of Slum.
I have &c.,
(Sd,) H. K. BuBKR, Col<m«it Seey. to the Govt, of India.
Smla^ the 27th October, lti7L
296
Proee§ding8 of tlw AMiatic ^ntitij.
[Dec
Chmmmmt nf India, Marine Department, Simla, lit Nowmber^ 18tl.
Office MEMoitAJCDtrM.
Witli referenoe ix> the commumcation from the Department of
No. 423, dated 28th Agriculture, Hevenue and Commerce, noted
October, 1871. in the margm, the undersigned haa the
honor to transmit copy of a letter from His Excellency the Com-
mander-in- Chief of Her Mttjesty's Naval Forces, dated 9thOctoher,
and of the reply, No. 86, dated 27th October, regarding Her Majes-
ty's Ship '* Dryad/'
% The " Dryad *' will proceed to Bombay for repairs and return
to the Sandheads the last week in December, to meet and convey
the King of Siam to Calcutta. She may perhaps afterwards be
required to proceed to Burmah, so that it is much regretted that
it is not at present possible to promise that her serviceB shall be
available for other duty, but the re<jue8t will be borne in mind.
(Sd.) H. K. BcujfE,
Setretary to the Governmmi of Inditt.
lb tk$ Sifpartmmt of Affruulture, Itevenw mut Comtmr€$.
lycm Mis Excellencf/ the Commander-in-Chief of Met Majesty* s Naval
Forces^ Emt Indies,
To Major General H. W. Norman, 0. B. Secretary to the Go^emfnent
of India f Marine Department.
H. M. S. **GiABGow/' TrincomaUie, 9M Octoher, 1B71.
Sm, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
oftli6 2l8t ultimo. — (Marine Department No, 34) oonveying the
recpieat of His Excellency the Viceroy for H. M. S* ** Wolverene'*
to be sent to the Isthmus of Kra in January next to embai'k the
King of Siam who is about to visit British India.
I have to inform you that tlie '' Wolverene*' has sailed for the
East Coast of Afi-ica, my Fkg-ship (the ** Glasgow") taking her
place here.
Some time since I received a letter from Mr* Stoliczka, the Soore-
tary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal^ requesting my co-operation
1871 .] ProeeedingB of the Asiatic Society. 297
in a scientific exploration of the sea of Bengal. I answered that I
would take an early opportunity to consult with the Viceroy and
to suggest that " the Second Vessel of War'* stationed in this sea be
BO employed.
I wish now to propose that the " Dryad" (the Second Vessel of
War) a ship of 1000 tons, be substituted for the " Wolverene;"
and that on her arrival at Bombay next month, (for repairs) suffi-
cient accommodation be temporarily added for the use of the scien-
tific gentlemen, who would embark for the Marine explorations ;
this additional accommodation would render her a very suitable
vessel to embark His Majesty of Siam.
I do not think the expense of this extra cabin-room would cost
above £100.
I shall be glad to know His Excellency the Viceroy's opinion
upon this proposition.
I have, &c.,
(8d.) J. B. COCKBUBN.
APPENDICES.
1
Apptndix A.
305
•a"
-3
J ®
PUi.
^
I
1
I
s|
1^
t^ rH ^
00 00 db
1.
•i
1
GQ
GQ
I
Hi
^
i i
I I
^^. ao6 Jg^mdi^B. ^^H
I^^V APPENDIX B. ^^1
^^L List of Donations (not including BgoUm^ or othm* puhUcatiom and MSS.^ ^H
^^^H iht^ie being achtowUdged m thf monthly lih*arg list*/, ^H
^^r [Objoots marked with &a astorisk hAve beau trannfurr^d to the TrUBie€8 of Uio ^H
^^H Indian Muscttm]« ^H
^^^^ DoQore.
DoEatioas. ^H
H Dali, Th6 Hev. 0. H
,* Three Kepal coins. ^M
H Fidle, Capt. J. Y
♦A skin of the great Albatross, ^^
Diomedea exulans, shot off 1
the Gape. 1
^M Perrar, M. L., Esq , 0, S
Two silver and six copper coins J
dug up at Qanauj* ^J
H Fodter, J. M., Esq., M. E. 0. P.
Three A^saui dmaU silver coins* ^H
^K^ Graliam} Major, J. M
*A group of rudely moulded ^H
brass figures, ropresenting ^H
''Lushais'* and their social ^H
habits. ^B
^^^ Hamilton, Col. T. 0.
*A largo round gold coins very ^|
thini somewhat more than au ^|
inch in diamoter. ^H
^r *f '"^^' ^^^^^ "^^ M. N. L • . . .
*An Qgg of Mugapodius Nicoba* ^H
rien^is &om Kamorta island ^|
and the carapace of a remark* ^|
ably shaped Pagurid crab ^H
from one of the small Nicobar ^H
islands* ^^^
^H Newmaiii Dr • * •
Five silver eoiuB. ^H
^K Prankissen Cliatterji, Babu, * . . •
A stone seal, found west of ^|
Bardwan. ^H
^^^P&djendralMa Mitra, Babu, . * * .
*A dried specimen of a nevr^^^f
species of Scinous. ^^^^|
^^^ fiamuelU, Capt. W. L. ........
*Two copper tixcs. ^^^^H
INDEX.
Page
A'azzuddin imprisoned, ..•••• 127
Abbey (W.), Election of, <t 66
Abdul Latif on the Mubammadan who first studied Sanscrit, 142
Abdurrahim, Mirza, Akbar's £ban XliATiAn^ .» , 141
Ablabes coUarisj 191
„ Humberti, Notes on, ...•...« • 173
Abromis albo-superciliaris, « « « • 249
,, zanthoschistos, • • • ^ 248
Abid Farah, Sayyid, . 127
Acanthodactylus Cantoris, ••»..., 1 93
Aeanthophthalmus pangia, *•»•••••• 202
Accounts, Annual, « . . . « • o zx — ^xzxiv.
Acbarasara, Tantra, 283
Acheiris jibha, «•••••• • * 201
,y kuknijibhaj • 201
Acbyber temple, , 254
Adbhuta S^ra Sangraha, 282
Admiral de la Haye, 87
Aeiris oynoglossus, 201
Afziin, 98
A&unganj named after Eajah Aizun, « 100
Ageniosus militaris, •••««. 4 202
Agra, Dutch trade in, . • • . • * « 87
Ahichatta, a 248
Ahitagner Anteehthiprayoga, 7
Ahmad Khan (Nawab Ziauddin), Election of, 56
Ailia bengalensis, ....it 199
Ainah Mahall, , , , . , . 275
Page
Akshamilika TJpanisliad, ..*,,.«» ^ ......••* « 283
Alaudfl guttata , 210
Aldis (J. A.), Election of, • • , . , , 225
Alexander {J. W.), Election of, 120
Alg«e, Fiftli List of, 170
„ List off from Birma, . , « « ..««.•••«. 173
All Tabar imprisoned, ....,....; * 127
Allahabad, Dut^h trade in, * « . 87
Allah Upaniehad, Note on thei . . • .•,•,.• HO
Amara Beva, *•...*, .•.•••«••....• *••#•• 255
Ambaseis bogoda • 1 1 • • • • • 1 9d
„ oblonga, .....,*,.. • 199
Amberleya, *..«...«••• 113
Amblyopufi braohigaster, « 204
„ ciiTbatus, , , 204
„ co^oulus, «.......•.»..« 204
,1 Hormanmanus, .*....... 204
,y tenia, «*....*. .«.*........ 204
Aninicola, * «■•••»•• 113
Amery (0. r.)i Witbdi^awal of, 2
Anaboona mollia * • « , , . « 170
Ananta Yarmd, «.*.., ,,,,,.., » . . • 259
Anculotus earinatu.s, 109
Anderson (Dr. T.), Beatb of, 22
„ (Dr* J.), on a new Scincus, , , 1 V5
J, „ on a new Mabouia, and on two genera of
Eurylepis and Plocederma, 180
Angika, 102
Angiiilla niaculata, . . . • • 201
J, bengalensiB, • , , 201
Annada KalpB, , « • » « 282
Annapm-na Upanishad, •....••• 283
Anumitirahasja, w. .. ....,« ,. 283
Antimachus Nikepboros, Coin of, ..........♦,.,..*.», *•,
Antiquities of Harclioka, ••.... ,
,» of Jajpur, , 135,
Antifiuitiea of Jesar-Isliwaripur, • ..«.••. 135
Aparokshaaubliutij « 282
Apollodotug, Coin of, • • * • * . . • 276
Arlua arioidee, ,.»..•• ,•.•.•.*•• 1 ^^
Arrakan, OelU from north, , , , 88
Arakan shells, *•••• 284
Arura, History of, , 247
Aaellia Stolicikana, , 105
AsKtaka, Ganga, 282
Aspidoparia jaya, * 207
„ morar, ••«,«.. ^ . • • • * . 206
As/oka, Pillars of, , . . , 17
Assam Coins, 234
AthaiTa Upanishads, # 6
Atheriaa dhani, i .....»...*.••• • 205
,, danius, .*..•. • 205
Atkinson (E. 1\), Ee-olection of, • 177
Atma punlna, •.••....• • • • • 0
AtmoBpherio pressure, Day maxima and minima of, 1 7
Attar Sing f iSirdar) on the history of Arura, 242
Auditors^ Election of, « * , 52
Avdoll (JO, Death of, • . . . . • 22
AjTton (W. E ), Election of, • • 82
„ on bad insulators, ...*.. • * . * 75
„ on tho method of testing Telegraph
Earth, 22
,, on Thunderstorma, 145
„ on Inertia and Time, ..•,...,,,... 1 60
,t on a new Gaivenometer, .•.••»,, 47
Badis Buehanani « ,<«•.. 205
Bahram Darwieh Saqqa, Tomb of,.*.* • 128
Bairam Xhan, Akbar*s Khan Khanan, , . # • • • 141
BaiydaikadhikaraQa m&l^, , 7
Balasore. Grants of lands at, 87
Balavi, Governor-General of, * • • ^l j
Ball, y,, on a new method of stufEng birda, ••.. 24S
BaU (7') Names of birds in foiiTi aboriginal language
of Weatern Bengal, 1 36
B^mangbati, ,..^ ••*•• 1^0
Bdmaubasti, « •••••*. ....*••.*• ISO
B&naberlya, ••• p . p t ...•••.»»•• • • 277
Bai*ahduwar 0* .•,,,. •,,^..,» 274
Barbua barna, ...«#• 209
y, Beavani, •••.•#,••••», «^» ••••••••*«• 209
II CGUcbomuSy *•..•,•• 205
II cosuatis, ..,«..,,. • * 207
II gelius, i . 207
,, morarensie^ *....*»••,•..... *....<• 207
II muBala, •#••• ..,.••...»• 207
„ pbutunlo, 207
„ litiua, - 207
BurdwaDp A Btone seal^m, *»*, 15d
Barba Sayyidi • • • 127
Bariliiis cocrai •«........ 200
II reriOi , .* 208
II tUeOi , 207
BarometeTi iJiurnal oscillations of, H
,, Errora of SStimdard^ 217
Barometric curves, •..«•• 60
Barsee IVklee, Antiquities of, 1
Baaevi, (Oapt J. l\j, Witbdrawal of, 2
BataYia, Acoount euiTenta of, 91
Batraclioides gangeue, 204
Batratibua grmnuie .^, , , , , 204
Buta (Malayan) of Dr. Stolicika, , . 1 05
I, Ke w Persian, .,•.«,••......, 138
Battery, Eiectroiaotive force yf a, 221
,1 HesiHtunce of a| , , • « ^ , . , 220
Baudbayana Somay^ga, « ••••• Tl
„ Suti-a vritti, ...,,. J
Bayley (E. C ), on gold Coin of Firuz Sbab Zafar 8S
Bearan, (Litut. E), Deatb of, 22 ]
Beeatoopore, Purchase of land at, 90
Behar, PJiotograplis from, , 251
Beuoditt (K.), Election of, • , . • . # 66
Bengal, Arabic iuseriptions of, «,**««««#t#««t«* «• 245
Belteah, , 270
Bliag^ulpur, Legends and Ballads of, * lift
Bibliotheea ludica. Report on, ».,.••* ••«•« • 25
BUireji 09
Bihrilz Singh, , . . . . « 98
Bird^ froDi Kaniptii .,.•,,,.•«««« 78
,, Names of, in four languages, , , , 135
,^ from SUckim, , .i ••.»••••• 215
Blanford (H. 1\) on Barometric curves, , 60
j, on errors of Calcutta Standard Baro-
meter, , , , , , , 217
,1 on Thunder-storms, «.»....... 1-18
(W. T.), on chipped implemente, 179
,, Notes on Hemidactylus marmoratus
and Ablahos* numborti » , » . ITS
f» Visit to Independent Sikkim, 167
,t on Ma4:^Master'fi Nagpur Birds^, . . • . . 155
,^ on Sikkim birds, .,,,,,.» ♦ 215
y» on the Zoology of Independent Sik-
kim, •*.•••...... • . 226
. ,, on Wardah Birds, ...,. 116
Bligh (C. F.)* Election of, . , 91
Blochmann (H*) on Allah Upanishad, * • . , , HG
yf on Arabic Inscriptions, .« , •.•••»•..• 245
ly on Arabic and Persian Inscriptions^ ».», 126
ti on several Aiabic and Persian Inscriptions, 116
If on Mr, Ferrar*s letters, • , • 178
i, on Gakk'hars, *.•..•*.* 104
II on Hai'choka inseription^ »••••••••....« 238
If on Major Stubb's Coin,* .«,«•«••«• 97
n o^ Xa?ier*B Life of the twelve Apostles,... 108
Eodhi Drum, ..,.,,,,,♦..* ^ , , 255
312
Ikimh
Page
Bolagoha, 207
Botio dario, ., , 202
Bourne, (W. ), Election of, , 82
„ (T, M.), Election of, 82
Bowring (L. B.)» Withdrawal of, 53
Bralitnajndna-Tualia-tantra-sara, ...,.,- , 282
,, Tantra, , ., 282
Brahmajoni Hill, . , , , •. 254
Brahmo Dntt Chobay, ,.•*.,..*..•.• 98
I Braj, Notes on the Country of^ 93
BrajaDsth Sioha, Coin of, .•...•.•... 234
Brigga (J. A.), Election of, 225
Broadley's (A.) Inscriptions, ..*•.... 245
Brooka (E.) on new Abrornis, * 248
„ Cashmere Ornithology, 209
,1 on a new Flamingo, 284
Brough, (R 80, Election of, 1
Buckland(C. T.)i Election of, ..., 137
Buckle, (H.). Election of, , . 177
Buddamati, Eaja, 248
Budh Oya, • , .....#.. 254
Bukra, Antiquities of, •.....••«. t 270
Burrabur, * .«..»•..*.••••.• 256
BurragaoQ, Photographs of, ,,,.......,.• 268
Burranagore, , .•.•..•........••..«.« 30
Bythinia, , U3
Cachius atpar, 208
Cadell's (A*)j Arabic inscriptions, 126
Calidris arenaria, 249
Calliclirons pabo, ......,« 199
Oallineorus chaka, 204
Oarcharias gangeticus, • , ,. 201
Carllyle'a (A.) inscriptions, • 126
bCaahmir Ornithology, 209
tCassimbazar, Purchase of land at, ««•«*•«•, • 90
[Catenella opuiitia, «•«•«••• 172
Index. 813
Catla Buchanam, , 208
Caves of Lomasha Rslii, 257
„ Sudama Rslii, 257
Celts from Arracan, 83
„ Khangaon, 238
Centropomns baciilis, 199
„ bagoda, 199
„ kanipabda, 199
„ pabda, 1 199
„ phulchanda, , 198
Certhia familiaris, 209
„ Hodgsoni, 209
Cerithidea obtusa, 114
Chaca Buchanani, 199
Ghadar, , , 102
Chaibasa, Inscriptions from, 180
Chambers (F. J.) struck off 58
Cliandm Sikhur Banerji on Jajpur, 135, 155
Chand, Poems of, 137
Chandronmilana, .......•• ••• 280
Cbarasia Blanfoidana, 194
„ tricarinatus, , ,, 194
Chauraklvya Satika, 282
Chayanapaddiiat] 7
Cheilodoptams butibere, 204
Chela laubuca, , , 208
Cheon, Photograph of, 266
Chhajhu Sayyid, 127
Chhanda Sutra, , 7
Chhandoga Paris 'ishja, 283
Chillor, Photographs of, 268
Chinsura, Dutch records ifrom, . . . . , 85
„ Police regulatione, . . . . , 92
Chipped implements from the Qodaveri, 179
Chishohn (E. F.), Election of, 177
Chastomorpha chlorotica, 172
ai4
IndiM.
ClifGtophora radians, .
Chola
102
ICholaka, , • * * ♦ * • . • . • 102
Chola range, .... * • , t • . * * l^*i
ChriBtiatiBon, (L.), a Dutch gentleman, 91
ChtlionoblaatuB Lyngbyei, ,,,.,**,,,,. , 172
Cliumandko, ,•••....*«....•. ,**.**•*»• • 167
ChumLi valley « , » .,.,,, 1 G7
Chu^icken, , * * . . . . • 107
Ginclus sordiduSy , 228
Clrrhina mrigala, ^ « .f^rfir^^ *«^«.'« t 206
Clarke, (C, B.), Election of, , . , v , • .w^ , • 55
Clupanodon champil, , ...»•. 205
„ chapra, ..,,,,, 205
,, indioa, ,. 205
„ moti, ,,.«•.. 205
„ Bubfeniopharika ; , • , ..,..,. . 205
Cltipea Indioa, 205
Clupeotdea pseudopterns, , 205
Gobitis bolgaroy ,*,.,.... , 20$
liilturio, ..,.•, 202
chimo, ....•••. •••••••••• t .••■••«....«••. . 203
oorica, •.•••».••.. • 202
cncurca, 202
geto — 202
gongota, ^ , 4 . . . i . . 202
guntea, * • t ..*... 202
khorika, 202
pangia, 202
Sadanandio, , 20S
sayonai ....••.... • • • • * 202
turio, - 202
ckburn (J. F.), Withdrawal of, 276
Coilia ramcarati, 205
Coins from Asam, 234
,1 Indo-Bacti-ian, « #•#••«*»•# « ^^^
IniUx,
tl5
Coma of Brajan^tlia Sinlia, , 234 •
„ of CliediiLa Island, .,.•*••,,.,►•..•» • . * . . 61
„ of Fifdz Shah Zafar, 83
„ of Fmiz BKali IH of DehH, , 119
„ of Huj^aiu Shah of Jaunpur, • • • • 119
,, of Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur, 119
1^ of MuhonLmad Bodar Bakht, 97
II from Nopal,, , *••• 55
,1 from Qanauj, *,......« ••••#». 110
,, cabiaet, Heport on the, , * • . ..«••• 28
Coiua Izivittattia .,...*........«••.#• 203
Committees, Election of, , 68
Compsosoma Hodgsoni, . * , ..*••...•• 191
Conferva Antillarium .».»•. 172
Conservation of Sanecrit MSS. Eeport on 277
>* „ Correspondence on, . , , 3
Cooke (H, G.), Election of, 225
Copper axes from Pa<;humba, • • 231
Coraccias gfarrula, 249
Corica gubomia, .•#•....••.«•«... 205
,, Boboma, p 205
Corona of the sun, 129
Cottns chaka, , 204
Council, Election of the, 51
I, Election of a new members, 137, 225
Cremnobates Bjhadrengis, ...,•.,*......,. -109
Cremnoconchus, Anatomy of, . * * • « *•••«. 108
,j carinatus, • 112
,, BjhadrenBlB, 108
C^ossochiluB gohama, • • « • • 206
„ latins, 20e
„ aada, « 206
Curtoy»(W. J.), Election of, 82
Cjdonema, «• .• 113
Cjclophorus, i ^4« •«« • 114
CjclOBtomuB, «.. t «*. 113
CylindrospermBm spiral©, , 171
Cjnogloasus lingTia, ..,.••,,,•, 201
Pynoptenifl, , . , , » . * 103
Cyprinidce, Indian, * , 19, 155, 209
CypriniiB angra, • 206
II aBJaua, «»..« i*«« •*.... 207
„ atpar, 208
„ balibala, , , . , 208
„ balitora, « 202
,, bangaiia, • 206
„ barna, ..*•.,... ^* . . 208
„ barila, 207
„ bata, . , . . , ,' • . • • . 206
,, bimacfulatua, , » , • , , , » 207
I, bhola, , , , , 207
» boga, 206
,f bola, ..« 207
,1 biikrangij • 206
^1 cacliius i .»...•• • . « . • 203
„ canius, .,*...•••.» 207
,, cliagimio, ,«.......** ...,• 208
,, cbedra, 206
,1 cocsai .....•,,,......•. 206
^, conclioniuflj .....••• »•.••., 205
,1 cosuatis, , 207
*j, c-nrabati-bata, • 206
,, ciirsi, 206
,1 CUTBlSi i *•»*••*«.. « 207
„ dangila, ,, 208
„ dero, 206
„ dbrenra, < , , 206
„ diaDgra-gobamai • , , , 206
„ Dyangra aujana, , 207
„ elonga, , , 206
,, geUtis, 207
,^ geH pimtii 207
InAx. ^^^V 317
Cypi-mTi3 godiyari,..,. ♦***,. 206
If gobs, *....»,.•.•.•...«•., 207
fj gohamo,...*, ,. 206
,, gonius, , ., o 207
„ gora, ,... .....••• 208
„ . guganio, . , • • 205
,, Jaujali, ,...,.,. •. .».» 205
» jaya, 207
„ Joalius, 205
„ jogia,..,., ,..., , 082
„ kauipunti,.,. „,.« .^,„ 207
5, kii'ki joBgja, ......t ..., .', 208
,, khoksa, 206
,, korikon, ,..•.. * 205
^, koswati,...,... .....* , , 207
„ lamta, 206
„ lati,.. , 206
,, latiiiSj ,...,.. ,,..» 206
,, laiil>ucaltt, 208
„ layukuli, 208
„ loya, ..,, .„... ,.. 205
„ moralo, .,.,.. .,,.. 206
„ morar, ...,,...-. ,. 206
„ mrigaki 206
I, mosala, . . * • .•••••. ....•,.••.». ^07
,, nandin, ..t.^.* .....•• .«•• j207
„ pliakra, 208
„ pangusiya, 206
,, paufiid, «.•* 205
„ phulo, 207
„ pliulchelai, 207
„ pkutuuiOf •••..,. •••**•*.••.•••••«..•«••.•••• 20
„ puugsi, .....4^..i. 2oa
„ rerio, «,.....«...... ...*«. 20f|
„ sada, 20
„ sada balitora, • 206
C^rpriBus sutilia, ......«# 2UB
„ terio, * , 205
p, teripimgtiy •• » 205
„ tilei, * 207
„ tiloo, 207
„ titius, ...♦. •.... 207
„ tor, „.,. 207
„ vagra, * 305, 208
Dacca, Prencli property at, •,,,.♦ , , ...••• g • .... « 87
Dolhouaie, Variations of the Barometers at, 14
Daaio dangila, .,..«•..... 208
„ jungja, .• 208
Dapthu, Pliotograplis of, .,....,... , . . , 269
Dira Sliikoli, translated by Duperroy, , » , . 5
Dareana Ksilika, * 282
Dars'apaumamaea prayaschitta kiriki^ 7
Darwin {C,)> elected an honorary member, * 120
,j proposed an honoraiy member, ••*»»••, 07
Datt^troya Sanliita, 282
Baud Klian, 262
,, Governor of Bihar, 133
Dfeiidnagar, Photographs of, , • , , * 262
Daiikee, (F, 0.), Election of, , 1
Day (Dr, F,) on Iniliau Cyprinido?, , , 1 9
„ „ on Indian Cyprinidio, ,....*. 155
,^ ,y on Hamilton Buchanan's original draw*
ings, .«. . • 105
„ „ on Indian Cyprinido^, *..,. .,,,..,..., 20^
Delmerick (J. G,) on the Gakk- hars, ....,,., 1 04
„ ,^ Arabic inscriptions, , 126
^ „ on discovery of Indo-Bactrian coims, .... 276
Deokund, Photography, , 262
Deonaxayana Sing (Kaja Sir), Death of, .......».•*•..,. 22
Deo on the west of Oomga, 265
Dera Ismail Khan, Notes on, •••...., 17
Devikavacha, , . , 282
Index. ^^^p 319
Page
Bhorawat, , 260
Dhuti , , , 1 02
Dickens (CoL A. D,), withdrawal of, .......; 178
Digdrisyavivarana Akhyai «...••••••••*•,.«.**.•*.. . . 7
Diomedea exulana, , , , • . 82
Dipsas bubaUua, , , , , • * » 192
„ Eorstenii .....•*,• 192
,, Iiexagonotiis, •••«. *.*k, 192
,^ trigonotai ,*••.*»..... 192
DiscogBathua lamta, ».«•••.. .«••* 206
Divja Chudamaoip •«•*•• 283
I>ia-kong tongf 168
DoIjo Bliairam, the atrologer, ♦ 99
Dobson (Q. E.) on hqw bats, •«• •«•.*, 77
„ „ on a new Kerivoula, • 77
„ ,, on new Indo-Chinese VeBpertilionidal, . * , . 210
y, }, on Malayan Bats, • , • 105
y, ,y on Persian Bats, 133
Docogloasa, • ,.•«•••• • 95
Dolarohana-paddhati, , • -..,.,...... 282
Donee Chaiidj author of a History of the Gakk^hars, • 104
Dredging (Deep sea) Carrespondence on, 286
Drees in ancient India, Style of, , ••.••. • 100
Duhan (n,), Struck off, 58
Dunceticola a£B.nis, «... •«•...«• •••••»••.. 210
„ major, ..*«..• .... 260
Dofgid^dinama stotra, ' 282
DupeiTon's translation of Dara Shikoh, ♦ * * . • . 5
Duration of the totality of Eclipae of Dec. 11, ....,, 1 29
Diirjim Sal, Eaja, .,, ., 133
Dutch records, * » , 65
„ trade in Oudh, ...•.•••.••. 87
Dvijendranatha T^i^kura Election of, ...... • 65
Dvitiyadvitiyatpatti vada, •.•••.»..••«••.,.. .#«•».•• ...••• 285
Earthr^uako in Sind....... .. ,•««,«••• • 56
EchineEa, 113
320
Inie3i,
Pagi
Eclipse, Memorandum on the total, of Deer, 11 .,, , 128
Ekimra chandrikai 7
,, pnrdna, , • , ,.•*.«« 7-
„ cliaiidrika^ ...«• ••• 7
EkaksKara Upaniflliad, .•. ..•..- 283
Electromotive force of a Battery,.,, , *...#. 221
Eleotris butis, 204
Esos angulatus, 205
Eumoces sciitatus, , , 184 ^j
f » pariinontatus, ..•••.. ^ ...,,« • 183^|
Euprepes laaoularius, ..,,.,,.., *...>,• 1^4 ^^
,, monticola, ,.****... , 1*J4
Eiirylopis^ troaiolatus .,» ,*•.,.. 180, 184
Euspiza rutila, ,*.,.»*♦.... t 21
Evezard (Col, J. E.), Election of, 225
Faiz AHganj named after Eajak Faiz AH, 99
Parr (G. C), Election of, 5^1
Farrukh Siyar, * , , , 127'
Fath Baliadui', House of, . . , , , » 255
Fergusson on the art of Liiilding among the Aryans, ,,.... 17
Ferrar (M. L.), on'Eaja Todar MaU's birthplace, 178,
Filiate, (Capt. A. J.), Election of, 8ii
Finance, Report on, , 28
Finiz, Eeign of, , 246
„ Shah Zafar, Coin of, 119
Flamingo, Kew species of, ..•. , • 284
Fleming (Dr J. M.), withdrawal of, 278
Forbes, on the Mogul invasion of Palamau, 179
Foster's (J. M.), Assam silver coins, 284
„ Election of, 235^H
Fulgo, banks of the, .,.,,. 25S^^
Gadadhara, Photograph of, , ,,...... 258
Gadinidaa , 119
Galvanometer, A new form of, • • ^ 217
GanguprasMa, Election of, . , , , , .«..•«*».. 159
„ SinUa, Election of, « , 120
dsa
It^eat.
Gimendramoliaiia Thakura, electioii o^ • * , • •*•
Ouriigita, «,•«•« •• 2fl
Buru Tantra • , *.• , , 28
Gulijatigiihya Tantra, ,., . . , , 28
Gja, Old town of, .., , 26
,y P]iDtogi*aplxa of, • .•^,... .....*. ...** 282
Gyawals, Horses of the, ...,*. i .**...* • •• 2^3
Gymno dactyl us La wderanusj • ...<«..**..«»*.. 194
f^ maculatus, ••., «....•«*• *•.•• 19<^^
^ marmoratoifi, « • .„ ^S^H
„ nebulosua, ., .,•.*«....•• 194 ^
HabiburrahiMa (MaiUavi) election of, t.. • • 120
Hafk Bahmat, the Eoliilah chief, ' • 127 I
Hakim AH, Faujdar of Sambal ^ 127
Haji Siilainian, ,., • * -•..*..• 271
Halim Kldn, eon of Shamsuddii!, ...•••••..•.•••.«...*..<•• 247
Halayudha'a Pingala Ckhandaautra, .« • • •
Ilallsaliar, ••.,... • • «•'•»..*»...... 27fl
Hamilton (CoL 0.), Election of, , .••••«..«
Hamus, #*-...►•*,... «..*..
Kara BuelxaDani, ••...
„ conta, , , 200
Harchoka, Antiquities of, 57| 230, 283
Harisckandra, king of Eohtasgarh, * , 273
HarkncBS (T, F.), Election of, . , 52
Haraoliandra Cliaudhuri, election of, * • 55
Harinama nirita, ......,, ••,••• 282
Harrison's (A* 8.), inscriptions, •*•.••**••....* 126
Hasan Abdil, Anrungzeb at, , * 126
Hastings, Note of Warren, - * * . 80
Hathiyaphul gateway, 274
Heliot}T;)e, 240 ,
HemidactyluB aurantiacus, , l9d|^H
,, Berdomorei, .•,,,,,,,. .,»..., 193^^
,, beugalensis, ,.,.,.,,» - -•.••«•. 1 93
,, Coetroi, 193
iemidactylus, frenatus,
giganieus,
Gaudamai ^
gracilis,
Karenorom,
Kelaarti, , .,•••. *... 174,
Leschenaultii, , * 1 74,
maculatuB,
Maude liaaus,
marmoratus; Notes on,,
Mortoni,
Piereeii,
eulitriedrus,
Sykesi,
,, tiriedruB,
Hinulia Duasimieri,
„ indica,
,1 maciilata,
Biranjakes'i aiitra,
Horites pallid U8«
Horse^ Polydactyliflm in,
Hovendou {Major J, J.), Death of,.
Howell {A. P.)> ^eotioQ o^.
Hum^jda Bakht,
,, Death of»
Husain 6hah, Coin of,
„ Khan Sur, father of Sher Shah,.
Hydrocoleum Lenormandi,
„ Tiolaceum,
Hygrometric obseryationi on the plains of India,*
Hypheothrix investienti,
subundiilata, «,. ««.
„ tenax, ..* •
H jpotriorchis aubbuteo, ...*•*••« ••••,«••«•.••*•
Hypoglossum pygmoeunii • • • • ■
Hypsirhina enhjdrii, ,....,,.» • .
Ibrahim Sh&h, Com of, ,.,. ,
„ lOiau Patlijang, ..,,,, • . . - .
Ichthyocampus carce, , , »
Indian Architecture, Antiquity of, ,.«•.,.,,,., » . . •
„ Museum, Br. Stulitzka a trustee of, . • . •
Inertia and time, Connection between, ,,,*»..,..•.
Inscriptions, Arabic and Persian, . , • • * . , . . . ,
„ from Agrah, . , ♦...••••
II of B^Migal, Arabic, ...... •*.......
,1 from Bardwan, , .*....••••••••••«•«••
p, irotn Bareli, * , . , . , « • ■ • • •
,, from B ;r8ee Taklee^.. •«•••»•,•,.#«.•.••
,, from Chaibasa, , , «•....
„ from Cbutia Nagpur, *.
„ from n arch ok a,
11 from Pf irt A tuik, ...••.....*.<• • • •
^, from Slkandarpur, »**...«..••
Isaac (J« S.)i Eloetion of,
Ifiina Sanhita, * ....••
leVara-gita, ....«.«•« • . • . »
Iqbdlganj named after Iqbal Aili, • . •»•••«
Jyotihsagara sara, * •,..*.
Jmina Tantra, *,.•*•« r , ., ,
Jigatzi, ,«*. ,. ,
Jesar-Ishwaripur, Antiquities of, ••..,•,
Jelup-la, *. .•*•**
Jardine^ (E>] Decease of, ,.
Japan copper, Bale of, .., » ,.*••»,,,,,,.
Japalura variegata, , .,<...• • •« , ••*.,,
,, microlepifl, ,, •
James (J. 0. N,), on a Thunderstorm which passed over
Calcutta, *».
Jama, • • • * « » • *.......,•,,.
Jajpur, Antiquities of, »•••• ••• ««.
Jahandar Shall killed, »..,•.
Jagr^on, HiBtory oi, ....•••••••»•, •«•*•#«# • ...
135
I27j
^47]
indim, ^^^^^V tax
Fag0
Kaiqubad, » ..,• , 98
Kalkapore, Water course of, ♦..•... 90
Kalingpungin, tlio Baling Dunr, . » , , • 167
Kaliprasunna Glioslja, Election of, 196
„ 8iiilia Death of, ..... . • 22
Kall-saliasrauama stotra, .«,, .,...•«•••••••. 282
Kali Haliasran&ma, . . . « *,...«,. •••«*)«•!«. 282
£alistaTa raja, * . 282
Kamba-jong . . ... . • ,,•,•••• ... 1 03
Kimarupa y4tra, ....».••.. ,..*• **, 282
„ „ paddkati, • 282
Kama suti'd, . . . « 7
Kampti, Birds from, ,• ...* 78
Kanthuko, .,,, , 102
Kanclitilika, 102
Kapila SaDhtti, ..••...•• ...«....•«»*•••. ••.., 7
Kama Chapar, Pliotograph of, 2dS
Karam Bid Khan, tjhief of the Oakkars^ . , 104
KarpUTiietava tika, «, ... S82
Karacha, Devi, ......«•« 282
„ Matrika jaganmancjala, 223
„ Vagalamukki, , 282
Kavenagh (J.)^ Decease of, , 22
Kowwa Dol rock, ,,,,,.,•...,., 237
Kendowar caste, ....... •..,,. 98
Kerivoula fusea, , 215
,, Hardwiokii, .*... 215
I, pieta 215
Kesbada's Prayogasiira, 7
Ketantya gate of Kohtasgarh, ..•••... 274
Khai-akpitr, Rajaha of, , .•..,, 98
Khorgo Singh, ..•,, ., 99
Khushgo, » ,.. „ 128
King (Dr. G.) elected a member of Council, 22*5
Kispa, Photographs of,, ..••.••• , 201
Indian Lizardai ...» , 19i
Pa^0
Koel river, 269
Kotich, Piiotographa of, •*....•»#» 263
Kongra Lama pass, •••«•.••«•••**»»• 168
Koaha, M^trikfi, . . • ; 283
„ Vija, .. ..„ 282
Kshetra maliatmya 282
Kund Petta Miihewara, 254
Kuntlus (The) of Bli^cryakula, 277
Kurkibur, Photographs of, 267
Kurpasa, , , 102
Kurz (S.) OB Bengal Algro, ,., 1 70
Labeo cursa, , . . , , » ,„ 206
„ Dussunueri, .,...•..«*.•« • » * • 207
„ morala ....••• 206
,y Bandina, , 207
„ pangusia, ,••.*..,, 2U6
Labrus badi ...» ••«.,.*• 205
„ darki, * 20^
Lacheo, ,.,..,,.... 16^
Lachung • ,. 161
Lacuna, •.... •%• 10|
Lacmiaria, 112
LaharpUTy 178
Lhassa, ^ 1 G8
Laldarwaza of Rohta&garh, , 275
LandHhells from Moulmein, 209
Landakia melaBura, •........, lS9
„ tuherculattt, 188, 18?
Leeds (B. J.)> Withdrawal of,
Lebra in Budb Gj a, 25|
Leibleinia Juliana, 17^
Lepidocephalichthjs balgara^ . . , , , 202
Leptorbytaon jara, 192
Leptothrix mamillosa .•-•........... .„., 173
„ muralis, ,. , 17J|
tepus tebetanufl, , . , 28
Indm.
S27
Letlibridge on the Dutch records, .,,•.«,..••.., 77,
,1 on the Gakkhars m Tibet , , • • •
Leucosticte hoematopy gia , • . » #
Library, AdaitiL>iis to the, 19, 53, 78, 93, 117, 156, 135. 175,
222, 228, 250,
,, Annual Boport on, ,.....,♦
Lingtu *.....
List of Dutch records, ,
LithoglyphuB, .,...•.....«•..
Littorlna ,
Lizards, Little known, •••.,.. «•.«.............•,......,..
Lourya near Are-raj ,
Lushais, Figures represeDting the, , .,
Lyman (B. S ) a life member, , * . *
Lyngbya cincinuata, , * , , » • . ♦ ..•,•„.
„ cinerascena, ♦ * . . . , •-.,• . *.. »...
„ inajuscula, .»
Mabouia, Blytliiant^, •....••
,, tfouiolata, .... •
Mackenzie (Dr. 8. C.)» Withdrawal of,
Macnamara (Dr* F, N ) Ee-election of,
Macroglossusi minimus, , •* . ,
^j spelteus, .. , . , * . . .
Macrones cavasius, » . ,
,, ilchkeea, ...,.,,.*.
„ tengana, • • * * ^ •
,, tengara,
,, trachacanlhua,
Madana p;iiijat<i» ..- •*-,..
Mttdliu Sing uf Kokra, . , r. ...«
Mrklial Sarai palace, *,.*.....«....•.. ,..
MaLavira Sv.imi» • t • • • • • • . . ^ »
[ahda north of Kharakpur, , , ••»••
Halopterure kazali, <m»**«>* ^ • •••.
Malapteruiiia coila, ..•••••«...* ,........,..,
Mancar near Boodbood, , , , . ,,.,,». »,
P&fe
Mn Stog, Ticeroj of BOiAT, ..,, ..,., 274
Mmrgaiah Pmi oonilnkctod I17 Attnmgzeb#„ ••*•«••••••. 126
Maitensy Luiof BarBta AlgSD, ITS
ILirtin, (B. L,}, atrack off, .« ........ &3
Malriki-koclti, ««....« «• 28i
Ifjtnkijagnnmmjnlifc^kayaclia, ••«•••••.«,.«.*•*.,«**.. 263
lUtnka-KotliAtikft, *.. 2S2
Mayurblwuija, #•••••* •...• 180
ll«]£a«tor on Nagpora birdS| ........••«.*. 78
lUidae AIU Khan, HoiiM of, 90
ICeelbg Annualf .•.•.•••...«.. •«•..«• ••*•*«*•« Si
„ HonUiij General, 1, 52, 55, 81, 95, 119, tS7. 159,
177, 225. 231, 251,
HegapodtoA moobariemBis, , « » , , 82
Memberi Liat of, i-xrlit
,, propofled, 1, 52, 55, 82, 96, 120, 138, 160, 178, 22,
251, 257
„ elected, 1, 52, 55, 82, 06, 120, 138, 160, 178, 221,
231, 251
Menander, Coin of, •.•.••••••.*.. 279
Mieroeyntiii olivacea, , * 171
Milo» (Caiit. G, B ). Election of, , , 177
Mluiopttiria ausiralU, .,« «•••,..,.,.. IO8
Mirat, Fort of, , , , . 98
Hirsai MahaJlah, built by Hakim All, • , 127
Mocoa Baora, • 195
„ sikkimensift, , * . . » ,*.•«...«...« • 1 95
MfKliihm, ,,, 113
Mofu.Hfiil records, Ilistoric'al value of, , 87
Moll tiHoa, Torres trial, from Moulmein, , ,., 19
MoatiXringilltt Adatnsi, 227
„ ruficolUa, 227
Motaoilla caahmirenAla, • , , 210
„ Lusonenais,. , < « 210
„ pomonata, , • 210
Moulmein Mollusca, •••»....•»,.« 19
Pitge
Mugahabodha Uka, 282
Mahammad Bedar Bakbt, son of Ahmad Shah, »,...• 97
,, Haeau, (Khalila Sayyid), Election of, 137
Shah,.. , -• 127
Mugil albula, „•.• 205
,, hongon, , ••••«•• 202
,1 cephalusi ....t*^ • .*.*• •.•.«..•••. 205
,^ kaskasiya, ••#,«• ••••••.*•- • • - • • 205
„ Itevia, ..., 205
yy nepalensis, * 253
1^ planirtepSy « 203
Miindamal^ Tautraj 282
MimglaDeyay ,.^. ««.••••• .•...•..»»*.. 254
Huuim Klian, Akbar'a Khaa Khanan, » Hi
Miiriaa suillus, ,.....*, • » **«..• •* 215
Mmii^ua bagio, . , ,,.. ..< *• «.,.••••• 20l
,, bamach, •..•.•.... 201
,i raiiaboura, « , t*.*t*«* 20l
Murfenesox cinereus, ,,.. , , , ,« ,,•,, . « ,« 201
Murcenopbis bazi, . . . * , ,,,,, ,»„.,» 201
Musoum Building, Correspondence on, .,., . . . 60
„ Eeport on the, , 25
Mu2airar Ali, ,. .,_ ».... 68
Muzailargauj named after Muzaffar AH, • . . . •« • 9^
Mystu3 chitda, 208,
,, ramcarati, »• ,.„ ,, ,. , »,,,,,, 203
K6diju6na dipika, ,...,,*•• , , 283
Nagurjnni, ., , 258
Kaqib Khan, „, 142
KagpuT, Birds from, , 78
I, (Chutea) BloL-hmann on, ..,.•... 1 32
Narada'a Vedic phonetics, , , , ,,.,. 5
Katdgurha on the Nawadah road, 267
Nowada Koad, 26f J
Neil, Dr. A., contradiction of Mr. Pheor'e stfttemeatj ...... 121 1
„ (Dr* A.), Election of, ^^^•♦•.••ap^L-*' • ••• • • 225
Page
Nemi-tso, ....•.••••....•*«.• b ....« t ••••• • •••* 167
NtTitoideSi •••«»*.••••• lis
Ketlierlatids iDdia, Adminstratioa of, •«*•«..,. 87
Newton (J. )f Election of, t
Kigama tutva * *. *..«»•.. 282
Niltt Tantra, ••. 280, 282
Nirv^pa Upouishad »• , 283
Nivi» a kind of Hindu dress, •«• , ..* 102
NizimuiidiUf ...»* 246
Norman (The Hon. J. l^,), Asaassiuation of| . . . . • • < . • • 226
Kostoc gregnrium, ,...«... • »,,,...*..•••••••.• 170
N<jtices of Sanscrit MSS>, Kemarka on, ••«••••••«•,«••#•« 12
Nutjrah Shah, 1 25
Nundfilula Bose atruck off, , • , 58
Ntiria danrica, •..*...•......«.••« 2l'8
Nyctitjejus atratua, .^.,. ,,, , 212
„ emarginatuSf •...•, • 21 1
Oatea (E. W), Election of, 137
Officers, Election of tlie, ...,•,.,. ,^ • 61
,, Beport on ..••.••••**.... 31
0*Kinealy (J,), Election of, , * . 225
Oldham's (Dr. W.), ArabJtj iascriptions, • ,„ 126
,, (Dr. T ) on Fachumha axes, ...,« 233
On&o, Chronicles of, , , . * .,, 1 27
OoDiga, Account of, •.,.,. , • • ,, 261
Opbichthys boro, * ..*.,. * . , 200
OpiiidiauB, Indian and Biirmes©, . .**•*.,. 191
Ophiocephulus anrantiacus, * • 1 97, 203
„ barca^ 203
,1 fttriatufl, 202
., wrablei 202
Ophiops Jerdoni, .••«••• ••.... ^.^ ••«...« 192
Ornithology of Cashmere, •••....... 209
Ophiops ndcrolepis, .«•*••*#•,••*,,.••••*»«• , 19S
Opluburus boro, ♦•••..••.......• **,■... 200
,» haifangoha, .•.•...•• *•. . • 201
Page
Opliisurus hijala, 201
y, rostratus, • , , 20 1
,, tilebaim, 201
Oriotiaris Elliotti, 194
Ormsby, (M. H.) Death of, • 22
OBborn (Capt. E. D.),. Withdrawal of, , 1 20
Oscellaria brevis, ..•••.•••............ 173
„ Froelichii, 170
,, interrupta, » 170
,, tenerrimay ••..••. » 173
„ versicolor, 173
Otocoris alpestris, • 227
„ Elwesi, 227
„ longirostris, 227
„ penicillata, 227
Otus brachjotus, 250
Oudh, Dutch trade in, 87
Ovis ammon, ^ 168
Pachumba Copper axes, 231
Paddhati, Dolarohana, 282
,, K&marupa ydtra, 282
„ Sandhya, 282
Paddrtha-Bangraha, 283
Pakshata Kahasya, ••••••. f.... 283
Palamau, Mughul invasion of, 179
Pali, Photographs of, ^ 261
' Palmella bullosa^ 171
Paratelphusa, 84
Pas'upas'a mokshanam, 119
Pavana vijaya, , 282
P6yaj4ma, 101
Peal (8. E.), Election of, 276
Pellona chapra, 205
„ motiiis, 205
Pellorneum rnficeps, 216
,, Mandellii, ,. 216
a32 IfUUx.
I
PeUomeiimTickclli,.,,*. ..,,. 216
Peply Factory, ....-*.,.,.,, 80
Peripia Cantorifl, ...•..».«..«••.•••••..,.. „ 194
Petrapon triyittatiifl, .a.^. ... .«• , 203
Philong,.. ....-• .-.. 168
Pliear, (J. B,), on atmoipherio pressure, * • 16
PhoueticB, Tedic, ,........*.. , , , 6
Phormidium LTnghyacaumi > 1 73
Photocallograpliic Printing, New Process of, 239
PhyllorMna, nicobarieiisis > . . • ....,,,,, 106, 105
PLjlloecopuB Begleetufi, •••.•• 216
„ pallidipes, • , «.«. 215
„ tristis, ,.. 216
„ Tytleri, • ;... 210
Phudong ...,..,...., 167
Piddington on deletrions ink, • .....*.. 83
Pingalachhanda Sutra, .....»..., ..*... 7
PimeloduB batasius, .« 190, 20i)
„ cardo, .«...., 200
„ changdramara, , 199
„ hara, • 199
„ khongata, 200
„ kurki, 200
„ manggoi, 199
„ nangra, 200
„ rama, 200
„ veridescens, 200
Fipistrellus affinis, 213
„ annectans, • 213
„ Austenianus, • •• 213
„ serotinus, ., 134
Pipley, Grants of lands at, 87
Pippaldda S'akha, 140
Pitha nirijaya, 282
Platycephalus insidiator, 204
Platystacus chaca,. , , , ,, • » .....••.. 199
Pleeiiodon AJdroTandi, • , ♦ , «••«•• 181
„ scutatuSf *.».«* »t«t»t*«* 1B4
Plouronectes arsi, , * * , 201
„ areius, » 201
Poly d act jlisra ia a horse, ....,«.••* * . • . . 18
Poljnemus indicua •••-•..•.. •••..«• 204, 209
„ paradiBeua, •....•...••.... • i . • » • 204
y, ieria^ *.,.•,.* 204
,, teti-adactyla, , , 204
Foljsiphotua angustiasima, * 172
ff poljehroma, , , l*ti
Poonawa, Photographs of, 267
Poonpoon river, Bridge over the, * • . . , 265
Praumra dan, •*.,#,♦• , , 247
Pras 'na-Kaumiidi, ,,•..•••«••••. 283
Pratab, son of Balbhadr, .♦♦.•.•.*,,«,,, , ,. 133
Pratapachandra Ghoaha, on Assam coins, , %Zi
„ on Chaibassa inscriiitions, . , 18(1 .
