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II 


7^ 


SKETCHES 


OF 


EARLY     SCOTCH     HISTORY. 


EDINBDROn  :  PRINTED  BT  THOMAB  CONSTABLE 

FOR 

EDMONSTON  AND  DOUGLAS. 

LONDON  .     .  .  HAMILTON,  ADAMS,  Sc  CO. 

CAMBRIDGE  .  MACMILLAN  &  CO. 

DUBLIN    .    .  .  W.  ROBERTSON. 

GLASGOW  .  JAMES  MACLEHOSE. 


SKETCHES 


OF 


EARLY    SCOTCH    HISTORY 


AND   SOCIAL  PROGRESS 


CHURCH    ORGANIZATION 
THE   UNIVERSITY 
HOME  LIFE 


By  C.  INNES 


EDINBUEGH 
EDMONSTON    AND    DOUGLAS 

1861 


110 

1U 


PREFACE. 


William  Steahan,  the  publisher,  writing  to  Robert- 
son the  historian  in  1759,  told  him  that  "  A  History 
of  Scotland  is  no  very  enticing  title  ;"  and  Dugald 
Stewart,  commenting  upon  that  expression,  adds — "  The 
influence  of  Scottish  associations,  so  far  as  it  is  favour- 
able to  antiquity,  is  confined  to  Scotchmen  alone,  and 
furnishes  no  resources  to  the  writer  who  aspires  to  a 
place  among  the  English  classics.  Nay,  such  is  the  effect 
of  that  provincial  situation  to  which  Scotland  is  now 
reduced,  that  the  transactions  of  former  ages  are  apt  to 
convey  to  ourselves  exaggerated  conceptions  of  barbarism 
from  the  uncouth  and  degraded  dialect  in  which  they 
are  recorded.  To  adapt  the  history  of  such  a  country  to 
the  present  standard  of  British  taste,  it  was  necessary  for 
the  author,  not  only  to  excite  an  interest  for  names 
which  to  the  majority  of  his  readers  were  formerly  in- 
different or  unknown,  but,  what  was  still  more  difficult, 
to  unite  in  his  portraits  the  truth  of  nature  with  the 
softenings  of   art,   '  conquering,'   as    Liyy-  expresses  it, 

a 


vi  I'KEFACt:. 

'  the  jiideness  of  iiiiti(|uity  by  the  art  of  writing.'  "^  The 
clco-aiit  and  profound  [)hil<)Soplier  concluden  that  it  is 
necessary  to  "  correct  our  common  impressions  concern- 
ing the  ancient  state  of  Scotland  Ijy  translating  not  only 
the  antiquated  phraseology  of  our  forefathers  into  a  more 
modern  idiom,  but  1)}'  translating  (if  I  may  use  the  ex- 
pression) their  antiquated  fasliions  into  the  con-espond- 
ing  fashions  of  our  own  times." 

We  cannot  doubt  that  Dugald  Stewart  expressed  the 
opinion  of  the  literary  world  of  his  day.  Perhaps  he 
overlooked  some  of  the  causes  wliich  produced  such  a 
state  of  feeling.  It  was  not  merely  the  dreaded  provin- 
cialism that  was  to  be  overcome — the  ners^ousness  which 
Scotchmen  like  Hume  and  Robertson  felt  in  writing  Eng- 
lish. The  educated  Scot  of  the  middle  of  last  century 
had  something  harder  to  meet  than  gibes  for  his  mis- 
placed shall  and  icill,  these  and  those.  There  was  at  thatj 
time  a  dislike  amounting  to  hatred  of  Scotland  and  Scots 
(not  indeed  unre turned),  which  it  would  be  easy  to  trace 
upwards  through  the  most  popular  ^Titers  of  England — 
tln^ough  Johnson  and  Swift,  to  Lord  Straflford  and  Claren- 
don, and  back  to  the  fierce  ballads  of  the  Edwardian 
wars.  But  just  then  the  nation  had  scarcely  recovered, 
its  temper,  ruffled  by  the  Scotch  invasion,  when  the  un- 

1  Stewart's  Life  of  Robertson,  written  rudeness  of  antiquity  by  the  art  of  writ- 

in  1796.     Was  it  of  accident   or  fore-  ing? — " Aut  in  rebus  certivs  aliquid  allOr 

thought  that  Stewart,    in    praising  Ro-  turos,  ant  scribendi  arte  rvdem  xetusta- 

bertson,  omitted  one  of  the  alternatives  te^n  superaturos"   The  first  was  certainlj 

which  Livy  maizes  historical  writers  pro-  not  the  chief  object  of  our  great  histo 

pose  to  themselves— either  to  give  events  rians  of  the  last  century, 
with  greater  accuracy,  or  to  conquer  the 


PREFACE.  Vll 

popularity  of  the  Bute  ministry  re-kindled  the  feeling, 
which  men  like  Wilkes  and  Churchill  blew  into  flame  ; 
and  perhaps  the  anti-Scotican  rage  was  never  fiercer  than 
when  the  little  band  of  Edinburgh  writers  claimed  a 
hearing  from  English  readers,  a  hundred  years  ago. 

Much  of  the  chief  difficulty — the  winning  the  ear  of 
an  English  audience  to  Scotch  history — was  overcome 
by  Kobertson  himself.  He  was  skilful  in  selecting  his 
period.  He  was  a  great  master  of  the  dignified  style  of 
history  ;  and  edition  after  edition  of  his  History  of  Scot- 
land was  sold/  until  England  was  saturated  with  that 
sweet  flowing  narrative  of  the  most  picturesque  and 
tragical  part  of  our  national  annals. 

Hume  and  Adam  Smith  were  fellow-soldiers  in  the 
enterprise,  and  many  others,  whose  names  would  be 
higher,  had  they  not  lived  among  those  giants ;  until  it 
was  no  longer  a  reproach  to  a  book  to  have  Scotland 
for  its  subject  or  "  Edinburgh"  upon  its  title-page.  Still, 
it  was  only  the  thinking  people  who  were  gained.  The 
popular  prejudice  against  Scotland — our  condemnation 
in  the  world  of  fashion — lasted  much  longer.  Scotch- 
men who  are  still  writing,  jemember  how  carefully  they 
used  to  guard  against  slips  in  their  English — how  it  fet- 
tered their  style  and  even  their  thoughts.  Scotchmen 
not  yet  dead  old,  remember  what  pain  it  cost  them  to 

I      1  AndreAV  Stralian  (son  of  his  first  edi-  course  of  the  winter  ;  and  -sve  have  the 

tor)  wrote  to  him  on  the  19th  November  satisfaction  of  informing  yon,  that  if  we 

1792  :  "  the  fourteenth  edition  of  your  judge  by  the  sale  of  your  writings,  your 

*  Scothand '   will    be   published    in   the  literary  reputation  is  daily  increasing." 


viii  PREFACE. 

inix  ill  I0ni;lisli  society  lor   J'«;ir  ol'  llie  diHgracuful  (lct<^(: 
ti(»ii.      What  youijg  Scot  ou  lirst  going  Ixj  j)ublic  Rcliool 
or  ('ulkgc  in  England  forty  years  ago,  had  not  to  endun* 
the  sii|)prcssed  laugli,  the  little  jeer,  for  his  Scotch  Greek 
or  his  native  Doric! 

The  change  iii  feeling — in  kindliness  towards  us,  the 
rise  of  a  certain  enthusiasm  for  Scotland,  had  its  com 
mencement  no  doubt  in  the  works  of  Walter  Scott.  His 
national  poems  first,  and  still  more  his  prose  pictures  of 
Scotch  life  and  manners,  won  the  hearts  of  Englishmen  ; 
and  those  who  remember  the  feeling  of  boyish  shame  of 
beincy  detected  as  Scotch,  must  remember  also  the  marvel- 
lous  change  which  a  few  years  of  the  spells  of  the  great 
Magician  wrought  upon  the  people  of  both  countries — 
upon  the  proud,  self-confident  Englishman,  and  the  sen- 
sitive half-sulky  Scot. 

One  other  cii'cumstance  has  tended  more  than  may 
be  at  once  seen,  to  turn  the  tide  of  English  feeling. 
Along  wdtli  the  Scotch  romances  which  have  so  imbued 
the  present  generation  with  a  kindness  for  the  country 
that  gave  them  birth,  came  the  rapidly  gTowing  taste  for 
Scotch  sport — for  the  adventurous,  rough  life  of  the 
Highland  shooting  and  fishing  lodge.  Englishmen  learnt 
to  love  the  scene  of  their  youthful  sport,  and  EnoHsh 
women  could  not  but  sympathize  with  the  scene  of  that 
simple,  Arcadian  life  which  women  of  the  his/her  classes 
can  taste  nowhere  else.  And  so,  from  all  these  causes,  I 
believe  it  has  come  to  pass  that  books  about  Scotland,  its 


PREFACE.  IX 

history  or  its  manners,  even  unimaginative  serious  books, 
are  now  read  with  patience  by  all  but  inveterate  citizens 
of  London. 

It  was  in  that  belief  that,  twelve  months  ago  I 
ventured,  much  doubting,  to  give  to  the  public  a 
volume  about  "  Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages."  A  large 
impression  of  that  book  has  now  been  sold  ;  and  I  am 
not  without  hope  that  the  present  volume,  which  comes 
lower  down,  and  tries  to  join  modern  thought  and  cus- 
toms to  the  mediaeval,  may  be  as  acceptable  as  its  pre- 
decessor. 

As  in  that  previous  volume,  the  substance  of  the 
present  has  been  offered  to  a  small  portion  of  the 
public  before,  though  not  in  its  present  shape.  The 
matter  of  some  of  the  chapters  has  been  prefixed  to 
works  printed  for  the  Bannatyne  Club  ;  that  of  others 
to  Maitland  Club  and  Spalding  Club  works.  As  I  said 
with  regard  to  my  Lectures,  they  did  not  thereby 
achieve  anything  to  be  called  publicity.  The  societies 
I  have  named,  like  the  Roxburghe  Club  of  England, 
imdertake  chiefly  the  printing  of  books  which  can- 
not be  popular,  but  which  it  is  desirable  to  preserve 
and  make  accessible  to  the  student.  As  to  numbers, 
the  Bannatyne  Club  (now  defunct)  consisted  of  a  hun- 
dred members  ;  the  Maitland  has  somewhat  fewer  ; 
the  Spalding  Club,  a  Northern  institution,  is  larger, 
and  reaches  about  three  hundred.  Of  the  members 
who  receive  the  Clu1^   works,  perhaps  a  dozen  of  each 


X  niEFACE. 

,»r  tint  first  two— it  may  be  twenty  of  the  last— turn 
over  the  books,  cut  a  few  leaves  (though  that  is  rather 
avoided),  and  I  lien  the  large  quartos -sleep  undisturljed 
on  the  ]il)rary  shelf.  Occasionally  a  local  newsjjaper, 
of  more  than  usual  intelligence,  has  dug  something 
out  of  those  square  repulsive  volumes ;  hut  I  may  say 
confidently,  that  to  the  world  at  large,  to  the  reading 
public,  even  to  the  class  who  read  histor}',  the  present 
volume  is  entirely  new  matter. 

I  venture  to  think  such  matter  is  worth  knowing, 
and  if  the  public  is  of  the  same  opinion  I  am  pre- 
pared to  go  to  press  with  a  similar  one,  embracing 
(1.)  Some  information  on  the  old  Scotch  law  of 
Marriage  and  Divorce  ;  (2.)  A  sketch  of  the  state 
of  Society  before  and  after  the  Keformation  in  Scot- 
land ;  (3.)  A  chapter  on  old  Scotch  Topography  and 
Statistics. 

I  have  to  express  my  obligation  to  the  Marquis  of 
Breadalbane,  and  to  my  lamented  friend  the  late  Earl 
of  Cawdor,  for  allo^^iing  me  to  make  public  here  the 
observations  I  had  prefixed  to  collections  of  their  family 
papers  intended  for  a  more  limited  cii'culation. 

Epinburgh,  Jaymary  1861. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 
CHURCH  ORGANIZATION. 

PAGE 

I. — The  Parish,         .  .         .         .         .  .         .  .1 

Meaning  of  the  word — Different  causes  of  placing  Cliurclies — 
Foundation  and  Founder  to  be  traced  by  various  circum- 
stances— Primeval  Monasteries  for  instructing  Teachers — 
Glasgow  Inquest  of  1116 — Proof  of  very  ancient  Endow- 
ments— Other  traces  of  ancient  Endowments — Abthanies — 
Monasteries  before  David  i. — Revival  of  Christianity  in  the 
twelfth  Century — English  Settlers  and  their  Settlements — 
Appropriation  of  Tithes  to  specific  Churches— rCreation  of 
Parish — Ednam — Melrose — Subdivision  of  parishes — Wiston, 
Roberton,  Crawford-john,  Symington — Culter,  on  the  Dee — 
Glen-Bucket,  its  Origin — Arudilly,  Bucharm — Lamberton — 
Mother  Churches  and  Chapels — Burghal  Parishes,  Edinburgh, 
Aberdeen — Stirling,  Dunipace  and  Larbert — David  i.'s  re-  • 
vival'  of  Monasteries — Parish  Churches  absorbed — Sources 
of  Parochial  History — Records  of  the  Bishopric — of  Re- 
ligious Houses — Ancient  valuations  of  Benefices — Taxation 
of  Churches  for  the  Crusades — Antiqua  Taocatio — Verus 
valor — Baiamund's  Roll. 

The  Cathedral — 

Bishopric  of  Glasgow,       .  .  .  .  .  .  .29 

Kentigern — The  Interval  till  David  i. — Ancient  Possessions  of 
the  Cluirch — Church  dedicated,  1136 — New  Acquisitions — 
Successive  Bishops — Origin  of  the  City — Bishop  Jocelin — 


Xjj  CONTENTS. 

I'AGE 

[lestoration  of  CJiurcli — Tithes  given  from  Carrick  and  Lennox 
— Papal  Dictation — Burgh  oi)pie8HC(l  by  Rutherglcn — Jmli- 
cial  combat  used  among  Churchmen — General  Collection  for 
the  fabric  of  tlie  Church— ArchdeaconricH— The  Use  and  Con- 
stitutions of  Sarum  adopted — Old  boundaries  <jf  the  Diocese — 
Edward  i.  at  Glasgow — lieign  of  Robert  i. — Bishop  Robert 
Wishart — Bishop  Lindsay — First  Hamiltons — First  Bridge 
over  Clyde — Proofs  of  Legitimacy  of  Robert  in. — Inventories 
of  Jewels  and  Books — Bishop  Lauder — Bishop  Tumbidl — 
University  Founded — Glasgow  an  Archbishopric — Disputes 
with  St.  Andrews — Archbishop  James  Bethune — The  Refor- 
mation— The  City  of  Glasgow — The  Bishop's  Dwellings — 
One  day  of  Old  Glasgow. 

BisHOPEic  OF  Caithness,     .         .         .         .  .70 

Bishop  Andrew — Bishop  John  mutilated — Bishop  Adam — HLs 
murder — Bishop  Gilbert  de  Moravia — His  constitution  of  the 
Cathedral — Constitution  of  Lincoln  adopted — The  Chapter 
of  Caithness — ^^Scotch  Cathedral  society  of  old. 

Bishopric  of  Aberdeen,      .         .         .  .  .         .  .85 

Its  foundation — Monaster}'  of  Morthlach — Bishop  William 
Elphinstone — Policy  of  the  old  church. 

11. — The  Monastery — 

Melrose,  .  .  .  .         .  .  .91 

Old  feudal  tenures — Scotch  jurisprudence — Galloway  customs — 
State  of  cultivation — Pasture — Forest — Game — Old  bound- 
aries— Old  roads — Early  spoken  language — Prices  of  land 
and  value  of  money — Old  families  extinct — Seals,  Arms, 
Early  Heraldry — The  IMonks  as  landowners  and  patrons — 
Fair  play  to  the  Monks. 

Scone,       .         .         .         .         .  .  .         .121 

Culdee  foundation — Re-formed  by  Alexander  i. — The  fatal 
stone — Coronations  at  Scone — Privileges  of  the  Abbey — 
Duel,  ordeal — The  connexion  of  Scone  with  Caithness — 
Familv  of  Rutlivcn. 


CONTENTS.  Xlll 

PAGE 

Newbattle,       .         .         .  .  .         .  .  .  .125 

Position  of  the  Abbey — Foundation — Destroyed  by  Richard  ii. 
— The  last  Abbot,  Mark  Kerr — Abbey  possessions — Early 
coal  working — Rural  affairs,  pasture,  granges,  right  of  pas- 
sage, the  Abbey  wool — The  Vale  of  Lethan — Tombs  in  the 
Abbey — Queen  Mary  de  Couci — Catharine  Mortimer — Bene- 
factions of  the  Douglases — The  Lindesays — Abbey  buildings 
— Original  crypt  remaining. 

Arbroath,         .         .  .         .  .  .  .  .  .144 

Abbey  dedicated  to  Thomas-a-Becket — William  the  Lion  its 
founder — Rapid  acquisition  of  property — The  Culdees  of 
Abernethy — Lay  appropriation  of  ancient  Church  endowments 
— Ancient  customs — Judicial  procedure — Military  service — 
Extent — The  Brecbennach  and  custody  of  the  Abbey  banner — 
Abthanies — Old  names.  Abbe,  Falconar,  Dempster — Domestic 
manners,  hostelage  in  Stirling — Culdees — Forgotten  Saints — 
Evidence  of  ancient  bridges  over  the  North  Esk,  the  Tay,  the 
Dee,  the  Spey — Abbey  buildings — Offices  of  the  Abbey — The 
dignity  of  the  Abbot — Burgh  of  Arbroath — The  Harbour — 
Fights  of  the  Lindesays  and  Ogilvies — Tomb  of  William  the 
Lion — Effigy  of  Thomas-a-Becket — Old  customs — Banking 
— The  schoolmaster — The  Abbey  advocate — Great  Angus 
families  extant  and  extinct. 

Kelso,       .         .  .         .  .  .         .  .         .         .172 

Situation — Old  Roxburgh — Population  of  the  district — Charac- 
ter of  the  Borderers — Abbey  changed  from  Selkirk  to  Kelso 
— Historical  curiosities — Edward  iii.'s  renunciation  of  the 
superiority  of  Scotland — Charter  of  John  Balliol  in  the  tenth 
year  of  his  reign — The  Douglas  origin — Proxies  to  Parlia- 
ment— Boundaries  of  the  kingdoms  ;  of  the  Bishoprics  of 
Durham  and  Glasgow — Celibacy  of  the  Clergy — Wycliff'e's 
followers — Agricultural  occupation  of  the  Abbey  lands — 
Rental  of  1290 — Sheep,  cattle,  and  brood-mares — Steel-bow 
— Services  of  tenants — Multures — Rents — Military  services 
— Character  of  the  Monks — Abbey  buildings — Destruction 
of  Kelso— The  Abbey  defaced — Style  of  Architecture. 


\JV  CONTENTS. 

Inch AFFRAY,  .201 

Eiirldoin  r)f  Stratliciirn — The  old  Earl« — See  of  Dunblane — 
Tiic  Earls  the  patrons — Foundation — Endowment  oi'  the 
Ab])ey — The  Earldom  a  Palatinate — Annexed  to  the  Crown 
— Arms  of  Strathcarn. 


CHAPTER  II. 
THE    UNIVERSITY. 

Glasgow,  .........   220 

University  founded  1450-1 — Papal  foundation  and  privileges 
— The  University  before  the  Reformation — Ruined — College 
after  the  Reformation — Andrew  Melville's  teaching — Its 
effects — Degree  of  M.A. — AVodrow's  Graduation — Josiah 
Chorley  at  College — College  in  1G72 — Laureation — Cere- 
monies— Thesis  ;  Wodrow's,  M'Laurin's  :  Hutchison's  In- 
augural Oration — Studies  in  1 7 1 2 — The  University  in  later 
times — University  buildings — Places  of  meetings  of  old — The 
Faculty  of  Arts — Auld  Pedagogy — The  present  fabric — The 
Mace — Old  domestic  economy  of  the  College — Reid's  account 
of  University  life. 

Aberdeen,  .........   254 

Circumstances  of  the  district — Early  schools  of  Aberdeen — 
Scarcity  of  books  —  University  founded  1494  —  Bishop 
Elphinstone ;  the  Events  of  his  Life  and  his  Character — Hec- 
tor Boece,  the  first  Principal — William  Hay — Yaus — First 
Scotch  printing — The  Reformation — Conference  on  Doctrine 
— Purging  of  the  University — Wandering  Scotch  scholars — 
Barclay,  Florence  Wilson,  John  Cameron,  etc. —  Principal 
Arbuthnot — The  new  foundation — The  University  in  the 
seventeenth  century — Bishop  Patrick  Forbes— -The  Aberdeen 
Doctors — Cultivation  spreading  in  Aberdeen — Secular  learn- 
ing— Gordon  of  Straloch — The  Johnstons  and  the  Poets — 
Raban's  Printing-press — Aberdeen  Academic  prints  and  their 
dates —  Universitas  Carolijia — Rowe,  Principal — Collegiate 
Life — Cliangesof  Life,  and  of  Teaching — General  University 


CONTENTS.  XV 

PAGE 


Court  of  Scotland — The  College  fabric — Benefactions — 
Mace  ;  Seal ;  Bells  ;  Spoons  ;  Plate — Number  of  Students 
— Some  degrees  abolished — Reforms  suggested — Union  of 
the  Universities  of  Aberdeen. 


CHAPTER  TIL 
HOME  LIFE. 

Family  Papers — Papers  of  the  Family  of  Morton,  .  .325 
Origin  of  Douglases — Early  Members — William  of  Douglas — 
Bishop  Bricius — Sir  William  of  Liddesdale — Sir  James  of 
Dalkeith — Marriage  of  his  Daughter  with  Hamilton — First 
Arms  of  Hamilton — Chapel  of  St.  Nicholas  of  Dalkeith — 
Sir  James's  wills,  the  earliest  Scotch  wills  extant — His  alli- 
ances— The  Regent  Morton — Line  of  Lochleven — Excite- 
ment of  a  Charter  hunt — Early  Letters  of  Correspondence 
unsatisfactory — Low  range  of  Education — Danger  of  writing 
openly — Store  of  State  Papers  at  Dalmahoy. 

Breadalbane  Papers,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .341 

The  Black  Book  of  Taymouth — Sketch  of  Family  History — 
Black  Colin  of  Rome — Sir  Duncan  ;  slain  at  Flodden — 
Colin  built  Balloch — Sir  Duncan  ;  "  Black  Duncan  of  the 
cowl" — His  mral  improvements — Building  of  houses  and 
bridges — Travels — Cultivates  Literature — Romances,  Poetry 
— Sir  Colin — Fond  of  Latin,  French,  and  Italian — Culti- 
vates Art — A  German  painter — George  Jamesone — Jame- 
sone's  prices  and  speed  of  work — List  of  his  works  at 
Taymouth. 

Chronicle  of  the  Curate  of  Fortirgall — Record  of  the  Weather 
— Notice  of  passing  Events — Deaths  of  Rizzio,  Darnley, 
Murray,  Archbishop  Hamilton,  without  comment — Last 
Entry,  1579. 

Duncan  Laideus's  Testament — A  satirical  poem — Who  was 
Duncan  Laideus  ? — Account  of  the  Poem — Extracts. 

Bonds  of  Friendship — Deeds  of  Adoption— Fostering  in  the 
Highlands — Its  purpose — Fostering   of  young  Argyll  with 


xvi  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Glcnorchy — CorrcHpondcnce  ahout  him — Clan  Cu8tx>m8 — 
Mirly  Iliglilaiid  Farming — UBual  Proviiiion.s — Household 
Gear^Arms — Dowh  and  Arrows — Jewels — Plato — Furni- 
ture— Pictures — Baron  Court  Law — Trees — Irrigation — 
Speats — Wolves — Antique  Law,  Cleansing  by  Compurgators 
— "  Borch  of  Hamehald" — Superstition — Whisky — Rod- 
Fishing  in  1G32 — The  Country  Arming  in  1G38 — Kilchum 
Castle — Hereditary  Bards — The  Deer  Forest — Police  of  the 
Country — FeiTy  and  Hostelry — Feud  with  the  Clan  Gregor 
— Aquavits — Leases  to  Craftsmen,  the  smith,  the  dyker,  the 
gardener — Stud  of  Brood  Mares — Fowling  by  Dog  and  Net 
— Letters  of  Correspondence — James  vi. — Venison  and 
Game — The  White  Hind — Fir  Seed  and  Planting — The 
Coygcrach  of  Saint  Fillan. 

The  Cawdor  Papers,  .         .         .         .         .         .         .395 

Scotch  Thanes — Their  office  and  rank — First  Thanes  of  Cawdor 
— Minority  of  James  ii. — The  Earldom  of  Moray — Archibald 
Douglas,  Earl  of  Moray,  slain  at  Arkinliolme,  1455 — 
Thane  William  in  Office  at  Court — Chamberlain  beyond 
Spey — His  Accounts  in  Exchequer — Domestic  HLstoiy  of 
King  James  ii. — The  King  comes  to  Moray — Lives  at  Elgin 
— Hunting  at  Darnaway — Cawdor  Castle — Old  Cawdor — 
The  Hawthorn  Tree — The  present  Castle  built,  1454 — 
Thane  William  the  last  male  of  the  old  race — Muriel  the 
Heiress — The  Campbells — Sir  John — John  Campbell  of 
Cawdor  murdered  at  Knepoch — Isla — Family  ISIisfortunes — 
John  the  Fiar  cognosced — Contracts  for  Building — Ci^il 
War — General  pillage — Sir  Hugh — Familiar  Letters  begin — 
The  Knight's  Education — Marries  Lady  Henrietta  Stewart 
— Parliamentary  Life  in  Edinburgh — Produce  of  Isla — 
Occupants  of  the  hills,  gTOuse,  sheep,  deer — Housekeeper's 
Commissions — Inverness  merchant,  general  dealer,  and  banker 
— The  Lady  of  Cawdor  notable — Education  of  the  Children 
— Girls'  Schooling — The  Library  at  the  Castle — Persecuting 
Laws  mitigated  by  neighbourly  kindness — New  Building 
Contracts — Essay  on  the  Lord's  Prayer — Sir  Hugh's  Cor- 
respondence with   the   Church  Courts — Highland   Dress — 


CONTENTS.  XVll 

PAGE 

Political  Opinions — Sir  Hugh  sends  his  Grandson  to  join 
Mar  in  1715 — His  Death  and  Funeral — Report  on  the 
State  of  the  Property,  1726 — Notices  of  early  Planting  and 
Gardening — The  Family  change  their  residence  to  Wales — 
Cawdor  as  it  is. 

KiLRAVOCK  Papers,    .  .  .  .  .  .         .437 

A  little  Pedigree — The  Bysets  and  their  Norman  kindred — 
Hugh  de  Rose  and  Mary  de  Bosco — Large  possessions — 
Early  styles — Extent  of  1295 — Papers  show  steady  progress 
of  civilisation — Character  of  the  family — Building  of  the 
tower,  14 GO — The  ninth  baron  in  prison — Gardening  in 
1536 — The  black  baron,  a  remarkable  person  :  of  no  party, 
yet  trusted  by  all — William  the  eleventh  baron,  and  Lilias 
Hay — Hugh,  the  twelfth — Mr.  Hew,  the  historian's,  conclu- 
sion— Seneca  translated — The  fourteenth  baron  at  school ;  at 
Aberdeen  ;  married  to  Margaret  Innes — Religious  correspon- 
dence— The  fifteenth  baron — The  affair  at  Inverness  in  the 
'  1 5 — Young  lady's  school — Her  marriage — Planting — Drink- 
ing —  The  library  —  The  Baron  settles  at  Coulmony  — 
"Geddes"  marries  and  settles  at  Kilravock,  1739 — Betty 
Clephane — Dunrobin — Mr.  Lewis — Peaceful  occupations — 
Sport — Prince  Charles  Edward  and  the  Duke  of  Cumberland 
at  Kilravock  in  the  '45 — A  Whig  cup — Gardening — Fruit — 
Geddes  a  scholar — Critical  in  Greek — Reluctance  to  ask  the 
Sheriffship — His  music — Occupations  out  of  doors — The  Cle- 
phane brothers — Doctor  Clephane — His  early  life  and  travels 
— His  friends — Dr.  Mead — David  Hume — Settles  in  London 
— Success  in  his  profession — His  kindness  to  his  relations — 
Letter  of  Elizabeth  Rose  to  him — His  last  letter — His  death 
— Dr.  William  Hunter's  esteem  for  him — The  Major — Lieu- 
tenant Arthur's  letter  from  Quebec — Hon.  General  Caulfield 
— Mrs.  Elizabeth  Rose — Burns's  visit — Hugh  Miller's  esti- 
mate of  her — Branches  of  Kilravock — General  love  borne  by 
them  to  the  chief  house — Stewart  Rose — General  Sir  Hugh 
Rose — The  old  place. 


xviii  CONTENTS. 

APPENDIX. 

PAGE 
y. PUKHKRVATION  OF  THE  PtFXORDS  OF  THE  BlSHOl'RIC  OF  GLAS- 
GOW (p.  29), 403 

Scots  College  pillaged  in  the  French  Revolution — Abb^  M'Pher- 
son — Papers  of  Cardinal  York — Information  collected  by  Mr. 
Dennistoim — Adventures  of  Robert  Watson. 

II. — Oath  of  a  Suffraoan  to  his  Archbishop  (p.  63),  .   497 

Henry  Bishop-elect  of  Whithera  takes  the  oath  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Glasgow,  1530 — Terms  of  the  Oath. 

III.— Early  Scotch  (p.  109), 498 

Reference  to  Scotland  in  tlie  Middle  Ages,  p.  2 GO. 

IV. — Serfs:  Colliers  and  Salters  (pp.  125,  193),  .  .  498 
Fugitive  Slaves — Their  Gaelic  Name — Early  Serfs — Colliers 
and  Salters — Stair's  law — Erskine's — Hugh  ]\Iiller's  Ac- 
count of  a  Collier  Village — Lord  Cockburn's  History  of  the 
Law  of  Colliers  and  Salters — Extract  from  Weekly  Mercury, 
1778. 

V. — The  Complaint  of  the  Abbot  of  Arbroath,  1460-1470 

(p.  170), 504 

Written  Pleading  in  Scotch  against  Encroachments  of  Lairds 
of  Meldrum  on  the  Abbey  Lands  of  Tarves,  etc. 

VI. — Family   Jewels   and  Valuables  of    Glenurchy,    en- 
tailed, 1640  (p.  379), 507 

Jewels — Plate — Arms  and  Armour — Beds  and  hangings — 
Arras — Damask  linen — Holland — Pewter  and  tin — Pans  and 
pots — Pictures — The  Great  Genealogy — Clocks — Organs — 
Harpsichords — Brewing  Vessels — Furniture  of  Charter  Room 
— Cattle — Mares — Cursours — Sheep — Chandlers. 

VII. — Letters  AT  Taymouth  (p.  387),  .  .         .         .512 

Letter  to  the  Keeper  of  Kilchui'n,  1570 — From  the  King,  re- 
questing game  for  the  Baptism  of  Prince  Henry.      From  Sir 


CONTENTS.  XIX 

PAGE 

D.  Murray — Eagles  for  Sport — a  Horse  from  the  Prince. 
From  the  Earl  of  Mar — Fox  hunting — Earth  dogs.  From 
the  Lord  Treasurer — Venison  and  game  for  the  King's  visit, 
1G33,  From  John  Dickson — Capercailzie — Valuables  sent 
to  the  Highlands  for  Safety,  1651.  From  James  vi. — The 
White  Hind  of  Corrichiba.  From  Sir  P.  Murray — The  same. 
From  the  King — The  same.  From  Charles  i. — Levying 
Bowmen  for  the  French  War,  1G27.  From  the  Lords  of 
Council — Muster  of  Highlandmen  in  their  country  habit  and 
Arms,  1633.  From  the  Earl  of  Lauderdale — Fir  seed — 
From  the  same.  From  the  Marchioness  of  Hamilton — Plant- 
ing Fir — Lord  Lindsay,  a  great  planter.  From  Jameson  the 
Painter — From  the  same — His  Prices  — His  Despatch.  From 
William  Bowie,  the  writer  of  the  Blade  Book — Account  of 
his  Pupils,  1619. 

VIII.  The   Thane    of   Cawdor's  Western   Journey,    1591 

(p.  414), 523 

Note  of  Expense  in  Travelling — In  Taylone — Inverary — Dun- 
deraw — Lochgoilhead — The  Carrick — Dunoon  —  Ferry  at 
Finlayston — At  the  Water  of  Leven — Dumbarton — Glasgow 
— Servants'  Wages — Horse  Corn  and  Bread — Lodging — 
Food — Drink — Payments  to  the  Piper — Player  on  the  Lute 
— Lowland  Harper — Linlithgow — Edinburgh  —  Linlithgow 
— Stirling — Doune — Stirling — Leith — Stirling — Edinburgh, 
7  th  November  1591. 

IX.  The  Murder  of  John  Campbell  of  Cawdor  (p.  414),       .   531 
Quarrel  between  Cawdor  and  Ardkinglas — Cawdor  murdered — 

Ardkinglas  accused  as  guilty — Uses  Witchcraft — Threatened 
with  torture,  confesses,  and  accuses  others  as  accomplices — 
Later,  recalls  his  Declaration — Little  w^eight  to  his  Testi- 
mony— His  mock  Trial — Diet  deserted. 

X.  How  the  Thane  of  Cawdor  won  Islay  (p.  416),      .         .536 
Isla  ;  of  fabulous  fertility  ;  much  coveted  by  the  Western  High- 
landers— His    claim  over  it  sold  by  Angus   M'Donald    to 

Sir  John  Campbell  of  Cawdor — Angus  dies — Isla  seized  by 


XX  CONTENTS. 

VAdV. 

Antrim  —  Cawdor  cominiBsioiicd  to  recover  it — Advice  of 
Trivy  Council  an  to  liis  proceeding — Koyrd  CommiKhion  with 
power  of  fire  Jind  sword — Antrim's  obligation  to  deliver  uj> 
the  Island — Royal  ai)prol)ation  and  indemnity — Sir  James 
Macdonald  escapes  from  the  Castle  of  Edinburgh — liaises 
the  Islesmcn — Wins  Isla  and  Kantyre — Defeated  by  Argyll 
— Sir  James's  adventures  —  Cawdor  in  full  possession  of  Isla. 

XL  Account  of  the  Expenses  of  the  Faaiily  of  Cawdor 

ABOUT  1098  (p.  429), j48 

Meal  and  Malt — Meat  —  Groceries — Wine  and  Brandy  — 
Tobacco  and  Pipes — Bed  and  Table  Linen — Dishes,  &c. — 
Servants'  Wages  (including  a  Chafjlain). 

XII.  Dr.  Clephane's  Journey  to  Kilravock,  1750  (p.  473),  ol9 
Note  of  Miles — Leaves  Scarborough — Hclmsley — Northaller- 
ton— Rievaulx — Darlington — Durham — Newcastle  —  Tyne- 
mouth  —  Morpeth  —  Ainwic  —  Berwic  —  East  Lothian  — 
Edinburgh — Dundee — Aberdeen  —  Bog-a-Gicht,  miserably 
furnished — Elgin — A  great  deal  of  Building — Any  Records  1 
— Advantages  of  Bloray. 

Glossary,  .........  555 

Index,      ...  565 


SKETCHES 


OF 


EARLY    SCOTCH    HISTORY. 


CHAPTER  I. 


CHURCH    ORGANIZATION. 


THE  PARISH.* 

Almost  as  early  as  we  can  throw  the  faint  light  of 
an  imperfect  history  upon  our  country,  a  succession  of 
zealous  apostles  of  Christianity  were  spreading  the  faith 
o^Tr  its  remotest  districts.  Of  those  men  only  a  few  are 
now  had  in  remembrance  in  Presbyterian  Scotland ;  yet 
while  Ninian  and  his  followers  were  preaching  the  gospel 
among  the  savage  Galwegians,  and  building  their  white 
church  over  the  waters  of  the  Sol  way ;  while  the  "  family" 
of  Columba  were  reclaiming  the  Pagans  of  the  farthest 
Hebrides,  and  sending  their  Christian  embassy  and  esta- 
blishing their  worship  in  Iceland  ;  while  Palladius  and 
his  followers  were  planting  churches  in  the  northern 
mainland  and  the  Orcades ;  while  Cuthbert  was  preaching 


^  The  termparish — parochia — irapoLKla 
—meaning  any  district,  was  at  first  ap- 
propriated to  the  diocese  of  a  bishop. 

77 


In  1171^  it  is  used  as  synonymous  with 
diocesis,  and  applied  to  the  Bishopric 
of  G\-A?.%o\\.^Regist.   Glasy.      In  some 


A 


2  SKF/rciIKS  OK   KAIJLV   SCHJTCH  JIISTOIIV. 

to  lli<;  sh('i)h('nlH  of  tli<;  l>or(l(ir  Jiioimtains-  othei-s  of  less 
njiiiic  along  with  tlicm  {iiid  following  them,  were  spreading 
(Christianity  m  eveiy  gleu  and  hay  where  a  congregati(jn 
was  to  be  gathered  'rhis  is  not  matter  of  inference  or 
of  speculation.  It  is  proved  Ijeyond  question  l>y  histo- 
rians like  Bede  and  ])iographers  Kke  Adamnan  ;  and  their 
narrative  receives  confirmation  from  the  result  of  such 
preaching  in  the  general  conversion  of  the  Pagan  inhalji- 
tants,  as  well  as  from  certain  vestiges  still  to  be  traced 
of  the  individual  preachers.  If  a  notable  conversion  was 
effected  ;  if  the  preacher  had,  or  beheved  he  had,  some 
direct  and  sensible  encouragement  from  Heaven,  a  chapel 
was  the  fitting  memorial  of  the  event.  Wherever  a 
hopeful  congregation  was  assembled,  a  place  of  worship 
was  required.     When  a  saintly  pastor  died,  his  grateful 


instances  it  would  seem  to  mean  the 
jurisdiction  rather  than  the  district. 
King  Willi ;un  the  Lion,  in  a  charter  to 
the  monks  of  Kelso,  speaks  of  the  waste 
of  Selekyrcke,  to  which  he  had  trans- 
ferred his  men  of  Elrehope,  as  being  "  of 
the  parish  of  his  vil  of  Selechirk."— /,ic*er 
de  Calchou,  p.  16.  But  the  term  soon 
began  in  Scotland  to  be  applied,  though 
not  technically  and  exclusivelj^,  to  the 
baptismal  church  territory.  In  the 
middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  Herbeil 
Bishop  of  Glasgow  confirmed  to  the 
monks  of  Kelso  the  church  of  Molle, 
which  Uctred  the  son  of  Liulf  gave  them, 
vntii  the  lands  and  panshes  and  all  rights 
belonging  to  that  church.  —  Liber  de 
Calciuni,  p.  320.  Before  the  middle  of 
the  following  century,  the  parish  of  Molle 
seems  to  have  been  territorially  defined, 
and  in  a  controversy'  between  Melrose 
and  Kelso  concerning  it  in  1269,  the 
words  parish  and  parishioners  (jjarochia 
et  j^fd'ockiani)  are  used  much  in  their 
present    st-nse.— /?/?V?.    p.    14G.     In    the 


year  1220  the  churches  liclonging  to  the 
Abbey  of  Jedburgh  are  termed  parishes 
(parochie),  and  the  church  of  JedVjurgh 
is  styled  po.rochialis  ecclesia.  —  Rejist. 
iilasg.  p.  97.  Abbot  Ailred,  in  describ- 
ing the  successful  preaching  of  Saint 
Ninian  am«ng  the  Picts  of  Galloway — 
the  crowding  to  his  baptism  of  ricii  and 
poor,  young  and  old,  renouncing  Satan, 
and  joining  the  army  of  the  faithful — 
represents  him  as  ordaining  priests,  con- 
secrating bishops,  and  conferring  the 
other  dignities  of  ecclesiastical  orders, 
and  finally  dividing  the  whole  land  into 
parishes — totam  terram  per  certas  paro- 
chias  dividere{apmd  Pinkerton  Vit.  Sand. 
Scot.  p.  11).  It  is  scarcely  necessaiy  to 
remark  that  Ailred,  in  speaking  of  the 
acts  of  Saint  Ninian,  uses  the  language 
of  his  o^vIl  time.  Indeed  that  life  is  of 
little  value  for  our  inquirj',  written  in 
rhetorical  style,  and  bearing  few  marks 
of  being  compiled  from  ancient  mate- 
rials. Bede  speaks  more  correctly,  when 
he  savs  of  Saint  Cedd  that  he  erected 


1 


THE  TARISH. 


jflock  dedicated  a  church  to  his  memory.  It  was  built, 
small  perhaps  and  rude,  of  such  materials  as  were  most 
readily  to  be  had.  The  name  of  the  founder,  the  apostle 
of  the  village,  attached  to  his  church— to  the  fountain 
hallowed  by  his  using  it  in  his  baptism — to  the  stone 
bed  shaped  for  his  penance,  or  the  cleft  in  the  rock 
which  served  that  purpose — to  some  favourite  haunt  of 
his  meditation  or  place  of  his  preaching — to  the  fair  of 
immemorial  antiquity  held  there  on  Ms  day — though 
forgotten  by  the  descendants  of  those  he  baptized — 
often  furnishes  the  most  interesting  and  unsuspected  cor- 
roboration of  much  of  those  church  legends  and  traditions 
which,  though  alloyed  with  the  fables  of  a  simple  age,  do 
not  merit  the  utter  contempt  they  have  met  with.^ 


clmrclies  in  many  places  {fecit  per  loca 
ecclesias),  and  ordained  priests  and  dea- 
cons to  assist  him  in  i^reaching  the  faith 
and  administering  baptism. — Hist.  Ec- 
clcs.  lib.  iii.  c.  22. 

The  word  Shire  {schira,  scyra)  so  com- 
m(>n  in  our  older  church  records,  is  often 
equivalent  to  parish,  but  sometimes  ap- 
plies to  some  other  ''  division  "  of  church 
territory  whicli  we  cannot  now  define. 
The  divisions  of  North  Durliam  were 
Islandshire,  Norhamshire,  and  Bedling- 
tonshire.  In  the  Merse  we  had  Colding- 
hamshire ;  in  Clydesdale,  Machanshire, 
Kilbridt'shire ;  in  Fife,  the  shires  of 
Kilrimund  (Saint  Andrews),  Forgrund, 
Fothrif,  Karel,  Kinnahin,  Kennocher, 
Kinninmond,  Kircaladinit  (Kirkaldy), 
Gelland,  and  Gatemilc ;  in  Aberdeen, 
Clatshire,  and  the  shires  of  Tulynes- 
tyn,  Rane,  and  Davyot. 

Plehania  is  a  term  which  occurs  more 
rarely  in  our  church  records.  It  ex- 
presses a  wide  district  of  a  mother  church, 
having  subordinate  churches  or  chapel- 
ries  within  its  territory.  Tlie  church  of 
a  Plebania  will  be  found  alwavs  to  have 


been  of  very  high  and  early  sanctity, 
and  its  priest  or  parson  wielded  gene- 
rally some  authority  approaching  to  that 
of  a  rural  dean.  Of  this  kind  was  Stobo, 
with  its  four  subordinate  parishes  of 
Broughton,  Dawic,  Drummelyier,  and 
Tweedsmuir,  where  the  parson  was  styled 
Dean,  and  was,  it  woiild  seem;  in  very 
early  times,  hereditary,  like  some  of  the 
heads  of  the  regular  convents. — Regist. 
Glasg.  Kinkell  in  Aberdeenshire  was 
of  this  class,  and  is  so  named  in  the  an- 
cient charters.— i?C(/i5^.  Aherd. 

'  The  Scotch  hagiology  abounds  with 
pei'sonal  anecdotes  of  the  early  teachers 
of  Christianity,  many  bearing  sufficient 
impress  of  truth ;  and  the  country  is  full 
of  tradition  and  of  something  like  real 
evidence  which  joins  on  to  those  legends. 
The  venerable  Bede  tells  us  that  Saint 
Aedan  the  apostle  of  Northumbria  "  had 
a  church  and  a  chamber  {ecclesiiim  et 
cuhicuhim)  near  Bamborough,  where  he 
often  dwelt  for  a  time,  and  used  to  go 
out  from  thence  in  all  directions  around, 
preaching"  (iir.  17).  "  He  used  to  travel 
everywhere,  through  the  country  and  in 


4  SKKT(;iIK.S  Ob    KAULV  SCUTCH  illSTUliV. 

Near  eacJi  clmicJi  sd  l)uilt,  however  sninll  ;iih1  how- 
ever iciiiote—  or  eonvenieiitjy  iicighlxairing  a  group  of 
ehii relies — was  estal^lished  a  ])arul  of  religious  men,  fol- 
lowers of  llicir  foiiri(h^r,  for  the  serviee  of  God  there. 
\V(;  have  again  the  testimony  of  Bede  for  the  faet,  that 
monasteries  were  founded  for  maintaining  the  new  reli 
gion.  "  Churehes  were  erected  everywhere  :  the  pe<jple 
Hocked  with  joy  to  hear  the  word.  Possessions  and  ter- 
ri tones  were  Ixsto^^j^d  ])y  the  grants  of  kings  for  found- 
ing monasteries.  The  children  of  the  English  were 
instructed,  along  with  their  elders,  by  Scotch  teachei^s, 
in  the  study  and  practice  of  the  monastic  life  ;  for  they 


the  towns,  not  on  horseback,  but,  unless 
when  compelled,  on  foot"  (ill.  5).  A 
monk  of  Tynemouth,  not  intending  to 
celebrate  Saint  Aedan,  writes  of  him  thus 
incidentally, — "  This  most  holy  man  was 
accustomed  not  only  to  teach  the  people 
committed  to  his  charge  in  church,  but 
also,  feeling  for  the  weakness  of  a  new- 
born faith,  to  wander  round  the  pro- 
vinces, to  go  into  the  houses  of  the  faith- 
ful, and  to  sow  the  seeds  of  God's  word 
in  their  hearts  according  to  the  capacity 
of  each." —  Vita  Om'nni,  Surtees  Soc. 
1838.  Saint  Cuthbert  used  the  same 
practice  in  Lothian.  "  He  used  to  fre- 
quent most  those  places,  to  preach  most 
in  those  villages  which  lay  far  in  the 
high  and  rugged  mountains,  wliich  others 
feared  to  visit,  and  which  by  their  po- 
verty and  barbarism  repelled  the  ap- 
proach of  teachers.  Those  he  cultivated 
and  instructed  so  industriously,  and  so 
earnestl}'  bestowed  himself  on  that  pious 
labour,  that  he  was  often  absent  from 
his  monastery  (he  was  then  Abbot  of 
Melrose)  for  weeks,  or  even  an  entire 
month  without  returning ;  and  dwelling 
in  the  mountain  countries,  was  con- 
tinually calling  the  rude  people  to  the 
things  of  Heaven,  not  less  by  his  preach- 


ing than  by   his  exaniple   of   virtuous 
life,"— //t5^  Eccles.  iv.  c.  27. 

The  cliurch  legend  records  how  Saint 
Nathalan  averted  a  raging  pestilence 
from  his  church  of  Buthelny  by  the  fer- 
vency of  his  prayers.  Long  after  the 
legend  was  banished  from  the  popular 
mind,  and  the  very  name  of  Nathalan 
forgotten,  the  parishionei-s  of  Buthelny 
kept  the  eighth  of  January  (Saint  Na-> 
thalan's  day)  as  a  feast,  on  M'hich  they 
did  no  work.  The  fairs  of  towns  and 
country  parishes  were  so  invariably  held 
on  the -day  of  the  patron  saint,  that  where 
the  dedication  is  kno'.NTi,  a  reference  to 
the  saint's  day  in  the  Breviary  serves  to 
ascertain  the  day  of  the  fair.  The  '  Sum- 
mer-eve fair,'  known  by  that  strange  and 
unmeaning  name  in  several  places  of  the 
North,  is  now  traced  through  the  Scotch 
Bre\'iary,  and  by  the  help  of  Mr.  Reevas 
and  his  Irish  learning,  to  its  origin  in 
honour  and  memoiy  of  St.  Malruba 
{Saint  Malruve— Summur eve),  the  monk 
of  Bangor,  who  placed  his  Christian 
colony  on  the  wild  shore  of  Applecross, 
and  was  had  in  reverence  in  Contin  and 
Glen  Urquhart.  His  festival  in  Scotland 
was  held  on  the  27th  of  August.  In  like 
manner,  of  old,  the  name  of  Saint  Cuth- 


PRIMEVAL  CCENOBIA.  5 

were  chieHy  monks  who  came  to  preach  the  word  :  and 
Bishop  Aedan  indeed  himself  was  a  monk  of  the  island 
ofHii."' 

That  antique  shape  of  cenobite  life  was  perhaps  more 
observed  in  Scotland  than  elsewhere,  since  Bede  points 
to  it  as  a  peculiar  custom  of  the  Scots  ;  but  if  we  reflect 
upon  the  object  of  the  founders,  and  the  circumstances 
in  which  they  were  placed,  it  would  seem  that  some 
similar  plan  for  continuing  the  rites  and  instruction  of 
religion  must  have  been  adopted,  wherever  missionaries 
of  a  new  faith  found  proselytes.  In  many  instances  we 
find  lands  bestowed  on  the  new  "  family"  or  "  monas- 
tery," but  doubtless  in  the  greater  number  the  servants  of 
the  Church  lived  on  the  voluntary  offerings  of  their  flock. 


beii;  was  connected  by  some  affectionate 
memorials  with  Melrose,  Channelkirk, 
and  Maxton,  Saint  Boisil  with  Lessud- 
den,  Saint  Kentigern  himself  with  Boith- 
wick  or  Lochorwart,  where  he  spent  eight 
years  of  his  ministry. 

The  number  of  churches  founded  by 
one  saint,  Saint  Columba,  for  instance, 
in  Scotland  proper,  Saint  Kentigern  in 
Strathclyde  and  Lothian,  is  often  won- 
derful, and  worth  remarking,  even  by 
those  who  find  it  a  duty  to  repudiate  any 
feeling  of  gratitude  to  those  first  teachers 
of  Christianity  ;  and  it  might  help  a  very 
difficult  historical  question,  to  inquire  of 
what  country  and  what  teaching  were 
those  saints  whose  names  are  still  pre- 
served in  the  dedications  of  our  churches. 
The  Irish  are  better  known  than  those 
who  came  from  our  other  Celtic  cousins 
of  Wales  and  Cornwall.  Saint  Fergus 
came  from  Ireland,  and  at  first  lived  a 
hermit  life  at  Strogeyth.  He  founded 
three  churches  there.  He  next  preached 
and  baptized  to  the  faith  in  Caithness. 
From  Caithness  he  sailed  to  the  shores 
of  Buchan,  where  he  built  a  church,  still 


called  by  his  name.  Last  of  all,  he  came 
to  Glammis  in  Angus,  where  he  chose  his 
place  of  rest.  There  he  died  and  was 
buried.  But  his  relics,  after  many  years, 
were  translated  to  the  Abbey  of  Scone, 
where  they  did  many  famous  miracles. 
A  fine  spring  rising  from  a  rock  below 
the  church  of  Glamnds  is  still  known  as 
Saint  Fergus's  well.  There  the  first  con- 
verts of  Strathmore  were  baptized  to 
Christianity.  It  would  be  curious  to 
incjuire  why  the  Abbot  of  Scone  (a  sin- 
gular instance)  held  a  prebend  in  the 
cathedral  church  of  Caithness.  —  Dun- 
Tohiii  Charters — Breviar.  Aberd. 

^  "  Construebantur  ergo  ecclesice  per 
loca,  conjluebant  ad  audiendum  Verbum 
2)opidi  gaudentes.  Doriabantur  immere 
regio  possessiones  et  terriioria  ad  insti- 
tuenda  monasteria,  ivibuebantur  a  jr?-e- 
cepto7'ib^/.s  Scottis  parvuli  Anglorum  una 
cum  majoribus,  studiis  et  ohservatione 
disciplina;  regularis.  Xam  monachi  erant 
maxime  qui  ad  predicandum  venerant : 
monachus  ipse  episcopiis  Aedan,  tttpote 
de  insula  qiue  vacatur  Ilii.'' — Hist.  Ec~ 
cles.  111.  c.  3. 


r.  SKETCHES  OF  KAItLV  SCOTCH  illSTOKV. 

There  is  no  more  instnu^tive  record  for  ecclesiastical 
antiquities  than   the  Inquest  regarding  tlie   possessions 
of  the  church  of  Glasgow,  taken  by  the  good  men  of  the 
country  in   1 1 1  T).     Saint  Kentigem  was  dead  500  years. 
The  bishops,  his  successors,  as  well  as  the  monasteries  he 
had  founded  throughout  his  wide  diocese,  had  died  out 
in  the  storms  of  those  centuries.     During  that  period,  or 
at  least  for  the  hitter  portion,  it  cannot  be  supposed  that 
valuable  possessions  had  been  bestowed  on  a  church  so 
fallen.     The  propeii;y  ascertained  by  the  oaths  of  the 
inquest  to  belong  to  the  church  of  Saint    Kentigem, 
within  the  Scotch  part  of  his  diocese,  must  have  consisted 
of  donations  to  the  first  bishop  and  his  early  followers. 
The  verdict  of  the  inquest  Avas  not  a  mere  idle  tribute 
to  the  glory  of  Saint  Kentigem.     Possession  followed 
upon  it,  and  numerous  and  powerful  parties,  holders  of 
the  lands,  had  an  interest  in  testing  its  truth.     For  our 
present  purpose,  it  is  sufficient  to  observe  that  the  ancient 
possessions  of  the  successors  of  Saint  Kentigem  consisted 
not  of  tithes,  not  of  the  dues  of  churches,  but  of  broad 
lands  and  numerous  manors,  scattered  over  all  the  south 
of  Scotland.     There  were  churches,  too,  in  that  old  rent- 
roll,  though  nothing  approaching  to  the  parochial  di\d- 
sions.     In  Peebles,  the  primeval   See  of  Cumbria  had 
"  a  plough  of  land  and  the  church  (dedicated  to  Saint 
Kentigem).''     In  Traquair,  "  a  plough  of  land  and  the 
church."      In  Merebottle,   "  a  plough  of  land  and  the 
church."^    It  is  scarcely  to  be  doubted  that  those  ploughs 
of  land  were  the  portions  of  old  set  apart  for  the  service 

'  negibt.  fJlasg.  1. 


TRACES  OF  OLD  ENDOWMENTS.  7 

of  those  remote  churches.  A  half  dauach  seems  to  have 
been  the  accustomed  measure  of  the  kirk-land,  settled 
long  before  existing  records,  in  the  dioceses  of  Moray 
and  Aberdeen.^ 

A  remarkable  dovetailing  of  real  or  historical  evidence 
upon  church  tradition  occurs  in  the  property  of  Dunblane. 
Saint  Blane,  for  a  miraculous  benefit  conferred  upon  an 
English  prince,  received  the  lordships  of  Appleby,  Troc- 
lyngham,  Congere,  and  Malemath  in  England,^  and  those 
manors  remained  the  property  of  the  See  of  Dunblane  in 
the  time  of  Fordun — a  property  it  might  be  more  easy 
to  prove  than  to  enjoy.  ^ 

In  many  cases,  where  the  ancient  monastery  had  dis- 
appeared before  the  period  of  our  records,  traces  of  its 
former  possessions  are  found  in  the  lands  named  Abthania 
or  Abthnne,  so  frequent  in  Angus  and  the  neighbouring 
districts.  Among  the  early  gifts  to  the  Abbey  of  Ar- 
broath, King  William  granted  "  the  church  of  Saint  Mary 
of  Old  Munros,  with  the  land  of  that  church  which  in 
Scotch  is  called  Abthen"  That  Scotch  word  is  translated 
in  another  charter  terra  ahhacie  de  Munros.  Malcolm 
Earl  of  Angus  gave  to  Nicholas,  son  of  the  priest  of 
Kerimure,  the  land  of  Abthein  of  Munifeith ;  and  the 
Countess  Maud  confirming  that  gift,  describes  it  as  "  the 
land  lying  on  the  south  of  the  church  of  Munifeith,  which 
the  Culdees  had.""*  King  David  i.  granted  to  Matthew 
the  Archdeacon  of  Saint  Andrews,  the  Ahhacia  of  Rossin- 
clerach,  in  fee  and  heritage,  to  him  and  his  heir,  to  be 

'  liegist.  Morav.  83,  85,  kc.  ■*  Scotichron.  lib.  xi.  c.  21. 

^  Brcv.  Abcrdon.  f.  Ixxvii.  *  Rcjiat.  Aherd.  pref.  p.  xiv. 


SKKTCHES  OF   KAKLY  SCOT*  J I    illSlOliV 


I 


liL'ld  as  IVcA'ly  as  any  AUhacy  in  h5cotlaii(l  is  licl<l.'    'i'li<*iv 
ran  l)e  no  (loul)t  that  those  were  poBsessioiis  of  the  pii 
mt'val  churcJi,  and  on(i  of  them  had  passed  but  lately 
from  the  hands  of  tlie  aboriginal  holders,  the  Culdees. 

In  the  centm^ies  of  intestine  wars  and  l)arbarian  inva- 
sions that  followed  the  first  planting  of  Christianity  in 
Scotland — in  those  ages  of  anarchy  and  confusion  which 
have  left  a  mere  blank  on  that  page  of  our  history — 
many  of  these  families  of  religious  died  out;  many  of 
their  churches  doubtless  fell  without  record  or  remem- 
brance. But  many  still  lived  in  the  memory  or  tradition 
of  a  grateful  people,  and  there  still  survived  some  of  the 
religious  houses — still  stood  a  few  of  the  old  time- 
honoured  churches  of  the  earlier  light,  when  the  dawn  of 
a  second  day  rose  upon  Scotland. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  most  of  the 
monasteries  which  were  found  subsisting  in  Scotland 
when  David  i.  began  his  Church  reform,  were  of  that 
primeval  foundation  —  the  institutions  of  the  great 
preachers  of  the  truth  to  whom  Scotland  owes  its  Chris- 
tianity. Such  probably  were  the  monastery  of  Dunkeld, 
founded  by  Columba  or  his  immediate  followers,  Dun- 
blane, Brechin,  Saint  Andrews,  Saint  Servian  s  of  Loch- 
leven,  Culdee  houses  of  high  and  unkno^\Ti  antiquity  ; 
Abernethy,  with  its  hereditary  lords ;  Scone,  the  place 
of  coronation  from  time  immemorial ;  Dunfermline,  then 
dedicated  to  the  Blessed  Trinity  and  to  no  saint ;  Cul- 
ross,  where  Saint  Servan  abeady  led  a  monastic  life 
when  the  infant  Saint  Kentigern  and  his  mother  were 

'  Ficgist.  S.  Andr.  p.  200. 


REVIVAL  OF  CHRISTIANITY.  9 

washed  ashore  on  the  white  sands  of  its  bay.  In  the 
north,  Monymusk,  a  house  of  Culdees,  was  another  of 
those  foundations  of  immemorial  antiquity.  When  the 
Bishopric  of  Aberdeen  was  founded  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, part  of  its  endowments  were  "  the  monastery  of 
Cloveth,"  and  "  the  monastery  of  Murthillach,  with  its 
five  churches  and  the  lands  pertaining  to  them"^ — all 
phiinly  the  vestiges  of  that  cenobite  system  which  had 
sufficed,  however  imperfectly,  to  keep  Christianity  alive, 
before  a  secular  clergy  was  provided  or  the  parochial 
system  thought  of. 

Our  imperfect  acquaintance  with  the  first  Christianiz- 
ing of  Scotland  ceases  with  the  seventh  century.  The 
four  ages  that  follow  are  all  darkness.  The  twelfth 
century^  is  the  renewal  of  light,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
era  of  a  great  revolution  in  society.  The  natives  of  our 
country  were  now  all  Christians.  At  least  the  old  Pagan 
rehgion  as  a  creed  had  disappeared,  leaving  some  faint 
traces  in  popular  rites  and  usages.  Writing  was  coming 
into  use,  and  lands  began  to  be  held  by  written  tenures. 
But  more  important  still,  a  new  people  was  rapidly  and 
steadily  pouring  over  Scotland,  apparently  with  the  ap- 
probation of  its  rulers,  and  displacing  or  predominating 
over  the  native  or  old  inhabitants.  The  marriage  of 
Malcolm  Canmore  with  the  Saxon  Princess  Margaret  has 
been  commonly  stated  as  the  cause  of  that  immigration 
of  Southerns.  But  it  had  begun  earlier,  and  many  con- 
curring causes  determined  at  that  time  the  stream  of 
English  colonization  toAvards  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland. 

'  Ref^idt.  Abcrdo)i.  p.  6. 


10  SKKTCIIKS  OF  KAKLY  SCOTCH   illSTOIlY. 

Tliu  clinnicter  of  tlic  inoNcinoiil  was  jx'culiiir.  It  waH 
not  tlic  hiirsting  forth  of  an  overcrowded  population, 
seekintr  wider  room.  The  ri(iw  colonists  were  what  we 
should  call  "  of  the  uj)per  classes" — of  Anglian  families 
long  settled  in  N(jrthumbria,  and  Normans  of  the  highest 
blood  and  names.  They  were  men  of  the  sword,  above 
all  servile  and  mechanical  employment.  They  were  fit 
for  the  society  of  a  court,  and  many  became  the  chosen 
companions  of  our  Princes.^  The  old  native  people  gave 
way  before  them,  or  took  service  under  the  strong-handed 
strangers.  The  lands  those  English  settlers  acquired, 
they  chose  to  hold  in  feudal  manner  and  by  ^vritten  gift 
of  the  Sovereign ;  and  the  little  charter  with  the  King's 
subscribing  cross  (+),  or  his  seal  attached,  began  to  be 
considered  necessary  to  constitute  and  prove  their  rights 
of  property.  Armed  with  it,  and  supported  by  the  law, 
Norman  knight  and  Saxon  thegn  set  himself  to  dualize 
his  new  acquired  propert}^  settled  his  vil  or  his  towTi,^ 
built  himself  a  house  of  fence,  distributed  the  lands 
of  his  manor  among  his  own  few  followers  and  the  nativi 

^  The  names  of  the  witnesses  to  the  iug,  Fraser,  Gordon,  Hamilton,  Lindsay, 
cliarters  of  David  I.  and  his  brothers  Maiile,  Maxwell,  Morevil,  Moiiljray,  De 
wonld  prove  this -without  other  evidence.  Qainci,  Ruthven,  Stewart,  Sinclair,  So- 
il is  astonishing  with  what  rapidity  those  merville,  Soulis,  Valoines,  Wallace,  and 
southern  colonists  spread  even  to  the  many  other  names,  not  less  powerful, 
far  north.  From  Tweed  and  Solway  to  though  less  remembered. 
Sutherland,  the  whole  arable  land  may 

be  said  to  have  Ijeen  held  by  them.     The  -  We  might  expect  the  tennination  vil, 

great  old  houses  of  Athol,  Lennox,  and  which  appears  in  Maccus's  town  of  Max- 

Stratherne,  were  within  the  fastnesses  of  Avell  and  a  few  others,  to  be  much  more 

the  Highlands.     Angus  soon  came  into  common,  looking  to  the  gi'eat  number  of 

the  De  Umphravils  through   marriage.  Norman  settlers,  whose  language  must 

But  of  the  race  of  the  English  colonists  have  been   French.      But  the   Anglian 

came   Bruce,    Balliol,   Biset,   Berkeley,  tongue  prevailed,  and  the  villa  Levingi, 

Colville,  Cumin,  Douglas,  Dunbar — de-  villa  Edv.lf,  villa  Thonca/rdi  of  the  char- 

scended  of  Nortluimlnian  princes,  long  ters  Avas  translated  and  naturalized  as 

themselves  princes  in  the  Meise-  Flem-  Lcvingston,  Edulston,  and  Thancailun. 


CREATION  OF  PARISHES — EDNAM.  11 

whom  he  found  attached  to  the  soil,  either  to  be  culti- 
vated on  his  own  account,  or  at  a  fixed  "  ferm''  on  the 
risk  of  the  tenant. 

Upon  many  of  these  manors  still  existed  some  of  the 
old  churches  placed  there  as  early  as  Christianity  itself. 
On  some  few  of  them  remained  also  the  family  or  small 
convent  of  religious  originally  founded  and  endowed  for 
their  service.  As  yet,  it  would  seem,  were  no  tithes 
paid  in  Scotland — certainly  no  appropriation  of  ecclesias- 
tical dues  to  any  particular  church.  But  through  all 
Christendom  the  Church  was  then  zealously  inculcating 
the  duty  of  giving  tithes  to  the  secular  clergy.  The 
new  settlers  in  Scotland  were  of  the  progressive  party, 
friends  to  civilisation  and  the  Church.  They  had  found 
churches  on  their  manors,  or  if  not  abeady  there,  had 
erected  them.  To  each  of  these  manorial  churches  the 
lord  of  the  manor  now  made  a  grant  of  the  tithes  of  his 
estate — his  right  to  do  so  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
questioned;  and  forthwith  the  manor — tithed  to  its 
church — became  w^hat  we  now  call  a  parish. 

Take  as  an  instance,  where  we  see  the  whole  causes 
in  operation,  the  parish  of  Ednam  in  the  Merse.  King- 
Edgar,  the  eldest  brother  of  David  i.,  bestowed  upon 
Thor,  an  Englishman,  the  land  of  Ednaham  {the  home  on 
the  river  Eden)  unsettled  {desertam).  Thor,  who  was 
called  longus,  a  tall  man  of  his  hands,  with  the  King's 
assistance,  but  with  his  own  money,  cultivated  and 
settled  that  desert.  It  became  his  manor,  and  there  he 
erected  a  church — ecclesiam  a  fundamentis  fahricavi, 
says  Thoi",  in  his  charter.     The  King  and  Thor  together 


12  SKK'K'IIKS  OF   KAKLV   S(  ()'!'(  11    lllS'nJltV 


I 


eiidowod  the  ('liui-cii  with  the  custoimiry  ploiigligatc  of 
Iniid,  ;m(l  (hMli(;iit('(l  it  to  their  honoured  patron  Saint 
(Hithbert.  Tlic  chuich  of  Ednam  next  obtained  the 
tithes  and  due.s  of  the  manor ;  and  then  it  beeame  an 
o])jeet  of  d(!Rire  to  tlie  monks  of  Coldingham.  The 
kings  of  Seothmd  of  that  family  were  in  an  especial 
manner  devoted  to  Saint  Cuth])ert,  and  nothing  was  to 
1)6  refused  that  could  obtain  the  donor  a  place  in  the 
Liber  Vitce  of  the  convent.  Accordingly,  Thor,  for  the 
weal  of  King  Edgars  soul,  and  the  souls  of  Edgars 
parents  and  brothers  and  sisters,  and  for  the  redemption 
of  his  own  beloved  brother  Lefwin,  and  for  the  weal  of 
his  own  soul  and  body,  gave  to  Saint  Cuthbert  and  his 
monks  of  Coldingham  the  church  of  Ednaham  and  the 
ploughgate  of  land  with  which  it  was  endowed  by  him 
and  King  Edgar. ^ 

The  formation  of  the  parish  of  Melrose  must  have  been 
subsequent  to  the  removal  of  the  Abbey  from  Old  Melros 
to  its  present  site.  King  David,  at  new  founding  the 
monastery,  granted  to  the  monies  the  lands  of  Melros, 
Eldune,  Dernwic,  Galtuneshalech,  Galtuneside.  King 
Malcolm  added  one  stead  in  Cumbesley.  King  William, 
Alan  the  Steward,  and  the  De  Morevils  gave  Alewent- 
sliawis,  Threpuude,  Bleneslei,  Milcheside,  Solowlesfelde, 
and  part  or  the  whole  of  Cumbesley,  Buchelm,  and 
Witheley — which  seem  to  include  all  that  formed  the 
parish  at  the  Eeformation  and  now.     The  Abbey  chmxh 

I  Anderson's  I)ij.)lom.  Scotim.     Raine's  lumc  ineam  donationem  aZiqim  vi  vel  in- 

Xorth  Durham.     The  original  charters  genio  aiiferrr,  presumpserit,  cmferat  ah  co- 

are  in  the  Treasury  at  Durham.     Thor  Deus  omnipoteiis  vitani  regni  celestis  cti 

was  in  earnest.     His  grant  to  the  monks  cum  Diaholo  et  angclis  ejus  penas  siis-\ 

ends   with   this   imprecation: — "  Siquis  tineo.t  cterrMs.     ^Imen." 


SUBDIVISION  OF  PARISHES.  13 

served  as  the  parish  church.  Here  there  was  no  rector 
and  vicar,  at  first  no  landlord  and  tenant ;  and,  more 
remarkable  still,  no  tithes.  The  monks  were  proprietors 
and  cultivators,  parishioner  and  parson. 

King  Alexander  ii.  in  granting  to  Melrose  his  "  whole 
waste"  of  Ettrick  in  1235,  makes  no  mention  of  a  church. 
The  monks  must  have  built  a  church  after  receiving  the 
lands,  and  it  would  appear  that  to  enjoy  the  parochial 
rights  required  no  new  charter. 

Thus  constituted,  the  parish  often  still  farther  folio w^ed 
the  fortunes  of  its  parent  manor.  When  a  large  manor 
was  subsequently  split  into  several  lordships,  it  often 
became  desirable  that  each  should  have  a  separate 
church. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century,  Wice  bestowed 
on  the  monks  of  Kelso  the  church  of  his  manor  of  Wices- 
tun  (Wistoii),  with  its  two  chapels,  namely,  that  of  the 
"  town"  of  Robert  brother  of  Lambin,  and  the  chapel  of 
the  "  town"  of  John  stepson  of  Baldwin.  A  third  chapel 
sprung  up  afterwards  within  the  bounds  of  this  manor 
of  old  Wice,  which  was  situated  on  the  land  of  Simon 
Loccard.  In  the  next  century  all  these  chapels  acquired 
independence  and  parochial  rights  by  steps  wdiich  may 
be  easily  traced,  and  from  them  have  arisen  the  existing 
parishes  of  Roberton,  Crawford  John,  and  Symington. 

In  the  year  1288,  the  Knights  Templars  obtained  the 
privilege  of  an  independent  chapel  for  their  lands  in  the 
parish  of  Culter  on  the  banks  of  the  Dee,  chiefly  on  the 
ground  that  their  people  were  separated  from  the  parish 
church  (the  property  of  the  monks  of  Kelso)  l)y  a  great 


14  SKKTCHK.S  OF  KAIILV  SCOTiJli  HISTOIIV. 

rivor  without  jji-idgi',  wliicJi  they  could  larcly  cross,  .'HkI 
wen;  thus  deprived  of  the  rites  of  tlici  church,  to  the; 
groat  peril  of  their  souls/  The  chapelry  soon  rose  into 
a  separate  parish,  mid  in  this  transaction  we  havii  the 
origin  of  the  parishes  of  Peter  Culter  and  JVIary  Culter, 
separated  by  the  Dee. 

The  parish  of  Glenbuchat  owes  its  erection  to  a  tragi 
cal  incident.  Its  separation  from  its  parish  church  of 
Logy  Mar,  by  high  hills  and  streams  subject  to  frequent 
floods  {propter  pericula  .  .  .  inundaiionihus  aquarum 
infra  terrain  inhahitabilem  in  monte  et  deserto),  had 
lono'  been  felt  a  orievance.  But  at  lenoth,  on  an 
occasion  when  the  people  of  the  glen  were  crossing  to 
celebrate  Easter  in  the  church  of  Logy,  they  were 
caught  by  a  storm  in  which  five  or  six  persons  perished. 
The  bishop  thereupon  issued  a  commission  for  arranging 
the  separation  of  Glenbuchat,  and  endowing  a  resident 
chaplain. 

Sometimes  a  lord  of  a  castle  within  the  parish  mshed 
to  have  an  independent  chapel  in  his  own  castle  or  near 
by.  William  de  Moravia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  granted  to  the  chapter  of  Moray  the 
church  of  his  manor  of  Artendol  {Arndilly)  with  its  tithes 
and  dues ;  l)ut  reserved  the  tithes  of  two  dauachs  next 
his  castle  of  Bucharm  (namely,  the  dauachs  of  Bucharm 
and  Athena  cork,  y!  Aucliluncart) ,  which  he  assigned  for 
the  support  of  a  chaplain  in  his  castle. 

A  careful  arrano^ement  w^as  made  when  Walter  of 
Lindesei  desired  to  have  a  chapel  at  Lamberton.    Arnold 

1  Regist.  Aherd.  p.  "288. 


MOTHER  CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS.         15 

the  Prior  of  Coldinghnm,  to  whom  Ijelonged  the  parish 
church,  consented  that  he  should  have  mass  celebrated 
during  his  life,  in  the  chapel  which  he  had  built  in  his 
court  [curia)  of  Lamberton ;  and  Lindesei  swore  that 
the  mother  church  should  in  nothing  suffer  thereby.  It 
was  provided  that  there  should  be  no  access  to  the  chapel, 
but  throus^h  the  middle  of  his  hall  or  chamber.  The 
service  was  to  be  by  the  chaplain  of  the  mother  church 
whom  he  should  deal  Avitli  to  celebrate  there.  There 
was  to  be  no  celebration  of  mass  there  on  the  five  festi- 
vals of  Christmas,  the  Purification,  Pasch,  Pentecost,  and 
the  feast  of  the  dedication  of  the  church,  that  the  obla- 
tions might  not  be  withdrawn  from  the  parish  church/ 

Sometimes  a  burgh  grew  up  in  the  midst  of  a  great 
ancient  parish,  and  required  a  separate  church  and  ceme- 
tery and  independent  parochial  rights.  It  was  in  this 
manner  that  the  parish  of  Edinburgh  was  carved  out  of 
the  heart  of  Saint  Cuthbert's,  and  Aberdeen  out  of  the 
great  parish  of  Saint  Machar.  In  such  cases,  the  rights 
of  the  mother  church  were  first  to  be  considered.  By  a 
transaction  with  the  incumbent  and  the  patron,  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Ordinary,  these  might  be  acquired.  But 
in  many  cases  the  new  church  was  endowed  separately, 
and  the  whole  tithes,  oblations,  and  dues  of  every  sort 
which  at  first  belonged  to  the  mother  church  were  re- 
served to  her.  In  her  alone  was  the  right  of  baptism, 
of  marriage,  and  of  burial,  and  if  the  act  was  performed 
elsewhere,  to  her  still  belonged  the  valuable  dues  attend- 
ing it. 

^  Raine's  Xorth  L'lirlu'.ni,  Appond.  p.  (51!). 


16  SKKTCHIiS  OF  KAItLV  SCOTCH   lllSTokV. 

Tilt'  c.laHliing  lights  of  tlic  chajx*!  ainl  tlic  jiaiisli 
clmrch  were  veiy  anxiously  settled  in  tlie  case  of  the 
chapel  of  tli(;  i-oyal  castle  of  Stirling,  which  was  of 
such  importance  as  to  1j(3  decided  in  presence  of  the 
King,  David  i.,  his  son  Prince  Henry,  and  their  barons. 
The  record  Ijears  that  tlie  King's  ])arons  all  remem- 
l>ered  that  on  the  day  on  which  King  xVlexander  had 
made  that  chapel  be  dedicated,  he  granted  to  it  the 
tithes  of  his  demesnes  in  the  s(jke  of  StirHng  whether 
they  should  increase  or  decrease.  Moreover  they  con- 
sidered that  the  parish  church  of  Eccles  ought  to  hav(^ 
all  the  tithes  paid  by  the  Hurdmen  and  Bonds  and 
Gresmen  with  the  other  dues  which  they  owe  to  the 
church  :  and  that  whoever  died,  whether  of  the  demesne 
lands,  or  of  the  parish,  their  bodies  should  He  in  the 
parish  cemetery,  mtli  such  things  as  the  dead  ought  to 
have  mth  them  to  the  church ;  unless  l)y  chance  any  of 
the  burghers  die  there  suddenly.  .  .  .  And  if  the  de- 
mesnes shall  increase  by  grubbing  out  of  wood  or  break- 
ing up  of  land  not  tilled  before,  the  chapel  shall  have  the 
tithes.  .  .  .  And  if  the  number  of  men  of  the  demesne 
increase,  the  tithes  of  them  and  of  all  who  cultivate  it 
shall  go  to  the  chapel;  and  the  parish  church  shall  have 
their  bodies.  And  to  all  these  men,  whether  of  the  de- 
mesne or  of  the  parish,  the  parish  church  shall  minister 
all  the  Christian  rites,  on  account  of  the  dignity  of  sepul- 
ture— {omnes  rectitudines  ckristianitatis,  propter  sepul- 
ture  dignitatem,  facief)}  It,  is  remarkable  that  this- 
proceeding  took  place  in  the  King's  court  {apnd  castel- 

*  Regist.  Dunfenn.  p.  4. 


REVIVAL  OF  MONASTERIES.  17 


lum  puellarum),  not  in  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal — the 
Bishop  of  Saint  Andrews  and  the  Abbot  of  Dunfermline 
l)eing  parties,  the  latter  having  right  to  the  chapelry  of 
the  castle.  The  parish  here  called  Eccles  {ecclesia),  and 
also  known  as  Kirktoun,  was  the  parish  of  Stirling,  at 
that  time  comprehending,  besides  the  castle,  the  chapel- 
ries  of  Dunipace  and  Lethbert,  which  were  afterwards 
raised  into  independent  churches. 

ri     This  goodly  framework  of  a  parochial  secular  establish- 
ment was  shipwrecked  when  scarcely  formed.    Monachism 
was  then  in  the  ascendant  in  all  Europe.     The  militia  of 
the  Papal  power,  the  well-disciplined  bands  of  "  regulars," 
were  already  fighting  the  battle  of  Koman  supremacy 
ieverywhere,  and  each  succeeding  year  saw  new  orders 
jDf  monks  spreading  over  Europe,  and  drawing  public 
jsympathy  by  some  new  and  more  rigorous  form  of  self- 
immolation.     The  passion  or  the  policy  of  David  i.  for 
founding  monasteries   and   renewing   and   re-endowing 
those  that  previously  existed,  was  followed  by  his  sul3- 
lects  with  amazing  zeal.     The  monastery  perhaps  was 
)uilding  on  a  spot  endeared  by  the  traditions  of  primeval 
(sanctity.     The  new  monks  of  the  reformed  rule  of  Saint 
Benedict  or  canons  of  Saint  Augustine,  pushing  aside  the 
)oor  lapsarian  Culdees,  won  the  veneration  of  the  people 
>y  their  zealous  teaching  and  their  asceticism.     The  lord 
>f  the  manor  had  fixed  on  the  rising  abbey  for  his  own 
sepulture  or  had  buried  in  it  his  first-born.      He  was 
ooking  to  obtain  the  benefit  of  being  one  day  admitted 
AS  a  brother  to  the  spiritual  benefits  of  the  order.     Every 
notive  conspired  to  excite  his  munificence.     Lands  were 

B 


H 


18  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCO'K  |l    HISTORY. 


] 


heapod  upon  the  now  foundation  :  tinilx  r  from  his  forest, 
and  .ill  nKitehuls  for  its  buildings  ;  n<r}it.s  of  pasture,  of 
fuel,  of  fishing,  were  liestowed  with  profusion.^  When 
these  were  exhausted,  the  parish  chureh  still  remained 
It  was  held  Ijy  a  Ijrother,  a  son,  or  near  kinsman.  With 
the  eonsent  of  the  incumljent,  the  church  and  all  its  dues 
and  pertinents  were  bestowed  on  the  monastery  and  its 
patron  saint  for  ever — reserving  only  a  pittance  for  a 
poor  priest  to  serve  the  cure,  or  sometimes  allowing  the 
monks  to  serve  it  l>y  one  of  their  own  brethren.  In  one 
reign — that  of  William  the  Lion — thirty-three  parish 
churches  were  bestowed  upon  the  new  monastery  of 
Arbroath,  dedicated  to  the  latest  and  most  fashionable 
High  Church  saint,  Thomas  a  Becket. 

The  consequences  of  such  a  system  were  little  thought 
of,  and  yet  they  might  have  been  foreseen.     The  tithes 

1  Malcolm  Earl  of  Athol,  for  the  souls'  In  the  reign  of  William  the  Lion, 
weal  of  the  kings  his  predecessors  who  Robert  de  Kent  gave  a  territon'  in  In- 
rest  there,  granted  to  the  monks  of  Dun-  nerwic  to  the  monks  of  Melros,  adding 
fermlin  the  church  of  Molin  and  three  this  declaration— "  And  be  it  known  I 
ploughgates  of  land  ;  and  in  presence  of  have  made  this  gift  to  the  church  of 
the  King,  the  Bishops,  Abbots,  Earls,  Melros,  with  myself  {cum  meipso),  and 
and  other  good  men  of  the  kingdom,  the  monks  have  granted  me  their  ceme- 
he  and  his  Countess  Hextild  "  rendered  tery  and  the  service  of  a  monk  at  my 
themselves  to  the  church  of  Dunfemi-  decease,  and  if  I  be  free  and  have  the 
lin,  that  when  they  died,  they  should  will  and  the  power,  the  monks  shall  re- 
be  buried  there."  —  Regist.  I>unferm.  ceive  me  in  their  convent."  —  Lib.  de 
147.  Melros,  59. 

Before  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  Gilbert  Earl   of   Stratheme    and  his 

century,  Duncan  Earl  of  Mar  gave  the  Countess  Maud  who  founded  Inchaflray 

church  of  Logyrothman  to  God  and  the  in   1200,   declared    they   so    loved    the 

church  of  Saint  Mary  and  the  canons  of  house  that  they  had  chosen  it  as  the 

Aberdeen,  for  the  maintenance  of  a  chap-  place  of  burial  for  them  and  their  suc- 

lain,  to  celebrate  for  his  soul  in  that  cessors,   and   had   already  buried  there 

church  of  Aberdeen,  where  he  had  voAved  their  first-born  ;  for  the  repose  of  whose 

and  bequeathed  his  body  to  be  buried  soul  chiefly  it  was  that  they  so  bounti-^ 

{ubi  vovi  et  Ugavi  corpus  ineuni  sepelien-  fully  endowed  the  monastery.     At  the 

dwn)  among  the  venerable  fathers  the  same  time  they   bestowed    five    parish 

bishops   there  buried. — Regist.   Aberd.  churches  upon   it. — Lib.    Ins.    Missar^ 

p.  1(>.  pp.  3-5. 


PARISH  CHURCHES  ABSORBED.  19 

and  property  which  the  Church  had  with  much  difficulty 
obtained  for  the  support  of  a  resident  parochial  clergy, 
were  in  a  great  measure  swallowed  up  by  the  monks.  The 
monasteries  became,  indeed,  and  continued  for  some  ages, 
the  centres  and  sources  of  religion  and  letters,  the  schools 
of  civil  lif(^  in  a  rough  time,  the  teachers  of  industry  and 
the  arts  of  peace  among  men  whose  sloth  used  to  be 
roused  only  by  the  sound  of  arms.  But  even  the  advan- 
tages conferred  by  them  were  of  small  account  in  con- 
trast with  the  mischief  of  humbling  the  parish  clergy. 
The  little  village  church  preserving  the  memory  of  some 
early  teacher  of  the  faith — with  its  modest  parsonage, 
where  were  wont  to  be  found  the  consolations  of  religion, 
refuge  and  help  for  the  needy,  encouragement  for  all  in 
the  road  to  heaven — was  left  in  the  hands  of  a  stipen- 
diary vicar,  an  underling  of  the  great  monastery,  ground 
down  to  the  lowest  stipend  that  would  support  life,  whose 
little  soul  was  buried  in  his  cloister,  or  showed  its  living 
activity  only  in  disputing  about  his  needful  support  with 
his  masters  at  the  abbey,  while  his  "  hungry  sheep  looked 
up  and  were  not  fed."  The  Church,  which  ignorantly,  or 
for  its  own  purposes,  sanctioned  that  misappropriation, 
paid  in  time  the  full  penalty.  When  the  storm  came, 
the  secular  clergy  were  degraded  and  powerless ;  the 
regulars,  eating  the  bread  of  the  parish  ministers,  them- 
selves idle  or  secularized,  could  not  be  defended.^ 

I    ^  Baptismal  cliurclies  were  held  by  reli-  know   of.     Then,    however,   there   were 

'»ious  foundations  in  Scotland  before  the  no  endowed  seculars.     The  monks  were 

■econstruction  of  the  Church  in  the  be-  parish  priests  merely  living  in  commu- 

^inning  of  the  twelfth  century,  and  even,  nion.     Before  the  reign  of  Alexander  r., 

,is  has  been  shown  above,  in  the  earliest  before,  also,  any  certain  record,  Maldwin, 

jitate  of  ecclesiastical  polity  which  we  Bishop  of  Saint  Andrews,  had  given  to 


20 


SKETCllE.S  OF  EARLY  SCO'iCli  HlS'I()i:\ 


The  chief  .sources  of  pcirochial  history  in  Scotkiiid  arc 
the  Chartularics  or  Registers  of  the  Religious  houses  and 
I^ishoprics.  The  Rec(jr(l  of  the  Bishop  necessaiily  fur- 
nishes information  regarding  the  property  and  rights  of 
the  secular  cliurchmen,  and  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of 
the  whole  diocese.  But  the  monks  had  soon  acquhx'd 
such  a  large  proportion  of  the  parish  churches — their 
transactions  with  neighbours  involved  the  interest  of  so 
many  more  ;  above  all,  they  were  so  careful  recorders, 
that  the  muniment  book  of  a  great  aljbey  is  generally 
the  best  guide  to  the  parish  antiquities  of  its  district. 

Of  the  Bishopries  of  Scotland,  only  four  have  left 
extant  Chartularies,  Aberdeen,  Glasgow,  ]\Ioray,  and 
Brechin,  all  which  have  now  been  printed.  Many  of  the 
Chartularies  of  the  religious  houses  are  also  in  print  ,^  and 


God  and  Saint  Servan  and  the  Keledees 
of  the  isle  of  Lochleven  the  church  of 
Marchinche :  Bishop  Tuadal  had  be- 
stowed on  them  the  church  of  Sconyn, 
Avith  all  liberty  and  honour  ;  and  Bishop 
Modach  the  church  of  Hnrkenedorath  on 
the  same  Keledees  eremites.  All  their 
churches  of  old  came  from  bishops.  Lay- 
men gave  land^.— Hey ist.  S.  Andr.  pp. 
116,  117. 

In  like  manner,  perhaps  by  a  still  ear- 
lier tenure,  the  monks  of  lona  had  right 
to  four  churches  in  Galloway.  King  Wil- 
liam granted  to  Holyrood  the  churches  or 
chapels  in  Galloway,  qtce  ad  jus  abbacie 
de  Hii  Coluvwhille  pertinent. — Charters 
of  Holyrood,  51. 

1  The  printed  Registers  of  the  Reli- 
gious Houses  of  Scotland  are  those  of 
The  Abbey  of  Arbroath,  of  Tironensian 

Benedictine^;,  two  parts. 
Balmerino,  of  Cistercian  Benedictines. 
Dryburgh,  of  Premonstratensian  Au- 

gustiniaus. 
Dunfermline,  of  Benedictines. 


Glasgow,  Collegiate  Church  of  Saint 
Mary  and  Saint  Anne. 

Glasgow,  Friars  Preachers. 

InchafFray,  of  Canons  Regular. 

Holyrood,  of  Canons  Regular. 

Kelso,  of  Tironensians. 

Lindores,  of  Tironensians. 

Melrose,  of  Cistercians. 

Neubotle,  of  Cistercians. 

North-Berwic,  of  Cistercian  Nmis. 

Paisley,  of  Cluniac  Benedictines. 

Saint  Andrews,  of  Canons  Regular,  the 
Chapter  of  the  Bishopric. 

Scone,  of  Canons  Regidar. 

The  Collegiate  Church   of  St.    Giles, 
Edinburgh. 

A  great  body  of  the  charters  and  muni- 
ments of  the  Benedictine  monastery  of 
Coldingham,  and  among  them  the  most 
ancient  Scotch  writings  extant,  have  be€ 
printed  by  the  Rev.  James  Riiine  in  his 
History  of  North  Durham,  and  in 
volume  of  "  The  Priory  of  Colding-j 
ham." — Surtees  Society,  1841. 

Of  chartiilaries  hitherto  unprinted  th« 
list  is  smaller : 


VALUATION  OF  BENEFICES.  21 

though  the  impression  of  both  classes  was  always  limited, 
copies  are  to  be  found  in  all  great  libraries. 

This  great  store  of  Church  records  is  as  yet  little 
known.  None  of  the  Chartularies  were  printed  when 
Chalmers  was  engaged  on  his  Caledonia,  and  the  imper- 
fect copies  of  the  MSS.  which  he  procured  often  misled 
him.  But  the  study  of  such  records  is  still  in  its  infancy 
among  us,  and  unluckily  the  Scotch  student  of  church 
antiquities,  who  has  read  only  the  writers  of  his  own 
country,  has  much  to  unlearn  before  he  can  appreciate 
or  admit  the  simple  truth  as  it  flows  from  charter  and 
documentary  evidence. 

One  important  document  which  has  never  been  used 
at  all,  occurs  in  many  of  the  chartularies.  This  is  the 
ancient  valuation  of  the  churches  and  benefices  of  S.cot- 

A  little  Register  is  preserved  at  Aber-  British    Musexmi.  —  Harl.    MSS.  6670, 

deen,    of   the   charters    of  the    ancient  4to,  55  leaves. 

parish  church  of  Saint  Nicholas  of  Aber-  Crossregal,  a  house  of  Cluniac  monks 

deen.  in  Carrick,  had  a  register  of  its  charters, 

The  Register  of  the  Priory  of  Beauly,  which  was  in  the  custody  of  the  Earl  of 

of  Benedictines  of  Vallis  Caulium,  the  Cassilis  when  the  learned  Thomas  Innes 

foundation  of  the  old  family  of  Lovat,  is  was  in  Scotland  collecting  materials  for 

still  hid  in  some  northern  charter-room.  his  historical  essay  published  in  1729. — 

It  has  not  been  seen  since  the  days  of  Sir  MS.  Xote-Books  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 

George  Mackenzie,  who  (juoted  its  con-  D.  Laing. 

tents.     Copies  of  a  few  of  the  Priory  The  Cistercian    Abbey  of  Coupar  in 

charters  are  preserved.  Angiis  had  a  Register  which  was  noted 

A  very  formal  transumpt  or  copy  under  by  Sir  James  Balfour,  and  quoted  more 

the  Great  Seal,   of  the  charters  of  the  lately  by  the  more  accurate  Sir  James 

Abbey  of  Canons  Regular  of  Cambus-  Dalrymple  at  the  beginning  of  the  last 

kenneth,  near  Stirling,   is  preserved  in  centiiry.     It  is  not  now  known  to  exist, 

the  Advocates'  Library.     It  was  made  in  A  fragment  of  an  abridgment  is  at  Pan- 

1535,  iinder  the  direction  of  Abbot  Mylne,  mure, 

thefirst  President  of  the  Court  of  Session,  A  chartulary  of  the  collegiate  church 

to  siipply  the  defect  of  the  original  char-  of  Crtiil  is  in  the  Advocates'  Library, 

ters,  almost  destroyed  by  reason  of  the  A  chartulary  of  the  Cistercian  Abbey 

dampness  of  the  place  where  the  abbey  of  Glenluce  in  Galloway  was  used  by 

stood.  Thomas  Innes  ( Thonws  Innes'  MS.  notes). 

The  Cistercian  niins  of  Coldstream  had  If  it  still  exist,  its  place  of  custody  is  not 

,a  careful  Register  of  their  muniments,  known, 

[executed  in  14^31.     It  is  preserved  in  the  Tlie  Register  of  Uic  Abbey  of  C;uions 


22  SKETCHES  OK  EARLY  SCOTCH   IIISTOIIV. 

land.  It  is  found  in  whole  or  partially  in  the  liegisters 
of  Baint  Andrews,  JJunffmiiline,  Arbroath,  Aberdeen, 
Moray  ;  and  it  may  Ixi  ])roper  to  give  some  account  of 
the  appearance  of  that  document  in  these  different  Re- 
gisters. 

From  the  earliest  time  when  the  clergy  could  be  con- 
sidered a  separate  estate  and  with  common  interests,  they 
required  funds  for  general  objects,  and  it  was  necessary 
to  ascertain  the  pi'oportion  of  the  common  l)urden  to  be 
borne  by  each.  From  an  early  peiiod.  also,  Rome  claimed 
some  small  tax  from  beneficed  churchmen,  and  the  Ro- 
man legates,  when  suffered  to  enter  Scotland,  extorted 
considerable  sums  as  "  procurations."  ^  On  the  other  hand, 
the  clergy,  as  a  body,  had  often  occasion  to  support  a 
common  cause  at  the  Roman  court,  and  it  was  not  only 
for  the  expenses  of  their  commissioners  that  money  was 
required  :  the  party  pleading  empty-handed  at  Rome  was 
not  found  to  be  successful.  In  process  of  time,  and  as 
society  advanced,  and  national  taxes  began  to  be  levied, 
the  clergy  were  not  exempt.^     They  were  represented  in 

Regular  of  Inchcolnie  is  preserved  in  the  of  Leith  is  preserved  in  the  Advocates' 

library  at  Donybristle.  Library. 

Kilwinning  in  Ciinninghanie,  an  Abbey  A  little  chartulary  of  the  Hospital  of 

of  Tironensians,   had   a  register  which  Soltra,  founded  for  the  relief  of  poor 

would  be  of  great  importance  to  Ayrshire  travellers  on  "  Soltra  edge,"  at  the  head 

history.    It  was  quoted  by  Timothy  Pont  of  the  pass  between  Lothian  and  Lauder- 

in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  cen-  dale,  is  in  the  same  Library*, 

tury,   and  was  seen  by  Thomas  Innes,  '  The  Legate  Ottobon,  afterwards  Pope 

"  in  the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Eglin-  Adiian  v.,  in  1266,  claimed  six  marks 

ton,"  early  in  the  last.     It  is  probably  from  each  cathedral  in  Scotland,  and  the 

still  lying  imknown  at  Eglinton.     Pont  enormous  sum  of  four  marks  from  each 

describes  the  chartulary  as  in  the  Earl  of  parish  church  for  the  expense  of  his  visi- 

Eglinton's  possession,  and  Thomas  Innes'  tation.    Those  visitation  dues  of  bishops 

MS.  notes  quote  ii—jpenes  com.  Eglin-  and  others  were  technically  named  "  pro- 

ton.  curations." 

A  small  register  of  the  charters  of  the  ^  The  Cistercians  pleaded  an  exemp- 

Augustinian  Canons  of  Saint  Anthony  tion,    but   in   fact   paid   under   protest. 


TAXATION  FOR  CKUSADES.  23 

the  national  council,  and  contributed  their  full  share  to 
the  national  expenses. 

On  all  accounts,  therefore,  a  valuation  of  church  livings 
was  required,  and  a  taxatio  ecclesiastica  existed  at  least 
as  early  as  any  extent  or  valuation  of  lay  lands.  ^  It  was 
known  as  the  antiqua  taxatio,  and  the  clergy  strenuously, 
though  not  always  successfully,  resisted  all  attempts  to 
vary  it  according  to  the  progressive  value  of  livings. 
One  instance  of  this  is  noted  by  our  historians.  The 
successive  Popes,  Innocent  iii.,  Honorius  iii.,  and  Gre- 
gory IX.,  were  zealous  in  preaching  the  sixth  Crusade, 
and  levied  forces  and  money  over  aU  Europe.  Scotland, 
richer  in  soldiers  than  in  gold,  sent  at  first  her  share  of 
crusaders  to  the  Holy  Land.  A  subsequent  demand  in 
1221,  made  by  the  Legate  Cardinal  Giles  de  Torres,  pro- 
duced a  considerable  sum  of  money  from  the  clergy  and 
laity ;  and  the  Legate  Otlio  was  again  successful  in  ob- 
taining a  large  sum  of  money  in  1239.  The  Crusade 
failed,  and  the  best  blood  of  France  and  of  all  Europe 
was  shed  in  Asia  in  vain. 

To  promote  the  last  Crusade  greater  exertions  were 
made,  and  some  of  a  nature  which  we  should  think  not 
only  objectionable,  but  little  likely  to  be  productive.  In 
1254,  Innocent  iv.  granted  to  Henry  iii.  of  Eiigland,  pro- 
vided he  should  join  the  Crusade,  a  twentieth  of  the 

Perhaps   the   earliest  general  tax  suffi-  ^  That  it  existed  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 

ciently  evidencetl  is  that  for  the  ransom  liani  the  Lion,  is  evident  from  the  phrase 

of  William  the  Lion  from  his  English  apparently  applied  to  the   tax  for  the 

captivity.      The  Cistercians  bore    their  King's   ransom  —  Geldum   regium   q^iod 

share,  hut  obtained  the  King's  guarantee  communiter  capietur  de  terris  et  de  elee- 

that  it  should  not  prejudice  their  general  mosynis  j-jer  regnum  ScoticB.—  Regist.  S. 

right  of  exemption  from  all  taxation.-  -  Andr.  p.  212. 
Lib.  de.  Metros,  p. 16.  Dij>l.  Scotiw,  p.  26. 


24  SKETCHK.S  OF  KAKLY  SfOK  H    JlIST(JllY. 

ecclesiaBticiil  niveiiues  of  Scotland  during  three  yc^ars, 
and  the  grant  was  su])S('(|uently  extended.  In  1208, 
Clement  iv.  renewed  that  grant,  and  iiiereaHed  it  U> 
tenth,  l)Ut  when  Heniy  attempted  U)  h;vy  it,  the  Scotcli' 
clergy  resisted  and  appeal(xl  to  Rome.  It  Ls  not  pro- 
bable that  Hemy  was  successful  in  raising  much  of  the 
tenth  in  Scotland,  though  the  expedition  of  his  gallant 
son  to  the  Holy  Land  both  supported  his  claim  and  ren- 
dered the  supply  more  necessary. 

In  1275,  Benemund  or  Baiamund  de  Vicci,  better 
known  among  us  as  Bagimond,^  came  from  Rome  to  col- 
lect the  tenth  of  ecclesiastical  l)enefices  in  Scotland  for 
the  relief  of  the  Holy  Land.  The  English  King's  grant 
had  by  this  time  ceased,  and  Baiamund  was  evidently 
collecting  for  the  Pope.  The  clergy  of  Scotland  did  not 
so  much  object  to  the  imposition  as  to  the  mode  of  its 

^  Fordun  calls  liim  MagisterBajamon-  Scotice  domino  Regi  si  valuer  It  terro.m 
dus.  There  is  no  greater  reproach  to  our  sanctani  adire — "  an  offer  to  grant  the 
old  Scotch  writers  of  law  and  history  papal  tithe  to  ALEX^vyDER  ill.  KiXG  OF 
than  the  blunders  they  have  made  about  Scots,  providing  he  repaired  to  the 
this  man  and  his  tax.  Skene  says,  "  The  Holy  Land." — Ibid.  But  the  King  to 
Pope  in  the  time  of  James  in.  sent  in  whom  the  offer  was  made  was  Edward  I. 
this  realm  an  cardinal  and  legate  called  — the  King  of  the  scribe. 
Bagiuiont  quha  did  uiak  ane  taxation  of  Another  writer,  to  be  mentioned  with 
all  tlie  rentalles  of  the  benefices." — iJe  all  resi)ect  and  honour,  Mr.  Raine,  has 
verb,  sifjnif.,  voce  Baginiont.  Bishop  fallen  into  some  enors  on  this  same  sub- 
Lesly  places  him  still  lower,  in  the  reign  ject.  He  mistakes  the  renewal  by  Pope 
of  James  iv.  Hailes  points  out  these  Nicholas  iii.  for  the  original  Bull  of  con- 
gross  blunders,  and  adds,—  "  This  may  cession,  though  the  latter  is  expressly 
serve  as  a  sad  specimen  of  the  inatten-  referred  to  in  it.  He  speaks  of  Scotland 
tion  and  endless  errors  of  our  historians."  as  "under  the  yoke  of  England"  in 
— Histor.  Mevioricds,  anno  1275.  But  1279,  when  Alexander  iii.  still  reigned, 
this  is  a  fatal  subject.  The  careful  An-  etc.  Moreover,  the  tax-roll  which  he 
nalist  himself  in  the  next  sentence  com-  gives,  and  which  is  so  important  for 
mits  a  strange  error.  Quoting  a  notice  Scotch  history,  is  not  printed  with  the 
of  one  of  the  lost  Scotch  records— a  no-  usual  accuracy  of  the  historian  of  Dur- 
ticc  drawn  up  by  an  English  clerk — he  ham. — Priory  of  Coldingluim,  a  Surtces 
reads  the  words,  Bidki  Innocentii  qninii  volume,  1811.  Pref.  p.  xi.  and  Ap- 
de  conccssione  decimce  Pojmlis  in  rcfjno  pend.  p.  cviii. 


ANTIQUA  TAXATIO-  VERUS  VALOR.         25 

collection,  which  here,  however,  affected  the  amount. 
They  insisted  for  their  ancient  valuation  as  the  approved 
rule  of  apportioning  all  Church  levies,  and  they  even 
sent  the  collector  back  to  Rome  to  endeavour  to  obtain 
this  change — "  to  entreat  the  Pope,"  says  Fordun,  "  on 
behalf  of  the  clergy  of  Scotland,  that  he  would  accept 
the  ancient  taxations  of  all  their  goods,  counting  seven 
years  for  six/'^  Their  appeal  was  unsuccessful.  The 
Pope  insisted  on  the  tenth  according  to  the  true  value — 
verus  valor — of  the  benefice  ;  but  he  probably  found  the 
collection  troublesome  or  unproductive,  for  a  year  after- 
wards, he  again  made  a  grant  of  the  Scotch  tenth  to 
Edward  i.  of  England.  That  bull  is  not  known  to  be 
extant ;  but  in  a  bull  of  confirmation  granted  in  the 
second  year  of  his  papacy  (1279),  Nicholas  narrates  his 
previous  grant  to  Edward  of  "  the  tenth  of  church  rents 
and  incomes  in  the  kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland, 
and  in  Ireland  and  Wales,  for  the  relief  of  the  Holy 
Land,"  and  declares  that  the  same  shall  be  paid  accord- 
ing to  the  true  value — verus  vahr}  Not  only  was  that 
tax  granted,  but  it  was  actually  collected,  at  least  in  part ; 
for  Mr.  Raine  has  found  in  the  Treasury  at  Durham, 
along  with  a  most  valuable  "  taxa"  of  the  Archdeaconry 
of  Lothian,  written  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  i.,  a  receipt  by  the  Prior  of  Coldingham,  the 
deputy-collector  of  the  tax,  for  the  sum  due  by  the  Prior 

*  Repedavit    ad    curiam     Romanaui,  ^  The  B\ill  is   printed   from  the   ori- 

domiuum  Papain  pro  clero  ScotiiB  pre-  ginal  in  the  Chapter  House,  Westmin- 

caturus  ut  antiquas  taxationes  omnium  ster,  by  Mr.  Raine  in  the  Surtees  volume 

bonorum  suorum  acciperet,  septeni  annis  of    Coklingham     quoted    above,     PreC. 

utiquc  pro  sex  computatis.     Scotichro)!.  p.  xii. 
X.  35. 


26  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HiST<jJlV. 

of  Durham  in  respect  of  his  mcome  witliin  tlint  areh- 
deacomy,  dated  in   1292.* 

Tlie  eliuiclimeii  were  careful  of  their  old  valuation.  It' 
is  found  engrossed  in  the  chartularies  Ijoth  of  seculars  and 
regulars,  each  preserving  the  tax  of  the  diocese  which 
interested  its  own  body  ;  and  the  parts  thus  saved  give 
us,  beyond  doubt,  the  state  of  church  livings  as  in  the 
beginning  of  the  13  th  century,  and  but  little  altered  pro- 
bably since  the  period  which  followed  immediately  on 
the  great  ecclesiastical  revolution  under  Da\dd  i. 

The  ancient  taxation  of  the  churches  of  the  bishopric 
of  Saint  Andrews,  divided  into  its  eight  deaneries  of 
Linlithgow,  Lothian,  Merse,  Fothrif,  Fife,  Gowry,  Angus, 
and  Mearns,  occurs  in  the  registers  of  the  priory  of  Saint 
Andrews,  of  Arbroath,  and  of  Dunfermhne,  in  each  in 
handwriting  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

The  ancient  taxation  of  the  small  diocese  of  Brechin 
is  found  in  the  Register  of  the  monastery  of  Arbroath, 
which  had  large  possessions  and  several  chui'ches  in  that 
bishopric. 

That  of  Aberdeen,  divided  into  its  three  ancient  dean- 
eries of  Mar,  Buchan,  and  Gariauch,  is  in  the  Register  of 
Arbroath,  in  a  hand  of  the  thirteenth  centuiT  ;  and  in 
the  Register  of  the  bishopric  of  Aberdeen,  in  crating  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  divided  then  into  the  five  deaneries 
of  Mar,  Buchan,  Boyn,  Gariauch,  and  Aberdeen. 

The  taxation  of  the  churches  of  the  bishopric  of  Moray, 
under  its  four  deaneries  of  Elgin,  Inverness,  Strathspey, 
and  Strathbolgy,  occurs  only  in  the  Register  of  the  dio 

'  Ihxd.  Pref.  p.  xii. 


baiamund's  roll.  27 

cesc,  ill  a  hand  of  the  latter  half  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
After  the  summation  of  the  value  of  the  churches  of  each 
deanery,  there  follows  a  calculation  of  the  tenth  payable 
out  of  it.^ 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  record  gives  us  a  foundation 
of  parochial  statistics  for  all  the  eastern  side  of  Scotland, 
from  the  Border  to  the  Moray  Firth.  The  western, 
central,  and  northern  districts  unfortunately  want  that 
guide.^ 

We  may  regard  the  valuation  of  the  Archdeaconry  of 
Lothian,  as  preserved  among  the  Prior  of  Coldingham's 
accounts  at  Durham,  as  the  oldest  fragment  of  the  taxa- 
tion, according  to  the  verus  valor,  inflicted  on  the  Scotch 
clergy  by  Baiamund  in  1275.  The  sum  of  the  valuation 
of  that  Archdeaconry,  according  to  the  Antiqua  Taxatio, 
was  £2864,  a  tenth  of  which  is  £286.  The  tenth,  ac- 
cording to  the  Durham  Roll,  or  vents  valor,  is  £420. 

The  new  census,  professing  to  estimate  the  real  value, 
v/as  necessarily  fluctuating.  Unfortunately,  we  have  no 
early  copies  of  it,  except  the  tax-roll  of  Lothian  pre- 
served at  Durham.  Long  known  and  hated  among  us 
as  "  Bagimont's  Roll,"  only  one  copy,  a  late  and  bad  one, 
has  been  noticed  by  our  old  lawyers,  and  it  has  suffered 
greatly  in  subsequent  transcription.^     In  the  shape  which 

1  Thus,  at  the  foot  of  the  column  of  it,  assures  \is  that  the  extract  "  was  fund 
the  Deanery  of  Elgin — Summa,  £338,  be  the  provinciall  of  the  quhyte  or  car- 
16s.  Becima  inde,  £33,  16s. — Regist.  nielat  frieris  of  Aberdene,  called  dene 
Morav.  p.  362.  Johnne  Christisone,  the  principall  pro- 

2  There  is  no  Antiqua  Taxatio  yet  vynciall  of  the  said  freiris  and  of  Scot- 
founcl  of  the  dioceses  of  Glasgow,  Gallo-  land  for  the  tynie,  and  wes  dowbled  or 
way,  Dunblane,  Dunkeld,  Argyll,  Isles,  copied  be  ane  chaiplane  of  Auld  Aber- 
Ross,  Caithness,  Orkney.  dene,    called    Doctoure    Roust."  —  See 

'  Habakkuk  Bisset,  who  has  preserved       Regist.  Gla.sg.  Pref.  p.  Ixii.     Bisset  was 


28  8KETCJIi;s  OF   i;aI;I>V  scotch  JliSTOKY. 

it  now  Ih'uis,  Jjaiaimiud's  lloll  can  he  it\uU-ncA'.  for  notliing 
(jaj'licr  than  tin;  rei<(n  of  James  v.  It  taxes  colI(!giat(i 
churches,  all  late  foundations,  among  palish  churches/ 
thougli  tlioy  had  no  panjchial  district ;  and  it  omits  all 
livings  below  forty  marks.  The  rectories  in  the  hands 
of  religious  houses  are  not  taxed  specifically,  Imt  vicar- 
ages held  separately,  and  exceeding  that  value,  are  given. 
This  Roll,  as  we  now  have  it,  may  be  considered  as 
giving  imperfectly  the  state  of  the  church  livings  of 
Scotland  in  the  reign  of  James  v. 

The  large,  though  imperfect  body  of  records  which  1 
have  described,  is  the  foundation  of  our  statistical  and 
local  history.  From  them,  or  by  their  guidance,  have 
already  been  compiled  some  large  volumes  of  the  paro- 
chial antiquities  of  Scotland,^  and  they  furnish  nearly  all 
the  materials  we  have  for  the  "  County  histories,"  which 
are  still  to  come  in  our  national  literature.  In  these 
chapters,  I  am  desirous  of  trying  whether  the  same 
materials  can  give  us  an  intelligible  view  of  Churchmen, 
regular  and  secular — of  the  Cathedral  organization,  and 
the  life  of  the  Convent. 


servitor  or  clerk  to  Sir  John  Skene,  the  ^  Among  the  collegiate  churches  en- 
first  editor  of  our  ancient  laAvs.     Fi'iar  tered  in  Baiamund  is  Crail,  a  foundation 
John  Christison  is  foiind  as  sub-prior  of  1517. 
of  the  Friars  Preachers  of  Elgin,  16th 

November  1543. — Imies  Papers,  p.  108.  ^  Of  the   Orir/ines  Parochiales  of  the 

It  is  now  impossible  to  say  whether  Bis-  BanuatyneClub  three  volumes  liave  been 

set  or  Doctor  Roust,  or  even  some  pre-  printed.     There  are  three  of  a  similar 

vious  transcriber,  should  bear  the  blame  kind,    illustrating  the   shires   of  Al>er- 

of  the  inaccuracies  with  which  this  only  deeii  and  Banff,  printed  by  the  Spalding 

copy  abounds.  Club. 


I 


GLASGOW — ITS  REGISTKRS.  29 


THE  CATHEDRAL. 


The  antiquity,  the  completeness,  and  the  fine  state  of 
her  records,  give  to  Glasgow  the  first  place  in  the  history 
of  Scotch  bishoprics.  The  care  with  which  these  records 
were  preserved,  the  interest  that  gathered  round  them 
when  they  were  regarded  as  the  prop  of  Stuart  and  royal 
legitimacy,  their  danger  during  the  French  Revolution,  and 
their  fortunate  restoration  to  Scotland,  form  an  interesting 
chapter  for  the  antiquary,  but  cannot  find  room  here.^ 

There  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  that  about  the  middle  of 
the  sixth  century.  Saint  Kentigern,  deriving  his  faith  and 
consecration  from  Servanus  and  Palladius,  having  been 
obliged  for  some  time  to  seek  shelter  in  Wales,  returned 
and  settled  his  colony  of  converts  at  Glasgow,  a  place 
then  within  the  dominions  of  a  petty  prince  of  Cumbria. 
This  little  Christian  family,  which  the  monks  of  a  later 
age  chose  to  name  a  monastery,  devoted  themselves  to 
rural  industry,  and  learned,  with  their  first  lessons  of  a 
purer  faith,  many  of  the  arts  of  peaceful  life.  Their 
founder  and  guide  had  at  first  perhaps  no  larger  diocese. 
He  was  one  of  those  Episcopi  Britannorum'^  who  are 
mentioned  from  time  to  time  in  the  history  of  the  Church ; 

*  See  Appendix  i.  this    argument,    had    claimed    Glasgow 

-  In  the  letter  of  Ralph,  Archbishop  and  Durham  as  his  siiifragans,  to  which 

of  Canterbury,   to    Pope    Calixtus    ii.,  Ralph's  reply  is  as  follows  : — "  At  vero 

written  l»etween  1119  and  1122,  against  deGlesguensi  breviter  intimandum,  quod 

the  encroachments  of  York,  claiming  to  est    antiquorum     Britonum     episcopus, 

be  a  metropolitan  see,  the  Archbishop  quos  beatus  pater  Gregoriiis  singulatim 

argues  that  the  claim  must  be  unfounded,  episcopo     Cantuariensi     subjectos    fore 

since  it  is  absurd  to  speak  of  a  metro-  decrevit,    cujus   viz.    ecclesie    episcopus 

politan   without   suffragan   bishops.     It  sicut  a  majoribus  natu  illorum  traditur 

appears  that  Thurstan  of  York,  to  meet  uscpie    ad  hoc   Nonnaunoruiu   tempora. 


30  SKETCHES  or  KAltl.V  SCC/rcJi   IIISTOKV. 

l)ut  always  witli  a  vagucnoss,  marking  tlx-  flistanco  and 
ol)scAirity  of  the  })oopl('  amongst  whom  they  exercised  t  |j<*ii- 
ministry.  Of  his  successors  we  unfortunat(.'ly  know 
little,  until  the  period  emljracecl  by  the  venerable  Regis- 
ter of  the  Diocese  ;  for  the  names  of  some  inteniKHliate 
Ijishops  appear  to  have  been  musten^d  in  suspicious  cir- 
cumstances, at  any  rate  without  sufficient  evidence,  for 
the  purpose  of  supporting  a  disputed  claim  of  the  See  of 
York.^  The  full  light  of  history  first  falls  up(jn  Glasgow 
at  the  restoration  of  the  diocese  by  Saint  David,  which  is 
recorded  in  the  remarkable  instrument  standing  first  in  the 
Ancient  Register.  It  is  a  memoir  or  notitia,  which,  although 
not  without  parallel  in  Scotch  records,  is  much  less  com- 
mon with  us  than  in  the  registers  of  religious  houses 
abroad.^  In  this  instance,  the  document  is  very  solemnly 
witnessed,  and  records  an  investigation  directed  by  David, 

vel  ab  Episcopo  Scottorum  vel  Gualeii-  copus  quera  Theoclorus  iustituit  sed  unus 

slum  Britoniim  consecrari  solebat.  ...  de   illis   antiquis   Britanonim   episcopis 

Is  itaque  (Thomas  Cant.  Arch.)  qiiendam  fuit,  qiios  sicut  sepe  dictum  est  singula- 

Britonem  Glesguensi   ecclesie  ordinavit  timbeatusGregoriusecclesieCant:  siibju- 

episcopum,  que  jam  pene  preter  memo-  gavit." — Twisden  X.  scri^jtores  II.  17 i2-6. 

riam  non    habuerat    episcopi    solatium.  i  Magsueu,    1057  ;    Johannes,    1059 ; 

De  quo  episcopo  sciendum,   quia,   sicut  Michael,  1109  ;  StuMs  de  Archiep.  Ehor. 

piedictum  est,  si  antiquorum  Britonum  — Ibid. 

episcopus  est,  secundum  B.  Gregorii  de-  ^  This  inquisition  was  printed  by  Sir 

creta  Cantuar  :  ecclesie  suflfraganeus  est :  James  Dalrymple   {Coil.    p.    337),   from 

quod  si  forte  propter  provinciarum  vici-  the  imperfect   copy   in  the   Advocates* 

niam,  licet  mutato  et  loco  et  populo.  Library.      Sir  James  disliked   it   as   a 

idem  Pictorum  episcopus   debet  putari,  piece   of  Episcopacy ;   and   he  was   en- 

nihilominus  ecclesie  Cant  :    suftragatur  titled  to  question  the  narrative  of  the 

utpote  institutus  et  creatus  a  Theodoro  foundation  of  the  see,  which  could  only 

archiepiscopo,  sicut  Beda  testatur.    Ver-  be    rested   on    tradition,   and   such  re- 

untamen  sicut  in  gestis  sanctorum  viro-  cords    as    Archbishop   Ralph,    however 

rum  Columbe  viz.  presbyteri  et  abbatis,  almost  contemporary,  quoted  as  autho- 

qui   Beda  referente   ante   adventum  B.  ritative.     But,    while   he   admitted  the 

Augustini  in  Britannia  primus  Scottorum  authenticity    of    the    instrument.     Sir 

et  Pictorum  populis  Christum  predicavit,  James,    in    his   own    peculiar    manner, 

et   \  enerabilis  Cantugerni   episcopi   qui  scatters  doubts  and  insinuations  against 

primus  Glesguensi  ecclesie  prefuit,   in-  statements  contained  in  it,  which  must 

venitur,  non  iste  est  Candide  Case  Epis-  stand  or  fall  with  the  instrument  itself. 


GLASGOW  -  ITS  AN(JIENT  POSSESSIONS.  31 

while  Prince  of  Cumbria,  regarding  the  lands  and  churches 
belonging  to  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Glasgow.  The 
narrative,  at  its  commencement,  does  not  claim  the  same 
authority  with  the  subsequent  verdict  of  the  five  jura- 
tores, — seniores  homines  et  sapientiores  totiiis  Cumbrice. 
It  is  simply  a  statement  made  by  the  framers  of  the  in- 
strument, in  the  presence  of  the  Prince  and  his  Court, 
of  the  tradition  and  belief  of  the  country  at  that  time. 
They  first  relate  the  foundation  of  the  Church  of  Glas- 
gow, and  the  ordination  of  St.  Kentigern  as  bishop  of 
Cumbria.  They  mention  the  death  of  Kentigern,  and 
that  he  was  succeeded  by  many  bishops  in  the  see  ;  but 
that  the  confusion  and  revolutions  of  the  country  at 
length  destroyed  all  traces  of  the  Church,  and  almost  of 
Christianity.  Within  the  knowledge  of  all  present  was 
the  restoration  of  the  bishopric  by  David,  and  the  election 

Thomas  limes  strenuously  supports  it ;  assez  de  justesse  ni  de  precision,  sur  les 

and,   nfter    applying  the    tests   of   the  dates  des  notices ;  lorsqu'il  en  parle  en 

severest  criticism,  it  is  scarcely  possible  ces   termes.      '  La  plupart   des    notices 

now  to  doubt  its  authenticity.  des   Abbaies   (il   devoit   ajouter   et  des 

Of    such    instruments,    the    learned  autres  Eglises)  ne  sont  point  du  terns  de 

fathers  of  St.  Maur  have  observed  : —  leur  date  :  ce  qui  a  ete  tres  veritable- 

"  Quant  a  la  necessite  des  notices,  il  nient  observe  par  M.  Pavilion  dans  ses 

suffit  pour  la  fair  sentir,  de  rapporter  en-  curieuses  remarques  sur  son  histoire  de 

core  un  texte  de  notre  auteur  [Lobineau],  Robert   d' Arbrissel.      Et   c'est   particu- 

tire  du  meme  endroit.     '  II  a  cte  un  tems  lierement  a  cause  de  ces  sortes  de  titres, 

(ce  sont  ces  paroles)  ou  ces   sortes  de  qu'on  a  dit  que  dans  les  monasteres  11  y 

notices  out  ete  absolunient  necessaires  :  avoit  un  Dom  Titrier.   .  .  .   Mais  toutes 

parcequ'il  y  a  eu  beaucoup  de  donations,  les  choses  coutenues  dans  ces  titres  nar- 

qui  ne  se  sont  faites  qiie  verbalement,  ratifs,  ne  laissent  pas  d'etre  veritables, 

et  en  presence  de  temoins,  sans   ecri-  a  la  reserve  de  la  date  :  ce  qui  a  ete  en- 

tures ;  et  Ton  ne  pouvoit  en  conserver  la  core  tres  veritablement  observe  par  M. 

memoire  a  la  posterite,   qu'en  ecrivant  Pavilion.' 

fidelement  ce  qui   s'etoit   passe.'     Mais  "  Parmi  les   notices  privees,   dont  il 

bien  des  notices  out  ete  dressees  sur  des  s'agit  ici,  on  eu  voit  qui  sont  numies  de 

chartes  plus  ancieunes.     Les  dates  pre-  dates  :  et  c'est  le  j)lus   grand   nonibre. 

cises  qu'elles  portent  de  faits  eloignes  D'autres   en   sont   entierement  depour- 

d'un  siecle  ou  d'un  demi-siecle,  en  pou-  vues  :  plusiexirs  renferment  deux  sortes 

roient  faire  la  preuve.  de  dates ;  I'une  d'un  fait  ancien,  dont 

**M.  Menage  ne  s'expli(iue  pas  avec  on   veut  conserver   la   memoire  par  uu 


32 


SKETOIIKS  OF  HARLV  SCOTCil   HISTUltV. 


niid  consecration  of"  Jolm,  who  is  commonly  called  tlic 
first  Hislio})  of  Glasgow.  Proceeding  to  th(;  main  object  of 
their  inc^uiiy,  they  record  the  ancient  possessions  of  th<' 
church  of  Glasgow  as  return(;d  upon  the  oath  of  the  jura- 
tores.  The  names  of  these  places  have  been  a  fmitful  sul^- 
ject  of  discussion.^  It  cannot,  however,  be  disputed,  that 
the  province  of  Scotch  Cumljiia  and  the  diocese  of  Glas- 
gow, which,  at  least  at  the  date  of  the  inquisition,  seem  to 
have  been  synonymous,  included  many  places,  described 
as  the  property  of  the  Church,  in  Dumfriesshire  on  one 
side,  and  far  do^vn  in  Teviotdale  on  the  other.  The  date 
of  the  inquisition  is  not  given,  but  it  is  ascertained  to  be 
about  1116.^  We  have  no  more  certain  date  for  the 
next  deed,  which  records  a  gift  of  Earl  Da^dd  to  the 
Church  at  the  period  of  its  restoration  and  building- 
certainly  earlier  than  1124,  the  year  of  his  succeeding  to 
the  throne  of  his  brother,  Alexander  i. 

We  know,  that  on  the  nones  of  July  1136,'*^  the  newly 
built  church  of  Glasgow  was  dedicated.  On  that  occa- 
sion the  king,  David  i.,  gave  to  the  church  the  land  of 
Perdeyc,  which  was  soon  afterwards  erected,  along  \dx\\ 
the  church  of  Govan,  into  a  prebend  of  the  cathedral. 


litre  subsequent :  I'autre  de  Facte  niGiue 
de  la  notice,  qu'on  dresse.  Cette  derni- 
ere  espece  de  date  se  trouve  presq\ie  tou- 
jours  aussi  exactenient  vraie,  que  celle 
des  diplonies  les  plus  autlientiques." — 
Xouxeau  Traite  de  Diplom.  I.  301. 

'  Our  earlier  antiquaries  had  to  con- 
tend with  the  mistaken  readings  of  twice 
copied  transcripts.  Chalmers,  who  had 
the  best  authority  in  his  hands,  perhaps 
could  not  read  it  with  ease  ;  and  he  had 
not  learned  to  distriist  his  own  know- 
ledge of  the  Celtic  dialects.     Amoncr  his 


MSS.,  now  in  the  Advocates'  Library, 
there  is  a  laboured  disquisition  on  these 
places,  in  which  he  does  not  convince 
the  reader  at  all  so  much  as  he  seems  to 
have  satisfied  himself. 

^  Keith  states,  but  without  quoting 
his  authority,  that  Bishop  John  was  con- 
secrated by  Pope  Paschal  n.  in  1115. 
The  date  of  the  instrument  is  necessarily 
between  the  period  of  his  consecration, 
and  the  accession  of  Earl  David  to  the 
throne  in  1124. 

^  CJiroii.  Mailros  et  S.  Cruci.'i. 


GLASGOW — EARLY  BLSHOPS.  33 

In  addition  to  the  long  list  of  possessions  restored  to 
Glasgow  upon  the  verdict  of  the  assize  of  inquest,  this 
saintly  king  granted  to  the  l)ishop  the  church  of  Een- 
frew ;  Govan  with  its  church  ;  the  church  of  Cadihou  ; 
the  tithe  of  his  kain,  or  duties  paid  in  cattle  and  swine 
throughout  Strathgrif,  Cuningham,  Kyle,  and  Carrick, 
except  when  required  for  the  maintenance  of  his  own 
household  ;^  and  the  eighth  penny  of  all  pleas  of  court 
throughout  Cumbria.  The  bishop  also  acquired  the 
church  of  Lochorwort,  now  Borthwick,  in  I^othian,  from 
the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  the  king  and  prince  present 
and  consenting.^ 

Bishop  John  had  been  tutor  to  King  David,  and  was 
for  some  time  his  Chancellor.  He  had  a  long  contest 
with  Thurstan,  Archbishop  of  York,  by  whom  he  was  put 
under  sentence  of  suspension  in  1122.  He  then  went 
to  the  Holy  Land  ;  but  the  next  year,  by  order  of  the 
Pope,  returned  to  his  see.  In  1125,  he  went  to  Rome 
to  endeavour  to  obtain  the  pallium  for  the  Bishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  against  the  influence  of  the  Archbishop  of 
York.  He  is  said  to  have  retired  among  the  Benedic 
tine  monks,  and  he  did  not  return  to  Glasgow  till  re- 
called to  his  diocese  by  Alberic,  the  legate,  in  1138. 
He  died  28th  May  1147. 

Herbert,  the  next  bishop,  formerly  Abbot  of  Kelso, 


'  Nisi  quando  ipse  illuc  venero,  peren-  and  Currie,  were  dedicated  to  him,  and 

dinans  et  idem  meiim  chan  coniedens.  the  spring  in  the  manse  garden  at  Borth- 

^  St.  Kentigern  is  said  to  have  dwelt  wick  is  still  "St.  Miingo's  Well."     Pen- 

for  eight  years  at  Lochorwort,  and  some  iacob,  now  Eddleston,  in  the  glen  of  the 

actual  facts  seem  to  connect  the  Apostle  Peebles   water,   was    also    part   of   the 

of  Strathclyde  with  that  part  of  Lothian.  ancient  patrimony  of  the  see  of  Cuni- 

The  churches  of  Borthwick,   Penicuik,  liria. 

C 


34  .SKETCllK.S  OF  EAIlLY  SCOTCH  UISTOIIY. 

was  consecrated  l)y  Pope  Eugc.'iiius  in.  at  Auxcitc,  in 
the  same  year.     He  died  in  11 04. 

In  the  reign  of  Malcolm,  the  church  of  Glasgow 
acqmred  by  gifts  from  the  Crown  the  church  of  Old 
Roxburgh,  with  endowments  it  had  received  from  King 
David ;  from  William  de  Sumervil  three  acres  of  Lin- 
tun  ;  and,  from  Walter  the  Steward,  two  shillings  yearly 
from  the  duties  of  his  burgh  of  Renfrew.  The  bishop 
had  also  several  royal  and  papal  wiits  for  enforcing  the 
payment  of  tithes,  especially  in  Galloway,  and  on  lands 
which  the  king  had  granted  to  his  barons  and  knights, 
Richard  de  Morevil  and  Alan  the  Steward,  and  others. 
He  had  a  gift  of  Conclud,  to  compensate  for  the  king's 
transgression  against  the  Church,  in  granting  these 
lands  without  sufficiently  securing  the  Church  in  its 
dues,  "  up  to  the  day  when  he  took  the  staff  of  pilgrim- 
age of  St.  James."  The  Pope  issued  an  injunction  to  the 
clergy  and  people  of  the  diocese  to  visit  the  Cathedral 
church  of  Glasgow  yearly,  according  to  the  custom  of 
St.  Andrews  and  other  neiQ;hbourinoj  sees,  and  like^^ise 
confirmed  a  constitution  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  de- 
claring, that  on  the  demise  of  a  canon,  his  prebend, 
for  one  year,  should  go  to  pay  his  debts  {iwo  re  honesta 
contracta),  or  to  the  poor.^ 

Bishop  Herbert  was  succeeded  by  Ingeh-am,  who  had 
a  bull  for  his  consecration  notmthstandino;  the  vehement 
opposition  of  the  Archbishop  of  York,  1st  November 

1  In  the  following  reign  the  Chapter  fruits  to  be  applied,  first  to  payment  of 

gave  to  its  canons  the  right  to  bequeath  his  debts,  and  the  residue   among  his 

one  year's  fruits  of  their  prebends  ;  or,  parents  and  the   poor ;    but  books  and 

if  the  canon  died  intestate,   the  year's  Church  vestments  to  go  to  the  Cathedral. 


GLASGOW     -  ORIGIN  OF  THE  CITY. 


35 


1164/  and  a  papal  precept  for  his  reception.  He  was 
previously  Archdeacon  of  Glasgow  and  Chancellor  of  the 
kingdom.  He  resisted  strenuously  and  effectually  the 
pretensions  of  the  Archbishop  of  York  to  metropolitan 
superiority,  and  died  2d  February  1174.^ 

The  reign  of  William  is  the  era  of  the  rise  of  free 
burghs  in  Scotland  ;  and,  whilst  the  Sovereign  was 
founding  them  on  his  domains,  the  great  Lords  of  the 
Church  obtained  privileges  of  the  same  nature  for  the 
cities  erected  around  their  Cathedrals.  Such  was  the 
origin  of  the  burgh  of  Glasgow.  The  royal  charter, 
which  granted  to  the  bishop  and  his  successors  the  privi- 
lege of  having  a  burgh  at  Glasgow,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday,  and  with  freedoms  and  customs  of  the  king's 
burghs,  is  dated  at  Traquair ;  and,  from  the  witnesses, 
it  was  granted  between  the  years  1175  and  1178.^  The 
king  granted  to  the  Bishop  of  Glasgow  a  toft  in  each  of 
his  royal  burghs  of  Munros,  Dumfries,  Forfar,  and  Stir- 
ling.'* In  the  early  part  of  this  reign,  the  Cathedral 
possessed  twenty-five  churches,  seventeen  of  which  seem 
to  have  been  mensal ;  and  during  it,  the  bishop  acquired 
large  accessions  of  property,  in  lands  and  churches,  in 
Ashkirk,  Gillemoreston,  Stobhou,  Carnwath,  Kilbride, 
Anandale,  Hottun,  Muckart,  Lillisclef,  Wilton,  Campsy, 


^  He  was  consecrated  at  Sienna  by 
Pope  Alexander  iir.,  28tli  November 
1164. 

-  Chron.  Mailr. 

3  The  original  grant  gave  to  the  bur- 
gesses the  king's  peace— /r»lf«7^  pacem 
per  totam  ten-am  in  eumfo  et  redeundo. 
A  subsequent  charter  granted  a  year) 5^ 
fair  to  be  held  for  eight  full  days  after 


the  octaves  of  the  Apostles  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Panl  (6th  July) ;  and  the  king  granted 
his  peace  to  all  frequenting  the  fair. 

*  Those  grants  of  tofts  in  infant  burghs 
were  to  enable  the  great  Church  lords  to 
accompany  the  sovereign  in  his  frequent 
changes  of  residence.  They  also  secured 
responsible  and  improving  tenants  for 
the  Crown  property  in  the  new  burghs. 


I 


36  SKETCHES  UF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


I 

and  Carclross.  The;  land  of  Bala  in  was  granted  to  the 
Ijisliop,  in  compensation  of  excesses  committed  by  the 
king  against  St.  Kentigern  and  his  church,  after  the  de- 
cease of  Bishop  Ingelram. 

In  this  reign  was  the  beginning  of  the  complaints 
regarding  the  cleric  patrons  of  parish  churches  neglecting 
to  supply  parsons  for  the  cure  of  S(juLs  ;^  a  complaint 
which,  in  different  shapes,  gave  rise  to  a  large  proportion 
of  the  controversies  and  transactions  between  churchmen 
for  several  centuries.  The  evils  which  arose  from  appeals 
to  the  Church  of  Kome,  led  to  some  measures  intended 
to  mitigate  the  abuse.  There  are  several  proceedings 
illustrating  the  origin  and  privileges  of  parish  chm^ches, 
and  the  jealousy  with  which  theii^  holders  w^atched  the 
growth  of  chapels  interfering  ^\dth  the  numerous  offerings 
and  dues  of  the  Mother  Church,  which  were  only  of  in- 
ferior importance  to  its  tithes.  The  great  Cathedral  feud 
had  already  begun  between  the  chapter  and  the  bishop. 
A  transaction  between  the  cathedral  vicars  and  the  chap- 
ter, serves  to  show  that  the  election  of  the  bishop  was 
not  yet  a  merely  nominal  right  of  the  chapter.  We  find 
churchmen  interdicted  from  pledging  their  benefices  for 
money  borrowed  from  Jews.  Churches  are  not  to  be 
granted  till  vacant.  The  sons  of  priests  occup\dng  the 
same  churches  which  their  fathers  had  held  are  to  ])e 
removed.^ 

1  When,  in  after  times,  the  necessity  which  the  heritor  and  the  minister  in 

of  supplying  vicars  in  parishes  held  by  Scotland  now  hold, 
the  clergy,  whether  regular  or  secular, 

came  to  be  admitted,  the  dispute  took  -^  Nisi  forte  aliqitem  p^'02)ter  probatam 

the  shape  of  a  question  of  amount  or  honestatevi  et  diutiimm  possessionem  sub 

stipend  ;  the  appropriator  and  the  vicar  dissimvlatione  videris  trcmseundum. 

standing  in  the  relation  to  each  other  One  charter  of  this  reign  helps  to  ex- 


BISHOP  JOCELIN.  37 

Jocelin,  Abbot  of  the  Cistercian  monastery  of  Melros, 
was  the  next  bishop,  *'  a  clero,  a  populo  exigente  et  regc 
ipso  assentiente,  ad  ecclesiam  Glasguensem  presul  eligi- 
tuTy  10.  kalendas  Junii  [1174]  apud  Pert  in  Scotia; 
irir  7nitis  et  morigeratitSy  vir  mansuetus  et  moderatiisr^ 
He  was  consecrated  at  Clairvaux  on  the  let  of  June 
1175.  Like  his  predecessors,  he  resisted  the  encroach- 
ment of  York,  and  obtained  from  the  Pope,  who  favoured 
the  Cistercian  order,  a  command  that  the  bishops  of 
Scotland  should  yield  no  obedience  to  the  Archbishop 
of  York,  notwithstanding  that  Henry  of  England  had 
compelled  them  to  swear  obedience  to  the  Anglican 
Church.  In  1182,  Jocelin  went  to  Rome,  and  obtained 
from  Pope  Lucius  iii.  the  absolution  of  his  royal  master 
from  Church  censure.^  He  was  required  by  the  succeed- 
ing Popes  to  admonish  the  king,  chiefly  in  regard  of  his 
neglect  to  enforce  the  dues  of  the  Church  with  the  power 
of  the  Crown.^  William,  indeed,  was  a  zealous  church- 
man, a  worthy  grandson  of  David,  but  he  was  of  the 
party  that  had  already  begun  to  resist  the  domination  of 
Rome.  Pope  Innocent  iii.  exhorted  him  in  fine  language 
to  take  care  that  he  who  had  presented  his  morning 
offering  fail  not  to  render  his  evening  sacrifice,  but  finish 
a  bright  day  with  a  clear  evening.  Between  1189  and 
1192,  we  find  Jocelin  anxiously  engaged  in  the  restora- 


plaiu  the  term  olfonnsec  service,  which  '  Chron.  Mailr. 

has  puzzled  the  Scotch  antiquary ;  and  a  Bullarium  ad  cm. 

by  it  may,  perhaps,  be  explained  the  3  Bullarium.    ''  SoUicite  provisiirus  ut 

Saxoi!  phrase  '*  utware."  offerre    Domiuo  vcsjwrlinum   sacrificiuvi 

The  patronage  of  the  parish  chnrch  of  not  omittat  qui  vialutimim  dicitur  ohtu- 

Uodehn  was  resigned  by  Udardus,  by  lisse,  ac  sic  durum  inane  res2)ere  sereno 

symbol  of  book.  rondudat." 


38  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   illSTORV. 

tioii  (►f  his  (yjitlK^dral  ("liurch.  The  original  cliuich  of 
Bisho})  John,  huilt,  ])C'rha|)s,  chiefly  of  wood,  had  been 
recently  destroyed  hy  fire  ;  and  J(jcelin  foundc^d  a  so- 
ciety to  collect  funds  for  its  restoration,  for  which  he 
obtained  the  royal  sanction  and  protection.'  He  must 
have  proceeded  with  extraordinary  energy  and  success, 
shice,  on  the  Gth  of  July  1197,  his  new  church  was  suffi- 
ciently advanced  to  be  dedicated.^  After  a  long  epLsco- 
pate,  Jocelin  retired  to  his  old  Abbey  of  ]\lelros,  died 
among  his  Ijrethren  of  the  convent  on  the  17th  JNIarch 
1199,  and  w^as  buried  on  the  north  side  of  the  clioii*.^ 

His  successor  was  Hugh  de  Koxburgh,  the  Chan- 
cellor, who  died  two  months  after  his  election,  probably 
unconsecrated/ 

William  Malvoisin,  the  Chancellor,  succeeded ;  elected 
1199  ;  consecrated  in  France  by  the  Archl)ishop  of 
Lyons  in  1200.  He  was  translated  to  St.  Andrew^s  in 
1202. 

The  next  bishop  was  Florence,  the  son  of  that  gallant 
Count  Florence  of  Holland,  the  hero  of  the  crusaders  at 
Damietta,  by  Ada  the  granddaughter  of  David  i.  of 
Scotland.  His  uncle  King  "William  made  him  his  chan- 
cellor ;  and  he  was  at  the  sam^e  time  elected  to  this 
bishopric,  in  which  he  continued  for  five  years  without 

1  The  king  expresses  himself  in  terms  -   "  Jocelinus    ejmcojyus    Glccsg^tends 

of  great  affection  for  the  Chiirch  of  Glas-  Catliedralem  ecclesiam  snam,  q\uim  ipse 

gow, — Mater  multar\im   gentium  exilis  novum  construxerat,  pridie  nonas  Jvln, 

antehac  et  angusta,  ad  Iwnorem  Dei  am-  die  dominica,  o.nno  episcopatiis  sui  xxiiij, 

pliari  desiderat,  et  prelerca  in  hiis  diebus  dedicavit."  —Chron.  Mailr. 
nostris  igne  consiimpta  ad   sui   repara- 

cionem  avqylissimis  cxpensis  indigens  et  ^  Vhron.  3/a?7?-.  —  Hoved. 
nostrum  et  plurium  prohorvm  hominv.m 

subsidium  expostulat.  *  Fordun. 


GLASGOW  IN  THE  REIGN  OF  ALEXANDER  11.  39 

consecration,  and  resigned  his  charge  in  1207.  The 
causes  of  his  not  being  confirmed,  and  of  his  resignation, 
are  equally  unknown.^ 

Walter,  capellanus  regis,  was  elected  bishop  on  the 
5th  of  the  Ides  of  December  1207,  and  consecrated  by 
papal  license  at  Glasgow  on  the  2d  November  1208. 
He  attended  a  General  Council  (the  Lateran)  at  Eome 
in  1215,  along  with  the  Bishops  of  St.  Andrews  and 
Moray ;  and  three  years  afterwards  accompanied  the 
Bishops  of  Moray  and  Caithness,  when  they  obtained  the 
papal  absolution  from  the  interdict  of  the  Legate  Gualo. 
He  died  in  1232. 

In  the  following  reign  the  Chapter  acquired  the  church 
of  Daliel  as  a  common  church  from  the  Abbey  of  Paisley. 
The  bislioj)  obtained  the  church  of  Hottun  by  a  trans- 
action with  the  canons  of  Jedburgh,  and  had  a  grant  of 
the  patronage  of  the  churches  of  Annan,  Lochmaben,  with 
its  chapel  of  Kokele,  Cumbretrees,  Gretenhou,  Rempatrick, 
Kirkepatric,  and  the  chapel  of  Logan,  from  the  monastery 
of  Gyseburne,  to  which  they  had  been  given  by  Robert 
Bruce,  Lord  of  Annandale.^  Affrica  of  Nithsdale  granted 
to  the  Bishop  the  church  of  St.  Bride  of  Winterton- 
negan  ;  and  by  transactions,  some  of  which  amounted  to 
a  purchase,  he  acquired  the  church  of  Merebotle  and  the 

'  Chron  J/aiYr.— Fordun,  — The    seal  "  The  original  grant  of  Robert  Bruce 

of    Florence,    representing    the    bishop  le  meschin  to  the  canons  of  Gysebnrne 

seated,  as  not  yet  entitled  to  appear  in  is  preserved  among  the  Harleian  Char- 

the  act  of  episcopal   benediction,  with  ters  in  the  British  Museinn.     The  seal, 

the  legend,   Su/iUuvv  FUrrentii  O'Uisga-  on  green  wax,  is  still  entire,  and  repre- 

eiisis  drrU,  is  engi'aved  among  the  col-  sents   a   knight  on   horseback  ;    on   his 

lection  of  beautiful  seals  appended  to  the  shield  and  the  housings  of  his  horse,  the 

chartulary  of  Melrose,  the  contribution  chief  and  saltire  of  Bruce  ;  the  legend, 

of  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch  to  the  Ban-  €?StO  UXOX  Ut  IPO. 
natyne  Club. 


40  SKETCHES  OK  EARLY  Si'O'IVH    HISTOHY. 

lands  of  Ingoliston.  The  families  of  Carrick  and  of  Len- 
nox, from  whose  wild  dominions  it  was  in  last  reign  so 
diiiieiilt  to  obtain  the  dues  of  the  Chureh,  had  now  be- 
come its  dutiful  children.  In  1225,  Earl  Duncan  of 
Carrick,  in  a  chapter  celebrated  at  Ayr,  solemidy  under- 
took to  pay  all  his  tithes  and  dues,  and  to  use  his  power 
with  his  men  and  tenants  for  the  same  purjjosc^.  He 
promised  no  longer  to  oppress  the  clergy  of  Carrick  with 
tallies  or  exactions  ;^  to  enforce  Church  censures  by  con- 
fiscation and  temporal  penalties  ;  and  he  granted  that 
the  clergy  should  have  a  right  of  pasturage  through  his 
whole  land,  "  according  to  the  traditions  of  our  fathers 
and  the  statutes  of  the  Church  ;"^  and  the  Earl's  son 
compounded  for  injuries  he  had  perpetrated  against  the 
Glasgow  churches  during  the  war  in  Gallow^ay,  by  a 
donation  of  a  church,  which  seems  to  be  that  of  Stratton, 
with  land  in  the  parish.  Besides  these,  the  Church  ac- 
quired small  additional  revenues  from  Eutherglen  and 
Cadihou,  Ashkirk,  Buthlull,  now  Bonhill,  Eoxburgh, 
Golyn,  and  Mosplat  in  the  bailiary  of  Lanark.  The  pro- 
vision for  parochial  vicars  still  continued  a  fertile  suljject 
of  dispute  and  transactions.  In  one  of  these,  we  find  the 
unusual  stipulation  that  the  stipend  shall  increase  in  pro- 
portion to  the  revenues  of  the  chiuxhes — an  element  that 

1  He  particularly  exempts  them  from  A  grant  iu  similar  terms  was  made  by 

a  certain  corredmvi  ad  opus  servwntium  Maldoveni,  Earl  of  Lennox. 
suorum  qui  kethres  nuncupatur,  winch, 

notwithstanding   the    term,   must  have  ^  It  was  in  this  way  the  Church  ob- 

differed  from  the  cwody  of  the  English  tained  the  execution  of  this  and  others  of 

law,  and  may  perhaps  receive  some  illus-  its  statutes,  which  Lord  Hailes  remarks 

tration  by  the  etymology  of  its  Celtic  would  require  the  intervention  of   the 

synonym.— See  Jacob's  Laio  Dictionary  legislature.     I  have  lost  the  reference  to 

V.   Corody  ;  and  Kenible's  Anglo-Sao:on  Lord  Hailes's  remark. 
Charters,  Introduction,  liij. 


GLASGOW  OPPRESSED  BY  RUTHERGLEIS.  41 

seems  to  have  been  carefully  excluded  in  other  transac- 
tions of  this  nature.  The  amount  of  procurations,  or 
dues  payable  to  bishops  on  visitation,  seems  not  to  have 
been  so  much  disputed  in  the  diocese  of  Glasgow  as  in 
the  other  bishoprics  of  Scotland.  The  transactions  re- 
garding such  disputes  are  comparatively  few. 

On  a  statement,  that  in  a  certain  part  of  the  diocese 
some  barbarous  tribes  were  destitute  of  spiritual  instruc- 
tion, the  Pope,  to  support  the  expense  of  the  bishop's 
visitation  there,  granted  him  the  church  of  Drivcsdale  in 
usus  proprios.  To  meet  the  pressure  of  debts  affect- 
ing the  Church,  the  whole  clergy  of  the  diocese  were 
commanded  to  contribute  a  subsidy  ;  and  the  Pope 
allowed  the  bishop  to  appropriate  the  revenues  of  two 
churches  for  three  years. 

Great  efforts  were  made  to  obtain  enforcement  of 
ecclesiastical  decrees  by  the  arm  of  the  civil  power,  and 
to  a  certain  extent  successfully.  At  the  same  time  the 
whole  authority  of  Rome  was  used  to  prevent  the  clergy 
from  pleading  in  a  lay  court.  A  number  of  papal  privi- 
leges show  us  that  the  two  great  grievances  of  the  bishoj) 
were,  being  forced  to  admit  to  benefices  or  pensions  upon 
the  dictation  of  the  Pope,  and  the  liability  to  be  sum- 
moned in  Church  cases  out  of  the  kingdom. 

The  bishop  had  a  very  early  exemption  for  himself 
and  his  people  from  toll  and  custom  for  their  own  chattels, 
which  was  renewed  in  this  reign.  It  brought  the  citi- 
zens of  Glasgow  into  collision  with  the  ancient  royal 
burgh  of  Rutherglen,  and  with  the  more  modern  one  of 
Dumbarton.      Against  the  latter  the  bishop  prevailed. 


42 


SKKTCHES  OF  EAULY  SCOTCH  HISTOKY. 


and  secured  for  liis  l)urge8ses  a  free  trade  in  Argyle  and 
Lennox  ;  Imt  Ruthei-ghni  wa.s  more  poweiful  ;  and  all 
tliat  eould  })e  obtained  was  a  protection  against  the 
royal  Imrgh  levying  toll  and  custom  within  the  town  of 
Glaso-ow,  or  nearer  than  the  erovSS  of  Schedenestun.^ 

The  custom  of  judicial  combat,  one  branch  of  that 
system  of  ordeal  which  appealed  all  questions  between 
man  and  man  to  the  direct  decision  of  Providence,  was 
still  in  considerable  observance.  It  appears  that  in  Scot- 
land, as  well  as  England,  this  law  was  extended  to  church- 
men, and  Innocent  in.  found  it  necessary  to  fulminate  a 
bull  against  so  pestilent  a  custom.^ 

The  Cathedral,  though  dedicated  in  the  episcopate  of 
Bishop  Jocelin,  cannot  have  been  completed  then.  But 
the  cathedral  of  Saint  Kentigern  was  of  national  in- 
terest, and  the  General  Council  of  the  Scotch  Church 
came  to  its  assistance.  In  1242,  it  was  ordained  that, 
from  the  beginning  of  Lent  till  the  octaves  of  Easter, 
the  matter  of  the  building  of  the  church  of  Glasgow 
should  l)e  recommended  to  the  parishionei^  in  every 
church  on  Sundays  and  festivals,  after  mass,  and  the 
indulgence  granted  to  those  assisting  the  building,  ^rat- 
ten  up  in  church,  and  expounded  in  the  vulgar  tongue  ; 
and  that  no  other  collection  be  allowed  to  interfere  with 
it  during  that  period.^ 


1  Scliedenestim  is  now  Shettleston. 
"  Pestifera  co)isu€tudo. 

2  "  Statuimus  firmiter  obseivandum, 
quod  a  principio  quadragesimal  usque  ad 
octavas  Paschae  uegotium  fabrics  cccle- 
siae  Glasguensis,  omnibus  diebus  domi- 
nicis  et  festivis,  fideliter  et  diligenter,  in 
singulis  ecclesiis  post  evangelium  missne, 


parochianis  exponatur,  et  iudulgentia 
eidem  fabricae  subvenientibus  coucessa, 
quam  in  qualibet  ecclesia  scriptam  esse 
precipimus,  aperte  et  distincte  eisdeni 
parochianis  vnlgariter  dicatur,  et  elerao- 
synce  eorundem,  ac  bona  decedentium  ab 
intestato,  ac  etiam  pie  legata,  secundum 
consuetudinem    hactenus    approbatani, 


REIGN  OF  ALEXANDER  III.  43 

It  was  the  work  of  many  years,  notwithstanding,  and 
the  length  of  time  occupied  in  erecting  this  great  church 
accounts  for  some  curious  changes  of  style,  which  must 
have  taken  place  while  the  work  was  in  progress. 

In  this  reign  the  diocese  is  said  to  have  been  divided 
into  two  archdeaconries,  Glasgow  proper,  and  Teviotdale.^ 

Walter's  successor  in  the  bishopric  was  the  Chan- 
cellor, William  dc  Bondington,  a  courteous,  liberal  man 
— vir  da2:)silis  et  liber  alts  in  omnihus'^ — who  was.  con- 
secrated at  Glasgow  on  the  Sunday  after  the  nativity 
of  the  Virgin,  1233.^  He  is  said  to  have  finished  the 
Cathedral.*  He  resigned  the  office  of  Chancellor  about 
the  period  of  the  king's  death.  He  seems  to  have  pre 
ferred  his  native  Borders — not  yet  a  lawless  district,  un- 
inhabitable for  men  of  peace — and  latterly  resided  much 
at  his  pleasant  house  of  Alncrum,^  and  died  there  on  the 

fideliter  colligantur  et  decanis  locorum  tenants  should  be  ejected  from  his  land, 

in  proximis  capitulis   sine  diniinntione  which  prodiiced  a  great  reformation  and 

assignejitur  ;  et  infra  dictum  terminum  a  diminution  of  the  Archdeacon's  profits, 

nallus  quajstionem  pro  negotiis  aliis  in  The   Archdeacon   met   the   knight,  and 

ecclesiisparochialibusadrnittat." — Char-  accosting  him  sicperbo  supercilio,  asked 

tul.  Aberdou. —  Wilkins  Con. — Hailes.  him  who  had  constituted  him  judge  for 

•  \2Qd>.— Mailr.—Fordun.    Some  new  the  reforming  of  such   matters.      The 

arrangement  of  tlie  archdeaconries  may  knight  replied  that  he  had  made  the  rule 

have  taken  place.     But  an  Archdeacon  for  the  sake  of  his  property,  and  not  as 

of  Teviotdale  occurs  long  before. — Reg.  interfering  with  the  churchman's  juris- 

Passel.     Lib.  de  Melr.     The  chronicler  diction,  but  added,   *'I  see  if  you  can 

of  Lanercost  gives  a  story,  causa  ludi^  fill  your  bag  with  their  fines,  you  have 

that  is,  to   have  a  jibe   at  the  odious  no  care  who  takes  their  souls."     Ad  Iwec 

church  inquisitor — which  should  l)e  re-  coniicuit    exactor    criniinum    et    amator 

membered.     A  certain  knight  of  Robert-  transgressionum. — Chron.  Laner.  1277. 
ston  had  an   estate  in  Annandale,  the  ^  Fordun,  x.  11. 

tenants  of  which,  running  riot  from  too  ^  Chron.  Mailr. 

much  prosperity— j'^^-cc  ojnbus  lascivicn-  ■*  Boece. 

tes  —  committed  all  sorts  of  ofi"ences,  which  ^  Many  of  his  charters  are  dated  there, 

brought  them  to  the  Ofiicial's  court,  and  He  obtained  from  Ralf  Burnard  a  right 

filled  the  purse  of  the  Archdeacon  with  of  fuel  in  his  peateries  of  Faringdun,  for 

their  fines.     At  length  the  landlord  de-  the  use  of  his  house  of  Alnecrumbe,  to 

clared  that   for  anv   such   offences   tlie  himself  and  his  successors  for  ever. 


44  SKET(;ilE.S  C)K  KAKLV  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  | 

10th  Novt'iulu'r  1258.  iic  was  Imriod  at  MelroH,  near 
the  hi<^}i  altar.^ 

The  reign  of  Alexander  iii.  is  not  so  important  in  tlie 
liistory  of  the  dioeese  f(jr  any  great  acquisition  of  jiro- 
perty,  as  for  an  important  change  in  the  constitution  of 
the  Church.  Isabella  de  Valloniis,  the  widow  of  David 
Comyn,  lord  of  Kilbride,  granted  to  the  Church  a  territory 
in  the  forest  of  Dalkarn.  Dei-vorguilla,  co-heiress  of  Alan 
of  Galloway,  and  widow  of  John  de  BaUiol,  gave  to  it 
Torhgil  in  Cunyngham,  Ryesdale,  and  other  lands  and 
pastures  in  her  domain  of  Largs.  The  patronage  of  the 
parish  church  of  Smalham  was  obtained  from  David 
Olifard.  John  Com5na,  lord  of  Eulebethok,  gave  to  the 
Church  his  land  of  Rulehalch. 

William  de  Bondington,  who  had  previously  regulated 
the  archdeaconry  of  Teviotdale,  in  the  last  year  of  his 
bishopric  and  of  his  life,  by  the  consent  of  the  Chapter, 
established  the  liberties  and  customs  of  Salisbury  as  the 
future  constitution  of  the  Cathedral  of  Glasgow.  The 
ritual  of  Sarum,  arranged  by  Bishop  Osmund  in  1076, 
had  been  very  generally  adopted,  even  beyond  the  autho- 
rity of  the  English  Church.^  This  naturally  led  to  the 
adoption  also  of  its  constitution  and  customs.  With  the 
view  of  ascertaining  these  accurately  and  authoritatively, 
the  Chapter  obtained  from  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Salis- 
bury a  formal  statement  of  their  constitution,  which  ever 
after  formed,  as  it  were,  the  charter  of  pri\dleges  of  the 

'  Chron.  Mailr.  siastici    officii    quern    cons^ietudiiuiriurii 

vocant,    quo    fere    tota    Bimc     Anglia, 
2  A.D.    1076.     Osmund   episcopus  Sa-        Wallia,   et    Hybemia   utitur. — Jorval— 
rum  composuit  librum  ordinalem  eccle-        Knyghton. 


OLD  BOUNDARY  OF  THE  DIOCESE.  45 

Glasgow  Chapter.^  This  important  measure  was  preceded 
by  a  charter  of  the  bishop,  granting  to  the  canons  the 
free  election  of  their  dean  (which  must  probably  be  held 
as  a  declaration  of  their  previously  existing  right)  ;  and 
it  was  accompanied  by  a  gift  of  Hottun,  as  an  addition 
to  the  common  churches  of  the  chapter,  and  by  the  foun- 
dation and  endowment  of  a  body  of  vicarii  de  residentia, 
or  cathedral  vicars.^ 

By  a  right  which  the  church  purchased  from  the  lord 
of  Luss  in  127  7,  we  learn  two  interesting  particulars ; — 
that  the  territory  of  that  lord  then  abounded  in  wood,  and 
that  the  Church  of  Glasgow  was  at  that  time  collecting 
materials  for  building  a  steeple  and  treasury — camioanile 
et  thesauraria.^  The  increasing  number  and  consequence 
of  the  Chapter  rendered  necessary  other  alterations  of  the 
cathedral  buildmgs ;  and  on  two  occasions  during  this 
reign,  we  find  a  project  for  removing  the  bishop's  palace 
to  make  way  for  the  dwellings  of  the  canons.^ 

'■  The  adoption  by  the  canons,  of  the  cathedrals,  had  ultimately  a  regular  con- 

uniried  constitution  is  singularly  guard-  stitution  under  the  title  of  Vicars  of  the 

ed.     It  takes  place  after  the  death  of  Choir. 