^f on Harchoka inscriptions, 237
Pratapa Devala, king of Eohtasgarh, , , 273
Pratt, (Capt, C. 80, Eloction of, 120
Prayogas^a bj Keshada, *.••*•••• ,,, 7
Presentations received, •,•»•.,♦•,•*,,»#.•••.. ,,., 1
Preeidont's Addrese S3
„ remarks on Inertia and Time, 165
,, ,, on Thunder-storms, 147
Propasser saturatus, ••«..••■•« * 213
„ thura,..«. .*•• ***••.* r**** 216
Protococcua yuIgariB, •*••*««• « * . 17l
Psammophia condauurus, ...••• 191
„ Leithei, .«.•.« ., ••«• ,..« , 19I
P&ilorbynchus balitora, .«.*.«*«. « 20
,, eucatio, « 20
Pseudophiops Beddomei, 19
„ Theobald], ,*.*.. 193
„ Jei-doni, , . 102
page
Psmidorhombus atftius, ..*.** 2<>l
Pseudeutropiua atherinoides, , • . • . • 1J)9
,, megolops, , . , , •.....•»*. 1 1>9
„ nenga, , , , , 1 99
„ unira, .i.*.i ••.••• 19d
Pterapon trivittatua, ♦...*,*,* 203
Publications^ Iteport on, ., * • . . . • « . • » • 24
PtirfiDa, Atma, . • • » • « • • • 7
„ Ekamrai , 7
„ Viihannaradija, 2%%
P^m ^a Varmma, i « 2^5
Purninandai liakra, • . « * 282
Puras charana rc^olldsa, • • , . , « 282
„ viueka, »•«•• *... 282
Pyada^i Eaja, » *** , 257
Qadirganj, named after Qadir Ali, . » , , » , 100
Qanauj ooine, ••..«.•• Ill)
Pddhanfitba Sikdora Death, of, 22
Bafi'uddarjat, 127
Bafi^nddaidali, • ...,., 127
Raia fluviatilis, , 20.S
Itii Fiiuz, , , . 247
Raizadeh Ratan Chand, grandson of Donee CUand, .,.,,,,» 104
EajabullabUa, , , 282
Bijabbanjaj .... * ••.•.•«.••••••.•.*......«..• 180
Rajapur, * ,.«*«# 178
Bajendralala Mltra, on tlie Allah U^ianiBhad, • • . , • 140
„ on Dress in Ancient India, 100
„ Notes on tlie Antiquity of Indian
Arohitocture, .,,,,,., II
„ Il<?ply to Mr. Chalmer*8 remarks,*. 13
^, on Sanscrit MSS., ,..,,.,. ^ 277
Rajgeer, Photograph of, .•,...,,,.... 261
Rnkal Da© Ilaldar, on Chutia Kagpui' in scrip tiona, • , , IU2
Ramltrishna Dasa, Election of, , , , , 120
RameBvar Mazumdar, , , ,,»«*...,.,«», 20
Index*
ado
jTft, Pliotograpli of,
JlanaLhanja,
, 263
_ , 180
Kana Kii^n, • • . . * f »....,*.« 98
Banizana, Tank of^ ••..., 247
Baelibihai'i Boee^ on Bliagulpore Legends^ . • • . • 116
,j on a Hinrlee work on Kharakpur^ . * 98
„ on Josar Isbwaripur, ..,.•,. 134
Eaal>ora daniconius, ••..»•,•• .••..,.■•.........• 205
,, elonga, . . , . « ...<....... . 206
Recess in September and October, .»...., 255
Reid (X R)» Election of, , 137
Blopa anguina, •«•••.....••....«« IQ5
y^ Hardwickii, .••.....» 1 95
y, alleopunctata, , , * « rJ5
^, Boringi, ,. .....*••. 195
Beport^ Annual, . , ••..•. .,«»....,,,, 2t
Ekinok, ..•••••.•..,, 107
Eliizoclonium Kocliianum, . . , 171
Ki8olla, 113
Rogers ^Capt, B), Election ofi 90
„ (0. J-), on the Death of Humajun, 105
Rogavinis'chaya, .•,,,•. 282
Eokilah Chief, Mausoleum of the, ,•..,, , 127
Rohtasgarh, Antiquities of, 273
Roliitasiva, founder of Rhotasgarh, . . • • • 273
Ross (T. M.), grant of land to, ^ 90
Roz-a&UD, • • • • • « * . * . 9B
Rakmini tank, * , 254
Rale 29, Ohange of the 235
Rundall (Col. T. H,)» Election of, •,.*.,,. 82
Sabine, (General) vie^ of atmoepherio pressure, , 15
Sa'diilah Khan, Yizier, 87
Bahabad, Antiquities of, , 272
Sahasrandntia 8tuti, . • 282
Saidpur road, , , 274
3'aktisangania Tontra, , 282
Fag4
Samanyabbava Eahasjai 28S
Somblial, Faujdar of, 127
Samuells (Capt> W. L.) Election of, 276
,1 on Harclioka, ,,,••., • 57
}, on Harclioka Antiquities^ , 236
,i on Pacliumba axes, « 231
,, Bock cut excayations at Harchoka, 283
Saudorson (C), Election of, , , ••♦*...*..•.• 96
Sandhya paddhati, * , , , » 282
Sangraha, Grautbai ••...,... •»..,••* 282
Sangram Skab, .*..•*..... 98
Sankiti, Battatreya, 282
„ Xaxnl^j * * • > * * 7
„ Siva, , • . , 98
,, Tsana, * . * ^ . . « . . • 282
S 'aiikai'uuaiida*s noto on Atharva Upanisliad, , , 5
8 dnkhayana Qrihya Sutra, ...*•«•,•., 7, 283
S 'ankbya Kaiimudi, * , 282
JSimanyalaksbana Kahasya, ,.•*,...*«.«..,• 283
Ban&crit MSB., Conservation of, 2, 277
B'dnti-s'ataka, w 282
S tolula Yarma, . . 259
Barasvatt Tantra 282
Sari, 102
BaBanaka, ,*..... * 285
Basseram, Pbutograpbs of, • 272
S^ataka, Gorakshap * . * 282
„ S'auti, 282
Saucbika, * . . • ».,.,.... 102
Sayyid Mabmud, of Barba, 127
Bcbwendler (L.)j Tests of bad insulators, , 72
Seincus officinalis, . « . .«•••.....«• 116
,y Mitranus, * . • • *•• «.•• 115
,y New species of, ••*.•• t » • » « # • • 96
rufegeens, ..••• •• •««.•••••• • 181
,, pavimentatuBi ••«<•«•••««#•«•(«••• ••## 181
I
I
Scincus punctatufl, , , , , , , 181
Scotopliilus fiiliginosai ..,,.. « • 212
„ fiilvidus, , . * , 212
„ cinereum, 171
Scytonema gTamelataniy » 172
„ 8Bruginio-cinereum j • 171
Boetamoree near Nadgurha, , * . .........#•• 207
Sehoree, Photographs of, , . , , , , , , , 263
8equestratic or Account Books, .... i »«..««..•• • • 91
Shahbttis Khan Kambu, .....*»...»»» 132
Bhaiatah Khan, 133
8hakarpari, ,..•.,.. ^ , • 276
Sliamshernagar, Photographa of, * .^ • • 263
Shamsudtliu, Date of, 249
8hat chakra tippani, • . • 282
,, vivriti tika, ..•.»*..•• 283
Sherif 111 Omra (Sir) Election cancelled, ,,. 58
Bherer (J. W.), struck otf, 58
Sher Afkan, Tomb of, , , , 128
Bfier Shah, Tomb of, , 272
Shikarabad nortJi of Kharakpur, * , , , 99
Shunt's Galvanometer of Latimer Clark, ...,.•*•,,«•**«• 219
Sikkim Birds, , .,,.... 215
„ (Independent), Account of, 167
„ „ Viaitto 226
S ikshfis, . . . , • 7
Sillago domina, « ,.,.*.... 208
Bmha-Tjigraha Eahaaja^ , 2H3
Simroun, the aneieut Capital of Mithila, •»••••••• 270
Bimotea bicateuateR, •••..• 191
Siphonaria, Anatomy of, , 119
Bisor rabdophorus, ..••••••••••.. 199
Bitaua ponticeriana, •..«.•,......•..*• .••••••• 194
Sitta cashmerensiB, ••,•««••■»•••*««,..«•* 209
,, himalayanas, « . • « • 209
iTa-Biinhita, . . . . « ..*..,.«*..•...••.. 282
238
Indejs^
81caiifla Pui-tt^a, •«.«*.•• * « 4 ^ t « • . •
Smith (J.), Election of, »
8mriti*clnmdriya sradJliakala, , • » ♦ ♦ ♦
Spectroscopic analysis of the Corona, * . . -
BpirogjTa decimina, , • , , , * , *
,; euboaqua^ • • • • • i *
Bpironema, .•..,..«,•.«•.•, ...*••...»
Bph'iih'oa oscillarioides, ,..».••..
Sqiiallns characias, •«••»•••«•«
SraddhaTitlhi, .,....••.•«.•••••,•,•,,«.
B'riguruafthaBranama stotra, ••,,.*
S^rautaprayaseliitta chandrika, *
B 'ribhaktiratnavali, •.••», * * « 1 1
B^rigunj BahaBranima, ,.«,«.,
Btaurospermiim c^erulescenBi « • • • • m «.■ a^* «••••!•» •«<
Btava, Gangfi, . . , , , ,.,,,.,,.»»..,
Stellio DayanuBy
,^ indicua, »....•..•
-,, melanuriiSf .••••«*..,
,, tubereulatuSy * .....«• 181,188,
Btenotis^ « • * • ,.....,
Stevens (H. W.), Withdrawal of,
Btolephorus bulitoraj » ,..•....• t •••.*•••*... •
,y 8uketl| • .....*
Btoliczka, F., on the Anatomy of Cremnoeonchus, ,•...,,,
„ on atmospheric pressure,*.. • • , *
,, on Mr. Blanford*8 paper on Sikkim, ,
,, on the geographical disti'ibution of Telphusidwj .,
,^ on Indian and Bunnese 0j)hidian9 ,
,, on Monlmein Terrestrial MoUusca, . . . • ,
„ appointed trustee of the Indian Museunip ...,..*,
Btotra, Durgidddimanama, . . . •
p K^li Baliasranaina, ,
I, S^riguru eahaaranama, •*.....,. **...••
,, 8 y^ma» , ^
^ Yagalamukloi »
113
Indsa*
a^9
Strachcy (CoL E-), on Bai^ometnc Curves, , . . 65
,, Bemarks on Baromoters, •,»•.,*...* 15
St, John, on Arracau celts, , ,.,.•....♦.•, 83
Stubba (Major), on a MnUammadan coin, , 97
Sturnns unicolor, ,•..,. *.••.. 210
,, niteuSj t* t... 210
Sut-^hika, , , . 102
Sudama Eshi cave, , , 257
Suddhi Dipika , ••.. 1B3
Sun, Spectroscopic examination of the, 1 38
Simdari saktldana tika^ , 181
,, Baktidana, •....• 232
Sureavaraa, notes on Briliadaranyaka Upacishad, 5
Siirajknnd, Temple of, 254
Svarodaya, 282
Svatautra Tantra, ........... 2s2
S'yama-etotra/ ,.,.,,.... 282
Sygnatliua deocata, .••......•••« * 204
„ klaarke, • 204
8yn-hapto3 tibotonus, 168
Tachydromus Haughtonianiis, , . , , 192
,, maridionfolia, 1 92
„ Beptemtrionalis, 1 9*2
„ eexiineatus, , 192
Talxawwnr Singh^ DH
Tukarudi Svarupa,, , 282
Talborfc (T. W. H,) Notea on Dera Ismail Khan, 17
Tankra-la, * . . . . 167
Tantra, Aeliaraftahasra, 283
,, Brahmaj nana» ...••.• 282
„ G^jatri brJlhmanoll^ba, 28^ J
„ Gui'u, ... 282^
„ Guliyati gnhya, 282
„ Jn^na, ••^••••••••••««^«».«. 28i
„ Muiidamila, ,,..,.... ...»....,. .• 283
„ Nila, 282
340
Index,
Tantra SiiktisaDgamn • .
I, &ira| (Mahat) Bi-alimaJDaua, • • .
y, Sarasvatij
,, Svatantra^
,, NotoB on. • • , , • •
Tanyek-tsoi * * • . . . .,..«.
Torka Ealiasya, , .......*
Tattvauu aandlidiiai . . « .....•».. « . «
Tattra prakasika, , t . •
I, sandliinai ,
Telpbusa Gueritii, ,
,, indica, ••.,.••.
„ Leschenaultiiy ,,. ...••
TelphuBida.^ Malayan and Indian, 83|
Tennaiit (J. R), Election of,
,, „ elected Membor of Couuoil,
,, on Inertia and tinio, •
„ on the total eclipso of Doer lltli
)» Biiggeetiona for visitors to the total oclipse,
Telegraph earth, Test of, . . , , »
Teetudo Phayrei, Notes on, • • •
Tetrodon cuteutiai , ,..
,, kariya phoksa, ...•,••,••......
Theobald (W.), on Aracan Bhella, , , , .
„ on Moiilniein aheU, •....,,,,,,,,,,. ...
Thomas (T,), Withdrawal of,
Thorapon eervus,
Thimder-etorm,
Tibet, Observations on atmospherii: prttsenre in, . *
Tij Eai of Palamau, ,..••..•• «.«.......
TinnuncnluB alandarius, ,,,.....
Tippani, Shatchakra,
Tirhut, Antiquities of,
Tiata (The)
Todor Mull, Birthplace of, ...,.,,. ,
Todar MaU of Bihar,
M^.
Ul
TrefTts (0.), Election of, . • • . • . • . . 82
Tricliiurua leptiirus, ••••..• 204
Tricliogaster fasciatiis, chiina, eotra, laliiis, sota, «•...•«*., 201
Trichopodua beje, ceonilescens, colisa, fuscus, rubor, vittatus, 20 1
Trimeresurus Andersoni, ..••., ••••••.• 192
Tropidonotua bellules^ himalayaiiufl, junceus, macrops, ma^
croplthalmus, plumb icolor, quincunctiatus, eikkimeasiB,
subminiatus, , • . • , • 191
Tugliril Khan, , .,,.••... 2l7
Tunnavaya, »..•#•«#• • • • « • .,,,,•«•« 102
Turka Tippani, •-•... 28$
Trygon sephen, ...,..•, * •••,•• 20.*)
Trypancben vagina, • « t • « • 204
Tylognathus boga • . . 206
TypUlops andamanensis, braminus, Lothriorhyncbus, Hora-
fieldi, pammeces, porrectus, Tboobaldanua, 191
UpaniBliad, Akshamalika 283
,, Anuapiirna, •« •••.. 283
„ Commentary on Atkarvaj .....•...••...« 5
^, Bribad^an 'yakoi • • 5
„ Ekaksbara, . , , . , , . 283
„ Nirvana, , 283
,1 Yajnavalkyai , *. . . 283
Vaditbika kubba, , 269
Yagalamukbi*kavaoba» * • * t ««,,,•• • 282
Yagala patala, • « • 282
Yaisala identifiod witb Bukra^ .*«*., 270
V^akrisbn 'ashtukai , * . . t 283
Tapiya well, . , 250
Yapour, Actual tension uf, , 15
. Yasisbtba yogakanda, • ....••...•..•*«•.•... 282
Yastu Homa, 282
Yespertilio Blanfordi, nepdonsisj pacbypuS| •«•••«•• 314
I Yespertilionidso, New Indo-Cblneso, .,,,,* •.... 210
Ye^perns Andordoui, atratu^j, fidiginoBa^ pracbiotiB, pra-
cbypua, ,.••,*,..•..»..••«.,., 211| 212
342
iMte.
Vijakosha, 281
Yigesharya'pti bbava EoLasya, Sa,
VishBU Pad in Gya, ...**...... 2
Virarana Bh^lija, .••,«• i •.. t *.••....« . 283
Vrihanndradija Purana, ...•»•»•*.»**•••*»#••«• • • 2;
Yj^karana bhdra, . . • ••»»**.«» •...*.«* 21
Vyaptanugama Eabasja, ..•••, 283
Vyaptigrahopaja Eahasya, , , i , , • 283
Vyapti panchaka Eahasya, . - , • • • • . 283
Vyfivaatlianiana, 283
Waagen (W ), Election of, 52
Walker (A. G.), struck off, , , . . 57
Wallace, (W. A. J.), WitLdrawal of, , 138
Wax'da birds, ..,,,.. •..,.••,.... 116
Warth (H), Withdrawal of, 27^
Waterhouse, J.,on new Plioto-callograpluc printing process, 23^H
West Berar Temples, Photographs of, * * * , ^^^|
Whisham (J, B.), struck of, w . . . , • 5™
Wilkinson, (J.) strnek off, • . . , 57
WiUiaina (0.) struck off, 58
Wikon (J.), Election of, » 55
Wood-Mason (J.) on Telphusidee, • 78,
Xavier*s (Jerome) Life of the Twelve Apostles, ••.•.....• 1
Yakla,... 157
Yati bhueani, ....»,.... 28]
Zabardast Khan, I
Zamenis fasciolotus, ....•• .•.,,«..« IDl
Zosterops simplex, 1
Meteorological Olservaiiom.
I
Abstract of the JRemlh of the Hourlif Meteorological OlsenatioM
taken at the Surveyor General's OJjice, Calcutta^
in the month of January 1871.
Latitude 22° 33' V North. Longitude 88° 20' 31/' East.
Heiglit of tlie Cistern of tlie Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Oliserrations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
5^.
Itan^e of tlit* Eurorii(>ter
'3 g
IJange of the Tonipera-
diirliij^ the diiy<
^1
tuie during the day.
!
Date.
Max,
Miu.
DiE
Max.
Min.
DiflT.
Indies.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
o
o
0
o
1
29.907
29.998
29.843
0.165
71.5
81.6
63.5
18.1
2
.934
30.009
.883
.126
72.9
81.2
66.4 148
3
.986
.072
.928
.144
67.1
73.7
60.5 : ]3.2
4
30.009
.107
.941
.106
62.3
70.0
66.0 ]4X)
6
29.909
.031
.897
.134
61.7
70.8
54.0 M\M
6
.954
.024
.889
.135
63.9
73.5
b^.6 37.0
7
.986
.059
.931
.128
65.7
75 2
58.0
17.3
8
.981
.056
.930
.125
67.0
76.7
59.5
17.2
9
.986
.073
.936
.137
65.7
76.2
57.0
19.2
10
.970
.047
.912
.135
65.5
75.5
66.7
18.8
11
.948
.016
.910
.105
66.8
78.0
57.5
20.5
12
.962
.042
.921
.118
60.8
74.5
60.5 1 14.(>
13
.977
.058
.923
.135
65.7
76.5
57.2 19.3
14
.996
.072
.943
.129
65.7
77.5
66.2 21.3
15
.986
.067
.931
.136
60.8
78.4
57.3 21.1
16
.971
.041
.901
.140
68.9
79.5
60.0 1 19.5
17
.945
.004
.9(X)
.104
70.0
79.2
61.2 ' 18.n
18
.982
.062
.930
.132
72.7
79.4
67.8 11.(5
19
30.005
.106
.943
.163
72.3
79.8
65.4 1 1.4
20
29.976
.076
.897
.179
68.8
75.7
62.0 ; 13.1
21
.943
.022
.881
.141
60.1
75.0
68.3 ' 10.7
22
.959
.022
.913
.109
66.9
76.6
60.0 10.(5
23
.989
.065
.932
.133
68.7
78.8
60.5 ! 1S.3
24
.984
.053
.947
.106
70.0
80.3
i 62.1 17.9
25
.977
.062
.923
.139
71.3
81.5
i 03.5 i 18.0
26
30.037
.119
.960
.159
69.3
70.9
1 02.2 14.7
27
.057
.148
.990
.152
65.0
75.0
1 57.5 17.5
28
.032
.115
.906
.119
Ct.6
71.7
1 55.5 19.2
29
.011
.099
.944
.155
668
77.3
i 5S.4 ! 18.9
30
.013
.099
.962
.137
69.4
79.5
1 01.0 • 18.5
31
.029
.101
.988
.116
70.9
81.0
1 61.0 19.4
1 1
The Mean Height of the Barometer, an UVe-^V^ci N\\^\^^^ t^w\"^ ^v ^v^
Thermometer Menns are derived, from " ^ c)\i'&<iYN^NAQ\\'i,xs^^^^ '^"^ ^^"^
5(^rei«/^ours during the day.
u
Meteorological Observations.
AbMtract of the ResulU of the Jlonrl^ Meteorological Observationi
taken at the Surveyor GeneraVs OffieCj CalcttUa^
f» the month of January 1871.
Daily Meiui8, Ac. of tlie Obserratmns and of llie Hjjfrometrical element!
dependent Ibereon. — fConiinu^ni,)
Bate.
^
^
a
0
0
0
0
Jncljes.
T.RT.
T.gr.
65,0
6.5
59.8
11.7
0.620
5.69
2.69
60,3
6.6
61.0
11.9
.541
.93
.80 '
69.0
8.1
52.5
14.6 1
.44)7
4.60
.82
55.9
6.4
&}.!
12.2
.375
.19
.12
56.0
5.7
60.9
10.8
.385
.31
1.88
68,6
6.3
53.8
10.1
.425
.73
.90
60,7
5.0
56.7
9.0
.469
5.19
.83
6<3.9
6.1
56.0
ILO
.458
.07
223
59.4
6.3
54.4
1L3 1
.434
4.81
.21
59.0
6.5
53.8
1L7
.426
.71
.27
60.5
6.3
55.5
11.3
.450
.99
.27
60.0
6.8 1
54.6
12.2
.437
.84
.42
58.0
7.7
61.8
13.9
.397
.40
.62
58.0
7.7
51.8
13.9
.397
.40
.62
58.5
8.3
51.9
14.9
.398
.41
.85
60.9
8.0
54.5
14.4
.435
.80
.94
63.0
1 7.0
57.4
13.6
.480
5.27 ,
.73
66.1
6.6
60.8 '
11.9
.537
.88
.80
65.2
7,1
: 59.5
12.8
.515
.63
.95
61.9
6.9
56.4
12.4
.464
.11
.60
§9.7
6.4
54.6
11.5
.437
4.84
,26
60.4
6.6
55.2
11.7
.445
.93
.35
61.9
6.9
66.3
13.4
.462
5.10
.59
63.6
6.4
56.5
11.5
.498
.47
.53
65.8
5.5
61.4
9.9
.548
6.02
.31
6L9
7.4
56.0
13.3
.158
6,05
.78
! 50.5
9.1
49.:i
16.4
.363
4.04
.96
50.8
7J
50.6
13.9
.381
.24
.52
59.6
7.2
53.8
13.0
.4^5
.70
.66
63.0
6.4
57.9
11,5
.488
5.36
.60
6i.9
6.0
60.1
, 10.8
.525
\
.76
\
.47
,69
.67
.63
.63
.61
.62
.66
.68
.66
.66
.68
.68
.66
.68
.72
.65
.58
.63
.65
.68
,70
1
f/gromeiricol elomeutft tie compuU4\ii HXitQtT^<iuVv?^Q<yM\^aXi*
Meieoi'oloffical Otservathns,
ml
Ahitraet of the Hemlh of He Hourff Meieorolo^kal Oliervaihns
iakm ai the Surveyor Generates Office^ Calcuita,
in ike month of January \^1\^
HomrJj Means, &c. of Uie Observntionfl and of tW HjRTometrical elementfl
dependent thereon.
•su
Hftnge 4
:>r tlie Biiro meter
^
Itan^e of the Temperm-
III
for eaeb hour during
11
tur« for each Lonr
the mouth
1^
during
the month.
Hour.
Max.
Min.
Diff.
Mm.
Mis.
Dir.
Inches.
Inches.
Itiehes.
Inches.
0
o 1
0
D
Mid-
nigiit.
29.981
30.064
29J96
0.168
63.9
71.6
58.3
13.S
1
.972
JM9
.892
.157
63.2
70.0
57.2
12 8
S
.9B4
.038
.883
.155
62-5
69.4
66.0
13.4
%
.967
.031
.894
.137
61.9
68.5
66.7
12.8
4
,956
.026
.896 !
.131
61.3
68.0
56.6
12.$
5
.964
.061
.906
.145
60.8
67.8
56.0
12.8
e
J77
.072
.916
.166
00.4
68.0
54.2
13.8
7
ao.ooi
.101
.941
.160
60.1
68.0
64.0
14.0
8
.031
.120
.970
,150
62.3
68.4
67.7
10.7
. 9
.067
.148
.991
.157
65.5
71.7
69.7
12.0
lio
.061
.142
■WO
.144
69.2
755
62.5
13.0
1"
.043
.114
.976
•139
72.0
77.6
65.0
12.6
^oon.
.014
.082
.941
.141
74.0
79.0
67.0
IS.O
1 i
29.979
.046
.899
.147
75.6
80.4
68.5
11.9
9
.954
.028
.873
.155
76.6
81.2
69.4
11.8
8
.939
.013
.861
.162
77.1
81.6
70.0
ii.e
4
.931
.014
.843
.171
76.1
80.6
69.0
1L6
L ^
.934
M2
.846
.176
74.8
79.5
67-9
1L6
1 ^
.948
,040
.856
.186
71.8
76.7
66,5
11.3
' 7
.959
.056
.870
.186
69.6
74.3
63.2
11.1
8
.978
.067
.880
.187
67.8
72.6
61.6
ii.a
9
.992
.079
.893
.186
66.7
72.6
60.5
12.1
10
.998
.082
.899
.183
65,6
72.0
69.6
12.6
i"
.993
.075
.894
.181
64.8
71.8
68.6
13.2
I
I
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as
Thermometer Means are derircd from the
houra during the month.
like wise the Dry and "Wet Bulb
obscrrations made tvt tW ^^t-^^tx^
i
IV
Mi'itiorologlcifl Ol^erra /iouf.
Ah:tfi'acf of the llit^nllH of Ihp Uonrlif MeieoroUg'ical OUervations
iakcH at the Sanetjor GeneraVs Ofjice, Calcutta,
id the month of January 1871.
Hourly Means, kc. of llic Oksorva lions and of tlie ITygronietrical clemcnii
dependent tliereon. — (Continued.)
1
i
^ 1
1
1
Ep
Cm
O
Vapour
of air.
?-1l 1
r5
o
«.- ^
«*- r "?
Hour.
-3
1
1
a
c
c Ji 3
(S3
1
1
ft-
5 8.1'
brs q
0
0
0
0
Indies.
T. gr.
T.gr.
Mid-
niglit.
60.1
3.8
56.7
7.2
0.460
5.22
1.41
0.7^
1
69.0
3.6
5(>.4
6.8
.461
.17
.:«
.8(>
2
5<J.2
3.3
6(L2
6.3
Mn
.15
.20
.81
3
5S.G
3.3
55.6
6.3
.452
.(>(>
.17
.81
4
5H.2
3.1
55.4
5.0
.410
.02
.10
.82
5
b7.7
3.1
5 1.')
5.0
.411
4.0 1
.08
.82
(*>
57.1
3.0
5^.7
5.7
.1.8S
.01
J)i
.S3
7
57.1
3.0
51.1
5.7
..J 81.
.80
.08
.83
8
5S.1
4.2
51.3
8.0
.!:«
.88
.48
.77
K)
5i>.rt
5.7
55.2
1().8
.115
.05
2.03
.71
10
61.1
S.l
5 1.0
11.0
.187
.Si
3.(K)
.02
11
02.0
10.0
51.0
18.0
.428
.00
.81
.55
I^oori.
62. t
11.6
5i.3
10.7
.482
.71
4.83
.52
]
6:i.O
12.6
51.2
21.4
.131
.08
.80
.40
2
m.o
18.5
58.5
28.0
.421
.57
5.18
A7
3
08.1
18.7
58.8
28.8
.425
.01
.81
.47
4
(58.0
18.1
58.8
22.3
.425
.()2
.01
.48
5
08.2
11.0
55.1
19.7
.414
.81
4. 12
.52
(i
08.1)
7.«
57.0
U.2
.483
5.20
3.16
.03
7
08.L
0.2
58.1
11.2
.400
.40
2.11
.00
8
02.0
5.2
5S.4
9.4
.400
.18
.00
.73
9
02. 0
4.7
5S.2
8.5
.408
.15
1.78
1 .75
]0
(U.l
4.2
58.0
7.0
.1^0
.42
.58
.77
11
60.7
4.1
57.1
7.4
.-180
.33
.50
.78
AU tho Jl jgrometrical clemeuts are computed by the Grceuwicli Constant*.
Meteorological Olservationa.
Abstract of the lieauli'S of the Hourly Meteorological Observations,
taken at the Sui^et/or GeneraVs Office^ Calcutta^
in the month of Jantmry 1871.
Solar IJadiation, Weather, Ac.
Wind.
c
Prevailing
S
H
General aspect of the Sky.
1 ss
^F
direction.
eS go
1 o i Inches
lb
MUes
1
135.2
...
WbyN
....
100.6
Bto3A.M.,\iiol2A.M.,B.
afterwards. Slightly foggy at
midnight, 1 a. m., & 8 p. m.
2
136.0
•••
WSW&WJSfW
...
143.6
B. Slightly foggy from 7 to
10 p. M.
3
129.8
•*•
NW, N& NN W
..*
186.0
B to 2 A. M., N^i to 6 A. M ,.
B afterwards. Foggy from 7
to 11 P.M.
4
129.5
...
N W&NNW.
[W
0.3
136.0 B. Foggy at midnight & 1
▲. H., & from 8. to 11 p h.
5
126.5
...
KW, NNW&WiS
...
159.4 { B. Foggy at midnight & 1
U. M., 4 from 8 io 11 p. M.
6
128.0
...
WNW &N
...
143.6 1 B to 6 A. M., \i afterwards.
Slightly foggy at midnight.
7
128.8
...
NbyE&NW
...
126.9
B to 10 A. M., \i to 7 P. M.
Vxi afterwards. Foggy from
9 to 11 p. M.
8
131.2
•••
NW&WNW.
...
104.4
\i to 7 A. M., \i & \-_i to 6
p. M., B afterwards. Foggy
from 8 to 11 p. m.
9
130.0
WNW&NNW
105.7
B to 11 A.M., \ito6p.M.,.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from midnight to 8 a. M., &d
to 11 p. H.
lO; 132.5
...
N NW& WNW
• ..
108.0
\i & \_i to 6 p. M., Baf-
t<»rwards. Slightly foggy from
7 to lip. M.
11
131.0
...
WNW&WbyN
...
77.0
. B. Slightly foggy from mid-
night to 6 a. M., i& 8 to 11
12
123.8
...
WNW.
...
107.4
p. li.
B to 2 A. M., \i to 6 p. M.,
B afterwards.
13
130.0
...
WNW.
106.6
B. Slightly foggy from 9 to
11 p. M.
14
133.5
...
WbyN&ENE.
...
73.0
B. Slightly foggy from mid-
night to 6 A. H.
B to 7 A. M.,\i to 10 A. M.,
16
133.0
...
ENE&ISr.
...
126.0
B to 2 p. M* W to 6 p. M., B
after\i'ards. Slightly foggy
from 7 to 11 p. m.
16
137.6
...
N N E & N.
...
160.6
B to 6 A. M., W to 4 p. M.,
B afterwards.
17
137.8
N]SE,NE&NbyE
...
136.7
B to 6 A. M., V»i afterwards.
\i Cirri, —i Strati, '^i Cumuli, \-.i CiTO-atT«A.\, «^VC\v\si>3\Q-'8?ct^>:\,^^'^^^'^^-
W C/rro-cumuli, B<?lear, S stratoiu, O .o\<itcTv%\^v'^ V\L\\xi^^^, ^Xx^xvwsv^
B rain, 1) drizzle.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^fliel^mSpeS^VliervaiwnJ^^^^^^^^^M
^H Ahiiraci of ike Remits of the Hot^rly Mekorvhgkal OUertaiion^ |
^^^^ taken at the Surveyor General's OJice^ Calcniia, ^^
^^^V in the month of January 187L ^H
^H^ Solar Hadiation, Weather, ^Lc.
:3^ (&? .
WlKD.
^
"""""■ "■ "3
Prevailing
direct ton.
1^
o
lucbee
tb
MUen
^
^^Pl8
124.3
*•»
^E3byE&]!^KE
1
81.7
^i to 4 A. Iff.. 0 to 9 A- M..
8 to 3 p. M., Vi t^ 7 p. M- 8
afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 11 p, u.. D at5i&
11 A. M.
H
134J
.»■
N &NW
...
^8.2
Chieflj B. Slightly foggj
at midnight <Sc, 1 a. m.
H
136.0
...
NW&W
...
156,1
B. Slightly foggy at 10 k
11 p. M.
1
134.5
««•
W&Wbylf
...
109.1
B. Shghtly foggy at mid-
H
134,0
• •*
WbjtN&WSW
•**
105.6
niglit.
B. Slightly foggy from 8 la
11 p. M. ^M
^ft^ £3
104.5
...
W S W & W.
...
77.3
B. _■
^^H 24
138.0
• **
WAWSW, [W
99.7
^B
^^B S5
136.2
B* ■
W8W,SW&SS
...
129.3
^^
^^^ 26
134.0
...
WJSW&Variable,
-*.
146.0 0 to 7 A. If.. B afterw»SBrn
Foffgy from 1 to 4 a. m.
126.2 B. Slightly foggy from 7 to
1
133.5
• •*
Wl?^ W&W
0.8
11 p. M,
H
133.0
***
W & W by S
*••
96.5 B. Slightly foggy at ttitd-
nfght from 6 to 7 a. M. i& 9 to
11 p. M.
H
131.6
...
W by 8 & W
...
109.0
B. to 1 p. K.. ^i to 4 p,ii.,
B. afterwards.
^1
131.6
• It
W by S & W
...
104.9 1
B. to 12 A. M..v^i, to 3 p.
M,, B afterwards
^1
136.6
.««
W by S & W
■•>
78.11
B. Slightly foggy from 7
to 9 p. M.
^^^H f icifmV — ^i Stmti, '^i CurauB, '^l CltTo^aiTii.^, rv^C\OTw\?>-%lttLU. s^iNimW, 1
^^^ACirro-camulf, B clear, 8 straionip 0 o^m^^t, 'I vVw^^T,\.\v^VBbak%*|
Meieorolagical ObservaSmS,
nil
Ahitrael of ike UemlU of the Hourly MeUorah^^ieai Oliervatlotu
taken at tke Surveyor Geiieral'i Office, Calcutta^
iu ike month of January 1871*
MOITTSLT BbsULTS.
MeED KeigTit of the Baromet^^r for the month,.* *,.
H&x. height of the Barometer occurred at 9 a, M. on the 27th.
Min. height of the Barometer occurrt^d at 4 p.^m* on the 1st.
Extreme ntnge of the Barometer during the month
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures
Ditto diUo Min. ditto
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the montli .««
Id dies.
.. 29.983
. 29.843
, 311002
. 0.130
Mean Pry Btilh Tliermometer for the month .i*
Max, Temperature occurred at 3 p. m. on tlio Isit.
Min. Temperature occurred at 7 A. M» on the 6th*
Mxtreme range of i\w Temperature during the month
Mean of tlie daily Max. Temperature ...
Ditto ditto Min. ditto,
Meandaiij^ range of the Temperature during the month,.
Mean Wet Bu!h Thermometer for the month *», .,. „.
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer
Computed Blean Dew-point for the month
Mean Dry Bulh Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ..*
Mean Elastic force of Tapour for the month
. 5S.5
* 12.1
Inohes.
. 0.450
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Taponr for the month „. .„ ... 4.98
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ,,* 2' 48
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete aaturatioa being tinlty 0,07
Mean Max. 8oIar radiation Thermometer for the month ,
132.4
I To
■ To
L
Inchet.
Dmxled 1 dtty,^Max. fall of rain during 24 honn .*. ,», Nil.
Tota! amount of rain during the month ... ... ... '^ih
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge^ attaehfid tA IW vs^«is^-
meter during the month ».. ... ,.* .- *- ^S'
PrermliDg direction of the Wind.., ,., ^ ^"^ %^^**^ *
♦ Height 70 feot 10 mckea ii\*<>^c igccroaA*
via
Meteorological Ohenaliom,
00 d
r-t O
a* ^
.5 «
g s s ^
^ ?- O c
o
g
2S
tc
c3 G
I
a
tc
G
00
0;
i
Ai KT
TK( tanji
*A\
■tro tnuj-j
~ 'aT'^
■no i^iV"Jr
~AVl?^^S
Ar4^
'1111 \i\V,\\
"UO IN II J]
'Ui* Ultljf
^?r ^s ■?!
'UO U[T7Jf
-^q -[^
UD mii-jy
no Tiiwji^
Hf) U11IV|-
'iin um^
UO TIJIJIJ
/
i-4 r-4 ^^^ ,_|
f*
C^l ?1 "M m (M ^ ^ r^ tM ^ ^ C^ 1M ip^ ^ ^
fN ^1 !N 'N W 5^ 'M
~^^~^^~WWWW^ -4 ^ 94 CO 04 7^ SQ TiTcfij'ifi &> «"«^eia eo go sq
Cp U3 '30' OS CD <C ^ t£ <^ CD <D t^ op to ^ J> QD I
^'^cscsa « CQ CO ra CQ m «o co>#w3>? -*# o(i os eo di9 0% "M ^ 9t
so OT CO EO SQ 00 P9 KTiPS ^ 05 rH TO "^ PO ^ tCH>i tn* ?6 US iC'S ^qT
CS 60 5*5 CS fiO *rO so ^ CO CCl ^ ^ ^ 94 04 OT ^^ ^^ ^ 6*5 SO
90 PO PS O 9? TO C? O? 9^1 (f^l "^^ QO QO PO i-Hl ^ )HI ^ if^ 91 901 CO ^ ^
=3
6 -
94 OCl C^ fO TO r
,_«,^_^i-^.7PS7*-^TO'^i— '■-^'?1 ,-H,-^,-H^i-NrHi
!W'N9<lTOi^'^'^"— '"-^?2M TO^-* i-*ip-«rt»-Hi-irH^M94
^ ,^V-4 ^ TFl IN T?5 «5V»-^ r- ?>l ^ -f ■?! -M 5*1 ^M « -M .-H-' ^
'Jnoji^
B.
McUorolofjtcal Obierration *,
IX
Ah^lMcf of Ike llennlU of Ht<' Hourft/ ikfaoroiof/ical OU'ervul'wim
lakeii at thf Saneijor G^neraCs Office, QdcniUiy
in the month of Febrvarif 1871.
Latititde tt'' 'SV V North,
Longiluile 88° 20' ar Eyst.
Height of ilie Cistern of tlic Staiul*nllUromcteral)0%'e llie sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &<*. of tlie 01»serva(ioiis mid of the IfygromeiricwlijleMutits
dopenileiit (hereon.
:S
l^iMiS^o of the IJnromeler
.A
!i{«n^e of theTen)])Pi^-
dn
•iii<jf (he iby.
«€
; ture tl^ii
•iiig the
ihi^-.
t^c
Date.
• FS~
Max.
llin.
Diff.
s^
; Mnx.
iMiii.
Diir.
j^-^" ;
s^
1 Inrheis.
Inches.
1
' IiKrlies.
1
Tiiehos.
o
1
o
0
o
1
1 80.028
30,116
29%8
0.158
71.4
• 81.8
64.9
16.J»
2
1 24).9o2
.037
.887
.150
71.2
IK3.2
(50.5
22.7
3
1 .OOG
29,970
.840
,130
73.9
1 83.5
68.8
14.7
4
.009
.994
.834
.160
71.3
1 80.5
63.0
17.5
6
' .808
.937
.803
.134
70.6
1 80.5
62.3
18.2
C
i .894
.981
.841
,140
71.8
82.0
(52.0
20.5
7
1 .903
.976
.847
.129
72.5
, 81.4
64.5
1(5.9
8
1 .895
.959
.838
.121
73.6
1 84.0
65.5
18.5
9
.899
.97^S
.850
.128
74.1
8:^.5
65.4
18.]
H)
.899
.9(57
.840
,127
74.6
! ^5.0
6(5.5
18.5
11
.912
.995
1 .8(55
.130
75.6
1 86.0
(i8.0
18.(!
12
.893
.952
' .840
.112
75.4
' 8(5.0
(58.2
17.8
13
.882
,964.
! .809
.155
76.4
88.6
68.5
20.1
\\
.887
.953
.8:s$)
.114
77.1
89.5
(59.0
20.5
15
.885
.956
.^37
.119
78.8
1M>.5
70.6
19.'.»
16
.872
.959
.816
.143
7(5.9
■ 8(5.8
68.9
17.9
17
.91<>
30.019
.877
.142
(59.9
74.0
6(5.7
7.3
18
.901
29.986
.836
.150
72.(1
80.9
65.5
15.4
19
1 .92(5
.995
.8(55
.130
73.6
82.0
(5(5.5
15.5
20
.926
.9i>5
.8(56
.129
72.2
H).4
(>6.0
14.4
21
1 .955
30.031
.9(>5
.126
71.3
80.4
02.0
18.;
22
i .936
.025
.877
.11^
74.5
85.0
(55.2
19.8
23
j .873
29.941
i .809
.135
77.4
87.5
68.8
18.7
24,
.890
.9C2
.830
.132
80.0
89.6
73.7
159
25
.915
.995
.817
.148
78.3
86. S
72.5
14.3
26
.905
.990
' .8:«
.157
75.1
82.5
(50.8
12.7
27
.878
.9(52
1 .83(5
.126
74.(5
83.0
(^.8 3
n.7
28
.896
.<JSl
.841
.141)
71.9
K5.5
C»5.0
20.5
The Mean Height of the linronielcr. ;>s like\^ ise the Dry and Wet IJnlh
Tliermonieter Means ore tlerived, from the hourly oljiiewivC\<^\v&.,>Mk?^.\< vvv >\>««6.
several Lours dicrin^ the day.
I Meteorological Observaiio)i9.
Abstract of the llesnlh of the Hourly MeUorolotjical OhservalioH^
taken at the Surveyor GeneraVa Office^ Calcutta^
in the month of Febniary 1871.
Daily Means, Ac. of tlie Obserra lions and of the llygrometrical elemenU
dependent Ibereon. — (Continued.)
Date.
S o
1
-3
imputed Dew Point.
1
enn Elastic force of
vapour.
p
> o
Iditional Weight of
Vapour required for
complete saturation.
1
X
t^
o
«
*
be
e
g
II
a
P
^ !
p
;?!
T.gr.
<1
T. gr.
13
0
0
O '
^
* -
Inches .
1
61.8
6.6
69.5 1
11.9
0.616
6.G4
2.71
0.6S
2
63.5
7.7
67.3 1
13.9
.478
.24
3.06
.63
8
67.6
6.3
63.2 i
10.7
.682
6.35
2.66
.71
4
61.8
9.5
54.2
17.1
MM
4.72
3.61
.67
5
62.8
7.8
56.6
14.0
MM
5.13
.02
.63
G
Cl.l
7.7
57.9
13.9
.'^^
.31
.11
.63
7 i
G5.9
6.6
60.6
11.9
.5:u
.84
2.79
.68
8
G5.5
8.1
59.8
13.8
.520
.67
3.26
.&i
^ 1
6i>.4
7.7
61.0
13.1
.541
.90
.17
.05
10
6S.G
6.0
61.4
10.2
.605
6.61
2.59
.72
^^ i
GS.9
6.7
64.2
11.4
.601
.54
.94
.69
12 1
GD.o .
5.9
65.4
10.0
.626
.81
.62
.72
13
G;).4 1
7.0
ai.5
11.9
.607 ■
.60
3.12
.68
U 1
70.5 1
6.0
65.9 ,
11.2
.636
.90
.02
.70
15
68.9 i
9.9
62.0
16.8
.559
M
4.40
.68
IG
69. 2
7.7
63.8
13.1
.593
.41
3.42
.65
17
65.7
1.2
62.3
7.6
.565
.21
1.77
.78
18
6().9 1
5.1
62.8 ,
9.2
.571
.29
2.21
.74
19 1
67.7 1
5.9
63.6 '
10.0
.590
.44
.49
.72
20
61.8
7.-i
5S.9
13.3
.504
5.52
3.03
.65
21
62.5 :
i^.S
55.5
15.8
.450
4.94
.39
.59
22
678 ■
6.7
63.1
11.4
.580
6.33
2.85
.69
23
72.3 ,
5.1
68.7
8.7
.697
7.55
M
.75
21
7i.9 1
5.1
71.3 •
8.7
.758
8.18
.63
.76
25 '
71.8 ,
i).o
67.2
11.1
.661.
7.19
3.09
.70
2G
66.1 I
9.3
59.6
15.8
.516
6.61
.82
.60
27
63.8
10.8
56.2
18.4
MM
.02
4.18
.55
28
60.9 1
8.0
61.3
13.6
.646
.95
3.33
.64
AU the i/yjjroujctrical clemcuts arc con\vvxU^'\>^ W<i Qit<i«\v.VvilW ^Qtw'fc\i%jal%
ileleorological Ohsenatious,
Abstract of the liesnJts of the Ilonrlt/ Meteorological Observation t
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of February 1871.
Hourly Means, <&c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrlcal elements
dependent thereon.
Hour.
o ^
J?ange of the Bnronieter
for each honr during
the month.
Max.
Min.
Diff.
I^ange of the Ten>pera-
ture for each liour
during tlie month.
Max.
Min. I Diff.
Mid-
night.
1
2
3
4.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Noon.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Inches.
29.914
.906
.898
.889
.882
.891
.908
.928
.951
.975
.983
.973
.946
.910
.879
.861
.853
.855
.861
.873
.894
.910
.916
.916
.067
.033
.002
29.979
.963
.958
.964
.978
.992
.999
30.002
29.991
Inches.
Ine^s.
Inches.
0
0
30.042
29.872
0.170
70.3
76.0
.035
.860
.175
69.7
75.6
.032
.855
.177
691
75.3
.024
.846
.178
68.5
75.0
.027
.837
.190
68.0
74.7
.041
.843
.198
67.6
74.5
.057
.861
.196
67.1
74.6
.066
.888
.178
67.0
73.7.
• .090
.913
.177
69.2
76.5
.113
.927
.186
72.1
78.7
.116
.937
.179
75.2
81.5 1
.102
.910
.192
78.2
84.5 !
.890 1
.841
.819 I
.803 I
.803
.809
.819
.833
.849
.860
.874
.881
.177
.192
.183
.176
.160
.149
.145
.146
.143
.139
.128
.110
80.3
81.9
83.1
83.7
83.4
82.2
79.2
76.3
74.4
72.7
71.8
71.2
86.5
88.2
89.4
90.5
90.3
88.4
84.5
81.5
79.0
77.0
76.3
76.3
65.6
64.5
63.7
63.0
62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5
63.8
66.5
70.0
72.0
66.7
68.8
69.5
70.0
69.5
C8.0
68.4
68.0
67.8
67.7
67.5
66.5
10.5
11 0
11.6
12.0
12.7
13.0
13.5
13.2
12.7
12.2
11.5
12.5
19.8
19.4
19.9
20.5
20.8
20.4
16.1
13.5
11.2
9.3
8.8
9.8
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet "Bvs^Vi
Thermometer Means are dorired from, the oVjaw'^^AAOii^TsxsAfc ^^"Cv^si -^^x^x*^
hovuts during tiie month.