Bishop  Boudington,  and  whilst  no  sue-  ^  The  grant  is  very  minute.  Maurice, 
cesser  has  yet  been  appointed.  The  lord  of  Luss,  for  a  certain  sum  of  money 
canons,  in  their  oath  of  adherence,  re-  sells  and  grants  to  God  and  Saint  Ken- 
serve  a  power  to  change  any  of  the  tigern,  and  the  Church  of  Glasgow,  the 
constitutions,  if  the  majority  of  the  whole  timber  that  sliall  be  required  for 
Chapter  think  proper  ;  and  while  they  the  steeple  and  thesaury  of  the  church, 
bind  themselves,  in  virtue  of  their  oath,  until  the  same  shall  be  perfectly  com- 
firmly  to  observe  such  change,  they  add  pleted  in  wood  Avork.  He  gives  the 
the  saving  clause — nisi  dicta  mutalio  no-  workmen  leave  freely  to  enter  his  lauds, 
bis  rei^eHatnr  damnosa.  to  fell  and  i)re]iare  whatever  timber  in 

^  Great  confusion  has  arisen  from  con-  his  woods  they  think  expedient,  and  to 

founding  the  vicars  parochial,  who  form-  remain  there,  and  have  free  pasture  for 

ed,  in  fact,  the  great  body  of  the  acting  their  horses  and  oxen  during  its  manu- 

clergy  with  cure   of  souls,  with  these  facture  and  carriage.    Granted  at  Perthec 

vicars  residentiary,  established  for  the  on  Tuesday  next  after  the  Assumption  of 

decorum    and  solemnity    of    Cathedral  the  Virgin,  1277. 

service,  who  are  often  called  stallarii,  *  First,  in  1228,  at  a  meeting  of  the 

and  in  Glasgow,   as   well    as   in   other  Chapter,  whilst  the  see  was  vacant  after 


46  SKETCHKS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  lil.STOIiV. 

The  (li'ciins  of  cliur(  li  ])i(^perty  to  Rom(i  were  ])('rliyp8 
scarcely  more  heavy,  in  the  shape  of  avowed  taxation  oi* 
contrilmtion,  than  in  the  sums  continually  transmitted 
for  securing  patronage,  and  keeping  u])  infiuence  at  the 
papal  court.  We  have  instances  of  both  in  the  transac- 
tions of  this  reign.^ 

After  the  death  of  Bishop  William  de  Bondington, 
the  election  of  the  Chapter  fell  upon  Nicolas  de  ^loffet, 
the  Archdeacon  of  Teviotdale,  who  was  prevented  from 
obtaining  consecration  by  the  intrigues  of  some  members 
of  his  Chapter.  The  Pope  not  only  rejected  him,  ]mt 
appointed  in  his  place,  and  consecrated,  John  de  Cheyam, 
an  Englishman.  Nearly  all  we  know  of  him  is,  that  he 
claimed  as  of  ancient  right  to  exercise  his  diocesan  juris- 
diction as  far  as  Rere  Cross  on  Stanmore,^  and  that, 
equally  unacceptable  to  the  king  and  his  C^hapter,  he 
retired  from  his  diocese  and  from  Scotland,  and  died  in 
France  in  1268.^ 

Upon  his  death,  Nicolas  de  MofFet  obtained  possession 
of  the  see,  but  died  mthout  consecration  in  1270. 


tlie  death  of  Bondington,  the  canons 
agreed  that  if  any  of  them  should  be 
elected  bishop,  he  should  remove  the 
palace  which  stood  without  the  castle — 
pallatiitm  quod  est  extra  castrum  Glas- 
giiense—2a\'\  give  its  site,  with  other 
gro\md  adjoining,  for  houses  for  the  ca- 
nons. On  a  vacancy  occurring  exactly 
ten  years  afterwards,  a  meeting  of  canons 
came  to  the  same  resolution.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  the  second  was  not  more  effec- 
tual than  the  first  undertaking. 

^  We  have  a  sum  of  £200  borrr.wed 
from  merchants,  "j>ro  arduis  nostns  ne- 
gotiis  in  cnria  Roviana  promovendis ;" 
with  a  discharge  for  sixty  marks  sterling, 


the  arrears  of  an  annual  duty  paid  by 
Glasgow  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 

2  The  old  boundaries,  since — 

''  The  King  Dawy  wan  till  his  crown 
All  fra  the  wattyr  of  Tese  of  brede 
North  on  til  the  wattyr  of  Twede, 
And  fra  the  wattyr  of  Esk  be  Est 
Til  of  Stanemore  the  Rere-cors 
West." 

Wi/nioun,  ATI.  6. 

3  Chron.  Lanerc.  65,  387.  The  Chap- 
ter complained  of  his  intrusion  :  the  king, 
that  he  pretended  a  right  to  the  revenues 
before  taking  the  oath  of  fealty— con- 
tvarv  to  the  custom  of  Scotland. 


REIGN  OF  ROBERT  I.  47 

William  Wischart,  Archdeacon  of  St.  Andrews,  and 
Chancellor  of  Scotland,  was  elected  to  succeed  him,  but 
was  in  the  same  year  postulated  to  the  See  of  St.  An- 
drews.^ 

Kobert  Wischart,  Ai'chdeacon  of  Lothian,  elected  his 
successor,  was  consecrated  at  Aberdeen  by  the  Bishops  of 
Aberdeen,  Moray,  and  Dumblane.  Dming  the  peaceful 
reign  of  Alexander,  he  had  leisure  for  a  dispute  mth  his 
Chapter  concerning  the  lands  of  Kermyl,  with  which 
John  de  Cheyam  and  the  Chapter  had  endowed  three 
chaplains  in  the  cathedral.^  The  latter  transactions  of 
his  life  were  of  a  different  character. 

The  short  reign  of  the  maiden  of  Norway,  and  the 
troubled  interregnum  that  followed,  were  not  favourable 
to  the  Church.  The  only  transaction  of  consequence 
recorded  during  that  period  was  a  decision  or  arrange- 
ment between  Sir  William  of  Moray,  lord  of  Bothuile, 
and  the  Chapter  ;  Moray  taking  the  church  of  Smalham, 
and  the  Chapter  the  church  of  Walliston,  in  projyrios 
tisus  or  as  a  common  church. 

Edward  i.  spent  a  fortnight  at  Glasgow  in  the  autumn 
of  1301.  He  resided  at  the  Friars  Preachers,  but  was 
constant  in  his  offerings  at  the  High  Altar  and  the  shrine 

'  "  Et  minim  multis  vis'um  est  qiiod  vir  "  Non  propter  vitam  faciunt  patrimoiiia 

tani  mar/nce  opinionis,  quifm't,  ut  dicUim  «     quidam 

est,electus  Glasguensis  et  Smu^ti  xXndrece  Sed,    vitio   ci?ci,    propter    patrimonia 

Archidiacmms,   domini  Regis   cancella-  vivimt. 

rill'',  ac  rector  sive  2^'>'(^i>endantis  viginti  Crescit  amor  nummi  quantum  ipsa  pe- 

duarum  ecclesiarum,  cajitus  fitit   tania  cunia  crescit." 

ambitione,  quod  hcec  omnia  eidem   non  Forduii,  Lib.  x.  p.  133. 

suffi,cerent,quin,potiussimulatione  quam  It  is   not  often  that  our  chroniclers 

religione,  pins    regis    timoi'e    quam  sui  (piote  Juvenal. 

amore,  e2)iscopatum  Sancti  Andrece  sibi  *  Episcopus  per  svam  indusiriam,  de 

xisurparei.     Is  deillis  apparel  esse  el  est,  jjecunia    tamen   ipsius    capituli,    acqni- 

de  quibus  Juvenalis,  sierat. 


48  SKETCHES  OF  EAI'.LY  SCOTCH   HIST(JKV. 

of  Saint  Muiigo.  Of  tlu;  IniiJding  s])aciou8  onougli  to 
receive  tlie  nionareh's  tniin,  there  are  now  no  vestigrs. 
A  few  years  later  we  find  ])y  a  charter  still  preserved  in 
the  archives  of  the  University,  the  Bisliop  and  (•haj)ter 
granted  to  the  Friars  preachers  of  Glasgu  a  spnng  eall(,*d 
the  Meadow-well,  rising  in  the  Denside,  to  be  conducted 
into  the  cloisters  of  the  Friars.* 

The  reign  of  Robert  was  scarcely  more  fortunate  for 
Glasgow.  The  Church  has  no  recorded  acquisition  of 
property  in  this  reign,  except  small  annual  rents  given 
by  the  family  of  Avenel,^  and  by  John,  Abbot  of  Holy- 
rood.^  The  prebend  of  Barlanark  was  granted  l)y  the 
king  in  free  warren.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Chapter 
parted  with  two  of  its  churches  at  the  request  of  the 
king,  giving  Eglismalesock  to  Kelso,  and  Watstirker  to 
Melros.''  Deeds  are  here  presei'ved  in  favour  of  the 
Abbey  of  Paisley  and  the  Church  of  A}t.  A  transaction 
is  recorded,  in  which  Roger  de  Auldton,  by  a  gift  of  a 
considerable  property,  purchased  the  privilege  of  burial 
for  himself  and  his  spouse  in  the  choir  of  the  church  of 
St.  James  of  Roxburgh.^  I  may  like^\dse  mention  an 
instrument,  recording  the  precautions  taken  upon  the 
loss  of  the  bishop's  seal  of  cause  ;  and  a  curious  inden- 
ture, in  which  Walter  Fitz  Gilbert,  the  first  of  the  family 


^  Fonteni  qiiendam  qui  dicitur  meduwel  s  Four  marcs  out  of  Dalgamoc. 

in  loco  qui  dicitur  Denside  scatitrienteni  *  The  charter  of  Ochiltree  is  only  an 

in  pcrjjetuuvi  conducendum  in  claustnim  eiDiscopal  confirmation  of  a  gift  of  Eusta- 

dictorum  fratrum   ad  usus    vecessarios  chia  de  Colvil. — Liber  de  Melros,  403. 
eorundem.     The   grant  by  the   Bishop, 

dated  16  kal.  Sep.  130-i,  is  confirmed  by  °  From  the  Rector,  the  abbot  of  Kelso, 

the  Chapter  die  lune  in  festo  S.  Bariho-  quce  sine  nostn  licentia  tanquam  rectoris 

lomei  n2)ostoli,  1304.  dictce  ecclesice,  finnitatem  habere  neque- 

'  Forty  shillings  out  of  Tuuregeyth.  tmt. 


BISHOP  ROBERT  WISCHART.  49 

of  Hamilton,  grants  to  the  Church  certain  vestments  and 
plate,  under  reservation  of  the  use  of  them  four  times  in 
the  year  in  the  chapel  of  Machan.^ 

The  affectionate  sympathy  expressed  by  the  king  for 
the  bishop  would  serve  to  give  us  some  insight  into  his 
character,  even  if  the  history  of  Robert  Wischart  were 
not  so  well  known. ^  "  We  feel  in  our  heart  as  we  ought," 
says  Bruce,  "  the  imprisonments  and  chains,  the  persecu- 
tions and  vexatious  delays  which  the  venerable  father 
Robert,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  has  endured,  and  still  endures 
with  patience,  for  the  rights  of  the  church  and  of  our 
kingdom  of  Scotland."  Bruce,  the  mirror  of  chivalry, 
felt  no  horror  of  the  churchman's  breaches  of  promise. 
It  was  a  time  when  strong  oppression  on  the  one  side, 
made  the  other  almost  forget  the  laws  of  good  faith  and 
humanity.  Our  bishop  did  homage  to  the  Suzerain,  and 
transgressed  it ;  he  swore  fidelity  over  and  over  again 
to  the  King  of  England,  and  as  often  broke  his  oath. 
He  kept  no  faith  with  Edward.  He  preached  against 
liim  ;^  and,  when  the  occasion  offered,  he  buckled  on  his 
xrmour  like  a  Scotch  baron,  and  fought  against  him.* 

But  let  it  not  be  said  he  changed  sides  as  fortune 

*  Here  we  find  the  chapel  of  the  Vir-  Utfoy  ct  la  ijees  notre  seigneur  le  Hoy, 

xm.  described  as  in  ecclesia  inferiori,  and  pour  meyntener  la  lyartie  et  Vestal  du  dit 

hat  of  Saint  Kentigern  in  bassa  ecclesia  ;  Counte  de  Carrik,  en  amonestant  lepoejtle 

md  there  were  many  other  altars  and  .  .  .  et  les  asseicre  sur  son  i^eril  qiCils 

hapels  in  the  crypts.  porront  a  tant  fair  nie,'i"yt  de  estre  de 

2  Xos  corditer  attendentes  ut  teneniur,  Vacord  le  dit  Counte  et  de  meintenir  la 

marcerationes  ct  vincida,  ptcrsecutiones  guerre  contre  le  roy  d^Engleterre  come 

t  tcedia  qucc  vencrabilis  pater  domimis  d'aler  en    le    service   Dieu   en  la   terre 

Hobertus  Dei  gratia  episcopus  Glasguen-  seinte. — Documents  illust.  Hist,  of  Scot- 

is  pro  jurilnis  ecclesise  et  regni  nostri  land,  p.  348. 

:5Cotiae  hactenus  constanter  sustinidt  et  *  Le  dit  evesque  come  horn  contre  la 

'dhuc  sustinet  patienter.  j?)(^c5  tint  armez  son   corps  od  tote  sa 

'^  Le  dit  evesque  est  ale ptrechant  parmy  gent.— Documents  illust.    Hist,  of  Scot, 

e  pays  pour  f aire  les  gentz  lever  contre  p,  343. 

D 


50  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIV. 

changed.^  When  the  weak  J>alhol  renounced  his  alle- 
giance to  his  over-lord,  the  Bishop,  who  knew  both,  must 
have  divined  to  which  side  victory  would  incline ;' 
and  yet  he  opposed  Edward.  When  Wallace,  ahnost 
single-handed,  set  up  the  standard  of  revolt  against  the 
all-powerful  Edward,  the  Bishop  of  Glasgow  immediately 
joined  him.  When  Robert  Bmce,  friendless  and  a  fugi- 
tive, raised  the  old  war-cry  of  Scotland,  the  indomitaUe 
Bishop  supported  him.  Bruce  was  proscribed  by  Edward, 
and  under  the  anathema  of  the  Church  :  The  Bishop 
assoilzied  him  for  the  sacrilegious  slaughter  of  Comyn,  and 
prepared  the  robes  and  royal  banner  for  his  coronation. 

Wischart  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  castle  of  Cupar, 
which  he  had  held  against  the  English,  in  1306,  and  was 
not  liberated  till  after  Bannockbum.^  It  was  in  the 
midst  of  that  lons^  confinement  that  we  find  Robert 
commiserating  his  tedious  imprisonment,  his  chains,  and 
persecutions  so  patiently  endured  for  the  rights  of  the 
church  and  kingdom  of  Scotland.  The  Bishop  had  grown 
blind  in  prison.  He  survived  his  liberation  two  years, 
and  died  in  November  ISIG.'*  One  charoe  of  Edward 
against  Bishop  WLsehart  was,  that  he  had  used  timber 
which  he  had  allowed  him  for  building  a  steeple  to  Hs 

1  Sir    F.    Palgrave's    Introduction. —       is  said  to  have  savoured  of  the  laity  i 
Documents  of  Scotland,  clxxvi.  more  than  wearing  armour.  When  force.. 

2  Ha!  cefol  felon  tel  folic  falct !  were  to  make  submission  to  Edward  after  the 
the  words  of  Edward  when  he  heard  of  capitulation  of  Irvine  (1297),  he  drew 
the  impotent  resistance  of  Balliol. —  down  on  his  house  the  vengeance  oi 
Hailes  An.  Vl^^.  Wallace.     The  patriot  leader,  im<?/5  aii»-| 

^  He  Avas  exchanged,  along  with  the  vioperre:dtaddominnEinscoin,eit>vvM^^ 

Queen   and   Princess,    for    the   Earl   of  ejus  supeUectilem,  anno,  et  equos,  fiHoi 

Hereford,  taken  in  Bothwell  castle  by  Ed-  etiam  Episcojn  nepotum  nomine  nuivcUr 

ward  Bruce,  immediately  after  the  battle.  patos  secum  abdnxit.—  Hemingford,  cited 

^  It  must  be  confessed  Bishop  Wischart  by    Hoiles    ad    an.      Has   the    Englisl 


DEATH  OF  BISHOP  LINDSAY.  5  1 

cathedral,^  in  constructing  engines  of  war  against  the 
king's  castles,  and  especially  the  castle  of  Kirkintilloch. 

Master  Stephen  de  Donydouer,  a  canon  of  Glasgow, 
and  chamberlain  to  King  Eobert,  was  elected  on  the 
death  of  Wischart,  but  through  the  influence  of  Edward 
II.  with  the  Pope,  his  confirmation  was  delayed,  and  he 
died  in  1318,  without  having  been  consecrated. 

Considerable  confusion  now  surrounds  the  history  of 
the  see.  John  de  Lindesay  and  John  de  Wischart  were 
both  Bishops  of  Glasgow  between  1318  and  1334;  but 
it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  their  episcopates.  It  would 
rather  seem  that  John  de  Wischart,  who  was  previously 
archdeacon,  was  elected  Bishop  in  1319,  and  Lindesay 
succeeded  him  in  1321. 

It  was  therefore  probably  Bishop  John  de  Lindesay 
who  figured  in  a  curious  deed  of  the  latter  part  of  this 
reign.^  Whoever  he  was,  he  certainly  had  previously 
held  a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  Glasgow.  On  his 
confirmation  and  consecration,  the  Pope  reserved  the 
prebend  so  vacated  to  his  own  collation.  But  imme- 
diately on  the  bishop's  arrival  from  the  Roman  court, 
the  king  claimed  the  presentation,  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  Scotland,  as  of  a  benefice  in  the  bishop's  gift, 
fallen  vacant  before  the  bishop  had  taken  the  oath  of 
fidelity  to  the  king — and  presented  Master  Walter  de 
Twynham.  The  bishop  was  evidently  most  reluctant ; 
but  Bruce  was  not  to  be  trifled  with  ;  and  Master  Walter 

chronicler    done    the    traitor    bishop's  ^  Avoit  done  merym  pour  faire  le  do- 

morals  wrong?     Altogether,  we  should  cher  de  sa  eglise  cathedral  de  Oloftgu. — 

like  to   have   this   remarkable   person's  Documents  of  Scotland,  y>-  ^'^^^ 
character  from  a  less  prejudiced  pen      an 

that  of  the  secretary  of  Edward.  *  Anno  1324. 


52  SKETCHES  OF  ?:AULY  SCOTCH  niSTOUV. 

was  admitted  by  ring,  as  use  is,  witli  a  protestation  sav- 
ing the  Topci's  right ;  which  was  appai'ently  all  tlx'  satis- 
faction afforded  his  Holiness  ;  foi*  his  nominee,  Nichohw 
de  Guercino,  had  evidently  put  in  his  claim  ineffectually 
long  afterwards.  The  same  instmment  gives  evidence 
of  a  efcneral  council  held  at  Perth  in  1324. 

About  the  feast  of  the  iLssumption  in  the  year  1337, 
two  ships,  coming  from  France  to  Scotland,  were  encoun- 
tered and  taken  after  a  stout  resistance,  by  John  de  Eos, 
the  English  admiral.  On  board  were  Jolm  de  Lindesay, 
Bishop  of  Glasgow,  and  with  him  many  noble  ladies 
of  Scotland,  and  men-at-arms,  and  much  armour,  and 
£30,000  of  money,  and  the  instruments  of  agreement 
and  treaty  between  France  and  Scotland.  The  men-at- 
arms  were  all  slain  or  drowned  in  the  sea.  The  Lord 
Bishop  and  part  of  those  noble  ladies,  for  very  grief,  re- 
fused to  eat  or  drink,  and  died  before  the  fleet  made  the] 
land.     Their  bodies  are  buried  at  Wytsande  in  England.^ 

The  long  reign  of  David  ii.  is,  as  might  be  expected,! 
barren  of  events  affecting  the  church.  There  is  evidence 
of  a  heavy  papal  contribution  in  1340,  of  which  I  have 
found  no  other  trace  ;  of  a  dispute  between  the  bishop 
and  chapter  in  1362  ;  and  of  nothing  else  of  ^Droperly 
ecclesiastical  events  of  higher  consequence  than  the 
foundation  of  a  chantry  or  an  altarage. 

But  the  church  records  here  supply  a  few  events  of 
secular  interest.  The  Bishop  adhering  to  the  party  of 
Edward  Balliol,  we  have  an  interesting  charter  of  Edward 

I  Chron.  Lanerc  Honest  Walsing-  Ejiiscopus  ohiit  Uthnliter  in  capite  vul- 
ham  tells  a  different  story  ;  the  Bishop  neratus.  He  places  the  event  in  1335.  But 
was  knocked  on  the  head  like  the  rest  as  to  the  date,  he  is  mistaken  apparently- 


i 


MAHGAllET  LOGY.  63 

granted  at  Glasgow,  "  on  the  first  day  of  the  second  year 
of  his  reign' — 1333,  where  some  of  the  disinherited  lords 
appear  as  witnesses. 

A  foundation  of  a  chaplainry  in  1361,  by  David  Fitz- 
Walter,  knight,  lord  of  Kinniel,  gives  the  second  genera- 
tion of  the  family  of  Hamilton,  not  yet  bearing  the  name, 
but  blazoning  the  three  cinque-foils,  the  well-known 
family  arms.^ 

The  successor  of  John  de  Lindesay  was  William  Kaa, 
of  whose  life  and  conduct  during  that  period  of  con- 
fusion little  is  known.^  He  is  said  to  have  built  the 
stone  bridge  over  the  Clyde  at  Glasgow  f  but  we  should 
require  some  evidence  of  such  an  undertaking  being 
completed  in  a  time  of  so  great  national  depression.  In 
his  days  Margaret  Logy  became  queen  of  Scotland ;  and 
the  imperious  young  beauty,  not  content  Avith  ruling  the 
king,  seems  to  have  interfered  more  than  was  lawful  in  the 
affairs  of  the  bishopric.  She  exacted  concession  of  church 
property  for  one  favourite,  and  a  benefice  for  another, 
and  actually  averred  that  the  king  had  made  her  a  grant 
of  the  bishopric  of  Glasgow  in  part^  Bishop  William 
died  in  1367. 

His  successor  was  Walter  de  Wardlaw,  archdeacon  of 
Lothian,  and  secretary  to  the  king  ;  consecrated  1368. 

1  Tlioinas  Innes's  note  of  tlie  original  tluit  Jolin  de  Lindesay  was  in  some  way 

charter  and  its  seal  i^svper  scutum  iria  ousted    from    the    bishopric   before   his 

(luiiupu'foUa.  death. 

'  The  see  was  vacant  on  the  8th  Feb-  '  Keith,  apparently  following  M'Urc. 

Tuary  1335,  and  John  was  then  spoken  <  She  asserts  that  the  hospital  of  Pol- 

of  as  nuper  Ej^iscopus.      Keith  asserts  niadie  Avas  in  her  gift  by  reason  of  the 

he  was  then  dead,  and  says  his  successor  king's  grant  of  the  bishopric — ex  conces- 

■was  bishoi>  in  1335.     I  have  not  found  sioiie  Regis  de  episcajnitu  Glasguensi  in 

[the  authority  he  quotes.     It  is  possible  /m^'^c  nobis  facta. 


54  SKETCHES  OE  EARLY  SCOTCH   HISTOUY. 

He  was  much  employed  in  foreign  emljjissif^s,  and  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  the  cardinalate  and  the  office  of 
legate  a  latere  for  Scotland  and  Ireland,  in  1385,  from 
the  antipope  Clement  vii.,  to  whom  the  Scotch  Church 
adhered.     He  died  in  1387. 

The  reign  of  Robert  ii.,  though  equally  ban-en  of 
deeds  regarding  the  church,  furnished  to  the  charter 
scholars  of  the  Scotch  college  their  most  valued  evidence 
and  their  greatest  triumph.  After  setting  foilli  the 
proofs  of  the  legitimacy  of  Robert  iii.  contained  in  the 
charters,  founding  a  chaplainry  in  consideration  of  a 
papal  dispensation  for  the  marriage  of  his  father  A^dth 
Elizabeth  More,  and  detailing  the  preseiTation  of  these 
charters  in  France,  Thomas  Innes,  Avith  an  excusable  mix- 
ture of  loyalty  and  patriotism  with  grateful  affection  for 
the  country  of  his  adoption,  celebrates  the  gioiy  of 
France,  who — united  to  Scotland  by  their  ancient  I 
league,  and  often  affording  a  hospitable  reception  to  her 
royal  family — hath  now  happily  preserved  at  once  the 
hope  and  heir  of  the  kingdom— the  hundred  and  tenth 
inheritor  of  the  crown — and  the  unchallengeable  proofs 
of  the  legitimacy  of  his  race  !  ^ 


^  Ita  Francia  Scotis  foedere  conjuncta,  tained  the  legitimation  of  children  whom 

rcgiceqv.e  familice  hosjntio  non  semel  no-  he  had  had  by  Elizabeth  before  his  mar- 

bilis,  ut  spem  et  lueredem  centesimum  et  riage  with   Euphemia,    in   exclusion   of 

decinmm  regni  Scotoi'mn,  ita  etiom  titu-  the   children    of    his    lawful   marriage. 

Imn  indiibitatxje  mtctoritatis,  quo  eadem.  That  fiction  is  certainly  ove^th^o^^^l  by 

familia  ah  omni  deteHoHs  originis  sttspi-  these  deeds,   proving  the   dispensation, 

Clone  vindicatur,  feliciter  con^ervavit.—  marriage,   and  death  of  Elizabeth,   ten 

Mabillon,  App.  p.  10.     Innes,  of  course,  yeai-s  before  the  death  of  Euphemia.     It 

only  dealt   with    the    objection    as    he  was  reserved  for  the  ingenuity  of  later 

found  it  in  Boece  and  Buchanan,   w'ho  Avriters  to  raise   other   objections  after 

asserted  that  Robert  married  Elizabeth  the    whole    disputes    have    fortunately 

More,   not   till   after   the   death   of  his  taken  their  proper  rank  as  mere  subjects 

queen,   Euphemia    Ros,   and    then    ob-  of  antiquarian  curiosity.     The  dispensa- 


REIGN  OF  ROBERT  III. 


55 


Upon  the  death  of  the  Cardinal,  the  Pope  endea- 
voured to  intrude  John  Framisden,  a  friar  minor,  into 
the  see  of  Glasgow,  and  craved  the  assistance  of  Kichard  ii. 
for  his  settlement  by  force.  ^  The  attempt,  however, 
entii-ely  failed,  and  Matthew  de  Glendonwyn,  a  canon  of 
the  cathedral,  obtained  the  bishopric  peaceably.  In  his 
episcopate,  the  steeple,  built  of  timber  from  the  banks  of 
Lochlomond,  was  burnt  down.  He  made  preparations 
for  reljuilding  it  of  stone,  but  had  not  commenced  it 
when  he  died  10th  May  1408. 

A  statute  for  taxing  prebends  to  supply  robes  and 
ornaments  for  the  cathedral  service  ;  and  some  proceed- 
ings regarding  the  hospital  of  Polmadie,  which  had  lately 
become  the  property  of  the  bishop,  are  the  only  records 
of  events  of  the  unfortunate  reign  of  Robert  iii. 


tion  referred  to  in  these  charters  which 
is  dated  Nov.  22,  1347,  was  found  in  the 
Vatican  by  Andrew  Stewart.  Under 
the  disguise  of  strange  mis-spelling,  for 
persons  of  such  quality,  it  informs  us 
quod  dudvm  ipsis  Roberto  et  Elizabeth 
iffnorantibus  quod  dicta  Elizabeth  et  .  . 
Ysdbella  Boncellier  in  tertio  et  quarto, 
ac  Elizabeth  et  Robertus  prefati  in 
quarto,  consanguini talis  gradibus  sibi 
invicem  attinerent,  idem  Robertus  dictam 
Ysabellavi  jiriino,  et  postmodum  predic- 
tarn  Elizabeth  carnaliter  cognovit,  et 
qiiod  ipse  Robertus  et  Elizabeth  diu  co- 
luihitantes,  prolis  utriusque  sexus  multi- 
tiidinem  procreariint, —&nd  then  it  grants 
the  desired  dispensation  for  the  mar- 
riage, and  declares  the  children  previ- 
ously born  legitimate.  A  fine  point  has 
been  raised  by  a  learned  writer,  as  to 
whether  the  papal  legitimation  could 
render  these  children  born  "  in  incestvi- 
ous  concubinage,"  capaces  snccessionis 
in  regnuin.  —  Riddell  on  Peerage  and 
Con^st.  Law,  i.  c.  6,  Perhaps  the 
modern  inquirer  will  be  better  satisfied 


with  the  legislative  act  in  their  favour 
(Parliament  1373).  But,  for  the  zealous 
antiquary  who  does  not  despise  such 
inquiries,  I  would  suggest  (1. )  that  it  is 
by  no  means  proved  or  certain  that  there 
was  not  a  formal  marriage  between  the 
parties  before  the  birth  of  those  chil- 
dren, though  the  papal  dispensation  is 
bound  to  assume  that  a  marriage  which 
ex  concessis  was  uncanonical,  did  not 
exist.  But  (2. )  this  incestuous  concubin- 
age, in  plain  language,  the  connexion  of 
parties  related  within  the  fourth  degree 
of  consanguinity  (which  might  be  said 
if  they  were  the  great-grandchildren  of 
cousins-german),  with  the  other  objec- 
tion more  shadowy  still,  are  not  impedi- 
ments lege  naturce,  nor  by  the  law  of 
Leviticus,  but  imported  by  the  canons  ; 
and  what  the  canons  could  create,  the 
authority  of  the  papal  rescript  could 
dispense  with.  This  the  canonists  and 
all  other  lawyers  admitted. 

1  Nicolas'  Proceedings  of  Privy  Coun- 
cil, I.  95. 


56  SKETCHES  OF  EAKLY  SCOTCH   illSTOItV. 

The  period  emin'aced  l)y  the  n^igii  of  James  i.  in  llic 
Register  of  the  l^isliopiic  begins  with  a  remarkahle  })ro- 
ceeding  in  a  parUament  hohlen  at  Perth  in  1415,  where 
the  Chaneellor  of  Scotland,  in  name  and  Ijehalf  of  the 
three  estates,  required  to  have  formally  exemplified,  the 
famous  charter  of  Edward  iii.  of  England  declaring  the 
independence  of  Scotland,  lest  hj  the  loss  or  destruction 
of  the  original  letters,  and  in  defect  of  proof  of  their  con- 
tents, the  king  and  kingdom  suffer  loss.  Those  instru- 
ments themselves  are  now  well  knowTi  to  the  historian  ;^ 
but  it  might  afford  an  interesting  subject  of  speculation 
to  conjecture  the  end  or  motives  of  their  solemn  publica- 
tion at  that  time,  when  the  young  king  was  still  a 
prisoner  in  England,  and  the  government  in  the  hands 
of  the  aged  Albany. 

The  return  of  James  from  captivity  restored  order 
and  some  degree  of  prosperity  to  Scotland,  which  could 
not  fail  to  produce  an  effect  on  the  state  of  the  church. 
An  amicable  settlement  of  the  clashing  jurisdictions  of 
the  archdeacon  and  the  bishop,  the  acquisition  of  the 
church  of  Libberton  by  the  chapter,^  and  the  erection  of 
seven  new  prebends   in   the  cathedraP  follow  quickly 

^  ITailes  ad  an.  1327.     The  editors  of  Margaret  Lady  Forrester  and  Sir  Wil- 

the  late  edition  of  the  Fmdem,  iu  re-  liam    Stewart,    her    son  ;     Kyllern,    of 

printing  them  seem  to  have  nsed  this  Patrick  le  Graham.     Polmadie  and  Stra- 

register.  blane.      It    is    particularly    worthy    of 

It  was  declared  a  common  church,  notice  that  the  pension  of  the  vicar  was 

or  one,  the  fruits  of  which  Avent  to  the  fixed  at  20  merks  in  each  of  five  of  these 

common  fund  of  the  Canons.  churches. 

^  Cambuslang,   of  Avhich  the  patron  I  fear  it  is  impossible  to  consider  the 

was  Archibald,  called  the  third  Earl  of  record  of  the  erection  of  these  prebends 

Douglas  ;   Tarboltoun,  a  church  of  Sir  as  anj-thing  more  than   a  viemona,  or 

John  Stewart  of  Darnlie  ;  Eglishame,  of  memorandum.      Some    of    the    patrons 

Sir  Alexander  de  Montgomerie ;    Luss,  named    could    scarcely  be  brought  to- 

of   John    Colquhoun  ;    Kirkmocho,    of  gether  at  once. 


I 


BISHOP  WILLIAM  DE  LAWEDEE.  57 

Upon  the  restoration  of  security  and  good  govjcrnment. 
A  grant  of  church  ornaments  Ly  Sir  Allan  Stewart  of 
Darnlie  ;  a  careful  inventory  of  the  relics,  jewels,  vest- 
ments, and  books  of  the  cathedral ;  and  the  formation  of 
codes  of  statutes  for  the  decorous  government  of  the 
canons  and  their  cathedral  vicars  ;  all  show  like  effects 
produced  by  the  leisure  and  security,  and  perhaps  en- 
couraged by  the  example  or  directions  of  James's  govern- 
ment. These  statutes  are  extremely  interesting  to  the 
church  antiquary,  and  it  may  interest  any  one  who 
studies  the  progress  of  society,  to  observe  the  union  of  a 
provision  for  magnificent  religious  solemnities  with  the 
antique  simplicity  of  life  and  manners  in  the  actors  in 
the  pageant.^ 

On  the  death  of  Bishop  Matthew,  William  de  Lawedre 
was  provided  to  the  bishopric  by  Pope  Benedict  xiii. 
without  the  election  of  the  Chapter,  who,  however,  did 
not  dispute  his  appointment.  He  had  previously  been 
Archdeacon  of  Lothian.  His  parents  were  Eobert  and 
Annabella  de  Lawedre  ;^  and  from  the  arms  often  repeated 
on  the  cathedral  and  found  on  his  seal,  he  must  have 
been  of  the  ancient  family  of  the  Landers  of  the  Merse.^ 
He  was  appointed  chancellor  in  1423,  and  died  14th 

*  Secundum    veterem    consuetudinevi  because,  tlioiigli  tliey  both  quote  Fordun, 

hi(jus  ecclesia;  the  deacons  and  subdea-  who  does  not  mention  it,  I  find   it   in 

cons  assisting  in  the  office  of  the  mass  at  Spottiswood.    It  may  be  questioned,  not- 

tlie  high  altar  on  great  festivals,  are  to  withstanding.     Spottiswood  saj's  he  was 

have  their  escnlenta  et  iwcidenta  of  the  the  first  whom  the  Pope  ever  appointed 

day,  from  the  Canon  on  duty,  or  18d.  of  Ids  mere  authority  to  that  see^-cer- 

eacli,  for  their  expenses.  tainly  a  mistake. — Cranf.  Off.  of  State. 

^  Crawford  and  Keith  are  mistaken  as  Keith's  Bishops.     Spottiswood. 
to  this  bishop's  parentage.     They  both  3  "Three  bars  within  an  escutcheon, 

say  his  father  was  Sir  Allan  Lauder  of  with   mitre,  crozier,  and  tlie  badges  of 

Hatton.     I  have  given  their  story  of  the  his   episcoi>al  dignity. "^ — Crai'f.   Off.   of 

manner  of  his  appointment  to  the  see.  State. 


68  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

June  1425.     He  Luilt  the  ciypt  l)elow  the  chapter-house, 
and  the  steeph*,  with  thci  ]>atth*ments  of  the  tower. 

John  Cameron  succeeded  him  in  the  bishopiic  as  well 
as  in  the  office  of  chancellor,  after  the  see  had  been  vacant 
for  a  year.  He  had  previously  l)een  Secretary  of  State 
and  provost  of  Lincluden.  He  continued  chancellor 
till  1440.  He  built  the  "great  tower"  of  the  Bishops' 
Palace  in  Glasgow,  on  which  his  arms  were  to  be  seen  in 
the  last  century ;  and  also  the  Chapter-house,  begun  by 
Bishop  Lauder.  He  has  been  accused  of  gi-eat  avarice 
and  oppression,  not  on  very  good  evidence.  Buchanan 
relates  the  manner  of  his  death  (which  took  place  at  Loch- 
wood  on  Christmas-eve  1447),  with  some  prodigious  cir- 
cumstances, represented  as  a  judgment  on  his  ^^dcked 
life.^ 

The  period  of  the  next  reign  is  now  chiefly  interest- 
ing to  us  as  giving  birth  to  the  most  important  offspring 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Glasgow,  its  University.  It 
was  constituted  by  a  bull  of  Pope  Nicholas  v.,  dated  on 
the  7th  of  the  Ides  of  January  1450,  and  had  a  charter 
of  privileges  and  exemptions  from  the  king,  and  another 
from  the  bishop  and  Chapter,  1453. 

The  general  jubilee  proclaimed  in  1450,  on  the  ter- 
mination of  the  great  papal  schism,  was  extended  to  Scot- 
land, and  penitential  visits  and  offerings  at  the  Cathedral 
of  Glasgow  declared  equally  meritorious  with  those  at 
Eome ;  the  offerings  on  the  occasion  being  distributed, 
one  portion  to  the  fabric  of  the  church  of  Glasgow,  one  to 

1  ''Tarn  perspicuuin  divinse  xiltionis  sit  proclitiim  et  constant!  rumore  per- 
exemphim  \it  neqiie  temere  affirmare  nee  vulgatiim,  omittere  visum  noii  e^st." 
rel'ellcre  est  auimiis.     Ita  cum  ab  aliis       — Lib.  xi. 


UNIVEKSITY  FOUNDED.  59 

other  pious  uses  in  Scotland,  and  a  third  to  Eome.  An 
indulgence  with  regard  to  Lent,  and  a  royal  concession 
that  bishops  might  make  testaments,  are  common  to  all 
Scotland,  and  very  well  known.  A  new  protection  to 
the  burgh,  and  an  extensive  grant  of  regality  to  the 
bishop,  mark  the  greatness  of  his  influence. 

Of  mere  church  economy — we  find  the  patronage  of 
Polmadie  secured  ;  Lilisclive  disjoined  from  the  common 
stock  of  the  Chapter,  to  be  speedily  afterwards  reunited  ; 
the  prebend  of  Ashkirke  enlarged  ;  Glencairn  given  to 
the  Chapter  as  a  common  church,  the  vicar  being  secured 
in  a  stipend  of  twenty  merks.  By  the  decision  of  the 
Dean  and  Chapter,  as  arbiters  between  the  bishop  and 
the  Archdeacon  of  Teviotdale,  the  archdeacon  of  that 
district  was  declared  to  have  exactly  the  same  jurisdic- 
tion in  it  as  the  Archdeacon  of  Glasgow  in  his  part  of 
the  diocese. 

James  Bruce,  the  Lord  Chancellor  and  Bishop  of 
Dunkeld,  was  elected  Bishop  of  Glasgow  after  the  death 
of  Bishop  Cameron,  but  died  before  confirmation  or  in- 
vestiture.^ 

William  TurnbuU,  Archdeacon  of  Lothian,  and  keeper 
of  the  privy  seal,  was  the  next  bishop.^  During  a  short 
incumbency  he  procured  valuable  privileges,  papal  and 
royal,  for  his  bishopric  and  city ;  and  he  will  ever  be 
regarded  with  affectionate  gratitude  as  the  founder  of 
the  University  of  Glasgow.    He  died  3d  September  1454. 

Andrew  Muirhead,  a  canon,  was  next  elected  bishop, 

1  The    see    was    vacant    iu    October       William  Turnbill  said  his  first  mess  in 
1447.  Glasgue  the   20  day  of  Septemher."— 

2  "In  that   saym    yer   (144P)  master       Auchinl.  Chron. 


GO  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

juid  consecrated  in  tlie  year  1455.  He  founded  the  hos- 
pital of  St.  Nichohis,  near  his  episcopal  j)alace,  and  re- 
paired the  north  aisle  of  the  cathedral.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  regency  during  the  minority  of  James  in. ; 
several  times  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  England  ;  and 
one  of  the  ambassadors  to  negotiate  the  maniage  of 
James  with  Margaret  of  Denmark.  He  died  20  th  No- 
vember 1473. 

The  reign  of  James  in.  is  not  productive.  It  yields 
us  little  more  than  a  new  constitution  and  improved  sti- 
pends of  the  vicars  of  the  choir;  a  dispute  between  the 
bishop  and  the  chapter ;  a  "  reservation"  of  patronage 
and  provision  following  on  it,  by  the  Pope  ;^  an  extension 
of  the  jurisdiction  of  regality. 

John  Laing,  the  Lord  Treasurer,  was  provided  by  the 
Pope  to  the  see  of  Grlasgow,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  king,  on  the  7th  March  1473.  He  was  made  chan- 
cellor in  1481,  and  died  11th  January  1482. 

George  Carmichael,  treasurer  of  the  diocese,  was 
elected  bishop,  but  died  unconfirmed  in  the  year  1483.^ 

Robert  Blacader,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  and  previously 
a  prebendary  of  Glasgow,  was  the  next  bishop,  1484. 
He  was  much  employed  in  the  affairs  of  the  government, 
went  several  embassies  to  England,  probably  made  some 
journeys  to  Eome,  and  died,  according  to  Lesley,  on  his 
way  to  the  Holy  Land  on  28th  July  1508. 

James  iv.,  full  of  enthusiastic  religion,  had  become  a 

1  I  notice  this  only  as  a  correct  style  death   of  a  beneliced    churchman  hap- 

of  such  a  transaction.     The  thing  itself  pened  at  the  Roman  court, 
was  abundantly  common,  and  I  imagine 

will  be  found  to  have  been  attempted  by  -  Alive  in  February  (28)  1483-Si,  and 

the  Pope  almost  invariably,   when  the  in  17th  May  1484. — Act.  Pari.  ii.  p.  166. 


GLASGOW  AN  ARCHBLSHOPRIC.  61 

canon  of  the  Chapter  of  Glasgow  at  an  early  period  of 
his  life,  and  loved  to  show  favour  to  the  cathedral  of 
which  he  was  a  member.  In  the  first  year  of  his  reign, 
it  was  "  concludit  and  ordanit  be  our  soverane  lord  and 
his  three  estatis,  that  for  the  honour  and  gud  public  of 
the  realme,  the  sege  of  Glasgw  be  erect  in  ane  archi- 
bischoprik,  with  sic  previlegiis  as  accordis  of  law,  and 
siclik  as  the  archibishoprik  of  York  has  in  all  dignitez 
emuniteis  and  previlegiis."^  To  this  change  not  only  the 
Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  but  the  Chapter  of  Glasgow, 
was  much  opposed,  fearing  for  their  privileges,  from  the 
increased  power  of  their  prelate.  The  king,  however, 
pressed  the  measure,  and  he,  as  well  as  the  bishop,  gua- 
ranteed the  privileges  of  the  canons  to  their  fullest  ex- 
tent. The  buU  declaring  the  see  of  Glasgow  metropolitan 
was  dated  5th  of  the  Ides  of  January  1491.  Its  suffra- 
gans were  the  Bishops  of  Dunkeld,  Dunblane,  Galloway, 
and  Argyle. 

The  king  renewed .  and  extended  the  privileges  and 
exemptions,  and  much  valued  civil  jurisdiction  of  the 
bishop,  with  expressions  that  show  both  his  attachment 
to  Glas<j:ow  and  the  commencement  of  that  hio;h  character 
of  its  Chapter  which  afterwards  drew  to  the  Diocesan 
court  of  Glasgow  a  great  proportion  of  civil  business.^ 

The  Chapter  acquired  the  church  of  Glasfurd  as  a 
common  church  during:  tliis  reiern.  The  erection  of  Loch- 
vinyok  is  a  valuable  specimen  of  the  early  constitution 

•  Ad.  Pad.  II.  213.  Episcopiim prelatum  dicte  ecclesie,  mmm- 

qice  insigiie  capitulum  quod  inter  rcgni 
-  Pro  specialibiis  favore  ei  delectione       nostri   collegia    seculain^    sihi  ^;?'i?;i«*»i 
qnos  habemus  erga  .  .  .  Robertum  .  .  .       locum  rindicat. 


02  SKETCIIKS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HISTOIIY. 

of  tlie  collciriat(3  (tliurclic's.  The  cliaiicelloi's  vindication 
of  his  })atronage  of  th<3  gramma i'  school,  and  his  mono 
poly  of  teaching,  against  master  David  Dwne  ~  who 
actually  set  himself  to  insti-uct  scholai-s  in  grammar  et 
juvenes  in  j)uerilibus — is  not  merely  a  subject  of  amuse- 
ment. It  illustrates  both  the  state  of  education  of  the 
period,  and  those  privileges  of  the  church  regarding 
schools,  which  enter  into  some  weighty  discussions  touch- 
ing the  constitution  of  Universities.^ 

The  preliminary  proceedings  in  a  criminal  court  of 
the  archbishop's  regality  are  evidently  recorded  only  for 
preserving  the  protest  against  the  court  being  held  out 
of  his  jurisdiction.  The  trial  ended  in  the  conviction 
and  capital  sentence  of  Alexander  Lekprevik  ;  but  he 
had  a  royal  pardon.^ 

James  Bethune,  Bishop-elect  of  Gallow^ay,  was  pos- 
tulated to  the  see  of  Glasgow,  9th  November  1508,  and 
consecrated  on  the  15th  April  1509,  at  Stirling.  He 
was  previously  Lord  Treasurer,  but  resigned  that  office 

'  13^A..Sff/p^e?7iier  1494.— The  complaint  Master  David  Dwne  actually  gave  him- 
of  Master  Martin  the  chancellor  bore  self  to  teaching  and  instructing  scholars 
that  he  and  his  predecessors,  chan-  in  grammar,  and  youths  ia  the  elements 
cellors  of  the  church  of  Glasgow,  ac-  within  the  said  city  and  university  of 
cording  to  the  statutes  and  custom  of  Glasgow,  openh'  and  avowedly,  without 
the  church  of  Glasgow,  were  beyond  licence  of  Master  Martin  the  chancellor, 
memory  of  man  in  the  peaceable  posses-  nay,  in  his  despite, 
sioii  of  instituting  and  removing  the  To  this  Archbishop  Robert  responded 
master  of  the  grammar  school  of  the  and  decreed  that  the  said  Master  David 
city,  and  of  having  the  care  and  govern-  Dwne  ought  not  to  keep  a  grammar 
ment  and  mastership  of  the  said  school ;  school,  or  teach  scholars  grammar,  or 
also  that  without  the  license  of  the  chan-  youths  the  elements  within  the  said  city 
cellor  for  the  time  being,  no  one  might  and  university,  either  alone  or  in  corn- 
hold  a  grammar  school  or  instruct  pany,  publicly  or  privately,  Avithout  the 
scholars  in  grammar,  or  youths  iii  the  chancellor's  leave  asked  and  obtained, 
elements  of  learning,  alone  or  together.  And,  therefore,  judicially  put  Master 
publicly  or  privately,  within  the  said  David  to  silence  in  the  premises  for  ever, 
city   or    university  —  yet,   nevertheless,  a  Pitcairn,  Crim.  Trials,  p.  62*,  110*. 


DISPUTES  WITH  ST.  ANDREWS.  63 

on  his  being  preferred  to  the  archbishopric.  He  held 
other  great  church  benefices,  as  the  abbacies  of  Arbroath 
and  Kilwinning.  He  was  made  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom in  1515,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  politics  of 
the  time  against  the  party  of  the  Douglases.  In  1523, 
he  was  translated  to  the  see  of  St.  Andrews. 

The  chief  proceedings  recorded  in  the  reign  of 
James  v.  are  connected  with  the  claim  of  the  archbishops 
of  Glasgow  to  independence,  and  the  assumption  of  supe- 
riority by  the  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  as  primate,  a 
dispute  which  gave  rise  to  the  most  unseemly  proceed- 
ings at  home,  and  contentions  and  pleas  in  the  court  of 
Rome  "  of  the  quhilkis  pleyis,"  in  the  words  of  Parlia- 
ment, "  the  expensis  is  unestimable  dampnage  to  the 
realme."^ 

The  formula  of  the  oath  of  oljedience  by  a  suffragan 
to  his  metropolitan  is  not  without  interest.^ 

Gavin  Dunbar,  the  nephew  of  the  Bishop  of  Aber- 
deen of  the  same  name,  and  tutor  to  James  v.,  was,  on 
the  promotion  of  Bethune,  elected  Archbishop  of  Glasgow, 
and  consecrated  at  Edinburgh  on  the  5  th  of  February 
1525.  He  was  appointed  chancellor  of  the  kingdom, 
21st  August  1528,  which  office  he  held  till  1543,  and 
died  in  April  1547.  His  character  and  the  transactions 
of  his  life  are  matter  of  history,  known  to  every  reader. 
If  he  has  been  roughly  handled  by  Knox,  his  greatest 
admirer  could  not  wish  for  him  a  more  elegant  panegyric 
than  that  of  Buchanan.^ 

1  Ada  Pari.  1493,  ii.  p.  232.  '  Coena  Gavini  Archiepiscopi  Glascu- 

-  See  Appendix.  eush.  —  Epigy.  r.  4P). 


G4  SKETCHES  OF  EMILY  SCOTCH  JIISTOUY. 

The  records  of  iIk;  cliui-eh  in  the  short  reign  of  Maiy 
arc  few  and  iniini})oi'tiint.  We  find  a  crowd  of  deeds 
marking  the  successive  promotions  of  the  last  Catholic 
archl)ishop  ;  a  bond  l)y  the  Duke  of  Chatelherault  on 
being  appointed  the  archbishop's  l)aiHe  of  regality  ;  a 
memorandum  of  the  form  of  election  of  bailies  of  the 
city  under  the  archbishop  ;  and  the  celebrated  protest 
made  by  the  archbishop  in  name  of  all  the  prelates  in 
Parliament,  against  the  act  allowing  "  that  the  halie  write 
may  be  usit  in  our  vulgar  tongue."^ 

On  the  death  of  Archbishop  Dunbar,  Alexander  Gor- 
don, brother  to  the  Earl  of  Huntly,  was  chosen  in  his 
room,  but  resigned  the  ofHce  in  1551,  and  was  immedi- 
ately succeeded  by  James  Bethune,  then  Abbot  of  Ar- 
broath, who  was  consecrated  at  Rome  in  1552.  In  1560, 
he  withdrew  to  France.  Having  served  Mary  faithfully 
as  her  ambassador  or  agent  at  the  court  of  France,  he 
was  employed  in  the  same  capacity  after  her  death  by 
James.  In  1598,  by  an  Act  of  Parliament  setting  forth 
"  the  greit  honouris  done  to  his  majestic  and  the  coun- 
trey  be  the  said  archbishop,  in  exerceising  and  using  the 
office  of  ambassadoir" — he  was  restored  to  his  heritages, 
honours  and  dignities,  and  benefices,  notwithstanding  any 
sentences  affecting  him,  and  ''  notwithstanding  that  he 
lies  never  maid  confession  of  his  faith,  and  hes  never 
acknawdedgeit  the  religion  profest  within  this  realme."^ 
We  owe  to  him  the  preservation  of  the  records  of  his 
church.     He  died  very  aged  in  1603. 

1  It  is  to  be  found  also  in  the  records  of  Parliament. 

2  Ada  Pari.  iv.  169. 


THE  CITY  OF  GLASGOW.  66 

The  city  of  Glasgow,  which  we  have  seen  founded 
and  rising  under  the  protection  of  its  powerful  prelates, 
had  maintained  a  successful  struggle  with  the  neighbour- 
ing royal  burghs  of  Eutherglen,  Eenfrew,  and  Dumbarton, 
even  before  the  bishop's  acquisition  of  extended  jurisdic- 
tion gave  his  city  the  privileges  of  a  burgh  of  regality/ 
With  the  privileges  derived  from  their  superior's  enlarged 
jurisdiction,  and  by  the  influence  of  increasing  wealth 
and  consequence,  Glasgow  had  made  some  approach  to 
an  independent  constitution  before  the  Eeformation.^ 
The  flight  of  the  archbishop  gave  an  opportunity  not  to 
be  neglected.  The  council  proceeded  to  the  election  of 
magistrates,^  and  the  burgh  then,  in  fact,  achieved  its 
independence,  though  still  for  some  time  subjected  to 
claims  of  superiority  by  the  Protestant  archbishops,  and 
by  the  family  of  Lennox,  the  heritable  bailies  of  the 
regality.'*  Though  represented  in  Parliament  like  other 
!  church  burghs  so  early  as  1546,  the  city  did  not  become 

1  Previous  to  1450,  Glasgow  was  sim-  bishop's  predecessors  in  certain  privi- 
ply  a  bishop's  burgh,  or  burgli  of  barony.  leges  and  liberties,  and  to  be  infeft  be 
In  that  year,  tlie  same  in  which  he  the  kings,"  and  for  refusing  to  pay  cer- 
founded  his  University,  Bishop  William  tain  duties  to  the  bishop.  In  that  suit 
Turnbull  obtained  a  charter  of  regality  the  burgh  was  assoilzied. — Decree  \Oth 
of  his  city  and  territory.  The  increased  Dec.  1554,  in  arch iv.  Civit.  Glasfj. 
consequence  of  the  magistrates  is  imme-  3  There  is  preserved  a  notarial  instru- 
diately  apparent.  An  indenture  between  nient,  ult.  Sept.  1561,  setting  forth  that 
them  and  the  friars  preachers,  dated  18th  search  had  been  made  by  the  town  of 
December  1454,  runs  in  the  name  of  "  ane  Glasgow  for  the  archbishop,  in  order  to 
honorabyll  mane  John  Steuart,  the  first  the  election  of  magistrates,  and  protest- 
provost  that  was  in  the  cite  of  Glasgw."  ing  that,   he  being  absent,  the  council 

j  —Inarchiv.  Vrdversit.  may  elect. — Ibid. 

I       2  This  is  apparent  even  from  the  care  *  There  is.  a  royal  letter,   subscribed 

with  which  the  archbishop  in  1553  re-  also  by  the  Duke  of  Lennox,  "  overgiv- 

corded  the  form  of  his  selection  of  magis-  ing  the  Duke's  claim  of  superioritye  in 

trates  from  the  leet   presented  by  the  the  election  of  the  magistrates  of  the 

community.     Only  next  year,  the  arch-  burgh,"  dated  at  Hampton  Court,  27th 

bishop  sued  the  community  for  "  alleg-  November  1605. — Ibid.    But  in  the  same 

ing  itself  to  be  doted  and  infeft  be  the  archives  there  are  many  documents  show- 

E 


(jQ 


sKirrciiKs  oi'  !;.\i;l\  scotch  iii.stouv. 


legally  a  htnyh  njt/dl  till  tlie  cliiirt(n-  of  Cliarlcs  J.,  cuu- 
iirmed  in  Pjiilinmont  103G,  declared  its  duties  payable 
directly  to  the  CVown.' 

The  bishop  of  old  dwelt  in  liis  castle  of  Glasgow, 
occupying  I  })elieve  the  site  of  the  modem  Infimiaiy. 
As  the  necessity  of  defence  gave  way  to  considerations 
of  convenience,  it  was  extended  into  a  palace  vriih  gar- 
dens and  courts.^  The  houses  of  the  Dean  and  canons 
and  of  the  Cathedral  vicars  were  in  the  neighbourhood, 
and  chiefly  along  the  street  bearing  the  ancient  eccle- 
siastical name  of  Rottonrow.^ 

The  bishop  is  said  to  have  had,  from  a  very  ancient 
period,  a  country  palace  on  the  pleasant  bank  of  Perthic, 
w^here  the  Kelvin  falls  into  Clyde.  It  is  a  remarkable 
proof  of  the  peaceful  state  of  the  Borders  in  the  middle 


ing  that  tlie  disputes  concerning  the  elec- 
tion of  magistrates  continued  for  many 
years.  In  1655,  Esrae  Duke  of  Lennox 
was  served  lieir  to  his  fatlier  in  "  the 
title  of  nomination  and  election  of  the 
proveist,  baillies,  and  other  magistrates 
and  officers  of  the  biirgh  and  citie  of 
Glasgou."— 7?e^.  Lan.  259. 

1  Even  then  certain  rights  were  re- 
served, on  which  questions  arose,  \intil 
in  1690,  a  charter  of  William  and  Mary, 
ratified  in  Parliament,  ordained  that  the 
city  of  Glasgow  and  town-coiincil  thereof 
shall  have  power  and  privilege  to  choose 
their  oAvn  magistrates,  ...  as  fully  and 
freely  in  all  respects  as  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh, or  any  other  royal  burgh  witliin 
the  kingdom  enjoys  the  same. 

■•^  It  was  in  its  "  inner  flower  garden," 
the  archbishop  received  the  magistrates 
in  1553.  I  am  not  acquainted  with  its 
history  after  the  Reformation.  Among 
the  scattered  leaves  saved  from  the  fire 
at  the  Exchequer  in  Edinburgh,  is  a 
Representation  to  the  Barons,  by  ''  Ro- 


bert Thomson,  merchant  in  Glasgow," 
dated  1720,  which  sets  forth  that  "  the 
Castle  formerly  possest  by  the  Arch- 
bishops is,  throw  its  not  being  inhabited 
thes  many  years  past,  become  wholly 
ruinous.  .  .  And  also  that  some  bad 
men  are  become  so  barbaroiis  and  un- 
just as  to  carry  of  the  stones,  timber, 
sklates  and  other  materials  belonging 
thereunto,  and  apply  the  same  to  their 
own  particular  use,  to  the  shame  and 
disgrace  of  the  Christian  religion.  .  . 
Which  the  said  Robert  Thomson,  as 
living  neer  to  the  said  castle,  thought 
his  duty  to  represent  to  your  Lordships." 

Two  vieAvs  of  the  ruined  palace  are 
given  in  Dr.  Smith's  Burgh  Records  of 
Glasfjoxo,  neither  of  which  convey  an 
idea  of  much  splendour. 

3  It  will  be  observed  that  the  framers 
of  these  deeds  adopted  the  popular 
etymology — via  rattonum.  The  name 
is  now  generally  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  Routine  row— an  unsatisfactory 
etymology. 


I 


ONE  DAY  OF  OLD  GLASGOW.  67 

of  the  tliirteclitli  century,  that  we  find  Bishop  Boiidmg- 
ton  making  his  usual  residence  at  his  house  of  Ancrum,  in 
"  pleasant  Teviotdale,"  a  place  still  bearing  many  marks 
of  old  cultivation,  and  where  a  portion  of  the  building, 
and  until  lately  some  remains  of  an  antique  garden, 
might  without  violence  be  attributed  to  its  old  episcopal 
masters.  In  the  next  century  they  had  a  house  at  their 
"  manor  of  the  I^och,"  still  called  Lochwood,  in  the 
parish  of  Old  Monkland.  The  bishops,  who  were  so  fre- 
quently Officers  of  State,  had  necessarily  a  residence  in 
the  capital.  The  first  Bishop  Bethune's  Edinburgh 
house  is  still  pointed  out  at  the  foot  of  Blackfriars' 
Wynd. 

There  is  no  reason  in  the  thing,  why  these  rough  and 
true  outlines  of  episcopal  history  should  be  thus  repul- 
sively void  of  life  and  colour.  There  are  materials  enough 
for  the  artist  who  could  sympathize  with  the  life  of  a 
bygone  time  to  paint  many  pictures  from  them.  Take 
one  day  of  episcopal  Glasgow,  the  day  of  the  foundation 
of  the  University.  Fill  that  old  High  Street  with  its 
historical  associations ;  remove  the  smoke  and  squalor 
that  in  our  days  gather  about  the  eastern  extremities  of 
cities ;  restore  the  quaint  architecture — the  burghers' 
houses  thrusting  their  tall  gables  and  ''  fore-stairs"  to  the 
street,  the  line  broken  with  here  and  there  a  more  ornate 
front  of  a  friary  or  hospital,  or  the  residential  house  of 
some  dignified  canon :  dress  the  people  in  the  picturesque 
dress  of  the  fifteenth  century—  the  merchant  sallying 
forth  in  his  gown  and  bonnet  of  peace,  the  women  in 
snood  and  kirtle  decking  their  windows  and  outer  stairs 


68  SKi':T(jiii:s  or  I':aiily  scotch  insronv. 

witli  green  ])onglis,  ;iji<l  Imnoiuo-  In-iglit  C{iq)ets  aij<l  Inui 
uers  from  tlicir  ])a]('oiii('s.  TIk;  increhants'  stalls  urc. 
mostly  closed,  for  it  is  holiday.  The  few  l>ooths  o^cn 
ilisplay  commodities  to  tempt  the  iiiral  visitors— gay 
cloths  and  silks  of  Flanders  and  Italy — a  suit  of  Milan 
armour,  long  swords  and  daggers  of  Toledo  temper 
sheaves  of  how-staves  and  tall  spear  shafts — so  tall,  that 
poor  bare  Scotland  has  no  wood  fit  to  make  them,  and 
they  are  from  over  sea.  The  country  people  are  gather- 
ing in  fast,  all  in  holiday  garb,  "  kindly  tenants"  of  "  the 
barony  ;'  sturdy  yeomen  from  the  upper  wards,  mounted, 
and  with  their  dames  on  pillions  behind  them,  willing  to 
see  the  grand  ceremony,  and  to  pleasure  their  lord  the 
Bishop,  who  takes  mighty  interest  in  its  object.  A  dozen 
lords  of  neicflibourino'  manors  ride  in — ]\Iaxwells  and 
Hamiltons,  Douglasses  and  Colquhouns — some  of  them 
with  a  dim  vision  of  the  matter  in  hand,  and  of  the  effects 
that  may  result  from  this  day's  work  to  future  generations. 
Each  of  these  rural  lords  is  attended  by  a  httle  troop  of 
men-at-arms,  flaunting  their  leader  s  banner,  and  making 
gay  the  street  with  the  clang  and  splash  of  their  chargers. 
The  different  bands  meet  at  the  Cross,  and  all  press 
up  the  High  Street,  until,  near  the  summit,  and  when 
the  grey  cathedral  comes  in  sight,  they  find  the  church 
procession  already  formed.  The  Bishop  is  there  in  pon- 
tifical robes  and  mitre,  preceded  by  his  cross-bearers,  and 
followed  by  the  dignitaries  and  whole  chapter  in  full 
canonicals,  all  the  choral  vicars,  hundreds  of  chaplains, 
acolytes,  and  officers  of  the  cathedral,  vnth.  the  banners 
of  the  church,  and  all  the  pride  and  pomp  which  the  old 


ONE  DAY  OF  OLD  GLASGOW.  GO 

cliurcli  was  so  skilful  in  throwing  around  her  proceedings. 
There,  too,  came  some  lines  of  friendly  friars,  black  and 
grey,  so  much  interested  in  the  occasion  that  some  are 
preparing  their  great  refectory  as  the  most  convenient 
hall  for  the  first  lectures,  and  others  furnish  the  most 
esteemed  and  popular  of  the  teachers  of  the  new  Uni- 
versity. 

From  the  street  to  the  Cathedral,  and  that  vast  nave 
is  filled  at  once ;  while,  in  the  choir,  after  a  solemn  mass 
has  been  celebrated,  amid  the  pealing  of  the  organ,  the 
clang  of  trumpets  and  clouds  of  incense,  the  stately  pre- 
late in  person  promulgates  the  Papal  bulls  of  erection 
and  privilege,  and  solemnly  inaugurates  the  University. 

Then  there  is  high  feasting  at  the  palace.  The  Bishop 
and  his  noble  guests.  Master  David  Cadyow,  first  Lord 
Rector  of  the  University,  the  dignitaries  of  the  chapter, 
the  priors  and  provincials  of  the  friars,  and  heads  of  reli- 
gious houses,  on  the  dais ;  lower  down,  the  body  of  the 
clergy  and  laity  deemed  worthy  to  partake  of  the  solemn 
feast. 

There  is  a  play,  too,  for  the  commons,  a  "  scripture 
history"  represented  by  the  clergy,  and,  I  fear,  in  the 
clmrch  itself,  where  prophets  and  apostles  are  made  to 
speak  to  the  level  of  the  vulgar,  and  sacred  things  are 
seasoned  with  the  bufibonery  that  brings  down,  without 
fiiil,  the  laughter  of  the  simple  people. 

History  scarcely  affords  more  striking  contrasts  than 
the  past  and  the  present  of  some  of  our  Scotch  towns. 
Call  up,  for  instance,  Edinburgh  on  the  fearful  night  that 
brought  the  news  of  the  king  and  his  array  slaughtered 


70      -  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCUTCH  HlSToKV. 

at  Floddcii  (ir)i:'>),  nnd  tiikc;  the  saiui;  city  as  it  was 
lately  seen  when  the  (^ueen  reviewed  the  volunteers  in 
the  park  of  llolyrood  (7th  Angiist  18G0).  Jkit  in  all 
material  progress  the  ehange  has  l)een  yet  more  extraor- 
dinary, from  the  13isliop's  little  Ijurgh  clustered  round  the 
cathedral  of  Glasgow,  to  the  great  city  which,  in  the 
pride  of  her  beauty  and  riches,  and  the  struggle  for  more, 
takes  little  thought  of  her  grey  old  mother  the  Cathedral 
in  one  smoky  corner,  and  her  nurse  the  University  in  an- 
other. Yet  Glasgow  has  not  since  seen  a  day  so  full  of  the 
hopes  and  destinies  of  her  history,  as  the  day  when  good 
Bishop  Turnl)ull  proclaimed  the  freedom  of  her  Universit}^ 

Our  next  sketch  of  cathedral  life  shall  be  taken  from 
a  wilder  region. 

When  the  Bishopric  of  Caithness  was  founded,  whether 
by  Alexander  i.  or  by  his  brother  King  David,  the  Scotch 
monarch  exercised  but  a  partial  and  uncertain  sway  over 
the  territory  of  the  new  northern  diocese.  The  peninsula 
beyond  the  Moray  Firth  was  for  long  afterwards  in  the 
hands  of  the  Norsemen,  Avho  acknowledged  their  alle- 
giance to  the  kings  of  Scotland  only  when  it  suited  them 
to  resist  the  more  distant  authority  of  the  crown  of  Nor- 
way, or  when  divisions  among  themselves  rendered  it  im- 
possible to  assert  an  absolute  independence. 

The  Dalesmen  csf  Caithness  and  Sutherland,  however, 
unlike  their  island  neighbours,  drew  their  ecclesiastical 
institutions  from  Scotland  ■}  and  this  must  have  been  one 

1  The  legeiulary  history  of  the  Church       connects  it  still  more  Avith  the  mission- 
in  Caithness,  pointing  to  a  time  before       aries  of  Ireland  au<l  Scotland, 
the  Nortlimen   had  apy   footing   there,  The  legend  of  St.  Fimbar^  or  St.  Barr, 


BISHOPKIC  OF  CAITHNESS. 


71 


means  of  preserving  the  connexion  between  them  and 
Scotlanvl  proper,  when  the  authority  of  the  Crown  was 
httle  felt  so  far.  David  i.,  early  in  his  reign,  addressed  a 
letter  to  Eognvald  Earl  of  Orkney,  and  to  the  Earl  (he 
does  not  name  him)  of  Caithness,  and  to  all  good  men  of 
Caithness  and  of  the  Orkneys,  praying  that,  for  love  of 
him,  they  would  favour  the  monks  who  dwelt  at  Dornoch 
in  Caithness,  and  protect  them  wherever  they  came  within 
their  bounds,  and  not  permit  any  to  do  them  injury  or 
shame/ 

The  Abbey  of  Scone  was  from  an  early  period  pecu- 
liarly connected  with  Caithness  and  Sutherland.  Harald, 
styling  himself  Earl  of  Orkney,  granted  a  mark  of  silver 
yearly  to  the  canons  of  Scone,  for  the  weal  of  the  souls  of 


the  bishop,  "  qui  in  Cathania  iiiagno 
cum  honore  liabetuv"  (JJrev.  Abcrdon. 
mense  Scptemb.  fol.  ex  v.)  is  plainly  iden- 
tical with  that  of  St.  Finibar,  first  Bishop 
of  Cork,  who  has  been  rudely  tians- 
planted  to  Scotch  ground,  with  all  his 
miracles  and  renown — marking,  perhaps, 
t^e  early  settlement  of  some  Irish  colo- 
nists, bringing  with  them  the  veneration 
they  had  rendered  in  their  old  country 
to  the  patron  saint  of  their  tribe  or  pro- 
vince. 

Saint  Diithac  was  connected  with 
Caithness.  He  is  said  to  have  \vrought 
a  miracle  at  Dornoch,  on  the  festival  of 
St.  Fimbar,  to  whom,  perhaps,  that  ca- 
thedral was  of  old  dedicated. — Brev. 
Aherdoii.  mense  Marc.  fol.  Ixv. 

Saint  Fergus,  bishop  and  confessor,  is 
likewise  numbered  among  the  mission- 
aries who  preached  the  faith  in  Caith- 
ness. He  was  consecrated  to  the  epis- 
copal ofhce  in  Ireland,  from  whence, 
sailing  with  a  few  priests  and  clerks  to 
the  western  parts  of  Scotland,  he 
reached  Strogeth.  There,  for  some 
time,  he  led  a  solitary  life  ;  but  seeing 
the  land  that  it  avos  good,   he  put   his 


hands  to  the  Avork,  and  founded  and 
endowed  three  churches  there.  Thence 
lie  retired  into  Caithness,  still  preaching 
Christianity  and  converting  the  people, 
not  more  by  his  eloquence  than  by  the 
lustre  of  his  virtues.  From  Caithness 
he  sailed  to  the  shores  of  Buchan,  to  a 
place  known  to  the  vulgar  as  Lungley, 
where  he  built  a  church  that  still  bears 
his  name.  Last  of  aJl,  he  came  to  Glam- 
mis,  in  Angus,  where  he  chose  his  place 
of  rest.  There  he  died  and  Avas  buried  ; 
but  his  relics,  after  many  years,  were 
translated  to  the  Abbey  of  Scone,  where 
they  did  many  famous  nuracles. —  yirey. 
fol.  clxiv.  Certain  other  of  his  relics 
Avere  preserved  in  the  treasury  of  the 
cathedral  church  of  Aberdeen. — Regist. 
Aberdon.  ii.  143,  etc.  The  ultimate  de- 
posit of  the  bones  of  the  saint  of  Caith- 
ness in  the  church  of  Scone  mai'ks  their 
early  connexion.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
the  great  house  of  Le  Chene,  so  much 
connected  Avith  Caithness,  Avas  proprie- 
tor of  the  parish  in  Buchan,  AAhich  de- 
rived its  name  of  St.  Feigns  from  the 
Caithness  saint. 
'  Rrgi^f.  Dvnfenn.  23. 


72  SKETCHES  OF  lOARLV  SCOTCH   IIISTOIIV. 

liini  ;iii(l  his  wii'c,  jind  I'nv  tlic  souls  of  liis  predccessois/ 
In  the  reign  of  Alexandei'  ii.,  when  the  king's  writ  was  of 
some  potency,  the  Abbot  of  Scon(,'  obtained  a  royal  precept 
to  the  slierilfs  and  l)ailies  of  Moray  and  Caithness,  for  the 
protection  and  defence  of  the  sliip  l)elonging  to  the  con- 
vent, while  on  her  voyage  within  their  jurisdictions. 
These  transactions  prepare  us  f(jr  finding  the  Aljbey,  at 
a  somewhat  later  period,  the  proprietor  of  the  church  of 
Kildonan,  with  the  lands  of  Borubol,  which  were  the  sub- 
ject of  a  curious  bargain  in  1332.^ 

The  first  of  the  bishops  of  the  northern  diocese,  of 
whom  we  have  any  knowledge,  was  Andrew.  He  cannot 
hive  resided  much  in  his  bishopric,  and  indeed  appears 
t )  have  been  in  almost  constant  attendance  on  the  court 
of  King  David  i.,  and  his  grandsons,  Malcolm  and  AVil- 
liam.  He  was  present,  however,  at  one  memorable  trans- 
action, the  be2^innino[  of  great  calamities  to  his  diocese. 
In  the  time  of  Pope  Alexander  iii..  Earl  Harald,  for 
the  redemption  of  his  sins,  granted  to  the  Eoman  see 
a  penny  yearly  from  each  inhabited  house  in  the  earl- 
dom of  Caithness  f  and  that  grant  w^as  attested  ])\ 
Bishop  Andrew,  and  other  nobles  of  the  land.  Bishojj 
Andrew  Vv^as  once  a  monk  of  Dunfermline.  Deriving 
probably  a  scanty  revenue  from  his  bishopric,  he  had  a 

^  Liber  de  Scon.  58.  tax,  called  Peter's  Pence,  or  Homfeoh,  in 

'■^  Liber  de  Scon.  162.  ^^^°"  England.     The  same  principle  of 

assessment   prevailed   in   the  vexatious 

a  .Epist.   lanoc.   IIL   I.  No.   218.     A  petty  rents  that  so  long  oppressed  the 

similar  grant  was   made  to  the  Monks  Orkneys,    and   some   of  which   are   yet 

of  Paisley  by  the  Lords  of  the  Isles  in  known  among  ns,  as  "  kain."     It  is  not 

^hf^tw^MilicQwimy— singulis annis  ununi  yet  beyond  memory,  even  on  the  main- 

denariwn  ex  qualibet  do/no  toiius  terre  laud,  that  each   fire-house  of  a  barony 

sue^  v.nde  fumus  exAL—Regisl.  Passelel,  paid  its  "  reck  hen"— ?<»«wi  gaUinam  dr 

125.     It  was  an  imitation  of  the  hearth-  qnalibet  domo  unde  fuviv.s  exit. 


BISHOP  ANDREW. 


73 


grant  of  the  land  of  Hoctor  common  from  David  i.,  and 
held  tlic  church  of  the  Blessed  Trinity  of  Dunkeld  ;  which 
Wcxs  bestowed  hy  Malcolm  iv.  upon  the  Abbey  of  Dun- 
fermline, as  soon  as  it  should  fall  vacant  by  his  death/ 
He  was  undoubtedly  a  person  of  eminent  qualities,  were 
we  to  judge  only  from  his  being  so  constantly  attached 
to  the  court  and  person  of  a  monarch  like  David  i.,  and 
his  grandsons.^  He  is  quoted,  as  an  authority  on  the 
geography  of  his  country,  by  the  English  author  of  the 
little  fragment,  "  Do  situ  Albanie,"  which  has  been  attri- 
buted to  Giraldus  Cambrensis.^  Andrew  was  bishop  from 
about  the  year  1150,^  and  he  held  the  see  till  his  death, 
on  the  3d  of  the  kalends  of  January  1185/ 

The  next  Bishop  of  Caithness  was  John.  It  appears 
that  at  first  he  declined  to  exact  the  Papal  contribution  ; 
but  the  Pope  (Innocent  iii.)  summoned  him  to  obedience, 
and  even  granted  a  commission  to  the  Bishops  of  Orkney 
and  Rosmarky  to  compel  him  to  levy  the  tax,  by  the 
l:.eavy  censures  of  the  church.^  Whether  the  poor  bishop 
complied,  or  attempted  to  enforce  the  exaction  of  the  tax, 
we  are  not  informed  ;  but  his  subsequent  fate,  as  narrated 


*  Rcgist.  de  Dimfernilln. 

-  There  is  much  reason  to  think  he 
was  a  man  of  property,  and  that  the 
(^hurcli  of  Dunkeld  ■was  his  of  inlieri- 
tanee.  Bisliop  Richard  of  Dunkeld  con- 
tirnied  to  Dunferndiuc  "  donationeni 
regis  Maleohui  et  Andrec  episcopi  Katc- 
neusis  secundum  quod  eorum  carte  tes- 
tantur,  ecclesiani  s.  trinitatis  de  Dun- 
chelde  ct  omnes  terras  juste  ad  eani 
pertinentes."  -  Denmyhic  Col.  of  Oriij. 
Ch.  No.  81. 

^  "  Sicut  niilii  verus  relator  retulil 
Andreas  videlicet  vir  venerabilis  Kata- 


ncnsis  episcopus  natioue  Scottus  et  Dun- 
fermelis  monachus." — T.  Inneis  Critical 
Essay,  Ai)p.  i.  Innes's  reference  is  now 
anti(piated.  The  fragment  still  exists, 
hoAvever,  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Paris. 
—MS.  Rccj.  4126,  fol.  16.  A  collation 
by  M.  Teulet  of  the  Archives  de  V Empire 
has  furnished  very  few  and  unimportant 
corrections  of  the  text  as  settled  by  Innes, 
and  none  that  alTect  the  sense  of  this 
curious  piece  of  anti((ue  geography. 

^  Regist.  GliLsg.  11. 

^  Chron.  Mctilr. 

'"•  EpisloL  Innoc.  ///.  i.  No.  218. 


74  SKETCHED  OK  KAKJ.Y  SCOTCH  lllSTOKY. 

ill  llic  wild  sagas  of  the  Norsemen,  miglit  jij)[)('ar  in- 
credible, were  it  not  singularly  eori-ohornted  by  ;i  Itoiiiaii 
record.  Earl  llarald  iMadadson,  wIkj  had  b(jen  depiived 
of  his  Caithness  possessions  by  William  the  Li(jn,  res(jlved 
to  recover  them  ])y  force,  and  crossed  from  his  Orkney 
kingdom  to  Thurso,  with  a  great  fleet.  There  was  no 
force  capable  of  resistance.  The  bishop,  who  was  residing 
in  his  palace  of  Skrabister,  went  out  to  meet  him,  as  the 
intercessor  for  the  poor  Caithness  men  ;  but  the  savage 
Earl  took  him  and  cut  out  his  tongue,  and  dug  out  his 
eyes  with  a  knife.^  The  saga  goes  on  to  tell  us,  that 
Bishop  Ion  recovered  the  use  of  his  tongue  and  his  eyes, 
by  the  miraculous  intervention  of  a  native  saint,  written 
Trollhaena. 

The  latter  part  of  the  story  is  not  vouched  by  any 
good  authority ;  but  some  part  of  the  barbarity  of  the 
Earl,  and  the  bishop's  sufferings,  is  con&med  by  the 
following  letter  of  Pope  Innocent,  ascribed  to  the  year 
1202,  addressed  to  the  Bishop  of  the  Orkneys: — "We 
have  learnt  by  your  letters  that  Lomberd,  a  layman,  the 
bearer  of  these  presents,  accompanied  his  Earl  on  an 
expedition  into  Caithness ;  that  there  the  Earl's  army 
stormed  a  castle,  killed  almost  aU  who  were  in  it,  and 
took  prisoner  the  Bishop  of  Caithness  ;  and  that  this 
Lomberd  (as  he  says)  was  compelled,  by  some  of  the 
Earl's  soldiery,  to*  cut  out  the  bishop's  tongue.  Now% 
because  the  sin  is  great  and  grievous,  in  absolving  him 
according  to  the  form  of  the  church,  we  have  prescribed 
this  penance  for  satisfaction  of  his  offence,  and  to  the 

'  Or/.-n.  So  get,  41  i. 


I 


BISHOP  JOHN  MUTILATED.  75 

terror  of  others—That  he  shall  hasten  home,  iind,  bare- 
footed, and  naked  except  breeches  and  a  short  woollen 
vest  without  sleeves — having  his  tongue  tied  by  a  string, 
and  drawn  out  so  as  to  project  beyond  his  hps,  and  the 
ends  of  the  string  bound  round  his  neck — with  rods  in 
his  hand,  in  sight  of  all  men,  walk  for  fifteen  days  suc- 
cessively through  his  own  native  district,  the  district  of 
the  mutilated  bishop,  and  the  neighl)ouring  country ;  he 
shall  go  to  the  door  of  the  church  without  entering,  and 
there,  prostrate  on  the  earth,  undergo  discipline  with  the 
rods  he  is  to  carry ;  he  is  thus  to  spend  each  day  in 
silence  and  fasting  until  evening,  when  he  shall  support 
nature  with  bread  and  water  only  ;  after  these  fifteen 
days  are  passed,  he  shall  prepare  within  a  month  to  set 
out  for  Jerusalem,  and  there  labour  in  the  service  of  the 
Cross  for  three  years ;  he  shall  never  more  bear  arms 
against  Christians ;  for  two  years  he  shall  fast  every 
Friday  on  bread,  and  water,  unless,  by  the  indulgence  of 
some  discreet  bishop,  or  on  account  of  bodily  infirmity, 
this  abstinence  be  mitigated.  Do  you  then  receive  him 
returning  in  this  manner,  and  see  that  he  observe  the 
penance  enjoined  liini."^ 

William  the  Lion  did  not  fail  to  exact  the  penalty  of 
such  an  outrage.  In  1197,  he  collected  a  mighty  army, 
crossed  the  Oikel,  and,  perhaps  for  the  first  time,  entirely 
sul)dued  and  intimidated  the  provinces  of  Northern 
Caithness  and  of  Sutherland.  As  usual,  the  blow  fell 
upon  the  people.     The  guilty  chief  made  terms,  and  left 

^  Ej;>iGt.  Inncc.  III.  ill.  No.  77. 


76  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   JilSTOKY. 

his  Caitliness  sul)j(;cts  to  pay  tin*  ciioi'inoiis  fine  of  a 
fourth  of  their  whole  possessions.^ 

Ill  the  midst  of  such  fierce  manners,  civilisation  held 
the  same  course  here  as  in  the  southern  districts  of  Scot- 
land. The  Church  had  taken  the  lead — laying  her  hand 
heavily  indeed  upon  the  poor  victims,  hut  through  all 
obstacles  vindicating  the  su})remacy  of  the  spiritual 
power.  Following  as  her  ally,  the  sovereign  used  the 
policy  of  his  grandfather,  and  introduced  into  his  new 
province  settlers  of  a  different  race.  The  chief  of  these 
were  the  family  which  soon  jjegan  to  be  known  Ijy  the 
surname  of  De  Moravia,  transplanted  from  the  opposite 
shore  of  the  Moray  Firth.  The  first  Avhom  we  find  be- 
yond the  Firth,  Hugh  Freskyn,  must  have  been  possessed 
of  a  wide  territory,  if  not  the  whole  of  Sutherland,  in  the 
reign  of  William,  when  he  bestowed  extensive  estates 
there  on  his  kinsman,  Gilbert,  then  Archdeacon  of  the 
diocese  of  Moray,  under  the  condition,  that  they  should 
be  destined  by  the  churchman  to  some  of  his  own  lineage. 
William,  the  son  of  Hugh  Freskyn,  was  styled  "  Lord  of 
Sutherland ;"  and  it  was  probably  for  him  that  Alex- 
ander II.  erected  the  earldom  out  of  this  "  Southern  land" 
of  old  Caithness.  His  son,  undoubtedly,  was  Earl  of 
Sutherland,  from  whom  the  land  and  territorial  honour 
have  descended  in  an  unbroken  line  to  the  present  day. 

It  was,  perhaps,  some  time  before  the  province  was 
reduced  sufficiently  to  bear  the  experiment  of  another 
tithe-gathering  bishop.  At  least,  we  hear  of  none  inter- 
mediate between  John  (who  is  supposed  to  have  died  of 

'  Orkn.  ^(irpi,  416  ;  Fordun  ;  Hailes. 


BISHOP  ADAM.  .  77 

the  eftects  of  his  mutiktion)  iind  Adam,  who  was  elected 
Bishop  of  Caithness  on  the  nones  of  August  1213,  and 
consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  on  the  day  of 
St.  Mamertus,  the  11th  of  May  1214.' 

He  had  been  previously  Abbot  of  Melrose.  The 
Orkney  Saga  tells  us,  that  no  one  knew  the  family  of 
Bishop  Adam,  for  he  was  a  foundling  exposed  at  a 
church  deor.^  King  William,  however,  imitating  his 
grandsire,  in  zeal  for  the  church,  and  labouring  to  en- 
force the  pa3rnient  of  tithes  in  the  remotest  and  most 
barbarous  districts,^  found  the  Abbot  of  Melrose  a  fit 
person  for  his  purpose,  and  placed  him  over  the  northern 
diocese.  It  was  the  established  usage  of  Caithness,  that 
for  every  score  of  cows  a  span  of  butter  should  be  paid 
to  the  bishop.  Bishop  Adam  was  not  contented  with 
this  proportion,  and  at  first  exacted  the  same  quantity 
from  fifteen  cows  ;  then  from  twelve  ;  and  at  length 
demanded  a  span  for  every  ten  cows.*     Here  the  en- 

1  Chron.  Mailr.  "  Adam  the  byschape  of  Catenes 

That  abbot  of  Melros  before  wes, 

2  In  opposition  to  this  statement,  one  Yov  he  denyid  hys  tendis  then 
authority  makes  Bishop  Adam  the  son  Yoy  til  set  til  hys  awyne  men  ; 
of  King  Alexander  ii.,  by  his   second  ti^j.^  luindyre  men  in  cumpany 
wife,  Queen  Mary- a  very  glaring  ana-  Gaddryt  come  on  hym  suddanly, 
chromsm  ;  bxit  the  note,  if  worth  atten-  ^^^j,  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^.j^^^^.^  ^^^^^  j^^  ^^^ 
tion  at  all,  may  point  either  to  another  qj  j^j^  chawmbyre  befor  day, 
kmg  or  another  bishop. -^rroZ^  MS.,  j^Q^iy,.  ^akyd  hys  body  bare  ; 
quotmg   ''An  anonymous   MS.  History  -phai    band    hym,    dang    hym    and 
of  Scotland,   writ   under    James  v.,   a  Avoundvt  sare 

copy  of  which  is  now  in  the  King's  Col-  ^^^.^^  ^i^^  ^^^^1^^^  o,.  ^^^y  ^^^^^-^^  j^.^.^ 

lege,  Aberdeen."  rpj^^  ^^^^^,^|,  ^^,j^j  ^1^^,^  ^-^^^^.^^  l^ij.  falawe, 

3  As  in  the  wilds  of  the  diocese  of  And  the  child  that  in  hys  chawmyr  lay, 
Uor^y. -Regist  Morav.   Nos.  1,  5  ;   in  ^hare  tliai  slwe  hym  before  day. 
Carrick  and  Lcnnox-7?g^t5<.  Glmg.  Hymself  bwndyn  and  wowndyt  syne, 

Thai  pwt  hym  in  his  awyn  kychyne  ; 
*  It  must  be  observed,   that   this   is  In  thair  felny  and  thare  ire 

given  difterently  by  our  Scotch  chroni-  Thare  thai  brynt  hym  in  a  fyre." — 

clers.     Wyntoun  tolls  the  story  : —  vii.  9. 


78  SKKT(JIIE.S  OK  EARLY  SCOTCH  HI8T0KV. 

durance  ut"  (Ik-  people  ceased.  I'licy  asBeml)le<l  iii  a 
threatening  manner  on  a  hill  near  the  bishop's  manor  of 
Haukirk,  in  Tliorsdale.  TlKi  Logniadhr,  or  lawman,  l)e- 
souglit  the  bishop  to  yield,  and  to  spare  his  oppressed 
people,  l)ut  Bishop  Adam  was  not  to  l)e  moved.  The 
Earl  refused  to  interfere  for  reconciling  the  difference. 
The  populace  rushed  to  the  house,  in  a  loft  of  which  the 
bishop  and  his  party  were  dri) iking  (says  the  JBaga).  A 
monk,  liis  prime  adviser,  Serlo  of  Newbottle,  went  to 
meet  them  at  the  door.  Him  they  fell  upon,  and  threw 
back  his  dead  body  into  the  loft.  The  chronicler  of  the 
bishop's  old  monastery  of  Mekose  maintains  that  Adam 
coveted  martyrdom,  and  preferred  death  to  abandoning 
the  rights  of  the  church,  or  to  allowing  the  flock  intrusted 
to  him  to  remain  longer  in  error.  The  Skald  of  the 
north  tells  us,  that,  after  his  councillor  s  death,  he  en- 
treated Eafn,  the  la^^^Ilan,  to  endeavour  to  make  terms  ; 
and  the  wdser  part  of  the  people  met  him  jo}^ully.  But 
it  was  too  late.  As  the  bishop  came  out  to  confer  mth 
them,  the  violent  part  of  the  crowd  became  infuriated, 
seized  him,  thrust  him  into  a  hut,  some  say  his  own 
kitchen,  and  set  fire  to  it ;  and  thus  miserably  perished 
Bishop  Adam,  on  Sunday,  the  octaves  of  the  Nativity  of 
the  Virgin,  1222. 

At  these  tidings,  says  the  saga.,  King  Alexander  of 
Scotland  was  so  wroth,  that  men  still  remember  the 
dreadful  veno^eance  he  took  on  Caithness  for  the  burninof 
of  the  bishop ;  harrying  the  land,  slaying  or  expelling 
the  inhabitants.^ 

^  Orkn.  Saga,  424;  Chron.  Mailr.  ;  Extr.  e  Var.  Chron.  ;  Fordun,  &c. 


mSHOF  rULBEKT  DE  MORAVIA.  79 

After  all  these  deeds  of  violence,  it  became  necessary 
to  set  a  new  bishop  in  the  sec  of  Caithness ;  and  while 
it  must  have  been  difiicult  to  find  a  fit  person  for  the 
ofiice,  the  fate  of  the  former  bishops  had  not  been  such 
as  to  render  churchmen  in  general  ambitious  of  it.     The 
person  chosen  was  Gill^ert,  the  Archdeacon  of  Moray — a 
member  of  the  great  family  of  De  Moravia,  and  himself 
already  possessed  of  great  estates  in  Sutherland,  by  the 
gift  of  his  kinsman  Hugh  Freskyn.     Gilbert  was  son  of 
the  Lord  of  Duftus,  one  of  the  chief  castles  of  the  family 
of  De  Moravia  before  they  left  their  native  province  ;^ 
and   although   his   fathers   name  is   nowhere  precisely 
given,  it  may  be  asserted,  without  much  doubt,  that  he 
was  the  son  of  William  de  Moravia,  Lord  of  Strabrok 
and  Duffus,  and  thus  cousin-german  of  William  Lord  of 
Sutherland.     The  policy  of  selecting  a  man  so  connected, 
if  otherwise  eligible,  for  a  bishopric  in  the  difiicult  cir- 
cumstances of  Caithness,    is   sufiiciently  obvious  ;    and 
Bishop  Gilbert  appears  to  have  turned  to  account  for  the 
diocese  all  the  means  which  his  position  and  connexion 
put  in  his  power.     He  wielded  not  only  the  influence  of 
his  family  and  his  own  possessions,  but  the  power  of  the 
Crown.     He  administered  the  afflxirs  of  government  in 
the  north,  and  superintended  the  building  and  fortifying 
of  several  royal  castles  for  the  security  of  the  country.^ 
He  exercised  his  influence  with  Alexander  to  mitigate 
the  severity  of  the  punishment  of  the  Caithness  people 

1  "  Iste  Gilbertns  cratjllius  domini  de  Earldom  of  Sutherland,  mentions  a  tra- 

Diiffiis" — marginal  note  on  the  ancient  dition,  that  he  Avas  the  builder  of  the 

chartulary  of  Moray.  Castle  of  Kildrunimy,  in  Mar — the  uo- 

*  Sir  R.  Gordon,  the  historian  of  the  blest  of  northern  castles. 


80  SKETCHES  OF  EAKLY  SCOlN  II    lilSTOItV. 

for  tliL'  burning  of  their  hislioj),  his  prcdeccHSoi'.  Il<- 
built  the  cathedrul  chureh  of  his  see  at  Dornoch  at  \m 
own  expense,  and  its  endowments  were  evidently  of  his 
gift,  or  procured  by  his  means. 

In  the  charter-room  at  Dunrobin  is  his  charter  of 
constitution  of  his  newly  built  or  projected  cathedral. 
It  is  not  dated,  and  its  era  can  only  be  limited  Ijy  the 
period  of  Bishop  Gilbert's  episcopate,  extending  from 
1223  to  1245.  About  the  same  time  many  Chapters 
were  engaged  in  defining  and  authenticating  their  cathe- 
dral constitutions  ;  and  we  have  recorded  acts  of  this 
kind,  of  Aberdeen,  and  of  the  great  Cathedral  of  Glas- 
gow, whose  Chapter  sent  to  Salisbury  for  tlie  model  of  its 
constitution.  But  the  diocese  of  Moray  was  the  one  to 
which  the  Bishop  of  Caithness  would  naturally  look  for 
his  example,  as  his  native  diocese,  in  whose  Chapter  he 
had  held  a  dignified  office,  and  Avhere  tke  present  bishop, 
Andrew  de  Moravia,  was  of  bis  own  kindred. 

As  Salisbury  had  furnished  the  model  adopted  by  the 
Chapter  of  Glasgow,  so  the  Chapter  of  JMoray  took  Lin- 
coln for  its  guide  and  rule  ;  and,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  Bishop  Bricius  of  Moray  had  de- 
spatched the  Dean  Freskyn  and  Andrew  de  Moravia, 
the  Chancellor  of  his  diocese  (destined  to  be  his  suc- 
cessor), to  learn  accurately  the  customs  and  privileges, 
the  constitution  and  order  observed  in  the  Cathedral  of 
Lincoln.  In  framing  his  constitution  for  his  northern 
diocese,  again.  Bishop  Gilbert  followed  that  of  Moray  in 
all  particulars  but  one.  There  were  the  same  number  of 
canons,  the  same  dignitaries  in  each  ;  but  in  Moray,  as 


THE  OHi^PTER  OF  CAITHNESS.  81 

in  others  of  the  Scotch  cathedrals,  the  bishop  sat  in  the 
Chapter  as  a  simple  canon,  without  pre-eminence  of  rank 
or  authority.  In  Caithness,  the  bishop,  legislating  for 
himself,  and  dealing  with  endowments  of  his  own  grant- 
ing, determined  it  otherwise. 

Our  record  bears  that,  in  the  times  preceding  the 
episcopate  of  Bishop  Gilbert,  such  was  the  poverty  of  the 
place,  and  so  much  had  it  suffered  by  continual  wars, 
that  in  the  cathedral  church  there  was  but  a  single  priest 
celebrating  service.  The  bishop,  desirous  to  set  forth 
more  worthily  the  Divine  worship,  determined  to  rebuild 
the  cathedral  at  his  own  charges,  and  to  erect  it  into  a 
conventual  church,  with  such  endowment  as  his  narrow 
means  admitted. 

The  Chapter  of  the  Cathedral  of  Caithness  was  de- 
clared to  consist  of  ten  members,  the  Bishop  l)eing  the 
chief  and  pre-eminent,  and  receiving  the  fruits  of  six 
parish  churches  (unluckily  not  named)  for  his  use.  Of 
the  other  five  dignitaries,  the  Dean  had  for  his  prebend 
the  church  of  Clun  {Clyne),  the  great  tithes  of  the  city 
of  Dornoch  and  of  the  town  of  Ethenboll  (Bmbo),  with 
a  fourth  of  the  altarage  of  Dornoch  and  the  whole  land 
of  Nethandurnach.  The  Precentor  had  the  church  of 
Creich,  the  parsonage  tithes  of  Pronci,  Auelech  {Evelix), 
Strathormeli  {Strachormlary  or  AcJiormlary,  in  Dor- 
noch parish),  Askesdale  {Ausedale),  and  Eutheverthar 
(Rhiarchar),  the  fourth  of  the  altarage  of  Dornoch,  with 
the  whole  land  of  Huctherhinche  at  Dornoch.  The  pre- 
bend of  the  Chancellor  was  the  church  of  Kothegorth 
(Eogart),  the  parsonage  tithes  of  the  twelve  dauachs  of 

F 


82  SKETCHES  OF  KAHf.Y  SCOTCH    IlISTOIiV. 

Scelleboll  {Skdbo),  and  another  fourth  of  the  altarage  of 
Dornoch.  The  Treasurers  consisted  of  thf-  church  of 
Larg  (Lairg),  the  rectorial  tithes  of  Scitlieboll  {Skibo) 
and  Sywardhoch  {Sydera  or  Gyderhall)  (except  those  of 
Strathormeli),  and  the  remaining  fourth  of  the  altarage 
of  Dornoch.  The  Archdeacon  had  for  his  x^rebend  the 
churches  of  Bauer  and  of  Watne  {Bower  and  Watten). 
Of  the  undignified  canons,  the  first  had  the  church  of 
Olrich  for  his  prebend  ;  the  second  the  church  of  Donot 
(Dunnet)  ;  and  the  last  the  church  of  Cananesbi  {Cards- 
hay).  The  churches  of  Far  and  Scynend  {Skin net),  the 
lands  of  Pethgrudie  {Pitgudie  in  Dornoch),  two  Herk- 
henyis,  and  the  common  pasturage  of  Dornoch,  were 
common  to  the  prebendaries,  and  assigned  in  an  artificial 
manner,  in  the  view  of  securing  cathedi^al  residence. 
The  canons  had  each  a  toft  and  a  croft  in  the  city  of 
Dornoch.  The  dean  was  obliged  to  residence  for  half 
the  year ;  the  other  canons  to  three  months  yearly  of 
residence.  The  bishop  and  dignitaries  were  bound  to 
provide  priests  as  their  cathedral  vicars  or  stallers  ;  of 
whom  the  bishop^s  vicar  alone  had  a  pro^dsion  from  the 
cathedral — the  rectorial  tithes  of  ThoreboU  {Torholl)  and 
of  Kynald,  and  twenty  acres  of  land  at  Dornoch,  ^^^th  a 
toft  and  croft  there.  The  simple  canons  were  allowed 
to  find  vicars  in  deacons^  orders.  The  church  of  Dpnes 
{Durness)  was  bestowed  upon  the  cathedral,  to  find 
light  and  incense.  A  singular  pari:  of  the  constitution 
of  the  Chapter  was,  that  the  Abbot  of  Scone  was  of 
right  a  canon  of  the  cathedral,  although  not  bound  to 
give  residence.     His  prebend  was  the  church  of  Keldu 


I 


CATHEDRAL  SOOTETY  OF  OLD.  83 

ninacli   {Kildonan),  the  property  of  the   monnster}^  of 
Soone.^ 

It  is  not  merely  the  love  I  bear  to  a  beautiful  old 
charter — though  that  is  something — nor  the  interest  that 
gathers  round  the  good  Bishop  Gilbert,  nor  the  taste  I 
confess  for  a  bit  of  Christian  antiquity  of  any  sort — not 
to  speak  of  such  a  perfect  specimen  of  early  diocesan 
constitution — that  leads  me  to  copy  these  details  with 
such  minuteness.  There  is  something,  I  find,  infinitely 
attractive  in  this  first  record  of  civilisation,  forcing  its 
way  through  the  black  barbarism  of  the  North ;  to  see 
Bishop  Gilbert's  cathedral  rising,  but  a  few  years  after 
the  savage  murder  of  his  predecessor ;  to  find  churches 
and  parishes  now  established  on  the  rocks  of  Cape  Wrath 
and  the  desert  of  Reay,  and  all  through  the  former  domi- 
nions of  the  fierce  old  Jarls,  lookino-  to  the  little  cathedral 
city  as  their  mother  and  guide.  Even  the  requirement 
of  cathedral  residence — depriving  those  remote  parishes 
for  a  time  of  their  ministering  teachers — had  some  com- 
pensation when  the  rustic  priest  was  the  only  organ  of 
communication  with  the  outer  world,  and  brought  back 
yearly  to  his  wild  home  some  rumours  of  the  events  and 
speculations  that  were  agitating  Christendom. 

As  regards  the  little  city  and  its  cathedral  society,  it 
is  difficult  for  a  Scotchman  now  to  call  up  to  his  ima- 

1  The  places  in  the  charter  are  for  the  will  lie  observed,  that  besides  receiviiif; 
most  part  easily  identified.  Helgedall  the  seals  of  the  Bishop  and  his  Chapter, 
is  now  Halladale.  Ra  is  the  parish  of  both  of  which  are  now  gone,  the  deed 
Reay,  partly  in  Sutherland,  partly  in  has  been  prepared  for  their  subscrip- 
Caithness.  Herkhenyis  is  not  known.  tion  of  their  names,  which  was  much 
Scynend  is  the  church  of  St.  Thomas  more  unusual.  Neither  the  Bishop  nor 
uf  Skinnet.  Sytheraw  now  figures  as  the  Canons,  however,  have  actually  sub- 
Cyder  hall,  a  place  near  Dornoch.     It  scribed. 


84  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

m nation  the  cathedral  towns  of  old  Scotland,  even  of  a 
much  later  period  than  we  are  glanf:ing  at.  The  effect 
of  such  a  society  of  dignified  churchmen,  holding  a  high 
position  for  influence  and  example,  cultiviiting  letters, 
preaching  peace,  and  (for  the  most  part)  practising  it, 
must  have  been  great  and  beneficial  in  any  rural  district, 
and  at  any  time ;  but  a  glance  at  the  past  histoiy  of 
Caithness  enables  us  to  appreciate  better  the  benefits 
conferred  upon  Dornoch  by  the  establishment  of  its 
bishop,  its  cathedral,  and  its  chapter. 

There  are  a  good  many  mistakes  in  the  common 
lives  of  Bishop  Gilbert  de  Moravia.^  It  does  not  appear 
that  he  ever  held  the  office  of  High  Chamberlain  of  Scot- 
land, though  he  probably  administered  the  Crown  pro- 
perty in  the  north.  Tlie  story  of  his  ha\dng  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  Council  of  Northampton  in  1176, 
and  thereby  winning  a  rapid  promotion  to  his  bishopric, 
when  his  election  to  the  see  of  Caithness  happened  forty- 
seven  years  after  that  Council,  needs  no  refutation.  He 
had  better  titles  to  respect.  He  had  a  large  share  in 
civilizing  his  rude  province.  He  interposed  between  the 
vengeance  of  the  king  and  the  ignorant  multitude.  He 
made  himself  popular  and  beloved  where  his  predecessors 
had  been  murdered ;  and,  for  whatever  other  miracles 
he  was  canonized,  for  these  benefits  he  deser^^ed  to  live 
in  the  affectionate  memory  of  his  people  as  "  Saint 
Gilbert.^^  His  festival  was  celebrated  on  the  fh^st  day 
of  April ;  and  Saint  Gilbert  was  among  the  Scotch 
saints   restored   to   the  kalendar  of  the  Scotch   church 

^  Spottiswood,  Keitli,  etc. 


BISHOPRIC  OF  ABERDEEN.  85 

in   the   ill-starred   Service    Book   of  King   Charles  the 
First.^ 

Our  last  sketch  for  illustrating  the  old  cathedral  life 
of  Scotland,  shall  be  taken  from  the  annals  of  the  bishopric 
of  Aberdeen,  though  its  saintly  bishops — Elphinstone  and 
Forbes — came  too  late  for  canonizing. 

An  ancient  biography  of  Saint  Columba  informs  us, 
that  one  of  his  Irish  disciples,  named  Machar,  received  epis- 
copal ordination,  and  undertook  to  preach  the  gospel  in 
the  northern  parts  of  the  Pictish  kingdom.  The  legend 
I  adds,  that  Columba  admonished  him  to  found  his  church, 
when  he  should  arrive  upon  the  bank  of  a  river,  where 
it  formed,  by  its  windings,  the  figure  of  a  bishop's  crosier. 
Obeying  the  injunctions  of  his  master,  Machar  advanced 
northwards,  preaching  Christianity,  until  he  found,  at 

1  It  would  appear  that  the  relics  of  great   oath,    touching   the  relics   of  the 

St.  Gilbert  were  had  in  reverence  till  a  vwst  blessed  Saint  Gilbert,  to  be  faithful 

I  recent  period.     On  the  23d  day  of  April  to  the  said  Earl  of  Sutherland.     And 

1545,  in  presence  of  John  Earl  of  Suther-  thereafter,  Murquhard  Murray  in  Pronsi, 

land  ;    of  Thomas    Murray,   Precentor,  and  Walter  Murray  in  Auchflo,  made 

and  Thomas  Stewart,  Treasurer  of  the  oath — tactis  sacrosanctis  beatissivii  Gil- 

Cathedral  cluirch  of  Caithness  ;  of  Dun-  berti  reliquiis — that,  in  riding  with  their 

can  Chalnier,  Chancellor  of  the  Cathe-  complices  in  the  month  of  October  last, 

dral  church  of  Ross,  and  Paul   Freser,  to  the  harbour  of  Unis,  they  nowise  in- 

i^ensioner  of  the  Deanery  of  that  church  tended  the  hurt  of  an  honourable  man, 

— in  the  chapter-house  of  the  said  Ca-  Hugh    Kennedy  of    Girvane    Mains. — 

thedral  church   of  Caithness,   appeared  Protocol  Book  of  Mr.    David  Seatton, 

John  Gray  of  Kilmaly,  and  made  oath,  1534-1577,   among  the  Records   of   the 

touching  the  relics  of  the  blessed  Saint  City  of  Aberdeen.     For  the  events,  see 

Gilbert,  that  he  was  altogether  innocent  Sir  R.  Gordon's  History,  p.  111. 
of  the  coming  of  the  servants  and  ac-  Sir  Robert  Gordon,  far  more  accurate 

complices  of  Donald  M'Ky  of  Far,  with-  than  the  common  herd  of  genealogical 

in  the  bounds  of  the  Earldom  of  Suther-  writers,  refers  to  the  will   of  Bishop 

land,  and  of  the  slaughter,  depredation,  Gilbert  de  Moravia  as  still  extant  in  the 

and    spulzie   of   goods  there    by  them  Registers  of  the  See  of  Caithness  in  his 

,  committed,  and  that  he  was  not  aiding  time,  or  about  1636.     If  that  document 

'  or  counselling  of  them  therein.     Then,  chance  to  have  escaped  destruction,  it 

John    Matheson,    Chancellor  of  Caith-  would  be  of  singular  interest  to  the  law 

iiess,  and  the  said  John  Gray,  gave  their  antiquary. 


86  .SKETCHES  OF  EAliLV  Si'OTCH  HISTORY. 

the  mouth  (jf  the  Don,  the  situation  iu<li(:at(*(l  ])y  Saint 
Columlm,  and  finally  settled  there  his  Christian  colony, 
and  founded  the  ehureh  which,  from  its  situation,  was 
called  the  Church  of  Aberdon/  The  life  of  tlnj  a})ostle 
of  the  Scots  from  which  we  derive*  this  inf(jrmati(jn,  of 
much  higher  antiquity  than  any  histoiy  of  civil  afl'airs  in 
Scotland,  does  not  fix  the  precise  era  of  Saint  ^lachar's 
foundation  ;  but  it  may  Ijc  conjectured  to  ha\'e  Ijeen 
before  the  death  of  his  master,  which  took  place  in  the 
year  597.  The  venerable  Breviary  of  Al)erdeen  gives, 
as  the  ancient  tradition  of  the  church,  that  the  founder 
of  the  future  cathedral  was  not  interred  there  ;  but,  ha\' 
ing  died  in  France  on  his  return  from  a  journey  to  Rome, 
he  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Saint  Martin  of  Tours. 

Another  adventurous  band  of  missionaries  of  the 
same  stock  pushed  still  farther  into  the  pagan  fastnesses 
of  the  north,  and  established  their  little  Christian  family 
in  the  sequestered  valley  of  the  Fiddich,  at  Mortlilach.^ 
Their  colony  must  have  thriven  in  the  benevolence  of 
the  people,  since,  in  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century, 
the  "  Monastery  of  Morthlach"  w^as  possessed  of  five 
churches  with  their  territories. 

It  was  the  fate  of  the  ancient  Columbite  foundations 
in  Scotland  to  disappear  under  the  reforming  vehemence 
of  David  i.,  the  most  zealous  of  Romanists  ;  who  raised 
on  the  ruins  of  many  a  primeval  monastery,  his  grand 


1  Vbi  Jlumen,  jrrctsuUs  insto.r  haculi,  haps,  the  most  ancient  genuine  materials 

intrat  m<tre  ;  Colgau  Trias  T\ia\i.—Bre-  of  Scotch  history.— .lc(!.  ,Sanct.  Jun.  9, 

viar.   Aherdon.   12  Nov.      The  lives  of  p.  184. 

Saint  Columba,  written  by  his  immediate  -  Bull  of  Adrian  iv.   confirming  pre- 

i'ollowers  and  contemporaries,  are,  per-  vious  donations. — Rerjiai.  Aberd.  p.  5. 


BISHOPS  OF  ABERDEEN.  87 

establishments  of  Augustiniaii  canons  or  Benedictines,  or 
converted  their  convents  into  the  chapters  of  his  new  epis- 
copal dioceses.  In  this  manner,  the  bishopric  of  Aber- 
deen was  founded  hj  David,  and  endowed  with  several 
of  the  old  Columbite  possessions,  among  others,  with  the 
"  Monastery  of  Morthlach,"  and  its  five  churches. 

The  most  distinguished  of  the  Bishops  of  Aberdeen 
was  William  Elphinstone,  who  was  promoted  to  the  see 
in  1483,  and  held  it  till  his  death  in  1514.  In  an  age 
of  general  immorality  which  peculiarly  disgraced  the 
church,  himself  the  offspring  of  an  illegal  connexion  of 
an  ecclesiastic,  his  ^lorals  were  a  pattern  and  a  reproach 
to  his  country  and  his  order. 

His  life  has  been  written  by  Boece,  a  contempo- 
rary,^ whose  manner  it  is  to  discard  dates ;  and  his 
character  drawn  without  much  rhetorical  embellishment 
by  Leslie  and  by  Spottiswood.  We  know  him  in  the 
history  of  the  time  as  the  zealous  churchman,  the  learned 
lawyer,  the  wise  statesman  ;  one  who  never  sacrificed  his 
diocesan  duties  to  mere  secular  cares,  but  knew  how  to 
make  his  political  eminence  serve  the  interests  of  his 
church ;  who,  with  manners  and  temperance  in  his  own 
person,  befitting  the  primitive  ages  of  Christianity,  threw 
around  his  cathedral  and  palace,  the  taste  and  splendour 
that  may  adorn  religion ;  who  found  time  amidst  the 
cares  of  state,  and  the  pressure  of  daily  duties,  to  pre- 
serve the  Clu'istian  antiquities  of  his  diocese,  and  collect 
the  memories  of  those  old  servants  of  the  truth  who  had 

1  Vidimus  hominem,  quein  vidisse,  viilgares  habemus  agimusque,  et  habe- 
singularem  ab  praestaiitiani,  et  nobis  bimus  atqiie  agemus  dum  vivemus,  gra- 
gaudemus,  et  Deo  optimo  maximo  nou       tias. — Boec.  Episc.  Aberd. 


88 


SKETcHIvS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  IITSTOJlY. 


iLUi  ii  coui'su  similar  to  liis  own  :  to  renovate  his  catlie 
dral  scrviee,  and  to  support  and  foster  all  good  letters; 
while  his  economy  of  a  slender  revenue  rendered  it  sufti 
cient  for  the  erection  and  support  of  sumptuous  buildings, 
and  the  endowment  of  a  famous  University. 

The  last  of  the  ante-Eeformation  Bishops  of  Aberdeen, 
Bishop  William  Gordon,  died  on  the  6th  August  1577. 
Spottiswood's  character  of  him  is  short  and  plain.  "  This 
man,  brought  up  in  letters  at  Aberdeen,  followed  his 
studies  a  long  time  in  Paris,  and  returning  thence,  was 
first  parson  of  Clat,  and  afterwards  promoved  to  this  See. 
Some  hopes  he  gave  at  first  of  a  virtuous  man,  but  after- 
wards turned  a  very  epicure,  spending  all  his  time  in 
drinking  and  whoring ;  he  dilapidated  the  whole  rents 
by  feuing  the  lands,  and  converting  the  victual-duties  in 
money,  a  great  part  whereof  he  wasted  upon  his  base 
children,  and  the  whores,  their  mothers ;  a  man  not 
worthy  to  be  placed  in  this  catalogue."^ 

"  In  his  time,"  says  Father  Hay,  "  the  glorious  stiaic- 
ture  of  the  cathedral,  w^hich  had  been  near  nine  score  of 
years  in  building,  was  defaced  by  a  crew  of  sacrilegious 
church  robbers  ;  for  in  1 5  6  0  the  barons  of  Mernes,  accom- 
panied with  some  of  the  to^^msmen  of  Aberdeen,  having 
demolished  the  Monasteries  of  the  Black  and  Gray  Friars, 
fell  to  rob  the  Cathedral,  which  they  spoiled  of  all  its 
costly  ornaments  and  jewels,  and  demolished  the  chan- 


1  It  lias  not  been  tliouglit  necessary 
to  nf.tice  a  surmise  of  Father  Hay  and 
Bishop  Russell,  that  there  may  have 
been  two  bishops  in  succession  of  the 
name  of  William  Gordon.  The  change 
of  conductj  even  if  that  were  proved,  is 


Init  a  slender  foundation  to  build  upon. 
It  is  impossible  that  any  appointment 
of  a  bishop  should  have  taken  place 
about  1567,  the  time  fixed  upon,  without 
some  record  cf  it  being  preserved. 


POLICY  OF  THE  CHURCH.  89 

cell ;  tlicy  shipped  the  lead,  bells,  and  other  utensils, 
intending  to  expose  them  to  sale  in  Holland ;  but  all 
this  ill-gotten  wealth  sunk  by  the  just  judgment  of  God, 
not  far  from  the  Girdleness.  The  body  of  the  Cathedral 
was  preserved  from  utter  ruin  by  the  Earl  of  Huntly, 
and,  in  1607,  repaii-ed  and  covered  with  slate  at  the 
charge  of  the  parish,  and  so  continues  yet  in  pretty  good 
order/^ 

The  records  of  an  ancient  bishopric  naturally  arrange 
themselves  in  two  classes,  the  first  comprising  charters, 
titles,  rentals,  and  all  documents  touching  property, — 
the  other  consisting  of  statutes  of  councils,  church  ordi- 
nances, and  matters  bearing  on  the  discipline  and  govern- 
ment of  the  Church  and  diocese. 

The  first  section  is  calculated  to  be  oftenest  referred 
to,  and  perhaps  most  practically  useful.  No  one  living 
within  the  bounds  of  the  diocese  can  look  into  it  without 
finding  something  to  interest  him — something  throwing 
light  on  his  family,  his  property,  or  his  parish — showing 
the  ancient  state  and  occupation  of  his  own  residence, 
or  of  conterminous  property.  It  may  require  somewhat 
more  reflection  to  appreciate  the  body  of  Church  muni- 
ments Avhich  form  the  materials  of  the  second  section. 
But,  rightly  considered,  the  interest  of  mere  local  history 
is  secondary  to  that  of  the  Christian  antiquities  of  our 
country.  If  it  be  possible  to  trace  the  introduction  of 
Christianity  in  its  first  simplicity,  the  weak  beginning  of 
the  Church  when  struggling  for  existence,  its  progressive 
acquisition  of  security,  wealth,  and  power,  it  cannot  be 
unprofitable  to  examine  dispassionately  the  causes  of  its 


90  SKETCIIES  or  KAIJLV  SCOTCH  llISTOltY. 

.success,  l)y  wlint  means  it  coiiti'oihMl  the  minds  of  mm 
not  easily  led,  and  influenced  their  laws,  hanislicd  ;dl 
dissent  even  in  thought,  and  brought  it  a!)(>ut  tliat  men 
gave  to  tli(5  Clmrch  in  the  full  confidence  that  they  were 
oivinoj  to  God. 

In  that  inquiry — in  examining  the  foundati(jns  of 
that  mighty  power,  wiekled  often  for  good,  sometimes 
for  evil — it  may  he  allowed  to  lay  aside  for  the  time 
questions  of  doctrine.  We  may  be  permitted  to  view 
the  ancient  Church  as  an  artist  with  a  task  proposed  ;  to 
examine  the  materials  in  her  power,  and  the  skill  with 
which  she  used  them.  We  shall  then  find  much  to 
admire,  something  perhaps  to  imitate.  We  are  astonished 
at  her  adaptation  of  herself  to  all  circumstances,  and 
patient  bending  of  all  things  to  her  purpose.  However 
politicians  dispute,  we  cannot  regard  without  sympathy 
her  care  of  the  poor,  and  the  ceaseless  charity  which  she 
inculcated  for  the  benefit  of  the  giver  as  well  as  of  the 
receiver.  Not  less  w^orthy  of  our  attention  is  her  avowed 
and  consistent  principle  of  inspiring  piety  by  an  appeal 
to  the  imagination  and  the  heart.  Subservient  to  that 
end  was  the  munificence  directed — ad  ampliandiim 
cultum  divinwn — ad  decor  em  domus  Dei — to  make 
more  glorious  the  service  and  the  fabric  of  the  Church, 
not  as  a  mere  place  of  popular  instruction,  or  a  conve- 
nient meeting-house  for  devotion,  but  regarded  by  the 
old  Catholic,  as  by  the  Jews  of  old,  as  the  temple  and 
very  shrine  of  a  present  Deity,  where  innumerable  altars 
were  offering  up  the  ever  renewed  sacrifice  of  propitia- 
tion.    The  efiect  of  such  means  for  the  object  proposed 


I 


THE  MONASTERY.  91 

— to  produce  strong  faith,  unhesitating  obedience  ;  the 
success  of  the  great  phin  of  the  ancient  Church,  and  its 
whole  influence  on  society — are  subjects  of  reflection  not 
to  be  slighted  by  the  most  philosophical,  nor  rejected  by 
those  most  opposed  to  the  Roman  Catholic  doctrines, 
with  the  same  ends  in  view.  As  some  part  of  the  mate- , 
rials  for  such  an  investigation,  these  collections  of  church 
usages,  the  relics  of  a  once  splendid  hierarchy,  may  be 
held  not  unworthy  of  some  study ;  and  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say,  that  their  study,  if  entered  upon  without 
prejudice,  would  fill  an  instructive  chapter  of  Scotch 
history. 

THE  MONASTERY. 

Next  come  the  monasteries — not  those  old  families  of 
missionaries,  the  very  beginning  of  Christianity  among 
us — not  lona,  nor  Deir,  nor  Mortlich  ;  not  Abernethy, 
nor  Old  Melrose,  nor  old  pre-episcopal  Brechin,  nor  the 
Culdees  of  St.  Serf  and  Mony musk— none  of  those  prim- 
eval monasteries,  of  whom  all  we  know  is,  that  they  did 
their  work  in  bringing  the  whole  land  from  Paganism  to 
Christianity.  Of  their  manner  of  life  and  teaching,  and 
the  means  of  their  support,  we  know  little  or  nothing  ; 
of  their  discipline  and  subordination,  scarcely  enough  to 
found  a  useless  controversy.  It  is  with  the  monasteries 
of  a  later  time  that  we  have  to  do — those  foundations  of 
regular  religious  w^iicli  mark  the  brilliant  revival  of  de- 
vout feeling  that  accompanied  or  just  preceded  the 
singular  social  revolution  which  took  ])lace  in  Scotland 


92  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  S(JUT(JI1  HISTORY. 

after  the  marriage  of  Malcolm  Canmore  witli  the  Saxon 
j)rmcess.  Along  with  those  later  foundations  came  \VTit- 
ing,  and  recording,  and  framing  of  chronicles,  and  we 
can  to  some  extent  gather  from  the  materials  the  monks 
have  left  us,  their  own  manner  of  li\ing  and  thinking. 

The  following  observations  regarding  ]\leh"ose  were 
suggested  by  a  collection  of  the  charters  of  the  Aljljacy, 
printed  for  the  Bannatyne  Clulj  by  the  Duke  of  Buc- 
clcuch,  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

The  materials  thus  brought  together,  forming  as  they 
do  the  finest  collection  of  ancient  writs  preserved  in 
Scotland,  comprising  more  than  a  hundred  royal  charters 
from  David  i.  down  to  Kobert  the  Bruce,  must  be  re- 
garded with  interest  by  every  intelligent  student  of 
Scotch  history.  The  reader  who  brings  to  their  perusal 
the  temperate  curiosity  that  seeks  only  for  information 
regarding  the  history,  laws,  and  arts  of  our  forefathers, 
may  not  sympathize  with  the  enthusiasm  felt  by  the 
zealous  antiquary  on  the  first  excavation  of  such  a  trea- 
sure ;  but  there  is  much  to  repay  the  patient  investigation 
of  the  severer  student,  while  the  more  laborious  trifler  in 
the  curiosities  of  antiquity  cannot  fail  to  find  material  of 
infinite  speculation  in  these  records  of  the  administration 
of  monkish  property  from  the  days  of  Saint  David. 

Upon  the  interesting  subject  of  our  ancient  laws  and 
forms  of  legal  procedure,  a  collection  of  authentic  writs 
of  some  antiquity  is  calculated  to  throw  more  light  than 
the  law  compilations  of  a  later  date,  which,  although  soon 
adopted  by  Scotch  lawyers,  can  only  rank  as  transcripts 
or  modifications  of  the  WTitings  of  English  jurists. 


MELROSE — FEUDAL  TENURES.  93 

We  find  from  these  sure  authorities  that  so  early  at 
least  as  the  reign  of  Malcolm  iv.  the  Crown  was  held  to 
be  the  origin  of  all  real  property.  Royal  confirmations 
occur  so  frequently  after  that  period,  that  we  cannot 
avoid  the  conclusion-  that  they  were  considered  necessary 
for  the  completeness  of  titles.  It  would  be  more  difficult 
to  find  a  reason  for  the  repeated  confirmation  of  crown 
charters  by  successive  Sovereigns,  to  the  same  individual 
or  to  bodies  corporate.  That  practice,  however,  was  not 
peculiar  to  the  early  ages  illustrated  by  the  Melrose  char- 
ters, but  extended  down  to  a  recent  period  in  the  convey- 
ancing of  Scotland.  In  the  first  reigns  we  find  a  more  com- 
plete and  intricate  structure  of  feudal  tenures,  with  all  their 
accompanying  services  and  other  peculiarities,  than  might 
be  expected  at  so  early  a  period.  It  was  not  merely  that 
the  lord  of  a  great  territory  portioned  it  out  among  his 
followers  and  retainers,  though  that  must  have  been  the 
rude  commencement  of  the  system ;  but  already  in  the 
reign  of  William  the  Lion,  we  find  persons  holding  lands 
of  their  equals,  and  even  of  their  inferiors  in  rank,  by 
the  feudal  tenure,  and  subject  to  the  feudal  services  of 
vassalage.^  There  are  numerous  instances  too,  of  re- 
peated sub-infeudations  of  lands,  where  each  person  held 
of  his  subject  superior,  up  to  the  last  who  held  immedi- 
ately of  the  Crown.^     We  have,  in  like  manner,  all  the 

1  Thus  Walter  tlie  High  Steward  holds  land  iu  Maxton  of  Thomas  de  Norman- 
of  De  Vesci.  vill,  who  held  it  under  his  brother  Guy. 

2  Thus  Helen  de  Lindesay  held  of  her  Guy's  immediate  superior  wa^s  his  bro- 
father,  who  again  held  of  Pollock,  and  ther  Walran,  Avho  held  of  the  eldest 
he  of  Mauleverer,  who  grants  a  confir-  brother,  John  de  Normanvill ;  the  red- 
mation  to  the  real  proprietor,  and  who  dendo  being  a  pair  of  gilt  spurs  payable 
probably  held  immediately  of  the  crown.  to  the  immediate  superior,  and  a  tercel, 
In  like  manner,  Melros  held  a  plough  of  capiiali  domino  fevAi. 


94 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HISTORY. 


nice  specifications  and  distinctions  of  feudal  service  that 
occur  in  the  conveyancing  l)oth  of  England  and  Scotland 
of  a  later  period.^ 

The  complexity  and  technical  art  which  mark  the 
law  proceedings  of  so  early  a  period  of  our  history,  might 
be  thought  to  speak  a  great  degree  of  refinement,  if  we 
did  not  find  that  the  progress  of  civilisation  tends  in 
all  countries  to  simplify  the  forms  of  pleading.  Many 
of  the  legal  proceedings  recorded  by  the  monks  are 
very  curious,  and  some  Avill  be  found  of  important  ser- 
vice to  the  student  of  the  antiquities  of  our  law.^     It 


'  The  Abbey  had  a  grant  of  land  in 
Clifton  "  liberavi  ah  omnibus  mtxiliis, 
placitis,  inteiirogatis,  geldis,  assists,  scu- 
tagiis,  'cornagiis,  et  ah  omni  servitio  et 
consuetudine et eo:actione seculari."  Alex- 
ander II.  exempts  the  possessions  of  Mel- 
rose in  Berwick  de  ovmilncs  gildis,  assists, 
auxiliis,  collectis,  placitis,  quei'elis,  mur- 
dns,  toloneis, passagiis, pontagiis,  mura- 
giis,  fossagiis,  stallagiis,  lastagiis,  de 
omni  thevi  et  tala  ontuique  terreno  servi- 
tio, exaciione  seculaH  et  se'rvitio  scn-ili. 
Robert  de  Kent  grants  land  in  Innerwic, 
and  guarantees  it  free  de  forensi  seriiXio 
et  omni  terreno  servitio  versus  dominum 
Regem  et  omnes  alios  dominos  nostras— 
expressions  which  are,  perhaps,  trans- 
lated in  the  Tenendas  clause  of  the  char- 
ter— liheram  ah  omni  servitio  et  de  inware 
et  de  utware.  The  Reddendo  is  a  merk 
of  silver  de  recognitione.  The  same  ser- 
vices in  a  later  charter  are  styled  servi- 
tium  extrinsecum  et  intrinsecum.  Alex- 
ander II.  grants  to  the  monasteiy  the 
lands  of  Brunschet  and  Dergavel,  under 
burden  of  performing  "  forinsecuni  servi- 
tium  in  auxiliis  tantum  quantum  pertinet 
ad  quartam  partem  militis,"  while  it  is 
freed  ''  de  exercitu  et  omni  alio  forinseco 
servitio."  William  Grenlaw,  for  certain 
lands  in  Halsington  held  of  De  Muscamp, 
who  held  \inder  the  Earl  of  Dunbar,  is 
bound  to  pay  "  servitium  quantum  perti- 


net ad  tricesvmxim  partem  sercitii  unius 
militis  in  forinseco  servitio  domini  Regis 
cum  illud  acciderit,"  and  is  to  be  free 
"  a  multura,  varda  castelli  et  a  sequela 
omnium  placitorvm"  and  from  all  other 
service,  aid,  custom,  tax,  and  claim.  In 
a  later  cliarter,  the  monks  are  bound  to 
pay  "  vicesiTnam  partem  servitii  unius 
militis  quando  commune  se'i^citium  exigi- 
tv.rper  totum  regnum  Scotie."  It  may  be 
conjectured  that  the  quinque  militesoiWxb 
great  Steward  of  Scotland,  and  the  miles 
Archibaldi  de  Douglas,  may  have  ac- 
quired that  title  from  discharging  the 
military  ser\'ice  due  from  their  lord's 
land.  The  Stewards  held  their  lands 
and  hereditary  office — ''  facie'^ndo  se^'vi- 
tium  quinque  militum." — Regist.  de  Pas., 
Ap.  1.  It  is  more  difficult  to  account 
for  the  style  of  "Miles  Regis,"  which 
so  frequently  occurs  in  old  charters. 

The  elusory  duties  in  the  R.edd.endu 
designed  only  to  mark  dependency,  are 
frequently  a  pound  of  pepper  or  cumin, 
a  quantity  of  wax,  a  candle,  a  pair  of 
spurs,  a  pair  of  gloves  {cyrotheca^s  albas), 
a  falcon,  or  a  nest  of  hawks. 

^  In  1208  we  find  a  minute  record,  on 
papal  authority,  of  a  keenly  contested 
law-suit  between  the  Earl  of  Dunbar  and 
the  monks  of  Melrose,  regarding  the  pas- 
turage of  Wedale.  The  Earl  had  for- 
merly declined  the  jurisdiction  of  the 


MELROSE — ITS  GALLOWAY  POSSESSIONS. 


appears  that  almost  from  the  earliest  period  of  these 
records,  the  Eomaii  or  Civil  Law  was  considered  the 
common  law  of  Scotland,  while  from  time  to  time  we 
find  a  native  or  imported  customary  law  gaining  ground, 
which  claims  a  different  parentage.^  The  English  form 
of  proceeding  by  brieves  of  inquisition  seems  to  have 
been  established  before  the  reign  of  James  i. ;  but  in 
the  two  previous  reigns,  there  0(3C^r  records  of  proceed- 
ings that  it  is  difficult  to  ascribe  to  any  settled  form  of 
practice.^ 

That  a  definite  and  fixed  jurisprudence  prevailed  over 
the  rest  of  Scotland  in  the  reign  of  William,  is  in  some 
degree  estabhshed  by  the  frequent  allusion  to  the  pecu- 
liar customary  laws  of  one  province.     The  province  of 


papal  commissioners,  liis  exception  being 
fenced  with  three  pleas  inlaw — "rallata 
tnplici  ratione,  scilicet  ohtentu  persone, 
quia  laicus  ;  respeciu  ret,  quia  erat  laicwn 
tenementum ;  juHs  communis  beriejicio, 
eo  quod  actor  sequi  deheat  forum  rei." 
He  afterwards  objected  to  the  judges  on 
personal  grounds,  and  having  three  times 
carried  his  suit  to  Rome,  it  is  at  last 
settled  in  the  court  of  the  King,  "in 
plena  curia  domini  Regis." 

^  In  the  reign  of  William,  it  appears 
to  have  been  still  competent  to  bequeath 
lieritage  by  testament.  Elena  de  More- 
vil,  the  widow  of  Roland  of  Galloway, 
gives  certain  property  to  Melrose,  in 
exchange  for  lands  which  her  brother 
William  de  Morevil  had  bequeathed  to 
the  monastery  in  his  last  will,  "  divitit 
eis  in  ultima  sua  voluntate."  In  the 
next  reign,  again,  the  King  charges  his 
sheriffs  to  prosecute  the  causes  of  the 
monks  of  Melrose  like  the  sovereign's  own 
causes,  "  ajipellationes  et  responsiones  se- 
cundum genus  causce  facientes,  et  pugna- 
torem  si  forte  opus  fuerit  ex  parte  nostra 
eisdem  iyivenienies."  During  the  reign 
of  Alexander  in.,  we  find  the  Steward 


granting  the  convent  power  to  hold 
courts  in  their  Ayrshire  domains,  with 
all  the  privileges  of  his  own  court  of 
Prestwick  ;  to  take  a  venue — visnetum 
capere,  for  trial  of  causes  ;  and  abandon- 
ing to  them  all  right  to  the  chattels  of 
the  condemned,  and  of  the  party  slain 
in  duel,  where  duel  has  been  adjudged 
in  any  cause. 

2  For  example,  on  the  petition  of  the 
Convent,  Archibald  of  Douglas,  Lord  of 
Galloway,  sitting  in  judgment  "  in  plena 
itinere "  at  Dumfries,  demands  of  the 
Barons  of  the  country  there  standing  by, 
whether  they  had  anything  to  allege 
against  the  privileges  granted  to  Melrose 
in  a  royal  charter  there  produced  :  ''  Quo- 
rum baronum  pro  majori  parte  totius 
pairie  audientium  una  pars  dictam  liber- 
tatem  eis  concessam  approbavit,  et  reliqua 
pars  circumstantium  non  negavit ;"  upon 
which  the  Lord  of  Galloway  declares, 
"  ex  quo  vos  nichil  hcdtetis  in  contraHum 
proponendum  nee  ego  quicquid  dicere  in 
contrarium  autproponere  volo  depresenti. 
Volo  insuper  quod  mei  ministri  quicquid 
de  cetero  minus  juste  in  premissis  facere 
non  presumant." 


96  .ski:t(;hes  of  kakly  scotch  histohv. 

Galloway,  of  much  greater  extent  than  the  district  now 
so  called,  compi-ehcmding  a  part  of  Dumfriesshire  and  all 
the  Earldom  of  Carrick,  which  extended  mucli  farther 
northward  than  the  modern  Bailiary  of  that  name,^  had 
but  recently  been  reduced  to  an  imperfect  subjection  to 
the  crown  of  Scotland,  and  was  still  in  a  state  of  com- 
parative barbarism.^  A  series  of  charters  ascertains  the 
genealogy  of  the  great  lords  of  Galloway  from  son  to 
father  up  to  Fergus,  never,  however,  passing  beyond  that 
ancestor.^  From  these,  and  from  the  names  of  places 
and  of  witnesses  occurring  in  charters  of  other  persons  in 
that  province,  it  appears  that  the  body  of  the  people, 
most  of  the  proprietors  of  the  soil,  and  even  the  lords  of 
the  country,  were  of  Gaelic  race  and  language.  The 
original  population  must  have  been  more  strenuous  or 
more  successful  in  vindicating  their  rights  than  the  in- 
habitants of  the  other  districts  of  Scotland.  The  Norman 
settlers  seem  to  have  obtained  a  more  insecure  footing 
there  than  elsewhere,  and  after  two  or  tliree  generations 
they  disappear,  while  in  the  rude  patronymic  designa-. 
tions  of  the  native  inhabitants  may  be  traced  the  original 
of  families  that  afterwards  rose  to  power  and  distinc- 
tion.^ 

^  Thus  Keresban  ou  the  river  Doon  nesses    are   still  more  iucontrovertibly 

was  ill  Galloway,  and  the  lands  of  Largs  Celtic.     The  follovriug  personages  attest 

were  in  the  earldom  of  Carrick.  one  charter  :  Gillenem  Accoueltan,  Gil- 

^  Even  so  late  as  in  1223,  the  monks  ledoiieug  his  brother,  Gillecrist  Mac 
of  Vallis  Dei  ( Vmidey  in  Lincolnshire)  Makiu,  Miirdac  Mac  Gillemartiu,  Gil- 
made  over  to  Melrose  the  lands  of  Keres-  leasald  Mac  Gilleandris,  Gillemernoch 
ban,  the  possession  of  which  was  useless,  his  brother,  &c. 

and    even    dangerous    to    them,    "  turn  *  The  family  of  De  Scalebroc  and  its 

2>ropter  defectum  disciplincp,  turn  p^'opter  descendants    illustrate  the    former    re- 

burbaricce  gentis  iitsidias.'"  mark  ;  the  occurrence  of  M'Kenedy  or 

3  The  names   are    Fergus,    Gillebrid,  Kenedy,  S3nescal  of  Carrick,  v.ith  many 

Duncan,  Malcolm,  etc.    Some  of  the  wit-  others,  serve  to  prove  the  latter. 


MELROSE     -ITS  GALLOWAY  POSSESSIONS.  97 

Of  the  peculiar  laws  of  Galloway,  we  have  unfor- 
tunately only  a  reference  to  certain  arrangements  for 
facilitating  the  arrest  of  criminals,  rendered  necessaiy  by 
the  disturbed  state  of  the  province.  Nor  does  any  other 
source  furnish  us  with  much  information  on  this  subject. 
We  find  in  our  ancient  statutes  allusions  to  the  reserva- 
tion of  the  Galwegian  customary  laws  ;  but  nearly  all  we 
can  gather  of  their  peculiar  nature  is  draAvn  from  a  pas- 
sage in  the  treatise  of  Quoniani  attacliimnenta^  from 
which  it  appears  they  were  considered  inexpedient  or 
prejudicial  to  society,  and  that  trial  by  jury  was  not  one 
of  the  rights  of  the  inhabitants,  since  it  was  declared  that 
any  Galwegian  claiming  that  privilege  should,  in  the  first 
place,  renounce  his  right  to  the  customary  laws  of  Gal- 
loway. 

A  still  more  interesting  object  of  inquiry  is  to  collect 
from  such  materials  as  the  present  collection  affords  some 
knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  country  and  the  condition 
of  its  population,  at  a  period  of  which  we  have  so  few 
authentic  sources  of  information.  The  district  in  which 
the  Al3bey  of  Melrose  is  situated,  and  in  which  its  early 
possessions  chiefly  lay,  being  so  near  the  English  border, 
was,  after  the  accession  of  Malcolm  iii.,  quickly  occupied 
iu  great  measure  by  Saxon  or  Norman  settlers.  The 
subdivision  of  property,  when  these  documents  first  afford 
light  on  the  subject,  was  much  greater  than  is  consistent 

'  Cap.  73.     The  uncertain  date  of  this  aadsam  patriti ,  ct  qiwd  noii  teioeo.idxir  ad 

treatise  makes  it  difficult  to  decide  whe-  purgcUionem  sen  acquieianciam  facien- 

ther  the  ordinance  here  quoted  preceded  dam  secundum  antiqiias  leges  Oahoidioi." 

the  statutes  attributed  to  R()l)ert  I.,  by  — StatiUa  secunda,  Rob.  L,co.p.  ^^,opnd 

one  of  which  it  is  ordained  that  the  men  Skene. 
of  Gall*>\vay  "  fuibeant  honam  ct  Jidelevi 

G 


98  SKETCHES  OF  EAllLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

with  the  idea  commonly  entertained  of  the  overgrown 
power  of  the  leading  nobles  and  the  degraded  situation 
of  the  other  classes  ;  and  the  minute  portions  in  which 
gifts  to  the  al)l)ey  were  frequently  Ijestowed,  seem  to 
show  the  value,  and  advancing  cultivation,  of  that  now 
fertile  valley.  The  original  inhaljitants  had  either  re- 
moved to  districts  not  yet  coveted  by  the  southern 
colonists,  or  were  reduced  to  the  condition  of  serfs, 
then  appropriately  styled  Natiri,  who  were  transferred 
by  sale  or  gift  along  the  soil  which  they  cultivated.* 
Great  attention  was  undoubtedly  bestowed  on  agxicul- 
ture,  mth  whatever  skill  or  success.  We  find  everywhere 
strict  rules  for  the  protection  of  growing  corn  and  hay 
meadows.  Wheat  was  cultivated,  and  wheaten  bread 
used  on  holidays.  Roads  appear  to  have  been  frequent,^ 
and  wheel  carriages  of  different  sorts  in  general  use.'^  A 
right  of  way  through  an  adjoining  territory  was  purchased 
at  a  considerable  price,  or  made  the  subject  of  formal 
contract  or  donation.  Mills  driven  by  water,  as  well  as 
wind-mills,  were  used  for  grinding  corn,  although  it  is 
well  known  that  the  rude  and  laborious  process  of  the 
hand-mill  kept  its  ground  in  some  districts  of  Scotland 

*  A  singular    designation    sometimes        "  via  vindis,''  "  alta  via"  "  via  Regia" 
occurs  where  a  lord  grants  lands  to  a       " via  Megalis." 

person  whom  he  styles  "  ?;i€us  Ao?n^/' and  s  Charete,  quadrige,  plaustra,  carecte. 

^' mens  liber  homo."'  That  these  terms  were  not  used  indLs- 

Some  of  these  details,  taken  from  the  criminately  for  all  agricultural  carriages, 

records  of  Melrose,  and  peculiarly  illus-  is  sho^^^l  by  a  charter  of  Horneden,  which 

trating  its  domains,  have  been  used  for  stipulates  that  a  penalty  called  parca- 

illustrating  the  state  of  rural  cultivation  gium  should  be  paid  for  trespassing,  and 

generally,  in  the  fourth  chapter  of  Scot-  fixes  the  rate  of  a  penny  for  each  waggon, 

land  in  the  Middle  Ages.  and  a  halfpenny  for  a  two-horsed  (or 

two- wheeled)  cart — pro  quolibet plaustro 

*  They  are  constantly  mentioned    as  nnum  denarium  et  et  pro  higa  unum  obo- 

lam  ad parchagium. 


II 


STATE  OF  CULTIVATION. 


99 


until  comparatively  a  recent  period.  In  the  reign  of 
Alexander  ii.,  Melrose  acquired  the  right  of  turning  a 
stream  that  bounded  their  lands  of  Beleside  in  East 
Lothian,  on  account  of  the  frequent  injury  done  by  it  to 
the  hay  meadows  and  the  growing  corn  of  the  Abbey. 
One  circumstance  serves  to  mark  still  more  the  progress 
of  agriculture.  We  find  that,  so  early  as  the  reign  of 
Alexander  ii.,  the  attention  of  some  of  the  great  pro- 
prietors had  been  directed  to  rearing  and  improving  the 
breed  of  horses.  Roger  Avenel,  the  lord  of  Eskdale,  had 
a  stud  in  that  valley,  and  Patrick,  Earl  of  Dunbar,  in 
preparation,  as  it  would  appear,  for  his  departure  for  the 
Holy  Land,  in  1247  sold  to  the  Abbey  his  stud  in  Lauder^ 
dale  for  the  considerable  sum  of  a  hundred  merks  sterling. 
The  monks  of  May  had  a  grant  of  land  from  John  fitz 
Michael  (the  ancestor,  it  is  said,  of  the  family  of  Wemyss), 
with  pasture  for  a  certain  number  of  sheep  and  cows, 
and  for  twenty  brood  mares  with  their  followers. 

From  the  nature  of  the  country,  and  perhaps  from 
the  imperfect  state  of  agriculture  in  a  great  part  of 
its  territory,  the  revenues  of  the  Abbey  were  chiefly 
derived  from  the  pasturage  of  cattle  and  sheep.  Of 
the  latter  there  appears  to  have  been  a  much  greater 
number  than  has  been  hitherto  believed ;  ^  and  the 
minute  and  careful  arrangements  for  their  folds,  their 


'  From  the  Earls  of  Dunbar  the  monks 
had  a  grant  of  pasturage  for  three  flocks 
of  wedders,  "arietum"  of  500  each  flock, 
near  to  Hartishead  in  Haddington.  Elena 
de  Morevil,  and  her  son  Roland  of  Gal- 
loway, gave  to  the  Abbey  pasturage  for 
700  ewes  with  their  followers  of  two 
years,  or  as  many  wedders  ;  for  49  cows 


with  their  followers  of  two  years,  a  bull, 
40  oxen,  8  horses,  and  4  swine,  with  their 
followers  of  three  years  ;  to  be  fed  alonof 
with  their  own  cattle  of  the  territory  of 
Kilbeccokestun  (now  Kilbucho).  In 
Wedale  the  Abbey  had  pasturage  for  500 
sheep  and  seven  score  cattle,  and  in 
Primside  pasturage  for  400  sheep. 


1(10  SKK'I'CilKS  OF   KAIII.N    SCOTCH   llJ.STOllV. 

atteiitlaiitrt,  and  lli<'  s(')»;n-;ition  of  tlh-ir  p;ist mvs,  slicnv 
how  early  the  attention  to  this  kind  of  stock  com- 
menced in  the  district,  whidi  is  now  distinguished  by  tlie 
perfection  to  which  it  hjis  arrived.  The  high  value  set 
u})()n  pasturage,  whethei*  for  sheep  or  cattle,  is  shown  ])y 
its  frequent  clashing  with  the  rights  of  game  and  the 
forest,  and  l)y  the  strict  prohibitions  against  tillage  within 
the  Ijounds  of  forests  and  pasture  ranges,^  although  this 
arose  in  a  great  measure  from  anxiety  to  preserve  the 
solitude  and  quiet  necessary  for  the  encouragement  of  all 
game,  and  especially  the  red  deer.  It  may  be  gathered 
also  from  the  high  penalties  for  allowing  cattle  or  sheep 
to  trespass  on  neighbouring  pastures. 

A  remarkable  custom  which  received  the  royal  sanc- 
tion in  the  reign  of  Alexander  iii.,  appears  somewhat  at 
variance  with  this  jealous  care  of  the  rights  of  pasture. 
That  monarch  declared  it  was  of  use  by  ancient  custom 
and  the  common  law  throughout  Scotland,  that  travellers 
passing  through  the  country  might  quarter  for  one  night 
in  any  estate  {feudum),  and  there  pasture  their  beasts — 
saving  only  growing  corns  and  hay. 

The  use  of  the  word  forest,  in  charter  language,  to  ex- 
press a  range  having  certain  legal  privileges  for  the  pre- 
servation of  game,  has  contributed  to  the  common  l^elief 

'  Tlius,  in  a  very  early  grant  by  Earl  in   Wedale   for   a   cow-house  or   sheep- 

Waldev,  of  pasturage  in  Lanimermuir,  fold — vaccaria    seu    hercharia — for    one 

it  is  expressly  provided  that  moveable  house  in  which  they  may  light  a  fire  for 

folds  and  lodges  for  the  shepherds  shall  the  brethren  and   their  sheplierds,  and 

accompany  the  flocks  of  the  Abbey,  so  for  a  hay-shed,  all  within  the  verge  of 

as  to  avoid  any  permanent  building  or  the  forest ;  but  on  condition  that  they 

settlement  within  the  forest — "  sine  nm-  shall  make  no  other  lodges  within  it,  but 

naa.li  operc.''     In  like  manner  Richard  their   shepherds   to   have    wattled    cots 

de  Morevil  the  Oreiit  Constable,  and  his  {claias  vnscoMs)  for  shelter  while  tending 

son  William,  grant  to  the  monks  a  site  their  cattle. 


GAME.  101 

that  all  Scotland  was  anciently  thickly  covered  with 
wood.  If  it  ever  were  so,  it  must  have  been  at  a  time 
before  all  record  ;  and  in  a  country  where  tradition  has 
been  so  much  based  on  the  fables  of  historians,  the  proof 
of  such  an  assertion  must  be  looked  for  in  the  observa- 
tions of  the  geologist,  which  have  not  hitherto  tended  to 
confirm  this  opinion.  At  the  earliest  period  illustrated 
by  the  Melrose  charters,  there  is  sufficient  evidence 
that  the  southern  division  of  Scotland  was  not  a,  well 
wooded  country.  On  the  contrary,  the  right  of  cutting 
wood  was  carefully  reserved  when  pasturage  or  arable 
land  was  granted  ;  and  when  that  right  was  conceded 
for  some  particular  purpose,  such  as  for  fuel  for  a  salt 
work,  or  for  l)uilding,  the  use  Avas  limited  in  express 
terms.^  The  high  grounds  of  Ayrshire  may  be  an  excep- 
ti(m,  where  there  seems  to  have  existed  an  extensive 
forest ;  but  elsewhere,  wood  was  a  scarce  and  valuable 
commodity.  Peats  formed  the  common  fuel  of  the 
countiy,  and  a  right  to  a  peatary  was  of  great  importance. 
Even  at  Preston,  now  so  surrounded  by  coal  mines,  wood 
was  used  as  fuel  for  the  salt  pans.  Coal  is  not  men- 
tioned in  the  collection  of  the  transactions  of  Melrose 
till  the  reign  of  Robert  ii.     It  was  undoubtedly  worked 

1  Aiiselm  de  Whittun,  along  with  cer-  the  punishment  of  its  destroyers.      In 

tain  lands  and  a  peat  moss,  gives  to  the  the  solemn  convention  between  Melrose 

Abbey  as  much  brushwood  from  his  wood  and  Richard  de  Morevil,  while  the  latter 

of  Mollope  as  one  horse  could  carry  to  reserves  the  game  of  Threpwood,  and  is 

the  grange  of  Hununi   between  Easter  to  have  a  forester  for  its  protection,  the 

and  Christmas.     The  heavy  penalties  of  Abbey  is  allowed  to  have  its  forester  for 

transgressing  the  forest  laws  had  refer-  preserving  the  wood  and  pasture  ;  and  it 

ence  chiefly  to  the  preservation  of  game.  is  carefully  stipulated,  that  for  injury 

luit  much  attention  was  also  bestowed.  thme  to  them,  the  Abbey  shall  hav(!  da- 

so  far  as  penal  statutes  coiild  secure  the  mci^c^—" eineitdatiouevi  scilicet  frcef/ihf ," 

object,  on  the  preservation  of  wood,  and  and  De  Morevil  the  customary  forfeit. 


102  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCUTCll  JiLSTOKY. 

at  an  early  period  in  Scotland,  but  probably  only  in  the 
easiest  levels  and  in  small  quantities,  from  the  imperfec- 
tion of  machinery  and  engineering ;  and  its  use  must 
have  been  confined  to  a  narrow  circle,  from  the  difficulty 
of  carriage. 

The  preservation  of  game,  and  the  whole  economy  of 
the  forest,  were  necessarily  of  prominent  importance  in 
an  age  when  the  time  of  the  free-bom  was  divided  be- 
tween war  and  the  chase.  The  lands  of  Melrose,  both  on 
the  eastern  Border  and  in  Ayrshire,  were  bounded  on  all 
sides  by  the  territories  of  great  lords,  jealous  of  all  en- 
croachment on  their  rights  of  forest,  and  sometimes,  it 
would  seem,  attempting  to  counteract  the  former  muni-  j 
ficence  of  themselves  or  their  ancestors,  which  had  lavished 
on  the  favourite  religious  house  rights  of  game  as  well  as 
all  other  property.  Hence  originated  many  of  the  dis- 
putes and  subsequent  reconciliations  recorded  in  the  | 
register  of  Melrose.  At  first,  perhaps,  only  the  occasional 
trespassing  of  the  cattle  and  sheep  of  the  Abbey  inter- 
fered with  the  pasture  or  the  necessary  quiet  of  the  I 
forest  game  ;  but  in  process  of  time  the  monks,  escaping 
from  the  strictness  of  the  Cistercian  rule,  asserted  and 
exercised  in  their  turn  rights  of  game  and  forest,  which 
they  defended  against  encroachment  mth  all  the  machi- 
nery which  the  law  then  put  in  their  power. 

When  the  Abbey  acquired  that  wide  territory  in  Esk- 
dale  which  was  the  gift  of  King  Da\T.d  i.  to  the  family 
of  Avenel,  the  game  was  carefully  reserved  by  the  suc- 
cessive granters  in  such  express  terms,  that  even  the 
names  of  the  valued  animals  are  specified.     The  lords  of 


OLD  BOUNDARIES.  ^         103 

Avenel  reserved  hart  and  hind,  boar  and  roe,  the  aeries 
of  falcons  and  tercels,  and  their  right  to  the  penalties  of 
trespasses  within  the  forest,  and  the  amercements  of 
those  convicted  of  theft.  The  monks  were  expressly 
excluded  from  hunting  with  hounds  or  nets,  from  setting 
traps,  except  only  for  wolves,  and  from  taking  the  aeries 
of  hawks.  Even  the  trees  in  which  the  hawks  usually 
built  were  to  be  held  sacred,  and  those  in  which  they  had 
built  one  year  were  on  no  account  to  be  felled  donee  in 
anno  proximo  perpendatur  si  in  illis  arborihus  velint 
aeriare  vel  non} 

The  early  grants  to  Melrose  of  their  great  territories 
in  Ayrshire  by  the  successive  Stewards,  expressed  the 
same  reservation  in  fewer  terms  :  "  Except  only  that 
neither  the  monks  nor  lay  brethren  nor  any  by  their 
authority  shall  hunt  nor  take  hawks  in  that  forest — for 
that  suiteth  nqt  their  order,  and  we  think  it  not  expedient 
for  them;" — '^  scdva  eademforesta  mea  tantum  in  bes- 
ttis  et  avibus"  But  notwithstanding  these  reservations, 
grounded  on  the  rigid  rule  of  the  Cistercians,  we  find 
the  monks  soon  after  in  full  possession  of  the  rights  of 
game  and  the  forest,  in  the  territory  of  Machlyn,  which 
their  munificent  benefactors  had  at  first  withheld  ;  and 
a  few  generations  later,  the  family  of  Graham,  who  in- 
herited the  possessions  of  Avenel,  gave  up  in  like  man- 
ner to  Melrose  the  whole  privileges  of  hunting,  fishing, 
and  hawking  in  Eskdale,  which  had  been  originally  so 

'  Several  of  the  terms  of  venerie  in  meiUe  or  cry  of  houuds,  but  it   is  less 

this  interesting  series  of  charters  are  of  clear  that  "  cum  cordis"  signifies  "  with 

doubtful     meaning.       Hunting     "  cum  nets."      It   may   indeed   stand  for   any 

mnais"     undnubtedlv    means,    with     a  manner  of  snaring  game. 


104  sKE'i'cjrKs  or  kamlv  scotc  ii  iiiviom'. 

« 

jealously  guarded.  Even  tlio  fDgiiiznnrc  of  f)ff('nr;(«B 
committed  within  the  fon^.st  hounds  was  devolved  on 
th(i  monks  ;  and  it  was  only  provided  that  malefaetoi-s 
condemned  to  death  in  the  court  of  the  Abbey  should 
be  executed  at  the  place  of  doom,^  nnd  by  the  bailie,  of 
the  temporal  lords  of  the  manor. 

The  ancient  names  and  l)oundaries  of  lands  are 
chiefly  interesting  to  those  locally  connected  with  the 
district,  but  many  of  the  meres  so  minutely  described 
are  of  general  curiosity,  and  if  still  to  l)e  traced  in  the 
names  or  in  the  features  of  the  country,  may  throw 
light  on  the  early  language  and  other  interesting  anti- 
quities, as  well  as  on  the  ancient  condition  and  extent 
of  property.  So  early  as  the  reign  of  William  the  Lion, 
boundaries  are  found  marked  by  such  objects  as  "  the 
old  elm,"^  "the  oak  on  which  a  cross  was  made,'^'^  "the 
well  beside  the  white  thorn," ^  "the  cross  beside  the 
green  ditch," ^  "the  ozier  bed/"^  "the  crosses  and 
trenches  made  on  the  hill-top  l^y  King  Da^dd.''"  It 
is  not  to  be  expected  that  many  of  these  marks  and 
memorials  should  have  escaped  the  ravages  of  time 
and  the  plough.  Some  however  may  still  remain  even 
of  this  more  perishable  description ;  and  fortunately 
a  more  enduring  sort  of  boundary-marks  will  serve 
in    many    districts  to  illustrate  the  state  of    property 

^  "  Ad  f  ureas  (h   Wadstirker.''     The  ^  Ad.  quercum  in  qua  cnicc  facta  est . 

(irahams  were  of  the  English  faction,  *  Ad  fontem  juo:ta  aU)am  spinam. 

and  the  first  recorded  concession  of  these  -^  Ad  crucem  jvxta  rinde  fossoAum . 

privileges  is  given  by  the  king  in  their  '■  Juncaria. 

default.     To  confirm  this  may  have  been  '  Cruces  et  fossas  qiuc  factcc  sunt  in 

afterwards  one  of  the  means  of  making  medio  'inonte,  usqxve,  ad  sttmmitatein  ejus- 

their  peace  with  Robeit,  dem  montis  in  cujus  summitote  fecit  Rex 

•  Ad  occideutalem  j/aitem  retcris  ulrni.  Dauid  fossas  fieri. 