Mrfetvutfotftiurf OUerrafmvte,
Mf/nn*/ of ffte BesnU.f of fife llovrft/ M'le^nohijtcal 0hserrafion9
iii/cen at (he Snrvrt/or GenoniVa Office, Calcatia,
in lite month of Fctjruarij 1S7L
ilourlj?
Meani*,
Ac. of tlic OI»sorvnfii.rii.M
nirtl of tlie ITy^ronwlnViiT e
lew
ent»
cL.
pcmlciit
tliercon.
— (CoulhinciJ.)
1
1
Hour. 1
1
1
<^ .
if
i i ■
1 rt
; -* !
1 ^ '
^ !
1
2
P
>
Is
U
5.1
Tr i)
ST' 1* «
•r £ s*
Ml
is
III
1 Mm
1
1
o
0
0
o
Fiiclio.s.
T. gr.
T.gr.
Mid- ;
1
i
nigbt.
60.5
! 3.8
G3.5 i
C.8 '
0.588 '
(T.lf5
' 1.02
; 0.80
1 ;
<)G.2
, 3.5
GM '
0.3 '
.5S(5
.15
.)8
.81
'2 \
Go.i>
. 3.2
(5:13 '
6.8
.5St
.13
.:«
.m
3 .
(55.7
1 2.8
(>:].5
5.0 '
.588
.18
.17
.8.5
4 i
03.1
2.(5
(5;;. 3
4.7
.5st
.a
.(K)
.8(;
6 ;
(55. 1
1 2.5
153.1 !
•15
.5.^0
.11
.03
.8(J
<) !
(Jt.H
2.3
(>:r«)
4.1
.578
.10
0.112
.87
7
(»1.5
^ 2.5
(52.5
'1.5
.5(58
.20
1.01
.8(5
8 '
(55.7
3.5
(>2/.) '
(5.3
.570
.35
.1(5
.81
0 ;
(5t5.1>
. 5.2
(52.7
\y 1.
.572
.27
2.2()
.71
10
(57.0
7.3
(52.S
12.1
.57 i
.2(;
3.11
.(57
11
CS.-ir
1 D.B
G1.5 ;
10.7
.5.50
5.05
4.:jo
.58
l^oon.,
n«.i
: 11.^
1
, 00.1
20.2
.525
.05
5.20
.52
1 ,
(5S.(5
' 13.3
, 50.3
22.0
.511
.18
.1)0
.48
2 ,
()S.G
: U.5
5S. 1.
21.7
.l'M5
.31
0.55
1
.15
3
(5S.5
15.2
57.<J
25.S
Js^^
.21
.80
.13
4 <
()K.2
15.2
57.0
25.8
.183 '
.1(5
.80
.13
6
(;s.2
11.0
, 5S.t
23.8
.10(5 '
.31
.23
.KJ
r»
00.2
lO.o
(52.2
17.0
.5(53 '
0.08
4.1.S
.58
7 '
()S.:j
8.0
(.52.7
13.0
.572
.21
3.18
.01
8 '
(57.1
(5.(5
(5:^2
11.2
.582 '
.35
' 2.S0
.(50
0 1
(57. t
5.3
03.2
0.5
.5S2
.3(>
M
.73
10
(57.0
' l.S
0:^2
8.0
.5S2
.37
MH
.75
11
Oi>.H
1.4
03.3
7.0
.5S1
.41
1.80
.77
All the i/jgromctrioul elemeuU arc couvvvvtc^W^ \Ai« <3xs!«\iw\^\\ VlviVi»\».wV*,
Meleoroloffiea I Ohserra iion^.
XIII
Ahsiracl of lite Besnlis of the Uonrli/ Meteorological Ohsenai'ioiiH
(aken at lite Surveyor GeneraVs Offiee, CalcnUa,
in the month of February 1871»
Solar ItacliatioD, Woatlior, «&c.
i -I ^
o
1 ]38.0
2 138.0
3 138.0
4: 137.2
6 135.5
6; 137.8
7; 134.7
8i 135.0
9, 134.0 I
lo; i3r..o
11 138.5
12| 137.0 I
13 I3y.5 I
1
14. 135.5
15! 140.0 I
10= 141.3 j
jlufbes
WlXD.
Prcvailinjr
direction.
18
19
136.2 !
141.3
20; 135.5
21; 140.0
22
23
24
139.0
141.0
142.0
W,WSW&SW
s s w & w
WSW&WbyS
8 by W & W by S
S S E & S by El
S, S S E & S by E
S&S S E
s s w & w s w
S W & S s w
S S AV & S W
ssw
SSW,SW&SbyW
S by W & 8 S W
SS W&SW
is W & Variable,
P-i_
^ ^ . General aspect of the Sky.
^ c i
I
0.26 !
Variable
W
0.10 jW by N & S W
I
SW&WbyN
WNW&TVbyS
WSW&SW
SbyW, S&SSW
0.40 Is by W & S S W
Miles
78.7
9.0
89.3
112.3
119.0
89.7,
81.0 i
76.6
80.8
80.0
92.2
102.1
142.1
187.3
B. Foggy from 3 to 8 a. M.,
Si 8 to 10 p. M.
B to 6 p. M., \i afterwards.
Slightly foggy at 6 & 7 a. M.
o to 7 A. M., \i to 6 p. M.,
B,afterwards.Slightly foggy
from 1 to 5 A.M.,&8to 11p.m.
B- Foggy at 8 & 9 p. m.
B to 10 a. M.,\ito4p. M.
B, afterwards.
B.
B. to 11 A. M., V-i to 2 P.M.,
|\i to 6 p. M., B afterwards.
Foggy from 6 to 8 a. m.
B. Slightly foggy at 8 p. M.
B. Foggy from 5 to 7 a. m.
B.
B. Foggy from 2 to 5 a. m.
B. Slightly foggy at 4 & 5
|A. M.
107.1 I B. Foggy from 3 to 8 a. m.
126.0 B.
166.5 I B to 6 A. M., \i to 5 p. if.,
B afterwards. Smart Shocks
of Earthquake felt at'5} a. m.
^i to 10 A. M., 6 after-
j wards. E at 11 & 12 a. h.,
I& 4 & 6 p. M.
131.3 i Clouds of 'different kinds
Ito 4 p. M., B afterwards.
\_i to 6 A. M., W to 11 A.
M., '^i to 6 p. M., clouds of
different kinds afterwards. L
from7to9&at 11 p. m., T &
R at 8 p. M.
I S to 4 A.M., \— i'to 10 a.m.,
iB afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 11 p. M.
B. Slightly foggy at mid-
inight, & 1 A. H.
j Chiefly B. Foggy at 6 a. m.
I Clouds of Tarious kinds. T
!at 6i & 7 p. M., L from 6.^ to
18 p, M.., ^ t>.V^,*\ ^^S^\^.^•
132.0
96.1
111.9
100.0,
109.9
126.5
128.8
i 8trah-, '^i Cumuli, \-i C\ro-atTtit\, ^'^^^^^^-^'^T^'^^^^\^^^
\i Cirri, -
V^i CiPTO-cnmuIi, B clear, S stratonV, O
XIV
MfUurolo(/ical Olierralloni.
AUiiart of the. BemlU of the Hourly Meteorological OiserraiioHS
taken at the Surveyor Ge/ieral's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of February 1S71.
Solar IJjidiatioii. Wontlier, «tc.
AViND.
tt r ^
'^ .J £ Prevailing >*
El >^ .^'' General aspect of tlie Sky.
directiou. ;?: c; ^ -r i
o Inches. lb Miles ■
25 139.0 ... S S W & W ... ll»5.6 B. Slightly foggy at 8 & 9
P M.
20 139.0 ... iWbyX&WhvS ... 141.4 B.
27 140.0 ... W'SW.W&WtyS ... Kn.l B. Foggj- from 4 to 7 A. M.
28 141.0 ... WSW,AVl>yS,& ... 101.2 B.
sw.
Tirri — i Strati, ^i Cumuli, V-i C\Tro-slTal\, rv_\i:\\mvL\o-*\.T^i\:\,NrJv^\\xvVv,
Srro' riimiili. B clear, S stratom, O o^ctca^t, T \.\i>^^^T, \. X^^VVxixx.^.
lin. P drizzle.
Meteor olog lea I Ohaerva lions.
XV
Abstract of the Results of the Hourlt/ Meteorological Olservaflons
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
iu the month of February 1871.
Monthly Eesults.
]\rcan ljeii(lit of tlio Barometer for tlie month...
]\lnx. lieiglit of tlie Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on the 1st.
!M in. lieiiiflit of the Barometer occurred at 3 & 4 p. m. on tbo 6tli.
l^.rtreme raiipe of ilic Baromet^'r during tbe montli
Mean of tlie daily Max. Pressures
])itto ditto Min. ditto
Mean daily range of the Barometer during iLc month ...
Inches.
. 29.907
. 30.11(5
. 29.803
. 0.313
. 29.9S5
. 29.8I4>
. 0.136
Mean Pry Bulb Tliermometer for the month
^fax. Tenjperaturc occurred at 3 p. m. on the 15(h.
Min. Temperature occurred at 7 A. if, on the 2nd.
Jixireme range of the Temperature during the month
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ...
Ditto ditto Min. ditto,
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month..
74.3
90.5
60.5
30.0
84.0
66.7
17.3
i^Fean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ...
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ...
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ...
67.1
7.2
62.1
12.2
Inches.
. 0.561
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Taponr for the month ... ... ... 6.12
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 300
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.67
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the mouth
o
138.1
Inches.
Eained 3 days, — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 0.40
Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 0.76
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... »,, ... -• ^^^*
PrevaiiJiig direction of the Wind ^'^^ > li.'^^^ ^
♦Height 70 feet 10 \iic\ieE «i)OTe ^otxsA.
XVI
Hfeieoroloffica I Oiiferva/iuttn,
OD d
^ o
r5 b
« Z
ft
o
S
B
a
o
5s S
e
i.
If is
^ « 5 :3
1^ aa — -w
I 1
Av •>::,"<:
AVJX
*IU» UfWJ[
AVMAV
'UO uiii;i
X^'4A\
•uo UIWJI
" AV
•uo UjUJI
s -^^q • AV
•uo uiit^i
•uo UlUJI
•uo until
lA\:s;s'
•uo UjUJJ
;av7h.:s
•uo Ul«}[
'do UjK^I
"A A<i s
•uo uiirjf
"A S S
Ut) UIIIJI
A S
uo unijf
'UO un:j|
>^' '^'l ['[
Uo im;jf
•tin UllIJ]
"UO UMIJI
A K'A
'UO UIIJJI
~~~A K
'UO uinjy
•no unrji
A ^<i 's:
'UO uinji
_ *>S
W l-Hf- l-^f^l^-^'-H'-*
i-H n ^ ri -M ri -M -M -M rH
CO^n^— •'-^-^p-'NT^'^?^
Mn-M-H ,-i,^,-i»^»^,-H
cQ oc cc ri ri ^1 -M ri -M n « lo cc « "lb H» rf lb « ?c rs cc "N n '
'/^i
'-t -M 'M n ^1 CCM CC •* lO i'^ »0 »<5 lO OC i-i
"^ ^ '^ ^ r? *? rf CO •* CC >1 i-H *;< IC l'» •<5 to •* rc -?■! -" j^l -^
~"m~ (M -m cc n'vi r? »© -^ -M cc »c~^ :i -^ lo «o rr cTio »io oo sC
x~x X i>. i>. i>. :o ;b'<i« "^ i>. :c co'-^ -^ '^ -^ r* cc «o «b -o x di'
•^' ■^'^ "^ '•f 00 ^ ?o~'^ "!* 'j'l »-^ ■ ■ ~ ,-, ,—1 r-i" i-4~i— I cb w'
'>!"'-' ^ ^ ^ "'N •-• r-i <M 5^ rH~ f-i f-i <M 'M -N CO CO «■
p» ^- «
; ^ ,-. r- ri -H ^ r-. '^ .-^ ,-. r-^ ^ ^ ^ 7^1 .-^ ^ ^ ^M -M -M ^ -M
::; tc
— * ^1 r: -* »o •,c i>. X r. c
ilcleoTolinjical Ohnerva Hon 8 ,
xvii
Ahmir/icf of Ike lh*nnlU of titt Ilonrft/ Mefeorohxjical Ohaervatiou^
taken at- the Siirvei/or GeneraiU Offu-e, Calculia,
in the month of March 1871.
Latittule 25^ ^.^J' V North. Longitude 8B^ 20' 3r Eiit>t.
llt'iglitof tlieCist<?rn of tlie Standard Barometer above tlie sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, »fec, of tlte Observations and of tlie Kygrometrieal elements
* dependent tliereryi.
1 ^
^
z^
l^ange of tlie BHroineter
IJniigo of
tlieTr
n)]ierA-
"TJf
^ *^
during; tlie day.
n|
tare during tlie
(hiy.
r^
n
C ?
Date.
"3 rt
Max.
Min.
Diff.
2d
Max.
1
Min. ;
1
Difl".
IncLes.
Inches.
Tnclies.
Inches,
o
o
0
o
1
29.882
29.950
29.800
O.MI
76.2
813
70.0
113
2
.923
30.012
.815
.107
09.2
70.5
07.0
3.5
3
.845
29.928
.789
.139
08.O
70.5
05. 0
5.5
4
.8i7
.910
.788
.128
09.8
77.1
01.0
13.1
5
.i>53
30.031
.902
.132
71.8
79.5
0().O
13.5
(i
.9(U)
.050
.917
.133
73.2
82.0
05.1
10.0
7
.913
29.981
.8W
.135
75.1.
83.8
09.0
11.8
8
.9U
30.028
.883
.115
74.0
- 82.5
07.O
15.5
0
.937
.(H;9
.870
.139
70.2
80.7
07.5
19.2
10
.885
29.957
.812
.145
78.0
8vS.2
70.5
17.7
11
.880
.910
.816
.124
79.2
89.0
72.2
10 8
12
.801
.902
.831
.131
80.9
91.0
73.5
17.5
13
.859
.91.1
.782
.102
81.1
91.0
74.0
17.0
U
.781.
.800
.711
.119
82.4.
92.3
7t.O
18.3
15
.098
.758
.038
.120
83.1
93.5
74.5
19.0
10
.702
.851
.009
.182
82.0
, 91.5
71.5
17.0
17
.8t9
.912
.793
.149
78.2
87.0
70.3
10.7
18
.830
.918
.78S
.130
77.7
' 87.0
08.1
IS.O
19
.837
.908
.783
.125
78.9
; 89.8
71.5
1S.3
20
.881
.90()
.831
.132
! 80.8
91.0
71.5
1().5
21
.808
.940
.793
.117
1 81.7
93.0
72.0
21.0
22
.837
.900
.778
.128
, 83.4
i 91.0
71.5
19.5
23
.851,
.931
.791
.IW
\ 83.5
95.0
75.5
19.5
21
.818
.900
.710
.151
83.8
1 90.0
73.8
22.2
25
.776
.811
.717
.127
84.1
1 95.0
77.0
18.0
26
.797
.858
.730
.128
81.9
i 97.7
i 70.5
21.2
27
.849
.929
.779
.150
1 83.4
: 92.4
' 7r).5
15.9
28
.832
.912
.7r.8
.lit
j 85.2
91.0
i 79.3
14.7
29
.818
.890
.751
.142
1 83.5
92.2
1 70.0
1 10.2
30
.701
.851
.612
.212
1 81-.9
97.2
i 70.5
20.7
31
.750
.825
.000
.169
1 85.1
1
95.5
77.7
17.8
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as
Thermometer Means are derived, from the
several Lours during the day.
likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
hourly observations, made at the
XVUl
MtUorological Olservatiom,
AhHraci of (he Beanlfa of the Hourly Me(eorolot;ical OliervaHions
taken af the Survrf/or General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of March 1871.
Daily Menus, Slc. of tlic Observations and of the Jfygrometrical elemenU
depeniliMit tlicreon. — (Coniiinud.)
i
>
o
*2
> o
^1&
^1
Pat*?.
^3
i
5.?
PA
Q G p<
<3
c ^ bo
g g s
5 3
1~1
0
1
• 0
o
Inclios.
^5
go
^
T. gr.
T. gr.
1
72 8
34
70.4
6.8
0.730
8.00
1.66
0.83
2
6S.0
1.2
07.O
2.2
.059
7.27
0.54
.93
8
(><;.s
1.2
()5.8
2.2
.031.
.01
.52
.93
4
GO.l
37
('>3.I
0.7
.5>0
6.38
1.57
.80
5
(;5.9
5.9
iJl.2
lo.o
.511
6.97
2.43
.71
6
07.2
G.o
02.4
l()..s
.507
0.19
.63
.70
7
70.0
5.1
or.. 2
9.2
.042
.99
.44
.74
8
0S.3
67
01.3
9.7
.0t»3
.59
' .45
.73
9
0:>.O
7.2
OH)
12.2
.597
.19
' 3.17
.67
10
73.1
4.9
09.7
bM
.720
7.80
2..39
.77
n
73.7
5.5
09. ><
9.4
.722
.81
. .75
.74
12
73.G
7.3
0S.5
12.4
.092
.47
• 3.03
.G7
13
'. i-.o
().»)
09.9
11.2
.725
.80
i .37
.70
11
72.7
9.7
(;-).9
1«).5
.030
0.82
: 4.79.
.69
35
7l..=i
8.')
Os.o
11.0
.Oi>2
7.12
1 -'^^
.03
3G
72.3
ln.:j
OVl
17.5
.019
0.01
5.04
.67
17
Ol.l
13S
5t.7
•J3.5
.438
4.73
! .52
.46
18
r).>.i»
li.H
57.0
2'M
.l.>3
5.22
4.^8
.62
19
72 3
(J.G
07.7
11.2
.074
7.3<)
3.17
.70
LJ
72.t*.
8.2
(>0.9
13.9
.057
.(»8
; .99
.64
21
72. 1
9.3
(>5.9
1.V8
.030
0.83
1 4.54
.60
22
7r>.9
75
70. 0
12.8
.711
7.91
i .(^2
1
.66
23
73.1
10.4
05.8
17.7
.031
0.79
5.21
1
.57
21
7t2
9.0
07.5
10.3
.070
7.18
4.92
.69
25
111
0.4
73 2
10.9
.800
8.03
, 3.58
.71
2t5
7^.6
10.3
07.4
17.0
.608
7.12
6.37
.67
27 1
77.0
5.9 -
73.1
10.0
.811
8.09
3.27
.73
2S 1
77.S 1
7.t
72.0
12.6
.790
.43
' 4.18
.67
29
75.1
8.t
09.2
14.3
.7(H
7.59
1 -'^1
.63
3)
7r S i
7.1
72 8
12.1
.7;»5
8.50
1 3.99
.68
31
79.3
6.8
75.2
9.9
.800
9.18
1 .39
.73
Ah the Hygrometrical clemenU are computed by the Greenwich Confitantt.
Meteorological Observaiiotts,
XIT
Abstract of the Tteanlts of the Uotirli/ Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of March 1871.
Hourly Means, Ac. of the ObservntionR and of tlie Hjgrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
^13
Jlniige
of the B^iroiiieter
?S
Bfinpfe 0
rtheT*
iiipcrai-
1 ^ >4
Tor enHi lioiit* \
lurijig
£3 U
in re f*»r rm-li
ftfiiiir
f*
Jje ni OIL 111
*
clrir'ii^:
lllO IIKIttU.
Hour
^ |o
Pl
Mfljt.
Min.
Diff.
ii
Ma.r,
Min.
DifR
^J
fe^
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
0
0
0
o
Mid-
«
nif^ht.
29.857
29.964
29.703
0.261
75.3
80.8
65.2
15.6
1
.844
.958
.690
.268
74.7
80.5
65.0
15 5
2
.830
.953
.673
.280
742
80.0
65.7
143
3
.821
.943
.669
.274
73.8
80.0
66.0
14.0
4
.818
.939
.668
.271
73.2
79.8
65.0
14.8
6
.829
.949
.674
.275
72.8
79.6
64.5
15.1
6
.848
.964
.688
.276
72.3
79.5
64.0
15.5
7
.871
.987
.710
.277
72.5
79.3
64.0
15.3
8
.899
30.014
.737
.277
74.8
81.5
65.0
16.5
9
.918
.046
.743
.303
77.4
84.0
66.5
17.5
10
.922
.050
.758
.292
80.2
87.0
68.0
19.0
11
.914
.040
.750
.290
83.1
90.2
68.7
21.6
Noon.
.892
.016
.732
.284
85.2
92.5
69.8
22.7
1
.864
29.992
.718
.274
86.7
94.3
69.5
24.8
2
.834
.968
.686
.272
87.8
96.0
69.7
26.3
8
.808
.933
.668
.265
88.5
97.2
69.5
27.7
4.
.797
.920
.650
.270
88.4
97.7
70.1
27.3
6
.792
.924
.638
.286
87.3
96.0
70.0
26.0
6
.798
.927
.650
.277
84.4
92.0
69.3
22.7
7
.815
.935
.672
.263
81.3
87.6
69.2
18.4
8
.836
.957
.684
.273
79.3
85.0
69.0
16.0
9
.854
.968
.699
.269
78.0
83.8
68.0
15.8
10
.864
.971
.708
.263
76.9
81.8
67.0
14.8
11
.862
.971
.703
.268
76.2
81.2
67.0
14.2
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Drj and Wet Bu'b
Thermometer Means are derived from the obseryationa made at the several
hours during the month.
j^Ielt'ornfotj'iraf Ohxerra fionit.
Ahnfiitct of f/ie 'RtisnJf.s of the llonrli/ Mefeorological Ohservationn
taken at the Survet/or Geuenira Ofjlcey Calcutta^
in the 7Houth of March 1871.
Hourly iVfi'wnH, Ar. of tlic OlH(M'Tntioii» nnd of tlie JTygroinctTica] elemeiit»
(Icpt'inlout tlioreoi>. — (CoHl'mHcd.)
i ,
u
2
1
C4^
o
Vapour
of air.
ji
1 ^
i o
.
&
^ «j
T s- *-
«^ *i
Hour.! «
; 1
f
Q
at
11
.rf.2
CJ
u
^
TS
^
CS
'c 15
rt zl
tf. = cs
' ?.
1 1
1 >»
3
^3
1 g rt
1 'S S'S
t^
' t.
4»
•' '^
1 r" » O
** 1^ --5
S
^
: P
; 0
?-♦
r^
r^
^ S-
! ^r-o
a''-
o i rntrlio.4. ; T. gr. T. gr.
I
•>
1
s
in
11
72.5
72.1
71. s
71. t
71.1
70. S
70. t
7<>.()
71.7
72. :i
72. s
7;'>.o
2.S
2.i;
2. 1
2. f
2.1
2.()
1.1)
1.1)
:j.1
r>.i
7.1
n).i
7<).r,
7i).8
7<>.l
«;;).7
(::».?
(;•.». 2
OD.l
<)S.7
4.8
l.i
1.1
1.1
:j.h
:m.
8.1
S.7
12. «r
17.2
o.7:W
.7:U
.72i»
.720
.71:)
.70s
.7<)I
.7or>
.7ir,
.»;i>7
.r>72
8.05
.02
7.1)7
Ml
.s<>
.7'>
.01)
.^*i)
.5.5
.2">
G,.s2
i.:r>
.21
.12
.11
.<>2
0.1 H)
.81)
.1)0
i.n;
2. If;
o.ot
.87
.ss
.ss
.8l>
.1>(>
.IM)
.St
.7i»
.r.7
.5S
'M.Il.
7:i.o
12.2
(W.o
2t)7
.007
.ts
(MM
.51
1
72:^
1 1.1.
(•:i.7
2:ro 1
.-,11}
.21)
.81)
.IS
«■>
72.1
1.1.7
(••2.7
2r>.l ;
.r,72
.08 ;
7.52
.!.>
;»
72. 1
IC.l
<>2.7
2r>.s ,
.572
.<M>
.82 '
.4i
4.
72. •>
. i:>.8
«":M
2:7.:^
.580
.15
.(>l)
.M
0
7:M
1 1.2
(il.H
22.7
.Oo;r ,
.•>7 I
<».1)1.
.IS
(I
7:?.l)
1 <»..-,
iV\.o
17.1>
.(VlsS 1
.1)3
5.38
.5<;
7
7:i.:i
S.o
(>7.7
IIJ.O
.r>7 1
7.25
3.II1)
.(5.>
s
72 7
{\y,
(;.s.i
11.2 ;
.()S|l
.:J8
.21
.7^^
1)
72."')
5.5
(N.d :
<).!
XOo
.53
2.ru>
.71
ID
72 1
1 0
(51). 2
7.7
.7«)S
.01)
.17
.78
11 '
72.7
:i..>
70.2
6.0
.7:i2
.J)5 1
1.71
.82
; II • I _ '
AJi llu* My::n»uu'trical clomouts are v-nniiuvtod hy tUc Greeuwicli Ci mutant :=:
Meleorohjfical Obnerva fiov^.
A^js/racf- of the Remits of the Hourly Mefeorologiral Ohaerrafiom
taken at the Surve/for General's Office y Calcutta,
iti the month of March 1871.
Solar Jiadiation, Weatlier, Jcc.
^1
I rr. s^ •
■•'5 "^ *5
' ,*J 2 1 rrevailinfif
WiM..
i-=^0.
direction.
o
]36.5
: Inches |
I 0,65 jSSWi&SbyW.
3.83 ,SSE & Variable.
6 139.0
8,
9
lo'
11
yi\
IS
li
15
la,
171
IB
ID
2<Jl
21
^2
23'
21
25
137.0 I
138.2 I
110.0 I
IILO'
112.5 '
141.5
M1.5
M5.U I
1 14.5 '
1118
141.0
M0.0
ML3
145.0
146.5
M^.8
143.8
148.0
143.0
145.0
— V.
«5
General aspect of the Sky.
... ! 0.79
I
132.0 1 0.14
I
135.0 i ...
i
SE
WIS W&NW
|W «fe W S W
:WSW,SbyW&S
iSby W& S W
iSS W& WbyS
I ' I
|WSW,SSWJtSW
;s Jt s s w
IS A 8 s w
IB by W &SW
18 b> W
|S by W & S W
8 S W & S W
SAW
W N W j£ W
W S W
SSWA8W. rw
SbyW.SSWAWS
wsw.sw.tssw
S hj w&wsw
S8W& WbyS
S W & S by W
SSW,S&SSE
S byE,SWi&W
! Miles
114.4
0.9
B to 3 A. M., S to 9 A. M.,
i to 4 p. M., O aflt-cr wards.
T & L from 3 J to 9 p. m. E at
1, 4 & from 64 to lip. m.
O. Tat2|A. M., 8& 10 p.
M. L at 2^ A. M. & 8 p. M. H
nearly the whole day.
I Chiefly O. R from 1 to 4 &
■at 12 A. M., & from 2 to 6^-
'p. M.
; Chiefly B. Sliprhtly foggy
from 8 to 10 p. M. E at 3 A. M.
' Vi tA5 A. M. B, to 10 A. M.,
A— • to 4 P.M. B, afterwards.
Foffffy from 7 to 11 a. m.
I B to 11 A. M., '^i to 5 p. M.,
IB afterwards.
I B to 9 A. M., ^-i to 2 p. u.y
B to 8 p. M., V^i afterwards.
I Chiefly B. Foggy from 4 to
10 A. M.
I B..
; B.
B.
B. Slightly ^c%^ at 9 p, m.
B. Fogjrv from 4 to 9 a. m,
I Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
6 A. M.
B.
B. Slightly foggy ffom 5 to
A. M.
B.
B.
B.
Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
& 7 A. 31.
B.
S to 2 A. ir., B afterwardi.
Sliglitly foggy at 4 l^ 5 a. m.
120 J I B. Foggy Iroin 4 to 8 a. si.
16D.7 I B. to 5 A. »., \i to 3 p, u.,
]B afterwards.
230.5 B to 2 r. m„ \i to 8 p. ir.,
IB afterwBrds,
180.4 I B to y i. ai., \i to 1 p. m,
[B afterwards^
178.1
224.2
187.4
95.2
93.2
i 213.0
I 208.0
113.4
177,0
101.0
10.8
91.5
127.4
108,0
99J5
99.3
138.3
lati-l
109.6
117.8
\i Cirri, — i Strati, '^i Camuli, v_i Ciro-strati, '^i Cunmln-stmii, \,^i Nimbi,
Vi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T \.\i»sA«t, ^ \\^>is»xsN?^>
E ram, V drizzle.
xxn
Meleorolotfical Observations.
Abstract of the. Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of March 1871.
Solar Eniliation, AVouther, Ac.
o o
SI
a*-
27
o
141.0
^^ ^ 9
hicliesl
Wind.
ProTfliling
direction.
28 143.0 ■
2i) 140.0!
30 148.0 ;
31 1 146.8 I
I
SSW,SSE&S
S by W
S & S by W
S byAV AS
SSE&S
^ ^ General aspect of the Skj.
lb Miles. 1
111.4 I B to 3 A. M. S to 8 A. X. B
|to 2 p. M., ^ -i to 7 p. M. S af-
iterwnrds. Foppy at 6 a. li., L
;& D at lOV p. M.
] 11.4 I S. to 0 a. m.. B afterwards.
105.4 : Vi to 8 A. M., B afWwardi.
166.1 B to 5 p. M., \i afterwards.
229.0 I B. to 2 p. M., \i to 8 P. ii., B
'afterwards.
Cirri,—! Strati, ^i Cumuli, v-.i Cirro-strati, r^\ Cumulo-strati, vv^iNimbi,
Cirro-cumuli. B clear, S stratoni, O o^etc«.i\,, 'I ^>a»sA^x, I^ U^btning,
nun, D drizzle.
Jleieorological Observations,
XXlll
Abstract of the Results of the Honrlif Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of March 1871.
MOMTHLT EbSULTS.
Mean lieiglit of tlie Barometer for tlie month...
Max. lieiglit of tlie Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on tlie 6th.
^lin. lieiglit of the Barometer occurred at 5 P. M. ou the 15th.
Jijrh'cwe range of the Barometer during the mouth
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures
Ditto ditto Min. ditto
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ...
Inches.
29.850
, 30.050
29.638
. 0.412
29.926
29.783
. 0.143
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month
Max. Temperature occurred at 4 p. H. on the 26th.
Min. Temperature occurred at 6 & 7 a. m, on the 4th.
Hxtretne riniffe of the Temperature during the month
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ...
Ditto ditto Min. ditto,
Mean dailg range of the Temperature during the month.
79.4
97.7
61.0
33.7
88.7
72.1
16.6
Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ...
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ...
Mean Elastic force of Yapour for the month
72.3
7.2
67.2
12.2
Inches.
. 0.664
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 7.17
Additional Weicht ot Vapour required for complete saturation ... 3.46
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.68
Mean Haz. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,
o
142.2
Inohes.
Bained 5 days. — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 3.83
Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 6.41
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ,„ ... ... 5.16
Prerailing direction of the Wind 8 by W, & 8 S W.
* Height 70 feet 10 vnc;\]LC% i^t% ^scq^oA.
XXIV
jHftifeoro/nf/ival Oltuvivntnuin,
1^
"UO UIKJ[
oc
d
M^j^'-is:
t
o
uy itroji
R
^,
S"
^u"^:^^'
'TS
■no \u\^\\
V
«^
o
'^_K_
*^
s
■irt) niEj[
o
^
§
_A\ \:*A\
^
*<
c
'llO lUVJI
•*-
,«
i*
■v-A.rv\
^
"^
"I'k m%\}\
-5
•»-
"^ *
'\\
^ r'
e
&4 S
notm^jl
li'F
■£AI, - \\
i
tc—
nil lUlSJJ
%
.<
'Uj» lllUJl
»>-
1, ^
!S
•^ ^
\\\ '^_
^
R
c ■»■
"ii<> ini:j|
V
CD
'b §
U 'S*'S
^
IK! uii:j|
5- 'ti
r '5
\v\ -^'q *s
V. »-
5: Li
"Z t-
Mill (1IMJJ
cr, r
t. ^
. ll
^ '/.
"K
"5 'f
> '^
'T|i« ilt,;jj
^ "^
:-. •"-
"M ^^''1 >■
•^ F
r ^'
■Ihi Mfll'l
•c: ^
-= r:
M s s
^ ^.
r 5
Miv im;*f
■^
tr 5=
■:'i s
K t-'
ii-« miiji
<J
V.
rz z ;
c^
":i 5^ M
►«w
• — i '
'XUv tU12J|
.^
'^ ^
^S -^^l "J
^,
<
?r •
"tlu UIMI^
^ 1
<;,
>
nn Mii'n
c:
"" r^
, ■ '
^
e*- .5:
'\- Vif Vj
^
c ^
V 1
t- V
i^t ijn:;|
2
c
,
t5
s
'A 'V '^1
a
^
c
."Al<
V
•5
*itit triH||
!<:
^f.
- '
"M 'v \s:
^
i^
■"n« nn^ir
c
fts
'x
Vf A'l \v
Ol
iiu lirnii
S.
15
s:
> H
^Jrit^n
„ ^ rM „
•— ' *^ i-« •ri -^ *« rt: -* ?^ « cc ?i ^-* *-»
— ^1 7-1 '?! 71 ^ r: r: n ^i ti
* ifT Il7 ^ -4' -^ ^ ^^ fi- «< '
I — n ?5 C 3C t3c ^ -7* !»; r? ri -^ ?i
; I-* i^ (--. y, X ]^ 1^ -t i!^ "(S r? If; -^ io "t -* »s -* ^ \^
y. X ^, 3C 3t 1^ 71 7J Ti i(r 1*; ^ li? *c i^i- le ^ lo t=
^ K -^ I- ^ I-
^ 71 71 7V 71
-- "Ff «— 'M ^ -*? »« 's I- DC *, r « 5 — ' 5^1 r: •* ic -^ 1^ 3t ^ r '-
Meteorohgieal Olitnathnn.
XXH
dMract of ike liesnlU of ike Hourfy ileleoroio^ical Ohenation^
taken, al the Stureyor General*^ OJice, Ca/cu/ht,
miie mmfk of Aprd 1871.
Latitude £2^ 33' V Nurth, Longitude SB'' 20' 3i" E««i.
Height of tke Cistern of tUe Sundarcl BAronicter tbove i\\t Roa lovel, 18.1 1 feet,
Daily Me&os, &c. of the Observations and of tlio Hji^roioptrifal eleroentH
defM*inleut tliereoil.
Date.
Eange of tlie Barometer
during tlie cJfijr.
Mas.
Min*
Diff,
Hniifi^p of the Tempera-
ture during the duy.
Max*
Min. DiflT.
1
2
3
A
5
e
7
B
10
11
12
la
u
15
16
ir
18
19
20
21
22
Inches*
Indies.
IneUes.
29.770
29.852
29.715
.823
.894
.771
*816
.872
.727
.762
.830
.672
.769
.817
.703
.S()3
.876
.754
.743
.813
.660
.729
.795
.676
.769
.826
.725
.839
.909
.768
^1
.948
.8i»2
.841
.915
.759
.757
.826
.674
.716
.766
.631
.746
.854
.677
,837
.895
.778
.829
^11
.741
.798
.8*56
.730
.781
.860
,701
.769
.826
.685
.757
.820
.681
.728
.831
.651
.704
*775
,633
.727
^00
,681
.759
.816
.696
.744
.818
.689
.722
,788
.656
.765
.855
.703
.762
.8:k)
.679 -
.709
.784
.651
Inehes.
0.137
,123
.]45
MM
AU
.122
.153
aiti
.101
.141
.146
.156
.152
*135
.177
.117
.170
.13H
.159
.141
.139
.180
.142
.119
.120
,129
.132
.152
.151
.133
84.6
83.6
824
80.2
82.H
82J
83,8
84,3
83,7
85,5
81.9
85.3
85.4
85.0
8L0
75.8
79J
81,6
83.7
8L9
80.2
7G.2
797
81.2
8L9
81,9
85-0
85.5
86.0
86.1
94.4
900
m&
88.0
91.3
m.t
91.0
93.0
88.2
93.3
t>2.7
945
9i.2
93.6
93.0
83.0
9410
92.5
93.0
902
80.8
87.6
86.3
89.0
89.2
92.6
93,0
93.8
84.5
78.0
78.8
73.6
72 3
76.5
79.0
78.5
78.6
80,5
80.8
78.7
79.5
80,5
79.4
72.3
72.0
71.0
74.c»
77.5
74.3
73.5
72.2
72.4
75,2
77.7
74.5
79.5
80.0
8L0
80.0
16.4
iL2
15.9
15.7
14,8
lOJ
12.5
144
7.7
125
14.0
15.0
13.7
14.2
20.7
11.0
17.6
16.0
15.0
lar
16.7
8.6
15.2
11 I
11 3
14.7
13.1.
13.0
12.8
14.5
The Mean Height of the Barometer, a^ likewi^ie the Dry and Wet Bttlb
Thermometer Mean» are derived, from the kourl) ohserfatiaua, luade at the
teTeral houra during the day.
XXVI
Meteorological OlservalioH9»
Ahatracf of the B emits of the llonrli/ Meteorological 0l9ervalhH9
tiikeu at the Snrret/or General's Office, Calcutia,
in the month of April 1871.
"Daily Means, Ac. of ihe Obflcrrfvlio»9 and of t}»e JlygrooKtrieal eiements
clopoiuloii t tlK»reon. — (Cuntin ited.)
Pate,
1
fid
i
t
P
o
p-
o
m
'if ^
ill
g 3
J
^
^
^
"a
ii
^ £"
T. gr.
O 0 tx
:-5 i^s
5
o
o
0
a ?>
1^'
r'
p.
o
0
0
TnclieK.
T.gT.
1
ro.ir
5.2
75.8
8.8
0.a76
9.37
3.02
o.7r>
2
7l».o
4.(5
75.8
7.8
.87(J
.30
2.04
.7»
:\
7r».<>
5.2
7:^3
8.8
i^Oi)
8/58
.83
.75
4 .
7o.2
5.0
71.7
8.5
.7(58
.28
.(30
.7(J
5 .
77.:^
5.5
73.1
l).4
.811
.71
3.0 1
.74
r»
7t».:J
:m
7»).i)
5,S
.<.)08
0.7 1
1.08
.8:^
7 .
71>.^
4.0
77.0
r,.s
.f)10
.75
2.35
.81
8
SO.:}
I.o
7 7. 5
(>.s
.1)25
.00
.38
.»1
i' i
H< >.i »
3.7
77. t
('..3
.022
.80
.18
.8!^
30
80.<>
l.\)
77.2
8.3
.Dir,
.70
.03
.77
H :
HO.O
i:.\
77.<^
7.3
.028
.03
.6(5
.8(>
]2 1
N(».S '
1.5
77.<>
7.7
.028
.01
.73
.7S
}:i
8').5
■i.\)
77.1
8.3
.013
.70
.02
.77
^^ ,
HO.l
\A\
77.2
7.8
.01(5
.70
.74
.7i<
15
7o.l
5.1)
71.0
lo.o
.751
8.00
3.05
.7:i
}()
7i.(;
4.2
♦vs.7
7.1
.(507
7.58
1.0(5
.80
37
7:{.l
<5.2
r,s.s
10.5
X^M
.51
3.05
.71
]S
75/i ;
G.3
7().i)
10.7
.718
8.00
.20
.71
11)
77.1
(;.3
73.0
li>.7
.8()1
.57
.50
' .71
20
7(5.:)
5.0
73.1.
8.5
.811
.71
2.73
.7C)
21
71.1
5.S
70.3
D.l)
.7:U
7.02
.00
, .7:i
22
71.7
1.5
fN.5
7.7
.(502
.53
.13
.78
23
7-».:J ,
•l.l
72.2
7.5
.781
8.1.1
.31
.71)
2t
7<;.5
•1.7
73.2
8.0
.80«
.(5S
.53
.77
25
7^.0 ■
3.1)
75.3
G.(J
.8f>2
0.27
.17
.81
2(> 1
77.1 1
4.S .
73.7
8.2
.810
8.82
.02
.77
27
81.0
4.0
7X2
0.8
.04(5
10.11
.42
.81
2.S ■
So.(> ■
'IV
77.2
8.3
.01(5
0.70
.03
.77
21)
81.7 ,
4.3
7S.7
7.3
.0(51
10.2(5
.05
.80
1
1
■'1.2 ,
i
7U.0
7.1
.070
.35
.00
.80
All the liy ^romL'iin"\\ vWuwuVsi wc v:v.Mv\\Av\.\:d Uy Ike Grecnwicli Cous<lanr*-
Meteorologkal Obaervadoni,
XXVll
Alfslr^cl of the BesnlU of the llonrlff MeUirolofical Observaiious
t<ikeu at (he Surveyor General's Office, CalcuUa,
in Ute moniA of April 1871.
llowrly Mecns, &c of tlie Obtervstions and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
O «3
!^5
Panpfc of the Bnronioter
for each liour during
the month.
J3
l?ange of the Tempera-
ture for eaeli liour
during tlie month.
Hour.
Max.
Min.
Diir.
Max.
Min. Diff.
Inches.
Inches.
Mid-
Dlgllt.
29.770
29.909
1
.761
.898
2
.761
.883
3
.742
.866
4
.745
.871
6
.762
,888
6
.778
.897
7
.797
,907
8
.817
.928
9
.832
.918
10
.810
.943
11
.829
.933
Noon.
,814
,015
1
.787
.895
2
.760
.861
3
.731
.837
4
.715
.817
6
.711
.8'>9
6
.725
.819
7
.744
.854
8
.761
.853
9
.774
,883
10
.787
.891
11
.783
.898
Inches,
29.667
.663
•658
.651
.674
,692
.709
.735
,755
.763
.765
,760
.745
.723
.695
.663
.639
,633
.641
,631
.687
,708
.710
.703
Inches.
0,2i2
.235
.225
.215
.197
.196
.188
.172
.173
.185
.178
.173
.170
.172
.166
.174
.178
.176
.178
.223
.166
.175
,181
.195
79.0
78.8
78-6
78.4
78.2
77.8
77.6
78.2
80.5
83.1
85.2
87.0
88.2
89.3
89.6
89.7
89.0
87.7
85.5
82.7
81.1
80.5
79.9
79.4
82,5
82.2
82.0
81.8
81.5
81.0
81.0
81.5
83.7
86.8
89.0
91.2
92.5
93.5
94.5
94.5
9t.O
92.5
90.0
86,(»
85.5
83.6
83.2
82.6
72.0
71.5
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.0
71.5
71.9
75.0
78.7
80.5
79.5
73.5
72.2
73/2
74.2
76.5
78.0
75.7
72.3
72.3
73.0
72.5
72.5
10.5
10.7
11.0
10.3
9.5
9.0
9.5
9.6
8.7
8.1
8.5
11.7
19.0
21.3
21.3
20.3
17.5
14.5
14.3
14.3
13.2
10.0
10.7
lO.I
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means arc derived from the observations made at the several
liours during the month.
XXVlll
Meteorological OhBfrfiafionn.
Ahdvact of the liesnlts of the Honrly Mefeorologieat 06servatiom§
taken at the Snrre^or GeneraPi Office^ Calcnita,
in the month of April 1H71.
Hourly MeaiiM, Ao. of the Obscrvalions and of tlie Hjgrometrica] elements
di'pcii(U»n t thereon. — (Conthtned,)
Hour. I
Mid-
niglif.
1
2
4
5
fi
7
8
\}
10
11
1
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
.3
H
7B.I
7<».0
75.1)
7o.l)
75.9
75.8
75.8
7t?.3
77.«5
78.8
70.7
80.1
80.1
81). 7
80.1
80.5
80.1
7i).9
78.')
77.G
7<).9
7f?.8
70.9
70.G
|8 \S
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.9
2.9
i.3
5.5
(3.9
7.8
8.()
9.2
9.2
8.6
7.8
c.r,
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.0
2.8
'T3
o
O
71.1
71.0 i
74.0 ;
7I-.1 I
71.3 !
7i.4 ;
74.r)
75.0 I
75.8 I
75.8 !
70.0 ;
i'M I
iO.D I
71.9 .
75.0 I
75.2
75.2 i
7i.3 i
74.0 j
74.0 I
74.2 !
74.8
74.0
P
4.9
4.8
4.0
4.3
3.9
3.t
2.9
3.2
4.9
7.3
9.t
11.0
12.5
13.8
lt.7
U.7
13.8
12.5
11.2
8.7
7.1
6.3
6.1
4.8
'an Elastic force of
apour.
an Weight of A'apou
a Cubic foot of air.
ditional Weight of
apour required for
onplete saturation.
Iff
1 ^.^
^..S
:5^8
jS^-i
Inches.
T.gr.
T.gr.
0.830
8.98
1.62
0.86
.827
.95
.49
.86
.827
.95
.43
.86
.830
9.00
.31
.87
1 .835
.05
.20
.88
.838
.10
.03
.90
.813
.14
0.90
.91
.851
.25
1.00
.90
.871
.39
.59
.86
.870
.U
2.45
.79
.87(5
.37
3.24
.74
.8.S2
.39
.90
.71
.873
.20
4.50
.67
.808
.2(»
6.01
.66
.851
.00
.33
.63
.851
.03
.31
.63
.800
.11
4.97
.66
.800
.13
.43
.67
.835
8.92
3.80
.70
.827
.88
2.84
.76
.827
.91
.26
.80
.832
.98
.00
.82
.8 l-l)
9.17
1.61
.86
.84:J
.11
.61
.86
All the Hygromctrical clementB arc computed by the Greenwich Constanta.
Meteorological Otfservaliom.
ZXIX
Abstract of ike Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
the month of April 1871.
in
Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c.
k
Q Guage
t. above
round.
Wind.
^
Prevailing
General aspect of tlie Sky.
1
si
»— 1 1— 1
direction.
0
IncLes
Tb^
Miles
1
146.5
...
8.
...
234.8
B. to5 A. M., Vi to2p.M.,
VI to 5 p. M., B to 8 p. M., W
afterwards. L on K at 9 p. ii.,
D at 9| A. M.
2
141.8
_•••
S.
...
211.3
(Jlouds of different kinds to
9 A. M., '^i afterwards.
3
129.0
1.84
S&SSE
30.0
260.7
S to 5 p. M., 0 afterwards.
Storm from 6 J to 7 p. if. T A
L from 6 to 11 p. m. E from
6jto8Aat Up. M.
4
139.0
0.71
ssw&s
9.6
336.9
Vi to'8 A, M., '^i to 4 p. M.,
0 afterwards. High wind from
6 to 6J p. M. T L A Eat mid-
nieht, A from 5 to 7 p. m.
6
142.0
...
ssw&sw
...
279.6
Chiefly ^i L on S W at 7
6
188.0
0.04
S8W&8
...
180.6
Clouds of various kinds.
T at 4 6i A 9 P. M. L. on N.
at 6i A 9 p. M. Light R at 5,
7 A 8| p. M.
7
143.7
•••
ssw&s
...
224.2
Scuds to 10 A. M.B to 8 P.M.
Scuds afterwards.
8
147.0
...
SbyE&S
...
194.1
Scuds to 8 A.M. MA^-i
to 7 P. M. Scuds afterwards.
9
136.0
•••
S by W & S
1*.
198.3
Chiefly S.
10
149.0
SbyW,SSWASb.E
...
216.0
Scuds to 9 A. M. \i to 5 P. M.
B afterwards.
11
140.8
S A 8 bj W
8&S SW
...
211.0
Chiefly B.
12
145.0
...
215.7
B to 2 A. M. W to 8 A. M.
B to 2 p. M. \i afterwards.
13
144.8
...
8 by W A S
...
217.5
S Jo8a. M. B toll A.M.,
\i to 7 P. M., B afterwards.
14
145.0
...
S SW&S
...
269.4
Chiefly \i L from 9 to 11
P M
15
140.0
0,07
Variable
0.9
244.4
S to 9 A. M., clouds of dif-
ferent kinds to 4 p. M. O to 9
p. M. B afterwardti. L at mid-
night A 1 A. M. A from 6 to 8
P. M. T from 45 to 8 p. m,
Light R. at 9.i A 101 a. m.,A
from 4J to 7 p. m.
16
128.3
...
E A Variable
2.0
212.7
S to 7 P. M., B afterwards.
T from Noon to 2 p. m. D at
7 A. M. A 2 p. M.
17
145.5
...
E by N A Variable
...
108.2
Clouds of different kinds to
9 A. M., '^i to 7 P. M. B after-
wards L from 7J to 9 p. m.
\i Cirri,— i Strati, '^i Cumuli, \_i Ciro-strati, ^i Cumulo- strati, Vv.i Nimbi,
Vi Cirpo-cumnli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T tkuadfit, L. V\>^\Vvccw^.
B nin, D dxbale.
*
XXX
Meieorolof/ical Oiservalwns.
ALdract of the liesulU of the Hourly 3fe/^oroloffical OlserraiiouM '
iakoi at t/te Snrvcf/or General's Office^ CalcuUa^
in the month of April 1871.
Solnr IJjuliation, "VVentlicr, <fec.
18
ly
20
2]
22
o o
15^
-5 C r—
Wind.
Prevailing
dircctiou.
o
148.0
147.3
145.0
142.0
137.C
Fnelics
0.47
0.12
O.Cl
23
24
112.0
142.5
25 115.0 1.40
20
2U
30
SE&S
SbyW&SSW
S by W & S S W
I r= Z
I cs o
^1 £: : ft i:
Siiics
92.4
1.8
4.0
ENE,S&SbyW 4.4
Variable
4.2
91.2
104.7
195.3
201.0
General aspect of tLe Sky-
S S W k s
S W& Sby W I
S&SSE
140.8 I 0.10 S S W, S AV & S
147.0
I
I
150.2 :
1 15.5
144.8
SSW
SbyWSSW&S
ssw&s
S &SbyW
2<M).0
G5.0
218.9
105.3
184.1
131.1
102.0
207.8
B to A. M., \i to 0 A. M., '"i
to 4 p. M., \i to 7 p. M., B
aftcrward.s.
B to 0 A. M., ^i afterwards
T & I) at 3J p. M.
B to 7 A. M. ^itoSp. M.O
afierwanls. Bri8k wind from
\\ to 6.i p. M. TfromS to 8
M. L from C to 10 p. m. It.
jfrom 4 J to 10 p. m.
S to 4 A. M. \i to 1 p. H.,
S to 4 p. M., O afterwards.
Brisk wind from 10 to 12 a. m.
T&L from 6J to 8 p. M. Light
Kate, 8 All P.M.
O to 0 A. M. Vi to 10 A. H.,
O to 2 P. M., Vi to 7 P. M., O
la ft t•n^•ards. Briskwiud at 11
l'. M.. Hf.t l()|p. M., T after
lintorvals L nt 3 a. M. «$: from
j7 to 9 v. M., B from 9J a. m.,
|t.o2 &S\ to 10 r. M.
S to 5 A. M., VnI to 10 a. m.,
i aft<Twards. L on S W at
9^&11 P. M.
i !S to 10 a. m., f i& Viaf-
jttTwards. 1) at midnight.
1 "^i to 3 A. M , Vito8p. M.,
jO nftcrwards. Lfrom 9 to 11
:r. M./r& B from 10 to 11
p. M.
I () to 8 A. M.. clouds of dif-
jfon-nt kinds afterwards. T at
iiiidnifflit L at niidniglit & 8
!?. M. 11 from midnight to 3
A. M.
: B to 7 A. M.. '"i to 8 p. M.,
\i aft<.'rwards. L on E at 7
iP. M.
; \i to 11 A. M., '^itoGP.M.,
B afterwards
B to 3 A.M., ^ i to 3 P.M., B
afterwards.
! B to 2 p. M., Vi to 8 p. M.,
|B afterwards.
\i Cirri, — i Strati, '"i Cumnli, v_i Cirro-strati. rv_i Cunmlo-strati, v>_i Nimbi,
Uf Cirro'CumuU, B clear, S Hiraloui, O o\ci:coLst, T thunder, L lightning,
li rain, D drizzle),
Meteorological Observations. xxxi
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calciitta,
in the month of April 1871.
Monthly Bbsults.
Inches.
Mean lieiplit of the Barometer for tlie month... ... ... 29.772
Max. lieight of (lie Paionieter occurred at 9 a. m. on the 11th. ... 29.948
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 7 P. M. oil the 14th. ... 29.631
Hxireme range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.317
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.843
Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.702
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.141
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... 82.7
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 & 3 p. m. on^t^e 12th & 30th ... 94.5
Min. Temperature occurred at 2 a. m, on the 17th. 71.0
JUxtreme range of the Temperature during the month 23.5
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. . ... 90.7
Ditto ditto Min. cfitto, ... ... 76.7
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... ... 14.0
Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ... ... 77.9
Mean Drv Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.8
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month ... ... ... 74.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 8.2
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ,„ ... 0.840
Troy grain.
Mean Wei^ of Yapour for the month ... ... ... 9.03
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 2.69
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.77
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 143.0
Inches.
Hained 14 days, — ^Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 1.84
Total amount of tain during the month ... ... ... 5.72
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ... ... ... 4.64
Prevailing direction of the Wind 8, S by W^ & & S» V^ .
* Height 70 feet 10 uxeVie^ «5oo^« ^gcwwA.
XXXll
Meteorological Observations,
8! • fl fe
!£^5
»5
•jii K
uo uii^H
jCilLM
no iiiirji
AV S^ AV
uo npg^
Ai-^q^
uo wivji
uo U|-»}]
H ^q ;g
uijiiutK
no iiiwjj
uo UfFJ{
H N
no n\.v!j[
"no inv|f
jnoH
"^ i-«^^tMr-ii-t*-H| Ijq^^^ ^ >* tiO ^ 5«3 1-4 nxl
^ cp oo ^ 00 OB ^iciQ0»-4C''?4iiOt>M«-*^-i^H9a-#ioF-i«s<i ^r~
I?* t^*^^oDiQ<eo^?DaDrHaoQo to^"Morw^9ll^HW«o «J
fH ^-1 ^ Fl <^
O »^iOiOkcs^4LQ.rxie<i<-H^t>tM?'3^gotDi-Hi ^I'c^ iO ^'e^
'^ ^^'M99ci9Cg^
,~,^^i-4^ei44PH40i^ei^e(i^.^
TO*07flOT-H*-l ^H^Oq-H ip^i-<SO^CQ«*a'?^^
GO r-<M(3l|fl<lCilMn-*n-*T^
iHir-tCil >"< Tl
■uo UlB^f
_ «
a
1— H
<-^ f-l
^ r^ ifli^P^CO
"UQ nnrjf
^
^ Xf, JI
1-4
„C^^^ ^P-i^^ ^
n-+
niu umji
ri *-l
■-I ■-♦
'?T 'KT "H
ir-i^mS«^ ^ ^^
1P-I r«l rH «
-no Ditrjf
»-i
SSI^
-cr • »Tf
•^
^F-< T-t
Qi«93^i&t&t?-*X^OkO^ O^^^^-^tO^ft^^^O^
Afefeorofoff^ieal Observations,
XXXiU
Abstract of the Besnlts of the Hourly Meteor ologi cat Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcuttay
in the month of May 1871.
Latitude 22° 33' Y Nortli. Longitude 88° 20' Sr East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
Kange of tlie Barometer
'Bulb
eter.
Bangc of the Tempera-
5 a +^
during the day.
ture during the dn^ .
Date.
-
Max.
Min.
Diff.
Max.
Min. Dili'.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
0
0
o
o
1
29.767
29.842
29.694
0.148
84.8
89.0
79.0
10.0
2
.787
.869
.721
.148
83.3
92.0
76.8 ' 15.2
3
.766
.843
.709
.134
84.9
92.2
78.0 1 M.2
4
.750
.824
.6.39
.185
84.0
93.0
74.4 1 is.i;
5
.729
.775
.656
.119
78.8
90.0
74.0 i 16.0
6
.705
.766
.599
.167
81.0
91.4
74.8 1 uu;
7
.683
.743
.589
.164
83.8
94.3
76.8 i 17.5
8
.697
.735
.627
.108
80.6
88.9
76.0 i 13.9
9
.704
.753
.649
.104
79.9
86.9
74.5 , 12.4
10
.714
.772
.644
.128
81.8
91.8
76.5 1 16.3
11
.723
.775
.637
.138
80.8
91.2
76.2 1 16.(»
12
.718
-.776
.640
.136
82.2
89.2
76.5
13.7
13
.713
.766
.616
.160
82.6
91.0
76.6
16.4
14
.687
.751
.604
.147
82.1
89.0
76.6
13.5
15
.661
.712
.687
.125
83.8
90.2
78.0
12.2
16
.661
.697
.574
.123
86.9
94.0
80.6
13.4
17
.662
.719
.595
.124
88.0
95.0
82.5
12.5
18
.641
.702
.565
.147
86.4
94.7
82.7
12.0
19
.690
.636
.623
.113
86.7
93.5
80.6
12.9
20
.577
.629
.606
.123
80.8
86.3
77.0 ' 8.:i
21
.561
.614
.459
.156
83.7
92.8
78.0 1 14.8
22
.538
.595
.475
.120
82.4
89.8
79.1 1 10.7
23
.537
.601
.428
.173
84.6
93.2
78.6 • 14.7
24
.571
.647
.633
.114
82.3
89.4
76.5 1 12.9
25
.645
.779
.586
.193
84.0
91.0
75.3 1 15.7
26
.695
.754
.653
.101
82.0
90.7
76.0 1 14.7
27
.747
.812
.687
.126
84.0
91.6
77.0 ' 14.0
28
.735
.814
.641
.173
82.8
91.6
76.0 i 15.5
29
.730
.788
,669
.129
83.0
90.5
76.5 14.0
30
.690
.762
.612
.160
84.6
92.3
77.7 14.6
31
.669
.730
.604
.126
86.2
93.0
80.5
: 12.5
1
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bu\U
Thermometer Means are derived^ from the hourly obacrTa.t\o\i^^\aa.^vi >i^. *<^2^^
serend hours during the day.
XXXIV
Meteorological Observaliont^
AbUract (rf the Jtesnlts of the ITonrlt/ Meteoroloffkal Oiservalhns
iaken al the Sin-vef/or GeneraPs Office^ CalcuUa,
ill the month of May 1871.
Bail J Means, Ac. of Uk) O^orvations and of tlie irygromctrieal elemcni*
dopciulent tlierco». — (CoHthiited.)
^
^
vi
^
^
is
^Mi
Mw
Ihie.
pi?
m
m
9
tfi
«3 t!
Q 9
ail
^1
9
6
Q
Si
0
o
o
o
Inches.
T. gr.
T.gr.
1
80.5
4.3
77.5
7ir
0.925
9.90
2.56
0.8O
2
7^.1)
7.4
70.7 1
12.6
-744
7.»7
3.96
.67
3
7S..1
0.8
73.3 ;
11.0
^9
8.03
.80
.6i>
4
77.1)
G.1
73.0
10.4
.817
.75
.42
.r^
5
74.7
4.1 ;
71.8 ;
7.0
.771
.33
2.11
.80
6
75.i)
5.1 i
72.3
8.7
.783
.43
.71
.76
7
7S.(> ;
5.8
73.0
0.0
.821
.83
3.27
.73
8
7ir.'3 1
4.3
73.3 ,
7.3
.800
.72
2.20
.7U
9
7«k1 1
3.8 i
73. 1
0.5
.811
.75
.03
.81
10
77.8 I
4.0 !
75.0
0.8
.851
0.18
.22
.81
11
70.',)
3.1)
71.2
(kO
.832
8.00
.11
.81
12
7S.()
4.2 i
75.1 i
7.1
.8.->7
0.21
.33
.80
13
77.0
i>A) 1
74.0 '
8.5
.827
8.8S
.70
.7«;
11
78.2
3.1) !
75.5
o.r>
.808
0.33
.18
.81
15
71».2
4.0
70.0
7.8
.882
.45
.05
.75^
16
8i».o i
0.1 1
70.7
10.2
.002
.00
3.05
.73
17
81.2
o.s
77.1 '
10.0 :
.013
.70
.08
.71
18
81.5
4.J) 1
78.1
8.3 1
.043
10.i)0
.00
.77
11>
Sl.t
5.3 ;
7S.2 !
H.5 !
.010
.07
.11
.76
20
77.(J
3.2 ;
75.4 I
5.4
.805
0.31
1.73
.84
21
7l>.5
4.2 ,
70.0 I
7.1
.8iVJ
,03
2.41
.80
22
71).5 I
2.J) ,
77.5 j
4.0
.025
.04
1,07
.86
2;i
7i).l) 1
4.7 '
7r>M ;
8.0
.^)\)
.01
2.78
.78
21.
70.7 ;
2.0 j
77.0 1
4.4
.037
10.08
1.50
.87
25
Hi). 5 1
3.5 !
78.0 1
ex)
.9U) ;
.07
2.10
.83
20
78.0
3.4 '
7<1.2
5.8
.887 1
0.51 1
1.03
.83
27
SO..S
3.7
77.7 :
(;.3
.031
.08
2.10
.82
2S
78.5
4.3
75.5
7.3
.s<;8 !
.33 !
.42
.79
21)
78.7
4.3
75.7 i
7.3
.873 1
.38
.41
.79
:}«)
78.7 1
5.0
71.0
10.0
.813
.02
3.37
.7a
31
81.2
5.0
1
77.7
8.5
.031
.02
.07
.76
All the J/j'^^iviuetrii'al cicmouts are cyinvutod hy the Greenwich. Constantg.
llcUorotoglcat Olnervatio^is,
xxrr
JLhslract of tie Remits vfthe Ilonrlf/ Mefeirotojical Ol$€i'vathnt
iakeH at tht Snrvet/or GeneraVs Office, Calcntl^^
Ui ih'e Kionih of May 1*87 U
Uottriy M*c«n8, Ac of the Obsetvnlions nnd of the irygrometrrcal elements
depend cut iliereon.
f^ire fi*r em-li Imiir
dairiii^ I tie iiiotilli*
Hour.
Jlmii^f* of llui lilt
tlie inonLti
luring
Ma^.
Mm.
DiE
J^fusc,
laclies.
Inclies.
Inclies.
Indies.
o
Mid-
•ifflit.
29.093
20.816
29.543
0,272
70.5
1
.683
.805
.626
.279
70.2
2
.672
.7vS6 .
.513
.278
780
3
.665
.7r,8
.S'X)
.268
78.6
4
.665
.770
.504
.272
78.4
S
.67^
.782
.^22
.2(50
78.2
6
.601
.80»
.640
;269
78.4
7
.710
.850
,672
.278
79.6
8
.724.
.866
.583
.^8S
82.1
9
.732
.869
.501
.^78
84.5
20
.730
•867
,682
.286
8f>,4
U
.717
.849
,64ri
."278
87.9
Noon.
.702
.829
.556
.273
884
1
.680
.798
.533
.265
89.3
2
.653
.768
.489
.269
89.5
3
.628
.735
.473
.262
89.6
4
.615
.721
.4.^9
.2(>2
80.8
5
.612
.735
.4:i8
.3<>7
88.0
6
.624
.727
.4o3
.274
80.2
7
.648
.736
.401
.216
8:^5
8
.669
.763
.523
.240
81.9
9
.686
.810
.532
.278
81.3
10
.609
.832
.641
.291
80.6
U
.6^9
.842
.544
.298
80.0
Min. I Dilt
I
8i.2
84.0
83.8
8:^5
83.0
82.7
83.0
81.0
87.0
88.3
J«0
92.4
93.6
94.7
95.0
105.0
"95.0
t)4.8
04.0
90.0
87.5
86.7
85.4
81.6
74.0
74.2
74.0
74,0
74.0
74.0
74.4
75.0
77,0
77.0
77.0
79.3
76.5
77.5
79.3
79.2
80.6
76.0
76.4
76.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
74.4
10.2
98
9.8
9.5
9:0
8.7
8.t}
9.0
lO.-O
11.3
13.0
13.x
17.0
17.2
15.7
15«8
14.4
18.8
17.6
14.0
12.5
11.7
10.4
lo.a
The Moan lleij;lit of tlic I3aroinelcr, as lil^ewisc tlio Dry and Wet liulh
Tlierxnomcter Menus are derived fiom liic obscrvalious luade at (lie scvcFti
Iwurs dttiiDg die moDJth,
XXXVl
Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the liesnlts of the llonrlt/ Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of May 1871.
Hourly Means, Ac. of the Obsefrations and of tlie Ilygromctrical elements
dependent tliereon. — (Continued.)
^
i
0)
-^ 1
1
Hour.
1
1^3
p
a
a
1 1
cS
Si
1^
0^
o
2.S '
S8.g-
0
0
o
0
Indies.
T.gr.
T.RT.
Mid.
jaiglit.
70.7
2.8
74.7
4.8
0.8ir»
0.14
1.52
0.80
1
7<5.«
2.0
74.8
4.4
.819
.19
.37
.87
2
7r).«
2.3
75.0
3.9
.85 1
.21.
.23
i .88
3
7r>.i.
2.2
74.9
' 3.7
: .851
.21
.17
.89
4
7t>.i
2.0
75.0
! 3.4
! .851
.25
m
i .1H>
5
70.1
1.8
75.1
3.1
, .857
.28
0.97
1 .91
<>
70.8
1.0
75.7
i '^-7
.873
.45
.8()
1 .92
7
77.5
2.1
7(>.o
3.0
.8S2
.52
1.17
! .80
8
78.8
^:,\
70.5
5.0
. M\n\
1 .03
.88
, .84
1>
7i>.8
4.7
7(?.5
8.0
.SiM;
.59
2.70
1 .78
10
80.7
5.7
7<;.7
9.7
'■ .(KTl
.00
3.4(>
.74
Jl
81.2
'; ^-7
77.2
10.7
i
' .910
!
.73
.91
.71
Noon
i 81.1
7.3
70.7
1
11.7
'■ .902
; .50
4.28
1
.00
I
1 81.4
7.1>
; 70.7
• 12.0
. .902
.55
; .00
.07
2
81.2
8.3
' 70.2
1 13.3
.887
! .41
i .88
.00
a
80.1>
8.7
■; 75.7
\ 13.9
1 .873
' .21
' 5.(X)
j .05
4
1 81.2
8.0
1 70.0
13.8
.as2
1 .33
.09
1 .05
5
n\)
■ 8.1
i 75.0
13.0
. .854
.07
4.01
• .00
()
79.5
0.7
, 74.8
11.4
.8ti)
.0(5
3.93
t .70
7
. 78.7
i 4.8
75.3
8.2
.8()2
.25
2.75
.77
s
77.8
4.1
74.1)
1 7.0
1 .851
i .15
.29
.80
1)
. 77.8
; 3.5
75.3
i 0.0
' .802
1 .29
1.95
.83
10
77.4
; 3.2
75.2
' 5.4
.84*,<1
.28
.73
.84
11
70.8
. 3.2
74.0
5.4
.81;)
.11
; .70
.84
AH the IJ jgromctru-al clcineuts arc computed l»y the GrccuwicL Constants.
Meteorological Observations.
xxxvu
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor GeneraVs Offif^Cy Calcutta^
in the month of May }871.
Solar ItadiatioD, Weatlier, &c.
"■
s^
&g .
Wind.
aGua
t. abo
round
i
Prevailing
H S
DaUy
Velocity.
General aspect of tbc Sky.
1
|1
IS^
direction.
H
-
o
Inches
lb
Miles
1
142.0
...
S & S by W
...
2244
Chiefly Vi.
2
142.5
...
W& variable.
...
166.5
Chiefly V>i.
3
147.0
W & W by 8
...
84.6
Vi to 12 A. M., '^i to 6 p. M.,
B afterwards. •
4
147.7
.1*
SSW&Sby W
3.2
115.7
Chiefly '^i. Brisk wind from
7J to 7i p. M., T at 8 p. m.
*
L on W at 7 & 8 p. M.
6
131.8
0.25
E S E & Variable
3.6
239.0
Mt<)3 A. M., Bto9 A. M.,
clouds of different kinds af-
terwards. Brisk T^ind from
IIJ to Hi A. M. TatllJA
12 A. M., & from 6 ta8 p. m.,
L from 6 to 8 p. m: E. at
\\\ & 12 A. M., and from 6.^
to 8 p. M.
6
148.5
...
WN W& variable.
...
202.7
Chiefly '"i, D at 65 p. m.
7
160.0
0.48
SE&S8W
19.5
83.3
Chiefly ^i., stronpf wind at
6J p. M. Hailstone at 6i^ p.m.,
T & L from 6 to 9 p. m. 11
from 6J to 7J p. m.
8
135.2
0.13
8 E & Variable.
2.8
99.5
•
Vi, to 3 A. M., 0 to 6 A. M.,
clouds of different kinds to 6
p. M. O afterwards. Brisk
wind at H p- m. T at 1 p. m.
L on S at 9 p. m., Slight Rat
U, 7 & 8 p. M.
9
145.0
.. •
8 S E & S W
J,
147.3
Chiefly '"i.
10
1^.0
0,24
SSW&S
1.7
98.0
Chiefly ^'\. Brisk wind be-
tween 4.J A 5 p. M. Tat 4 & 5
p. H. ]{ at 5 <& 6 p. H.
11
147.4
0.27
S E & S by W
2.2
140.6
B to 10 a. m., '^i. to 5 p.m.
0 afterwards. Brisk wind be-
tween 5 & 5J p. m., Tat 5 J
& 7 p. m., L at 9 & U p. m.,
Efrom 5.i to 7 p. m.
12
146.5
0.16
SSW,SEitSSE
136.9
Clouds of different kinds
to 7 A. M., ^i to7 p. M.,Oaf-
terwards. T at 8 J p. m. L on
8 Wat 8 p. M., E from 8J to
10 p. M.
13
150.0
1.40
S by E & S S W
7.8
114.0
Vi to 8 A.M., ^i to 6 p. M.,
0 afterwards. High wind at
7 p. M.T at 7 & 8 p. M. L from
7 to 9 p. M. K at 7 & 8 p. M.
14
145.0
•••
SSE&ENE
*■«
113.3
O to 4 A. M., B to 9 A. M.,
"i to 6 p. M., S afterwards.
\i Cirri,— i Strati, ^i Cumuli, "v-i Cirro-strati, ^^iCumulo-^Vc^^x^xrOv^vss^-v^
Vi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratom, O o\«t<:«AV,T VJ^mA^t, Xx \\'^vV«ssn^>
M TMD, D drizzle*
XXXVlll
MtUorological OlservationTB.
Abdraci of the ItesnlU of ihe llonrhj Mekorological Oiservatioiki
taken at the Surveyor General's OJJice, Calcutta^
in ike woiiih of May 1871.
Solar Kadiation, Weather, &c.
u
^ p
^ a
tr t: .
.?i
w^
ad£
fS
g2
Wind.
Prevailing
direction.
^ . r^ rr.
o
15 150.2
16 149.8
17
18
19
20
21
22
2:^
2 J
2.3
20
110.7
Xfi^2.0
148.0
120.0
140.0
115.8
110.7
111.2
Incliesl \h
0.80 is S W & Variable 1.7
[SW
SSW,SbyWitW
0.22
0.27
0.10
0.21
1U.3
135.5 1.10
2.58
0.82
S SW&SbyE
S by E & S W
SSW
S by W& Variable
SW&E SE
KSE&WSW
W S W & S S E
S S E <t S by W
0.8
1.8
0.8
2.C
2.4
1.0
G.o
' rt o
Miles
108.8
GenenU aspect of tlio Skj.
46.3
68.3
72.7
113.6
177.1
108.3
85.4
46.8
00.1
JSS W 22.0'. 101.4
S W<LSbyE 11.4 230.8
B to 8 A. M., '"i to4p. M.
B afterwards. 11 between 1 &
2 r. M.
IJ to 3 A. M., \i to 8 A. M.,
^ i to 7 P. M. B afterwards.
L at 0 & 10 P. M.
B to 0 A. M., ^i to 5 P. M.
B afterwards.
B to 6 A. M., ^i to 7 P. M.
B aftxTwards. T at 21 & 4i p.
M. 11 at 2, 3 & 5 p. M.
B to 4 A. M., W to 4 p. M.,
8 aften^ards. L at midnight
& from 7} to 9 p. m.
Chiefly O. L from 2 to 5 A.
M., & at 10 p. M. T at 5 A from
H\ to 10{^ A. M., llfromSi to
10 A. M., &at8 p. M.
S to 10 a. m., '^i to7 P. M.
0 afterwards. Brisk wind be-
iwct^n 5 it 6 J P. M. L on S at
!8 p. M. 11 at 3', &6i P. M.
1 Clouds of difloroTjf kinds to
8 A.M., ^i to 2 r.M.Olo 0p.m.,
I\i to 0 r. M., B att^Twards.
'Jirisk wind, Tit K at 2.i p.m.
I B tod a. m., \i to 10 a.m.,
-i to 4 r. M., S afterwards.
Tat 41 Jt 5 V. M.
I S to 0 a. m., \i to 10 A. M.
!o to 3 P.M., S afterwards.
!Hi«;]i wind at 11 a.m. T from
|]2 a. m., to 1 p. M., L at 11 &
112 A. M., & from S to 11 P. m.,
'Knt 11 Sc 12 a.m.
! StolOl.A.M., ^ito7 P. M.
jo afterwards. Storm at 01 P.
!M., T .t L at midniirht c't 1 A.
|m., & from 7 to 11 p. m., R
'from 7 J to 10 ]). m.
I O to Oa. m.. S to3p. m., O
afterwards. High wind be-
lt ween 4] ctl^ p. M.,Tat 5p.
iM., L at midnight & 1 a. m.,
life from 7 to 0 p. M., 11 from
lli to 6 p. M.
V Cirr'u—i Strati, -i CmnuV\,v-\C\rro.^VT;vt\, rv.\ Cumulo-slrati, v^-i Nimbi,
\n/C/rro.cmi,uIi, B clear, S .tratom, O o^ctv:vx>.V, 1 Wxxxi.^v:x,\.\v>^\vWi|,.
Meteorological Olservafions.
xxxix
Alstract of lite SesuU of the TTourli/ Meteorological Observations
taken at tie Surveyor OeneraVs Office, Calcutta,
in the month of May 1871.
Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c..
o o
. si
27
28
30
31
o
145.8
145.0
145.8
143.0
148.9
lucliei
1.57
Wind,
PrcTnUing
direction.
H S
General aspect of tlie Slj*
ssw
SSW ,5: Tariable
sw&ese;
w
s w&s
]^
Miles.
147.3
3.8
12G.9
155.2
90.8
99.7
O to 7 A* K., ""i to 5 K M*,
B afterwards. L on N W at 8
S to 8 A. M,, '^i to 5 p. M.,
O afterwards. Brisk Tmndlw-
tween 7^ & 8| Ip. m. T& L
from 7 to 11 p. m, K from 0 io
8 p. u* ife at 11 p. M,
S to7 A, M., -i io 7 p- K„
S afterwardsX on S at 8 p.M.
\i & \_i to 7 A. M.» Bio 2
p. M. '^i & \i aftorwarfls*
Chiefly ^i. LonIS atB&i*
p,M.
\i Cirri — i Strati, '^i Cnmuli,\-i Clrto-atr«AA, rv_\ C\vmv\Q-^Vt^^.v^rOv^xa^\^
y^ Cirro-CumvlU B clear, S btrat0Tu,O o^etc^^t>'l^>^^^^>"^'^^^^^'^'^'
xl Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, CalaUta,
in the month of May 1871.
Monthly Bbsults.
Inc LeB
Mean lieiglit of tlio Barometer for tlie moDtb... ... ... 29.678
Max. Tioiglit of the Barometer occurred at 9 a. m. on the 2nd. ... 29.869
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 6 p. M. on the 23rd. ... 29.428
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.441
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.741
Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.603
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the mouth .«. •.. 0.138
o
Mean Dry Bulb Tlierraometer for the month ... 83.3
Max. Temperature occurred at 4p. m. on tlio 17th. 96.0
Min. Temperature occurred at 6 a. m, on the 6th. 74.0
Extreme range of the Temperature during the month 21.0
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 91.2
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... ... 77.2
Mean daily range of tie Temperature during the month... ... 14.0
Mean "Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... ... ... 78.7
Mean Dry Bulb Tbermomctor above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.6
Coniputea Mean Dew-point for the month ... ... ... 76.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermomet^T above computed mean Dew-point ... 7.8
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.868
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 9.31
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 2.62
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.78
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 144.4
Inches.
Kained 17 days,— Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 2.68
Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 11.08
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ... ... - ... 9.33
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ... S S W,
♦ Height 70 feet 10 me\i<e^ \siNiONe ^qiamqA.
Meteorological Olservalion».
xli
^^,^^
^
^ ^
nil uitJjj
AV^^^^u
UU 11 tail
V-^'A\
*ao Hit* J.]
;Ai
^no timji
M '^
■no utBjf
■no mw^]'
no iTTir^
"rioiipii
'HO T|TO>|
'?r *R *:?
'no Tiiir^
*ftci Tttwji-
^^iCq '1^
-TIO nitr^T
no urtrii'
■no niTf^
^^q 'ST
■4I10H
^ — •**- — -M
« ^5 ^l ^1 -N ?1 -?! ^ ?1 « *# iW W ir^ ^TM — — » -- ^1
i-t ?ij :»a 5«> >i t* — 7>i ^ 7^1 ^
M !?1 -BiJ -^ -^ -M IQ « "^1 3«l *^ -» »-• W CO lO -f ?1 -^ 1^ — ^1
-^ >1 ?5 *^ T^l M TO 9^ lO TO TO TO ^ ^ TO — * ^1 *Q -* Tl -• ^
cs' QCSiC' ^C5t*^s^«3ii^^^QCi>^ '^ r^i-*«?iSj)t rix.
eo <>t -M -4
-^ TO -t t^ ^ lO ^ "i ^ 'S^ ^1 -^ '?! ?1
^ gfj -* _ ^ _ ^ ^515 ^' TO •^ ^ 91 -^ ^^ ^"-i-rl TO *?! TO to"
» ^1 'M -M TO TO -f r^ -H — ^ F-* — -M -♦ ^ *^ ^ .-^ ^
O^ JO*C-"5*fTO^'"*TO
O — ■ ^ ^ ^
— -t -,«-?>.- *>] -?! TO
TO TO TO TO ^ ^ TO ^1 ^1 «-• T'T ?1 —
— n 'M TO ^ TO
^1 ^ ^ ^l M ^1 -M -
^ ^41^ *4 — V^ — ■ -4 r-t ^-4 rs TO •'I TO
^^^--1 ^'
*>! >1 ^"^ "^ —
i— ?1 M -^ « ^ -^^
^S *S". *-" S4 €^ *^ *<^ '^ ^^ '^ ^ *^ ^* Sl'^
Ta ^ra -^ «k "^^r-^ ^^ "^
^X
Mettorological Observationb.
xlii
Abstract of Ike Itesult^ of theJlottrl^ ileteoiological Observations
taken at the Snrveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month oj June 1871.
Latitude ll"" 33' V North. Longitude 88° 20' 3^ East.
lEeiglit of tlie Cistern of tlie Standard Barometer above tlie sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, k^, of the Observations and of tlie Kjgrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
^t
Itau^e of tlie Barometer
J5
3 li
Rang<? of tlie Tc
nipt- ra-
til
during tlie cUy.
^ 1
ture during tlie
ting.
^1
Data.
Mas, 1
Mip.
DiC
Mai.
Min.
DiO;
lucUes*
lut^lies.
IncLes,
Indies. 1
0
0
0
o
1
29.6^5
29.714
29J90
0.124
86.3
93.8
^.7
11. 1
2
.625
,075
,550
.125
80.7
88.0
77.0
11.0
3
J79
.647
.497
,150
81.3
87.0
77.0
10.0
4
.626
.570
,471
,099
81.8
87.0
79.5
7.5
6
.551
.590
.508
.082
82 J
87-5
80.0
7,5
e
,610
.605
.488
,117
82.0
86.0 !
80.5
5.5
7
^20
.594
.'154
.140
82.8
88.4
80.0'
8,4
8
.508
.555
,464
,101
83.3
87.5
80.5
7,0
9
.620
.672
.459
,113
8L5
85.9
77,8 1
8.1
10
.5*55
.612
M%
,100
83.7
90.0
80.5
9.5
11
.578
.62:1
,537
,086
81.4
83.0
80.2
2.8
\%
.541
-5115
.469
.126
82.8
88,0
79.8
8.2
13
.515
.5ti2
.455
,107
81.7
84J
80.0
4.6
14
M%
.530
,'407
,132
83.6
87.0
81.0
6.0
U
.472
,549
.405
,144
83.5
870
8L3
5,7
la
.m
.486
.374
,11^
84.1
87.3
81,0
6.3
M
.460
,535
.403
JS2
83.6
87.4
80.8
6.6
18
,52B
.587
.482
.105
84.4
89.6
80.5
9,1
19
.543
.593
.484
.1<»9
85.5
9i).5
81.8
8.7
20
.465
.543
.370
.173
85.1
89.5
83.0
6.5
21
.428
.479
.371
.108
83.7
89.7
80.6
9.1
22
.405
.454
.342
.112
82.1
85.4
80.5
4.9
23
.425
.499
.370
.129
82.2
86.4
80.0
6.4
24
.490
.552
.441
.111
81.0
84.3
80.0
4.3
25
.531
.573
.466
.107
81.4
86.7
78.5
8.2
26
.536
.576
.474
.102
81.2
83.5
79.5
4.0
27
.501
.539
.444
.095
81.2
84.5
78.5
6.0
28
.519
.588
.463
.125
82.0
86.0
78.7
7.3
29
.598
.672
.531
.141
81.6
86.5
76.5
10.0
30
.635
.690
.580
.110
82.8
89.4 76.4
13.0
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observationSi made at the
several Lours during the day.
rriii
SItfeorotogicat 06senrafiou9',
Ahatract of the liesnlls of the llonrlij Melearologkal OiservafhnM
lakeu al the Snrrei/or GenemVs Office, Caleulla,
ill ike vtoHlU of Jme 1&7I.
Pailjr Means, «&c. of blie ObHerrations and of tlie lijpgronietfiea) tUmemim
dcpeiKlent IbcrcoiK — fCouiitinedJ
P»te.
i
1 ^
'i
13
1
Q
a
EJQ.
1^
ill
as t^ ^
^1
si
1°:
3>g
8^S
J^
p)
o
Q
i^
<
^
O
o
0
o
1
ladies.
T.gr.
T.gr.
1
82.1
4.2
79.2
r.i
0.976
10.41
2.61
OtSO
2
78.7
2.0
77.3
3.4
.919
9.92
1.12
.90
3
78.9
2.3
77.3
3.9
^19
.90
.31
.8a
4
79.7
2.1
78.2
3J>
•940
10il7
.23
.81>
6
8«).3
1.8-
79.0
3.1
.970
.44
.07
.91
0
»).3
1.7
79.1
2.9
i*73
.47
M
.91
7
80.3
2.5
78.0
4.3
.955
.27
.48
.87
8
80.0
2.7
7S.7
4.0
.901
.31
.62
.8(J
y
80.1
l.l
79.1
2.1
.973
.49
0iJ2
.93
10
80.1
3.3
78.1
5.0
.94^3
.10
li)7
.8^4
ii
80.3
1.1
79.5
1.9
.980
.02
0.65
.94
12
81.0
1.8
79.7
3.1
.992
.06
1.09
.91
13
80.5
1.2
79.7
2.0
.992
.€8
0.69
.94
11.
81.5
2-1
80.0
3.0
l.OOl
.72
1.31
.S»
15
81.3
2 2
79.8
3.7
0.i»95
.06
.34
.8»
1(>
81.2
2.9
79.2
4.9
.970
.45
.76
.80
17
»0.0
3.(>
78x5
5^1
.955
.25
.78
.85
18
80.3
4.1
77.4
7.0
.922
».87
2.44
.80
lU
81.0
3.i>
78.9
6.0
.907
ia32
.'V)
.81
20 !
82.0
2.5-
80:8
4.3
l/)27
.98
1.59
.»7
21 1
80.9
3.8
78.9
4.8
0.907
.37
.70
M^
22
80.2
1.9
78.9
3.2
.907
.41
.10
.90
23
8ii.3
U)
79.0
3.5^
.970
.44
.10
.91
24
8).2
0.8
79.0
1.4
.989
.08
0.46
.9&
23
79.9
1.5
78.8
2.0
.904
.38
.89
.92
20
79.3
1.9
78.0
3.2
.940
.13
1.08
.90
27
79.2
2.0
77.8
3.4
.9,3.1
.07
.14
M
2S
79.8
2 2
78.3
3.7
.949
.20
.27
.89
29
79.0
2.0
78.2
3.4
.910
.19
.16
.90
3JJ
8o.a
2.5
78.0
4.3
.955
.27
.48
.87
All the Hygrometrical elements aie coiv\^>\lvid by tlic Greenwich Constantsa
•MtUorohffkal Ohipervafwn^.
xllv
AbilfMci of the Hfsnl/s of Ihe flonri^ iTe(e(n'olog]cal X)bseyva(ioftn
tuien at ike Snrveyar Gtueral'n Office^ Odcntt^i,
iu ike ihohU ^/ Jme l«7h
tloRrly Meam, &e. of tlie ObserFaiions and of ike Hygromctrioal elements
dependent tLereon.
Hour,
^3
If R'r>|rc of llie Dnrf>TtH'ter
for enrti lioiir chtritig
the itioritli*
Max.
Min.
Bim
Rjin^e of (lie IVmponi*-
i nro for i*ncli Uoiir
diititi^ ifie niontli.
Max. Min. ; Diff.
Mid-
1
2
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
Noon.
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
D
10
11
Indies.
Indies.
Inches,
Indies.
o
29.545
29.683
29.4£4
0.259
81.5
.633
.672
,412
.260
81.2
.621
,665
.407
.258
800
.64)7
.647
^sim
.248
80.6
.602
,648
.398
.250
80.5
.511
.653
.403
.250
80.4
.625
.684
.414
.270
80.O
.639
.697
.426
.271
81.0
.656
•711
.438
.273
82.1
.5(53
.714
.442
.272
83.3
.603
.706
.454
.252
84.3
.657
.703
.440
.263
8-1.3
.541
.679
.417
.262
85.0
.622
.642
.392
.250
85.1
.603
.627
.370
.257
85.3
.485
.6(U
.354
.250
85.0
.469
,690
.ai9
.241
84.8
.470
.600
.342
.258
84.2
.482
.602
^65
.237
83.6
.499
.621
.381
.240
82.0
.620
v635
.388
.247
82.3
.636
.661
.413
.248
82.1
.653
.670
.437
.233
81.8
.553
.672
.430
1
.2^12
81.6
84.5
77.0
84.3
76.4
84.1
76.4
84.0
76.6
84.0
76.9
83.6
77.0
83.7
77.4
84.5
78.0
86.6
78.5
87.0
78.2
88.6
7t).0
©0.5
79.8
91.7
93.0
93.8
©1.0
90.0
88.9
87.6
86.0
85.3
85.0
85.0
84.0
81.0
77.5
77.0
78.2
78.4
79.0
79.0
79.5
77.9
78.0 '
76.5 ;
76.8 I
7.5
79
7.7
7.4
7.1
6.6
6.3
6.5
8.0
8.8
9.5
10.7
10.7
15.5
16.8
12.8
11.6
9.9
8.6
6.5
7.4
7.0
8.5
7.2
The Mean Height of ilie Barometer, ns likewise tlie Pry and Wet BuIH
Thermometer Means are derived fiom the oUservatious made at the oererfii
hours during the month.
xlv
Meleorological Olservafioni.
Afjsfraol of (he Resulls of the Ilourli/ Meteorological Observalioni
taken at the Surveyor Getieral's Office, Calcutt-a^
in the month of June 1871.
Hourly Means, Ac. of the Obserrations and of tlie Hygromctrical eloment*
dependent thereon. — (Continued,)
1
>
If
it
1
ic force of
ht of Vapour
foot of air.
Weight of
quired for
aturation.
^ 2
9^ §
flour.
•43 .
eS
«
1S •
bf.o
^ c "
i ^^
11
1
a.
1
0,
Is
1^^
lis
III
0
0
0
Tnches.
T.gr.
T.K».
Mid.
.TKl't-
80.1
1.4
79.1
2.4
0.973
10.44)
0.82
0.93
J
79.8
1.4
78.8
2.4
.904
.40
.81
.93
2
7l).G
1.3
78.7
2.2
.901
.37
.73
.93
3
71).5
l.l
78.7
1.9
.901
.37
.01
.94
4
71).3
1.2
78.5
2.0
.955
.31
.07
.94
5
7'.).3
1.1
78.5
1.9
.955
.31
.r>3
.91
(I
79A
1.1
78.0
1.9
.958
.3t
.01
.94
7
79.7
1.3
78.8
2.2
.901
.40
.74
.93
s
80.3
1.8
79.0
3.1
.970
.41,
1.07
.91
\)
80.S
2.5
79.0
4.3
.970
.42
.51
.87
]()
Sl.l
3.2
78.9
5.4
.007
.37
.91
.84
11
81.0
3.3
78.7
5.6
.901
.29
.99
.84
PToon.
81.5
3.5
79.0
o.o
.970
.37
2.10
.83
1
81.4
3.7
78.8
0.3
.9(>4
.31
.20
.82
2
81.4
3.9
78.7
0.0
.901
.20
.38
.81
W
81.3
3.7
78.7
0.3
.901
.29
.24
.82
4
81.2
3.0
78.7
0.1
.901
.29
.17
.83
5
80.8
3.4
78.4
5.8
.952
.19
.05
.83
Cy
8o.r»
3.0
78.5
5.1
.955
.25
1.78
.85
7
80.0
2.3
79.0
3.9
.970
.42
.37
.88
s
8t).3
2.0
78.9
3.4
.9(;7
.41
.17
.90
i>
80.2
1.9
78.9
3.2
.907
.41
.10
.00
10
80.2
1.0
79.1
2.7
.973
.47
0.93
.92
]1
80.0
1.0
78.9
2.7
.907
.41
.93
.92
All tho II vi^nmietrKiil olomcnts arc computed Uy the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations.
xlvi
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calcutta^
in iJte month of June 1871.
Solar liadiation. Weather, <&c.
^ A
&? .
Wind.
n
n
Hain Gua
\\ ft. abo
Ground
1
PreTailing
direction.
DaUy
Velocity.
General aspect of the Sky,
o
Inches
IfT
Miles
1
161.0.
0.61
S& Variable.
1.7
133.6
Chiefly ^i. T at 6 p. m. Bat
9} p. M.
2
113.0
3.87
SSW& s w
1.3
162.4
8 to 8 A.M. 0 afterwards. T
from 10 A. M., to 6 p. M. L at
3 A. M., & from 12 a. m., to 2
p. ir. H from 8| a.m., to 2 p.m.
3
139.4
0.68
SSE&S
2.0
101.4
0 to 7 A. M., 8 to 1 p. M.,
"i afterwards. T from 1 to 3^
7to9A. M., AatU p. M. L
from 1 to 3 A. H., at 7 & from
9tollp.M. Efromlto3A.M.
4
2.67
S&SbyE
88.9
8 to 6 A. M., V-it0 9M. A.,
"i & VnJ to 2 p. m. O to 6 p.
M. S afterwards. Tat 6 A 7a.m.
& from I to 4 p. M. L at mid-
night. Rat2, 6. 10i& 12 a.m.
& from 1 to 3 p. m.
5
145.0
0.84
S by E,S & S S E
...
60.6
^i to 12 A. M. O to 4 p. m.
8 afterwards. T at 1 p. m. B
at 1 A. M., & 1 &2p. M.
6
140.0
0.11
SSE&E SE
59.9
\i to 3 A. M. 8 to 7 A. M.,
-ito 12 A. M. O to6p.M..>i
afterwards. T at 1 «& 2 p. m.
Slight B from 11 J A. M., to a
P M
7
138.3
0.35
ESE&NNE
61.8
\i to3 A. M. 8to6p.M.O
afterwards. T at 10 a. m. , and
from 8 to 10 p. m. Lfrom 8 to
10 p. M. Slight B at 11 A. M.
[E.
& from 7 to H p. m.
8
132.0
0.12
WSW^NNW&N
120.3
0 to 4 p. M., \i k v-i af-
terwards. Tat2A. M., & llj
p. M. L at 2 A. M., & 11 p. M.
B at 3 A. M.
9
127.6
4,04
WbyS&SSW
2.0
101.9
O to 3 p. M. S afterwards.
Brisk wind at 3f a.m. T from
midnight to 7 A. M. & at 7 P. M.
L from midnight to 6 a. «. <&
7 to 11 p. M. B from midnight
tol2iA. M.
10
141.8
0.74
s w&ss w
0.8
162.2
8 to 11 A. M., \i & -ito4
p. M. 0 afterwards. T, L & B
at 6 & 6 p. M.
11
...
0.34
SSE&SbyE
...
102.7
Chiefly O. T from 1 to 4 &
at 8 A. M. L from 1 to 4 a. m.
Slight B from 2 t^ 6 & 10 to
12 a. m., &at2B,>iL.
\i Cirri,— i Strati, ^ i Cam^ili, \_\ CiTto^^ltaW, '^\Ci\xm>a^cy-'eXx^^x>->--^<^^^^-
W Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratom, O OYeTWAV.,'^ >DtaNsAs?t, \^ \^^J^>^^ks^^-
xlvii
Meteorological 06servafions»
Abiiract of the Hesulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at tlis Surveyor Generates Officey Calcutta,
iu tie month of June 1871.
Solar Eadiation, Wentlier, &c.
u ,
o 9
GQ '^
|i
Wind.
Prevailing
direction.
8|
General aspect of iLe S1ry«
12
o
145.3
13
...
14
152.3
15
137.5
26
...
17
149.2
18
14^.5
19
148.5
127.0
143.0
20
^1
:22
^3 138.8
24' ..
InclicHl
2.18 SE&SSE
1.38
0.06
0.13
0.25
0.01
0.27
0.84
0.45
S by W & S
S&S8W
WSW, S AS byE
SbyE,S&SbyW
S
S by W & S S W
s s w&s
S&ESE
S E &E by S
SE&ESE
ESE&SE
1.53 E S E & S
1.0
0.8
Miles
199.3
S to 7 A. M., ^i to 3 p. M.
O to 7 P. M. B afterwards. L
at 4 A. M., & 11 p. M..H from
12 A. M., to 3 p. H.
107.4 O t(» 7 p. M., >^i aftcrwnrds.
E at 1 & from 5 to 7 & lOJ a.
H., to 1 p. M.. & at 3 p. H.
77.4 Sto4 A.M. Oto 9 A.M., -i \o
2 p. M. O to 9 p. M. B after-
wards. Slight 11 at 8 A. M., 1,
4, 6 A 9 p. M.
75.9 Clouds of different Icinds.
Slight K at 2 A.M., & from 12
A. M. to 3 p. M.
171.5 \-i to 4 A. M. Oto 7 a. M.,
i &^i io 7 p.M.Safterwardsr.
L on Sat 11 J p.m. R at 7, 12
A. M.. & 1 p. M.
206.5 I S to 5 A. M., Vi to 9 A. m.,
pi to 1 p. M. O afterwards. D
|at 6 A. M., 2.1, 4 Sc 5 p. m.