OLD  ROADS.  105 

as  it  existed  six  centuries  ago.  The  rivers  and  lakes 
forming  the  natural  divisions  of  the  country,  can  be 
recognised  without  difficulty  in  the  slight  variation 
from  their  modern  names.  Fountains  and  springs,  the 
summits  of  the  hills,  and  the  water-shed  of  the  moor- 
lands,^ '^  sicitt  descensus  aquarimi  dividunt "  are  in  most 
(iases  not  to  be  mistaken,  although  the  present  names  of 
the  hills  on  the  Southern  Border  are  mostly  of  unac- 
countably modern  origin,  while  their  older  appellations 
in  the  cliarters  have,  it  is  believed,  disappeared.^  An- 
other class  of  meres  occurring  in  these  charters  cannot 
escape  notice.  They  point  to  monuments  of  antiquity 
far  beyond  the  records  or  the  foundation  of  the  Abbey, 
but  no  expression  of  the  parties  shows  the  slightest 
knowledge  or  interest  concerning  their  origin.  A  chartei* 
of  Elena  de  Moreuil,  in  the  reign  of  William,  gives  for 
one  of  its  bounding  marks  "  the  ancient  castle,"^  probably 
one  of  tJiose  mountain  forts  of  unknown  history,  anti- 
quity, and  use,  which  are  thickly  scattered  over  the 
pastoral  hills  of  the  Borders.  Ansel m  of  MoUe  gives 
land  in  that  territory,  bounded  at  one  point  "per  quos- 
dam  magnos  lapides  veteris  edijicii  quod  est  super  unum 
parvum  cundos!'  The  great  Eoman  ways  which  inter- 
sect the  district  are  frequent  boundaries  in  the  more 
ancient  charters  ;  at  least  these  seem  to  be  the  roads 
descril)ed  under  the  various  names  of  "  Derestrete," 
"  Herdstrete,"  "  Magna  strata,'^  "  the  way  towards 
Lauder  by  the  causeways  called  Malcolmsrode,"  "  CaJ- 

1  "  Per    medium    cundos    vwniimn."  -  As  "  Monsqui  d/icitor  rnJientfe.'' 

"  Per  condosum."     '*  Fix  tronfn^erso  con-  '■*  Vetus  cfistellariuni. 

Joan  de  Rederhtivne."  , 


1  06  HKKTCJIES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  llISTuRY. 

ceia  "  or  "  Calcciw,''  or  the  great  causeway.  It  appears 
that  the  roads  mentioned  by  the  terms  '* viridis  via" 
"  via  alta"  "  via  magna,"  "  via  regia"  (jr  "  regalis  "  are 
always  to  be  distinguished  from  them. 

The  practice  which  we  find  to  have  pnivailed  in  the 
earliest  periods  of  this  record,  of  setting  up  gi-eat  stones, 
and  sometimes  stone  crosses,  to  mark  the  boundaries  of 
adjoining  territories,  may  account  for  some  of  those 
monuments  which  have  long  exercised  the  ingenuity  of 
antiquaries.^  In  other  instances,  such  monuments  of 
past  ages  as  were  conveniently  situated,  were  adopted  as 
boundary  marks,  instead  of  constructing  new  marks.^ 
These  are  frequently  designated  by  the  name  which  is 
still  the  popular  term  in  Scotland  for  such  monuments 
of  unknown  or  conjectural  use — "the  standing  stones." 

The  occurrence  of  early  examples  of  the  spoken  lan- 
guage, which  must  interest  the  philologist  in  all  countries, 
is  more  than  usually  interesting  in  Scotland,  whose  ori- 
ginal inhabitants  and  successive  invaders  have  afforded 
such  abundant  matter  of  controversy.  It  has  already 
been  noticed,  that  there  are  in  the  Melrose  charters  in- 
dications of  the  language  and  people  of  Galloway.  With 
the  exception  of  that  province,  there  is  no  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  a  Celtic  language  was  in  use  in  any  district 
with  wdiich  the  Abbey  of  Melrose  was  connected  during 

^  Thus,  on  occasion  of  a  grant  of  lands  inter  nos  et  ipsos  inonachos  usque  ad 

in  Maxton  by  Kobert  de  Berkeley,  the  magnum  lapidem  subtus  quercum." 
monks  set  up  a  great  stone  as  one  of 

their  boundaries, — "  m,agnam  i^etram  in  -  Thus  one  of  the  boundaries  described 

testimonium  erexeruntJ"       ''  Per  petras  in  the  royal  charter  fixing  the  marches 

qnoi positce  sunt  ad  divisas."     "  Lapides  between  the  Constable   and  Melrose  in 

fjrandes  quos  tunc peramhvlando  posui.'^  the  forest  of  Wedale.  is  ''de  pot  usque 

"  Per  lapides  qui  posifi  sunt  art  divisas  ad  standande  stan." 


OLD  LANGUAGE. 


10' 


the  period  embraced  by  this  Chartulary.  It  will  be 
found  that  the  great  l)enefactors  of  the  Abbey,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Lords  of  Galloway,  and  the  great  Earls 
of  Dunbar,  were  of  Norman  descent  and  name.  Several 
persons  occur  of  Saxon  families,  and  others  whom  we 
may  conjecture  to  be  of  Danish  or  Norse  origin  ;  but, 
with  the  exceptions  above  stated,  no  charters  are  granted 
by  persons  whom  there  is  any  reason  to  believe  of  Celtic 
race.  Most  of  the  Norman  settlers  had  either  previously 
fixed  seignorial  surnames,^  or  soon  assumed  local  desig- 
nations from  the  territories  acquired  by  them  in  Scot- 
land.^ The  Saxon  and  Norse  colonists,  being  perhaps 
usually  of  inferior  rank  and  power,  remained  longer 
without  that  which  soon  became  a  badge  of  gentility. 
From  them  were  named  most  of  the  places  which  bear 
the  Saxon  termination  of  toivn,  and  these,  by  a  curious 
alternation,  in  a  short  time  afforded  surnames  to  their 
proprietors,^  when  the  fashion  of  territorial  surnames  be- 
came almost  universal. 

The  names  of  places  occurring  in  the  charters  of  the 
Abbey,  excepting  those  of  Galloway,  are  for  the  most  part 
purely  Saxon.  It  may  be,  that  the  great  features  of  the 
country,  its  mountains,  valleys,  and  rivers,  bore  Celtic 


1  As  De  Vesci,  De  Morevil,  De  Valo- 
niis,  De  Brus,  etc. 

"  As  de  Wittim,  de  Ridale,  de  Molle, 
etc. 

^  Thus,  Orm  gave  name  to  Ormistun, 
Leving,  and  Doding  to  Levingston  and 
Duddingstone ;  Elfin,  Edulf,  and  Ed- 
mund to  Elphingston,  Edilston,  and  Ed- 
monston  ;  and  most  of  these  in  turn 
were  assumed  as  the  territorial  surnames 
of  Avell-knowu   families.      A  personage 


who  figures  in  the  early  charters,  Mac- 
cus,  chose  to  call  his  toion  by  its  Norman 
term,  and  ''Maccus-vil"  (which  is  merely 
another  shape  of  Maccustun  or  Maxton) 
in  time  passed  into  the  familiar  surname 
of  Maxwell.  The  name  of  this  family 
has  of  late  undergone  the  same  combi- 
nation which  was  applied  some  centuries 
ago  to  its  founder's  own  name,  and  by 
this  triple  process  we  arrive  at  the  name 
of  Maxwellto^vn. 


108 


SKETCTfKS  OF   IIAHLV   SCOTCH    IffSTOIlY 


names.  Veiy  few  of  these  oceui*.  Tlic  names  of  estates, 
Jiowever,  and  their  l)oun(Iaries,  coeval  with  the  rlawii  of 
civilisation,  wherever  indicating  any  meaning,  were  all 
Saxon  ;^  and  the  few  words  of  early  vernacular  language;, 
thinly  scattered  over  the  older  documents  of  this  char- 
tulary,  all  show  the  same  origin,^  and  leave  no  doulit 
that  a  Teutonic  dialect  was  the  universal  spoken  language 
of  Lothian,  Merse,  and  Teviotdale,  from  the  time  of 
David  I. 

The  Court  French  afterwards  imported  by  the  Eng 
lish  Edwards,  and  which  continued  so  long  to  l)e   the 


^  Tims  Hartshead,  Hellesden,  Mossy- 
burnvig,  Brownrig.  Thus  also  all  names 
ending  in  town.  So  Milkeside,  Threp- 
wood,  Birebiirn,  Cuckowburn,  Brown- 
knoll,  Ehvaldscalesloning,  Holemede. 
Ravensfen,  Herehowden.  Fuleford,  King- 
strete,  and  many  others. 

-  The  small  number  of  vernacular  com- 
mon Avords  preserved  in  the  more  ancient 
charters,  are  sometimes  disguisedby  a  La- 
tin termination.  Some  of  the  Latin  words 
occurring  in  them  are  peculiar  to  Scotland, 
and  not  to  be  found  in  the  dictionaries 
of  the  Latin  of  the  middle  ages.  Of  both 
these  classes,  specimens  are  collected 
beloAv,  along  with  examples  of  the  spoken 
language  occurring  previous  to  the  middle 
of  the  fourteenth  century, 
Aen^ire,  to  build  aeries  as  hawks. 
Bog. 

Brueria,  a  thicket  of  broom. 
Burna,  a  burn  or  brook. 
Calceia-ce,  a  causeway. 
Clam  unscaia,  a  wattled  hut. 
Cnoll,  a  knoll. 

Cobella,  a  coble,  or  flat  fishing  boat. 
Corda,  an  instrument  of  hunting. 
Cundos,  Cundosvm,  the  ridge  of  a  hill. 
Fid  da,  a  fold. 

Forisv'eice,  Forsreur,  a  penalty  for  tres- 
passing ;  perhaps  for  turning  out  of  a 
road. 


(ilile,  a  Gill,  still  used  in  the  north  of 

England  for  the  cleft  of  a  liill  or  th(- 

channel  of  a  brook. 
Hodghes,    Hadkahs,     Ilalechs,     Halves, 

Hauhvea,  haughs  or  meadows. 
Ifogaster,  perhaps  a  hog  or  young  sheeji. 
Hogvs,  Hogh,  English,  a  hill  or  mount. 
Imvere,  perhaps  war  within  the  country. 
Landfp,  arable  lands  ? 
Lecche,  a  ditch.     Fvl-leche,  a  foul  ditch  '. 
Logicc,  lodges. 

Me'rehii.riie,  a  bounding  rivulet. 
Moeta,  a  meute  or  cry  of  hounrls. 
Mvssa,  a  moss  or  peat  bog. 
Xysvs  sororum,  French  Xiez.  an  aerie  of 

young  hawks. 
Peice,  Peta/nn,  peats,  a  peatary  or  peat 

moss. 
Scodinga,  a  shealiug  or  summer  hut  use<l 

by  hill  shepherds. 
Sicx'S,  a  syke  or  ditch. 
Stagnum,  a  yare  or  wear  in  a  river.     (lu 

this  sense  it  had  occurred  to  Du  Cange, 

who  seems  unAnlling  to  admit  it  as  a 

genuine  term.) 
i^taincros,  crux  lapidea. 
Siandande  Stane,  a  stone  placed  upright. 
Trigild,  the  penalty  for  destrojing  trees. 
Tvrhoe,    Turbaria,   turfs,    a  place   from 

which  turf  for  fuel  is  cut. 
Utioere,  foreign  war  ? 
Wanialium  ? 


i 


OLD  PKICEIS.  109 

Itivv  language  of  England,  never  gained  much  ground  in 
Scotland  ;  and  altliougii  doubtless  used  exclusively  by 
the  English  settlers  of  that  disturbed  period,  it  seems 
not  to  have  long  survived  their  departure,  when  Latin 
again  became  the  universal  language  of  business,  as  it 
continued  to  be  down  to  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. About  that  period,  the  vernacular  Saxon,  the 
spoken  language  of  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland,  began  to 
he  used  in  deeds,  and  instances  of  it  occur  in  the  Abbey 
register  of  the  reign  of  Robert  ii.  One  of  these  is  dated 
in  1389,  and  although  much  of  its  interest  is  destroyed  by 
the  closeness  of  its  translation  from  a  Latin  style,  yet  it 
is  of  some  value  as  a  genuine  specimen  of  early  Scotch/ 
The  transactions  serving  to  show  the  relative  value 
of  money  and  other  commodities  in  Scotland,  and  the 
interest  taken  for  money,  at  an  early  period,  are  unfor- 
tunately very  rare. 

In  1236,  the  Earl  of  Carrick  sells  an  annual  rent  from 
Luid  of  three  merks,  for  the  sum  of  40  merks,  or  thirteen 
years'  purchase. 

In  the  same  century  and  reign,  the  Abbey  purchases 
up  a  rent  charge  of  thirty  shillings,  by  a  payment  of  3  0 
merks  and  40  pence,  or  a  little  more  than  thirteen  years' 
purchase. 

We  find  a  charter  of  King  Alexander  ii.,  confirming 
the  sale  of  a  half  plough  of  land  in  Edenham,  with  two 
hurgagla  (probably  the  portions  of  land  necessary  to 
qualify  burgesses)  in  Berwick,  at  the  price  of  £33,  6s.  8d. 


sterlino*. 


*  See  Appendix. 


1  10  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Puter  dc  Jliiga  oi  Bcaiicnsyd  luul  covenanted  Uj  pay 
ten  salmon  yearly  to  the  Al>]jey,  as  the  penalty  of  cer 
tain  transgressions  committ(,'d  against  it.  In  a  curious 
deed,  Haig  sets  forth  that  the  convent,  taking  pity  on 
him,  and  considering  such  a  payment  minous,  has  con 
sented  to  receive,  in  lieu  of  it,  a  half  stone  of  wax  yearly 
for  the  chapel  of  Auld  Melros,  or  thirty  pence  in  case  of 
failure. 

In  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  Richard 
Burnard,  lord  of  Faringdun,  sold  his  East  Meadow  of 
Faringdun  of  eight  acres  for  thirty-five  merks.  In  1342, 
Gilbert  de  Maxwell  disponed  to  Melrose  his  half  of  the 
Barony  of  Wilton,  mth  the  patronage  of  the  church, 
redeemable  by  him  or  the  heirs  of  his  body,  for  £40 
sterling.  The  Abbey  was  to  have  the  first  offer  of  the 
lands,  if  Maxwell  or  his  heirs  chose  to  sell  them  out- 
right. In  consequence  of  a  grant  by  Robert  i.  of  £2000, 
out  of  the  casualties  of  Roxburghshire  to  Melrose  for 
rebuilding  the  church  of  the  Abbey,  Sir  Archibald 
M'DoweU,  in  1398,  grants  a  bond  for  the  sum  of  '*'  foure 
skore  and  ten  ponde  of  gude  mone  and  lele  of  Scot- 
lande  in  silver  or  in  golde,  because  of  his  releife  of  his 
place  of  Malkarstoun,"  to  be  paid  mthin  two  years,  or 
within  three  years,  "  in  cas — as  God  forbede — comoun 
were  wdth  raisinge  of  baneris  be  bet^vix  the  kyTigrikis  of 
Scotlande  and  Inglande."  A  right  of  way  through  the 
lands  of  Mospennoc,  now  Mosfennan  in  Tweeddale,  cost 
the  Abbey  the  sum  of  twenty  shillings  sterling  in  the 
reign  of  Alexander  ii.  An  oxgang  of  arable  land  and 
an  acre  of  meadow  in  Ilivestun,  now  Ellieston,  in  Rox- 


SEALS   -EARLY  HERALDRY.  Ill 

burghshire,  were  in  the  same  reign  acquired  for  four 
merks  sterling/ 

The  occurrence  of  individuals,  either  as  parties  or 
witnesses  in  the  mass  of  charters  here  collected,  ^vill,  it 
is  feared,  be  found  to  illustrate  but  few  of  the  existing 
families  of  the  district.  The  great  families  who  were 
the  earliest  benefactors  of  the  Abbey,  the  Lords  of  Gal- 
loway, Carrick,  and  March,  the  De  Morevils  and  the 
Avenels,  have  been  long  extinct,  and  even  those  who 
came  in  their  room,  the  Fitz  Kanulphs,  the  De  Sulises, 
the  Grahams,  and  the  Douglases  have  left  but  a  romantic 
tradition  of  the  mighty  power  which  they  wielded  on  the 
Borders.  The  proverbial  instability  of  Scotch  affairs  fo^ 
three  centuries  preceding  the  union  of  the  Crowns,  was 
generally  unfavourable  to  the  continued  descent  of  here- 
ditary possessions ;  but  on  the  Borders,  wars,  feuds,  and 
forfeitures  followed  each  other  so  fast,  that  no  families 
proved  sufficiently  vigorous  to  take  root  and  grow  to 
grandeur. 

The  alliances,  descents,  and  transactions  of  many  of 
those  extinct  families,  and  still  more  those  of  the  illus- 
trious house  of  Stewart,  are,  however,  essential  to  the 

^  Though  here  and  elsewhere  the  term  This  was  the  denaHus,  the  well-known 
sterling  is  used,  it  must  not  be  under-  penny  of  silver,  still  so  common  in  the 
stood  in  the  modern  sense.  It  occurs  cabinet  of  the  collector,  and  which  was 
in  Scotch  writs  of  the  highest  antiquity,  for  several  centuries  the  common  cur- 
marcce,  lihrce,  solidi  and  denarii  Ster-  rency  of  the  North  of  Europe.  When  a 
lingorum  or  Esterlingoi'um,  hononim  et  covenant  therefore  expressed  a  payment 
legalium,  and  was  the  most  common  de-  in  good  Sterlings,  it  adopted  a  standard 
scription  of  money  mentioned  in  old  somewhat  less  fluctuating  than  the  bare 
covenants.  The  term,  which  originally  expressing  of  the  sum,  which  was  liable 
had  reference  to  the  eastern  country  of  to  be  aftected  by  the  arbitrary  and  often 
the  early  English  mqneyers,  was  after-  unjust  alteration  of  the  value  of  the  cur- 
wards  applied  to  all  money  of  a  certain  rency  by  the  government, 
weight   and   fineness   wherever    coined. 


1  1  L'  .SKKTCllIvS  oi'  J:AI;I.V  St'O'lTJl   lUSToKV. 

history  of  a  country  wIk^mc  llicy  }>layf;(l  ho  iiiii)ortaiit  a 
part  ;  and  some  of  tli(3  existing  families  of  Scotland  can 
still  l)oast  a  connexion  willi  even  tlir  most  ancient  of 
those  illustrious  and  liistorical  names/ 

The  numerous  seals  preserved  are  not  only  interest- 
ing to  the  herald,  but  often  furnish  important  inf(jrma- 
tion  of  the  owner's  real  style  and  title,  when  the  cluntci- 
happens  to  set  forth  only  his  familiar  or  patronymic 
appellation,^  and  enable  us  to  distinguish  between  several 
persons  of  the  same  patronymic  name.  It  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  notice,  that  they  at  the  same  time  sei-ve  to 
mark  the  state  of  the  arts  of  the  countiy,  and  are  in 
Scotknd  ahnost  our  only  guides  in  tracing  the  amis  and 
dress  of  a  remote  period. 

The  use  of  seals  is  almost  coeval  in  this  country  wdtli 
the  Vise  of  writing.  Only  two  or  thi'ee  genuine  ancient 
writs  are  known,  which  exhibit  a  different  mode  of  authen- 
tication,^ and  we  have  little  reason  to  believe,  that  there 
were  any  writings  connected  Avith  land  in  Scotland,  of 
an  earlier  date  than  some  of  those  which  are  still  extant. 

Before  the  universal  adoption  of  arms,  a  star,  a 
flower,  a  wheel,  or  such  other  common  device,  rudely 
graved  on  the  middle  of  the  seal,  served  to  give  room 
round  the  edge  for  the  owner's  name.     In  some  instances, 

'  Thus    Home,   Duudas,   and  Corbet,  more  formally  styled  in  the  legend  of 

with  the  old  Earls  of  Dunbar,  M'Dowal,  his  seal  Nicolaus   de  Mems.     In  other 

with  the  Lords  of  Galloway,  etc,  instances,  the  more  fonnal  designation 

-  In  the  charter  granted  by  the  fi\  e  appeai-s  in  the  charter,  as  where  the 
inilites  of  the  Steward,  two  of  these,  granter,  there  styled  Robertus  de  Stain- 
styled  William  and  Richard  de  lIoAvker-  tun,  is  found  from  his  seal  to  have  been 
sUni,  are  proved  by  their  seals  to  have  the  son  of  Foubert,  and  one  of  the  family 
already  adopted  the  analogous  but  fixed  of  Peithec. 

surnanieofi'tt^co/m./;  and  a  third,  named  ^  Among  the  Coldingham  chai-ters  at 

in  the  cliarter  Nicholaus  fitz  Roland,  is  Durham. 


SEALS      EARLY  HERALDRY.  113 

seals  bear  what  seems  to  have  been  a  badge  or  cognizance 
of  an  individual,  a  family,  or  a  district.  Family  and 
personal  badges  were  not  unfrequently  assumed  in  allu- 
sion to  the  names  of  those  who  bore  them,^  but  whether 
adopted  on  this  or  other  grounds,  they  either  became 
part  of  the  heraldic  blazon,  or  continued  to  ornament 
the  arms  after  the  introduction  of  a  more  systematic 
heraldry  ;  and  in  many  cases  suggested  the  crest  and 
supporters,  when  these  long  afterwards  came  into  fashion. 
The  introduction  of  heraldry  was  in  all  countries  quickly 
followed  by  the  adoption  of  shields  of  arms,  as  the  ap- 
propriate distinction  of  seals.  This  cannot  be  said  to 
have  commenced  in  Scotland  earlier  than  the  reign  of 
William  the  Lion.  Even  during  that  reign  the  practice 
was  by  no  means  general.  William  himself,  and  some 
persons  of  great  distinction,  both  Saxon  and  Norman, 
though  evidently  following  the  knightly  customs  of  the 
age,  had  not  yet  adopted  fixed  family  arms.^  The  in- 
troduction and  perfecting  of  that  simple  and  pure 
heraldry^  which  has  hitherto  distinguished  Scotland  can 
be  traced  with  tolerable  accuracy.  It  will  occur,  even  on 
a  slight  examination,  that  several  of  the  most  ancient 
seals  are  of  a  design  and  workmanship  which  cannot  be 
ascribed  to  a  rude  age.  These  are  undoubtedly  antique 
intaglios  on  gems,  which  were  adopted  as  an  ornament 

J  One  of  the  name  of  Harang  ov  Her-  Chamberlain,  the  Constables  de  Morevil, 

ring  had   three   fishes.     Several  of  the  and  many  others,  while  they  displayed 

Corbets  bore  a  raven  or  corbeau.     The  on  their  seals  the  figure  of  a  mounted 

Burnards  had  a  burnet  leaf.     The  Mus-  and  armed  knight,   gave  no  charge  on 

i camps,  a  Jicld  covered  with  Jiies.     The  the  shield,  nor  coat  armour  on  the  hous- 

De  Vescis,  resce,  vetches,  &c.  ing.     The  first  appearance  of  the  Royal 

2  Thus  the  first  Walter  fitz  Alan,  Stew-  Arms  of  Scotland  is  on  the  seal  of  Alex- 

ard  of  Scotland,  Philip  deValoines,  Great  ander  ii. 

H 


1  1   \  SKKTCHES  OF  KAKLY  SCOTCH   HISTOl'.N  . 

for  the  ceiiti'c  of  tlic  .seal  buioii;  heraldic  bc^aiiiigs  wuiv 
introduced  ;  mid  after  the  introduction  of  a  shield  with 
a  charge  as  the  mark   of  th(3  principal  seal,  were  fr(i 
quently  used  as  a  signet  and  counterseal.^ 

The  Teviotdale  ablj(iys  were  the  great  landdiold(*rs 
of  the  valley.  The  abljots  of  Melrose,  Dryburgh,  Jed- 
burgh, and  Kelso,  each  administered  greater  estates  than 
the  greatest  lay  lords.  The  property  of  these  religious 
houses  lay  much  intermixed,  and  the  transactions  Ijetween 
them  were  so  numerous  that  their  records  throw  light  on 
the  whole  management  and  occupation  of  land  at  a  time 
which  is  generally  thought  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of 
domestic  history.  If  patiently  explored  they  will  fm^nish 
in  abundance  that  sort  of  information  which  we  find  in 
English  county  histories,  and  will  go  far  to  supply  the 
local  antiquities  which  lend  such  a  charming  interest  to 
every  county  and  almost  every  parish  of  England — and 
which  are  hitherto  unknown  and  unstudied  in  Scotland. 

Let  me  mention  a  custom  that  seems  worthy  of 
imitation  even  in  our  enlightened  times.  ]\Iixed  property 
and  frequently  clashing  interests  furnished  the  occasion 
of  numerous  disputes  betw^een  the  four  abbeys,  nor  were 
the  other  elements  of  war  wanting.  The  monks  had 
leisure  in  abundance  to  brood  over  their  wroncrs,  and 
they  had  means  to  defray  the  expense  of  legal  remedies. 
They  had  as  much  as  most  men,  the  high  estimation  of 
their  own  property  and  its  rights — the  jealousy  of  en- 
croachment, the  minute  attention  to  marches,  even  the 

1  These  observations  are  made  Intel-       whicli  give  the  earliest  authentic  Scotch 
ligible  by  plates  of  seals  appended  to  the       heraldry, 
collection   of  the   charters   of  Melrose, 


THE  MONKS  AS  LANDOWNERS  AND  PATRONS.    115 

game  passion — which  have  always  distinguished  the  lords 
of  the  soil.  But  they  had  not  the  rashness  of  the  inex- 
perienced heii'  just  succeeding  to  his  inheritance.  On  the 
contrary,  they  had  accumulated  the  wisdom  of  many 
generations,  and  all  experience  warned  them  of  the  mis- 
chiefs of  litigation  that  must  end  in  Rome,  if  it  ever 
came  to  end.  The  teaching  was  not  lost  upon  those 
monks.  They  actually  forbore  the  excitement  of  law- 
suits, and  established  a  rule  that  any  difference  occurring 
between  any  two  of  the  monasteries  should  be  settled  by 
the  arbitration  of  the  other  two. 

But,  although  it  is  as  the  great  landowner  that  we 
now  regard  Melrose  as  of  so  much  importance  to  the 
statistics  and  the  history  of  its  district,  there  was  an- 
other relation  in  which  it  perhaps  afiected  the  happiness 
of  the  people  as  much,  and  which  was  the  source  of  a 
large  part  of  its  revenue.  Like  other  monasteries,  the 
Abbey  of  Melrose  soon  acquired  property  in  parochial 
churches  with  their  lands  and  tithes,  which  the  lay  Lords 
who  could  not  retain  them  in  their  own  hands,  granted 
to  the  Monks,  sometimes  simply  in  proprios  usus,  and 
sometimes  ad  susceptionem  paupermn  et  peregrinorum 
ad  domum  de  Metros  venientium;  and  among  these 
charters  are  to  be  found  many  curious  particulars  illus- 
trating the  twofold  capacity  of  the  Monks  as  landowners 
and  as  rectors,  and  throwing  light  upon  the  circum- 
stances of  the  secular  as  well  as  of  the  regular  clergy. 
As  landowners,  the  Monks  were  always  desirous  of 
evading  the  delivery  of  tithes  in  kind,  which  was  pecu- 
liarly odious  to  a  body  of  ecclesiastics  capable  of  per- 


lie  SKETCH KS  HV  KAHLV   SCOTCH   HISTORY. 

forming  divine  offices,  and  furtifhd  witii  various  i)apal 
immunities.  In  one  instance  we  find  them  yielding  only 
to  superior  force  ;  and  in  other  parishes  in  which  they  had 
large  estates,  they  were  at  length  successful  in  establish- 
ing, under  the  sanction  of  the  Ijishop,  the  king,  and  the 
Pope,  a  fixed  composition,  instead  of  a  demand  for  tithes 
varying  according  to  the  crop,  the  value  of  the  cun^ency, 
and  perhaps  the  temper  and  disposition  of  the  Rector. 
When  they  were  about  to  demise  to  tenants  the  lands  of 
Kyle  given  to  them  by  the  Steward,  and  thereby  to  give 
up  their  immunity  from  the  payment  of  tithe,  they  had 
the  lands  erected  into  a  distinct  parish  of  Machline,  of 
which  the  rectory  vested  in  themselves  ;  cautiously  pro- 
viding, that  if  at  any  future  time  they  should  think  fit 
to  take  the  lands  into  their  own  hands,  they  should  be 
freed  from  the  burden  of  maintaining  the  church  and 
pensioning  the  \dcar. 

The  amount  of  the  vicar's  pension  seems  to  have 
depended  on  circumstances  which  we  cannot  now  per- 
haps ascertain.  It  appears  to  have  been  paid  unwill- 
ingly, and  in  some  cases  was,  with  the  permission  of  the 
bishop,  entirely  mthheld.  But  if  the  vicars  of  the 
richly-endowed  Regulars  were  only  scantily  and  grudg- 
ingly maintained  by  their  wealthy  patrons,  it  is  evident 
that  from  the  earliest  times  the  secular  rectors  were 
often  men  of  wealtli  and  family.  Some  of  them  were  the 
younger  sons  of  great  houses,-^  and  we  find  in  more  than 
one  instance,  clergymen  possessed  of  considerable  landed 
property  ;  and  one  instance  occurs  in  the  early  part  of 

'  As  several  of  tlie  De  Nonnanvils  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  ir. 


ii 


FAIK  PLAY  TO  THE  MONKS.  1  I  7 

our  records,  of  the  parson  of  ii  parish  transniitting  his 
estate  to  his  daughter,  as  if  of  a  legitimate  marriage. 

Without  underrating  the  effects  of  the  reformation  of 
rehgion,  it  may  he  safely  said,  that  no  revolution  in 
politics  or  opinions  can  have  produced  such  a  change  in 
the  structure  of  society  as  the  emancipation  of  the 
clergy  from  celibacy,  and  the  sudden  destruction  of  the 
monastic  societies.  It  is  now  difficult,  perhaps  impossible, 
to  separate  in  our  minds  the  overthrow  of  these  institu- 
tions from  the  change  of  creed  and  opinion  that  inciden- 
tally, not  necessarily,  produced  it  ;  and  it  is  even  yet 
rare  to  find  the  freedom  from  passion  and  prejudice 
necessary  for  forming  a  correct  estimate  of  the  good  and 
evil  arising  from  that  part  of  the  great  change  of  the 
Reformation. 

The  Friars  were  the  chief  objects  of  serious  attack 
and  lio'hter  satire  at  the  commencement  of  the  Reforma- 
tion.  They  have  left  fewer  monuments  by  which  we 
may  judge  of  the  justice  of  the  odium  ;  but  as  regards 
the  Monks,  we  have  abundant  information  from  the 
records  and  relics  they  have  left  behind  them.  We  may 
not  be  disposed  to  apply  to  Melrose  the  exaggerated 
eulogiums  bestowed  by  writers  of  their  own  order  ;  but 
on  a  fair  estimate  of  the  materials  now  collected,  we 

r 

shall  find  the  monks,  freed  as  they  were  from  domestic 
ties,  always  zealous  for  their  order,  and  for  the  welfare 
of  their  territories  and  tenants  as  conducing  to  its  pros- 
perity ;  encouraging  agriculture  and  every  improvement 
of  the  soil ;  leading  the  way  in  an  adventurous  foreign 
trade,  and  in  all  arts  and  manufactures  ;  cultivating  the 


118  SKL:T(IIKS  ok   KAKLY  scotch  lIlSTOltY. 

learning  of  the  time,'  and  latterly  enjoying  and  teach- 
ing to  others  the  enjoyment  of  the  luxuries  of  civilized 
life,  while  they  exercised  extensive  hospitality  and  charity, 
and  preserved  a  decorum  which  is  akin  to  virtue.  Tos- 
terity  owes  them  a  debt,  were  it  but  for  Ijcqueathing 
us  those  remains  of  theii*  edifices  which  are  only  more 
interesting  from  their  decay,  and  for  their  simple  and 
faithful  chronicles.  When  we  consider  the  extent  of  the 
possessions  of  a  house  like  Melrose,  the  affluence,  and  the 
amount  of  power  and  influence  it  brought  to  bear  on 
such  objects  as  these,  during  ages  of  lawlessness  and 
rapine ;  recollecting  too  the  peculiar  interest  of  its  peace- 
ful and  perhaps  indolent  inhabitants  in  maintaining  the 
quiet  of  the  country  and  the  security  of  property,  we 
cannot  doubt  that  their  administration  of  their  gTeat 
territory  and  revenue,  notwithstanding  all  abuses  inci- 
dent to  the  system,  was  more  for  the  happiness  of  the 
people  than  if  the  possessions  of  the  Abbey  had  fallen 
at  an  early  period  into  the  hands  of  some  great  temporal 
proprietor. 

It  only  remains  to  point  out  one  or  two  particulars 


^  The  Cistercians  were  peculiarly  ad-  marks  of  liiiraility  were  disregarded  in 
dieted  to  agriculture.  It  was  even  en-  later  times,  the  sumptuous  piles  yet  re- 
joined by  the  rule  of  the  Order.  Their  nlaining  of  Melrose  and  Sweet-heait  suffi- 
great  founder  also  attempted  to  di scour-  ciently  testify.  It  is  to  be  feared  the 
age  pompous  building,  and  the  expen-  folio v\ers  of  St.  Bernard  were  more  duti- 
sive  windows,  and  church  ornaments  of  ful  in  their  neglect  of  classical  learning, 
the  precious  metals  and  jewels,  A\hich  although  among  the  interesting  ordi- 
were  the  favourite  embellishments  of  the  nances  prescribed  for  the  dependent 
other  Orders.  The  refinement  of  clas-  house  of  Holmcultram,  the  Abbot  pa- 
sical  learning  was  also  discouraged  rades  what  must  have  been  a  trite  con- 
among  them,  as  well  as  t!ie  practice  of  ventual  i>roverb — ^' clau-stnim  sine  lite ra- 
the  beautifiil  art  of  illuminating  manu-  tura  viri  hominis  est  sepvlturo.y 
scripts.      How   much   these  distiucti\e 


1 


EEECTION  OF  THE  BISHOP's  BURGH  OF  GLASGOW.       1 1 9 

where  the  records  of  Melrose  throw  light  upon  the  public 
history  of  the  country. 

Eustace  de  Vesci  confirms  to  the  Abbey  all  the  lands 
in  his  fee  of  Wittun,  which  it  held  on  the  year  after 
Alexander  Prince  of  Scotland  rendered  homage  to  King 
John  of  England,  on  the  morrow  of  the  invention  of  the 
Holy  Cross  (4th  May).  This  homage  was  not  known  to 
our  historians.  It  may  be  conjectured  to  have  taken 
place  on  the  occasion  of  the  Prince  receiving  knighthood 
at  the  hands  of  John  in  1212  ;  but  if  this  be  the  case, 
the  date  generally  assigned  to  that  event  must  be  erro- 
neous.-^ 

There  are  few  more  interesting  state  papers  than  the 
letter  of  Eobert  the  Bruce  addressed  to  his  son  and  his 
successors.  Not  contented  with  the  proofs  of  his  piety 
and  regard  for  Melrose  which  he  had  already  given  in 
the  munificent  grants  for  the  restoration  of  the  building, 
ruined  by  continual  wars,  and  for  the  personal  comfort 
of  the  monks,  the  dying  monarch  bequeaths  to  his  son 
the  care  and  protection  of  that  favoured  house  where  he 
destined  his  heart  to  be  buried.  It  is  remarkable  that 
this  document  bears  date^  within  a  month  of  the  king's 
death,  and  it  follows  that  his  request  to  Douglas  to 
convey  his  heart  to  the  Holy  Land  was  made  still  nearer 
his  end. 

We  look  now  with  scarcely  less  interest  to  a  notice 
which  occurs  among  these  charters,  of  the  first  erection  of 

1  The  chronicle  of  Melrose  gives  8  idus  happened  on  the  4th,  not  the  8th  March 

Martii  as  the  date  of  Alexander's  knight-  of  that  year, 
liood,  but  destroys  its  authority  by  add- 
ing ad  letare  Jerusalem,  which  Sunday  -  llth  May  1329. 


r_!()  SKETCHES  OK  EAUEY  SCOTCH   HISTORY. 

the  city  of  Gljisgow.  Tin*  cliartcr  of"  Bishop  Joccliii,  as 
lord  superior,  confiiiniiig  to  AI(;lrosi3  the  property  of  a  toft 
quod  Rannlfus  de  Ifadiutiot  edijicavit  in  p?'ima  edljica 
tione  huiyiy  indicates  veiy  clearly  the  erection  of  th(i 
episcopal  burgh,  in  virtue  of  a  (-harter  granted  Ijy  King 
William  the  Lion  to  Bishop  J(j(:(;lin  himself.^  It  is  \\'ell 
known  that  Glasgow,  straitened  on  one  hand  hy  the 
more  important  royal  l)urgh  of  Rutherglen,  and  on  the 
other  side  ])y  Dumbarton  and  the  Clyde  burghs  claiming 
a  monopoly  of  the  river  trade,  for  a  long  time  derived  its 
only  importance  from  the  Bishop^s  see.  Somewhat  more 
than  a  century  afterwards,  we  find  the  "  communitas  civi- 
tatis  Glasgiiensis"  exercising  the  office  of  a  court  of  inquest 
for  the  service  of  heirs,  and  authenticating  its  writ  ^^dth 
the  seal  of  the  community,  which  would  seem  to  mark  a 
certain  degree  of  independent  power.  It  was  not  how- 
ever for  more  than  four  centuries  and  a  half  ^  after  the 
first  charter  and  erection  of  the  episcopal  bm^gh,  that  the 
city  of  Glasgow  obtained  complete  emancipation.  The 
rapidity  of  its  subsequent  rise  in  wealth  and  splendom-, 
and  in  the  extent  of  trade  and  manufactm-es,  is  probaUy 
mthout  any  parallel. 

The  incidental  mention  of  the  condition  of  the  Abbey 
itself  at  different  times,  strongly  illustrates  the  history  of 
the  district  and  the  age.  At  one  time  powerful  and 
prosperous,  accumulating  property,  procuring  privileges, 
commanding  the  support  of  the  most  powerful,  and 
proudly  contending  against  the  slightest  encroachment ; 

^   Ut  hurgum  habeant  (ejoiscopi)  apud       of  Glasgoio.     The  time  is  between  A.  D. 
GIasciucumforodieJoris,<i-c.—  Chartul.        1175-99.  -  1636. 


I 


SCONE.  121 


at  another,  impoverislied  and  ruined  by  continual  wars, 
obliged  to  seek  protection  from  the  foreign  invader  ;  in 
either  situation  it  reflects  back  f^iithfuUy  the  political 
condition  of  the  country. 


SCONE. 

The  monastery  of  Scone,  a  foundation  of  Culdees  of 
unknown  antiquity,  was  re-formed  by  King  Alexander  i., 
who,  with  his  queen  Sibilla,  wishing  to  adorn  the  house 
of  God  and  to  exalt  His  habitation,  established  in  it  a 
colony  of  canons  regular  of  the  Order  of  St.  Augustine, 
brought  from  the  church  of  St.  Oswald  at  Nastlay  near 
Pontefract  in  Yorkshire.  The  church,  previously  dedi- 
cated to  the  Trinity,  was  placed  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Virgin,  St.  Michael,  St.  John,  St.  Lawrence,  and  St. 
Augustine.  The  era  of  the  new  constitution  was  the 
year  1114  or  1115.  At  first  the  Superiors  of  Scone,  as 
well  as  of  the  mother  house  of  St.  Oswald,  appear  to  have 
been  priors,  though  the  new  foundation  was,  from  the 
beginning,  declared  independent  of  the  English  house. 

Scone  has  a  mysterious  importance  in  the  mythical 
period  of  Scotch  history.  Whether  the  fatal  stone,  the 
Kaiser-stuhl  of  Scotland,  was  brought  thither  by  Kenneth 
MacAlpin  or  not,  it  was  certainly  placed  there  at  a  very 
remote  period,  and  before  the  light  of  charter  record  or 
authentic  history.  Malcolm  MacKenneth,  that  "  most 
victorious  king  over  all  the  nations  of  England,  Wales, 
Ireland,  and  Norway,"  when  he  distributed  the  territory 


1  2  2  SKKTCflES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

of  Scotland  among  his  feudal  vassals,  resei-vcd  only  "  iha 
moot-liill  of  Scone" — montem  j)laciti  in  villa  de  Scona} 

At  Scone,  according  to  Fordun  and  Wyntown,  and 
Shakspere,  his  namesake  Malcolm  Canmore  was  solemnly 
crowned  after  the  defeat  and  death  of  Macbeth. 

His  son,  Alexander  i.,  had  a  peculiar  connexion  mth 
the  district : 

"  In  Inwergowry  a  sesowne 
Wyth  an  honest  curt  he  hade 
For  thare  a  maner-plas  he  hade, 
And  all  tlie  land  lyand  by 
Wes  his  demayne  than  halyly." 

After  a  successful  expedition  into  the  North, 

"  Syne  he  sped  him  wyth  gret  hy 
Hame  agayne  til  Inwergowry 
And  in  devotyowTie  movyd,  swne 
The  Abbay  he  fowndyd  than  of  Scwne. 
Fra  Saynt  Oswaldis  of  Ingland 
Chano^\^lys  he  browcht  to  be  serwand 
God  and  Saynt  Mychael,  regulare 
In-til  Saynt  Awstynys  ordyr  thare."  ^ 

Malcolm  iv.,  in  a  remarkable  charter  of  the  11th 
year  of  his  reign,  granting  aid  for  the  restoration  of  the 
Abbey,  recently  destroyed  by  fire,  states  it  to  be  situate 
in  the  chief  seat  of  government — in  principali  sede  regard 
nostri.  Supposing  the  charter  quite  genuine,  the  precise 
meaning  of  that  expression  is  very  doubtful.  Abernethy 
and  Forteviot  might  be  styled  the  seats  of  the  ancient 
Pictish  monarchs  and  their  court.  In  later  times  Perth 
was  a  frequent  residence  of  the  sovereign ;  and  some  of 
the  earliest  parhaments  on  record  were  held  at  Scone 
itself.  But  it  is  difficult  to  understand  how  Scone  could 
be  reckoned  the  principal  seat  of  government,  except, 
perhaps,  from  some  traditional  and  half  fabulous  story  of 

I  Lejes  Malcolnii  M' Kenneth,  as  in  several  of  the  old  Mss.  ^  V/yutown. 


I 


SCONE  -    PHIVILEGES  OF  THE  ABBEY.  123 

the  Moot  Hill,  joined  to  the  real  evidence  of  the  existence 
of  the  fatal  chair  of  coronation. 

At  Scone  was  crowned  Alexander  ii.,  and  here,  at  the 
coronation  of  his  son,  the  last  of  that  noble  dynasty, 
while  the  prince  was  yet  seated  on  the  inaugural  throne, 
bearing  his  crown  and  sceptre,  and  the  nobles  of  the  land 
at  his  feet,  stood  forth  an  aged  Highlander,  dressed  after 
his  country  guise,  and  in  his  native  speech,  with  bended 
knee,  addressed  the  new-crowned  monarch,  and  hailed 
him  as  Alexander,  MacAlexander,  Mac  William,  Mac- 
Henry,  MacDavid,  MacMalcolm,  tracing  his  lineage  up 
to  Fergus,  the  first  king  of  the  Scots  in  Britain.^ 

Here,  in  1292,  the  unhappy  Balliol  assumed  the  crown. 

And  here,  in  1306,  Robert  Bruce,  a  fugitive,  and  ex- 
communicated, without  means  or  friends  in  Scotland, 
raising  his  arm  against  the  might  of  Edward  and  of 
England,  was  crowned  King  of  Scots. ^ 

The  grant  by  Alexander  i.,  confirmed  by  Malcolm 
r^'.,  of  an  exclusive  jurisdiction,  and  a  court,  with  trial 
by  duel  and  ordeal,  is  unusually  minute.  Alexander's 
charter  gives  "  to  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  of  Scone 
and  to  the  Prior  and  the  brethren  serving  God  there, 
then'  own  Court,  to  wit  in  duel,  in  iron,  in  water,  and  in 
all  other  liberties  pertaining  to  a  Court ;"  and  declared 
that  they  should  not  be  obliged  to  answer  any  one  out  of 
their  own  court.    Malcolm's  confirmation  is  given  below.^ 

'  Fordun,  x.  2.  3  Malcolmus  Hex  Scottorum  episcojns 

abbatiMcs  jprioHbus  comitibus  baronibiis 

-  Robert  granted  a  ratification  of  the  pisticiis  vicecomitibics  prepositis  ifiinistris 
Abbey's  possessions  and  privileges,  2«'^  amctis  aliis probis  hominibus  totkis  terre 
fo  qiuvl  reges  regni  ibidem  dignitates  suas  sue  Francis  et  Awjlis  iScoftis  et  Gcdwelen- 
recipiunt  et  honorcs.  sibus  clericis  et  Udcis  salntem.  Sciatis  me 


124  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCUTCH  JIISTOUV. 

The  trial  l)y  combat  and  pro])ahly  the  ordeals  of  hot 
iron  and  water  were  held  in  llie  island  in  1\iv  ]>elow  the 
Abbey. 

An  exemption  of  the  latter  king  furnishes  a  very 
early  occurrence  of  the  exclusive  privileges  of  Ijurghs 
in  Scotland.  The  Abbey  is  allowed  to  have  in  their  ser 
vice  three  craftsmen,  a  smith,  a  leather  dresser,  and  a 
shoemaker,  w^ho  are  to  have  the  same  freedom  within 
burgh  and  without,  as  the  king's  burgesses  of  Perth. 

A  grant  of  a  mark  of  silver,  from  Harold  of  the  Ork 
neys,  is  the  first  notice  of  the  connexion  which  Scone 
had  A\dth  the  northern  parts  of  Scotland.  The  next  is  a 
sort  of  privilege  or  pass  granted  by  King  Alexander  ii., 
for  a  ship  of  the  Abbot,  e\T.dently  on  a  northern  adven- 
ture, and  addressed  to  the  king  s  officers  of  Moray  and 
Caithness.  In  1332,  we  find  the  convent  proprietors  of 
the  church  of  Kildonane  and  the  lands  of  Borubol,  appa- 
rently in  Sutherland.  ^ 

Incidental  notices  occur  of  the  great  inundation  which 
destroyed  the  city  of  Perth,  and  nearly  proved  fatal  to 
the  royal  family  in  1210  ;  and  the  local  antiquary  ^vill 
find  evidence  of  the  town  of  Dunkeld  beino^  first  o-ranted 
to  the  Bishop  by  Alexander  ii. 

A  curious  notice  concerning  the  nativi  or  serfs,  which 
might  otherwise  be  uninteUigible,  receives  illustration 
from  several  entries  in  the  Kegister  of  Dunfermline,  where 

concessisse  et  hue  inea  carta  confirmasse  cum  libcrtate    nulli    respondendi  extra 

Deo  et  ecclesie  Sancte  Trinitatis  de  Scon  curiam  steam  propriam.    Xidhis  itaqtie 

et  ahhati  et  canonicis  ibidem  Deo  ser aien-  fidelium  ineorum  hcinc  eorum  HbertaAem 

tibus  curiam  suam  habendam  in  duello  in  presumat  cassare  super  fori  sf actum  meum 
f err 0  in  a/iua  cum  omnibus  liber tatibus  ad        Testibus  Engelram  cancellario   Wcdtero 

curiam  religiosorum  iuste  pertinentibu^  filio  Alani  dapifero.    Apud  Siriueline. 


NEWBATTLE.  125 

the  convent  scribe  has  been  careful  to  translate  the  ver- 
nacular terms.^ 

It  would  appear,  from  a  grant  of  Malcolm  iv.,  that 
the  Earldom  of  Gowry  was  then  of  the  king's  proper  in- 
heritance. The  family  of  Kuthven,  which  for  a  short  time 
enjoyed  it  after  the  dissolution  of  religious  houses,  proves 
its  early  pedigree  mainly  from  the  chartulary  of  Scone.^ 
Their  later  history  comprises,  in  two  generations  of  Earls, 
more  romance  and  mystery  than  have  fallen  to  the  lot 
of  any  other  name  in  the  Scotch  peerage.  On  the  for- 
feiture of  John  Earl  of  Gowry,  David,  first  Viscount  of 
Stormont,  obtained  a  grant  of  the  Abbacy  of  Scone. 

Of  the  buildings  of  the  monastery  and  ancient  palace 
of  Scone,  probably  very  little  survived  the  storm  of  the 
Reformation.  The  house  used  by  the  successive  com- 
mendators  was  almost  entirely  removed  to  make  way  for 
the  present  "  palace"  of  the  Earl  of  Mansfield. 


NEWBATTLE. 

The  situation  of  Newbattle  is  of  that  kind  which  the 
Cistercians  most  of  aU  affected.  The  South  Esk,  escaped 
from  the  green  hills  of  Temple  and  the  woody  ravines  of 
Dalhousie,  widens  its  vaUey  a  little  to  give  room  for  a 

'  Rerj.  de  Dunf.  6,  17,  &c. 
'  A  single  deed  evidences  four  generations  : 
Thor 

Suan 

I 
Alan 

Walter. 


I 


120  SKKTrilK.S  OF  EARLY  .SOOTCII   HISTORY.  Hf 

long  rang(3  of  f.iir  IuycI  '' liauglis."  At  the  very  licul  of 
these  meadows,  and  close  to  the  brook,  the  Aljljey  stands. 
Behind,  to  the  north,  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
monkish  village,  once  occupied  ]>y  the  hinds  and  shep- 
herds of  the  convent,  but  separated  from  the  Abljey 
gardens  by  a  massive  stone  wall,  ascribed  to  tlie  time 
and  the  personal  care  of  William  the  Lion,^  which  still 
forms  the  boundary  of  the  park  on  that  side.  Across 
the  little  river  the  bank  rises  abruptly,  broken  into  fan- 
tastic ravines,  closely  wooded,  which  only  upon  examina- 
tion are  discovered  to  be  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
coal-workings  of  the  monks,  of  a  period  w^hen  the  opera- 
tion was  more  a  sort  of  quarrying  than  like  modem 
coal-mining.  The  Abbey  was  not  placed  to  command  a 
prospect.  The  river  banks  have  probably  always  been 
covered  with  a  growth  of  native  oak.  What  was  the 
clothing  of  the  level  lawn  of  old  we  can  only  conjecture. 
As  it  is,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  its  narrow  valley, 
close  by  the  brook,  hidden  among  beeches  and  venerable 
sycamores,  it  gives  an  idea  of  religious  seclusion,  such  as 
Saint  Bernard  sought  at  Citeaux.^ 

The  Abbey  was  founded  in  the  year  1140,  according 
to  the  chronicles,^  by  the  great  foimder  of  Scotch  churches, 

*  Muri  ex  quadraio  lo.pide  vwnasterii  sylvestrihus  undiqiie  citu^tas  arhorlhus, 

airdiitum    spaciosissimum    complectente i  divus  Bernhardus,  anicenaque  prata  ei 

Willehno  rege  consummati  sunt. — Father  fluvios :  juga  sed  Benedictus  amahat  et 

Hay's  MS.  Xotes.     It  is  still  called  "  the  o/rces  cado  stirgentes,  e  qtuxrum  vertice 

monkland  wall." — Old  Statist.  Account.  loM  jprospectiis  petitur :  secessum  plebis 

^  The  taste  of  St.  Bernard  for  valleys  uterque. — Bruschius  de  Monasteriis  Ger- 

girt  iu  with  forest  trees,  and  pleasant  rnanice. 

meadows  and  streams,  is  well  contrasted  ^  Anno  M.c.XL.     Facta  est  Abbatia  S. 

with  St.  Benedict's  love  of  heights  and  Marie    de    Neubotle.  —  Chron.    Mailr- 

do^vns  commanding  a  wide  prospect,  by  Monasterium    de    Neubotle    rex    David 

a  German  writer — Semper  enim  valles  fundavit  a.d.  m.c.xl. — Extrat.  ecx  Cro- 


NEWBATTLE-  RUINED.  127 

King  David  i.,  for  monks  of  the  Cistercian  order^,  brought, 
it  is  said,  from  Mebose.  The  names  and  acts  of  the  suc- 
cessive Abbots,  however  locally  interesting,  are  not  to  be 
inflicted  on  the  general  reader. 

All  the  chroniclers  agree  that  Newbattle  shared  the 
fate  of  the  other  churches  in  the  inglorious  expedition  of 
Richard  ii.  and  his  uncle,  John  of  Gaunt,  into  Scotland 
in  1385,  when  they  marked  their  progress  by  the  ruins 
of  burned  abbeys  and  minsters,  while  the  castles  re- 
mained unassailed.^ 

'^  The  Kyng  Ky chard  of  Ingland 

He  made  a  stalwart  gret  gadrynge. 
His  Eiue  Vv'as  tliare  alsua,  the  Duk. 
Wyth  all  tharc  men  the  way  thai  tuk 
To  Scotland,  and  at  Melros  lay  ; 
And  thare  thai  brynt  up  that  AbLay. 
Diyhurch  and  Neubotil,  thai  twa 
Intil  thair  way  thai  brynt  alsna. 
Of  Edynburgh  the  kyrk  brynt  thai."'^ 

The  account  given  of  the  destruction  of  the  Abbey 
of  Newbattle  by  Father  Hay,  has  all  the  appearance  of 
being  drawm  from  some  record  of  the  Abbey.  "  In  the 
year  1385,"  he  says,  "the  English  burnt  the  monastery 
of  Neubotle  :  and,  at  the  same  time,  several  of  the  PTano-es 
and  farms  ^  of  the  monastery  were  destroyed,  and  the 
others  were  deserted,  while  the  lands  were  left  untilled. 
The  towers  or  peels,^  built  by  the  monastery  for  protec- 
tion against  English  marauders,  fared  in  the  same  way. 
Some  of  the  monks  were  carried  away  prisoners  ;  others 

nicis.     Anno  M.c.  XL.  idem  (David)  fun-  -Wyntoun,iy..l.    Thechapter  is  titled, 

1  davit  Abbaciam  de  Neubotil  Cistercii  "  Qwhen  Rychajxle  Kyng  of  Ingland 

ordiuis.— i-oz-fi/^H,  v.  43.  Gert  bryne  abbayis  in  Scotland." 

3  Grangiie  et  vilhv. 
>  Fvoissart,  c.  13,  14.  ^  Arces. 


128  sket(;he8  of  kauia'  scotch  history. 

fled  to  other  inoiuisterieH.  Tlic  few  who  rernaiiUMl  in  tin* 
ab1)ey  having  scarce  suflici(,'iit  food,  were  compehed,  by 
great  distress,  to  sell  twenty-nine  excellent  chalices,*  nine 
crosses  of  exquisite  workmanship,  and  other  sacred  orna- 
ments, with  their  silver  household  plate.  At  that  time, 
the  greater  part  of  the  abbey  tower  was  ruined  by  the 
falling  of  the  cross.^  Then,  too,  the  ancient  discipline  of 
the  Order,  through  the  injury  of  wars  and  the  decay  of 
rents,  began  to  decline,  and  an  entrance  was  afforded  for 
women  at  the  side  of  the  choir  and  the  high  altar.^  But 
a  few  years  before,  I  find,  from  the  book  of  receipts  and 
expenses,  the  annual  income  of  the  monastery  could 
maintain  eighty  monks  and  seventy  lay  brethren,  with 
the  corresponding  establishment."'*  .  .  . 

The  last  abbot  was  Mark  Ker,  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Andrew  Ker  of  Cesford.  The  date  of  his  election  is  not 
accurately  ascertained.  On  the  2 2d  of  May  1555,  being 
indicted  in  the  High  Court  of  Justiciary  for  hurting  and 
wounding  several  of  the  French  troops  then  serving  in 
Scotland,  in  some  affray  which  had  taken  place  at  New- 
battle  in  April  preceding.  Master  Mark  Ker  appeared  in 
person,  "  and  desired  to  be  repledged  as  he  that  was  ane 
kirkman,  to  his  Juge  ordinare."  Then  ensued  a  curious 
dispute  between  the  officials  of  G-lasgow  and  St.  Andrews, 

1  Chalices  optinios.  the  Roslin   papers.     But  he  may  have 

2  Major  pars  camjpanilis  ecclesice  cruce  had  access  also  to  some  records  at  New- 
corrnente  excidium  passa  est.  battle  which  seem  now  to  be  lost.     In 

3  Mulieribus  adituvi  patere  ad  latus  1790,  the  Marquis  of  Lothian  wrote  to 
chori  et  altaris  pruicijns.  General  Button — "  A  fire  that  took  place 

*  Dipl.  Collect.,  vol.  iii.     Adr.  Lihr.  some  years  ago,  destroyed,  as  I  under- 

MSS.    34,   1,  10.     Father  E.   Angustin  stood,  several  books  at  Newbattle  Abbey, 

Hay's  minute  knowledge  of  the  history  so  that   probably   some   records   might 

of  Newbattle  may  be  accounted  for  to  have  been   destroyed."  —  Huttons   CoJ. 

some   extent   by  his  acquaintance   with  Adr.  Lihr.  ^fSS. 


I 


NEWBATTLE — MARK  KERR  THE  ABBOT.  129 

each  claiming  jurisdiction  in  the  case.  The  right  of 
Glasgow  seems  to  have  rested  only  on  Ker  holding  bene- 
fices in  that  diocese.  The  accused  plainly  preferred  the 
Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  for  his  judge ;  perhaps  ex- 
pecting that  Hamilton  would  look  more  leniently  upon 
his  violence  committed  against  French  troops  than  the 
zealous  Beaton.  Mr.  James  Balfoure,  afterwards  well 
known  as  Sir  James  Balfoure,  then  official  of  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Lothian,  claimed  the  accused  to  his  court, 
"  be  resoun  he  hes  producit  ane  testimonial  of  his  order 
of  crownebennet  berand  that  he  was  scolare  in  the  dyocy 
of  Sanctandrois,  and  als  allegit  that  he  was  born  within 
the  said  dyocy  in  the  castell  of  Edinburgh,  and  maid 
residence  continwallie  within  the  samin  dyocy,  viz., 
within  the  place  and  toun  of  Neubotil  or  Edinburgh  ; 
and  als  that  the  allegit  cryme  he  wes  to  be  accusit  of 
wes  committit  within  the  said  dyocy  of  Sanctandrois." 
To  strengthen  his  plea,  Mark  Ker  immediately  demitted 
his  benefice  of  the  Maisondieu  of  Jedburgh.  The  official 
found  caution  that  he  should  minister  justice,  but  we 
hear  nothhig  more  of  the  case.^  "  Mark  Kar"  is  found 
among  the  lords  and  barons  who  subscribed  the  "  con 
tract  to  defend  the  liberty  of  the  evangell  of  Christ''  at 
Edinburgh  on  the  27th  day  of  April  1560.  He  is  styled 
"  Commendator  of  Neubotle"  in  the  roll  of  the  members 
of  the  Parliament  on  1st  August  1560,  who  ratified  and 
approved  the  Confession  of  Faith.^  In  156  3,  he  was  one 
of  the  Lords  for  administering  the  Act  of  Oblivion.^     He 

I     '  Record  of  Justiciary,  quoted  in  Mr.  ^   j^,^   Pari.  ii.  525. 

Pitcaini's  Crim.  Trials.      The  entry  in 
the  record  has  been  soudit  for  in  vain.  3  Jbid.  53G. 


130  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

was  named  second  in  the  commission  apj)ointed  Ijy  Par 
iiament  in  1507  to  consider  what  pohits  "should  Mpper- 
tain  to  the  jurisdiction,  privilege,  and  authority  of  the 
kirk."  In  1571,  he  was  chosen  to  be  of  the  king's  privy 
council;  in  1574,  appointed  by  the  Estates  one  of  a 
commission  for  "  putting  in  form  the  ecclesiastical  policy 
and  order  of  the  governing  of  the  kirk  as  they  shall  find 
most  agreeable  to  the  truth  of  God's  word,  and  most 
convenient  for  the  estate  and  people  of  this  realm."  In 
1578,  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  named  to  report 
upon  the  "  bulk  of  the  policie  of  the  kirk  ;"  in  1581,  one 
of  those  for  ordering  stipends  for  the  reformed  clergy ; 
for  reducing  hospitals,  maisondieus,  and  almshouses  to 
the  order  of  their  first  foundation,  according  to  the  mind 
and  intention  of  their  godlie  foundators.^  "  The  richt 
venerable"  Mark,  Commendator  of  Neubotle,  continued 
through  his  remaining  life  to  take  a  prominent  part  in 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  afiairs  of  the  countr}^  The 
Commendator  married  Helen  Leslie  of  Kothes,  and  died 
in  1584.  A  fine  head  of  him,  painted  by  Sir  Antonio 
More  in  1551,  hangs  at  Newbattle  Abbey. 

His  son,  Mark  Ker,  Master  of  Eequests,  was  provided 
to  the  Abbacy  of  Newbattle  by  Queen  Mar}^  dm-ing  his 
father's  life,  in  1567,  and  had  a  ratification  of  that  grant, 
under  the  great  seal,  upon  his  death  in  1584.^ 

Though  Newbattle  was  not  one  of  the  most  richly 
endowed  monasteries  of  Scotland,  the  Abbey  possessed 
great  estates  in  six  counties,  Edinbrn-gh,  Haddington, 
Linlithgow,  Lanark,  Peebles,  and  Stirling. 

1  Act.  Pari.  Scot.  ill.  «  Regisf.  Mag.  Sig. 


EARLY  COAL  WORKING.  131 

The  monks  of  Newbattle   were   probably  the   first 
workers  of  coal  in  Scotland.     Their  own  house  is  only 
divided  by  its  little  stream  from  a  bank  where  coal  was 
found  so  near  the  surface,  and  on  such  a  declivity,  as  to 
be  easily  wrought  without  mining  or  expensive  opera- 
tions for  carrying  off  the  water.     Of  the  period  when 
that  bank  of  coal  was  worked  and  exhausted  we  find  no 
record.     But  the  charters  of  another  property  of  the 
monastery  seem  to  throw  light  upon  this  point.     The 
first  charter  of  the  lands  of  Prestongrange  to  the  Abbey 
is  by  Robert  de  Quinci,  before  the  year  1189.     He  grants 
the  grange  of  Preston,  of  the  territory  of  Tranent,  by 
these  boundaries :  "  As  the  burn  of  Whytrig  falls  into 
the  sea,  on  the  east,  to  the  marches  of  the  Abbot  of 
Dunfermlin  s  lands  of  Inveresch  and  Ponttekyn  (Pinkie), 
namely,  as  the  rivulet  runs  from  Fauside  to  the  sea,  and 
as  I,  in  presence  of  good  men,  perambulated  the  march 
between  my  own  mains  and  Meduflat,  and  cast  ditches 
for  a  memorial."     Along  with  valuable  rights  of  pastm^e 
on  the  common  of  Tranent,  and  six  acres  of  meadow  in 
his  meadow  of  Tranent,  he  granted  to  them  twenty  loads 
of  peats  from  his  own  peatary,  and  fuel  for  the  grange 
where  the  other  men  of  the  "  town"  take   their  fuel. 
It  seems  clear  that  the  fuel  here  meant  is  the  peat  and 
wood,  or  "  brush,"  at  that  time  used  for  all  purposes  of 
fire,  and  especially  used  to  a  great  extent  for  the  opera- 
tion of  salt-making  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
the  lands  bestowed  on  the  Abbey  of  Newbattle.     About 
ten  years  later,  Seyer  de  Quinci,  Earl  of  Winchester,  the 
son  of  Robert,  confirmed  the  grant  of  liis  father,  ^Anthout 


132  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIV. 

alteration  ;  and  tlie  eliartulaiy  scrilje  notes  that  he  gave 
four  charters  all  in  similar  terms,  diffenng  only  in  their 
seals.^  But  in  a  very  short  time  afterwards,  Earl  S(.'yer 
granted  to  the  monks,  in  increase  of  his  father's  gift,  the 
half  nearest  their  own  tilled  land,  of  the  marsh  which 
stretches  to  the  burn  of  Whytrig  on  the  east,  and  aLso 
the  coal  work  and  quarry  {carhonarium  et  quarrarium) 
between  the  said  burn  of  Whytrig  and  the  bounds  of  the 
lands  of  Pontekyn  and  Inveresch,  and  in  the  cIjIj  and 
flow  of  the  sea  ;  so  that  none  of  the  Earl's  men  have  any 
common  right  within  the  bounds  of  the  grange  of  Pres- 
ton, nor  in  the  pasture,  nor  in  the  coal  work,  nor  in  the 
quarry.^  The  boundaries  towards  the  east  and  west  seem 
to  be  the  same  mth  those  by  which  the  lands  of  the 
monks  were  of  old  perambulated  by  Eobert  de  Quinci ; 
and  the  grant  of  coal  not  earlier  reserved  or  mentioned, 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  it  had  not  been  pre^dously 
worked,  or  at  least  to  such  an  extent  as  rendered  the 
privilege  important  enough  to  form  the  subject  of  a  grant 
by  charter.  The  working  at  first  must  have  been  con- 
fined to  the  coal  Avhich  showed  itself  on  the  surface  or 
the  sea-clifF ;  but  as  the  nearest  supply  was  exhausted, 
the  seam  was  followed  wherever  the  level  allowed.  It 
was  through  this  same  field  that,  in  later  times,  the 
monks  of  Newbattle  carried  galleries  and  conduits  for  the 
discharge  of  the  water,  not  only  of  their  own  mines,  but 
of  that  which  impeded  the  working  of  their  neighbours, 

1  The  change  of  seals  may  have  cor-       antiquary  if  our  scribe  had  described 
responded  to  the  death  of  Seyer's  father       these  seals. 

and  his  own  creation  as  Earl  of  Win-  ^  geyer  de  Quinci  is  said  to  have  been 

Chester.      It  would   have  gratified   the       created  Earl  of  Winchester,  c.  1210.    He 

died  in  1219. 


KURAL  AFFAIRS.  133 

the  monks  of  Dunfermline,  in  their  coal  field  of  Invercsk 
and  Pinkie. 

Against  a  grant  of  Philip  de  Evermel,  the  Lord  of 
Lynton  and  Eomanno,  the  chartulary  scribe  has  noted — 
mirahilis  concessio.  It  gave  the  monks  a  right  of  pas- 
ture in  Romanoch  for  one  thousand  sheep  and  sixty 
cattle,  and  all  their  stud  of  mares.  But  that  grant  was 
but  a  small  part  of  the  sheep-bearing  possessions  of  New- 
battle.  The  monks  had,  by  the  munificence  of  King 
Malcolm,  a  great  territory  in  Clydesdale,  the  modern 
name  of  which,  Monkland,  preserves  the  memory  of  its 
ancient  possessors. 

From  the  Lindesays,  also,  the  Abbey  received  exten- 
sive grants  in  the  high  range  of  Craufurd  at  an  early 
period  ;  and  all  these  the  monks  turned  to  good  account. 
We  have  seen  that  they  carried  on  mining  for  lead,  and 
they  did  so  also,  probably,  for  the  small  amount  of  the 
precious  metals  which  that  district  has  always  been 
known  to  contain,  and  which  might  be  worth  the  win- 
ning, when  labour  and  subsistence  were  equally  cheap. 
But  the  monks  cultivated  their  Lanarkshire  territories  to 
l)etter  purpose  than  mining,  as  it  was  then  practised. 
They  kept  the  greater  part  in  their  own  occupation. 
They  had  granges  at  each  of  their  ''  to^vns  ;"  each  grange 
the  centre  of  a  considerable  agricultural  establishment. 
It  was  of  importance  to  preserve  an  open  communication 
with  those  distant  possessions,  and  the  Register  is  full  of 
transactions  for  that  object  with  the  intermediate  pro- 
prietors, whose  grounds  must  be  passed  through.  The 
grant  of  Alexander  ii.,  of  license   to  pass  with  cattle 


134  SKETCH E.S  UF  KAKLV   SCOTCH  H1ST0J<V. 

through  any  iutei'veniiig  ground,  and  to  spend  the  night 
in  tlic  common  pasture,  saving  com  and  meadow,  was 
only  a  specification  of  an  ancient  common  law  right  in 
Scotland.  But  the  monks,  being  on  good  terms  ^^^[th 
their  neighbours,  accepted  the  right  sometimes  as  a  grace. 
Thus  the  knights  of  St.  John  gave  free  passage  through 
their  bounds  of  Torphichen  ;  the  De  Boscos,  lords  of  Ogil- 
face,  through  their  land  of  Ogilface ;  the  Le  Chens 
through  Strabrock ;  the  Stewarts  through  the  barony  of 
Bathcat ;  the  lords  of  Dalmahoy  through  their  territoiy. 
The  family  of  Melville  gave  a  very  early  license  of  the 
same  kind  to  the  monks,  "  going  and  returning  between 
Neubotle  and  the  Abbey  lands  in  Clydesdale,  of  passing 
through  their  lands  of  Ketrevyn,  by  the  road  they  had 
used  in  times  past,  ^vith  their  cattle  and  carriages ;  and 
also  of  unyoking  their  beasts  from  their  wagons,  and 
pasturing  in  the  pasturage  of  that  land  as  often  as  they 
required,  avoiding  corn  and  meadow,  and  of  passing  the 
night  there,  once  in  going  and  once  in  returning."  For 
this  the  monks  were  to  pay  yearly  a  new  wagon,  such 
as  they  manufactured  for  their  own  use  in  Clydesdale — 
it  is  plain  the  monks'  w^agon  was  a  model — laden  with 
timber  or  building  material  of  any  kind. 

The  western  possessions  of  Newbattle  are  not  much 
adapted  for  agriculture,  even  with  the  improved  manage- 
ment and  probable  improvement  of  climate  of  modem 
times.  But  it  was  well  suited  for  rearing  stock,  and 
especially  for  wool-growing  ;  and  we  have  some  curious 
evidence  that  the  Abbey  of  Newbattle  took  a  lead  in 
producing  the  finest  quality  of  wool  grown  in  Scotland. 


I 


THE  VALE  OF  LETHAN.  135 

At  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  wool  of  New- 
battle  Abbey  not  only  ranked  highest  in  price,  but  seems 
to  have  given  a  name  for  the  highest  quality  of  Scotch 
wool/ 

The  gift  of  the  valley  of  the  Lethan  to  the  Abbey 
is  interesting.  Alexander  ii.  had  married  his  second 
wife,  Mary  de  Couci,  on  the  15tli  May  1239.  His  first 
marriage  was  childless.  The  hopes  of  the  nation  were 
fixed  on  the  birth  of  an  heir  to  the  throne.  The  king 
had  chosen  the  castle  of  Koxburgh  as  his  residence  for 
the  time — a  proof  of  the  peace  and  confidence  of  that 
reign — and  the  queen  was  there  preparing  for  her  con- 
finement. Many  gifts  conferred  by  Alexander  ii.,  and 
still  more,  his  frequent  residences  at  the  Abbey,  show  his 
favour  for  Newbattle.  It  was  an  occasion  to  give  rise  to 
strong  and  solemn  feelings  of  religion.  On  the  last  day 
of  August  1241,  the  young  queen,  looking  to  her  time  of 
peril,  and  impressed  with  the  frail  tenure  of  life,  be- 
queathed her  body  to  be  buried  in  the  church  of  New- 
battle  ;  and  in  anticipation  of  the  customary  oblation,  the 
king  granted  to  God  and  the  church  of  St.  Mary  of  Neu- 
battle,  and  the  monks  there  serving  God,  in  free,  pure, 
and  perpetual  alms,  the  vale  of  Lethan,  from  the  head  of 
the  burn  of  Lethan,  with  all  the  streams  that  flow  into 
it ;  and  that  specially  for  providing  for  the  monks  a 
"  pittance"  twice  in  the  year,  namely,  one  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's day,  the  birth-day  of  the  king,  and  another  on  the 
feast  of  the  nativity  of  the  Virgin,  a  high  solemnity  in 

*  Halyburton's  arrivals  of  wool  hear       —  "  Aberdeen's  "  —  "  Bona    lana  "  — 
tlie  following  names  : — "  Neubotyl" —       "  Qnhyt"  —  "  Brown  " —  "  Middling  "- 
"  Forest"— "Newcastle"— "  Gallowav"       "  Lamb"—"  Wedder"— "  Tvd." 


130  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

her  Cistercian  cliurch.  Four  days  afterwards,  on  the  4th 
of  September,  the  vows  of  the  sovereigns,  and  the  ardent 
wishes  of  a  whole  people,  were  crowned  Ijy  the  l>irth  of  a 
prince  destined  to  continue  the  good  rule  and  good  for- 
tune of  his  father. 

And  now  for  the  completion  of  the  vow.  We  know 
little  of  the  history  of  Mary  de  Couci  after  the  death  of 
Alexander.  Her  second  husband  was  John  de  Brienne 
(called  also  Jean  d'Acre),  son  of  the  emperor  of  the 
shadowy  empire  of  the  East ;  but  her  subsequent  life  and 
the  period  of  her  death  are  alike  unknown.  It  is  stated, 
however,  that  she,  with  her  brother,  Enguerran  de  Couci,^ 
visited  Scotland  in  1272,  to  place  their  young  nephew, 
the  heir  of  Guines,  at  the  court  of  his  cousin,  the  king 
of  Scots.  It  may  be  that  the  queen-dow^ager  remained 
in  Scotland.  That  seems  more  probable  than  that,  hav- 
ing died  in  France,  her  body  should  have  been  brought 
hither  for  burial.  That  she  was  ultimately  entombed 
at  Newbattle  cannot  be  doubted.  The  same  authority, 
already  quoted  from  the  poor  notes  of  Father  Hay, 
asserts  almost  as  an  eye-wdtness — "  In  the  midst  of  the 
church  was  seen  the  tomb  of  the  queen  of  lung  Alex- 
ander, of  marble,  supported  on  six  lions  of  marble.     A 

*  Fordun,  x.  30.  Enguerran,  Mary's  king,  St.  Louis,  indeed,  was  Aery  angry, 
brother,  the  seventh  lord  of  the  old  race  and  made  the  Lord  of  Couci  pay  heavily 
of  Couci,  is  chiefly  kno\ATi  as  a  mighty  for  the  enjoyment  of  his  right  of  pro- 
hunter  and  preserver  of  his  forests.  He  perty.  His  nephew,  the  young  Enguer- 
was  happy  in  living  in  an  age  tolerant  of  ran  de  Guines,  who,  after  his  death, 
that  taste,  and  could  indulge  it  more  assimied  the  name  and  honours  of  De 
ireely  thaii  our  modern  deer-preserving  Couci,  remained  at  the  court  of  Alex- 
lords.  Having  met  three  young  gentle-  auder  iii.,  and  there  married  Christian 
men  of  Flanders,  students  at  the  Abbey  de  Lindesay,  the  eldest  of  the  heiresses 
of  Laon,  trespassing  on  his  land  of  portionevs  of  the  estates  of  Balliol  in 
Couci— he    hanged    them  !      The    good  Scotland,  England,  and  France. 


NEWBATTLE-  TOMBS  IN  THE  ABBEY.       137 

human  figure  was  placed  reclining  on  the  tomb,  sur- 
rounded with  an  iron  grating."^ 

Another  lady  of  more  slender  fame,  but  also  connected 
with  the  royalty  of  Scotland,  found  her  last  resting-place 
at  Newbattle.  The  story  is  told  in  the  Scala  Chronicle, 
but  the  knight  of  Heton's  French  is  hard  reading,  and 
the  passage  was  long  ago  done  into  English  by  John 
Leland.  "  In  the  yere  1360,  one  Catarine  Mortimer,  a 
damoisel  of  London,  was  so  belovid  of  Davy  Bruise,  king 
of  Scottes,  by  acquaintaunce  that  he  had  in  tyme  of  im- 
prisonement  with  her,  that  he  could  not  forbere  her  com- 
panie.  Whereat  the  lordes  of  Scotland  were  angry,  and 
causid  one  Eichard  de  Hulle,  a  varlette  of  Scotland,  to 
go  to  hur,  as  for  businesse  from  Bruise,  and  he  stikkid 
her,  and  killid  her,  ryding  from  Mekose  to  Soltre ; 
whereupon  Bruise  toke  great  dolor,  and  caused  her  to 
be  buried  honourably  at  Neubotle."^ 

One  or  two  benefactions  connected  with  persons  of  his- 
torical importance  may  be  briefly  noticed.  It.  is  known 
that  St.  Bride  was  the  patron  saint  of  the  heroic  family 
of  Douglas,  whose  help  they  invoked  in  sudden  peril,  by 
whose  name  they  vowed,  on  whose  festival  they  dated 
their  acts  of  munificence  or  charity,  before  whose  altars 
they  chose  their  graves.  On  St.  Bride's  day,  or  the  1st 
of  February,  in  the  end  of  the  year  1329,  at  the  park  of 
Douglas,  the  "  good  Sir  James  of  Douglas,"  being  then 
about  to  depart  for  the  Holy  Land  with  the  heart  of  his 

>  1)1  medio    templi    tumuUts    Regince  crate  ferrea  circm)isepta.-~  Di2il.  Col.  ill. 

Atcrandri  regis  consjnciehatiir,   marmo-  -U,  1,  10. 
reris,   sex    vmrmoreis    leonibus   innivtis. 
Tvmtdo  humana  fgura  sv2'>erposita   el  "  Sada  Chron.     Appendix,  p.  314. 


138  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

royal  master,  bestowed  on  the  monastery  of  Ne wbattle  Ids 
half  of  the  land  of  Kilmad,  the  other  half  of  whicli  it 
already  possessed  by  gift  of  Roger  de  Quinci ;  while  the 
monks,  on  their  part,  beeame  bound  to  sing  a  mass  at  St. 
Bridget's  altar  within  their  abbey  church  on  the  feast  of 
St.  Bridget,  yearly  for  evermore,  and  to  feed  thirteen 
poor  folk,  that  the  saint  might  make  special  intercession 
with  God  for  the  weal  of  the  good  knight. 

More  than  half  a  century  later,  when  the  old  Grahams 
had  left  Dalkeith,  and  been  succeeded  by  another  race 
still  more  powerful  and  no  less  friendly  neighbours  to 
Newbattle,  Sir  James  Douglas  of  Dalkeith  made  a  will  on 
the  30th  September  1390,  in  which,  commending  his  soul 
to  God  and  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  All  Saints,  he  ordered 
his  body  to  be  buried  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Mar}^  of 
Neubotle,  beside  his  late  "companion,"^  Agnes  of  Dunbar, 
his  first  wife.  At  the  same  time,  he  bequeathed  to  the 
Abbey  a  "  nowche,"  or  jewel,  of  St.  John,  worth  forty 
marks,  or  its  value,  and  in  addition,  £23,  6s.  8d.,  for  the 
building  of  the  church  and  wages  of  the  masons  em- 
ployed upon  it.  For  the  service  of  the  monks'  Tefectoij 
he  gave  twelve  silver  dishes,  weighing  eighteen  pounds, 
six  shillings  sterling,  enjoining  his  heirs  to  see  that  they 
should  not  be  abstracted /rom  the  use  of  the  refectory  or 
sold.  He  left  £10  to  the  monks  to  pray  for  his  soul, 
and  £26,  13s.  4d.  for  an  offering,  and  lights  and  other 
necessaries  for  his  funeral.^ 

Of  existing  families,  the  largest  benefactors  of  New- 

'    Socie  mee.  ment  on  the  19tli  December  1392,  and  in 

2    Bannatyiie    Miscellany,    ii.     Sir       it,  while  he  bequeaths  the  same  sums  to 

James  Douglas  made  a  subsequent  testa-       the    monastery,    he    no    longer    appro- 


BENEFACTIONS  OF  THE  LINDESAYS.  139 

battle  were  the  Lindesays,  already  settled  at  Craufurd, 
from  which  they  afterwards  took  their  title.  As  if  in 
recompense  for  that  old  munificence,  the  Abbey  records 
now  furnish  the  best  proofs  of  their  ancient  pedigree. 
Generation  after  generation  of  these  old  lords  of  Crau- 
furd granted  and  re-granted  to  their  favourite  monastery 
parts  of  the  lands  which  they  held  from  Suan  the  son 
of  Thor.  Their  charters  are  by  far  the  earliest  and  most 
interesting  documents  for  the  history  of  that  district. 
Their  boundaries  give  names  not  again  heard  for  cen- 
turies. They  bestowed  freely  the  lands,  with  all  feudal 
privileges  ;  only,  the  first  granters  reserved  the  game — 
salvis  hestiis  et  avihus — reservatis  feris  et  avihus ;  and 
the  king,  in  confirming  their  grant,  reserved  his  royalty 
of  mines — salva  nobis  minera  si  que  in  dicta  terra  in- 
veniri  poterit — till  at  length  Gerard  de  Lindesay,  con- 
firming the  grant  of  his  grandfather,  "  in  testimony  of 
the  peculiar  favour  he  bore  the  house  of  Neubotle," 
yielded,  over  and  above,  the  much-valued  rights  of  the 
forest — sine  aliquo  retinemento  ferarum  et  avium ;  and 
the  king,  at  his  intercession,  granted  those  lands  in  free 
forest,  with  all  the  forest  privileges. 

One  of  the  documents  registered  by  the  Abbey  scribe, 
gives  a  perfect  form  of  the  mode  of  "  extending,"  that 
is,  valuing,  land  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  ii.  The  king 
issues  his  precept  to  John  de  Vaux,  sheriff  of  Edinburgh, 
and  Gilbert  Fraser,  sheriff  of  Traquair,  to  Heris,  his 
forester,  and  Penny  cook,  another  officer,  that  they  go  in 

priates  a  part  to  the   Iniilding   of  the       church  had  been  completed  in  the  mean- 
church,  or  the  payment  of  the  workmen.        time.  -Jhid. 
Perhaps   the   rebuilding   of  the   Abbey 


I 


140  SKET(;HES  OF  EARLY  SC()T(J11  HISTORY. 


person  to  tlie  f^roimd,  and  there,  ])y  the  oath  of  good  ;ind 
faithful  men  of  the  country,  make  be  extended  the  pasture 
of  Lethanhop  with  its  pertinents  ;  and  that  extent  mad^,*, 
that  they  inform  the  king,  l)y  letters  under  their  seals,  of 
the  said  extent  and  the  yearly  value  of  the  said  pasture. 

The  valuation  then  made,  when  contrasted  wdth  the 
desolation  caused  by  the  ceaseless  wars  of  later  times, 
might  naturally  be  called  valor  temj^ore  ijacis,  until 
that  phrase  passed  even  into  legal  style,  as  equivalent 
to  "old  extent."  Our  chartulary  scribe,  whose  notes 
are  sometimes  quaint  and  often  instructive,  has  noted 
one  or  two  cases  that  bring  out  the  deterioration 
emphatically.  He  notices  a  property  of  the  Abbey  in 
Berwick  which  used  to  yield  46s.  8d.,  "  but  now  de- 
stroyed and  ruined  to  the  foundation,  and,  in  a  manner, 
of  no  value."  His  next  charter  is  a  grant  upon  the  Nes 
of  Berwick,  "  beside  the  great  houses  of  Melros."  "  This," 
says  he,  "  in  time  of  peace  {tempore  pads),  was  for  the 
proper  benefit  {in  proprios  usus)  of  the  monks,  and  it 
yielded  a  hundred  shillings  yearly ;  but  now^  there  is  not 
one  stone  standing  upon  another." 

It  is  curious  to  trace,  by  means  of  charters,  some 
popular  and  vulgar  names  of  places  to  their  remote 
origin.  Here  is  one  instance,  from  documents  more 
or  less  connected  ^Y\t\\  our  Abbey.  King  "William- 
the  Lion  grants  to  Ailif,  the  kings  baker,  all  the 
land  which  Keginald,  the  gate-ward  of  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh,  held  of  the  king,  in  Inverleith,  to  be  held 
by  the  service  of  his  owti  body  in  his  office  of  baker. 
Nicholas,  the  son  of  Ailif,   succeeded  to   his  father  in 


THE  ABBEY  BUILDINGS.  141 

his  office,  and  also  in  the  lands  held  by  him  in  Inver- 
leith,  which  he  also  held  by  the  service  of  his  office,  per 
servitium  sui  corporis,  and  with  the  privilege  of  grinding 
his  corn  at  the  king's  mill  without  multure.  In  the 
reign  of  Alexander  ii.,  Nicholas  resigned  these  lands  of 
the  hereditaiy  bakers,  in  favour  of  the  family  of  St.  Clair 
of  Roslin,  and  they  appear  in  the  later  titles  of  that 
noble  house  by  the  name  of  "  the  Baxter-lands  of  Inver- 
leith,"  a  name  which  may  be  still  known  to  some  who  do 
not  dream  that  it  is  derived  from  their  most  ancient 
tenure. 

Of  the  architecture  of  the  Monastery  of  Newbattle, 
literally  nothing  more  is  known  from  records  or  chroni- 
cles than  the  meagre  and  half  authentic  particulars  col- 
lected by  Father  Hay.  We  have  proof  enough,  indeed, 
of  the  extent  of  the  Abbey  buildings.  To  accommodate 
eighty  monks  and  seventy  conversi,  with  their  retainers, 
— to  entertain,  as  the  Abbey  often  did,  the  bishop,  and 
the  whole  synod  of  his  diocese, — to  receive  the  sovereign 
and  his  court — for  there  is  scarcely  a  king  from  its 
saintly  founder  downwards  who  was  not  frequently  re- 
ceived at  Newbattle^ — must  have  required  a  large  and 
spacious  edifice.  It  happens  that  in  contemporary 
writers  the  Abbey  buildings  are  scarcely  ever  mentioned 
but  to  record  their  destruction.  They  were  burnt  by 
Richard  in  1385.  They  were  burnt  again  by  the  Earl 
of  Hertford  in  1544.  *' Upon  the  15  day  of  May  the 
horsmen  raid  to  Newbottill  and  brynt  it  ;  and  owersaw 

1  We  learu  this  partly  from  the  con-  seems  to  have  been  especially  fond  of 
tinual  occurrence  of  the  place  in  the  the  seclusion  of  the  convent  by  the 
dates  of  their  charters.     Alexander  rr,        Esk. 


142  SKETCH KS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Dalkeith,  be  the  moyane  of  George  Dowglas  ;  and  brynt 
many  uther  tounes  thairabout.  Na  skaith  was  done  to 
any  kirkis  exceptand  thai  distroyit  the  abbay  of  New- 
bottill.     And  the  same  nycht  thai  retumit  to  Leith."* 

The  burning  of  such  a  pile  of  masonry  was  perhaps 
but  a  partial  destruction.  Certain  it  is,  that  in  a  few 
years  after  the  English  Lieutenant's  rough  handling,  the 
Abbey  buildings  were  sufficiently  restored  to  be  thought 
a  convenient  place  for  the  reception  of  a  great  assembly, 
since  the  Queen-dowager,  in  person,  held  there  a  conven- 
tion of  the  Lords  of  her  party,  preparatory  to  declaring 
war  with  England,  in  1557.  The  subsequent  disappear- 
ance of  the  ancient  Abbey  buildings  cannot  be  accounted 
for  in  the  common  way,  by  alleging  the  violence  of  the 
reforming  mobs.  The  Abbot  of  Newbattle  entered  so 
heartily  into  the  Eeformation,  that  his  dwelling  must 
probably  have  been  respected  by  the  most  zealous  icono- 
clasts ;  and  as  it  seems  to  have  been  a  dwelling  for  his 
descendants  continuously,  we  must  rather  seek  the  cause 
in  their  preference  of  modern  comforts  to  the  picturesque 
architecture  and  the  historical  and  pious  associations  of 
the  old  Abbey. 

The  present  house  is,  to  outward  appearance,  of  the 
style  of  the  middle  of  last  century,  ^dth  an  addition 
made  quite  recently ;  and  however  much  we  may  won- 
der that  the  minister  of  the  parish,  Hving  in  the  ^Tllage, 
should  make  no  allusion  to  anything  more  ancient  in  its 
structure,  we  cannot  be  surprised  at  the  author  of  Cale- 
donia following  him  in  stating  that  "the  buildings  of 

1  Pollock  Chronicle. 


MUCH  OF  OLD  BUILDING  REMAINING.  143 

the  Abbey  have  been  long  obliterated  by  the  erection  on 
their  site  of  the  modern  mansion  of  the  Marquis  of 
Lothian  that  is  called  Newbattle  Abbey."  ^  It  requires  a 
close  inspection  to  correct  this  mistake.  The  present 
house  occupies,  indeed,  a  portion  of  the  area  of  the 
ancient  monastery  ;  but,  though  ingeniously  hidden,  and 
the  exterior  broken  into  modern-shaped  windows,  the 
old  work,  the  unmistakable  ancient  masonry,  is  still 
visible  in  parts  of  the  walls ;  and  here  and  there  an 
antique  moulding  peeps  out  from  the  screen  of  coarser 
modern  art.  In  the  interior  the  whole  ground  floor  is 
exceedingly  interesting.  Broken  by  modern  passages, 
and  modern  windows  and  chimneys,  intersected  by  the 
whole  region  of  kitchen  and  cellar,  there  is  yet  to  be 
traced  from  side  to  side  of  the  house,  a  series  of 
vaulting,  perhaps  a  sort  of  crypt  used  to  raise  the 
building  beyond  the  danger  of  the  overflowing  river. 
Several  portions  of  the  vaulting  are  very  perfect.^  The 
details  of  the  very  unadorned  architecture  bear  the 
"  Early  English'^  character,  and  they  have  been  assigned 
by  the  highest  authority^  to  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  proving  that  the  substructure  at  least  of  the 
old  Abbey  survived  the  successive  burnings  of  invading 
armies,  and  that  it  was  for  a  higher  or  a  different  part 

'  Caledonia,  ii.  759,  note.  feet  1  inch  ;  from  pillar  to  pillar,  going 

^  Tlie  pillars  are  octagonal,  the  plain  from  north  to   south,  9  feet  7  inches, 

shaft    measuring    3    feet  6^   inches    in  The  arches  are  circular ;  the  ribs  show 

length,  and  each  side  of  the  pillar,  7  five  plain  sides,  each  side  measuring  five 

inches.     From  the  top  of  the  capital  or  inches.     Tlie  hey-stones,  now  all  plain, 

spring  of  the  arch,  to  the  floor — appa-  may  possibly  have  been  at  one  time  en- 

rently  the  level  of  the  old  floor— is  six  riched  Avith  bosses.     From  the  key-stone 

feet.     From  pillar   to  foot    of    corbel,  of  the  rib  to  the  floor  measures  12  feet, 
going  from  east  to  west,  measures   13  3  Professor  Willis  of  Cambridge. 


144  SKKTCHKS  OF  KAKT.V  SCOTCH  HISToUV. 

of  the  building  lliat  Sir  James  of  Douglas  made  liis  be- 
quest m  1390,  and  Edward  of  Creehton,  in  141  (i,  paid  a 
sum  "  for  the  restoring  and  building  of  the  monastery." 

It  can  scarcely  Ije  aflfirmed  that  the  part  of  the  an- 
cient work  remaining  formed  any  portion  of  the  Abl)ey 
Church.  The  church,  with  its  cemetery,  has  been  effec- 
tually obliterated  ;  and  it  is  beneath  the  flower-plots  or 
the  smooth  turf  of  the  modem  garden,  that  Queen  Maiy 
de  Couci  rests,  and  Sir  Alexander  de  Ramsay,  and  Sir 
James  of  Douglas,  and  many  another  lady  and  lord  of 
Lothian. 

ARBROATH. 

The  date  of  the  foundation  of  Arbroath  is  of  some 
interest  in  church  and  public  history.  Thomas  a  Becket, 
the  high  church  archbishop,  was  slain  at  the  altar  of  his 
own  church  of  Canterbury,  on  the  29  th  of  Decemljer 
1170.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1173,  he  was  canon- 
ized ;  and  within  five  years  of  his  canonization,  and  not 
more  than  seven  from  the  period  of  his  death,  in  the 
year  1178,^  William  King  of  Scotland  had  founded, 
endowed,  and  dedicated  to  Saint  Thomas  the  Marty^r, 
the  Abbey  of  Arbroath. 

William  was  no  admirer  of  the  x^rchbishop's  prin- 
ciples of  Church  independence.  His  whole  policy  was 
opposed  to  them.  A  contemporary  churchman  accuses 
him  of  imitating  the  Norman  tyraimy  in  controlHng  the 
disposal  of  church  preferment,^  and  he  did  not  always 

'  Fordun,  viii.  25.  glariam  siiam  ah  ineunte  cetate  usque  in 

2  The   passage   is   very   curious  —  vir       senium  {jrroh  dolor!)  unica  viacula  de- 

tantus  et  tam  laudahilis  in  multis,  totam       coloi'avit.      Per  lotam  enirn   terrce   siue 


ARBROATH.  145 

testify  great  respect  for  the  Pope.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  William  was  personally  acquainted  with  Becket  in 
his  early  life,  "  when  there  was  little  prol)ability  of  his 
ever  becoming  a  confessor,  martyr,  and  saint."  ^  Was 
this  the  cause,  or  was  it  the  natural  propensity  to  extol 
him  who,  living  and  dead,  had  humbled  the  CrowTi  of 
England,  that  led  William  to  take  Saint  Thomas  as  his 
patron  saint,  and  to  entreat  his  intercession  when  he  was 
in  greatest  trouble  ?^  Or  may  we  consider  the  dedica- 
tion of  his  new  abbey,  and  his  invocation  of  the  martyr 
of  Canterbury,  as  nothing  more  than  signs  of  the  rapid 
spreading  of  the  veneration  for  the  new  saint  of  the  high 
church  party,  from  which  his  old  opponent  himself  was 
not  exempt  V 

The  king,  its  founder,  was  the  great  benefactor  of 
the  Abbey.  But  it  is  astonishing  with  what  rapidity 
estates  in  land,  churches  and  tithes  were  heaped  upon 
the  new  foundation,  by  the  magnates  and   barons   of 

totius   ainplitudinem,    in   caihedralibus  Henrici  esset,  contractum,  divulgate  in 

ecclesiis  cunctis,  nullcis  mnnino  nisi  ad  mundo  et  approbato  in  ccelo  celebri  ejus 

nutnvi  ipsiiis,  more  tyrannico  JieH  per-  martyrio,   abbatiam  de  Aberbroutok  in 

misit  elect iones  ;   enoinnes  quidem  Nm^-  lionore  ipsius  fundavit  et  redditibus  am- 

mannicce  tyrannidis  per  Angliam  ahu-  pliavit  (p.  11). 

siones,  nimis  in  hoc  expresse  sequens.  —  *  William  frequently  invoked  the  help 

Oirald.  Canibr.  in  Anglia  Christiana.  of  Saint  Thomas  as  he  was  led  to  the 

place  of  his  captivity  at  Eichmond. — 

1  Hailes'  Annals,  a.d.  1178.     The  as-  Fordun,  viii.  c.  xxii. 

sertion  of  William's  acquaintance  with  ^  The  story  of  King  Henry's  penance 

Thomas  a  Becket  does  not  rest  only  on  at  the  tomb  of  Becket,  coinciding  ex- 

theauthority  of  Camerarius  (Z>(?/or^i7w(^.  actly   with   the   capture   of   his   enemy 

Scot.  p.   1"26,  where  he  fairly  makes  a  William  at  Alnwick  (which  Lord  Hailes 

saint  of  William),  nor  on  his  authority,  criticises  too  minutely),  serves  at  least 

Hector  Boetius  (lib.  xii.),  who  narrates  to  show  the  popular  feeling,  and  per- 

that — cum  illo  Diagnam  puer  cons^ietu-  haps  Henry's  willingness  to  take  advan- 

dinem  habuerat.     This  fact  is  affirmed  tage  of  it.     The  miraculous  coincidence 

by  the  Chronicler  of  Lanercost — Ob  fa-  was    certainly   believed    universally   in 

.miliarcm  amorem  inter  ijjswn  et  Sane-  that    age. —  Chron.    Mailr.  ;    Fordun; 

turn  Thomani,  dum  adhuc  in  curia  regis  Gervase;  Mat.  Paris,  d-c. 

K 


140  SKETCHES  OF  EAllLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Angus  MTid  th(3  north.     It  is  not  uninteresting  to  note 
the  acquisitions  of  a  single  reign. 

King  William  himself  bestowed  on  the  monks  serving 
God  and  Saint  Thomas  the  martyr  at  Aherl)rothor*,  the 
territory  of  Athyn  or  Etliie,  and  Achinglas,  the  shires  of 
Duncchtyn  and  Kingoldrum  ;  a  net's  fishing  in  Tay, 
called  Stok,  and  one  in  the  North  Esk ;  a  salt  work  in 
the  Carse  of  Stirling ;  the  ferry-boat  of  Montrose,  with 
its  land  ;  the  custody  of  "  the  Brecbennach,"  with  the 
lands  of  Forglen  attached  to  that  office ;  a  plough  of 
land  in  Monethen  or  Mondyne  on  the  Bervy ;  a  toft  in 
each  of  the  king's  burghs  and  residences,  and  a  license  of 
timber  in  his  forests  :  the  patronage  and  tithes  of  the 
following  churches  : — 

In  Angus— St.  Mary  of  Old  Miiiiros,  with  its  land, 
called  in  "  the  Scotch  speech,  Abthen,''  Newtyl,  Glammis, 
Athyn  or  Ethie,  Dunechtyn,  Kingoldrum,  Inuerlunan, 
Panbryd,  Fethmuref  or  Barry,  Monieky,  Guthery.  In 
the  Mearns — Nig,  Kateryn  or  Caterlin.  In  Mar — Ban- 
chory Saint  Ternan,  Coul.  In  Fermartyn — Fy^de, 
Tarves.  In  Buchan — Gamer}Ti.  In  Banff- — St.  Mar- 
nan  of  Aberchirder,  Inverbondin  or  Boindie,  Banf.  In- 
verness ;  Abemethy  in  Strathern  ;  Hautwisil  in  Tpidale. 
During  William's  reign,  the  new  abbey  was  endowed 
by  the  great  Earls  of  Angus,  with  the  churches  of  Moni- 
fod  or  Moniiieth,  Muraus,  Kerimore,  and  Stradechty 
Comitis,  now  called  Mains,^  and  the  same  family  be- 
stowed upon  it  lands  called  Portincraig,  a  name  which, 
though  now  appropriated  to  the  head-land  on  the  Fife 

'  This  parish  %vas  named  Earl  Stra-       parish  of  Stradichty  St.  Martin,  named 
diclity,  in  distinction  from  tlie  adjoining       after  its  i)atron  saint. 


ARBROATH — RAPID  ACQUISITION  OF  PROPERTY.         147 

side  of  the  ferry,  must,  from  the  description  and  boun- 
daries, have  been  applied  to  what  is  now  known  as 
Broughty  and  its  adjacent  lands.  These  grants  afford 
charter  evidence  of  five  generations  of  this  family  : 
(1.)  Earl  Gillebride  (apparently  before  the  foundation  of 
Arbroath)  had  made  a  donation  of  the  land  of  Portin- 
craig,  with  the  fishing  along  its  shores,  for  founding  an 
hospital  at  Portincraig.  (2.)  Earl  Gillechrist,  his  son, 
appropriated  that  land  to  the  new  abbey,  and  his  charter 
was  successively  ratified  by  his  son  (3.)  Earl  Duncan, 
his  grandson  (4.)  Earl  Malcolm,  and  by  (5.)  Maud 
Countess  of  Angus,  in  her  own  right. 

By  gift  of  Marjory  Countess  of  Buchan,  the  monks 
had  the  church  of  Turfred  or  Turref ;  from  Kalf  le 
Naym,  the  church  of  Inverugy ;  from  Roger  Bishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  the  church  of  Aberhelot  or  Arbirlot. 

The  De  Berkeleys  granted  to  the  convent  the  church 
of  Inverkelidor  or  Inverkeelor,  which  was  confirmed  by 
Ingelram  de  Balliol,  who  married  the  daughter  of  Walter 
de  Berkeley  ;  and  the  lands  of  Balfeith  or  Belphe,  with  a 
description  and  bounding  most  instructive  for  the  anti- 
quities of  Angus  and  Mearns.^ 

By  the  gift  of  Thomas  de  Lundyn  the  Durward 

1  The  land  was  perambulated   "  ac-  tlemen  of  the  low  country  of  Angus  and 

cording  to  the  assize  of  the  realm"  (old  Mearns,  contrasts  notably  with  the  lists 

King  David's  laws),  in  presence  of  the  of  burgesses  of  Dundee  and  Aberdeen, 

Bishop   of   Aberdeen  and  the   Earl   of  of  Norman  or  Saxon  names  and  Teutonic 

Stratheani,  by  Angus  MacDuncan,  and  lineage,  occurring  about  the  same  time. 

Malbryd    Mallod,     and     Dufscolok    of  The  fixing  of  the  boundaries  at  so  early 

Fetheressau,   and  Murac,   and   Malmur  a  period  (the  very  beginning  of  the  thir- 

MacGillemichel,  and  Gillecrist  MacFad-  teenth  century)  is  of  interest  to  the  local 

werth,  and  Cormac  of  Nug,  and  other  antiquary  ;  and  the  minute  provisions  of 

good  men  of  our  lord  the  king,  of  Angus  peatary  and  pasture—  the  grazing  of  100 

and  of  Moerns.     This  jury  of  Celtic  gen-  beasts  with  their  followers,  and  as  many 


148  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIY. 

{Ostiariaa  Rr//is),  the  monks  olitaiiied  tlic  (;hur(:h  of 
Kiiierny  ;  and  the  ])ank  of  forest  land,  lying  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Dee  and  Canny,  called  in  the  days  of  ^^'illia^l 
the  Lion  "  nemus  de  Trostauch,"  and  which,  now  again 
under  wood,  has  been  known  for  many  years  to  th(i  Dee- 
side  people  as  "  the  Wood  of  Trustach." 

Kobert  de  Lundres,  the  bastard  son  of  King  William, 
bestowed  on  the  Abbey  the  church  of  Ruthven.  From 
the  Mallierbes  it  received  two  oxgates  in  Rossy,  and  a 
rent  of  two  shillings  from  the  land  of  Balenaus  or  Bal- 
naves  in  Kinnell.  From  the  Fitz-Bernards  the  fore- 
fathers of  Sibald  of  Kair,  the  little  green  cove  or  "  Rath" 
of  Kateryn  or  Katerlin,  on  the  coast  of  Mearns  ;  from 
the  De  Montforts,  Glaskeler,  adjoining  it ;  from  the 
family  who  adopted  Abbot  or  Abbe  for  their  surname,  a 
right  of  making  and  using  charcoal  from  their  wood  of 
Edale  or  Edzell ;  from  the  Fitz-Thancards,  the  lands  be- 
tween Ethkar  and  Calledouer,  and  the  davach  of  Balle- 
gillegrand ;  from  the  Bishops  of  Brechin,  small  posses-! 
sions  in  Stracatherach ;  from  the  St.  Michaels,  the  lands 
of  Mundurnach,  probably  Mundurno  on  the  Don,  a  little 
way  north  of  Aberdeen ;  from  Earl  David,  the  brothei 
of  King  Malcolm  and  King  W^illiam,  a  plough  of  land  ir 
Kinalchmund  or  Kinethmont,  in  his  lordship  of  GariocL 
measured  and  arable  ;  a  mark  of  silver  yearly  from  Fer 
gus  Earl  of  Buchan  ;  a  half  mark  from  the  family  of  th< 
great  Earls  of  Strathearn,  out  of  the  fishing  of  Ur  (Mickle 

swiue  and  as  many  brood  mares  as  the  in    Glenfarkar,    afford  glimpses   of  tl 

monks  chose,  with  a  right  of  "  shealing"  ancient  occupation  of  tlie  district  whic 

from  Pasch  to  the  feast  of  All-Hallows,  are  not  to  be  found  elsewhere, 
either  in  Tubertach,  or  in  Crospath,  or 


THE  CULDEES  OF  ABEHNETHY.  149 

our  ?)  on  the  Tay,  above  Perth  ;  from  Richard  de  Frivill, 
a  plough  of  hind  of  Ballekelefan ;  and  by  grants  from 
him,  from  Philip  de  Melvil,  and  his  father-in-law  Walter 
Sibald,  and  from  King  William  himself,  a  small  territory 
about  Monethen,  or  Mondyne  on  the  Bervy,  and  Kare. 

In  recording  the  acquisition  of  those  ample  posses- 
sions, and  affording  the  first  record  of  property  over  wide 
districts,  the  registers  of  Ai-broath  furnish  incidentally 
some  information  of  interest  to  those  who  feel  none  in 
the  ancient  religious  foundation,  or  in  the  history  of  the 
early  inhabitants  and  the  local  history  of  the  soil.  On 
other  subjects  of  more  general  interest  it  opens  dim 
lights,  or  suggests  subjects  for  speculation,  though  too 
often  the  historical  inquirer  must  still  rest  satisfied  with 
a  conjectural  result. 

The  charters  connected  with  the  Abbey's  acquisition 
of  the  church  of  Abernethy  might  furnish  subject  for 
abundant  discussion  to  the  zealous  antiquary.  The 
church  is  granted  by  King  William  ;  and  at  the  same 
time,  Laurence,  son  of  Orm  of  Abernethy,  while  he  quit- 
claims all  his  right  in  the  advowson  of  the  church,  with 
its  dependent  chapels  of  Dron,  Dunbulg,  and  Errol,  and 
with  the  lands  of  Belach  and  Petinlouer,  grants  to  the 
Abbey  of  Arbroath  the  half  of  the  tithes  of  the  property 
of  himself  and  his  heirs  {jprovenientiiim  ex  propria 
pecunia  mea  et  heredum  meorum),  the  other  half  of 
which  belongs  to  the  Culdees  of  Abernethy,  and  the 
whole  tithes  of  the  territory  of  Abernethy,  except  those 
which  belong  to  the  church  of  Flisk  and  Culter,  and  ex- 
cept the  tithes  of  his  lordship  of  Abernethy  {de  dominio 


150  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCJI  HISTORY. 

meo  de  Aherncthy),  wliicli  the  Culdees  have  always  pos- 
sessed, namely,  those  of  Mugdrum,  Kerpul,  Balchyn'well, 
Ballecolly,  and  Invernethy,  be-east  of  the  bum.  In  con 
firming  this  gift,  evidently  the  same  day  and  place  at 
which  it  was  made.  King  William  uses  the  same  words, 
with  this  exception,  that  he  styles  the  granter  "  Aljljot  of 
Abernethy.''  Here,  therefore,  we  have  Laurence  the  son 
of  Orm,  Abbot  of  Abernethy,  an  ancient  house  of  Culdees, 
lord  also  of  the  lordship  or  manor  of  Abernethy,  and  not 
only  granting  tithes  out  of  his  OAvn  property  there,  but 
asserting  it  to  be  the  inheritance  of  him  and  his  heirs. 

These  charter  evidences  help  out  the  obscure  indica- 
tions in  our  older  chroniclers,  of  a  race  of  church  noljles, 
hereditary  heads  of  religious  houses,  and  taking  rank 
among  the  highest  of  lay  magnates.  When  we  read 
that  the  ancient  dynasty  of  our  kings  (before  the  wars  of 
the  Succession)  sprang  from  the  marriage  of  Bethoc,  a 
daughter  of  Malcolm  ii.  with  Crinan,  Abbot  of  the  Colum- 
bite  family  of  Dunkeld — that  Ethelred,  a  son  of  ^Malcolm 
Canmore,  Abbot  of  Dunkeld,  was  also  Earl  of  Fife,  om* 
best  historians  have  evaded  the  embarrassment  by  ques- 
tioning the  authority  of  the  chronicler ;  ^  and  it  has  not 
hitherto  been  suspected  that  there  were  proofs  of  an  old 
house  of  Culdees,  even  surviving  Saint  David's  church 
revolution,  having  its  hereditary  abbot,  and  styling  him- 
self and  acting  as  lord  of  the  abbey  territory. 

The  evidence,  indeed,  is  narrow,  and  may  not  be 
deemed  satisfactory,  and  this  is  not  the  place  for  reariag 
an  argument  upon  it.     It  raises,  at  least,  an  interestrag 

*  Hailes'  Ammls,  1093. 


I 


CUSTOMS  ILLUSTRATED  BY  THE  ABBEY  REGISTER.      151 

speculation  both  for  Scotland  and  Ireland ;  and  inde- 
pendently of  it,  the  historical  inquirer  of  both  countries 
will  be  pleased  to  meet  the  frequent  notices  of  the  old 
Culdees  both  of  Abernethy  and  of  Brechin,  which  occur 
in  the  Register  of  Arbroath. 

The  Register  of  Arbroath  has  preserved  the  most 
ancient  evidence  of  the  form  of  judicial  procedure,  as 
recorded  in  rolls  of  the  king's  court,  the  proceedings 
themselves  being  founded  upon  the  old  laws  of  King 
David, — "  Assisa  regis  David  .  .  .  usitata  et  probata 
in  regno  Scotice  usque  ad  ilium  diem!' 

In  a  discussion  regarding  the  service  due  to  the 
Abbey  for  the  land  of  Innerpefir,  we  have  some  light 
thrown  upon  the  nature  of  the  military  service  stipu- 
lated in  ancient  Scotch  charters,  and  incidental  mention 
of  an  expedition  of  Alexander  ii.  into  the  western  High- 
lands in  1248,  not  elsewhere  commemorated,  with  the 
attendance  of  those  bound  to  do  military  service. 

Connected  with  this  subject,  we  turn  with  much  in- 
terest to  the  indications  of  an  early  "  extent"  of  land,  or 
a  measure  or  valuation,  having  reference  to  public  bur- 
dens. Some  deeds  would  seem  to  show  a  definite  for- 
ensic service,  and  a  fixed  amount  of  aid  due  from  lands, 
long  before  the  period  which  is  generally  assigned  for  the 
introduction  of  the  old  extent.  The  very  ancient  deno- 
minations of  land,  from  its  value — librata,  nummata, 
denariata  terrcB,  plainly  point  at  a  valuation  for  some 
public  purpose ;  but  here  there  are  indications  that  the 
divisions  into  davachs,  which  have  hitherto  been  taken 
for  mere  agricultural  measures  of  arable  land,  have  also 


152  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

reference  to  an  early  extent,  expressed  in  measure  of  land, 
not  in  money  value  ;  and  these  occur  in  1234,.  without 
reference  to  any  recent  measure  of  extent  or  taxation. 

There  is  a  singularity  in  the  motive  of  the  grant,  by 
King  Robert,  of  the  church  of  Kirkmacho.  It  is  given 
"  for  the  health  of  his  soul,  and  of  the  souls  of  his  ances- 
tors and  successors,  kings  of  Scotland,  and  especially  for 
the  souls  of  those  whose  bodies  rest  within  the  church 
and  its  cemetery" — pointing,  perhaps,  to  Kirkmacho  as 
a  place  of  sepvilture  of  the  old  lords  of  Annandale. 

The  custody  of  the  Brecbennach,  or  consecrated  ban- 
ner of  Saint  Columba,  was  an  ancient  and  valuable  part 
of  the  Abbey  privileges.  The  lands  of  Forglen  had  of 
old  been  granted  for  its  maintenance,  and  under  it,  no 
doubt,  the  vassals  of  the  Abbey  marched  to  war.  The 
church  of  Forglen  was  dedicated  to  Saint  Adamnan,  the 
follower  and  historian  of  Saint  Columba.  At  what  period 
the  saint's  holy  banner  was  associated  with  that  territory 
cannot  now  be  determined.  When  King  William  granted 
its  custody  to  the  abbot  of  his  new  monastery,  the  dis- 
tance as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  office — raising  and 
following  the  banner  in  the  king's  host — would  evidently 
suggest  a  lay-substitute.  The  custody  of  the  Brecben- 
nach, in  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  was 
held  of  the  abbot,  by  the  knightly  family  of  Mon}Tiiusk 
of  that  ilk ;  from  whom  it  passed  by  descent  to  the 
Urrys  and  the  Frasers,  becoming  vested,  about  the  year 
1420,  in  the  Irvines  of  Drum.^ 

'  See,  regarding   the    banner  and  its       and  Miscellany  of  the  Sjxdding   Cli'Ji, 
custody,  Collections  for  a  Histoi-y  of  the.       vol.  iii.  Preface. 
^%  ires  of  A  berdeen  a  nd  Bcuif,  pp.  510-518, 


ABTHANY.  153 

The  meaning  of  the  word  "  Abthein,"  as  applied  to 
an  office,  has  been  a  snbject  of  frequent  discussion  and 
dispute  among  Scotch  antiquaries.  In  the  Eegister  of 
Arbroath  we  have  the  word  occurring  several  times,  but 
always  in  reference  to  land.  In  an  early  charter.  King 
William  granted  to  Hugh  de  Roxburgh,  the  Chancellor,  in 
liferent,  "  terram  abbacie  de  Munros,"  to  be  held  of  Ar- 
broath for  a  reddendo  of  three  stones  of  wax.  There  was 
no  abbey  at  Montrose,  and  we  must  look  for  the  meaning 
of  the  grant  in  another  direction.  In  the  great  charter 
of  Arbroath,  the  king  granted  to  it  "  the  church  of  Saint 
Mary,  of  old  Munros,  with  the  land  of  that  church,  which 
in  Scotch  is  called  Abthen."  Again,  early  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  Malcolm,  Earl  of  Angus,  granted  to 
Nicholas,  son  of  the  priest  of  Kerimure,  and  his  heirs,  in 
fee  and  heritage,  the  land  of  Abthein  of  Munifeith  ;  and 
the  Countess  Maud,  in  her  widowhood,  confirmed  that 
grant.  There  is  nothing  here  to  connect  the  tenure  with 
the  Abbey  ;  but  in  1310,  Michael  de  Monifoth,  the  here 
ditary  lord  of  the  land  {dominus  ahhatlianie  ejnsdem), 
binds  himself  to  pay  to  the  convent  of  Arbroath  six  shil- 
lings and  eightpence  of  good  and  lawful  sterlings,  for  the 
toft  and  croft  which  he  holds  of  them  in  the  territory  of 
the  said  abbathania,  together  with  half  a  boll  of  mustard 
seed.  This  toft  was  without  doubt  that  which  the  Coun- 
tess Maud  describes  in  her  charter  of  gift  to  Arbroath  as 
"  the  land  to  the  south  of  the  church  of  Monifod,  which 
the  Culdees  held  in  my  father's  time."^ 

Abthein  (Abthany),  then,  was  land,  the  property  of  or 

'  C'c.it.  Orig.  iv.  v. 


154  SKETCUE8  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  IILSTOIIY. 

connected  with  an  {i1)l)ot  or  al)])acy—  perhaps  of  a  Culdce 
house — but  wliether  any  other  quality  or  condition  enters 
into  its  meaning,  there  are  too  few  materials  yet  to  afl- 
certain. 

Wliilst  the  Chartulary  of  Arl)roath  illustrates  the 
genealogies  of  many  of  the  great  families  of  Angus  and  the 
north,  it  brings  us  acquainted  with  some  names,  the  early 
history  of  which  is  of  still  more  interest  in  the  district. 

Jolm  Abbe,  the  son  of  Malise,  granted,  and  Morgund, 
the  son  of  John  Abbe,  confirmed  to  the  monks,  the  pri- 
vilege of  taking  coals  (charcoal)  in  the  wood  of  Edale. 
Donald  Abbe  of  Brechin,  in  the  reign  of  William  the 
Lion,  granted  to  the  monks  the  davach  of  BallegillegTand, 
and  his  grant  is  witnessed  by  Malbrid,  Prior  of  the  Cul- 
dees  of  Brecliin.  Maurice  Abbe  of  Abireloth,  occurs 
very  low  down  in  the  list  of  witnesses  of  several  charters 
of  Gilchrist  Earl  of  Angus.  There  are  several  occur- 
rences in  other  church  registers,  particularly  among  the 
charters  of  Coldinghame,  of  persons  bearing  this  singular 
name,  and  it  may  not  be  impossible,  by  a  comparison  of  ^ 
these,  to  detect  its  meaning  and  origin. 

In  an  early,  but  undated  charter,  we  have  j^erhaps 
the  first  record  of  the  ancient  family  of  Falconer.  The 
party  is  William  the  Falconer — "  WiUelmus  auceps" — 
who  no  doubt  also  bore  sometimes  the  name  of  Hawker; 
for  whilst  his  descendants  have  retained  the  former  name, 
their  dwelling  (villa  ejusdem  Willelmi  aucupis)  acquu'ed 
that  of  Haukerstim.^ 


1  The  charter  has  several  minute  par-       quary.      The    land   in   question  lay  to 
ticulars  of  curiosity  for  the  local  anti-       the  west  of  the  bridge  of  LuiFenot,  and 


I 


OLD  NAMES—  ABBE — FALCONER — DEMPSTER.  155 

A  person  of  the  name  of  Bricius  occurs  in  very  early 
charters  as  "judex"  of  Angus,  probably  holding  his  office 
under  the  great  Earls.  In  1219,  Adam  was  "judex"  of 
the  Earl's  court.  Some  years  later,  he  became  "judex" 
of  the  king's  court,  and  his  brother  Keraldus  succeeded 
to  his  office  in  the  court  of  the  Earl,  for,  in  the  year  1227, 
we  find  the  brothers  acting  together,  and  styled  respec- 
tively "judex"  of  Angus,  and  "judex"  of  our  lord  the 
kine:.  The  dweUino^  of  Keraldus  received  the  name  of 
"  Keraldiston,"  now  Caraldstoun  ;  and  the  office  of  judex, 
becoming  hereditary,  and  taking  its  Scotch  style  of 
"  Dempster,"  gave  name  to  the  family  who  for  many 
generations  held  the  lands  of  Caraldstoun,  and  performed 
the  office  of  Dempster  of  the  Parliaments  of  Scotland. 
Its  functions  were  no  doubt  of  a  very  different  kind  and 
degree  from  those  fulfilled  by  the  ancient  judex,  and  it 
might  be  interesting  to  trace,  from  these  and  other  mate- 
rials, the  progress  of  the  change. 

It  has  abeady  been  mentioned  that  much  of  the 
pedigree  of  the  ancient  Earls  of  Angus  is  proved  from  the 
Register  of  this  Abbey.  It  affords  also  valuable  informa- 
tion for  the  genealogies  of  the  De  Berkeleys,  Malherbes, 
De  Rossys,  Wischards,  Middletouns,  Scots,  De  Brechins, 
Melvilles,  Arbuthnots,  Sibbalds,  Moncurs,  Mohauts,  and 
other  houses  of  Angus  and  the  Mearns,  as  well  as  of  the 
Earls  of  Buchan,  and  the  names  of  Garuiach,  le  Cheyne, 
Leshe,  Feodarg,   Meldrum,   Durward,   Walchope,  Moni- 

extended    to    a    certain    bridge    called  land  was  granted  to  the  church  of  Mar- 

Stanbrig,    whicli    appears    certainly   to  ingtun,    apparently  Marykirk  ;    and    as 

have  been  a  bridge  of  stone   over  the  a  symbol  of  investiture,  the   Falconer 

North  water,  a  very  early  example  of  offered  a  tnrf  of  the  land  upon  the  altar 

a    bridge    over    such    a    stream.      The  of  the  Church. 


IGO  SKETCHES  OK  EAIU.V  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

musk,  and  St.  Mic^liael,  with  other  ancient  families  in  the 
north. 

There  are  a  few  welcome  indications  of  the  domestic 
manners  of  our  forefathers.  Thus,  a  grant  of  a  hostelage 
in  Stirling  presents  us  with  a  fair  picture  of  a  lodging  of 
the  better  sort  in  the  fourteenth  century — a  hall  for 
meals,  with  tables  and  trestles  and  other  furniture ;  a 
spence  witb  a  buttery  ;  one  or  more  chambers  for  sleep- 
ing ;  a  kitchen ;  and  a  stable  capable  of  receiving  thirty 
horses.  They  burned  candles  of  white  tallow,  which  were 
commonly  called  Paris  candles.  They  used  straw,  appa- 
rently for  bedding,  and  the  hall  and  bed-chamber  w^ere 
strewed  with  rushes. 

The  Chartulary  of  Arbroath  is  peculiarly  rich  in 
notices  of  the  Culdees,  At  Abernethy  a  convent  of  them 
existed,  though  perhaps  in  little  more  but  in  name,  to  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  William  the  Lion,  when  they  seem 
to  have  expired,  and  there  is  no  trace  of  their  rights  or 
claims  having  been  transferred  to  St.  Andrews.  The  chap- 
ter of  Brechin  at  first  consisted  entirely  of  that  order. 
The  successive  bishops  speak  of  them  mth  affection  as 
"  Keledei  nostri."  Towards  the  end  of  William's  reign, 
we  find  an  infusion  of  other  clerks  in  the  chapter ;  the 
prior  of  the  convent  of  Culdees,  however,  being  still  the 
president.  In  1248,  the  last  year  of  the  reign  of  Alex- 
ander II.,  the  Culdees  have  disappeared  altogether,  and 
the  affairs  of  the  Cathedral  are  managed  in  the  ordinary 
modern  form  by  the  dean  and  chapter. 

A  few  notices  of  forgotten  saints  are  interesting  to 
the  Church  antiquary.     The  little  island  of  the  Esk,  on 


] 


FORGOTTEN  SAINTS.  157 

which  abuts  the  bridge  of  Montrose,  once  contained  a 
church  which  has  now  disappeared,  though  its  cemetery 
remains,  and  gave  its  name  to  a  surrounding  parish,  still 
remembered  as  Inchbrayock.  The  origin  of  the  name  is 
found  in  these  charters,  where  we  meet,  in  the  reign  of 
Eobert  the  Bruce,  with  the  parson  of  the  parish  church, 
styled  rector  of  the  church  of  St.  Braoch.^ 

The  church  of  Inverkeler  is  called,  in  a  charter  of 
King  William,  the  church  of  St.  Macconoc  of  Inverkeler. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  the  first  syllable  was  probably 
a  Celtix  prefix  of  affection,  and  that  the  church  was 
dedicated  to  St.  Canech  or  Kenny,  the  contemporary 
of  St.  Columba,  who  visited  him  at  Hy,  and  the  same 
person  who  gives  name  to  Kilkenny.  He  is  commemo- 
rated in  the  calendar  of  the  Scotch  Church  on  the  11th 
of  October. 

Wlien  we  consider  the  long  and  united  efforts  required 
in  the  early  state  of  the  arts  for  throwing  a  bridge  over 
liiij  considerable  river,  the  early  occurrence  of  bridges 
may  be  well  admitted  as  one  of  the  best  tests  of  civilisa- 
tion and  national  prosperity.  The  bridge  over  the  North 
water  has  already  been  mentioned.  We  find  a  bridge 
existing  over  the  Esk  at  Brechin,  and  the  land  of  Drum- 
sleid  appropriated  for  its  support,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  In  that  age  there  was  a  bridge  over 
the  Tay  at  Perth  ;  bridges  over  the  Esks  at  Brechin  and 
Maiykiik  ;  a  bridge  over  the  Dee  at  Kincardine  O'Neill, 
probably  another  at  Durris,  one  near  Aberdeen,  and  one 
at  the  mouth  of  Glenmuick  ;  even  a  bridge  over  the  rapid 

*  Orig.  Cart.  xri. 


158  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HISTOIJV. 

Spcy  at  (Jrkill.  If  we  reflcjct  liow  few  of  these  survived 
the  mi(l(Il(i  of  the  fourtcjenth  eentuiy,  and  how  hjiig  it 
was,  and  Ijy  what  painful  efforts,  ])efore  they  could  jje 
replaced  in  later  times,  we  may  form  some  idea  of  the 
great  progress  in  civilisation  which  Scotland  had  made 
during  the  reign  of  William,  and  the  peaceful  times  of 
the  two  Alexanders.  We  do  not  know  much  of  the  in- 
tellectual state  of  the  population  in  that  age,  but  regard 
ing  it  only  in  a  material  point  of  view,  it  may  safely  be 
affirmed  that  Scotland,  at  the  death  of  King  Alexander 
III.,  was  more  civilized  and  more  prosperous  than  at  any 
period  of  her  existence,  down  to  the  time  when  she 
ceased  to  be  a  separate  kingdom  in  1707. 

The  Kegister  of  Arbroath  wiU  be  regarded  AAdth  great 
interest  by  the  historian  as  well  as  the  local  antiquary. 
It  points  at  the  first  settlement  of  many  districts,  and  the 
earliest  traces  of  civilisation  ;  some  very  interesting  par- 
ticulars of  Church  antiquities,  and  the  various  races  from 
which  our  population  draws  its  origin.  It  illustrates 
the  descent  and  transmission  of  lands  ^^ddely  scattered 
over  three  counties,  and  the  early  history  of  some  of  the 
greatest  and  most  interesting  Scotch  families.  Like  aU 
the  monastic  registers,  it  gives  minute  and  interesting 
details  of  the  habits  and  manners,  and  the  whole  social 
condition  of  the  people  of  the  country. 

The  buildings  of  the  Abbey  of  Arbroath,  begun  in 
1178,  brought  near  to  their  completion  at  the  time  of  the 
dedication  of  its  church  in  1233,  through  the  decay  of  so 
many  centuries,  in  spite  of  violence  and  long  neglect,  and 
barbarous  modern  repairs,  stiU  afford  a  few  specimens  of 


I 


ABBEY  BUILDINGS.  159 

good  Norman  architecture,  and  parts  of  several  later 
styles.  In  the  middle  of  last  century,  Dr.  Johnson  said 
"  he  should  scarcely  have  regretted  his  journey"  to  Scot- 
land, "  had  it  afforded  nothing  more  than  the  sight  of 
Aberbrothick.'^  The  taste  for  church  architecture  had 
not  then  revived  among  us  ;  and  Johnson  s  was  only  an 
impression  which  would  have  been  produced  by  the  asso- 
ciations of  any  ancient  ecclesiastical  structure. 

It  is  not  in  Protestant  Britain  alone  that  it  requires 
some  reflection  to  appreciate  fully  the  station  filled  of 
old  by  the  inmates  of  our  greater  monasteries.  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  countries  of  modern  Europe,  it  is  hardly 
less  diflicult  to  caU  up  the  days  when  the  clergy,  secular 
and  regular,  engrossed  aU  the  learning  and  accomplish- 
ment, and  a  large  share  of  the  Avealth,  luxury,  knowledge 
of  the  world,  and  social  influence  of  the  community.  It 
is  to  be  remarked,  that  in  Scotland,  as  in  other  countries, 
while  the  secular  or  parochial  clergy  were  often  the 
younger  sons  of  good  families,  the  convents  of  monks 
and  friars  were  recruited  wholly  from  the  lower  classes  ; 
and  yet — not  to  speak  of  the  daily  bread,  the  freedom 
from  daily  care,  aU  the  vulgar  temptations  of  such  a  life 
in  hard  times — the  career  of  a  monk  opened  no  mean  path 
to  the  ambitious  spirit.  The  oflices  of  the  monastery 
alone  might  well  seem  prizes  to  be  contended  for  by  the 
son  of  the  peasant  or  burgess,  and  the  highest  of  these 
placed  its  holder  on  a  level  mth  the  greatest  of  the 
nobility. 

The  Lord  Abbot  of  such  a  house  as  Arbroath,  whether 
bearing  crosier  and  mitre,  or  buckling  on  more  carnal 


ion  sketchp:s  of  karly  .S(x>tch  history. 

armour,  whether  sitting  in  tlie  high  places  of  Council  and 
Parliament,  or  taking  homage  and  dispensing  hi  w  among 
his  vassals  and  serfs,  or  following  his  sovereign  to  Lattle, 
was,  in  virtue  of  his  social  positicjn,  his  revenues,  his  fol- 
lowers, and  actual  power,  by  far  the  greatest  personage 
of  the  shire. 

The  Abbey  was  toll  free,  that  is,  protected  against  the 
local  impositions  which  of  old  beset  all  merchandise  ; 
and  the  Abbot  vindicated  the  freedom  of  his  "  men" 
against  the  exactions  of  the  Bailies  of  Dundee,  who  had 
presumed  to  levy  a  penny  from  his  stallinger  in  the  fair 
of  their  burgh.  It  was  custom  free,  and  passed  its  ex- 
ports of  wool,  hides,  tallow,  salmon,  by  virtue  of  its  own 
coket.  But  the  privilege  the  Abbot  most  valued  (and 
intrinsically  the  most  valuable),  was  the  tenure  of  all  his 
lands  "  in  free  regality,"  that  is,  ^vith  sovereign  power 
over  his  people,  and  the  unlimited  emoluments  of  crimi- 
nal jurisdiction.  In  1435,  the  Abbot,  in  virtue  of  that 
right  of  regality,  compounded  with  Andrew  of  Lychtoun, 
and  granted  him  a  remission  for  the  slaughter  of  James 
Gibsoun.  Long  afterwards — after  the  Eeformation  had 
passed  over  abbot  and  monk,  the  lord  of  regality  had 
still  the  same  power,  and  the  Commendator  of  Arbroath 
was  able  to  rescue  from  the  King's  Justiciar,  and  to 
"  repledge"  into  his  OAvn  court  four  men  accused  of  the 
slaughter  of  WiUiam  Sibbald  of  Cair — as  dwelling  wdthin 
liis  bounds  {quasi  infra  hondas  ejusdem  commor antes)} 

The  officer  who  administered  this  formidable  jurisdic- 
tion, was  the  Bailie  of  the  Eegality,  as  he  was  usually 

1  Pitcairu's  Criminal  THals,  1570,  p.  16. 

i 


i 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  ABBEY — THE  LORD  ABBOT.    ICl 

styled,  or  "Justiciar  Chamberlain  and  Bailie,"  as  his 
style  ran  when,  in  1485,  Abbot  Lichtoun  conferred  the 
survivorship  of  the  office  on  two  Ogilvies.  At  that 
period,  whatever  may  have  been  the  case  at  the  time  of 
the  battle  of  Brechin,  the  Bailiary  had  become  virtually 
hereditary  in  the  family  of  Airlie. 

The  Mair  and  Coroner  of  the  Abbey  (the  "Dereth" 
was  perhaps  the  same  office  in  Celtic  speech)  were  the 
executors  of  the  law  within  the  bounds  of  the  regality. 
Each  office  had  lands  attached  to  it,  affi3rding  part  of  the 
emolument  of  the  officer.  The  office  of  Judex,  Deemster 
or  Dempster  in  the  Abbot's  court,  was  in  like  manner 
attached  to  a  portion  of  the  lands  of  Caraldston  (deriving 
their  name  from  that  Keraldus  who  first  held  the  office), 
and  passed  with  it  through  the  hands  of  the  Earl  of 
Crawford  and  later  owners,  doAvn  to  the  abolition  of 
heritable  jurisdictions. 

The  best  of  the  sliire  and  of  neighbouring  districts, 
thought  it  no  degradation  to  hold  their  lands  as  vassals 
of  the  great  Abbey.  Eecord  was  made  of  the  homage 
done  by  those  barons  to  the  Justiciar  of  the  Eegality, — 
kneeling  on  the  ground  with  hands  joined.  For  the 
most  part  they  gave  suit  and  service  in  the  Abbot's 
court,  and  such  other  services  as  vassals  of  old  really 
performed  to  their  superiors.  Many  were  bound  to  give 
agricultural  service,  harvest  labour,  and  carriage  of  corn, 
wool,  wood,  peats,  and  slates.  But  military  service 
exempted  from  prsedial  service  ;  and  when  a  vassal  was 
bound  to  follow  the  Abbot  to  war,  either  with  the 
northern  lords,  under  the  Brecbennach — the  Banner  of 


1G2  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Columba— or  under  the  proper  standard  of  the  Abbey 
itself,  he  was  free  from  the  common  duties  owed  to  the 
superior.^ 

We  have  little  information  of  the  early  history  of  the 
burgh  of  Arbroath.  With  such  protection  for  sliip]:)ing 
as  its  natural  harbour  afforded,  it  had  growTi  up  under 
the  shelter  and  protection  of  the  great  monastery,  from 
a  fishing  hamlet,  till  it  became  a  place  of  some  foreign 
trade  in  the  fourteenth  century.  The  worthy  Abbot 
John  Gedy,  saw  the  advantage  that  would  arise  to  his 
town  and  the  whole  district,  if,  on  that  inhospitable  coast, 
he  could  transform  the  creek  among  treacherous  rocks 
into  a  tolerably  safe  harbour ;  and  the  covenant  made 
between  the  Abbot  and  the  burgesses  for  that  object,  on 
the  2d  of  April  1394,  as  it  is  the  oldest,  is  also  perhaps 
the  most  curious  and  interesting  of  the  records  of  harl)our- 
making  and  also  of  voluntary  taxation  in  Scotland.^ 

1  Et  quia  dictum  Jacobum  Guthrie  fixed  on  from  sand  and  stones  and  all 
equitare  nobiscum  onerare  intendiinus,  other  impediments ;  to  fill  Mith  stones 
eundem  ah  ovinihus  hushandorum  oneri-  and  place  the  coflFers  {archas)  required 
bus  relaxamus,  excejoto  quod  ducet  tegvlas  for  the  harbour,  under  the  direction  of 
a  lapicidio  ad  monastenum  quemadmo-  the  masters  of  the  work  ;  to  find  certain 
diim  alii  hushandi.  tools  necessarj''  for  that  purpose,  namely, 

2  The  indenture  sets  forth  the  innu-  spades,  iron  pinches,  and  trihulos  (?),  at 
merable  losses  and  vexations  long  and  their  own  expense  ;  the  other  instra- 
still  suffered,  for  want  of  a  port  where  ments  to  be  found  by  the  Abbey.  And 
traders,  with  their  ships  and  merchan-  because,  in  the  foundation  of  the  har- 
dise,  might  land.  On  the  one  part  it  is  hour,  much  laboxir  and  expense  are  re- 
agreed,  that  the  Abbot  and  convent  shall,  quired,  more  than  the  burgesses  could 
with  all  possible  haste,  at  their  expense,  bear,  the  burgesses  shall  pay  to  the 
make  and  maintain,  in  the  best  situation  Abbot  yearly,  three  pennies  of  sterlings 
according  to  the  judgment  of  men  of  from  each  rood  of  land  within  the  burgh, 
skill,  a  safe  harbour  {portum  salutarem)  in  addition  to  the  three  pennies  now 
for  the  burgh,  to  which  and  in  which  paid, — the  additional  rent  beginning  the 
ships  may  come  and  lie,  and  have  quiet  first  year  that  one  ship  can  safely  take 
and  safe  mooring,  notwithstanding  the  the  harbour,  and  there  have  safe  berth, 
ebb  and  flow  of  tides.  The  burgesses,  notwithstanding  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the 
on  the  other  hand,  are  to  clear  the  space  sea.     If  it  should  happen,  as  God  forbid. 


I 


THE  HARBOUR — THE  ABBEY  BUILDINGS.  163 

The  Abbey  church  and  conventual  buildings — begun 
in  1178  ;  sufficiently  advanced  in  1214  to  be  the  burial- 
place  of  their  royal  founder  ;  and  probably  completed  in 
1233,  when  the  church  was  dedicated^ — were  not  allowed 
to  decay  through  age,  and  the  gradual  operation  of  time 
and  the  elements.  They  suffered  more  than  once  by  fire. 
Fordun  relates,  that  in  the  deadly  year  1272  (when  the 
land  was  barren,  the  sea  unproductive,  the  air  stormy, 
and  when  there  was  sickness  among  men,  and  mortality 
of  cattle),  on  Saturday  of  the  octaves  of  the  Epiphany, 
about  midnight,  a  violent  wind  from  the  north  coming 
on  suddenly  with  hail,  blew  down  houses,  smothered 
those  sleeping  within,  and  tumbled  down  lofty  buildings ; 
and  that  fire  breaking  out  in  consequence,  burnt  the 
church  of  Ai'broath,  and  many  others.^  Boece,  as  usual, 
adds  some  circumstances.  Not  only  were  churches  and 
houses  everywhere  thrown  do^vn,  but  the  church  towers 
were  burnt,  and  the  bells  {quce  preciosissima  materia 
corificiuntur)  partly  broken,  partly  melted.  Among  which 
the  most  remarkable  were  those  which  hung  in  the 
towers  of  the  church  of  Arbroath,  which  church  was 
consumed  alono^  with  them.^ 

A  century  later,  in  1380,  the  chronicler  informs  us 
that  the  monastery  of  Arbroath  was  again  accidentally 
burnt.*  It  was  on  occasion  of  this  fire  (the  origin  of 
which  was  ascribed  to  the  Devil  himself)  that  the  Dio- 

that  the  harbour  in  process  of  time  fail,  the  three  great  houses  of  Arbroath,  New- 

i>y  negligence  of  the  Abbot  and  convent,  battle,  and  Cupar. 

or  any  accident,  the  payment  of  the  three  ^  Scotichronicon,  X.  xxx. 

pennies  shall  cease  till  the  harbour  be  ^  Soece,  1st  edition,  fol.  302. 

repaii-ed.  *  Fordun,  xiv.   xliv.  Extracta  e  Cro- 

j     ^  In  that  one  spring  were  dedicated  nicis,  149. 


1G4 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIY. 


ccsan  authorized  the  Abljot  to  distribute  the  monks  of 
the  convent  among  other  relicdous  houses  until  their  o^\^l 

o  o 

church  should  be  repaired  in  the  roof  of  its  choir,  the 
nave,  and  the  transept  (?),  {in  cJiori  tectura,  in  nave  et 
cruce.)  Vigorous  measures  were  also  taken  for  levying 
funds  for  these  repairs,  and  for  applying  them  to  that 
purpose  exclusively.  The  Abljot  was  enjoined  to  restrain 
his  own  expenses,  to  receive  no  guests,  but  to  live  soli- 
tary and  privately  in  his  own  chamber.  Each  monk  was 
to  be  content  with  twelve  marks  yearly  for  food  and 
clothing.  The  contract  with  the  plumber,  which  is  for- 
tunately preserved,  for  "  theking  the  mekil  quer  with 
lede,"^  favours  a  supposition  that  the  injmy  was  partial, 
and  the  fire  had  consumed  only  the  woodwork  of  the 
roof  of  the  choir.  All  that  portion  of  the  church  is  now 
gone,  but  the  lower  walls  of  the  nave  and  parts  of  the 
transepts  which  remain,  show  a  style  of  architecture  con- 
siderably earlier  than  the  fire  of  1380. 

The  situation  of  the  Abbey  exposed  it  to  other  dangers. 
On  the  shore  of  the  German  Ocean,  it  lay  open  to  the  in- 
roads of  an  enemy  always  powerful  at  sea  ;  and  on  the 
other  side,  its  undefended  wealth  made  it  an  object  of 
contention  to  the  fierce  lords  who  ruled  between  the  Tay 
and  the  Grampians.     In  1350,  the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews 


1  The  indenture  is  interesting  as  show- 
ing the  condition  of  the  workmen  of  the 
time.  The  contractor,  William  of  Tweed- 
dale,  plumber,  burgess  of  '^  Andirstoun" 
(St.  Andrews),  is  to  thatch  the  great 
choir  and  gutter  it  all  about  with  lead, 
and  after  it  is  alurji;  {parapeted)  about 
with  stone,  he  is  to  dight  it  about  with 
lead  sxiflScieutly,  as  his  craft  asks.  For 
this  work  he  is  to  have  twenty-five  marks 


and  a  gown  ^vith  a  hood.  The  Abbot  is 
to  find  all  the  graith,  apparently  includ- 
ing the  lead,  and  the  plumber  to  have 
threepence  and  one  stone  of  each  hundred 
for  his  travel  in  fining.  Each  working 
day  he  is  to  have  a  penny  to  his  noyn- 
sankis  (luncheon).  The  contractor  and 
the  Abbey  are  each  to  provide  a  labour- 
ing man  at  their  own  expense  till  the 
work  is  ended. 


I 


FIGHTS  OF  THE  LINDESAYS  AND  OGILVIES.  165 

recorded  that  "  the  church  of  the  monastery  of  Arbroath, 
placed  on  the  brink  of  the  sea,  had  suffered  almost  irre- 
parable injuries  from  the  frequent  onslaught  of  the  Eng- 
Hsh  shipping/' 

We  may  readily  conceive,  without  proof  of  record, 
that  the  Abbey  buildings  suifered  no  less  damage  in 
affrays  of  their  landward  neighbours.  Such,  for  instance, 
was  that  "discord  quhilk  fell  betweine  [the  Lindesays 
and  the  Ogilvies]  for  ane  meane  bailiarie  of  Arebroath, 
quhilk  pertenit  to  Alexander  Lindsay  ;  bot  Alexander 
Ogilvie,  quhidder  it  cam  of  his  awin  ambitione  or  if  it 
was  the  Abbottis  pleasour  it  is  not  certain,  usurped  the 
bailiarie  to  himselfe  and  put  this  Alexander  fra  the 
same."^  The  "  discord ''  was  in  the  winter  of  1445,  and 
is  thus  summarily  noticed  by  a  contemporary  who  cared 
for  neither  faction  : — 

"  The  yer  of  God  m.cccc.xlv.  the  xxiii  day  of  Januar, 
the  Erll  of  Huntlie  and  the  Ogilbeis  Avith  him  on  the  ta 
part,  and  the  Erll  of  Craufurd  on  the  tother  part,  met  at 
the  yettis  of  Arbroth  on  ane  Sonday  laite,  and  faucht. 
And  the  Erll  of  Huntlie  and  Wat  Ogilbie  fled.  And 
thar  was  slane  on  thair  party,  Schir  Jhon  Oliphant  lard 
of  Aberdalghy,  Schir  William  Forbes,  Schir  Alexander 
Barclay,  Alexander  Ogilby,  David  of  Aberkerdach,  with 
uther  syndry.  And  on  the  tother  part,  the  Erll  of  Crau- 
furd himself  was  hurt  in  the  field  and  deit  within  viij 
dayis.  Bot  he  and  his  son  wan  the  feild  and  held  it,  and 
efter  that,  a  gret  tyme,  held  the  Ogilbyis  at  great  subjec- 
cioun,  and  tuke  thair  gudis  and  destroyit  thair  placis."^ 

1  The  writer  is  not  impartial  where  a  ^  Anchinleck  Chronicle. 

Lindsay  is  concerned.— Pt7sco<<r>,  p.  53. 


166  SKETCHES  OF  liARLY  SCUTCH  HISTORY. 

It  is  said  the  Abbey  church  was  again  Ijurned  on  this 
occasion,  and  not  improljal)ly.  We  know  not  if  the 
Abljcy  escaped  an  attack  planned  against  it  a  century 
later,  on  I7th  Apiil  1544.  The  Lords  of  the  English 
Council  reported  to  King  Henry  viii.,  that  Wyshart, 
among  other  enterprises,  undertook  that  a  body  of  troops 
to  be  paid  by  the  English  king,  "joining  with  the  power 
of  the  Earl  Marshall,  the  "Master  of  Kothes,  the  laird  of 
Calder,  and  others  of  the  Lord  Gray's  friends,  \\ill  take 
upon  them  ...  to  destroy  the  Abbey  and  Tovni  of 
Arbroth,  being  the  Cardinars,  and  all  the  other  Bishops 
and  Abbots  houses,  and  countries  on  that  side  the  water 
thereabouts."  Henry,  who  was  very  wroth  against  the 
Cardinal,  gave  them  all  encouragement  "  effectually  to 
burn  and  destroy."^ 

Notwithstanding  those  partial  conflagrations,  and  all 
the  injuries  of  foreign  enemies  and  rough  neighbours,  the 
Abbey  of  Arbroath  maintained  its  pre-eminence  as  among 
the  first  if  not  the  greatest  of  Scotch  religious  houses, 
from  its  earliest  period  down  to  the  Eeformation.  "  Erant 
autem,"  says  a  historian  of  the  fourteenth  century,  "  duae 
in  Scotia  famosissimae  abbatiae,  in  facultatibus  opulentis- 
simse  et  in  sedificiis  munitissimae,  Abrebredoc  et  Dom- 
fermelin."^  It  was  in  the  spacious  buildings  of  this 
great  monastery  that  Robert  Bruce,  in  April  1320, 
assembled  the  Parliament  which  asserted  in  such  vigor- 
ous language,  in  their  letter  to  the  Pope,  the  freedom  of 
their  country.     In  1470,  we  find  a  new  dormitcyimim 

1  Leiandi  Collectanea,  i.  269.  ■*! 

2  Hamilton  Pa^^rs.     Maitland  Miscell.  iv.  06.  '  ^ 


TOMB  OF  KING  WILLIAM  THE  LION.  167 

building,  with  timber  brought  from  Norway  ;  and  in  the 
year  1488,  it  is  incidentally  noticed,  the  Abbey  enter- 
tained the  king  and  his  suite  twice,  the  archbishop 
thrice,  besides  visits  of  the  Lords  of  the  Realm,  and 
other  hospitality  kept. 

The  scattered  fragments  of  the  monastic  buUdings 
which  still  remain,  disguised  and  injured  as  they  have 
been  by  injudicious  repairs,  furnish  specimens  of  nearly 
every  style  of  architecture,  from  the  era  of  the  dedication 
of  the  Abbey  down  to  the  century  which  preceded  the 
Reformation.  They  are  now  kept  in  decent  condition, 
and  protected  from  further  dilapidation. 

Within  the  church  of  this  great  monastery,  "William 
the  Lion  chose  his  place  of  sepulture,  and  there,  on  the 
4th  of  the  Ides  of  December  1214,  he  was  buried  before 
the  high  altar,^  in  presence  of  his  successor  and  a  vast 
assemblage  of  the  nobles  of  Scotland.  With  national 
irreverence,  the  good  and  great  monarch's  tomb  was 
neglected  and  dishonoured,  probably  even  before  the 
Reformation,  since  which  time  it  has  lain  hid  under  the 
ruins  of  his  favourite  Abbey,  till — six  hundred  years 
after  his  interment^ — the  workmen  employed  in  clearing 
the  area  of  the  church  from  rubbish,  came  upon  a  tomb, 
which  from  its  situation  in  the  chancel  in  front  of  the 
high  altar  place,  was  at  once  judged  to  be  that  of  the 
great  founder.  The  coffin,  of  stone,  was  found  to  con- 
tain only  a  portion  of  the  bones  of  a  man  of  good 
stature,  not  much  decayed.     Its  cover,  of  a  blue  shelly 

'  Ante  mcjus  altare.  —  Forduii. 

=  20th  March  \%IQ,     Montrose  Courier  of  29th. 


168 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


marble,  had  upon  it  some  mutilated  sculpture.^  it  waB 
hoped  that  the  head  and  other  fragments  of  the  monu- 
ment might  Ije  found,  but  none  have  as  yet  been 
discovered. 

At  the  same  time  was  discovered  (in  one  of  the 
western  towers)  a  mutilated  figure  of  a  crosiered  eccle- 
siastic, of  the  fine  sandstone  of  the  district.  It  is  one  of 
those  effigies  wliich  stood  under  the  niches  that  ornament 
all  owe  older  churches,  and  is  of  good  workmanship  for 
that  purpose.  The  lace,  especially,  is  very  elaborate  and 
sharply  wrought,  and  when  first  discovered,  still  pre- 
served some  remains  of  the  gold  leaf  with  which  it  had 
been  ornamented.  It  is  commonly  said  to  be  the  statue 
of  St.  Thomas  a  Becket,  the  patron,  but  on  no  better 
grounds  than  the  recumbent  monument  is  ascribed  to 
the  founder  of  the  Abbey.  The  latter,  indeed,  has  some 
circumstances  in  favour  of  the  identification,  though  it 
must  be  confessed  its  position  in  front  of  the  high  altar 
might  suit  equally  weU  for  one  of  the  old  Earls  of  Ang-us 
or  other  munificent  benefactors  of  the  Abbey. 

The  Kegisters  of  Arbroath  are  not  so  rich  as  some 
others  in  subjects  of  interest  to  the  general  antiquary. 
A  few  illustrations  of  old  life,  however,  do  occur,  and  are 
always  welcome. 

The  Abbot,  on  account  of  the  perils  of  crossing  the  sea 


^  The  monument  is  of  fine  workman- 
ship, and  quite  nnlike  any  other  in 
Scotland.  At  the  feet  is  a  lion,  or  some 
siTch  heraldic  beast.  The  robe  is  simply 
and  gracefully  draped,  and  the  waist 
girt  with  a  narrow  belt,  to  which  is  at- 
tached a  poiich  or  purse.  Small  figures, 
at  least  four  in  number,  and  having  the 


spurs  and  apparently  the  arms  of  knights, 
are  engaged  in  arranging  the  robe  of  the 
principal  figure.  These  diminutive  at- 
tendants, which  form  the  chief  peculiarity 
of  the  monument,  recall  in  some  degree 
the  attendant  saints  on  the  tomb  of 
King  John  in  Worcester  cathedral. 


OLD  CUSTOMS — BANKING--  THE  SCHOOLMASTER.     169 

to  St.  Andrews,  obtained  from  Kome  the  privilege  of 
conferring  minor  orders,  and  consecrating  the  furniture 
of  the  altar. 

The  much- vexed  claim  of  Subsidy  was  virtually  en- 
forced against  the  monastery  by  both  diocesans — the 
Bishops  of  St.  Andrews  and  Brechin — though  resisted, 
and  paid  under  protest. 

Herrings  in  salt  and  in  barrel  are  paid  as  rent  from 
Inverness,  as  if  they  were  not  then  found  off  the  Arbroath 
coast.^ 

For  a  permission  to  take  bait  from  the  shores  of  Mo  - 
nifieth,  the  white  fishers  of  the  north  ferry  of  Portincraig 
(Broughty)  paid  for  every  day's  fishing  of  each  small  line 
six  white  fish.^  Several  documents  show  the  jealousy 
with  which  the  rights  of  sea  fishing  were  protected,  at  a 
time  when  it  is  commonly  supposed  the  produce  of  the 
sea  was  not  yet  appropriated. 

Notices  are  found  of  early  banking,  and  something 
resembling  foreign  bills  of  exchange. 

I  have  met  with  only  one  notice  of  books,  which  were 
volumes  of  Canon  Law,  evidently  of  much  mercantile 
value. 

The  only  recorded  covenant  with  a  schoolmaster  for 
instructing  the  novices  and  young  brethren,  is  unfortu- 
nately silent  as  to  the  branches  of  learning  they  were  to 
be  taught.     Mr.  Arcliibald  Lamy,  the  pedagogue,  has  ten 

1  Cum  conUgerit  per  Dei  gratiam  alleca  spects.  The  Abbot  was  bound  not  to 
venire  .  .  .  dictics  d.  W.  10,000  allecnm  receive  Luvel's,  and  Luvel  not  to  receive 
partem  in  sale,  partem  in  harelUs  dabit,  the  Abbot's  fishermen— an  attempt  to 
in  statu  bono.  extend  to  the  fishermen   a  part  of  the 

Law  which  bound  colliers  and  salters  to 

*  The  covenant  is  curious  in  other  re-       the  soil. 


IVO  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

marks  of  salary — the  cuBtomary  and  almoBt  legal  stipend 
of  a  parochial  vicar — besides  his  daiJy  portion  with  the 
monks. 

The  ''Advocate"  of  the  Abbey,  receiving  a  yearly 
pension  of  twenty  marks  for  his  counsel  and  "  advocation," 
was  no  less  a  personage  than  Master  James  Henrison, 
the  Clerk  of  Justiciary,  or,  as  we  write  the  office,  Lord 
Justice-Clerk. 

The  supplication  and  complaint  of  Abbot  Malcolm  to 
Parliament  and  Convocation,  must  have  been  dra^\^l  by  a 
less  practised  hand.  It  is  a  very  curious  specimen  of  un- 
technical  legal  pleading  as  well  as  of  idiomatic  Scotch 
language  and  old  customs.^ 

We  owe  to  David  Betoun,  on  his  first  coming  into  the 
Abbacy,  some  rules  for  its  economy,  which  show  the 
yearly  consumption  of  all  supplies  by  the  convent.  The 
monks  used  annually  800  wedders,  and  9  score  of  marts, 
besides  lamb  and  veal,  swine,  grice,  and  chickens ;  eggs 
and  butter ;  dried  fish  (keeling,  haddock  and  speldiag), 
large  supplies  of  fresh  sea  fish,  and  11  barrels  of  salmon, 
the  produce  of  their  fishings  at  Dundee,  the  Ferry 
(Broughty),  and  Montrose.  The  allowance  of  wheat  was 
30  chalders,  of  oatmeal  40  chalders,  and  of  malt  82 
chalders.  The  officers  are  rebuked  for  neo'Ho^ence  in 
letting  the  convent  want  provision,  "  sen  God,  of  his 
grace,  has  given  the  place  largely  to  five  upon."  The 
Abbot  found  that  the  "  estimate"  of  expenditure  exceeded 
the  charges  of  the  old  cellarer  in  1488,  which  were  but 

'  See  Appendix.    The  guerela,  though  without  date,  is  fixed  ^ny  the  Abbot's  name, 
between  1456  and  1470, 


GREAT  FAMILIES  EXTANT  AND  EXTINCT.  171 

£500,  though  in  that  year  *' the  Kingis  hienes  was  heir 
twys ;  the  Archebischop  thris,  and  the  lordis  of  the  realme 
and  al  otheris  hospitality  kepit/^^ 

But  the  real  and  paramount  interest  of  a  monastic 
Register,  is  in  furnishing  directly  or  collaterally  what 
may  be  considered  the  territorial  history  of  the  province. 
There  is  hardly  a  barony  in  Angus  and  Mearns  which 
does  not  receive  illustration  from  the  records  of  Arbroath ; 
scarcely  a  family  of  note  which  must  not  seek  its  early 
history  among  the  transactions  of  the  great  Abbey.  The 
more  ancient  volume  is  said  to  have  disappointed  the  gen- 
tlemen of  Angus,  who  expected  to  have  found  ancestors 
of  their  own  names  there  chronicled.  They  had  not  con- 
sidered how  many  of  our  ancient  families  went  down  in 
the  War  of  Independence  ;  how  few  of  our  present  aris- 
tocracy trace  back  beyond  the  revolution  of  families  and 
property  which  took  place  under  Bruce.  The  great  old 
Earls  of  Angus,  Fife,  and  Strathern,  are  little  more  than 
mythological  personages  to  the  modern  genealogist.  The 
De  Berkeleys,  De  Valoins,  De  Malherbes,  Mauleverers,  De 
Montealto,  De  Monteforts,  have  not  even  left  their  high- 
sounding  names  in  the  country  they  once  ruled.  Durward 
and  Gumming,  as  great  as  any  of  them,  have  fallen  into 
humble  life.  It  is  the  common  case  all  over  Scotland. 
It  is  more  surprising  that  some  families  of  the  ante- 
Brusian  magnates  of  Angus  still  flourish.  Lindsay  and 
Ramsay,  Ogilvy  and  Maule,  are  no  ignoble  representatives 
of  the  old  seignoiy.     No  such  disappointment,  however, 

^  It  will  be  observed  the  Cellarer's  de-       the  meat,  fish,  poultry,  spices,  &c.,  leav- 
paitmeut  and  "charges"  embrace  only       ing  to  the Granitar flour,  meal,  and  malt. 


172  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

can  reasonalJy  be  felt  with  regard  to  the  later  volume. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  extant  f^imilies  of  tlie  two 
shires  will  find  their  ancestry  illustrated  in  it ;  and, 
though  Carnegies  and  Guthries,  Burnetts  and  Irvines, 
and  a  few  others,  need  no  such  help,  it  may  yet  come  to 
pass  that  it  will  be  held  a  proof  of  gentry  in  Angus  and 
Mearns  to  be  able  to  point  to  an  ancestor  in  the  Chaitu- 
lary  of  Arbroath. 

KELSO. 