165.8 () to 4 A. M. S to 8 A. M.,
\i to 11 A. M., ^i to 6 p. M.,
v_i aft^^rwards.
114.8 \i to 5 A. M.. ^i to 7 P. M.
IB aflorwards.
115.8 O to 9 A. M., clouds of dif-
ferent kinds* afterwards. L at
4 &5 A. M., & 11 p. M.Tat8
A. M. D at 8 & 12 A. M., & 1
& 2^- P M
153.2 \1\ to 5 A. M. S to 10 A. M.,
'^i to 8 p. M. O afterwards, li
at 12 A. M., 4, 5 & 11 p. M.
216.7 O to 3 A. M. S to 6 a. m.,
\i& ^i to9 A. M.O tol P.M.,
clouds of difTerent kinds af-
terwards. B. at midnight, 10,
11 A. M., IJ, 2J, 4, 5 &7 p. M.
273.8 S to 6 A. M., '^i to 1 p. m.,
0 afterwards. T at lOJ p. m.
Slight U at 1,3, 11a. m., 2, 6,
|7 & from 9 to 1 1 p. m.
1 O. T at 2} & 6.1p.m. L at
254.6 2\ p. M. B after inter?al8.
\i Cirn, — i Strati, '"i Cumuli, \-~\C\rTo-^ttv\^\, rx.:\ C.v\w\wVv>-'s>\r\U, vrv_i Nimbi,
V>i' Ciri-o-nimuli, B dear, S stratouH, O o\ctc^*V, T \\v>i.\i^x, V Xx^vVvivsvi^,
I?
7^ A.vt'Ti
Meteorological Olservalions,
xlviii
Abstract of the ResuUa of the Uonrly Meteorological Oiservations
taien at tie Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of June 1871.
Solar Sadiation, Weather, Ac,
o o
CO '43
si
to .
-J a §
ad 2
Wind.
Prerailing
direction.
:^
25
26
27
28
29
30
o
120.0
128.5
187.0
1U.0
110.5
134.0
Indies
0.44
0.02
1.12
0.21
1.82
0.47
I
ssw&w sw
[W
WNW,SWitSS
SW&SSE
8S W
S S W&S W
8SW&SW
0.8
0.8
2.0
Miles.
85.0
168.2
179.1
139.3
79.9
98.9
^General aspect of tlio Sky-
Chiefly O. E at 1 J & 3 A.M.,
& 4 p. H.
8 to 6 A. M. O to 11 A. M. S
afterwards. Light E from 7 to
11 A. M.
Chiefly O. E from IJ to 9
at 11 <& 12 A. M.., & 6 p. M,
Chiefly O. Slight E at mid-
night from 6 to 10 a.m., & be-
tween 7 & 8 p. M.
Chiefly O. E from 3 to 11
p. M.
O to 9 A. M , S afterwards.
TatlA.M.LatlA.M.,&fix)m8
to 10 p. M. E from midnight
to 4 A. M., at 1, 2 J & 11 P. M.
^\rSrTr^^^TStaiti7TCnmSdivlA^reo^^^
W CirTO-CumuIi, B clear, 8 stxBcWm, O wcwfta^.^"^ ^OssMi^^^
xlix
Meieorological Oiservaiiotts.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calculta,
in the month of June 1871.
Monthly Ebsults.
Mean lieiglit of tlio Barometer for the month...
Max. Iicight of the Barometer occurred at 9 a. m. on the
Min. lieight of the Barometer occurred at 5 p. m . ou the
JCxtreme ravage of the Barometer during the month ^
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... "..
J)itto ditto Min. ditto
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month .
Ist.
Inches.
. ^.523
. 29.714
. 29.34S
. 0.372
. 29.679
. 29.462
. 0.117
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ,., ,., 82.7
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. m. on the Ist. ^1^3-8
Min. Temperature occurred at 1(&2 a. m, on the 30th. 76.4
Extreme range of the Temperature during the mouth 17.4
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 87.2
Ditto ditto Min. cfitto, ... ... 79.8
Mean daily range of tl:e Temperature during the month... ... 7.4
Mean "Wet Bulb Tliermoraetcr for the month ...
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer al)ove Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ...
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ...
80.4
2.3
. 78.8
3.9
Inches.
. 0.964
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 10.36
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.36
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete satui'ation being unity 0.88
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ..,
o
13^.8
Inches.
Bained 28 days. — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 4.04
Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 26.35
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ,,, ,,, ... 23.66
Prevailing direction of the Wind 8 & S S W.
• Heiglit 70 Ceet 10 'mcVieiv «Xjo^c ^gtwsA*
Meteorological Observations.
^ o
^
S.
5. 2
0 ^
f»
"3 *-
fir. -
CD
« r 5
"•,-5 2
^ :f i; C
Si •..
&
o
05 ^
c 1^
Si
'^ ^
c
«^ -s
V
■Uc» UIUJI
AilCcrsf
*-^ 1-^ ^^ 1-^
'uo aio}^
.il k'.M
4^ ,-4 «^#-f
■UU UilJ)f
f-^ i-i
■AV '\'
--.-^ T^-N
■iRi m\\\\
XVK'W
'M'^^^'S^^ ^^^ CT^
Ml IIUIJI
1—1
*
-•
r^
V'^'q-AV
— "
ito utuji
^ " " -
\u
^ „ ^^^^ ^ ,^^^
no uttfJl
-* -^ '^^ — * *^ 1
■^ A a A\
^ -^^__^_4 — -* ^^.^^
'it«^ !iirt}j
^« 1-H r^^ -^^r^
\V<^ \\
-r^ ?^ ^1 ^ ^1 "* -. — — Ci ^ ?4 ?4 -, ^ -, OT
Mhi fi|fi;f
— 'M -* ^1 ^ -^ 1^ -M ^1 --( >1 ^1 —
U '=?
n -*^1 10 -f -f iO ?*? i!5 -? •* ?3 ^3 — •^ 7^1 ^1 t^ ^ -M ^ TC 7:
-j> -. «i ^ -fl ^ 71 ^ ri 'M ?1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
■nil iiiifjf
— M r: *^"r: ** 7a :*^ r: '— — ?c *^' ?^"tVi^ rt 75 ^ — * — — T""" |
-^ e*> r-t ^1 ^T -*; — f J 11 — " --» p^
i, — -• ^ ^ w^ -f — IS -■ i-i t'l -* ae i(^ I-- lar^ i-^i^io'H*
•Itn itllfjr
■:■! ■^"^1 ^g
*0 -* ?1 "M 75 _«*-—. — -^J ^1 :>!-, >t ^ -* -t 31 TI -# ira
^1 ^ ^ 71 * _ ^ ^1 P-,
— r*; rs t: -ys >i rr ^ ^ «j — *j ?: I'S >j ?; ^ *© 'J ^ -siT
" «» ^ '^'i *i -, ~ ^i ~Ti~ ' ■
-J -Q
■M >m -» — ■?! 9^ -* -* >! T5 ?1 >t >1 ?l -M > 1 M -,^ ^ r- W,
■no TiiFii
-5, ^ .^ ^ _ ^^ « ^
*',r "Q -.r
-^^?^75 «« — ^~— -Mt?^-* — T^r^-M^^lrt^i
■lio liivjf
— ^
^q Xo'V
^ ^-.-.1 ^.^ r, .-?! -
*nr» iiri"»T
1^
.»^-, i-m
M
--«^„^ ^ .^^ i^^fl^^^ ^^-.
•ni> THi?)f
"^
■r Cn~^T
''^ *--
no TinT>r
':t 'X '^^i
-^ ^
'Hf* ftmu
tr ■ V'
^ ^„^^^
'Ufl nm;r
— » t-l
?r \'\s:
■ufi fiiw)y
TT ^^ ' ^T
'TIO TltBJJ
s:
I
^jnojf,
-5^
S.^
-* ^1 C*^ 'f ^O -J> t- t» Ci 0 "^ ^-^ '^ '^ ^ *& tj^^ '^lu't
-^
Mtlti^rokH/ical Olfittn'^a
AMraH of the Sc^nlf^ nf the llourlff AMeoroiufficat OlfSefvalwuB
iaiea ai the Surveyor Generates Office^ Caicttlfa^
in ike moufA 0/ Jufy 1871,
Latitude W W r NqiIIj, LongiUide 88"* JJO' 3r Eu«t.
Hef^Utor 4lic Cii^tern of the StamlmrU Barauietcr nbove tUe see level, 18.11 feet*
Dmily Means, Jtc. of tke Observulions iind of tlie Ifyj;roiiieU'ical clemeuts
drpemletit iliiTeoji.
Bate.
ltaii*?e of llio Uiipotnetor
during the ihy.
Max.
Milt,
Diff.
W ^
Itjiiigt' of the Tempera*
turedtiriiJg tlie day.
Max.
Miii.
Diff,
Inches.
IiiL'hes.
Inches. 1
29.G0S ,
2»,&ii^
«9.628
M5
M4.
.6<XI
Ml
Mm
.522
Mt
•68S
.6(m
.tm
.666
.637
JI743
.616
.511
.5i3
.694
*47o
.5W
.6t]a
.462
.628
,58.H
.48«)
.539
.581
.488
M2
.579
.466
.692
.660
.552
.674
.724
.624
.657
.721
,6iJ3
.675
.64 L
.495
.64^
.696
,486
.613
.655
.-150
.406
.6*7
.4:^5
.482
.62iJ
.423
.51i
Mi
.463
.650
.598
.60*3
.6<MJ
.6:i9
.661
.aw
.637
.663
.641
.607
.461
Mn
.5W)
.421
.510
*5H3
.462
.57*5
.618
.537
.5i$«
.611
.5<MI
.482
.661
,3^»
.41«
.49 i
.359
.626
.613
.457
IiiL'hea.
80.8
78.1
82.4
829
83.7
81.4
86.1
83-8
83.1
83.2
83.a
81.U
8(M»
83.5
84.4
m.9
82.6
88 9
83,2
82.4
8<1.9
79.0
8L6
82.0
79.6
H2S
82 5
84.0
Hl.8
82.4
80.&
0
0
87,6
76.4
8C>6
75.6
88 .0
79.0
87.4
79.4
88.6
80.2
89.8
80.6
90.0
81.6
9»>2
81.2
85,7
81.0
86.7
8<».7
89.0
70.4
86.5
78.0
81.8
77.6
88.4
80.6
87.6
81.4
86.0
81.0
86.4
78.6
84)9
8f».6
89.0
80.2
86.6
80.0
64.2
78.0
81.6
7H.2
S-1.0
79.0
86.8
80.6
8;i9
77.2
8t>.0
78.0
87.6
78,8
89.0
79.5
1K».6
81.1
86,0
80.0
82.8
70.4
The M€\an Keiglit of the Barnineter. a« liki'Wtse Hi© Dry and Wtf l\\i\l
Thermometer Meunt; are tlenvcd^ from the huurly ohscrTaliuuSj made ii-l vU
aeveral lioura during tlie day.
lit
Meteorological Obiervalions.
Abstract of the Results of the Honrltf Meteorological Obserpation$
taken at the Surveyor Generates Office, Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of the Obscrrations and of the Hygrometrical element!
dependent tbereon. — (Continued.)
Date.
i
1^
1
1
-1^
p
1
1
1
li
1
II
111
lit
Pi
o^ en
III
o
0
0
0
luclies.
T.gr.
T.gr.
1
77-7
2.6
75.9
4.4
0.879
9.49
3.42
0.87
2
77.1
1.0
76.4
1.7
.893
.68
0.64
.95
3
79.7
2.7
77.8
4.6
.934
10.03
3.68
.86
4
79.5
3.4
77.1
5.8
.913
9.80
.99
.83
5
80.7
3.0
78.6
5.1
.958
10.28
.79
.85
6
81.2
3.2
79.0
6.4
.970
.40
.91
.85
7
81.7
3.4
79.3
6.8
.979
.46
2.11
.83
8
81.3
2.0
79.5
4.3
.986
.57
1.53
.87
9
81.1
2.0
79.7
3.4
.992
.66
.20
.90
10
81.4
1.8
80.1
3.1
1.005
.77
.12
.91
31
80.7
2.6
78.9
4.4
0.967
.39
.64
.87
32
79.4
2.5 i
77.6
4.3
.928
9.99
.45
.87
33
78.8
1.2 ;
78.0
2.0
.910
10.15
0.66
.94
34
8').9
2.6
79.1 1
4.4
.973
.4o
1.55
.87
15
81.6
2.8
79.6
4.8
.989
.68
.73
.86
36
81.0
2.3
79.4
3.9
.983
.51
.39
.88
37
80.1
2.5
78.3
4.3
.919
.20
.48
.87
38
80.8
3.1
78.6
6.3
.958
.28
.85
.85
39
80.4
2.8
78.4
4.8
.952
.21
.68
.86
20
8'..).2
2.2 1
78.7
3.7
.961
.33
.28
.89
21
78.9
2.0 !
77.5
3.4
.925
9.98
.12
.90
22 j
7S.5
1.4
77.5
2.4
.925
10.00
0.78
.93
23 1
79.5
2.1 1
78.0 1
3.6
.910
.11
1.23
.89
21 1
79.S
3.1 1
77.6 1
6.3
.928
9.97
.82
.85
25
7S.0
1.6 '
76.9 '
2.7
.908
.80
0.89
.93
20
79 1
3.5 i
76.9 !
6.0
.908
.71
2.05
.83
27 1
79.7
2.8 ,
77.7 i
4.8
.931
10.00 1
1.64
.86
28 1
8').6
3.1
78.2 ,
6.8 :
.916
.13
2.04
.83
2!) I
81.2
3.6
78.7 1
6.1
.961
.29
.17
.83
30 1
80.1
2.3 '
78.5 ,
3.9 '
.955
.27
1.31
.89
31 I
79.2
1.7
78.0 1
1
_!:'J
.910
.13 1
0.97
.91
Ail the J-[jgromctricaI elements are computed by the Greenwich Constant*.
Meteorological Olservations,
liii
Abiiract of the Hesnlls of the llonrli/ Meteorological Olservationa
iakcH at fie Snrvegor GeneraVs Office, Calcutta,
in tie month of July 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of tbe Observations and of tlie Hjgromefcrical elements
dependent tbereon.
^^
Jitaiige i
:^f the BaromctiT
»o
liange of the Ti*!i*p<M-a-
III
for ePi'b Lour duriug
M
ttire for eaeh honr
tbe month
^1
during
Mai.
tbe month.
Hour.
Mas.
Mb.
Dim
Mb.
DiC
Incbes.
Incbes.
Inches.
Incbes.
o
0
0
o
Mid-
nigbt.
29.574
29.710
29.457
0.253
81.1
83.0
77.0
6.0
1
.564
.701
.447
.254
80.7
82.6
76.3
63
2
.554
.693
.420
.273
80-4
82.2
76.0
6.2
8
.542
.682
.404
.278
80.1
82.3
76.7
6.6
4
.536
.662
.391
.271
79.8
82.3
75.6
6.7
6
.543
.671
.399
.272
79.7
82.5
75.6
6.9
6
.554
.674
.399
.275
79.7
82.5
76.5
7.0
7
.568
.691
.408
.283
80.5
83.0
77.0
6.0
8
.578
.714
.429
.285
81.6
84.5
77.3
7.2
9
.585
.721
.438
.283
82.9
86.8
78.0
7.8
10
.587
.715
.430
.285
83.8
87.5
78.2
9.3
11
.580
.724
.419
.305
84.7
88.5
79.0
9.5
Noon.
.567
.709
.401
.308
85.5
89.5
79.5
10.0
1
.550
.707
.391
.316
85.9
90.5
79.0
11.5
2
.531
.689
.384
.305
86.7
90.0
78.8
11.2
3
.513
.654
.366
.288
85.1
90.0
79.0
11.0
4
.500
.640
.359
.281
85.2
90.0
79.6
10.4
6
.495
.624
.371
.253
84.7
88.7
79.5
9.2
6
.508
.637
.384
.253
83.6
87.5
77.5
10.0
7
.528
.650
.411
.239
82.5
.86.3
77.5
8.8
8
.548
.681
.431
.250
82.1
85.2
78.0
7.2
9
.567
.700
.458
.242
81.8
84.3
78.2
6.1
10
.581
.718
.472
.246
81.5
83.7
77.5
6.2
11
.582
.717
.464
.253
81.4
83.6
77.5
6.1
Tbe Mean Height of tbe Barometer, as likewise tbe Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the ob8erTaUoii%TaiA*^N.^<^ ve^^t:^
boors during tbe month.
liv
Mef€oroh>gical Obserrafiim$.
Ab$hact of the liesnlls of the Uofirlt^ Meteorological Odsenralidms
taken at the Sttrreyor General's Office^ Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871.
Hourlj Meann, Ac. of tlie Olworrfttionn nnd of tlie Hygrometricft] eleneato
dopcudcnt thereon. — (Continned.)
Hour. ^
Mtd-
oight
1
2
3
4
a
6
%
IQ
11
1
2
3
4
IT
6
7
S
9
10
11
o
0
o
o
79.7
1.4
78.7
2.4
79.4
L3
78.5
2.2
7l*/2
1.2
78.4
2.0
79.0
M
78.2
1.9
7a8
LO
78.1
1.7
7S.a
1.1
77.8
1.9
7HJ
1.0
78.0
1.7
7^*.3
1.2
78.5
2.0
79.8
1.8
78.5
3.1
80.1
2.8
78.1
4.8
BO.d
a.s
78.2
5.6
8«J.9
S.ti
78.2
6.5
81.2
4a
78.2
7.3
HL3
4.6
78.1
7.8
8L1
40
77.9
7.8
81,2
8.9
78.5
6.6
81.1
4.1
7S.2
7.0
803
3.9
78.1
6.6
80.5
ai
78.3
5.3
79.D
2.(5
78.1
4.4
71>.8
2.3
78.2
3.9
71K8
2.0
78.4
3.4
79.7
i.a
78.4
3.1
79.9
1.6
78.7
2.7
Tnclies.
T.gr.
0.961
10.37
.955
.31
.952
.37
.91.6
.21
.913
.18
.984
.09
.940
.15
.955
.31
.955
.29
.913
.12
.91.6
.13
.946
.11
.946
.11
.91:^
.06
.937
.00
.955
.21
.946
.11
.943
.08
.949
.18
.913
.14
.946
.17
.952
.25
.952
.25
.961
.33
T.gr.
0.80
.73
.67
.63
.57
.63
.67
.67
1.05
.67
.97
2.31
0.9S
.93
.94
.94
.95
.94
.95
.94
.91
.86
.84
.81
.61
.80
.81
.78
.80
.78
.36
.81
.50
.80
.34
.81
1.85
.85
.50
.87
.34
.88
.15
.90
.06
.91
0.92
.92
Al] the Hjgromctrical dementi are computed by the Greenwich Constanta.
Meieorological Observations,
Iv
Abstract of the liesnlt^ of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calcutta^
in the month of July 1871.
Solar E-adiation, Weather, &e.
5?d
-o §
QQ.2
. eS
1^
p
a2
eS ^
3
^i'S
O
«S S3
- o
Wind.
Prevailing
direction.
10
11
12
13
14
16
o
143.6
160.0
146.0
148.0
146.0
144.0
iao.o
126.0
163.0
160.0
146.0
126.8
TuclieFi
2.24
1.01
0.02
0,09
0.43
0.27
0.84
0.49
0.36
0,30
0.16
L41
0,43
0.11
lb"
L4
sw,asw& w
WSWJtWbjS-
WbyS&SbyW. ...
[E.I
SbyW,SSE&8by 0.6
S S E *i S by E.
SbyE& S.
SbyE&S.
SSE.
S8E.
a s E & s.
S by % & S S E
S by E 4 8 W
3 by E & 8
3 & S S W,
SSW,
ft -f
Mites
142.2
169.9
111.1
208.4
219.9
109.3
144.4
166.3
119.6
93.9
81.2
112.6
127.7
174.6
266.6
General aspect of tlie Sky*
Otol2A. M..\ito6:p.M.O
afterwards. Rfroni midniglit
to 2 A. H., (& 6^ to 11 p. M.
O. E from midnight to 9 a.
M., 1 to 21 & at 6,8 & 9 p. M.
O to 6 A. M., ^i afterwards.
LightEatl2A.M.,liJ^3ip.M.
B to 6 A. M., '^i to 7 p. M.
B afterwards. Slight K at 11
A. H., \\ & 2i p. M.
S to 8 A. M., '^i afterwards.
L from 8 to 10 p. M. K from
12^ A. H., to 2} p. M.
\i to 6 A. M , ^i to 7 P. M.
B afterwards. 11 at 8 a.m. <&
3 P.M.
B to 4 A. M., ^i & \i after-
wards. T at 4 p. M.
8 to 7 A. M., "^i to 1 p.'m.
O to 7 p. M. 8 afterwards. T
at U & 6i p. M. K at 4 a. m.,
" 3, 6&7p. M.
8 to 3 A. M. O to 7 P. M. S
afterwards. Tat 9f a. m. 1, 2
&3p. M.Lat9p. M. Kat9h
12 A. M., & 1 p. M.
8 to 8 A. M., ^i. to 12 A. M.
O to 4 p. M. 8 afterwards. T
at li P.M. Slight R at 12U><-
&from2i^to4&at6i p. m.
S to 4 A. M., \i to 8 A. M.,
'^i to 2 p. M. O afterwards. R
at 3 & between 7 & 8 p. m.
O to 7 A. M., <>i to 1 p. M.
8 to 4 p. M. O afterwards.
Slight E from U to 6 A at
10 A. M.
O to 4 p. M., Vi to 8 p. M.
5 afterwards. K from IJ a. m.,
to 3 p. M.
O to 9 A. M., Vi to 6 p. M.
O afterwards. R at 6i a. m.,
6 from 6^ to 9 p. m.
S to 4 p. M. O afterwards.
T from 9 to 11 p. M. L from
8tol0p.M. Slight Rat 8i<ft
10 p. M.
\i Cirri,— i Strati, '^ Cumuli, ^-\ CVrxo-^lWk^V, rN_^vCi\OTi\s\5v%'c»5Cx,»-^
W arro-cumuli, B clear, S atratom, O o^ctowX.'l^ \>KwsA«t. ^
Ivi
Meteorological Observafions,
Abdract of the liesnlta of the Uourlj/ Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's OJice, Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871.
Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c.
u
«4. 1
* a ' K ^ •
si
Ait t
17
18
19
20
Wind,
PrevailiBg g j„
direction.
S £:
Cy
o Indies
16 113.0 0.02
148.8
186.0
110.6
148.5
129.4
21
22
23 120.0
I
241 134.1
0.83
0.17
0.38
1.12
0.42
0.05
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
134.0 1 3.25
145.0
129.6
148.0
147.2
128.0
0.11
0.13
0.05
0.51
0.73
S&SW
WAS
S,SE&ESE
ESE&SE
S E & S by E
S by E & 8 8 W
S S W & S by W
S SW
SSW&S w
[S
WSW,WifeWby
W by S & S S E
S E. & S
S & S by E
SSE.E&EbyN
E S E & S S E.
S & S by E
U)
0.8
MiicR
151.5
General aspect of the Sky.
85.6
30.4
266.2
257.4
120.6
133.9
120.1
121.9
101.7
87.7
190.7
108.3
0.5: 14rl.2
141.5
145.3
O to 10 ▲. M. 8 to 5 p. M.
0 afterwards. L on £ at 9 p.m.
Light E at 3 a. m.
O to 6 A. M.,\i A v-i to 10
A. M., '^i to 2 P.M., Vs. i after-
wards. K at 3 & 4 A. M.
\— i to 4 A. M., *^i & W to
6 p. M. B afterwards. T at 8|
p. M. L on Wat 11 P.M. D at
11 A. M., & 8i p. M.
Clouds of various kinds. T
at 2 p. M. Slight E at 7 & 11^
A. M., li, 5i & 7 p. M.
O to 10 A. M. S afterwards.
SlightEat4,10&12iA.M.,
& 3, 6i & 10 p. M.
O to 11 A. M. S afterwards.
E at 2, 3^ & iVom 0 to 11 a. m.
1 Chiefly O Slight K fnjm 4
ito 6 & 10 A. M to 6 F. !kl.
I O to 9 A. M. S to 7 p. M. O
aftonvartis. Liglit E at 3J a.m.
I O to 10 A. M., ^i & W to 8
p. M. O afterwards. L at 10 &
II p. M.Dat8A.M..&10p.M.
Chiefly O. T & L at 1 & 2
A. M. E from 1 to 12 a. m., &
4 to 7 P. M.
S to 5 A. M., ^i afterwards.
Slight E at 4, 5 a. m., & 2 p.m.
E to 4 A. M. S to9 A. M., '^i
to 4 p. M., \i afterwards. Slight
E at 12 A. M., 2& 4 p. m.
E to 2 A. m., \i to 8 p. M.,
'^i afterwards. I) at 4 & 6^ p.m.
S to4 A. M., ^i afterwards.
Slight E from 1\ to 9 p. M.
S to 6 A. M., '^i to 4 p. M. O
afterwards. E after intervals.
O. E after intervals.
\ Cirri,—! Strati, ^i Cumuli, v_i CiTTo-^trattv rx_\ CMmulo-strati, \r^i Nimbi ^
Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 atraiom, O oymfk%\., T \)ii>i5iekJiT,la\x^\5i^i,
Meteorological Obse^raliona, Ivii
Abairact of the Results of tie Ifourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of July 1871.
MoiVTHLT EeSULTS.
Indies.
Mean lieiglit of ilie Barometer for tlie month... ... ... 29.551
Max. Leiglit of the Barometer occurred at 11 a. m. on the 13th. ... 2U.724i
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4 p. h. on the 30th. ... 29.359
JExireme range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.3(>5
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.606
Pitto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.492
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.114
o
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... 82.5
Max. Temperature occurred at 1 p. h. oil the 29t1i. 90.5
Min. Temperature occurred at 6 a. m, on the 2nd. 76.5
Hxlreme range of the Temperature during the month 16.0
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 86.8
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... ... 79.4
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... ... 7.4
Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ... ... 80.0
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.6
Computed Mean Dew-i)oint for the month ... ... ... 78.2
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 4.3
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.946
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 10.17
Additional Weight ot Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1 .47
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.87
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 137.2
Inches.
Eained 30 days,— Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 3.25
Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 15.93
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ... ^, ••;^ « ^ ^i^'^
PreTwling direction of the Wind %>o^^,^ >i.^^ "^ -
•Height 70 feet 10 VncVe* «i>ooNe ^oxwA-
Iviii
Mf^ftorottHfktti Oifset'miionn,
Al >^ H
Hill UtltJl
,
Ai K
\\V!C AV
trM t-^
*^ f*^
A^^^*A\
AY
no txiTiji
"S! Ail M
"MO niwj]
AV R A\
r<4 ^*^ r^tm^mm^^m-i^^
w-4 ^-t^^^^Vl^^,^^^
*^ r-» .^^^^^^
e«s<i»«« 5^17*1 r-» N^*^«osq*^Q^'NeooO'M«i'
<N«NMM9^Mr-ii-* r-i (pH
01^94';^lQ4«f999p<i«^*^ *-4rH «^ ^^
•no inuji
»-»-Hl(}q|?J(-^ 1-4 «^r<-|*4 »H»Hi*#^»-<l
C4 9't'MCQ9btOeQ93i3«^-H^9399 P^fH i-4<^ (Nr-^Qil
no itiu;[
1-^ ll' •-* T^ W^m-*
^^^i-ir-tM^94^^«-#7<l «-«.^i#^»9l9I^Cr>00
tlO UIIJJj
*s
utt n^n^
no tnn}|
*iio iinij^
'no niw>f
^ lb ^ 'Sfl fco -^ -^^ CO «^ « to «3 1© •© ft^ »o io t** t^"«© « la to^
^^^ ^^ ^ etOQr-cStl — •^ P-* -*
^ ^^ 049I94 ««l C*
oco ^o«seo««co>c^fc*'#®**^^9^«o:3««»-«*ifl«i^
»^2 f^ «p-l W r^ ©1 r-* f^
P^ ^Hi 1-* ^i* ^^ -^ 9^
">l '« 'M
'no uio^]'
(?)'74'Pl(»tr^(N^^79^^'^ — *^9«*-«'^ •« »^ •-•«
^H
*« ^<1 •?!
»-*^W ««« «!-* r^
•no niirjf
•M 1^ 1
''A
Cfl f-« «-« ^ ^1 *s<i
■no niujy
^^ •-«
p^ iM f* r^ rf 1-^ ^<
no nv\t}i
■no tjTuyf
1-^
■no niir)|
*uo tii»|X
.KT
' moH
Uekoroloffkal Observations.
lix
Abniract of the Ittsnlh of (he Uonrlij 'Mettorologlcal ObservalioUM
taken at the Snrvet/or UeneraVH Offh-e, CalciUia^
in the moutA oj Aitgud 1871,
Latitude 22° 33' l" N<»rtli. Longitude 88^ 20' 3 J'' E^wL
Hf i^lit of the CiMtern of tlie Stninlnnl BRronieter above tlie sea lerel, 18.1 1 feet.
Daily Meati«, &«. of tlie Obseri-ations aii«1 of Ibe Ky groin et rim! elements
depeiubMit tlunvoii.
:s.
Jiaii^e of tijo lJar*>iiieter ■
U'nii^e of tlie Teni])era-
3 2^
clui
iii|{ tlie (lay.
'I
ture during the
tl«y.
Date.
1
1
Max.
Min. !
Diflf.
ii
Max.
Min.
I
Diff.
fiiclies.
Iiiclies.
Indies, i
Tnclies.
0
0
^
0
1
29.624
29.672
29.581. ■
0.088
78.9
79.8
77.5 '
2.3
2
.642
.65)2
.590
.11)2
»).9
81.3
78.8 '
55
8
.614
.607
.519 i
.118
82.9
88.9
79.3
9.6
4
.564
.603
.481
.Hi)
84.4
88.5
8rK5
8.0
6
.535
.580
.480
.KKJ
84.9
88.2
82.7
5.5
6
.524
.564
.457
.107
84.7
89.2
82.0
7.2
7
.452
.528
.370
.158
83.8
88.7
80.6
8.1
8
.4<)7
.4.36
.359
.097
82.1
86.0
80.5
5.5
9
.444
.500
.396
.101
82.6
«8.«
80.5
7.5
10
.465
.5'>8
.401
.107
83.8
89.6
80.5
9.1
11
.482
.524
.436
.088
83.4
91.3
80.5
10.8
12
.464
.608
.392
.116
83.2
87.0
, 81.0
6.0
13
,493
.586
.413
.173
82.8
86.2
i S*).7
6.5
U
.560
.601
.506
.098
8:J.8
8S.2
81.0
7.2
15
.566
.601
.518
.083
82.4
8(5.5
79.8
6.7
Ifi
.553
.621
.514
.110
80,0
81.3
78.7
2.6
17
.617
.690
.570
.120
82.1
' 86.9
^ 78.2
8.7
18
.663
.721
.601
.120
81.1
, 8vS.2
; 79.9
8.3
19
.617
.689
.51)3
.09(5
83.6
: 86.0
' 81/)
5.0
20
.652
.692
.613
.071)
83.5
i 86.5
i 81.5
5.0
21
.654
.697
.586
.111
81.6
; 87.0
78.0
9.0
22
.641
.703
.580
.123
; 81.4
' 86.0
7S.7
7.3
23
.637
.688
.592
.096
j 81.8
86.8
' 7S.5
8.3
24
.672
.716
.620
.096
83.4
; 87.4
i 80.0
7.4
25
.7t)9
.760
.653
.H)7
1 81.0
8S.r)
' 7t».5
9 1
26
.721
.774
,mi
.113
' 83.9
8S.0
81.2
6.8
27
.700
.717
.630
.117
, 82.9
87.0
' 79.5
75
28
.6t)3
.731
.638
.ov«>
82.5
87.2
. 79.8
7.4
29
.717
.763
.661
.102
83.6
■ 8S.5
i 71).6
8.9
30
.767
.831
.706
.125
81.9
91.0
8<).0
11 0
31
.800
.859
.743
.116
. 83.6
1 89.0
1 8n.8
82
The Mean Heiglit of tlie Barometer, as lilce\vi«e tW Dry nnJ Wet llulH
Tliermometer Means are derived, from the Lourly ob«ei*Tatl<Hv>!»^\svt6A.^ v>K. ^vNa^
several hours during the day.
HeieoYoloffiml OhermtfimB,
%
AiUtaci uf ike Ue9Hli4i i}f the ilunrl^ Mtle^mh^tjlcal Oi^setmili^HW
Uiken ai $he Suvpegor Gene/at^e Office^ GdtmiiBf
in ihe moniA pf Aug mi 1S7L
Pttlljf Meit0Sj 49* of tJie OUierrtitioiTs »Dd of ilie Hygroni«trioal elemeuiv ^
depc' ltd en t Uiet^oii . — fOfuiiu tt^dj
hm
**
-^
iff
^
1^
c e a
. ,
•
1 ^
H
-a
.9
Q
4i
1
1-^
pi, m
11
m
&i:a
C fii M
a
0
O
0
IiieLet.
T.gr,
T.ir,
4
1
mi
03
77,6
1.4
0.926
10,03
0.44
0.961
8
79.5
1.4
785
2.4
.955
.31
J9
m^
i
8o.a
2.6
78.6
4.4
J65
.27
1.6:S
.87 '
4
BL^
3.2
79.il
5.4
.070
.40
Jl
;M
f
8^.1
2.8
80.1
4.8
1.005
.73
.76
.m
e
mA
2J}
ao.a
4.4
Oil
.82
.60
M7
f
BLS
2.5
79.6
4J
0986
.57
.53
.97
B
8a,7
1.4
79J
2A
.992
.68
0.83
.9S
9
8L1
1.5
8D.0
2.6
1.001
,75
.93
.92
10
81.1
2.7
79.2
4.6
0.976
.46
1.66
,m
11
§M
2.3
79,5
3.9
.986
.57
,39
.88
12
81.^
2-0
79.8
3.4
.995
.69
.m
.90
13
mM
2J
79.1
3.7
.973
.46
*30
.6$
14
81.6
2J
79.9
3.9
.998
.69 1
.41
.88
IB
§0,8
l.tt
79.7
%7
.99S
.66
0.96
,92
16
79.0
1.0
78.3 ,
1.7
.919
J4
.57
.96
17
79.7
2.4
78.0
4.1
.910
.11
L40
.88
13
m.B
3.8
77.5
6.5
.928
9.93
2.2S
.ei
19
81.4
2.2
79.9 1
3.7
,998
10.69
1.S4
J9
»>
83.4
3J
78.2
6J
,944J
.35
J5
.86
91
79.ti
2.0
78.2
3.4
.9i^
.19
.15
.90
n
79/J
24
77.3
4.1
.919 1
9.90
J7
.88
«:?
79-Q
2J
77.0
4.8
.910
.79
.61
.86
2&
8ao
3.4
77.6 1
6.8
.928
.95
2.01
.83
23
BhA
3J 1
77.7
6.3
.931
.98
.19
m
16
BLd
2.({ 1
79.5
41
.986
10.67
1.56
M
»7
SO.J.
2.5 1
78.0
4.3
.958
.30
.49
.87
sa
Bh2 1
23 1
78.6
3.9
.958
.30
.34
^9
S9
8*1.3
BM 1
78.0
5JJ
.940
.07
.96
.84
90
81.0
3.9 ;
78. :i
6.6
.049
.14
2.36
.81
SI
80.4 1
ass 1
7a2
6.4
.946
.15
1.88
.84
LU tiie Hjgrometrical element «xe oom^^^l^d b^ tbs Qreeuwieh Conitaiilifca>
Meteorological Observatiou9.
Ahntraci of the llesnJls of the Uonrlif Meteorotoffical Olfseirafio
taken at the Snt-reifor GeneraVs Office^ Calcuttn^
i% the mouth of Angu$i J 871.
Hoiirlj Meann, ke, of tlie 01)ser7ationfi and of tlio Hjgrometrical eUm
dependent tliereoa.
Hour,
Mid-
night.
1
2
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
Noon.
1
2
2
4
«
7
6
9
10
11
^1
Kanf;^ of tin* Bi*ran>el*r
for eaHi liour dudug
the tnoiiili.
Mast.
Mfn.
Dim
Incheg.
29.620
.610
.600
.589
.580
.588
.601
.615
.630
.641
.645
.637
.602
.581
.565
.500
.500
.561
.579
.600
.622
.637
.637
IncheR.
29.820
.813
.806
.794
.781
.787
.794
.800
.820
.838
.859
.841
.825
.791
.770
.753
.743
.746
.767
.773
.7i)7
.815
.827
.837
Inclicff.
29.423
.411
.399
.388
.366
.371
.399
.409
.421
.429
.423
.422
.410
.401
.387
.382
.369
.3(59
.385
.394
.403
.422
.427
.439
fncheii.
0.397
.4^)2
.407
.406
.415
.416
.895
.391
.399
.409
.436
.419
.415
.390
.383
.371
.384
.377
.382
.379
.394
.393
.400
.398
81.4
81.2
810
80.8
80.6
80.5
80.5
81.0
82.0
83.2
84.2
85.4
85.9
85.9
80.4
85.8
85.6
85.1
83.7
82.7
82.5
82.1
81.7
81.5
HfinK*^ of I tin Ti'Mi
hrro fur i'flrli hn
^hiring thi< m*>\\
Mh%.
84.0
83.8
83.4
83.2
83.0
82.9
82.7
83.8
85.0
86.8
87.8
89.0
89.2
91.0
91.3
90.6
91.0
88.4
87.6
86.6
86.0
84.5
84.3
84.0
m\u, \
78.5
7H.6
7H.8
7H.fl
7H.5
77.5
77.5
78.0
78.8
78.8
79.1
79.0
78.9
78.7
78.8
79.5
79.6
78.6
78.0
78.8
79.0
79.0
78.2
78.7
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet \
Thermometer Means are derived from the obserrations made at the le
)u>urs during the mouth.
ku
MeU^r^fopemi fMi^rmAfw^^
iu ike mon/A of AuguU 1871.
Hflttf^jf MenTii, A<*« of tli© OljS(*t'Ttrtioiiii mul of tlie IFj^rometriral v\t>nn*n\n
d r [lend ev) t 1 1 »c« rcon . — f Cortfitt ttedj
Hour.
I
;3
.3
fl4
1
I
•
Cr
o
iina^
Oigllt.
80,1
1.3
X
80.0
1.S
d
ns
1.1
a
70.8
1.0
4
79.6
1.0
5
706
0.9
6
7a&
1,0
7
7afl
la
8
80.2
1.8
9
80.0
2,a
10
80.8
S.4
11
8L3
41
IVoon.
8L5
4.4
1
8L6
4.4
2
8K7
4.7
3
BL3
4.6
4
8LG
4.0
6
81J
3.9
6
80J
3J>
X
s^i.d
2.4
8
80,4
2.1
9
8»13
L8
10
mi
If)
11
80.0
iJ
79.3
7fi.S
7».l
79.1
78.9
79.0
78J
mi
78.9
7H3
78.4
78.4
78.4
78.4
78.4
7a I
78.8
78.5
78.6
78.0
78.9
79.0
79.0
78.9
I
^ J,
s
Li
>i'
2.2
%0
1.9
1.7
1.7
L§
L7
1.9
an
4.4
5.8
7.0
7.5
7.6
8.0
7.7
6.8
B.6
5.1
4.1
B.6
31
27
2.6
Tttdi^a.
Xgf,
OJ76
mm
.975
S2
-973
M
S7B
.49
.967
.43
.970
.46
.964
.40
.973
.49
.9ft7
.41
.9fi4
.36
.953
.19
-9m
.17
.952
.15
MS
J5
.952
.15
.943
.06
.9iiU
.29
.955
.21
,9d8
.28
J58
.30
,957
.39
.970
.41
,970
.44
,967
.41
.7'^
,72
.91
.77
.47
.36
1.79
.43
.25
.07
0.93
.90
.70
•7t
.78
.78
.81
,81
.8S
.8§
.91
M
M
. ihe H jgrometrical olemeuU are computed by the Greenwich ConstaDte*
Meteorohgical OhHervafionB,
]xiii
Ahafraci of the BetuJU of the llourlij Mefeorologiral Observadont
Uiken at the Surveyor GeneraVn ^ff^^^y CulcuUa,
in the month of Avijuat 1871.
Solar Radiation, Wcatlior, «fec.
Ji
1^
Wind.
Prevailing
directioo.
1
2 136.0
146.0
4 147.5
6
6
7
8
9
147.3
! 128.0
133.0
10 149.2
111 144.6
12
13
14
15
129.7
138.2
152.0
145.2
Inc'lii
2.23 jS & S by E
0.04 SbyE&SbyW.
... SbyW,E&8W.
... S W, W&WSW.
VS.
... WSW,WbyxN&
1.12 N&ENE.
0.04 N E & E N ]
0.30 E <& S E
0.56 S E <& 8 S E
0.03 SE4&ESE.
iir
1.4
AiiU-N
120.4
83.6
39.2
94.2
111.3
97.6
245.7
General aiipcot of ilio Sky,
0.53
0.60
0.25
0.56
S S E, E <& 8
[b^N
EbyS.ENE&E
SbyE, S8E&S
S by E A 8
SbyW,S&SSW
1.6 272.3
210.3
181.1
181.4
145.3
202.7
235.2
102.9
\i Cirri,—! Strafci, "^i Cumuli, V-\ Cirro-atratv
W Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoui, O <
I O to6 iMf., 'N-i aftorwariln.
li from 1} A. M., to 0 1*. M.
^ to 1 W M., clotKlN nl' illT-
fereni kimlN nftorwArclM. Li^Ut
R from 0 to 9 A. M.,
M to7 A.M., ^iiilVrwnnln.
T at OJ A His M. L mi N VV
at 8 p. M. I) ntftji f. M.
\i to 8 A.M..VI to 7a.m./ I
afUTwardi. ii on N nl II pm,
\i to 8 A. M„ c'loucUnlMir.
fi^rrnt kifuU al'tormirdw. I Hi
MA 10 I*. M. \)\\\{S\ V, M.
Vi A '• I f^) fl |». M. () Mllof.
wardn. T at loj a. m. I< nl il
P.M. Unt 101 AM. 1. HA M t«M.
(^*1oiu1m oI' vrifiouM kiiuU ti
at niidniKlit. hUht U m mid.
niKbt7t A. M., IJ. nj.fir li ivm.
0 Jj on N. VV. «t N f. M.
Slight It nl'(iirint<Tvni«.
() to U A. M., ' i lo N i«, M.
H artorwnnU. T «t lUi a. m.
A a 1*. M. hnl N A U f. M. It
at niidni»{lit, 1. a. N a. M. I A
3 p. M.
O loH A. M., ' ilo7 IV M. H
aftiTward*. 'J^ at 121 a. m, Ii
tit7. 9 A II p. M. SliMJit Hat
2 A. M., A 21 p. M.
H to 8 A. M., 'I to 5 p. M.
S alli^rwHrdw. T nt 4,V A p, m.
L at uiidni»(lit, 4a M . N,!bP
P.M. Hat 7. Ha. Mm A a p. m.
Chiofly i h at niidniKlit,
1 A. M., 7 A H p. M. I( Hi tl),
9}. 11, 12i A. M., UAAp, M.
O to U A. M..(OotidNordil'.
f<rf*ntkiiidMat'U*rwardH.SIii(|ii
H at 4. 5i, 10. 11 A. M.. 1.4
A 5 p. M.
S to 10a.m., 'M aftnwnrdn.
Lon W at 5 A. m. Dal Hp.m.
\ito6 A. M. () to 10 A.M..
'^i to 3 p. M. O al'trTwardn.
T at 5^ p. m.. Slight It from A
to 12 A. M. Aai<fi^yi-^.>k.
kwr
JMearoUffiml OUervatim^^*
Jisiraet ^ Ike Ee9ulU rf ike Hourly MeUarahgkal 0k9«mAUm^
taken at tke Surveys GeneraPs OJlce, Calcutta,
in tke montk €f AuguMt 1871.
Solar Hadiation, Weatber, k,c.
SJ
1:5
WlKB.
PreTailing
direction.
si
General aspect of tlia Sl^.
ir 141.6
Id 146.0
19
21
22
24
25
26
27
SO
81
115.0
128.0
141.8
126.6
150.5
150.0
149.6
135.0
144.0
137.8
144.5
153.2
137.0
1 UCjltfK
1.01
0.92
0.02
2.69
0.16
0.02
0.19
0.30
0.25
0.07
0.22
ssw
SSWASbyW
8,SWASbjW
S S W A 8 by W
SbyW&SW
S S W & S b J W
W 8 WAS 8 W
WAS W
SW,WbyS&W
s w&ss w
sw
S W, S A S S W
S S W A S by E
SbyE, S8EAS
SA SSE
[W
SbyE,SSEASby
U)
1.0
1.5
0.4
Milei>
133.0
178.0
157.9
73.8
87.8
96.5
194.7
98.5
84.4
73.4
53.9
73.6
102.5
85.0
50.9
80.6
O to 6 P. M. 8 aftenrar^iR.
Slight E from Z\ a. m., to 6
p. M.
O to 10 A. M.. '^i to 7 p. M.
O afterwards. T A L betwe« n
7A8r. it.B at 1,8 A.ai.» A
from6i to 11 p. k.
\i A \-i to 9 A. M., ^i to
4 p. H. 8 to 7 P. M. BatV
terwards. L at Hi p. M
8. Lig^t £ at 6 ▲. M. .
S. L on N between mid-
night A 1 A. M.
Chiefly O. B from l\ to 19
A. If., A 5 to 11 p. M. .
O to 12 a.m., ^ito9p.n.
0 aflerwards. L on W at 8 A
9 P.M. Slight E at 2, 3, 6|, 91
12i ▲. M., A 11 p. M.
Oto8A.M.,'^i A WtoSp.M.
5 afterw^ards. Light E at mid-
night 1 A 7 A. M.
Oto3A.M. Sto8A.M., v-i
A \i to 7 p. M. S afterwards.
D at 5 A 8^ A. M.
Chiefly S. L at 11^ P. M. D
at 6 A 8 A. M.
Clouds of different kinds.
L at midnight. D at 10 a. M.
S to 9 A. M., \i to 5 p. M.
S afterwards. Slight E from
5^ to 7 p. M.
Clouds of different kinds to
3 p. M. S to 8 p. M., \i after-
wards. T at 3 p. M. Slight B
at 4i, 12 A. M., 2 A 3 p. m.
B to 5 A. M.. "^i to 7 P. M.
B afterwards. E at 11^ a. m.»
1 A 4^ p. M.
\i to 8 A.M., ^i afterwards.
T from 9 to 11 p. M. L from
6i to 10 p.M.SlightEat 8iPM.
\i to 7 A. M., ' i afterwards.
T at 1 A 3 p. M. Slight E at
12^ A. M.. li 3, 6 A 7 P. M.
rri, — i Strati, '^ i Cumuli, \— i Cixto-%twA.\, rN_\ Cumulo-atrati, v^>i Nimbi,
wo-cumuli, B dear, 8 atraionx, O o^excaaV.* 1 ^^aisidA^,\A\w^\s&i&i%, ,
m. D dnzzlii.
Meteorological Observations, Ixr
Atjstract of the Uestdts of the Hourly Mefeorofngical Ofjitervations
laieu at the Stir vet/or General' jf Office, Gilcntta,
in the month of August 1871.
MOMTHLT HbSULTS.
Inclii'8.