No  other  spot  of  Scotch  ground  has  witnessed  such 
changes  as  the  river  bank  where  Teviot  falls  into  Tweed. 
A  town  once  stood  there,  of  such  importance  as  to  form 
one  of  that  remarkable  Burgher  Parliament,  known  as 
"  the  Court  of  the  Four  Burghs  of  Scotland,"  of  which 
not  a  house,  not  a  trace,  remains.  Still  earlier,  and  long 
before  the  kindred  people  dwelling  on  the  opposite  sides 
of  the  Tweed  had  learned  to  look  on  each  other  as  ahens 
and  enemies,  the  great  Princes  of  Northumberland  had 
built  a  castle  there,  which  became  a  favourite  dwelling 
of  Earl  David,  afterw^ards  King  David  i.  Before  his 
accession  to  the  throne,  while  Prince  of  Cumberland,  and 
of  a  large  district  of  southern  Scotland,  as  well  as  after 
he  became  king,  and  while  he  ruled  in  peace  all  North- 
umbria  to  the  Tees,^  that  prince  found  Eoxburgh  a  central 
and  convenient  residence.     Even  after  southern  North- 

^  ^  The  English  chroniclers,  painting  northern  region,  all  beyond  the  Tees,  as 
vividly  the  distractions  of  southern  Eng-  enjoying  undisturbed  peace  and  pros- 
land  during  Stephen's  reign,  in  the  mid-  perity  under  the  authority  of  David  of 
die  of  the  twelfth  century,  describe  the  Scotland. -^?'o?«^07t  ;   W.  Xeubr, 


KELSO — ITS  SITUATION.  173 

umbria  had  been  severed  from  Scotland,  the  castle  con- 
tinued one  of  the  chief  royal  residences,  where  courts 
and  councils  and  parliaments  were  held,  ambassadors 
and  legates  were  entertained,  and  a  royal  mint  was 
established,  during  the  reigns  of  David's  grandsons,  and 
down  to  the  end  of  that  long  period  of  prosperity  and 
peace  which  terminated  for  Scotland  mth  the  reign  of 
King  Alexander  in}  That  old  importance  has  left  a 
traditionary  and  romantic  interest  about  Eoxburgh, 
which  has  survived  its  towers  and  walls,  and  the  very 
memory  of  its  actual  story  and  of  its  share  in  the  dis- 
asters of  later  times  ;  and  the  same  association  which  led 
the  unfortunate  prince,  whose  father  fell  in  assaulting  the 
castle,  to  adopt  the  name  for  one  of  his  heralds,  and  his 
chivalrous  son  .to  blazon  it  around  his  shield,^  still  at- 
taches to  the  green  mound  which  the  Teviotdale  peasant 
shows  as  the  site  of  "  the  Castle  of  Marchmound." 

While  the  baronial  castle  and  the  gilds  of  free  burghers 
were  each  contributing  their  share  in  the  great  work  of 
civilisation,  under  princes  like  David  and  his  successors, 
the  foundations  were  laid  of  other  institutions  still  more 
influential,  and  destined  to  be  more  enduring.  As  if 
foreseeing  that  his  favourite  valley  was  to  become,  in 
later  times,  the  field  of  arms  for  two  warhke  nations, 

^  David  received  the  cardinal-legate,  us- nothing  of  the  matter,  it  would  seem 

John  of  Crema,  at  Roxburgh,  in  1125,  that  the  chivalrous  styles  of  our  Scotch 

and  there   convened  a  council   of   the  Heralds   and  Pursuivants — Snowdoun, 

clergy.    "R.uilof  Roxburc"  wasmoneyer  Albany,   Ross,   Rothesay,   Marchmond, 

of  much  of  tlie  Scotch  currency  of  Wil-  Hay,  Carrick,  Kintyre,  Ormond,  Bute — 

liam's  reign.     At  least  four  parliaments  were    introduced    by   King   James   ill. 

or  great  national  councils  were  held  at  James  iv.'s  signet  has  the  name  |Karri)« 

Roxburgh  during  the  reigns  of  Alexander  ^q^jj  ^n  a  scroll  over  the  shield  of  the 

II.  and  Alexander  m.—Act.  Pari  i.  ^^.,^^3  ^f  Scotland. 

'  Although  our  books  of  heraldry  tell 


174  .SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

the  wise  David  had  restored  ancient,  or  planted  new 
monasteries  thickly  over  Teviotdale,  which  were  not  only 
to  spread  the  blessings  of  religion,  and  in  part  to  tame 
the  rough  Borderer,  ])ut  were  destined  to  afford  him 
sometimes  an  asylum  and  support,  when  war  had  wasted 
all  that  was  not  under  the  protection  of  the  Church. 

At  length,  the  abbeys  too  were  swept  away,  when 
they  had  fulfilled  their  destiny  ;  and  the  effect  produced 
by  the  suppression  of  such  houses  as  Kelso,  Jedburgh, 
Melrose,  and  Dryburgh,  after  four  centuries  of  power, 
was  more  than  had  been  experienced  from  the  razing  of 
the  royal  castle,  and  the  utter  disappearance  of  the 
flourishing  city. 

The  period  of  our  investigation  embraces  no  less  re- 
markable changes  in  the  population  of  that  district. 
When  the  light  of  record  first  breaks  upon  it,  we  can 
discern  dimly,  but  with  sufficient  certainty,  a  native  race 
retreating  or  sinking  into  dependency  before  the  influx 
of  predominating  strangers  of  Saxon  and  of  Norman 
lineasje.  These  new  settlers  fiofure  for  some  centuries  as 
the  feudal  lords  of  the  soil,  rivallino^  the  most  munifi- 
cent  sovereigns  in  their  benefactions  to  the  Church. 
With  them,  as  well  as  with  many  of  their  immediate 
vassals  and  of  those  of  the  Chmxh,  we  become  acquainted 
in  the  transactions  recorded  in  the  monastic  Eegisters. 
AVe  find  evidence,  also,  of  the  early  importance  of  a 
burgher  class,  and  of  the  wealth  of  many  merchants,  bm^- 
gesses  of  Koxburgh  and  still  more  of  those  of  Berwick, 
a  place  which,  before  it  became  the  unhappy  subject  of 
contention  and  war,  carried  on  the  most  extensive  com- 


I 


HARDY  CHARACTER  OF  THE  BORDERERS.     175 

merce  of  any  port  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  island, 
always  excepting  London.^  Of  the  condition  of  the 
peasantry  we  have  incidentally  some  information,  though 
more  of  the  kindly  tenants  under  the  easy  rule  of  the 
Church  than  of  the  husbandmen  and  villeins  who  tilled 
the  land  of  the  lay  lord  and  followed  him  to  battle.  But 
long  before  the  end  of  our  period,  the  great  lords  who 
once  bore  sway  on  the  marches,  the  Earls  of  Dunbar,  the 
De  Morvilles,  Balliols,  Ranulphs,  De  Vescis,  Cumins,  De 
Subs,  and  Avenels,  had,  in  their  turn,  died  out ;  and,  for 
some  centuries,  the  distracted  state  of  the  Borders  seems 
to  have  been  adverse  to  the  rise,  on  firm  footing,  of  any 
great  families  in  the  district.  Even  the  Church  could 
scarcely  hold  its  own  in  a  time  so  stormy,  and  there  was 
no  very  dominant  aristocracy  at  all  to  rival  it,  in  that 
district,  from  the  period  of  the  war  of  the  succession  to 
the  time  of  its  downfal. 

In  the  meantime,  however,  the  disturbed  state  of  the 
Border  had  given  birth  to  a  population  not  more  remark- 
able in  its  early  stages,  than  for  the  adaptation  to  varying 
fortunes  through  Avhich  it  has  arrived  at  its  present  con- 
dition. The  lower  class  of  that  population  has  furnished 
subjects  for  the  old  minstrels  who  created  the  popular  lays 
and  ballads  of  Scotland ;  and  our  great  Minstrel  has  thrown 
round  them  the  romantic  colouring  of  his  poetry.  But 
though  we  may  not  take  their  picture  of  the  stark  moss- 
trooper of  the  old  Border  days  w^ithout  abatement,  we 

^  Note  to  Tytler's  History,  n.  —  An  the  sea,  and  the  -waters  its  walls.'     In 

old  chronicler  describes  Berwick  as  "a  those  days  its  citizens  being  most  wealthy 

city    of    such   popiilonsness    and    com-  and  devout,   gave  noble   alms,   among 

merce  that  it  might  justly  be  styled  a  which,"  etc.— Lanercost,  a.D.  1266. 
second  Alexandria,  '  whose  riches  were 


170  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

have  there  the  marked  features  of  his  character,  and  can- 
not fail  to  observe  his  hardy  Ijut  j>lastic  nature  accom- 
modatinof  itself  to  Ijetter  times  :  till  the  Borderer  who, 
in  the  times  they  loved  to  dwell  upon,  would  have  been 
sung  as  the  most  daring  "  lifter  "  of  an  English  drove,  is 
noted  only  as  the  hardiest  shepherd  or  the  stoutest  hus- 
bandman among  a  peasantry  and  yeomanry  that  may 
well  bear  a  comparison  with  any. 

The  progress  to  civilisation  was  still  more  remarkaljle 
in  the  upper  class.  The  rough  leaders  of  those  Border 
hordes — "  gentle,"  undoubtedly,  after  the  style  of  Scot- 
land, but  not  in  general  men  of  noble  family,  acquired 
consequence  at  first  by  the  command  of  the  readiest 
lances  for  any  expedition  that  wanted  their  ser\dce. 
But  in  process  of  time  (when  the  old  churchmen  had 
gone  down,  who  formerly  did  the  business  of  envoys  and 
mediators),  those  ilhterate  captains  were  forced  into  a 
kind  of  diplomacy  and  management  of  international 
affairs,  from  their  very  contact  with  their  neighbours  on 
the  English  side.  From  the  same  cause,  they  were  of 
necessity  employed  in  the  mixed  military  and  judicial 
office  of  Warden  of  the  Marches  ;  and  in  emergencies 
that  often  called  for  a  ready  hand  as  much  as  a  cool 
head,  their  hardy  nurture  bore  them  bravely  upwards. 
They  rose  through  aU  commotions  and  all  changes  of 
parties.  In  the  troubled  times  that  succeeded  the  Ke- 
formation,  church  lands  were  ready  for  rewarding  their 
service  ;  and  when  the  time  of  tranquiLLity  came,  it 
found  the  children  of  adventurous  leaders  of  a  few  troops 
of  Border  lances,  not  only  among  the  old  nobihty,  but 


i 


ABBEY  CHANGED  FROM  SELKIRK  TO  KELSO. 


177 


taking  their  place,  without  effort,  among  the  foremost 
rank  of  the  nobles  of  Scotland. 

It  was  in  1113,  during  the  period  of  the  consequence 
and  prosperity  of  Roxburgh,  that  Earl  David,  the  heir- 
presumptive  of  the  crown  of  Scotland,  brought  a  little 
colony  of  thirteen  reformed  Benedictine  monks  from  the 
newly  founded  abbey  of  Tiron,  in  Le  Perche,  and  planted 
it  beside  his  forest  castle  of  Selkirk/  He  endowed  them 
with  large  possessions  in  Scotland,  and  a  valuable  terri- 
tory in  his  southern  earldom  of  Huntingdon  ;  but  the 
French  monks  were  dissatisfied  with  their  position  on 
the  banks  of  the  Ettrick  ;  and  upon  David's  accession  to 
the  throne  of  his  brother,  he  removed  them  from  Selkirk 
—-"a  place  unsuitable  for  an  abbey  "^ — and  established 
the  monastery  "  at  the  Church  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  on 
the  bank  of  the  Tweed,  beside  Roxburgh,  in  the  place 
called  Calkou." 

The  Abbey  was  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  and  St.  John 
the  Evangelist.  The  first  Abbot  was  Ralph,  one  of  the 
French  monks.  The  Scotch  chronicles  record  that  he 
succeeded  St.  Bernard,  the  reformer  of  the  Order,  who 
died  in  1116,  in  his  abbacy  of  Tiron  ;  which,  however, 


'  Simeon  of  Durham.  1113  is  most 
probably  the  true  date.  The  Chronicle  of 
Meirose  records  the  foundation  of  St. 
Bernard's  monastery  of  Tiron  in  1109,  and 
it  joins  to  that  a  memorandum  (but  with- 
out date)  that  Ralph  was  sent  from 
thence,  and  became  the  first  abbot  of 
Selkirk.  Fordun,  who  is  here  foUowing 
the  Chronicle  of  Melrose,  appears  to  have 
mistaken  the  entry,  and  asserts  that  the 
Tironensian  monks  came  to  Selkirk  in 


that  year,  a  statement,  not  only  against 
probability,  but  contrary  to  his  autho- 
rity, the  Chronicle  of  Melrose,  which 
places  the  coming  of  the  Tironensian 
monks  into  this  country  in  1113.  An- 
no M.c.xiii.  monachi  Tyronenses  vener- 
nnt  in  2^citiriam  islam. —  Chron.  deMailr. 
Fordun,  v.  36. 

2  Quia  locus  noil  erat  conveniens  Ahha- 

me. 


M 


178  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

can  scarcely  ])0  rcconcUecl  with  the  succession  of  aLljote 
as  given  by  the  French  writers.^ 

Writing  for  the  general  reader,  it  is  necessary  to  pass 
at  once  over  all  those  minute  particulars  of  local  antiqui- 
ties, which  form  the  chief  interest  to  the  intelligent  people 
of  the  district.  The  ancient  names  of  places  ;  the  Ixjund- 
aries  between  farms,  settled  by  Saint  David  in  person  ; 
the  sites  of  ancient  churches,  chapels,  castles,  granges, 
now  ruined  and  forgotten  ; — all  those  marks  of  the  ad- 
vances of  early  civilisation,  in  which  the  Abbey  Kegister 
abounds,  must  be  left  for  those  who  have  the  advan- 
tage of  local  acquaintance,  and  the  opportunity  of  read- 
ing the  charter  upon  the  groimd  to  which  it  bears 
reference.  The  time  must  come,  when  the  gentlemen 
of  Scotland  will  take  an  intelligent  interest  in  the  anti- 
quities of  their  own  districts  ;  and  our  scholars  A^-ill  be 
ashamed  to  know  less  of  the  colonizing  and  early  history 
of  Scotland  than  they  do  of  Greece  or  Italy.  All  that 
can  be  attempted  here,  is  to  notice  a  few  points  of  more 
general  interest  or  curiosity,  either  illustrated  or  sug- 
gested by  the  ancient  muniments  which  form  the  Eegister 
of  the  Abbey  of  Kelso.  ^ 

A  charter  of  Richard  Cumyn,  the  first  of  that  great 
name  in  Scotland,  records  a  donation  of  the  Church  of 
Linton-roderick  to  Kelso,  for  the  weal  of  the  souls  of 
Earl  Henry,  his  lord,  and  of  John,  his  own  son,  "  quorum 
corpora  apud  eos  tumulantui*/^  The  Earl  Hemy,  whose 
place  of  interment  is  thus  recorded,  was  the  son  of 
David  I.,  who  predeceased  his  father,   d}Tng  in   1152. 

*  Gallia  Christiana,  viii. 


HISTORICAL  CURIOSITIES.  179 

By  his  wife  Ada,  daughter  of  William  Earl  Warenne,  he 
left  three  sons,  Malcolm  and  William,  who  in  succession 
filled  the  throne,  and  David  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  the 
ancestor  of  the  later  sovereigns  of  Scotland.  Lord 
Hailes  has  alluded  to  an  unaccountable  assertion,  which 
runs  through  some  of  the  chronicles,  that  Earl  David 
was  older  than  his  brother  Wilham/  The  reason  assigned 
for  David  being  set  aside  is,  that  he  was  absent  when 
the  succession  to  the  throne  opened  by  the  death  of  his 
l)rother  Malcolm  ;  but  the  report  is  put  upon  a  different 
footing  by  the  Chartulary  of  Newbattle,  where,  upon  a 
charter  of  King  Malcolm  iv.,  witnessed  by  his  brothers 
William  and  David,  and  their  mother,  it  is  noted,  "  hoc 
est  contra  cos  qui  dixerunt,  de  tribus  filiis  comitis  Hen- 
rici,  videlicet  Malcolmo  Willelmo  et  Davide,  ipsum 
Davidem  fuisse  primogenitum  f  shoAving  that  the  re- 
port, however  groundless,  went  to  raise  David  to  the 
head  of  the  family. 

Some  historical  interest  attaches  to  the  grant  by 
Malcolm  iv.  of  the  church  of  Inverlethan.  Lord  Hailes 
used  this  charter  for  refuting  the  fable  of  the  chroniclers, 
of  Malcolm's  vow  and  practice  of  chastity ;  the  king 
himself  giving  as  a  reason  of  his  grant,  that  his  son's 
body  lay  in  the  church  of  Inverlethan  the  first  night 
after  his  death.  The  charter  is  remarkable  on  another 
ground.  For  the  cavise  already  mentioned,  the  king 
grants  to  Inverlethan  a  right  of  sanctuary,  as  fuUy  as 
was  enjoyed  by  Wedale  or  Tyningham. 

But  while  our  early  monarchs  were  thus  ready  to  aid 

•  Annals,  1152,  quoting  Wyntoun  and  Forclnn. 


180  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

the  Church  in  mitigating  the  violence;  of  a  i-ude  ago,  th(3y 
were  prepared  to  withstand  any  assumption  of  jurisdic 
tion  that  put  in  peril  the  entire  independence  of  tlie 
Crown.  On  occasion  of  a  Papal  commission  granted  to 
an  English  and  a  foreign  churchman,  for  trying  an  action 
against  the  Abbey  of  Kelso,  King  Alexander  ii.  promptly 
interfered,  and  prohibited  the  commissioners  from  pro- 
ceeding, while  he  intimated  that  anything  done  by  them 
could  have  no  effect.  The  king  conceived  he  set  forth  a 
sufhcient  ground  for  that  step  when  he  cited  the  Papal 
privilege,  "  that  causes  originating  in  our  kingdom  shall 
not  be  drawn  before  other  judges  beyond  the  kingdom." 
It  was  not  his  intention  to  question  the  right  of  appeal- 
ing to  Eome,  which  was  especially  reserved  in  the  bull 
founded  upon.^  Still  less  was  it  necessary  now,  as  his 
forefathers  had  done,^  to  assert  that  as  an  indefeasible 
right  which  the  Papal  commissioners  would  respect  more 
as  a  Papal  grace. 

After  the  monkish  fashion  of  copying  into  their  regis- 
ter whatever  excited  their  particular  interest,  whether 
connected  immediately  ^^dth  the  affairs  of  the  monaster}' 
or  no,  we  have  in  our  Chartulary  a  fine  contemporary 
copy  of  the  famous  deed  of  Edward  iii.  and  his  council, 
m  Parliament,  renouncing  all  claim  of  superiority  over 
Scotland.^     This  deed  was  formerly  a  subject  of  great 

•  The  privilege  runs  against  removing  ^  j^  jg  imperfect.     Tlie  conclusion  giv- 

suits — nisi  ad  sedem  apostoJicam,  jyro  Mis  ing  the  date  (1st  March,  an  reg.  2),  and 

duntaxat  negoliis  quce  in  regno  conmiode  the  authority  of  the  English  commis- 

terminari  non  possunt.— Bull  of  Urban  sioners  to  make  oath  for  their  king,  are 

III.  Reg.  Glasg.  69.  here  wanting. 

2  Hailes,    1181-1188,    and    the   Papal 
bulls  in  the  chartularies. 


I 


HISTORICAL  CURIOSITIES.  181 

dispute,  and  apparently  even  of  doubt.  The  Parliament 
of  Scotland  directed  a  transumpt,  or  authoritative  copy 
of  it,  to  be  made  for  preservation,  so  lately  as  1415.  An 
old  English  cln:onicler,  who  gives  the  words  of  the  deed 
faithfully  enough  (with  the  exception  of  the  solemn 
authentication — By  the  King  a7id  Council  in  Parlia- 
ment), adds,  as  a  palhation, — we  fear  rather  of  Edward's 
granting  such  a  recognition,  than  of  his  violating  it — 
"  sed  notanditm  quod  hcec  notanda  acta  sunt  anno  cetatis 
sucB  decimo  sexto."  ^ 

It  may  surprise  some  readers  to  find  a  charter  bear- 
ing the  style  of  John,  King  of  Scots,  and  dated  the  tenth 
year  of  his  reign.  John  Balliol,  whose  reign  dates  from 
his  coronation  in  November  1292,  is  generally  said  to 
have  resigned  his  kingdom  to  his  liege  lord,  Edward,  in 
July  1296.  The  Scotch  Envoy  at  Rome  in  1300  for- 
mally denied  that  transaction,  and  asserted  that  Edward, 
after  sending  Balliol  into  England  to  prison,  used  the 
seals,  which  he  had  taken  forcibly  from  the  Chancellor, 
for  fabricating  the  letters  of  resignation.^  He  maintained 
that  John  was  still  King  of  Scotland ;  and,  whatever 
may  be  the  truth  with  regard  to  Edward's  forging  Bal- 
liol's  resignation,  it  was  then  the  policy  of  Scotland,  in 
its  desperate  struggle,  to  put  forward  the  unhappy  John 
as  its  rightful  king.  We  accordingly  find  Wallace  iii 
1298,  while  taking  himself  the  style  of  "Guardian  of 
Scotland,"  acting  "  in  the  name  of  an  illustrious  prince, 

'  Lancrcost.     The  words  forming  the       written  apart  from  the  body  of  the  deed, 
conclusion  of  the  deed  in  the  Parliamen-       — Act.  Pari.  i.  226. 
tary  transcript,  per  ipsum  Regem  et  con-  2  Furdun,  xi.  63,  quoting  the  pleading 

cilium  in  parliamento,  may  have  been       of  Baldred  Bisset,  the  Scotch  Envoy  at 

Rome. 


182  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

John,  ])y  the  grace  of  God  King  of  Scots;"*  and,  in  the 
following  year,  the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  the  Earl  of 
Carrick,  and  John  Corny n,  then  Guardians,  use  the  name 
of  the  king  in  the  same  manner.^  We  here  find  that  Sir 
John  de  Soulys,  the  Guardian,  continuc^d  to  set  forth  the 
style  of  the  degraded  and  forgotten  King  John  so  late  as 
the  year  1302. 

Another  series  of  these  charters  is  of  some  historical 
interest.  It  appears  that,  under  the  doubtful  sovereignty 
of  David  ii.,  during  his  English  imprisonment,  a  certain 
Roger  de  Auldton  founded  a  chantry  in  the  church  of 
St.  James  of  Roxburgh,  which  he  endowed  mth  the  lands 
of  Softlaw  in  Teviotdale  ;  and,  on  the  same  day  appa- 
rently, granted  two  several  charters  regarding  it ;  the 
one  running — "  for  the  soul's  weal  of  a  most  excellent 
prince,  my  lord  David  King  of  Scots  f  the  other,  for  the 
weal  of  "  my  lord  King  Edward  of  England."  These 
charters  seem  to  have  been  each  presented  for  confirma- 
tion to  the  sovereign  commemorated  in  each ;  and  a 
confirmation,  engrossing  Roger's  charter  at  length,  bears 
to  be  granted  by  David  "  at  Inverkeithin,  in  our  council 
there  held,  on  the  first  day  of  April,  the  year  of  our  reign 
the  twenty-fourth,  and  a.d.  1354  ;''^  while  Edward's  con- 
firmation of  the  grant  is  in  a  charter  under  the  great  seal 
of  England,  dated  "  at  Berwick  on  the  first  day  of  May, 
the  year  of  our  reign,  of  England  the  twenty-eighth,  and 
of  France  the  fifteenth,"  L  e.,  May  1,  1354. 

^  Act.  Pari.  I.  97.  stated  one  year  short  of  the  truth.   These 

-  Ibid.  98.  charters  show  that  this  discrepancy  be- 

^  It  is  now  well  knoAvn,  that  in  all  tween  the  years  of  his   reign   and  the 

documents  after  his  return  from  Eng-  years  of  our  Lord,  existed  also  some  time 

land,  the  regnal  years  of  David  ii,  are  before  his  return  from  captivity. 


THE  DOUGLAS  ORIGIN.  183 

These  dates,  in  both  instances,  occur  in  duplicate,  and 
we  cannot,  without  much  violence,  presume  an  error  of 
the  record.  It  would  appear,  however,  that  in  neither 
case  can  the  Sovereign  have  been  present  at  the  granting 
of  the  charter  which  passes  in  his  name  and  under  his 
seal.  We  have  no  other  evidence,  nor  any  notice  by 
historians,  of  the  imprisoned  David  having  attended  a 
council  at  Inverkeithing  in  April  1354;  and  Edward 
was  undoubtedly  at  Westminster  on  the  1st  of  May  of 
that  year.  But  at  that  period,  and  for  long  after,  the 
English  practice  agreed  with  that  of  Scotland ;  and,  in 
both  countries,  the  king  was  believed  to  be  where  he 
attested  his  charter.^  The  terms  of  the  English  confir- 
mations are  also  remarkable.  They  set  forth  Edward's 
usual  style  of  "  King  of  England  and  France,  and  Lord 
of  Ireland,'^  while  the  subject-matter  is  wholly  Scotch. 
It  would  seem  as  if  the  English  monarch  considered 
Teviotdale,  at  that  time,  as  part  and  parcel  of  England.^ 
It  is  scarcely  of  less  than  historical  interest  to  endea- 
vour to  ascertain  the  early  history  of  the  family  of  Doug- 
las ;  a  race  which,  in  two  or  three  generations  of  remark- 
able men,  rose  so  high  as  to  send  its  future  chroniclers 
into  the  region  of  romance  to  seek  for  a  suitable  origin. 

Later  writers,  willing  to  escape  from  palpable  fables, 
sought  for  proofs  of  the  Douglas  origin  in  the  Kelso  Char- 
tulary.     Mr.  Chalmers  lays  it  down  as  demonstrated  by 

1  This  presumption  ceased  after  the  witnesses,  John  de  Coupland,  the  hero 

eighteenth  of  Henry  vi.  ;  subsequent  to  of  Neville's  cross,  is   set  forth  in  Ed- 

which,  the  place  where  an  English  crown  ward's    charter   as   vicecomes   iwsier  de 

charter  is  dated  affords  no  proof  that  the  Roxburgh  ;    as   if   he   considered    Rox- 

king  was  present.  burghshire  actually  an  English  county. 

-  It  Avill  be  observed  that  one  of  the 


184  SKETCHES  OF   KAKI.Y  SCOTCH    HISTOP.Y. 

him,  tliul  the  hinds  of  Doughis,  the  ancient  family  estate, 
were  first  granted  to  a  certain  Theobaldus,  a  Fleming ;  and 
that  his  son  William,  in  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century, 
first  took  the  territorial  name  of  Douglas/  In  both  posi 
tions  he  seems  to  he  mistaken.  The  lands  granted  by  the 
Abbot  to  Theobald,  though  on  the  Douglas  water,  appear, 
after  the  minutest  inquiry  into  their  ]joundaries,  not  to 
be  a  part  of  the  ancient  territory  of  Douglas  ;  ^  and  there 
is  no  proof,  nor  any  probability,  of  William  of  Douglas 
of  the  twelfth  century,  the  undoubted  ancestor  of  the 
family,  being  descended  of  the  Fleming  who  settled  on 
the  opposite  side  of  his  native  valley. 

The  materials  of  the  early  history  of  the  ParHament 
of  Scotland  are  so  scanty,  that  it  was  to  be  expected  our 
constitutional  lawyers  should  not  overlook  the  fragments 
of  Parliamentary  styles  which  have  been  preserved  on  the 
blank  leaves  of  the  Kelso  Eegister.  These  are  a  series  of 
slightly  varying  forms  of  proxies  to  Parliament,  running 
in  the  names  of  Abbots  Patrick  and  William  of  Kelso, 
and  of  a  certain  J.  de  H.,  a  lord  of  that  ilk,  and,  as  a  free 
tenant  of  the  Crown,  bound  to  give  suit  and  service  in 
Parliament.  From  the  handwriting  and  style  of  these 
writs,  they  may  be  safely  ascribed  to  the  time  of  Patrick 
and  William,  successively  abbots  in  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century  ;^  and  we  may  be  allowed  to  conjectm^e 


*  Caledonia,  i.  579  ;  followed  by  Wood  session  of  the  land  of  his  grant,  till  ac- 

in  his  Peerage.  quired  by  Sii'  William  in  1270. 

^  If  it  shall  be  thought  that  the  char-  ^  Wight,  in  his  Enquiry  into  the  Rise 

ters,  of  Polnele  in  1267-70,  convey  the  and  Progress  of  the  Parliament  of  Scot- 

same  lands,  granted  a  centiuy  before  to  land,  has  mistaken  the  age  of  the  only 

Theobaldus  Flamaticus,  it  would  folloAv  one  of  these  which  he  has  used.     His 

that  the  Douglases  were  not  in  the  pos-  argument  in  support  of  its  being  of  the 


BOUNDARIES  OF  THE  KINGDOMS.  185 

that  one,  in  wliicli  the  Abbot  sets  forth  sickness  as  the 
cause  of  his  own  absence,  is  of  date  subsequent  to  the 
Act  1425,  which  required  that  no  members  should  ap- 
pear by  proxy,  ''  but  gif  the  procuratour  alleage  there, 
and  prove,  a  lauchful  caus  of  absens."  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  all  these  styles  substitute  two  or  more  pro- 
curators for  the  absent  member  ;  and  we  find  that  more 
than  one  sometimes  actually  attended,^  showing  how 
little  the  voting  was  considered,  and  carrying  us  back  to 
the  times  when  a  seat  in  Parliament  was  felt  as  a  burden 
much  more  than  a  privilege. 

In  the  charters  of  Schottun  and  elsewhere,  we  find 
some  references  to  the  marches  of  the  kingdoms,  too 
minute  for  aU  but  the  fortunate  inquirer  who  may  trace 
"  the  rivulet  as  it  descends  by  the  chapel  of  Saint  Edel- 
red  the  virgin,  and  divides  between  the  kingdoms  of 
England  and  Scotland,  close  beside  Homeldun."  The 
attention  of  historians  and  antiquaries  has  not  been  suffi- 
ciently turned  to  the  actual  boundaries  of  the  kingdoms, 
as  they  existed  at  different  times.  Nothing  would  be 
more  important  for  the  early  history  of  Scotland  than  to 
ascertain  what  was  really  comprehended  in  the  province 
of  Lothian  ;  upon  which  some  light  might  be  thrown  by 
an  attempt  to  fix  the  successive  limits  of  the  Bishopric 
of  St.  Andrews  ;  and  it  is  by  no  means  impossible  that  a 


20th  May  1258,  loses  its  last  support,  claim  to  record-learning  or  anti(iuarian 

when  we  ascertain  that  the  Patrick  ol'  research. 
that  century   certainly  was   not   abbot 

sooner  than  September  of  that  year.  The  i  Thus  we  find  Duncan  Waleis  men- 
mistake  has  been  long  ago  pointed  out,  tioned  in  the  Parliament  of  1369,  as 
and  but  little  detracts  from  the  merit  of  "one  of  the  procurators  of  the  Earl  of 
a  valuabk'  law-book,  not  making  much  Douglas."- ^ItY.  Pod.  I.  173. 


180 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HISTORY. 


clue  to  the  geogmpliy  of  the  much  disputed  khigdc^m  of 
Cumbria  might  be  oljtained,  by  exploring  the  lKnin(hirie» 
which  separated  the  jurisdictions  of  the  Bishops  of  iJur- 
ham  and  those  of  Glasgow.  We  have  it  esta])]ished  on 
the  Ijest  evidence  the  subject  admits  of,  that  Edgar  of 
England  and  his  witan  yielded  the  province  of  Lothian 
to  Kenneth  King  of  Scotland,  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
tenth  century,  which  led  to  the  permanent  incorporation 
of  the  Scoto-Saxon  lowlands  with  the  kingdom  of  Scot- 
land proper.^  Now,  along  with  the  kingdom  of  Nor- 
thumbria,  the  patrimony  of  Saint  Cuthbert  must  have 
suffered  curtailment  ;  and  there  seem  to  be  more  mate- 
rials for  fixing  the  subsequent  limits  of  the  ecclesiastical 
than  of  the  civil  jurisdictions.^ 

Of  the  Church,  its  dues  and  its  burdens,  and  of  the  life 
of  the  clergy,  we  have  scarcely  so  much  information  from 
Kelso  as  in  most  of  the  other  chartularies.     In  a  Ijull, 


^  In  A.D.  953-971.  Ediuburgli  had 
already"  been  evacuated  by  the  English. 
See  the  admirable  translation  of  Lappen- 
berg's  A  nglo-Saxon  History  by  Thorpe, 
and  the  authorities  cited. 

2  The  folloAving  very  curious  mandate, 
recorded  in  the  Registers  of  Durham,  is 
communicated  by  the  kindness  of  the 
Rev.  J.  Stevenson.  It  is  here  printed 
entire,  in  the  hoj)e  that  it  may  excite  the 
attention  of  some  zealous  Church  anti- 
quary, who  will  perhaps  elucidate  the 
time  and  circumstances  in  which  it  has 
been  issued : — 

Prohibitio  T.  Archiepiscopi  Ehora- 
censis  clericis  de  Teuydale  que  est 
de  diocesi  Dunelmensi. 

Thomas  Dei  gratia  Ehoracensis  archi- 
ejyiscopus  Alg'  clerico  salutem.  Ipse  tihi 
ore  ad  os  prohihiii,  cum  per  te  crisma  et 
oleum  ad  Glasguensem  ecclesiam  misi,  ne 
crisma  vel  oleum  illucl  dares  inparochiam 


Dunehnensis  episcopi.  Tu  vera  illud, 
contra  defetisionem  meam,  in  Teueytedale 
dedisti,  de  qua  ecclesiam  Dunelmeiisetn 
saisitam  inveni.  Mando  igitur  tibi  el 
episcopali  ci.utoritate proliiheo  et  omnibus 
preshiteris  de  Teueyetedale  tie  de  crismxiie 
et  oleo  aliquod  ministerium  amodo  facin.- 
tis,  nisi  per  octo  dies  ioMtum  postquam 
breve  istud  videritis,  ut  interim  requirere 
2J0ssitis  cnsma  a  Dunelmensi  ecclesia  qv^ 
vdbis  illv/i  dare  solita  est.  Quod  si  post 
illos  octo  dies  de  crisma.te  qvx)d  misi,  ali- 
quam  christioMitaiem  facere  presuvipse- 
ritis,  a  divino  officio  vos  suspendo  [donee] 
diratio7iatum  sit  ad  qxiam  ecclesiam  per- 
tineat.      Valete. 

Reg.  I.  Prior,  et  Cajnt.  Dunelm.  fol. 
183.  The  old  annotator  on  Nennius, 
quoted  above  (p.  181),  speaks  ofWedale 
as  "  in  the  province  of  Lothian,  but  now 
within  the  diocese  of  the  Bishop  of  St. 
Andrews  in  Scotland." 


i 


CELIBACY  OF  THE  CLERGY.  18  7 

which  seems  to  be  of  Innocent  iv./  is  a  curious  notice  of 
what  was  perhaps  the  earliest  shape  of  dues  levied  by 
Rome  from  the  monasteries  of  Scotland,  before  the  era 
of  either  of  our  ancient  taxations  of  benefices.  We  have 
very  careful  and  solemn  settlements  regarding  the  share 
of  the  Abbey  benefices  allowed  to  the  working  clergy  : 
the  privileges  of  the  Mother  Church  in  cases  where  chapels 
were  tolerated  :  regarding  "  procurations,"  or  the  visita- 
tion dues  of  the  bishop,  archdeacon,  and  rural  dean  :  and 
fixing  that  extraordinary  exactions  were  to  be  borne 
equally  by  the  rector  (the  Abbey)  and  the  vicar.  The 
ceUbacy  of  the  clergy  was  effectually  established  by 
David  I.  among  his  other  Eoman  reforms — a  change  of 
vast  consequence  for  good  and  for  evil.  Its  first  and 
best  effect  was  to  save  the  clergy  from  becoming  a  here- 
ditary caste.  We  do  not  find,  within  the  period  of  our 
Register,  acknowledged  marriages  of  priests ;  nor,  as  in 
other  church  records,  proofs  of  their  sons  succeeding  to 
their  livings.  But  we.  have  here  abundant  occurrences 
of  the  sons  of  clergymen  appearing  along  with  their 
fathers,  and  plainly  taking  their  rank  and  style  from 
them.  About  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
the  Abbot  confirmed  to  John,  the  son  of  the  Dean  of 
Stobhou,  the  land  of  Corroc,  which  his  father  had  held  of 
the  Abbey.  The  Abbot's  words  are  peculiar — "  We  re- 
ceive him  as  his  fathers  lieii*."^ 

It   may  be   presumed   the  convent  scribe  entered, 
rather  as  a  model  than  as  having  any  authority  within 

1  The  pontificate  is  gathered   partly       bishops  and  kings  of  Scotland  given  in 
from  the  enumeration  of  the  Pope's  pi'e-       the  bull, 
decessors,    and    from    the    list   of   the  -  "  In  heredem  ejus  recepimus." 


188  .SKIOTCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HI8T0KY. 

the  Abbey  territory,  tlie  two  Bummonses  of  the  Bishop" 
of  Durhum  agjiinst  liereties.  No  register  of  Bishop  Wal- 
ter Skirhiw  is  preserved  at  Durham ;  and  concerning 
James  Notyngham,  Kobert  Roxburgh,  and  J<jhn  Witliljy, 
"piiests,  heavily  suspected  of  perverse  and  erroneous 
doctrine,  and  opposed  to  the  Cathohc  faith,"  we  may  only 
conjecture  that  they  were  some  of  the  clergy  imbued  ^vith 
WyclifFe's  opinions,  which  were  then  beginning  to  spread 
in  the  north  of  England. 

The  Register  of  Kelso  affords  a  great  deal  of  informa- 
tion regarding  the  occupation  of  the  soil,  and  the  manner 
of  its  culture ;  and  we  are  enabled  to  form  a  tolerably 
complete  idea  of  the  state  of  the  population  and  the  whole 
scheme  of  rural  life,  at  least  as  it  existed  under  the  kindly 
shelter  of  the  Church.  We  have  a  ghmpse  even  of  the  ' 
mystery  of  rents  and  prices,  the  value  of  land  and  of 
labour,  in  Teviotdale  in  the  thirteenth  centur}^ 

At  the  period  of  a  Rent  Roll  engrossed  in  the  Register, 
or  about  the  year  1290,^  a  great  part  of  their  ample  lands 
and  baronies  were  held  by  the  monks  "  in  dominie  o,"  in 
their  o\vn  hands,  and  cultivated  (by  then-  ^olleins,  doubt- 
less) from  their  several  granges,  as  at  Reveden,  Sprouston, 
Molle,  Faudon,  Witemer,  Witelaw,  Bolden.  The  land  so 
held  they  measured  in  ploughlands  where  arable,  and  by 
the  number  of  sheep  it  maintained  where  pasture.  We 
must  not  judge  of  a  plough  of  the  monks  by  our  modem 
notions,  or  fill  it  in  our  fancy  mth  a  pair  of  quick-stepping 
Tweedside  horses.     The  Scotch  plough  of  the  thirteenth 

1  Lord  Hailes,  mistaking  the  date  of  certainly  was  A-ery  near  the  year  men- 
Abbot  Richard's  accession,  has  slightly  tioned  inthe  text. — Miscellaneous  Oca'r- 
mistaken  the  period  of  the  rent-roll.     It       rences,  1205. 


I 


SHEEP,  CATTLE,  AND  BROOD  MARES.  189 

century  (and  for  three  centuries  afterwards)  was  a  pon 
derous  machine  drawn  by  twelve  oxen,  whether  all  used 
at  once,  or  by  two  relays ;  so  that  for  the  five  ploughs  of 
Eeveden  they  had  sixty  oxen  ;  and  we  do  not  wonder  at 
finding  pasture  for  those  work  cattle  set  down  as  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  produce.  On  their  land  they  reared 
oats,  barley,  and  wheat,  as  their  successors  do.  They 
made  their  hill  pasture  afibrd  them  hay,  by  removing 
their  sheep  from  a  portion  of  it  at  one  season  of  the  year. 
They  had  wagons  for  their  harvest  work,  and  wains  of 
some  sort  for  bringing  peats  from  the  moss.^  Some  time 
later,  the  Abbot's  wains  were  usually  sent  for  commo- 
dities to  Berwick,  and  had  a  special  resting-place  allotted 
them  upon  "  the  bourn  bra,  south  from  the  vedryng 
meadow,"  in  the  lands  of  Simpring ;  but  perhaps  that 
road  was  not  at  the  time  of  the  rental  passable  for  wheel 
carriao^es.^ 

The  monks  had  large  flocks  of  sheep — fourteen  scores 
of  ewes  in  Reveden;  500  in  Colpinliope  "beyond  the 
march,"  with  200  dinmonts ;  300  hogs  in  Sprouston  ; 
300  dinmonts  in  Altonburn  of  Molle  ;  700  wedders  in 
Berehope,  which  were  to  be  removed  for  a  month  in 
summer,  when  they  were  to  have  pasture  in  Molhope  ; 
1000  ewes  in  Ne^vton  ;  300  lambs  at  Malcarveston,  etc. 
— more  than  6600  enumerated,  besides  "two  flocks"  of 
wedders  at  Witelaw. 

1  The  Abbey  liad    from  the   land   of  ^  We  find,  however,  that  tlie  venders 

Molle  rods  for  repairing  their  wagons,  of  fish  and  other  commoilities  at  Kelso, 

as  it  would  seem,  though  the  word  is  and  at  the  fairs  of  Roxburgh,  brought 

I   generally  used  in    old  Scotch  chartei-s  them  thither  both  in  wagons  (quaiMgis) 

j  for  ploughs— rtr<7as  pro  reparatione  car-  and  on  horseback,  as  early  as  the  time  of 

■    rncarinn.  William  the  Lion. 


100  HKETCIIE.S  OF  EARLY  SCOTCU  HISTORY. 

It  would  rather  seem  that  the  moiik.s  did  not  rear 
l)la(*k  catth;  in  considerable  number.  The  oxen  men- 
tioned, on  their  })astures  were  mostly  those  used  in 
their  ploughs.  But  at  Witelaw  they  had  a  herd  of 
fourscore  cows,  and  smaller  herds  in  other  places  ;  and 
they  had  60  swine  pasturing  in  Ne^vton. 

So  early  as  the  twelfth  century,  the  monks  had  a 
grant  from  Odenel  de  Umfravil,  lord  of  Prudhoe,  of  the 
tithe  colts  of  his  haraz,  or  stud  of  brood  mares  ;  ex- 
tended by  his  descendants  to  the  tenth  colt  of  the  mares 
which  pastured  in  their  forest  westward  of  Cotteneshop. 
The  monks  put  their  brand  on  those  tithe  colts,  which 
were  then  allowed  to  follow  their  dams  in  the  Umfravils' 
forest  till  they  were  two  years  old. 

We  have  here  Some  indications  of  the  pre^aous  exist- 
ence of  a  system  which  must,  in  all  likelihood,  have  been 
the  earliest  mode  of  land  tenancy  everywhere  ;  when  the 
occupier  of  the  ground,  not  yet  possessed  of  capital 
enough  of  his  own,  hired,  along  with  his  farm  from  the 
landlord,  the  cattle,  seed,  and  stock,  required  for  culti- 
vating it.  This  system,  which  is  still  remembered  among 
us  by  the  name  of  steel-hov:,  seems,  at  the  time  of  the 
rental,  to  have  felt  the  effects  of  a  long  period  of  national 
prosperity,  when  the  tiller  of  the  ground  had  risen  in 
circumstances,  and  was  enabled  to  cultivate  his  farm 
with  his  owTL  stock.  "Formerly,"  says  the  rent-roll, 
"  each  husbandman  of  Keveden  took  with  his  land,  Stttf)t, 
namely,  two  oxen,  a  horse,  three  chalders  of  oats,  six  bolls 
of  barley,  and  three  of  wheat.  But  when  Abbot  Eichard 
commuted  their  ser^dces  into  money,  they  gave  up  their 


STEEL  BOW. 


191 


S'ttti&t,  and  each  paid  for  his  land  yearly  eighteen  shil- 


lings/ 


As  a  fair  specimen  of  the  rate  at  which  the  Abbey 
tenants  sat,  we  may  take  the  rental  of  the  barony  of 
Bolden,  which  was  considered  as  the  model  of  the  Abbey 


1  Of  the  word  stuht,   wliicli  is  here 
plainly  equivalent  to  "  steel-bow  goods," 
it  is  feared  no  further  explanation  can 
be  ventured  ;  and  we  must  rest  satisfied 
with  the  account  given  by  Dr.  Jamieson 
in  the  supplement  to  his  Dictionary,  who 
connects  it  with  the  Gaelic  stui/i,  "stuff." 
The  subject  of  ''  steel-bow  goods"  is  in- 
teresting to  the  legal  antiquary.     Stair 
describes  them  as  "  goods  set  with  lands 
upon  these  terms,  that  the  like  number 
of  goods  shall  be  restored  at  the  issue  of 
the  tack,"    An  early  indication  of  this 
custom  is  found  in  the  most  ciirious  of 
Anglo-Saxon  law  relics,  the  Rectitudines 
singularum  pcrsonarum  (Thorpe's  An- 
cient Lavjs  and  Inst,  of  England,  i.  434), 
where,  in  the  chapter  of  Oebiires  gerihte 
— "  the  boor's   rights"— it  is   thus   de- 
scribed— On  tliam  sylficm  landc  the  theos 
rceden  on-stcent  gebure  gebyreth  that  him 
man  to  land-setene  sylle  2  oxan  d;  1  etc 
d'  6  sceajj  <ۥ  7  cc.ceras  gesaioeneon  his 
gyide  landes.  forthige  ofer  that  yearealle 
gerihtu  the  him  togebyrigean,  <&  sylle  him 
man  tol  to  his  weorce  d'  andlaman  to  his 
huse.      Thonne  him  forth-sith  gebyrige 
gyyne his hlaford  thajshe  Iccfe. — "On  that 
same  land  where  this  custom  holds,  it 
falls  to  the  boor  that  there  be  given  to 
him  at  the  setting  of  the  land  two  oxen 
and-  one  cow  and  six  sheep  and  seven 
acres  sown  in  his  rood  of  land.     (He  is 
to  fulfil  after  that  year  all  the  obligations 
which  attach  to  him) ;  and  there  are  to 
be  given  to  him  tools  for  his  work,  and 
furniture  to  his  house.     When  death  be- 
falls him,  let  the  lord  take  what  he  may 
have  left." 
I       Of  a  custom  so  ancient  and  so  wide- 
!   spread,  it  is  interesting  to  observe  how 
remarkably  it  has  retained  its  iron  ap- 
(  pellation  in  other  languages  as  well  as 


our  own,  in  reference,  we  must  suppose, 
to  the  enduring  nature  of  the  cattle  or 
goods  q\u.e  non  jpereunt  domino.    We  find 

them  styled  ei^ern  »ie^,  ^tat;tine  t)ie^, 

^tat;tinen  !u^,  "  iron  or  steel  cattle," 
in  the  old  German  law-books  ;  bestia 
ferri,  "beste  defer,"  in  old  law  Latin 
and  French  {Besold.  thesaur.—Bucange, 
etc.) ;  and  the  tenure  still  known  in 
French  law  by  the  name  of  Cheptel  de 
fer.  The  Code,  treating  "Du  cheptel 
donne  par  le  proprietaire  a  son  fermier  " 
uses  the  ancient  phrase, — "Ce  cheptel, 
aussi  appele  cheptel  defer,  est  celui  par 
lequel  le  proprietaire  d'une  metairie  la 
donne  a  ferme,  a  la  charge  qu'a  1' expira- 
tion du  bail,  le  fermier  laissera  des  bes- 
tiaux  d'une  valeur  egale  au  prix  de 
I'estimation  de  ceux  qu'il  aura  regus." 

The  Scotch  term  steel-bow,  being  thus 
plainly  equivalent  to  the  ^ta^tine  'oU^, 

bestia  ferri,  ^iai)Hmn  tn\)  unb  ^cl;aafe, 

of  the  continental  lawyers  ;  the  last 
member  of  the  phrase  is  perhaps  to  be 
found  in  the  Scotch  word  bow,  formerly 
used  for  a  herd  of  cattle  (from  whence 
botoer  and  bowing,  applied  to  a  particular 
tenure  of  pasture  land),  as  the  lines  of 
Virgil  {^n.  vii.  485)  :— 

c(  Tyrrhcusque  pater  cui  regia  parent 
Armenia  et  late   ciistodia  credita 

campi : 
are  translated  by  Douglas — 

<c  Tyrrheus  thar  fader  was  fee  master 

and  gyde 
Of  studdis,  flokkis,  bonds,  and  heirdis 

wide  ;" 
unless  we  are  satisfied  with  the  more 
general  German  word  bciU,  which  may 
express  any  sort  of  cultivation  ;  giving 
as  the  translation  of  steel-boio,  cultvs 
ferrevs. 


192  8KET(.'IIE8  OF   I^AKLV  .SCJOTCJl   If ISTOKN  . 

lands  ill  regard  to  Bei'vices.  The  monks  had  twenty- 
eiglit  huslxmd  lands  there,  each  of  which  paid  y^-arly  six 
shillings  and  eightpence  of  rent  in  money,  and  the  fol- 
lowing services  : — 

Four  days'  reaping  in  harvest,  the  husljandman  \vdth 
his  wife  and  all  their  family  ;  and  a  fifth  day,  the  hus- 
bandman with  two  other  men  ; 

One  day,  carting  peats  from  Gordon  to  the  Pullis, 
and  one  cart-load  {plaiistrum)  yearly,  from  the  Pullis  to 
the  Abbey ; 

The  service  of  a  man  and  horse  to  and  from  Berwick 
once  a  year ;  and  on  this  occasion  they  were  to  have 
their  food  from  the  monastery.  (The  husbandmen  of 
Reveden  were  bound  each  to  give  carriage  mth  one  horse 
from  Berwick,  weekly  during  summer,  and  a  day's  work 
on  their  return — or,  if  they  did  not  go  to  Berwick,  tw^o 
days'  tillage).  In  these  services  of  carriage,  a  horse's 
load  was  three  bolls  of  corn,  or  tw^o  bolls  of  salt,  or  one 
and  a  half  bolls  of  coals  ;  or  somewhat  less  in  winter  ; 

To  till  an  acre  and  a  half,  and  to  give  a  day's  harrow- 
ing with  one  horse  yearly ; 

To  find  a  man  for  the  sheep-washing  and  one  for  the 
sheep-shearing, — these  w^ere  to  be  fed  from  the  monas- 
tery ; 

To  serve  with  a  wagon  one  day  yearly,  for  carrying 
home  the  harvest ; 

All  were  bound  to  carry  the  Abbot's  wool  from  their 
barony  to  the  Abbey  ;  and  to  find  carriages  across  the 
moor  to  Lesmahagow.  m 

In  such  transactions  with  the  labourers  of  the  soil, 


\ 


RURAL  SERVICES — MULTURES.  193 

we  perceive  the  chief  opening  for  escape  from  villenage 
or  hereditary  servitude,  for  which  "  the  air  of  Britain  was 
too  pure  ;"  and  which  died  out  among  us  Avithout  exer- 
tion of  the  Legislature.^  Whether  any  ceremony  or  act 
of  emancipation  took  place,  we  cannot  now  perhaps  de- 
termine ;  but  it  is  manifest  that  both  those  classes  of 
tenants  were  virtually  and  effectually  freed  from  servitude. 
The  covenant  of  a  limited  portion  of  service  implies  that 
the  rest  was  free. 

Last  of  all  were  the  great  Church  vassals,  who  held  a 
place  only  second  to  the  baronage  and  freeholders  of  the 
Crown.  These  were  chiefly  in  the  territory  of  Lesma- 
hagow.  They  had  their  lands  free  from  all  service,  and 
(by  license  of  the  Abbot)  had  courts  of  Bloodwit  and 
Byrthensak,  and  petty  causes.^  They  had  "  merchet''  for 
the  marriages  of  their  vassals'  daughters,  and  paid  to  the 
A-bbot  "  merchet"  for  the  marriage  of  their  awn. 

In  the  very  earliest  of  these  charters  there  are  grants 
concerning  mills,  showing  that  the  system  of  thirlage  was 
3ven  then  introduced  ;  and  their  curiously  minute  regu- 
lations of  precedency  at  the  mill,  and  pa5riiient  of  mul- 
tures, prove  the  early  ingenuity  with  which  this  piece 
)f  feudal  oppression  was  enforced  against  all  but  the 
orivileged. 

At  the  period  of  the  rental  (a.d.  1290),  the  mill  of 
Bolden,  with  its  thirlage,  gave  eight  merks  of  yearly 

1  One  shape   of  slavery,   indeed — the  2  But  in  each  case  it  was  provided — 

ervitude  of   colliers   and  salters — was  Si  sanguis  ejfxisits  fuent  in  terra  ejus, 

•bolished  by  statutes  so  late  as  1775  and  ipse  forisfactum    hahehit   de  hominibiis 

799.      That    was  not  a   continuation,  suis,   et  nos  de    hominibus   nosti-is,   so 

'carcely  a  legitimate  descendant,  of  the  important  was  the  revenue  derived  from 

|>rimeval  villenage.  —.Se^  Apjioidix.  escheats  and  tines  of  court. 

N 


194  SKETCHES  OF  KAKLY   Si'DTCH  irfSTDKY. 

rent.  Four  brewing  Ikjuhcs  \V(*r('  let  for  t(.'ii  shillings 
each,  and  were  ])Oun(]  to  supply  ale  to  the  Aljbot  at  the 
rate  of  a  gallon  and  a,  half  for  a  penny.  The  Abbot  had 
from  each  house  of  the  barony  a  hen  at  Chnstmas, 
which  was  worth  a  halfpenny. 

The  land  of  Abbots  Selkirk,  which  was  a  plough-gate 
and  a  half,  used  to  give  ten  merks  of  rent.  4 

The  Abbey  had  hostilages  and  mansions  in  many 
burghs,  j)erhaps  to  enable  their  Abbot  or  his  representa- 
tives to^  attend  the  king's  court  during  the  royal  pro- 
gresses. It  had  valuable  fishings,  and  others  of  so  little 
value,  yet  so  carefully  guarded  by  charters,  as  almost  to 
lead  to  the  belief  that  the  monks  esteemed  some  sort  of 
fishing  for  sport. ^ 

We  are  not  informed  of  what  materials  the  bridge  of 
Ettrick  was  constructed,  for  the  support  of  which  King 
Alexander  ii.  gave  the  monks  a  grant  of  land,  and  where 
the  Abbot  afterwards  held  his  courts  of  regalitv^ ;  but  we 
have  a  very  formal  transaction  recorded,  for  leave  to 
build  a  bridge  across  the  rivulet  of  Blackburn,  and  to  j 
have  passage  for  carts  and  wagons  to  and  fro  ;  and  w« 
find  the  bridge  was  designed  to  be  of  stone,  in  the  middL 
of  the  thirteenth  century — an  early  instance  for  Scot 
land,  and  marking  considerable  progress  in  the  aits,  i 
the  stream  is  of  any  size.  I 

AU  the  Abbey  tenants  and  vassals  were  probabb 
bound  to  relieve  the  Abbey  of  the  military  and  othe    J 

'  In  the  first  charter  to  the  Abbey,  right  that  would  now  be  held  of  littl 

the  founder  granted  the  monks  the  fish-  value,  save  by  the  lover  of  the  angle.   1 

ing  of  the  Selkirk  waters — aquas  vieo^  must  have  been  of  more  consequenci 

de  SeleehircJie  communes  ad  piscandum  however,  when  the  lower  water  was  le: 

suis  propriis  piscatorihus   ut   imis ;    a  closelv  fished. 


MILITARY  SERVICES.  195 

public  services.  We  find  this  expressly  provided  in  the 
case  of  the  husbandmen  of  Bolden  ;  and  with  regard  to 
the  lands  of  Prestfield,  which  in  1327  were  found  by  an 
assize  to  be  four  husband-lands  ;  to  be  parcel  of  the 
barony  of  Bolden  ;  and  bound  to  provide  a  nian-at-arms, 
who  should  be  the  captain  of  thirty  archers,  found  by  the 
barony. 

Although  richer  in  notices  of  the  rural  population, 
the  Abbey  Chartulary  is  not  devoid  of  information  regard- 
ing the  class  of  burghers,  such  as  they  existed  in  those 
burghs  of  second  rank  which  enjoyed  privileges  under 
the  authority  of  some  of  the  great  lords  of  the  Church. 
Kelso  was  one  of  this  class,  and  there  are  some  amusing 
instances,  as  early  as  the  reign  of  William  the  Lion,  of 
the  jealousy  with  which  the  royal  burgh  of  Eoxburgh  pro- 
itected  its  privileges  of  fair,  and  right  of  trading,  against 
the  Abbot's  pretty  village  on  the  other  side  of  the  river. 

The  Abbey  of  Kelso,  the  first  and  perhaps  the  richest 
of  the  Sainted  David's  monasteries,  freed  from  aU  epis- 
copal jurisdiction  and  dues,^  itself  enjoying  the  privileges 
of  the  mitre  and  crozier,  took  precedency  among  the 
.monasteries  of  Scotland  second  only  to  the  Priory  of  St. 
'Andrews.  It  was  not,  indeed,  until  the  reign  of  James  i. 
that  priority  of  place  in  parliaments  and  councils,  above 
the  Abbot  of  Kelso  and  all  other  prelates  (after  bishops), 
was-  adjudged  to  the  Prior  of  St.  Andrews,  not  on  ac- 
count of  the  antiquity  of  the  foundation,  but  plainly  by 
reason  of  his  connexion  with  the  primal  see.^ 

1  Ab  mnni  s\(hjectione  episcopali  et  ex-        dently  niisunderstands  tlic  arguments  he 

rictione  libera.  reports.     Without  reckouiug  the  foun- 

■  Fordun,  vi.  49;    whore  Bower  evi-        datious  of  Ouldees,  of  remote  and  ob- 


11)0  SKKTCllE.S  OF  EARLY  SC(yrcIl  lilSTOKV. 

Thus  foremost  in  rank  and  2)0wer,  the  monks  of  Kelso 
vindicated  their  place  by  their  practice  of  the  monastic 
virtues.  We  find  their  charity  and  hospitality  early 
acknowledged  by  their  diocesans,  impartial  witnesses,  of 
the  opposite  faction,  and  with  some  cause  for  jealousy  of 
the  independent  regulars.  We  may  see  them,  in  the 
transactions  here  recorded,  as  the  liberal  landlords  of  a 
vast  domain,  stimulating  and  aiding  their  people  towards 
emancipation  and  true  independence. 

Good  landlords  and  good  neighljours,  hospitable 
and  charitable,  when  the  time  of  trouble  came  in  the 
War  of  Independence,  we  find  them  the  objects  of 
general  sympathy.  After  peace  had  been  in  some 
measure  restored  by  the  vigour  of  Bruce,  John,  Bishop 
of  Glasgow,  expresses  his  sorrow  that  "  the  Benedictine 
monastery  of  Saint  Mary  of  Calchow,  which  used  to  show 
a  liberal  hospitality  to  all  who  crowded  thither,  and  lent 
a  helping  hand  to  the  poor  and  needy,  being  situated  on 
the  confines  of  the  kingdoms,  through  the  hostile  incur- 
sions and  long-continued  war  of  the  countries,  is  now 
impoverished,  spoiled  of  its  goods,  and  in  a  sort  desolate." 
The  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  William  of  Lamberton,  who 
had  himself  experienced  so  many  of  the  mischiefs  of  the 
civil  war,  in  the  preamble  to  a  grant  in  their  favour, 
speaks  with  equal  commiseration  of  our  Kelso  monks — 
"  Seeing  that  the  Monastery  of  Saint  Mary  of  Kelcho,  on 
the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland,  is,  through  the 
common  war  and  the  long  depredation  and  spoiling  of 

scure  antiquity,  the  Abbey  of  Scone  and  either  St  Andrews  or  Kelso.  The  con- 
the  Priory  of  Coldingham,  at  least,  were  troversy,  therefore,  cannot  have  t\;rned 
earlier    foxindations    of    regulars    than        upon  mere  antiquity. 


THE  ABBEY  BUILDINGS.  197 

goods  by  fire  and  rapine,  destroyed,  and,  we  speak  it 
with  grief,  its  monks  and  '  conversi'  wander  over  Scot- 
land, begging  food  and  clothing  at  the  other  religious 
houses — in  which  most  famous  monastery  the  service  of 
God  used  to  be  celebrated  with  multitude  of  persons, 
and  adorned  with  innumerable  works  of  charity ;  while 
it  sustained  the  burdens  and  inconvenience  of  crowds 
flocking  thither  of  both  kingdoms,  and  showed  hos- 
pitality to  all  in  want — whose  state  we  greatly  compas- 
sionate," etc. 

The  beautiful  and  somewhat  singular  architecture  of 
the  ruined  church  of  Kelso  Abbey  still  gives  proof  of 
taste  and  skill  and  some  science  in  the  builders,  at  a 
period  which  the  confidence  of  modern  times  has  pro- 
claimed dark  and  degraded ;  and  if  we  could  call  up  to 
the  fancy  the  magnificent  Abbey  and  its  interior  decora- 
tions, to  correspond  with  what  remains  of  that  ruined  pile, 
we  should  find  works  of  art  that  might  well  exercise  the 
talents  of  high  masters.  Kelso  bears  marks  of  having 
been  a  full  century  in  building  ;  and  during  all  that  time 
at  least,  perhaps  for  long  afterwards,  the  carver  of  wood, 
the  sculptor  in  stone  and  marble,  the  tile-maker  and  the 
lead  and  iron-worker,  the  painter,  whether  of  Scripture 
stories  or  of  heraldic  blazonings,  the  designer  and  the 
worker  in  stained  glass  for  those  gorgeous  windows  which 
we  now  vainly  try  to  imitate — must  each  have  been  put 
in  requisition,  and  each,  in  the  exercise  of  his  art,  con- 
tributed to  raise  the  taste  and  cultivate  the  minds  of  the 
inmates  of  the  cloister.  Of  many  of  these  works  the 
monks  themselves  were  the  artists  and  artisans. 


1I>H  SKETCHES  ()V  EAltLV   SCOTCH  HISTOIIV. 

The  Abbey  buildiii^^s  of  Kelsu  must  liave  .sufiered 
severely  at  several  periods  (jf  its  history.  We  have  seen 
the  melancholy  state  to  which  the  convent  was  reduced 
during  the  War  of  Independence  ;  and  subsequent  wars 
with  England,  which  always  fell  heavy  on  the  Bordei"s, 
must  have  rendered  necessary  more  than  one  refitting  of 
its  buildings.  But  those  church  walls  of  massy  stone 
were  not  easily  obliterated.  The  solidity  of  their  struc- 
ture was  proved  when  the  English  forces  under  the  Earl 
of  Hertford  made  that  ferocious  foray,  in  which  the 
Church  was  no  more  sacred  than  the  com  and  cottage  of 
the  unarmed  peasant.  The  leaders  of  the  expedition 
describe  it  themselves,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  King 
of  England: — "From  the  Campe  at  Kelso,  the  11th  of 
September  1545,  at  night." ^ 

"  Please  it  youre  Eoyall  Majestic  to  luiderstand  that 
uppon  Wensdaye  at  two  of  the  clock  at  after  none,  I 
thErll  of  Hertford,  with  youre  Highnes  armye,  did  slityy^ 
here  afore  Kelso  ;  and  ymediatly  uppon  our  arryvall  a 
certen  nombre  of  Spanyardes,  without  myn  appoyntment, 
gave  of  their  owTie  courage  an  assault  with  their  harque- 
buces  to  the  Abbey ;  but  when  I  percey\^ed  the  same  to 
be  to  lytell  purpose  for  the  wynning  of  yt,  I  caused  them 
to  retyere,  and  thought  best  to  somon  the  hous,  whiche 
I  did  furtliAvithe  ;  and  such  as  were  ^^dthin  the  same, 
being  in  nombre  about  an  hundred  persons,  Scottishemen 
(whereof  twelve  of  them  were  monkes),  perswaded  vdth 
their  own  foUye  and  wilfulnes  to  kepe  yt,  whiche  no  man 
of  any  consideration  of  the  daungier  they  were  yn,  the 

'  state  Tapers,  v. 


4 


DESTRUCTION  OF  KELSO.  199 

thing  not  being  tenable,  wolde  have  don,  did  refuse  to 
rendre  and  delyver  it.  Wheruppon  I  caused  the  same 
to  be  approched  out  of  hande  with  ordnaunce,  and  within 
an  hower  or  lytell  more  made  a  grett  breche ;  and  the 
Spanyardes,  whiche  had  byn  at  yt  before,  desyryng  the 
assaulte,  which  I  graunted  theym,  did  enter  the  church e 
at  the  breche,  and  haundeled  yt  so  sharpely,  that  the 
Scottes  were  by  and  by  dryven  into  the  steple,  whiche  was 
of  good  strenght,  and  the  waye  to  theym  so  narrowe  and 
dangerous,  that  the  night  being  at  hand,  althoughe  they 
had  wonne  the  churche,  and  all  the  house  in  effect  saving 
that  steple,  yet  they  were  forced,  by  reason  of  the  night, 
to  leave  the  assaulte  till  the  next  morning,  setting  a 
goode  watche  all  niglite  aboute  the  house ;  whiche  was 
not  so  well  kept  but  that  a  dosen  of  the  Scottes,  in  the 
darke  of  the  night,  escaped  out  of  the  house  by  ropes, 
out  at  back  wyndowes  and  corners,  with  no  l3rtell  daun- 
gier  of  their  Ijrv^es.  When  the  daye  came,  and  the  steple 
eftsones  assaulted,  yt  was  ymediatly  wonne,  and  as  many 
Scottes  slayne  as  were  within  ;  and  som  also  that  fledde 
in  the  night  were  taken  abrode.  Of  the  Spanyardes  were 
loste  not  past  three  or  4,  whiche  were  kylled  with  the 
Scottes  hacbutiers,  at  the  first  assaulte  given  afore  the 
breche  was  made,  and  one  or  two  Englishe  men  hurte, 
whereof  Henry  Isam,  servaunt  to  me  Sir  Henry  Knyuet, 
was  one. 

"  Yesterday e  all  daye,  intending  to  procede  to  the 
makyng  of  a  fortresse  of  the  said  Abbey  (as  I  the  saide 
Erie  have  before  advertysed  that  I  \\olde,  yf  uppon  the 
viewe  of  the  place  the  same  were  fesil)le),  we  devised 


200  SKETCHKS  OF  EAKLY  SCOTCH  lil.STOKV. 

theruppoii  with  the  Italion  fortifier  that  ys  here,  Archani, 
and  the  master  mason  of  Berw  ik  ;  and  when  we  had 
spente  all  the  day  theraboutes,  we  found  the  tiling  so 
difficult e,  that,  in  our  pore  opynyons,  yt  seemeth  impos- 
sible to  be  done  within  the  tyme  that  we  can  tarrye  about 
ytt,  for  the  causes  folowyng  ;" 

Among  the  reasons  given  for  not  fortifying  Kelso, 
are  the  following  : — "  We  fynde  there,  so  great  and  super- 
fluous buildinges  of  stone,  of  gret  height  and  cii'cuit, 
aswell  about  the  churche  as  the  lodginges,  whiche,  to 
make  any  convenyent  fortresse  there,  must  of  force  be 
down  and  avoyded,  that  the  taking  downe  and  advoyd- 
ing  therof  only,  woll  axe  at  the  leeste  two  moneths ; 
and  yf  the  same  shuld  be  taken  downe  and  not  advoyded, 
the  heapes  of  stone,  besides  the  confusion  of  the  matier, 
shuld  remaine  an  enemye  to  the  fortresse  ;  and  to  make 
the  fortresse  so  large  as  shuld  conteyne  all  those  super- 
fluous buildinges,  shuld  be  suche  a  confused  and  longe 
worke  as  can  not  be  perfected  in  a  great  tyme.  .  .  . 
Also  by  reason  that  the  water  of  Twede  ryseth  many 
t3rm.es  sodenly,  we  cannot  have  [victuelles]  brought  unto 
us  when  we  wolde ;  wherof  we  had  a  good  experyens 
on  the  day  of  our  marching  hither ;  for  when  the  vaunt 
garde  and  the  moste  parte  of  the  battell  was  passed  over 
Twede,  the  water  rose  so  sodenly,  that  the  rereward  could 
not  passe,  and  drowned  some  of  their  carriages ;  by 
meane  wherof  the  rereward  was  fayne  to  marche  on 
th'other  syde  of  the  r5rv^er,  till  they  came  aga}Tist  our 
campe  on  this  side,  and  so  to  encampe  theym  silfes  as 
strongly  as  they  coulde  agaynst  us,  the  ryver  being  be 


ABBEY  DEFACED.  201 

tweene  us ;  and  the  next  mornyng,  the  water  being  fallen, 
they  came  over  to  us.  This  experyens  we  had  of  this 
ryver ;  and  yet  the  wether  was  as  fayre  as  was  possible, 
and  no  likelyhod,  nor  no  man  wolde  have  thought  that 
yt  coulde  have  rysen  so  sodenly.  ...  On  th'other  side 
of  the  water,  even  hard  by,  ys  a  gret  hill  called  Maxwell 
hughe,  whiche  may  beate  the  house,  and  ys  an  exceding 
great  enemye  to  the  same.  And  besides  all  this,  the 
soyle  hereaboutes  is  suche,  and  so  sandye  and  bryttell 
earthe,  that  we  can  find  no  turfe  any  thing  nere  hand  to 
buylde  withall ;  and  the  ground  about  the  house  ys 
suche  a  hard  gravell,  that  without  a  countermure  of  stone, 
yt  woll  not  serve  to  make  the  ditches,  whiche  woll  axe 
a  long  tyme." 

After  weighing  all  which,  the  English  leaders  come 
to  the  resolution  "  to  rase  and  deface  the  house  of  Kelso, 
so  as  th^ enemye  shal  have  lytell  commoditie  of  the  same, 
and  to  remain  encamped  here  for  five  or  six  dayes,  and 
in  the  meane  season  to  devaste  and  burne  all  the  country 
hereabouts  as  farr  as  we  maye  with  our  horsemen.  As 
to  morrowe  we  intend  to  send  a  good  bande  of  horsemen 
to  Melrosse  and  Dryburghe  to  burne  the  same,  and  all 
the  cornes  and  villages  in  their  waye,  and  so  daylie  to 
do  some  exploytes  here  in  the  Mershe,  and  at  th'end  of 
the  said  5  or  6  dayes  to  remove  our  campe,  and  to 
marche  to  Jedworthe,  to  burne  the  same,  and  thus  to 
marche  thorough  a  great  part  of  Tjryydale,  to  overthrowe 
;  their  piles  and  stone  houses,  and  to  burne  their  cornes 
t  and  villages" — a  pious  resolution,  most  faithfully  fulfilled. 
It  is  not   wonderful  that  «o  little  remains  of  the 


202  SKETCHES  OF  EAKLV  SCOTCH  HISTOKY. 

Abbey  of  Kelso.  The  storm  of  the  Refoiinatiori  venU;d 
itself  on  the  remaining  images  of  saints,  and  relics  of  the 
old  religion  ;  Imt  found  little  of  the  fabric  entire.  The 
"  great  and  superfluous  buildings  of  stone,"  which  im- 
peded the  English  engineers  in  their  plans  of  fortification, 
after  being  ''razed  and  defaced"  by  them,  have  disap- 
peared under  the  gradual  but  persevering  inroads  of  the 
neighbours ;  and  the  cloisters  and  conventual  Ijuildings 
of  the  convent  and  its  lordly  abbot,  have  passed  by  a 
common  transmigration  into  the  dwellings  of  their  for- 
mer dependants,  the  burghers  of  the  Abbot's  burgh  of 
Kelso.  The  Abbey  church,  breached  and  shattered  Ijy 
the  English  "  ordnaunce,"  seems  never  to  have  been  re- 
paired. After  the  Reformation,  an  unsightly  fabric  was 
fitted  up  within  its  walls,  to  serve  the  double  purpose  of 
a  parish  church  and  a  jail,  which  has  now  for  some  time 
been  removed  ;  and  the  church  of  St.  Mary  at  present 
suffers  only  under  tha  gradual  decay  of  age,  and  the  l 
encroachment  of  some  villager,  whose  sturdy  Presbyte- 
rian heart  feels  no  compunctious  visitings  while  he  stalls 
his  cow  on  the  consecrated  ground  where  altars  stood  of 
old,  and  where  warriors  and  princes  chose  their  place 
of  rest.  :>i ' 

Reposing  on  the  sunny  bank  of  its  o^^^l  beautiful 
river,  the  modern  to^ni  of  Kelso  looks  a  fitting  rural 
capital  for  "  pleasant  Teviotdale."  It  has  little  the  au' 
of  an  old  monastic  burgh,  and  still  less  calls  up  any  re- 
collection of  the  heaps  of  ruins  that  impeded  the  plans 
of  the  English  engineers.  There  is  not  much  knowledge 
or  tradition  of  its  former  state,  and  but  few  memorials] 


fli 


STYLE  OF  ARCHITECTURE.  203 

of  its  old  inhabitants.  Lately,  a  worthy  burgher  who 
had  dug  up  in  his  garden  under  the  Abbey  walls  what 
seemed  to  him  a  rare  coin  of  a  Scotch  king,  was  scarcely 
well  pleased  to  learn  that  it  was  a  leaden  bulla  of  Pope 
Alexander  iii.,  bronzed  with  the  oxidizing  of  seven 
centuries. 

In  the  midst  of  the  modern  town,  the  Abbey  Church 
stands  alone,  like  some  antique  Titan  predominating 
over  the  dwarfs  of  a  later  world.  Its  ruins  exhibit  the 
progression  of  architecture  that  took  place  over  Scotland 
and  England,  between  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  and  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  centuries.  What  remains  of  the 
choir  affords  a  good  specimen  of  the  plain  Norman  style, 
not  of  the  earliest  character,  but  such  as  prevailed  in 
England  before  1150,  and  in  Scotland  perhaps  a  little 
later. 

The  western  front  is  later  Norman,  probably  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  twelfth  century  ;  and  the  great  western 
doorway,  of  which  but  a  fragment  remains,  must  have 
been  a  fine  specimen  of  the  period  which  produced  the 
richest  architecture  of  the  cii'cular  arch. 

Of  the  same  period  nearly,  is  the  arcade  of  inter 
sect  ting  arches,  a  form  more  common  in  the  churches  of 
Normandy  than  in  those  of  Britain  ;  and  lastly,  the  tower 
springs  from  arches  of  a  transition  character,  marking; 
the  first  half  of  the  thiiteenth  century,  when  the  Nor- 
man style  was  passing  into  that  which  is  now  almost 
authoritatively  stamped  with  the  appellatioi)  of  Early 
Eno'lish. 


204  SKETCHES  OF  EAKLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


INCHAFFRAY. 

The  beautiful  valley  of  Stratheam  has  some  peculiar 
points  of  interest  for  the  Scotch  historian  and  antir^uary. 
It  contains,  in  the  forts  scattered  over  its  lower  district, 
and  in  the  remarkable  "  round  tower"  of  Aljernethy, 
among  the  oldest  vestiges  of  civil  dominion  and  of  eccle- 
siastical antiquities  that  remain  to  us.  The  earldom 
ascends  to  a,  high  and  romantic  antiquity,  and  it  was  our 
only  county  palatine.  Its  great  Earls,  of  the  ancient 
Scotch  blood,  held  their  own,  amid  the  innovations  of 
David  I.,  as  the  leaders  of  the  Celtic  party,  and  sup- 
ported their  native  customs  against  the  new  fangledness 
of  the  Saxon  and  Norman  chivalry.^  The  older  chroni- 
clers mention  them  with  much  of  the  respect  paid  to 
royalty. 

Malis  was  the  Count  of  that  time,  perhaps  the  first 
of  the  race  who  accepted  the  new  southern  title  of 
honour.  He  was  not  a  man  of  parchments  ;  or  at  least 
we  have  no  charters  granted  to  him  or  by  him.  He 
was  one  of  the  six  Earls  who  attested  or  consented  to 
the  re-erection  of  the  Abbey  of  Scone,  by  King  Alex- 
ander I.,  about  the  year  1114  ;  and  he  witnessed  another 
grant  to  the  same  monastery  f  one  to  the  cathedral  of 
Glasgow,^  and  several  charters  of  David  i.  to  Dunferm- 
line. We  know  him  again  only  in  the  lively  sketch  of 
the  Battle  of  the  Standard,  by  Abbot  Ailred  (a.d.  1138). 

^  Ailred  de  Bello  Siandardi,  ^ic.  ^  Regist.    Glasg.    p.   9.     The    charter 

2  IMer  de  Scon,  N.  1,  3.     The  second       vas  granted  in  1136. 
charter  is  between  1122  and  1124. 


I 


EARLS  OF  STRATHEARN — SEE  OF  DUNBLANE.         205 

He  wore  no  armour,  but  went  to  battle  in  his  country 
fashion.  He  blamed  the  king  for  trusting  so  much  to 
the  Frenchmen — "  Not  one  of  them,  with  all  his  arms, 
shall  be  more  forward  in  battle  this  day  than  I  shall ;" 
and  his  taunts  had  nearly  led  to  a  quarrel  with  Alan  de 
Percy,  a  Norman  knight,  a  follower  of  David ;  but  the 
king  interposed. 

We  know  no  more  of  the  next  Earl,  Ferteth  or  Fer- 
quhard.  In  1160,  he  headed  a  conspiracy  of  native 
Scots,  irritated  at  King  Malcolm's  English  counsels. 
**  We  will  not,''  said  they,  "  have  Henry  to  rule  over  us." 
They  assaulted  the  tower  in  which  the  king  had  sought 
refuge,  and  though  repulsed,  were  too  powerful  and 
dangerous  to  be  brought  to  punishment.^  Earl  Ferteth 
witnessed  a  charter  of  King  Malcolm  about  the  year 
1155.^  He  is  mentioned  as  alive  in  a  charter  to  the 
Abbey  of  Scone,  in  1164,^  and  he  died  in  1171.* 

With  Earl  Gilbert,  the  son  of  Ferteth,  we  become 
])etter  acquainted.  He  adopted  the  Norman  fashions ; 
took  charters  for  his  lands ;  practised  the  usages  of 
knightly  heraldry ;  connected  himself  with  Norman 
famihes  by  marriage,  and  rivalled  the  most  zealous  fol- 
lowers of  David  in  his  munificence  to  the  church. 

Fordun  tells  us  a  strange  legend, — that  Earl  Gilbert 
of  Strathearn  divided  his  earldom  in  three  equal  parts, 
one  for  the  Bishop  of  Dunblane ;  another  he  bestowed 
on  Saint  John  the  Evangelist  and  the  canons  of  Inch- 
affray  ;  and  reserved  the  third  for  himself  and  his  heirs 

•  Fordun,  viii.  4  ;  Hailes  ad  an.  ■'  j^j^^r^  ^^g  g^^^ 

^  Regist.  de  Dunferm.  p.  24.  *  Chron.  Mailr. 


-!0i;  SKETCHES  OF  EAJtJ.V  SCOTCH   HISTORY. 

ill  liis  ('Mi-l(l()!n.^  Though  we  find  no  trace  of  such  ex 
trenic  munificence,  it  is  certain  that  Earl  Gilbert  fol 
lowed  the  fashion  of  the  age  in  liberal  endowments 
to  the  church.  The  family  of  Stratheam  were  the  only 
Scotch  subjects  who  could  claim  the  distinction  of  having 
founded  a  bishopric  and  inheriting  its  patronage,  unless 
we  except  the  great  lords  of  Galloway,  who  apj)ear  to 
have  renewed  the  foundation  of  the  venerable  see  of 
St.  Mnian.^ 

Whether  we  adopt  Fordun's  authority,  and  hold  it  as 
certain  that  the  see  of  Dunblane  was  founded  by  Earl 
Gilbert,  who  succeeded  in  1171  and  died  in  1223,  oi- 
ascribe  its  erection  to  a  somewhat  earlier  period,  it  might 
be  an  inquiry  of  some  interest  to  endeavour  to  ascertain 
from  what  dioceses  the  territory  assigned  to  the  new  see 
was  disjoined.  It  is  not  probable  that  the  old  bishopric 
of  Cumbria  extended  at  any  time  farther  to  the  north 
ward  than  the  limits  of  the  later  diocese  of  Glasgow, 
which  appear  on  all  sides  to  have  been  marked  out  by 
the  ancient  boundaries  of  the  British  people  of  Strath- 
clyde  and  Eeged.  The  see  of  St.  Andrews  may  pro- 
bably have  contributed  a  portion  of  its  south-western 
territory  to  the  new  bishopric,  but  it  seems  hkely  that 
the  great  bulk  of  its  jurisdiction  was  derived  from  the 
diocese  of  Dunkeld.^ 

^  Scotichronicon,  viii.  Ixxiii.  tiniations  of  the  Irish  annalists  may  he 
2  It  was  probably  on  this  ground  they  trusted)  possessing  at  one  time  some  sort 
claimed  the  right  of  nominating  the  of  primatial  or  metropolitan  dignity- 
Bishops  of  Whitherne.^ — Chron.  Laner-  even  in  times  comparatively  modem  ex- 
cost,  59,  62.  tended  its  authority  over  a  vast  extent 
^  The  bishopric  of  Dunkeld,  ascending  of  country.  Until  the  beginning  of  the 
to  an  antiquity  perhaps  equal  "svith  that  thirteenth  century,  the  whole  diocese  of 
of  St.  Andrews — and  (if  the  obscure  in-  Lismore,  or  Argyle,  was  included  within 


GILLECOLM  THE  TRAITOR. 


207 


Very  early  in  the  reign  of  William  (1178-80),  Earl 
Gilbert  had  a  charter  of  Kinbethach,  to  be  held  to  him 
and  his  heirs,  of  the  king  and  his  heirs,  as  freely  as  he 
held  his  earldom  of  Strathearn.^  Among  the  witnesses 
to  that  charter  is  a  person  styled  Gillecolm  Marescald. 
A  few  years  later  (before  1189)  the  king  granted  to 
Earl  Gilbert,  Maddyrnin  (Madderty),  with  all  its  perti- 


its  bounds. — {Scotichron.  vi.  xl.  xli. — 
In  illo  tempore  tola  Ergadia  episcopo 
Jhinkeldensi  p>a,Tebat  et  ejus  jurisdictioni 
sicut  ab  antUiuo  subjacebat. — Extract,  e 
var.  Chron.  Scotie,  p.  80.)  And  to  a 
much  later  period  the  Abbots  of  lona 
acknowledged  the  Bishops  of  Dunkeld 
as  their  proper  diocesans.  Abbot  Myln, 
with  the  records  of  the  cathedral  still 
entire,  writes  that  in  the  episcopate  of 
William  St.  Clair,  Bishop  of  Dunkeld 
during  the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce,  Finlay 
elected  Abbot  of  Y,  received  episcopal 
coniirniation  from  him  as  his  ordinary, 
at  his  palace  of  Tybermuir. —  Vit.  Episc. 
Dunk.  p.  13.  The  continuator  of  For- 
dnn  relates  that  in  the  year  1431,  the 
Abbot  of  Icolmkil  did  obeisance  (/eci^ 
obedientio.vi)  to  Robert  Bishop  of  Dun- 
ke'd. 

We  may  account  for  this  seeming  ano- 
maly, which  placed  one  of  the  Western 
Isles  within  a  diocese  from  which  it  was 
separated  by  so  great  a  distance,  and  by 
samany  natural  barriers  of  sea  and  land, 
by  supposing  that  when  the  Bishops  of 
Dunkeld  ceded  the  western  portion  of 
their  territory  to  the  new  episcopate  of 
Argyle,  they  resened  lona  to  their  own 
jurisdiction,  either  on  accoimt  of  the 
dignity  which  attached  to  an  island 
illustrious  by  so  many  associations,  or 
by  reason  of  the  especial  reverence  in 
which  the  memory  of  St.  Columba  was 
had  at  Dunkeld,  where  it  has  been  sup- 
posed that  his  bones  found  a  resting- 
place,  and  of  whose  cathedral  church  he 
was  the  patron  saint.  It  does  not  ap- 
pear that  lona  was  at  any  time  of  old 
included  within  the   Norwegian  see  of 


the  Isles,  which  (perhaps  even  until  tlie 
fifteenth  century)  was  considered  no 
suff"ragan  of  the  Scotch  church,  but  owed 
its  allegiance  to  the  Archl>ishop  of  Dron- 
theim,  and  was  acknowledged  to  be 
within  his  province.  In  like  manner 
the  see  of  Galloway,  long  after  the  sub- 
jection of  the  province  in  civil  things  to 
the  Crown  of  Scotland,  Avas  accounted 
to  belong,  in  spiritual  matters,  to  the 
province  of  York,  from  whose  metro- 
politan the  Bishops  of  Whitherne  re- 
ceived consecration,  even  after  they  were 
permitted  to  take  their  seats  in  the 
Scotch  Parliament,  in  the  fourteenth 
century. 

In  the  famous  bull  of  Pope  Innocent  ni." 
(a.d.  1198-1214),  recognising  the  inde-, 
pendence  of  the  Scotch  church,  only  nine 
bishoprics  were   enumerated  as  within 
its  limits — St.  Andrews,  Glasgow,  Dun- 
keld,    Dunblane,     Brechin,    Aberdeen, 
Moray,   Ross,    and    Ca\tline?is. —Hegisl. 
Glasy.  p.  77.     Lismore,  or  Argyle,  had 
not  yet  been  separated  from  Dunkeld.. 
Galloway  was  then  acknowledged  to  be 
sulfragan  of  York  ;  and  Orkney  and  the 
Isles  were,  until  long  afterwards,  in  the 
obedience  of  the  Metropolitan  of  Dron- 
theim. 

Some  apology  may  seem  to  be  re- 
quired for  introducing  this  notice  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  few  of  our  ancient 
bishoprics  in  this  place.  The  sul>ject  is 
not  without  interest,  and  the  chartu- 
laries  still  remaining  to  be  published 
may  not  afford  any  opening  more  ai)pro- 
priate. 

'  In  the  Athol  charter-chest. 


208  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

nents,  and  witli  all  feudal  privileges  and  jurisdictions,  to 
be  held  for  half  a  knight's  service — but  under  a  remark- 
able condition — "  that  no  part  of  the  land  should  ever  be 
sold  to  Gillecolm  Marescall,  or  his  heirs,  or  any  one  of 
his  race,  seeing  the  said  Gillecolm  forfeited  that  land  for 
felony  done  against  the  king,  in  that  he  rendered  up 
the  king's  castle  of  Heryn  feloniously,  and  afterwards 
wickedly  and  traitorously  went  over  to  his  mortal 
enemies,  and  stood  with  them  against  the  king,  to  do 
him  hurt  to  iiis  power."  Who  this  traitor  was,  who  had 
betrayed  the  king's  castle  of  Earn,  and  joined  the  rebels, 
it  may  be  impossible  to  ascertain.  Yet  the  time  suits 
remarkably  with  the  adventures  of  that  "  Gillecolmus 
archityr annus  et  latronuni  jprincepd^  who  kept  all  Lo- 
thian in  fear,  slew  certain  nobles,  and  spoiled  their  lands, 
and  was  at  length  defeated  and  slain  by  Eolland  of 
Galloway,  acting  as  the  king's  lieutenant,  on  the  30  th  of 
September  1185.  The  story  is  told  by  John  of  Fordun.^ 
It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  name  of  Gille- 
colm (servant  of  Columba)  was  very  common. 

Earl  Gilbert  must  have  been  early  married  to  his 
first  wife,  Matildis,  the  daughter  of  William  de  Aubegni. 
Some  time  before  the  year  1198,  he  granted  a  charter 

^  Lib,  A^ii.  c.  xxxix.  The  conditions  lowed  to  conjecture  that  the  third  genera- 
quoted  above  seem  to  imply  that  Gille-  tion  of  the  sept  is  recognised  in  two 
colni's  lineage  was  of  some  note.  A  Scotch  pirates,  '' William  of  Mariscal" 
charter  of  David  I.,  of  the  year  1136,  is  and  "  Eobert  of  Mariscal,"  who  about 
witnessed  by  Malodeni  Marescal,  by  the  year  1237  plundered  the  English 
Earl  Malis  of  Strathearn,  and  many  traders  between  Bristol  and  the  Irish 
others. — Regist.  Glasg.  p.  9.  This  nuiy  ports  of  Dublin  and  Drogheda,  and  for 
have  been  the  father  of  the  traitor  Oille-  whose  aj^prehension  the  English  king 
colm ;  but  it  is  unsafe  to  rely  on  the  ordered  two  galleys  and  a  ship  to  be 
affix  of  Marescal  as  being  a  hereditaiy  equipped  by  the  port  of  Sandwich,  and 
and  steady  surname.  For  those  who  are  the  other  ports  on  the  Sussex  coa.«;t.— 
curious  in  such  inquiries  it  may  be  al-  lUustr,  of  Sc.  Hist.  pp.  29,  30. 


ENDOWMENTS  OF  THE  ABBEY.  209 

upon  the  marriage  of  their  daughter  Matilda  with  Mal- 
colm, son  of  Duncan  Earl  of  Fife,  of  the  lands  of  Glen- 
do  van  and  Carnibo,  Aldi  and  Fossedwege  (Fossoway),  to 
which  charter,  Gilchrist  their  eldest  son  was  a  witness. 
Gilchrist  died  in  1198. 

Before  that  time,  the  Earl  had  founded  the  house  of 
Inchaffray  ;^  but  then,  the  parents  having  chosen  it  as 
the  place  of  burial  of  their  son,  they  recorded  their  sor- 
row in  an  extended  foundation,  and  more  liberal  endow- 
ment of  their  monastery.  The  convent  was  to  be  of 
Augustinian  canons  regular,  of  whom  a  certain  Malis  the 
Hermit,  in  whose  piety  and  discretion  the  founders  had 
all  confidence,  was  to  be  the  head,  and  to  have  the  selec- 
tion. The  Earl  and  Countess  declared  their  affection  for 
the  place — "  so  much  do  we  love  it,  that  we  have  chosen 
la  place  of  sepulture  in  it  for  us  and  our  successors,  and 
have  akeady  buried  there  our  eldest  born."  It  was  de- 
dicated to  St.  Mary  the  Virgin  and  Saint  John  the  Evan- 
gehst,  and  was,  by  its  great  charter  (of  1200)  endowed 
with  the  churches  of  St.  Kattanus  of  Abbyruthven,  of  St. 
Ethirnanus  of  Madderty  (the  parish  formed  out  of  the 
EarFs  new  manor  of  Madderty,  forfeited  by  Gillecolm), 
3f  St.  Patrick  of  Strogeth,  of  St.  Mechesseok  of  Och- 
uerardouer,  of  St.  Beanus  of  Kynkell ;  with  the  tithe  of 
phe  Earl's  kain  and  rents  of  wheat,  meal,  malt,  cheese, 
md  all  provisions  used  throughout  the  year  in  his  court ; 
with  tithe  of  all  fish  brought  into  his  kitchen,  and  of  the 

'  The   charter  confers  on  the  canons  is  witnessed  by  the   Countess  Matilda 

ill  the  escheats  and  fines  of  the  men  of  and  their  six  sons,  the  last-named  being 

jheir  territory  (given  them  by  the  Earl)  Gilchrist,  who  died  in  1198. 
ihough  convicted  in  the  Earl's  court.    It 

0 


210  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCO'JCil  lliSTOJiV. 

produce  of  his  hunting ;  and  the  titlie  of  all  the  profits 
of  his  courts  of  justice,  and  all  offerings.  The  convent 
had  the  liberty  of  fishing  in  the  PefFer,  and  of  fishing  and 
birding  over  all  the  Earl's  lands,  waters,  and  lakes.  Thc^y 
might  take  timber,  for  building  and  all  other  uses,  from 
his  woods,  and  have  their  pannage,  or  mast  feeding  for 
pigs,  as  well  as  bark  and  firewood,  in  whatever  places, 
and  as  much  as  they  chose.  Some  years  later,  Earl  Gil- 
bert granted  to  the  canons,  now  seated  at  Inchaffray,  the 
church  of  St.  Beanus  of  Foulis,  with  the  "  dower"  land  of 
the  church,  and  the  common  pasturage  of  the  parish ; 
and  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  of  Gask,  ^vith  the 
same  privileges.  The  charter  conveying  the  latter  gnint 
has  still  appended  to  it  a  fragment  of  the  granter  s 
knightly  seal,  with  a  counter-seal  of  arms,  which  bears  no 
resemblance  to  the  known  cognisance  of  the  family  sub- 
sequently. By  his  Countess,  Matildis  de  Aul:)igny,  Earl 
Gilbert  appears  to  have  had  at  least  seven  sons,  Gilchrist, 
William,  Ferthet,  Kobert,  Fergus,  Malis,  and  Gilbert. 
The  marriage  of  their  daughter  Matilda  has  already  been 
mentioned.  Another,  Cecilia,  married  Walter,  the  son  of 
Alan,  the  ancestor  of  the  family  of  Gowrie,  and  had  for 
her  dower  the  land  of  Kulgasc.  In  his  old  age  the  Earl 
took  a  second  wife,  Ysenda,  the  daughter  of  a  knightly 
family  of  the  surname  of  Gasc.^ 

A  chronicle,  which  seems  to  have  been  written  in  the 
diocese,  or  to  be  in  some  other  way  peculiarly  connected 
with  Dunblane,  records  Earl  Gilbert's  death — '^  Gilhertm 


1  The  original  of  that  charter  is  still  preserved  at  Abercairaey.      It  must  hav( 
beeu  granted  about  the  year  1220. 


I 


OLD  EARLS  OP  STEATHEARN.  211 

fundator  canonicorum  Insule  Missarum   et  episcopatus 
Dunblanensis  obiit  Anno  Domini  1223."^ 

Earl  Gilbert  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Eobert,  who 
was  also  the  good  patron  of  the  canons  of  Inchaffray. 
'  One  of  his  charters,  indeed,  savours  of  some  estrangement 
and  reconciliation.     Earl  Eobert,  in  the  church  of  Stro- 
geth,  in  presence  of  Abraham,  Bishop  of  Dunblane,  Gil- 
bert the  Archdeacon,  and  other  notable  witnesses,  binds 
himself  towards  Innocent  the  Abbot,  that  he  will  never 
in  all  his  life  vex  the  said  abbot  or  his  convent  unjustly; 
nay,  will  love  and  everywhere  honour  them,  as  his  most 
special  friends,  and  will  add  to  the  possessions  of  their 
house,  whatever  he  may,  by  the  counsel  of  his  friends. 
Jn  particular,  he  confirms  to  them  the  churches  of  Gask 
iand  Strogeth. 

The  family  of  Strathearn,  and  its  possessions,  have 
I  been  so  mixed  up  with  the  romantic  events  of  Scotch 
ihistory,  that  they  have  been  naturally  subjected  to  some 
I  exaggeration.  The  ancient  earldom  has  been  described  as 
including  "  the  haill  lands  lying  betwixt  Croce  Macduff  at 
Newburgh,  and  the  west  end  of  Balquhidder,  in  length ; 
the  Oichell  hills  and  the  hills  called  Montes  Grampii,  in 
breadth."^  The  Eegister  of  Inchaffray,  and  the  charters 
which  accompany  it,  show  that  there  were  many  inde- 
pendent lords  within  that  district  from  the  earliest  period 
pf  record,  and  almost  as  early  as  the  earldom  can  have 
)een  held,  at  least  by  that  title.  We  even  become  ac- 
[uaiQted  with  a  royal  castle  of  "  Earn,"  that  strength 
betrayed  by  the  traitor  Gillecolme  ;  and  it  may  exercise 

'  Extracta  e  Cronicis  Scotie,  92.  '  Scotstarvet. 


212  SKETCHES  OF  EAKLV  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

the  research  of  the  local  antiquary  to  fix  its  site.  But 
with  due  deduction  from  the  magniloquent  descriptions 
of  our  old  wTiters,  the  possessions  of  the  family  were 
sufficient  to  give  them  a  very  high  place  among  the  great 
earls  of  Scotland.  It  is  not,  perhaps,  to  be  hoped  that 
the  confusion  and  obscurity  that  involve  the  latter  de- 
scents of  the  ancient  family  should  be  entiix4}'  removed, 
but  the  documents  now  collected  may  be  of  some  service 
in  such  an  investigation.^  They  cannot  fail  also  to  throw 
light  upon  the  descent  of  land  in  the  district  of  the  an- 
cient earldom,  and  the  rise  of  the  present  possessors  of 
the  soil,  many  of  whom  owe  their  establishment  there  to  • 
their  connexion  with  the  ancient  family.  As  the  docu- 
ments have  been  chiefly  drawn  from  the  charter-chests  of 
Abercairney  and  Athole,  they  naturally  bring  most  into 
light  the  ancestors  of  those  two  branches  of  the  ancient 
stock  of  De  Moravia,  the  former  of  whom  obtained  the 
lands  of  Abercairney  by  marriage  with  a  daughter  of 
Malis,  Earl  of  Strathearn ;  the  latter  acquired  Tullibar- 
dine  through  their  intermarriage  vnth  the  family  who 
appear  to  have  been  hereditary  seneschals  of  the  earl- 
dom. 

1  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  warn  the  take  and  rais-statement.     It  approaches 

reader  against  giving  full  confidence  to  too  near  to  those  birth-brieves  so  com- 

the  curious  certificate  of  pedigree  sane-  mon  at  a  later  period  in  Scotland,  which 

tioned  by  the   Bishop    and  Chapter  of  were  used  at  first  to  deceive  foreigners 

Orkney  for  the  information  of  the  King  ignorant  of  Scotch  pedigrees,  and  have 

of  Norway.     It  comes  to  us  in  a  ques-  been  the  fertile  source  of  error  at  home, 

tionable  shape,  through  the  copy  of  a  after  length  of  time  had  rendered  it  dif- 

remarkably  ignorant  clerk,  evidently  un-  ficult  to   correct   their  mis-statements, 

acquainted  with  the  "writing  and  phrase-  Deceitful   as    such    documents   usually 

ology  of  old  deeds.     It  is  consequently  are,  they  occasionally  furnish  the  most 

full  of  errors,  and  the  date  is  plainly  er-  valuable  information  of  events  near  their 

roneous.    But,  besides,  the  nature  of  the  o^vn  date,  and  which  there  could  be  no 

document  itself  is  peculiarly  open  to  mis-  object  in  mis-stating. 


THE  EARLDOM  A  PALATINATE.  213 

It  does  not  appear  when  the  Earls  of  Strathearn  first 
obtained  the  rank  of  Earls  Palatine.  The  style  is  not 
given,  in  any  of  the  documents  now  collected,  during  the 
time  of  the  old  family  ;  though  the  dependent  bishop,  and 
the  officer  bearing  the  title  of  "  the  Earl's  Chancellor," 
certainly  argue  somewhat  like  palatinate  privileges.^ 
After  the  ancient  line  had  failed  in  the  direct  male  de- 
scent, and  when  Maurice  de  Moray,  created  Earl  by 
David  II.,  had  fallen  at  the  battle  of  Durham  in  1346, 
leaving  no  issue,  King  David  bestowed  the  great  earldom 
upon  his  nephew  Kobert,  the  High  Steward,  afterwards 
King  Eobcrt  ii.  On  his  accession  to  the  throne  (in  1370), 
Eobert  ii.  granted  the  earldom  of  Strathearn  to  his  son 
David  (his  eldest  son  by  his  second  queen,  Eufam  of 
Ross),  and  in  his  favour,  if  not  sooner,  it  was  erected  into 
a  palatinate ;  for  five  years  later  we  find  David,  styled 
Earl  Palatine  of  Strathearn,  taking  part,  along  with  the 
I  queen  his  mother,  in  a  contract  of  marriage  between  the 
queen's  sister,  Jonet  de  Monymuske,  and  Alexander  de 
Moravia  of  Drumsergarth ;  while  Walter  de  Moravia, 
his  brother,  is  to  have  to  wife  (if  he  choose)  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  said  Lady  Jonet  de  Monymuske.^ 

One  at  least  of  the  marriages  thus  contracted  took 
place,  and  was  not  fortunate.    Only  three  years  afterwards, 

1  Master    Richard    de    Strevyllyn    is  cellor    in  his   earldom  of    Moray  (a.d. 

I  styled  the   Earl's   Chancellor   in   1266.  1367),  and  a  charter  of  John  de  Dunbar, 

We  must  remark,  however,  that  the  an-  Earl  of  Moray,  is  witnessed  by  W.  de 

clout  great  ri  galities,  and  perhaps  the  Cheshelme,  thesaurar  of  the  diocese,  the 

j  great  earldoms,  had  chancellors.     Char-  earl's    chancellor.  —  Notes   of    Original 

j  ters  of  Thomas  Rand ulph.  Earl  of  Mo-  Charters. 
i-ay,  are  attested  by  his  chancellor  and 

chamberlain  of  his  regality  of  Moray.  ^  Indenture  1375.     It   was    long   ago 

Patrick  de  Dunbar,  Earl  of  March  and  published  by  Anderson  in   the    Dij)lo- 

j  Moray,  addresses  a  precept  to  his  chan-  mata. 


214  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

we  meet  the  record  of  a  very  curious  compact.  On 
the  20th  of  Ai)iil  1378,  in  the  parish  church  of  Perth,  it 
was  covenanted  that  Hugh  de  Ross,  lord  of  Balyndolch, 
shall  make  to  be  brought  within  the  diocese  of  Dunblane 
the  Lady  Johanna  (or  Jonet),  the  wife  of  Alexander  de 
Moravia,  at  the  next  coming  feast  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist, for  which  he  is  to  have  seven  marks  beforehand,  and 
seven  more  when  he  intimates  that  he  has  performed  his 
engagement ;  and  the  divorce  being  completed,  he  is  to 
receive  a  similar  sum ;  and  the  said  Hugh  promises  to 
give  his  advice  and  assistance  to  the  said  divorce.'^ 

The  next  of  the  documents  collected  and  published 
with  the  Abbey  Register  furnishes  the  best  illustration 
of  the  working  of  the  law  of  Clan  Macduff  which  has 
yet  been  discovered.  It  appears  that  Sir  Alexander  de 
Moravia  was  accused  of  the  slaughter  of  William  de  Spal- 
dyne,  and  indicted  for  the  crime  in  the  court  of  the  High 
Justiciar,  held  by  his  deputies.  Sir  John  and  Morice  de 
Drummond,  at  Foulis.  On  the  7th  day  of  December 
1391,  he  appeared  with  his  forespeakers,  protested  that 
inasmuch  as  he  had  been  once  before  called  in  judgment 
for  that  slaughter,  and  re-pledged  to  the  law  of  Clan 
Macduff  by  Robert,  Earl  of  Fife,  he  was  not  obhged  to 
plead  before  any  other  judge  to  that  charge  until  the 
said  law  of  Clan  Macduff  should  have  had  its  privilege 
in  regard  to  him  thus  re-pledged  to  its  jurisdiction  ;  and 
he  demanded  to  be  lawfully  discharged.  The  judges 
made  answer  that  they  would  not  discharge  him,  but 

1  The  word  in  the  original  is  deforcm-       bringing  of  the  lady  within  the  juris- 
mentum.      It    mav    mean    the    forcible       diction. 


I 


THE  EARLDOM  ANNEXED  TO  THE  CROWN.     215 

would  respite  him,  until  the  Lord  of  Brechyn,  the  prin- 
cipal justiciar,  should  take  order  in  the  matter.^ 

The  cathedral  of  St.  Blane,  originally  founded  and 
endowed  by  the  Earls  of  Strathearn,  continued  under 
their  protection  until  the  earldom  had  merged  in  the 
Crown,  and  the  bishop  and  chapter  held  their  lands,  an- 
nual rents,  and  temporalities,  of  the  earls,  as  their  feudal 
superiors.  In  1442,  James  ii.,  in  Parliament,  declared 
the  earldom  fallen  to  the  Crown,  and  ordained  the 
bishopric  temporalities  henceforth  to  be  held  in  free 
barony  directly  of  the  sovereign.^ 

It  was  some  time  afterwards  that  the  last  traces  of 
the  great  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  Earls  Palatine  disap- 
peared. In  1483,  Humphi-ey  Murray  appeared  in  the 
accustomed  place  of  court  of  the  Seneschal  of  Strathearn, 
called  the  stayt  of  Creiff,  and  withdrew  his  suit — levavit 
sectam  suam  de  predicta  curia — which  was  transferred 
by  crown  charter^  to  the  king's  sheriflf-court  of  Perth. 
On  the  16th  February  1505,  Parliament  ratified  "the 
creation  and  making  of  the  baronys  of  new  create  and 
maid  within  the  Kings  Earldom  of  Stratherne,  within 

*  The  law  tradition  of  the  privilege  of  immunity  of  this  law,  for  the  slauchter 

Clan  Macdufl"  is  thus  given  by  Skene  : —  of  ane  called  Kynnyumonth." — De  Ver- 

"The  croce  of  Clan  Makduffe   dividis  bor.  Sign,  ad  Voc. 

Stratherne  fra  Fife  abone  the  Newburgh  There  is  evidence  of  the  privilege  of 

beside  Lundoris,     The  quhilk  had  pri-  Clan  Macduff  having   saved    Hugh    de 

viledge  and  liberty  of  girth ;  in  sik  sort  Arbuthnot    and   his    accomplices    from 

that  when  ony  man-slayer,  being  Avithin  being  proceeded  against  for  the  slaughter 

the  ninth  degree  of  kin  and  bluid  to  of  John  de  Melvil  of  Glenbervy  in  1421. 

Makduffe  sumtime  Earle  of  Fife,  came  {AnalecL  Scot.  ii.  30.)     A  very   curious 

to  that  Croce  and  gave  nine  kye  and  ane  ancient  notice  of  this  privilege  occurs  in 

colpindach,  he  was  free  of  the  slauchter  one  of  the  fragments  of  laws  collected  at 

committed  be  him."     He   further  tells  the  end  of  the  first  volume  of  the  Act. 

us—"  I  saw  ane  auld  evident  bearand  Pari.  Scot.  382,  c.  26. 

that  Spens    of  Wormestoun,  beand    of  ^  Act.  Pari.  ii.  58. 

Makduffe's  kin,  injoyed  the  benefit  and  *  Orig.  at  Abercairnev. 


216  SKm'CllES  OF  KAItLY  SCOTCli  IIJSTOKY. 

thir  thrc  ycris  last  jjipast,  and  rclaxit  the  said  baronym 
and  landis  anncxit  to  tliaim,  fra  all  service  audit  tlierof 
in  the  Stewart  Courts  of  the  Kings  Earldom  of  Stratherne, 
and  will  that  the  said  seruice  be  paid  in  the  Kings  sheriff 
court  of  Perth,  in  all  tymes  to  cum."^ 

The  Abbey  of  Inchaffray,  though  respectably  endowed, 
does  not  seem  to  have  ranked  among  the  greater  monas- 
teries of  Scotland.  The  abbots,  though  prelates  of  par 
liament,  occur  rarely  in  public  afiairs,  or  in  the  transac- 
tions which  so  frequently  l>rought  together  churchmen  of 
various  religious  houses.  We  have  thus  only  a  very  few 
names  of  the  successive  abbots  preserved. 

Malis,  a  religious  hermit,  was  the  person  to  whom 
Earl  Gilbert  committed  the  selection  of  the  convent  at 
its  first  foundation  in  1200,  and  he  was  the  first  head  of 
the  house. 

In  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Kirk,  convened  at 
Edinburgh  the  25th  of  December  1567,  Alexander,  called 
Bishop  of  Galloway,  commissioner,  was  accused,  "  that 
he  had  not  visited  these  tliree  years  bygone  the  kirks 
within  his  charge ;  that  he  had  left  off  the  visiting  and 
planting  of  kirks,  and  he  haunted  court  too  much,  and 
had  now  purchased  to  be  one  of  the  Session  and  Pri^^ 
Council,  w^hich  cannot  agree  with  the  office  of  a  pastor  or 
bishop  ;  that  he  had  resigned  Inchaffray  in  favour  of  a 
young  child,  and  set  diverse  lands  in  feu,  in  prejudice  of 
the  kirk.''  The  Bishop  of  Galloway  "granted  that  he 
offended  in  all  that  was  laid  to  his  charge. 


"  2 


1  Act.  Pari  II.  267.  land,  112,  114.     For  the  details  of  the 

^  Booke  of  the  Universal  Kirk  of  Scot-       active  life  of  this  trimming  prelate,  who 


DIOCESE  OF  DUNBLANE.  217 

The  youth  in  whose  favour  he  had  resigned  the 
Abbacy  of  InchafFray  was  James  Drummond  of  Inver- 
pefFray,  the  second  son  of  David,  second  Lord  Drummond, 
who  was  commendator  of  InchafFray  on  the  13  th  of 
March  1556,  when  David  Lord  Drummond  acted  with 
him  as  his  coadjutor.  The  abbacy  of  InchafFray  was 
erected  into  a  temporal  lordship  in  his  favour,  and  he 
was  created  Lord  Madertie  in  1609.  From  him  is 
descended  the  noble  family  of  StrathaUan. 

In  1238,  the  Bishop  of  Dunblane  had  gone  in  person  to 
the  Papal  court,  and  the  narrative  of  the  Papal  commis- 
sion proceeds  partly  upon  his  information.  It  sets  forth 
that  the  see  had  been  vacant  for  above  ten  years,  during 
which  time  its  property  had  been  plundered,  so  that  no 
fit  person  could  be  induced  to  hold  the  office,  until  the 
Papal  commissioners  had  fixed  upon  the  then  Bishop,  in 
the  hope  that  through  him  the  church  might  breathe 
again  out  of  its  slough  of  misery ;  that  the  new  bishop 
had  found  it  so  desolate  that  he  had  not  where  to  lay  his 
head  in  the  cathedral.  There  was  no  chapter ;  but  in 
the  unroofed  church,  a  certain  rustic  chaplain  performed 
divine  service ;  while  the  bishop's  revenues  were  so  slen- 
der, they  scarce  afforded  fitting  maintenance  for  half  the 
year.  Upon  this  statement,  the  Pope  granted  commis- 
sion for  assigning  to  the  bishop,  the  fourth  of  the  tithes 
of  the  whole  parishes  of  the  diocese,  from  which  he  was 
I  to  reserve  a  fitting  sustenance  for  himself  and  to  provide 

I  was  queen's  man  or  king's  man  as  each  old  church  well  enough  to  transmit  them 

party  was  in  power ;  who  was  a  reformer  to  his  sons— see  the  careful  and  valuable 

for  the  same  reason,  or  that  he  might  notes  of  Mr.  Duncan,  Wodrow's  Bincjr. 

legitimate  his  children  and  marry  their  Coll.    475.      Maitland    Club     Edition. 

mother;  but  loved  the  benefices  of  the  Bishop  Alexander  Gordon  died  in  1576. 


218  skp:tciies  of  early  scotch  history. 

for  a  dcAin  and  canons  to  be  established  ]>y  the  Pnpal 
commissioners.  Or  otherwise,  the  commissi(jnei-s  were 
to  assign  the  fourth  of  the  tithes  to  the  bishop ;  to  trans- 
fer the  episcopal  see  to  the  monastery  of  canons  regular 
of  St.  John  (of  InchafFray) ;  and  to  constitute  the  canons 
the  electoral  chapter  of  the  diocese. 

It  is  certain  that  the  alternative  of  raising  the  con- 
vent of  Inchaffray  into  the  chapter  of  the  diocese  did  not 
take  effect ;  and  the  cathedral  continued  to  be  governed 
by  a  secular  chapter.  The  Papal  commission,  contrary 
to  its  avowed  purpose,  produced  an  abandonment  by  the 
bishop  of  all  right  of  pension  out  of  the  lands  or  churches 
of  the  Earl  of  Menteth,  and  a  permission  to  the  Earl  to 
found  a  house  of  Augustinian  canons  in  the  Isle  of  Inch- 
mahomok,  with  the  churches  of  Lany  and  of  the  isle 
itself  for  their  endowment.  The  church  of  Kippen  was 
assigned  by  the  Earl  to  form  a  canonry  in  the  cathedral, 
and  he  made  over  to  the  bishop  all  right  to  the  church 
of  Callendar. 

Our  heralds  teU  us,  "  the  old  Earls  of  Stratheam 
carried  for  arms  Or,  two  cheverons  gules:''  and  un- 
doubtedly the  Earls  Malis  of  the  thirteenth  century  bore 
that  coat,  as  did  also  their  vassals  (perhaps  too  theii' 
kinsmen)  the  family  of  the  Seneschals  of  Stratheam, 
from  whom  the  house  of  Tullibardine  is  descended.  On 
a  seal  appended  to  a  charter  of  MaHs  Earl  of  Stratheam 
the  double  cheveron  is  seen  both  on  the  shield  and  over 
all  the  housings  of  the  horse.  The  pretty  seal  of  Muriel, 
the  widow  of  Malis  seneschal  of  Stratheam,  gives  a 
shield  of  the  two  cheverons,  suj^ported  by  a  man's  arm. 


■I 


ARMS  OF  STRATHEARN.  219 

on  whose  fist  a  falcon  is  perched.  It  is  represented  im- 
perfectly at  the  end  of  the  Preface  to  the  Eegister  of 
the  Bishopric  of  Moray.  But  one  seal  is  preserved  of 
higher  antiquity,  and  of  much  interest  to  the  herald  and 
genealogist.  It  is  the  seal  of  Earl  Gilbert,  appended  to 
the  charter  of  Trinity  Gask,  in  the  charter-chest  of  the 
Duke  of  Athole,  which  gives  on  the  obverse  a  mounted 
knight  with  drawn  sword,  the  horse  galloping,  a  housing 
very  short  and  fitting  to  the  horse^s  body,  ornamented 
with  points  below — no  coat  armour  or  bearing  on  the 
shield ;  the  circumscription  mostly  gone,  but  the  word 
COMiTis  still  legible.  On  the  reverse  is  a  small  counter- 
seal,  a  shield  of  arms, —  eight  billets  (?)  4,  3,  and  1, — 
with  the  legend — 

SECRETVM  •  G  '  COMITIS  DE  STRADERNE. 


CHAPTER  11. 

THE     UNIVERSITY. 

The  Universities  of  Scotland  are  the  legitimate  off- 
spring of  the  Church.  They  alone  of  our  existing  insti- 
tutions carry  us  back  to  the  time  when  the  clergy  were 
the  only  supporters  of  schools,  and  the  bishop  of  the 
great  diocese  was  the  patron  and  head,  as  well  as  the 
founder,  of  its  university.  The  annals  of  the  mother 
university — St.  Andrews — have  unfortunately  not  been 
collected,  or  made  accessible  to  the  student.  Of  the 
others,  the  records  have  been  printed  wdth  more  or  less 
of  fulness. 

GLASGOW. 

The  University  of  Glasgow  was  founded  in  1450-51, 
forty  years  after  St.  Andrews,  and  about  the  same  length 
of  time  before  Aberdeen.  It  had  the  Papal  privilege  of 
a  Studium  Generate — the  then  technical  term  for  a  Uni- 
versity— and  a  foundation  by  the  Pope  after  the  model 
of  his  own  ancient  University  of  Bologna.^     The  customs 

1  Bologna  was  perhaps  rather  the  mea-  the  pattern  of  the  constitution  chosen 

sure  of  the  privileges  granted   by  the  by   Bishop   Tumbull,   who   could  ha/e 

Pope,  and  which  he  alone  could  grant —  little  knowlege  of  the  Italian  University 

the  riglit  to  confer  degi-ees,  etc. — than  of  almost  fabulous  antiquity.      It  wj 


UNIVERSITIES — GLASGOW.  221 

and  technical  phraseology  of  the  new  University,  how- 
ever, early  showed  an  imitation  of  the  institutions  of 
Louvain,  then  and  for  all  the  following  century,  the 
model  university  of  Northern  Europe,  and  perhaps  pecu- 
liarly admired  by  our  countrymen  at  that  period,  when 
it  had  so  recently  flourished  under  a  Scotch  Eector.-^ 

The  Pope  willed  that  the  University  should  "  flourish 
in  Theology,  Canon  and  Civil  Law,  in  Arts,  and  in  any 
other  lawful  Faculty  ;"  that  the  students  deserving  the 
distinction  should  be  presented  by  the  Doctor  or  Doctors, 
Master  or  Masters  of  their  respective  Faculties,  to  the 
Chancellor  (the  Bishop),  and  should  from  him,  after 
examination,  receive  the  license  to  teach,  the  Mastership, 
or  the  Doctor  s  degree,  in  full  convocation  of  the  other 
Doctors  and  Masters  "  reading  "  there. 

The  first  statutes  divided  the  members  of  the  Uni- 
versity into  four  "  nations,''  here  also  following  Louvain, 
and  indeed  the  practice  of  all  the  continental  Universi- 
ties ;^  and  in  the  nations,  as  represented  by  their  Pro- 
curators, was  vested  the  right  of  electing  the  Eector. 

the  reputation  of  its  canonists  that  gave  land,  changed  in  later  times  to  Germany. 

rise  to   the  ohl  motto,  Bononia  Docet.  Vienna    named    its    nations   Australes, 

The  "doctor"  who  defeated  the  Jew's  Rhenenses,  Hungari,  Saxones.     The  wa- 

demand  of  the  flesh  of  the  Merchant  of  tions  of  the  University  of  GUisgow  have 

Venice  was  of  Bologna,  according  to  the  varied  in  name  more  than  in  sense.    The- 

original  report  of  the  case  by  Giovanni  vidalia,  the  name  of  one  of  the  arch- 

Fiorentino,  though  Shakspere  calls  him  deaconries  of  tlie  diocese,  was  changed 

of  Rome,  taking  a  place  more  known  to  after    the    Reformation    to     Laudonia. 

his  audience.     The  Universities  of  Bo-  Clidisdalia,  and  the  well-recognised  Al- 

logna,  Cologne,  and  Paris,  are  all  cited  hania,   have   changed  for  tlie  worse  in 

as  models  in  the  ancient  statutes  of  Glas-  Glottia  and  Transforthia.    The  nation  of 

gow.  Rothsay  was  not  made  more  intelligible 

»  John  Lichton  was  made  Rector  of  by  being  altered  to  ISiluria,  which  has 

Louvain  in  1432.  again   given   way  to  the   original  title. 

2  The  University  of  Paris  had  its  four  The  nations  are  now  well  defined, 
nations,  one  of  which  of  old  was  Eng- 


222  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

The  foundation  and  erection  were  immediately  eff(ic 
tiial,  and  numerous  members  and  graduates  mark  the 
very  first  year  of  the  new  University.  There  were  lectures 
in  Canon  and  Civil  Law  and  Theology  from  the  begin- 
ning, and  perhaps  Masters  might  occasionally  "  read ''  in 
other  Faculties.  But  the  Faculty  of  Arts  alone  received 
a  definite  shape  and  constitution.  The  mem})ers  of  the 
Faculty  of  Arts  annually  elected  a  Dean;^  had  stated 
meetings  ;  promulgated  laws  for  their  government ;  and 
more  than  all,  acquired  property  by  the  munificence  of 
benefactors,^  which  the  University  as  a  body  did  not  do 
for  some  time.  At  Louvain,  the  Faculty  of  Arts  had 
four  pedagogia.  At  Glasgow,  the  Faculty  of  Arts  speedily 
established  one,  and  for  many  years  made  all  efforts  to 
maintain  it,  and  appropriated  the  funds  of  the  Faculty 
from  time  to  time  for  the  support  and  repairs  of  its 
building.  There  might  be  some  danger  of  the  Faculty 
of  Arts  absorbing  the  University.  Bachelors'  degrees 
were  conferred  in  Arts.  licentiates  and  Masters  of  Arts 
were  made,  and  these  degrees  were  recorded,  not  in  the 
University  Kegisters,  but  in  the  Eegister  of  the  Faculty 
of  Arts. 

This  was  the  state  of  things  when  we  lose  sight  of 
the  University  and  its  members  in  the  storm  that  pre- 
ceded the  Reformation.     Even  before  that  time  the  Uni- 

^  In  imitation  of  Louvain,  v\-here  the  meut  on  the  east  side  of  High  Street, 

Faculty  of  Arts  had  recently  changed  adjoining  the  house  of  the  Friars  preacli- 

the  title  of  its  head  from  Procurator  to  ers,  Avith  four  acres  of  the  Dowhill,  be- 

Decanus. — Andreas  Fasti  Lovardenses.  side  the  Molendinar  Burn.  It  was  be- 
stowed by  the  first  Lord  Hamilton  upon 

'^  The  first  land  acquired  by  any  mem-  Duncan  Bunch,  chief  Regent  in  the  Fa- 

bers  of  the  University  was  the  site  of  tlie  culty  of  Arts,  who  had  seisin  accordingly, 

present  College,  described  as  the  tene-  nomine  dictoi  facvUatis,  in  1460. 


H 


THE  UNIVERSITY  BEFORE  THE  REFORMATION.   223 

versity  seems  to  have  fallen  into  decay.  The  words  of 
the  Queen's  letter  in  1563  are  scarcely  to  be  accounted 
for  by  any  sudden  or  recent  calamity  : — "  Forsamekil  as 
within  the  citie  of  Glasgow  ane  College  and  Universitie 
was  devisit  to  be  had  quhairin  the  youthe  mycht  be 
brocht  up  in  letres  and  knawlege,  the  commoune  welth 
servit  and  verteu  incressit — of  the  quhilk  College  ane 
parte  of  the  sculis  and  chalmeris  being  bigeit,  the  rest 
thairof,  alsweill  duellings  as  provisioune  for  the  pouir 
bursouris  and  maisteris  to  teclie  ceissit  sua  that  the 
samyn  apperit  rather  to  be  the  decay  of  ane  Universitie 
nor  ony  wyse  to  be  reknit  ane  establisst  fundatioun." 
Ten  years  later,  the  magistrates  of  the  city  describe  the 
pedagogmm,  meaning  the  building  of  the  University,  as 
ruinous,  and  its  studies  and  discipline  extinct.  But 
though  thus  fallen,  the  Studium  Genercde  still  kept  up 
the  skeleton  of  its  constitution.  The  very  last  transac- 
tions recorded  before  the  Eeformation  shoAv  us  the 
University  met  in  full  convocation  in  the  Chapter-House 
of  the  Cathedral,  on  its  statutory  day  of  the  feast  of  St. 
Crispin  and  Crispinian  (October  25);  its  four  nations 
electing  their  "  intrants "  or  procurators ;  the  four  in- 
trants electing  the  Eector  of  the  University  and  his  four 
deputies — the  promoter  or  procurator  and  bursar  ;  and 
members  admitted  to  the  University  as  a  defined  and 
distinct  body,^  and  according  to  the  ancient  constitution 
and  practice  ;  while  the  Faculty  of  Arts  held  its  congre- 
gation in  the  Cr3rpt,  at  the  altar  of  St.  Nicholas,  on  the 
25th  day  of  June,  and  there  elected  their  Dean  and  their 

^  Annis  1557-58. 


224  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

examinat(jrs,  and  recorded  the  "  proceeding  "  of  the  year's 
students,  now  sadly  reduced  in  numljers,  for  their  degrees.* 
It  is  astonishing  to  find  how  a  few  years  of  that 
disturbed  time  served  to  blot  out  of  mind  the  whole 
framework  of  a  University,  so  that  the  offices  and  veiy 
nomenclature  of  the  old  Academic  body  were  disused  or 
changed  in  meaning.  The  Eegent  Morton,  in  his  New 
Erection  in  1577,  studying,  as  he  says,  to  collect  the 
remains  of  the  old  University,^  really  discarded  all  the 
old  constitution,  and  established  in  its  place  the  anoma- 
lous College  or  Pedagogy — Collegium  seu  pedagogium — 
a  composite  school,  half  University,  half  Faculty  of  Arts, 
which,  with  some  modifications,  still  exists.  The  Prin- 
cipal and  three  Kegents  (with  no  University  election), 
an  (Economus,  four  poor  students,  the  Principal's  ser- 
vant, a  cook,  and  a  janitor,  received  among  them  the 
whole  revenue  of  the  establishment,  and  came  in  place 
of  the  fair  and  lofty  sounding  University  of  Papal  autho- 
rity. The  names  of  Eector  and  Dean  of  Faculty  were 
alluded  to  rather  than  preserved.  The  old  offices,  with 
their  functions,  were  plainly  swept  away.  By  the  new 
erection  the  Sovereign  willed  that  this  CoUege  and  Aca- 
demy of  Glasgow — nostrum  hoc  Collegium  et  Academiam 
Glasguensem — composed  of  the  twelve  individuals  named 
above,  should  enjoy  all  the  immunities  and  pri^dleges  of 
the  other  Academies  of  the  kingdom ;  and  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Scotland  confirmed  that  erection.^ 

^  Anno  1555.  ^  There  rims  through  the  deed  an  in- 

2  Ad  colUgendas  reliquias  Academice  consistency  and  carelessness  of  existing 

Glasguensis  quamprcei7i0jpialangn£scen-  institutions  which  characterize  that  pe- 

tem  ac  jam  pene  confectam  repcnmus.  riod.     While  it  takes  away  the  power 


I 


AFTER  THE  REFORMATION.  225 

Henceforward  we  hear  nothing  more  of  convocations 
of  the  University,  meetings  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts,  of 
"determining,"  of  Bachelors'  degrees,  or  of  Licentiates.* 
All  the  stately  ceremonial  and  sounding  titles  of  the  old 
Academic  life,  all  the  University  forms  were  dismissed 
which  had  served  to  bind  together  the  scholars  of  all 
Europe  in  the  last  age. 

In  their  place,  however,  came  the  fervour  of  a  new 
and  animating  faith,  whose  professors  had  not  yet  ab- 
jured secular  learning,  and  some  of  whose  leaders  were 
foremost  in  scholarship.  Andrew  Hay,  the  Rector,  was 
undoubtedly  the  most  zealous  mover  of  the  new  founda- 
tion, and  the  Regent  Morton  its  most  powerful  supporter ; 
but  the  man  on  whom  was  laid  the  restoration  of  letters 
in  Glasgow  was  Andrew  Melville.  The  workman  was  in 
every  way  suited  to  the  task.  Melville  was  accomplished 
in  all  the  learning  of  the  age,  and  far  in  advance  of  the 
scholars  of  Scotland.  Vehement  and  resolute,  yet  of 
kindly  nature,  he  was  fit  for  the  rough  time,  and  for 

and  the  support  of  the  okl   offices  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  of  Louvain,  says — 

Rector  and  Dean  of  Faculty,  and  vir-  Honores  seu  gradus  quiin  hacfacultate 

tually  destroys  their  functions,  it  recog-  reportantur  sunt  Baccalaureatus,  Licen- 

nises  and  even  adopts  them  as  permanent  tice,  Magisterii.    Ante  hos,  publicus  unus 

officers,  without  making  any  provision  est  actus  ut  vacant,  Determinantia.     In 

for  their  election.     We  are  scarcely  sur-  eo  singuli  juvenes  Logicce   studiosi  in 

prised  to  find  somewhat  later  "the  Sen-  celebri  totius  Academice concessu,  deques- 

ate  of  tlie  Faculty"  deliberating  \ipon  tione  aliqvn  ethica  qvum  Prccses,  profes- 

the  mode  of  electing  the  Dean  of  Faculty,  sonim  aliquis, proponit,  senteutiavi  siiam 

and  coming  to  the   resolution  that  he  dicunt.     Ilocmodo  Philosophicc studiosos 

should  be  elected  by  the  Rector,  Princi-  se  profitentur,  nullmn  vero  gradum  con- 

pal,  and  Professors,  together  ivith  the  sequuntur.      These  things  may  appear 

Ministers  of  Glasgow  and  the  Master  of  trilling,   but  such   trifles    fostered    the 

the  (irammav  School.     Anno  1642.  academic   spirit  which   tirst  bound  the 

'  These  terms,   which   occur  so   fre-  student  fast  to  his  own  University,  and 

(juently  in   the  second  volume  of   the  then  made  him /yee  of  all  the  Universi- 

muniments,  may  now  require  explanation  ties  of  Europe, 
in  Scotland.      Vernulaus,    speaking   of 


22G  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

encouraging  his  followers  in  the  severe  studies  of  which 
he  set  the  example.  His  aim  evidently  was  to  take 
advantage  of  the  sudden  zeal  for  education,  and  to  in- 
struct teachers  who  might  spread  and  continue  its  hless- 
ing.  The  system  he  pursued,  requiring  more  exertion 
than  is  to  be  looked  for  among  average  students,  is 
known  from  the  narrative  of  his  nephew,  James  Melville, 
who  accompanied  him  to  Glasgow  and  assisted  in  his 
undertaking  : — 

"  We  cam  to  Glasgw  about  the  first  of  November 
1574,  whare  we  fand  Mr.  Piter  Blakburn,  a  guid  man, 
new  com  from  St.  Andrios,  enterit  in  the  Collage,  and 
begoun  to  teatche  conform  to  the  ordour  of  the  course 
of  St.  Andrios.  But  Mr.  Andro  [Melville]  entering  prin- 
cipal! maister,  all  was  committed  and  submitted  to  him, 
wha  permitted  willinglie  to  the  said  Mr.  Piter,  the  cair 
of  the  Collage  leiving,  quhilk  was  but  verie  small,  con- 
sisting in  litle  annualles  then,  and  sett  him  haillelie  to  1 
teatche  things  nocht  hard  in  this  countrey  of  befor, 
wherin  he  trauelit  exceiding  diligentlie,  as  his  delyt  was 
therin  alleanerlie.  Sa  falling  to  wark  with  a  few  number 
of  capable  heirars,  sic  as  might  be  instructars  of  vthers 
therefter,  he  teatched  them  the  Greik  grammer,  the 
Dialectic  of  Eamus,  the  Khetoric  of  Taleus,  with  the 
practise  therof  in  Greik  and  Latin  authors,  namlie, 
Homer,  Hesiod,  Phocilides,  Theognides,  Pythagoras,  Iso- 
crates,  Pindarus,  Virgill,  Horace,  Theocritus,  etc.  From 
that  he  enterit  to  the  Mathematiks,  and  teatched  the 
Elements  of  Euclid,  the  Arithmetic  and  Geometric  of 
Eamus,    the    Geographic   of    Dyonisius,    the   Tables   of 


Melville's  teaching.  227 

Honter,  the  Astrologie  of  Aratus.  From  that  to  the 
Morall  Philosophie ;  he  teatched  the  Ethiks  of  Aristotle, 
the  Offices  of  Cicero,  Aristotle  de  Virtutibus,  Cicero's 
Paradoxes  and  Tusculanes,  Aristotle's  Polytics,  and  cer- 
tean  of  Platoes  Dialoges.  From  that  to  the  Natural] 
Philosophie ;  he  teatched  the  buiks  of  the  Physics,  De 
Ortu,  De  Ccelo,  etc.,  also  of  Plato  and  Fernelius.  With 
this  he  ioyned  the  Historic,  with  the  twa  lights  thereof, 
Chronologic  and  Chirographic,  out  of  Sleidan,  Menarthes, 
and  Melanchthon.  And  all  this,  by  and  attoure  his  awin 
ordinar  profession,  the  holie  tonges  and  Theologie.  He 
teachit  the  Hebrew  grammar,  first  schortlie,  and  syne 
more  accurathe  ;  therefter  the  Caldaic  and  Syriac  dialects 
with  the  practise  thereof  in  the  Psalmes  and  Warks  of 
Solomon,  Dauid,  Ezra,  and  Epistle  to  the  Galates.  He 
past  throw  the  haill  Comoun  Places  of  Theologie  verie 
exactlie  and  accuratlie  ;  also  throw  all  the  Auld  and  New 
Testament.  And  all  this  in  the  space  of  sax  yeirs,  dur- 
ing the  quhilk  he  teatchit  euerie  day  customablie  twyse, 
Sabothe  and  vtlier  day ;  with  an  ordinar  conference  with 
sic  as  war  present  efter  denner  and  supper.  His  lerning 
and  peanfulness  was  mikle  admired,  sa  that  the  nam  of 
that  Collage  within  twa  yeirs  was  noble  throwout  all  the 
land,  and  in  vther  countreys  also.  Sic  as  haid  passed 
ther  course  in  St.  Androis  cam  in  number  ther,  and 
entered  schollars  again  vnder  ordour  and  discipline,  sa 
that  the  Collage  was  sa  frequent  as  the  roumes  war  nocht 
able  to  receaue  them.  The  scolmaister  of  the  town,  Mr. 
iPatrik  Scharpe,  was  his  ordinar  heirar  and  contubemall, 
whome  he  instructed  and  directed  in  the  maist  commo- 


228  SKETCH  IlS  of  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

dius  bringing  vpc  of  the  youthe  in  grammer  and  guid 
authors  ;  whom  I  hard  oftentymes  profes  that  h(^  Icmed 
mair  of  Mr.  Andro  Meluill  craking  and  pleying,  for 
vnderstanding  of  the  authors  quhilk  he  teatched  in  the 
scholl,  nor  be  all  his  comentares.  Sic  lyk  Mr.  Peter 
Blakbum,  wha  tuk  vpe  the  first  clas.  Finalie,  I  dare 
say  there  was  na  place  in  Europe  comparable  to  Glasgw 
for  guid  letters  during  these  yeirs  for  a  plentifull  and 
guid  chepe  mercat  of  all  kynd  of  langages,  artes,  and 
sciences."^ 

That  this  picture  is  not  overdrawn,  and  that  the  effect 
of  such  a  teacher  remained  after  he  was  himself  removed, 
is  to  some  extent  proved  by  the  education  received  at 
Glasgow  by  one  who  could  not  have  benefited  by  Mel- 
ville's instructions.  Bayle  tells  us,  that  in  1600,  when 
young  John  Cameron,  then  little  more  than  twenty,  left 
Glasgow  for  France,  "  On  admira  justement  que  dans  un 
age  si  peu  avance  il  parlat  en  Grec  sur  le  champ  avec  la 
meme  facilite  et  avec  la  meme  purete  que  d'autres  en 
Latin."2 


^  Mr.  James  Melville's  Diary,  Bann.  well-bred  man,  who  keeps  his  coach,  etc. 

Club  edit.  p.  38.  He  is  both  very  learned  and  a  mighty 

2  Bayle,  Diction.,  voce   Cameron.     In  virtuoso.     He  is  causing  make  a  D^^iiwt- 

this  article  Bayle  is  speaking  from  the  naire  Historique  like  that  of  Moreri's, 

testimony  of  foreigners  who  knew  Came-  but  it  will  be  incomparably  liner.     One 

ron  well,  and  not  from  the  information  Monsieur  Baile  works  hard  to  have  it 

of  his  countrymen,  which  might  have  mis-  fine  and  true.     This  Mr.  Baile  is  a  most 

led  him.     Indeed,  the  reader  of  the  Die-  knowing  man.     Both  he  and  Leers,  who 

tionnaire  HistoriqxLe  et  Critique  should  is  the  bookseller,  are  my  friends,  and 

be  warned,  that  its  Scotch  biographical  would  fain  oblige  me  by  giving  an  ac- 

and  genealogical  information  is  to  be  count  of  my  family,  and  those  of  my 

taken  with  some  mistrust.    The  banished  nearest  relations.     I  hope  you  will  give 

Chancellorof  Scotland,  the  Earl  of  Perth,  me  a  short  one  of  my  Lord  Erroll's,  and 

writing  to  his  sister.  Lady  Erroll,  from  get  my  Lord  Keith  to  do  as  much  for 

Rotterdam,  in  1693,  tells  her—"  There  his,  and  it  ^vill  enrich  the  book  and  do 

is  a  bookseller  in  this  town,  a  genteel,  us  no  dishonour.     Pray  let  this  be  done. 


DEGREE  OF  M.A.  229 

The  stimulus  given  to  education  survived  the  genera- 
tion of  zealous  scholars  that  produced  it.  Glasgow  had 
indeed  lost  the  sympathy  of  the  great  fellowship  of 
learning  by  throwing  off  the  ancient  and  honoured  cus- 
toms of  Universities  ;  but  learning  and  efficient  discipline, 
and  the  respect  which  follow  them,  were  still  there,  and 
the  College  throve.  Laureation,  or  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts,  was  the  only  one  of  the  old  University  distinc- 
tions which  survived  the  great  Kevolution.  It  was  very 
different,  indeed,  from  the  degree  which,  coming  after 
well-defined  studies  and  preparatory  trials,  put  the  final 
stamp  upon  the  finished  scholar,  that  gave  him  equality 
and  fellowship  with  all  the  scholars  of  Christendom. 
Still  the  title  of  Master  of  Arts  remained,  and  the 
teachers  of  Glasgow  endeavoured  to  give  it  something  of 
its  old  value.  As  early  as  1595,  the  graduates  of  the 
year  were  arranged  and  published  in  classes  according  to 
merit  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  from  that  time 
the  degree  must  have  risen  in  estimation,  for  the  number 
of  candidates  gradually  and  almost  steadily  increased. 
Whether  accidentally  or  of  set  purpose,  the  "  laureation" 
was  also  rendered  imposing  by  some  ceremonial,  by 
crowds  of  invited  guests,  and  by  entertainments  and 
presents,  the  expense  of  which  it  soon  became  necessary 
to  restrain  within  definite  bounds.     Glasgow  preserved 

ami  sent  over  with  the  first  Scotch  fleet."  carefully  guarded  by  Bayle's  note—"  Get 

—Correspondence  of  James  Earl  of  Perth  article  .  .  .  est  un  memoire  conimiini- 

(Canulen  Club).     The  Erroll  family  was  que  au  libraire  le  16  de  .  .  .  1695.     On 

accordingly    honmired    by    the    article  Tiniprime   tout   tel  que   Ton   I'a   re<;u." 

"  Hay"  in  the  Dictionary.     The  paper  Both  articles,  so  far  as  they  pretend  to 

on  the  family  of  Drummond— doubtless  give  liistory,  are  quite  worthless, 
communicated  by  the  ex-chancellor,  is 


230  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  lUSTOltY. 

its  character,  and  its  records  scarcely  show  a  diminution 
of  numbers  during  all  the  troubles  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  great  principles  then  brought  into  discus- 
sion rather  incited  to  education  ;  and  if  during  the  great 
Civil  War  the  actual  commotion  prevented  some  Scotch- 
men from  attendance,  it  was  soon  more  than  compensated 
by  crowds  of  English,  outed  clergymen  s  sons,  and  Non- 
conformists, for  whom  there  was  no  toleration  in  the 
English  Universities,  even  if  they  had  been  willing  to 
sit  under  the  teachers  placed  there  at  the  Eestoration. 

Wodrow,  speaking  of  his  fathers  graduation  in  1659, 
tells  us  that  the  examination  of  candidates  for  degrees 
was  in  those  days  more  exact  and  close  than  in  his  own 
time,  "  when  learning  suffers  by  the  too  easy  admission 
of  many  without  exact  trial,  to  the  honorary  title  of 
Master  of  Arts  \^  and  he  gives  some  details  of  the  laurea- 
tion.^  But  a  much  more  minute  account  of  Glasgow 
study  and  graduation  of  that  period  is  found  in  the  con- 
temporary chronicle  of  one  of  the  band  of  EngHsh  stu- 
dents. Josiah  Chorley  was  born  in  1652,  at  Preston  in 
Lancashire,  Avhere,  he  notes,  his  father  s  house  was  "  the 
receptacle  of  persecuted  ministers."  After  a  prepara- 
tory education  in  several  good  grammar-schools,  Josiah 
was  sent  to  Cambridge,  and  admitted  of  Trinity  College, 
under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Bainbridge  ;  but  his  residence 
there  was  not  long,  "  the  terms  of  conformity  being 
strait."  He  then  turned  his  thoughts  to  Scotland.  His 
account  of  his  sojourn  at  Glasgow  shall  be  given  in  his 
own  words,  as  found  in  a  little  note -book,  which  he  en- 

1  Life  of  James  Wodroiv,  by  liis  Son,  p.  18.     Edinburgh,  1828. 


JOSIAH  CHORLEY  AT  COLLEGE. 


231 


titles  '*  Cliorleyana,  or  a  Register  commemorating  some 
of  the  most  remarkable  passages  of  God's  providence  to- 
wards me  from  my  nativity,  by  Josiah  Chorley/'  The 
first  part  of  the  "  Register  "  was  written  at  Glasgow  in 
1671-72.1 

"  The  Reverend  Mr.  Roger  Baldwin  having  in  his 
younger  days  exercised  his  ministry  in  Edinburgh,  and 
been  well  acquainted  with  Scotland,  encouraged  several 
of  his  acquaintances  to  send  their  sons  to  their  Universi- 
ties, especially  to  Glasgow,  as  a  place  best  adapted  to 
theii'  studies,  and  under  the  strictest  discipline  ;  and  for 
encom\agement  he  undertook  to  conduct  them  thither 
himself,  which  was  a  wonderful  condescension.  Accord- 
ingly, five  of  us  set  out  from  Preston,  February  10, 
1672,  viz.,  Mr.  William  Baldwyn,  Mr.  Peter  Green, 
Mr.   Jolm   Jones,   Mr.    Peter  Withington,  and   myself, 


1  I  am  indebted  to  Professor  Fleming 
for  calling  my  attention  to  an  extract 
from  this  journal,  which  appeared  in  the 
preface  to  a  work  published  anonymously 
in  "i.827.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr, 
Thomas  Longman  I  was  enabled  to  dis- 
cover the  author,  and  I  take  this  oppor- 
tunity of  expressing  my  great  obligation 
to  Mr.  W.  Bennet  of  Chapel  le  Frith, 
Derbyshire,  for  the  courteous  and  liberal 
permission  he  has  granted  me  of  using 
this  curious  journal.  He  informs  me 
that  the  volumes  came  into  his  hands 
among  the  papers  of  a  near  relative,  the 
Rev.  William  Bennett,  who  was  formerly 
minister  of  the  Independent  Chapel  at 
the  Pavement  in  London,  an  accom- 
plished and  highly  educated  man,  and 
very  fond  of  literary  reliques  of  this 
kind. 

Of  the  author  of  the  journal,  we  learn 
from  his  own  narrative  most  of  his  sub- 
sequent career.  After  several  engage- 
ments as  tutor,  he  became  chaplain  and 


tutor  in  the  family  of  Sir  Thomas  Bar- 
nardiston,  at  Ketton,  in  Suffolk.  While 
there,  in  1688,  "  after  King  James  had 
sent  out  a  declaration  of  liberty,  he  was 
called  forth  to  preach  frequently,  almost 
every  week,  at  Haverhill,  Clare,  Sutton, 
in  the  isle  of  Ely,  Bury,  Cambridge," 
etc.  After  three  years  spent  at  Ketton, 
he  went  to  be  pastor  to  a  congregation 
at  Cambridge  —  "  being  solemnly  set 
apart  to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  and 
ordained  with  fasting  and  prayer  and 
imposition  of  hands."  In  1690,  he  mar- 
ried Anne  Richardson  of  Cambridge.  In 
1691,  he  removed  to  be  minister  to  the 
congregation  at  Norwich,  whei'e  he  re- 
mained many  years,  having  refused  a 
call  to  the  congregation  of  Salter's  Hall. 
The  last  entry  in  this  simple  record  of 
his  pioiis  and  useful  life  is  dated  January 
29,  1713—  "  Great  relief  in  earnest  and 
repeated  prayers  under  sore  troubles. 
No  ease  like  heavenly  ease  !" 


232  SKIOTCHKS  OF  KAIILY   SCOTCH   JflSTOIlV. 

rejoicing  in  the  happiness  of  so  good  a  guide.  Aflci 
a  prosperous  journey,  by  the  will  of  God,  Mr.  Baldwin 
saw  us  all  admitted  into  the  College  of  Glasgow,  and 
entered  into  the  several  classes  into  which  we  were 
directed,  and  then  returned  with  his  servant  into  Eng 
land.  Blessed  be  the  Lord  for  inclining  the  heart  of 
this  his  faithful  servant,  not  only  to  counsel,  but  also  to 
conduct  us  to  this  happy  place.  I  was  admitted  in  the 
Batchclor  year,  having  studied  Logic  and  Philosophy  so 
long  in  England,  and  came  under  the  presidency  and 
tuition  of  that  celebrated  philosopher,  Mr.  John  Tran,  a 
person  whose  excellent  qualities  would  fill  a  large  volume 
to  enumerate.  I  soon  found  my  great  account  in  it,  to 
sit  constantly  at  his  feet,  for  as  keen  as  my  appetite  was 
to  learning,  here  was  rich  provision  enough  to  satisfy  it, 
in  daily  dictates,  disputations,  etc.  Oh,  how  sweet  and 
pleasant  was  this  life  of  strict  studies,  and  daily  more 
and  more  so,  insomuch  that  I  could  spare  no  time  for 
the  ordinary  diversions  of  the  scholars  ;  but  when  in- 
vited by  them  thereto,  have  desired  to  be  excused,  for 
this  was  my  seed  time,  and  as  I  sowed  now^,  I  hoped 
to  reap  hereafter. 

"  The  good  orders  of  the  College  were  very  agreeable 
to  mine  inclination.  At  five  o'clock  in  the  mornina  the 
bell  rings,  and  every  scholar  is  to  answer  to  his  name, 
which  is  then  called  over.  The  day  is  spent  in  private 
studies  and  public  exercises  in  the  classes  ;  at  nine  at 
night  every  chamber  is  visited  by  the  respective  regents. 
The  Lord's  days  strictly  observed,  all  the  scholars  called 
to  the  several  classes,  where,  after  religious  exercises,  all 


I 


GLASGOW  COLLEGE  IN  1672.  233 

attend  the  Primar  and  Kegents  to  church,  forenoon  and 
afternoon,  and  in  the  same  order  from  church.  Then  in 
the  evening,  called  again  to  the  classes,  and  then  come 
under  examination  concerning  the  sermons  heard,  and 
p-ive  account  of  what  was  appointed  the  foregoing  Sab- 
bath in  some  theological  treatise,  viz.,  Wollebius,  or 
Ursin's  Catechism,  etc.,  and  other  religious  exercises  ; 
and  then  to  supper  and  chambers  ;  so  that  there  is  no 
room  for  vain  ramblings  and  wicked  prophanations  of 
the  day,  if  we  were  so  disposed  ;  and  such  restraints  are 
great  blessings  to  licentious  youth. 

"  The  public  worship  in  the  churches,  though  the 
Archbishop  himself  preach,  is  in  all  respects  after  the 
same  manner  managed  as  in  the  Presbyterian  congrega 
tions  in  England,  so  that  I  much  wondered  why  there 
should  be  any  Dissenters  there,  till  I  came  to  be  in- 
formed of  the  renunciation  of  the  Covenant  enjoined, 
and  the  imposition  of  the  hierarchy,  etc. 

"  There  is  also  a  comely  face  of  religion  appearing 
throughout  the  whole  city  in  the  private  exercises  thereof 
in  the  families,  as  may  appear  to  any  that  walks  tln-ough 
the  streets ;  none  being  allowed  either  in  or  out  of 
Church  time,  to  play  or  saunter  about ;  but  reading 
Scriptures,  singing  Psalms,  etc.,  to  be  heard  in  most 
houses. 

"  I  was  very  happy  in  the  society  of  Mr.  William 
Baldwin,  an  ingenious  and  serious  gentleman,  so  long  as 
he  staid  with  us,  being  chamber  and  bed-fellows ;  but 
he  entering  in  the  Magistrand  class,  laureated  this  year, 
and  then  returned  into  England.     And  now  the  vaca- 


234  8Kp:tches  of  early  scotch  iiisToiiy. 

tioii  commencing,  Mr.  George  Glen,  a  student  in  theo- 
logy under  the  famous  professor  thereof,  Mr.  Gilbert 
Burnet,  took  me  into  his  chamljer  and  bed.  With  this 
gentleman  I  have  much  edifying  conversation  for  pro- 
moting learning  and  piety ;  the  Lord  help  me  to  im- 
prove my  season.  ,  .  . 

"  This  year  I  fell  into  a  stricter  amity  with  Mr. 
Kalph  Ainsworth.  We  had  been  school-fellows  many 
years  before  at  Blackburn,  and  he  had  been  some  time 
at  the  College  of  Dublin,  and  from  thence  was  come  to 
Glasgow  before  me.  He  was  an  eager  and  subtle  dis- 
putant, was  commonly  styled  in  the  College  universale  a 
parte  rei,  for  his  stout  maintaining  that  point  against  all 
opponents.  He  and  I  met  every  morning  about  four 
or  five,  and  every  evening  at  eight  of  the  clock,  at  our 
chamber  in  short  days,  and  in  the  College  walks  or  some 
appointed  fields  in  the  long  days,  and  disputed  over  the 
principal  questions  in  philosophy,  to  no  small  advantage 
(Fm  sure  at  least)  unto  myself.     Blessed  be  the  Lord. 

"  1672,  April  1. — We  of  the  magistrand  class  now 
in  the  beginning  of  April  concluded  our  lecturing,  in 
order  to  prepare  for  the  ensuing  Lam^eation.  All  the 
scholars  that  designed  to  take  their  degrees  assembled  to 
assesse  one  another  for  defraying  the  expenses ;  chose 
collectors  of  the  money  assessed,  and  treasurers,  whereof 
one  was  for  the  Scotts,  and  I  for  the  English ;  and  also 
stewards  to  provide  gloves  and  the  printing  of  the  theses 
— one  on  white  satin  for  the  patron,  and  an  appointed 
number  on  paper.  My  tutor  would  engage  me  to  be 
the  publick  orator  at  the  Laureation.     I  declined  it,  and 


LAUREATION.  235 

earnestly  begged  his  excuse,  till  I  obtained  it.  But  then 
he  would  not  excuse  my  journey  to  Edinburgh  to  invite 
the  grandees  there  to  our  Laureation  ;  so  that  I  went, 
furnished  with  gloves,  and  theses,  which  I  first  presented 
to  the  patron,  the  Laird  of  Colchun,  upon  white  satin. 
I  then  waited  upon  the  Archbishop  of  Glasgow,  Dr. 
Leighton,  at  his  chamber  in  the  CoUedge,  whereof  he 
had  been  formerly  master.  After  presenting  the  service 
of  our  Colledge  and  Tutor,  and  invitation  to  our  Laurea- 
tion, I  craved  his  acceptance  of  the  theses,  which  he 
thankfully  accepted  ;  but  presenting  then  the  fine  fringed 
gloves,  he  started  back,  and  with  all  demonstrations  of 
]mmihty,  excused  himselfe  as  unworthy  of  such  a  pre- 
sent. I  humbly  urged  his  acceptance  ;  he  still  retired 
backward,  and  I  pursued  him  till  he  came  to  the  end  of 
the  chamber,  and  at  last  prevailed.  But  it  was  amazing 
to  see  with  what  humble  gratitude,  bowing  to  the  very 
ground,  this  great  man  accepted  them.  This  was  agree- 
able to  his  whole  deportment  at  Glasgow,  where  the 
history  of  his  deep  humility  might  fill  a  volume.  Then 
waited  on  Sir  James  Turner,  the  Steward  of  our  Univer- 
sity :  Then  on  Dr.  Burnett,  our  Divinity  Professor,^  but 
he  was  out  of  town  attending  the  Earl  of  Tweedale  in 
his  last  illness.  On  the  morning  before  my  return,  I, 
calling  at  the  Doctor  s  lodgings,  found  him  returned. 
He  was  in  bed  ;  sent  for  me  up  ;  made  me  sit  down  on 
his  bedside,  after  I  had  dehvered  my  message  to  him. 
Then  he  told  me  he  was  come  home  this  morning  as 

*  "  This  is  tluvt  Dr.  0.   Burnett  who       William  the  Third."— Marginal  note  of 
was  made   Bishop   of  Sarum   by  King       J.  Chmiey. 


236  SKETCHES  OF  EAHLV  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

80011  as  the  Earl  was  dead.  After  much  more  discoui-Be 
about  the  affairs  of  our  CoUedgc,  and  his  eomj)limeiits  to 
my  tutor,  I  took  my  leave  of  him,  and  soon  after,  of  tlic 
city,  and  returned  to  Glasgow  with  all  expedition  ;  wiis 
kindly  received  by  my  good  tutor,  to  whom  I  related  all 
the  transactions,  and  delivered  all  the  compliments,  etc. 
Blessed  be  God  for  good  success  in  this  journey. 

"  The  day  after  my  return  home  came  on  the  famous 
Laureation  in  the  Trone  Church  (the  Colledge-hall,  the 
usual  place,  not  being  capable  to  receive  the  number  of 
scholars  and  the  grand  concourse  of  the  learned  clergy 
and  gentry  who  were  invited  from  all  parts,  besides  a 
vast  multitude  of  spectators),  wherein,  after  our  Eegent 
in  the  pulpit  had  prayed  in  Latin,  and  opened  the  design 
of  that  solemnity  in  an  eloquent  oration,  and  propounded 
the  Theses,  came  on  the  disputations,  wherein  every 
clergyman  and  gentleman  present,  or  as  many  as  would, 
called  out  what  scholar  he  pleased  for  his  respondent, 
and  opposed  upon  any  thesis  that  he  read  ;  the  Eegent  d 
all  the  while  moderating  in  the  pulpit.  This  was  a  long 
exercise ;  which  ended,  the  publick  orator  (Mr.  J.  L.  i 
[Jonathan  Low],  my  chamber-fellow,  an  Englishman, 
who  had  accepted  the  office  after  I  had  declined  it)  pro- 
nounced his  declamation  very  well.  Then  were  all  the 
scholars  sent  out  into  the  clnu'chyard,  waiting  to  be 
called  in  by  our  Regent  according  to  his  judgment  of 
their  degrees  in  learning,  to  be  observed  by  the  whole 
assembly.  The  first  call  was  Arthure  Hamilton  (a  Scots 
gentleman),  the  second,  '  Josias  Chorley.'  I  not  think- 
ing myself  worthy  of  that  degree,  put  my  friend,  cham- 


■ 


LAUIIEATION.  237 

ber-fellow,  and  orator  on  going  in  my  room.  He  readily 
accepted  it  and  went  in.  I  waited  till  his  turn  came  to 
be  called  :  then  as  I  was  going,  I  laid  hold  on  Mr.  Ains- 
worth  to  thrust  him  in  my  room,  esteeming  him  a  better 
scholar  than  either  of  us,  but  he  refused  it,  so  that  I  must 
go  in,  though  (I  thought)  before  many  my  betters.  This 
being  over,  we  all  stood  in  order  in  the  Church.  Then 
the  Primar  (the  learned  Mr.  Wright)  read  his  injunc- 
tions to  us  out  of  the  CoUedge  Statute  Book,  pronounc- 
ing the  title  of  Master  of  Arts  over  us  :  which  done,  the 
Regent  concluded  all  with  a  solemn  prayer  and  thanks- 
giving. 

"  These  things  being  ended,  all  we  that  were  officers 
assembled  to  defray  all  charges  and  adjust  all  accounts  ; 
which  we  did  to  the  content  of  all  the  scholars  by  whom 
we  were  entrusted.  Then  all  agreed  to  present  the  sur- 
plusage to  our  Regent.  But  before  this  was  done,  it 
was  agreed  (as  usually)  that  every  officer  should  have  a 
dollar  for  his  pains.  I  opposed  the  motion,  and  would 
have  paid  Is.  6d.  that  I  had  laid  out  at  Edinburgh  for 
two  small  books  out  of  the  Colledge  money  ;  but  they 
would  not  receive  it,  saying,  the  trouble  of  my  journey 
deserved  a  better  gratuity.  But  it  was  carried  against 
my  inclination  for  every  one  to  take  half  a  dollar,  which 
we  did,^  though  I  thought  our  excellent  Regent  deserved 
the  best  of  our  service.  This  being  deducted,  we  pre- 
sented a  large  purse  as  our  valedictory,  which  was  thank- 
fully accepted." 

1  "  N.B,— This  troubled  me  many  knowledgment  to  Mr.  Tran,  and  with  it 
years  after,  forgetting  some  circum-  a  guinea,  begging  his  pardon  and  prayers 
stances,  so  tliat  I  sent  a  letter  of  ac-       to  God." —Marginal  note  of  J.  Chorley. 