Mean lieiglit of tlic Baroniet«»r for tlie montli... ... ... 29. (in:)
Max. ]iei)?1it of the Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on tlio 31st. ... 29.859
Min. height of tlie Barometer occurred at 4 p.m. on the 8th. ... 29.859
£rlreme range of* the Barometer during the mouth ... ... ().5<H)
!Mean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 29.1154
Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.515
JUean dailg range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.109
o
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... 82.9
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. h. on the 11th. 91.3
Min. Temperature occurred at 5 <& 6 a. h, on the 1st 77.5
JSxtreme range oi the Temperature during the month l:{.8
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... ... 87.3
Ditto ditto Min. clitto, ... ... 80.0
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... ... 7.3
Mean Wet Bulb Tliermometer for the month ... ... ... 80.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.4
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month ... ... ... 78.8
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 4.I
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.964
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 10.36
Additional Wei eh t or Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.43
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.88
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 140.6
Inchei.
Eained 28 days, — Max. fall of rain during 24 hours ... ... 2.69
Tot*l amount of rain during the month ... ... ... 12.11
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attaclied to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ... ... ...10.68
Prevailing direction of the Wind S ^'^ » ^"^.^^ .
• Height 70 feci 10 mcV- -^^^-^ 'gtoixai^.
kn
MekoroU^ieal Oitervalioia,
I
4i ^
^UO UfBJf
1
a
"
o
_
?
'O
o
^ r^ -
1
f^ f-4
IF^'Si i-« 1^
a
^
■P^^pi^^ t-^ ^p^.^,^'
^
jS
■UVi lUll|j
iHi i-l |i^ -^^—
■f-i
no ntu^i
tto Uinj:]'
aa:sa\
_JAVJf
no nnij]
^-ti-^^HpHI'<«M'^r<r<<«H99 9l9i0&'3Si9ii^*-4^ "
^ -^*:«W
iM ^^_4M.pi4Hr^ .H'A^d^P-i«^P4-»f4p^ '
fD ■«»
»^^ IP^ «-# ^ _^ T^ ' 1
5 u
I-
-N 91 m9l tllflM'Mr^P4*-P-» ,Mi^ ^ ^^ » ri ^ t^ ^
^ ,--f _^ ™
«0 lO 14) kits 1^ 'I* P3 rt '34 ^ OEUT - r: :: - r^ t-: -^ o -^ -^ ^~
»-( *-^ ^ ^ t<l "W -^ -H »-« fl ?** Tl ^ ■^ ^ — — : 1 tl -- — --i^
eo ^ lOiO 4i9 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5S >. ^tH^'^^i-f .r -- - - ^ ^
s?
^-^^^^^ _, ^
fiOeiS5»&Bqw#-#^»©^9*l ^ajij-*t^*.^_>i^»^^^
f-4 fMi irt pH ■-« i-f r^: .jci _ ^^
"03 "we*: s*>^OT ■« « 'if 95 -19 '^ ^ — i -s^ lo "Wi M to i** i*^' is ?t -* :!^
^ Oi ^ M ^1 ,^ -.^ ^ -M ^ -^ *i "W •^ -^
^«
Mio uiirji
ir
H ^1 *^
« iO IS lO kO <^ U3 -^ ^ r» H^ ^ ^1 ^ >3^ o4 9|^ 93 93 <i> ^ IQ ^ 7)
^[ y
no NrT?|J
^^ ip^ ,^^f;4„^-| ^
^ OS
ee u
o -^ ^1 ^ rt « rt «-t 9'i *f lo s *f ?? *» '^) >i ^ -f ^1 rt ^ ^ ^
d c
11
■^^ 'R ':*?
'->— i^i^^ii-* *— ^p-i ^«^
ii<) wi^jf
1— (
s ^q ■%
i^-ii^is^p-^r^»-«isa ^ F^ F^*-ii^#-<
'UO arir)f
■ ^ ** - «
*>T
rM p^^^e^^^Pjiip^,^^ ^ ^
ua urn)!
^Nl p^ *^
.».2
*H ^ »H(J^^H,Hii-*,P-ip^ #^
:t
'iiu u!«>f
^ P^iM Q« ^ *-*
-5
^ ^«>1^ r-lrt»MO«e«^ ^»i^ ^--*
i
wm ^ C4
^:t\s:
^ ,^,-,,^^^p^ ^^,-4^#^^ 04^^
■flo niTrj.f
be
a
•no ntaji'
r^
4
•4 Atj-jf
^i*i-4 •*«
m
■UO nieir
iH
9»
2
'KT
•M'i^iP^i-^P^^^tHi *^ W^^Mlip^rMl^H
^
•jnojf
^ •^ f-^ e* « ^ lo to !?• (» oa o ^^ -^ «i cc 'f »o '^ t- « ci '^ "*
Meteorological Olservatiofis.
Ixvii
AbHraci of the liesulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Survegor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month oj September 1871.
Latitude 22° 33' V North. Longitude 88° 20' 34" East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hjgrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
1%^
Maiige of the Barometer
3 ^ ,
Kange of IheTtMiitKra-
a--
during the day.
tiiredu)
■Jng the
a«j.
Bai€.
Mas,
Mia.
DiE
Mfti,
Miu.
Diff,
luchet.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
0
0
0
0
1
29.755
29.837
29.668
0,169
63.3
86.6
80.8
57
%
,707
,765
.627
.1138
83.6
88J
80 JS
7,9
%
.084
.732
-649
,083
83.9
87,2
8L5
5.7
4
,im
.755
.627
.128
83.3
91.0
79.0
12.0
G
727
,778
.670
,108
8L2
87.7
7H.0
9.7
e
.714
.765
.641
.124
BL7
86.5
79.0
7.6
r
.673
.736
.674
,162
82,0
87,4
78.5
8,9
8
.612
.678
.613
.166
84.3
90.8
78.8
12,0
9
.558
,611
Am
.131
83.6
88.6
81.4
7.1
10
.563
,616
.490
,120
S2.4
67.1
79.(>
8.1
11
.5441
J09
,475
,134
82.4
88.4
80.0
8.4
12
.528
M%
.470
.113
79.8
8L6
78.6
2,9
13
.541
Mn\
MH
.112
79,9
BiJi\
77,8
6.2
14
.61)5
.673
Ml
.116
8(18
83.7
78.6
6.2
16
.660
,im
, .616
xm
82.2
86.2
78.2
*^.0
16
.611
,695
.574
.121
83.1
87.6
79.6
H.l
17
.614
sm
,569
.087
82.1
85.0
79,5
6.6
18
.622
.tm
.569
.093
81.6
gS.4
79.3
9.1
19
J40
.6i>9
.564
J35
82.6
88.7
78.6
KU
20
.693
.746
.6^6
.120
83.7
88.8
80.2
8.6
21
,681
.747
.604
.143
B4.3
89.9
80,8
9.1
n
.655
.698
.591
.107
82.1
88.0
7f*.6
8.5
23
.649
,699
.601
.093
80.5
82.6
79.6
ZA
21
,726
.833
.643
.100
80.4
83.3
79.1
4,2
2.5
.81 M3
,873
,72<)
.163
82.8
87.9
78.5
9.4
26
,7fHl
.836
,745
.091
82.5
87.8
78.6
9.3
27
.81)9
.857
.764
m*^
8;].4
88.7
78.7
10.0
28
,812
,884
,739
,145
84.3
89.6
79.5
10.0
29
,805
,870
1 ,7a
,127
B3.3
87.4
79.6
7.8
30
,762
.819
.700
,119
84J
89.8
80.0
9.8
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Drj and Wet Bulh
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly oh*^T^^\Aa\i.%^\si3^^ ^^» "^^^
several hours during the day.
Ixviii
Meteorological Odservatiotti.
AbHracl of the Reanlls of the Iloury Meteorological 0l9ervation9
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of September 1871.
Daily Means, Ac. of tlie Observations and of tLe Hygrometrical olementt
depctulen t iliereon . — (Continued,)
Bate.
f4
1.
1
J
Xi
■4^
R
p
O
'SI
^ ^ s
B^ -3 ^
^1
o
o
P
"4
0
0
0
0
IncLes.
T.gr.
T.gr.
1
80.5
2.8
78.5
4.8
0.955
10.26
1.68
0.86
2
80.5
3.1
78.3
6.3
.949
.18
.86
.S6
3
80.8
3.1
78.6
5.3
.958
.28
.85
.85
4
80.5
2.8
78.5
4.8
.955
.25
.68
.86
5
79.0
2.2
77.5
3.7
.925
9.96
.25
.89
6
79.3
2.1
77.6
4.1
.928
.99
.38
.88
7
79.5
2.5
77.7
4.3
.931
10.02
.45
.87
8
8<1.6
3.7
78.0
6.3
.940
.07
2.21
.82
9
80.r.
3.0
7H.5
5.1
.955
.25
1.78
.85
10
79.8
2.6
7H.0
4.4
.940
.11
.50
.87
11
79.9
2.5
78.1
4.3
.94.3
.14
.47
.87
12
79.0
0.8
78.4
1.4
.952
.30
0.15
.96
13
79.0
0.9
78.4
1.5
.952
.27
.51
.95
U
79.7
1.1
78.9
1.9
.9<>7
.43
.64
.94
15
80.0
2.2
78.5
3.7
.955
.27
1.27
.89
16
80.6
2.5
78.8
4.3
.964
.36
.50
.87
17
80.7
1.4
79.7
2.4
.992
.68
0.83
.93
18
80.0
1.5
78.9
2.6
.967
.41
.90
.92
19
80.2
2.1
78.5
4.1
.955
.27
1.41
.88
20
80.7
3.0
78.6
5.1
.958
.28
.79
.85
21
80.8
3.5
78.3
6.0
.919
.16
2.12
.83
22
80.0
2.1
78.5
3.6
.955
.27
1.24
.89
23
79.1
1.4
78.1
2.4
.9W
.18
0.80
.93
2i
79.2
1.2
78.4
2.0
.952
.27
.67
.94
25
79.9
2.9
77.9
4.9
.937
.06
1.69
.86
2r>
79.7
2.8
77.7
4.8
.931
.00
.64
.86
27
79.6
3.8
76.9
6.5
.908
9.72
2.24
.81
2S
•80.1
4.1
77.2
7.0
.916
.81
.4.3
.80
29
80.2
3.1
7S.0
5.3
.910
10.09
1.81
.85
30
80.2
4.1
77.3
7.0
.919
9.84
2.44
.80
AM the Hygrometrical elcmcuU aie com^wVc^i Vi'j \Ai^ Gvceawich Constauta.
Meltorological Oltervaliom,
Ixix
Ahiiraet of He RaulU of tie Tlourly Meteorological Obaervalioks
taken at the Snrvejfor GeueraCs Office, Calcutta,
i» tke moutk of September 1871.
Hoorlj Me«n8, Ac. of the Obserrations and of Uie Hygrometrical elemcnla
dependent thereon.
^ii
Eange of ilie Baroineter
Bulge af the Teiivprra-
^S^
for eftcU fionr during
lure for each hour
tlie mouth
4
during the luouth.
Hour.
M&x<
Min,
DLff. j
1^
M&]c.
Miu.
Binr.
»a
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
o
0
0
0
Mid-
nigUt.
29.694
29.837
29.642
0.296
80.9
83.6
79.2
4 4
1
.681
.826
.534
.292
80.6
8:1.2
79.0
4 2
2
.671
.811
.620
.291
80.4
83.0
78.8
42
8
.661
.807
.609
.298
80.2
82.6
78.6
4.0
i
.667
.805
.494
.311
79.9
82.0
78.5
3.5
6
.666
.819
.600
.319
79.7
81.5
78.2
33
6
.678
.842
.612
.330
79.7
81.5
78.5
3.0
7
.695
.845
.624
.321
80.3
82,4
78.0
4.4
8
.714
.866
.566
.310
81.8
84.2
78.0
6.2
9
.726
.883
.571
.312
83.4
86.2
77.8
8.4
10
.726
.884
.676
.309
84.2
87.4
78.1
J».3
11
.716
.867
.672
.296
86.3
88.0
80.0
8.0
Noon.
.697
.848
.663
.285
86.2
80.9
79.5
10.4
1
.669
.821
.614
.307
86.2
90.6
80.8
9.7
2
.643
.795
.497
.298
86.1
91.0
79.6
11.4
3
.624
.776
.470
.306
86.9
1H).8
79.6
11.2
4
.620
.764
.480
.284
84.6
89.4
78.0
11.4
6
.621
.773
.472
.301
84.0
88.6
78.6
9.9
6
.632
.775
.482
.293
83.0
87.2
79.0
8.2
7
.654
.806
.490
.315
82.1
86.2
79.0
7.2
8
.679
.822
.616
.307
81.8
85.6
79.2
6.3
9
.698
.844
.624
.320
81.6
80.0
79.4
5.6
10
.706
.856
.634
.321
81.3
84.3
79,4
4.9
11
.702
.839
.661
.288
81.1
84.0
79.3
4.7
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likoTiisc the Dry and Wot ]hi)b
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours daring the month*
Ixx
Meteorological Ohervafiom.
Abstract of the Results of the Uonrly Meteorological OlservatioM
taken at the Survejfor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of Septemher 1871.
Hourly Means, Ac. of tlie Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent tliereon. — (Continued.)
Hour.
I
O
t5
I
B
o
Q
a
^'
li
ill
o
Mid^
niglit.
79.0
1
79,4
2
701
3
79. L
4
78.9 '
6
78.8
6
78.8
7
7S*.3
a
80.0
9
80.4
10
80.4
11
81.0
Ifoon.
8L2
1
8LI
2
81.2
3
8L2
4
60.6
6
60.5
6
8<K2
7
79.9
8
79.7
9
79.8
111
79.7
11
7aJ
IJ
1.2
1.2
1.1
1-0
0.9
0.9
1.0
LS
SJJ
3.8
4.3
5.0
5J
4-9
4.7
4.0
35
2.8
2.2
2.1
1.8
IJ
1.4
78.7
78.6
78.'i
78.3
78.2
78.2
78.2
7AM
78 7
7H.3
777
7^.0
77.7
77.5
77.8
77.9
77.8
7^,0
78J
78.4
78.2
78.5
78.G
78,7
2.2
2,0
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
3.1
6.1
6.5
7.3
R.5
8.7
8.3
8.0
6.8
6.0
4.8
3-7
3.6
3.1
27
2.4
IncLei,
T gr.
0.961
10,37
.938
.34
,952
.27
.949
.24
.946
.21 1
.940
.21
.946
.21
.958
.34
.9(11
.35
.919
.18
mi
9.96
S4^}
10.05
.931
9.92
.1125
.86
.934
.97
.937
lO.OO
,934
9,99
,9W
10.07
,0443
,15
.952
.23 1
.916
.17
.955
.29
.958
.32
. .961
,37
T.gr.
0.73
0.93
.67
.91
.67
.94
.64
,94
,57
.95
.51
.95
.51
.95
.57
.95
1.05
,91
,78
.85
2.28
.81
.59
.80
3*07
.76
.13
.76
2.98
.77
.87
.78
.40
.81
.10
.83
1,67
m
.23
,05
0.92
,80
.91
.92
.93
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
^^^^^^^^^r Nekorolo^tcal Olservailom, Ixxt ^H
^^L^AbHract of the RtftulU of the Houd^ Mefeorah^iml ObservaiwH^ J
^^^H laJten at Ike Snrviyor General*^ Qffire, Oileulfa, ^H
^^H in ike wonik of September 187L ^^B
Solar Jliidiutioru Weather, &.c, ^l^^l
^^^HTi^
%
i> %VlNP. ^1
P 1
. la
5 *! 1
Gencrnl aspcefc of tlio Sky« ^H
Prevailing
Daily '
Velocity.
H ^
Indies
lb
Miles
^^H
^^li M7.2
...
S by W & S 8W.
...
22.8
S to 2 A. H., \i to 8 A. ll.«^H
^i to 4 p. if„ \i artcrwiirda^^H
iD ail P.M. ^M
^^l^ 140.5
,„
S by W Jt S S W
1.0
C5.7
\i to 2 A. IT. S t-o 4 p. M.» \i ^M
& v„i nriorwiird»4. II at H a,m*^H
H s; ia7*G
«.*
S by W & S S W
* •«
101.1
\i In 2 A. M. S nt'torwartb.^H
|L on S W at 7 .V^ H v, m. ^B
H 4
l&l.O
3.25
Sbj w&sw
2.1
M6.0
I 8 Ui 7 4. M . - i to :) w M. O ^H
alUTwnrd^, Brisk wind at .H} ^H
p, M. T at 4 Si iVnti) 121 a. m,, H
to a P.M. L at 1 K, M., .^ t'roni ^M
4 to H F. u. llonxy H trcnn a} ^H
to 4^ p. Bt., ^ Hli],Hii It tVom ^1
4i to 11 p. 11. ^H
H
117.0
1.28 |S W & 8 by W
13
75J
\i to 6 A, M.^V-i tolHA. If, ]
'-i to 3 p, M. o aftcrvvanl^,. ^J
BriHk ^ind at 3^ r. M. Tat ^|
3} ct 5 p. If. Lat6 1*. II. li«H
from IJ to 1> p. M. ^H
^H
160.6
0.35
S by WAS
41.0
() to 1) A, H..Vt to 10 a. lf.,^^1
"ilo6 p, u. S arti'r\vard«r^H
8li;.;ht K from:) to r> .1 al U\ a.h . ^1
^^■^
IU.5
0.20
SJtSbyE
OJ
125.1
S U>2A.M.,''ito<U.WM^ito(3a^|
p. M. BaiYiTwardi. Hat 4p.it.^H
^^^6
14S.8
■**
S Jit S by E
i *»
44.9
B Ui6 4. M., \i t-O H A, M,,^^l
"i aft or ward"* L from 7 lo 11. J
?. M. n At 4^ p. M. ^H
1
148.7
0.35
S by W. & E by S
30.2
o ia i) A. If., '^i to 5 P. irJ^I
0 to S p. M. S rtftiTuardM. L^^
at midiTi|;jbt A 7 i'. u* 8li^'bt ]
li at ti 7, H A. U, 3i ^ 7 P.M. ^J
^H 10
141.0
0.09
E, S E <S^ S E
0.2
70,0
O to 7 A. ir., \i lo 10 A. u., ^H
'^i to 3 p. t(. 0 to 7 p, u. I) ^1
afrerwardfl. Li»?ht 11 at iL ^1
1 ^^
14L5
0.02
E. S. E. & E,
0,5
152.1
10{,]2jA,M.,23.4,5.t<Jp,if, ^
Cloud* of diti'iri' nt kinds. 1
L at 7 A 10 p, M. LiL'lit K at |
lh2, 4A6p. M. H
^B
1.26
E S E Jk S S. E.
♦ ..
142.7
O. L at mldui^bt. Slight T^^H
at 3 & 4. from 6 a. if., to I ^H
1 ^^
129.8
0.48
S S E A S by E
...
99.6
p. H.,<S& 3 to 0 p. M. ^M
0 to 10 A. M. 8 to 3 p. 11. O ^1
afterward^. Slight K nearly ^M
I ^^
1118
0.68
SbyE.
..»
13L4
the whole day. ^1
Oto7A.M,Stolp.iff.O to 7 p. J
M. B afterwards, Slight Urrom ^d
1
1
midnight to 7 a.m., i at 5 p.m..*^H
H \i Cirri.— 1 Strati, '^i Cumuli, \_\ Cirfi>-ftlTat\, '^'\e\\m\sici*^Vtti>:\,.\rsA^\x!^
^^W CirrO'CiimnVi, B dear, 3 «tratou^^M^^^^a^^^^gJ^^
^^l^nuii, D drizzle, ^IH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I
^1 ^^^i ^SK^r Meieorological Oliervaiiom, ^H^^^^^l
^1 Ahimct of the BemlU of the Uonvly Meteoroloftcal OUertaiiom ^J
^H iak&iL at the Smi^eyor Generates Office, Cakntia^ ^H
^H in (he month of September 1871. ^H
^^P Solar Ujidiaiion, Wealjier, <&(% ^^|
^^ •
ad £
Wind.
General aspect of tbe Sky. ^J
Prerniling
1 P
dirtcLion.
^1
4 0
■
o
Jtielief
1
tL
MileR
^^^1
H ^^
120.0
0.07
ISbyE^t S
'■'
147,0
0 to 6 A. M. S to 7 p. M.,%-i ^1
afterwards. Sli^'lit K at 1,2»3. ^H
4 A. M., 5^ & m\ p. M. ^1
H ^^
1340
0.16
S Jt S L J E
* ' *
216.4
B to 2 A. M. 8 to 6 A. v., \i ^H
to 9 A. M., '^i to 7 F. IT. B af. ^^
terwards. Slight Bat 4, 10 a. m. 1
1 <& 3 p. M.
1 ^^
...
0.27
S4tSSE
...
164.3
Clouds of diiTiront kinds to
10A.M.Oto2p.M. Safterwards, J
L on E from 8to 10 p.m. Slight ^H
B at 2, 10, 12 A. »., Mi P.M. ^M
H IB
147.8
0.18
9 S E A S by E
1.4:
93.2
B to 4 A. M. S Ui 8 A. M.,^i ^7
to 12 A. H. 0 t^ 7 p. M. B ftf- J
terwards. T at 1 p. h. Sh>ht ^M
lUt lU A. M.. 1. 2 A 3 p. M. ■
H 19
151.2
0,3C
SbyE^SE&SSE
.,.
101.6
B to 6 A. M., -^i to 4 p. M. S ^1
to 8 p, M. B after wards. T at ]
d & 7 p. M. L froTu 7 to 1 1 p. M. ,^J
^^^^v »
K rroirj6i t4j7} P. M. H
■T SO
1&3.0
•..
8 S E & S E
...
103.9
B to 4 A. M., V to 8 A. v., ^1
-^i to 6 P. M. B after wai'ds. L ^|
at tiiidni^ht A 7 p* u. ^H
21
144,0
*••
SSE«tS E
...
78.8
B to 6 A. M., \i to 9 A. »., ^1
'^i to 5 p. M. S art+'rwarda. ^B
22
l^U.O
0.26
SE
...
104.9
\i to 9 A. M., '^i to 1 p. M.
0 to 7 P. M. S at*ic^rward8.
Tatli,2.i&3p. si.SlightR
at 10 a. m., a from IJ to7p.M»
^ 23
114,0
0.20
ESE,SEi;SSE
...
125.7
S to 7 A. M, 0 afterwards.
L on N at midnight A I A. Ki
Shght li after inti^rvals. ^H
Chiefly 0 Slight II from 1 to H
H 21
■•■
0.36
S S E JI^SE
t *.
223.8
3, at BJ, 9, 101; A. M> A 1 P.M.
25
149.2
0.07
SS E AS
...
167.4
B to 6 A. M., \i to 9 A. M.,
-^i to 4 P. M.. N i afterwards.
Shght E at 12J A. M
" 26
147.0
0.16
8 & S by W.
...
133.6
\i to 2 A. M.B to 6 A. M„\i
& ^i afterwards. Eat 12 i a.m.
^ 27
148.8
...
S by WA S S W
...
97.4
\i to 8 A. M., ^i to 4 p. m., ^
\i afU'rwards. ^H
H 28
147.0
M.
SSW.SbyW&S
...
09.6
\i to 7 A. m., "^i to 5 P. M. ^H
\i aftorwardn. ^H
■ 29
140.2
• 4 t
S A S by W
...
106.1
\i to 6 p. M, B afterward.s. ^H
■ au
147.0
■ **
Sby WifeSSW
*.*
134.3
\i A v_i to 7 A. M., \i af- 1
terwarda. L from 6i to 8p.m* ^J
^Hr Cirnt—i Strati, '^ i CumuVv, >^ Cwrofttw.\,v, f\.\Cuv\\\vVt>*%ttaLti^ v^J Nimbi* ^H
^■|firn7-cumulj. B clear, S »traiom, O o^qxc^aI, "t l\vM.\i^^«\4\vi^v^^s3aj^^H
^^^HL n ^^^^1
MeUoTolog ica I Ohscrm (ion$.
\t
xui
Abstract of the Itdsnlts of the flourft^ Meteorofogieal Ohnetvatlom
iakeii at the Sun^e^or GeueralU Office, Qdcntta,
in the month of September 1871.
Monthly I^ksults.
Inchcn,
Mean liciglit oP ihe BarnTnetpr for the month.,. ,., „. 21)J17<S
"Max. heiji(lit of tlic UnromckT oceurreti ut 10 a* M. on tlifl 2Sfh. ... 2V^>5Nl
Min. lieiglit of the Baromot^^r occurred at 3 i*. M. on tha Tith. .., 2i*-J7<l
^a'trrme range of tLu> Unrometcr during tUo moutll .., ».♦ U. 11 i \
M^jin of the dttilj Mux. rresHurcs ... ... ..» ... 2l»7:ii
DiUo ditto Mill* ditto ... ... .., ».. 2SIH1*)
iU^eaii i^i/y T^aiif^e of tlie Baromoter during the mouth ••• ••« U«i2i
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month »„
Mttx. Tcmpemture oei'iirred at 2 p. M, on the -itli,
Min, Tern pe rat are oei-urred at 9 a, m» on the 13th*
Sxtt*eme ra/tffe of the Tenij^erotiire iliirii»|^ the month
Mean of the daily Max* Teni|Hnitnre .»,
Ditto ditto Min. ditto.
Mean dailj/ range of the Temperature during the month.
B2J'
SM.O
17M
R7.3
71».4
7.1>,
Mean Wet Btilh Tliermometer Tor the month .,.
Mean Dry Ihilb Tliermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer
Conv[nited Mean Dew-point for the month ... ,,, ,,,
.Menu Dry Bulb Thermometer abore computed mean Dew-point .,*
Mean Elastic force of TapoiDr for the month
Inchefi.
... o.\m
Troy ^rAif
Mean Weight of Yaponr for the month ... ♦.. ... Iill7
Additional Weight ot Vaponr refjinrcd for pomplete saliiration ... 1.47
Mean degree of humidity h^r the muiith. complete saturation being unity 0.87
Mean Max, Solar radiation Thermometer fi^r the month
Eained 23 days.— Max, fall of rain during 24 hours ,., ,.. 3.2.>
Total amount of rain dnrini; the inontli ... ... ... S*,1I3
Total amount of ruin indieaied by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during thiMnonth .„ *», ,,. ... ... J*.2S
rreFailing direction of the Wind S by W. S. 8. E. $l S.
►IleigUJOCcet
Ixxiv
Meteorological Observalioni.
rH g
<M BO
c» O
^ 1
« 2
•8 tS
5 ^
^
6
f 2 'HO m
o
_«0
I 5^
I 11
•5 O d c3
cJ O
t= g
CJ cS
OX
o
S
g
■s
I
0
o
to
a
*uo niuji
■UO WW J J
Al M
■no ufi*}|
mNAV
*iid ttiv^
rH <-«
NT^qM
i^H( r^
no uirjj
M
'R M A\
UO ntffj[
r-t »p-t(p^ iH
■no m^
^ ,H r^^H
i-H r-4 *^ i— 1
'AV'f!
rH,-lF-i.H— <ifH — -^i-t.-(tH5<)'.fC^(M-t,-« ,Ml-lr^
'UO uvirjj
<^ ■-« rH' $fl •-< ^^. 1-^ 1
Av ^q -fi
r-t «-i«-Hrt,-trt^pi3^^50io(3^flQC0filQ^P«C^WGi|r-liH^H
r^ PI ^ ^ €4 t-1 ipH ^ ,p^ r-l <^
*^ *^*^.00(aq>OQO'^'^^CO»O^P9«iacr3«CQIO«!<^t^l>i
^UO UlttJ]^
f-^ ^1 1-H 1^1 ^^ oq ,_, 1^
7T ^q -s
lie) I1I1J}|
110 uurjy
'UO ni"Bu
. ^^5 ^ '?!
U3 ^iOU5^^^LQipi0^iaQDEDCDlOIOC*3!D^^Ud^^'^
— iCq^HM^ rt i-i-H ,-i^i3«|e(>r^^,-iP-*©|
« -^ c^^-^esnsaeo«-^^^coe!aioio«*050Eeip<^ioiOio
^ i-t^ ,-4^(3q,_,P3^ei;»>iOT^^ ipi
Ci^ l^t^®l&ii3iai£}^^ifip44MeO^ISS|iGi0^^tOqC>aa<tt
^2 iF-ti^ *-1"^«M-^a^OiICQ^M?-l^i-1
©5 lN74rH(M!^1l(J«rt-^t^COt^^^OTOTTPe(3P3^COC>3i-<iFH
^^rt ^„^ ^^rt^,_j,_,
P5pOOTOTcCrt^eoi~i 'M^0iFH«i?^^9^i?4^^iep
*™i
1-^ p-^ f^ <-^ 1— 1 1-^ *^
"tlQ ui^^f
•*^
■HI
no iiiuji
mi LKU^I
'HO WTB^J
*uo tinryy
*lIO UlB^J
vnoH
r^ '^^ 1^ ©* ^ ^ MS *^ t-* ti 0-- -^^ p^ o 1-4 *>\ efi ^ «s *i 1:^ Tt, ■5i -::» -^
Meteorological Ohenafions.
XXT
Abiirael of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Ot^scrvatioHS
taken at the Snrvegor General's OJire, Calcntta,
in the month o/ October 1871.
Latitude 22° 33' V North. Loiigituclo 88^ 20' 31'' VaxhU
Heiglitof tlie Cistern of the Standard Baromct^sr ahovo the son lovol. IH.II r,»f»t.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations nnd of the irygromclrionl cWnionln
dependent thereon.
Date.
o *4
£ange of the Diironicter
during the dny.
Max.
Min.
Inebes.
LlcllM.
Inches.
1
29.766
29.804
29.704
2
.742
.794
.677
8
.748
.798
.705
4
.773
.827
.727
6
.746
.803
.679
6
.714
.768
.652
7
.676
.724
.629
8
•702
.760
.653
9
.727
.796
.667
10
.738
.798
.68 i
11
.738
.814
.683
12
.718
.800
.(;06
13
.765
.834
.6(58
14
.853
.903
.795
16
.892
.947
.811
16
.911
.977
.857
17
.896
.968
.831
18
.888
.951
.832
19
.905
.967
.865
20
.918
.976
.874
21
.899
.962
.8Ui
22
.891
.967
.832
23
.867
.934
.796
24
.827
.888
.779
25
.691
.771
.627
26
.673
.759
.621
27
.788
.856
.739
28
.821
.882
.764
29
.879
.939
.836
30
.887
.955
.826
31
.896
.960
.8U
Diff.
fnehes.
.117
.ou:t
.100
.124
.116
mti
.1(»7
.129
.111
.131
.i:u
Am
.108
.106
.120
.137
.119
.112
.102
.120
.125
.138
.109
.144
.135
.117
.118
.103
.129
.116
Nl.H
N5.4
86.2
H6.0
86.2
86.2
Hfl.l
84.9
85.1
86.0
82.8
79.5
H0.5
80.8
81.1)
83.6
82.9
81.8
81.2
79.9
80.7
H1.7
81.2
74.6
72.7
74.1
77.8
78.9
79.1
78.7
78.3
Kniigo of the'lVtupri'a-
tureiluiMiig (lir diiy.
Mux.
(M),4
WW
91 7
92 O
91 n
91 N
9(M1
90 7
91.5
91.7
8A a
82.0
81 (I
8i..:i
88.0
8ti8
89.0
H8.0
H8.6
87.4
87.4
88.3
87.5
78.0
74.6
78.0
85.2
86.0
86.0
85 0
85.8
Min
81. A
81 0
8)10
81 A
8) 0
8yo
80 A
79 A
»\MI
81 \\
79 A
77 A
78t»
78 A
11 ts
79 V
79.0
11 y^
76 N
73 5
74.3
76i
77.5
7vi.7
71.5
71.0
710
73.0
73.7
73 5
71.H
piir.
8 9
9(1
9 7
lOf^
Inii
9 8
mi
nil
1V6
10 i
AN
4 A
6 0
AN
10 A
10 4
loo
no
itr
13 1
n9
10 0
AN
no
U;l
13 0
IV 3
11 A
14.0
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and \Vet HmII)
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly obserrations, mad« %!L Vl^%
•everal hours during the ^ay.
Uxvi
Nehorotogical OiieiTtilwnf.
Aistracl of the IfemlU of ike ITom'l^ Mtfieorola^ical Ohei-valioui
taken at the Sntre^or General's Office, Calcutta^
in the mouth of October 1871.
Pftilj Means, Ac, of tlie Obnervatioiis aud of i\\e Hj-grometrieal eleroenta
dfpeii tlen t tbereon. — ( CoiithnttdJ
Pifcte*
^
^
a
oca,
£t3 S
a
0
o
I ^
Inches,
T. gr.
T. gr.
1
8L0
3.8
783
6.5
0.919
10.14
232
0.81
2
81.0
4.4
779
7.5
.937
.00
M
.79
d
80.0
62
75.7
10.5
.873
9.30
3.69
.72
4
80.2
5,8
76.1
9.9
.885
M
.47
-73
6
80.0
6.2
75.7
10.5
.873
.30
.69
.72
6
rvKi
7,1
74.1
12.1
.830
8.85
4.14
.68
7
78.2
eM
73.4
1K7
.811
.66
3.91
.69
8
78.3
6.6
73,7
11.2
,819
.76
.73
.70
&
78.9
6.2
74.6
10,5
.843
9.00
.67
.72
10
8o.a
6.9
76.1
9.9
.8H5
.41
.47
.73
11
6tK5
2.3
78.9
3.9
.967
10.39
1.36
.88
12
78,2
1.3
77.3
2.2
.919
9.94
0.72
.93
13
78.5
2j)
77.1
3.4
«9I3
.86
1.12
.90
14
78.6
2.2
774
3.7
.913
.84
.33
.89
15
78.6
3.3
76.3
6,6
.890
.67
.87
.84
U
78.3
5.3
74.6
9.0
.813
.03
3.<X>
.76
17
76.6
6.3
72.2
10,7
.781
8.36
.43
.71
18
75.4
6.4
70.9
10.9
.718
,05
.35
.71
Id
73.6
7.6
68.3
12 9
.688
7.40
.81
.66
20
72.7
7.2
67.7
12.2
.674
.28
.50
.68
2L
74,4
6.3
70.0
10.7
.727
.82
.22
.71
St
75.5
62
71.2
10.5 1
.756
8.12
.25
.71
83
76.4
4,8
73.0
8.2
.801
.62
2.69
.77
2i
73-5
I.l
72,7
1,9
.792 :
.65
0.55
.94
2o
718
0.9
71.1
1.6
.753
.25
.43
.95
2e
7K7
2.4
70,0
4.1
.727
7.94
1.13
.88
27
73.0
4.3
70,0
7.3
.727
.89
2.09
.79
28 ,
748
4.1
71*9
7.0
.773
8.36
.11
.80
29
74.7
4.4
71.6
7.5
.766
.27
.26
.70
SO
73.3
5.i
69.5
9.2
J15
7.74
.07
.74
31
72.1
6.2
67.8
10.5
.677
.32
.96
.71
All the HygTomeitioH elemeuU mc com^MVe^\si ^i]^ Gx^ft^^ w\i Q<Mi»iwitg.
M^feorohffical Obiervaiiom.
Ixxvii
AMraet of fie Beenlh of the llonrly Meteorological Observatioui
iaieu at the SHrvetfor GeneraVe Office^ Calcnita,
in the mouth of October 1871.
ffourl/ Means, &c. of the Obser ration a and of the irjgrometrical el^^Riftiti
dependent thereon.
*S^
llflTiije of ihc Ilnrorneter
4
linng*^ of Uic^ IVitiium-
for earh hmtr (liiniig
the ntoiiili.
tiii^ for riii*h llc^tll'
dtiriiif( ihi^iniMittu
Hour.
1
Mai,
Min.
j>m.
1^
Mux,
Mill, uir
h
i
Inchei.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
0
0
0
o
Hid.
night.
29.807
29.918
29.672
0.246
79.0
84.2
71.7
12 ft
.798
.911
.654
.257
78.6
81.0
71.6
12 5
.789
.908
.649
.259
78.3
83.H
71.6
12.3
.781
.902
.647
.255
78.0
83.6
71.6
12.1
.780
.901
.627
.274
77.8
83.5
71.6
12.0
.793
.916
.625
.290
77.6
83.4
71.0
12.4
.810
.943
.643
.300
77.5
83.2
71.0
12.2
.827
.945
.673
.272
78.3
83.7
71.7
12.0
.847
.965
.676
.289
80.6
86.5
72.0
13.5
.860
.977
.705
.272
82.2
87.5
72.6
16.0
.861
.974
.707
.267
83.9
89.5
73.0
10.6
.845
.960
.685
.275
84.8
90.5
73.0
17.5
Noon.
J24
.944
.668
.276
85.4
90.7
73.6
17.1'
1
.798
.920
.646
.274
86.2
91.5
74.0
17.5
8
.774
.894
.632
.262
86.5
91.5
73.0
18.5
8
.769
.885
.624
.261
86.6
92.0 73.7
18.3
4k
.756
.889
.631
.258
86.0
91.7 73.5
18.2
6
.760
.879
.634
.245
86.1
91.0 I 73.0
18.0
6
.769
.880
.642
.233
83.1
89.0 : 72.3
1(5.7
7
.787
.903
.656
.247
81.8
87.6 1 72.1
15.4
8
.808
.924
.672
.262
81.0
8«.6
72.4
U.l
9
.819
.932
.671
.261
80.3
8G.0
72.4 1 13.6
10
.824
.939
.689
.260
79.6
85.6 ! 72.5 , 13.0
11
.821
.931
.682
.249
79.2
84.6
72.7
11.9
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
luviii
Meteorological Observaiiant,
Ahdiael of ike Kesnlts of the Honrl// Meieorological OhervationM
taken at the Snrvet/or General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of Odoler 1871.
Honrlj Meanfl, he, of tlie Ol^serTationii and of tlio Hjgrometrical elementt
dependent lliereon. — (CoiHimted.)
S
i
^
^
p/3
'■§8
|i
^
^
1
P
I
^-z
•5 2
Wg^
Hour.
lit
}
ft
1
}
1
.2
•3|
|5
1-5 i
III
111
0
0
o
o
Indies.
T.gr.
T.gr.
Mid-
d!g1it.
76.7
2.3
75.1
3.9
OJ^57
&.27
1.23
0.89
1
76.5
2.1
75.0
36
.854
.21
.14
.89
2
76.4
li)
75.1
3.2
.857
.28
.00
.90
3
76.2
1.8
74.9
3.1
.851
^2
0.97
.91
4
76.2
].6
75.1
2.7
.857
.28
.85
.92
5
76.0
1.6
71.C>
2.7
.851
. .22
.85
.92
6
75.9
1.6
74.8
2.7
.819
.20
.84
.92
7
76.5
1.8
75.2
3.1
.860
.31
.97
.91
8
77.2
3.4
74.8
5.8
.849
.15
1.86
.83
9
77.3
4.9
7;^.»
8.3
.824
8.87
2.67
.77
10
77.3
ioA)
72.7
11.2
.792
.49
3.61
.70
11
77.0
7.8
71.5
13.3
.763
.16
4.30
.60
Noon.
77.1
8.3
71.3
It. I
.758
.10
.58
.64
1
77.0
9.2
70.6
15.6
.714
7.89
5.10
.61
2
76.H
9.7
71.0
155
.751
.99
.11
.61
8
70.5
10.1
7i).4
16.2
.736
.81
.30
.60
4
76.4
9.6
6*.). 7
163
.720
.68
.23
.60
5
76.9
8.2
71.2
13.9
.756
8.07
4.50
.64
6
77.1
6.0
72.9
10.2
.797
.56
3.30
.72
7
77.2
4.6
74.0
7.8
.827
.90
2.50
.78
8
77.1
3.9
74.4
Q.Q
.838
9.02
.12
.81
9
76.9
3.t
7t.5
b.^
.810
.07
1.81
.83
10
76. S
2.8
71.8
48
.819
.17
.52
.86
11
76.7
2.5
74.9
4.3
.851
.21
.35
.87
All the Hygroinetricai clomei>t» are computed by the Greenwich Constant!.
MeUorological Observations.
Ixxis
Abatraci of the Result's of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
. taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of October 1871.
Solar lUdiation, Weatlier, «tc.
u
&S . WlKlK 1
1^
1l ^
1
£
Prei^ailinff
.1 ^i^
General aspect of tlie Sky-
l\
0 :
5^0 direction. j^ |;
«5
o 1
ncbes
&
Miles
1
153.2
...
SbyW
...
129.0
\i to 7 A. K., "i to 7. P.M.
B afliTwards. T at 12J a. m.,
2i, 4&5 p. M. Dat5.Jp. m.
2
152.0
...
S & S by W
...
108.6
B to 7 A. M., <^L to 4 p. M.
B afterwards .
8
146.3
<
SbyW&WbyN ... |
83.1
B to 12 A. M.,v_i to 5 p. M.
[&NW
W by N, W N W
B afterward H.
4
148.6
•••
...
67.3
B to 8 A. jr., ^i to 6 p. M.
Bflftrrwrtrdn.
6
149.7
• ..
XW&WNW
...
69.8
B to H X. 3f., --i to6 p. M.
B afterwards.
6
152.0
...
WNW&WSW
...
73.2
B to 10 A. M., '-i to 3 p. M.
B afterwards.
7
153.3
...
WSW&WbyS
...
79.3
Bto4 A. M., Vi to 10 A.M.
"i tn 2 p. M., v_i afterwards.
8
150.0
...
W by 8 & ]S W
0.6
76.5
B to 10 A. M., rsi to 5 p. M.
B afterguards.
^
149.0
•'•
NW&WN W
...
66.2 BtolOA. M., ^i to3p. M.,
\i to 6 p. M. B afterwarilH.
10
147.5
....
WNW
...
71.5
B to5 A. M.. VitO 10 A.M.,
--i to 6 p. M. B aften^ardn.
11
...
0.89
WNW&SE
80.1
S to 12 A. M. () t^) 7 P. M.,
\i ailt^rwards. T at \)\ a. m.,
1 &2.ip. M., 11 at 8, Hi A.M.,
1, 2?M 15 & 0 p. M.
12
...
0.60
S.E,ESE&E.
...
122.5
Chiefly O. K at I. 10, 11 a.
^M., & from 2 to 6 p. m.
13
127.0
SbyW.
. . .
108.5
() to 10 A. M. 8 afterwards.
14
135.6
6.47
Sby Wi&SSE
...
59.8
Clouds of different kinds to
6 p. M. B afterwards. L on N
W at 6 P. M. li at 11 & 12
16
153.0
...
SSE&S
...
75.7
A. M.
B to 6 A. M., ^i to 5 p. M.
B afterwards. 1) at 12.i a. m.
16
145.7
...
8,SbyW&NbyI
94.0
B to 9 A u \— i to 4 p. M.
i Bailer war. J.-?.
17
147.2
...
N by E & W
...
86.6 ' B to \) A. M., ^i to 4 p. m.
;B afterwards.
18; 146.2
...
W&W8W
• • •
96.3 B.
19 147.0
...
W S W & W
. . 1
81.0 1 B.
21
) 145.5
...
W&ENE
...
90.7 ! B to 10 A. M., \i to 5 p. m.
! B afterwards.
21
. 146.8
E N E & N by I
[E N E
: 0.8 106.8 1 B to 10 A. M., '^i to 6 p. m.
J ; B afterwards.
2i
\ 144.5
...
NbyE,]NNE&
(
155.6 1 B to 9 A. M., \i to 5 p. m.
jB afterwards.
\i Cirri,— i Strati, ^ i Cumuli, wi Cirro-strat\, ^ \C.\vcKV3^Q.1|^x^^:\.^^A^^'^^^
Ui Cirro-cumuli. B clear, S sUatom, O on^p vsA^^, -^ \x>{^Nxi«^^
JB r&in, J) drizzle.
box
UeUorological Obaervaiient.
Jbstraet of th^ ReiulU of the Hourly Meteorological Observaiious
(aieu at the Surveyor GeneraVt Office, Calcutta,
in the month of October 1871.
Solar Sadiation, Weather, <&c.
Mi
. *
fid s
Wind.
FreTailing
direction.
Si
General aspect of the Sky.
23 145.0
24
25
130.0
144.7
143.0
144.0
143.0
142.7
27
28
29
30
31
Indies
0.03
E]!^E,NE&EbyS
2.58
2.46
E b J S <& E S E
E,EbyN&ENE
NE&NW
NW&WNW
WNW&SW
SW
S W & W by S
WbyS&SSE
fb
Miles
115.5
173.2
238.8
378.4
140.5
90.4
71.6
42.5
47.3
Clouds of different kinds
to 6 a. m. Bto9 a. m.. "^i to
H p. M., ^i afterwards. Light
R at ^ p. M.
O. E from 4 A. M., to 1 1 p.m.
O. K from midnight to 2 p.
M., & at 5 & 11 P. M.
O to 5 p. M. B afterwards.
D at midnight.
Bto 12 a. m., ^i to 4 p.m.,
\i afterwards.
B.
B to 1 p. M., \i to 6 p. M.
B aftemards. Foggy from 3
to 8 A. M. & 8 to 11 p. M.
B Slightly foggy from mid-
night to2 & 5 to 7 A. M.
B.Slightly foggy at 10 p.m.
\i Cirri, — i Strati, "i Cumuli, \— i Cirro-strati, ^\_i Cumulo-strati. vv_i Nimbi,
*i Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
rain, D drizzle.
Mtieoroloij tea I Olserranm!^
19^X1
Abiiract of the UemtU of the llourJ^ MehomhtjlcaJ OUervaflmi ]
taken at the SHrve^or General's Office, Culcnlt^,
in tie mouth of Oci^ber 1871.
Monthly BfidULxa,
Indies.
HeAD liei^lii ot tlie Barometer for tlie montb,.. ,., ,., 2iK8(»4
Max. lieiglit of tlie BiirLiineter otcurretil at & a. m* on tliu Iflth. »., 2t).l»77
Min. keiglit of tlie Barometer oecurrtj at 3 f. M, ou tho 2l)th. .,, 21^624
jLJi'tfemt rttitt/v of tlio JJnrometer during the moatk ... ^.. U.353
Mean of tlie diiiij !Max. Prt'SHurea »., ... ,,, ,,. 29M\7
Ditto tlilti> liliiJ, tliUo ... ,.» .., ... 2yJ48
Mean dail^ range of the Puroxiieter during tiie moutli ..» ,., 0.119
Mean Pry Bulh TliermniTieter for the monili ,*. ,.,
Max. TeJiiiHTiihire oc"t'iirrt*<l nt H i». M. ou the 4th,
lilin. IVjiipt^niluro ocrurreil nl 5 & 6 a. m, otj the 26 thJt27tli
Ji.r( rente rauf/e of the Temperature duriug the mouth
Mean of the daily Mux. Teiii]>ernlure ...
Dilto ditto Mill. ditto,
MtiiH dait^ range of the Temperature Jiiring the month...
Mean Wet Biilh Thermometer for the montli ... .,, ,,. 76,7
Mean Dry Bulh Tbeniioiuetrr jihove Menu Wet Bulh Thermometer 4.©
Convimteu Mean Dew-poiirt tor the month ... ... ... 73,3
k-Mean Dry Bulh Thermometer aho?e computed mean Dew-point ... 8.3
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for tlie month .., .„ ,*» 0.80ft
Troy grafnt
Mean Wet (flit of Vaponr for the month ... ... ... 8,70
rjl^tiditionul Wei^'lit ot^ Yiipoiir required for complete saturiition .., 2.04
""lean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation heing unity 0.77
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 145.6
laclitf*
Bnined 9 days.*— Max, fall of rain during 24 houra ,,. ... 2,6S
Total amount of rain during the month ... ,.. ... 7.03
Total nmount of rain indicated hy the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ,- ,- -- <^*20
PfcTaiiing direction of the Wind ,.. ... W. >\ W^, N. W. Jt S. by W<
•Height 70 feet 10;
^M Ixxxii
^^^^" Mefeorofdfftcal Oh$(*rvftfiofiS, ^^^^^^H
■ si
J
Nil
kill
^ 1 If
111
t !-
^^1 % Its ;£ ^
1 ih:i
1 21
'S IF oa
J* e a*
'S ^-^
g »*"
If
•uu lll»}[
f-i«-«>-i
r-WW
1— 1
*no utBj[
•UO tilRjJ
vaVkav
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OO CQg»5«0€0«flOff&C»aCQ«-*«OWpH 91^^«20S?OQ9^
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^
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<— 1
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•JtioH
d
■
Meleorologieal Ohervafions.