238 


SKETC'IJK.S  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


"  Having  dispute 'JkmI  all  our  affairs,  all  we  English 
men  hasted  homeward,  setting  f)ut  the  next  afternoon 
(July  19)  towards  Edinburgh,  whence  (lifter  a  short  stay 
there)  we  made  our  way  ])y  Berwick,  Newcastle,  Dur- 
ham, etc.,  every  one  to  his  home,  and  I  to  Preston."  .  .  . 


The  thesis  of  the  Master  of  Arts  in  the  time  of  Chor- 
ley  was  a  single  essay,  composed  by  the  Regent,  but  sub- 
scribed by  the  whole  candidates  for  Laureation,  all  bound 
to  defend  their  thesis  against  all  impugners.  In  later 
times,  the  Glasgow  thesis  assumed  the  usual  form  of  an 
individual  dissertation  by  each  candidate  for  the  degree.^ 


^  James  Wodrow's  thesis,  at  liis  gra- 
duation in  1659,  was  printed  (probably 
at  Edinburgh).  The  historian  says, — 
"They  are  printed  1659  and  publickly 
defended,  postridie  Nonas  Quintileis, 
prgeside  Roberto  Areskino,  in  sede  sacra 
Franciscanorum  Glasguas."  —  Life  of 
James  Wodrmo,  by  his  Son,  p.  18.  The 
first  year  in  which  I  have  met  with  in- 
dividual theses  of  Glasgow  graduates  is 
1713.  Mr.  David  Laing,  to  whose  ac- 
quaintance with  the  literary  history  of 
Scotland  I  am  much  indebted,  in  com- 
mon with  all  who  have  worked  on  such 
subjects  as  the  present,  has  in  his  collec- 
tion several  theses  of  that  year.  The 
style  of  the  announcement  is  uniform, 
and  one  specimen  is  therefore  enough : — 

Dissertatio  philosophica  inauguralis 

de  gravitate  aliisqiie  virihus  naturalihis 

quam 

cum  annexis  corollariis 

favente  summo  numine 

auctoritate  dignissimi  vice-cancellarii 

Joannis  Stirling  v.  d.  m.  ss.  th.  prof. 

primarii  nee  non 

aviplissimi  senatus  academici  consensu 

et  celeherrima;  facuUaiis  artium  decreto 

pro  gradu  Magisterii  suvwiisque  in  phi- 

losophia  et  artihus  liheralihus  privilegiis 

et  honoribus  rite  ac  legitvm^  conseqnendis 


in  atiditorio  publico  academice  Glasgvei- 
sis 

ad  diem     Junii  hora      post  merid. 
propugnabit  Colinus  M'Lai/znn  Scottis 
Prov.   3.   19.     Deu^  sajnentia  fundavit 
terram,  stoMlivit  ccelos  prudentia. 

The  dedication  is—  Viro  rexerendo  mro. 
Danieli  M'Laurin  ecclesice  ed  ceUam 
Finani  past&ri  fdelissir/w  patruo  sua 
spectatissimo  ob  affectum  cur amque plane 
parentcdem,  patris  charissimi  loco  semper 
ho/iorando. 

The  impress  is  of  R  Freebaim,  Edin- 
burgh, and  the  date  1713.  It  was  in 
that  year  that  the  establishing  of  a 
bookseller's  shop  and  printing  press 
within  the  University  of  Glasgow  was 
enforced,  by  the  "  consideration  of  our 
being  obliged  to  go  to  Edinburgh  in 
order  to  gett  one  sheet  right  printed." — 
Duncan's  Literary  History  of  Glasgow, 
119.  The  want  was  soon  to  be  supplied, 
and  a  thesis  of  Joannes  Sherman,  of 
1716,  has  the  impress,  Gla^gu<B  ex  offxina 
Donaldi  Govati  Academice  typographi. 
Francis  Hutcheson's  inaugural  oration 
in  1730  bears  simply  Glasgoxice  typis 
Academicis.  It  is  dedicated  to  all  the 
Professors  by  name,  and  since  it  is  so 
rare  that  Mr.  Duncan  had  not  seen  it,  a 
few  extracts  may  be  acceptable.     I  am 


I 


STUDIES  IN  1712. 


239 


We  learn  something  of  the  mode  of  conducting  the 
studies  in  the  University,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century,  from  documents  collected  by  a  writer  to  whom 
Glasgow  owes  more  than  is  generally  known. 

In  a  paper  among  Wodrow's  collections,  it  is  asserted 
that  till  the  beginning  of  the  year  1710  there  had  for 
many  years  been  no  public  prelections  in  the  University, 
but  at  that  time  it  was  resolved  that  in  certain  classes 
public  prelections  should  be  held/  On  25th  August 
1712,  the  Faculty  appointed  the  Professors  within  two 
days  to  give  in  an  account  of  their  way  of  teaching  and 


again  indebted  for  the  use  of  my  copy  to 
my  friend  Mr.  Laing  : — 

Postqiiam  in  hac  academia,  literarum 
humaniorum  atque  philosophice  studiis 
sex  annos  dedissem  a  loco  gratissimo  pri- 
vatce  me  ratioties  atque  officia  in  Hiher- 
niam  amovere,  uhi,  laboriosissimis  mihi 
atque  molest issimis  negotiis  implicito 
exigua  admodum  erant  ad  bonas  literas 
aut  mentem  colendam  otia.  Non  levi 
Hgitur  Icetitia  commovebar  cum  aPmam 
inatrem  Academiam  post  tertium  deci- 
mum  annum  me  suum  olim  alumnum,  in 
libertatem  asseruisse  audiveram,  atque 
viros  ornatissimos  Academia; moderator es 
et  professores  q\ios  sanctorum  olim  paren- 
tum  loco  colui  me  sibi  collegam  cooptasse. 
Mihi  qiUdem  vctemim  parentum  hctud 
immemoH,  adeo  non  acerbum  visum  est, 
relicto  amantissimo  natali  solo 

.  .  .  antiquam  exquirere  matrein 
Unde  genus  duxi  .  .  . 

ut  venerandam  Scotiam,  virorum  fortium 
et  doctorum  parentem,  neqiie  hoc  seculo 
effcetam  cuj icsqtie  foecunditatem  nulla  im- 
minuet  vetustas,  erpetere  arderet  animus. 
Nescio  qua  dulcedine  me  agniturum 
speraram,  prout  nunc  agnosco,  ipsa  loca, 
ipsa  cedijicia,  hortos,  agros,  riparum 
^toros,  ubi  olim  curis  vacuus,  Icetus  hila- 
\risque  versabar.    Animum  vera  pra^ipuc 


subiit  kcec  ipsa  Academia  doctissima  at- 
que gravissima  in  hoc  ipso  atcditorio  at- 
que scholiis  privatioribus  irrofessorum 
Acroamata.  Ut  delector  hcec  loca  revi- 
sens  ubi  prima  veri  investigandi  elementa 
hauseram;  uM  immoi'tales  Homeri  et 
Virgilii  sublimitates  degustaveram,Xeno- 
phontis,  Horatii,  ArisiopJianis,  Terentii 
dtdcedines,  elegantias,  facetias,  lepores, 
sales,  Ciceronis  item  locupletissimam  in 
omni  philosophia  vemistatem  et  amplitu- 
dinem,  atque  m  ptc^l'^'ociniis  copiosam  et 
vehementem  contentioTiem  I  Ubi  jjrimum 
virtutis  naturam  et  causas  quoesiverarn, 
atque  eternas  illas  numerorum  et  figura- 
rum  rationes  quibus  innitur  hoc  mundi 
universi  stupendum  opus  indagare  fue- 
ram  conatus !  immo  vero  Dei  ipsius 
a'terni,  cujus  vi,  mente  et  consilio  cuncta 
administrantur,  naturam  potentiam,  sa- 
pientiam  et  benignitatem :  Atqtie  ubiha^c 
omnia  altius  animo  insederunt  atque  ino- 
luerunt,  postquam  leni  et  amico  sermone, 
libera  et  verecunda  disceptatione,  scepius 
pensitata  fuerant  inter  amidssimos  so- 
dales  dum  in  hortis  Academicis  aut  in 
agro  amoenissimo  suburbano  quern  placido 
Jlumine  alluit  Glotta  spatiaremurl  Hcec 
omnia  recordanti  m^a  in  Scotiam  pro- 
fectio  amoena,  Iceta,  videbatur.  .  .  . 

•  In    Duncan's    Literary    History   of 
Glasgmo,  p.  112. 


240  SKETCH KS  OF  EAIILY  SCOTCH   HISTOUV. 

managin<(  tlicii-  several  provinces,  iii  order  to  the  amend 
ment  of  anything  that  may  be  amiss  or  defective.  'J'he 
reports  made  by  the  Professors,  though  they  have  not 
been  found  by  the  present  writer,  fortunately  did  not 
escape  the  notice  of  a  previous  labourer  in  the  same  field. 
They  contain  a  precise  statement  of  the  manner  of  teach- 
ing each  class  at  that  time.^ 

The  Professor  of  Divinity  read  and  explained  each 
session  John  Marckius's  Medulla,  collating  therewith  the 
Scotch  Confession  of  Faith.  Two  days  of  the  week  were 
set  aside  for  exercises,  and  Saturday  for  prayer  and  con- 
ference privately.  There  was  a  meeting  for  "  polemic 
conference  '^  "  once  in  a  w^eek  or  two." 

Professor  Law  used  the  old  way  of  teaching  Philo- 
sophy, "  by  dited  notes  and  disputes  in  all  the  parts  of 
philosophy."  The  disputations  were  sometimes  three 
days  in  the  week,  and  were  never  neglected.  The  lessons 
were  got  by  heart. 

Mr.  Dunlop,  Professor  of  Greek,  taught  Yerney's 
Grammar  in  the  Bajan  class, '^  and  occupied  the  whole 

1  Duncan's  Literary  History  of  Glas-  bejaurte  pour  direleur  hien  venue. — Di^t. 

goto,  p.  112,  de  Trevoux.     Bejaunium — quod  a  novis 

-'  The  Bajan  or  freshman  class  is  not  scholarihus  nmnine  jucundi  adventics  a 

peculiar  to  Scotch  Universities ;  ^t/awTie,  condiscipulis  exigebatur  (Ducange), — is 

Bejaune,   Bejauniitm,    are    words    well  found  in  the  statutes  of  the  University  of 

known  in  academic  and  clerical  French  Orleans  in  1365,  of  the  University  of  Tou- 

and  Latin  of  two  centuries  ago.     Their  louse,  1401, 1457,  and  of  Paris.     Univer- 

etymology  has  been  questioned,  but  no  sities  and  even  Councils  thundered  against 

better  than  the  received  one  has  been  the  extortions  of  Bejaunia,  in  vain.    In 

suggested,   and   their   meaning    is    not  the  University  of  Vienna  the  navdlus 

doubtful.     Ce  mot  a  He  dit  par  corrup-  stvdiosus,  qui  ad  academiam  nuper  ac- 

tion  de  bee  jaune  par  la  metaphore  des  cessit  was  called  Beanus,  a  word  which 

oisons  et  autres  oiseatix  niais  qui  ont  le  occurs   in   the   scholastic   slang  of  the 

bee  jaune,  ce  qxCon  a  applique,  aux  ap-  middle    ages,    equivalent    to    our    new 

preniis  en  tous  les  a/rts  et  sciences — Eudis,  caught. 

tiro,    imperitus   .    .    .   ainsi  on  faisait  The   second    year's   class   was  called 

payer  autrefois  aux  ecoliers  de  Droit  leur  Semi,  with  which  half  the  curriculum  of 


GLASGOW  IN  LATER  TIMES.  241 

season  cliiefly  with  it — the  authors  whom  lie  names 
being  evidently  read  only  as  illustrative  and  subordinate 
to  the  elementary  instruction.^  Mr.  Dunlop  was  a  long 
time  Professor  of  Greek,  and  was  esteemed  for  his  know- 
ledge of  the  language,  and  his  manner  of  teaching  it ; 
but  students  who  spent  the  first  season  in  learning  the 
Grammar,  and  limited  their  study  of  the  language  to  an- 
other, could  but  poorly  maintain  the  character  of  the 
school  where  Andrew  Melville  had  taught,  and  John 
Cameron  had  learnt  Greek. 

The  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  was  a  period 
of  stagnation  in  Scotland.  If  the  University  of  Glasgow 
partook  of  the  general  lethargy  of  that  half  century,^  it 
shared  also  in  the  energy  and  progress  that  marked  the 
next  age  of  Scotch  history.  To  prove  this,  it  is  enough 
to  point  to  the  names  that  made  Glasgow  famous  in  the 
past  hundred  years,  omitting  those  still  alive.  No  other 
[School  of  learning  A\dthin  so  short  a  period  can  boast  of 
an  array  of  teachers  like  CuUen  and  Black  in  chemistry 
and  medicine  ;  Hutchison,  Reid,  Adam  Smith  in  mental 
philosophy  ;  Moore,  Young,  and  Sandford  in  Greek  litera- 
ture ;  John  Millar  and  Jardine  in  what  may  be  called 
the  art  of  education.  To  add  to  the  distinction  con- 
ferred by  her  great  masters,  the  University  of  Glasgow, 

Arts  was  completed.     The  third  year's  2  jt  will  scarcely  save  the  Uuiversity 

was  the  Tertian  or  Bachelor  class  ;  the  from  this  charge,  that  the  Faculty  was 

jfourth,    the  Magistrand,    each    named  vigorous  enough  to  stop  the  "  design  by 

{from  the  degree  to  which  it  immediately  a   gentleman   from   England   to   give   a 

iled.     These  names  are  still  in  use  at  St.  coui-se  of  experimental  })hilosophy  in  the 

Andrews   and  Aberdeen.     There   is  no  city,"— being  "of  opinion  that  the  en- 

|mark  of  their  having  been  used  anciently  couraging  of  the  said  design  was  neither 

jat  Glasgow.  for  the  interest  nor  reputation  of  the 

'  Duncan's  Literary  Ilistonj,  p.  122.  University."— November  4,  1725. 

Q 


242 


.SI<I<:T(JIIE8  of  early  scotch    HiSTOitV. 


within  the  same  period,  has  had  the  singular  fortunes  of 
producing  the  printing  press  of  Foulis,  and  being  the 
birthpkice  of  the  discoveries  and  inventions  of  James 
Watt.^ 

Although  the  term  "  University,"  like  ''  College,"  is 
improperly  applied  to  a  building,  yet  it  is  natural  enough   i 
to  name  the  building  from  the  body  which  occupies  or 
frequents  it ;  and  it  becomes  interesting  to  trace  the   | 
successive  local  habitations  of  an  old  and  renowned  Uni- 
versity, and  its  subordinate  bodies. 

The  earliest  statutes  of  the  University  of  Glasgow 
directed  the  solemn  meetings,  and  indeed  aU  meet- 
ings of  the  members,  to  be — in  loco  per  Rector  em  depu- 
tando — in  such  place  as  the  Rector  of  the  University 
(the  liighest  officer  elected  by  themselves)  should  think 
convenient.  But  the  Rectors,  for  the  most  part  canons, 
and  the  Chancellor,  the  bishop,  brought  the  meetings  to 
be  usually  held  in  their  cathedral, — the  cradle,  indeed,  of 
the  University. 

The  first  general  Chapter  of  the  University,  held  in 
1451,    for   the   incorporation   of  members,  met  in  the 


1  This  time,  it  was  "the  Trades"  of 
Glasgow  who  stood  by  their  exclusive 
privileges,  and  would  have  strangled  in 
their  birth  the  inventions  which  have 
benefited  their  city  even  more  than  the 
rest  of  the  world;  but  "the  University 
interfered,  made  a  grant  in  favour  of 
young  Watt  of  a  small  room  in  their 
own  buildings,  permitted  him  to  esta- 
blish a  shop,  and  honoured  him  "with 
the  title  of  their  mathematical  instru- 
ment maker."— Arago's  Eloge  of  James 
Watt,  translated  by  J.  P.  Muirhead, 
1839,   p.    11.     That  little   shop   in   the 


College  buildings  "  became  a  sort  of  aca- 
demy, whither  all  the  learned  of  Glas- 
gow resorted  to  discuss  points  of  the 
greatest  nicety  in  art,  science,  and  litera- 
ture."—76  ic?.  p.  13.  It  was  there  that 
Watt  mended  the  model  of  Newcomen's 
steam-engine,  and  thus  gave  his  mind  to 
improve  the  application  of  steam  as  a 
motive  power.  How  much  turned  upon 
the  patching  of  that  toy  !  I  behave 
the  little  model  repaired  by  James  Watt 
is  still  preserved  with  affectionate  rever- 
ence. 


4 


PLACES  OF  UNIVERSITY  MEETINGS.  243 

Chapter-house  of  the  Friars  Preachers,  where  the  College 
Kirk  now  stands,  and  there  forty  members,  mostly 
Churchmen,  several  dignitaries  of  the  Church,  were  at 
once  incorporated  and  sworn  ;  and  Mr.  David  Cadyow, 
precentor  of  the  church  of  Glasgow,  was  chosen  Eector.^ 
The  next  congregation,  in  the  presence  of  the  Bishop, 
their  Chancellor  and  founder,  was  held  in  the  Chapter- 
house of  his  Cathedral.  And  in  the  Chapter-house  of 
the  Cathedral  for  the  most  part,  sometimes  in  the  lower 
Chapter-house,  were  the  subsequent  congregations  of  the 
members  of  the  University  held,  down  to  the  time  of  the 
Reformation. 

The  ancient  statutes  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  ordained 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  Masters  and  Students  of  that 
Faculty,  for  the  election  of  their  Dean,  to  take  place  in 
the  Cathedral,  at  the  Altar  of  St.  Nicholas  (probably  in 
the  Ciypt).  But  the  first  congregation  of  the  Faculty 
in  1451,  was  held  in  the  Chapter-house  of  the  Cathedral ; 
the  next  in  the  Chapter-house  of  the  Friars  Preachers  ; 
the  three  following  in  the  Crypt  below  the  Chapter- 
house of  the  Cathedral.^  Sometimes  the  meetings  of 
the  Faculty  were  at  the  statutory  place,  at  the  altar  of 
St.  Nicholas,  sometimes  at  the  altar  of  the  Virgin,  both 
in  the  Crypt,  and  occasionally  in  the  Chapter-house  of 
the  friendly  Friars. 

It  was  in  the  Chapter-house  of  the  Friars  that  Mas- 
ter David  Cadyow,  ''  Precentor  of  the  Church  of  Glasgow 
and  Rector  of  this  august  University,"  read  lectures  in 

'  He  was  continued  Rector  next  year.         ferioi^  capitiilo — that  is,   in    the   more 
'■'  hi  domo  inferiaris  capitnli — in  in-       ancient  and  lowea*  Chapter-house. 


244 


sketchp:s  of  early  scotch  history 


Canon  Law,  jiimI  iM aster  William  of  Levenax  lectured  in 
Civil  Law,  in  the  y(.'ar  14G0.  Here,  too,  in  1521,  Friar 
Eol>ert  Lile,  Prior  of  the  Convent  of  Dominicans,  and 
Bachelor  of  Theology,  in  presence  of  the  Rector,  the 
Dean  of  Facidty,  and  the  other  Masters,  and  under  the 
presidency  of  Dr.  John  Adamson,  Provincial'  of  the 
Order  in  Scotland,  "  commenced"  the  reading  of  the 
fourth  book  of  the  "  Sentences" — incepit  pro  forma 
lecturam  quarti  lihri  sententiarum} 

But  before  that  time  the  Faculty  of  Aits  had  build- 
ings which  they  called  their  "  schools,"  in  which  their 
Masters  taught ;  a  dwelling-place  for  students  of  Arts, 
which  was  named  "  collegium,"  in  which  they  had  their 
"  chambers"  and  common  table.  This,  mthout  any 
doubt,  was  the  building  long  known  as  the  "  aidd  peda- 
gogy,"^ in  the  Rotten  Row. 

It  is  not  easy  to  determine  when  the  schools  and  \ 
chambers  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  were  removed  from 
their  ancient  seat  to  the  new  pedagogy,  built  on  the  pro- 
perty bestowed  upon  them  by  Lord  Hamilton  in  1460. 


^  The  notice  is  brief  and  not  precise, 
but  it  seems  to  record  that  Prior  Lile  on 
that  occasion  received  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Theology  in  the  congregation 
of  the  University,  held  in  the  Chnrch  or 
Chapter-honse  of  the  Friars  Preachers. 
The  convent  of  the  Dominicans,  itself  an 
elder  daughter  of  the  episcopal  chnrch 
of  Glasgow  {Book  of  out  Lady  College, 
xxxviii.),  and  destined  finally  to  be- 
come the  property  of  the  University, 
was  probably  chosen  for  those  early 
Academic  solemnities  on  account  of  the 
spacious  buildings  for  which  the  monas- 
teries of  the  Friars  were  everywhere  re- 
nowned. The  history  of  the  conventual 
Church  of  the  Friars  Preachers,  through 


all  its  fortunes,  will  be  found  in  the 
preface  to  the  collection  of  their  muni- 
ments joined  to  the  Book  of  our  Lady 
College. 

2  Cum  vero  duplicis  genens  sint  col- 
legia— alia  in  quibiis  docetur  et  exercetw 
juvenhis,  quw  psedagogia  xnlgo  nuncur 
jiantquoeque  regiinini  iJecani  etFacultciit 
Artium  subjacent  .  .  .  alia  soli  scholarium 
alimentationi deputata. — Andreas,  Fasti 
Lovanienses.  We  have  only  an  allusion 
to  the  titles  of  the  parson  of  Liisb's 
house  in  the  Ratton  Raw,  taken  m  feu 
by  the  Laird  of  Luss,  "  and  called  Auld 
Pedagogy,"  which,  it  is  feared,  are  uow^ 
lost. 


THE  FACULTY  OF  ARTS.  245 

At  a  general  congregation  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  in 
1453,  after  some  provisions  touching  the  "general  re- 
sponsions  in  the  town'' — in  vico — as  opposed,  it  would 
seem,  to  the  Chapter-house  or  Church,  and  even  to  the 
Rotten  Row,  there  is  a  levy  ordered  for  repairing  the 
school  "  in  the  said  place,"  for  general  "  acts,"  and  fur- 
nishing it  with  benches  and  a  chair  for  the  President. 
In  1457,  ike  Masters  Regents  were  straitened  in  pay- 
ing "  the  rent  of  the  pedagogy"  by  reason  of  the 
poverty,  war,  ]3estilence,  and  fewness  of  students  in  the 
preceding  year ;  and  next  year  and  for  five  successive 
years  the  Faculty  gave  all  that  was  in  its  purse  "  for 
building  of  the  pedagogy" — in  edificatione  pedagogii — 
circa  edificationem  domtis  pedagogii. 

We  may  conclude  that  this  was  the  "  Collegium 
Facultatis  Artium,"  in  which  the  annual  banquet  of  the 
Faculty  was  to  be  celebrated  on  the  Sunday  or  Feast 
next  after  the  Translation  of  St.  Nicholas  (9th  May), 
when  all  the  Masters,  Licentiates,  Bachelors,  and  Stu- 
dents, after  hearing  matins  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Thomas 
the  Martyr,  rode  in  solemn  and  stately  procession,  bear- 
ing flowers  and  branches  of  trees,  through  the  pubhc 
street,  from  the  upper  part  of  the  town  to  the  Cross,  and 
so  back  to  the  College  of  the  Faculty,  and  there,  amid 
the  joy  of  the  feast,^  the  Masters  took  counsel  for  the 
welfare  of  the  Faculty,  and  gave  their  diligence  to  re- 
move all  discords  and  quarrels,  that  all  rejoicing  in  heart 
might  honour  the  prince  of  peace  and  joy.  After  the 
banquet  the  whole  crowd  of  Masters  and  Students  were 

'  Cimi  letitia  corpnraUs  refect ionis. 


'2-\-i')  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH   HISTOl'.V. 

(lirectcHl  to  repair  to  a  more  fitting  place  of  amuBcmen^ 
and  there  enact  some  interlude  or  other  show  to  rejoice 
the  people.^ 

In  14G0,  the  Faculty  was  busied  about  "the  con- 
struction of  a  house  on  the  south  side  of  the  College  of 
the  Faculty  of  Arts."  Now,  if  it  he  li(;ld  that  thia 
College  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  was  identical  with  the 
pedagogy  on  which  the  Faculty  had  been  bestowing  its 
common  fund  so  long,  the  next  notice  settles  where  that 
was,  for  it  records  "  the  annexation  and  union  of  Sir 
Thomas  Aithurlee's  place  or  mansion  to  the  pedagogy/' 
This  was  in  1475,  fifteen  years  after  the  Hamiltons  had 
granted  to  the  Faculty  of  Arts  the  tenement  on  the  east 
side  of  the  High  Street,  between  the  Convent  of  the 
Friars  Preachers  on  the  south,  and  Sir  Thomas  Arthur- 
lee's  land  on  the  north,  and  eight  years  after  Sir  Thomas 
Arthurlee  had  given  to  the  Faculty  his  house  and  land, 
which  was  their  former  boundary.  In  1460,  therefore, 
the  pedagogy,  and  if  that  was  identical,  the  College  of 
the  Faculty  of  Arts  was  in  progress  of  building  on  the 
east  side  of  the  High  Street,  between  the  Friars  Preachers 
and  Arthurlee's  mansion — that  is  on  the  exact  site  of  the 
present  CoUege.  But  it  is  not  doubtful  that  the  "  peda- 
gogy" of  that  time  was  the  same  with  the  "  CoUege,"  for 
we  find,  in  1480,  aU  the  money  in  the  Faculty  purse  de- 
voted to  the  repairing  of  "  the  pedagogy  or  College" — 
pedagogii  sen  collegii.  On  the  19th  of  October  1485, 
the  houses  of  the  "pedagogy"  w^ere  again  in  need  of  re- 
]>air  against  the  approaching  whiter.     Next  year  repairing 

^  The  Masters  Avere  to  be  the  actors,  if  possible. 


I 


THE  PRESENT  FABRIC.  247 

the  "  riggin  stainis"  of  the  "pedagogy"  cost  £4,  10s. 
In  1491,  Mr.  Covyntre/s  chamber  in  the  "pedagogy" 
required  repair ;  and  three  years  later  "  Master  John 
Hutchison,  having  been  active  in  building  the  new  kit- 
chen, and  probably  also  in  the  repairing  of  the  new  hall 
of  the  pethagogy,  and  having  already  held  the  honourable 
office,  was  re-elected  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  in  considera- 
tion of  the  great  benefits  he  had  conferred  in  the  building 
and  repair  of  the  "  College  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts." 

It  seems  to  result  from  this  enumeration  that  "  the 
old  pedagogy"  in  Eotten  Eow  was  used  by  the  Faculty 
of  Arts  only  in  the  very  first  years  of  the  University — 
being  perhaps  in  existence  and  used  as  a  Chapter  school 
before  the  Papal  foundation^ — that  the  Faculty  of  Arts 
finding  it  insufficient  before  1457,  rented  a  place  for 
their  schools,  and  in  1460  acquired  by  gift  of  the  Hamil- 
tons  a  tenement  (probably  the  same  previously  rented), 
on  the  site  of  which  the  present  building  of  the  College 
stands. 

The  buildings  of  the  Pedagogy,  or  the  College  of  the 
Faculty  of  Arts,  had  not  been  completed  when  the  storm 
of  the  Reformation  began.  The  Crown  Charter  of  1563 
narrates  that  a  part  only  of  the  schools  and  chambers 
had  been  built.  The  unfinished  edifice  of  that  time 
must  have  been  a  mere  ruin  in  a  century  after,  scarcely 
to  be  used  with  advantage  for  more  than  the  foundations 
of  a  new  structure.     Upon  the  restoration  of  the  CoUege 

1  It  is  not  altogether  unreasonable  to  iu  1582 -scholas  canonum  ridiwsas  per 

suppose    that  it  may  have    been  that  quas  servitur  toti  universitati,  and  upon 

school  of  the  Chapter  to  which  the  Rec-  repair  of  which  the  University  was  at 

tor  called  the  attention  of  the  University  considerable  expense  in  1.500. 


248  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

the  zcnl  for  some  time  took  a  (liti'ereiit  directioi),  niid  ii 
was  not  till  1G31  that  j)r(ij)arations  were  made  for  lesUjr- 
ing  the  ruined  ])uildings  in  part,  and  erecting  the  present 
fabric  on  their  site.  The  actual  masonry  was  begun  in 
the  following  year,  and  the  building  as  it  now  stands 
may  be  said  to  have  been  comjDleted  in  1G56.  The  suVi- 
scriptions  of  contributors,  the  details  of  the  Ijuilding,  and 
the  accounts  of  its  expense,  are  all  given  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  muniments — it  may  be  thought  Ijy  some  at 
too  great  length.  The  architect  of  the  edifice  is  not  re- 
corded ;  its  characteristics  are  those  of  Heriot's  Hospital 
and  other  Scotch  erections  of  the  time.  Principal  FaD 
records  with  some  pride,  that  in  his  time  (in  16 90)  the 
rail  of  stone  ballusters  was  put  up  on  the  Great  Stair 
which  carries  up  to  the  Fore  Common  Hall,  "  with  a 
Lion  and  a  Unicorn  upon  the  first  turn." 

While  the  present  "  Collegium,"  coming  in  the  place 
of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  of  the  ancient  University,  enjoys 
part  of  its  property  and  its  buildings  in  that  character,  it 
must  not  be  forgot  that  it  represents  at  the  same  time 
the  ancient  University  itself,  and  it  is  in  the  latter  capa- 
city that  it  holds  perhaps  its  most  ancient  possession  in 
7nohilihus — the  Mace.  Mr.  Da^dd  Cadyo\v,  precentor 
of  the  Cathedral,  and  first  Kector  of  the  University,  on 
the  occasion  of  his  being  re-elected  to  that  oflice  in 
1460,  made  the  munificent  contribution  of  twenty  nobles 
towards  the  making  of  the  University  Mace,  and  the 
members,  l)y  common  consent  of  all  the  Nations  in  the 
statutory  congregation  of  the  University,  on  the  Feast 
of  St.  Crispin  and  Cnspinian  1465,  submitted  to  a  tax 


»jj 


THE  MACE.  249 

for  the  same  common  end.^  Finally,  in  1490,  directions 
were  given  for  the  reforming  and  correction  of  the  silver 
mace  at  the  expense  of  the  University.  It  would  appear 
that  the  emblem  of  office  was  now  perfected,  for  no  more 
collections  are  found  for  it ;  while  in  1519,  Master  Kohert 
Maxwell,  Chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Moray,  being  elected 
Rector,  and  having  regard  to  the  safety  of  the  more  pre- 
cious Mace,  fit  for  only  the  most  solemn  occasions, 
presented  to  the  University  a  cane  staff,  set  with  silver 
at  its  extremities  and  middle,  to  be  in  all  time  coming 
borne  before  the  Rector  on  the  smaller  feasts  and  at 
common  meetings. 

The  Mace  now  preserved  in  the  Faculty-room  of  the 
University  is  of  silver,  measuring  4  feet  9f  inches  in 
height,  and  weighing  8  lb.  1  oz.  The  top  is  hexagonal, 
with  a  shield  on  each  side.  On  the  first  shield  are  the 
City  arms  :  on  the  third,  the  arms  of  Douglas  of  Dal- 
keith, as  borne  by  the  Regent  Morton,  the  restorer  of  the 
College  ;  the  fourth  has  the  coat  of  Hamilton,  the  first 
endower ;  the  fifth,  of  Scotland  ;  the  sixth,  of  Turnbull, 
the  founder  of  the  University.  The  second  shield  is 
occupied  with  the  inscription  (in  modern  letters),  Hcec 
virga  emptafuit  pnhlicis  Academiw  Glasgiiensis  sumpti- 
Ims  A.D.  1465  :  in  Galliam  ahlata,  a.d.  1560  :  et  Aca- 
demicE  restituta,  1590.  The  workmanship  is  very  good, 
and  may  be  of  the  date  asserted  in  the  inscription,  or  a 
little  later.  The  arms  upon  the  shields  must  have  been 
supplied  after  the  "  restoration,"  or  new  erection  of  the 

'  The  noble,  an  English  coin,  was  half  in  Scotch  money,  though  onr  currency 
a  mark,  nv  6s.  8cl,  English.  Tts  value  al-  had  not  yrt  sunk  to  its  lowest  degrada- 
roady  would  have  sounded  much  higher       tinn. 


250  sketchp:.s  of  eauly  scotch  history. 


I 


Univei'sity,  and,  if  at  the  same  time  with  the  inscription, 
not  earlier  than  last  century. 

Some  records  "  of  the  common  taljle,"  and  of  what 
may  be  called  the  domestic  economy  of  the  College,  sug- 
gest reflections  not  unmixed  with  regret.  In  all  the 
Universities  of  Scotland  the  old  collegiate  life  so  favour- 
able for  scholastic  discipline  has  been  abandoned.  Per- 
haps the  increasing  numbers  rendered  living  in  College 
under  the  master  s  eye  inconvenient ;  though  some  modi- 
fication of  the  system  of  living  in  the  Universities  and  the 
great  schools  of  England  might  meet  the  difficulty.  The 
present  academic  life  in  Scotland  brings  the  master  and 
the  student  too  little  in  contact,  and  does  not  enable  the  t 
teacher  to  educate  in  that  which  is  more  important  than 
scholastic  learning,  nor  to  study  and  train  the  temper, 
habits,  and  character.  If  the  alternative  which  has  been  , 
chosen  inferred  that  the  student  enjoyed  the  benefit  of 
parental  or  domestic  care  when  out  of  the  lecture-room,! 
the  change  might  be  less  objectionable  ;  but  w^hen  we  ob- 
serve the  crowds  of  young  men  brought  from  distant 
homes  to  our  Universities,  dwelling  at  large  and  altogether 
uncontrolled  except  in  the  class-room,  we  may  look  back 
with  some  re2;Tet  to  the  time  when  the  good  Eeo^ent  of  a 
University,  living  among  his  pupils,  came  in  the  parent's 
place  as  well  as  master^s.  But  it  w^as  not  only  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  University  that  was  benefited  by  the  col- 
legiate life.  The  spirit  of  fellowship  that  existed  among 
young  men  set  apart  for  the  common  object  of  high 
education  was  on  the  whole  favourable  though  liable  to 
exaggeration  and  often  running  into  prejudice.     Nearly 


i 


I 


OTHER  SOURCES  OF  INFORMATION.        251 

all  that  common  feeling  of  the  youth  of  a  great  Univer- 
sity is  gone.  The  shreds  of  it  that  are  preserved  by  the 
dress,  scarcely  honoured  in  the  crowded  streets  of  a  great 
city,  and  the  rare  occurrence  of  a  general  meeting  of 
Students,  serve  only  to  suggest  to  what  account  it  might 
be  turned  for  exciting  the  enthusiasm  and  raising  the 
standard  of  conduct  among  the  youth  of  Scotland.  If 
collections  of  University  muniments,  in  revealing  the  old 
machinery  of  the  scholar  life,  tend  in  any  degree  to  the 
renewal  of  the  bond  of  common  feeling  among  the 
younger  students,  and  of  sympathy  with  their  teachers, 
they  will  not  be  useless. 

It  may  be  useful  to  point  to  two  additional  sources  of 
information.  Principal  Baillie's  Letters  and  Journals, 
among  a  store  of  civil  and  ecclesiastical  information, 
give  innumerable  notices  of  Glasgow  CoUege  matters 
which  are  rendered  more  interesting  because  no  official 
minutes  of  the  College  are  preserved  during  that  period. 
To  him  especially  we  owe  a  full  and  very  minute  nar- 
rative of  the  affairs  of  the  University  from  the  forced 
abdication  of  Dr.  Strang,  and  an  amusing  account  of  the 
quarrels  of  Principal  Gillespie  mth  the  Magistrates  of 
the  city.  The  account  of  the  University,  published  in 
the  last  volume  of  the  old  Statistical  Account  of  Scot- 
land, is  by  Dr.  Thomas  Reid.  Nothing  that  came  from 
his  pen  is  insignificant,  but  this  essay  contains  not  only 
valuable  opinions  of  the  philosopher  living  among  the 
institutions  he  is  describing,  but  a  history  of  the  change 
from  collegiate  life  which  demands  attention  here,  be- 
cause it  is  in  some  things  opposed  to  the  views  expressed 


252  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOT(;H  HISTOKY. 

above.  "  It  appears  tliat  the  ancient  constitution  of  iIk* 
University  of  Glasgow  in  the  distribution  of  scienc(;s  juj^I 
modes  of  teaching,  as  well  as  in  the  form  of  its  goveni 
mcnt,  was  very  similar  to  that  of  all  the  other  Universi 
ties  of  Europe.  The  alterations  which  it  has  underg(jnc 
in  later  times  are  such  as  might  be  expected  from  the 
changes  of  opinion  with  respect  to  literary  uljjects,  and 
from  other  vaiying  circumstances."  "  The  University 
of  Glasgow  was  anciently  possessed  of  a  jurisdiction  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  other  Universities  of  Europe,  and  exer 
cised  a  similar  discijDline  and  authority  over  its  members. 
A  great  part  of  the  students  were  accommodated  with 
lodgings  in  the  College,  and  dined  at  a  common  table 
under  the  inspection  of  their  teachers.  While  this  mode 
of  living  continued,  almost  everything  was  the  subject  of 
restrictions  and  regulations.  But  for  a  long  time  this 
practice  has  been  discontinued,  and  the  severity  of  the 
ancient  discipline  has  been  a  good  deal  relaxed.  The 
lodgings  in  the  College  rooms,  after  the  disuse  of  the  j 
common  table,  became  less  convenient ;  and  at  present, 
no  students  live  mthin  the  College,  but  a  few  of  con- 
siderable standing,  w^hose  regularity  of  conduct  is  per- 
fectly known  and  ascertained. 

"  These  deviations  from  the  ancient  usage  were  intro- 
duced from  the  experience  of  many  inconveniences  at 
tending  it.  The  common  table,  by  collecting  a  multitude 
of  students  so  frequently  together,  afforded  encom^age- 
ment  and  temptations  to  idleness  and  dissipation  ;  and, 
though  the  masters  sat  at  table  along  with  the  students, 
yet  few  advantages   of  convei^ation  could  be  attained. 


1 


reid's  account  of  university  life.  253 

.  .  .  Besides,  from  a  general  alteration  in  the  habits  and 
manners  of  the  people,  the  academical  rules  in  these 
matters  were  found  troublesome  both  to  the  teachers  and 
the  students.  Hence,  attendance  at  the  common  table 
became  a  kind  of  drudgery  to  the  masters,  from  which 
they  endeavoured  to  escape,  or  to  which  they  submitted 
in  their  turns  with  reluctance  ;  while  the  students  pro- 
cured dispensations,  or  permissions  to  have  theu^  com- 
mons in  their  own  apartments.  This  latter  was  found 
to  be  a  source  of  expense  and  dissipation,  not  more  un- 
friendly to  literature  than  to  morals.  The  common  table, 
it  is  said,  became  a  source  of  mismanagement  and  im- 
position, which  could  not  easily  be  remedied. 

.  "  This  change  in  the  mode  of  living  has  been  attended 
with  much  comfort  and  satisfaction  to  all  the  members 
of  the  University,  by  superseding  many  strict  regula- 
tions, and  of  course  rigorous  penalties,  which,  in  the 
former  situation,  had  been  thought  necessary.  Neither 
has  it  produced  any  bad  effect  upon  the  manners  and 
behaviour  of  the  students.  .  .  .  The  most  certain  and 
effectual  mode  of  discipline,  or  rather  the  best  method  of 
rendermg  discipline  in  a  great  measure  useless,  is  by 
filhng  up  regularly  and  properly  the  time  of  the  student, 
by  interesting  him  in  the  objects  of  his  studies  and  pur- 
suits, and  by  demanding,  regularly  and  daily,  an  account 
of  his  labours." 


254  SKET(MfKS  OF  EAia.Y  SCOT(.'H  HISTORY. 


ABERDEEN  UNIVERSITY. 

The  fifteenth  century,  the  age  of  revived  letters  and 
intelligence  through  Europe/  was  the  chief  era  of  Scotch 
University  foundations.  The  University  of  St.  Andrews 
was  founded  in  the  beginning  of  the  century,  Glasgow  in 
the  middle,  and  Aberdeen  at  its  close.  The  last,  like  the 
former  two,  owed  its  birth  to  the  Bishop  of  the  diocese ; 
and  its  founder,  Bishop  Elphinstone,  had  a  large  expe- 
rience of  what  was  beneficial  or  defective  in  other  Uni- 
versities. 

The  situation  of  the  new  school  of  learning  may  have 
in  some  degree  influenced  its  constitution.  It  was  repre- 
sented to  the  Pope  that,  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  were 
some  districts  so  distant,  and  separated  from  the  places 
where  Universities  had  already  been  established,  by  such 
obstacles  of  mountains  and  arms  of  the  sea,  and  dangers 
of  the  way,  that  the  natives  remained  rude,  unlettered, 
and  almost  barbarous,  insomuch  that  persons  could  hardly 
be  found  there  fit  for  preaching  the  word  of  God,  and 
ministering  the  sacraments  of  the  Church.  Aberdeen 
was  held  to  be  "  sufiiciently  near"  for  educating  the 
people  of  those  rude  regions  ;  at  any  rate  it  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  possessing  a  Bishop  with  zeal  enough  to  give 


'  Without  attempting  to  define  accu-  over  Europe  of  Greek  books  and  Greek 

rately  the  limits  of  the  "  dark  ages,"  and  teachers,  by  the  fall  of  Constantinople 

the  da^vn  of  the  returning  day,  the  fif-  the  invention  of  printing,  and  the  dis- 

teenth  century  is  plainly  enough  the  era  covery  of  the  New  World,  wakened  the 

of  actixal  enlightenment.    The  dispersion  soundest  sleepers. 


i 


EARLY  SCHOOLS  OF  ABERDEEN.  255 

the  endowment,  and  sufficient  influence  to  obtain  the 
royal  and  papal  privileges  necessary  for  a  university. 

While  we  allow  for  some  exaggeration  in  stating  the 
necessity  of  the  new  foundation,  it  was  not  easy  to  over- 
state the  physical  and  ethnical  impediments  to  education 
in  the  Highlands  and  Isles  of  Scotland.  These,  to  a 
great  degree,  remain  unconquered  at  this  day.  But  it 
would  be  a  mistake  to  join  under  the  common  description 
of  barbarous  ignorance  the  district  in  which  the  new 
University  w^as  founded,  or  indeed  any  part  of  the  eastern 
coast  or  Lowlands  of  Scotland.  Centuries  before  the  era  of 
our  oldest  University,  the  whole  corn-bearing  land  of  Scot- 
land was  occupied  by  the  same  energetic  tribes,  whether 
Saxon  or  Danish,  who  colonized  England.  Towns  were 
built  wherever  a  river's  mouth  gave  a  haven  for  small 
ships  in  the  dangerous  coast.  Trade  w^as  carried  on  with 
the  kindred  people  of  Flanders,  Holland,  and  Normandy ; 
and  the  hides  and  wool  of  our  mountains,  the  salmon  of 
the  Dee  and  Tay,  and  the  herring  of  our  seas,  were  ex- 
changed against  the  cloths  of  BiTiges,  the  wines  of  Bor- 
deaux and  the  Rhine  ;  and  the  table  luxuries,  as  well  as 
the  ornaments  of  dress  and  art,  which  found  admirers 
among  us  long  before  we  appreciated  what  are  now 
counted  the  comforts  of  life.  A  trading  and  friendly  in- 
tercourse with  the  continental  nations  would,  of  itself,  go 
far  to  prove  some  intelligence  and  education. 

But  this  is  not  left  to  speculation.  Master  Thomas 
of  Bennum  writes  himself  "  Rector  scholarum  de  Aber- 
deen" in  the   year    1262  ;^  and  we  learn,   at   a   later 

*  Registrum  de  Aherbrothoc. 


2 no  SKETCHES  i)V  EAHLY  SCOTCH   HTSTORV. 

[)Ci'i()d,  that  tliese  wci-c  jjiopcu-  hurglial  scliooLs,  cndowcA 
by  the  community,  and  under  tlie  patronage  of  the 
macfistratos.  In  1418,  we  find  a  schoolmaster  of  Aber- 
dG(in--Mafjister  Scholar um  hurgi  de  Aherdena-  \)ri- 
sented  by  the  alderman  and  tlie  community  ;  when  th'; 
Chancellor  of  the  diocese,  the  inducting  officer,  testihes 
him  to  be  of  good  life,  of  honest  conversation,  of  great 
literature  and  science,  and  a  graduate  in  arts/  Sixty 
years  later,  but  still  prior  to  the  foundation  of  the  Uni- 
versity, the  "Master  of  the  Grammar  Schules  of  Abirdene" 
had  the  respectable  salary  of  five  pounds  yearly,  "  of  the 
common  gude  of  the  toune,"  until  he  should  be  provided 
with  a  benefice  in  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas.^  It  was 
in  the  next  century  that  Master  John  Marshall,  master  of 
the  Grammar  School  of  Aberdeen,  "  inquirit  be  the  Pro- 
vost whom  of  he  had  the  same  school — grantit  in  judge- 
ment that  he  had  the  same  of  the  said  good  Town, 
offerand  him  reddy  to  do  thame  and  thair  bairnis  ser- 
vice and  plesour  at  his  power." '"^ 

The  chief  difficulty  in  any  attempts  at  popular  edu- 
cation must  have  arisen  from  the  scarcity  of  books.  But, 
after  all,  that  was  not  greater  on  the  eve  of  the  grand 
invention  of  printing,  than  it  had  been  in  all  ages  of 
the  world  before.  It  did  not  press  more  heavily  upon 
the  Scotchman  of  the  fourteenth  century,  than  it  did 
on  the  Italian  contemporaries  of  Petrarch  and  Boccaccio, 
than  it  had  done  upon  the  people  who  appreciated  the 
verse  of   Sophocles,  and  the  rhetoric    of   Demosthenes, 

^  Magnce  liter aturceetsciencice.— Burgh  ^  Burgh  Records  of  Aberdeen,  Spaid- 

Recoi'ds  of  Aberdeen,    Spalding    Club,       ing  Club,  p.  37. 
p.  5.  3  jj^i^i  pp  80^  97^ 


4 


SCARCITY  OF  BOOKS.  257 

and  the  philosophy  of  Plato.  How  this  impediment  to 
instruction  was  overcome,  is  for  us  difficult  to  under- 
stand. That  it  was  overcome,  we  know.  Among  other 
means  to  supply  the  defect  of  books,  public  dictation 
was,  perhaps,  the  chief,  and  this  explains  much  of  the 
method  of  the  old  Universities,  where  time  was  given 
to  ^A^iting  down  verbatim  the  dictata  of  the  master, 
which  might  have  been  better  bestowed,  if  books  had 
been  common,  in  obtaininof  a  full  knowledo^e  of  the 
subject  of  his  lecture. 

The  scarcity  of  books  had  one  effect  which  has  not 
been  enough  considered.  It  tended  to  congregate  stu- 
dents in  masses.  One  public  library  afforded  the  seeds 
of  learning  to  multitudes  who  could  not  buy  books.  The 
teaching  of  Abelard  opened  to  thousands  whom  his  writ- 
ings could  never  reach,  the  mysteries  of  a  new  philosophy. 
The  comparing  of  opinions,  the  disputations,  the  excite- 
jment  of  fellow-students,  the  emulation — even  the  enthu- 
siasm arisinsf  from  the  mere  crowd  eno^ao-ed  in  one 
pursuit — made  up  in  part  for  the  want  of  books,  which 
'was  one  of  the  causes  that  compelled  the  multitude  to 
come  together.  Universities  were  infinitely  more  neces- 
sary when  books  were  scarce. 

In  1411,  the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  founded  his 
University.  Forty  years  later,  the  rival  see  of  Glasgow 
followed;  and  in  1494,  Bishop  Elphinstone  of  Aberdeen 
obtained  the  Papal  constitution  for  the  studium  generate 
or  University  of  his  Episcopal  See.  The  Pope  bestowed 
jbhe  usual  privileges  of  a  University  (of  which  Bologna 
md  Paris  were  the  patterns),  and  licensed  masters  and 

R 


258  SKETCHES  OF  EAltJ.Y  SCOTCH  HISTOKV. 

doctors,  wli(itlier  uccl<isiastica I  oi-  lay,  to  teach,  study, 
and  conf(;r  degrees  in  Theology,  the  Canon  and  the  (Jivil 
Law,  Medicine,  and  Arts.  Such  were  the  simple  opera- 
tive words  by  which  the  recognised  power  of  the  Head 
of  the  Churcli  admitted  the  new  University  and  its 
mem])ers  to  the  great  fellowship  of  the  scholars  of 
Christendom. 

There  is  nothing  here  of  endowments  or  of  CollcQ-es. 
By  what  may  be  called  the  public  University  law,  all 
masters  and  doctors  were  entitled,  and  even  bound  to 
"  read,''  that  is,  to  teach,  in  their  several  faculties,  for  a 
limited  time  after  ol)taining  their  degrees,  in  the  Univer- 
sity Avhere  they  graduated.  That  was  the  only  provi- 
sion for  teaching  by  the  ancient  constitution  of  the 
Universities  of  all  Europe ;  and  the  constitution  and 
early  practice  of  Bishop  Elphinstone's  mother  University 
of  Glasgow  were  not  different.  But  the  primitive  liberty 
of  teaching,  and  of  choosing  masters,  had  some  manifest 
disadvantages,  which  induced  first  the  Italian,  and  after- 
wards other  foreio;n  Universities,  to  exchano^e  the  free 
competition  of  "  reading"  graduates  recei\Tng  a  small  fee 
from  each  student,  for  a  limited  number  of  salaried 
teachers.  This  new  system  was  followed  by  Bishop 
Elphinstone,  and  he  engrafted  upon  the  papal  erection 
of  the  University,  ten  years  after  its  date,  a  full  colle- 
giate body,^  sufficiently  endowed,  for  teaching  the  several 
faculties,  and  for  the  service  of  the  church  which  he 
founded  in  immediate  connexion  with  his  University. 

1  He  himself  calls  it  a  "Collegiate  whole  endowed  members  of  the  College  | 
Church  or  College."  The  ecclesiastical  were  at  first  thirty-six,  increased  by  the' 
purposes    were   very   prominent.       The       second  foundation  to  forty -two. 


i 


BESHOr  ELPHINSTONE.  259 

The  endowment  of  the  College  Avas  all  obtained  ))y  the 
Bishop's  own  means  or  influence.  The  young  king 
made  a  small  donation  in  aid  of  the  new  fabric,  when  he 
passed  by  in  one  of  his  pilgrimages  to  Saint  Duthac  ; 
but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  assisted  the  foundation 
otherwise,  except  by  consenting  to  the  annexation  of  the 
Hospital  of  St.  Germains,  and  allowing  the  new  Univer- 
sity to  bear  his  name. 

The  papal  erection  declared  the  Bishop  ex  officio 
Chancellor  of  the  University.  No  provision  was  made 
for  the  appointment  of  the  other  high  officer  of  the  Uni- 
versity, the  Rector ;  his  election  being  left  to  the  com- 
mon University  law  which  placed  it  in  the  votes  of  the 
general  body  of  the  University.  In  like  manner,  the 
[election  of  Proctors  by  the  nations,  acording  to  the  an- 
|cient  and  uniform  practice  of  Universities,  is  taken  for 
granted,  not  prescribed. 

The  Rector  of  the  University,  if  a  stranger,  or  the 
Ohicial,  if  the  Rector  was  himself  a  member  of  the  Col- 
lege, with  the  advice  of  four  masters  chosen  by  the  four 
nations  of  the  University,  had  the  duty  of  yearly  visita- 
tion of  the  College. 

The  persons  composing  the  College  were  elected  in 
such  a  manner,  that,  though  the  Rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity and  the  Proctors  of  the  four  nations  had  voices, 
I  the  real  power  lay  with  the  chief  members  of  the 
'College. 

The  obtainer  of  the  Papal  and  Royal  privileges  for 
the  University,  himself  the  founder  and  endower  of  the 
College  and  its  Church,  Bishop  William  Elphinstone,  has 


2G0  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

left  a  name  to  be  reverenced  aljovc  every  other  in  the 
latter  days  of  the  ancient  Scotch  Churcli.  His  ])iogra- 
pher,  Boece,  sufficiently  zealous,  and  living  so  near  in 
time  and  situation  that  he  could  not  be  uninformc-d,  has 
given  only  a  general  account  of  his  descent  ex  vderi 
FApliinstonorum  familia;  and  the  same  silence  might  be 
thoudit  allowaljle  now,  were  it  not  for  the  mis-state- 
ments  of  later  writers.  There  is  no  doubt  that  he  was, 
like  so  many  well-educated  men  of  his  time,  the  offspring 
of  a  churchman,  who  could  not  legally  marr}^,  Ijut  whose 
connexion  and  family,  in  violation  of  his  vows,  were 
then  tolerated  by  society,  and  almost  sanctioned  by  the 
practice  of  the  highest  of  his  order.^  His  father  was 
William  Elphinstone,  rector  of  Kirkmichael  and  Arch- 
deacon of  Teviotdale,  whom  there  is  better  reason  than 
tradition  for  believing  to  have  been  of  a  branch  of  the 
baronial  house  which  was  ennobled  as  Lords  Elphin- 
stone, and  enriched  with  the  lordship  of  ELildrummy  by 
James  iv.^  He  is  asserted  by  Keith,  follo^sTug  Craw 
furd,  to  have  died  in  1486,  "after  he  had  the  comfort 
of  seeing  his  son  Bishop  of  Aberdeen."  If  we  are  to 
rely  on  the  same  authorities,  William  Elphinstone  (the 


•  Crawfurd   and   Keith  have  covered  Elphinstone   of  Selmys,   who   was  un- 

this  disgrace  under  the  convenient  and  doubtedly  a  son  or  very  near  kinsman 

pious  fiction  that  the  Bishop's  father  took  of  the  chief  family,  had  two  brothers, 

orders  '' after  he  became  a  widower." —  named    La"v\Tence    and    Nicholas.      In 

Officers    of   State ;     Catalogue    of    Sc.  1499,  Andrew  of  Selmys  resigned  the 

Bishops.  lands   of  Glak   which   he   held    of   the 

2  Elphinstone  went  abroad  at  the  ex-  Bishop,  in  favour  of  his  brother  Xicholas 

pense  of  an  uncle,  Lawrence,  who  lived  and  the  heirs-male  of  his  body,  whom 

at  Glasgow.      Boece   tells   us   that  the  failing,  to  his  own  heirs-male,  whom  ail 

Bishop  was  very  bountiful  in  gifts  to  the  failing,  to  return  to  the  Church  at  Aber- 

family  wide  ei  origo,  and  raised  many  deen. — Boece,  Vit.   Ejnsc.  ;   Reg.    Mag. 

Elphinstones     to     opidence.       Andrew  SI g,  cmd  Morton  Charters  oA  Daliw.ihoy. 


i 


BISHOP  ELPHINSTONE.  261 

Bish(jp)  was  born  in  1437/  educated  at  the  psedagogium 
and  University  of  Glasgow,  and  only,  at  the  mature  age 
of  twenty-four,  received  his  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  at 
the  same  time  that  he  took  priest's  orders,  having  been 
for  some  years  diverted  from  study  by  family  and  secular 
affairs.  He  studied  canon  law  for  several  years  at  Glas- 
gow, and  practised  as  an  advocate  in  the  church  courts. 
Then  he  retired  to  Kirkmichacl,  where  he  rusticated  for 
some  years  on  his  father  s  benefice,  devoting  himself  to 
the  cure  of  the  parish.^  From  this  life  he  was  roused  by 
his  uncle,  Lawrence  Elphinstone,  vlr  optimus,  who  stimu- 
lated his  ambition,  and  assisted  him  with  the  means  to 
study  at  the  most  celebrated  schools  of  the  Continent. 
He  spent  a  long  time  at  the  University  of  Paris.  Elpliin- 
stone's  biographer  describes  his  habits  while  studying  at 
the  University — "  All  day  hearing  preachers  or  profes- 
sors of  the  canon  law ;  by  night,  in  solitude,  recalling 
what  he  had  heard  during  the  day  :  most  sparing  of  sleep 
and  of  food  ;  most  patient  of  labour,  so  that  it  was  hard 
to  say  whether  he  studied  more  by  day  or  by  night." 
AVe  read  this  of  Elphinstone,  with  a  msh  to  believe  it 
true,  though  our  biographer  s  unlucky  rhetorical  turn 
makes  us  suspect  he  might  have  said  as  much  for  one 
not  so  deserving.  But,  in  the  facts  which  follow,  there 
can  scarcely  be  a  mistake.  After  complethig  his  studies, 
he  was  appointed  to  fill  the  place  of  primarius  lector  in 

'  Crawfurd  cites  no  authority  for  the  not  know  whether  Boece  meant  that  the 

date  of  liis  birth,  and  is  probably  A\Tong.  benefice  was  conferred  on  him,  as  Keith 

Boece  says  he  was  in  his  83d  year  v.hen  imagined,  or,  what   is  more  probable, 

he  died  :  the  Epistolare  of  Bishop  Dun-  that  he  acted  as  his  father's  curate.     In 

bar  states  that   he  was  in  his  84th.—  the  loosest  times,  the  Canon  was  very 

Regist.  Episc.  ii.  241).  strict  against  a  father  and  a  son  serving 

*  PastornU  cnra  ci  collata.      We  do  at  the  same  altar. 


202  SKETCHES  OF  KAUEY  SCOTCH   HISTiJllY.  I 

the  University— an  office,  as  Boece  remaiks,  (•(aifened 
only  on  the  most  learned — and  he  "  read"  canon  law  for 
six  years  there.  Then,  having  received  his  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Decrees,  he  migrated  to  tlie  University  of  Odeans, 
and  stayed  some  years  studying  the  most  abstmse  and 
difficult  parts  of  law  with  the  professors  there,  who,  at 
that  time,  had  the  highest  reputation  in  legal  science. 
His  learning,  and  some  opportunities  he  had  of  expound- 
ing law  in  public,  brought  him  so  much  into  notice,  that 
his  opinion  was  asked  on  great  questions  even  ])j  the 
Parhament  of  Paris.  Boece  records  Elphinstone's  ex- 
treme intimacy  and  friendship  with  Jean  de  Ganai,  wlio 
afterwards  rose  to  great  distinction  as  a  lawyer  and 
statesman,  and  was,  successively,  First  President  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  and  Chancellor  of  France,^  a  friend- 
ship that  may  have  been  serviceable  afterwards  to  the 
Bishop  and  Chancellor  of  Scotland  on  his  several  em- 
bassies to  the  French  court. 

Elphinstone  retm^ned  to  Scotland  in  the  ninth  year 
after  he  had  gone  abroad,  according  to  his  biographer." 
He  was  Official  General  of  the  Diocese  of  Glasgow,  and 

*  It    may   help  us    to    dates,   which  would  seem   that  even  more  than  t^'O 

Boece  never  furnishes,  to  observe  that  persons   of  the  name  must  have  held 

De  Ganai  was   admitted  Councillor  in  benefice   in  the   Church,   and  place  in 

the  Court  of  Aids,  30th  October  1481  ;  the  University  of  Glasgow  at  the  same 

Fourth  President  of  the  Parliament,  27th  time. 

June  1490  ;  First  President  of  the  Par-  William  Elphinstone,  apparently  out 

liament,  and  Chancellor  of  France,  31st  Bishop's  father,  is  styled  Canon  of  Glas- 

January  1507  :  Died  1512. — Moreri.  gow  from  1451  down  to  1483,  holding 

the  offices  of  Dean  of  the   Faculty  of 

^  It  is  impossible  perfectly  to  reconcile  Arts    (1468),    Prebendary    of    Ancruru 

Boece's  narrative  with  the  dates  fixed  by  (1479),  Archdeacon  of  Teviotdale  il482). 

the  records  of  the  University  of  Glas-  The  following  dates  seem  to  apply  to  the 

gow.     Some  confusion  arises  also  from  Bishop  : 

the  identity  of  name  and  sometimes  of  1457.  William   Elphinstone    "  scolaris" 

office,  in  the  father  and  the  son.     But  it  matriculated. 


I 


lUSHOP  ELPHINSTONE.  26o 

Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  of  the  University  in  1471-2. 
In  1474,  he  was  chosen  rector  of  the  University.  Boece 
says  that  the  ofiice  of  Ofhcial  was  of  great  dignity,  and 
given  only  to  the  most  learned.  We  know  that  at  that 
time  the  church  courts,  besides  the  load  of  properly  con- 
sistorial  cases,  monopolized  a  great  part  of  civil  business. 
They  were,  in  truth,  the  only  settled  and  organized  judi- 
catures in  Scotland,  and  were  alone  presided  over  by 
educated  lawyers.  Boece  says  Elphinstone  was  a  severe 
judge,  keeping  in  his  mouth  the  adage—"  He  hurts  the 
good,  who  spares  the  bad."  His  reputation  in  the  office 
at  Glasgow  obtained  him,  in  1478,  promotion  to  the  place 
of  Official  of  Lothian,  then  probably  the  second  judicial 
office  in  the  kingdom,^  which  he  filled  for  two  years,  sit- 
ting in  Parliament  and  serving  on  the  judicial  commit- 
tees, which  formed  the  supreme  civil  jurisdiction  in  Scot- 
land. In  1481,  he  was  made  Bishop  of  Ross,  though 
some  delay  took  place  in  his  consecration,  perhaps  on 
account  of  his  birth. 

Elphinstone  was  nominated  Bishop  of  Aberdeen  in 
the  autumn  of  1483.^     According  to  his  biographer,  ho 

1459,  He  took  his  Bachelor's  degree.  1474.  W.    de    Elphinstone,    Official,    a 

1462.  He  took  his  Master's  degree, '* post  Master  of  Arts,   Licentiate  in 

rigorosum  examen."  Decrees,  and  Rector  of  Kirk- 

1462-4.  Active  in  University  affairs.  michael,  was  chosen  Rector  of 

1465.  W.  de  Elphinstone  junior,  rector  the  University. 

of  Kirkniichael,  Avas  a  regent  in  i  The  Great  Justiciar  of  Scotland  being 

the  University.  the  first,  whose  functions  were  not  merely 

in  crimiiudibus.     The  Official  of  St.  An- 

1471-2.  W.    Elphinstone    was    Official-  drews  principal  was  higher  in  rank,  but 

general  of  the  Diocese  of  Glas-  perhaps  with  less  business  in  his  court 

gow,  and  Dean  of  the  Faculty  than  the  Official  of  the  Archdeaconry  of 

of  Arts.  Lothian,  which  included  Edinburgh. 

14":^.  Master  William   de   Elphinstone,  ^  Apparently   between    14th    October 

Official,  took  the  degree  of  Li-  and  20th  November.     His  consecration 

centiate  in  Canon  Law,  and  was  took  place  between  17th  December  1487 

Dean  of  the  Faculty.  and  April  1488. 


204  sKi'7rriij:,s  (jk  kaju.y  .S(;(jT(;ii  iiis'J'ojiY. 

went  on  an  emlxissy  to  Vv.wica'.  lM;fore  that  time  :  i'oi; 
tlioiigli  Jie  gives  no  (Late,  he  tells  lis  it  was  to  Louis  xi., 
who  died  in  that  year,  and  adds,  that  his  hist  hisho})i'ic 
was  the  reward  for  his  serviee  in  it.  The  oration  wlheh 
he  puts  in  the  ambassador  s  mouth  we  may  safely  trust 
was  not  delivered  ;^  and  it  will  not  lessen  the  good 
bishop  in  our  eyes,  if  we  abate  something  of  the  influence 
which  Boece  attributes  to  him  in  the  councils  of  the  weak 
and  unfortunate  James  iii.  We  know,  from  evidence  of 
record,  that  he  was  employed  in  embassies  to  France, 
England,  Burgundy,  and  Austria,^  and  that,  for  a  faw 
months  before  the  death  of  King  James  iii.,  he  held  the 
office  of  Chancellor  of  the  kingdom.^  He  lost  his  great 
office  on  the  accession  of  the  young  king,  but  was  speedily 
restored  to  favour  and  to  the  royal  counsels,  and  seeias 
to  have  been  keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal  from  1500  till  his 
death.  Apparently  as  soon  as  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Bishopric  of  Aberdeen,  more  especially  after  he  had  ceased 
to  be  Chancellor,  Elphinstone,  though  still  occasionally 
called  to  serve  his  country  in  foreign  missions,  and  to 
guide  the  councils  of  the  gallant  young  monarch,  devoted 
his  chief  attention  to  the  affiiirs  of  his  diocese  ;  and  it  is 
not  often  that  a  prelate  has  left  such  a  tradition  of  good- 
ness, or  so  many  proofs,  still  extant,  of  great  benefits 
conferred.  His  first  cares  were  to  reform  liis  clergy,  and 
restore  the  service  and  the  fabric  of  his  cathedral.^    Next 

1  Orationis  non  sententiani  solum  sed  death  of  the  king  on  St.  Barnabas'  day, 

et  verba,    ne   quid  varietur,   visum  est  11th  June  1488. — Pleadings  in  Montrose 

referre.      Some   of  the  words    are  not  Dukedom  Case,  1853. 

wise. 

-  Regist.  Ejiisc.  Aherdon.  p.  30i.  *  John  Malison  Avas  employed  by  him 

^  From  21st  February  1487-8,  till  the  to  restore  the  ritual  books  and  the  ser- 


I 


BISHOP  ELPHINSTONE.  265 

was  the  University.  His  last  undertaking  was  the  bridge 
over  Dee,  a  more  important,  as  well  as  a  more  arduous 
undertaking  than  men  of  this  age  can  easily  believe. 

He  did  not  live  to  complete  all  his  great  designs,  but 
he  had  provided  for  their  completion  in  substantial  wise. 
With  no  private  fortune,  and  without  dilapidating  his 
benefice,  he  provided  for  the  buildings  requisite  for  his 
University  and  collegiate  church,  and  for  the  suitable 
maintenance  of  its  forty-two  members ;  and  the  cathedral 
choir,  the  King's  College,  and  the  old  grey  bridge  span- 
ning the  valley  of  the  Dee,  are  monuments  to  his  memory 
that  command  the  respect  of  those  who  have  no  sympathy 
with  his  breviary,  rich  in  legends  of  Scotch  saints,  and 
who  would  scarcely  approve  of  his  reformed  Gregorian 
chant.  His  picture  we  love  to  fancy  a  true  likeness, 
though  painted  by  a  flattering  artist : — "  He  was  most 
splendid  in  the  maintenance  of  his  establishment,  seldom 
sitting  down  to  dinner  without  a  great  company  of  guests 
of  the  gentry,  and  always  with  a  well-furnished  table. 
In  the  midst  of  such  temptations,  he  himself,  abstemious, 
but  cheerful  in  aspect,  gay  in  conversation,  took  great 
dehght  in  the  arguments  of  the  learned,  in  music,  and  in 
decent  w^it :  all  ribaldiy  he  detested.  He  had  talent  and 
energy  for  any  business  of  public  or  private  life,  and 
could  adapt  himself  equally  to   civil  or  church  affairs. 

vice  of  the  cliuvdi,  as  well  as  its  music,  Aberdeen,  well  taught  in  the  art  of  sing- 

which  was  to  be  of  the  ancient  manner —  ing,  who  has  not  learnt  of  him." 

jirisais  atque  patnim  more  cantus.    "  To  Bishop  Elphinstone  began  the  restora- 

this  man,"  says  Boece,    "the  Aberdo-  tion  of  the  choir  of  the  cathedral  which 

uians  owe  whatever  of  music,  Avhatever  had  been  built,  as  Boece    erroneously 

of  perfect  service  is  found  in  the  northern  says,  by  Robert  I.,  but  not  of  size  or 

church.     Seldom  will  you  find  a  man  of  beauty  siiitable  to  such  a  church. 


2(>(;  SKKTC;HE«  OK  EAKJ.Y   SCOTCH  HISTOIIY. 

lie  8ccmcd  of  iron  Iraiiic,  iind  vva.s  oi"  indoiiiitable  (,()urugc 
in  enduring  labour, — one  whom  no  toil,  no  exertion,  no 
public  or  private  duty,  not  age  itself,  could  break.  In 
his  eighty-tliird  year  he  discussed  th(i  weighty  affairs  of 
the  state  more  acutely  than  any  man  ;  and  showed  no 
decay  of  mind,  or  any  of  the  senses,  while  he  presei-ved 
a  ready  memory,  which,  indeed,  knew  not  what  it  is  to 
forget.  His  old  age  was  happy  and  veneraljle,  not  mo 
rose,  anxious,  peevish,  low-sphited.  Age  had  worked  no 
change  on  his  manners,  which  were  always  charming  ; 
nor  did  he  suffer  anything  till  his  very  last  sickness,  foi- 
Avhich  he  could  blame  old  age."  Having  dissuaded  the 
English  war,  and  survived  to  mourn  the  fatal  field  of 
Flodden,  he  died,  amid  the  universal  love  and  sorrow 
of  his  diocese  and  his  country,  on  the  25th  October 
1514. 

Long  afterwards,  a  great  philosopher,  who,  Hke  Elphin- 
stone,  had  been  connected  with  both  the  Universities 
which  he  was  comparing,  observed  that  there  were  "  two 
obvious  defects  in  the  ancient  constitutions  of  the  Uni- 
versity [of  Glasgow^]  ;  the  first,  that  no  salaries  were 
provided  for  regular  lectures  in  the  high  faculties ;  .  .  . 
the  second  defect,  that  there  was  not  sufficient  power 
over  the  University  to  remedy  disorders,  w^hen  these  be- 
came general,  and  infected  the  w^hole  body."  And  then, 
alluding  to  Aberdeen,  he  continues  :  "  Either  from  the 
experience  of  what  Elphinstone  had  seen  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow,  or  from  a  deeper  knowledge  of  human 
nature,  he  supplied  in  his  University  both  the  defects  we 
have  observed  in  that  of  Glasgow  :  for  he  gave  salaries, 


HEOTOli  BOECE.  267 

not  illiberal  for  tlie  times,  to  those  who  were  to  teach 
theology,  canon  and  civil  law,  medicine,  languages,  and 
philosophy,  and  pensions  to  a  certain  number  of  poor 
students ;  and  likewise  appointed  a  visitorial  power,  re- 
serving to  himself,  as  Chancellor,  and  to  his  successors  in 
that  office,  a  dictatorial  power,  to  be  exercised  occasion 
ally,  according  to  the  report  of  the  visitors."^ 

To  work  out  his  great  plan  of  mixed  religion  and 
education,  Elphinstone  found  qualified  persons,  for  the 
most  part  at  home,  and  probably  in  his  own  chapter. 
Two  only  he  brought  from  abroad.  Hector  Boece  and 
William  Hay.  They  were  both  natives  of  Angus,  and 
had  spent  their  schoolboy  days  together  at  Dundee,  and 
afterwards  prosecuted  then-  studies  at  the  College  Mon- 
taigu  of  Paris,  where  Boece  was  lecturing  in  philosophy, 
when  Elphinstone,  himself  perhaps  of  the  same  college, 
induced  him  to  undertake  the  duties  of  Primarius,  or 
Principal  of  the  infant  seminary  at  Aberdeen. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  speak  much  of  a  person  so  well 
known  as  the  historian  of  Scotland,  and  indeed  there  is 
httle  to  tell  of  the  events  of  his  life.  His  estimation  as 
a  teacher  is  gathered  partly  from  the  tradition  of  the 
University,  and  partly  from  the  list  of  eminent  men 
whom  he  enumerates  as  instructed  by  him.  He  seems 
to  have  been  rather  a  good  Latinist  than  a  scholar  im- 
bued with  the  riches  of  classical  study.  That  he  was  of 
the  reforming  party  of  the  day — the  humanists,  as  they 
were  called  in  the  continental  schools — we  learn  from  his 
own  expressions,  from  his  friends  and  associates,  and 

1  Account  of  the  University  of  GUtsgow,  by  Dr.  Thomas  Reid. 


2G8  SKETCHES  ()¥  EAKEY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

es])cciiilly  from  liis  protouiid  adiiiHatioii  for  Erasmus,' 
with  whom  he  IijmI  (;vcu  the  honour  of  coiTespoiulirig. 
As  a  historian,  he  was  at  first  admired  and  followed,  and 
ktterly  condemned,  in  Ijoth  cases  much  Ijcyond  reason. 
His  ol)ject  was  to  give  a  classical  dress  to  his  iiide  native 
chronicles.  One  must  douljt  whether  he  really  meant  his 
grave  readers  to  credit  his  stories  of  "  Veremund"  and 
"  Cornelius  Campbell,"  and  the  records  from  lona.  He 
found,  over  a  large  period  of  his  histor}',  bare  Hsts  of 
kings,  and  he  took  the  pains  of  dressing  them  in  what  he 
thought  suitable  characters  and  actions.  Quite  imem- 
barrassed  by  facts,  he  proposed  to  treat  his  subject  like 
an  artist,  with  the  proper  balancing  of  light  and  shadow, 
and  studied  to  administer  among  the  persons  of  his 
drama  some  sort  of  poetical  justice.  Leslie  compares 
him  to  Livy,  and  his  most  fabulous  portions,  are  perhaps 
not  more  romantic  than  Livy's  first  decade.  The  differ- 
ence lies  in  the  genius  of  the  writers.^ 

1  Sostrce  cetatis  splendor  et  ornamen-  mis,  iyi^joniijicio  jure  doctor,  in  civico{ut 
turn:  mdlus  pene  locus  est  in  Europa  dicunt)  licentiatus,  vir  multcn  doctrince, 
adeo  inaccessns  vbi  7ion  ejus  viri  decora.  2^?ii5  liierciTmin  indies  consecutunis,  quod 
—Aherd.  Episc.  Vitce.  p,  60.  studium  ei  ^jer/?ia?i€^   animo  indefesso ; 

2  A  few  circumstances  less  kuo^^^l  may  nohiscum  jura pne  et  sciteprojitetur.  Est 
be  collected  here  couceniing  Hector  ineo  xis  et  gravitas  eloqueadi  o.  xalgari 
Boece.  genere    pluHmmn    abhcrrens. — Aherd. 

Jolm  Jouston,  the  author  of  the  He-  Episc.    Vitce,  p.  63.     He  was  reader  in 

roes,  addresses  some  Latin  yei'ses—Hec-  Canon  Law  in  the  University,  Treasurer 

tori  Boetio  et  duobus  /raiW6w5— among  of  the  Cathedral  of  Brechin,  a  Canon  of 

which  are,  the  Cathedral  of  Aberdeen,  and  a  Lord 

Concordes  animas,  clarissima  lumina  of  the  Session,  npon  its  institution  in 

gentis,  1532.     The  Pollock  MS.  names,  as  one  of 

Tres  2)Ciribus   studiis,    tres  pietate  the  ambassadors  to  England  in  1532-3, 

pares  !—  "  Mr.  Walter  Boyis,  persoue  of  Snaw  ;" 

MS.  Adv.  Lib.  19,  3,  2i,  p.  28.  that  is,  of  the  '^^Ecclesia  B.  Maria?  ad 

One    brother,  Ai-thur,    is   mentioned  mves"' {Diurtial  of  Occurrents,  p.  17), 

with  due  honour  by  Hector  Boece,  in  supplying,  perhaps,  the  third  brother, 

recording  his  fellow-labourers  at  Aber-  who  was  not  hitherto  known.    The  name 

deen  -.—Arthurus   Boetius   mihi  germo.-  of  Boece,  in  all  its  varieties  of  spelling, 


1 


WILLIAM  HAY. 


269 


Of  William  Hay,  his  companion  through  life,  we  know 
little  but  what  we  learn  from  Boece.  He  records  his 
friend's  industry,  and  the  pleasure  he  took  in  the  business 


was  coininoii  among  the  vassals  and 
tenants  of  the  Abbey  of  Arbroath  in  the 
fifteenth  century. — Rey.  de  Aherbr.  ii. 

The  accomplishment  of  Hector  Boece 
was  not  confined  to  Roman  literature. 
He  had  attained  some  reputation  for  his 
skill  in  physic.  In  the  last  illness  of 
Thomas  Crystall,  Abbot  of  Kinloss,  when 
other  hope  had  failed,  Mr,  Hector  Boece 
was  called  in  to  prescribe  for  him — 
viriim  percelebrem  M.  Hectora  Boe- 
thiiim  ad  se  vocavit.  etc. — {Hist.  Abbat. 
de  Kynlos,  p.  82) — where  perhaps  com- 
menced his  acquaintance  with  John  Fer- 
rerius,  who  was  at  that  time  teaching 
the  Abbey  School,  and  who  afterwards 
superintended  an  edition  of  Boece's  his- 
tory, adding  a  chapter  to  the  work. 
Hector  Boece  took  his  doctor's  degree  in 
theology  in  1528,  when  the  Council  of 
the  burgh  of  Aberdeen  made  him  a^>ro- 
pine  of  a  tun  of  wine,  or  £20  Scots,  'Ho 
help  to  buy  him  bonnets." — Extracts 
from  the  B^irgh  Records. 

Boece's  Lives  of  the  Bishojjs  of  A  ber- 
deen  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1522.     The 
reprint  for  the  Bannatyne  Club  (1825) 
has  been  used  in  these  notes.     His  His- 
tory of  Scotland  was  likewise  published 
at  Paris,  without  date,  about  1527.     A 
second  edition,  with  a  short  continua- 
tion by  Ferrerius,  was  printed  at  Lau- 
sanne, published  at  Paris,  in  1574.     The 
book  was  calculated  to  produce  inij)res- 
sions  of  admiration  and  distrust ;    and 
we  may  perhaps  detect  a  mixture  of  both 
feelings  in  the  notice  of  Paulus  Jovius  : 
a  prima   origine    Scotormn   rcgxtm  his- 
toriam  Latine  diligenter  perscripsit,  pas- 
sim veteris  chorographim  memor  et  mode- 
ratce  libcrtatis  nusquam   oblitus   ita   ut 
I    magnopere  miremur  extare  de  remotis  ab 
I    orbe  nostro  Hebridum  et  Orcaduni  insulis 
I    mille  amplius  annorum  memoriam  quum 
I    in  Italia  cdtHce  ingeiiiorum,"  etc.,  cited 
i    by  D.  Buchanan   "  de  Script.  Scotis" — 
not  verified. 


The  reader  of  Boece's  History  may  be 
pardoned  for  wishing — if  not  that  he  had 
belonged  quite  to  the  opposite  party  in 
literature — at  least  that  his  classicism 
had  condescended  to  call  common  things 
by  common  names.  He  is  averse  to 
speak  of  barbarous  native  institutions, 
and  when  he  does,  Scotch  titles  and 
offices,  put  with  his  laborious  periphrasis 
into  a  Roman  dress,  are  often  not  recog- 
nisal)le.  In  this  aft'ectation  he  has  been 
followed  by  abler  historians. 

Boece  is  not  to  blame  for  the  invention 
of  the  fabulous  antiquity  of  his  Univer- 
sity, as  Strachan  conjectured  {Panegy- 
ricus  Inauguralis  1631,  p.  11).  The  his- 
torian's words  are,  speaking  of  Alexander 
II. — "Alexander  inde  Aberdoniam,  jam 
ante  a  Oregorio,  a  Malcolmo  inde  secimdo 
ac  postea  a  Davide  Wilhelmi  fratre,  pri- 
vilegiis  agrisque  donatam  .  .  .  adiens, 
midtis  et  ipse  privilegiis  ornat." — Hist, 
fol.  293,  V.  This  has  plainly  nothing  to 
do  with  the  University,  of  which  Boece 
calls  Elphinstone  ''  anctor  ac  institutor'' 
—  ( Vit.Ep)isc.  p.  60).  The  fable  originated 
with  some  of  the  learned  and  zealous 
Scots  abroad, — with  "  Bertius,"  "  Ju- 
nius," or  ''Clerkius,"  to  whom  it  is 
traced  by  Douglas.  {Academiarum  Vin- 
diciw  in  quibus  novantium  prejicdicia 
contra  academias  etiam  refomiatus  aver- 
funcantur.  —  Aberdonice  Jac.  Brounus 
v.rhis  et  academice  typographus,  1659.) 
David  Chalmers  takes  some  credit  for 
forbearing  to  place  the  origin  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen  as  high  as  the  Trojan 
war,  but  adds — suffix^iet  ergo  ad  Alex- 
andri  Scotonim  Regis  tempora  referre. 
Is  enim  sub  annum  Domini  1211  (this 
recklessness  of  chronology  was  then 
common)  miiltis  magnisque  illam  privi- 
legiis ornavit.  Qiiilmsdam  antiquior  visa 
est  J  sed  quod  diximus  est  verissimum  /" 
— Camerarii  de  Scot,  fortitudine,  etc. 
Parisiis,  1631,  p.  56. 

A  rhyming  translation  of  Boece's  life 


2li) 


SKHTOIIES  OF  EAIILV  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


of  education,  with  the  success  which  attended  the'ir  joint 
labours,  in  the  production  in  a  short  time  of  many  u cli 
disciplined  in  theology,  canon  and  civil  law,  and   very 


of  P^lpliinstouc,  "  he  Alexander  Ganlon, 
Aherdoiie,  1619,"  is  still  extant,  though 
not  })nblislied  ainong  the  author's  j)Oetry. 
It  is  in  the  manner  of  the  worthy  Master 
Zacchary  Boyd.  His  allusion  to  the 
Bridge  is  as  follows  ;— 

''  And  yet  a  Avork  als  great 

And  necessar  much  more 
Unto  his  oiine,  his  countrie's  good, 

And  both  their  greater  gloir, 
Annon  their-after  he 

Resolved  and  first  intends. 
That  everie  age  and  ey  that  vieus, 

Admires  yet  and  commends. 
This  was  the  bridge  our  Dea, 

Which  every  man  may  mark, 
Ane  needful  most,  expensive  great, 

A  good  and  gallant  wark  ; 
Knit  close  with  quadrat  stones 

Free  all,  incised  and  shorne  : 
Of  these  the  pend  with  arches  sevine 

Supported  is  and  borne. 
Scliarp  poynted  butresses 

Be  both  that  breaks  and  byds 
The  power  of  the  winter  speats, 

And  strenth  of  summer  tyds. 
Above  it's  beawtlficd 

With  ports  and  prickets  four  ; 
And  all  alongst  rayled  is. 

And  battail'd  to  look  our. 
A  great  and  goodlie  work 

Which  how  long 't  stands  and  stayes. 
It  aye  shall  mater  ministratt 

Unto  the  author's  praise." 

Of  the  College  buildings — "  a  manour 
for  the  muses  meit"  —  we  have  not 
much  : — 

.     .     .     "  he  builds 
A  statlie  structure  thair, 

A  fabrick  firm  and  fair. 
Which  lies  a  temple  tabulat 

Of  polished  stones  and  squair. 
With  tables,  celrings,  seats. 
Lights  of  discolor'd  glass. 


A  strait  strong  steeple  too, 
A  pleasant  princclie  frame. 

Beaut' fi'd  with  bells  within  ;  without, 
Deck't  with  a  diadem." 

H.  Boece  died  probably  in  153G,  for  on 
22d  November  in  that  year  the  king 
presented  John  Garden  to  the  rectorj'  of 
Tyrie,  vacant  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Hfc- 
tor  Bois. 

A  good  deal  of  misapprehension  ha.s 
existed  abo\it  the  emoluments  of  the  first 
Principal  of  the  Bishop's  College.  Dr. 
Johnson,  like  all  modem  English  Avriters, 
mistook  the  ancient  constitution  of  Uni- 
versities, when  he  spoke  of  Boece  a.s 
''president  of  the  University,"  and  was 
misled  as  to  the  old  value  of  Scotch 
money,  when  he  called  his  "  revenue  of 
40  Scottish  marks  about  £2,  4s.  6d.  of 
English  money."  The  depreciation  of 
our  currency  had  indeed  begun,  Ijut  had 
by  no  means  reached  the  height  here 
supposed,  in  the  times  of  James  rv.  and 
James  v.  Without  entering  on  a  com- 
plicated and  difficult  inquiry  in  a  note, 
it  may  be  a  sufficient  correction  of  this 
error  to  point  to  one  or  two  ascertained 
facts.  In  the  year  1365,  the  coinage  of 
Scotland  was  ordered  by  Parliament  to 
be  equivalent  and  conformable  to  the 
current  money  of  England.  In  1.52.5,  the 
Scotch  gold  crowns,  with  an  alloy  of  only 
a  twenty-fourth  part,  were  of  the  weight 
of  nine  to  the  ounce,  and  passed  for 
twenty  shillings  each  :  the  silver  groat, 
proportionably  fine,  of  which  eleven 
Aveighed  an  ounce,  passed  for  eighteen- 
pence.  Uncoined  gold  vras  then  bought 
at  £7  by  the  ounce,  and  silver  for  17s. — 
Acts  of  the  Parliament  of  Scotland,  vol. 
II.  Forty  marks,  £26,  13s.  4d.  Scotch 
currency  was  certainly  a  better  provision 
in  Scotland  then,  considering  the  ex- 
pense of  living  in  the  two  countries,  than 
£26,  13s.  4d.  sterling  would  have  been 


VAUS. 


271 


many  in  philosophy — ^^  permulti  in  pJnlosophia/' ^  The 
merit  of  his  labours  must  have  been  acknowledged,  since, 
after  filling  the  office  of  Sub-principal  for  a  long  period, 
upon  the  death  of  Boece  in  1536,  he  was  chosen  to  suc- 
ceed his  friend  as  P]'imarius  or  Principal  of  the  College.^ 
The  only  other  of  Boece's  original  coadjutors  whom 
he  commemorates,  is  John  Vans  the  grammaticus,  or 
humanist,  as  that  teacher  was  afterwards  called — in  hoc 
genere  disciplince  admodum  ertiditus,  sermone  elegans, 
sententiis  venustus,  Idbore  invictus.^     Little  is  known  of 


in  England  ;  so  trifling  was  the  degrada- 
tion of  our  currency  in  Boece's  time. 
The  learned  Dr.  Irving  has  also  pointed 
out  that  this  Avas  not  the  only  prefer- 
ment which  Boece  enjoyed.  He  held 
the  lectory  of  Tyrie  as  a  0;rnon  of  tlie 
Cathedral.  Moreover,  in  1527,  the  year 
of  the  publication  of  his  history.  King 
James  v.  bestowed  upon  him  a  pension 
of  £50,  which  apparently  was  doubled 
two  years  Xo^ior.—  Liber  Resjionsionnm  in 
Scaccorio.  These  sources  of  income  con- 
sidered, there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that 
in  emolument,  as  well  as  in  social  posi- 
tion. Hector  Boece  was  greatly  above 
any  Principal  of  a  Scotch  college  of  the 
present  day. 

^  In  his  Lives  of  the  Bishops,  published 
in  1522,  Boece  gives  a  list  of  scholars 
distinguished  in  tlieology,  law,  and  phi- 
losophy, who  had  already  been  educated 
at  Aberdeen,  pp.  62,  63. 

^  Among  tlie  MSS.  in  the  Library  of 
King's  College  is  a  collection  from  va- 
rious authors,  forming  a  supplement  to 
the  commentary  of  Marsilius  de  Ingheu 
on  the  fourth  book  of  the  Sentences  of 
Peter  Lombard,  marked  several  times 
with  W.  Hay's  name  as  its  compiler. 
At  the  end  is  this  note  : — Absolutum 
ntquumque  est  hoc  opus  supei'  sacramen- 
tum  nuUrimonii  et  impedimenta  ejus- 
,  dem,  in  alma  Universitate  Aberdonensi. 
collectmn,  promulgatu'in  et  pnblice  lectnni 


in  ntagnis  scholis  Regalis  Collegii  Aber- 
donensis,  coram  theologormn  ibidem  con- 
uenientium  solenni  auditorio,  per  vene- 
rabilem  rirum  magistrirm  Guilermuni 
Hap  prefati  collegii  pro  tempore  sxdyprin- 
cipalem  ;  ejusdemque  imjiensis  et  sumj)- 
tibus  in  hanc  publicam  lucem  redoxtum 
per  manum  sui  proprii scribe,  viz.,fratris 
Guilermi  Scenan,  Carmelite,  oijus  labore 
et  industria  in  ethicis  atque  plerisque 
cdiisque  codicibus  per  euni  collectis  usns 
est  prefatus  Subprincipalis,  a.d.  1535, 
mensis  Julii  23.  liegnan  te  Jacobo  quin to 
Scotorum principe  invictissimo  ;  veneran- 
doque  patre  et  dom inod.  Vilelm  o  Stewart 
sedem  episccpalem  Aberdonensem  dexter- 
rime  moderante. 

3  Vit.  Episc.  p.  QQ.  Vans  has  left 
some  interesting  gram:natical  works, 
though  now  chiefly  valued  by  the  biblio- 
grapher. They  are  extremely  rare.  His 
first  book— a  commentary  on  the  Doctri- 
vale,  or  rhythmical  elements  of  Latin 
Grammar  of  Alexandvinus — is  printed  by 
the  Ascensii  at  Paris.  It  is  a  small 
quarto  without  pagination.  The  signa- 
tures are  a-m,  each  of  eight  leaves. 
On  M.  vii.  r.  is  the  colo^jhon.  Sub  prelo 
Ascensiaiio  Ad  Idus  Martins,  M  D  xxii. 
The  introduction,  by  lodocus  Badius 
Ascensius,  addressed  Studiosis  Abredon- 
ensis  Academiw  philosophis,  commends 
the  labour  of  Vaus,  and  his  courage  in 
venturing  through  the  dangers  of  pirates 


2  72 


SKETCHES  Ob'  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


him  ;  yet  it  can  never  1)C  said  we  are  altogetlier  unac 
quainted  with  one  who  has  written  and  printed  Ijooks. 

It  is  pleasant  to  mark  the  history  of  our  University 
l)y  the  contemporary  progress  of  the  art  which  seems  so 


and  a  stormy  sea  to  the  press  of  Ascen- 
sius  to  get  his  rudiments  multiplied.  He 
speaks  of  him  as  nostri  studiosus  el  nos- 
tnv.  j^Tofessionis  admirator  insirjuis  ;  and 
of  his  own  favour  for  the  new  University, 
idque  nominibus  et  multis  et  gravibus, 
primo  quod  ejus  proceres  et  institutores 
fere  ex  hac  nostra  Parisiensi  et  orti  et 
profecti  sunt.  Then  comes  an  address 
by  Joannes  Vaus  himself  to  his  scholars, 
who  all  knew,  he  says,  qiutnta  plusculis 
jam  annis  et  miki  docendi  et  vohis  dis- 
cendi  molestia  ac  difficidtas  fuerit  oh 
librorum  prcesertim  penvriain  et  scriben- 
tium  dictata  nostra  negligentiam  ac  im- 
peritiam.  He  boasts  a  little  of  liis 
courageousjourney  to  Paris— ^er  maxima 
terrarum  et  marium  discrimina,  pirata- 
rumque  qui  injustissimi  sunt  latrocinia, 
and  acknowledges  his  obligation  to  his 
printer,  Ascensius,  in  re  grammatica 
doctissimus.  The  volume  concludes  with 
an  epistle  from  Robert  Gray,  who  had 
been  a  pupil  of  Vaus,  and  a  regent  at 
Aberdeen,  but  dates  from  Paris  ex  col- 
legia hoam  curiK,  exhorting  the  studious 
youth  of  Aberdeen  to  imitate  his  and 
their  common  preceptor,  John  Vaus— 
optimis  Uteris,  amoenissimo  ingenio,  sua- 
vissimis  moribus  singidari  probitate,  gra- 
vitate jide  atqve  constantia preditum. 

The  next  work  which  we  know  of  Vaus, 
is  Rudimenta  piierorum  in  arteni  gra.m- 
inaticam,  per  Joanneni  Va.us  Scotum. 
The  first  edition  is  not  known.  The 
second  gives  no  introduction  nor  per- 
sonal notice  of  its  author.  It  is  a 
small  qu^arto,  not  paged,  with  signa- 
tures, double  letters  a-h,  all  of  eight 
leaves,  except  g  and  h,  which  have  each 
only  six.  A  fine  colophon  of  the  Ascen- 
sian  press,  gives  IIa;c  rudimenta  Grarn- 
matices  impressa  sunt  rursus prelo  lodici 
Badii  Ascensii  Scoticcc  lingudc  imperiti  : 
proinde  si  quid  in  ea  erratum,  est,  minus 


est  mirandum.  Finera  antem  acceperunt 
viii  Calend.  Novemb.  15.31.  This  i.s  a 
good  specinieu  of  early  printin;r,  espe- 
cially the  part  in  black  letter,  and  be- 
yond measure  valuable  to  a  Scotchman 
studious  of  the  early  language  of  his 
countr)',  a  great  part  of  the  book  being 
in  Scotch,  though  devoted  only  to  Latin 
Grammar.  ladicativo  modo  is  trans- 
lated ''  schauand  mode  ;"  OpUitico  modo, 
"  yarnand  mode."  In  the  chapter  de 
verbo  we  find — "The  imperative  mode, 
it  biddis  or  exhort  is,  as,  ama,  Iwf  thow : 
amemus,  Iwf  we.  The  optative  mode  it 
yairnes  or  desiris,  as  vtinam  amarem. 
The  coniuntive  mode  it  si)ekis  of  do^vt, 
as  cum  amem,  quhen  i  Iwf."  The  chap- 
ter de  constructione  oratorifi  ends  thus  : 
*'  Bot  yit  of  ane  thing  vill  ye  be  aduertit, . 
that  rewlis  of  oratre  ar  changeable  eft}T 
the  iugment  of  weill  imbutit  eiris,  for 
nay  thing  is  mair  delectable  in  eloquens 
thane  variete,  and  craiftius  spekjTie 
without  greit  apperans  of  the  sammyn, 
for  les.oflFendis  the  eir  (at  the  leist  in  our 
quotidiane  spek^Tie)  facile  fluand  con- 
gruite  thane  thra-^ine  eff"ekkit  eloquens 
apperand  ouyr  crafty." 

Another  edition  of  the  RuAimenta, 
with  many  changes  and  a  different  con- 
cluding chapter,  has  the  title  Rudimenta 
o.rtis  graramaticce  per  io.  vavs  scotvm 
selecta.  et  in  duo  diuisa.  .  .  .  Parisiis 
ex  officina  Roberti  Masselin,  1553.  Vaus 
had  been  long  dead,  and  at  the  end  of 
this  edition,  is  an  address  by  Alexander 
Skene,  congratulating  Master  Theophilus 
Stewart  (the  humanist)  and  the  students 
at  Aberdeen  sidj  illius  ferula  militanti- 
hus,  on  the  completion  of  the  wark  which 
he  had  conducted.  The  book  is  of  the 
same  size  with  the  former  ;  the  signa- 
tures A-E,  all  eights,  except  G,  which 
has  only  five  leaves,  a — d  all  fours.  At 
D  ii  are  three  pages  of  the  Statuta  et 


FIRST  SCOTCH  PRINTING. 


273 


essential  to  learning,  that  we  cannot  now  easily  conceive 
how  education  could  go  on  without  it.  It  was  appa- 
rently by  the  influence  of  the  founder  of  King's  College 
that  the  first  printing-press  was  established  in  Scotland  ;  ^ 
and  its  first  sustained  efibrt  was  in  giving  to  the  world 
his  Breviary  of  Aberdeen.  Twelve  years  later,  two  of 
the  teachers  were  at  press  with  works  connected  with  the 
University — Boece  with  his  Lives  of  the  Bishops  of  Aber- 
deen, and  John  Vans  with  his  first  Essay  in  Grammar. 

We  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  success  and 
popularity  of  the  new  school  in  its  first  age.     The  num- 

simu  universi  orhis  academia  principem 
locum  meritissime  ac  preter  omnem  ambi- 
tionem  retinere  queant.  Quid  enim  cum 
in  eyelids  disciplinis  omnibus  turn  his- 
toriis  Hectore  illo  Boethio  eruditius  simul 
et  elegantius  '  quid  in  sacrarum  litera- 
rum  mysteriis  Gulielmo  Hay  expeditius 
etjucundius  !  ad  sublevandas  autem  cor- 
porum  wgrotationes,  geographiceque  peri- 
tiam,  quid  Roberto  Gray  doctore  medico 
magis  aptum  atque  blandum  cogitari  po- 
test !  In  saerorwin  vero  canonum  etpon- 
tificiarum  legwm  responsis  non  facile 
invenies  quern  cum  Arthuro  Boethio  com- 
ponas.  Postremo  loco  {ut  reliquos  in- 
terim ornatos  et  peritos  viros  omitiam) 
quid  illo  Joanne  Vaus  nostro  in  regram- 
nuUica  et  omnibus  bonis  Uteris  tradundis 
vigilantius  !  Praitereo  et  illud  cum  aliis 
multis  referre,  quibus  videlicet  moribus 
gentis  vestroe  urdversam  nobilitatem  jam 
olim  ornare  non  desinat." 

^  The  Royal  privilege  granted  15tli 
September  1507,  to  Chepman  and  Mil- 
lar, refers  especially  to  the  printing  of 
"  legeudis  of  Scottis  Sanctis  as  is  now 
gaderit  and  ekit  be  ane  Reverend  fader 
in  God,  William,  Bishop  of  Abirdeue." 
— Reg.  of  Priv.  Seal.  The  Aberdeen 
Breviary  with  its  treasure  of  "  legends 
of  Scottis  Sanctis"  was  printed  by  Chep- 
man in  1509-10. 


'  ludi  literarii  Grammaticorum  Aber- 
innensium,  which  have  been  printed  in 
he  Miscellany  of  the  Spalding  Club, 
'ol.  V.  p.  399.  The  boys  might  not  speak 
n  the  vernacular,  biit  were  indulged  in 
'  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French,  or 
Gaelic !" 

These  several  works  or  editions  of 
Taus,  in  the  library  of  King's  College, 
re  at  present  bound  uj)  with  a  tract  of 
Cannes  Ferrerius,  defending  the  poetry 
f  Cicero,  Paris,  1510.  This  last  is  dedi- 
ated  to  Bishop  William  Stewart  in  an 
pistle  (dated  at  Knylos,  4  Cal.  Decem- 
er  1534)  which  speaks  of  the  University 
f  Aberdeen  as  then  of  high  reputation 
ileberrimam  apud  Scotos  hoc  potissimum 
'mpore  {absit  verbo  invidia)  Academiam. 
'erreriiis  does  not  help  us  to  new  names, 
ut  his  notice  shows  that  the  continental 
Aolar  esteemed  the  teachers  of  the  new 
;hool,  while  he  excited  them  to  greater 
xertions.  Viros  quos  habes  in  ditione 
ta  doctissimos  et  veteranos  in  re  literaria 
iilites,  hue  bene  adigas,  viz.,  ut  scholas 
I  tantum  curent  ne  quid  etiam  apud 
cotos  in  melioribus  Uteris  desiderari 
ossit  amjMus.  Nee  est  quod  vereare  ne 
on  sint  hi  qui  tuis  in  lute  parte  votis 
y-spondere  possint.  Sunt  enim  multi 
fios  probe  (nm  mea  me  fallit  opinatio) 
\ovi,  qui  ah  eruditione  muUiplici  non 
\berdoniis  tantum  sed  et  in  pra'stantis- 


274 


SKETOUKS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCU  HLSTOKY. 


]>er  of  its  students  must  have  beeu  coiisklenibl*,',  to  liave 
attbi'dt'd  such  u  list  of  distinguished  scholars  as  i>oe(io 
collected  before  1522.  We  might  suspect  some  parti- 
ality or  compliment  in  the  praises  of  the  Parisians,  who 
ree^arded  Aberdeen  as  the  dau^^hter  of  their  own  Univer- 
sity,  but  Ferrerius  had  no  such  motive,  when  hi  1534  he 
spoke  of  Aberdeen  as  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Scotch 
Universities  at  that  time. 

The  year  1541  was  one  of  great  honour  to  our  Uni- 
versity. In  the  summer  of  that  year,  James  v.  and  his 
queen,  after  the  death  of  the  tw^o  infant  princes,  made 
a  progress  to  the  north,  and  were  entertained  by  the 
Bishop  of  Aberdeen  for  fifteen  days,  being  lodged  appa- 
rently in  the  College  buildings.^  Bishop  Leslie,  who 
must  have  been  present,  informs  us  that  they  were  re- 
ceived there  "  with  diverse  triumphes  and  playes  maid 
be  the  town,  and  be  the  university  and  sculis  theirof, 
and  remainit  thair  the  space  of  iiftein  dayes  weill  enter- 
tenit  be  the  bishop  ;  quhair  ther  w^as  exercise  and  dk- 
putationes  in  all  kind  of  sciences  in  the  college  and 
sculis,  with  diverse  oratiouns  maid  in  Greke,  Latine,  and 
uther  languages,  quliilk  wes  mickell  commendit  be  the 
King  and  Queue  and  all  thair  company/"' 


1  Hex  deinde  ac  plurima  nohilitas 
Reginam  ad  Aherdonensem  Acculemiam 
comitahantuT,  etc.  What  is  in  the  text 
is  from  the  Bishop's  original  Scotch, 
which  he  distilled  into  his  Latin  liistory, 
p.  159.  The  two  differ  slightly.  In  the 
Latin,  among  the  entertainments,  he 
particnlarizes  comedies  in  the  theatre  ; 
controversice  ex  omni  artium  genere 
depromptoe  ;  and  speeches  —  orationes 
GroEca  Latinaque  lingua  summo  artijicio 
Instructce.—Editio  1575,  p.    430.      The 


coniedice  were  no  doubt  some  of  the 
''mysteries"  then  so  common  in  church 
festi^aties.  The  orations  in  Greek  are 
more  remarkable,  and  somewhat  at  vari- 
ance with  our  infomiation  of  the  intro- 
duction of  Greek  literature  in  Scotland. 
They  may  have  been  mere  slight  at- 
tempts at  using  the  new  language.  The 
date  of  the  Koyal  progress  has  been 
corrected  from  the  Burgh  Register  of 
Aberdeen.  Leslie  places  it  a  year  too 
early,  as  Pinkerton  has  observed. 


THE  REFORMATION.  2  75 

1'liese  imperfect  notices  of  the  prosperity  of  the  Uni- 
versity l)ring  us  to  the  verge  of  that  great  revolution 
which,  after  years  of  struggle  and  convulsion,  was  con- 
summated in  1560.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that, 
during  the  fierce  contest,  either  the  actors  on  the  scene, 
or  those  who  have  recorded  their  acts,  should  bestow 
much  attention  on  the  seats  where  education  was  still 
doing  her  noiseless  work.  We  know  few  of  those  who 
were  teachers  at  Aberdeen  before  and  at  the  era  of  the 
Reformation,  but  it  would  appear  the  members  of  the 
College,  like  the  members  of  the  Chapter  of  Aberdeen, 
were  of  that  party,  more  numerous  than  is  supposed,  who 
icknowledged,  and  would  willingly  have  coi'rected,  some 
)f  the  corruptions,  especially  in  life  and  morals,  which 
lad  crept  into  the  Church,  while  they  were  not  prepared 
0  take  the  great  leap  of  the  Scotch  Keformers. 

The  University  must  have  declined  from  the  palmy 
"ime  of  its  early  teachers,  when  we  are  first  authentically 
nformed  of  its  constitution  as  reduced  to  practice.  In 
iL549,  Alexander  GaUoway,  Prebendary  of  Kynkell,^  was 
■lector  of  the  University  for  the  fourth  time,  and  has 
eft  a  record  of  his  Rectorial  visitation,  held  in  terms  of 
he  foundation,  which  shows  us  in  part  the  working  of 
he  University,  and  the  inner  life  of  the  College.  There 
vere  no  lay  teachers  in  the  University,  and  there  were 

j  *  The  Rector  of  Kynkell  was  a  distin-  ings  of  the  College  and  the  Bridge  of 
uished  friend  both  to  the  Cathedral  Dee.  It  was  by  his  care  and  expense 
^nd  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  He  that  the  transcripts  of  the  more  ancient 
Nourished  under  four  Bishops — the  last  Chiirch  records  were  formed,  which  are 
laur  preceding  the  Reformation— and  now  preserved  in  the  University  Lib- 
ras very  active  in  carrying  Elphin-  rary,  and  which  have  been  used  for  the 
tone's  and  Dunbar's  plans  into  elfect.  Registrum  Episcopatus  Aberdonensis. — 
le  took  a  great  interest  in  the  build-  Ker's  Donaides,  p.  17. 


270  SKETCHES  OF  EAllLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

evidently  very  few  educating  in  the  College  wlu)  were 
not  on  the  foundation,  and  apparently  none  who  \v(;re 
not  preparing  for  the  church,  or  the  practice  of  the 
church  courts.  J3ursars  of  Arts  were  not  adniLssiljle 
unless  "  mere  pauperes,"  and  were  all  educated  and  main- 
tained gratis.  The  teachers  were  negligent,  perhapa 
from  the  smallness  of  their  audience.  If  the  Collegiate 
body  was  still  efficient  for  the  service  of  the  Collegiate 
Church — its  first  intention,  and  for  bringing  up  young 
churchmen  to  perform  that  service,  it  can  have  had  little 
reach  beyond.  The  College  had  sunk  into  a  convent  and 
conventual  school ;  and  the  design  of  the  University, 
and  the  great  hopes  of  its  founder  and  first  teachers 
seemed  about  to  be  frustrated. 

As  yet,  there  was  no  alarm  felt  for  the  storm  which 
was  so  near.  Although  "  the  spread  of  heresy'"'  had 
already  drawn  the  attention  of  the  cathedi'al  chapter, 
the  new  opinions  are  not  even  alluded  to  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  visitors  of  the  University  in  1549,  and  what- 
ever were  the  opinions  of  John  Bisset  the  Principal,  it 
appears  that  he  was  not  disturbed  on  account  of  them. 

The  masters  of  the  University  were  first  brought  to 
question  in  the  General  Assembly  of  January  1561,  when 
Knox  and  the  leading  Eeformers  had  a  sort  of  disputa- 
tion or  wrangle  mth  the  Sub-Principal  and  the  Canonist 
of  King's  College,  without  much  profit  or  honour  to 
either  party. ^ 

'  Knox's   account   of   the   scene,   we  dene,  a  man  more  subtill   and  craftyc 

have  in  his  History.     He  tells  us  that,  then   ather    learned    or  godlie,   called, 

'Mn  that  assemblie  was  Maister  Alex-  who  refused  to   dispute  in  his  faytii, 

ander  Andersone,  sub-principall  of  Abir-  abusing  a  place  of  Tertulliane  to  cloik 


CONFEEENCE  ON  DOOTKINE. 


277 


It  is  superfluous  to  say  that  nothing  resulted  from 
that  conference,  which  might  exasperate,  but  could  not 
convince.  For  some  years  the  Lords  of  the  Congrega- 
tion and  the  General  Assemblies  were  occupied  with  more 


his  ignorance."  He  gives,  however, 
some  passages  of  the  collo(|iiy,  in  which, 
he  liaving  grounded  his  opponent,  the 
hitter, answered,  "that  he  was  better 
seane  in  philosophic  then  theology." 
"  Then,"  says  Knox,  "  was  commanded 
Maister  Johne  Leslie  (the  Canonist  of 
King's  College,  afterwards  the  well- 
known  Bishop  of  Eoss),  to  ansuare  to 
the  formore  argiiment :  and  he  with  grait 
gravitie  begane  to  answer  — '  Yf  our 
Maister  have  nothing  to  say  to  it,  I  have 
nothing  ;  for  I  know  nothing  but  the 
Canoun  law,  and  the  greatest  reasone 
that  ever  I  could  fynd  thair  '  is  Nolumus 
and  Volu7nns.'" — Knox,  edit.  1848,  ii. 
138.  Wodrow  adds—"  This  afterward 
came  to  be  a  by-name,  whereby  Mr. 
Lesly  was  known." — Biogr.  Col.  p.  25. 

This  is,  of  course,  an  opposite  version, 
biit  that  is  not  so  curious  as  the  differ- 
ence we  find  between  Leslie's  original 
narrative  written  among  the  witnesses 
lof  the  affair,  and  lus  version  adapted  to 
'the  taste  of  Rome. 

The  narrative  in  the  vernacular  is  very 
general : — "  Thair  was  causit  to  compeir 
furth  of  the  Universitie  of  Aberdeue 
Mr.  John  Leslye,  Official  of  Aberdene, 
Licentiat  in  boith  the  lawis,  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Andersone,  principall  of  the  col- 
lege, professor  of  theologie,  and  sindrie 
utheris ;  quha  compeirit  befoir  the  lordis 
in  the  toUbuith  at  Edinburghe  and  being 
inquirit  of  the  articles  of  doctryne  be 
John  Knox,  John  Willox,  and  Mr. 
Guidman,  ministers,  thair  was  very 
sharpe  and  hard  disputacions  aniangst 
thame,  speciallie  concerninge  the  veritie 
of  the  body  and  bluid  of  Christ  in  the 
isacrament  and  sacrifice  of  the  Messe. 
Bot  nothing  was  concludit,  for  that 
nvery  ane  of  them  remainit  constant  in 
thair  awin  professione,  and  thairfore 
these    clarkis    of    Aberdeue   war    com- 


mandit  to  waird  in  Edinburgh  a  lang 
space  thaireftir,  and  that  thay  shuld 
not  jireiche  in  ony  wyis  in  tymes  cura- 
niing  "  (p.  293). 

The  Latin  translation  gives  more  of 
circumstance  and  colour — "  Inter  alios 
itaque  ex  clero  et  academia  Aherdonensi 
Edinburgunn  vocati  sunt  jprhnarii  aliquot 
viri,  pietate  ac  eruditione  insigniores, 
Johannes  Leslaeus,  jur.  u.  Doctor,  jori- 
mariusque  ejusdem  dicecesis  judex,  Offi- 
cialis  dictus,  qui  paido  postea  supreince 
Curim  Senator,  Reginceque  a  consiliis, 
Episcopiis  Rossensis  renunciatus  est, 
Patricius  Myrtomus  Thesaurarius,  Ja- 
cobus Straquliinius  Canonicus,  Alex- 
ander  Andersonus  gravissimus  S.  Theo- 
logixjc  professor ;  qui  cum  coram  midtis 
proceHbus  in  Domo  civica  sisterentur, 
atque  a  Johanne  Knoxio,  Joan.  Villoxio 
ac  Gudmanno  Anglo  Calvini  ministris 
rogarenttir  ;  post  rationem  Jidei  a  sin- 
gulis redditam,  et  constantissimam  Ca- 
tJwlicoe  religionis  professionem  factam, 
tandem  de  E^icharistice  sacrijiciique  al- 
tans  veritate  et  ritibus,  Alexander  An- 
dersonus tarn  docte,  constanter,  et  pie 
respondit,  ut  catholicos  conjirmarit,  ac 
hcereticos  ita  perculerit,  ut  post  id  tem- 
pus,  de  gravioribus  religionis  niysteriis 
cum  illo,  aut  quovis  alio  catholico,  nun- 
quam  sectarii  in  pulvereni  voluerint  de- 
scendere ;  ergo  ea  poena  his  Catholicis 
professoribus  per  Proceres  irrogata  fuit, 
ne  ab  U7'be  discederent,  nee  a  publicis 
interea  ministrorum  concionibus  abesse 
ausi  sint ;  quasi  vero  mox  rhetorculorum 
lenociniis  et  verborum  fucis  a  veritate 
catholica  possent  abduci,  qui  rationum 
pondere,  et  argumentorum  quce  intorser- 
ant  arietibus  non  modo  non  commoveri 
2)oterant,  sed  omnibus  communi  sensu 
prceditis  p)l(iiic  superiores  esse  videban- 
tur."—Edit.  1675,  p.  530. 


278  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

pressing  matters;  ))ut  in  15G9  they  found  leisure  to 
"  ])urgc"  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  "  Our  Generall 
Assemblys  took  a  particular  inspection  of  the  state  of 
Univcrsitys,  especially  after  they  had  the  countenance  of 
the  good  Regent  the  Earle  of  Murray.  Saiiit  Andrews 
was  pretty  soon  looked  after,  and  some  purgation  made 
under  Mr.  John  Douglas,  Rector.  That  of  Glasgow  was 
extremely  low  every  way,  till  Mr.  Andrew  ^lelvil  was 
sent  to  it.  In  Aberdeen,  a  good  many  of  the  Popish 
masters  made  a  shift  to  continow  in  their  places.  Several 
complaints  were  made  by  Mr.  Adam  Herriot,  first  mini- 
ster at  Aberdeen.  After  the  Assembly,  in  the  year  1569, 
commission  was  given  to  the  Laird  of  Dun  to  visit  that 
bounds,  and  particularly  the  University,  with  some  others 
adjoyned  to  him.  In  July,  the  Regent,  after  he  had 
settled  the  North  and  Highlands  in  peace,  came  to  Aber- 
deen, and,  with  the  council,  joyned  with  the  Superinten- 
dant  and  those  in  commission  with  him,  and  effectually 
purged  that  nursery  of  learning."^  They  called  before 
them  Mr.  Alexander  Anderson,  now  principal,  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Galloway,  sub-principal,  Mr.  Andrew  Anderson,  ]\Ir. 
Thomas  Owsten,  Mr.  Duncan  Norie,  regents,  and  required 
them  to  subscribe  articles  approving  the  Confession  of 
Faith,  and  adhering  to  the  true  kirk  :  and  they,  ''  most 
obstinately  contemning  his  Grace's  most  godly  admoni- 
tions, and  refusing  to  subscribe  the  articles,"'  were  de- 
prived and  removed.^ 

We  have  seen  that  the  principal,  Alexander  Ander- 

'  Wodrow's  Life  of  John  Erskine  of      is  dated  \\\t.  Jiinii  1560. — Booke  of  the 
JJun,  p.  22.  Kirk,  p.  3  42. 

^  The  formal  sentence  of  deprivation 


\ 


PURGING  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY.  279 

soil,  was  liighly  esteemed  by  those  of  his  own  persuasion. 
He  is  said,  on  insufficient  authority,  to  have  dilapidated 
the  University  and  College,  wishing  that  they  should 
perish  rather  than  breed  heresy/  On  the  other  hand, 
the  tradition  of  the  College  records  a  cause  of  gratitude 
to  him  which  will  not  be  disputed.  When  the  mob  from 
the  Mearns,  who  had  torn  the  lead  from  the  Cathedral 
roof,  were  gathered  with  the  same  intention  against  the 
College  buildings,  the  principal  resisted,  and  was  fortu- 
nate enough  to  resist  successfully.^  We  learn  nothing  of 
him,  after  his  deprivation,  but  his  death  in  1577,  "  ex- 
communicatt  contrayr  the  religione  and  at  the  kyngis 
home.  ^^3 

"Upon  the  purging  of  the  College,"  says  Wodrow, 
"Mr.  James  Lowson  was  made  sub-principal,  and  Mr. 
Alexander  Arbuthnot,  and  many  other  shining  lights  in 
this  church,  taught  in  that  University."* 


^  Sacris  Rmianisperditeaddictus  erat;  without  being  called  to  account  for  em- 

vir  ceteroqtiin  doctus  et  prohus :  cumque  bezzlement,   though  under  church  cen- 

animo  prcece2nsset  gyimuisium   novorwn  sure  and  "  at  the  king's  horn/'  we  may 

sacronim  seminaHum  futumni  si  super-  indulge  the  hope  that  a  man  so  respected 

esset,    omni  ope  annixus  est  nt  secuvi  was  not  a  common  plunderer. 
desineret.     Supellectilevi  pretiosissimam 

abalienavit  et  wtervertit,  fundos  et  de-  2  Aleo:ander  Andersonus  ultimus  Col- 

cimas  damnosis  infeodaiionihus  et  eloca-  legii  Regit  Principalis  ante  instauratam 

tionihus   prodegit ;    academice    archiva  religionem,  cum  plehs  Memiensis  eccle- 

tabularia    censuales    et    diplomaia    sen  siam    cathedralem    Aberdonensem    tecto 

chartas  quas  vacant  quantum  in  ipso  fail,  plumheo  spoliatam  diripuisset,  et  continue 

sup2)ressit  et  celavit,  omnem  denique  rem  ad  templum  Collegii  Regit  reliquasque 

nostram,  prope  erat,  delapidavit  et  de-  cedes  Musis  sacratas  diripiendas  devo- 

coxit. — A7id.  Strachani  Panegyricus  in-  laret,  forti  viamt  vim  virepellere  nititur; 

avguralis.     Aherdoniis,  Edwardus  Ra-  audacem  fortuna  juvante,  integra  et  in- 

hanus,  1631,  p.  26.  tacta  hue  usque  manent  augusta  Musa- 

Of  Anderson's  wilful  dilapidation  there  ru7)i     tecta. — Donaides,    Auct.    Joanne 

is  no  evidence.     The  printed  collection  Ker,  1725,  p.  17- 

from  the  University  Archives  of  itself  '  Cullen's  Obituary,  SpaUl.  Misc.  Ii. 

disproves  part   of  what   is   laid  to   his  44. 

charge,  and  as  he  lived  for  some  time,  *  Life  of  John  Erskine,  p.  25. 


280  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

We  know  not  the  fate  of  the  teachers  ousted  at  the 
Reformation.  They  were  mostly  in  church  ordei"s.  Some 
may  have  found  shelter  among  the  great  families  who 
still  adhered  to  the  old  faith  :  others  probably  sought 
employment  among  the  bands  of  Scotch  scholars,  who 
were  already  numerous  in  all  the  continental  Universities. 
Indeed,  long  before  the  definite  era  of  the  Eeformation, 
the  disturbed  state  of  the  country,  and  the  tumult  in 
men^s  minds,  had  rendered  Scotland  no  country  for  phi- 
losophical education.  There  was  more  pressing  work  to 
do,  before  the  attention  of  the  Reformers  could  be  cast 
so  far  forward,  or  devoted  to  the  peaceful  and  unexciting 
business  of  training  a  new  generation.  If  the  civil  power, 
and,  still  more,  if  churchmen  in  power  (of  either  i)arty) 
interfered,  it  was  generally  to  puU  down  rather  than  to 
build  up — to  persecute  a  popular  adversary  rather  than 
to  encourage  an  orthodox  teacher. 

Even  this  state  of  public  affairs  and  of  public  feeling 
wiU  not  of  itself  account  for  the  remarkable  state  of  the 
Scotch  scholar  life  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies. The  want  of  employment,  the  insecurity,  the 
poverty  at  home,  only  in  part  explain  the  crowd  of  ex- 
patriated Scotchmen  who  were  during  those  centuries 
teacliing  science  and  letters  in  every  school  of  Europe. 
There  was  something  in  it  of  the  adventurous  spirit  of 
the  country — something  of  the  same  knight-errantry 
which  led  their  unlettered  brothers  to  take  service  where- 
ever  a  gaUant  captain  gave  hope  of  distinction  and  prize 
money.  It  was  not  enough  for  one  of  those  peripatetic 
scholars  to  find  a   comfortable  niche  in   a   University, 


SCHOLARLY  KNIGHT-ERRANTS.  281 

where  he  might  teach  and  gain  friends  and  some  money 
for  his  old  age.  The  whole  fraternity  was  inconceivably 
restless,  and  successful  teachers  migrated  from  college  to 
college,  from  Paris  to  Louvain,  from  Orleans  to  Angers, 
from  Padua  to  Bologna,  as  men  in  later  times  completed 
their  education  by  the  Grand  Tour.  The  University 
feeling  and  the  universal  language  of  that  day  conduced 
somewhat  to  this  effect.  A  graduate  of  one  University 
was  "  free"  of  all.  His  qualifications  were  on  the  surface 
too,  and  easily  tested.  A  single  conference  settled  a 
man  s  character,  where  ready  Latin  and  subtle  or  vigor- 
ous disputation  were  the  essential  points.  But  whatever 
were  the  causes,  the  student  of  the  history  of  those  cen- 
tmies  must  be  struck  with  the  facts.  The  same  period 
which  saw  Florence  Wilson,  Scrymger,  the  elder  Barclay, 
received  among  the  foremost  scholars  of  Europe,  in  its 
most  learned  age,  witnessed  also  three  Scotsmen  profes- 
sors at  Sedan  ^  at  one  and  the  same  time,  and  two,  if 
not  three,  together  at  Leyden.^  John  Cameron,  admir- 
ably learned,  lecturing  everywhere,  ever3rs\rhere  admired, 
moved  in  1600  from  Glasgow  to  Bergerac,  from  Ber- 
gerac  to  Sedan,  from  Sedan  to  Paris,  from  Paris  to  Bor- 
deaux, to  Geneva,  to  Heidelberg,  to  Saumur,  to  Glasgow, 
again  to  Saumur,  to  Montauban,  there  to  rest  at  last. 
But  the  type  of  the  class  was  Thomas  Dempster,  a  man 
of  proved  learning  and  ability,  but  whose  adventures  in 
love  and  arms,  while  actually  "regenting"  at  Paris,  at 
Tournay,  at  Toulouse,  at  Nimes,  in  Spain,  in  England,  at 

'  Walter     Donaldson,     professor     ol  ^  Gilbert  Jack,  James  Ramsay,  John 

Greek  and  principal,  Andrew  Melville,       Murdison,  in  1603,  or  a  little  earlier. 
i  John  Smith. 


282 


SKETCHES  OF  EAIU.V  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


I^isa,   at    Bologii.'i,    were    as   romantic   as   those    of   tlie 
Admirable  Cricliton  or  Cervantes'  hero.     Incidentally  to 
his  own  history,   Dempster  makes   us  acquainted  with 
four  Scotchmen  of  letters  whom  he  met  at  Lou  vain.     Il< 
visited  James  Cheyne,  a  Scotch  doctor  at  Toumay  ;  suf 
ceeded  David  Sinclair  as  Regent  in  the  college  of  Na 
varre  at  Paris,   and  was  invited  by    Professors  Adam 
Abernethy,  and  Andrew  Currie,  to  join  them  at  Mont- 
pelHer.^ 

Of  those  expatriated  Scots,  scattered  through  the 
Universities  of  the  Continent,  Aberdeen  had  produced  her 
share.  Florence  Wilson,  who  describes  his  native  scenes 
by  the  banks  of  the  Lossy,  under  the  towers  of  Elgin, 
was  equal  to  his  friend  Buchanan  in  easy  graceful  Lati- 
nity.  He  was  a  Greek  scholar  also,  and  taught  Greek  in 
1540.  But  that  part  of  his  education  could  hardly  be 
got  at  his  native  University.  ^\^illiam  Barclay,  the  great 
jurist — father  of  John,  the  author  of  the  admirable  ro- 
mance the  Argenis — David  Chalmers  of  Ormond,  besides 
multitudes  of  mere  professors,  kept  up  the  reputation  of 
King's  College  abroad,  while  there  were  not  wanting  at 


^  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  Dr. 
M'Crie  did  not  find  room  for  his  notes 
of  the  Scotch  teachers  in  the  Protestant 
academies  of  France  in  the  time  of  An- 
drew Melville  : — "  The  number  of  Scotch- 
men," he  says,  "  who  taught  in  these 
seminaries  was  great.  They  were  to  be 
found  in  all  the  Universities  and  Col- 
leges ;  in  several  of  them  they  held  the 
honourable  situation  of  Principal,  and 
in  others  they  amounted  to  a  third  part 
of  the  Professors,"  —  Life  nf  Melville, 


gathered,  and  a  similar  list  of  the  Scotch 
scholars,  then  and  a  little  earlier,  driven 
out  for  their  attachment  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  tenets,  would  form  an  exceed- 
ingly interesting  chapter  of  Scotch  lite- 
rary historj'^.  It  must  be  remembered, 
too,  that  there  was  a  class  of  Univei-sities 
where  no  "  test"  was  in  use  ;  and  in  Italy 
esi)ecially,  the  learned  man  was  en- 
couraged to  teach  in  his  peculiar  pro- 
vince without  exclusion  of  creed  or 
country.— Sir  W.  Hamilton's   '•  Discvs- 


2d  edit,   p,  279,     A  list  of  these,  with       sions  on  Philosophy,"  p.  359. 
such   biographical   notices  as   could  he 


PRINCIPAL  ARBUTHNOT.  283 

home  men  of  high  name  in  literature,  who  owed  their 
instruction  to  the  Northern  University.  The  depression, 
which  is  visible  at  the  visitation  of  1549,  continued 
during  the  actual  storm  of  the  Reformation.  In  1562, 
when  Queen  Mary  made  her  northern  progress,  accom- 
panied by  the  English  ambassador,  Randolph  wrote  from 
Aberdeen  :  "  The  Queue,  in  her  progresse,  is  now  come 
as  far  as  Olde  Aberdine,  the  Bishop's  seat,  and  where 
also  the  Universitie  is,  or  at  the  least,  one  college  with 
fiftene  or  sixteen  scoUers."^ 

We  shall  form  a  high  opinion  of  the  reformed  Uni- 
versity, if  we  judge  of  it  by  the  first  Principal  of  its 
College.  Alexander  Arbuthnot,  "  a  gentleman  born  of 
the  house  of  Arbuthnot  in  Mearns,^  being  trained  up  in 
the  study  of  letters,  and  having  passed  the  course  of 
philosophy  in  the  College  of  St.  Andrews,  went  to  France 
at  the  age  of  twenty-three  years.  There,  applying  him- 
self to  the  laws,  he  lived  five  years  an  auditor  of  that 
great  Doctor  Cujacius,  and  being  made  licentiate,  returned 
to  Scotland  in  the  year  15G6,  of  purpose  to  follow  that 
calling.  But  God  otherwise  disposing,  in  the  year  1569 
he  was  made  principal  of  the  College  of  Aberdeen,  where, 
by  his  diligent  teaching,  and  dexterous  government,  he 
not  only  revived  the  study  of  good  letters,  1  )ut  gained 
many  from  the  superstitions  whereunto  they  were  given. 


1  To  Cecil,  31st  Aug.   1562,   in  Glial-  geour. — Origiais  et   incrementi  Arhuth- 

mers'  Life  of  Ruddinwu,  p.  7,  note.  noticcc  familice  descri^Hio    historica,    a 

"  He  was  the  sou  of  Andrew  Arbuth-  MS.  compiled  by  the  Principal  himself, 

not  in  Pitcarles,    by  his  \vife  Elizabetli  and  preserved  at  Arl)utliuot.    Alexander 

Strachair   of    Thornton.      Andrew   was  was  minister  of  Arbuthnot   and   Logie 

fourth  son  of  Robert  Arbuthnot  of  that  Buchan  before  he  became  Principal  of 

ilk,   by  his  second  wife   Mariot  Scrim-  King's  College. 


284  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  KCOTCH  HI.STOIIY. 

He  was  greatly  loved  of  all  men,  hated  of  none,  an^l  in 
such  account  for  his  moderation  with  the  chief  of  men  of 
these  parts,  that  without  his  advice  they  could  almost  do 
nothing,  which  put  him  in  great  fashery,  whereof  he  did 
often  complain.  Pleasant  and  jocund  in  conversation, 
and  in  all  sciences  expert ;  a  good  poet,  mathematician, 
philosopher,  theologue,  lawyer,  and  in  medicine  skillful, 
so  as  in  every  subject  he  could  promptly  discourse,  and 
to  good  purpose."-^  This  is  a  favourable  testimony  by 
the  Archbishop  to  a  leader  of  the  anti-episcopal  part}^ 

Arbuthnot  was  the  friend  and  associate  of  the  Mel- 
villes,  and  a  chief  among  that  small  section  of  the  kirk 
who,  themselves  most  learned,  felt  the  necessity  of  reform- 
ing education  as  a  means  of  religious  reformation.  James 
Melville  never  names  him  without  commendation.  He 
relates  that,  after  the  General  Assembly  of  1575,  his 
uncle  and  he  "  past  to  Angus,  in  companie  with  ]\Ir. 
Alexander  Arbuthnot,  a  man  of  singular  gifts  of  lerning, 
wesdome,  godliness  and  sweitnes  of  nature,  then  Prin- 
cipal! of  Aberdein,  whom  withe  Mr.  Andro  communicat 
anent  the  haill  ordour  of  his  collage  in  doctrine  and  dis- 
cipline, and  aggreit  as  therefter  was  sett  down  in  the  new 
reformation  of  the  collages  of  Glasgow  and  Aberdein.^^^ 
At  another  time,  this  best  of  gossips  recalls  the  pleasant 
society  in  the  house  of  his  father-in-law  John  Dury, 
where  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh  used  to  meet — "  with 
a  wonderful  consent  in  varietie  of  giftes,  all  strak  on  a 
string  and  sounded  a  harmonie^^ — and  where,   at  the 

^  Spottiswood's    History,    ii.    p.    319,  "^  Mr.  Jam^s  Melville's  Diary,  p.  41. 

edit.  1850. 


THE   "  NEW  foundation/'  285 

seasons  of  the  General  Assembly,  they  were  joined  by 
still  more  eminent  men  :  "  Tlier  ludgit  in  his  house  at  all 
these  Assemblies  in  Edinbruche  for  common,  Mr.  Andro 
Melvill,  Mr.  Thomas  Smeton,  Mr.  Alexander  Arbutlmot, 
thrie  of  the  lernedest  in  Europe  .  .  .  with  sum  zelus  godhe 
barrones  and  gentilmen.  In  tyme  of  mealies,  was  reason- 
ing upon  good  purposes,  namlie,^  maters  in  hand  ;  ther- 
efter  ernest  and  lang  prayer ;  therefter  a  chaptour  read, 
and  everie  man  about  gaiff  his  not  and  observation  there- 
of ;  sua  that  giff  all  liaid  bein  sett  down  in  wryt,  I  liaifF 
hard  the  lernedest  and  of  best  judgment  say,  they  wald 
nocht  haiff  wissed  a  fuller  and  better  commentar  nor  sum 
tymes  wald  fall  out  in  that  exercise."^  Principal  Ar- 
buthnot  died  in  1583  ;  Spottiswood  says  he  was  in  the 
forty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  and  that  he  was  buried  in  the 
College  Church. 

Arbuthnot's  communication  with  Andrew  MelviUe 
without  doubt  gave  rise  to  that  famous  "  new  founda- 
tion" of  King's  CoUcge,  which  was  the  subject  of  such 
contention  afterwards.  Like  the  parallel  measure  for 
Glasgow,  it  went  to  break  down  all  the  usages  and  feel- 
ings of  a  University,  setting  up  a  teaching  institution  in 
its  place.'^  On  this  account  we  cannot  regret  that  it  was 
abortive,'*  but  some  of  its  provisions  were  evident  im- 

^  Namely,  i.e.,  especially.  tion  having  been  "priAdlie  destroyed," 

-  Mr.  James  Melville's  Diarif,  p.  60.  it  seems  more  probable  it  was  never  com- 

s  Charles  i.  speaks  very  indignantly  pleted.     The  ratification  in  Parliament, 

of  the  attempt  to  abolish  the  ancient  1597,  points  to  it  as  a  charter  still  to  be 

and  tr\ie  foundation,  and  to  bring  in  one  "  revised  ;"   and    the   copy  which   Dr, 

of  their  oAvn  forging,  and  "  to  redact  all  M'Crie  used  was   of  such  an  inchoate 

the  foundation  to  ane  bair  scoole  of  phi-  charter,  wanting  the  concluding  solem- 

losophie."  nities  of  date,  witnessing,  and  sealing. 

♦  Notwithstanding  the  vehement  asser-  —  Life  of  Melville,  ii.  475,  2d  edition, 
tions  of  the  charter  of  the  new  founda- 


28G  SKETCHKS  OF  KAHLY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIV. 

provemeiits  u\h)\\  fix*  exiHting  jiracticc,  if  not  on  tli*- 
orifrinal  foundation.  The  teachers  were  to  he  confined 
each  to  on(^  (h apartment,  and  not  as  hitherto,  each  to  take; 
his  students  through  the  four  years  of  their  course,  a 
change  sanctioned  by  the  universal  practice  of  the  present 
day,  yet  not  without  leaving  some  cause  of  regret  for  the 
better  acquaintance  that  must  have  existed  between  the 
teacher  and  the  scholars  when  they  journeyed  in  corn 
pany  through  their  whole  academic  lif(.'.^  The  Canonist 
and  Medicus  were  to  l)e  al)olished.  If  the  functions  of 
the  former  were  abrogated  Ijy  the  Reformation,  that 
reason  could  hardly  affect  the  latter. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  we  have  no  documents  to  show 
how  the  University  throve  under  Arbuthnot's  presidency, 
nor  any  lists  of  graduates  or  students  that  might  sen^e 
to  prove  the  increase  which  we  must  believe  would  fol- 
low his  improved  discipline.  We  know  that  he  intro- 
duced the  study  of  Greek,  and  if,  in  other  things,  he 
followed  Andrew  Melville's  examjDle,  as  shown  at  Glas- 
gow and  St.  AndreAvs,  where  that  zealous  scholar  set 
himself  to  educate  teachers  for  future  orenerations  of 
students,  we  may  look  to  Arbuthnot  as  the  fountain  of 
that  theological  learnmg  and  classical  and  Hterary  taste 
which  distinguished  Aberdeen  for  a  century  after  his 
own  labours  had  ceased.     The  number  of  students  when 


^  Tlie  new  system  had  either  not  been  Ijroken  through,  seems  to  have  been  in 
enforced,  or  had  fallen  into  disuse  ini-  1628,  but  the  innovation  was  short-lived, 
mediately  after  Arbuthnot's  death.  The  and  the  old  system  prevailed  down  to 
lists  of  intrants  from  1601  downwards,  the  end  of  the  last  century ;  being  re- 
show  that  a  Regent  taught  the  same  stu-  tained  chieflj',  it  is  said,  at  last,  from 
dents  from  the  first  to  the  fourth  year.  respect  for  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Thomas 
The  first  occasion  when  that  order  was  Rcid. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  IN  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.       287 

we  first  become  acquainted  with  it,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  had,  indeed,  much  increased 
since  the  "  fifteen  or  sixteen  scollers"  of  Queen  Mary's 
visit ;  but  the  quieter  state  of  the  country,  and  the  com- 
parative subsidence  of  the  war  of  opinions,  might,  in  a 
great  measure,  account  for  that  improvement. 

The  history  of  the  University  during  the  seventeenth 
century — the  government  of  the  College  funds — the  dis- 
cipline and  studies — the  dangers  from  without,  and  the 
greater  perils  from  intestine  discord — the  partial  decay 
and  the  restoration  of  the  venerable  school  of  learning — - 
the  steady  increase  of  students  through  all  the  impedi- 
ments of  a  turbulent  age — are  to  be  gathered,  in  general 
with  sufficient  accuracy  and  detail,  from  the  records 
lately  given  to  the  world,  especially  the  series  of  "  Visi- 
tations."^ We  must  not  expect  that  any  memorials  of 
that  period  of  church  dissension  should  be  free  of  party 
1  )ias,  especially  where  recorded  by  churchmen ;  but  in 
the  midst  of  prejudice  and  misrepresentation,  some 
events,  and  fortunately  some  characters,  stand  above 
them  and  cannot  be  misunderstood. 


^  For  those  who  Avish  to  study  the  sub-  buted  by  the  late  Lord  Saltoun  to  the 

ject  more  fully,  the  following  books  will  Spalding  Clnb,  and  edited  by  its  Secre- 

be  useful.     Gordon  of  Rothiemay's  His-  tary.     The  Correspondence  of  Princi2)ol 

tory  of  Scots   Affairs,    Spalding   Club,  Baillie,  veiy  carefully  edited,  with  sinii- 

edited  with  notes  full  of  accurate  infor-  lar  literary  apparatus,  by  Mr.  D.  Laing, 

mation,  biographical,  ecclesiastical,  and  for  the  Bannatyne  Club.     Original  Let- 

literary,  by  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson  and  iers  relating  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Affairs 

Mr.   Grub.      The  Funerals  of    Bishop  of  Scotland,  1603-28,  the  contribution  to 

Patrick  Forbes,  reprinted  and  also  edited  the  Bannatyne  Club  of  Mr,  B.  Botfield, 

with  copious   and  valuable   notes   and  where   Mr.    Laing's   care    and  accurate 

biographical  preface,  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Shand,  knowledge  are  again  visible.     It  may  be 

for  the  late  Spottiswood  Society.    Spald-  necessary  here  to  state  that  these  works 

iug's  Memorials  of  the  Trublcs  in  Scot-  have  been  used  for  the  present  sketch,  fre- 

hind,  a  much  improved  edition  contri-  quently  without  special  acknowledgment. 


288  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Patrick  Forbes  of  Corse,  a  gentleman  of  a  connpeteiit 
estate  in  Aberdeenshire,  having  ])een  induced  by  some 
peculiar  causes  to  take  orders,  was  made  Bishop  of  Aber- 
deen in  1618.  Of  a  presbyterian  family,  and  educated 
by  Andrew  Melville,  he  had  imbibed  his  master's  love  of 
learning,  and  the  princij)les  of  the  straitest  sect  of  the 
Kirk.  The  views  of  that  body,  when  developed,  appear- 
ing to  him  almost  inconsistent  with  discipline  or  civil 
government,  at  length  drove  him  from  them,  and  thi-ew 
him  heartily  into  the  party  of  the  Church  as  then  esta- 
blished. Spottiswood  says  of  him  that  he  was  the  best 
prelate  in  the  Church  of  Scotland  since  Elphinstone,  and 
adds — "  So  wyse,  judicious,  so  grave  and  graceful  a  pas- 
tor, I  have  not  known  in  all  my  time  in  anie  church.'^ 
Judging  not  by  his  writings  alone,  but  by  the  impression 
he  made  upon  his  age — gathering  our  opinion  even  from 
the  vehement  denunciations  of  his  opponents — it  is  easy 
to  see  that  that  high  character  is  not  beyond  the  truth. 
Of  his  desire  to  enforce  conformity  by  the  secular  arm — 
of  his  equal  antipathy  to  Papists  and  Puritans — we  need 
not  speak  :  toleration  was  then  unknown  to  Chmxhmen 
in  power,  of  whatever  sect.  His  pastoral  care  of  liis 
people  was  an  example  to  the  humblest  minister  of  a 
parish ;  his  discharge  of  his  duties  as  Bishop  of  a  great 
diocese,  was  regarded  with  admiration  by  those  most 
averse  to  the  office.  As  Chancellor  of  the  University, 
his  attention  was  perhaps  too  exclusively  devoted  to 
rendering  it  a  school  of  sound  theology  ;  but,  like  Elphin- 
stone, who  had  the  same  object  in  view,  he  knew  that  it 
could  only  be  reached  by  the  legitimate  and  severe  dis- 


MISCONDUCT  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL.  289 

cipline  of  secular  learning  and  ]^^)liilosopliy.  Like  Elpliin- 
stone,  also,  his  care  was  to  draw  round  his  College  and 
his  Cathedral,  men,  who  by  their  own  accomplishment, 
might  command  respect  for  the  lessons  they  taught. 

He  was  alike  vigilant  concernino^  the  fabric  and  the 
funds  of  the  College,  and  the  discipline  of  the  members 
of  the  University.  It  appears  that  his  care  for  these 
matters  was  much  required.  The  Eoyal  Commissioners, 
in  1619,  represent  the  internal  economy  of  the  College 
as  exceedingly  faulty,  and  its  affairs  as  verging  to  ruin, 
tlu*ough  neglect  or  dishonesty,  and  the  Bishop  writing  to 
the  king,  speaks  in  even  stronger  terms :  "As  your  Hienes' 
pleasure  must  be  a  law  to  us,  so  wish  I  heartely  that 
your  Majestic  understood  particularly  the  distresse  of  that 
poor  House  through  the  abominable  dilapidatioun  of  the 
meanes  mortified  thereto,  by  miserable  men  who,  in  bad 
times,  not  being  controuUed,  have  so  securely  sacked  all 
that  estait,  as  if  nather  a  God  hade  bene  in  heaven  to 
count  with,  nor  men  on  earth  to  examin  their  wayes  !  '^  ^ 
These  censures  may  point  at  the  alleged  dilapidations  of 
the  last  Eoman  Cathohc  Principal ;  but  they  may  also  have 
been  called  for  by  the  misconduct,  fortunately  not  irreme- 
diable, of  the  Principal  then  in  oflice,  Mr.  David  Raitt. 

Leaving  the  records  of  his  visitations  to  tell  of  his 
reformation  of  the  College  economy  and  his  zealous  care 
of  the  fabric,  we  may  throw  some  light  from  other  sources 
upon  the  exertions  Bishop  Forbes  made  for  literature. 

^  Letters  relating  to  Ecclesiastical  Af-  worse  than  any.     A  favourite  phrase  of 

fairs,  p.  634.     Mr.  Shand  has  observed  his,  in  writing  to  James  vi.  is  — "your 

the  ott'eusive  servility  in  the  letters  of  Majesty  is  an  angel  of  God  !" 
that  period,  to  the  king.     But  Forbes  is 

T 


2!M)  SKKTCIIES  OF  EARLY   S(:()T(  II    I1IS'K)J(^^ 

Immediately  ii])()Ti  liis  pi'omotioii,  he  l)egan  to  fill  tlic  ))iil 
pits  and  the  academic  chairs  with  tliat  remarkaMe  luirid 
of  scholars  who  remained  to  meet  the  storm  wljieli  l)< 
escaped.  Their  names  are  now  little  knowTi  except  to 
the  local  antiquary  ;  ))ut  no  one  who  has  even  slightly 
studied  the  history  of  that  disturljed  time,  is  unacquainted 
^^dth  the  collective  designation  of  "  the  Aberdeen  Doc- 
tors," bestowed  upon  the  learned  "  querists"  of  the  ultra- 
Presbyterian  Assembly  of  1638,  and  the  most  formidable 
opponents  of  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant. 

Of  these  learned  divines,  Dr.  Kobert  Barron  had 
succeeded  Bishop  Forbes  in  his  parish  of  Keith,  and 
from  thence  was  brought  on  the  first  opportunity  to  be 
made  minister  of  Aberdeen,  and  afterwards  Professor  of 
Divinity  in  Marischal  College.  He  is  best  judged  by 
the  estimation  of  his  o\\ti  time,  which  placed  him  fore- 
most in  philosophy  and  theology.  Bishop  Sydserf  char- 
acterizes him  as  vir  in  omni  scJiolastica  theolocjia  et  oinni 
literatura  versatissimus.  "  A  person  of  incomparable 
worth  and  learning,"  says  Middleton,  "  he  had  a  clear 
apprehension  of  things,  and  a  rare  facultie  of  making  the 
hardest  things  to  be  easily  understood."^  Gordon  of 
Rothiemay  says,  "  He  was  one  of  those  who  maintained 
the  unanswerable  dispute  (in  1638)  against  the  Cove- 
nante,  wdiich  drew"  upon  him  both  ther  envye,  hate,  and 
calumneyes  ;  yet  so  innocently  lived  and  dyed  hee,  that 
such  as  then  hated  him,  doe  now  reverence  his  memor}^e, 
and  admire  his  works."  Principal  Baillie,  of  the  opposite 
party,  speaks  of  him  as  "a  meek  and  learned  person," 

*  Appendix  to  Sjiotiiswood,  p.  29. 


THE  ABERDEEN  DOCTORS. 


291 


and  always  with  great  respect ;  and  Bishop  Jeremy 
Taylor,  writing  in  1659  to  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  recommending  the  choice  of  books  for  "  the  be- 
ginning of  a  theologicall  library,^'  names  two  treatises  of 
Barron's  especially,  and  recommends  generally,  "  every- 
thing of  his."  ^  That  a  man  so  honoured  for  his  learning 
and  his  life,  should  receive  the  indio;nities  inflicted  on 
Barron  after  his  death,  is  rather  to  be  held  as  a  mark 
of  the  general  coarseness  of  the  time,  than  attributed  to 
the  persecuting  spirit  of  any  one  sect.^ 

Another  of  the  Aberdeen  doctors,  William  Leslie, 
was  successively  Sub -Principal  and  Principal  of  King's 
College.  The  visitors  of  1638  found  him  worthy  of 
censure,  as  defective  and  negligent  in  his  office,  but 
recorded  their  knowledge  that  he  was  "  ane  man  of  gude 
hterature,  lyfT,  and  conversatioun."  "He  was  a  man," 
says  James  Gordon,  "  grave,  and  austere,  and  exemplar. 
The  University  was  happy  in  having  such  a  light  as  he, 
who  was  eminent  in  all  the  sciences  above  the  most  of 
his  age." 

Dr.  James  Sibbald,  minister  of  St.  Nicholas,  and  a 
regent  in  the  University,  is  recorded  by  the  same  con- 


'  Dr.  J.  H.  Todd,  who  first  piiblislied 
this  letter  {English  Churchman,  Jan.  11, 
1849),  supposed  Bishop  Taylor  to  be 
speaking  of  Dr.  Peter  Barron  of  Cani- 
hridge,  but  afterwards,  on  the  evidence 
being  comniunicated  to  him,  was  entire- 
ly satisfied,  and  corrected  his  mistake. 
"The  author  referred  to,"  writes  Dr. 
Toild,  "  is  certainly  Dr.  Eobert  Barron 
of  Aberdeen,  a  divine  of  whom  the 
Church  of  Scotland  may  be  justly 
proud."— /"j-wA  Ecclesiastical  Journal, 
March  1849. 


'^  Upon  an  allegation  of  unsoundness 
of  doctrine  in  some  of  his  works,  the 
General  Assembly  of  1640  dragged  his 
widow,  in  custody  of  a  ''rote  of  mus- 
ketiers,"  from  her  retreat  in  Strathislay, 
to  enable  them  to  search  his  house  for 
his  manuscripts  and  letters,  a  year  after 
his  death.  The  proceedings  add  some 
circumstances  of  inhumanity  to  the  old 
revolting  cases  not  unknown  in  Scot- 
land, where  a  dead  man  was  dug  out  of 
his  grave  to  be  placed  at  the  bar  for 
trial  and  sentence. 


202  HKETCnKS  OF  I'^AIll.Y  SCOTCH   HISTORY. 

temporary : — "  It  will  not  be  aiiirmed  l)y  liis  very 
enemyes,  Imt  that  Dr.  James  Sihl)al(l  was  arie  eloqui.Tit 
and  painefull  preacher,  a  man  godly  and  grave  and 
modest,  not  tainted  witli  any  vice  unljeseeming  a  mini- 
ster, to  whom  nothing  could  in  reason  be  ol^jected,  if 
you  call  not  his  anti-covenanting  a  cryme."^  Principal 
Baillie,  while  condemning  his  AiTninian  doctrines,  says, 
"  Tlic  man  was  there  of  great  fame." 

Dr.  Alexander  Scroggy,  minister  in  the  Cathedral 
Church,  first  known  to  the  world  as  thought  worthy  tu 
contribute  to  the  Funerals  of  his  patron  and  friend 
•Bishop  Forbes,^  is  described  in  1640  by  Gordon,  as  "a 
man  sober,  grave,  and  painefull  in  his  calling,"  and  b} 
Baillie,  as  "  ane  old  man,  not  verie  corrupt,  yet  per\^ers« 
in  the  Covenant  and  Service-book."  His  obstinacy 
yielded  under  the  weight  of  old  age  and  the  need  of 
rest,  but  he  is  not  the  more  respected  for  the  question- 
able recantation  of  all  his  early  opinions.^ 

Dr.  William  Forbes,  who  died  Bishop  of  Edinburgh, 
another  of  the  Aberdeen  doctors,  was  more  immediatel}' 
connected  with  Marischal  College,  having  received  the  be 
ginning  of  his  education  there,  and  being  afterwards  it 
Principal.  ''  He  was,"  says  the  parson  of  Eothiemay,  "  one 
of  the  learnedest  men,  and  one  of  the  most  eloquenl 
preachers  of  his  age,  or  that  ever  Aberdeen,  the  nursery  o 
so  many  great  spirits,  ever  brought  forthe."^  Bishop  Bur 
net  tells  us  "  he  was  a  grave  and  eminent  di^dne.  M} 
father  that  knew  him  lono:,  and,  beino-  of  counsel  for  liin 

^  History  of  Scots  Affairs,  III.  im.  May   1642.      He   died   in   1659,    in  tli' 

2  Aberdeen,  1635.  ninety-fifth  year  of  his  age. 

=  In  the  Presbytery  of  Aberdeen,  26tli  *  History  of  Scots  Affairs,  ill.  241. 


THE  ABERDEEN  DOCTORS.  293 

in  his  law  matters,  had  occasion  to  know  him  well,  has 
often  told  me  that  he  never  saw  him  but  he  thought  his 
heart  was  in  heaven/'^  "Vir,  vitse  sanctimonia,"  says 
Dr.  Garden,  "  humilitate  cordis,  gravitate,  modestia, 
temperantia,  orationis  et  jejunii  frequentia,  bonorum 
operum  praxi,  industria  pauperum  cura,  clinicorum 
crebra  visitatione  et  consolatione,  et  omnifaria  virtute 
Christiana,  inter  optimos  primitivse  ecclesise  patres  an- 
numerandus."^  Bishop  Cosin  of  Durham  esteemed  Dr. 
William  Forbes's  writings  so  highly,  that  he  transcribed 
with  his  own  hand  all  his  remains.^ 

Eminent,  among  that  body  of  diAdnes  and  scholars, 
was  John  Forbes,  the  good  Bishop's  son.  He  had  studied 
at  King's  College,  and,  after  completing  his  education  in 
the  approved  manner  by  a  round  of  foreign  Universities, 
returned  to  Scotland  to  take  his  doctor's  degree,  and  to 
be  the  first  professor  in  the  chair  of  theology,  founded  and 
endowed  in  our  University  by  his  father  and  the  clergy 
of  the  diocese.  Dr.  John  Forbes's  theological  works  have 
been  appreciated  by  all  critics  and  students,  and  have  gone 
some  way  to  remove  the  reproach  of  want  of  learning  from 
the  divines  of  Scotland.  His  greatest  undertaking,  the  In- 
structiones  Historico-Theologicce,  which  he  left  unfinished, 
Bishop  Burnet  pronounces  to  be  "  a  work  which,  if  he 
had  finished  it,  and  had  been  suffered  to  enjoy  the  pri- 
vacies of  his  retirement  and  study  to  give  us  the  second 
volume,  had  been  the  greatest  treasure  of  theological 
learning  that  perhaps  the  world  has  yet  received."* 

*  Life  of  Bedell.    Preface.  *  Preface  to  theXr/e  of  Bishop  Bedell. 

'  Vita  Johannis  Forhesii,  §  xli.  Of  most  of  tliese  tlieological  authors  I 

^  Bishop  Cosin's  MS.  is  still  preserveil  am  obliged  to  speak  in  the  language  of 
•'>t  Dm-ham. 


294  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

These  were  tlie  men  whom  the  Bishop  dvnw  into  the 
centre  and  lieart  of  the  sphere  which  he  hiul  set  liimself 
to  iUuminate  ;  and,  in  a  short  space  of  time,  l)y  tlieir 
united  endeavours,  there  grew  up  around  their  Catliedral 
and  University  a  society  more  learned  and  accomj)hshe(l 
than  Scotland  had  hitherto  known,  which  spread  a  tast^ 
for  literature  and  art  beyond  the  academic  circle,  and 
gave  a  tone  of  refinement  to  the  great  commercial  city 
and  its  neighbourhood. 

It  must  be  confessed  the  cultivation  was  not  without 
bias.  It  would  seem,  that  in  proportion  as  the  Presby-  I 
terian  and  Puritan  party  receded  from  the  learning  of 
some  of  their  first  teachers,  literature  became  here,  a- 
afterwards  in  England,  the  peculiar  badge  of  Episcopacy. 
With  Episcopacy  went,  hand  in  hand,  the  high  assertion 
of  royal  authority  ;  and  influenced  as  it  had  Ijeen  Ijy 
Bishop  Patrick  Forbes  and  his  followers,  Aberdeen  l)e- 
came,  and  continued  for  a  century  to  be,  not  only  a 
centre  of  northern  academic  learning,  but  a  little  strong 
hold  of  ultra  loyalty  and  episcopacy — the  marked  seat  of 
high  cavalier  politics  and  anti-Puritan  sentiments  of  reli- 
gion and  church  government. 

That  there  was  a  dash  of  pedantry  in  the  learning  of 
that  Augustan  age  of  our  University,  was  the  misfortune 
of  the  time,  rather  than  peculiar  to  Aberdeen.     The  litera 
ture  of  Britain  and  all  Europe,  except  Italy,  was  still  for 


others.     I  have  not,  in  all  cases,  even  think,  of  no   great   distinction,   by  no 

read  the  "works  on  which  their  repntation  means  to  be  confounded  with  the  philo- 

is  fonnded.  sopher  of  the  same  name  whom  Hudi- 

Another  of  "the  Aberdeen  doctors"  bras  honoiu'ed. 
was  Alexander   Ross,    D.D.,   a  man,   I 


PEE-EMINENCE  OF  ABERDEEN. 


295 


the  most  part  scholastic,  and  still  to  a  great  degree 
shrouded  in  the  scholastic  dress  of  a  dead  language  ; 
and  we  must  not  wonder  that  the  northern  University 
exacted  from  her  divines  and  philosophers,  even  from 
her  historians  and  poets,  that  they  should  use  the  lan- 
guage of  the  learned.  After  all,  we  owe  too  much  to 
classical  learning  to  grudge  that  it  should  for  a  time 
have  overshadowed  and  kept  down  its  legitimate  off- 
spring of  native  literature.  "  We  never  ought  to  forget," 
writes  one  worthy  to  record  the  life  and  learning  of 
Andrew  Melville,  "  that  the  refinement  and  the  science, 
secular  and  sacred,  with  which  modern  Europe  is  en- 
riched, must  be  traced  to  the  revival  of  ancient  literature, 
and  that  the  hid  treasures  could  not  have  been  laid  open 
and  rendered  available  but  for  that  enthusiasm  with 
which  the  languages  of  Greece  and  Eome  were  cultivated 
in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries."^ 

It  is  not  to  be  questioned  that  in  the  literature  of 
that  age,  and  in  all  departments  of  it,  Aberdeen  stood 
pre-eminent.  Clarendon  commemorates  the  "  many  ex- 
cellent scholars  and  very  learned  men  under  whom  the 
Scotch  Universities,  and  especially  Aberdeen,  flourished.''^ 
"  Bishop  Patrick  Forbes,''  says  Burnet,  "  took  such  care 
of  the  two  Colleges  in  his  diocese,  that  they  became 


'  Dr.  M'Crie's  Life  of  Melville,  il. 
445.  It  is  witli  hesitation  that  any  one 
who  has  been  benefited  by  this  work 
will  express  a  difference  of  opinion  from 
its  author.  But  it  seems  to  me  that  Dr. 
M'Cric  has  been  led  by  his  admiration 
lor  Andrew  Melville,  to  rate  too  highly 
an  exercise  in  which  he  excelled.  The 
writing  of  modern  Latin  poetry,  how- 


ever valuable  as  a  part  of  grammatical 
education,  has,  in  tnith,  never  been  an 
effort  of  imagination  or  fancy ;  and  its 
products,  when  most  successful,  have 
never  produced  the  effect  of  genuine 
poetry  on  the  mind  of  the  reader. 

^  History  of  the  Rebellion,  i.  145.    Ox- 
ford, JS-20. 