Ixxxiii
jlMraei of the Itesulfs of the Ilonrli/ Meteorological OlservatioM
taken at the Survei/or GemraVs Office, Calcutta^
ill the Month oj Kovemher 1871.
Latitude 22^ 33' V Norlli, Longitude 88° 20' W East.
Heiglifc of ilie Cistern of tlio Standard Barometer above tlie sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, kc, of tlie Observations and of tlie irj-grometrical elements
dependent tlioreon.
zt.
Sanfi^c of tlie Burometer
Hang(» of tlieTonii^ora-
during the d
«y.
n Dry B
rmomeu
tui'edui
•ing tliedny.
Date.
1
ij"
Max.
Min.
Dior.
-^
I^Iex.
Min. Diff.
;?-"
>.^
Indies.
Indies.
Indies.
Indies.
0
o
o
o
1
29.932
30.006
29.873
0.133
78.2
85.1
72.0
13.4
2
.931
.000
.878
.122
79.1
86.9
72.5 ; 11.4
3
.947
.012
.900
.112
79.0
86.5
73.3 ; 13.3
4
.950
.014
.8^)4
.120
77.7
85.0
71.5 : 13.5
5
.970
.047
.919
J 28
76.9
85.0
70.3 34.7
6
.986
.061
.927
.134
77.0
84.8
70.0 14.8
7
.957
.016
.903
.111
76.9
8;). I
71.6 1J.5
8
.94^
.029
.873
.156
77.5
84.5
73.3 11.2
9
.936
.006
.874
.132
77.5
84.5
71.0 13.5
10
.930
.006
.8(M)
.137
77.0
83.8
71.0 32.8
11
.916
29.993
.847
.116
76.4
a3.6
72.0 ll.G
12
.875
.939
.808
.131
75,9
a3.6
69.5 1 14.1
13
.878
.926
.828
.01«
76.9
84.0
71.2 1 12.8
14
.900
30.028
.aoi
.137
78.2
85.7
72.0 13.7
15
.912
.025
.869
.156
78.5
85.5
73.5 12.0
16
.9:il
.000
■ .888
.112
78.6
a5.7
73.5 12.3
V
.981
.a$5
.932
.123
77.1
81.1
71.5 12.9
u
.993
.0<i3
.925
.138
76.2
83.2
70.5 12.7
19
.968
.020
.922
.098
75.2
82.5
<)n.O 1 13.5
20
.993
.072
.929
.143
75.5
82.6
<J9.r, ]X\.
21
.992
.060
.932
.128
75.2
82.0
69.5 12.5
22
.988
.066
.941
.125
74.4
81.0
69.0 1 12.0
23
.970
.025
.908
.117
74.2
82.5
^)7.0 15.5
24
.998
.063
.952
.111
74.9
83.5
<'>>*.0 15.5
25
.992
.050
.939
.120
73.5
, 82.0
67.5 . 14.5
26
.962
.038
.897
.111
71.9
i 81.1
<)4.6 ' 10 8
27
.921)
29.989
.865
.124
70.7
1 79.7
63.2 1(5.5
28
.962
30.035
.914
.121
70.0
78.S
62.0 ir.s
29
.<'47
.031
.878
.153
71.0
80.1
63.5 ir.u
30
.908
29.969
.854
.115
73.0
82.1
^.0
1 ^'-^
1
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, mado at Uae
several liours diuing tke day.
Ixxxiv
Meteorological Olservations.
Abstract of the Results of the Ilourlif Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor GeneraVs OJjice, Culcntia,
in the month of November 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of tLe ObscrFalions and of Ihe Hygrometrical eletnenta
dependent thereon . — (Continued.)
h
+3
■4-}
a
1
1=
o
I
> 0
Date.
Q
1
If
P
r5
o^ to
III
ri
3
^6
il^
1'
a'
Q
P
S2
<
g^2
0
o
O
0
Inches.
T.gr.
T.gr.
1
72.7
5.6
68.8
9.4
0.699
7.57
2.68
0.74
2
7;.3
4.8
70-9
8.2
.748
8.10
.43
.77
3
73.5
5.5
69.6
9.4
.717
7.76
.74
.74
4
71.3
6.4
66.8
30.9
.655
.10
3.00
.70
5
70.1
6.8
65.3
11.6
.623
6.76
.10
.69
(3
70.8
6.2
66.5
10.5
.618
7.03
2.86
.71
7
72.1
4.8
m.7
8.2
.697
.57
.29
.77
8
72.8
4.7
69.5
8.0
.715
.75
.29
.77
9
72.0
5.5
68.1
9.4
.684
.41
.63
.74
10
71.1
5.6
67.5
9.5
.670
.27
.62
.74
31
70.4
6.0
66.2
10.2
.612
6.98
.74
.72
32
70.3
5.6
{M\.i
9.5
xn-Q
7.03
.54
.74
33
71.2
5.7
67.2
9.7
.6(>4
.20
.m
.73
34
73.5
4.7
70.2
8.0
.732
• .92
.33
.77
35
73.2
5.3
69.5
9.0
.715
.74
.61
.75
36
n.i
6.2
68.1
10.5
.684
.38
3.00
.71
37
70.8
6.3
66.4
10.7
.6J^
.01
2.91
.71
38
70.8
5.4
67.0
9.2
.659
.17
.49
.74
39
C8.2
7.0
63.3
11.9
.584
6.35
3.02
.68
20
{S':i.7
5.8
65.6
9.9
.630
.86
2.60
.73
21
69.9
5.3
66.2
9.0
.642
.99
.38
.75
22
6S.1
6.0
61.2
10.2
.601
.66
.59
.72
23
67.1
7.1
62.1
12.1
.561
.12
.97
.67
24
67.7
7.2
62.7
12.2
.572
.24
3.04
.67
25 1
Ql^ 1
8.7
58.7
14.8
.501
5.47
.43
.62
2() ,
610 1
7.9 1
57.7 1
11.2
.485
.31
.17
.63
27 1
62.6 1
8.1 1
56.1 1
14.6
.459
.01
.14
.62
2S ,
(V^.l I
6.3 1
58-7
11.3
.501
.52
2.48
.69
2\.)
65.0
6.0 1
60.2 :
10.8
.527
.78
.47
.70
30
65.9
7.1 1
1
60.2 j
12.8
.527
.76
I
3.00
.66
ill the iij'gronic'trical elenicuts are coi\\\>\iVed\i^ VVe Git<i<;\r«\R.\i CQ^^i^wLliK
Mefeorological Olservations,
Ixxxv
Ahilract of Ike HesnlU of the Hourly iltfaorological Olservaliotts
taken at Ike Surveyor, GeueraVs OJJlce, CalcuUa^
in ike month of November 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Ifygrometrieal elements
dependent thereon.
KnTige
cif llie llnronit^ter
^
T!ai>^e of t lie IVnipem-
11^
for eDJ?h hour iluring
the motitli.
f5I
ture for eiicli Inmr
during the iiioiiih.
Hoar.
n 1
l^\
Max.
Min,
Diff.
IJ^ai,
Mill.
D(fn
s§l
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
o
0
0
o
MJd.
night.
29.955
30.010
29.869
0.141
72.5
76.9
65.3 11.6
\
.947
.008
.863
.145
72.0
76.3
64.1
12 2
2
.94^)
.002
.851
.151
71.5
75.8
63.6
12.2
3
.933
29.996
.84i
.152
70.9
75.0
63.0 12.0
4
.934.
.993
.812
.151
70.4
74.7
62.5 1 12.2
6
.948
30.012
.859
.153
69.9
74.0
62.3 1 11.7
6
.965
.020
.877
.143
69.7
73.5
62.0 1 11.6
7
.983
.043
.906
.137
70.0
74.5
62.2 12.3
8
30.004
.057
.920
.137
73.2
77.5
66.8
10.7
9
.021
.072
.925
.147
76.0
80.5
70.2
10.3
10
.019
.066
.926
.140
78.4
82.0
73.0
9.0
11
29.998
.051
.907
.I'U
80.2
83.5
76.0
8.6
Noon.
.070
.052
.883
.142
81.6
85.2
77.0
8.2
1
.936
29.984
.853
.131
82.6
85.6
78.0 1 7.6
2
.914
.965
.835
.130
83.2
86.9
78.5 i 8.4
3
.901
.952
.8U
.138
83.3
86.6
78.8 ! 7.8
4
.896
.953
.808
.145
82.1
85.5
77.5
8.0
5
.904
.959
.811.
.145
80.8
84.7
76.0
8.7
6
.914
.971
.829
.142
78.2
82.2
72.5
9.7
7
.932
.989
.848
.141
76.5
80.3
71.0
9.3
8
.951
30.003
.870
, .133
75.3
79.2
69.5
9.7
9
.963
.018
.887
' .131
74.3
77.8
68.5
9.3
10
.967
.023
,876
.147
73.6
77.0
67.0
10.0
11
.963
.016
.876
.140
73.0
77.0
66.6
10.6
The Mean Height of the Barometer, ns likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the obscrrations made at the several
hours during the month.
Ixxxvi
Mefeoroloffical Ohnervainm^.
Abstract of the Results of the Hotirly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor GeiieraVs Office, Calcutta,
in the month of November 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of ilie ObserTntions nnd of tlie Hjgrometrical elements
dependent thereon.— fConliune J.)
Hour.
%*
a>
s
^
-3
p^
■*» .
o u
^n
i^
^a
Mid-
aight,
J
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
H'oon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
70.7
70.2
69.8
-a
0
o
69.5
ao
69.2
2.8
68.8
2.7
68.4
2.5
68.0
2.1
67.8
2.1
67.5
2.2
67.7
2.3
69.2
4.0
69.9
6.1
70.3
8.1
702
lao
70.1
11.5
701
12.5
70.2
13.0
70.0
13.3
69.8
12J1
71.0
9.8
7K7
6.5
71.5
5.0
71.1
4.2
a
p
Q
a
67.1
67.0
i6.6
6^.4
66.1
66.1
65.9
65.9
66.0
65.6
64.6
63.2
62.0
61.3
61.1
60.7
61.2
61.1
6.5
67.1
5.0
68.0
4.2
68.2
3.6
68.2
3.4
67.8
3.2
67.2
p
>
1'^
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.5
4.3
3.8
3.8
4.1
7.2
104
13.8
17.0
19.6
21.3
22.1
22.6
20.9
16.7
11.1
8.5
7.1
6.1
58
5.8
c3 .
Inches.
T.gr.
T.gr.
0.661
7.25
1.38
.659
.23
.27
.651
.14
.24
Srte
.10
.13
.6*0
.04
.06
.6IO
.04
0.94
.630
.(X^
.93
.em
.00
1.00
.638
6.98
.84
.630
.86
2.74
.609
.59
3.72
.582
.27
4.61
.559
.00
5.34
.546
5.86"
.82
.543
.81
C.08
.536
.72
.21
.514
.84
5.67
.599
6.41
.43
.661
7.16
3.09
.681
.39
2.36
.686
.47
1.93
A)HCy
.49
.63
.677
.39
.54
.664
.26
.50
0.84
.85
.85
.86
.87
.88
.88
.88
.79
.72
.64
.58
.53
.50
.49
.48
.51
.58
.70
.76
.80
.82
.83
.83
All the H jgroiDetrical elements are computed bj the Greenwich Constants*
Mtieorological Observations.
Ixxxvii
AMract of tie Result's of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the mouth of November 1871.
Solar Itadiation, Weather, &c.
o o
Si's
WlKD.
Prevailing
direction.
1
2
3
0
144.2
145.5
141.0
luclies
SSE&S
S& S VV
ssw&w
4
6
141.7
141.0
...
W.WSW&WbyS
WbyS
6
141.8
•••
WbySA JJ^NE
1
137.0
...
NNE&NW
8
146.0
...
NW&NbyW
9
143.2
...
NbyW&N
10
143.5
...
N & N by W
11
142.5
...
NbyW&NNW
12
141.5
...
N N W & N E
13 139.0
... ENE&SbyW
14
140.0
... SbyW&SSW
15
16
17
140.0
139.0
148.0
:::
S SW&WbyS
W by S & WbyN
VVbyN&W
18
139.8
...
W & W by S
19
20
137.8
138.8
...
WbyS
W by.S & S S W
21
137.5
SSW&S W
Cm ' _K_
Mflesl
68.7
95.0
77.2
General aspect of tLe Sky.
lb
Cliicfly B.
B.
B. Slightly foggy at 9 & 10
p. M.
35.2 I B.
54.7 I B to 6 A. M., \i to 6 p. m.
'B afterwards.
79.2 I B to 5 A. M., \i to 6 p. m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 1 1 p. M.
47.5 ' B to 5 A. M., \i to 6. p. m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
at 1 A. M., Sl 10 p. M.
35.3 B to 5 A. M., \i to 6 p. m.
B afterwards.
30.3 B to 10 A. M., \— i to 3 p. m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
.'from 4 to 6 a. m., & 9 to 11
p. M.
53.2 I B to 10 A. M., --i to 4 p. m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from midnight to 6 a. m.
73.2 B to 10 A. M., ^i to 3 p. M.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 11 p. M.
66.4 I B to 10 A. M., ^i to 7 p. m.
B afterwards.
56.4 I B to 1 p. M., ^i to 3 p. m.
B afterwards.
59.0 B to 11 A. M., v«i to 4 p. m.
B afterwards.
67.8 Chiefly B.
90.7 Chiefly B.
57.7 B to 11 A. M., ^i to 1 p. M.
jB afterwards. Slightly foggy
|at 11 p. M.
72.2 B to 11 A. M., v_i to 2 p. M.
jB afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 7 to 9 p. M.
52.4 B.
73.2 B. to 10 A. M., ^i to 4 p. m.
B afterwards. Foggy from 7 to
10 p. M.
43.4 B to 11 A. M.. rsi to 3 p. M.
|B afterwards. Slightly foggy
at 8 & 9 p. M.
\i Cirri, — ^i Strati, ^i Cumuli, \— i Cirro-strati, '^iCumulo-strati, v>-i Nimbi,
W Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S Btrat^*'' O oTorcast, T thunder, L lightning,
B rain, D drizsle.
Ixxxviii
Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office^ Calcutta,
in the month of November 1871.
Solar Eadiation, Weather, <&c.
•8
o o
. *
si
Wind.
Preyailing
direction.
. 2
S
General aspect of the Skj.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
o
137.0
141.0
140.0
137.0
137.0
137.0
136.4
136.8
30 142.0
Tncbcs
S W
SWikW S W
WSWik W
W&NNW
N N W & WbyN
[AN W
WbyN,WNW
NW&NNW
N N W & N W
N W & W b J N
MileR
80.3
108.0
76.1
129.9
124.8
118.8
100.9
83.1
76.3
Chiefly B Slightly foggy at
9 p. M.
B to 10 A. M., \i to 4 p. M.
Vi afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 7 to 10 p. m.
V>i to 2 a. M. B to 3 p. M.,
i to 8 p. M. B afterwards.
Slightly foggy at 7 p. m.
Chiefly B. Slightly foggy
from 7 toll p. m.
Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
midnight & from 8 to 11 p. m.
B. Slightly foggy at mid-
night & 1 A. M., & from 7 to
11 p. M.
B. Slightly foggy from mid-
nidit to 2 A. M., & 7 to 11 p.m.
B to 2 p. M., \i to 7 p. M.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from midnight to 7 a. M., &
at 9 p. M.
B to 10 a. M., \i to6 p. M.
B afterwards.
ri, — ^i (Strati, '^i Cumuli, V-i Cirro-stTati, rv-\ G\3Lxn.u\o-%traU> v^i NimbU
^o-cnmnli, B clear, S stratoni, O o\eTC«tat» T \\i»sAet,\A\\^\.\!:\xi^,
D drizzle.
C-hPcr^ irtun^.
m tie man'i tf J'^r^s.**
ll«n of tW tfiTr ir»s. F?*-»-nr "*
Ditto ditto ' Mn.
Memm d^j wmmfi 0€ cae Bu-aiLec.tr i iz-^c ~Ji<e ii*:a :Il
o
lf«mDnrB«j!i"n*rw:m.--«' 'r-*.-? IT- r-j. ... '-^ "*
Vaz. Tempencttrv •:^.'vrr-«: i: ± ? x. •».-".' i-»i ... ••• *^-'^
Mm. TcBp«ntw« .:<mrr'*-i ir -T ^. x. r : ..* r^->.. ... ^-^ ''
MfM of the' daily Mil. T;E-..n..-:- ^ ':
Ditto ditto * M-n. i.v.-.
I dWA/5 nf M« of \mt T<ap«*rit.-^e 1 irln x \u^ 31 : n. tli . . .
Memn Brr Bu'.b r.i^TT.i -.•.-«■ v., >[,,,. Wc: Bulb Tliormomot-r ^ «.l
Compatei Mean I »-t-:- i. - :* r ■'.:..:.■: H ■ • ■ • • , • " * ,"/' ,
Hean Diy Buib Tixcna.:^.>r a ...t... . .:i.: n:.:-! m^n Dcw-pojnt ... i 'i.
JliriifH.
Mean Elastic force of Taj»ar fjrii:'* montli ...
Trf»y ^v\\\\\*
It H 1
Mean '^eielit of Taoonr for tlic month ... „^ •;',•,„ '" •» -j
Additional Wei^lit or* Vap-.ur reMinrc-a for 77I'^*'*;;;^";.";" V " ;„;i. v 0
Meandegreeof liumidity foribciuontb,compl«tAjHHturiiti..ii Ikmiir »»»«.> * ^ ^
Mean
Max. Solar radiation Tbcrmoinr.U'r for the month ... » »»» ^
Bained no days.— ^fax. fall of rMn dnrinK 21 lioum i^|^
Total amount of rain during th<; "lontli . ;: " , , / \. ^,.„u.,,
Totel amount of rain indicated by ilu- < Siiuk«» atlnrlinl ti» tho mu mo ^ ^^
meter during the month .. ••. — ■ ^ \ \\ jt >'^
FreviUDg direction of the Wiml ^^ . b.\ ?*» -^ 1^ *
•Height 70 Coot \0 uw\w\k «NwNv'* v,tvx\viA.
xc
Meteorological Observaiion$.
,8 ^
I
o
I
I
'Ct!
^»
fe-
ll
^ tf> ^ rf
" ;g
eS O
•9 C C-
O
§^
►^ 1
1 1
•8 H
■UO niojj;
■ua aiTJ^;
©* ei»<N^'jii«i*9«iQ'ieqetCT^pHr-^«(N^M<N<NM'Me«(Ne«
ff^ C9«OC»3rt03OTWPaeO^?»SS|»-iff»^OSJTOOT«Cf3OOeO(?3CQ
SQ C»3m«^?0'3ao>eO«*4r^CO^"*.-i5^«Sf3O3OT30COS0«S
P-4r^S<l'^Cf3-<l-!OT
■tio inti|i
^^Aq-Ai
«- w «■ ffl ®i (N-5^ ^ -. e<i c?i ^ p4 ©I'bs-* ffl eo'm ^^
MKi u|tr}f
J^
so eomme'3mc«3w»Qti*Mr-irH'^**rt^^coff5««co(ra«
Ub lO WS «3 »0 iOiO lO W3 ^ lO ^ 50 SIS -^ PS m ^ WS lO ^ iO to IQ
Ar^M
•no iimjy
,p^ ,^^rH^^i^ffil^93'?3?4^04'?3O9^^i-i»^<-!^71^1
"AV'f3
W 3^9a WTO^^MOT^IN « ^ -* «^ «^ COP! TC ^ 1?5 50 ^
■no uii?)|
AV Sf S
W rae9»»«OTS«3^eQC09^rN3S|tJi'NS^ffl^'N(N'N^«
■uo WjUIJ
A\ ^q S
uo npj]
■«f» UIWJJ
T^l -^^M "S
■iioiiirr>[
^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^(j,^^^^^^^^
^
"2 1
,^P-iin-ii— lii^r^^^f^-*«-^r^ T— <
'A
no umj[
R A"q ■:7I
no inii^T
■:-i
un iimii
■un UfT?||
,^,^,^,_|.i^r^r^r^^^N,-^t^i-^ r^^^^H«^
■|[<^ TlitiJ]
-ir Aq 'S:
Mjo n(V}|
i-f »H 1— 1
^ ^^rt,^^,_t^^iPHi-iiy|"*S5jFH ©i5^r^r-#r-»,^#-H-(i-l
Meteorulot/ical Obset^^
Ab$traci of the Hesuifs of ike Hourly Melem'ologieal Olicrrafioni
taken at the Sune^or QeneraVi OJice, Calctttta,
m tie month of December 1871.
Latitude W 33' 1" North. Lon^ntude 88"* ^0' 34" East,
TefgLt of the Ciiitern of the Standard Barometer above tlie aca lerel, 18.11 feet.
Dai I J Meftnsi Slc* of ihe Observations and of tbe Hygrometrical ekmenti
depeiidtvnt tbeivnn.
3s
Tlange of tbo Barometer
R an go of tl j e IV n i p e ra^
durixig tbe (]j
ly. .
ture during llie Jay.
Pate.
*
g «co
Max.
Min.
Biff.
Max.
Min.
Dir,
IncLeSt
Inobes.
IncLes.
lucbea. '
0
o
o
o ^
1
29.932
.991
30.006
29.880
0.126
74.5
82.5
075
15.0
2
.071
.929
.142
74.1
82.3
67.0 16,31
3
30.021
,102
.973
.129
70.7
79,2
64.0 15.2^
4
.035
.116
;[I80
Am ,
67.9
76.4
60.5
15.9
fi
.050
.138
30.iX)4
.134
67.7
77.3
59.9
17.4
6
.023
.094
29.9tjO
.134
69.6
79.2
61.1
16.1
7
.028
.115
.968
.147
70.8
79,7
63.5
16.2
6
.025
.104
.972
.132
69.4
78,0
62,7
15.3,
9
.013
.088
.948
.14^)
69,2
78.5
61.9
16.61
10
29.984
.057
.92:1
.134
69.2
79.5
60,4
19.1
11
30,01)3
.076
,960
.126
70,5
80.5
63.2
17.3
12
.048
.123
.995
.128
69.8
79.5
62.2
17,3
18
.104
.174
90.054
.120
69.3
70.0
61.0
18.01
14
.128
,197
.062
.135
66.8
75.4
58.6
16.8
15
.114
,188
.065
.123
66.8
75.5
59.5
16.0
Id
.080
.157
.011
.146
68.1
78.0
60.5
17.5
17
.102
.180
.048
.132
68.3
76.5
6L2
15.8
. 18
.114
.179
.051
.128
68.4
77,2
61.4
15.8
|19
:114
.193
.058
.135
687
76.7
61.0
15.f<
Pso
.059
.128
.oon
.123
70.3
78.0
65.0
J 3.0^
21
.019
.093
29-9tJ8
.125
69.5
77,7
63.0
14.7
22
29,098
.071
.949
.122
69.9
77.5
63.2
14.3
23
.984
.045
.926
.119
69.8
78,2
62.0
16.2
24
30.tM)3
.077
.9<J0
.117
70.3
77.7
63.0
14,7
25
.009
.008
.949
.111)
70.9
77,2
66.0
11.2
26
.on?
.UH
.975
.113
68.5
75.6
63.0
12.6
27
.031-1
.110
.987
.123
67.4
76.0
60,0
15.0j
28
.084
.171
30.017
.154
64.9
74.0
58.8
15.i
29
Jl^>
.168
.012
.126
64.3
72.7
57.0
15.1
30
.05tt
.129
29,994
.135
65.7
76.4
67.8
I7.<^
31
.036
.114
.969
.146
68.6
78.5
60.2
The Mean
Tliermo meter
■eyerai hours
Height of
Means are
during tbe
tbe Barooiclo
derived I from
day*
r, as likewise tbe Dry and Wet Bulb
tbe Lourly obserTatious, made at tli^
nfn
Wforohgicnl Ohstrratitmf.
AhtViict of the Jiemlh of Ihe Hourly M^teorohgical 0b9ewation9
iaken al Ike Sm^veyor General's OJlce, Calcutta,
in ihe month of Decemher 1871.
Diiilj Means, Ac. of tl»© Obserrah'ons and of the Hjgrometrical ©Ic^mentf
d cpen dent ill ei-eon . — (Con tin ueJJ
PaU.
,
V-.
t«
c*^ t- _•
9^
^
hU
^
o
c h
o o fl
CJ
^
Pi
i
p. el
f t1 s
1
si
4)
1
is
p
i
1
o
Is
1?
^
P
o
o
;^
s-
-^ 1
ES!^
-I
I!
69.1
67.2
63.3
60.7
61.8
63.6
65.3
63.1
628
62,6
63J
63.(3
62,1
59.9
61.2
63.»
C2.0
C2.3
63/2
65.1
6L5
61.5
64.4
65,5
6i>0
63,1
61.8
59J
68J
60.1
623
Inches.
0.623
M7
A7&
.411
.475
•503
.53'J
,W0
.4.S5
.478
.4.01
A99
.4tJ2
.43 i
Am
.501
.473
.480
.5^3
.539
.632
*527
.625
.551
Mn
.503
.478
.4t5
An
.452
.4ua
T.gr.
T.gr.
C.81
2,37
.18
.89
5.22
,(10
4.87
.64
6.24
.22
.53
.37
.92
.28
•50
.36
.33
,48
.26
.65
.43
.70
.50
.45
.oa
.74
480
AQ
5.18
.08
.67
1.98
.23
2.38
,n
.33
.61
.15
.93
.15
.86
.02
.79
.19
.77
,18
6,08
.00
.50
1.73
5.51
2.11
.28
.11
4,05
1.90
.69
2.00
5.02
.00
.44
.23
0.74
.68
.04
.65
.70
.70
.72
.70
.68
.67
.67
.69
.65
.66
,71
.74
.09
.69
.72
.7a
.74
.73
.73
.75
.79
.72
.71
.73
.70
.72
.71
H/groiaetrical elemenU sue c<jmTj>i\Aj^\>'5 ^q ^x^ftw vitw Q*Q\A\»ssi.^
Meteorological Observaiioni.
XCUl
Ahelract of He Jlesnlts of the Uourli/ Meteorological OlnervationM
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calculla^
in the mouth of December 1871.
Hourly Me«m, ke, of the Obsorni lions nml of the Ilygromctrical elements
depoiulent tliereon.
•s«
Aange
of tlie 13flroinoter
jO
KnnjEfc of (lie Tompera-
-
for enrh Jioiir <
luring
ture for eot-li
hour
1
the montl
.
0
during
1
the month.
Hoar.
p|
1
1
Max.
Min.
Diff.
1-^
Max.
Min.
Diff.
Si
S^
Liclies.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
0
0
0
0
Mid-
Aight
80.015
30.150
29.914
0.236
65.4
71.0
61.0
10.0
1
.036
.141
.905
.236
64.7
70.5
60.5
10 0
2
.026
.125
.898
.227
64.1
70.0
59.3
10.7
8
.017
.118
.894
.224
63.6
69.4
69.1
10.3
4
.017
.129
.899
.230
63,1
69.0
58.8
10.2
5
.029
.137
.910
.227
62.6
6S.0 '
68.0
10.0
6
.043
.145
.920
.225
62.1
67.6 1
67.5
10.0
7
.064
.165
.940
.225
61.9
67.5 ,
67.0
10.6
8
.091
.178
.979
,199
64.8
71.4
69.7
11.7
9
.114
.196
30.006
.190
68.7
74.7
62.0
12.7
10
.117
.197
.003
.194
71.6
78.1
64.7
13.4
11
.099
.176
29.978
.197
73.9
81.0
66.S
14.2
KOOQ.
.068
.141
.915
.196
75.6
82.0
68.9
13.1
1
.032
.104
.911
.193
76.6
82.2
70.fi
11.6
%
.008
.077
.808
,179
77.6
82.5
72.4
10.1
d
29.993
.071
.888
.183
77.5
82.2
72.7
9.5
4
.989
.065
.880
.185
76.3
81.2
71.8
9.4
6
.997
.072
.899
.173
7t.9
79.6
71.0
8.6
6
30.007
.082
.912
.170
72.1
77.0
i\SA)
9.0
7
.023
.096
.930
.166
70.4
75.6
66.2
9.4
8
.041
.126
.919
.177
68.9
71.8
64.5
10.3
9
.055
.146
.9.59
.187
67.7
73.4
62.5
10.9
10
.061
.149
.971
.178
66.8
72.5
61.6
10.9
11
.057
.165
.970
.185
65.9
71.8
61.0
10.8
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derircd from the obser rations made at the sererai
tooTt dmriag the montlu
^^^p~
Meteorological Olstrtaiiom* '^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
Abitraci
of the RennlU of the Ho%tI^ Meteoralo^icMl Obaermtioui ^|
iAken at ike Sttt^e^or General*^ Office, Cakntlu^ ^H
in ike monik of Bect^m^/er 187 L ^^^H
8o1ar Itadiation^ Wt^oilier, kc ^^^^|
i
li
Wind.
^^^^^^H
rrevailinff
Gener&l aspect of tbe Sky- J
m
^ ^
a1
S -n^ direction.
es so
■
■
o
Inciieft
lb
Miles
1
W 1
136.0
-'
wsw
...
93.4
\i to 6 F. If. B aRerwards* ^j
Slif;htlj foggy at S p. sx. ^H
2
137.0
...
W^W&NNE
...
9LI
B to 2 A. u,, vi to 7 A. M. ^1
B rif'terwnrds. ^H
3
135.4
E N E AN N E
.,.
110,2
B SiigUtly foggy at 8 Jt d H
i
135.5
...
NNE&NW
«*i
77.2
B. Slightly foggy from 7 ta J
,
Up. u^ H
6
132,6
».*
N W
♦ ♦♦
66.5
Chiefly B. ^H
<j
135.0
N W& WSW
...
54.8
B. Slightly foggy from 5 to
7
133.0
f.
WS WAWbyN
...
60.fi
i A. M.
Chiefly B.
tt
132.0
•..
W&N
»*■
134.8
B. Sli*i?htly foggy from 9 ta
Up. M.'
9
135.0
.*i
N4tw:xw,
i.«
124.8
B. Slightly fogg^* at mid-
Dight <& 1 A. M., i& from 9 to
11 P.M.
H
1340
...
WNW&W
,..
57.0
B. Slightly foggy at 6 A^^
4, ^^^H
H 1^
136.0
...
W A W I?^ W
• «.
89.3
l^H
H ^^
132,8
.*.
W by ?* it W
...
7(*.ti
B. Slightly foggy from 8 ta
10 p. M.
H
135.5
W&WN W
...
90.7
B.
■ 14
132.8
wj>r w
-*•
84.7 1
Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
9 k 10 p. M.
1 ^^
130.8
*.(
WNW
***
75.6
B to 1 p. M.,\i to 5 p, M.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy H
at tuidiii^ht ^H
1 ^^
127.5
*'•
WNW
•"*
71J
B to 6 A. M.. \i to 6 p, K. ^H
B afterwHrda. SlighUy fog^y ^H
from f> to 8 a.m.. ^ 7 to 9 p. m. ^B
I ^^
130.0
"*
WNW&KNE
«•*
81.8
Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at ^1
8 k i> P, M. ^B
H 18
135.2
1** ^
NNE&SS W
■ ••
109.9
B. to 5 A. M.. \i tn 5 P. ST. ]
B afierwardg. Slightly fuggy ^J
at 8 & 9 p. x. H
H
132.0
..■
SS W^S w
• >■
63.1
B to 9 A. M., \J afterwards. ^H
Slightly foggy from 8 to 10 ^H
8 to 2 A. K., \i to 4 A. M. 3 ^1
H 20
132.5
...
sw
• ■>
46.6
to 7 A. M., N i to 3 p. M. B af. ^1
ter wards. Slightly foggy from ^1
7 to 10 p. n . J
1 ^^
131,0
E by S & S E
63.4
B to 11 A. M.. ^i to 3 P. K. ^J
B aftenrards. Slightly foggy ^H
at 5 <k 6 A. M., & iroia 7 to 10 ^1
P.M. 1
H \i Cirri,-
-i Strati, '^i Cumuli, v^i Cirro-strati, '^iCanmlo*»trati, Vv^iNimlii, 1
^H Vi Cirro-
cumuli, B cleiur, S stzmtoaii 0 overcast, T Uiunder, h lightniog ^J
^■^ Eraio^
D drizzle, ^H
XCVl
MeUorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observatioks
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta^
in the month of December 1871.
Solar Eadiation, Weather, &c.
u ,
0, 0^
a
|i
F*^
(5
^^"^
WlKD*
Prevailing
direction.
&4J
j^ ^ General «^ect of tha Skj,
'3 o
0
22 1340
23
24
25
26
S7
28
29
m
SI
13a J
135.0
13S.4
133.0
T3L0
13hO
13L6
132.0
135.4
TncLes
3 E iS^ E S E
ESE^ S SE
SSE.&SW
SW&WN W
W K W & N W
N W
N N E A ir N W
J*^ by W dt N W
N W
Mtlei
B1A
6h2
37.0
m4
132.1
85.2
180.2
101.0
72.7
68.3
B to 11 A. M.. ^1 to 4 p. M-
B aftm^arda* SligLtly ^^g^Y
at 6 «& 7 A. M.» i& from 7 to 10
B to 11 k. ir„ '"i to 4 p. If.,
Vi afteri^artli.
B to 10a. M-,V.^i afteTwarda,
Sligkilj fopgy at 9 & 10 p. in.
^i to 3 A. ii,£ to 11 A. M.,
i to 6 p, M . B ftfterwardi-
B to 1 1 ^. II., ^i to 3 p. V.
B after war da.
B.
B. Slightly foggy at7 & 8
p. h;
B Fogjry from 9 to 1 1 p. h*
B. Ff>pgy ot midnight ^ 1
L. w., <& In A !1 p. n.
B. Slightly fo g py a t m id*
night & from 8 to li p. H*
\i Cirri, — i Strati, '"i Cumuli, v-i Cirro-strati, ^\.i Cumulo- strati, v^i Nimbi,
W C/rro-cumnli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
-ft ruin. T) (Irizzlt^.
disiraei of the ReiulU of the Hourly Meteorological ObservaiionM
taken at the Surveyor Generate Office, Calcutta,
in the month of December 1871.
Monthly Ebsults.
Incliea-
Mean lieip[lit of tlie Baromefer for tlie month... ... ... 30.043
liax. lieiglit of the Barometer occurred at 10 a. m. on the 14th. ... 30.11)7
Jlin. height of the Barometer occurred nt 4 p.m. ou the 1st. ... 29.880
jE>/i*tfmtf i'tfM^re of the Barometer (luring the mouth ... ... 0.317
Uean of the daily Max. Pressures ... ... ... ... 30,118
Ditto ditto Min. ditto ... ... ... ... 29.986
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ... ... 0.132
o
Mean Dry Bulb Tliermometer for the month ,., 69.0
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. m. oh the 1st. 82.5
Min. Temperature occurred at 7 a. m, on the 29th. ... 67.0
Extreme range of the Temperature during the month 25.5
Mean of tlie daily Max. Tem])erature ... ... 77.7
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... ... 61.8
Mean daily range ef the Temperature during the month... ... 15.9
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... ... ... 63.1
Mean Drv Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 5.^
Computed Mean Dew-point for the mouth ... ... ... 68.4
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... lO.d
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ... ... 0.496
Troy grain.
Mean Wei ght of Yapoiir f or th e m on th ... ... ... 6 . 46
Additional Weight ot Vai)Our required for complete saturation ... 2.30
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.70
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 133.6.
Inches.
Eained no days, — Max. fall of rain during 24 honrs ... ... Nil
Total amount of rain during the month ... ... ... I^il
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ... ... ... ... ... Nil
Prerailing direction of the Wind W. N. W. & N W.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches abore ground.
^m xcviiL
^^^" Mefeoraloifical OifserraflaHi*, ^^^^^H
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^H
APPENDIX.
LIST OF MEMBEES
OF THB
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BEMAL,
ON THE 31sT December, 1870.
LIST OF OBDINABT MEMBERS.
The * difliiBgotslie* Non-SubsGiibing, and ihef Non-Beddent Memben.
N. B, — Gtotlemen wbo may bave obang^ed theur reeidenoe, siikoe this lisi
was drawn np, are requested to give intimation of btuAi a cbange to the
Seereiarietf in order that the necessary alterations may be made in the
aabsequent edition.
Gentlemen who are proceeding to Europe, with the intention of not return-
ing to India, are partioukrly requested to notify to the SeereUirieMf whether
it be their ^ire to continue as members of the Sodety.
^kteofmeetton.
•
1847 June 2.
♦Abbot, Major-Gen. J., R. Artillery.
Europe
1860 Dec. 5.
Abdullatff Kh&n Bab&dur, Maula^i.
Calcutta
1868 Sept. 2.
fAdam, R. M., Esq.
Sambhar Lake
vi& Jeypdr
1869 Jan. 20.
Adley, C. C. Esq., C. E., Nerbudda
Cold & Iron Co.,
Gnnwarra Cen-
tral India
1860 July 4.
tAhmad Khan, Saied, Bahadur.
Allighur
1860 April 4.
tAitchison, J. E. T., Esq. M. D.
Rawul Pindee
1859 Feb. 2.
♦Alabaster, C, Esq.
China
1866 Jan. 17.
Allan, Lieut.-Col. A. S.
Calcutta
1869 Oct. 6.
♦AUardyce, A., Esq.
Europe
1852 July 7.
♦Allan, C. Esq. B. C. S.
Europe
1867 Aug. 7.
fAmery, C. F., Esq.
Amritsar, Pan-
jab.
Calcutta
1860 Oct. 3.
Amir jQi Khan, Bahadur, Munshi,
1870 June 1.
tAmeer Hussun Khdn, Bahfidur, R6ja.
Mahmudabad,
Oudh
1865 Jan. 11.
♦Anderson, Dr. J., F. L. S.
Europe
1843 Sept. 4.
•Anderson, Lieut.-Col. W., Bengal
Artillery.
Europe
1864 Dec. 7.
♦Anderson, W., Esq.
Europe
1861 Sept. 4.
♦Asghur Ali Khdn, Bahddur, Nawab.
Europe
1869 Feb. 3.
♦Ashton, The Rev. J. P.,
Europe
1861 July 3.
♦Asphar, J. J. T. H., Esq.
Europe
1855 July 4.
Atkinson, W. 8., Esq., M.A., F. L. S.
Calcutta
1869 Feb. 3.
tAttara Singh, Bahddur, Sird6r,
Loodianah
^^M
1
m
^
1
^^^^^^^^^^^^55^^^
^T ldS5 Oct.
7.
•Baker, Col. W* E., Bengal Eiigiaoers.
Europe
^^_I85ll Aag.
3.
UtiUti'lianda Sinlia, Bibii,
CalcntU
^H|8G5 Nor.
1.
fBall, v., E^., Geal. Survey.
Geul. 8. Omoo
^^"l^r.O Nov.
7.
Banerjea, The Rev. K. M.,
Cttlt'Utta
lsr,i* Dec
1.
BarkiT, R. A„ Esq., M. D,,
Serampore
iMjl Mny
4,
•Bany, Dr. J. B.,
Euttipa
^ 1S02 Aog.
6,
tBaaevi, Capt. J. P., Kayal En-
gineers,
Mnaatiria
« 1
B I860 Jnly
4.
tBatten, G- H. M., E=sq., B. C. 8.
Agra
■ iy3-S JaD.
3.
♦Biitten, J. U. E^i., B. C. 8.
Europa
1851.* Mny
4.
♦Bfljley, E, C, E:*q., B. C. 8., C. S. I.
Kuiojie
1861 Feb.
6.
tBayley, S. C, Esq., B, C, S.
Prttna
L mCS Miij
6.
♦Biiynea, J., Esq.
Europe
■ isr/.i FeU
a
t Baxter, J. B., K^q., M. R. a 8.
Port Oauning
■ l^rj June
6
•Beadon, The Hou'ble Sir Cecil, B. 1
C. S.
Guro})^
H 1864 Sept.
7.
tBeames, J., E.sq., B. 0. S.
Balii»cire
■ 1841 April
7.
Beaufort, F. L., Esq., B. C. 8.
OalcutU
~ 1847 Aa^.
4,
♦Beckwith, J., E^iq.
Europe
1867 Jaly
S.
fBelletty, N. A., E^., CivU AssiaUnt
Surgeon.
MyuioiiHiug
H I860 Jun.
20.
tBeliew, Dr. P, F..
Miidrafl
^ 1H30 S.t^.t.
1.
*Bensou, Lieat.-Col. R.,
Europe
, I8t)2 Oru
8.
tBernai-d, C. E., l^^i^, B. 0. 8-
Nggptir,C«otrMl
Proviricea.
H 1862 June,
4.
tBhau Baji, Dr.
Bouibay
■ 1864 Nov.
2.
Bhudeva Mukerjea, BAbn,
Cbiniiurali
■ 184U Jaly
15.
♦Biri'h, iMajor-General Sir R. J. 11.,
K. C. B.
Europe M
^
■ 1846 Mar.
4-
♦Blagrave, Major T. C, 26tli Regt.,
B. N. I.
Europe H
H
H 1859 Sept.
7.
♦BUne, CoL Sir S. J.,
Europe H
^^M
■ 1857 Mur.
4
Bhmford, H. F., Eiq., A. R. S. M.
F. G. S.
Calcutta 1
H
1859 hng.
3.
jBlanford, W. T Esq., A. R. 8- M.,
F. G. S., Geol. Survey.
Qeol. 8^ Omm 1
H
1864 April
6.
Blocbmann, H., Em\., M. A.
Calcuttfi H
^^M
1857 Aug.
2.
♦Bogle, Lieut. Col. Sir A., Kt.
Eun)pe H
^^M
1869 J»ue
2.
Bounerjee, W. C, Esq.
Ctiloutta H
^^M
1859 Oct.
12.
fBowriug, L. B., Esq., 0. S. U B
C. S.
^yaore H
H
1868 Jiiu.
15.
♦Boxwcll. J., E^q,, G S.
Europe ■
^^M
1854 Nov.
1.
•Boycott, Bn T., B. M, 8.
Kutope H
^^M
1H6U Miir,
2.
fBrandi^ Dr. D,,
India ■
^^M
186U Oct.
IL
^Braiidretb. The Hon^ble J. K. L,,
l^urope H
^^M
1870 Ang.
a.
Broadlev, A. M,, Eski-, C. 8.
I'titna ■
^^M
1866 April
4.
•Broderiek, U. C, K«q,, M. D.
Europo H
1
1^^
^^i,^.^-^^^^ t,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^ti^^^^
1
^^^^^^^P ^^^^B
^H 'batoofKl^^Uoti. 1
^M
^H 1847 *Tiine«
♦>
*Brodre, Capt. T., 5thllegt,B. N, L
Europe ^^H
^1 1866 Jan. 1
17!
tlirown, Col. D.,
Uangoon ^H
H 1866 Nov.
7.
fBrowne, Lieut. -Col. Horaee A.,
TbayetmOfBri' ^M
tibh Burma ^|
^B 1866 June,
6.
fBrownfieia, C, Esq.
K^inriip ^H
^M 1868 June,
3.
tBiick, EC, Epsq., C. S.
Fumickabaii ^H
^H ISGG JanOj
6.
fBackle, Dr. H. B., C. B.
Dacca ^H
■ 1856 Sept.
a.
Bosbirnddiu, Sult^a Mobamniad|
Cbinsurali ^H
H 1869 Jan. !
20.
fCadell, A., Esq., B. A., C. 8.
Mo/.affernagar ^H
H 1859 Sept.
7,
•Cainpboll, Dr. A.,
Europe ^H
H 18<i3 June,
3.
*Ottinpbell, Tiie non^ble Or.,
Europe ^^|
^1 IBfiO Jan.
8.
tCarnftc, J. II. Rivett, Esq., B. C. S.
Nig pur ^^M
^1 1867 Dec.
4.
tCliaml>ers, F. J,, Esq.
Lucknow ^^M
H 1868 Aug.
5.
f Chandiiimobana Gro*iViimi, Pundita
GowUati ^^^^B
H 1863 Aug.
5.
f Cbandnmttba Riya, R^ja,
^^^H
H 1868 ¥iih.
5.
fCliirk, Majur E. G., Bengal Staff
^^^1
Corps.
Baraitch.Oudb ^H
^m 1863 April,
1.
*Clegborn, Dr. H.,
Europe ^H
■ 1861 Sept.
4.
fCookburn, J. F., Esq., 0. E.
Karbarbdri ^^M
Colliery ^^M
H 1868 Nor.
4.
fColo, Lieut. II. H., Royal Engr.
Sialkot ^H
^m 1862 April,
2.
*Colle8, J. A. P.. Esq., *M. D.
Europe ^^M
H 1851 Mar.
5.
♦Coivin, J. H. B., Esq., B. C. 8.
Europe ^H
^1 1868 Dec.
2.
tCooke, J. E-, Esq.
Hiddarlbad ^^M
H 1860 Dec.
6.
♦Cooper, F. IL, E^q., B. a 8.
Europe ^^M
^1 187(J Jiitie,
1.
♦Coucb, Tbc Hon'ble Sir R., Kt.
Europe ^^^^^
^1 1S57 Mar.
4,
*Cowell, E. B., E^q., M. A,
Europe ^^^^1
H 1806 May,
2.
♦Cox, W. H., Esq.
Europe ^^^^1
H 1861 Inly,
3"
♦Crockett, Oliver R., Esq.
^^H
■ 1868 Sept.
2.
Cittsem, E. Ch, Van, Esq.
Calcutta ^H
H 1862 April,
2.
*D.ilryraple, F. A. E., Et^q., C 8-
Europe ^^^H
^m 1847 JuQc,
2.
tDalton, CoL E. T., C. S. L, Staff
^^^H
Corps.
CbLotdNagpiir ^H
H 1870 May,
4.
fDamaiit, 0. H., Esq., C. 8.
Diuagepr)re ^^|
H 1861 Mar.
6.
*Davey, N. T., Esi^, Revenue Sarv.,
Europe ^^t
H 180 L Na^.
6.
tD.^vie3, R, 11., Esq., C. 8. L, B. C. S.
Paujab ^^^^t
H 1869 April
7.
tDav» Dr. F., F. L. S., F. Z. S,
^^^^M
H 1870 Feb.
2.
tDeFubeek, F. W. A., Esq., Beugal
^^^H
Medical Service,
Jeypore ^H
H 1869 Oct.
6.
fDehuerick, J. G., Esq.
Rdwul Pindi ^H
■ 1864 July,
6.
Devendra Mjillika, Baba,
Calcutta ^1
^H 1856 June,
4.
jBeBourbol, Major R., Bengal Engrs.
Oudh ^1
^H 1861 Jutie)
5.
♦Deiiison, His Excellency Sir W.»
^H
K. C. B.
Etiroj)e ^H
^^^ 1861 Mftr.
C.
■
♦Devereux, Tbe Hon^ble H. B., B. 0. 8
1
Eutope ^^^H
Bute ofEledacnu
1862 M^y, 7.
1853 Sept. 7.
1870 April, 6.
1870 May, 4
1869 Sept. 7.
1869 Feb, 3.
1864 Dec. 7
1867 June, 5
1870 Mar, 8
1861 May,
1857 May,
1868 Oct.
1840 Oct.
1863 May
1865 Feb.
1846 Jan.
1859 Nov.
1856 Mar.
1854 Nov. 1.
1861 Jan. 9.
1856 Aug.
1863 Oct.
1862 Aug.
fDbanapati Singba Dngbar, R6ya
Bahadur.
♦Dickens, Lieut. -Col. C. H.,
Dickens, Col. A. D.
Dobson, G. E., Esq., M. B.,
fDouglas, Col. C,
tDrew, F., Esq.
♦Dunlop, H. G., Esq.
Dutboit, W., Esq., C. S.
♦Duke of Edinburgh, The, His Koyal
Highness,
1851 May, 7.
1863 Jan. 15
1869 April, 7.
1868 May, 6
1869 Sept. 1.
1860 Mar. 7.
1865 April, 5
1867 April, 3
1859 Oct. 12
1861 Feb. 6
1863 June, 3
1868 April, 1
1860 Mar. 7
♦Earie, Capt. E. L., Bengal Artillery
♦Eatwell, Dr. W. C. B.,
tEddowes, W. Esq., M. D.
♦Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., B. C. S.
tEdgar, J. W., Esq., B. C. S.
•P^gerton, Ph., Esq., B. C. S.
♦Elliot, Sir Walter, late M. C. S.
fElliot, C. A., Esq., B. C. S.
♦Ellis, Lieut.-Col. R. B. W., 23rd
Regt., B. N. I.
♦Elphinstone, Capt. M. W., 3th Regt.,
B. N. I.
♦Erskine, The Hon'ble C. J., Bombay
C S
♦Erskine, Major W. C. B.,
Ewart, Dr. J.,
♦Eyre, Col. Vincent, C. B.
Fayrer, Dr. J., C. S. I.
fFedden, Francis, Esq., Geol. Survey.
fFerrar, M. L., Esq., B. A., C. S.
tField, C. D., Esq., M. A., C. S.
JFisher, J. H., Esq., C, S.
♦Fitzwilliam, The Hon'ble W. S.,
Fleming, Dr. J. M.
fFord, Lieut.-Col. B.,
fForlong, Lieut.-Col. J. G. R., Mad-
ras Staff Corps.
fForest, R., Esq., Civil Engineer.
tForsyth, T. D., Esq., C. B.
♦Frederic of Schleswig Holstein, H. R
H. Prince,
♦Frere, His Excellency Sir H. Bartle
K. C. B., B. C. S.
Azimganj
Europe
Calcutta
Calcutta
Mirut
Kashmir
Europe
Mirzapi'ir
Australia
Europe
Europe
Eriupur
Europe
Cachar
Europe
Europe
Allahabad
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Calcutta
Europe
Calcutta
Hinganhdt
Sitapiir
Chittagong
Allahabad
Europe
Nimar
Khundwa.
A 1)11, Rijpu ta-
na
Dchra
JuUundar
Europe
Europe
T«
r^nBKSsr
nAi>Mh)ni Kn«K«iA ItiKa.^^ts K«invA\
!lWWv. \\\ U. IU|., IV A.. l\ *.
♦Honrv. N\ A . K>o.
*HoiWWK \Y. J.. W. R 0. 5^
tUowoU. M.S. ltKr.l\8.
fUuifluN^ T. It. Rx>v, A.IU$. M
V\ i^ 8.. 0^h4. Swrx^y,
1867 Aug- I- tHl^Jlu>^ 0^|>i*iu \\\ U,»'
l$«6
l$61
ISM
1S6S
ISTO
18T0
Sot* 1.
Oct. S.
Oct. li
A«^. tS.
Ai^iU 4.
JwW. ^
M«^, I.
Al^GT^ ^
July. 1.
Jau. &
Jiiu^« 1.
Jmu l.V
Aug* li«
18l>7
1860
Not. 4
VVk 7.
May» L
April, 1.:
Sopt. Lj
fUolixnM. 0*pt. W. H> M.
18GG Mar- 7. tirviuo. W,, Kj^^» i\ S»
ISlU) Jan. 4
1870 April, (I
1802 iVt, 8.
1853 1)00. 7.
1864 Si>pt
1841 Mar.
1801 1Kh\
1845 l)iH2.
1870 Sopt
I8(m Fob.
1847 Juno, *2
1802 Mar. 5
1807 Deo. 4
185J) at»pt. 7
1805 Juiio, 7
1809 April, 7,
IHOIJ July. 1
1K50 April, n
1801 Doo. 15.
\^aU-wua
AK\aKW,Wwv
n\a
iVloutU
OaWulU
lumvi. Lioiit.-lVU J. J. MoIi<khIIU K.OaloulU
lauoa, R \\\ Ks.j., M, \K i\ M.
♦Ir\viii» ValoutiiUN Kjhk* 1\ 8»
tlavaripraaaiU 8iugUii lU)vA\hiri lUjii
Jackson, Tht* Uon*Wt* K.,
MaokHou. W. U.. Kmj.. \l {\ »,
♦.lauHH*, Major U» U,, 0. ll»
Monlou» Dr. T. i\
John, U. 1\ St., K*i.
•JohuKon, W. Il.» Kmp
^JohuMtono, J. I Kmj,
tJoliUNtoui«, i'Mpt. »l, W. 11., AMtMani
(lon\niiM«iouor,
tJolniHtonOi (lapt, J,
♦Jonoa. tt., Kan.
tJnvakiHNon, liAan Dahildur,
0. H. I.
Kal)iru(l<iin Alimadi Moulavli
«Kano, II. H., Kmi., M. D.
•Kay, Tho lUv. W., D. D.
tKompMon, M.| KNq., M. A,
lUJa,
OalonU(%
Oalouttii
K\\io|>o
Knropii
AK\ah
8 1 al Koto
Kui^tpo
Jholuni
Koonjaa vii\
Uliatli-aok
Kuro|w
AlllKlmr
('aloitKn
Kuro|iit
Kur«ipo
HnruAll
^^^^^^B ^^^^1
^H i»itiB or inootioD.
H 1867 Dec. 4.
tKlhj?, 0-, Esq., M. B.
DoUra Dhoon
H 1867 Man 6.
tKiug, Capt. H. W.
Oftico
H 1862 Jnn. 15.
tKing, W., Jr., Esq., GeoL Survey.
Madras ^m
^H lS<i7 Mar. 0.
tKuox, G. E., Esq., C. 8.
Bnland^hahnr ^|
H 18G9 May, 5.
Kuiz, S*, Esq,
Calcutta, Bota- ^1
nio Oarwleu J
H 1S89 Mar. 6.
*Laidky, J. W., Esq.
En rope ^^H
■ 1861 Mnr. 6,
♦Laing, The Hou^ble 8.,
Europe ^^M
^1 18G9 Se>pt 1.
Latham. G., Esq., C. E.
Calcutta ^H
^1 18(39 Mny. 5.
t Leeds, K. J., Esq., 0. 8.
*Lees, Lieut.-CoL W. N., LL. D.
Mirzapiir ^^M
H 1852 April, 7.
Europe ^^M
H 1808 Feb 5,
fLees, L. n., Esq., M. D.
UiiLbula ^^1
H 1808 July, 1.
fLeilner, ]j. G. W.,
L^hor ^M
H 1859 Dec. 7.
♦Leonard, H., Esq., 0. E.
Eniope ^H
H 1870 July, 6.
♦Lethbridge, E., Esq., 3L A.
Ougti College, ^H
Cfiinsurab ^H
H 1809 June, 2.
fLeupolt, J. C, E^^q., C. S.
Azimgarh ^H
^1 1865 Jnao, 7.
♦Lewiu, Capt. T. IL,
Europe ^H
■ 1856 Feb. G.
*Liohig, Br. G. vou
Europe ^^M
H I860 Jan. 4.
Lindsav^, E, J., Esq*
Calcutta ^H
■ 1802 Bee. 8.
*Lobb, S., Esq., M. A. i
Krinlinaggnr ^H
H 1864 Nov. 2.
Locke, U. H., Esq.
Cidcntta ^H
H 18G0 April, 7.
♦Lockwood, E. D., Esq., C, S.
Europe ^H
^1 i860 Uay, 2.
♦Lovett, Lieutenant B.
Lspaliiiu ^^M
^1 1866 Jan. 17.
fLow, James, E^^q., G.T. S.
Almora ^^^^|
H 1854 Nov. 1.
♦Lushington. F. A., Esq., B. C. S.
Europe ^^^^1
■ 1869 July, 7.
fLyall, 0. J., Esq., B. A.. C. S.
Allahabad ^^H
H 1870 April, 6.
fLyman, B. Smith, Esq.
Calcutta ^H
H 1868 Dec. 2.
fMacauliffo, M., Esq., B. A., 0. 8.
Mozurfurghur ^H
H 1806 Juno, 6.
M acdo n fthi , M aj o r J . , 8 taf f Corps.
Culcntta ^M
H 1848 April, 5.
fMaclngan, Col, R., F.B.S.E.
Labor ^H
H 1866 Jan. 17.
fMacgregor, Lieut.-Ool C. M,, Staff
^^^H
Corps.
^^M
H 1853 April, 6.
♦Macrae, Br. A* C,
Europe ^^^H
■ 1867 July, B,
Mackeuzie, S. C, Esq., M. D.
Calcutta ^H
H 1867 July, 3.
Macnamara, Dr. C.
Calcutta ^H
H 1870 May, 4^
Macnaghten, C, E^q.
Daibhunga ^H
^1 1868 Jan. 15.
♦Maine, The Hon ble H. S.,
Europe ^^M
H 1807 AprU, 3.
1 Main waring, Lieut. *Gol, 0, B.,
Barjeeling ^^M
^1 1860 Jan. 4.
*Mair, B. K., Esq., M. A,
Europe ^H
^1 1862 Sept. 3.
jMallet, F. R„ Ei^q., GeoL Survey.
Geol. 8. Offieo^l
H 1852 Nuv. 3.
Mauickjee Rustonijoe, Esq.
Calcutta ^M
■ 1867 Mar. 6.
♦Markby, The Hou'ble W,,
Euro|>e ^^M
■ 1809 July, 7.
tMarkham, A. M., Esq., C. S.
Nyuce Tal ^M
^^L 1850 Jan. 2.
♦Marshmau, J. C, Eik^.
Europe ^^^H
^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^H
^^^H
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Km ' itmT &S^^^^^^M
^^^^^^^^^^^^B
^^K I^e of Electkm.
^H
^^K386B nTiy. 4.
♦McClellftntl Dr. J.,
Europe Jj^^l
^^Vl^37 Oct. 4.
♦Meli^XMl, Tho Hou'l.te Sir D, F,, 03.
^^^H
K. C, S. I., B. C. S.
Europe '^^^H
H 1860 Mar. 7,
tMedlicott, H. B.. E=*q., F. Q. S,.
^^^H
Geol. Survey.
Geol. 8. offici ^H
H 1861 Feb. r>.
♦Melville. Capt. A. B., Staff Corps.
Europe ^^^H
■ 1855 Nov. 7,
♦Middleton, J., E>4q,
Europe ^^^^H
■ 1870 July 6.
Miller, A. B., Esq.
Calcutta ^^^1
H 18U7 Jnne 5.
Milman, D. D., Tbe Rfght Rev.
^^^H
Lurtl Bishop of Calcutta, R.,
CaloatU ^^^1
H 1850 Ai)nl 8.
•Mill8, A. J. M., Esq., B. C. S.
Europe ^^^H
■ 18G7 April 3.
Maheuilralftlft SftrftCiira, Dr.,
Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1S47 April 7.
*Muuey, D. J., Esq., B. 0. S.
Europe ^^^^|
■ 1^56 Fell. 6.
tMuriey, W. J,, E,^„ 0, S. L, B.C.S.
Mymuiifiiiig ^^^H
■ 1867 Mar. 6.
tMoDtgomerie, Major T. G., R. E.
Dera ^^H
■ 1854 Dec, 6.
*Morris, G. a, Esc£., B. 0. 8.
Europe ^^^H
■ 1837 July 5.
*Muirj J . E^q.
Europe ^^^H
■ 1854 Oct. 11.
fMuir, Tbe Hou'ble Sir W,, K. C. S,
^^^H
L, B. C. S.
A114Mb4d ^^M
^^^862 July 2.
fNapior of Magflala, Lord R,, General,
^1
G, C. S. L, G, 0. B- ,
^^^H
H 1809 Mat 5.
Nevill, G., Esq., C. M. Z. S.
^^^1
^^^1809 May 5.
jNewall, Lieut.-Col, D. J. F., R, A.
f^walior ^^^^|
^^p|870 Feb. 5.
fNewman, J. H,, E^q., M. D.
Ji 1 n d pur ^^^^1
H 1865 Feb. 1.
fNewul Kisbwar, Mnusbi,
Luckuow ^^M
■ 1852 Sept. 1.
*Nielioll3 Capt. W. T., 24th Regi-
^^^H
uieut, M. N. L
Europe ^^^H
H 1863 Jm, 15.
Norman, Tbe Hon'ble Mr, Justioe P,,
Calcutta ^^H
■ 186'J July 7.
fNurf^iiig Rao, A. V., Esq.
Vizagapatam ^^^H
H 1851 Juue 4.
Oldbam, T., Esq,, LL D., F. R. S.,
^^H
Superintemleut 0*?^^l. Survev.
^^^1
H 1869 April 5
fOldham, W., Enq., LL- D., CJ 8.
Ghazipur ^^^H
■ 1867 Aug, 7.
fObUmra, R. A., E.q., C. E,
Dehree^onSone ^^M
■ 1870 April 6.
Osbom, Capt, R, D.,
Calcutta ^^H
■ 1837 June 7.
*0'Shaugbne^y, Sir W. B.,
Europe ^^^H
■ 1847 Feb. 10.
*Ousely, Major W. R.,
Europe <^^^H
^m 1864 Mar, 2.
♦Palmer, Br. W. J.,
Europe ^H
H 1868 Nov. 4 1
fPearson, C, Esq.
Ra\vnl Ptndt ^H
H 1862 May 7,
Fartrbige, 8. B., Esq., M. D.
Calcutta ^H
H 1869 July 7
Pell, S., K^q.
CalcutU ^^^H
■ 1867 Feb. 6.
♦Paul, J. Eriq.
Europe ^^^H
^^^r ^^B^^^^l
^H pAte or tulection.
^H
^m I860 ieb. 1. tPearse, Major G. G.,
uannanoro ^^|
^M 1867 Mftr. 6. Petinmulmim Mukarji, M. A., Bibu,
Uttarpdrali ^H
■ 1864 Mm-. 2.
rellevv, F. H , Esq., 0. S.
Hoogbly ^ ^H
^1 1865 Sept. 6.
fPeppe, J. U., E>q.
Onya ^^H
H 1868 May 6.
tPoterson, F. W.. Esq.
Boiiilmj ^^^^H
H 1867 Nov. 0.
♦Pt'lit, Mmus. Eti^tMie,
Euiopa ^^^H
H 1835 July 1.
♦Pliayic, Cul, Sir A.R,K.C.SX,C.B Europe ^^H
H 1864 Nu>r* 2
Phcuir, Tbo Ooi/ble Mr. Justice, J. B. Culniltft ^^M
■ 1800 Feb. B
fPickford, J., Esq. |jVlmlra» ^H
^B 18G7 Sept. 4.
^ Place, Mrm.s. Y.^ Confitil-Oen., France' Etn ope ^^^^|
^1 1870 Feb. 2
tPowell BHden, H., Et?q , C. 8.
Lidiore ^^^^B
H 1^62 Oct. H.
tFiiliiiavrliiiri Sf'n, UAlnu
Berliuiripur ^^^H
■ 18';8 April 1.
f Pniinivlbnuatba liayn, Kunifir,
Di*<»ipiiti ^H
^1 1869 Feb. B.
PrMti^piichamlra Glio^bar B. A.
Calcutta ^H
H 183iJ Mar. 6.
tPuitl, The Veu'bk AichUeacon J.D.,
^H
M.A. ICnlcuttft ^H
H 1825 Mar. 9.
♦Priu^ep, C, K,, Esq.
Europe ^H
H 1B56 Mar. 5
Rajendralfilfl Mitro, B^Ui,
Calcnttft ^M
^M 1868 Jan. 15.
|Eiikbubbis.H IIiiltLira, BoIjU,
ChotnNsgpdr ^1
H 1S37 Fob. 1.
liaiuiin^llin Tbiikura, Balm,
Calcutta ^M
H 1866 Jan. 17.
|RiittrMy» A,, Kbq., Asst. Coininr.^
■
Hill Tracts.
CliittngoTtg ^H
H 1860 Mar. 7.
1Roid, 11 a, Esq., C. S.
Aildbabad ^1
^H 1857 June 7.
♦Kitiikll, Tbe Hori'blo H. B., B. C. S. Eniope ^H
■ 1868 April 1.
Bobb, G., Eh]. lOnleirttft ^M
H 1868 July 1
iBoberts, Tbc Kev. J.,
Punjab ^^H
^1 1863 April 1
<^Bobt^rt>oii, C, Ehq-, 0. 8*
Europe ^^^^1
^M 1865 Feb, 1
*RubinHOi^ S. H,, Egq.
Europe ^^^^1
H 1847 Dec. 1
^Rogers. Capt T. E.,
Europe ^^^H
^1 1870 Pec. 7.
Rogers, A., Esq.
Calcutta ^^H
H 1869 July 7.
*Bc^s. Lieut. J. C, R. E.
Europe ^^^^H
^1 1870 Jan. 5.
fRoss, Alexander G., Capt., Staff Corps.
^^H
H 1870 Mny 4.
Saty&itand Gbosbila, Rajft.
GalcnttA ^1
■ 1^61 Dec. 4
fSaandeiB, C. B., E«q,, C. B., B. C. S. ILnd.urAbJid H
■ 1864 jQoe 1.
SauiiderR, J. O^B., Esq. Calcutta ^H
■ 1854 Dec. 6.
jSaxton, Col. G. H.^ F. G. S., Madias H
Staff Corps. Ootacntuund ^|
H 1854 May 2.
*Sduller, F , Esq.
Europe ^H
H 1870 May 4
tSchlich, Dr, W.,
Kuracitee ^H
H 1869 Feb. 3
Scbwondler, L,. E«q,
Calcutta ^^M
^1 1860 Feb. 1.
*Scott, Gol E. W. S*,
Europe ^^^^1
^1 1869 Aug. 4.
•Selbach, W., Esq,
Europe ^^^^H
■ 1860 July 4
tSbeiverton, G., Esq.
\Vn)tuir, neS^^H
Vizagapataiu ^H
^^^^B Cat«of£tectioo.
^^^H
^^Vl867 April 3^
tSberifal Omrah, Nawab Sir, Bas-
^^H
ilar, K. C. S. L
Madraa ^^^^|
H 1845 Jan. 14.
*Sher«ill, Lieut.^Col. W. S., 66tb
R.gimenl. B. N. I., F. G. S.,
^H
¥. R G. S.
^^^^H
V 1868 Oct. 7.
Shircore, Dr. S, M.,
^^^H
^L 1868 April 1.
tSbowtjrs, Lieut, -Col C. L.,
Pcshiiwtir ^^^^H
^1 1869 June 2.
Sulirooiler, J , E'-q.
^^^H
^H 1866 Juue 6.
fSime, J., Esq.. B. A,
^^^H
^1 1864 Sept. 7,
^Siudeii, Mjijor B. B.
Europo ^^^^^1
^^H 1856 June 6.
f Smait, 11, B., Esq., Eev, Survey.
Ryjpur, Cea- ^^^H
tnil FmvincQ ^H
^^^1865 July 5
tSmith, T>. Boy*?s, Esq , M. D.
^H
H 1868 April 1.
tSuiith, MuLuix^ii W., Esq.
Beihampdr ^^t
H 1856 Feb. G.
*8miih, Col, J. F.,
Etu'ope ^H
^1 18M Sept. 6.
♦Sparikie, The Hou*bie R,, B. C. S.
N. W. P. ■
Allahnbad ^^M
H 1864 Mar. 2.
fSpearmati^ Capt. 11. R.^
Shtve^ryeri ^H
H 1867 May 1.
1Sted, Lieut. E. H , R A.
Dehn i^vimr ^H
^1 1843 8ept 4.
tStevcns W. H., Enq,, C. E.
Darbhanga ^^M
■ 1867 Dec. 4.
♦Stuph^u, iMajor J, G., 8tlx N. L
Europe ^^M
■ 1868 Sopt. 2
1 Stewart, R. D., E^q.
Serajgunga ^^M
■ 1864 April 6
*8tuwiirt, J. L., Esq., M. D.
KuiO[)e ^^1
H 1870 April 6.
Stewiirr, R. E^q.
Calcutta ^^^H
H 1861 Sept. 4.
Slokes, Wbillt^y, Esq,
Calcutta ^^^1
■ 1863 Nov. 4
StuliczkH, F., tsq,. Ph. B., F. G. 8.,
^^^H
Gi^ol. Survey.
CalcQiU ^^H
H 1843 hUy 3.
Sirudiev, Col.^ The Houlile R., F. R.
^^^^^H
S.,F L.S.,F G 8., 0, S. L, G. B.
^^^^1
^^H1869 Feb. 3
Strachey, The Hon'bk^ J.,
CulcutU ^^^1
^^■1^59 Mar.
fStubbs, 3lHJor F, W., Ben. ArtiU
'^^^H
Icry.
^^^1
H 185S July 7.
fSutlierlAtia, H. C, Esq., B. C. 8.
'^^^M
■ 1864 Aug.U.
Swiiihoe, W., Esq, i
CuUutta ^^^^B
■ 1863 Sept. 3
Syiiuiachuraria Suracdra, BiAbUi
Calcutta ^^^H
H 1865 Sept. 6.
Tawney, C. H., Esq., M. A.
^^^1
■ 1865 April 5,
Taylor, R , E^q ,
^^^^1
■ 18 6U i^lay 2.
Teujple, The Uoii'hle Sir R., K. C.
^^^H
S. L. B. C. S.
Calcutta ^^H
H 1859 Mar. 2.
frhi?oh.^ld, W., Jr., Esq., Geological
^^^H
Survey,
B. Burma ^^^^H
H 1869 Feb. 3.
fTboTunft, T., Esq,
^^^^1
■ 1869 Got. 6.
tThomttoD, A., Esq.
FriiKibad ^^^^|
^1 1860 Juue 6.
♦Thouipsou, J. G., E^q.
Europe ^^^H
■^ 1863 Mttr. 4.
♦Thompson. Major G, H., Bengal
^^^H
Staff Corp!*,
^^^H
^r^ Mco^fleettaL
■
H 1863 Jtme 4.
fThomtoa, T H , E^„ B. C. L.» 0. S. Uhore j^^H
■ 1847 JQQfl 2.
Thnilli^r Cul H. L., Koyal Ajullery»i ^^H
F. R S.. C. 8. I. iCaIcqIU ^^H
H 1862 Jnlj 2.
♦Tliarlow, The Hon'blo T, J. H^
Bunipe Ji^^l
■ 1865 July 5.
tTolbort, T. W^ H., Esq., C. S.
Der« Igmai^^^l
Khan ■
Calcutta ^1
^^B 1865 Jn\f 5.
Tonnerre, Dr. C. F.p
^^H 18G2 Feb. 5
♦Turrens, C4. H. D,, Eumpe ^^M
^^^H 1^61 Jitue 5
^Tremlelt. J. D., Esq., M. A., C. S. Europe ^^H
^^H 186a M;ir. 4,
♦Trevtjhttn, The Bight Hon'ble Sir
^^m
c . k. C. B.
El) rope ^^^^H
H 1841 Feb. a
♦Trevor, The Hon'ble C B., B. C. 8.
Euiojte ^^^^H
^1 1861 Sqit. 4.
Tween, A., Esq., Geologicsd Survey.
^^^H
H 186a Muy 6.
fTyler. Dr, J.,
Mynpnri ^^^|
■ 18G9 June 2.
fUdavacbanda DiUta, Bibn,
NowacoU ^H
■ 1860 May 2.
tVan'renen, Col. A. D., Ben. SUS
^^^H
Corps.
Landou ^^^^^|
H 1864 Feb. Z,
Yerchere, A. M., Esq., M. D.
Barackpora ^^^^|
H 1864 April 6.
fVijayar^raii Gajaputi Kaj Munnii
^^^H
Saltan Bahadur, Miharajah iMirzii^
Vidian agamm^^^^H
^■^ 1870 June 1.
fVrindavauttcbandi'a Maudala, Bubu,
Balasore ^H
^^m 1869 Augt. 4.
Wahid All, Prince Jfthfin Qadr Mu-
H
hamtnad) Bahildiir.
Garden Reock ^M
■ 1865 Nor. 1.
WaUHe, D., E«q.. F. C S.
CalcUtU ^^H
■ 1861 Miiy 1.
fWalker, CoL, J. T., Royal Engrs.
^^^^1
Bombay,
^^H
H 1863 Deo. 2.
tWaiker, A. G., Esq,, C. S.
Ouao, Oudh ^^M
^^_ 1N63 May 6.
*W.ilU p. AV., E>q., C. 8.
Europe ^^^^|
^^m 1869 Dec. 1.
Wallace, Lieut. W. E. A., R. E.
^^^H
^^H 1863 Oct. 7.
Waller, W. K , E.q,, M. B.
Caleutta ^^^H
^^m 1862 Jan. 15,
fWard, G. E., Esq,, B. G. S.
^^^H
^^m 1852 July 7.
♦Ward, J. J , Em^., B. 0. S.
^^^H
^^m 1859 July 6
♦Warratid, R H. M., Esq., B. C. S.
^^^^1
^^" 1870 May 4.
tWarth, Dr. H.,
I'jtid Daduu ,^H
KbaUjPaujab ^H
■ 1865 May 3.
Waterhouse, Capt. J., Royal Ar-
^H
tillery,
Calcutta ^M
H 1854 July 5
♦Watson, J., Esq., B. 0. 8.
Ell rape ^^^^^
■ 1847 Nov. 3
♦Wangh, Mwjor-Geuerul Sir A. S.,
^^^^H
C. B', F. R. S., F. R. G. 8.
Europe ^^^^|
H 1869 Sept. 1.
We.stlaud, J., Esq., C. 8.
^^^H
■ 1867 f^b. &
tWcstm&uott, E. V.,E.sq,,B. A., C. 8.
D i nu j par ^^^^|
■ 1862 Oct. 8.
t Wheeler, J. T., Enq,
British Bar- ^H
H 1867 Aug. 7'
tWUcox, F., Esq., Bengal Police.
Purulia, Mau< ^H
bhiim ^^^H
xm
biteorCle«iia^
»
1864 Mar. 2. Wilkinson. C. J., E«q.
CalcntU
1861 Sept. 4. tWilliams, Dr. C. U. M.'s 68th Regt JiUngun
1867 Jan. 16. *Willianison, Lieut. W. J.,
Europe
1867 Mar. 6. WiUson, W. G., K^., B. A,
Krit^buagnr
1870 Aug. S. Wilson, R, H., K>q., C. S.
Calcutta
1859 Aug. 8. »Wa«iot, C. W., K>q.
Europe
1866 Mar. 7. *Wise, Dr. J. F. N„
Eurone
Ranctii
1867 July S . tWood. Dr. J. J.,
1851 May 7.! Woo^lrow, H., Esq., M. A.
CalcutU
1859 Mar. 2.i ♦Wortley, Major A. H, P,,
Europe
1862 Aug. &
•Wylie, J. W., Esq., BomUy C- S,
Europe
1869 Sept. 1.
Yadnlila Malika, B4bn,
CalcutU
1868 June 3.
Tatindrauiohana Tblknra« Bibn,
CalcutU
1867 Mar. 6.
Yogendrauitha Malika. Bibu»
Andul
1858 April 4. *Youn<c, Lieut.-CoK C. B.,
Europe
1856 July 2.
♦Yule, Col. H., R, K.
Europe
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS
•
Due or KICctH
to.
1825 Mar.
9.
182« „
1.
1829 July
1.
1831 „
7.
1834 Nov.
5.
1834 „
5.
1h35 May
6.
1842 Feb.
4.
1842 „
4.
1843 Mar.
30.
1847 Way
5.
1847 S«pt.
1.
1847 Nov.
3.
1848 Feb.
2.
1848 Mar.
8.
1853 April
6.
1854 Aug.
2.
1858 July
6.
1859 Mar.
2.
! M. Qarcin de Tassy, Membre de Ilnst. Paris
Sir Jobn PbilHppart. London
Count De Noe. Paris
Prof. C. Lassen. Bonn
Sir J. F. W. Herscbel, F. R. S, London
; Col. W. H. Sykes, F. R. S. London
- Prof. Lea. Philadelphia
iDr. Ewald. Gottingen
i Right Hon'ble Sir Edward Rynn, Kt. London
; Prof. Jules Mold, Momb. «lo I' lustit. Paris
His Highness Hekekyuu Bey.
Col. W. Munro.
His Highness the Navvab Na/.im ofi
Bengal.
JDr. J. D. Hooker, R. N., F. R. S.
jProf. Henry.
Major-Gen. Sir H. C Rawlinson, K.
C. B., F. R. S., D. C. L,
Col. Sir Proby T. Cantley, K. 0. B
F, R. S.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
The Hon'ble Sir J. W. Colvile, Kt.
Egypt
London
Murshidftb^d
Kew
rrineoton^Uui-
ted
London
London
Europe
Europe
xv
ELECTION IN 1870.
Ordinary Members.
Allan O'Hnme, Esq., C. B., C. S.
J. Wood-Mason, Esq., F. G. S., Queen's Col-
lege, Oxford.
Capt. Alexander G. Ross.
Fred. Wm. Alexander de Fabeckj.Esq.
J. FI. Newman, E-^q., M. D., Mount Aboo.
Baden H. Powell, Esq., C. S.
His Roval Highness the Duke of Edinburgh.
Col. A.*D. Dickens.
F. W. Junes, Esq., M. D., C. B.
B. Smith Lyman, Esq.
Capt. R. D. Osbom.
R. Stewart, Esq.
G. H. Damant, Esq., C. S.
G. E. Dobson, Esq , M. B.
C. Macnaughten, Esq.
Raja Satyanand Ghoshala.
Dr. W. Schlich.
Dr. H. Warth.
Rjija Ameer Hussun Khan Bahadur, Talukdar.
W. W. Hunter, Esq., B. A., LL. D.
The Hon'ble Sir R. Couch, Kt.
Babu Vrindavanachandia Mandala
E. Lethbridge, Esq., M. A.
A. B. Miller, Esq.
A. M. Broadley, Esq., C. S.
R. H. Wilson, Esq., 0. S.
B. F. A. S. John, Esq.
A. Rogers, Esq.
Calcutta
Simla
Jeypore
Rajpootana
Lahore
Europe
Calcutta
Calcutta
Philadelphia
Calcutta
Calcutta
Dinagepore
Chinsurah
Darbhanga
Calcutta
Sind
Pan jab
Mahmudabad
Calcutta
Calcutta
Balasore
HugU
Calcutta
Patna
Calcutta
Akyab
Calcutta
LOSS OF MEMBERS DURING 1870.
Bt Retirement.
W, M. Bourke, Esq.
T. E. Coxhead, Esq., C. S.
Baron 0. Ernsthusen.
J. A. Crawford, Esq., C. S.
E. G. Man, Esq.
W. L. Granville, Esq.
Col. G. B. MallesoQ.
Calcutta
Sarun
Calcutta
Calcutta
Rangoon
Calcutta
Mysore
xvu
^A
f death.
J. Kavanagh, Esq,
Oudh
R. Jardine, Esq.
Agra
Lieut. E. C. Beavan.
Calcutta
Babn Rddhdndtha Sikd&ra
CalcQtta
M. H. Ormsby, Esq., LL. D.
CalcntU
Bdba Kdliprasanna Sinha.
CalcutU
J. Avdall, Esq.
Calcutta
Major J. J. Hovenden.
Europe
The Hon'ble Sir Raja Dconarain
Singh,
Ba.
hadur, K. C. S. I.
Benares
Dr. T. Anderson, F. L. S.
Europe
[appendix.]
ABSTRACT STATEMENT
OF
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOE
THE YEAR 1870
STATEMENT,
Abstract of the Oa$h Account
jEUSOBIPTS*
ADVI88ION 7bV8.
BeoeiTed ftt>iii«Membeni, •••
SlTBSGBIFnOVS.
Aeoeived from MemberB, •••
Publications.
Bale proceedfl of Jonmal and Proceed-
ings of the Asiatic fiooiety,
Bubsoription to ditto,
Befnnd of Postage Stamps,
Ditto of Freight, ...
Ditto of lithographing 6hargeB»
LiBBABT.
Sale proceeds of Books, ...
Befdnd of Freight, •••
Ditto of Postal Stamps,
Sbcbraki^s Omcm. .
Beftmd of the amount from the Tms-
tees Indian Hnseom, the ezpendi-
tore inonrred in transferring the
Society's Publication to Kyd Street,
Ditto of Freight paid for sending PaU
Type to Messrs. Trfibner and Co.,..
Ditto of packing charges.
Ditto of Postage Stamps,
Sundries,
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS.
Beceived amonnt of donation made by
the Coondoo family of Dacca to
Government for the conservation of
Sanscrit MSS.,
Ditto from the Aoconntant Oeneral of
Bengal on account of the annaal sum
Bs. 8,100 sanctioned towards the
conservation of Sanscrit MSS. for
the first half 1870-71, ...
Ditto from the Government of Bengal,
as per bill, dated 27 th June, 1870,
by a Cheque on the Bank of Bengal,
Befund of advance paid to the travel-
ling Pandita,
Ditto of ditto ditto to Poreshnath
Chatterjee,
Sale proceeds of 4 copies of Notices of
Sanscrit MSS.,
1870. 1869.
Bo. 864 0 0 1,632 0 0
../ 8,812 10 0 9,180 12 0
4.23 14
0
. 1,370 11
0
78 4
8
9 4
0
26 0
0
. 652 0
0
97 10
0
8 4
0
1,908 1 8 1,636 9 6
762 14 0 752 6 0
, 265 10
8
1.
14
0
0
5
3
6
2
•4
0
0
4
3
„«
287
6
0
8 13 6
1,000 0 0
1,550 0 0
1,079 2 9
30 0 0
40 0 0
4 0 0
3,703 2 9
Carried over, Bs. 16,323 2 0
No. 1.
of the Asiatic Society for 1870.
DISBURSEMENTS.
Publications. 1870. 1869.
839 3
0
3,972 3
3
229 10
8
61 9
9
8 15
0
61 6
0
16 0
0
5 15
8
Paid fi'Di^'-bt fur aetidbg Jonmal and
Froceedinga to MeBers, AVilliams and
Norgttt©, ..* ,„ ... 44 15 6
Ditto Litliograpliing and Engraving
charges^
Ditto, Printing cbarges, ...
Ditto, Pisrchaae of Postage Stamps, ...
DittOj Gmirni^wKin t>n ^ji^b of Books,...
Ditto, Binding charges, ...
Ditto, Paper for Plates, fta,
Ditto, Purchase of Journal,
Ditto, Petty charges.
Library.
Fiiid Mesfirs, Wliliums and Norgate for
pui-cha£B of Library Books as per
their order^ dated IGth July, 1870,
£80 at 1-lOi p«r Hupoo, ... 8152 14 8
DittOj SaUry of the Librarian, ... 840 0 0
Dittoj Eisttibiiahmentj .,. ... 120 0 0
Ditto, Commission on sale of Books,... 73 14 6
Ditto, Purchase of Books, ... 416 4 8
Ditto, Landing charges, ... ... 21 5 9
Ditto, Book-binding, ... ^ ... 79 0 0
Ditto, Subscription to the Calcutta Re-
view, ... ... ... 16 0 0
Ditto, Freight, ... ... 2 13 0
Ditto, Bearing Postage, ... ... 3 4 8
Ditto, Postage Stamps, ... ... 8 10
Ditto, New Mat for the Librarian's
Room, ... ... ... 20 0 0
Ditto, Petty charges, ... ... 13 9 0
Secretary's Office.
Paid, CMrarrnl Establiibmont,
Ditto, Sttrytary^flOMco Eaiubliiihiiient, 1,524 9
Ditto, Purchase of Postage Stamps,*.-
Ditto, ditto of Stationery,
Ditto, Iiisiifficietit Postage^
Ditto, Deuring Postfigo, ... ,,,
Ditto, rriiitiiig charges, *,,
Ditto, Salary of a Puijkha mjui,
Ditto, Book-binding cbargt^^ „,
Ditto, Farchaao of Amiy LiBfc,
Ditto, Fee for Stamping 25 Cheques, ,
294
0
0
t, 1,524
9
0
116
4
0
26
4
0
2
0
8
1
6
4
43
0
0
35
0
0
24
0
0
34
0
0
1
9
0
5,239 13 5 0,87C
2,472 3 3 2,328 12 6
2,702 1 0
Carried over, Rs. 7,712 0 H
XXlll
DISBURSEMENTS. 1870. 1869.
Brought over, Es. 2,102 1 0 7,712 0 8
Paid, Foe for Auditing the Annual
Acoonnt for 1869, ... ... 75 0 0
Ditto SlieetAlmanao for the year 1871, 10 0
Ditto Potty charges, ... ... 9 12 0
2,187 13 0 2,463 13 8
MiSCKLLANEOUS.
Paid Salary of a Malee, ...
Ditto, Meeting charges, ...
Ditto, Advertising charges.
Ditto, Fee for Stamping Cheques, ...
Ditto, Freight on a box copper imple-
ment.
Ditto, Bullock Train hire on 2 Boxes of
Stone Idols,
Ditto, Printing charges, ...
Ditto, Petty charges.
57 0
191 10
49 8
1 9
12 5
30 7
16 0
88 13
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
3
Sundris, ••# ... •••
397 5
1,633 12
3
2
BuiLDIlfQ.
Paid House rate,
Ditto Water rate,
Ditto Police and Lighting rate.
Ditto Repairing Society's Premises, ...
444 0
238 12
216 0
11 13
0
9
0
6
Coin Fund.
Paid Bearing Postage on a parcel of
Coin,
Ditto Purchase of Coins, .. •
0 8
12 14
0
4
2,031 15 416 5 3
910 10 3 697 12 0
13 6 4
Lt.-Col. E. T. Dalton, Ethnoloot op Brnoal.
Paid to Dr. T. Oldham, ... ... .. 5,000 0 0
CONSEKVATION OF SANSCRIT MS.
Salary of the Travelling Pandita,
Copying MS.,
Repairing Catalogue,
Travell ing allowance.
Printing 150 Copies of Notices of
Sanscrit MS.,
Purchase of Postage Stamps,
Freight,
Purchase of Sanscrit MSS,
Ditto, of Stationery,
Fee for getting Money Order,
Advertising charges,
Carriage hire,
Petty charges.
347 0
0
132 9
3
380 0
0
230 0
0
215 12
0
9 13
6
19 9
0
89 0
0
72 12
0
1 8
0
8 8
6
12 0
0
8 lif
3
1,527 6 6 458 10 6
Carried over, Us. 19,382 0 2
XXV
DISBURSEMENTS. 1870. 1869.
Broaght over, Bs. 19,882 6 2
Balance.
In tho Bank of Bengal, viz., acconnt-
cnrrent Dr. J. Muir, ... ... 898 10 0
Ditto Conservation of Sanscrit MS.,... 1,717 1 9
Ditto Asiatic Society, ... ... 2,661 6 0
^ 5,277 1 9
Cashinliand, ... ... ... 125 15 3
Rs. 24,785 7 2
H. Hyde, Lieut.-Col. R. E.
Financial Seof, and Treasurer.
£xamin<}(i and found correct,
li. SCUWENDLER, ) . , .,
XIHFl
STATEMENT,
Abstract of the Cash Aecaunif
REGSIPTS.
Obibntal Pubuoation.
1870.
1869.
BeceiTed by Sale of BibUotheoa In-
dioa, ... ... Mb. 1,804 0
Pitto by SiibBOription to dittos ... 80 10
JOitto Beftrnd of rosta^e and Packing
^ charge^ ... ... ... 76 11
1,911 6 6 8,076 U 6
GoTBamciiiT Allowakcb.
Beoeived from the Oenend Treasniy
at 600 Be. per month, ... ... 6,000 0 0
Ditto ditto additional Grant for the
Pnblioation of Sanacrit Worka at
250 Ba. per month, ... ... 8,000 0 0
9,000 0 0 8,000 0 0
400 0 0
ViSTBD Fund.
Beoeived Interest on the Government
Seoority by the Bank of Bengal, ... 176 0 0
LiBBABT.
Beftind of the amount from Bi\m
BijendraULla Mitra, paid for Pnr-
chase of Sanscrit MSS. on the 22nd
July, 1869,...
Asiatic Society of Bengal,
Babn Mothooranath Mookeijea,
Kam Krishnajee Bhaaduker,
Pundit Ramgoo,
Damndara Jitta, Esq., ...
Messrs. Gnnnesh Persad & Co.,
Mr. Vamon Narain Othe,
K. Roghn Nath Row,
B. Govindo Row,
P. Kittel, Esq.,
Gopal Row Hnrry Dishmookh,
Balaji PrabhakerModok,... *
Bibn Okil Chunder Banerjea,
Baba Krishna Chandra, ...
Atmaram Patell, Esq., ...
G. Jyamiah, Esq.,
Damura Ballabh, Esq., ...
T. Nagaiya, Esq.,
Major M. W. Carr,
M. Gnnnesh Sing,
P. Swaminatheir, Esq., ...
931 10 0-
621 15
6
9 2
0
2 7
0
0 5
0
170 4
0
8 12
0
9 10
6
25 0
0
8 9
0
0 9
0
3 8
0
25 0
0
6 6
0
1 2
0
0 2
0
15 0
0
1 13
0
7 3
0
0 10
0
0 4
0
14 0
0
176 0 0 1,865 0 0
400 0 0
Carried over, Rs. 11,486 6 6
XXTU
No. 2.
Oriental Publication Fund^ for 1870.
DISBUBSEMENTS.
Oriental Publication. 1870. 1869.
GommissioD on Sale of Books, ... Ba. 220 2 0
Paddng oharges, ... ... 63 12 0
Postage Stamps, ... ... 151 14 0
Advertising oharges, ... ... 400 0 0
Freight, ... ... ... 517 6 0
Petty charges, .. ... 11 6 0
Vested Fund.
Paid Commission to the Bank of Ben-
gal for Drawing Interest on the
Government Seoorities, ... 0 7 0
LiBBABT.
Parchase of Books, ... ... 520 6 0
860 0
588 0
48 11
59 12
0
0
0
0
17 8
6
2 13
0
76 0
0
GUSTODT OF ObISNTAL WoBKS.
Paid Salary of the Librarian,
Establishment, ...
Stationery, ... ...
Printing charges,
Bepairing Case of the Bibliotheoa In-
dioa.
Fee to the Bank of Bengal for Stamp-
ing charges.
Ditto for auditing the Annnal Account
for 1869, ...
Subscription to the Hindu Commera-
tor for 1870 and 1871, .. ... 80 0 0
Petty charges, ... ... 48 9 6
Catalogue oi Sanscrit MS.
Paid Salary for Cataloguing Sanscrit
MSS., ... ... ... 278 0 0
OOFTING ICSS.
Paid for copying charges,... ... 71 3 6
Tandta Moha Bbahmana.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 8,593 12 0
AiN I Akbari.
Paid Salary to Mnnahi, ... ... 330 0 0
Ditto 2 copies of Ain i Akbari, ... 65 1 0
Ditto Printing charges, ... ... 1,222 12 0
1,364 8 0 1,136 4 6
0 7 0 8 8 7
520 6 0 503 8 S
1,225 1 0 1,514 10 3
278 0 0
71 3 6 77 0 0
3,593 12 0 328 3 0
1,617 13 0 2,957 6 3
Carried over, Es. 8,671 2 6
xnTm
BBCEIPTS.
1870.
1869.
Bronght over, Bs.
V. B. Soobiah, Esq.,
Biyaba Bal%ji Nene,
Kann Dnflbeiy,
Dowhitram Doolie Ohaad,
Bibn Bam Ghnnder Bose,
J. Biseb, Esq.,
Carried over, Bs. 12,480 4 C
DISBURSEMENTS. 1870. 1869.
Brought forward, Es. 8,671 2 6
Tarikhi Badaont.
Paid for purchase of 2 copies of ditto, 5 0 0
BOO 791 0 0
MlHANSA DaRSANA.
Paid Editing and Printing charges,... 427 2 0
427 2 0 331 2 0
Sama Veda.
Purchase of Sama Veda MSS. ... 108 8 6
108 8 6
GoPATHA Brahman Atherbur Veda,
Paid Editing charges, ... ... 96 0 0
96 0 0
Khafi Khan.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 1,836 0 0
1,836 0 0 2,588 10 0
Farhanoi Bashidi.
Paid for copying charges, ... 56 12 0
Ditto a Copy of ditto, ... ... 48 0 0
Ditto Editing and Printing charges, .. 364 0 0
468 12 0
Poems of Chand.
Paid Postage and Banghy Expense
for sending MSS. ... ... 7 9 0
7 9 0 6 2 3
Lattatana Srauta Sutra.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 2,393 5 0
2,393 6 0
Agni Purana.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 941 0 0
Ditto a Copy of ditto, ... ... 20 0 0
961 0 0
Ma'a Sir i Alahoiri.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 614 0 0
614 0 0
GOPALA TaPINI.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 283 0 0
283 0 0
Taittirita Brahuana.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 348 0 0
Taittirita Aranyaka Upanishad.
Paid Editing and Printing charges, ... 380 12 0
Maitri Upanishad.
Paid Stitching charges, ... ... 18 2 3
848 0 0 144 0 0
380 12 0 767 0 0
18 2 3
Carried over, Rs. 16,618 5 3
XXX
Balance op
In the Bank of Bengal,
Cash in hand.
EECEIPTS. 1870.
Brought over, Kb. 12,480 4 6
1869.
5,569 8 1
73 13 3
5,633 5 4
Es. 18,113 9 10
II. Hyde, Lient-Col. R. E.
Financial Secy, and Treasurer,
Examined and fonnd correct,
L. ScinVENDtEB,^ . ,..
J.WoOD.MiSONj^'^**'^'-
Tatttteiya Sanhita.
Paid Editing oharges,
SiKANDARNAMAH BaHABI.
Paid Frinting oharges, ...
GOBIL SUTKA«
Paid Postage for sending proof to
Pandita Chandra Kant Turkalanker,
Mothoora Natb Mookeijea,
Maharaja Pertap Sing, ...
Pundit Bnmgoo, ...
Hessrs. Gnnnespersad and Go.|
Damndara Jitta» Esq., ...
Mr. VanK)n Narain Othe,
B. Govinda Roe, Esq.,
Gopal Roe Hurry Dedc Mookha,
Bajaba Balaji Kene,
Balsji Prabhaker Modak,
Babu Okil Chonder BanneijeSi
Kann Dufteiy,
Kobin Chander Roy,
Ram Chunder Bose,
Krishna Chander Bab a, ..,
Damaroo Ballabh, Esq., ...
T. Nagaiya, Esq.,
Balance,
In the Bank of Bengal, ,„
XZXl
DISBURSEMENTS. 1870.
Brought over, Rs. 16,618 6 8
1869.
96 0 0
226 8 0
0 10
1 9
0
65 0
0
6 13
0
2 6
6
156 15
0
9 10
6
8 9
0
3 8
0
40 0
0
25 0
0
6 6
0
4 0
0
1 0
0
1 6
0
1 2
0
12 14
0
0 4
0
96 0 0 2^ 12 0
8 0 75 0 0
0 10
336 7 0
836 4 7
Rs. 18,113 9 10
H. Hyde, Lient.-Col. R. B.
Fincmcickl Secy, and Treasnrer,
Examined and foond oorrect,
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