296  SKETCHES  OF  EAKI.Y  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

(quickly  distinguished  IVoiu  all  iIk;  rest  of  S(:(jI]uii<I.  .  .  . 
They  were  an  honour  to  the  Church,  both  by  their  Uve.-^ 
and  1)y  tlieir  learning,  and  with  that  excellent  tempei- 
they  seasoned  that  whole  diocese,  ])0th  clergy  and  laity, 
that  it  continues  to  this  very  day  very  much  distinguished 
from  all  the  rest  of  Scotland,  both  for  learning,  loyalty, 
and  peaceableness/'^ 

That  this  w^as  no  unfounded  boast,  as  regards  one 
department  of  learning,  has  been  already  sho^\^l,  in 
enumeratmg  the  learned  di\"ines  who  drew  u^jon  Aber- 
deen the  general  attention  soon  after  the  death  of  their 
Bishop  and  master.  In  secular  learning  it  was  no  less 
distinguished.  No  one  excelled  Robert  Gordon  of  Stra- 
loch  in  all  the  accomplishments  that  honour  the  country 
gentleman.  Without  the  common  desire  of  fame,  or  any 
more  sordid  motive,  he  devoted  his  life  and  talents  to 
illustrate  the  history  and  hterature  of  his  country.  He 
was  the  prime  assistant  to  Scotstarvet  in  his  two  great 
undertakings,  the  Atlas  and  the  collections  of  Scotch 
poetry.^  The  maps  of  Scotland  in  the  Great  Atlas 
(many  of  them  drawn  by  himself,  and  the  whole  "  re- 
vised "  by  him  at  the  earnest  entreaty  of  Charles  i.), 
with  the  topographical  descriptions  that  accomjjany 
them,  are  among  the  most  valuable  contributions  ever 
made  by  an  individual  to  the  physical  history  of  his 
country.  His  son,  James  Gordon,  Parson  of  Eothiemay, 
followed  out  his  fathers  great  objects  with  admiraljle 
skill,  and,  in  two  particulars,   he  merits  our  gratitude 

^  Life  of  Bishop  Bedell — Preface.  Great  Atlas.     Both  published  by  John 

^  Delitke    poetarum    Scoiorum    hnjus        Blaeu  at  Amsterdam,  the  former  iu  1637, 
avi  illustriim.      Fifth   volume  of  the        the  latter  in  1654. 


SECULAR  LEARNING.  297 

even  more.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  our  country- 
men to  study  drawing,  and  to  apply  it  to  plans  and 
views  of  places  ;  and,  while  he  could  wield  Latin  easily, 
he  condescended  to  write  the  history  of  his  time  in 
excellent  Scotch. 

While  these  writers  were  illustrating  the  history  of 
their  country  in  prose,  a  crowd  of  scholars  were  writing 
poetry,  or,  at  least,  pouring  forth  innumerable  copies  of 
elegant  Latin  verses.  While  the  two  Johnstons  were 
the  most  distinguished  of  those  poets  of  Aberdeen,  John 
Leech,  once  Kector  of  our  University,^  David  Wedder- 
burn.  Rector  of  the  Grammar  School,  and  many  others, 
wrote  and  published  pleasing  Latin  verse,  which  stands 
the  test  of  criticism.  While  it  cannot  be  said  that  such 
compositions  produce  on  the  reader  the  higher  effects  of 
real  poetry,  they  are  not  without  value,  if  we  view  them 
as  tests  of  the  cultivation  of  the  society  among  which 
they  were  produced.  Arthur  Johnston  not  only  ad- 
dresses elegiacs  to  the  Bishop  and  his  doctors,  throwing 
a  charming  classical  air  over  their  abstruser  learning,  but 
puts  up  a  petition. to  the  magistrates  of  the  city,  or  cele- 
1  mites  the  charms  of  Mistress  Abernethy,  or  the  em- 
broideries of  the  Lady  Lauderdale,  all  in  choice  Latin 
verse,  quite  as  if  the  persons  whom  he  addressed  appre- 
ciated the  language  of  the  poet.^ 

Intelligent  and  educated  strangers,  both  foreigners 
and  the  gentry  of  the  north,  were  attracted  to  Aberdeen ; 

^  Joannis  Leoclwei  ScoH  Muscc.  —  Lon-  thcca  ;  Be  aulcvis  acu-pictis  D.  Isabellce 

dini,   1620.     Leech   was  Rector  of  the  Setoncv    Comitissce    Ladcrdclice.  —  Epi- 

Univevsit}'  in  1619.  grammata  ArtnH  Jonstoni,  Scoti,  Medici 

'  Ad  Scnatum    Aherdonenscm  ;    Tu-  Itegii.    Ahredoimv,  excudebat  Edvardus 

mnlus  Joannis   Colissonii ;  Dc  Ahrene-  Jiabamis,  1632. 


20«S 


SKKTCHKS  OF  F:ARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOKV 


and  its  Colleges  became  the  place  of  education  for  a 
hioflier  class  of  students  than  had  hitherto  been  accus- 
tomed  to  draw  their  philosophy  from  a  native  source/ 

If  it  was  altogether  chance,  it  was  a  very  fortunate  ac- 
cident, which  placed  in  the  midst  of  a  society  so  worthy 
of  commemoration  a  painter  like  George  Jamiesone,  th<j 
pupil  of  Rubens,  the  first,  and,  till  Raebum,  the  only  great 
painter  whom  Scotland  had  produced.  Though  he  was 
a  native  of  Aberdeen,  it  is  not  likely  that  anything  Ijut 
the  little  court  of  the  Bishop  could  have  induced  such 
an  artist  to  prosecute  his  art  in  a  provincial  town.  An 
academic  orator  in  1630,  while  boasting  of  the  crowd  of 
distinguished  men,  natives  and  strangers,  either  produced 
by  the  University,  or  brought  to  Aberdeen  by  the  Bishop, 
was  able  to  point  to  their  pictures  ornamenting  the  hall 
Avhere  his  audience  were  assembled.  Knowing  by  whom 
these  portraits  were  painted,  we  cannot  but  regret  that 
so  few  are  preserved.^ 


1  Strachan's  Panegyricus.  Among  the 
strangers  lie  distinguishes  Parkins,  an 
Englishman  who  had  the  year  before 
(1630)  obtained  a  degree  of  M.D.  in  our 
University.  The  earliest  diploma  of 
M.D.  I  have  seen  is  that  noted  below 
(somewhat  out  of  place),  among  the 
Academic  prints,  and  which  was  granted 
in  1697. 

^  PatHcius  .  .  .  supreiruis  digrdtates 
scholasiicas  in  viros  omni  laude  majores 
(quorum  vos  hie  vultus  videtis)  qtd  vel 
ipsas  dignitatcs  honorarunt,  conferri 
curavit  Quid  memorem  Sandilandios, 
Rhoetos,  Baronios,  Scrogios,  Sihhaldos, 
Leslceos,  maxima  ilia  nomina.  .  .  . 
Deus  mi :  quanta  did  celehritas,  quo  tot 
plleati  patres,  theologian,  juHs  et  medi- 
rince  doctores  et  baccalanrei  de  gymnasio 
nostro  vclut  agmine  facto  prodierunt  ! 


He  alludes  to  the  strangers  attracted  by 
the  fame  of  the  society,  to  the  divines, 
Forbes,  Barron,  etc.,  to  the  physicians 
—  Quantus  medicarum  grex  /  quanta 
claritas  /  .  .  .  Qv.antuin  uterque  Jon- 
stonus,  ejusdem  uteri,  e/'usdem  artis/ra- 
tres.  .  .  .  Mathesi  profunda,  quantum 
poesi  et  impangeiulis  canninibus  valeani 
novistis.  Arthurus  mediciis  Regis  et 
divinus  poeta  elegice  et  epigrammatis, 
quihus  non  solum  suce  cetatis  homines 
superat  verum  antiqidssimos  quosque 
ceqiiat.  Gulielmtbs  rei  herha.rice  et  riudhe- 
malum,  quorum  professor  meritissimus 
est,  gloria  cluit.  De  Guliehno  certe  idem 
v^urpare  p)ossumus.  .  .  .  Delicice  est  hu- 
mani  gen€7i3,  tanta  est  ejus  comitas,  tarda 
urhanitas.  Dun,  another  physician,  he 
describes  as  in  great  practice,  and  Gor- 
don, media's  et  alchymisia.  eximius.— 


RABAN  S  PRESS. 


299 


The  intellectual  society  thus  gathered  round  the 
Cathedral  and  University  would  have  been  incomplete 
without  a  printing-press,  and,  to  meet  that  want,  the 
Bishop  induced  Edward  Eaban,  an  Englishman  who  had 
settled  as  a  printer  at  St.  Andrews,  to  quit  the  older 
University,  and  establish  at  Aberdeen  the  first  press 
which  had  ever  crossed  the  Grampian  line.^  The  chief 
inducement  to  the  undertaking  was,  without  doubt,  the 
convenience  of  saving  the  endless  dictation  and  writing 
required  in  teaching  grammar  and  philosophy  where  there 
were  no  text-books  ;  but  the  press  served  higher  purposes 
also,  and  we  not  only  owe  to  Eaban's  types  the  first  edi- 
tions of  Arthur  Johnston  s  Latin  poetry,  but  to  him  and 
his  successors  we  are  indebted  for  a  large  mass  of  Acade- 
mic literature,  which  must  have  been  lost  without  them, 
and  which  furnishes  the  best  materials  (after  the  proper 
archives)  of  University  history.^     The  first  book  printed 


Andrew  Strachan's  Pancgyricus  Inau- 
guralis,  spoken  ou  26th  July  1630, 
printed  by  Raban  at  Aberdeen,  1631. 

^  Ille  cum  cernereL  prelum  esse  hiblio- 
theccfi  (pvrevTiqpLov  divinam  illam  et  Jovis 
cerebro  dignam  artem  tyiiogra/phicam 
{fiuoe  nunquam  ante  saltics  Caledonios  et 
juga  Grampia  salutarat)  hue  tanquam 
de  ccelo  devocavit ;  atque  hac  prerogativa 
effert  se  Academia  nostra  super  alias 
omnes  nostrates.  In  tantis  frigoribus 
nee  prelum  sudare  cessat,  idque  hand 
absque  opera3  pretio ;  non  solum  enim 
excudnntuT  hie  libri  qui  omnium  schol- 
arum  usibus  deserviunt,  sed  etiam  ii  qui, 
cum  genium  habeant,  nosti'is  scholis  ear- 
umque  rectoribus  ornamento  sunt ;  idque 
typis  splendidis  qui  lucem  illustrissima- 
rum  regionumferre  possunt. — ^Strachan's 
Panegyric,  p.  37. 

^  It  may  be  allowed  to  give  the  dates 
of  such  of  these  Academie  prints  as  I 


have  seen.  The  first  is  not  from  the 
Aberdeen  press. 

1620.— iJisjnUationes  theologicw  ducc 
habitoi  in  inclyta  Aberdonensi  Academia 
.  .  .  mense  Februario  1620.  .  .  .  pro 
publica  S.S.  Theologiceprofessione.  lie- 
spondente  Joanne  Forbesio.  Printed  by 
Andrew  Hart  at  Edinburgh.  Prefixed 
is  a  proclamation  Avhich  had  been  pub- 
lished in  Universities  and  great  towns  in 
December  1619,  calling  on  all  learned  in 
this  kind  ut  e:>plorationi  pro  cathedrce 
hujus  aditione  instituenda  vel  se  submit- 
tant  vel  intersint.  The  first  disputation 
is  de  libera  arbitdo,  the  second,  de  sac- 
ramentis.  At  the  end  is  the  A2)probatio 
synodica,  ejusdemque  ad  piiblicam  S.S. 
theologian  professionem  solcnnis  vocatio, 
27th  April  1620. 

1622. —  Theses  philosophicui  quas  adju- 
torio  numinis  adolescentes  jyro  magisterii 
gradu  in  2^^'blico  Academ.  Reg.  Aberd. 


300 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


iu  Aberdeen  l)ears  the  date  of  1G22,  being  just  a  century 
after  John  Vans  crossed  to  Paris  to  have  his  grammar 
printed,  and  115  years  after  Chepman  and  Miller  esta- 
blished their  printing-press  at  Edinburgh. 


asceterio  10  kalend.  August:  i.  22  Julii, 
1622,  horis  pomeridianis  sustinehunt 

Prceside  Alexandra  Lunauo 
(the  names  of  nine  candidates,  one  of 
whom,  Alexander  Wischart,  does  not 
aj^pear  in  the  list  of  the  laureates  of  that 
year),  Aherdoniis  excud.  Ed.  Rabanus 
Uuiv.  typoijr.  A.D.  1622.  The  theses  are 
dedicated  to  Bishop  Patrick,  the  Chan- 
cellor. 

1623. — Masters'  theses,  ^:>re5{c?e  D.  GvZ. 
Forhesio  (twelve  candidates,  one  of  whom, 
James  Annand,  is  not  given  in  the  list 
of  laureates),  printed  by  Raban,  dedi- 
cated manihus  heatissimis  illustrissimi 
prcesulis  Gid.  Ul2)hinstoni  Ac.  Reg.  Ah. 
fundatoris  munijicentissimi. 

162S.—Oratiofu'}iebris  in  obitum  maxi- 
mi  viroruvi  Georgii  Marischalli  comitis 
.  .  .  Academice  Marischallanm  Abredo- 
nice  fundatoris,  delivered  by  W.  Ogston, 
June  30,  1623,  printed  by  Raban,  dedi- 
cated to  the  Earl  Marischal,  Patron,  the 
Bishop,  Chancellor,  and  to  the  Town 
Council  of  Aberdeen. 

1627. — Alexander  Scrogie's  thesis  for 
his  degi'ee  of  D.D. — De  imperfectione 
sanctorum  in  liac  vita. — Rohan. 

1631. — Andrew  Strachau's  {physiol.  et 
inferiorum  matJiemutumprofessor)  Pan£- 
gyricus  inauguralis  quo  autores  vindices 
et  euergetta  illustris  universitaMs  Aber- 
doncnsia  jtistis  elogiis  ornabantur,  de- 
livered at  the  laureation,  26  July  163G. 
— Raban,  1631. 

1631.^0ra^io  eucharistica  et  encomi- 
astica  in  benevolos  univ.  A  herd,  benefac- 
tores  f autores  et  patronos,  by  John  Lun- 
die,  humanist. — Raban. 

163J:.  —  Vindicice  cultus  divina;.  An- 
drew Strachan's  thesis  for  his  degree  of 
D.D.  and  professorship  of  divinity,  dedi- 
cated to  the  Bishop. — Raban. 

1635. — Thesis  of  John  Gordon,  ecclesi- 


aste  Elginensis  for  his  degree  of  D.D., 
dedicated  to  his  brother,  W.  Gonlon, 
M.D.,  "Medicus"  in  King's  College.— 
Raban. 

1635. — Funerals  of  Patrick  Forbes  of 
Corse,  Bishop  of  Abcrdene,  "Aberdene  _ 
imprinted  by  Edward  Raban."  It  ia  fl 
with  reference  to  this  book  that  Profes- 
sor John  Ker  observes,  after  relating  the 
death  of  the  Bishop  in  1635,  —  Quarn 
desideratlssimus  autem  obierit,  indicia 
sunt  orationes,  condones,  elogia,  epistolce, 
poemata  in primis  elegantissima,  Latina 
et  vernacula  .  .  .  Num  tale  extet  moni- 
vientum  literarium  de  obitu  aXicv.jus  unius 
viri  principis  aut  privati  nos  latet. — 
Donaides,  p.  20. 

1Q2>Q.— Canons  and  constitutions  eccle- 
siasticall,  gathered  and  put  informfoi' 
the  government  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, 4to,  pp.  43. 

1665. —  Vindicice  veritatis,  seu  dispu- 
tatio  theologica  piro  veracitate  opposita 
locutionibus  operose  arnhiguis  et  restric- 
tionihus  Tnentalihus  Jesuitis  aliisque  sec- 
tariis  usitatis,  authore  Gulielmo  Doug- 
lasio  theologice  in  Acad.  Abredon.  pro- 
fessore.  Excudehat  Jacobus  Brounus 
urhis  et  academice  typography^,  Aher- 
donice,  1655. 

1677.—  Vindicice  psahnodice,  the  same 
author  and  printer.  He  rejects  the  use 
of  organs. 

1659. — Academiarum  vindicice,  in  qui- 
hus  novantiiim,  pro&judicia  contra  oca- 
demias  etiam  reforrnatas  averruncantur ; 
an  oration  delivered  19  November  1658. 
The  same  author  and  printer.  He  cen- 
sures the  subtleties  of  the  early  school- 
men, the  rn-efragabiles,  angelici,  suhtiles, 
solennes,  serajjhici,  etc. — narrates  the 
paradoxes  of  Weigelius — that  all  aca- 
demies are  opposed  to  Cln-istianity — om- 
nes  academias cxso'ries esse  Christi;  Rem, 


DEATH  OF  BISHOP  FORBES. 


301 


The  Bishop  was  fortunate  in  the  time  of  his  death  (1635), 
escaping  the  storm  which  destroyed  the  Cathedral  he  had 
laboured  to  restore,  and  which  threatened  to  involve  his 
renovated  University  in  the  common  ruin.     With  more 


nullus  doctor,  nullus  jurisconsultus,  nul- 
lus  astronomus,  medicus,  philosophus, 
neque  artium  ac  literarmn  magistcr  ccelv.rn 
ingredieUir.  He  speaks  of  tlie  \ise  of 
Latin — totius  Christianismi  quasi  com- 
mune vinculum — of  Greek  and  Hebrew — 
quid  est  honoHJicentius  quam  ut  merito 
sis  salutatus  (addressing  the  University) 
trilinguis;  quid  jucimdius  quam  pro- 
phetasxt  apostolos  sua  lingua  loquentes 
audire  1  He  dwells  on  the  necessity  of 
libraries,  and  shows  he  appreciated  the 
fine  printers  —  Stephanos,  Plantinos, 
Jansonios,  Elzivei-ios,  Nortonos,  etc. 
Rebuking  the  manners  of  the  students, 
he  says, — Quid  sibi  volunt  ludi  tessera- 
rum  et  char  tar  um  pictarum,  herhm  7dco- 
tianw  haustu^  immodicus,  canes  venatici 
imherhis  juvenis,  hospitium  cum  activum 
turn  et  passivum  male  feriatorum  arde- 
lionmn  !  He  rails  at  hair  powder  which 
already  appeared  among  the  students  of 
Aberdeen.  He  notices  aureus  iste  libel- 
lus  of  Volusenus  our  countryman  de 
animi  tranquillitate.  He  intersperses 
his  text  excessively  with  Greek,  and  con- 
fines it  rather  too  much  to  objects  of 
theology  and  the  ministry,  but  it  is  all 
very  judicious. 

1660. — 0 ratio  panegyrica  ad  €i<To5ia 
2)otentissimi  monarchce  Caroli  ii.  .  .  . 
quam  recitahat  Gul.  Douglassius  S.S. 
Theol.  prof,  in  auditorio  niaximo  philo- 
so2)hico  collegii  Regii  Universitatis 
CAROLIN.E  Aherdonensis  Junii  14,  1660. 
Edinhurgi  ex  officina  Soc.  Stationario- 
rum,  1660. 

1660. — Eucharistia  Basilica  of  John 
Row,  Principal  of  King's  College  in 
Universitate  Carolina.  Aberdoniis 
Jacobus  Brunus  urbis  et  Universitatis 
typotheta. 

1660. — BHtannia  rediviva,  or  a  con- 
gratulatory sermon  for  his  Majesty's  safe 


aiTival  and  happy  restitution,  by  John 
Menzies,  Professor  of  Divinity,  and 
IH'eacher  of  the  Gospel  in  Aberdene. 
James  Brown. 

1669. — Philosophemata libera,i\\e&\^  of 
twenty-two  candidates  for  the  degree  of 
M.A.  in  Marischal  College — Lycmi  Mar- 
ischallani  Universitatis  CAROLiNiE. 
Aberdoniis  J  oh.  Forbes,  junior,  urbis  et 
academiw  typotheta. 

1674.  —  Positiones  aliquot  theologicof, 
de  objecto  cidtus  religiosi — the  theses  of 
Henry  Scougall,  to  be  maintained  on  his 
election  to  be  professor  of  theology  in 
King's  College.  Jo.  Forbes  jun.  urb.  et 
univ.  tyijotheta. 

[1697. — A  diploma  of  the  degree  of 
M.D.  to  Patricius  Foord  Mercianus'lX 
July,  1697,  by  P.  Urquhart,  U.T>.,prof. 
et  actu  regens  et  decanus  in  alma  acade- 
mia  Regali  Aberdonensi,  ceterisque  doc- 
toribus,magistris  etprofessoribus  consen- 
tientibus,  post  muUiplicia  examina,  sub 
magno  sigillo  Universitatis,  M.S.  pen. 
D.  Laing.] 

1702.  —  Commemoratio  Benefactornm 
Academice  Marischallance,  by  William 
Smith.  Tliis  was  printed  at  the  expense 
of  the  City,  "in  respect  the  same  con- 
tains a  full  account  of  the  antiquity  of 
the  Town,  and  benefactors  of  the  Col- 
lege.'"—Coi«ici7  Register,  lvii.  800.  It 
is  a  very  poor  production. 

1704.— Disputation  of  George  Ander- 
son, chosen  professor  of  theology  in 
King's  College,  for  his  degree  of  D.D., 
dedicated  to  Lord  Haddo. 

1711. — Dissertatio  theologica  inaugu- 
ralis,  de  peccato  odginali,  by  David 
Anderson,  minister  of  Foveran,  and 
chosen  professor  of  theology  in  King's 
College.  Excud.  successores  Jo.  Forbe- 
siinrb.  et  Univ.  typographi.  .  .  .  Speak- 
ing of  the  heresv  of  the  Pelagians  and 


:u)2 


SKKTCHKS  OK  KAKLV  SOOTCII  IIISTOIIV. 


feeling  than  lie  usually  expre.sBeB,  Gordon  of  Jtotliiemay 
concludes  his  account  of  the  Assembly  of  1040,  which 
"  purged"  the  University.  "  Thus  the  Assembly's  en'and 
was  throughly  done  ;  thes  eminent  divynes  of  Aberdeen, 
either  deade,  deposed,  or  banished  ;  in  whom  fell  mor 
learning  then  wes  left  behynde  in  all  Scotlande  besyde 
at  that  tymc.  Nor  has  that  cittye,  nor  any  cittye  in 
Scotland,  ever  since  seene  so  many  learned  divynes  and 
scollers  at  one  tyme  together  as  wer  immediatly  befor 
this  in  Aberdeene.  From  that  tyme  fordwards,  learning 
beganne  to  be  discountenanced  ;  and  such  as  wer  know- 
ing in  antiqwitie  and  in  the  wryttings  of  the  fathers,  w^er 
had  in  suspitione  as  men  wdio  smelled  of  poperye  ;  and 


Gerard  Voss's  'opposition,  he  mentions 
the  opinions  also  of  pndustris  'nostras 
Joannes  Forhesius  a  Corse  .  .  .  magnum 
hvjus  academics  decus,  in  cujus  cathedra 
sessitrus,  qui  hcec  ponit,  ruhore  suffxaidi- 
tnr  totus,  p.  16.  Dr.  David  Anderson 
was  distinguished  for  his  learning,  and 
had  the  popular  name  of  "  Tongues." 
To  him,  along  with  George  Gordon,  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages,  Thomas 
Boston  submitted  his  treatise  on  the 
Hebrew  accents,  which  he  "  pursued  like 
fire,"  as  of  divine  origin  and  necessary 
for  understanding  the  true  meaning  of 
the  Hebrew  text  and  the  Holy  Spirit. — 
Boston's  Memoirs.  Dr.  David  Anderson 
died  in  1733,  leaving  descendants  who 
still  cherish  the  memory  of  his  learning 
and  virtue. 

1714. — De  rebus  liturgicis  mritio,  pro 
gradu  D.D.  in  sacello  Coll.  Regii  Univ. 
Aherd.  in  festo  S.  Epip)haniw  a  Jo. 
Sharp  eccl.  Angl.  apud  Americanos 
ixrcshytero,  dedicated  to  Charles,  Earl 
of  Errol,  Chancellor,  and  the  professors. 
Printed  by  the  successors  of  John  For- 
bes. Tlie  author  is  much  in  favour  of 
liturgies  —  Prccter  ecclesiam  Orientalem 
et  Romanam,  omnes  Reformati  cxijuscnn- 


que  gentis,  exceptis  schisrnw.ticis  BHtan- 
nica;  ecclesice,  liturgvis prohanl. 

YJI^. — Donaides  sive  Musarum  Aber- 
donensium  de  exvnia  Joxobi  Fraserii 
J.U.D.  in  Academiam  Regiam  Aherdo- 
nensem  munificentia.  ca/nnen  euchriristi- 
cum,  notis  illustratura,  quibus  strictim 
perseribitur  historia  Universitatis  et  Col- 
legii  Regii  Aberdonensls.  .  .  .  Auctare 
Joanne  Ker  Grcecanim  literarnm  profes- 
sore.  Kuddiman,  Edin.,  1725.  A  set  of 
very  poor  verses  illustrated  by  most  use- 
ful historical  notes.  David  Malloch  (after- 
Avards,  Mallet)  "s\Tote  a  short  "  Poem  in 
imitation  of  '  Donaides,'  "  printed,  and 
sometimes  bound  along  Avith  it. 

1732. — Frasereides  sive  funehris  O'ratio 
et  elegia  in  laudem  .  .  .  Jacohi  Fraserii 
J.U.D.  Col.  Reg.  Aherd.  MKcenatis  et 
p)atroni  benejicentissimi,  by  the  same 
author.  Aherd.  excud.  Jacobus  Xicol 
vrbis  et  Universitatis  typographus.  Pro- 
fessor Ker  limits  himself  in  this  essay  to 
an  account  of  the  family  and  life  of 
Fraser,  and  of  his  benefactions  to  the 
College. 

Both  these  little  works  of  Ker  are  of 
some  Use  for  the  University  and  College 
history. 


UNION  OF  THE  COLLEGES. 


30.'^ 


he  was  most  esteemed  of  who  affected  novellisme  and 
singularitye  most ;  and  the  very  forme  of  preaching,  as 
wealle  as  the  materialls,  was  chainged  for  the  most  paii't. 
Learning  was  nicknamed  human  learning ;  and  some  mini- 
sters so  farr  cryed  it  doune  in  ther  pulpitts,  as  they  Aver 
heard  to  saye,  '  Downe  doctrine  and  upp  Chryste  !'''^ 

It  was  in  the  year  following^  that  King  Charles  i. 
made  the  great  experiment  of  uniting  the  two  Colleges 
of  Old  and  New  Aberdeen  under  one  University,  to  be 
called  "  King  Charles's  University,"  and  which  for  a. 
short  time  flourished  under  the  title  of  Univeesitajs 
Carolina.  Unfortunately  we  learn  nothing  of  the  pro- 
moters of  this  measure,  nor  of  the  causes  that  induced 
one  of  the  united  bodies  afterwards  to  dissolve  a  union 
which,  whether  then  legally  effected  or  not,  seems  to  us 
at  the  present  day  so  reasonable  and  so  expedient  for  the 
Colleges  themselves,  the  public,  and  the  cause  of  litera- 
ture, that  when  it  shall  have  come  to  pass,  as  it  needs 
must,  all  men  will  wonder  at  the  prejudice  which  so  long 
delayed  it.^ 

Even  the  sharp  discipline  of  the  General  Asseml)ly, 
enforced   by   Munro's   musketeers,    did   not    extinguish 


'  History  of  Scots  Affairs,  p.  243.  The 
Puritans  now  took  the  same  ground  with 
whicli  the  High  Churclimen  of  the  Con- 
tinent were  reproached  by  the  reforming 
party,  a  little  before  the  era  of  our  Re- 
formation,— theologi  non  curant  gram- 
matiaim,  quia  non  est  de  sua  facilitate — 
Creditis  quod  Beus  curat  midtuvi  de  isto 
draco  ? — Epist.  Obsc.  virorum. 

«  8th  and  14th  November  164T.  Ma- 
rischal  College  evidently  was  opposed 
to  the  nniou,  and  impeded  its  being  car- 
ried into  effect. 


^  The  Act  of  Parliament  ratifying  the 
union  of  the  Colleges  fell,  by  its  date, 
nnder  the  general  Act  Rescissory  passed 
after  the  Restoration  ;  but  many  mea- 
sures of  the  period  included  in  that  Act, 
were  either  tacitly  continued  in  opera- 
tion, or  sanctioned  by  re-enactment  of 
Parliament.  We  find  the  style  of  the 
united  University  still  used  by  Professor 
Douglas  and  Principal  Row,  while  cele- 
brating the  Restoration  of  Charles  ir. , 
and  even  nine  years  later  by  the  gradu- 
ates of  Marischal  College.  Supra,  p.  oOl. 


.304  SKETCHES  OF  KARI.Y  SCOTCil  HISTOUY. 


I 


either  the  ])riiiei])leH  or  the  learning  which  liad  taken 
root  in  Aberdeen.  The  University  continued  to  be  well 
attended,  and  by  a  liigli  chiss  of  students.  Tlic  reputa-  ■ 
tion  of  its  scholars,  and  its  comparative  moderaticjii  in 
church  pohtics,  drew  to  it  the  sons  of  many  a  northern 
lord  and  laii'd  who  disliked  the  Covenant,  anri  of  some, 
perhaps,  who  cherished  a  lurking  reverence  f(jr  Episc(j 
pacy.  There,  too,  without  doubt,  came  many  a  youtli 
seeking  an  education  in  good  letters  and  Clnistian  philo- 
sophy, though  not  designing  to  throw  the  energy  of  his 
after  life  into  a  struggle  for  the  predominance  of  any 
sect  or  any  shape  of  church  government.  All  alike,  it 
would  seem,  must  have  subscribed  the  formula  of  the 
Covenant,  with  such  reservation  and  qualification  as  such 
tests  usually  produce. 

When  John  Row  had  been  placed  in  the  Principal's 
chair  by  Cromwell's  five  Colonels,  he  brought  "\\^th  him 
the  disci23line  of  his  patron,  no  enemy  certainly  to  Uni- 
versities, and  a  great  store  of  uncommon  learning/  We 
have  evidence,  in  the  University  records,  of  liis  attention 
to  his  duties  while  he  presided  over  the  College  ;  and  a 
few  accounts  kept  by  him  show  us  somew^hat  of  the 
domestic  life  of  the  students  and  masters  of  liis  day. 

Hitherto,  the  regents  and  founded  masters,  whether 
required  or  not,  practised  celibacy.     It  is  noted,  that  in 
1643,  Alexander  Middleton,  the  sub-principal,  was  mar 
ried,  "  contrary  to  the  foundation  of  the  College,  for  he 
was  the  first  regent  that  entered  into  a  marriage  condi- 

'  1651.—  He   is   still    known  for  liis        life  was  spent  in   teaching  a  very  suc- 
Hebrew  works,  and  the  first  half  of  his        cessful  school  at  Perth. 


COLLEGIATE  LIFE. 


305 


tion  in  this  college."^  Some  years  later,  it  would  ap- 
pear, that  there  was  an  intention  to  enforce  a  rule 
against  Eegents  marrying  ;  but  the  attempt,  if  made, 
was  defeated,  as  a  similar  one  was  evaded  at  Glasgow.^ 

Then,  and  for  long  afterwards,  the  unendowed  stu- 
dents, as  well  as  the  endowed  members  of  the  College, 
all  lived  within  the  walls  of  the  College,  and  ate  at  a 
common  table.  The  Economus  kept  the  accounts  and 
managed  the  housekeeping.     It  might   be   possible   to 


'  Orem's  Description  of  Old  Aberdeen. 

"^  The  following  rhymes  Avere  found 
by  Mr.  D.  Laing,  in  ms.  in  a  hand  about 
1680,  bound  up  in  a  volume  of  tracts  in 
the  Kirkwall  library.  Such  old  Aca- 
demic pasquils  are  so  rare,  notwith- 
standing the  facility  for  printing,  that 
these,  though  apparently  the  produc- 
tion of  a  wit  of  the  sister  College,  have 
been  thought  worth  insertion  here,  in 
part : — 

The  Regents'  humble  supplication 
Unto  the  Lords  of  visitation 
Commissioned  by  our  gracious  King, 
Us  to  reform  in  everie  thing. 

My  Lords,  we  know  you're  hither  sent, 
With  power  of  a  large  extent, 
In  all  things  us  to  rectifie. 
And  our  foundation  for  to  sie  ; 
To  try  in  all  what  is  our  rent. 
How  we  the  vacant  stipends  spent, 
How  we  among  ourselves  agree. 
And  how  Will  Black  is  paid  his  fie  : 
How  the  Principall  doth  hector 
Procurator,  Doctor,  Rector  : 
How  old  Petrie,  which  is  odd. 
Lives  by  the  purchase  of  a  todd. 
How  Seaton  with  his  fearful  looks 
Is  payed  for  keeping  of  the  books. 
My  Lords,  since  ye  are  men  of  witt. 
To  you  these  things  we  will  submitt : 
But  yet  that  one  thing  which  of  late, 
At  Edinburgh  was  in  debate. 


And  on  both  sides  was  handled  hote. 
Whither  we  wives  should  have  or  not, 
'Gainst  it  to  speak  we  would  presume. 
Since  it  a  tenet  is  of  Rome. 
Ye  know  a  doctrine  it's  of  devills 
Wives  to  forbear,  though  they  be  evills  ; 
My  Lords,  cast  not  on  us  the  knotts. 
Or  else  we'll  quitt  both  gowns  and  coatts ; 
For  we  are  lustie  lads  indeed. 
Who  sit  at  ease  and  stronglie  feed  : 
By  Jove  we  swear  Ave  Avill  miscarrie. 
If  ye  allow  us  not  to  marrie. 

But  pray  how  comes  it  to  pass 
That  Principall  may  take  a  lass  ? 
But  Patersone's  a  Principall. 
I  wish  we  Patersones  were  all. 
Who  calculat  exactly  find 
His  mear  can  never  be  behind. 
And  Middletown  was  at  the  south, 
There  his  transactions  were  uncouth  ; 
If  he  advised  this  gelding  act. 
And  brought  it  on  the  Regents'  back. 
The  gentlewomen  would  be  clear 
He  was  dispatcht  into  Tangier 
If  he  restrain  us  ;  but  no  doubt 
Be  merciful  as  ye  are  stout, 
Let  it  be  but  a  year  or  two 
That  we  this  pennance  undergo, 
For  a  tedious  eight  years  lent 
Was  ne're  enjoyncd  by  those  of  Trent. 
My  Lords,  consider  our  regrate, 
Or  else  expect  poor  Orpheus'  fate  ; 

Your  Lordships  are  put  to  a  push. 
Your  Clerk  subscrives  himself 

Lentusch. 


U 


'dOG  SKETCH l!:S  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HlSTOllY. 

guess  at  the  expense  of  the  Colh;ge  life,  from  the  \\hol<5 
outlay  compared  with  the  number  of  inmates ;  hut  we 
have  better  means  of  learning  the  actual  expense  of  stu- 
dents (much  of  which  did  not  go  through  th(:;  hands  of 
the  Economus),  from  the  chance  which  has  preserved  the 
accounts  of  a  young  man  who  studied  at  King's  College 
at  that  time.  Hugh  Eose  of  Ealravock,  having  finished 
his  elementary  education  at  the  parish  school  of  Auld- 
earn, left  his  old  tower  on  the  Nairn  for  the  University, 
on  the  8th  November  1657,  accompanied  by  his  tutor,  a 
young  man  who  had  taken  his  master's  degree  seven 
years  before,  and  now  wrote  himself  "  Master  William 
Geddes,"  and  "  Jacobus  Eose"  his  page.  They  rode  the 
journey  to  College,  and  home  again  in  May,  on  horse- 
back. The  expenses  of  all  three,  including  journeys,  and 
a  visit  to  the  young  gentleman's  kinsfolk  at  Achlossen, 
amounted  to  little  more  than  £420  Scots.  This  included 
board  paid  to  the  Economus  for  two  quarters  (£80  a 
quarter),  fm^niture  for  chambers,  fee  to  the  Eegent  (£30 
Scots),  fire  and  candle,  clothes  (including  a  "  muffe"  and 
"  four-tailed  coat"),  washing,  and  a  few  customary  fees 
to  servants,  and  "to  the  printer,  £6,  8s."^ 

The  change  from  the  old  academic  economy  has  been 
gradual.  For  more  than  a  centur}^  after  Hugh  Eose  had 
occupied  his  simply  furnished  apartment,  the  students 
continued  to  lodo-e  in  chambers  ^^ithin  the  walls  of  the 
CoUege,  and  to  take  their  meals  in  the  CoUege  haU  ;  but 
as  no  imperative  rule  prevented  those  who  pleased  from 
having  lodgings  in  the  town,  a  class  of  boarding-houses 

The  Family  of  Kilravock,  Spalding  Club,  p.  351. 


4 


CHANGES  OF  LIVING  AND  TEACHING.  307 

seems  to  have  grown  up,  which  were  preferred  by  the 
young  men  to  the  restraint  of  a  college  life  ;  and  the 
change  was  not  discouraged  by  the  masters.  Gradually 
the  number  remaining  within  the  College  diminished, 
till,  in  1788,  the  masters  withdrew  the  salary  which  had 
hitherto  induced  the  Economus  to  give  his  attention  to 
the  domestic  arrangements  of  the  College  ;  ^  and,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century,  the  ancient  and  hon- 
oured collegiate  practice  disappeared.  It  may  be  impos- 
sible to  return  to  it,  with  the  altered  numbers  of  students, 
and  after  so  long  an  interval ;  but  some  change,  which 
should  bring  the  students  more  under  the  master's  eye, 
and  estabhsh  something  of  a  domestic  relation  between 
the  teachers  and  the  taught,  would  be  of  more  import- 
ance in  our  Scotch  Universities  than  any  improvement 
in  the  mere  teaching  of  classes. 

It  has  been  akeady  mentioned  that  in  Aberdeen,  as  in 
other  universities  of  old,  the  student,  entering  under  a  cer- 
tain Eegent,  continued  under  him  during  his  whole  course 
of  study  ;  and  although  the  authors  of  the  "  new  founda- 
tion," and  subsequent  reformers  at  several  times,  sought 
to  alter  that  system,  it  was  maintained  till  the  end  of 
last  century.  The  present  practice,  which  gives  to  each 
master  the  province  of  teaching  that  to  which  he  has 
peculiarly  devoted  himself,  was  introduced  in  1798-9.^ 
It  seems  not  impossible  to  retain  the  manifest  advan- 
tages of  the  present  practice  while  recalling  in  part  the 


*  Minutes   of   Senatus,   25th   August  -   Minutes,    21st    Marcli    1798,    16th 

1779,  8th  September  1788.     Some   few        March,  and  23d  March  1799. 
students  lived  in  College  down  to  1820. 


308  SKETCJIES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

old,  which,  Ukc  the  system  of  tutors  in  the  Colleges  of 
the  English  Universities,  established  in  (.'aeh  master  a 
feeling  of  personal  interest  and  responsibility  in  a  limited 
number  of  students. 

Of  the  course  of  study  immediately  before  Eowe  be- 
came Principal  we  derive  some  valuable  information  from 
the  proceedings  of  a  sort  of  general  University  Court — 
an  institution  that  might  be  imitated  with  great  advan- 
tage at  the  present  time. 

In  1647-8,  the  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  four 
Universities  of  Scotland — St.  Andrews,  Glasgow,  Aber- 
deen, and  Edinburgh — met  at  Edinburgh,  and  adopted 
measures  for  promoting  a  correspondence  among  them, 
and  a  uniform  course  of  study.  Some  of  their  resolutions 
are  worthy  of  notice. 

"1647,  2^th  Aug. — It  was  fund  expedient  to  commu- 
nicat  to  the  generaU  assemblie  no  more  of  our  Univer- 
sitie  afaires  but  such  as  concerned  rehgion  or  that  had 
some  evident  ecclesiastick  relatione.  ...  i^ 

"  ZOtJi  Aug. — That  everie  student  subscr}^'e  the  na- 
tional! covenant,  with  the  League  and  Covenant.  .  .  . 

"  It  is  fund  necessar  that  ther  be  a  cursus  philosophicus 
drawin  up  be  the  four  Universities  and  printed,  to  the 
end  that  the  unprofitable  and  noxious  paines  in  writeing 
be  shunned ;  and  that  each  Universitie  contribute  thair 
traveUis  thairto,  and  it  is  to  be  thocht  upon,  aganist  the 
month  of  Merch  ensewing,  viz.,  that  St.  Androis  tak  the 
metaphisicks  ;  that  Glasgow  tak  the  logicks ;  Aberdine 
the  ethickis  and  mathematickis,  and  Edinburgh  the 
physicks. 


GENEllAL  UNIVERSITY  CODKT.  309 

"  It  is  thought  convenient  that  quhat  beis  found 
behoveful  for  improving  of  learneing  in  schooles  and 
colledgis  be  represented  to  the  Parliament  in  Merch 
nixt 

"  l^th  July  1648. — It  is  aggreid  that  all  the  Univer- 
sities concur  with  and  assist  ane  another  in  everie  comone 
caus  concerning  the  common weill  of  all  the  Universities/' 

The  former  agreement  is  renewed,  "  that  no  delin- 
quent in  any  CoUege  sail  be  received  into  another  Col- 
lege befor  he  give  testimony  that  he  have  given  satisfac- 
tion to  the  CoUege  from  quliich  he  came." 

To  facilitate  the  estabhshment  of  a  uniform  course, 
each  University  gave  in  a  report  of  the  studies  actually 
followed.     The  statement  of  King's  College  is  very  short. 

"  Courses  taught  yeirly  in  the  King's  CoUege  of  Aber- 
dine  : — The  CoUedge  sitteth  downe  in  the  beginning  of 
October,  and  for  the  space  of  a  moneth  till  the  studentis 
be  Weill  convened,  both  masters  and  schoUaris  are  exer- 
cised with  repetitiones  and  examinationis,  quhich  being 
done,  the  courses  are  begun  about  the  first  or  second  day 
of  November. 

"1.  To  the  first  classe  is  taught  Clenard,  Antesig- 
nanus ;  the  greatest  part  of  the  New  Testament ;  BasUius 
Magnus  his  epistle  ;  ane  oration  of  Isocrates  ;  ane  other 
of  Demosthenes ;  a  buik  of  Homer ;  PhocyUides  :  some 
of  Nonni  paraphrasis. 

"2.  To  the  second  classe,  Kami  dialectica  ;  Vossii 
retorica ;  some  elements  of  arithmetick ;  Porphyrie ; 
Aristotill  his  categories,  de  mterpretatione  and  prior 
analyticks,  both  text  and  questiones. 


310  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


((     Q 


3.  To  tli(!  tliird  classe,  the  rest  of  tlie  logif:ks  ;  twa 
first  books  of  the  ethieks  ;  five  chax)teris  of  tin*  tliiifl, 
with  a  compend  of  the  particular  ^vrittis  ;  the  first  fyve 
books  of  the  generall  phisicks,  with  some  elements  of 
geomctrie. 

"  4.  To  the  fourt  classe,  the  bookes  de  coelo,  de  ortu 
et  interitu,  do  anima,  the  meteoris ;  sphera  Jo.  de  Sacro 
bosco,  with  some  beginningis  of  geography  and  insight  in 
the  globs  and  mappes. 

"  This  is  to  be  understood,  ordinarly,  and  in  peace- 
able tymes."^ 

The  report  of  the  course  of  St.  Andrews  is  longer 
and  more  in  detail.  Students  of  the  first  year  were 
taught  Greek  and  the  elements  of  Hebrew.  In  the  last 
year,  the  students  were  to  learn  "  some  compend  of 
anatomy."  Then,  "  because  the  dyteing  of  long  notes 
have  in  tyme  past  proven  a  hinderance,  not  only  to 
other  necessarie  studies,  but  also  to  the  knawledge  of  the 
text  itsehf  ...  it  is  thairfor  seriousHe  recommendit  by 
the  Eegentis  to  the  Deane  and  Facultie  of  Arts  that  the 
Regents  spend  not  too  much  time  in  dyteing  of  thair 
notts ;  that  no  new  lesson  be  taug^ht  till  the  former  be 
examined ;  that  everie  student  have  the  text  of  Aristo- 
tiU  in  Greek,  and  that  the  Regent  first  analyse  the  text 


viva  vocer 


In  Edinburgh,  in  the  third  year's  course  anatomia 

1  Though  this  brief  report  of  the  studies  Elphinstone's  foundation.  In  1636,  Dr. 
of  Aberdeen  says  nothing  of  Anatomy,  William  Gordon,  medicus  et  alchymista, 
which  is  joined  in  the  philosophical  having  long  practised  his  scholars  in  the 
course  in  St,  Andrews  and  Edinbvirgh,  dissection  of  beasts,  obtained  the  means 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  Medicus  of  demonstrating  from  the  human  sub- 
was  one  of  the   endowed   members   of  ject. — Spald.  Miscel.  ii.  73. 


THE  COLLEGE  FABRIC.  311 

hiimaiii  coyyoris  descrihitur.  This  is  the  only  Scotch 
University  which  notes  any  attention  to  prosody.  In 
the  classis  humaniorum  literariim — Docentur  classici 
auctores  historici,  oratores,  pOetce ;  transferunt  themata 
a  Latino  in  vernaculum  et  a  vernaculo  in  Latinum  ser- 
monem.     In  versibus  etiam  exercentur. 

The  effect  of  Principal  Rowe's  discipline  in  the 
study  of  his  house,  we  do  not  learn  otherwise  than  in 
the  continued  and  increasing  attendance  of  students. 

Something  of  the  vigilance  of  the  more  ancient  aca- 
demic discipline  appears  from  a  few  scraps  which  were 
found  scattered  and  loose  in  the  Archives  of  the  CoUege. 
The  Gensura  Studiosorum  gives  briefly  the  character  of 
every  student  of  the  University,  and  his  relative  position 
when  compared  with  others.  Unfortunately  it  extends 
only  over  a  few  years  ;  but  in  the  fourth,  or  highest 
class,  it  gives  us  the  names  of  the  students  of  one  year 
earlier  than  the  earliest  list  of  entrants  preserved  in  the 
Album.^ 

A  few  words  must  be  allowed  of  the  fabric  of  our 
College.  Its  retired  and  pretty  rural  situation,  con- 
trasting with  the  bustle  of  the  neighbouring  town,  is 
now  more  admired  than  the  edifice  itself,  which  called 
forth  the  extravagant  praise  of  its  historians  in  past 
times.  Perhaps  no  part  of  the  building  is  entirely  as  it 
was  left  by  the  founders.  Bishops  Elphinstone  and  Dun- 

^  It  may  be  necessary  to  explain  its  the  Bajans  of  that  year  ;  secundi  ordinis, 

method.     The  students  are  placed  either  the  Semis,  who  had  joined  in  1602 ;  ter- 

in  lima  recta,  that  is,  in  the  order  in  tii  ordinis,  the  Tertians,  of  1601  ;  and 

which  their  names  are  written,  or  in  cir-  qnarti  ordinis,  the  Magistraud  class  who 

eido,  in  groups  where  all  are  equal.    The  had  matriculated  in  1600, 
first  year,  1603,  gives  as  Primi  ordinis, 


312  SKKTCIIES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

bar;  but  tlic  plan  and  foundations,  in  many  parts  tlio 
walls,  arc  nearly  as  at  first. 

J>('sidc  the  door  which  entered  under  the  west  win 
dow  of  the  church  (now  the  library),  is  inscribed — 

ptx  flevenisat'mum  I'llustrissi'mum  at  (nbittisaimum  g.  4.  IX. 

quarto  nonas  aprilia  anno  milU»imo  tt  qumgentrsimo 

J)Ot  (nftignp  tollegium  latomf  inrepprunt  eiJifitare. 

There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  this  inscription  is 
nearly  of  the  date  it  records,  and  that  the  church,  so  far 
as  its  masonry  is  concerned,  is  now  as  it  was  left  by  its 
venerable  founder.  Hector  Boece,  whose  book  was 
printed  only  eight  years  after  Elphinstone's  death,  re- 
cords that  that  bishop  built  the  church,  the  towers,  and 
niost  of  the  houses,  and  covered  them  vrith  lead;^  and 
Andrew  Strachan,  ^vriting  while  the  church  was  still 
used  for  the  purpose  of  its  foundation,  speaks  of  it  almost 
in  the  words  of  Boece,  and  declares  that  all  its  stones 
and  beams  proclaim  Bishop  Elphinstone  their  founder.^ 

^  Wilhelniics  initiis  Aherdonensis  stu-  singulce  condi  incejitce,   Canonici  juris 

dii  delectatus,  quo  resfirmius  stabiliretur,  professori,  Ccesarei,  Medico,  GrararrwAico, 

collegium  condidit,  opus  cedificiorum  or-  a  collegio  secretce.     Has  Wilhehnus  nan 

natu  et  amplitudine  magnijicum  et  dig-  ahsolvit,   morte  correptus  intempestiva. 

num  quod  fama  semper  loquatar.     In  eo  Collegii  templum,  turres,  et  wdes  pene 

templum   tabulatnm  polito  quadratoque  omnes  tecteo  plumheo  operuit. — Boetii 

lapide,vitriiiis,ccelaturis,sellisadsacer-  Aherdon.  Epis.  Vitoe,  p.  &i-QQ. 

dotum,   subselliis    ad  puerornm  usum,  ^  Cujus  omnes  hodie    la.pAdes,   omnes 

^ira  arte  fabricaiis,maiinoreis  altar ibus  trahes  Gulielmum  loqui  et  proedicare  vi- 

et  imaginibus  divorum.,  tahulis  et  statu-  dentur  et  ad  ejus  memoriam  gestire.     Et 

aria  et  pictoria  arte  auratis,  cathedris  certe  cum  in  cedes  oculos  converto,  Solis 

ceneis,  aulceis,  tapeiihus,  quibus  parietes  regiain  mihi  videre  videor.     Illis  nihil 

atque  pavimentum  sternerentur.  ....  magnijicentius,  nihil  augustius.     Quid 

Hahet  campanile  invmensaaltitndinesuh-  referam  teinplum  ex  polito  et  qucidrato 

latum,  cut  lapideus  arcus  instar  impe-  lapide  constructum  affahre!  quid  in  eo 

rialis  diadematis,  mira  arte  fabricatus,  vitnnas,  codaturas,  quid  suhsellia  raira 

plumbeam    supra    tecturam    adhibetur,  arte  fabricata.,  quid  ei  incumbens  cain- 

trzdecim  campanas,  melodiam  et  piam  panile  editissimitm  cui  areas   kqndeiis 

audientibus  voluptatem  sonantes.     Hoec  instar  dio.dematis  imjJeriaZis  tnojiu  JDce- 

omnia  Wilhelmi  donaHa Aedes  dali  efformatus  supereminet !  quid  in  eo 


THE  FABRIC.  313 

We  can  fix  the  date  of  the  church  somewhat  more 
accurately  from  a  document  preserved  in  the  Burgh 
Kecords  of  Aberdeen,  which  bears  that  on  the  21st 
October  1506,  Andrew  Cullan,  provost  of  the  burgh — as 
factor  for  William,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  entered  into  an 
indenture  of  contract  with  "John  Buruel,  an  English- 
man, and  plumber  to  the  King  of  England,^  regarding 
the  roofing  of  the  church  of  the  Bishop's  new  Uni- 
versity." 

The  windows  and  ceilings,  the  marble  altars  and 
pulpits  of  brass,  celebrated  by  the  historian,  are  all  gone, 
as  well  as  the  more  perishable  articles  of  pictures  and 
images  of  saints,  and  the  carpets  and  hangings  for  deck- 
ing the  church  on  festivals.  It  is  something  that  there 
still  remains  the  shell  of  the  church,  with  its  choir,  used 
as  a  college  chapel,  and,  though  deformed  by  a  pulpit 
thrust  into  the  place  of  the  high  altar,  still  preserving 
the  tomb  of  its  founder,  and  the  fine  oak  staU-work 
which  excited  the  admiration  of  the  first  Principal.^ 

iredecim campanas quccvellapides dulcis-  apartment  of  the  library.     The  tomb  of 

simamelodia  ad  sacra  vocarentf  quid  aul-  Elphinstone,  of  black  marble,  two  feet 

am  vcl  regibus  invidendam  !  quid  muscea  high,  with  holes  where  the  brass  orna- 

privata  !  quid  puhlica  auditoria  quorum  ments  have  been  attached,  stands  in  the 

vdvwjestas  ad  studia  invitat!  A.  Stra-  middle  of  the  choir,  the  present  chapel. 

chani  Panegyricus  Inauguralis,  p.   10.  The  extremity  of  the  three-sided  apse  is 

Aberdoniis  Excud.  Ed.  Itahan.  1631.  filled  by  an  oak  pulpit,  which  is  now 

used  by  a  Sunday  lecturer.     It  bears  the 

'^  Johannes  Buruel  Anglicus  et  plum-  name   of  Bishop  Patrick  Forbes,  with 

barius  Regis  Anglic.     The  contract  was  the  date  1G27.    The  Bishop  would  hardly 

penes  tecturam  ecclesie  sue  nove  univcrsi-  have  approved  of  its  present  position. 

tcdis.     The  plumber  undertook  to  find  Against  the  north  wall  of  the  chapel, 

himself  in  fire  and  timber  for  the  work.  also,  now  stands  another  pulpit,  lately 

The  other  terms  of  the  contract  are  not  brought  from  the  cathedral,  which  shows 

preserved. —  Vol.    of  Miscellaneous   lie-  the  arms  and  initial  letters  of  Bishop 

cords  among  the  Burgh  Records  of  Aber-  William  Stewart.     It  has  been  appro- 

deen.  priated  to  the  use  of  the  hel)domadar 

2  The  nave  of  the  church  is  shut  oft"  by  Regent.     The  stalls,  thirty  in  number, 

a  partition,  and  now  forms  the  principal  with  canopies  and  folding  misereres  ;  and 


?>\A 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  illSTORy. 


The  I )U ill  lings,  JcfL  uiiliiiislicd  l>y  Eipliinstone,  wurc 
completed  by  another  munificent  prelate,  Bishop  Gawin 
Dunljar  ;  and  the  south  side  of  the  quadrangle,  from 
being  chiefiy  his  work,  was  long  known  as  "Dunljar's 
buildings."^ 

AVe  have  notices  of  successive  repairs  of  the  College 
buildings  in  Bishop  Patrick  Forbes's  time,  but  directed 
evidently  with  laudable  care  to  replace  and  restore  with- 
out alteration.^ 

In  1633,  on  the  7tli  February,  a  violent  storm  blew 
down  the  crown  of  the  steeple,  the  wonderful  structure 
"  after  the  manner  of  an  imperial  diadem."  "  This 
goodlie  ornament,  haveing  stood  since  the  dayes  of  that 
glorious  king,  James  iv.,  was  by  ane  extraordinar  tem- 
pest of  stormie  wind  thrown  downe  ;  quherby  both  the 
roofes  of  tymber  and  lead,  and  other  adjacent  workes, 
wer  pitifullie  crusched."^  The  members  of  the  College, 
with  the  assistance  of  their  neighbours,  in  particular  the 
burgh  of  Aberdeen,  immediately  applied  themselves  to 
repair  the  crown ;  which,  Spalding  assures  us,  was  "  re- 
edefeit  and  biggit  wp  litle  inferior  to  the  first."  ^  The 
church  roof,  which  had  been  injured  by  its  fall,  Avas  not 
repaired  apparently  till  1638. 


the  subsellia,  twenty-two  in  number,  all 
of  exquisite  work  in  oak,  and  in  wonder- 
ful preservation,  still  indicate  wliere  the 
rood  loft  divided  tlie  choir  from  the 
nave. 

1  Donaides. — Auctore  J.  Ker,  1725, 
p.  15. 

^  1621-23.  Strachan,  speaking  of  the 
three  bishops  —  Elphinstone,  Dunbar, 
and  Forbes  (the  last  being  still  alive) — 
,says, — Primus  acadeniiamfundavit ;  se- 


cundus  conservavit  et  ampliavit  j  tertius 
earn  prope-modum  collapso.m  restituit. — 
Panegyriciis  Inauguralis,  1631,  p.  7. 

3  The  words  are  Dr.  John  Forbes's. 
The  exact  date  of  the  catastrophe  is  re- 
corded by  Spalding. — Club  edit.  p.  31. 

*  The  architect  was  Dr.  William  Gor- 
don, professor  of  medicine,  "  a  godlie, 
grave,  learned  man,  and  singular  in 
common  works  about  the  College,  and 
putting  up  on  the  steiple  thereof,  most 


THE  FABRIC.  315 

The  Parson  of  Rothiemay's  drawing^  shows  the  Uni- 
versity buildings  as  they  stood  after  that  repair,  and 
after  the  erection  of  an  unsightly  edifice  which  he  in- 
scribes "  the  new  works" — "  the  new  building  reared  up 
at  the  north-east  corner  of  the  said  College,"^  by  a  sub- 
scription begun  in  1658,  which  contained  lecture-rooms, 
and  observatory  at  top,  the  latter  added  in  1675.^  The 
roof  of  the  church  is  evidently  of  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  the  pretty  lantern  spire  bears 
the  cipher  of  Charles  ii.  We  learn  from  Gordon's 
drawing  that  the  library,  the  jewel-house,  and  the 
"  second  schooF'  were  then  in  a  sort  of  aisle  running 
along  nearly  the  whole  south  wall  of  the  church, 
the  work  of  Bishop  William  Stewart/  The  common 
school  and  college  hall  over  it,  then  as  now,  occupied 
the  east  side  of  the  quadrangle/  The  chambers  of 
the  students  were  in  "  Dunbar  s  buildings"  on  the  side 
of  the  court  opposite  to  the  church,  and  perhaps  also 
occupied  buildings  on  the  steeple  side,  which  have  been 
removed  within  the  present  century  to  make  room  for  a 

glorious  as  you  see,  ane  staitlie  crowne,  Sandilandis,  Suhpr.  P.P.     Joa.  BrocUe 

thrown  down  be  the  wynd  before." —  ILL.  P.      Geo.    Gordon,   And.    Massie, 

Spalding,  ^.157.  Gid.   Johnston,   Reg.   P.  P. P.     Slezer's 

*  Descriptio  utriusque  urhis.  — Spald-  view,  thirty  years  later  than  Gordon's, 

ing  Club.     The  drawing  was   executed  represents   the  "new  work"  as  termi- 

before  1661.  nated  with  the  minaret-looking  observa- 

'■*  The  list  of    subscriptions  extends  tory  of  1675,  and  ornamented  with  bal- 

over  many  years,  combining  in  the  same  ustrades  and  pinnacles,  and  much  more 

purpose  Cromwell's  Captains  and  Colo-  picturesque  than  it  appears  in  the  earlier 

nels,  and  the  Bishop  and  Clergy  after  view,   or   at    present.  —  Descr.    of  both 

the  Restoi'ation.  Towns,  p.  26. 

'  Orem,  p.  182.     On  the  wall  is  in-  ^  Bonaides. — Auctore  J.    Ker,   1725, 

scribed — 1658 — Jnsignes  hcis  cedes  extru-  p.  15. 

endas  curarunt  Coll.  Regit  moderatores,  ^  The  ends  of   these  halls  are  now 

Joa.  Row  Principalis.     Ja.  Sandilandis  taken  off,  the  lower  for  the  Greek  class, 

J.C.P.     And.    Moore  Med.    P.     Pat.  the  upper  for  the '' Senatus  room." 


31G 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HlSTOIiY. 


chemical  class  room  and  a  museum,  together  witli  ]»;irt 
of  the  library  which  liad  outgro^vn  its  lodging.^  The 
drawing  of  IGGO  shows  the  ruins  of  the  Canonist's  and 
Civilist's  houses,  l)ut  gives  no  indication  of  the  ruin 
which  was  fast  impending  over  a  great  part  of  the  col- 
legiate buildings.  Upon  Candlemas  day  of  1715,  the 
spire  or  minaret,  which  is  seen  in  both  views,  terminat- 
ing the  tower  at  the  south-eastern  comer  of  the  College 
buildings,  was  blown  down.^     It  appears  that  the  south 


1  "  The  Kings  Colledge  of  Aberdeene, 
situated  at  the  south  ende  of  Old  Aber- 
dene,  is  conspicuouse  beyonde  the  rest 
of  the  buildings.  Scotland  does  not 
boast  of  the  edefice  of  any  colledge  more 
statelie  or  bevvi;ifull.  It  is  all  covered 
with  lead  about,  except  one  quarter, 
which  is  purposelie  slaited  ;  the  church 
and  great  tower  or  steeple  both  builded 
of  ashler :  all  the  church  windows  of 
old  wer  of  paynted  glas ;  and  ther  re- 
niayns  as  yit  a  pairt  of  that  ancient 
braverye.  In  this  church  Wm.  Elphing- 
stoune  lyes  buryed,  his  tombe  stone  of 
black  towtch  stone  ;  the  upper  pairt 
upheld  of  old  by  thretteine  statues  of 
brasse  ;  his  statua  of  brasse  Ijang  be- 
tuixt  the  tAvo  stous ;  all  thes  robbed 
and  sold  long  agoe.  Ther  are  two  bells 
(of  ten  in  that  steeple),  which  are  of  a 
greater  weght  each  of  them  then  any  in 
Scotland  besyde.  Above  a  double  arche 
crossed  of  stone  ther  standeth  a  crowne 
royall  octangular  supported  with  eight 
pillars  ;  upon  the  toppe  of  the  cro^vne  a 
stone  globe  ;  above  it  a  double  crosse 
guilded  ;  intimating  as  it  Avere  by  such 
a  bearing,  that  it  is  the  King's  Colledge. 
It  was  overthrowne  anno  1631  [1633]  by  a 
furious  tempest,  bot  quicklier  afterwards 
restored  in  a  better  forme  and  condi- 
tione  by  the  directione  of  Patrick  For- 
bes of  Corse,  then  bischope  of  Aberdeen ; 
Dr.  Williame  Gordone  overseing  the 
work,  and  solliciting  e\erie  quher  for 
assistance  thernnto,  which  was  contri- 
buted   considerablie   by   the  noblemen 


and  gentlemen  dwelling  in  the  countrey 
and  neerest  shyres.  The  librarie  or 
bibliotheck  is  joyned  unto  the  church, 
at  first  replinished  with  many  goodlie 
volumes,  bot  since  ather  robbed,  or  em- 
basled,  or  purloj-ned  by  unfaythfull 
keepers.  At  this  tyme,  by  the  liberalitie 
of  severall  donors,  it  begins  to  be  re- 
plinished of  new,  and  accresceth  daylie. 
Under  it,  hard  by,  is  ther  cabinet  or 
Jewell  hous  as  they  call  it,  wherin  are 
layde  ther  patents  and  registers  and 
publict  records.  Ther  was  much  pre- 
tious  stufl'  layde  up  ther  of  old,  besyde 
all  this,  but  long  agoe  robbed  by  theeves 
quho  brack  in  violentlie  ther.  Next 
stoode  the  Chapterhous,  now  turned  to 
a  privat  schooll.  The  Commone  School! 
and  Colledge  Hall  above  it  take  up  a 
quhoU  syde  of  the  base  court.  Ther 
parlour  is  fair  and  bcArtifull  within. 
The  soiithe  syde  hes  upon  everie  corner 
two  halff  round  towers  with  leaden 
spires.  In  the  yeir  1657,  the  square  of 
tlie  quholl  edifice  began  to  be  closed 
and  compleitted  by  the  additione  of  a 
new  building,  which  rj'ses  up  above  the 
rest,  platformed  and  railed  above." — 
Descr.  of  both  Touiis,  p.  23. 

^  Orem,  p.  182.— From  the  old  view, 
ascribed  to  Jamieson,  in  the  Senate 
Hall  (a  copy  of  which  is  prefixed  to 
Orem's  useful  little  book),  it  appears 
that  both  this  and  the  corresponding 
pinnacle  on  the  south-western  tower 
were  made  of  timber. 


FRASEll  S  BENEFACTIONS. 


317 


side,  Dunbar's  buildings,  had  fallen  into  decay  about  the 
end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the  present  edifice 
with  its  cloister-like  arcade  was  commenced,^  but  again 
allowed  to  fall  to  ruin.  The  Crown  itself,  the  pride  of 
the  CoUege,  was  cracked  and  in  danger.^ 

The  great  patron  and  restorer  of  later  times  was 
James  Eraser,  an  alumnus  of  the  University,  who  de- 
voted a  share  of  his  fortune  to  repair  the  ruinous  build- 
ings, to  complete  the  unfinished,  and  to  supply  the  lib- 
rary with  valuable  books.^     It  is  to  him,  the  College  is 


1  The  new  building  was  begun  in 
1707  at  the  expense  of  John  Buchan  of 
Auchmacoy  and  the  officers  of  his  regi- 
ment cohortis  sum  prefectorum)  who  also 
renewed  the  windows  and  pavement  of 
the  YLaW.—Donaides,  pp.  15,  23.  The 
same  author  elsewhere  dates  the  com- 
mencement in  1723. — Frasereides,  1732. 
Either  period  was  unfortunate  for  British 
art,  and  the  architecture  of  the  south 
side  as  well  as  the  windows  of  the  hall 
serve  to  perpetuate  a  mean  style  which 
was  not  confined  to  the  north  of  Scot- 
land. 

*  Augicsta  Elphinstonii  tecta  casiim 
minitahantur ;  Coronarmm  illud  opus 
insigne  et  excelsum  campanili  impositum, 
hiatus  late  pandens,  secum  in  exitium 
tracturum  templum,  hibliothecam,  Prin- 
cipalis cameram. — Donaides,  p.  25. 

^  James  Fraser,  the  third  son  of  Alex- 
ander Fraser,  minister  of  Petty,  came 
to  King's  College  in  the  year  of  the  Ke- 
storation  (1660)  his  fifteenth  year.  After 
taking  his  master's  degree  in  1664,  he 
went  to  England  and  followed  the  cus- 
tom of  so  many  of  his  countrymen  at 
that  time,  by  becoming  tutor  in  the 
families  of  several  noblemen,  and  also 
acquired  some  fortune  by  the  death  of 
his  brother,  a  soldier.  Having  been 
tutor  to  the  Duke  of  St.  Albans  (son  of 
Charles  ii. ),  he  was  appointed  first  Se- 
cretary to  Chelsea  Hospital,   an  office 


which  he  held  for  forty  years.  He  was 
a  diligent  book-collector,  and  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  books,  and 
was  made  by  James  11,  librarian  of  the 
Royal  library  and  licenser  of  printing. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  great  favourite 
with  George  i.,  who  spoke  little  English, 
and  perhaps  benefited  by  the  Librarian's 
remembrance  of  the  King's  College  col- 
loquial Latin.  Fraser  had  presented 
books  to  the  Library  of  his  old  College 
as  early  as  1675.  In  August  1723,  when 
on  his  way  to  his  daughter's  in  Moray 
(she  was  married  to  Dunbar  of  Grange- 
hill),  he  visited  his  alma  mater,  and 
finding  the  College  buildings  jiartly 
fallen,  partly  in  danger  of  falling  {cevi 
injuria  partim  lapsas  partim  lahentes), 
he  anticipated  an  intended  legacy,  and 
bestowed  in  all  about  £1200,  with  the 
rent  of  a  small  property  in  Morayshire 
during  his  life,  upon  restoring  them  :■ — 
Nee  mora ;  academice  moderatores  fes- 
tinare  demoliri.  Continuo  hihliotheca  ve- 
ins, vestiarium  templi  suhterpositum, 
gazophylaciicm  sen  cimeliarchium  ct  capi- 
tulum  seu  dovius  capitulaHs  ubi  picblica 
collegii  comitia  haberi  solebant  {quce  ires 
ades  tcmjjlo  contiguoi  collegii  Regii  aream 
ad  septentrionem  claudunt)  ojoera  cele- 
berrivii  El2)hinstonii  ct  venerandi  Sttiarti 
antistitum  Aberdonensium,  funditus 
diruuntur.  Bibliotheca  nova  longitu- 
dine  duplo  fere  ancta  etc  quatuor  scholce 


318 


sketuiif:s  of  early  scotch  history. 


indebted  for  removing  the  unseemly  excrescenee  wliieli 
sei"ved  tlu^  pin'j)()se  of  a  library  and  a  jewel-house,  and 
generally  for  the  states  of  decent  though  untasteful  repair 
in  which  its  buildings  are  now  seen.^ 

Besides  their  modest  buildings,  their  bfjoks  (now 
amounting  to  50,000  volumes),  and  the  charters  and 
records  which  have  now  been  collected  and  printed,  the 
University  and  College  which  have  gone  through  so 
many  different  fortunes,  have  not  much  to  recall  the 
past  stages  of  their  existence. 

In  spite  of  the  neglect  of  old  art  common  to  all  Scot- 
land, there  are  stUl  preserved,  in  the  Hall  and  Senatus 
room,  a  few  interesting  pictures.  Among  these  is  the 
portrait  of  the  founder,  with  all  the  marks  of  a  genuine 
and  contemporary  portrait,  and  a  fine  head  of  the 
venerable  Bishop  Patrick  Forbes,  by  Jamieson. 


infra  'positcB  Groecarum  Uterarum  et 
Philosophice  preleciionibus  sacratce,  ah 
imis  fundamentis,  polito  lapide,  pulcher- 
rimum  in  modum  extruuntur,  fenesticis 
distinctce  fidgentihus  et  ad  normam  ex- 
actis. 

Fraser  died  in  1731. — Frasereides  ; 
Auctore  J.  Ker,  Grmcar.  lit.  prof,  in 
Academ.  Regia.     Aherdonice,  1/32. 

Ker  records  tliat  Alexander  Fraser, 
Sub-Principal,  and  Alexander  Burnett, 
then  Regent,  were  tlie  architect  and  en- 
gineer ( Vitruvius  Aherdotiensis  et  Archi- 
medes noster)  "vvho  directed  the  works 
and  rendered  all  professional  advice  un- 
necessary. 

1  On  the  wall  of  the  chapel,  above 
the  door  entering  from  the  quadrangle, 
is  this  inscription — 

J.  F.  A.D.  MDCCXXIV. 

Vir  nunqtiam  sine  laude  nominartdus 
Jacobus  Fraserius  J.  U.D.  unicus  musa- 
runi  fautor  almam  suam  matrem  Aber- 
donensem  cevi  injuria  2^artim  labantem 


partim  jacentem,  solus  fere  respexit,  er- 
exit,  provexit. 

At  the  south-east  comer  of  the  quad- 
rangle, above  the  door  of  the  Greek 
class-room,  is  the  following— 
a  MDCCXXVetseq.  a.  d.  MDCCXXX. 
Ex  munificentia  eximii  viri  Jaxohi  Fro^ 
serii  J.  U.  D.  Coll :  Regii  Aberdoaensis 
fautoris  beneficentissimi,  rnaxiraam  in 
partem,  partiinque  academice  sumjitibus, 
^des  quce  collegii  aream  ad  austrum 
clauduni,  et  hinc  ad  angulum  occiden- 
talem  pertinent,  funditus  dirut<£,  instoM- 
ratoe  sunt,  cura.  et  vigilantia  modera- 
torum  Universitatis,  21.  Geo.  Caraerarii 
Principalis ;  M.  Dav.  Anderson  S.  T.P.; 
D.  Alex.  Fraser  juHs  P. ;  D.  Jac.  Gre- 
gorie  med.  P.  ;  M.  Alex.  Fraser  subpr. : 
R.  etP.;  M.  Alex.  Gordon  Hum.  Lit.  P.; 
M.  Alex.  Btirnet  R.  et  P.P.  ;  M.  Joa. 
Ker  R.  et  Grcec.  Lit  P.  ;  M.  Dan. 
Bradfut,  R.  et  P.P.  ;  M.  Geo.  Garden 
Or.  Ling.  P. — Quid  melius  et  proistan- 
tius  est  bonitate  et  beneficentifi  ! — Cic. 


MACE — SEAL BELLS. 


319 


The  Mace  of  the  University  is  of  silver,  manufac- 
tured in  Aberdeen ;  ^  perhaps  in  imitation  of  the  old 
mace,  enumerated  in  1542  among  the  Rectorial  orna- 
ments— hacidus  Rectoris  argenti  cum  armis  Regis  et 
fundatoris.  The  Royal  arms,  with  the  date  of  1650, 
suggest  that  it  must  have  been  provided  to  do  honour  to 
the  visit  which  Charles  ii.  made  to  Aberdeen,  7th  July 
1650,  or  on  the  25th  February  following,  while  he  was 
still  King  in  Scotland. 

The  common  seal  of  the  University  is  a  silver  stamp, 
the  work  of  the  seventeenth  century,  perhaps  taken  from 
an  older  one.  The  cognisance  (not  on  a  shield)  is  the 
pot  of  lilies,  the  emblem  of  the  Virgin  ;  on  the  front  of 
the  pot,  three  fishes,  crossing  fret-wise.  Above,  a  hand 
extends  downwards  an  open  book.     The  Legend — Sigil- 

LUM    COMMUNE    COLLEGII    BEATE    MaRIE    UnIVERSITATIS 

Aberdonensis.^ 

It  is  to  be  feared  that  all  the  bells  of  the  camj^anile, 
which  the  old  members  of  the  College  name  with  such 
affection  and  pride,  the  five  great  bells— Trinity,  Mary, 
Michael,  Gabriel,  and  Raphael — and  the  five  small 
ones  for  marking  the  half  hours,  have  disappeared,   as 


1  Round  the  staff  is  inscribed  "  Wal- 
tenis  Melvil  fecit  anno  1650."  On  the 
top  under  the  crown  and  emblems  of 
royalty  are  the  arms,  quarterly,  of  Scot- 
land, England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland 
(again)  within  the  garter ;  above,  the 
Scotch  motto.  In  defence  ;  under,  God 
save  the  King.  On  the  sides  are  the 
arms  of  Elphinstone — a  cheveron  be- 
tween three  boar's  heads — and  the  cog- 
nisance of  the  University,  the  pot  of 
lilies  (the  emblem  of  the  Virgin)  but 
without  the  three  fishes. 


2  An  impression,  certainly  of  this 
stamp,  occurs  at  a  deed  of  1658. — 
Laing's  Ancient  Scot.  Seals,  No.  975. 
Edinburgh,  1850.  The  cognisance  oc- 
curs in  a  woodcut  used  by  the  Univer- 
sity printers,  before  the  Restoration, 
with  the  words — ex  hibliotheca  collegii 
regalis  Aherdonensis.  The  same  device, 
without  the  hand  and  book,  has  been 
sculptured  as  a  coat  armorial  on  the 
Town-house  of  Old  Aberdeen,  with  the 

motto,  Co>'CORDIA  RES  PARViE  CRESCUNT, 

and  the  date  of  1721. 


320  HKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

well  as  the  three  little  bells  used  in  the  ehurch  for  the] 
high  altar  and  the  altars  of  St.  German  and  St.  Maiy, 
either  to  he  re-cast  in  Monsieur  Gelly's  melting-pot,  or 
for  worse  purposes.  St.  Mary  of  the  Snows  has  not 
better  protected  her  two  bells  which  boasted  the  names 
of  "  Schochtmadony  "  and  "  Skellat." 

The  old  practice  of  presenting  a  spoon  on  laurcation 
has  left  its  trace  in  a  collection  of  thirty-five  common 
silver  table  spoons.-^  Some  richer  graduates  increased 
the  offering.  A  silver  cup  without  name  or  date,  A^dth 
handle  and  cover,  but  of  poor  workmanship,  has  only  the 
College  arms  upon  it.  Two  cups  of  silver  bear  to  have 
been  presented  by  foreign  students,  who,  after  studying 
perhaps  for  a  short  time,  probably  received  honorary 
degrees.^ 

The  pocidum  caritatis — a  low  silver  cup,  mth  han- 
dles and  cover,  bears  to  be  the  gift  of  the  munificent 
benefactor  of  the  University,  Dr  James  Eraser.^ 

It  is  not  very  easy  to  ascertain  the  causes  which  re- 
gulate the  increase  or  decrease  of  students.     A  favourite 

^  They  are  all  of  tlie  same  stamp,  not  to  be  registered  among  the  Ion  l 

"C.A. — A.  B.D." — and   each  engraved  ^c^e  laureates. 
''•  C.  R." 

^  These  cups  are  nearly  alike.  The  3  It  has  the  arms  of  Fraser  on  one 
one  is  inscribed  —  AlmcR  universitati  side,  and  those  of  the  University  on  the 
Aberdonensi  in  avioris  sui  tesseram  do-  other.  Round  the  brim  is  inscribed — 
navit  Petrus  Sjjecht  Borussus,  in  eadem  Poculum  hoc  almce  sace,  matri  Coll.  Reg. 
laureadonatus  annol6iS.  On  the  other  Aherdon.  dono  dedit  Jaxohus  Fraser 
is  Andreas  Thomsonus  Scoto-horussits  D.U.J.  This  cup — in  celebrioribus 
coll.  Reg.  Aherd.  ibid,  educat.  d.ono  Academice  conventibus  utendum  {Fraser- 
dedit,  1643.  It  is  remarkable  that  eides) — is  now  produced  only  at  the 
though  both  names  occur  among  the  Professors'  breakfast  on  the  day  of  corn- 
matriculations  of  1641,  neither  is  found  mencement  of  Session,  when  toasts  are 
among  the  graduates.  Perhaps  the  de-  drunk  to  each  Professor  and  his  class  ; 
grees  were  conferred  ext^-a  ordinem,  and  finally  a  health — 
without  the  requisite  previous  study,  and  Benefactoribus  et  henefacturis  ! 


SOME  DEGREES  ABOLISHED.  321 

Kegent  might  of  old  account  for  a  large  class ;  but  there 
are  periods  of  fulness  and  others  of  decrease  which  we 
cannot  explain.  The  average  number  of  intrants,  of  the 
first  ten  years  of  the  seventeenth  century,  did  not  exceed 
nineteen.  Before  the  Eestoration  it  had  increased  to 
thirty.  For  the  decade  succeeding  the  Eestoration 
(1660),  the  average  amounted  to  seventy.  In  the  middle 
of  the  hist  century,  the  attendance  had  fallen  off  so 
much,  that  for  the  ten  years  following  1756  it  amounted 
to  only  twenty-nine.  Since  that  time  the  University 
has  gradually  recovered,  and  the  average  number  of 
intrants  for  the  last  ten  years  may  be  stated  at  ninety. 

From  these  numbers,  it  is  evident  that  the  University 
of  Elphinstone  and  Forbes — the  school  which  has  been 
taught  by  the  Gregories  and  Eeid — has  not  decayed ; 
and,  while  the  present  principle  of  election  is  maintained, 
which  fills  each  vacant  chair  with  the  candidate  con- 
l^cientiously  believed  to  be  the  fittest  for  it,  the  Univer- 
dty  will  flourish. 

The  thesis  of  the  magistrandus,  to  be  maintained 
igainst  all  impugners,  the  last  shred  of  the  old  scholastic 
lisputation,  has  been  long  abandoned  by  all  the  Scotch, 
IS  well  as  by  the  English  Universities,  and,  but  for  its 
)ld  associations,  it  is  not  seriously  to  be  regretted.  An- 
)ther  innovation  is  much  more  questionable.  In  Aber- 
leen,  as  in  other  Scotch  Universities,  the  degrees  of 
"bachelor  and  Licentiate  have  disappeared  ;  to  the  evident 
OSS  of  a  system  of  teaching  depending  so  much  on  sus- 
ained  emulation  and  public  competition.  But,  in  giving 
tiaster  s  deo-rees,  which  rank  with  the  A.B.  deo-ree  of 

X 


P,22 


SKETCIfKS  OF  KAIlLY  SCOTCH  JIISTOItY. 


Eno-laiid,  witliout  six^cial  examination,  the  Univei-nity 
has  evidently  abandoned  a  valuable  test  of  general 
acadeniie  study  and  advancement. 

Elphinstones  constitution,  originally  1(;hs  popular 
than  was  usual  and  almost  necessary  in  th(i  older  Uni- 
versities, has  not  grown  more  liberal.  Th(*re  is  no 
evidence  of  a  single  convocation  or  meeting  of  all  mem- 
bers of  the  University  since  the  Eeformation.  Even  the 
Eector  is  not,  as  elsewhere,  elected  by  the  whole  body. 
And  the  election  of  the  masters  by  the  masters  is  a 
solecism  only  to  be  defended  by  the  two  reasons — that 
it  is  not  easy  to  constitute  a  good  electoral  body  ;  and, 
secondly,  that  the  present  system,  administered  as  it 
now  is,  works  very  well. 

We  have  seen  how  the  influence  of  one  good  prelate  and 
his  learned  associates  was  felt  for  some  time  to  refine  the 
society  of  the  town  of  Aberdeen  and  neighbouring  country. 
It  is  too  much  to  suppose  that  influence  still  continues  ; 
but  if,  as  it  has  been  thought,  the  citizens  of  Aberdeen 
are  superior  in  cultivation  and  intelligence  to  those  oi 
other  provincial  towns,  it  is  without  doubt  o^TQg  to  thr 
means  of  higher  education  brought  within  the  reach  o1 
the  middle  class,  and  yet  more  to  the  academic  elemeui 
which  pervades  the  upper  classes  of  the  great  and  ener 
getic  commercial  city.^ 


1  It  would  not  be  easy  to  point  to  a 
better  proof  of  this  generally  diffusevl 
cultivation  than  the  maintenance  and 
continued  prosperity  of  the  Spaldiug 
Club — a  body  which  has  already  done 
much  to  supply  the  defect,  general 
throughout  Scotland,  of  works  of  local 
antiquities  and  history,  and  which  seems 


peculiarly  well  placed  in  the  countr 
of  Straloch  and  James  Gordon.  Th 
Metropolis  and  the  great  city  of  Gla> 
gow  have  similar  societies  ;  but  no  othe 
provincial  district  of  Scotland  has  eve: 
attempted  an  institution  having  in  vie^ 
objects  of  such  intelligence,  and  requii 
ing  such  extended  synipathj'. 


■I 


REFOEMS— UNION  OF  THE  UNIVERSITIES.  323 

I  have  thought  it  allowable  for  one  unconnected  with 
the  district,  but  who  has  necessarily  become  acquainted 
with  the  constitution  and  past  history  of  the  University, 
to  point  to  some  changes  which  seem  in  themselves 
desiraljle,  and  capable  of  being  effected  without  external 
aid,  while  most  of  them  are  more  practicable  here  than 
in  Universities  situated  in  great  towns.  But  the  great- 
est and  most  evident  of  all  academic  reforms  in  Aberdeen 
is  the  union  of  the  sister  CoUee^es.  The  triflino^  incon- 
venience  that  may  be  felt  by  some  of  the  citizens  is 
hardly  to  be  named  in  comparison  with  the  great  ad- 
vantages that  would  result  from  such  a  measure.  If  the 
law  and  medical  lectures  were  carried  on  in  the  town 
building,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  courts  and  hos- 
pitals ;  if  the  education  in  languages,  philosophy,  and 
theology  were  conducted  in  the  venerable  rural  retreat, 
Aberdeen  would  afford  a  specimen  of  as  convenient 
arrangements  for  teaching  as  any  University  can  boast 
of.  An  end  would  be  put  for  ever  to  the  petty  jars 
which  have  sometimes  disturbed  the  neighbouring 
schools  ;  and  by  uniting  classes  and  salaries,  a  respect- 
able maintenance  would  be  secured  for  the  masters,  and 
consequently  the  means  of  obtaining  the  best  masters.^ 

I  trust  it  is  a  pardonable  vanity  which  prompts  me 

^  These  may  be  considered  the  sng-  would  be  sufficient ;  the  first  declaring 
gestions  of  one  ignorant  of  local  interests  the  Colleges  a  united  body  in  all  re- 
and  pretensions.  Neither  do  1  attach  spects  ;  the  second,  naming  four  corn- 
much  importance  to  them,  or  to  any  missioners  (men  of  high  standing  as  well 
peculiar  form  or  condition  of  union.  It  as  intelligence)  with  power  to  settle  the 
is  the  union  itself  that  is  indispensable.  details  of  its  consolidation. 
An  Act  of  Parliament  of  two   clauses  Note. — This  was  written  1854. 


324  sket(jhp:.s  of  early  scotch  history. 

to  record  that  in  writing  these  historical  ol^servations  (tn 
two  of  oil!'  Scotch  Universities,  I  had  assistance  from  two 
friends,  both  now  dead,  whose  friendship  might  make 
any  man  proud — Sir  William  Hamilton  and  Princii)al 
Lee.  From  the  former  1  derived  most  of  my  shmder 
acquaintance  wdth  the  ancient  and  foreign  University 
usages  ;  and  I  had  the  satisfaction  to  know  that  he  ap 
proved  of  the  use  to  which  I  had  turned  his  materials. 
Dr.  Lee's  library  and  memory  were  to  the  last  of  life  a 
great  storehouse  of  Scotch  academical  and  ecclesiastical 
history.  ^Giving  liberally  to  literaiy  friends,  I  fear  he 
carried  more  with  him  than  remains  in  any  living  man. 
For  the  use  of  rare  books- — often  for  the  knowledge  of 
their  existence — I  have  been  indebted  to  Mr.  D.  Laing. 
For  local  literature  and  northern  knowledge,  I  went  to 
the  best  fountain,  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson.  Finally,  let 
me  not  pass  over  my  obligation  to  my  accurate,  careful, 
and  zealous  fellow-labourers,  Mr.  Francis  Shaw  of  Aber- 
deen, and  Mr.  James  Gordon,  now  of  Edinburoh. 


i 


CHAPTEE  III. 


FAMILY    PAPERS. 


The  literature  of  Family  History,  which  went  down 
at  the  French  Ee volution,  has  come  to  life  in  our  time, 
but  in  a  somewhat  different  shape.  We  are  not  satisfied 
now  with  a  detail  of  jDedigree,  and  an  array  of  its  proofs. 
The  literature  that  was  confined  to  glorifying  a  family 
does  not  satisfy  an  age  that  pretends  to  higher  views ; 
and  we  demand  in  such  books — if  they  deal  with  any 
thing  short  of  great  historical  families — either  a  display 
of  personal  character,  and  the  interest  of  personal  adven- 
ture, such  as  Lord  Lindsay  has  combined  so  successfully 
in  his  Lives  of  the  Lindsays,  or  else  illustrations  of  social 
history,  of  the  character  and  spirit  of  the  age,  and  of  the 
customs  and  condition  of  the  people  at  various  times. 

Some  collections  of  f\imily  papers,  lately  printed 
either  for  private  circulation  or  for  limited  clubs,  furnish 
matter  both  of  public  and  domestic  history  not  to  be 
found  elsewhere.  First  in  the  list  comes  the  great  name 
of  Douglas. 

MORTON    PAPERS. 

The  Eeoister  of  the  more  ancient  writs  of  the  Douo- 
lases  of  Dalkeith,  Earls  of  Morton,  which  is  probably  the 


320  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCJI  IIISTOKV. 

oldest  chnrtulary  of  lay  possessions  in  Scotliind,  consists 
of  two  parts ;  the  older  written  soon  after  tli(;  middle  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  and  the  latter  aljout  its  close. 
Together  they  contain  aljout  three  hundred  charters. 
There  is  also  preserved  at  Dalmahoy  an  immense  mass 
of  original  charters  and  family  papers,  which  have  heen 
used  to  some  extent  for  a  book  entitled  Registrum 
honoris  de  Morton,  printed  for  the  Bannatyne  Clulj 

Since  the  time  of  old  Hume  of  Godscroft,  it  is  sm- 
prising  how  little  of  the  attention  of  Antiquaries  has 
been  directed  to  the  early  pedigree  of  Douglas.  Con- 
tented Avith  their  fabulous  original  and  the  real  splen- 
dom^  of  their  historical  period,  the  extant  families  of 
Douglas  have  not  sought  to  give  that  precision  to  their 
descent  which  modern  accuracy  demands,  and  which  can 
only  be  drawn  from  charters  or  authentic  records.  When 
any  one  qualified  for  the  task  shall  be  induced  to  under- 
take it,  he  will  find  some  of  his  most  valuable  materials 
in  the  charter-room  of  Dalmahoy. 

The  historian  of  the  house  of  Douglas  has  said 
of  his  subject,  "  We  do  not  know  them  in  the  foun- 
tain, but  in  the  stream  ;  not  in  the  root,  but  in  the 
stemme ;  for  we  know  not  who  was  the  first  mean  man 
that  did  by  his  virtue  raise  himself  above  the  \adgar."^ 
Mr.  Chalmers,  with  no  weakness  for  romance,  thought  he 
had  discovered  "  the  first  mean  man"  of  the  family  in  a 
certain  Theobald  the  Fleming,  who  had  a  grant  of  land 
on  the  Douglas  water,  from  Arnold,  Abbot  of  Kelso,  in 
the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century.^     It  has  been  shown 

*  Hume  of  Godscroft's  History  of  the  Houses  of  Douglas  mid  A  ngus,  Preface. 
2  Caledonia,  i.  579. 


EARLY  DOUGLASES.  327 

elsewhere  that  that  was  not  the  original  land  of  the 
Douglas  family,  although  upon  the  bank  of  the  same 
river,  and  that  there  is  no  proof  nor  any  probability  of 
William  of  Douglas  of  the  twelfth  century,  the  undoubted 
ancestor  of  the  family,  being  descended  of  the  Fleming 
who  settled  on  the  opposite  side  of  his  native  valley.^ 
These  charters  correct  another  mistake  of  the  author  of 
Caledonia,  who  says,  that  no  person  of  the  first  six  de- 
scents of  the  Douglases  had  obtained  one  grant  from  the 
Crown — ascribing  their  rise  to  greatness  solely  to  the 
services  of  the  "  good  Sir  James."  ^  The  ancestry  of  the 
first  William  of  Douglas,  indeed,  is  not  to  be  found  in  a 
Scotch  charter-chest.  Like  the  other  knightly  and  baro- 
nial families  of  the  Lowlands,  he  probably  drew  his  origin 
from  some  Norman  or  Saxon  colonist,  who  in  that  age 
of  immigration  and  fluctuating  surnames,  sunk  his  pre- 
vious style,  perhaps  some  changing  patronymic,  like  those 
of  the  ancestors  of  the  Stuarts  and  of  the  Hamiltons  ; 
though  little  dreaming  how  illustrious  was  to  become  the 
name  which  he  adopted  from  his  settlement  on  the  bank 
of  the  Douglas  water. 

William  of  Douglas,  who  is  known  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  twelfth  century,  and  who  appears  as  a  person  of 
some  consequence  during  the  whole  reign  of  William  the 
Lion,  had  six  sons-^Erkenbald  or  Archibald,  his  heir  ; 
Bricius,  a  churchman,  prior  of  Lesmahagow,^  who  in  the 

1  See  above,  pp.  183,  18-i  ;  Sir  Walter  besides  his  fief  in  Douglasdale,  and  the 

Scott,    note  to   the    Monastery,    chap,  manor  in  Northumberland,   held  lands 

xxxvii, — Waverley  Novels,  x.  472,  473,  in  six  Scotch  counties — Fife,  Edinburgh, 

Libr.  edit.  1853.  Berwick,  Wigtown,  Dumfries,  and  Ayr. 

-  Caledonia,  p.  584.     It  can  be  shown  —Rotuli  Scotice,  I.  24. 

that,  in  the  year  1296,  William  of  Doug-  3  Lesniahagow  was  a   cell  of  Kelso, 

las,  the  father  of  "  the  good  Sir  James,"  and  Bricius  and  his  brother  Hugo  seem 


3  28 


ski<:tchks  ok  i;.\i:ly  sco'k  n  ms'ioiiv. 


yc.ai"  I  '^i)'.\  w'.'is  pidci'iiMl  to  the  nicat  l>i.sli(>pi'i(;  oi"  .\l(;ray  : 
and  fuui"  othej's,  who  scciii  to  luivv  Imm'U  jjrovided  for  out 
of  tlieir  l)rothcr s  rKntheni  Ix-iiclicc. 

Erkenbald  of  Doiio;las  is  found  witncissini^  chailers 
before  tlie  end  of  tlie  twelfth  eentuiy,  and  is  known  in 
transaetions  as  late  as  ]'I'2H.  This  p(,^rsonag(;  attained 
the  dignity  of  knighthood,  and  acquired  lands  beyond 
the  original  territory  in  Douglasdale.^ 

Several  of  the  charters  of  the  Morton  Eegister  throw 
light  upon  those  earlier  generations  of  the  family,  even 
before  it  had  become  historically  illustrious.  Thus,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  Malcolm  Earl  of  Fife 
granted  to  Archibald  of  Douglas,  son  of  William  of  Doug- 
las, the  land  of  Levingston  and  the  land  of  Hirdmanston, 
both  formerly  held  by  William  of  Kilmaron ;  and  Ejug 
Alexander  ii.  confirmed  that  charter  before  the  vear  1226. 
It  is  remarkable  that,  although  the  family  had  been  for  a 
century  before  in  possession  of  the  lands  from  whence 
they  derived  their  name,  there  is  no  chaHer  e^^dence  of 
any  earlier  property  held  by  them  than  these  gTants  of 
Levingston  and  Hirdmanston.^  One  of  the  ^dtnesses  to 
the  Earl  of  Fife's  charter,  Freskin,  Dean  of  Moray,  marks 
the  early  connexion  of  the  Douglases  vd\\\  that  diocese, 
to  w^hich  they  had  already  given  a  bishop,  and  perhaps 


to  have  been  monks  of  that  great  Abbey. 
— Liber  Vitve  Eccl.  Dunclni.  p.  95. 

1  The  authorities  for  these  descents 
are  cited  in  the  Origines  Parochiales 
Scotice,  under  the  parish  of  Douglas. 

^  Setting  aside  the  autliority  of  Boece 
and  his  fabulous  Parliament  at  Forfar 
in  1061,  which  was  attended  by  "  Guliel- 
mus  a  Douglas" — the  lirst  transaction  of 


any  of  the  family  or  name  of  Douglas 
recorded  by  Godscroft,  is  the  marriage 
of  Hugh  Douglas,  the  son  of  William, 
with  Marjorj'  Abernethie,  sister  of  Hugh 
Lord  of  Abernethie,  in  1259.  This  his- 
torian may  be  trusted  where  he  quotes 
documents.  He  describes  the  contract 
of  marriage  ''  which  the  Earles  of  Angus 
have  vet  exta.ut."—  Hume  of  Godscroft, 
p.  12." 


i 


SIR  WILLIAM  OF  LIDDESDALE.  329 

also  with  that  great  family  of  the  north,  the  De  Mora- 
vias,  with  whom  they  had  arms  in  common,  and  of  whom 
old  Wyntoun  says, — 

'*  Of  Munawe  and  the  Dowglas, 
How  that  thai'e  begynnyng  was, 
Syn  syndry  men  spekis  syndryly 
I  can  put  that  in  na  story. 
Bot  in  tliare  arm  is  baith  thai  beie 
The  sternis  set  in  lyk  nianere. 
Til  mony  men  it  is  yhit  sene, 
Apperand  lyk  that  thai  had  bene 
Of  kyn  be  descent  lyneale 
Or  be  branchis  collaterale." 

The  next  Sir  William  of  Douglas  was  probably  the 
son  of  Sir  Archibald,  but  this  step  of  the  pedigree  is  not 
proved  otherwise  than  by  his  inheritmg  the  family  lands. 
He  lived  till  about  1276. 

It  is  hardly  on  better  evidence  that  it  is  asserted 
that  Andrew,  the  founder  of  the  House  of  Dalkeith  and 
Morton,  was  brother  of  this  Sir  William,  and  conse- 
quently son  of  Sir  Archibald  of  Douglas,  Lord  of  Doug- 
las,^ or  that  Sir  James,  who  had  charters  of  Kincavill 
and  Caldor-cler,  and  took  his  style  from  Lothian — de 
Laudonia—  Riid  who  died  about  1320,  was  the  son  of 
that  William  who  was  undoubtedly  the  son  and  heir  of 
Andrew. 

Here,  however,  the  doubts  and  difficulties  of  the 
pedigree  cease.  Sir  William  of  Douglas,  "  of  Liddesdale," 
who  flourished  during  the  reigns  of  Robert  i.  and  his  son, 
is  described  in  charters  as  the  son  of  the  late  Sir  James 
Douglas  of  Lothian.     Supporting  Bruce  along  with  his 

^  The  fact  seems  to  rest  upon  their  fermline,  where  they  are  entered  as 
occurrence  together  as  witnesses  to  a  DmninisWillelmoet  Andrea  de  Diifglas. 
charter  in  favour  of  the  monks  of  Dun-        —Rerf.  de  Dunfermelyn,  p.  97. 


3. so  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  JIISTOIIY. 

kinsmnn  and  cliicf,  "  the  good  Sir  James"  of  Douglas,  he 
received  royal  rewards  for  his  sei-vice,  and  transmitted  to 
his  nepliew  Sir  James,  Ijesides  tlie  territories  whieh  had 
got  for  the  family  the  designation  "  of  Lothian,"  exten- 
sive hmds  in  Tweeddale,  the  old  Graham  lordshi])  (jf 
Dalkeith,  and  the  great  territories  of  Liddesdal(3,  with 
the  valleys  of  Esk  and  Ewys  forfeited  by  the  De  Soulises 
and  de  Lovels — and,  as  if  for  the  express  benefit  of 
genealogists — left  an  entail  calling  to  his  succession,  in 
their  order,  the  five  sons  of  his  brother  John.^ 

The  eldest  of  these,  Sir  James  Douglas,  a  man  of 
enormous  territories  and  great  real  wealth,  is  the  per- 
sonage whose  transactions  occupy  the  greatest  space  in 
our  chartulary.  With  his  wife  Agnes  of  Dunbar,  daughter 
of  "  Black  Agnes,"  the  heroic  Countess  of  Dunbar,  he  got 
not  only  the  lands  of  Mordington,  Whittingham,  and  a 
territory  perhaps  not  so  tangible  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  but 
also  by  royal  grant  for  her  life,  pro  apparatu  et  ainictu 
i^ysiiis,  the  incredible  sum  of  1000  marks  a  year,  to  be 
levied  out  of  the  customs  of  Aberdeen  and  Haddington. 
Hitherto  the  family  had  taken  their  designation  from 
their  castle  of  Dalkeith,  or  from  Liddesdale,  though  some- 
times styled  popularly  "of  Lothian;"  but  a  grant  from 
his  brother-in-law  George  Earl  of  Dunbar,  of  the  lands  of 
Morton  in  Nithsdale,  eventually  changed  their  style  and 
title. 

The  marriage  of  the  daughter  of  Sir  James  of  Doug- 

1  It  may  be  conjectured  that  it  is  to  name  of  Duglas,  in  the  Kyng  of  Scot- 

these  five  brothers  that  Froissart  alludes  laudes  house  Dauid  ;  they  were  sonnes 

in   his  most  perplexing  notice   of   the  to   a  knight    in    Scotlaude    called    Sir 

Douglases  of  his  day—"  I  have  sene  a  James  Duglas."— CV^;.  cxlvii. 
five  bretherne,  all  squiers,  bearyng  the 


SIR  JAMES  OF  DALKEITH.  331 

las  with  Sir  John  of  Hamilton,  Lord  of  Cadyhow,  was 
arranged  by  an  indenture  of  1st  November  1388,  the 
original  of  which,  still  preserved  [it  Dalmahoy,  is  so 
curious  in  its  provisions  that  it  has  been  thought  proper 
to  print  it  translated  in  the  Appendix.  The  seal  ap- 
pended gives  the  earliest  coat-armour  that  is  known  of 
any  of  the  name  of  Hamilton.^ 

Sir  James  of  Douglas  showed  his  munificence  to  the 
Church  during  his  life  as  well  as  in  his  latter  will.  Dal- 
keith was  not  then  an  independent  parish,  but  part  of 
the  parish  of  Lasswade.  Besides  endowing  a  chapel  in 
his  castle  of  Dalkeith,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  and  Saiut 
John  the  Baptist  in  1377,  he  founded  and  endowed  a 
chaplainry  in  honour  of  Saint  Nicholas  in  a  chapel,  which 
previously  existed  at  the  village,  dedicated  to  the  same 
Saint.  This  chapel  of  Saint  Nicholas  of  Dalkeith  grew 
by  his  bounty,  till,  in  1406,  it  acquired  the  shape  of  a 
Collegiate  Church  for  a  Provost  and  five  chaplains  with 
manses  and  full  establishment,  the  stipends  provided  out 
of  his  lands.^  It  was  not  till  a  century  after  the  first 
endowment  of  Sir  James's  chaplains,  that  his  descendant 
James  first  Earl  of  Morton  completed  the  establishment 
of  the  Collegiate  Church  of  Dalkeith,  by  addmg  three 
canons  endowed  with  the  tithes  of  three  parishes,  of 
Newlands,  Kilbucho,  and  Mordington. 


'  An  earlier  seal  is  described  by  T.  ^  Tlie  curious  and  valuable  deed,  the 

Junes  as  extant  in  his  time  in  the  Scots  Mcujna  Carta  of  the  College,  is  not  i)re- 

College    at    Paris.      It    was    of    David  served  either  in  the  Chartulary,  or  among 

I     Hamilton,  in  1361,  and  Innes  blazons  it,  the   original   writs   at   Dalmahoy  ;   but 

Super  scuto  irUt  quitiqiiefolia. — Rer/ist.  the  original  is  in  the  charter-chest  of 

Episcop.     Glasg.     vol.    i.    Tabula,    p.  Kilsyth, 
cxxxii.  No.  297,  note  i. 


332  SKETCHES  OK  KAin>V  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Unflr)iil)t('(lly  tlic  most  intercistiiig  documents  amrmg 
the  Morton  papers  jirc  the  two  wills  of  Sii*  Jnmos  Don/^lns 
of  Dalkeith,  30tli  Septeinl)er  1390,  and  MnJi  Septernliei- 
1392  —the  oldest  wills  of  any  Scotchman  known  to  he 
extant.^  Commending  his  soul  to  God,  and  the  hh'ssed 
Virgin,  and  all  saints,  he  gave  his  Ijody  to  Ix'  huried  in 
the  Monastery  of  Newbattle,  beside  his  first  wif(i  Agnes. 
He  appointed  Archibald  Earl  of  Douglas,  and  Sir  Henry 
of  Douglas,  his  uncle,  to  be  guardians  of  his  heir.  He 
gave  the  half  of  all  his  free  goods  for  his  funeral,  and  for 
masses  and  alms  for  the  weal  of  his  soul  ;  also  his  best 
horse  and  his  arms  as  a  funeral  offering  to  the  vicar  of 
LassAvade.  He  left  to  James  his  son  and  heii',  helmet 
and  full  arms  for  tilting,^  and  his  best  jack  and  tusches, 
with  his  second-best  horse — an  owche  with  a  ruby  in  the 
middle,  a  ring  de  columna  Chrtsti,  and  a  cross  made  of 
the  true  cross — super  qiiam  ijendehat  Jesus — a  rehc  of 
the  hair  of  Mary  Magdalene  enclosed  in  silver,  a  circlet 
of  gold,  and  a  great  counterfilet  of  gold,  a  silver  l)asin 
with  a  cover,  weighing  £15,  3s.  8d.,  his  best  gilt  cup, 
weighing  £18,  2s.  His  best  ring  vnih.  a  sapphire,  which 
was  his  lady  m<3ther's,  and  which  she  gave  him  with  her 
blessing,  he  left  to  his  heir  mth  his  cordial  blessing. 
He  left  him  also  a  large  quantity  of  silver-plate,  dishes, 
chargers,  and  cups  ;  his  best  bed  ;  all  his  books,  both 
those  of  the  Statutes  of  the  kingdom  of  Scotland  and 

1  These  liad  been  previously  printed  lost. — Sir  K.  GotqIou's  Histoyy  of  Si'.ther- 

in  the  second  volume  of  the  Bannatyne  land. 

Miscellany.  A  much  older  Scotch  will,  -  Along  with  his  tilting  arms,  he  be- 
that  of  Saint  Gilbert  de  Moravia,  Bishop  cpieaths  irnum  rethe  quod  fuit  in  hombi- 
of  Caithness,  is  said  to  have  been  ex-  ciniomeo, — perhaps  the  silk  dress  worn 
tant  in  1636  ;  but  it  is  noAv  unhappily  over  arms  in  the  tilt-yard. 


SIR  James's  wills.  333 

tJiose  of  romance.  He  left  to  his  daughter  Jacoba,  a 
circlet  of  gold  of  forty  marks  price  ;  to  his  son  John 
Douglas  of  Aberdour,  all  his  books  of  grammar  and  logic, 
and  ten  pounds  yearly  until  he  should  be  provided  in 
ten  pounds'  worth  of  land.  He  specially  requested  that 
the  books  he  had  borrowed  might  be  returned  to  their 
owners.  He  bequeathed  to  the  Earl  of  March,  his 
Ijrother-in-law,  a  ring  with  a  ruby  ;  to  his  son  James  his 
second-best  belt,  a  pair  of  plates  and  the  rest  of  a  suit 
of  armour  for  the  tournament ;  ^  to  his  brothers  William 
and  Nicdiolas,  each  a  suit  of  armour ;  and  to  the  former 
twenty  marks  sterling,  and  to  the  latter  ten  marks 
yearly.  The  rest  of  his  arms  he  ordered  to  remain 
perpetually  in  his  castle  of  Dalketh.  He  bequeathed  to 
John  de  Livingston  a  ring  with  a  Saint  Christopher ;  a 
chalice  and  missal  to  the  Chapel  of  Saint  Nicholas  of 
Dalkeith  ;  a  small  sum  for  the  support  of  the  fabric  of 
Saint  Andrews ;  a  jewel  of  Saint  John  of  the  price  of 
forty  marks  to  the  Church  of  Newbattle.  He  gave  for 
the  building  of  the  church  of  Newbattle,  and  the  wages 
of  the  masons,  £23,  6s.  8d.  ;  and  twelve  silver  plates, 
weighing  £18,  6s.  sterling,  for  the  use  of  the  refec- 
tory, with  other  sums  to  the  monks,  to  pray  for  his 
soul.  He  left  £20  to  the  Monastery  of  Kelso,  and  many 
small  sums  to  individuals  whom  he  only  mentions  by 
name.  To  be  distributed  among  the  poor  he  gave 
£13,  6s.  8d.  He  gave  legacies  to  the  Friars  Preachers 
of  Edinburgh  and  the  Minorites  of  Haddington.  He 
left  to  Elizabeth  his  sister  a  brooch  of  gold  ;  to  Sir  Henry 

1  Pro  hastiludio  de  gverm. 


334  SKETCTIKS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HI.STOIIY. 

liis  l>rotlier  a  small  ring  with  a  sa})pliire  ;  to  Sir  ArcLi- 
l>al(l  Earl  of  Dougjjm  a  ring  with  a  ruby,  inscril>cd  Vejiu 
ve  puz  auoir  conterpovi ;  also  a  sapphire  that  purifies 
the  blood  and  which  has  a  stalk  of  gold  ;  also  hi.s  second 
best  gilt  cup,  with  a  cover,  weighing  £8.  fie  left  to  his 
son  William  a  gold  ring  with  an  emerald,  circumscribed 
with  a  posey  beginning  Remembrance.  He  directed  for 
the  weal  of  his  own  soul  and  of  his  uncle's,  that  all  bonds 
of  his  uncle's  that  may  be  found  in  his  keeping  should 
be  burned.  An  aventale  and  gloves  of  plate  that  had 
belonged  to  John  Ker — w^on  perhaps  as  the  prize  of 
some  tournament — were  to  1je  restored  to  him.  His 
robes  of  cloth  of  gold  and  silk,  and  his  furred  robes, 
were  to  be  given  to  the  church  of  Saint  Duthac  of  Tain, 
the  chapel  of  Dalkeith,  and  certain  churchmen ;  his 
other  garments  to  his  poor  servants.  He  directed  the 
residue  of  his  plate  to  be  sold  for  the  poor.  He  left  his 
third-best  horse,  and  a  jew^el  of  Saint  John,  that  cost 
forty  marks,  to  the  Monastery  of  Newbattle,  and  £23, 
6s.  8d.  to  help  its  fabric.  He  becjueathed  a  sum  of  only 
£26,  13s.  4d.,  to  be  marriage  portions  to  his  nieces,  the 
two  daughters  of  Philip  of  Arbuthnot.  He  gave  £20 
for  repairing  and  roofing  the  chapel  of  Saint  Nicholas, 
and  vestments  to  each  of  the  churches  of  Lasswade, 
Newlands,  and  Saint  Fillan  of  iVberdour.  He  gave  up 
to  Eobert  de  Livingston  his  maritage,  which  he  had  by 
gift  of  the  King.  He  bequeathed  to  Egidia,  his  wife,  a 
jewel  w^hich  she  had  given  him,  dum  tamen  de  jocalihus 
ulterius  non  qiierat.  By  his  second  wdll,  he  gave  the 
residue  of  his  goods,   after  debts  and  legacies,   to  the 


THE  REGENT  MORTON— LOCHLEVEN.  335 

building  and  adorning  of  the  chapel  of  Saint  Nicholas  of 
Dalkeith.  Sir  James  long  survived  these  testaments, 
and  died,  in  1420/ 

The  alliances  of  this  princely  person  were  as  high 
as  Scotland  afforded.  His  first  wife  (beside  whom  he 
desired  to  be  buried  in  the  Abbey  of  Newbattle)  was 
Agnes,  a  daughter  of  the  house  of  Dunbar ;  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  he  thought  he  married  more  nobly  when  he 
took  for  his  second,  the  Lady  Giles  Stuart,  the  sister  of 
Kino:  Robert  ii.  His  eldest  son  he  married  to  Elizabeth 
Stuart,  the  third  daughter  of  Robert  iii.  It  may  serve 
to  show  how  little  mere  titles  of  honour  were  as  yet 
coveted  in  Scotland,  that  this  family,  so  great  in  wealth 
and  connexions,  did  not  receive  the  dignity  of  Earl,  till 
James,  his  great-grandson,  having  married  Johan,  the 
third  daughter  of  King  James  i.,  was  created  Earl  of 
Morton,  in  Parliament,  14th  March  1457.^ 

James,  the  third  Earl  of  Morton,  grandson  of  the 
first  Earl,  having  no  sons,  obtained  a  new  charter  of  the 
Earldom,^  with  remainder  to  (l.)  his  daughter  s  husband, 
James  Douglas  (afterwards  the  Regent  Morton)  ;  (2.) 
to  Archibald  Earl  of  Angus  ;  (3.)  to  Sir  AVilliam  Douglas 
of  Lochleven  ;  and  the  heirs-male  of  their  bodies  respec- 
tively. 

By  virtue  of  that  settlement,  the  Earldom  came  to 
the  Regent.     After  his  death,  and  when  his  attainder 

^  Fordun,  XV.  32.     He  died  of  a  very  -  Tlie  style  -was  declared  to  be  derived 

fatal  epidemic,  which  the  Faculty  at-  from  tlie  lands  of  Moilou  in  Caldorcler, 

tributed  to  the  badness  of  the  seasons.  the  lands  of  Morton  in  Nithsdale  having 

It  was   called  by   our  forefathers   the  gone  to  his  uncle  Sir  William. 

Quhew.     In  our  day  it  would  have  been  s  Crown   Charter,    1564.     Ratified   in 

named  Injluenza.  Parliament,  1567. 


336  sketchp:s  of  early  scotch  history. 

was  reversed  in  1585,  Ai'cliihtild,  the  eighth  Enrl  of 
Angus,  became  Earl  of  Morton  ;  and  he  also  dying  with- 
out sons,  the  succession  devolved  c^n  Sir  William  Doug 
las  of  Lochleven,  the  lineal  male  descendant  of  that 
Henry  who  was  the  fourth  in  the  enumeration  of  tin- 
nephews  of  Sir  William  of  Douglas  in  his  entail  of  1351. 
In  1368,  Henry  acquired  the  lands  of  Lugtoun,  adjoin- 
ing his  father  s  lordship  of  Dalkeith  ;  had  charters  of 
Langnewton  in  Eoxburgh  from  the  Stewards  lords  of 
Ochiltree  ;  and  of  the  castle  and  lands  of  Lochleven, 
which  gave  their  style  and  usual  designation  to  his 
descendants.  He  was  a  person  of  great  consideration, 
as  well  as  large  possessions,  being  married  to  a  niece  of 
King  Robert  ii.,  daughter  of  David  first  Earl  of  Crau- 
ford  ;^  and  he  was  attached  in  some  manner  to  the  per- 
sonal service  or  attendance  of  the  unhappy  Prince,  David 
Duke  of  Rothesay.  The  descent  and  subsequent  history 
of  that  family  are  well  known,  but  they  are  not  illus- 
trated by  the  Morton  Register,  which  is  necessarily  by 
its  date  confined  to  the  charters  and  transactions  of  the 
Earls  of  the  first  race. 

One  iminitiated  in  the  exciting  pursuit  of  charter 
antiquities,  cannot  readily  appreciate  the  interest  T\dth 
which  the  zealous  investigator  searches  thi'ough  a  charter- 
room  like  that  of  Dalmahoy.  As  each  massive  old  chest 
is  approached,  and  one  after  another  the  bolts  and  locks, 
mth  all  their  quaint  devices  for  puzzling  the  stranger, 
give  way,  and  as  one  after  another  he  opens  the  Httle 

'  A  mistaken  account  of  this  marriage        William    of    Douglas,    instead    of    his 
is  given  in  the  Peerages,  where  Marjory        father  Henry, 
of  Lyndesav  is   said   to   have   married 


EXCITEMENT  OF  A  CHARTER  HUNT.  337 

oak  drawers,  and  lets  in  the  light  upon  their  sleep  of 
centuries,  he  is  in  constant  hope  of  some  important 
revelation.  That  small  charter,  no  bigger  than  a  man's 
hand,  may  remove  the  mystery  which  shrouds  tha  origin 
of  the  race ;  may  tell  us  from  what  chateau  of  Nor- 
mandy, or  from  what  English  grange,  came  the  ancestors 
of  the  Scotch  heroes  ;  who  was  "  the  first  mean  man  that 
did  by  his  virtue  raise  himself  above  the  vulgar."  Even 
when  that  expectation  is  disappointed,  the  search  is  not 
fruitless.  The  venerable  chartulary  gives  the  precision 
of  record  to  the  lives  and  actions  of  one  branch  of  the 
most  illustrious  family  in  Scotland.  Every  chest  yields 
something  to  gratify  curiosity  ;  to  fill  up  a  gap  in  genea- 
logy ;  to  correct  the  blunders  of  heralds  ;  to  throw  light 
upon  the  tenure  and  descent  of  lands  ;  the  correspond- 
ence of  those  who  could  ^TOte,  and  documents  for  show- 
ing the  relations  of  the  various  classes  of  society.  It  is 
from  such  materials  that  our  domestic  annals  are  to  be 
written,  and  the  public  history  of  the  country  is  yet  to 
receive  its  truest  as  well  as  its  most  characteristic 
colouring. 

However  the  loss  of  the  early  Douglas  charters  is  to 
be  accounted  for,  the  family  of  Morton  have  been  careful 
preservers  of  theirs.  Besides  the  Chartulary  written 
*'  book- ways,"  there  are  found  in  a  little  black  "  cof- 
fer," a  number  of  narrow  vellum  rolls  of  about  the 
same  asfe/  some  containins:  lists  of  charters  and  title- 

'  One  of  these  Rolls  begins— "  RoTU-  the  rest  are  described  as  in  uno  cofino, 

LUS  AD  DOCENDUM  UBi  LiTERE  DOMINI  or  in  secwida  capsa,  and  sometimes  in 

INVRNIENTUR.     Im27ri7ms  in  una  magno  Scotch  thus  :  "  In  the  thred  schotill  of 

schotyll  cum  uno  W.  et  una  cruce  svj^cr  the  elder  cofyne." 
le  lyd — In  prima  capsa,''  &c.  ;  and  then 


338  SKETCHES  OF  EAULY  SCOTCH  IIISTOIIV. 

deeds  of  all  sorts,  with  reference  to  their  places  of  (ht 
posit,  but  unfortunately  (like  the  table  prefixed  to  our 
Chai-tulary)  without  dates.  One  consists  of  a  rental  of 
part  of  the  Morton  possessions  for  the  years  1376-8, 
valuable  not  only  for  the  local  antiquary,  but  as  perhaps 
the  earliest  rental  of  lay  lands  in  Scotland. 

The  house  of  Lochleven  followed  the  example  of 
their  cousins  of  Dalkeith,  and  the  charter-room  at  Dal- 
mahoy,  which  now  combines  the  united  collections  of 
both  families,  shows  many  marks  of  care,  both  in  pre- 
serving and  transcribing  their  ancient  muniments. 

There  is  a  carefully  written  Registrum  Evidentiarum 
Dominorimi  de  Lochlevin,  compiled  in  1573,  which  com- 
mences with  the  first  charter  of  Henry  of  Lugton  and 
Lochleven  ;  as  well  as  several  bundles  of  original  writs 
on  parchment,  inartificially  stitched  together,  and  some 
similar  ya5c^c^(7^  of  transcripts  of  originals  by  the  family 
notary.-^ 

Althouo-h  our  forefathers  beo;an  to  use  their  verna- 
cular  tongue  in  law  and  business  documents  about  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  letters  of  correspondence 
are  hardly  met  with  in  Scotch  repositories  till  the  six- 
teenth. Even  to  the  end  of  the  latter  centuiy  they  are 
incredibly  meagre  and  unsatisfactory.  The  craters  are 
evidently  suspicious,  not  only  of  the  channels  of  commu- 
nication, but  frequently  of  their  correspondents,  whom 
it  might  be  unsafe  to  trust  mth  any  frank  expression  of 

1  One  of  these  is  the  letter  of  James  I.,  his   understanding   of  sxich   mandates: 

charging  the  Laird  of  Lochleven  to  enter  "  The  transumpt  of  ane  vreting  send  be 

himself  as  one  of  the  hostages  for  the  the    Kingis    grace  to   umquhil   Robert 

King's  ransom.     The  notary  transcriber  J)o\\g\B,'s,  for  ryding  of  ane  raid  to  Ing- 

has  given  it  the  following  title,  showing  Izuid  /" 


LOW  RANGE  OF  EDUCATION. 


39 


opinion  in  ivriting.  Hence  the  constant  practice  in 
those  times  of  accrediting  the  bearer  to  make  those 
revelations  which  were  not  to  be  confided  to  paper. 
Another  reason,  it  must  be  owned,  impeded  free  com- 
munication by  letter.  Although  education  made  a  rapid 
stride  just  after  the  Reformation,  and  it  was  no  longer 
necessary  to  enforce  the  old  statute  which  obliged  barons 
of  substance  to  put  their  eldest  sons  to  the  schools,  yet 
it  cannot  be  said  that  the  classes  of  nobility  and  gentry 
were  generally  imbued  with  literature ;  and  the  greater 
number  wrote  as  if  they  knew  neither  their  own  nor  any 
other  language  grammatically.  Many  Churchmen,  in- 
deed, before  the  Reformation,  were  accomplished  in  all 
kinds  of  learning.  Public  libraries  had  been  established, 
and  a  few  distinguished  laymen  had  already  begun  to 
form  private  collections  of  books.^  But  subsequent  to 
the  Reformation,  and  on  to  the  end  of  that  century, 
there  was  no  general  taste  for  literature  ;  the  leading 
men  of  Scotland,  and  women  of  rank  and  education, 
still  wrote  in  the  constrained  style  of  people  unac- 
quainted with  the  capabilities  of  their  language,  and  for 
the  most  part  not  indisposed  to  leave  their  meaning 
obscure. 


^  Some  of  these  are  still  known  to  the 
curious  by  their  book  stamps,  which 
were  then  impressed  on  the  outside  of 
the  binding.  Schives,  Archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews,  had  his  books  so  distinguished 
before  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
It  has  been  seen  that  Sir  James  Douglas 
of  Dalkeith  counted  his  books  among 
his  valuables,  even  before  the  end  of 
the  fourteenth  century  ;  and  his  manu- 
'^oripts,  whether  of  the  laws  of  the 
1  ealni  or  of  romance,  would  now  be  be- 


yond price.  Even  after  printing  had 
brought  books  within  the  reach  of  mo- 
derate fortunes,  we  still  find  MS.  copies 
in  old  libraries  ;  indeed,  the  greater 
number  of  our  Law  collections  continued 
to  be  in  writing  long  subsequent  to  the 
introduction  of  printing  in  Scotland  ; 
and  manuscript  copies  of  the  ponderous 
romances  of  the  sixteenth  century  (witli 
variations  by  the  transcriber)  are  still 
fo\ind  at  Taymouth  and  in  other  old 
collections. 


:i40  SKIOTCJIIKS  OV  EAJiLY  SCOTCJI    IIISTOUV. 

Accordingly,  there  is  little  of  th(3  iiitxjrest  of  modem 
conespondence,  nothing  of  the  free  interchange  of  senti- 
ment, to  ]je  looked  for,  in  a  collection  like  that  brought 
together  from  the  now  united  repositories  of  ]\lorton 
and  Lochleven. 

There  are,  however,  a  numljer  of  State  papers ;  letters 
of  James  v.,  Queen  Mary  and  Darnley ;  the  Kegents 
Murray,  Mar,  Lennox,  and  Morton ;  heaps  of  letters  of 
King  James  vi.  before  he  went  to  England — always 
busy,  ever  meddling  for  good  or  ill  in  the  domestic 
afiairs  of  his  subjects  ;  a  letter  of  John  Knox — his  fiery 
spirit  at  last  burnt  out,  "  taking  his  good  night"  of  the 
world ;  letters  from  all  the  men  and  women  of  mark 
during  that  period. 

Mr.  Tytler  was  the  first  of  our  historians  who  sought 
to  obtain  information  of  events  from  contemporary  cor- 
respondence ;  and  his  researches  were  confined  to  the 
public  ofiices,  while  his  attention  had  been  drawn  to 
that  source  too  late  for  his  earlier  volumes.  AMiat  he 
drew  from  thence,  for  the  period  of  his  later  volumes, 
is  very  valuable — perhaps  the  most  valuable  part  of  his 
history.  But  he  left  unexplored  many  muniment  rooms 
in  Scotland,  rich  in  genuine,  authentic  documents,  the 
proper  materials  of  liistory,  and  hitherto  imused  by  the 
historian. 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  341 


THE  BREADALBANE  PAPERS. 

The  Marquis  of  Breadalbane  has  printed  a  volume, 
the  materials  of  which,  taken  from  the  charter-room  at 
Taymouth,  have  been  selected  more  with  the  view  of 
illustrating  the  antiquities  of  the  Central  Highlands,  and 
the  modes  of  life  and  thought  of  their  inhabitants  in  the 
old  time,  than  for  any  purpose  of  public  national  his- 
tory, or  for  the  genealogy  and  antiquities  of  the  family 
of  Breadalbane.  But  that  family  having  so  long  borne 
sway  in  the  district,  their  personal  affairs  are  to  some 
extent  mixed  up  with  all  local  history  ;  and  a  general 
acquaintance  with  the  early  descents  of  the  house  of 
Glenurchy  is  necessary  for  the  full  understanding  of  the 
materials  thus  brought  together.  It  is  here  supplied  by 
the  first  article  of  our  collection. 

The  Black  Booh  of  Taymouth  has  been  long  known 
and  used  as  an  authority  in  the  Highlands.  It  is  now 
for  the  first  time  printed  from  the  MS.  of  its  author. 
Master  William  Bowie,  who  seems  to  have  discharged 
the  double  duty  of  family  notary  and  pedagogue  to  the 
grandsons  of  Sir  Duncan  Campbell,  the  seventh  laird  of 
Glenurchy.  He  dedicates  his  work  to  his  patron,  in  the 
month  of  June  1598,  and  though  he  lived  to  add  some 
matter  of  subsequent  date,  the  conclusion,  coming  down 
to  1648,  seems  written  by  a  different  hand.  His  chief 
object  was  to  record  the  successive  acquisitions  of  pro- 
perty.  In  his  Latin  verses,  he  instils  the  virtuous  maxim — 

..."  Dominum  liaiid  nobilitat  donuis, 
Antiquissiiiia  quanqiiaiu  et  celeberrima  ; 


342  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

while  in  native  Scotch  he  admonishes  the  posterity  of 
the  house  of  Glenurquhay  to  follow  the  footsteps  of  tlieir 
ancestors,  and,  as  their  cliief  duty — 

"  Conques  or  keip  thingis  conquest."  ' 

Bowie's  narrative  of  the  descent  of  the  family  has 
the  advantage  of  being  founded,  in  all  material  parts,  on 
charters  and  written  evidence  in  the  charter-room,  to 
wdiich,  from  his  employment,  he  had  access.  He  only 
alludes  to  the  origin  of  the  race,  and  its  first  settlement 
on  Loch  Awe,^  and  then  passes  at  once  to  Sir  Colin  of 
Glenurchy,  the  second  son  of  the  Lord  of  Loch  Awe, 
who,  on  20th  October  1432,  had  a  charter  from  his 
father  of  the  territory  of  Glenurchy,  and  by  the  second 
of  two  illustrious  marriages  acquired  the  third  of  the 
great  lordship  of  Lorn.  Master  William  Bo^^ie  must 
have  taken  pride  in  recording  his  conquests,  as  well  as 
his  building  of  the  Castle  of  Inverary  for  his  nephew  the 
first  Earl  of  Argyll,  and  the   Castle  of  Ilankeilquhirn, 

'To    ''  conqueis  "   is  to  acquire.     In  namit  Colene  Campbell,  quha  v%-es  the 

law  language  we  still  speak  of  property  first  laird  of  Glenurquhay  discendit  oflF 

of  conquest,  distinguished  from  that  in-  the  howss  of  Lochow  oft'  the  name  of 

herited.  Campbell." 

2  "  The  stock  and  Imniediat  Originall  "  The  foirsaid  Colene  (quha  eftirwart 

off  the  Howss  of  Glenurquhay.  was  stylit   Sir   Colene)  receaving  from 

'^  Imprimis,  Duncane  Campbell,  com-  his  father,  the  20  of  October  anno  1432, 

monlie  callit  Duncane  in  Aa,  knicht  of  the  foirscoir  marklandis  of  Inuerjmen, 

Lochow  (lineallie  discendit  of  anevaleant  etc.,  lyand  on   Lochow,  mareit  to  his 

man,  surnamit  Campbell,  quha  cam  to  first  wyff,   Mariott  Stewart,  dochtir  to 

Scotland  in  King  Malcom  Kandmoir  his  Walter  Stewart  of  Albanie  (sone  to  Iso- 

tyme,  about  the  yeir  of  God  1067,  off  bell  Duches  of  Albanie  and  Countess  of 

quhom    came   the   howss   of    Lochow),  Lennox),  quhilk  Mariott  departit  schort- 

quhilk  fioorisched  in  King  David  Bruce  lie  thaireftir  but  successioun. 

his  dayis,  etc.  ''  The  said  Sir  Colene,  eftir  the  deceis 

"  The  foirsaid  Duncane  in  Aa,  knicht  of  his  said  first  "s^yffe,  mareit  Jonett 
of  Lochow,  hade  to  wyffe  Margaret  Stewart,  eldest  dochtir  to  William  Stew- 
Stewart,  dochtir  to  Duke  Murdoch,  on  art,  lord  of  Lome  (with  quhom  he  gatt, 
whom  he  begatt  tua  sones,  the  eldar  in  name  of  tochirgude,  the  auchtene 
callit   Archbald    Campbell,    the    other  markland  of  the  bray  of  Lome,  hir  father 


1 


BLACK  COLIN  OF  GLENURCHY. 


343 


long  the  chief  strength  of  his  own  descendants.  He 
built  also  the  Tower  of  Strathfillane,  and  the  barbican 
wall  of  the  Isle  of  Loch  Tay,  whence  the  canons,  who 
had  given  shelter  and  a  grave  to  Queen  Sibilla,  had  been 
ejected  long  before.  The  last  two  seem  to  mark  the 
intention  thus  early,  if  not  rather  the  natural  tendency, 
of  the  younger  of  the  great  families  of  Campbell  to  with- 
draw from  under  the  shadow  of  the  elder  house.  That 
Sir  Colin  was  a  Knight  of  Ehodes,  and  was  "  three 
sundiy  times  at  Rome,"  we  must  receive  on  our  chroni- 
cler s  testimony,  unless  it  may  be  thought  to  have  some 
support  from  the  popular  pedigrees  of  the  Campbells, 
where  Sir  Colin  is  styled  "  Colin  duibli  na  Roimh,"  black 
Colin  of  Rome  ;  and  from  the  family  tradition  recorded 
in  the  very  curious  inventory  of  heirship  moveahles, 
made  up  in  Sir  Robert's  time,  where,  among  the  jewels 
of  the  house,  we  find  "  ane  stone  of  the  quantitye  of  half 
a  hen  s  eg  set  in  silver,  being  flatt  at  the  ane  end  and 
round  at  the  uther  end  lyke  a  peir,   whilk   Sir  CoHne 


being  tlien  alyve.  Bot  eftir  hir  said 
father  his  cleceis,  the  hail  lordschip  of 
Lome  falling  to  his  thre  dochteiis  here- 
trices  thairoff,  the  said  Sir  Colene,  be 
vertew  of  his  vyff,  eldest  of  the  three, 
fell  to  the  haill  snperioritie  of  the  lord- 
schip of  Lome,  and  first  thrid  thairoff, 
extending  to  tua  hundreth  and  fyftie 
niarklandis).  On  hir  he  begatt  ane  sone 
callit  Sir  Duncan  Campbell,  quha  snc- 
cedit  laird  of  Glemirquhay,  and  ane 
dochtir  callit  Geilles  Campbell,  quha 
vves  niareit  on  M'Cowle  in  Lome." 

"The  said  Sir  Colene,  being  tiitour  to 
his  brother  sone  Colene  Campbell  (quha 
wes  maid  first  Erie  of  Ergyle),  he  mareit 
him  on  the  secund  heretrice  of  Lorne, 
and  thaireftir  (for  the  favour  he  bure  to 


him,  and  the  standing  of  his  hows)  frelie 
dimittit  unto  him  the  superioritie  of  the 
hail  lordschip  of  Lome, 

"  And  biggit,  induring  the  tyme  of 
his  tutoritie  to  his  brother  sone  foresaid, 
the  Castell  of  Inuerraray.  Item,  thair- 
eftir he  biggit  to  him  selft'  the  Castell  of 
Ilankeilquhirn,  in  Glenurquhay.  Item, 
the  barmekyn  wall  of  the  Isle  of  Loch- 
tay,  and  the  toure  of  Straphillane. 

"  Memorandum,  the  said  Sir  Colene, 
throch  his  valiant  actis  and  mauheid, 
was  maid  knicht  in  the  Isle  of  Rhodos 
(quhilk  standeth  in  the  Carpathian  Sea, 
near  to  Caria,  ane  countrie  of  Asia  the 
les),  and  wes  thre  sundrie  tynies  in 
liome." 


k. 


344 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIV. 


Camplx'll  liist  laird  of  Glcnurcliy  woir  wli<;ii  he  louglit 
in  battel  at  the  RhodeH  agaynst  the  'J'ui'ks,  hf*  l)(nrig  one 
of  the  knychtis  of  the  Rhodes."^ 

Sir  Duncanc,  the  second  hiird,  acquired  L^md  l)y  ]>ie- 
carious  titles  all  round  Loch  Tay,  and  as  if  destining 
that  to  be  the  future  centre  of  the  family  possessions, 
while  he  built  "  the  laich  hall "  of  Kilchum,  he  "  bygit 
the  great  hall,  chapel,  and  chambers  in  the  Isle  of  Loch 
Tay/'  Sir  Duncane  was  slain  at  Flodden  ^\dth  his  cousin 
the  Earl,  and  buried  with  him  at  Kilmun,  "  because  in 
the  foresaid  field  they  died  valiantly  together."^ 

Of  Sir  Colin  the  third,  and  Duncan  the  fourth  laird, 
their  historian  chronicles  little  more  than  that  the  former 
built  the  Chapel  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  of  Finlarg,  "  to 
be  ane  buriall  for  himselfe  and  his  posteritie,"  and  that 
both  kept  all  things  left  to  them  by  their  worthy  prede- 
cessors. 

John   and  Colin,   the  fifth  and   sixth   lan^ls,    were 


'  The  jewel  so  particularly  described 
as  the  amulet  Avoru  iu  battle  by  the 
Knight  of  the  Cross,  would  seem  to 
have  been  used  as  a  charm  for  more 
homely  purposes  afterwards  ;  and  one 
agreeing  marvellously  with  its  descrip- 
tion is  still  at  Taymouth,  though  it  has 
not  remained  continuously  in  the  family 
custody. 

2  "Duncan  M'Callein  an  dygriddir," 
Duncan,  the  son  of  Colin  the  good 
knight,  is  the  subject,  as  well  as  appa- 
rently the  author,  of  some  Gaelic  verses, 
preserved  in  the  collection  of  Dean 
McGregor,  now  in  the  Advocates'  Lib- 
rary, a  collection  which  must  be  studied 
whenever  the  antiquities  of  Gaelic  litera- 
ture are  to  be  honestly  illustrated. 

Some  of  the  verses  attributed  to  Sir 
Duncan  are   a  lament  on  sudden  niis- 


fortur.e  after  prosperity,  ending  in  lines 
which  are  translated — 

"  Yet  bare  though  my  state  be, 
I  must  not  be  heard  to  complain." 

Others  are  coarser  than  even  the  licen- 
tious writers  of  France  of  that  time  in- 
dulged in. 

Duncan  of  Glenurchy  was  not  the 
only  poet  of  the  family.  The  Dean  of 
Lismore  is  pleased  to  record  some  licen- 
tious verses,  under  the  name  of  Isabella 
Countess  of  Argyll.  This  is  the  high 
bom  heiress  of  Lorn,  who  is  called 
(though  by  a  wrong  name),  in  an  un- 
published lis.  history  of  the  clan,  Mar- 
rate  net  ndaahn,  from  her  inclination 
to  rhjTning.  Another  lady  of  the  chief 
family— Isabella  (wzt-tc  Callen),  daughter 
of  Argyll — has  some  Gaelic  love  verses 
attributed  to  her  in  the  Dean's  most 
curious  collection. 


BLACK  DUNCAN  OF  THE  COWL.  345 

brothers  of  Duncan  the  fourth.  Colin,  though  inherit- 
ing after  two  brothers,  was  thirty-three  years  in  posses- 
sion, and  falling  in  the  time  of  dilapidation  of  church 
lands,  had  time  and  means  to  convert  the  "  tack ''  of 
many  lands  of  Breadalbane,  held  of  the  Charter-house  of 
Perth  and  of  the  Cro^vn,  into  a  secure  feu-tenure,  and  to 
conqueis  many  other  lands  in  Perthshire,  and  a  town 
lodging  in  the  county  town.  He  built  the  Castle  of 
Balloch,  where  the  house  of  Taymouth  now  stands  ;^  and 
he  added  the  four  Jcernils  (corner  towers)  and  the  north 
chambers  to  the  hereditary  mansion  of  Kilchurn.  Bowie 
celebrates  him  as  "  a  great  Justiciar  all  his  time,"  in  that 
he  caused  execute  many  notable  limmers^  (not  the  least 
notable  being  that  "  Duncan  Laideus,"  whose  story  will 
come  afterwards),  and  even  the  Laird  of  M'Gregor  him- 
self, that  is,  Gregor  Roy  of  Glensthrae,  who  was  be- 
headed with  much  solemnity  on  the  green  of  Kenmore. 

The  seventh  laird.  Sir  Duncan,  our  author  s  patron, 
is  a  person  on  whose  history  we  dwell  with  more 
pleasure.  Bowie  records  a  glorious  hst  of  conquests 
of  lands  and  church  possessions,  and  the  provisions 
he  bestowed  on  his  children,  legitimate  and  illegiti- 
mate. But  we  have  interest  of  another  kind  in  Black 
Duncan  —  Donacha  dhu  na  curicli,  as  he  is  called, 
from  the  cowl  in  which  he  is  represented  in  his  pic- 
ture at  Taymouth.  He  was,  if  not  the  first  of  Scotch- 
men, the  very  foremost  of  Higliland  proprietors,  to  turn 

'  It  was  to  be  built  wliere  lie  should  some  of  the  escutcheons  of  arms  with 

tirst  hear  the  blackbird  sing  on  his  jour-  which  he  ornamented  his  house  are  pre- 

ney  down  the  glen.     Part  of  Sir  Colin's  served  at  one  of  the  park  gates, 

work   still   remains   at  Taymouth,   and  -  Thieves. 


34G  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

his  attention  to  the  rural  improvement  of  liLs  C(juntry. 
His  i)redecessors  had  indeed  built  rude  dwelHnf{8  and 
places  of  defence,  round  which  time  and  decay  have 
thrown  a  picturesquencss  little  thought  of  in  their  erec- 
tion. But  we  find  no  signs  of  these  earlier  lords  appre- 
ciating their  beautiful  countiy,  or  trying  to  increase  its 
comforts  or  its  productiveness.  It  cannot  be  said  tliat 
Sir  Duncan  himself  had  taste  for  the  picturesque,  ]jut  he 
knew  the  profit  as  well  as  the  beauty  that  might  accrue 
from  clothing  the  hill-side  with  timber,  and  securing 
shelter  round  his  mansion.  He  had  some  feeling  for  art 
also.  He  built  the  Castle  of  Fi»larg,  and  ornamented 
its  chapel  "  with  pavement  and  painterie."  He  built  the 
tower  of  Achalladour,  repaired  Ilankeilchurn,  built  the 
house  of  Lochdochart,  a  great  house  at  Barcaldine  in 
Benderloch  (between  Loch  Etive  and  Loch  Criran), 
defended  the  grounds  of  Balloch  against  the  river  by  a 
great  embankment.  He  built  or  repaired  the  church  of 
Glenurchy,  and  built  a  bridge  over  the  water  of  Loch}^, 
"  to  the  great  contentment  and  Aveal  of  the  country.'^ 
He  was  enterprising  enough  to  travel  abroad,  and  passed 
to  the  courts  of  England  and  France,  and,  in  1602, 
thought  good  to  take  a  ^dew  of  Flanders  and  of  the 
wars.  He  took  measures  for  enforcing  an  old  Scotch 
law  which  enjoined  the  planting  of  a  few  trees  about 
every  tenant's  and  cottar  s  dw^elling ;  and  on  the  greater 
scale  wliich  became  the  landlord,  he  "  caused  make  j)arks 
in  Balloch,  Finlarg,  Glenloquhay,  and  Glenurquhay,  and 
caused  sow  acorns  and  seed  of  fir  therein,  and  planted 
in  the  same  young  fir  and  birch."     He  seems  to  have 


^1 


SIR  Duncan's  rural  improvements. 


347 


imitated  his  cousin,  William  Earl  of  Gowrie,^  in  intro- 
ducing trees  of  foreign  growth,  and  tradition  points  to 
him  as  the  planter  of  the  venerable  chestnut  and  walnut 
trees  at  Finlarg  and  Tay mouth.  He  was  probably  the 
first  of  Scotchmen  who  brought  in  fallow  deer ;  for  our 
chronicler  tells  us  that  in  1614  he  took  a  lease  of  the 
Isle  of  Inchesaile  from  the  Earl  of  Argyll,  and  in  1615 
"  put  fallow  deir  and  cunnyngis"  therein.  In  another  de- 
partment of  rural  policy,  it  is  not  so  certain  that  he  was 
first,  but  it  is  of  him  that  we  have  the  first  evidence,  in 
connexion  with  the  rearing  of  horses.  In  one  bloody  foray 
the  M'Gregors  slew  forty  of  Sir  Duncan  s  brood  mares  in 
the  Cosche  of  Glenurchy,  and  at  the  same  time  a  blood 
horse,  "  ane  fair  cursour  sent  to  him  from  the  Prince  out 
of  London."^  The  horse  had  come  to  an  untimely  end 
even  before  his  royal  master  was  taken  away,  but  the 
stud  went  on  increasing  under  the  careful  eye  and  vigor- 
ous management  of  Black  Duncan. 

Sir  Duncan  may  be  thought  to  have  inherited  some 
of  these  tastes  through  his  mother,  a  daughter  of  the 


'  Wlien  the  Earl  of  Gowrie  v/as  pressed 
by  Home  of  Godscroft  to  join  in  the 
second  conspiracy,  for  whicli  he  eventu- 
ally suft'ered,  "  looking  very  pitifully 
upon  his  gallerie,"  says  Godscroft, 
"  where  wee  were  walking  at  that  time, 
which  he  had  but  newly  bnilt  and  deco- 
rated with  pictures,  he  brake  out  into 
these  words,  having  first  fetched  a  deep 
sigh — 'Cousin,'  says  he,  'is  there  no 
remedie  ?  Impms  hcec  tain  culta  novalia 
miles  hdbehit !  Barbarus  has  segetes  /'  " 
—(Godscroft,  Edit.  1644,  p.  377.)  Upon 
a  scrap  of  paper  on  which,  while  in 
prison,  he  had  noted  down  some  pleas 
to  be  addressed  to  his  judges,  we  find 


written — "  What  pitie  it  wer  to  take  me 
from  my  parks  and  policie  !"  He  was 
an  extensive  planter  for  that  age,  and 
particularly  fond  of  the  Spanish  chestnut 
and  walnut. 

2  We  knoAV  something  of  this  "  fair 
cursour."  The  Knight  of  Glenurchy 
had  presented  the  Prince  (Henry,  son  of 
James  vi.)  with  some  eagles  with  which 
he  had  had  good  sport,  and  in  return 
the  prince  sent  him  "  a  horse  to  be  a 
stallon,  one  of  the  best  in  his  stable," 
with  a  hope  that  Avhen  he  came  to  Scot- 
land seven  years  hence,  he  should  get 
some  of  his  breed. 


348  sketchp:s  of  early  scotch  histokv. 

accom})lislic(l  i\\\(]  iinfc^rtuih'ite  house  of  Gowrie.  1  1j;iv(.' 
found  only  one  of  li(ir  l)ooks  in  the  library.  It  is  a  copy 
of  Slcidan's  Clironicle,  London,  1500.  On  a  fly-l(*af  she 
has  written,  Tliw  hiike  _29e?'^e?zz.S'  to  CatJteyine  Ruthvtn 
Lady  of  Gleniirquhay. 

We  have  abundant  evidence  that  the  seventh  laird 
was  a  man  of  affairs,  and  well  maintained  his  place  in 
that  age  of  unscrupulous  politicians.  In  his  o^vti  terri- 
tories, castles  and  family,  he  practised  a  very  vigorous 
personal  control  and  the  most  methodical  administration. 
The  estate  books  and  books  of  household  accounts  and 
inventories  kept  under  his  direction  give  us  the  earliest 
picture  we  have  of  the  life  of  a  great  Highland  lord. 

It  is  not  so  easy  to  imagine  the  rough  chieftain 
cultivating  literature  ;  yet,  grim  as  he  stands  in  his 
picture  at  Holyrood,  the  Black  Duncan  had  a  taste  for 
books,  read  history  and  romance,  and  is  not  quite  free 
from  the  suspicion  of  having  dabbled  in  verse  liimself. 
Several  of  his  books  are  still  preserved  at  Taymouth, 
where  the  frequent  inscriptions  in  his  own  hand  show  he 
took  pleasure  in  them  ;  and  we  must  remember  that 
book  collecting  was  not  yet  a  fashion.  One  of  his 
favoiurites,  in  which  he  evidently  much  delighted,  was 
The  Biiihe  of  King  Alexander  the  Conqueroure,  a  pon- 
derous romance  in  ms.^  Some  original  verses,  mostly 
moral  and  religious,  ^vritten  on  the  blank  leaves  of  his 

1  This,  "which  has  never  been  printed,  for   Sir   Duncan,   who   has   "v^Titten  his 

is   a  translation    of    the  great   French  name  repeatedly  in  one  of  them,  with 

Roman  U Alexandre,  executed  by  Sir  the  dates  1579,  1581,  1582.     The  other 

Gilbert  Hay,  c.  1460,   and  extends  to  copy  contains  at  the  end  Duncan  Laid-'^ 

about  20,000  lines.     Two  copies  are  at  eus's  testament,  which  will  be  mentioned 

Taymouth  ;  both  apparently  transcribed  hereafter.  ^. 


sm  COLIN.  349 

books,  would  be  worth  preserving,   if  it  were  possible 
more  satisfactorily  to  establish  their  authorship. 

The  influence  of  Sir  Duncan  Campbell  extended  over 
an  unusual  length  of  time.  He  was  forty-eight  years 
lord  of  the  family  estates,  and  was  eighty-six  years  old 
when  he  died  in  1631. 

The  next  generation  carries  us  a  long  step  forward 
in  civilisation.  Sir  Colin,  the  eighth  laird  of  Glenurchy, 
was  as  fond  of  repairing  and  extending  his  family 
castles  as  his  father  had  been.  Moreover,  he  gave  in  to 
the  new  luxuries  of  rich  furniture  and  hangings  of  silk 
and  tapestry,  in  which  England  was  then  showing  her 
wealth.  His  chronicler  records  his  expenses  in  arras 
hangings,  silk  beds,  and  damask  "  napery,"  brought  out 
of  West  Flanders.  We  learn  by  Ms  books  still  pre- 
served, that  he  was  not  only  a  Latin  scholar,  but  fond  of 
French  and  Italian  literature.^  Contemporary  portraits 
are  found  of  Sir  Duncan,  but  Sir  Colin  is  the  first  of  the 
family  who  employed  artists  to  paint  pictures  as  orna- 
ments for  his  house.  He  "  bestowit  and  gave  to  ane 
Germane  painter,  whom  he  enterteinit  in  his  house  audit 
moneth  .  .  .  the  soume  of  ane  thousand  pundis."  The 
name  of  the  German  artist  is  not  found,  nor  is  it  of 
much  interest  to  ascertain  who  painted  the  "  threttie 
broads  "  and  portraits  from  fancy  which  still  cover  some 
of  the  walls  at  Taymouth.  Sir  Colin  could  appreciate 
the  more  delicate  pencil  of  an  artist  of  his  own  country. 

^  He  was  in  the  habit  of  writing  on  Oracolipoliiici  cioesentenzeetdocuvievti 

bis  books  those  pithy  Italian  and  "Latin  nohili  et  illustri,  printed  by  Aldus,  1590, 

apophthegms    then   so   much   admired.  a  copy  of  Avliich,  marked  with  his  ini- 

The  sentences  of  Italian  seem  chietly  to  tials,  is  preserved  at  Taymouth. 
be  taken  from  a  little  collection,  entitled 


350 


SKETCHES  UF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


It  is  to  his  taste  that  wc  owe  the  largest  colleetioii,  an^l 
perhaps  the  l)est  woi'ks  of  the  peneil  of  tlje  fii'st  of 
Scotch  painters — Jamesone.  The  notice  of  J>fnvi(,*,  and 
the  letters  of  Jamesone  himself,  preserved  at  Taymouth, 
show  the  rapidity  of  that  artist's  work,  and  the  prices  Ik; 
received  for  his  pictures.  He  undertakes  to  paint  six 
teen  pictures  between  July  and  the  end  of  Septembei', 
and  he  informs  his  patron  that  his  ordinary  price  is 
twenty  merks  for  a  half-length,  or  twenty  pounds,  with 
a  double  gilt  muUer  {frame).  These  letters  also  ser\^e  to 
prove  that  Jamesone  was  working  at  Taymouth  while 
Bowie  or  his  continuator  was  writing  the  Black  Book, 
and  it  does  not  seem  unreasonable  to  conjecture  that  the 
fanciful  and  often  grotesque  portraits  that  are  found  in  it 
are  from  the  ready  pencil  of  one  accustomed  to  paint 
imaginary  portraits,  and  actually  engaged  at  the  time  in 
ornamenting  the  family  tree  of  the  house  of  Breadalljane. 
The  portrait  of  Sir  Colin,  •  Jamesone's  patron,  is  more 
careful  than  the  rest,  and  is  evidently  a  characteristic 
likeness.^ 

If  Master  William  Bowie  Kved  to  wTite  the  memoir 


^  The  large  family  tree  ornamented 
with  portraits,  in  the  south-west  tower 
at  Taymouth,  is  inscribed.  The  Genea- 
logie  of  the  hous  of  Gleaurquhie,  qxihair- 
of  is  descendit  sundrie  nohill  and  icorthie 
housis,  1635.  G.  Jameson  faciebat.  Sir 
Duncan  of  Lochow,  the  great  ancestor  of 
the  family,  is  in  a  red  plaid  and  kilt, 
with  a  shirt  of  mail,  short  checked  hose, 
and  bare  knees.  The  other  pictures  of 
Jameson's  I  have  observed  at  Tajinouth 
are — 

Johne,  Loird  Leslie,  1633. 

Thomas,  Lord  of  Binning,  ]  636. 

James,  Marques  of  Hamilton,  1636. 


Anna,  Marquessa  of  Hamilton,  1636. 

Wiliame,  _Earl  Marischal,  1637. 

Johne,  Earl  of  Kingom,  1637. 

Sir  Robert  Campbell,  1611  (two  pic- 
tures). 

Sir  John  Campbell,  1612  (two  pic- 
tures). 

William,  Erie  of  Aeirth,  1637. 

Johne,  Lord  Naper,  1637- 

Johne,  Earl  of  Mar,  1637. 

Loird  of  Lawden,  1637. 

A  sketch  by  this  artist  of  a  girl  with 
a  goldfinch  has  no  name.  It  is  marked 
^Elatis  sum, — 1611. 


J 


CHRONICLE  OF  FOKTIRCxALL.  351 

of  Sir  Robert,  the  ninth  laird  of  Glenurchy,  it  must  have 
caused  him  much  grief.  The  house  of  Breadalbane  had 
fallen  upon  evil  times.  Public  events  and  family  ex- 
penses combined  to  bear  it  down,  and  the  notary's  last 
pages  record  the  legal  steps  taken  by  numerous  creditors 
against  the  unhappy  Sir  Robert.  It  is  a  pity  the  old 
man  could  not  have  lived  to  see  the  family  restored  in 
fortune  and  increased  in  honours  in  the  next  generation, 
in  the  person  of  his  pupil. 

The  second  article  selected  from  the  charter-room  of 
Taymouth,  has  been  named  The  Chronicle  of  Fortirgall, 
on  presumptions  afforded  by  the  MS.  It  is  a  smaU  4to 
book  of  paper,  much  decayed  and  imperfect,  giving  no 
name  of  the  compiler  or  writer.  The  first  part  of  its 
contents  are  almost  identical  mth  a  chronicle  already 
known  and  published  as  Dean  McGregors  Chronicle. 
The  author  (a  person  whom  we  reverence  as  the  sole 
early  collector  of  Highland  poetry)  was  James  M'Gregor, 
Dean  of  Lismore,  and  Vicar  of  Fortirgall.  The  present 
compilation  notices  the  death  of  the  Dean  himself,  which 
took  place  in  1551,  and  brings  the  record  of  events  con- 
siderably lower.  We  gather  from  its  contents  that  the 
writer  was  a  M'Gregor,  acknowledging  M'Gregor  of 
Glensthrae  for  his  chief ;  that  he  was  a  priest,  and  "  said 
his  first  mass"  at  Whitsunday  1531  ;  that  he  came  to 
the  cure  of  Fortirgall  at  Beltane  1532  ;  and  that  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  that  neighbourhood. 
He  records  chiefly  the  obits  and  funerals  of  Fortirgall 
and  Inchaddin,  though  mixed  A\ith  such  as  interested 
him  of  the  passing  events  of  the  Highlands,  and  of  the 


352  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

puljlic  [iftliiis  of  the  country.  He  records  that  he  l^egan 
to  sow  oats  in  the  ]>orllin  of  Fortirgall  on  23d  Mareli  of 
each  of  the  years  1575  and  1576  ;  and  the  hist  entry  of 
his  journal  is  dated  25th  April  1579. 

But  though  the  period  of  his  record  is,  all  things  con- 
sidered, the  most  interesting  and  important  of  Scotch 
history,  there  is  no  comment  on  public  events,  and  no- 
thing that  is  new  to  the  student  of  history.  Within  the 
space  of  two  leaves,  the  deaths  of  Eizzio,  of  Darnley,  of 
Murray,  of  Archbishop  Hamilton,  are  noted  ;  \\dthout 
any  new  circumstances,  and  with  a  remarkable  avoidance 
of  any  expression  of  feeling.  Somewhat  more  is  ehcited 
by  the  murder  or  death  of  some  good  neighbour  or  friend 
of  the  chronicler,  when  he  deals  a  short  eulogium, — bonus 
fidt, — or  especially  if  he  can  say — non  fiiit  avarus,  or 
Beus  diligit  Jiilarem  datorem,  concluding  with  a  requiescat 
in  j^cice,  or  Deus  propitietur. 

Perhaps  it  was  necessary  caution  that  prevented  him 
from  denouncing  more  openly  the  Eeformation,  to  which 
he  was  no  friend.  1558,  says  he,  fidt  principium  novce 
legis  hereticoruin.  In  1559,  he  records  that  the  summer 
before,  the  great  steugh  came  in  Scotland  against  the 
faith  that  our  progenitors  had  long  time  afore  that. 
That  same  summer  (1559)  "  the  charter-house  (of  Perth) 
was  destroyed.  Scone  burnt,  mekil  trouble  in  Scotland. 
None  durst  say  mass  nor  sacrament  in  the  old  fashion." 
He  notes  the  death  of  one  who  was  Jlrmtis  injide  catlio- 
lica,  and  of  several  who  died  in  lege  Lutkerana,  or  who 
"  renounced  the  law  and  the  sacraments,"  leaving  no 
doubt  of  his  own  principles  ;  yet  he  occasionally  bestows 


EECOilD  OF  THE  WEATHEli.  353 

an  orate  jyro  ayiinia  even  upon  one  of  these  heretics  ; 
and  he  records  with  equal  impassiveness  the  day  of  St. 
Bartholomew  in  France, — "  the  Papetis  in  France  slew 
and  murdreist  in  the  nicht  mony  men  and  women  of 
the  congregation  ;"  and  the  death  of  John  Hamilton, — 
"  the  said  bissop  was  tayne  and  justifeit  and  hangit  in 
Strywelyn." 

Perhaps  the  part  of  the  Chronicle  of  the  Curate  of 
Fortirgall  which  may  prove  most  useful,  is  his  record  of 
the  weather, — of  good  and  bad  seasons,  and  of  the  con- 
sequent fluctuation  of  the  prices  of  victuals.  The  first 
noticed  by  him  is  1554,  when  there  was  frost  and  snow 
"whiles"  before  Andersmas  (30th  November),  and  con- 
tinued frost  from  13th  December,  and  great  snow  from 
Yule  day  at  even,  and  every  day  from  thenceforth  more 
and  more  without  any  thaw  till  the  17th  of  January. 
"  It  was  the  greatest  snoAV  and  storm  that  was  seen  in 
memory  of  man  living  that  time.  Many  wild  horses 
and  mares,  kye,  sheep,  goats,  perished  and  died  for  want 
of  food  in  the  mountains,  and  in  all  other  parts  ;  and 
though  partial  thaw  came  on  I7th  January,  it  began 
then  to  snow  and  freeze  till  the  2 2d  day  of  February,  on 
^vhich  day  men  and  women  might  well  pass  on  the  ice  of 
Lyon  in  sundry  places,  and  little  tilth  till  the  26  th  day 
,)f  February,  and  but  in  lyth  {sheltered)  places." 

The  winter  of  1561-62,  there  "was  mekle  snow  in 
lU  parts,  and  many  deer  and  roes  slaine."  The  summer 
>f  1563  he  commemorates  as  "right  dear;  viz.,  the  boll 
i)f  meal  5  merks."  In  the  following  summer  there  was 
"  mekle  rain  continually,  but  good  cheap  of  victuals  in 

z 


354  SKETCHKS  OF  EAULY  SCOTCH  HISTOIIV. 

all  parts."  The  Ixjll  of  meal  which  had  Ijeen  as  high  as 
five  merks  (£3,  Os.  8d.)  the  preceding  year,  sold  for 
eighteen  shillings,  and  malt  for  twenty-eight  shillings. 

"  The  summer  of  1570  right  good,  and  all  victuals  good 
cheap,  but  the  winter  and  Lentron  quarter  foUo^ving  evil 
weather,  many  sheep  and  goats  died  through  scarcity  of 
fodder.  In  the  spring  of  1571-2,  from  15th  January  till 
the  2 2d  March  great  frost,  so  that  no  ploughs  went  till 
eight  days  thereafter,  and  men  might  well  pass  and 
repass  on  the  ice  of  Lyon  the  3d  day  of  March." 

But  the  following  winter  struck  the  chronicler  of 
Fortirgall  as  more  than  usually  severe.  "The  2 2d  day 
of  February  there  came  after  noon  a  great  storm,  of 
snow  and  hail  and  wind,  that  no  man  nor  beast  might 
lift  up  their  heads,  nor  w^alk  nor  ride,  and  many  beasts 
perished  without  in  that  storm,  and  many  men  and 
women  perished  in  sundry  places  ;  and  all  kinds  of  vic- 
tual right  dear,  and  that  because  no  mills  might  grind 
for  the  frost.  AU  corn  came  to  the  mill  of  Dunkeld  out 
of  St.  Johnstoun  (Perth)  betwdxt  that  and  Dunkeld,  and 
aU  other  bounds  about  far  and  near.  The  meal  gave 
that  time  in  St.  Johnstoun,  43  shillings,  the  malt  34 
shillings  ;  and  before  St.  Patrick's  day  (l7th  March)  the 
meal  was  25s.  8d.,  and  the  malt  for  30  shillings." 

Many  other  notices  of  the  weather  occur,  which  arc 
always  valuable  when  made  at  the  time  and  by  an  eye- 
witness ;  and  many  instances  are  given  of  that  fluctua- 
tion of  prices  which  in  times  of  little  foreign  trade  wa^j 
ever  and  anon  reducing  the  people  at  one  plunge  froin 
plenty  to  starvation. 


ANONYMOUS  POEM. 


355 


Duncan  Laideus  alias  Makgregouris  Testament 
comes  next.  Pennant  saw  it  at  Taymouth  in  September 
1769,  and  communicated  it  to  Warton,  who  speaks  of  it 
as  "  an  anonymous  Scotch  poem  which  contains  capital 
touches  of  satirical  humour  not  inferior  to  those  of  Dun- 
bar and  Lyndesay."^  He  inclines  to  think  the  hero  and 
supposed  speaker  of  the  poem  altogether  an  imaginary 
personage,  a  mere  type  of  the  Highland  freebooter. 

The  verses  are  written  on  the  blank  leaves  at  the  end 
of  one  of  the  copies  of  the  romance  of  Alexander,  but  in 
a  different  hand  from  it.  They  are  unfortunately  anony- 
mous, and  we  have  no  clue  to  enable  us  to  conjecture 
the  author.  It  was  a  mistake,  however,  to  suppose  that 
the  subject  of  the  poem,  the  person  in  whose  mouth  the 
satire  is  put,  was  an  imaginary  person.  Duncan  McGre- 
gor, called  Laideus  or  Laudasach,  was  but  too  well  known 
in  Breadalbane  and  the  Highlands  for  half  a  century, 
but  the  documents  and  records  by  which  his  history  is 
vouched  are  of  the  end  of  it. 

He  must  have  been  of  some  standing  in  the  pro- 
scribed but  powerful  clan,  although  his  daring  character 
may  have  helped  as  much  as  his  cousinship,  to  place  him 
in  the  office  of  tutor  of  the  young  Chief  of  M'Gregor. 
His  chronicler  informs  us  that  in  his  youth  he  led  the 


1  History  of  English  roetry,  p.  482, 
edit.  1810. — Though  so  accomplished  an 
English  scholar,  Warton  was  hardly 
able  to  appreciate  the  language  of  Dun- 
can Laideus.  His  explanatory  notes  of 
the  few  verses  which  he  quotes  are  very 
bad.  —  "  Barne  tyme,"  Anglo-Saxon 
beam  team,  a  family  of  children,  he  ren- 
ders "  harvest."  "  Rig,"  a  ridge  of 
ploughed    land,    he    makes     "  Rick." 


"  Quart,"  he  calls  an  English  gallon  ;  I 
know  not  why.  "  Into  deid,"  which 
means  merely  "  indeed,"  he  reads  "  un- 
to death."  ''Allege,"  which  the  con- 
text ought  to  have  shown  him  stands 
for  "legate"  or  "bequeath,"  he  trans- 
lates "give,"  "assign."  "  Sessioun," 
he  makes  "  Parliament,"  a  sense  it  never 
bore  in  Scotland.  Here  it  means  the 
Court  of  Session,  etc.  etc. 


356  SKETCHKS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOKY. 

life  of  all  liis  clan, — the  life  of  the  Arfih  robber,  or  the 
wolf  on  whoHe  head  a  price  is  set.  Hunt(;(l  "  through 
Lome,  Argyll,  Menteith,  and  J>readalban(.s"  he  retired  to 
the  wilds  of  Lochaljer,  where  he  hoped  to  find  shelter 
with  Lochiel  ;  but  the  Earl  of  Argyll  having  pursued 
him  hotly,  he  doubled  back  to  Breadalbane,  where  he 
was  taken  and  thrown  into  prison  by  Sir  Duncan  Camp- 
bell, the  second  Laird  of  Glenurchy.  He  escaped,  and 
made  himself  strong  with  many  followers  in  the  con- 
fusion that  followed  the  field  of  Flodden,  where  the 
Knight  of  Glenm-chy  was  slain,  mth  his  cousin  of  Argyll 
and  their  royal  master.  From  this  period  (1513)  till  his 
death,  he  was  the  terror  of  the  Highlands.  Of  the  in- 
juries he  suffered  personally,  or  the  wrongs  he  may  have 
had  to  avenge,  we  know  little.  The  stor}^  is  told  by  the 
other  party.  His  last  exploits  we  must  take  from  the 
formal  narrative  of  the  public  prosecutor.  On  the  26  th 
November  1551,  the  Queens  Advocate  set  forth  that 
"  Duncan  Laudes  and  Grregour  liis  sone  recently,  namely 
upoun  Sounday  the  2 2d  day  of  November  instant,  at 
sex  houris  at  evin  under  silence  of  nycht,  be  way  of 
hamesukin  cam  to  the  hous  of  Alaster  Owir  alias  M'Gre- 
gour  servand  to  Colyne  Campbell  of  Glenurquhay  of  the 
landis  of  Moreis  and  be  force  tuke  him  furth  of  his  said 
hous  and  be  way  of  murthure  straik  him  wdth  quhin- 
gearis  and  crewellie  slew  him  and  spulyeit  and  tuke  fra 
him  liis  purs  and  in  it  the  soume  of  fourty  poundis  ;  and 
incontinent  thii^eftir  past  to  the  landis  of  Killing  to  the 
hous  of  ane  pure  man  callit  Johnne  M'Ba}Tie  Pipare,  and 
thair  assegit  the  said  hous  and  brak  the  durris  thairof 


WHO  WAS  DUNCAN  LAIDEUS  ? 


357 


and  be  force  tuke  tlie  said  Johnne  furth  of  the  samin 
and  straik  his  heid  fra  his  body  and  crewelhe  slew  him 
and  gaif  him  divers  uther  straikis  with  quhingearis  in 
his  body,"  etc.  For  this  murder  on  his  "  awin  natioun  \' 
as  his  historian  tells  us,  he  and  his  son  were  charged^  and 
"  put  to  the  home  ; "  which  they  treated  with  derision: 
And  the  common  process  of  law  was  not  likely  to  be 
otherwise  treated  by  such  as  Duncan.  Here,  however, 
it  was  enforced  by  others  than  the  Queen's  messengers. 
Alaster  Owir,  though  a  Macgregor,  was  a  "  servant"  of 
Glenurchy's,  who  was,  therefore,  bound  to  avenge  his 
murder.  Of  one  step  taken  for  that  purpose  we  have 
the  particulars  in  this  collection.  On  the  11th  March 
1551,^  Glenurchy  took  a  bond  of  manrent  or  service 
from  James  Stewart  of  Ballindoran,  and  two  Drum- 
monds,  whereby  these  parties  bound  themselves  "  with 
their  whole  power,  with  their  kin,  friends  and  partakers, 
to  invade  and  pursue  to  the  death  Duncan  Laudosach 
M'Gregour,  Gregour  his  son,  their  servands,  partakers 
and  complices  ...  be  reason  that  thai  ar  our  deidlie 
enemies  and  our  Soverane  Ladle's  rebels."'*^     The  foxes 


1  The  charge  was  executed  at  the 
Market  Cross  of  Perth,  28th  Nov.  1551. 

"^  That  is,  three  months  after  the  mur- 
der of  Alaster  Owir  ;  the  year  ending 
24th  March. 

*  It  may  have  been  in  revenge  of  tliis 
undertaking  that  the  M'Gregors,  many 
vears  afterwards,  murdered  Jolin  Drum- 
inond  (though  under  double  assurance 
)f  their  clan)  with  the  circumstances  of 
•special  and  almost  solemn  ferocity  de- 
scribed in  a  bond  preserved  at  Tay- 
nouth. 

The  l)ond,  which  is  by  tlie  Earl  of 
iMontrose,  Lords  Drunimond  and  Inch- 


aff'ray  and  Glenurchy  (1589),  obliges 
them  to  revenge  the  murder  of  John 
Drummond,  of  Drumnevenocht  in  Glen- 
arknay,  by  the  McGregors,  "  being  under 
their  double  assurance,  neither  then 
outrun,"  which  was  in  this  manner, — 
'Hhe  said  Johne  being  directit  be  his 
cheif,  at  his  Majestie's  commandment, 
for  getting  of  vennisoune  to  have  send 
to  Ediuburght  to  his  Majestie's  mar- 
riage, the  said  clan  cuttit  and  of-tuik 
his  heid,  and  thaireftir  convened  the 
rest  of  that  clan,  and  set  down  the  heid 
befoir  thame,  thairby  causing  thanie 
authoreiss  the  said  creual  murthour." 


358  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

had  still  another  douljle  for  their  lives.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  deadly  feud  that  was  })etween  them,  and  although 
Glenurchy  had  obtained  a  gift  from  Chatelherault  the 
Governor,  of  the  escheat  of  the  outlaws,  they  found 
means  to  avert  his  wrath,  and  even  to  obtain  his  protec- 
tion. On  the  2d  of  May  1552,^  Colyne  Campbell  of 
Glenurquhai  (the  zeal  of  love  and  good  conscience  mov- 
ing him)  received  Duncane  Makgregour  and  Gregour 
his  son  in  his  maintenance  {'protection),  forgave  all  man- 
ner of  actions  and  faults  that  they  had  committed,  and 
gave  them  back  the  escheat  of  their  goods  which  he  had 
purchased  when  they  were  the  Queen  s  rebels  ;  they  be- 
ing now  received  to  the  Queen's  peace  and  his  favour. 
The  sole  condition  stipulated  was  that  the  Maegregors 
should  fulfil  their  bond  of  manrent  {service)  to  Glen- 
urchy in  all  points.  The  subsequent  cause  of  quaiTel 
we  do  not  learn.  The  wild  blood  of  the  MacOTeorors 
may  have  broken  out  in  some  new  enormity  too  great 
for  pardon  and  too  clear  for  trial.  On  the  16  th  of  June 
1552,  says  the  Curate  of  Fortirgall,  Duncan  Macgregor 
and  his  sons  Gregor  and  Malcolm  Roy  were  beheaded 
by  Colin  Campbell  of  Glenurchy,  Campbell  of  Glenlyon, 
and  Menzies  of  Rannoch.^ 

Such  was  the  person  in  whose  mouth  the  anonymous 
poet  of  Breadalbane,  follomng  the  practice  which  Dun- 
bar and  Lindsay  had  rendered  popular,  has  put  the 
Testameiit  which  the  poetical  Lord  of  Glenurchy  has 

"    ^  Little  more  than  a  month  after  the  moveables  and  immoveables  of  v.mquhile 

bond  with  Stewart  and  Drnmmond.  ^M 'Gregor  alias  Ladassach,  and  Gregor, 

^  Before  the  end  of  1552  we  meet  with  his   son  ,   .  .  convict  of  certain  crimes 

a  gilt   to   Glenurchy  of  the  escheat  of  ...  and  justyfeit  to  the  death. 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE  POEM.  359 

transcribed   at   the   end   of  his   favourite   Romance  of 
Chivalry. 

The  reader  of  modern  English  poetry  will  require  to 
make  some  allowance  for  the  time  and  the  country  of  the 
Scotch  poet  of  the  sixteenth  century.  But  the  student 
of  early  English  literature  will  find  no  difficulty  in  the 
mere  language  and  spelling  ;  and  much  of  what  now 
seems  uncouth  in  the  thouo;hts  and  the  management  of 
the  poem,  is  in  truth  imitated  from  the  great  early 
masters  who  were  writing  verse  and  cultivating  the 
same  Saxon  tongue  in  Scotland  and  England  equally 
and  contemporaneously. 

The  impersonation,  in  the  beginning,  not  only  of  the 
vii-tues  and  vices,  but  of  other  abstractions,  a  practice 
which  may  be  traced  back  to  the  "  mysteries"  and  Church 
plays  of  the  middle  ages,  will  not  seem  altogether  strange 
to  one  familiar  with  the  allegories  of  Spenser  and  of 
John  Bunyan.  Neither  will  he  want  authorities  for 
the  inartificial  confusion  of  the  persons  of  the  supposed 
speaker  and  the  poet,  though,  in  the  present  case,  this 
produces  a  bad  effect.  We  find  it  unnatural  that  the 
robber  and  outlaw  should  patriotically  lament  the  Battle 
of  Flodden  which  gave  him  his  own  liberty  ; — should 
describe  the  hangino;  of  his  fellows  as  a  "  blessed  sacrifice 
to  our  Lorde,"  and  everywhere  mix  up  moral  and  reli- 
gious reflections  with  his  triumphant  rehearsal  of  his 
worst  exploits.  But  after  making  full  deduction  for 
such  faults  of  composition,  we  find  abundance  to  admire 
in  this  short  poem. 

The  testator  thus  opens  his  narrative  : — 


300  SKKTCMKS  OF  KAHT.V  SCOTCH   Ffl.STOKY. 

"  Wlien  passit  waH  tlic  tiiiu;  of  tender  ago, 

And  Youth  witli  Insolence  made  acquaintance, 

And  Wickedness  enforced  Evil  courage. 

While  [till)  Might  with  Cruelty  niadc  alliance. 
Then  Falsehood  took  on  him  the  governance, 

And  me  betaught  ane  household  for  to  guide, 

Called  Evil  Company  both  to  gang  and  ride. 

"  My  master-household  was  hight  Oppression,"  etc' 

He  contrasts  his  past  glories  with  his  present  state 
and  prospect  of  death,  and  sends  a  message  to  his  com- 
rades,— 

"  I  wot  they  will  say,  '  He  that  should  hawd  us 
Is  gone  for  ever,  good  Duncan  Laudus.'  " 

He  describes  his  progress  in  crime  till  King  James 
the  Fourth,  that  royal  prince,  determined  to  have  him 
caught.  He  was  hunted  through  Lorn,  Argyll,  Men- 
teith,  and  Breadalbane ;  but,  "  as  a  fox,  with  many  a 
double  and  wile,  from  the  hounds  escapes  oft  unslain," 
so  he,  till  Argyll  and  Glenurchy  combined  to  trap  him, 
and  he  was  put  in  duress  and  doomed  to  death. 

In  his  prison  the  news  of  the  field  of  Flodden  reached 
him — 

"  The  tedious  tidings  through  this  realm  ran, 
The  great  defeat  and  final  destruction 
Of  our  King  wnth  many  worthy  man. 

This  heard  I  all,  lying  in  deep  dungeon : 
I  thought  me  then  half  out  of  my  prison, 
For  T  did  aye,  as  does  the  meikle  Devil, 
Crabbed  of  good,  and  ever  blyth  of  evil." 

'  In  these  extracts,  I   have  not   ad-        language   unnecessarily   obscure    to   an 
hered   strictly  to  the    spelling    of  the        English  reader,  as  in  quhill  for  while, 
original,   which  sometimes  renders  the 


DUNCAN  LAIDEUR.  361 

He  escapes,  and  assembles  his  old  band  ;  hears  with 
great  joy  of  the  death  of  Argyll  and  Glenurchy  in  the 
fatal  battle  ;  and  becomes  more  formidable  than  be- 
fore— 

"  Like  a  wolf  greedy  and  insatiable, 
Devouring  sheep  with  many  bloody  box, 
To  the  people  I  was  as  terrible, 

Keiving  from  them  many  a  cow  and  ox  ; 

AVere  the  grey  mare  in  the  fetterlocks 
At  John  Uplands  door  knit  fast  enough, 
Upon  the  morn  he  missed  her  to  the  plough." 

He  rejoiced  for  a  time  that  the  king  was  young  and 
the  laws  obscured.     But  anon  King  James  v. — 

"  Began  into  tliis  region  for  to  reign, 

Maist  circumspect,  with  princely  governance. 
With  manly  heart  began  this  awful  king 

Trespassers  to  punish  with  cruel  vengeance." 

Laideus  is  again  hounded  out,  retreats  again  to  Lochaber, 
wist  not  in  what  hole  to  hide  his  head,  and  was  driven 
to  dire  extremities,  when  he  was  once  more  relieved  by 
the  king's  death.  On  hearing  that  event  he  finds  his 
youth  restored,  gathers  his  men,  harries  the  country, 
slays  twenty-seven  of  the  Clan  Lauren  in  one  place  in 
Balquhidder  in  Passion  week,  burns  and  slays  the  Clan- 
donachie,  and  at  last,  in  his  pride,  even  sets  himself  to 
destroy  Glenurchy,  and  thinks  to  rule  the  country. 

"  We  shaped  to  fly,  but  we  wanted  wings." 

"  Makgregour "   dying,   Duncan  is  chosen   "  Tutor." 

When  he  levies  black-mail — 

"  The  poor  people  I  put  in  such  a  fear. 

Till  in  their  hearts  they  were  wonder  fain 


362  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

To  ^ivo  1110  yearly  onu  part  of  tlieir  g(!ar, 

From  Saintjohnstown  west  unto  Strathfillan." 

For  the  slauglitor  of  AlLster  Ower,  Duncan  and  his 
son  were  put  to  the  horn,  l^ut  affected  to  hold  it  in  delu- 
sion, and  returned  to  reive,  steal,  oppress,  and  some  as 
before.  Some  of  his  fellows  were  taken,  and  some 
headed,  some  hanged,  and  set  up  high  on  a  gallows  — 

"  Whilk  was  ane  blessed  sacrifice  to  our  Lord, 

And  right  acceptable,  I  dare  stand  for  it ; 
For,  if  he  be  skant  of  ky  in  heaven, 
They  will  him  bring  I  wot  each  night  eleven." 

At  length,  after  escaping  from  two  crowned  kings, 
and  governors  and  lords  of  great  renown,  the  outlaw 
was  taken  by  Colin  of  Glennrchy  ;  and  thus  he  frames 
his  legacy,  after  an  approved  form  of  satire  : — 

"  The  time  is  short  that  I  have  now  unspent ; 

Of  temporal  good  nought  I  do  posseid, 
While  I  have  space  I  will  make  my  testament. 

My  spiritual  good  I  leave  it  into  deed  [indeed), 

Spiritual  men  for  me  to  sing  and  read. 
For  well  I  wot  they  will  their  rights  have, 
And  I  will  please  them  as  well  as  the  lave  {rest). 

To  my  Curate,  negligence  I  resign, 

Therewith  his  parishioners  for  to  teach  : 
Another  gift  I  leave  him  as  condign, 

Sloth  with  ignorance,  seldom  for  to  preach, 

The  souls  he  commits  for  to  bleach 
In  purgatory  till  they  be  washen  clean, 
Pure  religion  thereby  for  to  sustain. 

"  To  the  Yicar  I  leave  diligence  and  cure 

-  To  take  the  upmost  cloth  and  the  kirk  cow^ 
More  than  to  put  the  corpse  in  sepulture. 
Have  poor  widow  six  grice^  and  a  sow, 
He  will  have  one  to  fill  his  belly  fou  ; 

•  Dues  of  h\;rial,  the  most  oppressive  and  odious  at  that  time.  -  Pigs. 


DUNCAN  LAIDEUS.  363 

His  thought  is  more  upon  the  Pasch  fines 
Than  the  souls  in  purgatory  that  pines. 

''  Oppression,  the  Parson  I  leave  untill  [unto) 

Poor  men's  corn  to  hold  upon  the  rig 
Till  he  get  the  teynd  all  whole  at  his  will, 

Suppose  the  bairns  their  bread  should  go  thig  [brg), 

His  purpose  is  no  kirks  for  to  big : 
So  fair  a  bairn  teme  God  has  him  sendin. 
These  seven  years  the  choir  will  ly  unnienden." 

And  SO  lie  continues,  in  a  strain  of  fierce  satire, 
against  the  Churchmen  —  Dean,  Prior,  Bishop,  the 
Friars  : 

"  I  leave  the  Abbot  pride  and  arrogance, 
With  trapped  mules  in  the  court  to  ride, 
Not  in  the  cloister  to  make  residence, 
It  is  no  honour  there  for  him  to  bide, 
But  erar  (rathe?'-)  for  a  bishoprick  to  provide. 
For  well  ye  wot  a  poor  benefice 
Of  ten  thousand  mark  may  not  him  suffice." 

The  Bishop  is  to  have  exemption  from  lay  jurisdic- 
tion, "  for  well  ye  wot  the  Pope  is  far  from  home."  The 
Friars,  his  flattery  and  false  dissembling.  Then  the  poor 
caged  savage  breaks  into  this  strain  of  natural  regret, — 

"  Now  fair  well  Kannoch,  wdth  thy  loch  and  isle, 

To  me  thou  wast  right  traist  both  even  and  morn, 

Thou  wast  the  place  that  would  me  noch  beguile 
When  I  have  been  oft  at  the  king's  horn, 
Yit  may  thou  ban  the  hour  I  was  born, 

For  uncourteously  T  quitted  thee  thy  hire. 

That  left  thee  burning  in  a  fellon  fire. 

"  Now,  good  Glendochart,  for  ever  more  adieu. 

That  oft  has  been  my  buckler  and  my  beild  [slielter), 
]5oth  day  and  night  to  me  thou  wast  right  true, 


P)64  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH    HISTOIIV. 

Ami  lately,  until  when  T  ffrow  in  eild  (agti), 
And  durst  no  more  })C  seen  upon  the  field 
Tiian  dare  the  owlet  when  the  day  i.s  light, 
Yet  thou  me  kccpcd  with  thy  main  and  might. 

"  Fare  well  Glenloquhy,  with  thy  forest  free ; 

Fare  well  Fernay,  that  oft  my  friend  has  been ; 
Fare  well  Morinche.     Alas  !  full  woe  is  me  ! 

Thou  was  the  ground  of  all  my  woe  and  teyne  (grief) ; 

Fare  well  Brcadalbane  and  Lochtay  so  sheen  ; 
Fare  well  Glenurchy  and  Glenlyon  baith, 
My  death  to  you  will  be  but  little  skaith. 

''  Farewell  Glenalmond,  garden  of  pleasance, 
For  many  fair  flower  have  I  from  ye  ta'en ; 
Fare  well  Stratbbran,  and  have  remembrance 
That  thou  shall  never  more  see  Duncan  again  ; 
AthoU,  Stratlitay,  of  my  death  be  fain. 
For  oft  times  I  took  your  reddiest  gear, 
Therefore  for  me  see  ye  greit  not  one  tear. 

"  Fare  well  Stratherne,  most  comely  for  to  know, 

Plenislied  with  pleasant  policy  preclair 
Of  towers  and  towns  standing  fair  in  row ; 

I  rugged  thy  ribs  till  oft  I  made  them  rair  (roo?^) ; 

Gar  (make)  thy  wives,  if  thou  will  do  no  more. 
Sing  my  dirige  after  nsum  Sarum^ 
For  oftimes  I  gart  them  alarum. 

"  Fare  well  Menteith,  where  oft  I  did  repair, 

And  come  unsought  aye  as  does  the  snaw, 
To  part  from  thee  my  heart  is  wonder  sair, 

Sometime  of  me  I  gart  you  stand  great  awe, 

But  fortune  has  lent  me  such  a  blaw 
That  they  who  dreaded  me  as  death  before, 
Will  mock  me  now^  with  hethyn  (ridicule)  shame  and  scorn. 

•  ••••• 

In  manus  tuas,  Lord  that  died  on  rood, 

Commendo  spiritum  meum  with  humility,"  etc. 


BONDS  OF  FRIENDSHIP  365 

Some  of  these  verses  show  a  breadth  and  intensity  of 
satire  worthy  of  Lindsay.  There  is  poetry  in  the  wild 
wail  of  .the  chained  robber,  and,  moreover,  a  sense  of 
natural  beauty  and  a  tenderness  of  feeling  which  we  do 
not  look  for  in  writers  of  that  age,  and  which  no  earlier 
Scotch  poet  had  expressed  so  well,  if  we  except  the  ad- 
mirable Gawin  Douglas. 

Bonds  of  Friendship,  Bonds  of  Homage,  Bonds  of 
Manrent  and  Maintenance,  are  found  in  greater  or  less 
quantity  in  all  old  Scotch  charter-chests  ;^  but  at  Tay- 
moutli  are  some  of  a  difl'erent  character,  and  some  which 
seem  to  present  new  points  of  interest  for  the  Scotch 
Antiquary.  We  have  never  before  had  a  collection  of 
such  transactions  from  a  Highland  chiefs  castle.  The 
mixture  of  the  two  elements,— of  the  patriarchal  and  the 
feudal, — of  that  system  where  all  property  was  (by  theory) 
in  the  tribe,  and  that  where  (by  theory  again)  property  was 
in  the  lord  alone, — is  here  seen  for  the  first  time.  We 
have  a  great  chief  and  ruler  of  many  Celtic  tribes,  living 
among  tliem  and  conforming  to  their  customs,  yet  hold- 
ing his  own  territories  and  his  position  in  the  kingdom 
as  a  Feudal  Baron.  The  M'Gregors  and  M'Nabs,  hke 
their  Celtic  brethren,  holding  property  by  no  written 
tenures,  having  perhaps  no  individual  property  in  the 
soil,  were  little  addicted  to  commit  theii*  transactions  to 
writing.     But  with  the  Norman,  came  strict  rights  of 

1  Two  large  collections  of  these  bonds  tlieir  objects,  and  the  state  of  society 

of  homage  and   friendship — of  "  man-  wliich  gave  rise  to  them,  I  would  refer 

rent    and    maintenance  "  —  have    been  to  the  prefatory  notices  of  these  collec- 

lately  published  by  the  Spalding  Club,  tions  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Club. — 

one  from  the  charter-room  of  Slaines,  Miscellany  of  the  Spalding  Club,  ii.cwi., 

the   other   from   Gordon    Castle.      For  iv.  xlviii. 


3GG  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  illSTORY. 

property,  written  tenures,  and  a  propensity  to  records  : 
and  instead  of  the  vague  traditions  of  the  poor  Celts,  we 
have  here  preserved  definite,  though  shght,  footsteps  of 
their  immemorial  usages. 

In  the  cliai*ter-cliests  of  lowland  Scotland  there  pro- 
bably is  not  an  instance  of  a  formal  deed  of  adoption 
of  a  cliild,  though  the  practice  was  evidently  common 
under  the  civil  law.  At  Taymouth  these  deeds  of  adop- 
tion are  so  common,  it  was  evidently  an  approved  way 
of  transmitting  property. 

One  of  them  relates  how  John  jVrGillespie  received 
John  Campbell  of  Glenurchy  as  his  o^\ti  son,  and  took 
him  on  his  knee,  calling  him  Jilmm  adoptivum,  that  is 
to  say,  his  chosen  son,  and,  he  being  on  his  knee,  gave  to 
the  said  John  the  half  of  his  goods.  In  like  manner 
John  M'Bay,  and  Mary  Yykfail,  his  spouse,  took  the 
same  John  Campbell  as  a  bairn  of  their  o^m,  and  their 
special  oversman  and  defender,  and  delivered  a  glove  in 
token  of  aU  their  goods  and  a  bairn's  part  of  their  goods 
after  their  decease.  Many  similar  deeds  in  this  collec- 
tion show  not  only  a  new  form,  but  a  kind  of  transaction 
and  a  state  of  society  unknown  in  the  Lowlands. 

The  Celtic  custom  of  Fostering  was  in  fresh  observ- 
ance through  Breadalbane  and  Argyll,  during  the  period 
of  these  deeds,  and  extended  through  all  classes.  The 
provisions,  when  reduced  to  writing,  are  almost  uniform. 

On  the  5th  November  1580,  Duncan  of  Glenurchy 
agrees  that  his  native  servant,  GiUecreist  Makdonchy 
Duff  V'Nokerd,  and  Katherine  Neyn  Douill,  Vekconchy, 
his  spouse,  shall  have  his  son  Duncan  in  fostering,  they 


FOSTERING  IN  THE  HIGHLANDS.  367 

sustaining  him  in  meat,  drink,  and  nourishment  till  he 
be  sent  to  the  schools,  and  afterwards  at  the  schools, 
with  reasonable  support,  and  they  and  his  father  settling 
upon  him  of  "makhelve"^  goods,  the  value  of  200 
merks  of  kye,  and  two  horses  worth  forty  merks,  with 
their  increase  ;  the  milk  of  the  cattle  being  the  foster- 
parents'  while  they  sustain  the  bairn.  There  is  a  stipu- 
lation that  if  Duncan  shall  die  before  being  sent  to  the 
schools,  another  of  Glenurchy's  children,  lass  or  lad,  shall 
be  fostered  in  his  stead,  who  shall  succeed  to  his  goods  ; 
and  he,  or  the  bairn  that  enters  his  place,  is  to  have  at 
the  decease  of  the  foster-parents,  a  bairn's  part  of  gear 
with  their  children. 

A  similar  bond  of  fostering,  with  more  minute  stipu- 
lations, was  entered  into  between  Duncan  of  Glenurchy 
and  Duncan  Campbell  of  Duntrone  ;  the  former  "  being 
of  before  foster-son  to  Duntrone  and  Agnes  Niklauchlane 
his  late  wife,  and  Duntrone  and  Agnes  Nikolleane  his 
present  wife,  "  being  of  the  like  mind  that  love  and 
favour  should  be  and  continue  betwixt  the  houses  of 
Glenurchy  and  Duntrone  ;"  they  receive  Colin,  Glen- 
urchy's son  and  heir  in  fostering,  and  the  lady  promises 
"to  be  to  him  a  favourable  and  loving  foster-mother,  in 
the  same  manner  and  condition  as  the  said  Duncan 
Campbell  of  Glenurchy  of  before  was  fostered  in  the 
house  of  Duntrone." 

The  stipulation  found  in  all  these  deeds,  for  giving 
the  foster-child  his  share  in  the  moveable  succession,  is 

*  Tliis  word,  tliougli  known  in  con-  factorily.  See  Jamieson's  Dictionary, 
nexion  Avith  goods  appropriated  to  foster-  Supplement,  voc.  "  Macalive  "  and 
children,  has  not  been  explained  satis-        "  Dalt." 


308  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

nothing  more  than  reducing  to  writing   what  was  the 
customary  hiw  of  the  Highlanders,  in  common  with  the 
other  Celtic  peoples.^     But  the  real  benefit  sought  by 
both  parties  in  those  transactions,  was  mutual  support 
and  strength.     In  times  when  none  counted  mucli  on  i 
the  protection  of  the  law,  families  endeavoured  to  sur-  i 
round  themselves  with  friends  and  allies  ;  and  a  relation  ' 
like  this  of  fosterage  begot  feelings  of  mutual  friendship 
better   than   the  artificial    system    of  bonds   of  amity,  ' 
which  were  apt  to  stand  or  fall  mth  the  interest  and 
temper  of  the  parties.     In  one  remarkable  case,  which  , 
does  not  come  within  the  scope  of  the  present  collection,  ' 
two  families  agreed  to  perpetuate  the  connexion,  cove-  \ 
nanting  that  the  eldest  son  of  the  one  should  always  be  ■ 
fostered  by  the  other.     We  do  not  know  the  result,  nor  I 
how  long  it  was  before  that  contract,  like  other  schemes  j 
for  unseen  generations,  feU  to  the  ground.  ^  | 

In  another  instance  I  have  lighted  on  a  bundle  of  j 
correspondence,  a  few  letters  of  which  mil  serve  better 
than    formal   contracts   to   show   the    feelino-s   of    two 
families  of  the  same  lineage  drawing  closer  the  bonds  of  j 
kindred  by  the  still  more  tender  relation  of  fosterage.  ] 
The  parties,   too,   are  of   more  than    common  interest,   j 
The  father  and  the  child  were  the  Marquis  and  Earl  of  '< 
Argyll,  each  subsequently  honoured  by  a  death  on  the 
scaffold.     The  person  selected    as  foster-father  was  the   i 


1  The  Welsh  law  weut  farther,  and  sess  the  laud  of  the  aillt  after  his  de- 
gave  the  foster-child  his  share  of  the  cease,  unless  he  have  children  ;  and  if 
laud. — **  If  an  uchelwr  {?dgh  man)  place  there  be  children,  he  is  to  have  the  share 
his  son  with  an  aillt  {villeyn)  to  be  of  a  brother." — Ancient  Lav: s  ojid  I nsti- 
nursed,  .  .  .  that  foster-sou  shall  pos-  lutes  of  Wales,  ii.  10,  translation. 


FOSTERING.  3G9 

accomplished  Sir  Colin  Campbell  of  Glenurchy.  Even 
more  important  in  such  a  relation,  the  foster-mother  was 
Juliane  Campbell,  daughter  of  Hew  Lord  Loudon  ;  but 
of  her  we  know  only  wliat  we  learn  from  this  corre- 
spondence, and  her  picture  at  Taymouth,  giving  the 
impression  of  sense  and  good  nature.^  The  correspond- 
ence begins  in  1633  : — 

From  Sir  Colin  Campbell  of  Glenurchy  to  ARcniBALD  Lord  Lorne. 

My  noble  Lord  and  Cheiff, — I  receauit  your  lordships  letter  from 
Archibald  Campbell,  schawing  me  that  syndrie  of  your  lordships 
freindis  wer  most  desyrous  to  have  your  lordships  eldest  sone  in  foster- 
ing, yet  for  diuerss  respectis  your  lordship  wes  better  pleasit  to  have 
him  brought  vp  with  me,  quich  I  acknowledge  is  a  great  testimonie 
both  of  your  lordships  trust  and  love,  and  I  hop  in  God  evir  so  to 
approve  myself  to  be  most  willing  and  desyrous  to  deserue  both.  And 
in  regard  that  your  lordship  and  it  may  be  your  lordships  lady  have 
occasioun  to  be  ane  great  part  of  this  sommer  in  the  Lawlandis,  gif  it 
may  stand  with  your  lordships  pleasour,  T  desyre  that  your  lordships 
sone  may  come  heir  to  me  about  the  17  or  18  of  Maii  nixt,  quhair, 
God  willing,  he  sail  have  all  the  cairfull  attendance  that  may  ly  in  my 
powar  to  give  him.  And  in  regaird  that  I  am  not  weill  able  to  travell 
myself  so  far  a  iourney,  I  intend  to  send  my  wyfe  and  some  vther  of 
my  friendis  to  be  his  convoy,  quhairwith  I  thought  guid  to  acquaint 
your  lordship,  hoping  that  agane  that  tyme  your  lordship  will  provyde 
some  discrit  woman  and  ane  sufficient  man  quha  hes  bothe  Irisch  and 
Englisch  and  will  have  a  care  not  onlie  to  attend  him,  but  somctymes 
lykewayes  to  learne  him  and  quhat  else  may  concern  him  quhill  he  is 
in  my  company.  God  willing,  my  wyfe  and  I  sail  have  a  speciall  care 
thairof.  As  for  the  rest  of  the  particulars  contenit  in  your  lordships 
letter,  I  sail  ansuer  thame  at  my  wyfes  coming  to  your  lordship  or 
vtherwayes  at  my  melting  with  your  lordship  the  aucht  of  Junii  as 
your  lordship  hes  desyrit,  at  Stirling,  to  quhich  time  with  the  remem- 


'  It,  as  well  as  Sir  Colin's  portrait,  is        are  engraved  by  rinkertou  in  his  Scot- 
hy  the  unnamed  German  artist.     Both        tish  Gallery. 

2  A 


370  SKpyrciiES  of  early  sc.'Otch  histojiy. 

brans  of  i)iy  hunioll  scruicc  to  your  lonlsliipH  noljill  ludy,  and  ovir  I 
renianc  your  lordships  assurit  frond  and  kinsman  to  my  powar  to 
serue, 

[CoLTN  Cami'Bkll  of  Glonunjuliay.] 

Loud  Lorne  to  Glenurciiy. 

For  my  loving  cousing  the  Lard  of  Glcanorquhay. 

Loving  Cusin, — Man  propons  bot  God  dispons.  I  intended  to 
heave  gone  prescntlie  to  Inuerraray,  bot  I  had  ane  letter  within  thir 
two  or  three  days  from  the  Thesaurar  Traquair,  desyring  me  to  be  in 
Edinburgh  so  soon  as  I  could,  quhiche  hes  altered  my  resolution  that 
ray  familie  cannot  stur  till  it  pleas  God  I  returne.  I  will  assoor  you 
your  foster  longs  very  much  to  see  you  and  doethe  not  dar  to  tell  he 
had  rather  be  thair  nor  her,  and  I  assoor  you  he  shall  heave  his  choice, 
bot  as  you  may  see  be  this  letter  of  his  grandfathers  the  Erie  of  Mor- 
ton that  he  intends  to  be  in  Scotland  so  shortlie,  his  mother  desyrs  if 
it  pleas  God  to  heaue  hir  childring  togither  till  that  tym,  to  draw  her 
father  her ;  and  if  wee  hear  any  contrair  advertisment  of  his  dyet  you 
shall  immediatelie  heaue  him  (as  Archie  calles  it)  home.  So  remem- 
bring  my  service  to  your  lady,  I  rest  your  loving  cusin, 

LORNE. 

Rosneithe  last  May. 

Archibald  Campbell  of  Lome  to  GLENURcnY, 

To  my  lowing  foster-father  and  respected  freind  the  Lard  of 
Glenvrquhey,  thes. 

LouiNQ  Freind, — Louing  foster-father,  I  thoglit  good  to  wryt  thir 
few  lyns  to  yow  to  shaw  yow  that  I  am  in  good  health  and  am  vearie 
sorie  that  ye  wryt  not  for  me,  and  I  long  weri  much,  to  sie  yow ;  and 
as  ye  wold  wis  me  to  be  well  and  to  come  to  yow,  send  to  me  in  all 
the  heast  and  diligence  ye  can,  Duncan  xlrchibald  and  tuey  horse  with 
him,  on  to  M'  Johen  and  on  for  my  cariage ;  and  prays  and  requests 
yow  to  send  them  in  all  the  heast  ye  can,  and  I  wil  looke  for  them 
that  they  may  be  heir  a  Fryday  or  at  the  fardest  at  Setterday  at 
night ;  and  take  it  not  in  anay  vncounes  that  I  send  not  back  the 
ansuere  of  the  letter  that  I  got  in  Edinbruch.  I  could  not  stay  be- 
cause I  was  in  heast ;  and  bring  my  commendations  to  your  shelf  and 


FOSTERING.  371 

to  yowr  wyf,  and  hoiipcs  that  I  wil  seie  yow  my  shelf  .shortlie,  if  ye 
doe  yowr  deutic,  not  duting  but  ye  wildoe  the  same,  comiting  yow  to 
Gods  protection  for  euer.     So  I  rest,  yours  at  power, 

Archibald  Lord  of  Lorne. 
Wryten  at  Inderaray, 
the  thrctie  day  of  September. 


From  the  Lady  Lorne  to  Glenurchy. 

To  my  much  respectit  and  guid  frcind  the  Laird  of  Glcnurquhy. 

LuEFEiN  Freind, — I  haife  sent  this  bearar  to  know  how  yea  and 
my  sone  are  in  healthc,  and  to  shaw  you  that  all  freindis  heare  are 
weall.  I  heair  my  sone  begines  to  wearye  of  the  Irishe  hmgwadge. 
I  intreatt  yow  to  cause  holde  hime  to  the  speakeing  of  itt,  for  since  he 
hes  bestowed  so  long  tyme  and  paines  in  the  getting  of  itt,  I  sould  be 
sory  he  lost  it  now  with  leasines  in  not  speaking  of  it ;  bott  this  I 
know,  yea  wilbe  more  cairfall  as  in  ewerything  that  concernes  him,  so 
that  I  will  fully  Icaifc  him  to  your  awin  caire ;  only  prayeing  the  Lord 
to  giife  ane  blessing  to  all  the  meancs  of  his  educatioune  :  And  so  I 
shall  still  remain  your  most  assurctt  friend, 

Margaret  Douglas.^ 

Rosnethe,  the  14  of  December  1637. 


Glenurchy  to  Lorne. 

Most  honorede, — I  have  desyrit  my  brother  Roberto  to  scnau  your 
lordship  in  quhat  manere  Maister  Jhone  Makleine  misbehauis  himself. 
I  am  sorie  that  I  haue  cans  to  do  it,  bot  the  respect  I  carie  to  my 
lorde  and  to  your  lordship,  and  the  loue  I  haue  to  your  lordships  sone, 
makis  to  do  so.  Quhen  your  lordship  plaisses  j-our  lordship  may  ledc 
my  lorde  knau  it,  and  I  thinke  it  may  be  best  remediete  be  provyd- 
inge  in  deu  tyme  on  to  supplie  Maister  Jhone  his  place,  and  your 
Lordship  knauis  it  is  requisit  he  be  ane  discreite  man  that  is  ane 
scoUar,  and  that  can  speike  both  Inglis  and  Erise,  quharof  I  think 
thair  may  be  had  in  Argyll.  Your  lordship  may  do  heirine  as  my 
lorde  and  your  lordship  thinks  expediente.  Your  lordships  sone  is 
vein  and  in  guide  healthe,  praisit  be  God.     The  Lord  continou  the 

^  Margaret  Lady  Lorne,  afterwards  was  daughter  of  William  Earl  of  Mor- 
Countess   and   Marchioness    of  Argyll,        ton,  Lprd  Treasurer  of  Scotland. 


:i72  aKETCiiF.s  of  early  scotch  history. 

same.     So  vissingo  your  lordship  all  prosporitie,  I  remuin  your  lord- 
ships assuritc  and  affcctionat  fricnde  to  seruc  you, 

Glenukcuay. 
IJalloch,  the  [1088.] 


Argyll  to  Glbnurciiy. 
For  my  loving  Cusin  the  Laird  of  Glenwrquhy. 

Loving  Cusin, — Since  it  hath  pleased  God  to  call  my  father  to  his 
eternall  rest,  I  doubt  not  bot  you  kno  als  weall  as  I  can  desyr  you  what 
is  fitting  for  your  self  to  doe.  Onli  in  this  I  desyr  you  to  suffer  your 
foster  with  you  te  wear  murning.  And  so  ever  make  use  of  me  as 
your  most  affectionat  cusin  to  my  power, 

Argyll. 

Rosneithe,  4  September  [1638.] 


The  Countess  of  Argyle  to  Glenurchy. 
To  my  loveing  freind  the  Laird  of  Glenvrquhy. 

Loving  Freind, — Accordeing  to  this  othre  lettre  of  my  lordis,  I 
will  earnestlie  desyire  you  to  send  heire  my  sonne,  and  to  have  him 
at  your  house  in  Glenvrquhy  on  Frayday  at  night  the  tuentie  ane  day 
of  this  instant  preceislie,  and  I  shall  appoynt  folkes  to  meitt  him  thair 
on  Satterday  in  the  morneing,  for  bringing  him  alonges  heir.  I  hoipe 
ye  wilbe  cairfull  to  send  sufficient  company  with  him,  and  to  cause 
prowyd  some  secure  place  be  the  way,  quhar  he  may  be  that  night  he 
comes  from  you.  So  referring  all  to  your  cair,  exspecteing  assuredlie 
that  ye  will  send  him  the  tyme  foirsaid,  I  rest  your  loveing  freind, 

Margaret  Douglas. 

Inverrarey,  14  Junii  1639.^ 


1  In  the  careful  fashion  of  that  age,  be   ane   coat  to  him  iii  ell  and  a  half 

an  account  was  kept  of  the  boy's  ex-  bread  skarlet  freise  at  v  lib  the  ell, 

peuses,  from  which  I  cannot  resist  giv-  xvii  lib  x  s. 

ing  a  few  extracts.  Item  iii  quaiter  reid  French  steinyng 

CoMPT  of  MoNEYis  debursit  for  clothes  at  vii  lib  the  ell,         .         .        v  lib  v  s. 

and  utheris  necessaris  to  my  Lord  Item  ii  ell  Cambridg  at  Iviii  s  the  ell 

of  Lome's  sone,  beginnand  the  26  for  mfles,  .         .         .         .     v  lib  xvi  s. 

of  September  1633  :—  Item  ii  ell  of  perling  at  30  s  the  uther 

Imprimis  the  xxvi  of  September  to  33  s  iiii  d,  .         .         .     iii  lib  iii  s  iiii  d. 


OLAN  CUSTOMS. 


373 


Among  these  papers  there  are  none  indicating  that 
the  native  tribes,  in  making  their  submission,  took  the 
name  of  the  dominant  family,  either  individually  or  by 
whole  clans—  a  practice  that  greatly  swelled  the  ranks 
of  some  names  not  more  numerous  nor  more  widely 
spread  than  the  Campbells.     Here,  on  the  contrary,  we 


Item  vi  dusson  reid  silk  buttons  and 
iii  quarteris  of  Poldavie,    .         xxxiiii  s. 

Item  vi  ell  of  verie  fyne  stuff  to  be 
ane  Avylie  coat  to  liim  at  xxvi  s  8  d  the 
ell,    .....  viii  lib. 

Given  to  Johne  Drummond  taliour 
for  making  the  clothes  abone  written, 

vi  lib. 

Given  for  ane  pair  schone  to  him  the 
X  of  December  1633,  .        .      xii  s. 

1634. — Item  for  thrie  unce  siluer  plaitt 
lace  V  lib  xiii  s  iiii  d  the  unce,    xvii  lib. 

Item  iiii  dusson  of  siluer  buttons  and 
ix  quarters  siluer  loupingis, 

iiii  lib  iii  s  iiii  d. 

Item  for  half  ell  grein  sattin  to  be 
him  ane  mutch,  .         .         .      v  lib. 

Item  for  sevin  drop  of  siluer  waltins 
to  put  on  the  said  mutch  at  v  lib  6  s 
8  d  the  unce  is,  .        .       xlvi  s  8  d. 

Gevin  the  6  of  Julii  for  linnyng  to  be 
four  sarkis  to  him,    .         .  viiii  lib. 

Item  for  tua  ell  of  Cambridge  the 
said  day  to  be  bands  ruffs  and  mutches 
to  him  at  iiii  lib  the  ell,    .  vii.  lib. 

Item  ane  ell  of  fyjie  reid  skarlett 
steinyng  to  be  him  shankis,  v  lib  vi  s  8  d. 

Mair  ii  unce  xiii  drop  of  gold  gallons 
at  vi  lib  xiii  s  iiii  d  unce  is, 

xviii  lib  xv  s. 

Given  for  ane  j)salme  bulk  and  new 
testament  for  him,   .         .        .     iiii  lib. 

Item  given  to  Mr.  Johnne  McLen 
pedagoge  to  my  Lord  Lome's  sone  in 
September  1633  ane  hewit  plaid,  pryce 

xii  lib. 

Mair  geveu  him  the  first  of  December 

1633  vi  ell  of  mantling  at  xl  s  the  ell, 
inde, xii  lil). 

Mair  geven  him  the  first  of  Januarii 

1634  being  new  yeir  day,  .     xii  lib. 


Mair  geven  the  last  of  November  1634 
him  for  his  Whitsonday  and  Martimes 
termes  fie  1634,          .     i<=xxx  lib  6  s  8  d. 

Given  to  Margaret  Neill  the  woman 
that  waitit  on  my  Lord  Lornes  sone  in 
August  1633  ane  plaid,  pryce  .     xii  lib. 

Mair  given  hir  the  first  of  Januarii 
1634  being  new  yeir  day,   viii  lib  xiiii  s. 

1635. — Given  for  four  ell  of  grey  cloth 
the  15  of  Januarii  1635  to  be  ane  stand 
of  clothes  to  Duncane  Campbell  page  to 
my  Lord  Lornes  sone  at  xx  s  the  ell, 

iiii  lib. 

Item  given  the  first  of  Maij  1635  for 
vii  ells  of  fyne  grein  Jeniia  Sattin  at  x 
the  ell, Ixx  lib. 

Item  the  vi  of  Maij  1635  vi  ells  of  reid 
barrikin  to  be  him  ane  ryding  coat  at 
Iiii  s  iiii  d  the  ell,  inde,    .        .    xvi  lib. 

For  tua  pair  of  green  worsett  stokings 

to  him  at  xiiii  s  the  pair,  xxviii  s. 

Item  for  tua  combs  and  ane  caise,  xvi  s. 

Item  for  tiia  pair  of  gloves  to  the 
bairne,       .....     xiiii  s. 

Item  vi  ells  of  Beircorie  to  be  him 
vaistcotis  xxvi  s  viii  d  the  ell,  inde, 

viii  lib. 

Item  half  ane  ell  of  Cramosie  velvett 
to  be  him  ane  bannet  mutch,          ix  lib. 

Spent  on  my  Lord  of  Lornes  sone  and 
his  company  that  wes  sent  with  him  to 
Perth  quhen  my  lady  his  mother  sent 
for  him  betwix  xix  and   last   of  Maij 

1635, liiiilib. 

Given  to  the  bairne  quhen  he  went  to 
Stirling  the  three  of  Julij  to  see  hia 
guidsire,  ....      iiii  lili. 

Spent  be  the  bairne  my  Lord  of  Lornes 
sone  the  said  tyme  going  to  Stirling  to 
see  his  guidsire  and  coming  back  again, 

xl  lib  xiiii  s. 


374 


SKETCHES  OF  EAIILY   SC0T(;J1   IIISTOKY. 


Hud  families  and  snial]  tiibcs  choosing  Glenurcliy  lor 
their  chief;  sometimes  renomiciug  their  natural  lu'a'l. 
and  selecting  him  as  leader  and  protector,  yet  retaining 
their  own  patronymical  designations.  These  new  sub- 
jects bound  themselves  not  only  to  pay  the  allegiance  oH 
clansmen,  but  to  give  the  "caulp  of  Kenkynie,"*--th(; 


1636. — Given  to  my  Lord  Lornes  soiie 
the  28  of  March  (lulien  he  went  to  Ros- 
Hctli,  ane  gold  ring  set  with  ane  Turkiss 
stene,  i)ryce     .         .         .         .      xx  lib. 

Spent  by  my  Lordes  sone  and  his 
company  qulicn  he  went  to  Ilosneth  the 
said  tyme,        .         .         .        iiii'"'xi  lib. 

Item  the  18  of  Junii  to  be  coat  and 
brekis  to  him  x  quarteris  of  fyne  skar- 
let  xviii  lib  the  ell,  .         .      xlv  lib. 

Item  ane  pair  of  silk  stokings,  xvi  lib. 

Item  ane  black  French  bever-hat, 

Ixxiii  lib  6  s  8  d. 

And  ii  dusson  orange  ribband  points, 

V  lib  xii  s. 

1st  Jan.  1637. — To  the  bairne  himself 
the  said  day  ane  Spanisch  pistolet, 

iiii  lib  6  s  8  d. 

For  iiii  ell  of  reid  barrikin  to  be  Mm 
ane  toupat  iii  lib  the  ell,  inde,     xii  lib. 

Given  to  Doctor  Kiucaid  the  3  of  Maij 
1637  quhen  he  came  heir  to  visite  my 
Lord  of  Lome's  sone  being  seik, 

iiii'':^  lib. 

And  to  his  man,  .         .      viii  lib. 

And  his  expenssis  in  coming  and  go- 
ing to  Edinburgh,  .         .         .        xl  lib. 

For  ane  brusche  for  my  Lord  of  Lornes 
sone  to  brusch  his  head  with,  x  s. 

And  for  ane  belt  to  him,     .  x  s. 

Given  to  my  Lord  of  Lome's  sone  to 
play  him  with  quhen  he  went  to  Edin- 
burgh to  sie  his  father,  .  x  lib. 

For  ane  Inglisch  byble  to  him,    x  lib. 

1638. — For  the  practise  of  pietie  being 
double  overgilt,       ...        iii  lib. 

Given  to  the  bairne  quhen  he  went  to 
sie  his  mother  the  said  tyme,  to  play 
him  withnll,  ane  angell  of  gold, 

vi  lib  xiii  s  4  d. 

And  of  siiuer,      .  .  .iii  Iil>. 


For  half  ane  ell  of  fyne  skarlett  cloth 
to  be  ane  ryding  cai>  to  him,        viii  lib. 

For  ii  quarter  of  Craniosie  pand  vel- 
vott  to  lyne  the  same,     .         .       xii  lib. 

For  ane  unce  and  xiii  drop  of  siiuer 
lace  for  the  said  cap,    ix  lib  xiii  s  iiii  d. 

Mair,  spent  be  my  Lord  of  Lome's 
sone  and  his  company  going  out  of  Bal- 
loch  to  Rosneth  being  thrie  or  four  dayes 
be  the  way,         .        .         Ixvi  lib  xiii  .s. 

And  for  a  pair  of  spm-s,  .         .     xii  s. 

For  iii  ell  of  reid  skarlett  freise  to  be 
him  ane  jerkin  to  wair  under  his  clothes 
at  three  lib  the  ell,      .         .         .  ix  lib. 

Given  the  last  of  Novembere  1638  for 
ane  stand  of  diiilueid  to  him  (fvu'nisch- 
ing  and  all  being  complet),  when  the 
Erie  of  Argyle  his  guidsyre  deyit, 

i'^xxx  lib  6  s  8  d. 

Given  for  gloves  to  him  the  said 
tyme,  .         .         .         .         .         .     xx  s. 

Given  to  himself  the  first  Januarii 
1639  being  new  yeir  day,  xiii  lib  6  s  8  d. 

To  his  page,      .        .         .  xxx  s. 

Mair,  for  his  expenssis  going  to  Perthe 

to  visite  his  father  the  Erie  of  Argyle 

the  14  Marche  being  thrie  nychtis  thair, 

xxx  viii  lib  6  s  8  d. 

Mair  given  himself  the  said  tyme  to 
play  with, x  lib. 

To  my  Lord  Lome  the  20  of  Junii 
quhen  he  went  out  of  Balloch  to  Inuere- 
ray  to  visite  his  mother,  xiii  lib  6  s  8  d. 

Given  for  schoone  and  bootis  to  my 
Lord  of  Lome,  to  Duncane  Campbell 
cordiner  in  Edinburgh  betwix  the  6  of 
August  1638  and  7  of  Februar  1639, 

X  lib  ix  s. 

'  Cni(lj)  is  the  best  "aught"  due  to 
the  chief, — or  rather  melius  averium  dc 


HIGHLAND  FARMING.  375 

Celtic  equivalent  for  the  Heriot  of  feudal  customs ;  to 
visit  the  chiefs  house  with  "  sufficient  presents  twice  in 
the  year  \^  to  serve  in  "  hosting  and  hunting  ;"  and  to 
be  ready  at  all  times  "  to  ride  and  go ''  in  their  lord's 
affairs. 

The  Early  Rentals  and  Estate  Books  of  Breadalbane, 
present  the  characteristic  marks  of  the  country.  Much 
of  the  rent  is  paid  in  oat-meal  and  malt,  the  staples  for 
food  and  diink.  The  tenants  had  little  capital.  The 
stock  on  the  farms  was  "  steelbow,"  the  property  of  the 
landlord,  only  the  produce  belonging  to  the  tenant. 
The  bow-house  (cattle-house)  was  rated  at  so  much 
*'  kain  "  or  produce,  in  butter  and  cheese,  in  proportion 
to  the  cattle  on  that  pasture.  The  money  which  seems 
to  have  been  appropriated  as  part  of  the  requisite  stock 
for  cultivating  the  bow-house  farm,  is  called  by  an  unex- 
plained name  of  "strenth-silver.^^^  We  are  led  to  tliink 
what  became  of  those  cattle  during  the  long  winter  of 
the  Midland  Higlilands ;  but  no  information  is  afforded. 
Hay  is  not  once  named,  and  the  natural  produce  of  the 
glens  can  have  been  saved  only  in  trifling  quantities 
from  the  deer.^  Sheep  were  evidently  in  small  numbers, 
and  the  "  clip  of  wool "  insignificant,  compared  with 
modern  produce,  probably  from  the  want  of  wdnter  food, 

conquestu.    **  KenkjTiie"  is  chief  or  head  stdhline  viehe — steelbow — all  indicating 

of  kindred  : —  permanency. 

"  Syne  lief  I  the  best  aught  I  bocht  ^  xhe  old  Register  of  the  Bishopric  of 

Quod  est  Latinuvnjropter  Cau])c  Moray  has  noted  on  a  flyleaf — '*Apud 

To  hede  of  kyn." — Dunbar,  Spj'nie  4  Julij  1580. — Not.  that  hay  was 

wyn."     And  no  doubt  the  coarse  pro- 

'  Perhaps  it  has  some  analogy  to  the  duce  of  the  bottom  of  the  glen  has  been 

remarkable  terms  which  designate  ^his  saved   for  winter  nse   since   ever  man 

prattice    everywhere— /errei/wi   pccus  made  property  of  animals. 


376 


SKETCHES  OF  EAIILY  SCOTCH  HISTOKY. 


as  well  as  from  the  deer  oceupyiiig  the  outlying  pastures, 
insecure,  at  any  rate,  for  any  valuable  stock. ^  These 
books  show  the  attention  to  the  rearing  of  horses  that 
has  been  already  noticed. 

The  Household  Books  show  the  usual  provisions  for 
the  table.  Oat-meal  and  malt  furnished  the  ordinar}^ 
bread  and  the  chief  drink  of  the  castle,  where  ale  was 
distinguished  as  ostler  ale,  household  ale,  and  Ijest  ale. 
There  was  beef  and  mutton,  fresh  in  summer,  and  for 
the  rest  of  the  year  "  marts,"  killed  and  salted  when  fat 
on  the  pasture  ;  a  small  quantity  of  bacon  ;  salmon  of 
Loch  Tay,  and  Glenurchy  salmon.  liOch  Fyne  herring 
was  already  appreciated,^  and  wdien  other  fish  got  scarce 
there  was  the  "  hard  fish  "  or  stock  fish,  which  still  forms 


1  Many  entries  will  euable  the  present 
occupants  of  those  sheep  pastures  to 
comj)are  the  quantity  of  stock  they 
maintained  of  old  Avith  the  present,  and 
also  the  produce.  For  instance,  the  clip 
of  the  brae  of  Balloch  and  Drumturk, 
in  1603,  was  eight  score  six  fleeces,  and 
they  weighed  but  six  stones. 

^  In  the  year  1590,  the  family  spent 
their  time  between  Balloch  and  Finlarg. 
The  oat-meal  consumed,  deducting  a 
quantity  used  as  ''  horse-corn,"  part  of 
which  here,  as  in  England,  was  baked 
into  loaves,  was  about  364  bolls.  The 
malt,  207  bolls  (deducting  a  small  quan- 
tity of  '^  struck  "  barley,  used  in  the 
kitclien).  They  used  90 beeves  ("marts," 
"stirks,"  or  ''fed  oxen"),  more  than 
two-thirds  consumed  fresh  ;  20  swine  ; 
200  sheep ;  424  salmon,  far  the  greater 
portion  being  from  the  western  rivers ; 
15,000  herrings  ;  30  dozen  of  "  hard 
fish  ;"  1805  "  heads  "  of  cheese,  new 
and  old,  weighing  325  stone  ;  49  stone 
of  butter  ;  26  dozen  loaves  of  wheaten 
bread  ;  of  w^heat  flour  3.|  bolls.  The 
wine  brought  from  Dundee  was  claret 


and  white  wine,  old  and  new,  in  no  verj' 
large  quantities,  though  it  might  be 
difficult  to  fix  the  exact  contents  of  the 
"barrekins"and "rubbours."  Onekind, 
called  "vlet"  wine,  may  mean  that 
brought  home  in  flasks  with  oil  at  top, 
instead  of  corks.  One  barrel  of  English 
beer  might  be  introduced  to  stimulate 
the  native  brewers  to  exertion  by  its  ri- 
valry. Of  "  spices  and  sweet  meats," 
we  find  only  notice  on  one  occasion,  of 
small  quantities  of  saffron,  mace,  ginger, 
pepper,  "raisins  of  cure,"  plumdamas, 
and  one  sugar  loaf.  No  deer  or  game 
are  entered  this  year  ;  nor  any  poultiy, 
probably  from  some  omission  in  the 
system  of  accounting,  which  was  then 
only  beginning.  In  some  subsequent 
extracts,  made  on  account  of  their  detail- 
ing the  provisions  for  two  marriages  in 
the  family  (1621-26),  these  omissions  are 
supplied.  The  marriage  of  Elizabeth 
Campbell  with  the  young  laird  of  Dmm, 
was  on  4th  December  1621.  There  was 
a  considerable  gathering  of  Dee-side 
gentry  and  Campbells,  as  well  as  "com- 
ers and  goers."     Besides  the  staple  com- 


HOUSEHOLD  GEAR. 


377 


an  article  of  Scotch  economy  even  in  Protestant  fami- 
lies. Cheese,  counted  cither  by  weight  or  in  "heads," 
was  plentifully  supplied  by  the  "  bow-men." 

These  books  have  a  great  additional  interest  from 
mentioning  the  guests  visiting  the  family,  and  occasion- 
ally domestic  occasions  of  more  sumptuous  house- 
keeping.^ 

The  Inventories  of  Plenissing^  beginning  at  1598,  are 
valuable  for  the  history  of  Scotch  manners  and  civilisa- 
tion. Every  article  is  tempting,  and  if  there  were  room, 
we  could  be  well  pleased  to  attend  "  the  Lady"  with  her 
aide-de-camp,  "  Magic  Peter,"  in  their  review  of  the  con- 
tents of  "  the  great  kist  in  the  gallery  Wardrobe,"  and 


niodities,  we  find  on  this  occasion  en- 
tered, twenty  capons,  forty  poultry, 
thirty  geese,  twelve  wild-geese,  twelve 
"  nieiss  "  of  brawn,  six  "  furtches  " 
{both  haunches  ?)  of  red  venison,  eight 
roes,  seven  dozen  of  wild-fowl,  part- 
ridge, and  black  game,  three  "  birsell 
fowls  "  {turkeys  1),  of  rabbits  only  eight ; 
and  we  find  now  a  greater  variety  of 
sea  fish  and  red  herrings,  and  reisted 
(smoked?)  hams,  and  mutton  "louings" 
and  salmon.  At  the  wedding  of  "  Jeil- 
liane  Campbell"  with  the  Laird  of 
Buckie,  which  took  x>lace  on  18th  June 
1626,  we  find  notice  of  trouts,  wild- 
geese  (not  easily  to  be  had  at  that  sea- 
son), three  whole  red  deer  and  ten 
furches  (I  fear  not  in  very  good  condi- 
tion), and  seventeen  roes  ;  of  claret, 
white  wine,  and  "Spanish  wine,"  aqna- 
vitop,  vinegar,  etc.  ;  for  spiceries,  pep- 
per and  ginger,  sugar,  cloves,  canncl 
{cinnamon),  safl'ron. 

I  *  Thus,  at  Finlarg,  ''  beginnand  the 
28  of  Junii  1590,  and  sper.dit  till  the  5 
ofJulii;  the  Laird  ami  Ladie  present, 
my  Lord  Both  wall,  the  Erie  Monteth, 


my  Lord  Inchechaifray,  with  sindrie 
vther  strangers."  .   .  . 

*'  Ballach  the  18  of  September,  quhilk 
day  the  Laird  and  Ladie  come  to  hald 
house  in  Balloch,  and  spendit  to  the 
27th  of  the  same,  1590.  The  Laird  and 
Ladie  present,  the  Laird  of  Tullibardin, 
the  Laird  of  Abircarnie,  the  Bischop  of 
Dunkelden,  the  Tutour  of  Duncroub, 
the  Laird  of  Inchbraikie,  the  Priour  of 
Charterhous,  with  sindrie  nther  comers 
and  gangers."  .  .   . 

"  Balloch,  the  2  day  of  December 
1621  to  Sonday  the  9  of  December  1621, 
the  Lairds  of  Drum  elder  and  younger, 
the  Laird  of  Glenbervie,  the  Laird  of 
Banff,  the  Laird  of  Pitfoddellis,  the 
Laird  of  Lathes,  the  Laird  of  Inche- 
marten,  the  Laird  of  Glenlyoun,  the 
Laird  of  Keillour,  Robert  Campbell  of 
Glenfallcch,  the  Lady  Weyme,  the  Lady 
Comrie,  the  Lady  Edunamivbell,  the 
Lady  Glenlyoun,  with  thair  heall  com- 
pany and  boy  is,  being  all  present,  the 
space  of  three  nichtis,  at  the  mareage  of 
the  Lairdis  secuud  dochtir  upon  Robert 
Irwing  of  Feddrat,  secund  son  to  the 
Laird  of  Drum. 


378  SKETCHES  of  eahly  s(;ot(jh  history. 

"  tlie  Lady's  kist  sUindiiig  in  her  own  garderol^e."  One 
entry  in  tJie  "  liouseliold  gardorolje"  of  four  wolf  skins, 
miglit  oljlige  us  to  turn  aside,  if  Uk  re  were  not  to  be 
other  02)portunities  of  noticing  the  last  of  the  great  Ijeasts 
of  prey  in  Britain.  But  we  must  pass  hy  the  CciddoLs 
and  coverings,  the  plaids  and  curtauis,  the  sheets,  board 
cloths,  seruiettes,  and  towels  ;^  the  caipets  then  not  used 
for  the  floor,  but  for  table-covers,  gorgeous  cushion.-, 
counter-cloths,  stools,  the  table  furniture,  and  the  arra} 
of  kitchen  implements  required  for  the  hospitahty  of 
Balloch. 

Neither  must  I  dwell  upon  the  arms  and  accoutre- 
ments which  the  porter  had  in  charge.  The  artillery 
was  not  formidable,  though,  probably,  more  than  required 
in  Highland  warfare.  The  hand  guns,  muskets,  hagbuts 
of  snap-work,  of  rowet  work,  or  of  lunt^  work  (match- 
locks), prove  the  value  in  which  they  were  held,  by  the 
minuteness  of  the  descriptions  of  their  ornaments,  whether 
stocked  with  Brissel  (Brazil  wood),  or  inlaid  vrith.  bone 
or  with  pearl,  or  gilt  pieces  with  the  laird's  arms.  There 
is  the  usual  array  of  arms,  from  the  primitive  hand-bow  ^ 
and  its  "  bag  of  arrows,'^  to  horseman's  harness  with  steel 
bonnets,  plate  gloves,  corsletts,  murrions  of  proof,  steel 
targes,  and  two-handed  swords.  None  of  the  names  of 
arms  seem  to  require  explanation.  There  are  Jedburgh 
staffs,  and  Lochaber  axes,  but  there  is  nothing  of  "  the 
ancient  Highland  broadsword."     Andrea  Ferrara's  name 

1  Let  me  notice  iu  passing,  tliat  the  home  manufacture,  or  hiraps.     There  is 
ultimate  fate  of  those  linens  was  not,  as  no  mention  iu  these  hooks  of  the  pur- 
uow,  the  papei'-maker's.     When  "hro-  chase  either  of  oil  or  candles, 
ken,"  they  fell  to  "  the  Nureis,"  or  went  -  Lunt-work   or  match-v\ork,  a  coin- 
to   make   wicks,    either   for   candles   of  mou  English  as  well  as  a  Scotch  word. 


JEWELS.  379 

is  not  found.  A  "  running  spear"  seems  to  be  a  tilting 
spear,  as  a  "  wasp  spear '^  undoubtedly  was  no  weapon  of 
mortal  war,  but  a  salmon  spear  or  "  leister/^  Among 
the  porter  s  gear  at  Finlarg,  after  a  dii'e  enumeration  of 
prison  furniture,  great  ii*on  fetters,  and  long  chains  with 
theii'  shackles,  we  find  one  name  that  suggests  even  more 
odious  associations.  The  four  "  Glaslawis  chargeit  with 
four  schaikhills,"  seem  to  have  been  instruments  of  tor- 
ture.^ The  "  heading  axe,"  which  occurs  more  than  once, 
and  which  seemed  at  one  time  to  be  the  natural  fate  of 
the  whole  race  of  M'Gregor,  now  stands  harmless  in 
the  Hall  at  Taymouth. 

The  most  curious,  as  well  as  the  most  careful  and 
formal  of  these  inventories,  is  the  one  made  up  in  1640, 
when  Sir  Colin  and  his  sons,  a  few  months  before  his 
death,  agreed  to  set  aside  certain  articles  as  heirlooms. 
The  jewels — the  target  of  enamelled  gold,  set  with  three 
diamonds,  four  topazes  or  jacinths,  a  ruby  and  a  sapphire 
^the  gift  of  King  James  v.  ;  the  round  jewel  of  gold, 
set  with  twenty-nine  diamonds  and  four  great  rubies, 
and  the  diamond  ring,  both  given  to  the  gallant  Sir 
Duncan  by  Queen  Anne  of  Denmark  ;  even  the  fair 
silver  brooch,  set  with  precious  stones,  are,  I  fear,  all 
gone.  It  is  something  if  the  talisman  of  the  Knight  of 
Rhodes  is  preserved.  The  plate  is  very  sumptuous  for 
the  time.  There  were  not  many  houses  in  Scotland  in 
1640  which  could  set  on  the  table  twelve  plates,  twelve 

J      I  The  indictment  of  Patrick,  Earl  of  mcwo  ct  inusitatw  cnidelilatis  tonneido  a 

Orkney  (1G06),  sets  forth,  among  otlier  sc  invcnto  xniljn  lie  casciielawes  sevis- 

■utenipts  of  the  Royal  authority,  that  sime  et  proclitorir  svhjedt. — Act.   Pari. 

■'V   imjirisoned    a  king's  messenger  -«c  Scot.  iv.  3<J6. 


380  SKETCJIES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HLSTOKV. 

fi 

trenchers,  and  twelve  "  sasers"  of  silver.     But  the  chief  ] 
array  for  the  "  Ijuffet"  was  in  great  *'  chargers,"  *'  basons/'  ..i 
"lawers,"  and  all  manners  and  sizes  of  gohlets  and  cups   i 
of  silver,  plain  and  gilt  or  parcel  gilt.*     The  aiTns  set  la 
apart  are  field-pieces  of  copper  and  iron,  and  a  few  mus-    . 
kets  and  pistols  ;  a  j)air  of  two-handed  swords  (one  A\dth  J 
its  hilt  overlayed  with  velvet,  evidently  a  sword  of  state  j| 
for  processions)  ;  three  targets,  two  of  steel  and  one  of  / .; 
cork  ;  and  a  quantity  of  body  armour,  all  of  plate.     The 
furniture  consisted  of  many  gorgeous  beds  of  silk  and  ! 
velvet,  embroidered  or  plain.  Arras  and  common  hang-  . 
ings,  velvet  cushions  for  the  kirk,  and  cushions  of  Tur-  ., 
key  work,  damask  board-cloths,  Domik  serviettes,  and 
others  of  plainer  sort.     Carpets  for  the  table,  dishes  of  :■ 
pewter,  a  "  great  acavitae  pot"  (a  still),  kitchen  fm^niture,  9 
twenty-four  pictures  of  kings  and  queens,  and  thirty-four  fl 
of  lairds  and  ladies  of  Glenurquhay  and  other  noblemen ;  v 
the  great  "Genealogy  board"    (painted  by  Jameson);   n 
with  clocks,  organs  in  the  chapel  of  Finlarg,  and  a  harp     :i 
sicord  at  Balloch.     The  deed  also  entailed  two  charter-  d 
chests,  mth  iron  bands  (not  their  contents  !)  ;  ''  Captain    J 
Gordon's  sword,"  which  no  doubt  had  its  histor}^ ;  and  a    J 
considerable  quantity  of  cattle  and  sheep.  * ' 

The  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  Baron  Courts,  col-  < 
lected  in  1621,  will  be  found  to  present  a  fail'  view  of  ! 
the  rural  economy  of  the  district.  There  are  regula-  j 
tions  for  muirburn,  summer  pasture,  peat-cutting,  mills,  1 
smithies,  and  ale-houses  ;  laws  against  poaching  on  moor  | 
and  river  :  a  rule  that  smacks  of  superstition,   against 

'  Tlie  "little  lang-shanked  cups   for        from    tliat    of    later    times,    when   the 
aqiiavitce"  point  to  a  different  fashion        "  quaich."  had  uo  shank.  ' 


BARON  COURT  LAW.  381 

cutting  briars  "  but  in  the  waxing  of  the  moon."  Swine 
are  proscribed  ;  no  quarter  is  given  to  rooks,  hooded 
crows,  and  magpies.  The  Laird  shows  his  determination 
to  have  trees  about  his  tenants'  houses  by  numerous 
regulations ;  and  tenants  are  bound,  under  high  penal- 
ties, to  give  their  cottars  the  comforts  of  fuel  and  kail- 
yards, "  with  corns  conform."  Agriculture  is  stimulated 
by  rules  for  sowing  **  uncouth"  oats,  or  seed  better  than 
the  common  black  oat  of  the  Highlands  ;  for  collecting 
of  "  middens  :"  even  for  irriofating — "  drawinsj  water 
through  the  land" — long  before  the  grand  discovery  of 
draining  had  been  made.  To  avoid  the  devastation  of 
Higliland  "  speats,"  the  greensward  on  the  banks  of  rivers 
and  burns  is  not  to  be  broken.  To  save  a  different  de- 
vastation, every  tenant  was  obliged  to  make  yearly  four 
"  croscats  of  iron"  (probably  some  sort  of  dog-spear)  for 
slaying  of  the  wolf.  That  great  enemy  of  the  shepherd 
was  not  finally  extirpated  till  the  end  of  the  century. 

In  the  records  of  the  Baron  Court  of  Balloch,  the 
legal  antiquary  will  find  relics  of  some  antique  law, 
which  had  disappeared  long  ago  in  Lowland  courts. 
Donald  Taillour,  in  Morinch,  having  fallen  in  suspicion 
of  stealing  ten  double  angels  and  forty  marks  of  silver, 
the  Assize  ordained  liim  to  cleanse  himself  thereof  by  the 
oaths  of  six  persons  out  of  twelve  whom  they  would 
choose,  or  four  persons  of  eight ;  and  he  accordingly 
cleansed  himself  by  his  compurgators,  as  the  ancient  law 
demanded,  and  went  free.^     In  a  court  held  at  Killin,  it 

I    *  Acquitting  or  "cleansing"  hy  com-        tively  a  modern  convenience. — Act.  Pad. 
purgators  was  the  ancient  law  of  all  the        Scot.  i.  passim. 
northern  nations  ;    witnesses,  conipara- 


382  SKETCflES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HLSTOllY. 

was  ordered  that  no  "  blocker"  or  dealer  buy  cattle  fr<»]ii 
strangers,  nor  even  from  the  neigh])ours  dwelling  hetw(;en 
the  ford  of  Lyon  and  Tyndrum,  without  sufficient  "  can 
tion  of  l)urgh  and  hamer/'  This  is  the  "  jjorch  of  hame- 
hald"  required  by  the  statute  of  William  the  Lion,  and 
recognised  in  several  of  our  older  laws.^ 

There  are  some  symptoms  of  starvation  in  Brcadal- 
bane,  when  Patrick  M'Woyllen  and  the  Widow  JM'Ewin 
are  convicted  of  bleeding  the  laird's  cattle,  and  John 
Mlnteir  for  letting  M'Keissik's  bairns  die  for  hunger. 

The  gear  did  not  prosper  ^\dth  Donald  Taillour  in 
Morinch  (the  same  who  was  suspected  for  the  double 
angels),  and  he  accused  his  neighbour  N'Vane  of  Ije- 
witching  him.  She  brought  a  pock  of  earth  from  Tom- 
nayngell  (the  name  sounds  of  spirits)  to  his  house  ;  since 
which,  "  his  gear  has  not  '  luckit'  Avith  him,  and  his  corns 
grow  not/'  The  judge,  with  sense  beyond  the  age,  ac- 
quitted the  woman  at  this  time,  but  forbade  the  use  of 
the  pock  of  earth,  "  seeing  it  inclines  to  no  good,  but  tD 
an  evil  custom/' 

There  are  many  regulations  and  proceedings  showing 
the  creeping  in  of  that  habit  which  has  become  our 
national  reproach.  Even  so  early  as  these  entries, 
whisky,  as  well  as  ale,  was  too  freely  used  ;  and,  among 
other  attempts  to  abate  the  nuisance,  a  cmious  law  in- 
flicts a  penalty  and  disgraceful  punishment  for  T\dves 


1  I  have  seen  the  followiug  note  by  one  buys  cattle  from  a  person  he  does 

Lord  Auchinle.ck  on  his  copy  of  Skene,  not  know,  and  they  call  it  horch  Juunel, 

de  verb.  sig.  voce  BoRCH — "  It  is  common  which  is  Just  borch  hamehald.'" 
in  the  Highlands  to  exact  caution  when 


THE  COUNTRY  ARMINC. 


383 


drinking  in  "  brewsters"  houses  without  the  comj^any  of 
their  husbands. 

It  has  been  doubted  how  old  the  practice  of  rod-fish- 
ing is.  On  6th  December  1632,  his  father  becomes 
caution  for  Duncan  Campbell  in  Creitgarrow,  that  he 
shall  not  burn  a  blaze,  shoot  a  waspe,  nor  put  out  a  wand 
on  the  water  of  Tay.^ 

Of  the  Muster  KoUs  preserved  at  Taymouth,  it  may 
be  sufficient  to  observe  that  they  have  all  apparently 
been  made  to  satisfy  some  requisition,  and  seem  intended 
to  convey  no  more  information  than  was  absolutely  re- 
quired. 

The  articles  concluded  by  the  barons  and  gentlemen 
of  Argyll  in  1638,  on  the  eve  of  the  great  struggle,  show 
a  forethought,  a  unity  of  purpose,  and  a  determination 
to  risk  all  for  the  cause,  ver}^  unusual  among  our  coun- 
trymen.^ 


The  ''blazing"  tlie  water,  or  killing 
salmon  when  drawn  by  the  light  of  fires 
witliin  sight  and  reach,  is  still  too  well 
known  in  the  upper  Highlands.  A 
"  waspe"  spear  is  the  same  as  the  ''leis- 
ter" of  the  border  Highlands.  The 
wand  or  rod-fishing  was,  I  hope,  "  pat 
oiit "  with  fly. 

-  1,  2.  Musterings  and  weaponschaws 
are  ordered,  and  every  bailie,  baron,  and 
heretor  to  muster  all  their  men,  and 
make  lists  of  tlieir  numbei',  names,  and 
arms,  and,  where  wanted,  arms  are  to 
be  supplied.  The  lists  to  be  sent  to  In- 
verary. 

3.  Provision  to  be  made  of  guns,  bows, 
swords,  targes  ;  and  six  or  seven  hun- 
dred pikes  are  to  be  distributed  among 
the  gentlemen  of  the  shire, 

4.  "  Pledgers"  for  making  arrows,  and 
smiths  for  making  arrow-heads,  to  be 
entered  everywhere. 


5.  Galleys,  bii-lings,  and  boats,  to  be 
made  ready  with  all  possible  haste. 

6.  Commissioners  to  Edinbtirgh. 

7.  Men  to  watch  the  harbours  of  Kin- 
tyre  on  tlie  one  hand,  and  the  braes  of 
the  country  marching  with  Dumbartane, 
Perth,  and  Inverness  on  the  other, 
against  broken  men  and  idle  people. 

8.  Three  "  experimentit  soiildiers"  to 
be  brought  from  Edinburgh,  to  remain, 
one  in  Argyll,  one  in  Lome,  the  third 
ill  Cowal,  for  drilling  and  training  of 
the  gentlemen  and  others  in  all  points 
of  militarie  discipline. 

9.  A  contribution  to  meet  the  ex- 
pense, to  be  raised  presentlie,  6s.  8d.  of 
each  merk  land  within  the  shire — 
Auchinbreck,  Ardliinglass,  and  Loch- 
nell,  the  collectors. 

10.  For  giving  advertisement  "incais 
ony  invasioun  come,"  particiilar  places 
are  designed  for  setting  out  of  fire  at  all 


384 


.SKETrHF<:s  OF  KAULY  .SCOTCH  HISTOKY, 


I 


Out  of  some  liiif^c   volumes  in   which   the.   Lairds  of 
Glcnurchy  registered  the  charters  and  leases  granted  to 

their  vassals  and  tenants,  a  few  are  useful  for  illustrating  ;! 

incidental  points  of  character  or  custom.     The  first  is  a  i 

lease  granted  for  keeping  the  Castle  of  Kilcliurn,  and  I 

shows  the  arrangement  of  its  seneschal  and  his  small  i: 

garrison.     Before  that  time  (1550)  it  had  ceased  to  ho  | 

the  chief  or  even  the  usual  dwellinfj  of  the  familv.     The  .i 

second,  a  feu-charter,  brings  us  acquainted  \vith  a  race  i 

of  hereditary  "jongleurs,"  "rhymers,"  or  "bards,"  hold-  ,| 

ing  their  land  by  service  in  their  craft. ^     Two  leases  here  j 

given  are  the  only  transactions  I  have  met  with  among  j 

these   papers,    touching   the  management  and  produce  i 

of    the    deer   forest.      The    fifth    charter    was    chosen  < 

from  its  giving   a  Churchman's   view  of  the  police  of  i 

the  country, — Hihernica  et  rapinosa  regio  ubi  incolw  \ 

vix  terras  labor  are  aut  liabitare   ausint  propter  fre-  i 

quentes  furum  et  latronum  incursiones  qui  in  speluncis  \ 
illic  latitant,     A  lease  of  Ilan  Puttychan  gives  liberty  to 
set  six  small  nets  in  the  loch,  but  without  slaying  salmon 
or  red   fish ;    and  Donald  M'Kerres   has   a   lease    of  a 

half-merk  land  of  Port  Loch  Tay,  mth  steelbow  and  i 


the  sea  coasts :  two  in  Argyll,  two  in 
Lome,  two  in  Cowal. 

11.  A  committee  of  ten  (or  any  four 
of  them)  of  Campbells,  McLeans,  La- 
mont,  M'Doiigal,  to  meet  at  Inverary, 
to  consult  of  all  further  matters  for  de- 
fence. 

1  Some  one  more  versed  in  Highland 
genealogies  may  tell  us  whether  the 
Ewen  who  received  this  charter,  was  the 
origin  of  the  M'Ewens  who  were  here- 
ditary Seanachies.  The  current  popular 
history  of  the  Campbells  professes  to  be 


founded  upon  '^  the  genealogical  tree 
done  by  Niel  M'Ewen,  as  he  received  the 
same  from  Eachern,  and  Artt  M'Ewens, 
his  father  and  grandfather  as  they  had 
the  same  from  their  predecessors,  who 
for  many  years  were  employed  to  make 
up  and  keep  such  records."  The  "  Ar- 
noldus  filius  Eugenii"  of  this  charter, 
may  be  "Artt  M'Ewen"  Latinized,  and 
it  is  not  improbable  that  the  hitherto 
varying  patronymic  should  be  fixed  with 
reference  to  the  first  of  the  race  who 
obtained  a  feudal  title  to  his  land. 


CUSTOMS  OF  TENANCY.  385 

"  bouage  "  according  to  custom,  and  a  right  to  set  three 
small  nets  upon  the  loch.  Hew  Hay  and  Cristiane 
Stennes  served  the  ferry  coble  of  the  Cagell,  and  under- 
took to  keep  an  honest  hostelry  at  the  coble  croft,  with 
sufficient  ale  and  bread  and  other  furnishino*  at  all  times 
in  readiness  to  serve  the  country,  with  greater  provision 
for  courts,  conventions,  or  strangers.  The  Laird  under- 
took to  build  them  a  hall  and  lofted  chamber,  w^itli 
chimneys,  doors  and  windows  water  tight,  meet  and  con- 
venient for  such  hospitality  ;  and  also  to  put  down  rival 
hostellers  and  brewsters  between  Stroncombrie  and  the 
wood  of  Letterellane  on  the  north  side  of  the  loch,  and 
between  Cronaltane  and  Ardrananycht  in  Ardtollonycht 
on  the  south  ;  and  promised  certain  impracticable  privi- 
leges of  pre-emption  of  victuals.  The  eighth  deed  is  a 
specimen  of  an  obligation  of  a  tenant,  instead  of  rent  to 
enter  into  deadly  feud  with  the  Clan  Gregor,  and  to  make 
slaughter  upon  them  privily  and  openly.  The  reddendo 
of  the  tenth  charter  is  curious  ;  besides  £10  Scots  and 
forty  bolls  of  oat-meal,  the  vassal  was  to  pay  a  gallon 
of  sufficient  aquavitse  (the  manufacture  of  his  own  still, 
without  doubt),  also  optimam  cJilamidein  color atam, 
which  is  translated,  "  ane  fyne  hewed  brakane,"  and  a 
sufficient  "  Cuddeich,"  which,  I  believe,  means  a  present 
given  in  token  of  vassalage. 

Three  leases  are  granted  to  craftsmen — the  builder  of 
the  Laird's  park  dikes  ;  the  smith  of  the  castle,  who  took 
his  name  from  his  calling—  Patrick  Gow ;  and,  thirdly, 
to  Andro  Kippen,  the  gardener  of  Balloch,  whose  con- 
tract to  entertain  the  garden  and  its  knots,  borders,  and 

2  B 


380  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  UISTlJltY. 

alleys,  orclianl  and  kailyard,  and  to  rear  all  sorts  of 
flowers,  herbs  and  straw])erries,  as  well  as  plums,  cher- 
ries, geans,  apples,  and  pears, — presents  to  the  imagina 
tion  a  cuiious  contrast  with  the  present  appearance  of 
the  lawn  on  which  the  castle  stands,  the  very  site  where 
Kippen  must  have  "  led  his  fulyie,"  and  collected  his 
"  middens  "  before  the  peat-house  door. 

Some  of  the  deeds  show  the  care  of  the  stud  of  brood 
mares  in  Glenlochy,  which,  like  the  other  pasture  farms, 
is  here  managed  on  steelbow  ;  and  in  one,  a  tenant  on 
Loch  Fyne  pays  a  part  of  his  rent  in  herrings,  and  fur- 
nishes the  Earl's  family  with  white  fish  and  shell-fish 
during  their  residence  at  Castle  Kilchum. 

Black  John  Crerare,  a  name  long  after  associated 
with  Higliland  sport,^  has  a  lease  in  1663  of  the  merk 
land  of  Pitmakie  and  the  sheeling  of  Corriegoir  ;  his  ser- 
vice being  to  be  fowler  to  the  Laird,  and  to  go  to  the 
hills  with  a  sufiicient  lying  dog  and  fowbng-nets,  and 
kill  wild-fowl  and  moor-fowl  of  all  kinds,  and  to  trai 
up  a  fowling  dog  for  the  use  of  the  Laird. 

The  charter  room  at  Taymouth  is  full  of  letters  of 
correspondence  of  the  most  interesting  periods  of  outj 
history.  For  my  present  purpose  I  pass  by  all,  save  al 
few  illustrating  subjects  of  domestic  and  local  interest. 

A  long  letter  of  Lord  Breadalbane  to  his  cousin  Bar- 
caldine  in  1706,  preserves  the  tradition  of  a  characteristic 
story  of  King  James  vi.  : — "  It  is  reported  of  King  James 
VL,  when  he  did  see  the  Earl  of  Argyll  coming  into  the 
Abbey  close,  after  Glenlivatt  (the  battle  of  Benrinnes, 

^  See  Scroi)e'.s  Deer -Stalking. 


THE  WHITE  HIND  OF  CORRICHIBA.  387 

1594),  but  with  a  very  small  train,  he  asked,  although 
lie  knew,  who  it  was,  and  being  told  that  it  was  the 
Earl  of  Argyll,  his  answer  was, — "  Fair  fall  thee,  Geordie 
(Huntly),  for  sending  him  home  like  a  subject  T" 

There  is  a  characteristic  exhortation  and  encourage- 

o 

ment  by  the  Laird  to  the  keeper  of  his  Castle  of  Glen- 
urcliy,  who  had  lost  his  geir  by  his  service.^  There  are 
two  letters  concerning  supplies  of  venison  and  game  to 
the  Court,  the  first  on  occasion  of  the  christening  of  Prince 
Henry,  the  second  w^hen  Charles  i.  was  about  to  visit 
Scotland  in  1633.  One  letter  speaks  of  terriers  and  fox- 
hunting as  affording  sport  in  Scotland  in  1631.  Another 
gives  a  notice  of  capercailzie  in  1651,  which  soon  after 
disappeared  from  Scotland,  until  restored  in  the  present 
generation  to  the  woods  of  Breadalbane.  Several  letters 
liave  reference  to  the  famxous  white  hind  of  Corrichiba, 
which  King  James  vi.  greatly  desired  to  secure,  and  sent 
his  foresters  to  attempt  it.  Mr.  Bowde  only  informs  us 
that  "  the  said  Englishmen  saw  the  hind  in  Corricliil)a 
on  22  February  1622."  The  correspondence  shows  that 
they  failed  in  their  enterprise,  and  also  that  they  spoke 
highly  of  the  hospitality  of  the  country.  It  is  not  from 
themselves  we  learn  that  the  Highland  drink  was  too 
potent  for  the  Southron  ! 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  game  and  deer,  I  may 
mention  an  early  notice  of  the  venison  of  Breadalbane. 
The  account  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland  for 
August  1506,  has  the  following  entry  : — 

''  Item,  pay  it  to  the  ComptroUair  for  iiij  barrellis  to 

'  For  these  papers  at  Tayinouth,  see  Appendix. 


388 


SKETCHES  OF  EAULV  S(;()T(  Jl    IIISTOIIV. 


Sir  Duricaiic  Campljcll  to  salt  veniHone  in,   to  send   in 
Spanyec,        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  ix  s. 

"  Item,  for  caiying  of"  the  samyn  to  J^ochtay,      viij  8." 

It  is  plain  that  the  Catholic  King  had  heard  of 
Breadalbane  venison,  and,  despairing  to  taste  it  as  it 
should  be  eaten,  was  content  to  have  it  salted  ! 

The  correspondence  about  fir  seed  sent  to  Lord  Laud 
erdale  and  the  Marchioness  of  Hamilton  (1637),  shows 
an  early  attention  to  planting  of  that  kind.  The  letter 
of  the  Marchioness,  and  others  of  her  ladyship  at  Tay- 
mouth,  are  characteristic  memorials  of  that  remarkabl(j 
woman,  and  serve  well  to  illustrate  Jameson's  curious 
picture  of  her. 

Master  William  Bowie,  the  inditer  of  the  Black  Book, 
figures  in  one  of  these  letters  as  the  instructor  of  John 
and  Duncan,  the  sons  of  Eobert  Campbell,  afterwards 
Sir  Robert  of  Glenurchy.^ 

Among  the  charters  of  lands  were  found  some  docu- 


1  Some  extracts  from  Master  Bowie's 
account  may  be  allowed.  : — 
Jhone  Campbell  liis  compt  since  the  first 
of  November  1618. 

Imprimis^  for  ane  "first  i)art "  and 
'•'  colloquie  "  to  liim,         .         .         xj  s. 

Item  for  ane  pok  to  liis  buikis,    iiij  s. 

For  his  candle  in  the  schoole  all  that 
winter  1618,      ....      viij  s. 

For  ane  eln  linnyng  to  be  him  sokis, 

xij  s. 

For  ane  half  eln  of  cloth  to  be  schan- 
kis,  ,         .         .         .         .         XX  s. 

For  ane  eln  and  half  ane  quarter  of 
red  stenning  to  be  him  tua  paris  to  the 
holy-day,  ....      iij  lib. 

of  the  quhilkis  Duncan  gat  ane  pair. 

For  schone  to  Duncan  the  xxij  of 
August, xij  s. 


For  schone  to  Jhone  the  penult  of 
August, XV.  >. 

For  ane  knyff  to  Jhone,        .         vj  s. 

For  making  ane  cott  to  Duncane  of 
his  black  freiss  cloik,        .         .  ^"i  s. 

For  making  ane  cott  and  brekis  to  him 
of  the  freiss  that  came  to  him,  x  s. 

For  making  of  Jhone  his  cott  of  the 
sam  freis,  ....         vj  s. 

For  papir  to  thame,       .         .        xv  s. 

For  ink  to  thame,  .         .      viij  d. 

For  "  Rudimentis  "  to  Duncan, 

V  s.  vj  d. 

For  pulling  thair  heidis,        .         vj  s. 

Item,  for  tua  pair  of  grene  schankis 
to  thame  this  ^\inter  1619,  making  aud 
all,    .....      iiij  merkis. 


SAINT  FILLAN — THE  COYGERACH. 


389 


ments  of  a  less  common  cliaracter,  and  affecting  less 
substantial  rights — viz.,  the  privileges  attached  to  the  cus- 
tody of  a  certain  relic  of  St.  Fillan.  Fillan,  the  son  of 
Kentigerna,  was  of  old  reverence  in  the  valleys  of  Bread- 
albane,  and  his  monastery  in  Glendochart  was  still  of 
such  consequence  in  the  time  of  William  the  Lion,  that 
the  Abbot,  whether  then  a  churchman  or  secularized, 
was  named  among  the  magnates  of  power  to  support  the 
operation  of  a  particular  law  beyond  the  reach  of  com- 
mon legal  process.^  It  was  a  century  later  that  a  relic 
of  St.  Fillan  is  said  (by  Boece)  to  have  been  the  subject 
of  a  notable  miracle,  which  Bruce  turned  to  account  for 
encouraging  his  soldiers  at  Bannockburn.^  The  story 
may  be  received  as  evidence  of  the  reverence  paid  to  St. 
Fillan  in  the  historian s  time.  That  it  continued  after- 
wards, we  learn  from  the  following  documents,  though,  I 
fear,  they  show  that  his  relics  were  degraded  to  the  pur- 
pose of  tracing  stolen  goods.  The  particular  one  which 
forms  the  subject  of  these  instruments,  the  Coygerach, 
was  known  within  the  present  generation  in  the  hands 
of  the  family  of  Jore  or  Dewar,  who  so  early  vindicated 
its  possession.  It  is  the  head  of  a  staff  or  crozier  of  a 
Bishop  or  mitred  Abbot,  of  silver  gilt,  elaborately  and 


•  Act  Pari.  Scot.  I.  50.  The  power- 
ful Abbot  of  Glendochart,  joined  in 
company  with  the  great  Earl  of  Athol 
of  the  ancient  dynasty,  looks  like  the 
lord  of  a  secularized  Abbacy — the  Coarb 
of  St.  Fillan — the  successor  Sancti  Fel- 
ani  from  whom  the  Dewars  had  first 
received  the  custody  of  their  relic.  It  is 
possible  that  his  line  continued,  though 
the  lordly  power  and  title  departed.  I 
wonder  that  some  seanachv  has  not  dis- 


covered his  descendants  in  the  M'Nalts 
{Jilii  Ahbatis),  who  so  long  bore  sway  iu 
the  region  of  St.  Fillan. 

'■^  The  only  foundation  extant  for 
Boece's  legend  is  a  notice  of  the  £5  land 
of  Ochtertyre  given  by  Bruce  to  the 
Abbey  of  Strathlillan  {Reg.  Sec.  sig. 
r.  54^),  and  a  payment  of  £20  made  from 
Exchequer  "to  the  fabric  of  the  churcli 
of  Saint  Fillan,"  in  the  year  of  King 
Robert's  death. 


390  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

elegantly    ornamented    with    a    soit    of   diapered    chan 


ing.^ 


Two  of  these  documents  have  ])een  printed  bf^fore,*^ 
but  from  imperfect  and  faulty  copies.  Thf^y  are  now- 
given  from  the  oricrinals  :  — 

I. 

"  Hec  Inquisitio  facta  apud  Kandrochid  xxii  die 
mensis  Aprilis,  anno  Domini  millesimo  quadringentesimo 
xxviii.,  coram  Johanne  de  Spens  de  Perth,  ballivo  de 
G-lendochirde,  de  et  super  autoritate  et  privilegijs  cujus- 
dam  Eeliquie  Sancti  Felani,  que  wlgariter  dicitur  Coy- 
gerach,  per  istos  subscriptos  (etc.),  Qui  jurati  magno  Sac- 
ramento dicunt,  Quod  lator  ipsius  reliquie  de  Coygerach, 
qui  Jore  vulgariter  dicitur,  habere  debet  annuatim  et 
hereditarie  a  quolibet  inhal^itante  parochiam  de  Glen- 
dochirde,  habente  vel  laborante  mercatam  terre,  sive 
libere  sive  pro  firma,  dimidiam  boUom  farine,  et  de  quo- 
libet in  dicta  parochia  habente  dimidiam  mercatam  terre 
ut  predicitur,  libere  vel  pro  firma,  modium  farine,  et  de 
quolibet  in  ista  parochia  habente  quadraginta  denariatas 
terre,  dimidiam  modij  farine.  Et  si  quivis  ahus  inhabi- 
tans  dictam  parochiam  magis  quam  mercatam  terre 
haberet  nihil  magis  solveret  quam  ordinatum  fuit  de  una 
mercata  terre.     Et  quod  officium  gerendi  dictam  reli- 

1  It  is  described  aud  figured  in '  the  crozier  of  St.  Mund,  and  lands  in  Lis- 

Transactions    of  the    Society  of  Anti-  more  by  the  custodiers  of  the  haxhuill 

quaries  of  Scotland,  ill.  290,  and  in  Dr.  ?/iore  of  St.  Moluach.     The  latter  relic 

Wilson's    ArclicEology  of  Scotland,    p.  is  preserved. — Origines  Parochicdes,  ir. 

664.  '  72,  163. 

Lands  in  Kiluuin  were  in  like  manner  ^  Miscelkmy    of   the  Spalding   Cluh, 

held   in   virtue   of  tlie  custody  of    the  ill.  239. 


THE  COYGERACH.  391 

quiain  dabatur  caiidam  progenitori  Finlai  Jore  latoris 
presentium  hereditarie,  per  successorem  Sancti  Felani, 
cui  officio  idem  Fiiilaius  est  verus  et  legittimus  heres. 
Et  quod  ipsa  privilegia  usa  fuerunt  et  liabita  in  tempore 
Regis  Roberti  Bruys  et  in  tempore  omnium  regum  a 
tunc  usque  in  hodiernum  diem.  Pro  quibus  commodis 
et  privilegijs,  prefati  jurati  dicunt  quod  si  contigerit 
aliqua  bona  vel  catalla  rapta  esse  vel  furata  ab  ^,liquo 
dictam  parocliiam  de  Glendochirde  inliabitante,  et  is  a 
quo  ipso  bona  vel  catalla  rapta  essent  vel  furata,  propter 
dubium  sue  persone  vel  inimicitias  hostium,  eadem  bona 
vel  catalla  prosequi  non  auderet,  tunc  unum  servum 
suum  vel  hominem  mitteret  ad  eundem  Jore  de  le  Coy- 
gerach,  cum  quatuor  denariis  vel  pare  sotularum,  cum 
victu  prime  noctis,  et  tunc  idem  Jore  abinde  suis  pro- 
prijs  expensis  prosequetur  dicta  catalla  ubicunque  exinde 
sectum  querere  poterit  infra  regnum  Scotie.  Et  hec 
universa  per  dictam  inquisitionem  fuerunt  inventa,  anno, 
die,  loco  et  mense  prenominatis.  In  cujus  rei  testimo- 
nium sigillum  Jotiannis  de  Spens  ballivi  antedicti  pre- 
sentibus  est  appensum,  anno,  die,  et  loco  supradictis. 

11. 

Another  instrument,  not  hitherto  printed,  records 
that  on  the  9th  of  February  1468,  Margaret  de  Strive- 
ling,  lady  of  Glenurquha, — 

"  In  curia  de  Glendochyrt  tenta  apud  Kandrocht 
Kilin  per  balivum  ejusdem  a  Johanne  M'Molcalum 
M'Gregour  petiit  firmas  suas  de  terris  de  Coreheynan. 
Qui  Johannes  respondebat  plane  in   facie  prefate  curie 


392  SKETCHES  OF  EAHLY  S(JOTCH  HISTORY. 

coram  omnibus  il)i(l(']n  cxistontilAis  d^'nogauit  ct  dixit 
quod  non  acccpit  assedationem  dictaiiim  teiTarum  a  dicta 
domina  Margareta  sed  a  Ditore  de  Meser  et  quod  non 
tenebatur  in  aliquas  firmas  de  terminis  elapsis  quia  solvit 
illas  dicto  Deor  a  quo  accepit  prefatas  teiras.  Tcstibus, 
Colino  Campbel  de  Glenurquhay  milite,  domino  Mau- 
ricio  M'Nachtag  et  domino  Roberto  ^I'lnayr,  vicariis  de 
Inchecadyn  et  Kilin,  Johanne  de  Stirling,  etc." 

The  next  is  a  letter  of  King  James  in. — 

"  III. 

"  LiTERA  PEO  MaLISEO  DoIRE,   COMMOEAN'  IN  StEAFULANE. 

"  James  be  the  grace  of  God  King  of  Scottis  to  all 
and  sindri  our  liegis  and  subditis  spuituale  and  tempo- 
rale  to  quhois  knaulege  this  our  lettre  salcum  greting. 
Forsemekle  as  we  haue  undirstand  that  our  ser\dtour 
Malice  Doire  and  his  forebearis  has  had  ane  Eelik  of 
Sanct  Fulane  callit  the  Quegrith  in  keping  of  us  and  of 
oure  progenitouris  of  maist  nobill  mynde  quham  God 
assolye  sen  the  tyme  of  King  Eobert  the  Bruys  and  of 
before,  and  made  nane  obedience  nor  ansuere  to  na  per- 
soun  spirituale  nor  temporale  in  ony  thing  concermTig 
the  said  haly  Eelik  uthir  wayis  than  is  contenit  in  the 
auld  infeftments  thereof  made  and  grantit  be  oure  said 
progenitouris  ;  We  chairg  you  therefor  strately  and  com- 
mandis  that  in  tyme  to  cum  ye  and  ilkane  of  you  redily 
ansuere,  intend  and  obey  to  the  said  Malise  Doire  in  the 
peciable  broiking  joicing  of  the  said  Eelik,  and  that  ye 
na  nain  of  you  tak  upon  hand  to  compell  nor  distrenye 


ak 


THE  COYGERACH.  393 

him  to  mak  obedience  nor  ansuere  to  you  nor  till  ony 
uthir  bot  allenarly  to  us  and  oure  successouris,  according 
to  the  said  infeftment  and  foundatioun  of  the  said  Relik, 
and  siclike  as  wes  uss  and  wount  in  the  tyme  of  oure 
said  progenitouris  of  maist  nobill  mynde  of  before  ;  And 
that  ye  mak  him  nane  impediment,  letting  nor  distroubl- 
ance  in  the  passing  with  the  said  Relik  throu  the  contre, 
as  he  and  his  forebearis  wes  wount  to  do  ;  And  that  ye 
and  ilk  ane  of  you  in  oure  name  and  autorite  kepe  him 
unthrallit,  bot  to  remane  in  siclike  fredome  and  liberte 
of  the  said  Relik,  Hke  as  is  contenit  in  the  said  infeft- 
ment, undir  all  the  hiest  pane  and  charge  that  ye  and 
ilk  ane  of  you  may  amitt,  and  inrun  anent  us  in  that 
pairt.  Gevin  undir  oure  priue  sele  at  Edinburgh  this 
vj  day  of  Julij,  the  yere  of  God  j"^  iiij^  Ixxxvii  yeris  and 
of  our  regnne  the  xxvij  yere.  '  James  R." 

The  Coygerach  of  St.  Fillan  was  long  afterwards 
known  in  the  Highlands  of  Perthshire.  The  last  of 
these  deeds  was  registered  as  a  probative  ^rat  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1st  November  1734  ;  and  M.  Latocnaye,  who 
made  a  tour  in  Britain  in  1795,  gives  this  notice  of  the 
Relic, — "  Ayant  vu  I'annonce  d'une  fameuse  relique,  en  la 
possession  d'un  paysan  aux  environs,  nous  avons  de- 
mande  a  la  voir.  Elle  ressemble  assez  au  haut  bout 
d'une  crosse  d'eveque,  et  est  d'argent  dore.  Le  bon 
homme  qui  nous  la  montre,  et  qui  gagne  quelque  pen 
d'argent  avec  elle,  vraisemblablement  pour  augmenter 
notre  interet,  nous  a  dit  tres  serieusement,  que  quand 
les  bestiaux  etaient  enrages,  il  suffisait  de  leur  faire  boire 


394  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

(k*.  I'eau  passeo  pai-  riiitcrieur  de  sa  relk|u<;  ;  I'cau  houil  tl 

lonrio  siir  Ic.  (-lianip  (|uaii(l  Ic  reniede  ne  veut  ]m.s  operor  f 

(d'ou  on  pourrait  conclure  qu'il  ojjere  souvont),  et  que*  ?! 

I'on  vciiait  de  plus  de  cent  milles  cherclier  de  son  eau.  9 

.   .  .  Quoiqu'il  en  soit,  j'ai  etc  <-lianne  de  trouver  uncj  <', 

relique  parmi  les  Presl)yteriens/'^  | 

The  Relic,  it  is  believed,  has  been  for  some  years  in  ii 

C^anada,  but  whether  it  retains  its  virtues  in  the  New  Lj 

World  is  unknown.  K 

1. 

Such  are  the  materials  which  a  Higliland  charter-  i 

room   has   afforded    for  illustrating   some   centuries   of  1'^ 

Highland  life.     They  will  not  be  slighted  as  a  mere  col-  it 

lection  of  antiquarian  curiosities,  if  they  are  found  to  |: 

throw  light  on  the  state  of  property  and  the  institutions  ; 

of  an  interesting  district,  and  to  exhibit  early  forms  of  : 

life  and  progressive  changes  of  manners  in  its  pastoral  | 
people.       There  is  enough  of  romance  in  the  glimpses 
here  opened  of  the  rough  life  of  "  the  good  old  time,** 
and  it  is  pleasant  to  think  that  while  much  is  changed, 

every  change  has  been  for  the  better.      The  district,  f 

which  these  papers  show  us  in  so  ^"ild  a  state  of  lawless  Ii 

insecurity,  has  for  the  last  two   centmies  steadily  im-  s 

proved  ;  and  the  progress  has  not  been  more  marked  in  i 

the  face  of  the  country  than  in  the  moral  and  physical  ' 
condition  of  the  people,  and  their  social  happiness. 

'  Promenade  autoiir  de  la  Grande  Bretagne,   par  un  Officier  Frangais  Emigre,  i 
p.  294.     Edinb.  1795. 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  395 


CAWDOR    PAPERS. 

When  we  first  meet  with  written  records  connected 
with  tlie  district  beyond  Spey,  it  had  recently  been  the 
scene  of  a  notable  revolution.  Successive  rebellions  of 
the  native  population  of  the  plain  of  Moray,  in  support, 
apparently,  of  a  claim  of  their  Maormors  or  hereditary 
chiefs  to  the  throne,  had  been  suppressed  with  much 
rigour ;  and  our  old  historians  tell  us,  the  whole  people 
had  been  driven  out,  and  the  land  given  to  strangers. 
Putting  a  very  limited  confidence  in  those  authors,  and 
making  due  deduction  from  the  improbable  story  of  an 
entire  transmigration,  we  yet  find  sufficient  evidence 
of  great  changes  of  people  and  polity.  The  influx  of 
southerns,  which  was  so  remarkable  a  feature  of  Scotch 
civilisation  from  the  reign  of  Malcolm  Canmore  down- 
ward, set  most  strongly  over  the  wheat-growing  plain  of 
Moray,  and  before  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century 
Celtic  tenures  and  customs  had  disappeared  ;  all  the 
great  lords  of  the  soil,  all  the  Crown  vassals,  all  the 
recorded  benefactors  of  the  Church,  were  unmistakably 
Normans  or  Saxons,  holding  their  lands  for  military 
service. 

It  is  in  that  century  that  we  have  first  evidence 
of  a  general  valuation  of  land,  the  property  of  sub- 
jects, evidently  as  the  measure  of  public  imposts  ;  while 
the  lands  held  by  the  Crown  in  property  were  also 
valued  and  entered  at  a  fixed  rent  in  the  King  s  Rental. 
jMany  of  these  Crown  lands  were  held  by  tenants  with 


:;!)G 


ski<:t(;}ies  of  kakly  scotcji  history. 


no  feudal  oi*  written  litl<',  yet  not  to  he  removed  nil)i 
trarily,  whose  rights  and  burdens  were  ascertained  by 
the  Kental.  They  seem  to  have  been  often  of  the  native 
stock,  and  very  likely  continued  to  hold  as  Crown 
tenants  what  their  forefathers  had  possessed  under  their 
native  lords.  Their  leaders,  or  the  more  important  of 
them,  in  time  sought  to  imitate  the  southern  fashion, 
and  obtained  permanent  rights  to  their  land,  though 
different  from  the  feudal  or  military  holding,  and  with- 
out evading  the  payment  of  rent.  The  administrator  of 
the  Crown  lands,  the  collector  of  rents,  the  magistrate 
and  head  man  of  a  little  district,  known  among  his  Celtic 
neighbours  as  the  "  Toshach,"  took  a  charter  of  the  whole 
district  from  the  Sovereign,  whereby  he  became,  under 
the  Saxon  name  of  Thane,  hereditary  tenant,  paying  the 
sum  at  which  the  land  stood  in  the  Kioo^'s  Kental,  and 
preserving  all  his  ancient  authority  now  strengthened 
and  legalized.^  In  this  manner  it  fell  that  the  Saxon 
title  of  Thane  became  common,  chiefly  in  the  north,  and 
in  the  least  Saxon  part  of  Scotland,  but  it  does  not  follow 
that  the  title  expressed  exactly  the  same  rank  and  dignit}' 
with  the  English  title  of  Thane. 

One  of  our  ancient  codes  of  customary  law,  which 

is  page  is  given  as  the  result  of        on  matters  of  Scotch  history  and  law, 


1  Th 
some  research,  but  by  no  means  as  the 
ascertained  history  of  a  change  in  our 
institutions,  obscure  in  itself  through 
antiquity  and  loss  of  records,  but  ren- 
dered doubly  dark  by  the  foolish  fictions 
of  lawyers  like  Skene  and  historians  like 
Boece.  The  inquirer  into  the  history 
of  Scotch  Thanes  must  begin  with  dis- 
charging from  his  mind  everything  that 
has  been  written  on  the  subject,  from 
Hector  Boece  down  to  the  latest  guessers 


including,  it  must  be  confessed,  the  last 
scene  of  the  tragedy  of  Macbeth,  "sup- 
posed to  be  true  history ;  taken  from 
Hector  Boetius  and  other  Scottish  chro- 
niclers'— as  the  old  title-page  has  it. 
It  may  be  noticed,  however,  that  Bucha- 
nan, slighting  Boece' s  fiction  of  all 
Thanes  being  made  Earls,  says  inci- 
dentally, that  in  his  own  time  Thanes 
of  Districts  began  to  be  called  Stewards,, 
VII.  86  r. 


I 


SCOTCH  THANES.  397 

was  specifically  abrogated  by  the  famous  Ordinance  of 
Edward  i.,  a.d.  1305,  had  for  its  object  that  which  was 
common  to  all  the  northern  codes— to  estimate  the  grades 
of  society,  and  the  penalties  to  be  paid  for  injuring  each. 
There,  after  the  King  comes  the  Earl.  The  Thane  ranks 
equal  with  the  Earl's  son.  The  Cro  of  an  Earl  of  Scot- 
land, or  of  a  son  of  the  King,  is  seven  score  and  ten 
cows.  The  Cro  of  an  Earl's  son,  or  of  a  Thane,  is  one 
hundred  cows ;  and,  passing  some  intermediate  grades, 
the  Cro  of  a  Villeyn  or  Carl  is  sixteen  ky.  The  same 
proportion  is  preserved  in  the  penalties  for  slaughter, 
committed  in  the  peace  of  our  lord  the  King,  of  an  Earl, 
or  of  a  Thane  ;  and  in  like  manner  the  Thane  is  ranked 
with  the  Earl's  son  in  estimating  the  galnes,  enach,  and 
gelchach — the  Celtic  shapes  of  the  "  rectitudines  singu- 
larum  personarum."  ^ 

But  whatever  was  their  rank,  the  office  or  dignity  of 
Thane  was  not  uncommon.  Rarely  met  with  in  the 
south,  Thanedoms  are  found  mostly  in  Angus  and 
Mearns  and  the  northern  shires  down  to  the  Moray 
Fhtli.  We  must  not  expect  to  find  them  in  the  fertile 
plains  of  the  Lowlands,  which  were  speedily  and  entirely 
occupied  by  the  southern  settlers,  become  feudal  Barons ; 
nor  yet  in  the  inner  fastnesses  of  the  mountains,  where  the 
Celtic  institutions  unmodified,  excluded  the  Saxon  title 

^  Ada  Fad.  Scot.  i.  299.  Leges  inter  specilied  are  the  King,  Earl,  Thane 
Brettos  et  Scotos.  These  customs  of  the  (which  Spehnan  held  to  be  an  equivalent 
Strathclyde  Britons  bear  the  stamp  of  a  for  the  Celtic  Tosche),  Ogthiern  (liter- 
higher  anticpiity  than  we  have  here  to  ally,  young  lord,  perhaps  the  oldest 
deal  with,  and  of  a  more  Celtic  form  of  cadet,  sometimes  called  Captain  of  the 
society.  There  is  no  niche  for  the  Baron  Clan),  and  the  Villeyn  or  Carl,  the  cul- 
or  great  vassal  of  the  Crown  holding  his  tivator  of  the  soil, 
hind  by  military    service.     The  ranks 


398  SKETCFIES  OF  EAKl.Y  SCOTCH  HlSTOin'. 

or  offifc.  But  along  the  l)orders  that  separated  the 
races,  along  the  southern  foot  of  tlie  GraHiynnn  hills, 
through  the  ilracs  of  Angus  and  Meams,  in  tiic  hilly 
skirts  of  Aberdeen  and  Jjanff,  where  the  Sovereign  had 
established  his  dominion,  imperfectly  it  may  be,  but  had 
not  driven  out  the  native  people,  we  find  numerous 
Thanes  and  lands  held  in  Thanage.  In  the  narrow 
country  between  Findhorn  and  the  Nairn  we  have  four, 
some  of  them  of  very  limited  extent.-^ 

In  rank,  the  northern  Thane  held  nearly  the  same 
place  as  that  fixed  in  the  customs  of  Strathclyde.  We 
find  him  in  these  documents  subordinate  to  the  great 
Earls  of  Ross,  and  evidently  at  least  equal  with  Barons 
holding  of  the  Crown  by  feudal  service." 

AU  we  know  of  the  early  tenure  of  Cawdor  is  learnt 
from  the  charter  of  Robert  i.,  1310,  which,  in  granting 
the  Thanedom  to  William,  Thane  of  Cawdor,  in  heritage, 
for  twelve  marks,  to  be  paid  in  exchequer  yearly,  and 
the  former  services,  sets  forth  that  the  lands  were  held 
in  thanage  of  the  Crown,  on  the  same  conditions  (and 
evidently  by  the  same  family),  in  the  time  of  King  Alex- 
ander, of  good  memory,  last  deceased,  that  is,  King 
Alexander  iii.,  who  finished  his  lono^  reion  in  1285.^ 

1  Dyke,  Brodie,  Moyness,  and  Caw-  shifted  from  the  CroA^Ti  to  the  Earls  of 
dor,  Archibald  Earl  of  Douglas  granted  Ross,  became  at  length  fixed  in  the 
to  his  brother-german  James  of  Dong-  Sovereign,  the  King  united  a  number  of 
las,  the  barony  of  Petyn,  the  third  of  later  acqiiired  lands  with  the  original 
Doufhous  and  Awasschir,  and  all  the  thanage,  into  one  entire  thanage  of  Caw- 
lands  lying  within  the  Thaynedomeis  in  dor,  "  having  the  liberties  and  privi- 
the  lordship  of  Kylnialaman  {Kilmale-  leges  of  a  Bait)ny,"  to  be  held  for  Avard, 
mak)  in  the  sheriflFdom  of  Elgin  ;  con-  relief,  and  marriage,  and  military  ser- 
firmed  by  Crown  charter  of  James  I.  a.  r.  vice — the  ancient  payment  of  twelve 
21-1426.     We   meet  with  at  least  fifty  merks  abandoned. 

thanedoms  named  in  Scotch  charters.  ^  Tiie  original  Charter  of  Robert  I.  is 

2  When    the   superiority   which    had        at  Cawdor. 


FIRST  THANES  OF  CAWDOR. 


399 


We  may  conjecture,  with  sufficient  probability,  that 
Donald,  Thane  of  Cawdor,  who  was  one  of  the  inquest 
on  the  extent  of  Kilravock  and  Geddes  in  1295,  had 
died  recently  before  the  granting  of  King  Robert's  char- 
ter to  Thane  William.  We  know  that  Thane  William 
lived  to  have  a  son,  also  named  William,  in  manhood 
and  acting  along  with  himself,  about  1350.^ 

The  latter  William  was  succeeded  by  Andrew,  at 
whose  death  we  become  somewhat  acquainted  with  the 
state  of  the  family  and  its  possessions.  As  we  cannot 
name  the  first  Celtic  chieftain  who  consented  to  change 
his  style  of  Toshach  and  his  patriarchal  sway  for  the 
title  and  stability  of  King's  Thane  of  Cawdor,  so  it  is 
impossible  to  fix  the  precise  time  when  their  other 
ancient  property  and  offices  were  acquired.  But  on 
11th  July  1405,  we  find  Donald,  Thane  of  Cawdor,  suc- 
ceeding, by  formal  process  of  law,  to  his  father,  Thane 
Andrew,  who  died  last  vest  and  seised  in  the  offices  of 
hereditary  sheriff  of  the  shire,  and  constable  of  the  royal 
castle  of  Nairn.  The  family  had  now  also  acquired,  from 
an  unknown  source,^  one  half  of  the  lands  of  Dunmaglass, 


'  In  the  Innes  charter-chest  at  Fh:)nrs 
is  a  careful  transuTupt  (taken  at  the  in- 
stance of  Sir  Walter  of  Innes  in  1454)  of 
two  charters  of  Johannes  de  Haya  de 
Tulybotlivil,  hoth  granted  to  his  l)rothei-- 
in-law,  Thomas  of  St.  Clair  :  the  first, 
of  lands  in  Strathpefir,  in  Ross,  dated 
4th  December  1350.  The  second,  of 
half  of  Urcliany  Beg  in  Nairn  and  the 
Davach  of  Petcarsky  in  Sutherland,  is 
not  dated,  but  must  be  granted  some- 
^vllat  earlier  than  the  preceding.  It  is 
on  the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  St. 
Clair  with  Eiifemia,  the  granter's  sister, 
and  it  is  witnessed  by  Roger  Bishop  of 


Ross,  Hugh  de  Rosse  brother  of  the  Earl 
of  Ross,  Henry  called  Falconer  baron  of 
Lethyn,  Hugh  de  Rosse,  Adam  of  Urch- 
ard,  William  Thane  of  Colder,  William 
his  son,  etc. 

2  Mr.  Hugh  Rose,  the  historian  of 
Kilravock,  gives  us  the  tradition  of  his 
time,  that  the  same  Gilbert  Hostiarius 
who  had  the  charter  of  Both  and  Ban- 
chor  from  King  Alexander  ii.,  had  also 
a  grant  of  the  Thauage  and  assumed  the 
name  of  Cawdor,  and  that  from  him  the 
family  are  descended. — Hist.  Kilr.  p.  61. 
There  is  nothing  to  support  this  tradi- 


400 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  illSTOIlY. 


to  which  Thaii(3  Donald  soon  added  the  other  h;ilf,  \>\\v- 
chased  from  the  family  of  Menzies.  Now,  liowever,  the 
tenure  of  the  Thanedom,  jiiid  of  the  other  h(,'reditaiy 
offices,  held  in  the  time  of  Eobert  Bruce  immediately  of 
the  Sovereign,  was  changed.  By  one  of  those  exeitions 
of  power,  which  the  Scotch  Parliament  soon  declared 
unconstitutional,  the  Earls  of  Ross  had  been  interposed 
])etween  the  Crown  and  its  vassals  over  a  great  district 
of  the  north ;  and  when  Thane  Donald  succeeded,  his 
investiture  flowed  not  from  the  King,  but  from  his 
brother  Robert  Duke  of  Albany  (aftenvards  Regent), 
who  styles  himself  lord  of  the  ward  of  Ross,  which  he 
held  as  grandfather  of  the  young  Countess  Eufam,  who 
became  a  nun.  It  was  only  on  the  forfeiture  of  John  of 
the  Isles  and  Earl  of  Ross  in  1475,  that  the  Thanage, 
much  increased  in  territory,  became  again  and  perma- 
nently a  Crown  holding. 

Thane  Donald  added  to  the  family  ^possessions  the 


tion.  Dunvard  was  too  good  a  name  to 
be  lightly  changed.  The  arms  of  Dur- 
ward  seem  to  have  been  a  chief,  without 
other  charge.  The  Cawdors  have  always 
given  a  hart's  head. 

That  which  looks  like  an  augmentation 
of  the  family  coat — which  appears  on 
Thane  Donald's  seal,  as  one  buckle 
on  the  chief,  but  Avhich  aftei'wards 
swelled  out  into  a  fess  azic7'e  charged 
with  three  buckles  or — may  indicate  the 
acquisition  of  lands  by  marriage  or  in- 
heritance. We  do  not  know  from  whom 
the  first  half  of  Dunmaglass  was  derived. 
But  in  that  neighbourhood  was  settled, 
at  a  very  early  period,  a  family  of  Stir- 
ling, who  were  sometimes  called  Stirliugs 
of  Moray,  to  distinguish  them  from  the 
families  of  the  same  name  in  Perth  and 


Angus. — {Ragman  Roll,  1292  ;  Regist. 
Morav.  p.  99.)  Stirling  is  one  of  the 
few  names  that  give  buckles  for  their 
coat  armour ;  and  it  is  not  imiiossible 
that  the  buckle  in  the  shield  of  Cawdor 
may  indicate  a  marriage  with  an  heiress 
of  that  northern  branch.  Alexander  de 
Strivelyn,  who  was  settled  apparently 
near  the  church  of  Daviot,  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  had  married  a  daughter 
of  Freskiuus  de  Kerdale,  a  cadet  of  De 
Moravia  ;  and  the  stars  which  Thane 
William  added  to  his  paternal  arms 
may  allude  to  the  same  connexioD 
with  Stirling,  and  through  them  with 
the  great  family  of  De  Moravia,  wliose 
three  mullets  in  different  positions  ap- 
peared in  most  of  the  ancient  coats  of 
Moray. 


THE  EARLDOM  OF  MORAY.  401 

level  fields  of  Moy,  near  Forres,  the  half  lands  of  Dun- 
maglass  already  mentioned,  the  lands  of  Little  Urchany, 
closely  adjoining  his  hereditary  Thanage,  and  some  roods 
in  the  burgh  of  Nairn.  We  know  nothing  more  of  him 
except  that  he  must  have  given  his  son  an  education 
unusual  among  laymen  at  that  time,  to  qualify  him  for 
the  ofiices  he  held  under  the  Crown/ 

When  William  the  son  of  Donald  succeeded  to  his 
father  in  1442,  King  James  ii.  Avas  only  eleven  years 
old.  The  Douglases,  already  too  powerful  for  the  Crown, 
had  set  their  desires  upon  the  Earldom  of  Moray,  and 
were  not  scrupulous  as  to  the  mode  of  acquiring  it.  The 
great  territory,  reaching  from  sea  to  sea,  which  Bruce 
had  erected  into  an  Earldom  for  his  nephew,  Thomas 
Randolph,  had  passed  into  less  vigorous  hands.  The  line 
of  Dunbar  had  terminated  in  two  daughters  of  Earl  James, 
and  the  Douglases  had  secured  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth 
the  younger.  To  have  the  younger  daughter  preferred 
in  the  succession,  and  to  give  her  husband,  Archibald 
Douglas,  the  estate  and  dignity  of  Earl  of  Moray,  were 
steps  that  seemed  ordinary  administration  where  a  Doug- 
las was  concerned,  and  hardly  a  voice  was  raised  against 
them.  During  that  factious  and  turbulent  minority, 
Archibald  Earl  of  Moray  found  time  to  attend  to  his 
northern  territory.  He  restored  and  strengthened  the 
old  keep  of  Lochindorb,  once  the  head  castle  of  the 
Lordship  of  Badenoch,  and  rendered  famous  by  the  siege 

.     ^  We  find  Donalde  of  Kaldor  thayne  of  Moray  and  Ross  assembled  at  Chau- 

I  of  that  ilkc  with  the  Earl  of  Moray  and  ounry  of  Rosmarkyng,  16th  August  1120. 

the  Bishop  of  Ross,  Dame  Mary  of  lie,  — Origin  alinstruvient  at  Brodie,  printed 

Lady  of  the  Isles,  and  many  of  the  best  in  Begis.  Kpisc.  Marav. 

2  C 


402  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HfSTORY. 

it  sustained  wlnii  the  (-ountess  of  Athol  held  it  out  for  a 
whole  winter  against  the  Kegent  Andrew  Moray,  till 
relieved  l)y  Edward  iir.  in  person.  He  rendered  th< 
forest  castle  of  Darnaway  defensible,  but  his  great  opera- 
tions for  restoring  or  building  the  castle  and  hall  were 
still  in  progress  at  the  time  of  his  dowTifall.  When  1j" 
rushed  with  his  brothers  into  open  rebellion,  and  fell  at 
Arkinholme  in  1455,  the  special  charge  on  which  his 
lands  were  escheat  to  the  Crown  was,  "pro  murdtione  et 
fortijicatione  castrorum  de  Lochindorh  et  Tarnua  contra 
Regemf'^ 

Before  the  downfall  of  the  Douglases  and  the  conse- 
quent revolution  in  Moray,  William  Thane  of  Cawdor 
seems  to  have  enjoyed  some  office  about  the  Court  and 
the  King's  person.  In  the  Crown  license  for  building 
and  fortifying  his  castle  of  Cawdor,  in  1454,  the  King, 
then  twenty-three  years  old,  designates  him  as  his  loved 
familiar  squire  {dilectiis  familiaris  scutifer  noster) .  That 
was  the  year  of  the  great  Douglas  rebellion  ;  and  on  its  \ 
termination  and  the  death  of  Archibald  Earl  of  Morav, 
the  Thane  of  Cawdor  was  employed  in  fixing  the  rental 
and  managing  the  estates  in  the  north  which  had  fallen 
to  the  Crown  by  those  events. 

In   1457,   the  Thane  of  Cawdor  and   Mr.   Thomas 
Carmichael,  canon  of  Moray,  held  jointly  the  office  of 
King's  chamberlains  beyond  Spey,  and  rendered  their  , 
accounts  of  the  whole  income  and  expense  connected  i 
with  the  CrowTL  property  of  that  district,  at  Linlithgow, 
on  the  19  th  of  July  of  that  year.     The  ancient  Crov.ii 

1  Acta  Pari.  Scot.  ii. 


II 


DOMESTIC  HISTORY  OF  JAMES  II.  403 

Rentals  of  Scotland  are  all  lost ;  and  the  local  antiquary 
must  look  to  these  accounts  for  the  earliest  notices  of  the 
divisions  and  occupation  of  property  and  the  condition 
of  the  country.  He  will  know  how  to  value  fifteenth 
century  lists  of  Crown  and  Earldom  lands,  mth  their 
rental  stated,  and  often  their  produce  in  kind.  In  the 
expense  side,  he  will  find  minute  details  of  repairing  the 
Royal  Castle  of  Inverness  ;  information  regarding  the 
property  of  the  great  Earldom  ;  corrections  for  the  pedi- 
gree of  Lovat ;  particulars  of  many  interesting  families, 
as  De  Insuhs,  several  Dunbars,  the  Lindsays — two  Dow- 
ager-Countesses of  Crawfurd  drawing  tierce  of  Strath- 
nairn,  and  a  Countess  of  Moray,  re-married  to  Sir  John 
Ogilvie  of  Luntrethin,  allowed  her  widow's  third  of  the 
Earldom  rents. 

Church  foundations  are  often  our  oldest  memorials  of 
historical  events.  Out  of  these  Earldom  rents,  payments 
were  due  to  several  chaplains  celebrating  in  the  Cathe- 
dral at  Elgin.  Among  them  are  five  chaplains  of  St. 
Thomas  the  Martyr,  founded  by  Earl  Thomas  Randolph, 
and  confirmed  by  his  uncle  King  Robert ;  and  one  en 
dowed  by  King  Alexander  ii.  for  the  soul  of  King 
Duncan — "  the  gracious  Duncan  " — who,  Fordun  says, 
died  at  Eloin. 

The  same  accounts  bring  us  acquainted  with  the 
private  life  of  James  ii.,  and  fill  up  partially  a  gap  of 
several  years  left  entirely  blank  by  our  historians.  As 
soon  as  the  rout  of  Arkinliolme  and  the  faU  of  Abercorn 
Castle  (1455)  had  marked  the  entire  suppression  of  the 
Douglas  rebellion,  the  King  seems  to  have  turned  his 


404 


SKET(.'HES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


attention  to  estal)lisliing  order  and  {mtlioi-ity  in  tli(i 
north,  and  especially  in  the  great  earldom  wljidi  Ai<lii- 
bald  Douglas  had  forfeited  with  his  life. 

It  is  evident  that  the  King  was  himself  active  in  the 
work  of  civilisation.  He  held  courts  of  justice  ;  directed 
a  new  rentalling  of  the  earldom,  which  he  bestowed  upon 
his  infant  son  David  -^  took  up  his  residence  sometimes 
at  Inverness,  sometimes  at  Elgin.  While  at  the  latter 
rural  city,  he  claimed  the  hospitality  of  the  Bishop  in  his 
castle  of  Spynie,  or  found  lodging  for  his  little  court  in 
the  College,  in  the  manse  of  Mr.  David  Stewart,  parson 
of  Duffus,  who  was  then  employed,  along  with  the  Thane 
of  Cawdor,  in  the  administration  of  the  earldom.^  AVhile 
the  King  was  residing  there,  and  the  parson  of  DufFus 
absent  probably  on  some  embassy,^  the  manse  was  acci- 
dentally set  on  fire,  with  some  of  the  homely  fare  pro- 
vided for  the  royal  larder  ;*  and  either  to  remedy  that 
disaster,  or  to  give  additional  accommodation  for  the 
unusual  guests  of  the  little  dwelHng,  a  new  kitchen  was 
built  at  the  king's  expense.  It  was  not  only  for  state 
business  and  holding  of  justice  courts  that  the  young 
king  stayed  in  Moray.  He  felt  the  fascination  of  the 
country,   and  took   means  to  enjoy  it.     The   castle  of 


1  This  legitimate  son  of  James  n.  is 
not  known  to  our  historians.  He  died 
in  infancy. 

2  David  Stewart,  parson  of  Duffus, 
was  afterwards  Bishop  of  Moray,  and 
like  his  coadjutor  the  Thane  of  Cawdor, 
has  perpetuated  his  memory  by  building 
a  tower,  still  known  as  "  Davj^s  Tower," 
and  the  most  stately  of  the  buildings  of 
the  Bishop's  palace  and  castle  of  Spynie. 


David  Stewart  died  in  147o,  and  was 
buried  Avith  his  brother  James,  the  pre- 
ceding Bishop,  in  St.  Peter's  and  St. 
Paul's  aisle,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Cathedral.— J/^.  Xotes. 

3  Extra  Regnum. 

■*  Dried  fish  and  pease — jnscibv^  guK 
dicuntur  Stokfisch  et  trihus  holUs  pis- 
arum,  and  also  casks,  barrels,  tubs,  and 
other  wooden  vessels  which  had  been 
provided  for  the  king's  iise. 


KING  JAMES  II.  IN  MORAY.  405 

Lochindorb,  a  formidable  Norman  fortress  in  a  moor- 
land loch,  which  had  been  fortified  against  his  authority 
by  Douglas,  he  doomed  to  destruction,  and  employed 
the  Thane  of  Cawdor  to  demolish  it.^  But  he  chose 
Darnaway  for  his  own  hunting-seat — as  old  Thomas 
Kandolph  had  done  a  century  before — and  completed 
the  extensive  repairs  and  new  erections  which  the 
Douglas  Earl  had  begun.  The  massive  beams  of  oak, 
and  solid  structure  of  the  roof  of  the  new  work  described 
in  these  accounts,  are  still  in  part  recognisable  in  the 
great  hall  at  Darnaway,  which  popular  tradition,  ever 
leaning  towards  a  fabulous  antiquity,  ascribes  to  Earl 
Randolph,  but  which  is  certainly  of  this  period.  Here 
for  two  seasons  the  king  enjoyed  the  sport  of  the  chase. 
Great  territories  on  both  sides  the  river  were  thrown  out 
of  cultivation  for  the  sport,  and  the  tenants  sat  free  of 
rent  while  their  lands  were  waste. ^  What  was  the  man- 
ner of  the  hunting  we  are  not  informed.  The  sport  of 
hawking,  indeed,  might  well  be  enjoyed  on  the  river 
bank  at  Darnaway  f  but  hawking  could  not  require  a 
whole  district  to  be  laid  waste.  The  fox  was  not  of  old 
esteemed  a  beast  of  chase  in  Scotland,  nor  perhaps  so 
early  in  England.  The  wolf  was  trapped  and  speared 
and  done  to  death  as  vermin.  There  is  no  doubt  the 
king's  chief  game  was  the  red  deer,  the  natives  of  those 

1  The  cost  of  deniolisliing  the  strong  ^  The  heronry  at  Darnaway,  so  well 

Nonnan  fortalice  was  £24.  known  to  the  lover  of  the  picturesque, 

a  Propter  vastitatem  terrarumde  Knok  is  comparatively  a  late  settlement.    But 

ct  Aytenach—jjro  vastitate  terrarum  de  the  streams  of  the  Findhorn  must  always 

Clahnarras  2oro  parte  Regis,  etc.     Quia  have  been  a  haunt  of  the  fishing  bird,  as 

,  de  mandato  Begis  erant proclamatm  vas-  its  cliffs  must  have  at  all  times  sheltered 

'  tee  pro  venationihus.     Proclamatce  vastoi  the  falcon's  eyrie. 

pro  venatione. 


406 


SKETCHES  OF  EAJILY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


hills  ;  and  it  is  prohaljlc  that  the  hart  was  shot  witli 
arrows,  and  1  united  down  witli  the  old  rough  greyhound, 
still  known  among  us  as  the  deer-hound,  and  until  lately 
in  Ireland  as  the  wolf-dog,  with  sueh  help  of  slower  dogs 
of  surer  scent  as  the  country  could  afford  ;  for  the  Eng- 
lish "  hound  "  was  hardly  known  in  old  Scotland.  But 
"  riding  up  to  hounds,"  or  riding  at  all,  must  have  been 
very  partially  used  among  the  peat-mosses  and  rocks  of 
the  upper  valley  of  the  Findhom. 

It  may  fairly  be  conjectured  that  Thane  William's 
public  employments  were  the  source  of  his  prosperity. 
His  building  of  the  castle,  large  additions  to  the  family 
estates,  making  a  very  opulent  marriage  for  his  heir,i 
point  him  out  as  the  person  who  raised  the  family  to 
that  position  which  it  maintained,  with  little  change,  for 
several  centuries. 

"  The  Thanes  of  Cawdor,"  writes  Lachlan  Shaw,  "  as 
Constables  of  the  King's  house,  resided  in  the  Castle  of 
Nairn,  and  had  a  country  seat  at  what  is  now  caUed  Old 


^  Alexander  Sutlierland  of  Dunbeath, 
who  was  married  to  Marion  of  the  Isles, 
the  daughter  of  Donald  Lord  of  the  Isles, 
had  great  estates  in  land,  and  other 
property  very  unusual  for  a  Scotch  gen- 
tleman of  the  fifteenth  century.  From 
his  will,  which  has  been  preserved,  we 
learn  he  had  at  least  five  sons,  one  of 
whom  was  Archdeacon  of  Caithness  at 
the  date  of  the  -vnll,  and  four  daughters, 
of  whom  Marjory  was  married  to  Wil- 
liam Earl  of  Orkney  and  Caithness,  Lord 
Chancellor,  and  Mariot  to  the  yoimg 
Thane  of  Cawdor.  The  will,  which 
bears  date  at  Koslin,  loth  November 
1456,  shows  the  wealth  of  the  testator 
in  corn,  cattle,  and  money,  and  also  in 
iron,  and  the  large  debts  due  to  him. 


The  bequest  to  the  Thane's  lady  is  as 
follows  : — ''  I  geve  and  assignys  to  my 
douchtir  Marion  al  the  lave  of  my  landis 
that  I  have  undisponyt  upon ;  and  sa 
mony  ky  aid  and  yong  as  I  have  with 
Aytho  Faurcharsone  [40  ky]  or  with 
Mackay  Eenauch  [24],  and  sa  mony  ky 
as  scho  aucht  to  have  of  William e  Pol- 
sonys  ky."  He  directs  his  body  to  be 
graved  in  the  College  kirk  of  Eoslin, 
near  where  the  Earl  his  son-in-law  thinks 
to  ly.  He  seems  to  have  lived  in  the 
familj'  -ftith  the  Earl  of  Caithness,  and 
he  left  a  silver  collar  to  Sir  Gilbert  the 
Haye,  a  versifier  and  translator  of  French 
metrical  romances  into  Scotch,  appa- 
rently his  intimate  friend. — Bannatyne 
Miscellany,  iii.  93. 


THE  CASTLE.  407 

Cawdor,  a  half  mile  north  from  the  present  seat.  There 
they  had  a  house  on  a  small  moat,  with  a  dry  ditch,  and 
a  drawbridge,  the  vestiges  whereof  are  to  be  seen."  The 
remains  at  Old  Cawdor^ — ^in  the  midst  of  the  flat  alluvial 
plain — have  only  finally  disappeared  within  the  memory 
of  the  present  generation  : — "  The  tower,"  writes  Shaw, 
speaking  of  the  present  castle,  "  stands  between  two 
courts  of  buildings.  Tradition  beareth  that  the  Thane 
was  directed  in  a  dream  to  build  the  tower  round  a 
hawthorn -tree  on  the  bank  of  the  brook.  Be  this  as  it 
will,  there  is  in  the  lowest  vault  of  the  tower  the  trunk 
of  a  hawthorn-tree,  firm  and  sound,  growing  out  of  the 
rock,  and  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  vault.  Strangers 
are  brought  to  stand  round  it,  each  one  to  take  a  chip  of 
it,  and  then  to  drink  to  the  hawthorn-tree,  i.e.,  '  Pros- 
perity to  the  Family  of  Calder.'  This  house,  with 
spacious  enclosures,  fine  gardens,  a  park  of  red  deer,  and 
a  large  wood  close  by  the  house,  make  a  grand  and  de- 
lightful seat."  Shaw  omits,  perhaps  advisedly,  part  of 
the  legend,  which  is  yet  vouched  by  the  constant  tradi- 
tion of  the  castle — how  the  Thane  resolved  to  build  a 
tower  of  fence,  but  hesitating  as  to  its  site,  was  admon- 
ished in  a  dream  to  bind  the  coffer  containing  his  trea- 
sure he  had  collected  for  the  purpose  on  an  ass ;  to  set 
the  animal  free,  and  to  build  his  tower  wherever  it 
stopped  ;  how  the  treasure-laden  ass  stopped  exactly  at 
"  the  tliird  hawthorn-tree,"  and  how  the  castle  was  there 
built  accordingly.  The  "  first  and  second  hawthorn  trees," 
which  stood  within  a  hundred  yards  of  the  castle,  fell 
within  the  last  forty  years,  bearing  the  marks  of  extreme 


i 

408  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

old  ng(^  Even  tliose  who  are  sceptical  enough  to  quf.-s 
tion  the  mythical  history,  must  confess  that  th(^  tree  is 
still  standing  rooted  in  the  castle  vault,  and  that  bcsid' 
it  lies  the  coffer,  albeit  no  longer  full  of  gold  or  silver. 

William  Thane  of  Cawdor,  the  son  of  the  builder  of 
the  tower,  was,  like  his  father,  a  lettered  man,  and  he 
fell  on  a  time  when  learning  was  in  repute  in  the  nortli 
— when  an  Earl  of  Huntly  was  Lord  Chancellor  of  Scot- 
land, and  when  barons  were  ordained  by  Act  of  ParHa- 
ment  to  put  their  eldest  sons  to  grammar  schools.  He 
added  to  the  estates  of  the  family  by  marriage  and  pur- 
chase. He  changed  the  base  tenure  of  his  estates  into  a 
Crown  holding,  attended  to  his  affairs  in  person,  docquet- 
ing  important  papers  with  his  own  hand.  He  was  fami- 
liar with  forms  of  law  and  legal  instruments.  Now  was 
the  time  of  quarrels  with  neighbours,  quarrels  at  law 
and  against  law,  and  laborious  treaties  of  peace,  arbitra- 
tions about  marches,  and  those  strange  contracts  of  mar- 
riage where  parties  arranged  the  nuptial  happiness  of 
their  children  before  they  were  born.  Through  all,  the 
family  continued  to  prosper.  The  Thane's  own  first 
marriage  was  apparently  very  fortunate,  and  perhaps 
also  his  second,  with  the  wddow  of  Kinnaird  of  Culbin. 
Not  so  the  long  premeditated  marriage  of  his  son,  that 
was  meant  to  heal  the  differences  between  the  houses  of 
Cawdor  and  Kilravock. 

On  account  of  some  personal  defect,  the  Thane's 
eldest  son  William  was  set  aside  (put  from  all  his  lands 
and  heritage),  with  a  pension  until  he  should  obtain  a 
church  benefice,  and  with  the  sheriffship  and  constabu- 


MURIEL.  409 

lary,  which  were  probably  held  inalie:.cible  from  the 
heir-male ;  and  John,  the  second  son,  was  to  be  invested 
in  the  whole  heritage  of  his  family,  "  as  sicker  as  men's 
wit  can  devise,"  and  married  to  Isabella  the  Eoss  of  Kil- 
ravock.  The  marriage  was  not  happy,  and  the  feud  of 
the  two  houses  was  embittered  by  family  dissensions,  in 
which  it  appears  the  old  Thane  took  special  umbrage  at 
his  son's  bride.  The  young  man  did  not  long  survive 
his  marriage,  dying  in  1498. 

It  was  not  unnatural  that  the  four  sons  and  even  the 
old  Thane  should  look  back  with  some  disappointment 
on  the  transactions  which  had  resulted  only  in  leaving 
an  infant  giii  sole  heiress  of  the  possessions  of  theii* 
house.  They  resolved,  if  they  could,  to  set  her  aside ; 
and,  with  the  help  of  their  kinsman,  the  Precentor  of 
Ross,  they  brought  forward  some  curious  evidence  to 
prove  her  illegitimate.  But  the  little  Muriel  was  not 
unfriended.  The  new  tenure  was  against  them  too. 
The  young  Thane  had  been  fully  invested  ;  the  estates 
held  ward  of  the  Crown  ;  so  that  the  infant  was  under 
the  care  of  the  Sovereign,  who  bestowed  her  ward  and 
marriage  upon  the  Earl  of  Argyll,  and,  backed  by  that 
powerful  guardian,  the  little  Muriel  floated  safe  through 
the  storm  of  a  disputed  succession.  The  marriage  of  the 
heiress  to  the  son  of  her  guardian  (the  donator  of  her 
ward  and  marriage,  as  the  lawyers  called  him),  was  an 
understood  sec^uel  of  the  gift,  and  followed  as  a  thing  of 
course,  and  without  undue  delay,  for  Muriel  of  Cawdor 
jwas  only  twelve  years  old  when  she  was  given  in  mar- 
riage to  Sir  John  Campbell,  the  Earl's  third  son. 


410  .SKETCHKS  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOUY. 

It  is  to  l)e  hoped  that  John  Campbell  was  a  kind 
husl)and  to  his  child-wife.  Certainly  the  marriage  had 
many  advantages,  and  j)crhaps  no  other  alliance  in  Scot 
land  could  have  enabled  the  young  heiress  to  hold  her 
own  so  well  among  rough  neighbours  and  unfriendly 
kinsmen  and  clansmen. 

The  Campbells  were  already  firmly  established  in 
the  room  of  the  great  ancient  lords  of  ATg}dl,  the  Isles, 
and  Lorn.  But  theirs  was  a  different  rule  from  that  of 
the  pirates  and  rude  princes,  their  predecessors.  Not 
satisfied  with  a  sway  quite  absolute,  and  which  they 
might  easily  have  made  independent,  over  the  Celts  of 
those  remote  and  inaccessible  mountains  and  isles,  the 
Campbells,  from  the  beginning,  attached  themselves  to 
the  Scotch  Court,  obtained  great  and  opulent  marriages, 
and  held  the  highest  offices  of  the  state.  The  first  Earl 
of  Argyll  had  been  Chancellor ;  the  second,  who  fell  at 
Flodden,  was  Master  of  Household  ;  and  the  thii'd 
handed  down,  as  hereditary  possessions  to  his  succes- 
sors, the  great  offices  of  Master  of  Household  and  Great 
Justiciar  of  Scotland.  But  it  was  the  personal  character 
of  the  race,  predominating  alike  in  policy  and  force  over 
all  their  neighbours,  that  gave  the  Campbells  their  chief 
influence. 

Sir  John,  who  married  Muriel  of  Cawdor  in  1510,  was 
the  third  son  of  that  Earl  Archibald  who  was  killed  in  the 
field  of  Flodden  three  years  later.  His  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  the  gallant  race  of  Stuart  of  Darnley.  He  him- 
self was  a  Campbell  of  the  old  stamp,  seeking  incessantly 
to  increase  his  possessions  and  extend  his  influence.    His 


i 


THE  CAMPBELLS.  411 

treaties  with  cousins  of  his  own  clan,  with  the  M 'Leans 
and  Camerons,  M'Leods,  M'Donalds,  and  M'Neills,  show 
both  his  policy  and  his  acknowledged  power.  The 
proudest  of  the  Highlands  did  not  disdain  to  take  service 
with  him, — to  become  leal  and  true  men  and  servants  to 
Sir  John  Campbell  of  Cawdor.  It  is  astonishing  how 
soon  the  old  Cawdors — the  four  uncles  of  Muriel  and 
their  kinsman  the  Precentor,  went  down  before  the  as- 
cendency of  the  new  Thanes.  The  careful  economies  of 
the  Precentor  were  all  in  vain,  and  the  estates  he  had 
providently  acquired  to  maintain  the  male  line  of  his 
house,  all  came  at  length  to  swell  the  possessions  of 
Muriel's  husband. 

Sir  John's  own  possessions  in  Argyll  were  large  and 
still  increasing.  He  seems  to  have  already  pretended 
some  right  to  Isla,  and  long  before  the  general  spoil  of 
church  lands,  the  Campbells,  who  could  not  wait  for  the 
Reformation,  had  appropriated  to  him  a  great  territory 
on  the  shore  of  Loch  Etive  (a  hundred  merk  land  of  old 
extent  pertaining  to  lona),  of  which  he  had  previously 
been  bailie.^ 

Muriel,  while  still  an  infant,  seems  to  have  been  re- 
moved for  safety  to  Argyll,  and  she  probably  passed  the 
the  first  years  of  her  married  life  in  her  husband's  coun- 
try. We  moderns,  looking  on  the  unmatched  beauty  of 
that  western  shore,  may  feel  some  surprise  that  even  the 
charming  situation  of  Caw^dor,  and  the  hgliter  air  and 
bright  sky  of  Moray  could  compensate  for  it  in  the 
eyes  of  a  Campbell.     There  were  other  considerations, 

'  Feu-charter  a.  1532. 


412  SKETCHES  OF  EAllLV  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  ^ 

no  doubt,  then  more  weighty.  Ferquhard  M'Lachlaii, 
]>i.sliop  of  the  Isles,  and  no  stranger  to  the  manners  of 
his  people,  when  making  over  the  ehurch  land  (jn  Locli 
Etive  to  Sir  John,  recorded  that  the  estate  was  in  a 
wicked  and  pernicious  province,  from  w^hose  inhabitants 
he  and  his  predecessors  could  get  no  rents  or  profits, 
expressing  an  unnecessary  doubt  whether  Sir  John 
Camj)bell  will  be  more  successful.  Now,  though  a 
Campbell  knew  how  to  draw  his  rents  in  Argyll,  it  is  not 
improbable,  that  as  the  knight  got  older  and  richer, 
the  security  of  the  east  coast,  amidst  Saxon  settlers 
and  their  institutions,  amidst  royal  burghs,  endowed 
churchmen,  regular  and  secular — aU  lovers  of  order  and 
respecters  of  property — might  lead  him  to  prefer  his  j 
wife's  country  and  to  settle  there  permanently.  It 
seems  that  Sir  John  and  his  family  came  to  Cawdor  in 
1524,  and  from  that  time  made  it  their  usual  residence. 
After  a  prosperous  reign,  Sir  John  died  in  1546.  The 
Lady  Muriel  survived  him  long,  and  survived  also  their 
eldest  son  Archibald,  who  died  only  five  years  after  his 
father.  At  length,  when  Dame  Muriel  of  Cawdor  is  now 
of  a  good  old  age,  in  the  year  1573,  she  resigns  her 
thanage  and  lands  in  favour  of  her  grandson,  "Jhone 
Campbell,  my  oy,  his  airis  male  and  assignaps ;"  and  so 
disappears  from  the  scene. 

John,  the  young  Thane,  made  a  good  beginning.  He 
married  Mary  Keith,  the  daughter  of  a  very  noble,  opu- 
lent, and,  for  the  times,  most  virtuous  family,  the  Earl 
MarischaU's,  and  the  younger  sister  of  the  good  Dame 
Annas  Keith,  wife  of  the  Kegent  Murray,  and  after  his 


THE  CAMPBELLS. 


418 


assassination,  of  Colin  Eaii  of  Argyll.  In  Thane  John  s 
time  befell  the  greatest  revolution  in  the  world — the 
Keformation  ;  yet  no  paper  preserved  at  Cawdor  bears 
notice  of  it  directly  or  incidentally,  if  we  except  large 
accessions  of  church  lands — the  priory  lands  of  Ard- 
chattan  on  the  west,  and  the  bishopric  lands  of  Ar- 
derseir  on  the  Cawdor  side — and  the  crowd  of  church- 
men avowing  families  of  children  (some  of  whom  must 
have  been  born  before  the  Reformation  made  them 
lawful). 

The  marriage  of  John  Campbell  of  Cawdor  with 
the  sister  of  the  Countess  of  Argyll  had  drawn  his 
connexion  still  closer  with  his  chief's  family,  and  upon 
the  death  of  her  husband,  the  Chancellor,  Earl  of 
Argyll  in  1584,  he  was  one  of  six  persons  named  to 
advise  the  twice  widowed  Countess  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Earldom  during  the  minority  of  the  young 
Earl,  her  son.^  Not  content  with  his  share  of  power, 
Cawdor   planned  with  Campbell  of  Lochnell   to   seize 


1  The  Earl's  will  is  notable.  Here  are 
some  of  its  terms  : — 

"Item,  becaus  the  burding  wil  be 
havie  to  my  said  spous  to  reull  and  go- 
verne  the  cuntrie  of  Argyll  and  Lome, 
etc.,  induring  the  tyme  of  my  sonis  mi- 
noritie,  I  will  and  ordane  to  be  adjunit 
with  hir  in  that  behalfe,  the  intromis- 
sioun  of  geir  allanerlie  except,  thir  per- 
sounes  following  conjunctlie  ;  that  is  to 
say,  Duncane  Campbell  of  Glennrquhy, 
Dougall  Campbell  of  Auchinbrek,  Johne 
Campbell  of  Calder,  James  Campbell  of 
Arkinglasscomptrollar,  Archibald  Camp- 
bell of  Lochinyell,  and  Mr.  Neill  Camp- 
bell Bishop  of  Argyll,  quhais  counsal 
my  said  spous  sail  follow  in  all  thingis 
concerning  the  weill  of  my  sone  and  his 
j  cuntre.   .   .    .  Attour,  in  cace  of  inlaik 


of  my  wyf,  I  leif  the  governament  of  my 
dochter  Annas  unto  the  said  John  Camp- 
bell of  Calder,  and  to  his  wyf,  hir  modir 
sister.  .  .  .  And  now,  last  of  all,  I  leif 
my  son  Archibald  to  be  brocht  up  be 
his  mother  and  my  freindis  in  the  feir 
of  God  ;  and  ordanis  and  willis  him  and 
thame  that  thai  never  suarf  nor  schrink 
bak  from  the  treu  religion  of  Jesus  Cryst 
professit  and  prechit  Avithin  this  realm, 
bot  that  thai,  with  thair  bodeyis  and 
guidis  mantene  and  sett  forward  the 
samin  to  the  uttermost  of  thair  poweris 
in  all  places,  speciallie  within  the 
boundis  of  Ai-gyll  and  Lorn." — Latter 
Will  of  Colin  Earl  of  Argyll,  Chancel- 
lor and  Justice-General  of  Scotland, 
made  at  Darnaway,  5  and  6  September 
L584. 


414 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


and  keep  the  boy  by  force,  Lochiiell  to  have  control  of 
his  household,  Cawdor  of  his  person/  and  thus  to  mle 
the  State  tocrether.     Cawdor  seems  to  have  attained  liis 

o 

object,  and  after  the  death  of  the  Countess  Dame  Annas 
Keith,^  and  of  Ardkinglass  the  comptroller,  governed  the 
young  Earl,  and  his  kingdom  with  almost  undivided 
sway.^  It  was  a  short  rule,  however,  and  came  to  a 
violent  end.  Young  Ardkinglass,  the  comptroller's  son, 
provoked  that  he  was  unable  to  exercise  the  same  influ- 
ence as  his  father,  and  having  tried  to  gain  the  young 
EarFs  affection,  by  means  of  witchcraft,  without  efifect, 
took  the  more  certain  Highland  method  of  removing  an 
impediment  from  his  path.  He  employed  two  poor 
natives  to  do  the  deed,  and  Cawdor  was  shot  at  niglit 
by  three  bullets  from  a  hagbut  fired  through  a  A^indow 
of  the  house  of  Knepoch  in  Lorn.  The  instruments  in 
the  assassination  were  given  up  to  punishment,  Ijut  their 
instigator  was  not  punished.^ 

The  half  century  covered  by  the  life  of  the  second 


1  Two  bonds  of  agreement  were  sub- 
scribed on  the  same  day,  the  one  osten- 
sible, if  need  were,  the  other  secret. 

2  She  died  at  Edinburgh,  16th  July 
1588.  Her  testament  gives  a  valuable 
statement  of  the  household  servants  and 
their  wages,  and  of  the  house-rent  then 
paid  in  Edinburgh  for  a  lady  of  rank — 
the  dowager  of  two  Earldoms,  and,  at 
the  time  of  her  death,  administering  one. 
• — Argyll  Letters,  Maitl.  Club. 

3  It  is  to  this  we  owe  a  little  note  of 
travelling  expenses  in  the  West  High- 
lands in  1591. — See  Appendix. 

4  The  Testament  dative  of  "  John 
Campbell  of  Caldor  quha  decesit  intes- 
tate in  the  month  of  Februar  1591,"  is 


registered  in  the  Commissary  books  of 
Edinburgh  (15th  August  1592).  His 
moveable  property  consisted  mostly  of 
corn  and  stock  on  the  Mains  of  Clerk- 
ington,  the  lands  of  Braidwood,  Freri- 
lian,  Fairlihoip,  Nether  Liberton,  his 
connexion  with  which  estates  we  do  not 
gather.  Among  the  debts  due  by  the 
defunct  are  house-rent  owed  to  Eobert 
Oliphant,  burgess  of  Edinburgh,  for  his 
hoi;se  in  Edinburgh  occupied  in  1591, 
£80,  and  a  year's  wages  to  servants — W. 
Lauder,  40  nierks  ;  John  Caddell,  £20 ; 
two  others  at  16  merks  each,  one  at  10 
merks,  one  at  £5  ;  David  M'Kane,  cuke, 
10  merks  ;  another  man-servant  at  £5, 
and  another  at  8  merks  ;  and  three 
women-servants  at  £6  and  £4  each. 


ISLA.  415 

Sir  John  of  Cawdor  was  a  very  eventful  period  for  the 
family  :  a  period  of  great  acquisitions  of  territory,  some 
of  it  won  by  the  sword, — of  high  alliances, — of  personal 
misfortunes,  domestic  quarrels,  and  the  unhappiness  of 
overwhelming  debts.  The  known  historical  events  in 
the  family  make  us  regret  the  more  the  almost  entire 
absence  of  familiar  correspondence  and  domestic  docu- 
ments. It  is  a  pity  we  can  see  nothing  of  the  first  wife, 
Jane  Campbell,  the  daughter  of  black  Sir  Duncan  of 
Glenurchy  (a  very  interesting  person  in  the  history  of 
Highland  civilisation)  and  whose  grandmother  was  of 
the  gentle  and  unfortunate  house  of  Gowrie.  How  much 
it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  documents  relating  to  Isla, 
are  all  what  may  be  called  public  documents.  We  long 
to  know  the  personal  adventures  of  the  Knight  and  his 
Squires  in  their  perilous  expedition  ;  still  more  the  life 
of  the  Lord  and  Lady  when  Isla  was  their  own.  Did 
they  live  in  armed  state  in  the  Castle  of  Dunivaig,  or  in 
the  Fortalice  of  Illanlochgorme  ;  and  what  manner  of 
neighbourhood  and  hospitality  was  kept  iii  their  island 
kingdom  ?  Of  all  that,  we  learn  nothing.  We  hear  of 
a  fierce  but  unsuccessful  onslaught  on  Dunivaig  in  their 
absence  ;^  we  hear  of  the  maills  paid  to  the  Crown,  alas ! 
too  irregularly ;  and  now  and  then  have,  incidentally, 
notice  of  the  manner  of  raising  these  by  multitudes  of 
cattle  levied  from  the  inhabitants,  and  sent  in  large 
droves  {scJioUs  they  are  sometimes  called)  twice  a  year 

)    '  In  1631,  it  seems  to  have  been  in-  and  to  build  "a  more  commodious  house 

Itended   to   throw  down    the   Castle   of  in  a  more  proper  part  of  the  isle."     But 

Dunivaig,  as  too  dangerous  a  strength  whether  that  intention  was  carried  into 

within  reach  of  such  darinsr  neisrhbours.  effect  we  do  not  learn. 


416  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

into  Enoiarid.  I>iit  we  gather  rK)t]iing  of  lif<'  in  t])f 
Isles  ;  and  only  learn  that  Cawdor  was  deserted,  Ijy  thi- 
miserable  description  of  the  roof  rotted,  the  glass,  timl^er, 
windows,  and  doors  fallen  down,  the  very  drawljridge 
broken  down  by  a  storm  of  weather,^  and  from  the  rej^air 
and  re-edification  that  became  necessary  a  few  years  latei-. 

With  the  acquisition  of  Isla^  {c.  1G15)  began  the 
misfortunes  of  the  family.  The  expense  of  winning  and 
keeping  the  island  ;  large  bribes  .exacted  by  courtiers, 
others  possibly  paid  to  the  King,  for  the  gift ;  heavy 
rents  to  be  made  forthcoming  while  the  land  was  still 
in  the  hands  of  enemies  or  waste  :  these  causes,  added 
to  family  expenses,  the  cost  of  two  estabhshments,  visits 
to  a  Court  where  none  were  welcome  empty-handed, 
heaped  up  an  amount  of  debt  which,  in  that  age^ — inno- 
cent as  yet  of  bills  and  bank-notes — might  have  weighed 
down  a  better  manager  than  Sir  John  Campbell.  It 
appears,  indeed,  that  he  was  not  held  a  prudent  head  of 
a  family  ;  for  a  meeting  of  friends  convened  to  consider 
its  affairs,  in  his  ot\ti  presence  recommended  his  son  to 
be  set  in  his  place,  and  in  all  respects  treated  him  as  a 
prodigal  unfit  to  administer  the  estates. 

But  greater  misfortunes  than  such  as  debt  and  im-  \ 
prudence  can  produce  W"'ere  in  store.  John,  the  eldest 
son,  married  to  a  daughter  of  Urquhart  of  Cromarty, 
sister  to  the  eccentric  Sir  Thomas  Urquhait,  in  1622. 
was  then  invested  in  the  fee  of  the  estates.  The  mar- 
riage was  probably   not   happy ;  though  we  need  not 

1  1631  and  1635.     The  parisli  cluirch,  however,  was  rebuilt  by  Sir  .John. 
*  See  Appendix. 


BUILDING  CONTRACTS.  417 

credit  the  country  gossip,  which  accused  the  young  wife 
of  designing  to  poison  him/  But  disputes  arose  also 
between  him  and  his  father,  which  would  be  aggravated 
by  the  old  Knight^s  second  marriage  with  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  Douglas,  who  had  a  large  "maintenance"  or 
provision  out  of  the  estate  of  Cawdor.^  The  straits  to 
which  the  family  were  driven  is  seen  in  a  sale,  by  Sir 
John  to  his  second  son  Colin,  of  the  "  plenishing"  of  the 
old  castle — a  poor  account  of  its  provision  for  comfort 
or  defence — in  1636. 

John,  the  fiar  of  Cawdor,  had  hitherto  lived  and 
ruled  in  Isla,  and  it  was  apparently  there  that  he  was 
seized  with  his  malady.  In  1638,  we  find  Dr.  Beaton 
sent  to  Isla.  Ominous  consultations  of  Dr.  Beaton,  Dr. 
Arnot,  and  Dr.  Sibbald,  at  Edinburgh,  "concerning  the 
Laird's  sickness,"  and  the  Lord  Advocate  consulted  "  con- 
cerning the  Laird's  estate  and  the  young  boy's  securities." 
The  malady  was  not  to  be  cured,  and  in  the  following 
year  John  Campbell  of  Cawdor  w^as  declared  by  a  jury 
to  have  been,  for  eighteen  months,  unfit  to  manage  his 
iffairs,  and  his  brother  Colin  declared  entitled  to  be  his 
Tutor-at-law. 

We  have  now  (1639)  the  contract  for  building  "the 
iuld  Hall  and  Kitchen  of  Calder."    A  Tutor  undertaking 


'  Spalding  tells  the  story  of  three  gen-  Cromarty,  this  potion  was  in  a  (luairt 

lemen  poisoned  at  a  collation  at  Croni-  stoup  provydit  for  him  ;  bot  fell  uther- 

rty,  and  gives  the  scandal,  as  he  loves  wayes,  as  ye  heir,"    At  that  time,  sud- 

0  do  : — '*  It  is  said  the  young  Laird  of  den  deaths  and  diseases  not  understood 

, -alder  was  marriet  to  Cromartie's  doch-  were    always    attributed    to    poison. — 

|er,  who  thereafter  becam  mad,  and  of  Truhles,  1643. 

.'horn  his  young  Ladie  had  no  plesour.  ^  This  marriage  was   about  1635-36. 

'hus,  he  being  with  hir  in  the  place  of  The  lady  died  some  time  before  1639. 

2  D 


k 


418  ski:t('hes  of  early  scotch  history. 

so  considerable  an  amount  of  building  while  the  heii*  of 
the  family  was  in  so  melancholy  seclusion,  shows  the 
greatness  of  the  necessity,  or  else  that  affairs  were  not 
so  desperate  as  the  homings  and  escheats  and  all  the 
diligence  of  the  law  put  in  force  against  the  careless  Sir 
John,  would  lead  us  to  suppose.  What  the  haljitable 
house  of  Cawdor  was  before  this  time,  it  is  difficult,  but 
perhaps  not  impossible,  to  guess,  by  the  help  of  some 
materials  that  would  guide  a  practised  and  intelhgent 
builder.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  superstructure 
of  the  house  north  of  the  tower  is  altogether  of  this  date 
or  later  ;  and  the  description  of  the  simple  requisites  of 
a  Scotch  gentleman's  house  of  that  period  is  not  mthout 
interest.  It  is  apparent  that  drawings  or  plans  were  not 
used,  and  that,  in  the  very  time  when  Heriot's  Hospital 
was  building  in  Edinburgh,  Glammis  in  Strathmore, 
and  Castle  Fraser  and  Craigievar  in  Aberdeenshire,  the 
Tutor  of  Cawdor  was  satisfied  to  leave  the  architecture 
of  his  family  mansion  to  the  Nairn  masons,  provided 
the  "  armes,  names,  and  siferis  upon  the  ^\Tudockis  were 
^vrocht  to  the  said  Colin  Campbell  his  contentment/'^ 

Mixed  with  the  din  of  the  mason  s  hammer,  we  have 
some  sound  of  the  war  that  raged  without.  The  family 
of  Cawdor,  as  good  cousins  to  Argyll,  w'ere  probably  c- 
the  Puritan  party  from  the  beginning.  But  about  Colic 
the  tutor,  there  is  no  mistake.  He  attended  the  famous 
Assembly  of  the  Kirk  at  Glasgow  in  1638,  which  abo- 
lished Bishops.  He  was  one  of  the  committee  which 
was  the  occasion  of  the  famous  "  Trot  of  Turriff"  in 

1  1639. 


Jl 


GENERAL  PILLAGE. 


419 


February  1639.    There  was  no  backsliding  nor  suspicion 
of  Popery  now,  as  in  Sir  John's  time. 

On  whichever  side  a  man  was,  in  those  times  of  civil 
war,  he  suffered  for  his  opinions,  for  both  parties  followed 
the  rule  of  living  on  the  enemy.     It  thus  fell  out,  that 
the  estate  and  tenants  of  Cawdor  were  pillaged  by  Mon- 
trose and  his  cavaliers,  and  the  charter-room,  like  many 
others  in  Scotland,  abounds  in  those  rolls  and  schedules 
of  damages  which  the  Laird  hoped  fondly  to  recover 
from  the  Government  for  injuries  sustained.^ 
I      Colin  was  succeeded  in  the  tutory  by  his  brother 
George.     Both  seemed  to  have  looked  to  Isla,  or  their 
possessions  in  the  far  west,  as  their  securest  place  of 
iwelling  during  the  troubles  of  the  civil  war  ;  and  it 
vas  probably  on  this  account  that  the  family  of  John 
'  the  fiar  "  were  educated  at  Glasgow,  while  Lady  Eliza- 
)eth's  children,  both  before  and  after  her  death,  were 
)rought  up  among  her  relations  in  Edinburgh.     ^Vhile 
he  children  were  at  Glasgow,   Colin,  the  heir  of  the 
'hanedom,  attending  the  University,  was  taken  ill,  re- 
loved  to  Irvine,  and,  notwithstanding  the  care  of  the 
imous  medicinar.  Dr.  Donald  Ochonochar,  brought  from 


1  It  is  only  after  the  battle  of  Auld- 
rn  that  Spalding  chronicles  how  "  Efter 
is  gryte  victorie,  Montroiss  directis  to 
irn  the  Laird  of  Caddell  Campbellis 
nds  and  houssis  in  Nairne  and  plun- 
rit  his  haill  goodis  ;"  but  it  is  evident 
at  each  party  plundered  and  destroyed 
they  had  power.  More  formal  and 
^alized  exactions  were  levied  indiscri- 
jinately  "  on  the  country"  and  on  friends. 
'e  find  at  Cawdor  a  certificate  by  the 
irquis  of  Argyll,  that  George  Camp- 
11,  Tutor  of  Calder,  did  furnish,  in  the 


spring  of  1644,  to  the  Laird  of  Ardkin- 
glass  and  the  forces  under  his  command 
against  Allister  M'Donald  and  the  Irish 
rebels,  quantities  of  meal,  marts,  butter, 
and  cheese,  which,  with  two  months'  pay 
appointed  for  the  Tutor  himself  as  a  cap- 
tain in  that  expedition,  doth  amount  in 
money  to  £1579  ;  for  payment  whereof 
there  was  assigned  to  him  the  loan  and 
taxt  of  the  Laird  of  Calder's  rents  in  the 
shire  of  Argyll,  extending  to  the  same 
sum.  The  certificate  is  gTanted  only  on 
12th  July  1655. 


420  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HlSTOliV. 

Argyll  to  attcn<l  lum,  died  there.'  Su-  John  las  grand- 
fathL,  long  set  aside  from  the  management  of  he  esU  . 
died  about  the  same  time  ;  and  at  length,  m  June  K.  - 
died  his  father  John  "the  fiar,"  the  unl.appy  unaUc 
cognosced  by  the  inquest  in^l639,  who  appears  to  have 
spent  his  latter  days  in  Isla.' 

Hugh,  the  eldest  son  of  the  tutor  Colm,  was  now 
Laird     Perhaps  he  is  the  Hugo  Gakhellus  who  is  m- 
seribed  m  the  Register  of  Masters  of  Arts  of  the  Lmver- 
sity  of  Glasgow,  as  having  taken  hLs  degree  m  16o4. 
In  this  generation  we  arrive,  as  it  were,  by  one  step 
from  a  state  of   soeiety  and  feeling  which  we  canno 
rightly  appreciate,  so  different  does  it  seem  from  us,  and 
find  ourselves  among  the  habits,  manners,  feehngs,  and 
motives-even  the  language  of  our  o^^-n  time      To  this 
effect,  the  great  Civil  War  serves  as  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion between  the  old  world  and  the  new.     We  have  now 
familiar  letters-would   that  more  of  them  were  pre^ 
served  t-household  cares  and  comforts,  and  some  of  the 
elegancies  and  refinements  of  private  life.     The  sons  are 

ot  the  University  removed  jhen  the        bar        ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^ 
plague  visited  Glasgow  in  1616.  o^^  ^^  assignees  for  Nicholas  Dunha 

,  The  cMldren  of  John  the  «ar  were  -£^'^^f  ^  ,^]^f  ^  S— ntr 

Colin,  who  died  at  Irvine  before  hnn,  '^"^"^f^^^y^^^^  ^f  justice  for  W 

and  two  daughters,  Jane,  married  to  ^""^  .^■^^^JJ^'^^  ^^  „„der  her  » 

the  Master  of  Forbes,   and  Chn^n  -^^.  P -^t-contraet,  of   date  ^ 

upon  whom  some  anonymous  chromclei  tne                  . 

(perhaps  a  <=haniherlain    peevish  at  be  A               -^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^ 

ing  compelled  to  pay  her  *"*«'>  »»^  j„  ^^^^  been  that  Lilias  Dimta. 

affixed  the  stigma  which  I  have  copied  ^"°''"'  ^    ^^^„  Campbell  of  Torr-a 

in  the  table  of  pedigree.     I  find  no  foun^  wife  o^AJe- ^  ^^^  J^,^  ^^^  ^^  , 

dation  for  the  disparaging  note.     On  "^                     Manv  of  her  letters  a. 

the   contrary,    when   her    tocher   was  *^  Covenant, 

claimed  in  1653,  the  parties  moving  were  at  Kll^a^  ocK. 


HENRIETTA  STEWART.  421 

sent  to  college,  and  afterwards  travel  abroad  for  improve- 
ment.    The  daughters  play  on  the  virginals  and  the  viol 
Ida  gamba,  and  have  even  a  wish  for  balls.     We  have 
'iad  no  acquaintance  hitherto  with  the  ladies  of  Cawdor, 
3xcept  in  their  marriage  contracts  and  settlements    of 
lower.     The  Lady  of  the  house  now  appears  as  a  recog- 
lised  authority,  directing  her  housekeeping  and  domestic 
lupplies.     The  Knight  himself  still  attends  to  the  droves 
rom  Isla ;  but  he  has  a  scholarly  feeling,  and  can  ex- 
)ress  regret  that  "  rambling  abroad  in  the  country,  hunt- 
ng,   and  hawking,  have  taken  him  from  reading  and 
tudy,  except  for  divertisement."     Later  in  life  he  can 
ecall  his  studious  habits,   and  even  descend  into  the 
i.rena  of  letters — the  author  of  a  printed  book. 
I      Sir  Hugh  came  of  age  in   1660 — the  year  of  the 
Restoration  ;    and  two  years  later,  Lauderdale,  already 
11  full  power,  had  obtained  the  gift  of  the  young  Thane's 
jiiarriage,  and  probably  directed  his  choice  to  his  wife's 
■iece,  the  Lady  Henrietta  Stewart,  sister  of  the  Earl  of 
loray.^     The  smallness  of  tocher  of  9000  merks  was 
ompensated  by  the  good  connexion,  and  much  more,  as 
turned  out,  by  the  good  qualities  of  the  lady,  who 
ved  long  at  Cawdor,  and  has  left  the  memory  of  much 
3minine  and  domestic  virtue. 

Sir  Hugh  served  in  several  Parliaments  as  member 
)r  the  shire  of  Nairn  ;  and,  like  other  commissioners  to 
'arliament,  he  received  an  allowance  for  his  expenses.^ 

'The   "Cousin"   Countess  of  Caitli-  Caithness,  and  after  his  death  to  (2d) 

■ss,  who  congratulates  him  on  his  ap-  John  Campbell  of  Glenurchy,  Earl  of 

■oaching  marriage,  is  Mary  of  Argyll,  Caithness, 

arried  (1st)  to  George  Sinclair,  Earl  of  ^  Qh  29tli  April  1G73,  the  heritors  of 


422 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


The  manner  and  fashion  of  parliamentary  life  in  Edin 
burgh  may  be  in  some  degree  gathered  from  the  shop 
bills  and  aceounts  of  expenses  down  to  1G76,  still  pre- 
served at  Cawdor.  Of  the  country  occupations  we  may 
have  some  idea  from  the  instructions  \\Titt(*n  Ijy  Sir 
Hugh  in  1677.  He  is  then  preparing  for  a  visit  to  IsLi  ; 
lime,  timber,  and  all  materials  are  to  be  got  on  the  spot 
for  building  a  mansion-house  at  Killarow,  but  the  masons, 
skilled  workmen,  he  is  to  bring  himself  from  the  Saxon 
coast. 

The  chief  interest  is  in  the  cattle,  the  main  produ<  > 
of  the  island,  but  it  is  only  to  realize  their  value.  2so 
care  is  taken — it  has  not  yet  occmTed  as  desirable  or 
possible — -to  improve  the  breed.  No  directions  are  given 
for  restricting  the  number  according  to  pasture,  or  chang- 
ing the  stock  by  new  blood.  Somewhat  more  care  is 
shown  of  the  breed  of  horses.  Long  before  this  tini«^ 
the  Lairds  of  Glenurchy  had  introduced  English  or  foreign 
horses  for  their  great  stud  in  Perthshire  and  Argyll,  and 
the  example  was  followed  at  Cawdor.^  The  Thane- 
young  horse  and  the  two  colts,  recommended  to  the 
particular  care  of  the  store-master,  were  e\T.dently  of  ;i 
pedigree  thought  superior  to  the  old  breed  of  Isla. 

The   directions   for    preser\dng    deer,    rabbits,   and 


the  shire  of  Nairn  stent  themselves  for 
the  allowance  due  to  Sir  Hugh  Campbell 
of  Calder,  for  his  attendance  and  service 
as  commissioner  from  the  shire  of  Nairn, 
for  the  third  session  of  the  first  Parlia- 
ment, to  which  the  Earl  of  Kothes  was 
commissioner  for  His  Majestic,  and  for 
the  three  by-past  sessiones  of  the  second 
and  third  current  Parliament,  to  which 


the  Duke  of  Lauderdale  was  commis- 
missioner, — in  all  amounting  to  £1785. 
^  So  early  as  1638,  Duncan  Campbell., 
writing  from  Isla  to  liis  brother  Colin  of 
Galcantray,  desires  him  to  find  some 
good  horse  for  his  mares,  adding — "I 
wische  to  have,  if  you  may,  Cromertie''^ 
old  Spanis  hors,  pro%yding  he  be  of  a 
ressonable  pryce." 


1  OCCUPANTS  OF  THE  HILLS — GROUSE — SHEEP DEER.  423 

blackcocks — no  mention  of  red  grouse — and  the  collect- 
ing a  few  deer  from  Jura  and  Isla  to  be  brought  to  Caw- 
dor/ call  our  attention  to  the  subject  of  game.     Here 
the  scene  is  in  the  west.     Farther  on,  we  have  at  Caw- 
dor a  notice  of  "  buying  moorfowl  and  tarmachans  from 
Badenoch  and  Strathspey,"  suggesting  the  strange  sus- 
picion  that   grouse  were  then  not  to   be  had,  or  not 
abundant  on  the  hills  of  Cawdor.     Moorfowl  were  bought 
also  for  Sir  Hugh's  funeral  banquet  in  the  end  of  March, 
In  truth,  the  common  notion  of  the  abundance  of  game, 
and  of  the  whole  occupants  of  our  mountain  ranges,  in 
the  olden  time,  is  very  mistaken.     Sheep  and  wool  are 
not   mentioned   in  these  papers ;    but  we  know,   from 
similar  authentic  sources  of  information,  that  in  coun- 
tries where  they  were  kept,  they  were  in  miserably  small 
Oiocks,  herded  close  to  the  dwelling  of  the  owner.     Black 
3attle,  in  like  manner,  were  few  and  bad.    In  the  eastern 
jBighlands,  the  rents  were  seldom,  or  in  small  proportions, 
lerived  from  them.     It  could  not  be   otherwise.     The 
nountains  swarmed  with  foxes  and  wolves,  and  other 
iow-stealers  more  daring  and  skilful.     Every  clan  was 
igainst  its  neighbour  ;  and  where  there  was  any  excuse 
)f  war,  or  popular  rising,  or  faction  fighting — and  when 
vas   such   excuse    wanting  ?  —  the    country   was   soon 
'overed  with  marauders,  to  whom  everything  was  law- 

^  It  is  for  these  red  deer  that  the  high  the  great  yeat  to  keep  them  in,  and  to 

'all  Avas  built  round  the  green  and  the  let  no  beast  in  the  i^ark  with  the  deer  but 

little  park  at  Cawdor.     When  Sir  Hugh  the  year-old  stag  alone  (2d  June  1682). 

i/entto  "  the  Baths  "  in  1682,  he  ordered  There  were  eighteen  or  nineteen  red-deer 

liat  great  care  should  be  taken  during  there  in  1725,  and  there  was  still  a  park 

he  building  of  the  dykes,  that  none  of  of    red-deer    in    Lachlan    Shaw's    time 

tie  deer  be  lettin  out  of  the  parke,  and  (1775). 
lat  some  one  be  appointed  to  wait  upon 


i 


424 


.SKKTCH?:S  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HTSTOKV. 


ful  ])Ooty,  and  that  was  preferred  which  could  he  moved 
off  on  its  own  legs.^  The  pasture,  unused  ]>y  sheep  or 
cattle,  ought  to  have  maintained  a  multitude  of  deer  ; 
})ut  it  was  not  so.  The  deer  being  unprotected,  killed 
out  of  season,^  driven  al^out  and  allowed  iio  rest,  were 
reduced  exceedingly  in  number,  and  found  only  in  the 
remotest  fastnesses  of  the  hills.  No  doubt  the  primary 
cause  of  the  scarcity  of  deer  was  the  state  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Highlands,  always  on  the  verge  of 
famine,  and  every  few  years  suffering  the  horrors  of 
actual  starvation.  The  introduction  of  fire-arms  seems 
to  have  added  to  the  other  causes  of  their  decay,  more 
than  we  should  be  prepared  to  believe.  An  Act  of  Par- 
liament, so  early  as  1551,  sets  forth  that  "deer,  roe, 
and  wild  beasts  and  wild  fowl  are  clean  exiled  and 
banished  by  shooting  with,  half-hag,  culvering,  and 
pistolat.'^  But  the  confusions  of  the  follo^^dng  century 
undoubtedly  much  increased  the  evil ;  and,  at  the  end  of 
that  period,  deer  were  to  be  found  only  in  the  great  cen- 
tral forests  of  Perthshire,  stretching  from  Aberdeenshii^e 
to  Argyll,  and  in  the  Avilds  of  the  Sutherland  peninsula. 
Some   of  the  documents  of  the   latter  part  of  Sir 


1  Sir  Hugh  describes  the  thing  after 
the  Revolution  troubles  in  1691,  piitting 
one  in  mind  of  the  groan  of  an  old  Moray 
chronicler  who  had  witnessed  the  harry- 
ing of  the  country  and  burning  of  the 
church  by  the  Wolf  of  Bedenoch  : — In 
diebus  illis  noii  erat  lex  in  Scotia,  sed 
quilibet  potentior  minorem  oppressit,  et 
totum  regnum  fuit  unum  latrociniwin. 
Homicidia,  depredationes  et  incendia  et 
cetera  mcdejicia  remanserunt  impunita, 


et  juMicia  utlegata  actra  regni  terming 
exidavit.- — Regist.  Ej^isc.  Mor.  p.  382. 

'^  No  close  time  was  prescribed  by  our 
old  laws  for  deer,  though  attempted  to 
be  enforced  for  other  game.  During 
some  of  the  years  of  Sir  Robert  Gordon's 
tutory  of  the  Earldom  of  Sutherland. 
1615-30,  meal  and  all  food  being  scarce 
in  spring  at  Dunrobin,  deer  were  ordered 
to  be  killed  for  the  use  of  the  family  in 
May,  when  they  must  have  been  mere 
carrion. — Tntai'y  Accounts,  MS. 


LETTER  OF  COMMISSIONS,  1677.  425 

Hugh's  time  are  useful  for  domestic  annals.  Turn  to  a 
common  business  letter  of  19th  July  1677  : — The  Thane 
has  now  been  married  fifteen  years  ;  has  a  family  grow- 
ing up ;  has  served  in  Parliament ;  has  just  returned 
from  a  visit  to  his  western  estates  ;  and  is  leading  the 
life  of  a  country  gentleman  and  magistrate  at  the  castle 
of  his  forefathers.  The  letter  is  addressed  to  his  "  Lov- 
ing friend,"  and  one  whom  northern  barons  liked  to  con- 
sider their  loving  friend — William  Duff,  merchant  in 
Inverness.  He  was  a  man  of  very  general  dealings — 
large  and  small.  He  could  take  charge  of  a  commission 
for  groceries,  or  advance  the  price  of  a  barony,  on  good 
security.  He  had  formed  extensive  connexions,  and  was 
the  first  man  in  the  north  who  dealt  in  money  on  a  large 
scale,  and  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a  very  noble  fortune. 
Here  his  dealings  are  in  various  commodities.  The 
Thane  wants  lead  to  cover  his  castle  roof,  bottles,  and 
some  very  good  water — better  than  brandy — table-cloths 
and  napkins,  capers,  olives,  and  anchovies.  His  thoughts 
are  on  hospitality.  But,  as,  magistrate  and  head  of  the 
posse  comitatus,  he  commissions  fifty  or  three-score  mus- 
ket barrels,  which  he  minds  to  stock  and  furnish  at  home. 
For  the  arms  he  requires  ammunition;  but  the  season  of 
the  year  puts  him  in  mind  that  some  of  the  same  powder 
would  serve  for  his  "  fowler,"  who  required  also  shot, — 
one-half,  of  the  size  used  for  muirfowl,  and  the  other, 
divided  between  very  large  shot  for  wild  geese  and  roe, 
and  pretty  small,  for  plover  and  lesser  fowls.  The  Lord 
of  Cawdor  had  not  yet  dreamt  of  shooting  his  own  game 
with  a  gun  for  sport. 


42 G  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Of  th(3  Lady  of  Cawdor  we  have  not  much  under  her 
own  hand.  From  the  days  of  Parliamentary  life  in 
Edinburgh,  when  the  shop  Inlls  lead  us  to  suppose  her 
heart  may  have  been  set  on  lace  pimiei*s  and  go\Mis  of 
flowered  brocade,  and  on  ribbons  for  her  children,  we 
have  her  recalled  in  person  only  at  long  intervals  by 
greetings  and  messages  of  kindness  from  neighbours. 
She  may  have  been  the  directing  head  in  all  the  buildings 
and  furnishing  of  the  Castle,  but  she  nowhere  appears. 
Perhaps  she  was  no  good  pen-woman.  There  are  a  few 
household  memoranda  in  her  hand,  and  the  only  letter  of 
hers  preserved  is  one  of  housekeeping.  She  wants  some 
chocolate  for  their  own  use,  and,  for  the  first  time  here, 
"  one  pound  of  true  tea.^'  But  these  commodities  must 
be  bought  by  one  that  has  skill  to  choose  them,  for  there 
is  much  chocolate  that  is  reddish,  a  mixture  of  eggs,  that 
she  cannot  abide.  The  finest  is  of  a  brown  colour,  and 
very  pleasant  to  the  taste.  She  signs  her  note  in  the 
simple  old  Scotch  manner — H.  Steuart. 

The  eldest  boy  has  been  entered  at  EjLQg's  College, 
Aberdeen,  is  found  abundantly  capable  of  learning,  and 
none  in  the  class  take  up  the  propositions  of  geometry 
and  niceties  of  logic  more  readily  and  easily.  In  a  few 
years  he  is  to  go  abroad  with  his  tutor,  and  we  shall  find 
that  he  profited  admirably  well  at  Blois,  and  pressed,  let 
us  hope,  successfully,  to  be  allowed  to  go  into  Italy. 

Two  daughters,  Margaret  and  Jean,  are  at  Mistress 
Campbell's  school  in  Edinburgh.  They  learn  music  from 
Mr.  Chambers  ;  Mrs.  Margaret  has  had  two  quarters  of 
the  viol  da  gamba ;  a  person  whose  name  the  Edinburgh 


girls'  schooling — BOOKS.  427 

agent  spells  "  Devo"  is  perhaps  their  French  dancing- 
master  ;  and  they  had  gone  to  a  children's  ball,  which 
was  censured.  But  they  have  other  more  solid  accom- 
plishments. The  usual  branches  of  a  young  lady's 
education  are  taught  by  the  mistress  herself,  and  acci- 
dentally we  hear  they  have  worked  a  cabinet  for  their 
father,  in  needlework  doubtless  ;  and  that  they  are  learn- 
ing the  mysteries  of  pastry.  Maggie  is  encouraged  to 
take  pains  and  to  be  an  extraordinary  player  on  the 
virginals  by  a  promise  of  the  best  harpsichords  that 
England  can  afford.  Her  father  does  not  fancy  the  viol 
da  gamba  so  much  as  the  guitar  or  cithern.  Her  cousin, 
Lady  Caithness,  has  a  good  opinion  of  her,  and  has 
already  a  project  of  a  good  match  for  her.  The  youngest 
girl,  the  pretty  Mary — as  pretty  a  child  as  I  see  any- 
where— must  have  died  early.  We  hear  no  more  of  her. 
The  Library  at  Cawdor  of  old  must  have  been  a  dreary 
room.  It  must  be  confessed,  the  list  of  my  Lady's  books 
disappoints  even  more  than  Sir  Hugh's.  He  has  some 
great  old  names  and  weighty  learning.  The  Lady's 
Balm  from  Gilead,  and  Sighs  from  Hell,  are  scarcely 
relieved  by  her  Eutherford  and  Bunyan.  One  wonders 
which  of  the  books  the  Thane  applied  to  for  his 
"  divertisement."  There  is  not  a  volume  to  remind  one 
that  they  spoke  the  language  of  Bacon,  Hooker,  and 
Shakspeare,  and  were  contemporary  with  Milton  and 
Clarendon. 

Next  we  turn  to  a  document  which  shows  us  how  a 
persecuting  law  was  sometimes  mitigated  by  the  kindly 
charities  of  neighbours.     A  letter,  a  little  before,  telling 


I 


428  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  JIISTORY. 

the  news  of  liothwell  J>rig,  recalls  to  mind  the  state  oi 
the  countiy.  The  Laird  of  Letlien  was  more  than  sus- 
pected of  rank  covenanting  and  haunting  conventicles. 
The  old  man  was  summoned  to  Nairn  to  l)e  examined  ; 
but  the  Knight  of  Cawdor,  a  neighbour  and  gossip,  in 
respect  of  his  sickly  condition,  goes  mth  his  under-sheriff 
to  take  his  deposition  at  his  own  house  of  Lethen  ;  and 
certainly  with  no  wish  to  strain  the  law  against  him. 
The  formal  questions  are  put,  and  he  depones  that  he 
haunted  and  knew  of  no  field  conventicles.  But  ^\dth 
regard  to  house  conventicles,  he  admits  that  some  outed 
ministers  came  to  his  house,  and  he  and  his  wdfe  and 
family  joined  in  family  exercise.  The  whole  is  taken 
down  according  to  the  letter  of  the  odious  law,  but  evi- 
dently made  as  light  to  the  old  man  as  the  law  would 
allow. 

The  contracts  for  building  in  Sir  Hughes  time  are 
again  of  much  interest  to  the  lovers  and  friends  of  the 
old  castle,^  but  their  meaning  is  not  everywhere  free 
from  difficulty,  and  may  be  perhaps  best  read  by  sup- 
posing considerable  departures  from  the  plan  in  the 
course  of  its  execution.  It  seems  that  the  building  is  to 
cover  exactly  the  same  ground  as  formerly.  It  is  only 
the  superstructure  that  is  to  be  altered, — the  little  tower 
being  quite  cast  down,  and  suppHed  by  the  north-west 
angle  of  the  present  building  (which  very  comer  has 
some  features  of  higher  antiquity  than  can  be  reconciled 
with  this  account).  The  builders  are  to  complete  the 
whole  work  in  the  best  and  handsomest  manner,  so  as 

1  Anno  1684,  and  anno  1699. 


ESSAY  ON  THE  LORD's  PRAYER.  429 

themselves  may  have  credit  and  Sir  Hugh  satisfaction  ; 
and  it  would  seem  that  both  parties  were  well  satisfied. 
One  part  of  Sir  Hugh's  repair,  which  is  not  doubtful,  is 
where  the  masons  contract  to  reduce  the  close  to  a 
square  (into  which  the  hall-door  is  to  open),  finishing  it 
in  some  handsome  order,  with  six  or  seven  easy  steps  to 
lead  down  thereto  ;  in  short,  the  little  court,  exactly  as 
it  stands  at  this  day,  distinguished  by  the  coat  armour 
of  Sir  Hugh  Campbell  and  the  Lady  Henrietta  Stewart, 
his  spouse.  It  is,  unfortunately,  the  one  mistake  of  the 
castle.  Possibly  the  situation  was  difticult,  and  required 
more  architectural  skill  than  James  and  John  Nicolson 
brought  to  the  undertaking. 

The  completion  of  the  house  internally  was  a  work 
of  time,  and  lasted  even  beyond  Sir  Hugh's  long  life. 

The  estimate  of  the  expense  for  maintenance  of  the 
family  is  very  valuable  among  our  few  materials  for 
domestic  economy."^  It  may  be  compared  with  that 
testament  of  the  Countess  of  Argyll,  and  one  of  the 
murdered  Thane,  mentioned  above.^  Unluckily,  its  date 
cannot  be  fixed  with  precision.  The  only  part  of  the 
castle  furniture  at  all  curious,  noticed  in  these  docu- 
ments, is  the  tapestry  ;  and  the  accounts  concerning  it 
are  chiefly  interesting  as  showing  the  manner  in  which 
such  hangings  were  procured  in  Scotland,  and  their  ex- 
pense. 

In  1704,  Sir  Hugh  published  an  Essay  on  the  Lord's 
Prayer.  He  wished  that  it  should  form  a  necessary 
part  of  the  daily  church-service  of  Scotland.     His  plead- 

^  See  Appendix.  2  p^ge  414,  notes  2,  4. 


4?>()  SKETCHES  OF  EAIiLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

ing  was  evaded  by  the  Cliurch  Courts,  and  received 
coldly  by  the  puljlic,  whicli  stimulated  him  to  more 
urgent  appeals.  Some  sharp  things  were  said  and  writ- 
ten on  both  sides,  and  at  length,  in  1709,  Sir  Hugh  put 
forth  a  small  volume  of  the  correspondence,  together 
with  a  new  edition  of  his  Essay,  which  produced  little 
more  eflfect  than  the  first  publication.  One  of  Sir  Hugh's 
letters  (26th  August  1707)  is  interesting.  He  had  been 
twitted  with  lukewarmness  for  Presbytery,  and  even 
with  that  sin  of  sins,  lapsarianism.  The  old  man  re- 
plied,— "  Since  ever  I  came  to  the  age  of  a  man,  I  made 
it  my  business  to  do  every  honest  minister  of  the  Gospel 
all  the  good  offices  and  service  that  was  in  my  power,  as 
I  could  find  occasion  ;  and  God  honoured  me  so  much 
that  I  relieved  many  honest  ministers  out  of  prison,  kept 
more  from  trouble,  and  to  be  an  instrument  to  save  the 
lives  of  severals  who  were  pious,  eminently  pious  and 
knowing  beyond  many  of  their  brethren,  such  as  ]\Ir. 
William  Guthrie,  Mr.  William  Yeitch,  and  several  others ; 
and  I  can  say  I  spared  neither  my  pains  nor  what  credit 
I  had  with  any  who  governed  the  state,  nor  my  fortune 
nor  purse.  I  ventured  these,  and  my  office  and  life  too, 
to  save  honest  people,  who  walked  according  to  their 
light,  without  flying  to  extremities,  and  taking  arms 
against  the  King  and  Government ;  so  that  all  the  time, 
from  1662  to  the  late  Eevolution,  there  was  not  one 
man  payed  a  fine  in  the  shire  of  Nairn,  except  two  or 
three."  ^ 


^  A  collection  of  letters  relative  to  an        Hugh  Campbell  of  Calder.     Edinburgh, 
Essay  upon  the  Lord's  Prayer,  by  Sir        1709,  p.  126. 


HIGHLAND  DRESS.  431 

Among  the  heap  of  bills  and  accounts  for  the  equip- 
ment of  a  family  on  the  very  verge  of  the  Highlands,  we 
seek  in  vain  for  anything  of  Highland  dress,  arms,  orna- 
ments. We  have  materials  for  describing  the  whole 
wardrobe  of  the  Thane  of  Cawdor  and  his  servants,  but 
there  are  really  no  points  of  difference  from  the  dress  of 
the  time  in  England  or  France.  Sir  Hugh,  like  his  pre 
decessors,  wore  a  rapier,  and,  on  occasion,  doubtless  a 
couteati  de  chasse.  He  had  a  dirk  and  a  "  by  knife"  for 
Highland  expeditions,  but  we  hear  nothing  of  family 
tartans,  and  bonnets,  and  chieftain's  plumes.  He  has 
quantities  of  gold  and  silver  buttons,  and  hats  laced  with 
both  metals,  but  no  tailor  sends  in  to  the  Thane  of  Caw- 
der,  Lord  of  Isla  and  Muckairn,  a  bill  for  making  a  kilt 
or  philabeg  ;  and  among  the  various  trifles  of  silver 
work  we  seek  in  vain  for  "  Highland  brooch"  or  orna- 
ments such  as  now  flame  in  London  and  Edinburgh 
shop  windows  as  of  the  true  ancient  Highland  fashion. 
The  Scotch  gentleman  of  that  day  was  too  near  in  place 
to  the  Celt,  and  perhaps  not  sufliciently  removed  in 
manners,  to  dress  by  him.  The  laird  whose  cows  had 
been  lifted  over  night  was  not  in  a  humour  to  imitate 
the  dress  of  the  Mackintoshes  or  Macgregors.  It  is  only 
when  society  has  gone  some  way  in  refinement  that  the 
man  of  fashion  can  aflbrd  to  ape  the  outlaw  of  the  melo- 
drame.^ 

^  We  find  Tartan  not  once  mentioned.  It  is  comparatively  of  late  years  that 

In  the  only  place  where  Plaids  occur,  nice  distinctions  of  checks  have  been 

the  word  means  blankets  or  coverings  studied,  and  peculiar  patterns  adopted 

for  the  night.     It  is  not  that  Tartan  was  by  clans.    This  is  one  test  for  trying  the 

not  made  and  worn  ;  but  that  its  style  truth  of  books  and  drawings  of  Highland 

and  pattern  were  no  object  of  interest.  antiquities. 


432 


.SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOKV. 


Wc  find  little  evidence  of  Sir  Hugh^B  conduct  or 
opinions  at  the  Kevolution.  His  family  alliance  and  in- 
terest, as  well  as  his  religious  leanings,  and  those  of  his 
wife,  were  all  in  favour  of  it.  Like  a  large  proportion 
of  the  Scotch  gentry,  however,  he  was  opposed  to  the 
"Incorporating  Union;"  and  we  may  conjectuie  that 
disgust  with  that  unpopular  measure,  and  some  natural 
compunctions  for  the  old  family,  whose  faults  were  in 
part  forgotten,  induced  him,  on  the  Queen  s  death,  to 
support  the  foolish  rising  of  '15.  His  kinsman,  Bread- 
albane,  older  than  himself  in  years  and  worldly  wisdom, 
may  have  influenced  his  conduct,  and  sho^vTL  him  the 
method  of  throwing  his  strength  on  the  side  which  he 
yet  did  not  openly  support,  and  of  escaping  when  that 
party  w^as  beaten.  But  it  is  vain  to  speculate  upon 
motives  where  we  have  so  few  documents.  Sir  Hugh 
gave  his  grandson^  authority  to  raise  his  followers,  and 
to  join  Mar.     It  is  very  probable  the  abortive  effort  was 


1  Duncan,  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Archibald 
of  Chines,  who  lived,  in  later  life,  some- 
times at  Deluies,  sometimes  at  Clunes. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  intelligence,  some 
accomplishment,  with  a  dash  of  affected 
peevishness  and  caustic  humour.  Some 
of  his  letters  to  his  neighbour  Kilravock 
and  his  son  are  preserved  at  Kilravock. 
One  short  letter  will  show  his  style  ;  it 
is  probably  ■WTitten  from  Clunes  : — 

"  To  the  Honourable  the  Laird  of 
Kilraik,  Kilraik  House. 

''Dear  Sir, — I  send  you  the  wrack 
of  all  my  plumes,  damsones,  or  bulasters, 
etc. ,  in  the  pickle  left  by  the  prince  of 
the  power  of  the  aire,  who  nicked  the 
time,  and  blowed  them  do^ni  when  be- 
twixt hawk  and  buzzard,  long  a-ripening 
for  want  of  sun  and  a  proper  climate  or 


soile,  and  begun  to  be  demolished  by 
frost  and  winter  wether — a  tine  instance 
of  the  happiness  of  my  Siberian  situa- 
tion. However,  ye  know  sans  compU- 
viens,  you'ld  have  them  if  better.  If  j'e 
can  amuse  me  by  the  reading  of  a  news- 
paper, it  will  be  charitable.  Pray  make 
my  compliments  agreeable  to  your  lady, 
pretty  daughters,  Mons'  Le"wis,  and  the 
rest  of  your  good  company,  Mr.  M'Ken- 
zie,  etc.,  my  acquaintances.  — D.  S.,  yours 
in  the  old  manner  tho  still  older, 

''Dux.  Campbell. 
"  Siberia,  Novr.  2d. 

"  When  my  tarsell  is  recovered  of  a 
cold,  and  tit  for  business,  which,  joined 
with  my  diligence  in  falconry,  you'll 
say,  will  produce  no  rash  or  too  hasty 
an  operation,  I'll  acquaint  you.   Adieu." 


I 


STATE  OF  THE  PROPEKTY  IN  1726.  433 

at  an  end  before  the  commission  could  be  acted  on  ;  but 
whether  the  commission  had  been  executed  or  not,  the 
family  escaped  all  the  penalties  of  rebellion. 

On  11th  March  1716,  Sir  Hugh  died,  seventy-seven 
years  old,  "  the  oldest  that  had  had  his  place  for  a  hun- 
dred years  ;  ^  and  he  was  buried,  not  with  his  forefathers, 
but  in  the  ^  families  new  buriall  place  in  the  parish 
church  built  by  Sir  John,  with  a  great  funeral  and 
funeral  entertainment,  and  much  drinking  of  claret  and 
'  waters.'  '^ 

Ten  years  after  Sir  Hugh's  death,  occurs  a  report  of 
the  condition  of  the  castle  and  whole  property,  all  very 
valuable  for  the  statistics  of  the  district.  The  writer  is 
Sir  Archibald  Campbell,  Sir  Hugh's  second  son,  who  held 
a  large  territory  in  wadset,  and  settled  his  own  residence 
at  Clunes,  in  the  moor  above  Cawdor,  showing  great 
taste  in  the  choice  of  situation,  and  in  the  laying  out 
and  planting  the  grounds,  whereof  something  remains 
yet  visible. 

The  bridge  of  Cawdor  (over  the  burn).  Sir  Archibald 
reports,  is  of  timber,  and  almost  impassable,  but  can  be 
repaired  for  forty  or  fifty  shillings. 

The  mansion-house  is  in  very  good  repair,  wanting 
-)nly  lead  for  the  platform  of  the  roof  over  the  library 
md  charter-room.  There  are  eighteen  or  nineteen  red 
leer  in  the  park  close  to  the  garden. 

The  tenants  on  the  estate  are  numerous,  and  gene- 
rally poor  ;  their  houses,  all  of  "  faile." 

The  old  wood  of  Cawdor,  surrounded  with  a  mason 


^  Letter  to  his  Grandson. 
2   E 


B. 


434  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

dike  tlircc  miles  in  circumference,  is  very  thick,  mostly 
of  Inrch,  akler,  some  young  oak,  and  about  400  okl  oaks 
fit  for  sale  or  use/  Sir  Archibald  is  very  proud  of  his 
handsome  young  plantation,  that  is  to  extend  over  the 
village  of  Cawdor,  which  seems  then  to  be  called  Camp 
belltown,  and  of  the  new  garden,  where  all  sorts  of  fniit 
grow  that  are  in  Scotland.^ 

Every  notice  of  early  planting  or  of  gardening  is 
valuable,  but  here  they  amount  to  very  little.  AVhen  the 
present  proprietor  succeeded,^  the  garden,  though  suffer- 
ing under  150  years  of  non-residence,  showed  the  re- 
mains of  old  careful  tending — the  trees  and  fruit  bushes 
being  of  the  time  of  Sir  Hugh,  or  at  latest  of  Sir  Archi- 
bald. It  is  curious  to  mark  the  small  and  timid  be- 
ginnings of  planting.  So  late  as  1722,  the  gardener 
sows  an  ounce  of  pinaster  seed  and  a  pound  of  acorns. 
In  1741,  the  planting  of  trees  is  counted  and  paid  by 
the  score  ;  and  we  need  not  be  surprised  that  Sir  Archi- 
bald takes  credit  for  executing,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
plantation  "  of  all  sorts,'^  which  consisted  of  a  few  acres ; 
not  the  work  of  one  winter's  day  to  the  forester  and  his 
troop  at  Cawdor  now. 

Sir  Hugh  was  the  last  of  the  family  who  made 
Cawdor  his  chief  residence.  His  son's  marriasfe  with 
the  heiress  of  Stackpole,  and  that  of  his  grandson  vdth 
Mary  Pryse  of  Gogirthen,^  gave   the  family  a  greatei 

•  Witliiu  a  few  years,  1100  oaks  were  ^  This  was  ■\\Titteu  before  the  lamentet 

sold  from  this  wood.  death  of  the  first  Earl  of  Cawdor. 

2  It  was,  no  doubt,  to  make  good  this  *  Communicated  by  the  bridegroom  U 

boast  that  there  Avas  bought  at  this  time  his  uncle  on  the  day  of  his  marriage  ii 

from  William  Millar  at  the  Abbey,  two  the  following  letter — a  model  of  succinc 

peach-trees,  and  two  nectarines.  and  business-like  correspondence  : — 


CAWDOR  AS  IT  IS.  435 

interest  in  Wales  than  they  had  from  all  their  estates 
in  Scotland.  The  sale  of  Isla  and  their  Argyllshire 
possessions  still  further  weakened  their  connexion  with 
the  country  of  their  forefathers.  Nothing  but  the  ancient 
Thanedom  upon  the  Nairn  remained.  The  passion  for 
Scotch  sport  and  the  free  life  of  Scotland  had  not  yet 
arisen  ;  and,  for  a  century  and  a  half,  the  family  of 
Cawdor  resided  in  Wales,  with  only  occasional  visits  to 
Scotland.  For  the  greater  part  of  that  time,  little  care 
was  bestowed  on  the  old  place,  and  no  one  thought  of 
repairing  the  castle  except  to  defend  it  from  the  weather. 
It  thus  happened  that  when  quite  lately — almost,  it  may 
be  said,  in  the  present  generation — the  interest  revived 
for  Cawdor  and  the  life  to  be  enjoyed  there,  the  owners 
found  it  as  it  had  been  left  by  Sir  Hugh ;  and  the  right 
feeling  of  the  present  time  has  forbidden  any  change 
that  would  alter  the  character  of  the  quaint,  antique, 
charming  old  place.  The  tower  which  Thane  William 
built  round  the  hawthorn  tree  in  1454,  stands,  sur- 
rounded by  buildings  of  all  subsequent  dates,  down  to 
the  work  trusted  to  the  skill  of  the  Nairn  masons  in 
1699.  The  simple  draw-bridge  hangs  as  it  has  hung  for 
centuries.  The  gardens  and  garden-walls,  the  row  of 
imes  to  screen  the  east  wind,  are  all  as  Sir  Hugh  left 
hem,  or  perhaps  made  and  planted  them.     The.  place  is 

"  Sir, — I  was  this  morning  married  to  "  You  will  not  expect  me  to  add  more 

Irs.  Pryse,  a  young  lady  of  North  at  present,  but  that  I  am,  Sir,  your  affec- 
Vales,  who  possesses  in  the  highest  de-  tionate  nephew  and  very  humble  ser- 
ree  every  virtue  and  agreeable  accom-        vant, 

dishment  that  can  make  a  person  be-  j.  Campbell." 

>ved  and  respected.     Her  fortune  is  a 

uall  estate  in  land  among  the  Welsh        ''London,  April  dOih,  172G." 
ighlands. 


436  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

iinspoilcd — not  changc.d,  but  for  the  better.  The  })uni 
pours  its  l^rown  sparkling  stream  down  its  roeky  ehannel 
as  of  yore.  The  air  has  the  brisk  freshness  of  the  High 
lands,  while  the  sky  is  blue  and  bright  as  in  more  southern 
climates.  The  woods  now  wave  over  the  grey  castle  with 
a  luxuriance  of  shade  which  its  old  inhabitants  never 
dreamt  of.  Above  all,  the  countiy  round,  of  old  occu- 
pied by  a  half-starving  people,  lodged  in  houses  of 
"  faile,"  disturbed  by  plundering  neighbours,  and  ever 
and  anon  by  the  curse  of  civil  war,  is  now  cultivated 
by  an  active  and  thriving  tenantry,  T\dth  the  comforts 
which  increasing  intelligence  and  wealth  require  and 
supply. 

The  "  old  wood"  has  recovered  some  severe  usage. 
The  scrubby  birch  and  alder,  described  by  Sir  Archibald, 
has  been  in  part  removed  ;  and  the  wood  of  Cawdor, 
with  its  two  romantic  burns,  joining  above  the  castle,  is 
now  a  piece  of  the  most  beautiful  oak  forest  ground  in 
Scotland. 

The  Cawdors  of  old  buried  at  Barevan.  The  walls 
of  the  old  church,  except  the  east  end,  are  still  pretty 
entire,^  though  the  dressed  stones  have  been  generally 
taken  away. 

There  are  many  old  grave-stones,  and  one  row  right 
across  the  church  where  the  choir  and  nave  joined  ;  but 
no  inscriptions  nor  arms. 


^  The  style  is  of  the  first  pointed,  with-  lancet  outside,  and  semi- circular  arch eil 
out  cusp.  One  window  on  the  south  of  inside.  The  dimensions  of  the  church 
the  choir  is  curious,  from  the  top  of  the  inside  are  about  sixty-five  feet  by  seven- 
arches  and  of  the  mullion  being  formed  teen.  There  is  a  plain  piscina  under  an 
of  a  single  stone.     It  has  been  a  double  arch  at  the  south  end  of  the  altar-place. 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  437 


PAPERS  OF  THE  ROSES  OF  KILRAVOCK. 

The  history  of  the  family  of  Kih'avock,  written  by 
Mr.  Hew  Eose,  parson  of  Nairn,  in  1683-84,  is  a  careful 
and  generally  very  correct  statement  of  the  pedigree  of  the 
family,  its  intermarriages  and  cadets, — all  as  vouched  by 
the  family  charter-chest.  But  there  is  little  more.  The 
author  s  views  of  his  duty  are  gathered,  from  some  hints 
for  the  continuation  of  his  work.  "  If  any  public  trans- 
action be  insert,  let  it  be  barelie  the  res  gesta,  without 
prejudiciall  or  favourable  comments,  which  at  one  time 
or  other  might  prove  hurtfuU,  in  a  nation  seldome  with- 
out faction.'*  That  principle,  and  his  native  caution, 
shut  him  out  from  all  the  interest  of  pubHc  events.  The 
Reformation  and  the  Great  Rebellion  are  alike  passed  by 
or  noticed  "  without  comments/'  But  we  cannot  so  readily 
pardon  him  for  passing  his  life  in  this  treasury  of  family 
papers,  where  every  scrap  of  writing  was  preserved, 
without  one  remark  upon  the  condition  of  the  people, 
the  state  of  society,  education,  morals,  industry,  agri- 
culture, food,  and  clothes— all  which  they  seem  calcu- 
lated to  illustrate.  The  world  is  now  aware,  as  much  as 
Sir  Robert  Walpole,^  that  historians  are  to  be  doubted, 
that  State-papers,  even  Acts  of  Parliament,  may  deceive 
— may  be  coined  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving.  But 
these  family  documents,  the  private  letters,  the  household 
iccounts,  the  memoranda  scratched  in  the  leaf  of  an  old 

'  It  is  Coxe  who  tells  us  of  Horace  ness :  "  Nay,"  said  the  old  Premier, 
Walpole,  proposing  to  read  History  to  "don't  read  History  to  me,  for  that,  ] 
lis  father,  hoping  to  cheer  hini  in  sick-        know,  must  be  false  !" 


i 


438 


SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


almanac,  reach  us  without  suspicion,  and  carry  convic- 
tion al)out  things  as  im})ortant  to  happiness  as  wars  and 
treaties. 

The  reader  must  bear  with  the  infliction  of  a  very- 
few  lines  of  pedigree.  The  mere  sound  of  the  names 
teaches  something  of  the  population  of  a  country. 

The  Bysets,  of  an  Anglo-Norman  family,  were  great 
lords  in  the  north  in  the  time  of  William  the  Lion^  but 
the  male  line  there  had  failed  before  the  tragedy  which 
overwhelmed  their  southern  cousins.^  They  were  the 
founders  or  great  benefactors  of  the  Priory  of  Beau- 
lieu  ;  and  from  some  remaining  charters  of  that  monas- 
tery, together  with  the  records  of  the  bishopric,  we  learn 
something  of  their  possessions  and  of  their  descendants. 
Sir  John  de  Byset,  lord  of  Lovat  and  Beaufort  in  the 
Aird,  of  Altyre  in  Moray,  of  Kedcastle  and  Ardmanoch 
in  the  Black  Isle,  left  three  daughters  his  co-heirs. 
From  Mary  are  descended  the  Frasers,  of  the  Lovat 
branch  of  that  name  ;  Cecilia  was  the  wife  of  a  Fenton  ; 
and  the  third,  Elizabeth,  married  Sir  Andrew  de  Bosco, 


1  lu  1242,  Patrick  Earl  of  Athol,  of 
the  highest  blood  and  kindred  of  Scot- 
land, and  himself  a  gallant  youth,  after 
a  great  tournament  at  Haddington,  Avas 
treacherously  murdered,  and  the  "  pa- 
lace "  where  he  slept,  in  the  west  end  of 
the  High  Street,  was  burned  to  conceal 
the  manner  of  his  death.  Tlie  Bysets 
were  generally  believed  to  be  the  insti- 
gators of  the  murder,  for  an  ancient 
feud  between  the  houses,  and  suspicion 
fell  especially  on  William  de  Byset,  an 
oflEicer  of  the  Queen's  household,  and 
who  had  prevailed  with  the  Queen  to 
spend  four  days  at  his  castle  of  Aboyue 
on  her  journey  south  from  Moray,    at 


the  very  time  when  the  Haddington  tra- 
gedy happened.  Byset  had  the  support 
of  both  sovereigns,  the  Queen  especiallj 
ofiering  herself  ready  to  make  oath  to 
his  innocence  ;  but  the  friends  of  the 
murdered  earl  were  too  powerful,  and 
(perhaps)  the  proofs  of  guilt  too  strong. 
The  southern  Bysets  were  banished  (ex- 
legantur),  and  obliged  to  take  a  vow  to 
join  the  crusade,  and  never  to  retuin 
from  the  Holy  Land.  On  this  condition, 
apparently,  they  saved  their  lands  and 
goods,  or  were  allowed  to  dispose  of 
them.  They  seem  to  have  migrated  to  Ire- 
land— Quo-rum  posteritas  Hiberniani  in^ 
hdbito.t  usque  nunc. — Fordun,  IX.  50-61. 


THE  ROSES,  NOEMANS.  439 

l)ringing,  as  her  portion  apparently,  Eddirdouer  (or  Eed- 
castle)  and  lands  in  the  Black  Isle,  including  Culcowy, 
and  the  estate  of  Kilravock  on  the  river  Nairn.  Of  this 
last  marriage  there  were  several  daughters  and  a  son. 
Mary,  one  of  the  daughters,  married  Hugh  de  Eose  of 
Geddes,  and  brought  him  as  marriage  portion  the  lands 
of  Kilravock  and  Culcowy.  This  was  about  the  end  of 
the  reign  of  Alexander  iii.  Indeed,  the  first  crown 
investiture  of  the  young  couple  was  from  John  Balliol, 
whose  reign  began  in  1292. 

The  conveyancing — all  the  gifts,  resignations,  and 
discharges — which  went  to  transfer  the  property  from  the 
Bysets  and  to  give  a  secure  title  to  the  Roses,  form  a 
large  parcel  of  titles  affecting  property,  and  make  us 
personally  acquainted  with  the  proprietors  of  a  great  part 
of  the  Aird,  Moray,  and  Ross,  at  the  end  of  that  period 
of  peace  and  prosperity  which  embraced  the  whole  thir- 
teenth century.  The  parties  and  the  witnesses  to  these 
transactions  bear  such  names  as  De  Byset,  De  Bosco,  De 
Rose,  De  Graham,  De  Carrick  (was  he  a  Campbell  ?), 
De  Stirling,  De  Lovel,  Le  Chen,  De  Fenton,  De  Rait. 
See  how  the  land  must  have  bristled  with  Norman  and 
Enghsh  spears  from  the  sea  to  the  mountains  !  Not  a 
Celt,  not  a  man  called  by  a  patronymic  name,  is  an 
actor,  or  named  in  these  deeds,  except  the  great  Earls  of 
Ross,  showing  themselves  occasionally  out  of  their  High- 
land fastnesses,  whose  names  of  Malcolm  and  Farquhar 
sound  Gaelic. 

Hugh  de  Rose,  the  husband  of  Mary  de  Bosco,  was  a 
Norman  too,  affecting  knightly  customs,  and  dressing  by 


440  SKETCHES  OF  EAllLY  SCOTCH  HISTOKV. 

the  fashions  of  th(3  K(jniiaii  chivahy.  P'rom  tlicir  iirst 
settlement,  the  family  used  for  arms  the  water  hougets  of 
"  De  Koos/'  a  very  definite  and  peculiar  cognizance  used 
by  all  that  name  in  England  and  Normandy.  At  a  very 
early  period,  even  before  we  have  evidence  of  theii'  lands 
being  erected  into  a  feudal  barony,  they  took  and  were 
allowed  the  style  of  Baron,  in  a  manner  unusual  in  Scot 
land  ;  and  in  the  fifteenth  century  the  family  arms  appear 
on  the  seals  of  successive  lairds  of  Kilravock,  circum- 
scribed— siGiLLUM  HUGONis  ROis  BARONis — the  Only  in- 
stance of  the  kind  I  have  met  with  in  Scotland. 

The  Eoses,  by  an  early  marriage  with  Jonet  Chis- 
holm,  the  heiress  of  Cantray,  and  by  subsequent  acquisi- 
tions in  Ross-shire  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Findhorn, 
had  very  considerable  territories  for  many  generations. 
But  they  never  were  a  leading  family,  nor  were  they 
ambitious  of  taking  a  prominent  part  in  the  country ; 
and  their  papers  would  not  have  been  worth  gi^^g  to  i 
the  world  for  any  historical  or  pubhc  interest  that  at-  ' 
taches  to  them.      They  have,  however,   an  interest  of 
another  kind.     They  were  from  the  beginning  careful  of 
their  muniments,  and,  later  in  their  history,  the  charter-  ^ 
room  in  the  old  Tower  (built  in  1460)  served  as  a  place 
of  safe  deposit  for  neighbours'  charter-chests  as  well  as 
for  their  own. 

It  has  thus  happened  that  the  lawyer  finds  there 
some  of  our  earliest  styles  and  forms  of  conveyanciag. 
The  extent  of  Kilravock  and  Geddes,  the  property  of 
Hugh  de  Rose  and  Mariot  his  wife,  in  1295,  is  the  oldest 
extent  of  Scotch  lands  preserved,  and  was  an  object  of 


STEADY  PROGRESS  OF  CIVILISATION.  441 

great  interest  to  the  learned  lawyers  of  the  last  genera- 
tion. The  zealous  Protestants  of  the  north  also  looked 
to  the  charter-room  with  interest,  in  respect  of  a  certain 
Papal  Bull  which  was  said  to  prove  the  Pope's  sacrile- 
gious granting  of  immunity  for  sin  ;^  and  also  as  being 
the  storehouse  of  the  rehgious  correspondence  of  the  per- 
secuted ministers  with  devout  ladies  of  Kilravock  and 
Lochloy  for  two  generations  during  the  troubles. 

Without  counting  on  such  attractions,  the  papers 
collected  at  Kilravock  give  us  the  usual  picture  of 
those  ages  of  violence  and  misrule,  as  they  affected 
the  rural  population  and  the  rural  gentry.  Fortunately 
they  also  show  us  in  later  times  the  marked  though 
slow  progress  of  civilisation.  There  is  to  be  traced 
a  gradual  improvement  in  the  means  of  life  and  the 
comforts  of  our  people  from  the  earliest  time  when 
we  can  draw  any  information  about  these  matters, 
and  it  would  seem  that  no  period  has  been  altogether 
stationary.  The  first  half  of  the  last  century  was  per- 
haps the  least  favourable  time  for  tracing  such  a  pro- 
gress. It  was  a  period  of  commercial  depression  in 
Scotland,  and  of  national  despondency.  Yet  even  dur- 
ing that  time  were  silently  introduced  many  of  those 
small  changes  which  are  held  unworthy  the  notice  of 
great  historians,  but  which  tell  more  on  the  happiness  of 
nations  than  dazzling  political  events.  Let  any  one 
reflect  on  the  change  in  comfort  and  actual  happiness 
arising  from  the  introduction,   into  the  district  we  are 

1  The  Bull  is  one  of  a  common  kind,  who  should  visit  it  at  certain  festivals, 
granted  in  favoxir  of  the  little  chapel  dispensation  from  a  hundred  days  of 
of  the  Roses  at  Geddes,  Ijestowing  on  all        enjoined  penance. 


442  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

concomcd  with,  of  potatoes,  coals,  tea,  turnpike-roads, 
bank-notes,  planting  of  timber,  flower-gardening,  th(* 
sports  of  shooting  and  angling  ! 

With  regard  to  the  subjects — the  centre-group  of  our 
canvas — one  generation  passes  by  after  another  of  these 
peaceful  Barons  of  KLilravock  vdih  scarcely  a  shade  of 
variety  in  their  individual  characters.  The  revolutions 
of  their  country  or  the  empire  little  affected  them. 
Tkrougli  changes  of  government  and  d}Tiasty — amid 
Church  schisms  and  Celtic  rebellions — they  held  the  even 
tenor  of  their  way — keeping  aloof  from  faction,  shun- 
ning the  crowd  ;  yet  not  merely  vegetating,  nor  sunk  in 
stupid  indifference.  They  had  gone  beyond  the  secret 
of  the  old  epicurean — 

''  Nunc  veterum  libris  nunc  somno  et  inertibus  horis 
Ducere  soUicitae  jucunda  oblivia  vitae." 

They  had  felt  the  charms  of  music,  and  solaced  them- 
selves with  "  old  books  and  old  friends  and  old  wine." 
They  enjoyed  the  society  of  a  few  neighbom^s  ;  did  their 
duty  to  their  people  ;  they  had  their  garden  to  tend,  the 
interest  of  their  woods  and  fields,  the  sports  of  the  moor- 
land and  the  river.  If  these  memorials  of  their  peaceful 
lives  record  few  events  of  stirring  interest,  or  of  a  poh- 
tical  or  public  character,  they  show  more  than  has  been 
hitherto  known  of  the  domestic  life  of  our  northern 
gentry,  and  mark  a  progress  in  cultivation  and  refine- 
ment in  their  rank  fully  keeping  pace  with  the  remark- 
able improvement  in  the  physical  condition  of  the 
commons. 


I 


THE  FORTALICE  BUILT.  443 

Hugh,  the  seventh  Baron,  was  the  builder  of  the 
Tower,  the  oldest  part  of  the  existing  mansion  of  Kilra- 
vock.  In  his  time,  the  Earls  of  Koss  were  interposed 
between  the  Crown  and  its  vassals  in  Nairnshire. 

One   of  James    i.'s   first  efforts  for  restoring   civil 
government,  after  his  return  from  his  English  captivity, 
was  to  ordain,  that  "  everilk  lorde  hafande  lands  beyond 
the  mownth,  in  the  quhilk  landis  in  aulde  tymes  thare 
was  castells,  fortalyces  and  maner  places,  big,  reparel 
and  reforme  thar  castells  and  maners,  and  dwell  in  thaim 
be  thaim  self  or  be  ane  of  thare  frends,  for  the  gracious 
governall  of  their  lands,  be  gude  polising,  and  to  ex- 
pende  the  froyte  of  thair  landis  in  the  cuntre  whare  the 
lands  lyis."     Although  we  must  not  attribute  too  much 
efficacy  to  an  old  (Scotch)  Act  of  Parliament,  it  is  not  a 
little  remarkable  what  a  number  of  Scotch  castles  date 
from  the  half  century  following  that  enactment  :  all  of 
one  design  too — a  stern,  square  keep,  rudely  kernellated 
and  surmounted  with  a  cap-house — partially  surrounded 
by  a  barbican,  the  "  barmkin"  of  the  ensuing  charter — 
affording  protection  to  the  inhabitants  and  their  cattle 
from  the  hurried  inroads  of  rough-handed  neighbours. 
The  Barons  of  Kilravock  obeyed  the  statute  in  its  fullest 
intendment.     They  built  their  fortalice  and  manor  place, 
and,  for  four  hundred  years,  continued  to  dwell  in  it 
"  for  the  gracious  governall  of  their  lands  by  good  polis- 
ing."    The  "  licence  to  big  a  toure  of  fens"  runs  thus  : — 

"  Johne  of  Yle,  Erie  of  Eoss  ande  lord  of  the  His,  to 
all  ande  sundry  to  quhais  knawlage  thir  our  present  let- 
teris  sail  come  greting,  witte  vs  to  haue  gevyn  ande 


444  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

gran  tit,  and  ])c  thir  present  letteris  gcvis  ande  grantis, 
our  full  j)ower  ande  licence  till  our  luffid  cosing,  man 
ande  tennand,  Huclione  de  Roos,  baron  of  Kylrav(jk,  to 
fund,  big,  ande  Ypmak  a  toure  of  fens,  witli  barmkin 
ande  bataling,  wpon  quhat  place  of  strynth  liiin  best 
likis,  within  the  barony  of  Kibawok,  A\dthout  ony  con- 
tradictioun  or  demavnd,  questioun,  or  ony  obiection  to 
put  in  contrar  of  him  or  his  ayris,  be  vs  or  our  ayiis,  for 
the  said  toure  ande  barmkyn  making,  with  the  batal- 
ing, now  or  in  tyme  to  cum.  In  wdtnes  hereof,  ve  haf 
gert  our  sele  to  ther  letteris  be  affixt  at  Inuernys,  the 
achtend  day  of  Februar,  the  yer  of  Godd  a  thousand 
four  hundreth  sixte  yer.'^ 

Writing  of  Hugh,  the  ninth  in  descent  from  Hugh 
de  Rose  and  Mary  de  Bosco,  the  family  historian  tells  of 
his   warding   in  the  castle   of  Dumbarton  for   having 
seized  and  imprisoned  at  Kilravock,  William  Galbraith, 
Abbot  of  Kinloss,   w^hen  passing  from  Avoch  in   Ross 
to   his     abbey.     We   know  nothing  of  the  storv^,   and 
need  not  at  once  condemn  the  Baron  for  assailing  the 
man   of  peace.     There    is  no  violence  alleged  beyond 
detention,  even  by  the  Abbey  chronicler.     We  may  hope 
the  imprisonment  of  the  Abbot  was  in  the  hall,  not  in 
the  dungeon.     The  Baron  assuredly  had  a  long  impri- 
sonment in  the  king's  prison,  where  he  had  to  pay  a 
"  board  "  to  the  keeper  ;  and  the  discharges  of  Sir  George 
Stirling   of   Glorat,    "  capitane  of  the    castle  of  Dun- 
bartane,"  are  carefully  treasured  at  Kilravock.     "\Miile 
in   durance,    the   poor   captive's    thoughts   had   turned 
to  his  own  tower,  and  he  found  occupation  in  making 


GARDENING.  445 

plans  for  his  gardens  on  the  banks  of  the  Nairn.  He 
procured  the  services  of  a  gardener,  a  burgess  of  Pais- 
ley, who  had  perhaps  learnt  the  gentle  craft  in  the 
Abbey  gardens,  and  who  entered  into  a  very  formal 
contract,  after  this  manner  : — 

At  the  Castell  of  Dumberton,  11  June  1536. — Thom 
Daueson  and  ane  servand  man  with  him  is  comyn  man 
and  servand  for  all  his  life  to  the  said  Huchon  (Hugh 
Rose),  and  sail  werk  and  lawbour  his  yardis,  gardingis, 
orchardis,  ayles,  beggings,  and  stankis,  and  all  werkis 
pertening  to  ane  gardner  to  do,  of  the  best  fassoun  may 
be  devisit.  He  and  his  man  are  to  have  such  wages  as 
may  sustene  them  honestlye,  as  use  is  to  be  gevin  for  sic 
craftis-men. 

The  tenth  person  of  our  pedigree  is  known  tradition- 
ally at  Kilravock  as  the  Black  Baron.  Here  is  what  the 
family  historian  writes  of  him  : — 

"  He  had  seventeen  sisters  and  daughters,  all  whose 
portions,  mediatly  or  imediatly,  he  payed,  though  there 
verie  portions  were  a  considerable  debt.  He  lived  in  a 
verie  divided,  factious  tyme,  there  falling  out  then  great 
revolutions  in  Church  and  State  ;  Religion  changed  from 
Poperie  to  Protestant,  and  the  Queen  layed  aside,  liveing 
in  exile ;  yet  such  was  his  even,  ingenuous,  prudentiall 
cariage,  that  he  wanted  not  respect  from  the  most 
eminent  of  all  the  parties,  as  may,  in  part,  be  gathered 
from  the  short  accompts  above  sett  down.  He  hade 
troubles  from  neighbours,  which  he  patientlie  caried,  and 
^et  knew  how  discreetlie  to  resent  them,  as  appears,  that 


440  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

a  debate  l)eiiig  ])etwixt  him  and  two  neig}il)Ours,  he  sub 
scrived — Hucheon  Rose  of  Kilravock,  ane  honest  man,  ill 
eruided  betwixt  them  both.     This  was  Ridentem  dicere 
verumJ' 

But  this  is  not  enough.  The  Black  Baron  must  have 
been  a  remarkable  character.  It  will  be  observed  he  was 
at  the  head  of  the  estate  for  more  than  half  a  century. 
In  the  days  of  his  hot  blood  he  fought  at  Pinkiecleugh, 
and  had  to  pay  a  ransom  to  his  captors.^  After  that,  he 
is  in  no  more  scrapes.  Every  year  then  produced  a 
revolution  in  state  ;  and  in  the  midst  of  his  time  came 
the  great  revolution  of  aU — the  Reformation.  All  pub 
lie  men  were  subjected  to  reverses  unprecedented,  but 
the  Baron  of  Kilravock  remained  unmoved.  It  is  im^ 
possible  to  tell  what  sentiments  he  entertained,  what 
party  he  adhered  to  ;  and  yet  no  party  attacks  him. 
He  was  not  a  mere  rustic  laird,  but  a  baron,  as  we  shall 
see,  of  power  and  extensive  connexions.  We  generally 
know  a  man  by  his  associates.  If  we  find  plenty  of 
letters  addressed  to  him,  we  coimt  on  knowing  his  senti- 
ments ;  but  the  Black  Baron  corresponded  with  all  the 
leaders  of  the  nation,  in  aU  its  different  phases,  and  he 
kept  aU  his  correspondence.  He  lived  through  the 
clashing  factions  of  the  Lords  of  the  Congregation,  and' 
the  adherents  of  the  old  religion.  He  saw  Mary 
return  to  her  native  kingdom  amidst  universal  joy. 
He  witnessed  her  marriage  with  Darnley,  and  her  last 
marriage  ;    her   imprisonment,    deposition,    escape,    her 

1  The  captors  were  John  Ker  of  Werk  Smailholme,  Torwoodlee,  and  Wowhous- 
and  two  Johnstons  ;  the  ransom  100  byres.  The  Baron's  bond  of  relief  and 
angels  ;  the  cautioners  were  Pringles  of       their  discharge  are  both  preserved. 


THE  BLACK  BARON.  447 

English  detention,  and  her  judicial  murder.     He  lived 
under  the  Eegents  Moray,  Lennox,   and  Morton,   suc- 
cessively assassinated  and  executed.     His  own  country 
and  immediate  neighbourhood  were  especially  subject  to 
continual  convulsions,  as  Huntly  or  Moray,  the  Queen^s 
party  or  the  King's,  obtained  the   ascendency — not  to 
mention  the  usual  elements  of  native  disturbance  on  the 
Highland  border  ;  yet,  through  all,  he  lived  in  peace, 
attending  to  his  own  affairs.     He  married  his  sisters  and 
daughters,  and  built  a  manor-place  beside   his  narrow 
old   tower.     He   settled   amicably   several    complicated 
lines  of  marches  with  his  neighbours,  while  Parliament 
was   settling   the   Eeformation.      He   received  friendly 
communications   almost    at   the    same   time,   from   the 
leaders  of  the  opposite  factions,  while  themselves  at  open 
war,  and  raising  the  country  to  fight  at  Corrichie  or 
Langside.     He  was  justice-depute  of  the  north  under 
Argyll ;  sheriff-principall  of  Inverness  and  constable  of 
its  castle  by  commission  from  Mary  and  Darnley ;   a 
trusted  friend  and  commissioner  for  James  Earl  of  Moray, 
the  Eegent,  and  his  widow.  Dame  Annas  Keith.     We  find 
no  taunts  against  him  for  lapsarian  opinions  ;  no  suspi- 
cion that  he  was  of  "  the  Vicar  of  Bray's  "  political  creed. 
He  seems  to  have  had  none.     Each  party  reposed  con- 
fidence in  him,  and  employed  him  in  the  administration 
of  his  own  district  ;  and  in  the  enormous  mass  of  letters 
and  other  documents  serving  to  illustrate  his  life,  we 
find   no    information   whether    the    Black   Baron    was 
Catholic   or   Covenanting, — for   the    Queen   or  for   the 
King.     He  survived  all  those  factions,  and  lived  to  be 


448  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

summoned  by  the  King  to  Parliament  (159:j),  when  the 
royal  seiil^e,  having  addressed  him  as  "  Traist  (JousiiKj  " 
— the  allocuti(jn  of  nolnlity — the  error  is  inartificially 
corrected  by  dashing  the  pen  through  Cousinc/,  and 
substituting  Friend. 

I  will  venture  to  give  the  historian  s  account  of  thr' 
next  baron  and  his  wife,  his  own  grandfather  and  grand- 
mother. He  has  now  the  advantage  of  speaking  as  an 
eye-witness  : — 

"  This  William  Eose  of  Kilravock  was  a  good  and 
inoffensive  man,  a  lover  of  peace,  one  that  desired  to 
trouble  none,  though  he  was  troubled  by  others.  That 
one  trouble  with  the  name  of  Dunbar,  included  manie  , 
troubles,  though  he  was  no  ways  accessorie  to  the  illega-  ' 
lities  of  some  of  his  kinsmen  which  procured  it ;  yet  as 
to  that  and  anie  other  troubles,  he  was  patiendo  victor, 
God  carying  him  out,  though  in  the  way  of  suffering. 
He  was  low  of  stature  ;  his  hair  and  beard  betwext  red 
and  yellow,  and  himself  of  a  fair  complexion.  Sitting 
in  his  chair  within  the  hall  of  Kilravock,  he  was  taken 
with  ane  apoplexie,  and  after  ane  years  languishing,  died 
in  peace,  Aprile  8,  1611,  aged  66  years,  ha\dng  survived 
his  father  but  fourteen  years,  and  Hved  after  his  mariage 
40  years,  or  thereby."    Next  is  his  wdfe  : — 

"  This  Lilias  Hay,  Ladie  Kilravock,  was  a  daughter 
of  the  familie  of  Delgatie,  somtyme  verie  considerable 
barrens.  She  was  (as  I  gather)  grand  aunt  to  that  Sir 
William  Hay  of  Delgatie,  in  whom  the  family  was 
extinct.  He  was  apprehended,  executed,  and  buried, 
with  James  Marques  of  Montross  ;  and  in  the  year  1661, 


THE  TWELFTH  BAHON.  449 

by  order  of  King  and  Parliament,  taken  up  with  him 
and  reburied,  with  great  magnificence  and  splendor  at 
the  publick  charge. 

"  This  Lilias  Hay  was  a  woman  of  a  masculine  active 
spirit.  She  was  a  mother  of  good  children,  and  a  mother 
good  to  her  children,  keeping  somtyms  two  or  mor  of  her 
younger  sons  and  their  families  with  her,  and  yet  did 
good  offices  to  her  eldest  son  and  the  familie,  living  with 
all  hospitahtie  and  fuUie.  Her  stature  tall  and  straight. 
Her  hair  full  black,  yet  she  of  a  fair  and  lovelie  counte- 
nance. She  lived  till  eightie  years  of  age,  retaining 
perfectlie  her  judgment,  memorie,  and  senses  ;  her  eye 
being  so  sharp,  that  a  little  before  her  death,  she  could 
read  the  smallest  letter  without  the  help  of  glasses.  Her 
health,  notwithstanding  of  her  long  lyfe,  was  broken — 
she  professing  in  her  last  sickness,  that  though  she  hade 
lived  so  manie  years,  she  never  had  one  fourthnights 
health  sound  together.  She  dyed  about  the  last  of 
Aprile  1632,  having  lived  21  years  a  widow  (though 
she  had  considerable  suiters),  and  after  her  manage  6 1 
years.'' 

Take  as  a  last  specimen  of  Master  Hew  Rose's  style, 
is  weU  as  a  fair  enough  representation  of  the  manner  of 
nan  of  those  Kilravock  barons,  our  author's  summing  up 
)f  the  character  of  Hugh,  the  twelfth  Baron,  1611-43  : 

"  Tliis  Hugh  Rose  of  Kilravock  was  a  person  of  great 
■each  and  solid  judgement,  though  certainly  he  could 
lot  have  bein  but  considerable  greater,  if  holpen  by 
ne  exacter  education.  He  was  a  person  dexterous,  and 
f  good   success  in  reconcileing  differs  betwixt  friends 

2  F 


450  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

and  neigli])ours,  tliougli  he  was  no  officious  pragmatick 
mcdlcr.  He  was  provident  and  fi-ugall,  given  to  hrjspi- 
talitie,  friends  and  strangers  ])eing  kindlie  entertained  at 
his  house  ;  nay  som  of  the  best  quaUtie  would  com  to  it, 
leaving  their  emulations,  without  jealousing  or  heing 
offended  at  his  kindnes  shewn  to  others  they  were  not  in 
good  understanding  with,  his  hous  being  as  a  comon  Inns 
where  all  were  welcome.  When  I  consider  his  great 
hospitalitie  (whereof  when  I  was  a  boy  I  was  parthe  ane 
eye  witnes),  I  must  rather  referr  it  to  his  frugal  itie  an^l 
good  management,  then  to  the  greatnes  of  his  fortune, 
which  it  exceeded.  Though  he  had  but  one  sone,  yet 
was  he  a  father  to  manie  of  the  younger  amongst  his 
relations,  keeping  diverse  of  them  in  his  familie,  and  a 
person  to  teach  them.  He  would  also,  when  they  were 
grown  up  to  som  years  of  discretion,  take  them  apart 
and  give  them  verie  sound  advise,  acquainting  them  ^ith 
busines,  and  how  they  should  behave  themselvs  when 
they  stept  upon  the  stage  of  the  world.  He  was  of  good 
stature  and  a  square  bodie,  infirm  and  somwhat  paraly- 
tick  in  the  whole  right  syd,  but  verie  strong  in  the  other. 
For  his  garb,  it  was  decent,  and  yet  but  homlie.  He  s( 
attended  his  affairs,  that  he  was  never  in  Edinburgh  hut 
once  in  all  his  lyfe.  He  shunned  all  pleas  of  law.  A 
friend  of  his  wrot  to  him  (though  he  was  a  lazier  him- 
self), that  such  as  went  to  law  had  gott  their  mothers 
malison." 

Of  the  thirteenth  Baron,  who  died  comparative!} 
young,  in  1649,  the  historian  records  that  "  he  was  very 
skillful  in  musick,  both  vocall  and  organicall.'^ 


i 


MR.  HEW'S  CONCLUSION.  451 

With  the  accession  of  the  fourteenth  Baron,  Mr.  Hew, 
the  historian,  finishes  his  chronicle.  He  quotes  some 
verses  of  Seneca  giving  the  preference  to  solitude  and  a 
private  life  over  greatness  and  the  Court,  ending  with 
"  these  notable  verses  in  Thyeste" — 

*'  Stet  quicunque  volet  potens 
Aulae  culmine  lubrico ; 
Me  dulcis  saturet  quies,"  etc. 

"  Which,"  he  says,  "  are  so  well  paraphrased  in  English 
by  the  learned  Judge  Hale  that  I  shall  set  them  down, 
tho  I  think  the  translation  (tho  very  noble)  short  of  the 
neat  and  significant  conciseness  of  the  originall."  Par- 
taking in  his  admiration  of  the  English  paraphrase,  and 
believing  it  to  be  little  known,  I  am  induced  to  print 
bhese  verses,  as  singularly  applicable  to  my  present 
object  : — 

"  Let  him  that  will,  ascend  the  tottering  seat 
Of  courtly  grandeur,  and  become  as  great 
As  are  his  mounting  wishes.     As  for  me, 
Let  sweet  repose  and  rest  my  portion  be. 
Give  me  some  mean,  obscure  recess,  a  sphere 
Out  of  the  road  of  business,  and  the  fear 
Of  falling  lower,  where  I  sweetly  may 
My  self  and  dear  retirement  still  enjoy. 
Let  not  my  lyfe  or  name  be  known  unto 
The  grandees  of  the  tyme,  tossed  to  and  fro 
With  censure  and  applause ;  but  let  my  age 
Slyde  gentlie  by,  not  overthwart  the  stage 
Of  public  actions ;  unheard,  unseen, 
And  unconcerned  as  I  ne'er  had  been. 
And  thus,  when  I  have  passed  my  silent  days 
In  shadie  privacie,  free  from  the  noise 
And  bustle  of  the  world,  then  shall  I 
A  good  old  innocent  plebeian  dy." 


452      .SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

Hugli  Eosc,  tlie  fourtccntli  Earon  succecdofl,  an  in 
fant,  in  1049.  F**om  the  minute  accounts  of  Ijis  tutor, 
we  arc  able  to  trace  him  through  his  whole  cducation,- 
at  Elgin,  "  in  the  house  of  Mr.  George  Gumming,  mer- 
chant and  burgess" — at  Kilravock — at  the  parish  school 
of  Aldearn.  We  learn  the  prices  of  his  clothes — the 
serge  for  his  cassock,  doublet,  and  stockings,  with  eight 
ells  of  green  and  scarlet  ribbon — the  plaiding  to  Ije  him 
hois,  the  boy's  blue  bonnet,  the  expense  of  his  books,  the 
"  rudiment  with  little  authors,'^  the  "  parts  of  grammar," 
his  spurs  and  gloves,  his  knives. 

In   1656,  he  went  with  Mr.   WiUiam  Geddes,   liis 
pedagogue  formerly,   now  his    "  governour,"  to   King's 
CoUeo^e,  Aberdeen.     We  have  ag-ain  minute  accounts  of 
his  expenses  both  for  journeys  and   college  residence. 
His  books  are  now  Horace,  Virgil,  Juvenal,  and  Persius, 
Buchanan's  Psalms,  the  Gonfession  of  Faith.     He  has  a 
four-tailed  coat  and  a  hat,  riding-gear,  and  there  is  a  charge 
"for  dressing  the  laird's  bow."     During  the  same  perio«l. 
his  sister  Magdalen's  account  for  dress  included  "  Seotti- 
tabbie,"  French  searge,  silver  lace,  silver  and  silk  ribbon.- 
lupin,  etc.,  and  there  is  an  item  of  thirty  shillings  '*'  for 
making  Mistress  Magdalene's  ryding  clothes."     On  leav- 
ing college,  the  young  Baron  contributed  216  merks  fo: 
the  "  new  work,"  and  obtained  in  return  a  right  to  "  that 
chamber  in  the  new  work  in  the  fyft  storie  hight  thairof 
upon  the  north  side  of  the  said  new  work,  ^dth  the  studie 
or  musee  belonmnor  thereto." 

Shaw,  the  historian  of  Moray,  taking  up  the  discourse 
of  Mr.  Hew  Eose,  tells  us  of  this  Baron  that  he  was  *'  £ 


J 


CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  COVENANT.       453 

gentleman  of  a  social  and  peaceable  disposition.  Though 
he  lived  in  the  reigns  of  two  royal  brothers,  when  hot 
debates  in  the  Church,  and  violent  attempts  in  the  State 
to  establish  an  absolute  and  despotick  government, 
brought  about  the  Eevolution,  he  concerned  himself  with 
none  of  those  measures,  and  lived  in  the  closest  friend- 
ship with  all  his  neighbours." 

Of  his  wife,  Margaret  Innes  (married  1662,  died 
1676),  the  same  historian  records  that  she  was  "  a  woman 
of  great  prudence  and  eminent  piety.  Amidst  the 
severities  on  account  of  religion  in  her  day,  and  prac- 
tised against  those  of  her  sentiments  and  persuasion,  she 
behaved  with  moderation  and  prudence,  maintained  her 
principles  with  unshaken  firmness,  protected  and  relieved 
the  distressed  as  she  had  opportunity,  and  yet  disturbed 
rot  the  public  peace,  nor  gave  umbrage  to  the  civil 
government." 

Of  this  time  we  have  proclamations  of  Privy-Council 

igainst  Conventicles,  and  other  evidence  of  disaffection 

md  persecution.     Now,  too,   I  find  in   the   Kilravock 

'.oUection  a  mass   of  correspondence   of  a   remarkable 

lature.     Some  of  the  letters  are  addressed  to  "  My  Ladie 

iluirtown  ;"  some  to  "  the  much  honoured  and  his  verie 

Liuch  respected  lady,  the  Lady  Park,  these."     Others  are 

dthout  address,  probably  ATOttcn  to  the  Lady  Kilra- 

'ock.     Most  are  without  the  name  of  the  writer,  sub- 

cribed   sometimes,    "  ye   know   the  hand  ;"  "  yours  to 

>ower  ;"  "read  and  burn,"  with  a  cipher  (L. D.)  which 

eems  to  stand  for  Lilias  Dunbar  ;  "  your  reall  and  con- 

tant  sympathizer   in  all   your   sufferings  for  Chryst." 


454  SKETCHES  OF  EAULY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  M 

Some  sul)scril)e  tli(;ir  initials  ;  others  Ijoldly  affix  their 
name — "J.    Eraser;"    "J.    Kimmo ;"    "Thomas    Ross." 
There  are  those  still  living  who  cheiish  the  memory  of 
the  persecuted  religionists  of  that  day  ;  and  by  the  help 
of  one  old  man  but  lately  dead,  who  venerated  them  as 
the  saints  and  the  martyrs  of  a  cause  that  may  slumber  I 
but  can  never  die,  it  might  have  been  possible  to  identify 
the  writing  of  these  letters,  and  to  trace  the  history  of 
their   authors.      But,  after  some  hesitation,   I   did  not 
judge  it  right  to  use  those  remarkable  documents  here. 
They  are,  for  the  most  part,  unconnected  with  worldly 
affairs  ;  dealing  with  the  excited  feelings  of  religion  in 
the  breast  of  the  writer  and  his  correspondent ;  mixing 
unduly,  as  we  are  now  agreed — but  not  irreverently —  j 
scripture  language,  sacred  things  and  dread  mysteries, 
with  the  petty  personal  concerns  of  the  writer  ;  instinct 
above  all  with  a  high  and  burning  piety,  and  a  recogni- 
tion of  the  immediate  presence  and  prompting  of  the 
Deity,  which,  as  they  are  not  now  admitted  into  familia 
letters  or  conversation,  might  expose  to  sneering   and 
ridicule   feelings   which  all   must  respect,  however  we 
may  differ  as  to  their  outward  shape  and  dress. 

Of  the  fifteenth  baron,  the  Rev.  Lachlan  Shaw  teU- 
us  that  he  was  born  at  Innes  in  January  1663,  and  thuo 
gives  his  character  and  one  scene  of  his  life  : — 

"  Having  had  his  education  in  times  of  licentiousness 
and  of  arbitrary  government,  he  was  in  his  younger  years 
not  a  little  biassed  in  favour  of  the  high  prerogatives  of 
the  Crown,  and  the  indefeasible  right  of  the  House  of 
Stuart.     But,  thereafter,  upon  a  more  ripe  and  deliberate 


THE  FIFTEENTH  BARON.  455 

thought,  he  was  convinced  of  the  reasonableness,  yea, 
and  the  necessity  of  the  Revolution,  in  order  to  preserve 
both  religion  and  liberty,  and  justly  to  ballance  the  power 
of  the  Sovereign  and  the  liberty  of  the  subject. 

"  When,  in  the  year  1705,  the  Treaty  of  Union  was  set 
on  foot,  Kilravock  was  a  member  of  that  Parliament,  and 
was  so  attached  to  the  independency  and  sovereignty  of 
his  native  countrie,  that  he  could  not  be  brought  to  agree  to 
an  incorporating  Union,  but  joined  that  party  who  stood 
for  a  federal  one ;  and  accordingly  he  was  one  of  those 
82  members  who  voted  against  incorporating  the  two 
kingdoms  into  one.  Yet  in  this  he  was  not  influenced 
by  a  regard  to  the  proscribed  family  of  Stuart ;  for,  at 
the  same  time  that  he  reasoned  and  voted  against  the 
proposed  Union,  he  heartily  declared  and  voted  for  the 
Protestant  Succession  in  the  family  of  Hanover,  well 
knowing  that  without  this  neither  religion  nor  liberty 
could  be  preserved.  And  when  the  Union  was  concluded, 
he  was  named  by  that  Parliament  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners that  should  represent  Scotland  in  the  first  Parha- 
ment  of  Great  Britain. 

"  As  he  thus  declared  openly  for  the  Protestant  Suc- 
cession, he  stood  firm  and  unshaken  in  his  attachment 
to,  and  appearances  for  it ;  in  so  much,  that  when  after 
the  accession  of  King  George,  a  rebellion  against  the 
Government  broke  out  in  Autumn  1715,  and  some 
neighbourmg  clans,  as  the  Macintosh's,  Mackenzies, 
Frasers,  etc.,  took  arms  and  prepared  to  join  the  Earl  of 
Mar's  standard,  Eabavock  stood  firm  in  his  loyalty  to  his 
Majesty,  and  against  Popery  and  arbitrary  power.     He 


45 G  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

armed  a  select  mimlKT  of  above  200  of  liis  clan,  arKJ 
preserved  the  peace  of  that  part  of  the  countrie.  ilis 
house  of  Kibavock  was  a  sanctuary  to  all  who  dreaded 
any  harm  from  the  enemy,  and  was  so  well  garrisoned, 
that  tho'  the  Highlanders  made  an  attack  on  some  other 
houses,  they  thought  it  safest  to  offer  him  no  disturhance. 
When  the  Highlanders  had  marched  south,  they  left  a 
garrison  in  the  town  and  castle  of  Inverness,  commanded 
by  Sir  John  Makenzie  of  Coul  (son-in-law  of  Kilravock) 
as  Governour.  This  garrison  was  a  check  upon  the 
friends  of  the  Government,  and  stopped  the  communica- 
tion betwixt  those  of  Murray  and  those  of  Ross  and 
Sutherland,  while  it  opened  a  free  passage  for  the  enemy 
to  and  from  the  south.  Kilravock  concerted  with  John 
Forbes  of  CuUoden,  and  with  Simon  Lord  Lovat,  who 
had  arrived  in  the  country  in  the  end  of  October,  how  to 
remove  that  garrison,  and  to  reduce  the  toTvn,  and,  with 
a  body  of  his  clan,  joined  by  some  of  Culloden's  men. 
Kilravock  blocked  up  all  the  avenues  to  the  to^vn  of 
Inverness  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  as  some  of  the 
Frasers  did  on  the.  west  side.  His  blockade  would  have 
soon  forced  and  starved  the  enemy  into  a.  surrender ; 
but,  impatient  of  such  delays,  Arthur  Rose,^  brother  to 
Kilravock,  a  gentleman  of  a  resolute  and  dareing  spirit, 
proposed  to  seize  the  garrison,  in  the  Tolbooth  of  the 
towai,  by  stratagem.  For  this  end,  he  chose  a  small 
party  of  his  brother  s  men,  commanded  by  Robert  Rose, 
son  of  Blackhills,  and,  in  the  night  of  the  12*^  of  Novem- 

^  This  was  the  poor  fellow  who  a  few  somed.  He  came  home  in  a  Tiukish 
years  before  had  been  taken  by  Algeriue  dress,  and  is  painted  in  it  at  Kilravock. 
pirates,  and  had  but  lately  been  ran- 


THE  AFFAIR  AT  INVERNESS  IN  THE  '15.  457 

ber  1715,  proceeded  so  far  as  to  enter  into  the  vestible, 
on  the  top  of  the  lower  stair.  Here,  a  fellow  whom  he 
had  for  his  guide,  and  who  being  well  known  to  the  men 
in  garrison,  promised  to  get  the  door  opened,  called  to 
them  to  open.  They  opened  the  door,  and  the  villain 
entring,  and  Arthur  Eose  close  after  him  with  a  drawn 
sword  and  pistol,  he  treacherously  cried  out.  An  enemy ! 
an  enemy !  Upon  this  the  guard  crouded  to  the  door, 
shot  Mr.  Eose  through  the  body  with  a  pair  of  balls,  and 
so  squeezed  and  crushed  his  body  betwixt  the  door  and 
the  stone  wall,  that  he  could  not  have  lived,  although  he 
had  not  received  the  shot.  His  own  friends  carried  him 
off,  and  he  died  in  a  few  hours,  in  the  house  of  Mistress 
Thomson,  in  Inverness.  This  fatal  end  of  a  brave  and 
beloved  brother  provoked  Kibavock  so  much,  that  he 
sent  a  message  to  the  Magistrates  of  the  town  and  to  Sir 
John  Mackenzie,  requiring  them  either  to  surrender  the 
town  and  castle,  or  to  evacuate  both  of  the  garrisons 
kept  in  them,  otherwise  he  would  lay  the  whole  towTi  in 
ashes.  The  Magistrates  and  Governour,  knowing  Kilra- 
vock's  resolute  spirit,  and  fearing  his  resentment,  brought 
all  the  boats  they  could  find  up  to  the  Bridge,  and,  under 
the  covert  of  the  night  (November  13)  the  Mackenzies 
evacuated  the  town  and  castle,  and  silently  passed  over 
to  the  Eoss  side.  Then  Kibavock  entered  the  town, 
took  possession  of  the  castle  and  Tolbooth,  and  placed  a 
garrison  in  them,  and  was  soon  after  joined  by  a  body  of 
the  Frasers,  and  a  battalion  of  the  Grants  from  Strath- 
ispey.  Thus  was  the  recovery  of  that  town  (which  is  the 
key  of  the  Highlands)  out  of  the  hands  of  the  enemies  of 


458  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  lilSTORY. 

the  Government,  wliolly  owing  to  Kilravock,  althougli 
others,  in  a  pamphlet  soon  after,  assumed  the  praise  of 
it.  And  'tis  observable  that  this  town  was  reduced  l)y 
Kilravock  on  the  13  day  of  Novem])er,  tlie  same  day  on 
which  the  battle  of  Sherifmuir  was  fought,  and  on  which 
the  rebels  in  the  town  of  Preston  in  England  surren- 
dered. After  this,  until  the  rebellion  was  fully  quelled, 
Kilravock  kept  his  men  in  arms,  and  secured  the  peace 
of  the  countrie  around  him. 

"  From  that  time  Kilravock  chose  to  lead  a  private 
life,  and  to  take  no  share  in  public  affairs." 

One  of  this  Baron's  daughters.  Mistress  JMargaret, 
was  sent  to  Mistress  Stratoun's  boarding-school  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1688-89.  The  range  of  education  and  accom- 
plishment is  not  very  high.  The  board  is  £60  (Scots)  ; 
the  young  lady  pays  besides  for  dancing,  singing,  and 
playing  on  the  virginalls  ;  writing,  satin  seam— -wliich 
seems  to  have  been  kept  under  a  glass — and  wax  fruits. 
Nothing  for  any  foreign  language.  All  besides  it  is 
hoped  Mrs.  Stratoun  took  charge  of  in  person.  The  girl 
was  married  in  January  1701  to  the  young  laird  of 
Coul.  The  account  for  her  marriage  finer}' — floured 
silk,  white  Persian  taffety,  India  satin,  floured  muslin 
and  lace  for  combing  cloth,  a  mask,  a  paper  of  patches 
—  is,  for  the  first  time,  stated  in  sterling  money,  and 
amounts  to  £55. 

I  must  pass  by  the  minute  accounts  of  housekeeping 
— importation  of  wine,  coals,  tea,  an  expensive  luxury — 
some  improvements  in  domestic  comfort,  incidental  in- 
formation of  the  manner  of  dress  and  travelling  ;  but  I 


THE  LIBRARY.  459 

must  not  omit  that  the  Baron  planted  2000  ash  trees 
in  Coulmony,  and  1000  in  Geddes ;  and  I  should  give 
an  imperfect  notion  of  the  social  life  of  the  period,  if  I 
did  not  mention  that  this  gentleman,  who  deserved  the 
character  Shaw  gives  him,  and  who  was  habitually 
sober,  indulged  in  drinking-bouts,  often  in  the  village 
alehouse,  which  make  men  of  these  degenerate  days 
gasp  to  read  of.^ 

We  do  not  learn  when  the  foundation  of  a  libraiy 
was  laid  at  Kilravock,  but  it  is  in  this  laird's  time  we 
find  the  first  accounts  of  its  increase.  There  are  lists  of 
more  than  400  volumes  added  between  1726  and  1728 
— mostly  classics — from  London,  from  Edinburgh  ;  but 
some  whose  prices,  marked  in  guilders  and  stivers,  show 
they  came  from  Holland,  where  the  laird's  grandson  was 
studying  law,  as  became  a  Scotch  gentleman  in  those 
days.  It  must  be  owned  there  is  no  undue  preponder- 
ance of  law  books,  but  there  are  many  fine  classics,  and 
some  specimens  which  still  delight  the  eye  that  kindles 
at  the  imprint  of  a  Stephanus  or  Aldus. 

From  1720  to  1730,  there  are  more  of  those  ac- 
counts of  girls'  school  expenses,  which  have  a  singular 

1  One  at  the  alehouse  of  the  village  of  Findhoi'ii  is  thus  charged  : — 

Bill  for  Kilraick  and  Colonell  Rose,  from  Tuesday,  12  o'clock,  till 
Thursday,  7  o'clock,  afternoon  : — 

Tuesday,  for  23  botles  wine,  at  Is.  6d.  each  bottle,         .         .  £1  14    6 

Wednesday,  for  26  hotles, 1  19    0 

Thursday,  for  8  botles, .         .  0  12    0 

To  5  d's  sugar, .         .  050 

To  8  pints  eall, 014 

To  eating, 050 

To  2  gills  Brandie, 006 

To  two  servants  eating, 0    3    0 

To  their  drink,  12  pints  call, 0    2    0 

30  January  1728.  £4  17    9 


4G0  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOKY. 

kind  of  interest  at  the  distance  of  a  ceiituiy,  wdicn 
the  giii  whose  chihlish  ball  or  first  ])]jiy  is  there  re- 
corded, can  now  Ije  barely  rememljered,  or  lianded  down 
in  tradition,  as  the  grandam  of  the  chimney-comer,  of 
whom  it  was  never  suspected  that  she  had  "  woiti  a 
visor  and  could  tell  a  tale  "  of  youth  and  gaiety/ 

Our  guide,  Mr.  Shaw,  excuses  himself  from  giving  a 
character  of  the  sixteenth  baron,  who  lived  in  his  own 
time,  and  who  was  evidently  a  personal  friend.  He  was 
no  doubt  a  worthy  Baron,  and  some  of  his  letters  show 
sense  and  mt.  In  1734,  he  was  returned  to  Parliament 
for  Eoss-shire — it  is  Mr.  Shaw  who  speaks — and  he 
could  have  been  elected  again  at  the  beginning  of  next 
Parliament,  "  yet  he  preferred  the  pleasures  of  a  private 
countrie  life,  before  the  noise  and  fatigue  of  a  court  and 
public  business.'^  "  His  house  at  Nairn  being  a  con- 
venient winter  lodging,  he  has  built  a  house  at  Coul- 
monie,  upon  the  banks  of  the  river  Findhorn,  and  has  so 
beautified  that  place,  with  enclosing,  planting,  building, 
and  other  improvements,  as  to  make  it  a  delightful 
retirement  in  the  summer  season.  His  lady  has  brought 
him  a  beautiful  family  of  children,"  etc. 

Leaving  even  the  sylvan  beauties  of  Coulmony  for 
the  present,  I  must  carry  the  reader  to  the  old  castle  of 
Kilravock,  where  "  Geddes  '^  had  established  himseK  on 
his  marriage  in  1739. 

'  *' An  Account  of  what  was  laid  oiit  ''to  Mr.    Lees  and   the  musick,  3s.;" 

for  Miss  Jenny  Rose  (the  young  Laird's  ''sent  to  Edinburgh  for  a  hoop,  10s.  6d.;" 

daughter)  since  December  1722/'  gives  "At  a  practising,  6d."  (this  item  occurs 

such  entries  as — "Mr.    Lees   and  his  often);  "for  a  fan  and  knittens,  6d.  ;'' 

man;"    "Mr.    Edward  and  his  man;"  "  For  seeing  a  play ,  Qd.  \" 
"  For  entering  to  learn  French,  2s.  6d.  ;" 


BETTY  CLEPHANE.  461 

The  wife  of  the  young  Baron  was  Elizabeth  Clephane, 
daughter  of  Colonel  William  Clephane,  a  soldier  of  for- 
tune, who  at  his  death  left  his  family  without  other 
provision  than  a  good  education  bestowed  on  one  son,  a 
pair  of  colours  in  the  Dutch  service  on  another,  and  to 
all,  excellent  sense,  and  a  strong  feeling  of  gentle  blood, 
no  whit  subdued  by  lowered  fortunes.  Among  the  papers 
of  her  brothers  are  notes  of  their  pedigree,  asserting  a 
descent  on  the  father's  side  from  Clephane  of  Carslogie, 
Strachan  of  Bowssie,  Strachan  of  Carmylie,  and  more 
remotely  from  the  noble  families  of  Panmure,  Airlie,  and 
Forbes ;  while  on  the  side  of  their  mother,  Elizabeth 
Cramond,  daughter  of  Mr.  James  Cramond,  "  a  priest  of 
the  Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland,"  they  claimed  descent 
from  Cramond  of  Balhall,  Cramond  of  Auldbar,  Kamsay 
of  Bamf,  Simmer  of  Balyordie,  and  Strachan  of  Bridge- 
town. No  school  learninof  was  wasted  on  the  Colonel's 
daughter.  "  Betty  Clephane"  wrote  a  bad  hand,  and 
spelt  so  abominably  that  it  is  vain  to  imitate  her 
manner.     But  she  never  fails  in  sense  or  feeling. 

The  friends  in  the  North  country  with  whom  Miss 
Clephane  resided  were  the  family  of  Sutherland,  and  it 
was  probably  at  Dunrobin  that  the  young  Laird  of  Kil- 
ravock  lost  his  liberty.  Between  his  bride  and  the 
Countess  of  Sutherland  there  existed  a  warm  friendsliip, 
expressed  on  one  side  in  letters  of  the  exaggerated  tone 
of  sentiment  which  was  then  comino^  into  ftishion  amonor 
young  women. 

I  must  not  omit  one  stationary  member  of  the  family 
circle  at  Kilravock  at  that  time.     Lewis,  the  brother  of 


402  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  IIISTOPwY. 

Geddcs— "Mr.  Lewis,"  as  ho  was  commonly  called — 
after  feebly  attempting  to  get  into  Imsiness  at  Bordeaux, 
lived  for  a  long  life  at  Kilravock,  as  the  kind  and  ever 
ready  "  Will  Wimble,"  the  companion  of  sport,  the  home- 
keeper  when  others  went  abroad,  the  general  man  of 
accounts  and  factotum  of  an  indolent  family. 

In  1742,  the  young  people  spent  the  winter  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  we  find  among  the  expenses  a  bill  for  "  the 
price  of  a  chariot,  £20  sterling."  Their  summer  and 
usual  residence  was  Kilravock,  where  the  young  Laird 
occupied  himself  with  his  books  and  music,  or  joined  his 
father  in  his  favourite  employments  of  planting  and 
making  gardens.  Falconry  had  long  been  a  favourite 
recreation  at  Kilravock.  The  hawk's  feeding-stone  and 
perch  is  stiU  on  the  green  ;  but  both  father  and  son  were 
smitten  also  with  the  new  taste  for  simpler  sport,  whether 
on  moor  and  field,  or  on  the  streams,  that  give  life 
and  beauty  to  their  dwellings  of  Coulmony  and  Elra-  | 
vock.  In  these  occupations,  quiet  in  the  midst  of  their 
families,  they  were  found  by  the  storm  which  swe23t 
Scotland  m  1745,  and  the  foUowiug  year. 

When  Prince  Charles  Edward  rode  out  from  Inver- 
ness eastward,  to  support  his  party  retiring  from  the 
fords  of  Spey  before  Cumberland's  army,  he  stopped  at 
the  Castle  of  Kilravock,  and  was  received  there  vdth 
becoming  respect.  He  made  himself  very  agreeable,  ■ 
asked  to  see  the  children,  kissed  each  of  them,  and 
praised  their  beauty.  Observing  a  violin,  he  inquired  if 
the  Laird  played,  begged  a  tune,  and  of  course  was 
pleased  ;  walked  out  with  the  Laird  to  see  his  planting 


CHARLES  EDWAED  AND  DUKE  OF  CUMBERLAND.   463 

operations.  "  How  happy  are  you,  Mr.  Eose,"  said  he, 
''who  can  enjoy  these  peaceful  occupations  when  the 
country  round  is  so  disturbed  !"  That  was  on  Monday 
the  14th  of  April.  The  following  day  was  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland's  birth-day,  and  he  spent  it  at  Kilravock, 
and  lay  there  that  night.  He  remarked,  *'You  have 
had.  my  cousin  here  !"  But  when  the  Laird  would  have 
apologized  for  entertaining  him,  on  the  ground  that  he 
had  no  means  of  resistance,  the  Duke  stopped  him,  and 
said  he  had  done  quite  right — that  he  could  not  refuse 
to  receive  Charles  Edward,  and  receiving  him,  he  must 
treat  him  as  a  Prince.  Next  day  the  "  cousins  "  met  at 
Culloden  !     Such  is  the  tradition  of  the  house. 

We  know  from  Shaw  the  feeling  of  the  family  in 
the  great  struggle  ;  but,  except  a  few  printed  broad- 
sides, marking  the  passing  military  events,  and  an 
"  account  of  forage  taken  for  the  use  of  His  Majesty's 
troops  " — rendered,  on  oath  of  the  tenants,  "  by  order  of 
liis  Excellency  General  Hawley,''  amounting  to  £70, 
dated  3d  May  1746 — we  find  no  records  of  martial 
doings  of  the  Barons  of  Kilravock.  In  their  connexion 
with  their  burgh  of  Nairn — the  Baron  was  then  provost 
of  the  burgh — they  thought  proper  to  make  a  little 
more  demonstration  of  Whig  feeling.  A  drinking  cup 
of  cocoa-nut,  set  in  silver,  still  preserved  at  Kilravock, 
has  the  following  inscription  : — 

This  cup  belongs  to  the  Provost  of  Nairn,  1746, 
the  year  of  our  deliverance.  a  bumper  to  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  ! 

Of  peaceful  memorials,  we  find  long  and  careful  lists 


4G4  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

of  fruit-trees  for  the  remodelling  c>f  the  castle  garden. 
The  pears  and  j)liims  arc  almost  all  of  French  names 
and  kinds,  and  apparently  suggested  1)y  the  woiks  on 
gardening  of  De  la  Quintinaye.  There  are  a  great  many 
cherries  and  peaches,  two  nectarines,  two  apricots,  a  fig, 
and  a  vine  ;  only  seven  sorts  of  apples,  among  which  is 
not  found  the  Oslin,  the  earliest  of  all,  and  the  favourite 
of  after  generations  at  Kilravock.  There  are  accounts, 
too,  for  repairs  of  E^avock,  and  for  "  new  rooms "  to 
the  house  of  Coulmony,  and  a  '^  drawing-room ''  at 
Nairn — all  the  accompaniments  of  peace  and  increasing 
families. 

Hugh  Eose,  the  seventeenth  Baron,  kno^^Ti  during 
his  father  s  life  as  "  Geddes,''  had  the  sweet  temper,  and 
the  half-constitutional,  half-philosophic  indolence  of  his 
race.     He  was  not  given  to  writing  letters,  but  he  was 
so  genial  in  society  and  so  beloved,  that  others  wrote  to 
him  without  much  hope  of  repayment.     From  a  large 
body  of  such  one-sided  correspondence,  I  have  formec 
my  notion  of  his  manner  of  life  and  his  character.     H^ 
was  a  good  classical  scholar,  especially  critical  in  Greek ;] 
was  consulted  constantly  by  Professor  Moor  of  Glasgow 
while  editing  his  great  edition  of  Homer,  and  receiv 
many  letters  crowded  with  affected  learning,  ancient  and 
modern,  from  Professor  Blackwell  of  Aberdeen.     Per- 
haps it  was  to  please  his  daughter  that  he  said — as  she 
mentions  in  one  of  her  letters — that  in  several  passages 
Pope  exceeded  Homer,  that  in  the  similes  he  excelled, 
— and  throughout,  "  the  soul  of  the  little  bodie,"  as  he 
phrased  it,  "  seemed   to  have  catched  the   fire    of  the 


HELUCTANCE  TO  SOLICIT.  465 

original."  I  have  before  me  one  sheet  of  paper  which 
seems  to  me  to  embody  the  character  of  the  man.  It 
is  a  letter  from  Brodie,  the  Lord  Lion,  M.P.  for  Moray, 
merely  announcing  that  he  was  summoned  by  Mr. 
Pelham  to  attend  the  choosing  of  the  Speaker.  It  is 
written  on  a  sheet  of  large  office  paper,  and  Geddes 
has  made  its  ample  space  his  scroll-book  for  a  literary 
effort  that  was  then  to  be  made,  and  which  gave  him 
much  unrest.  The  sheriffship  of  Ross  had  been  almost 
hereditary  in  the  family  of  Kilravock,  since  its  erection 
into  a  separate  jurisdiction  in  the  seventeenth  century  ; 
but  on  the  abolition  of  heritable  jurisdictions  in  1746, 
there  was  a  change  of  circumstances,  and  the  office  was 
to  be  asked — ^a  dire  subject  of  contemplation  for  Geddes. 
The  Lion  s  foolscap  sheet  is  quite  filled  Avith  sketches  of 
proposed  letters  addressed  to  great  friends,  in  the  stiffest 
style,  and  written  with  unconcealed  reluctance,  to  solicit 
the  sheriffship — mixed  with  little  scraps  of  Greek,  writ- 
ten scholarly,  with  the  accents,  of  which  two  lines  of 
the  Odyssey,  with  a  new  termination,  form  the  only 
complete  sentence — 

MrjBe  Ti  fjb  aihofjievo^  fieiKccraeo  /jlv^   eXeaipcov, 
Aw   ev  fiot  KaraXe^ov,  to  Se  cfypa^eaOat,  avcoyu' 

It  is  satisfactory  to  know  that  his  ii'ksome  labour 
was  not  in  vain.  His  Majesty  was  pleased  to  appoint 
flugh  Rose  of  Geddes  to  be  sheriff-depute  of  Ross  and 
3romarty,  with  a  salary  of  £250,  burdened  ivith  the 
Mlaries  of  his  substitutes. 

The  taste  for  books  was  scarcely  more  hereditary  at 
vilravock   than   music.      Geddes   was   an    enthusiastic 

2  G 


4G<')  SKET(*HES  OF  KAllLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  j 

musician.      His    daughter   remembered    of   liirn      "  my 
dcliirlit  was  to  stand    Ijc^liind   his   chair,    and    turn    i\nt  ; 
leaves   of   Pergoh^si's   Stahat   Mater,    or   the   Pas.none 
of  JomelH,    while  he   played  the  symphonies  and  the  j 
prettiest  passages  in  the  songs  to  me,  showed  me  the 
various  cliffs,   the   niceties   in   time,    the    diffc^rence   of  , 
keys,"  etc. 

Out  of  doors,  the  Baron  had  occupations  as  engrossing.  | 
His  planting,  it  is  true,  was  on  a  small  scale,  as  well  as 
his  reclaiming  of  waste  land.     The  taste  and  knowledge  , 
were  still  in  theii'  infancy  ;  but  while  he  gave  sparingly 
of  money  and  labour,  he  never  grudged  his  o\\ti  time. 
His  note-books  show  constant  personal  superintendence  i 
of  his  work-people,  and  the  greatest  care  in  selection  of  j 
trees  for  his  orchard  and  garden,  guided  by  the  works  i 
of  Philip  Miller  and  De  la  Quintinaye.     Then  he  had  a  ; 
"  Mr.  May"  to  teach  him  the  new  husbandry ;  and  some  i 
faint  attempts  were  made  to  introduce  sowti  grass,  and  ] 
even  red  clover — by  way  of  experiment.  J 

His  wife  does  not  seem  to  have  been  accomplished,  ^ 
but  she  was  most  amiable.     It  was  an  old  practice  at  J 
Kilravock   to   take   into   the   house  and  educate  some  '. 
young    kinsmen   who   required    such    support.      Betty  j 
Clephane  extended  the  benevolence  in  the  direction  of 
cousins  of  her  own,  gentle  born,  like  herself,  but  not 
endowed  with  world's  goods.     Some  lads  so  brought  up  | 
by  her  with  her  owti  children,  and  never  suffered  to  feel  1 
the  pain  of  dependence,  throve  in  the  world,  and  lived  j 
to  show  their  gratitude  to  their  second  mother  and  her 
children. 


THE  CLEPHANE  BROTHERS.  46  7 

The   liappy  household  of  Kilravock  sometimes   in 
eluded  the  lady's  two  brothers,  but  more  frequently  only 
the  soldier.     The  doctor  was  too  much  occupied  to  spend 
much  time  at  his  sister's  northern  castle.     A  word  or 
two  of  those  brothers  : — 

John  Clephane,  after  studying  under  Boerhaave,  and 
taking  his  medical  degree  at  Leyden,  supported  himself 
like  so  many  Scotchmen  then,  by  travelling  as  tutor  with 
young  men  of  rank  and  fortune.     He  formed  an  exten 
sive  acquaintance  with  men  of  science  and  literature, 
both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent.     That,  he  may 
have  owed  to  the  luck  of  being  well  introduced.     But 
the  impression  he  made,  the  friendships  he  secured  and 
kept  through  life,  the  general  esteem  with  which  he  was 
reofarded,  show  him  to  have  been  no  common  man.     He 
was,  first,  tutor  to  several  sons  of  the  Manners  family ; 
with  them  he  had  made  repeated  tours  on  the  Continent, 
and  become  acquainted  with  the  fluctuating  shoals  of 
Englishmen  of  fortune  who  then  swarmed  over  Italy 
and  France  in  search  of  virtu  and  distraction.     His  con- 
nexion with  the  Kutland  family  continued  till  1739.    In 
the  following  year  he  made  the  grand  tour  as  the  friend 
and  tutor  of  Lord  Maunsel  and  Mr.  Bouverie.     In  1744, 
he  travelled  with  Lord   Montrath  ;    and   thus   throwTi 
imong  artists  and  collectors,  he  seems  to  have  been  held 
I  high  authority,  and,  at  any  rate,  keenly  enjoyed  the 
pleasure  which  the  study  of  art  offers.     He  was  a  good 
jilassical  scholar,  as  befitted  the  pupil  of  Boerhaave  ;  and 
Perhaps  he  owed,  in  some  degree,  to  the  same  great 
naster,  his  enthusiasm  for  music.     With  such  tastes  and 


■ 


4G8  SKETCHES  OF  EAIU.Y  SCOTCH  HISTOKV. 

accomplishments  ho  found   ready  access  into  the  Lest 
society  abroad  ;  and  his  social  temper  and  real  kindness 
of  heart    endeared  him  so,  that   the   acquaintances   of 
the  day,  if  worth  preserving,  remained  friends  for  life. 
In  this  manner  his  correspondence  shows  a  continued 
intimacy  and    interchange   of   good  offices   with    Lord 
Deskfoord  (1742),  Dr.  Mead,  Murdach  Mackenzie,  Mr. 
Dawkins,  Mr.  Chute,  Mr.  Whitehead,  "  crazy  St.  John," 
Mr.  Bernard,  Mr.  Blackwood,  Mr.  Bouverie,  IVIr.  Greville, 
Mr.  Ellis,  Sir  Gregory  Page,  Mr.  Phelps,  Sir  F.  Dash- 
wood,  Mr.  TurnbuU,  Sir  Horace  Mann,  and  almost  all 
the   personages  who  figure  in   that   part  of  Walpole's 
inimitable  letters  wliich  treats  of  art  and  tourists  and 
collectors   abroad.     Our  collection   embraces   numerous 
letters  from  Domenico  Bracci  of  Florence,  who  collects 
medals  of  middle  bronze  for  him  ;  Camillo  Paderni,  who 
promises   to    select   carefully   his    lihri   cV   antichitd — 
sapendo  il  sua  delicato  gusto.    Dr.  Cocchi,  the  Florentine 
anatomist,  sent  him  long  histories  of  chemical  and  medi- 
cal experiments.     From  Eome,  Born  suppHed  him  with 
books  for  his  own  and  for  Dr.  Mead's  collection.     Vernet 
painted  for  him  ;  and  his  ^\dfe,  with  Parker  her  father, 
were   full    of   expressions  of   obHgation   and   kindness. 
Bonnet  and  Pictet  of  Geneva,  the  Marchesa  Grimaldi 
the  Cardinal  Albani,  the  Abbate  BentivogHo,  all  corre- 
sponded with  the  Doctor,  and  knew  how  to  value  his 
correspondence.      His  warmest  admirer  and  most  con- 
stant  correspondent  for  many  years  was   Madame   d( 
Graffigny. 

During  these  associations  and  pursuits,  he  was  wel 


JOHN  CLEPHANE.  469 

known  to  have  kept  up  the  studies  suited  for  rendering 
]iim  an  accomplished  physician.  In  1746,  he  received 
the  appointment  of  physician  to  the  expedition  under 
General  St.  Clair — that  foolish  "  secret  expedition,"  one 
of  the  playthings  of  Government  in  those  days — and 
there  began  that  friendly  intercourse  with  David  Hume, 
and  his  friends  St.  Clair,  Erskine,  Elliot,  and  others, 
which  terminated  only  with  his  life.  Hume's  letters  to 
Clephane  are  the  most  free,  most  sparkling,  and  alto- 
gether the  most  interesting  of  those  published  in  his 
collected  correspondence  (1846),  and  although  the  coun- 
terparts are  lost,  they  help  us  in  forming  an  estimate  of 
the  friend  to  whom  they  were  addressed. 

On  the  29th  May,  Dr.  Mead  writes  : — 

"  I  will  take  care  of  your  being  elected  a  FelloAV  of 
the  Koyal  Society,  and  your  name,  as  the  custom  is,  will 
be  stuck  up  next  week,  with  the  recommendation  of  my- 
self and  tw^o  or  three  more  of  the  members,  in  order  to 
admission,  which  cannot  be  till  after  three  months.  I 
am  sure  all  our  virtuosi  will  be  glad  at  the  adding  so 
worthy  a  gentleman  to  our  number.  All  my  family  join 
in  their  best  compliments  and  good  wishes  to  you.  Dr. 
Stacks  adds  his." 

What  a  treasure  to  a  man  like  "  Geddes"  was  such  a 
brother-in-law !  The  birth  of  the  lady  who  was  after- 
wards "Mrs.  Elizabeth  Kose,"  is  thus  announced  with 
fittmg  flourish  : — 


470  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOKY. 

4 

FROM  GEDDES  TO  DR.  CLEPHANE. 

"  '/2?    TjSo/jLat    KciL    repiTo/jLat    kul    ^ovXa/jLai    '^opevaac  .        A 

daughter  is  bom  to  me,  and  the  motlier  in  h(.*alth.  I 
have  called  her  Betty  after  the  mother  :  ]\Iay  she  1  ' 
like  her  ;  and  the  females  assure  me  that  it  is  so  much 
the  case,  that  one  may  say  of  her  according  to  the  old 
proverb,—  Oy  Trat?  KXe^av7)<;  aXX!  efcecvr)  dvrr]  earc.  If  she 
turns  out  really  such,  some  happy  man  ^^•ill  bless  me 
as  oft  and  as  fervently  as  ever  I  did  your  father.  But 
enough  ;  I  must  not  be  too  extravagant.  Your  sister 
and  I  are  much  at  a  loss  to  know  what  is  become  of  you 
of  late.  Pray  relieve  us.  You  should  write  from  every 
port,  and  if  you  make  any  stay,  frequently  from  the  same 
port.  The  last  letter  we  had  was  from  Cork,  and  I  have 
writ  to  you  since.  My  sons  are  well.  Betty  joins  me 
in  our  best  wishes  to  you,  and  I  still  am,  dear  Sii',  your 
most  affectionate  Brother,  Hugh  Rose. 

"  KiLRAicK,  3Iarch  14:th,  1747. 

"  Betty  was  brought  to  bed  on   Sunday  the  eighth 
current." 

Before  this  letter  reached  its  destination,  the  troops 
under  General  St.  Clair,  which  had  wintered  at  Cork,  " 
had  been  ordered  home  ;  and  Dr.  Clephane,  through 
the  unsolicited  attention  of  Lord  Sandwich,  was  almost 
immediately  appointed  one  of  the  Physicians  to  the 
Hospital  of  the  British  Troops  in  Flanders,  where 
''  camp  fever"  and  "  marsh  fever"  were  cutting  down 
the  strength  of  the  army  more  than  the  guns  of  Ber- 


DAVID  HUME.  471 

gen -op-zoom.     His   new    appointment   was    dated    2  2d 
May  1747. 

HUME  TO  Dll.  CLEPHANE. 

"  Dear  Doctor, — All  our  projects  have  failed,  and, 
I  believe,  for  ever.  The  Secretary-at-War  persists  m  his 
scruples  and  delays  ;  and  Mr.  Eobarts,  Pelham's  Secre- 
tary, says  our  applications  will  not  succeed.  I  suppose 
he  speaks  in  this  the  sense  of  his  master.  Mentor  alone 
is  positive  we  will  infallibly  succeed.  The  General  goes 
off  for  Scotland  to-morrow.  I  set  out  next  week,  as  fully 
convinced  as  Seneca  of  the  vanity  of  the  world,  and  of 
the  iu  sufficiency  of  riches  to  render  us  happy.  I  wish 
you  had  a  little  more  of  the  philosophy  of  that  great 
man,  and  I  a  little  more  of  his  riches.  Perhaps  you 
would  rather  choose  my  share,  and  will  reproach  me  with 
both  dividing  and  choosing.  But  such  a  sentiment  is 
the  strongest  proof  in  the  world  that  you  want  a  little 
more  philosophy,  and  that  the  division  I  have  assigned 
you  would  suit  you  best. 

"  The  General  made  .  ,  .  .  effort  for  us,  and  would 
have  made  a  stronger  could  he  have  met  with  Lord 
Sandwich,  whom  he  called  upon  several  times,  and  who 
is  now  gone  to  the  country  about  elections.  Your  friend 
Mitchel  stands  for  Aberdeenshire,  and,  I  believe,  will 
carry  it.  I  hope  Col.  Erskine  vv^ill  also  have  a  seat.  I 
am  afraid  for  Oswald. 

"  I  could  have  wrote  voi^J  ^  fiiie  elaborate  letter,  which 
iyou  might  have  shown  as  from  a  wit  of  your  acquaint- 
ance ;  but  being  afraid  that  this  would  deter  you  from 


472  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  i 

uiiswenng,  1  thought  it  Ijetter  to  scn1)])lc  in  tliis  careleH« 
manner.  Pray  how  do  ycju  like  your  situation  in  Fhinders  ? 
Have  you  got  any  friends  or  confidents  whom  you  can  Ije 
free  with  in  seriis  et  in  jocis, — amid  omnium  horarwni  ? 

"  If  Cope's  dragoons  be  in  FLnnders,  pray  inquire  out 
the  surgeon,  Frank  Home,  and  make  my  compHments  to 
him,  and  tell  him  that  I  recommend  him  to  pay  his  court 
to  you,  and  to  acquire  your  friendship.  You  may  say 
that  I  think  it  will  be  very  well  worth  his  while,  even 
though  it  should  cost  him  some  pains  both  to  acquire 
and  to  keep  it.  You  may  add,  that  the  last  is,  in  my 
opinion,  the  most  difficult  point.  Seriously  sjjeaking, 
Frank  Home  is  a  very  pretty  young  fellow,  and  well 
worth  your  acquaintance.  So  pray  make  him  the  first 
advances,  in  case  his  modesty  should  render  him  back- 
ward.    Yours,  David  Hume. 

*'  London,  June  18,  1747. 

''  To  Dr.  John  Clephane  of  the  British 
Hospital  at  Osterhout,  Holland." 

In  1748-9,  the  Doctor  had  returned  from  Flanders, 
and  was  employed  in  superintending  the  military  hos- 
pital at  Ipswich.  In  a  letter  of  3d  April  1750,  written 
to  support  his  sister  under  the  grief  caused  by  the  death 
of  their  nephew.  Captain  Henry  Malcolm,  he  collects  the 
grounds  of  consolation  he  had  found  avail  himself,  and 
beseeches  her  to  be  comforted  for  her  own,  her  family's, 
her  friends'  sake — "  and  let  me  add  (a  little  vainly,  per- 
haps), for  the  sake  of  a  brother  whose  suit  you  have 
never  yet  rejected,  who  has  been  thought  to  resemble 


DR.  CLEPHANE  IN  LONDON.  473 

you  as  much  in  his  laaiiners  as  in  his  features,  and 
who  only  proposes  to  you  the  medicine  which  he 
himself  has  taken."  His  occupation  in  the  Ipswich 
hospital  was  now  gone,  and  later  in  the  same  year  he 
had  leisure  for  an  excursion  to  Kilravock,  which  shall 
be  chronicled  in  the  Appendix.  In  1752,  he  took  a 
house  in  Golden  Square,  by  the  counsel  of  Dr.  Mead  and 
other  friends,  set  up  as  a  London  Physician,  and  in  a 
very  short  time  seems  to  have  counted  a  fair  number 
of  people  of  condition  among  his  patients.  He  was 
evidently  a  thriving  and  successful  man,  for  he  had  the 
honest  prudence  of  his  country,  and  yet,  in  March  1758, 
we  find  a  tax  collector's  receipt  to  "  Dr.  John  Clephane, 
of  Golden  Square,  for  £4  for  one  chariot."  His  kindness 
to  his  relations  increased  with  his  means.  In  Novem- 
ber 1753,  "Hugh  Rose,  Brea's  son,"  a  young  student 
of  medicine,  came  recommended  to  his  care  from  Kilra- 
vock. This  was  afterwards  the  husband  of  "  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth." In  1755-56,  "Hughie  Rose,"  the  eldest  of  his 
Kilravock  nephews,  was  sent  to  school  at  Enfield  near 
London,  under  his  care,  and  spent  many  a  happy  holiday 
with  the  kind,  indulgent  uncle. 

In  1757,  Lady  Kilravock  encloses  a  letter  of  her 
daughter.  She  says — "  My  lassie  has  wrote  you,  and  it 
so  much  herself  only,  that,  as  I  live  it  surprises  me." 

ELIZABETH  ROSE  TO  DR.  CLEPHANE. 

"  Dear  Uncle,— I  never  wrote  you  but  once,  there- 
fore I  want  to  make  up  my  correspondence  with  you  as 
much  as  uncle  the  Major.     The  recruiting  business  is 


474  SKETCHES  OF  EAJiJ.Y  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

going  on  very  well.  1  made  my  man  out,  wliich  w  i]J 
show  my  good  will.  We  are  all  here  wishing  him  home 
Give  my  kind  com])liments  to  Hughie,  and  tell  him  that 
a  line  from  him  would  ])c  oljliging.  So  would  a  b.-ttei- 
from  uncle  to  his  ever  affectionate  niece, 

Eliza  Rose. 

"KiLRAiK,  February  15th,  1757." 

The  latest  letter  of  the  Doctor's  that  is  preserved,  and 
one  of  the  latest  he  can  have  written,  was  to  his  young 
correspondent  at  Kilravock.  It  overflows  with  affec- 
tion, and  the  style  is  brought  somewhat  to  the  level  of 
the  little  girl's  comprehension.  One  sentence  shows  the 
early  attention  she  bestowed  on  music  : — 

DR.  CLEPHANE  TO  ELIZABETH  ROSE. 

"  My  DEAREST  Betsy,  .  .  .  Reading  and  writing 
and  playing  on  the  spinet  is  all  xery  well — indeed, 
extremely  well.  The  tw^o  first  deserve  great  application. 
The  spinet,  too,  has  its  merit,  and  has  more  than  the 
instrument  I  once  proposed  for  you — the  guitarre,  or 
the  mandolino,  as  it  is  called  here  by  our  London  ladies. 
What  induced  me  to  recommend  it  is  its  portableness, 
and  that  methinks  music  is  well  as  an  amusement,  but 
not  as  a  study.  However,  if  you  have  once  made  some 
progress  on  the  spinet  or  harpsichord,  the  mandola 
will  be  an  easy  acquisition."  He  makes  some  remarks 
upon  a  letter  he  had  received  from  her.  "  You  say 
you  romp  too  much  mth  the  Malcolms.  It  seems 
your   mamma    chides   you    sometimes  for   this,  and   I 


i 


HIS  LETTEE  TO  HIS  NIECE.  475 

take  it  for  granted  you  endeavour  to  correct  Avhat 
is  perhaps  too  much.  .  .  .  Shding  on  the  ice  you  are 
fond  of,  it  seems.  It  is  a  wholesome  but  a  dangerous 
exercise,  especially  for  your  sex,  Bessy,  whom  custom 
has  fettered  with  coats  and  petticoats,  whereby  you  may 
be  brought  sometimes  to  some  unlucky  falls  and  situa- 
tions. Consider  this,  and  think  how  soon  it  may  be 
proper  to  abandon  this  diversion.  Cutting  paper  is  an 
innocent  amusement,  but  unless  you  come  to  excel 
greatly,  it  will  soon  prove  trifling.  Whatsoever  you 
apply  yourself  to,  whether  study  or  amusement,  I  could 
wish  to  see  you  arrive  at  a  degree  of  perfection  ;  and 
with  perfection  there  is  hardly  anything  trifling.  ...  I 
am,  most  aflectionately,  my  dear  Betsy's 

"  John  Clephane. 

''  London,  March  10,  1758." 

"  You  ai'e,  in  all  your  letters,  to  say  something  of 
lyour  own  health,  and  of  papa  and  mamma's  ;  not  for- 
getting Willie,  Jock,  and  the  Malcolms." 

There  are  no  more  letters  of  John  Clephane's.  Sur- 
rounded by  friends  and  dear  relatives — on  the  fair  road 
to  fortune  and  distinction,  if  not  already  having  achieved 
them — happy  above  all  in  a  kindly,  cheerful  nature — he 
was  induced  in  an  evil  hour  to  take  an  appointment  in 
the  fatal  expedition  of  1758.  He  was  taken  ill,  made  a 
will  at  sea,  ofl"  La  Hogue,  leaving  his  sister,  Mrs.  Eose, 
,liis  executrix  and  sole  heir  of  his  little  savings ;  and 
'30on  after  died.  A  volume  of  Medical  Observations  and 
Inquiries  by  a  Society  of  Physicians,  presented  by  Dr. 


476      SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  JHSTOKY. 

[William]  Hunter  of  London  to  the  sister  of  Dr.  Clephane, 
had  the  following  inscription  : — "  Doctor  Hunter  pre- 
sents Mrs.  Kose  with  this  work  of  a  Society  which  had  the 
deepest  ol^ligations  to  Doctor  Clephane.  His  humanity 
and  his  love  of  improvement  gave  it  existence  ;  his  know- 
ledge, both  natural  and  acquired,  gave  it  life,  action,  and 
dignity  ;  his  amiable  and  reconciling  temper  preserved 
harmony  among  the  members  in  every  transaction.  He 
lived  to  see  this  volume  received  by  the  pul)lic  with 
applause  ;  and  the  best  apology  for  what  may  Ije  pub- 
lished hereafter  by  the  Society,  will  be,  that  he  lived  no 
longer.^' 

James  Clephane,  the  Doctor  s  brother,  an  officer  of 
the  Scotch  troops  in  the  Dutch  service,  had  risen  by 
slow  gradations  to  be  senior  Captain  of  Stewart's  regi- 
ment, when  he  was  taken  at  Sluys,  and  carried  prisoner 
to  Dijon  in  Burgundy  (May   1747).     His  brother  had 
influence   to  procure   his   exchange,   and  he  figures  in 
1750  as  "  Major  in  command  of  Major-General  Stewart- 
regiment,"  in  garrison  at  Tournay.     In  1754,  he  ^dsited 
his  friends  in  Scotland,  at  the  same  time  recruiting  a 
little  for  his  regiment.     He  yielded  to  the  hospitality  of 
the  country,  had  a  severe  fit  of  the  gout  at  Kih^avock. 
but  on  his  recovery  made  up  his  complement  of  eighi 
recruits,  and  with  them  "  sailed  for  Frogland."     In  1756, 
his   brother,    through   his   military  friends  in   London, 
effected  his  exchange  into  the  British  army,  and  paid 
his  debts  in  Holland  ;  and  James  Clephane  came  on  his 
second  visit  to  Kilravock  as  first  Major  of  Colonel  Simon 
Fraser  s  Highland  battalion — the  conditions  of  his  rank 


THE  MAJOR.  477 

being,  that  he  should  raise  a  company  ;  and,  secondly, 
should  serve  with  his  regiment  in  North  America. 

By  the  Baron's  help  he  recruited  110  or  112  men, 
"  good  hearty  young  fellows,"  and  sent  them  to  Glasgow 
in  charge  of  Captain  Arthur  Eose,  Kilravock's  uncle,  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Dutch  service,  "  a  most  fit  person,  as 
being  well  acquainted  with  the  humours  and  genius  of 
every  one  recruit."  He  entreats  the  Doctor  to  use  his 
influence  to  get  Arthur  a  lieutenancy  "  among  us,"  as  he 
would  rather  almost  go  to  hell  than  be  obliged  to  return 
to  Holland. 

The  Doctor  succeeded  in  his  endeavour,  and  Arthur 
Eose's  name  is  found  as  lieutenant  of  one  of  the 
three  additional  companies  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Simon 
Fraser's  regiment,  with  instructions  for  raising  his  quota 
of  men,  dated  July  16th,  1757.  He  writes  from  Quebec 
on  the  17th  July  1760,  to  his  grandnephew,  Hugh  Eose 
of  Kilravock,  announcing  his  being  wounded — "  I  am 
sorry  I  can't  accompany  you  with  the  fiddle  any  more, 
my  left  hand  being  rendered  useless.  .  .  .  The  many 
battles,  sieges,  and  skirmishes  we  have  had,  fell  heavier 
on  us  than  any  other  regiment ;  having  thirteen  ofiicers 
killed  between  Luisburg  and  Quebec,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  men,  among  whom  is  poor  Sandie  Eose  of  Little- 
town.  But  I  hope  this  summer  will  put  an  end  to  any 
more  fighting.  I  assure  you,  dear  Hugh,  my  curiosity 
that  way  is  entirely  satisfied.  ...  If  there  is  a  peace, 
I  hope  soon  to  be  with  you,  and  see  you  kill  some  muir- 
fowl  on  the  muirs  about  Culmoney,  or  a  fox  in  the 
mickle  park  or  birken-ward.     I  shall  grow  melancholy 


i 

4V8  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY.  f 

if  1  coiitiimc  in  this  strain,  considering  the  prodigious 
distance  I  am  from  these  happy  places."  Of  Artliur's 
subsequent  fate  we  are  ignorant. 

After  the  Doctor's  death,  the  Major  wanted  the  en- 
couragement and  support  Avhich  had  hitherto  sustained 
him.  He  sold  out  of  the  army  in  17G0  ;  and  fi-om 
thenceforward  Kilravock  was  his  common  residence.  He 
was  fondly  attached  to  his  sister  and  her  children.  The 
easy  social  life  of  the  old  castle  suited  him.  He  kept  up 
a  lazy  correspondence  with  a  few  old  brother  officers, 
and  devoted  some  energy  to  the  care  and  putting  out  in 
the  world  of  two  grand-nephews,  Harry  and  James  Mai-  j 
colm,  the  sons  of  Captain  Henry  Malcolm,  who  were 
bred  from  children  under  the  kind  nursing  of  good  Betty  ' 
Clephane,  and  one  of  whom  lived  to  repay  to  her  and 
her  daughter  some  part  of  his  obligations.  Harry  Mal- 
colm went  a  cadet  to  India  in  1768.  Mrs.  Rose's  letters 
speak  of  him  as  successively  Secretary^  to  the  Commander 
in-Chief  and  Adjutant-General  at  Madras. 

In  1761,  the  accomplished  and  genial  General  William 
Caulfield  had  succeeded  Wade  in  command  in  the  north, 
and  was  now  resident  at  Castle-hill,  near  Inverness,  to 
which  he  had  given  the  name  of  Cradle  HaU,  fi^om  a 
pleasant  invention  in  lieu  of  stairs  for  convej^ng  his 
guests  to  the  upper  floors  of  his  house.  Two  letters  from 
him  show  the  impression  the  life  at  Kilravock  made  upon 
a  stranger  : — 

"  Cradle  Hall,  JuIt/  17,  1761. 

"  My  dear  Sir, — I  viewed  the  Castle  Kibaick  ^vith 
greater  pleasure  than  I  imagined  I  ever  could  be  capable 


GENERAL  CAULFIELD.  479 

of  ill  the  absence  of  your  family,  who  always  made  us  so 
happy  in  it.  Never  give  yourself  pain  about  what  some 
pencil-bred  critics  or  imaginary  connoisseurs  may  censure 
in  your  alterations — you  have  made  a  most  decent,  com- 
fortable dwelling  ;  and  all  this  family  join  in  their  wishes 
that  Lady  Kilraick  and  you  may  enjoy  it  in  health  and 
happiness  as  long  as  your  hearts  desire.  Had  we  known 
of  a  road  for  carriages  (except  slide  carts)  from  Dulsie 
to  Culmony,  we  would  have  waited  on  you,  though  your 
landlord  has  never  come  near  me  ;  for  his  heart  is  good, 
and  I  pardon  his  faults." 

The  rest  is  about  the  purchase  of  a  coach  in  Lon- 
don, which  cost,  with  arms  and  supporters  handsomely 
painted,  £52,  10s.  ;  a  new  translation  of  Sappho  and 
Musseus,  etc. 

At  the  period  of  the  next  letter,  the  Kilravock  family 
are  living  for  a  season  in  Edinburgh. 

TO  LADY  KILRAVOCK. 
*'  Park  Street,  Westminster,  Jan.  27,  1762. 
"  Mrs.  Caulfield  and  I  sincerely  wish  dear  Lady 
Kilraick,  her  Laird,  and  Major  Clephane,  joy  on  their 
present  happiness.  I  fancy  myself  in  a  corner  of  the 
room,  and  looking  at  you  while  you  enjoy  so  uncommon 
a  f eh  city  ;  your  whole  brood  in  health  and  safety  around 
you,  and  an  harmony  in  every  sense  among  you — hoped 
for  by  every  family,  but  possessed  by  a  very  few.  Our 
nestlings  have  found  their  wings,  and  fly  from  us  round 
the  globe  ;  sometimes  one  or  another  of  them  perches 
for  a  moment  among  the  branches  they  were  bred  in. 


480  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOT(;iI  HISTORV. 

but  the  noise  of  druniH  and  Ijoatswain  whistles  soon  force 
them  away.  Even  oui-  femah'S  fly.  We  therefore  most 
heartily  pray  for  peace,  that  we  may  not  only  join  con- 
cert but  merrily  partake  of  the  j)lenty  and  cheerful  bottle 
that  follow  it.  .  .  . 

"  There  is  a  little  bird  at  my  window  whistling  a 
very  new  and  strange  tune.  On  listening  attentively,  I 
find  the  l)urden  of  the  song  is,  that  Kilraick  is  delighted 
with  Edinburgh.  (Hugh  quantum  mutatus  !)  he  vAM 
construe  it  for  you.  Tell  him  I  like  Calder  s  black  hill, 
opposite  your  dining-room  window,  better  than  Arthur  s 
Seat ;  and  the  turns  among  the  birch  woods  infinitely 
better  than  Hope's  Walks.  I  know  enough  to  prefer  the 
company  of  a  few  honest  and  sincere  friends,  and  the 
wholesome  food  they  give  me,  to  the  compliments  of  the 
Change  and  coff*ee-house,  or  the  nicest  dishes  at  Walker  s. 
For  God's  sake,  keep  yourselves  the  same  sort  of  j)eople 
I  left  you.  I  ever  am,  dear  Madam,  faithfully  and 
afiectionately  yours, 

"  AYlLLIAM  CaULFIELD." 

The  last  proprietor  of  the  estate  whom  I  am  to  men- 
tion is  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Eose,  the  daughter  of  "  Geddes' 
(the  seventeenth  baron)  and  Betty  Clephane,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  Kilravock  on  the  early  death  of  her  brother, 
the  eighteenth  baron,  in  1782  ;  married  her  cousin, 
Hugh  Rose,  "  Brea's  son,"  the  heir-male  ;  and,  long  sur 
viving  him,  lived  till  1815. 

If  it  be  difficult  to  give  a  just  and  lively  idea  of  this 
lady,  it  is  not  certainly  from  any  want  of  written  docu- 


MRS.  ELIZABETH.  481 

ments  of  her  time.  She  herself  was  a  great  letter-writer, 
and  she  preserved  a  large  mass  of  her  correspondence,  as 
well  as  many  copies  or  drafts  of  her  own  letters.  She 
kept  a  commonplace  book  of  her  reading  for  many  years, 
and  she  followed  what  in  her  days  was  a  very  general 
practice,  especially  with  ladies,  that  of  making  copious 
extracts  from  the  books  she  read  ;  above  all,  she  kept  a 
journal  from  the  year  1771,  till  the  year  of  her  death — 
1815.  She  generally  wrote  beforehand,  a  'plan'  of  the 
occupations  of  each  year,  month,  and  week,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  period,  measured  the  *  accomplishment'  of 
her  intentions ;  and  she  filled  volumes  with  '  medita- 
tions,' *  reflexions,'  '  thoughts,'  on  the  various  trials  or 
mercies  of  which  she  was  the  object.  One  closely  filled 
volume  of  these  communings  with  her  own  heart,  begins 
with — "A  review  of  my  past  life  and  errors,"  dated 
Trinity  Sunday,  1771. 

And  yet  from  all  these — with  a  mass  of  her  hand- 

»vriting  before  me  that  seems  too  great  for  the  labour  of 

I  long  life — we  do  not  obtain  an  adequate  idea  of  this 

•emarkable  woman.     This  is  owing  chiefly  to  her  having 

et  up  a  standard  of  composition  which  excluded  all  that 

vsiB  not  serious  and  almost  lachrymose.      The  natural 

verflo wings  of  an  active  cheerful  mind  were  rejected  as 

ulgar,  and  if  we  were  to  judge  from  her  letters  even  to 

er  most  famihar  friends,  as  well  as  from  her  diary  and 

liousands  of  self-communings  preserved,  we  should  set 

own  for  a  depressed  and  care-worn  lady — her  who  was 

\e  choice  companion,  the  leader  of  all  cheerful  amuse- 

lents,  the  humorous  story-teller,  the  clever  mimic,  the 

^ry  soul  of  society. 

2  H 


482  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

She  was  educated  witli  her  brothers,  and  eiitiiely  Ijy 
men.     But  her  father  s  learning  was  not  attractive,  or 
he  was  too  indolent   to  communicate  to  his  daughter 
and  favourite,  more  of  it  than  a  general  taste  for  read 
ing.     One  of  her  early  correspondents  was  her  cousin, 
Henry  Mackenzie,  who  sent  her  the  proof-sheets  of  his 
novels,  and  wrote  poetical  inscriptions  for  her  favourite 
seats  at  Coulmony.     She  knew  no  Greek,  and  scarcely 
any  Latin  or  French,  but  from  her  youth  to  old  age 
she  read   indiscriminately  everything   of  English   that 
came  in  her  way.     She  was  fond  of  sketching  ^  plans  of 
study,'  too,  for  herself  and  others  ;  but  the  books  were 
rather  such  as  she  could  command,  or  those  recommended 
by  professional  litterateurs — Dr.  Ketts,  Mrs.  Chapone, 
Baron  Bielfield,  and  the  rest — than  of  her  o^tl  selection. 
This  indiscriminate  and  voracious  reading  produced  what 
is  perhaps  its  natural  result,  in  destroying  the  nice  per- 
ception of  excellence  of  style.     Everything  Hterary — 
every  one  connected  with  literature — was  ranked  un- 
reasonably high.     She  was  content   to  admire  and  to 
praise  as  her  literary  guides  directed — generally  in  the 
words  of  those  self-constituted  judges  ;  and  she  read  with 
pleasure,  apparently  mth  equal  pleasure,  the  brillian' 
the  eloquent,  and  the  bombastic — the  language  of  genuiii- 
feeling,  and  the  sentimentalities  of  the  ]\Iinerva  press— 
the  highest  and  the  lowest.     Her  own  style  of  writing' 
was  not  happy,  because  it  was  not  natural,  and  she  ha^ 
scarcely  written  anything  worthy  of  being  preserved  foi 
its  intrinsic  qualities.     Still,  in  a  country  where  ther( 
was  little  learning  in  either  sex,  her  extensive  reading 
gave  her  a  certain  pre-eminence,  which  she  never  sacri 


MRS.  ELIZABETH.  483 

ficed  in  society  by  any  pedantry  or  blue-stocking  affec- 
tations.    In  conversation  she  was  always  animated  and 
natural,  full  of  genuine  humour  and  keen  and  quick  per- 
ception of  the  ludicrous.    Without  perhaps  being  a  perfect 
musician,  she  was  something  better,  and  had  music  to 
charm  wherever  she  came.    She  sung  the  airs  of  her  own 
country,  and  she  had  learnt  to  take  a  part  in  catches  and 
glees  to  make  up  the  party  with  her  father  and  brother. 
The  same  motive  led  her  to  study  the  violin,  which  she 
played  admirably,  handling  it  like  male  artists,  supported 
against  her  shoulder.     The  guitar  she  learned,  to  humour 
her  dear  old  Uncle  Clephane,  and  she  continued  it  to  de- 
light all  her  friends.     The  spinet  and  guitar  were  her  com- 
panions in  all  her  changes  of  abode  and  changes  of  fortune, 
which  she  loved  to  write  of,  as  great  and  disastrous. 
1       She  was  enthusiastic  and  yet  steady  in  her  friend- 
'  ships,  benevolent,  hospitable,  kind,  and  generous  beyond 
her  means,  religious  without  parade,  it  may  be  some- 
what over  fond  of  the  society  of  the  clergy  merely  as 
such.    Conscious  of  the  position  she  occupied  at  the  head 
of  an  ancient  and  once  powerful  house,  and  perhaps  over- 
estimating it,  she  never  was  betrayed  into  haughtiness 
of  manner   or   unworthy  treatment   of  humble   merit. 
These  were  her  qualities.    Her  writings  hardly  assist  our 
wish  to  know  this  lady,  and  we  must  estimate  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Rose  mainly  by  the  impression  she  made  on  the 
society  of  her  own  country  and  time,  as  it  may  still  be 
gathered  from  people  of  all  pursuits  and  dispositions. 

A  dozen  years  ago,  when  these  words  were  written, 
:here  were  many  still  alive  who  remembered  "  Lady 
Kilravock,"  and  who  delighted  to  recall  the  memory  of 


484  SKETCHES  OF  EAKLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 


her  varied  ticeomplishmeiits — her  rausic,  her  literature, 
but  cliiefly  her  conversation,  her  goodness,  the  wisdom 
and  the  wit,  her  genial,  generous  nature,  her  influence 
on  society.  As  the  number  of  such  witnesses  diminishes, 
I  have  looked  round  for  some  written  testimonies  re- 
garding her.  This  happens  to  join  her  name  with  the 
names  of  two  remarkable  men. 

On  his  Highland  expedition  (September  1787)  Burns 
came  to  Kilravock,  introduced  by  Henry  Mackenzie,  the 
"  Man  of  Feeling,"  Mrs.  EHzabeth's  cousin  and  early  cor- 
respondent. He  had  crossed  the  moors  from  Dulsie,  and 
descended  on  the  Nairn  by  General  Wade's  road,  which 
crosses  the  river  at  Kilravock.  The  first  day  he  notes  in 
his  journal — "  Dine  at  Kilravock — Mrs.  Rose,  senior,  a 
true  chieftain's  wife."  This  was  Betty  Clephane  in  her 
old  age.  Two  days  later,  after  having  visited  Foyers 
and  Inverness,  the  poet  again  notes  in  his  journal : — 
"  Thursday. —  Came  over  Cidloden  Muir  ;  reflections  on 
the  field  of  battle  ;  breakfast  at  Kilravock ;  old  JVIrs. 
Rose  ;  sterling  sense ;  warm  heart ;  strong  passions  and 
honest  pride,  all  in  an  uncommon  degree.  Mi*s.  Rose, 
junior  (this  is  Mrs.  Elizabeth),  a  little  milder  than  the 
mother ;  this,  perhaps,  owing  to  her  being  younger." 

Six  months  later  (February  17,  1788),  w^hen  Bums 
had  to  thank  Mrs.  Elizabeth  for  sending  liim  two  Gaehc 
airs,  which  he  had  heard  sung  and  liked  at  Kilravock,  he 
recalls  his  visit  there  in  that  tone  of  exaggerated  feehng 
which  colours  so  many  of  his  letters :-  -"  I  wish  I  could 
transcribe  or  rather  transfuse  into  language  the  glow  of 
my  heart  w^hen  I  read  your  letter.  My  ready  fancy,  vnth 
colours  more  mellow  than  life  itself,  painted  the  beautiful 


BURNS  AND  HUGH  MILLER.  485 

wild  scenery  of  Kilravock ;  the  venerable  grandeur  of  the 
castle ;  the  spreading  woods ;  the  Avinding  river,  gladly 
leaving  his  unsightly,  heathy  source,  and  lingering  with 
apparent  delight  as  he  passes  the  fairy  walk  at  the  bottom 
of  the  garden.  .  .  .  My  aged  friend,  venerable  in  worth 
and  years,  whose  loyalty  and  other  virtues  will  strongly 
entitle  her  to  the  support  of  the  almighty  Spirit  here, 
and  his  peculiar  favour  in  a  happier  state  of  existence. 
You  cannot  imagine,  Madam,  how  much  such  feelings 
delight  me  ;  they  are  my  dearest  proofs  of  my  own  im- 
mortality," etc. 

Long  afterwards  another  self-taught  man  of  genius 
came  within  the  sphere  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  though  perhaps 
not  personally  known  to  her.     Hugh  Miller  tells  us  : — 

"  The  North  had,  in  the  last  age,  its  interesting  group 
of  ladies  of  this  type  (fond  of  literature)  of  whom  the 
central  figure  might  be  regarded  as  the  late  Mrs.  Ehza- 
beth  Rose  of  Kilravock,  the  correspondent  of  Burns,  and 
the  cousin  and  associate  of  Henry  Mackenzie,  the  '  Man 
of  Feeling.'  Mrs.  Rose  seems  to  have  been  a  lady  of  a 
singularly  fine  mind,  though  a  little  touched  mayhap  by 
the  prevailing  sentimentalism  of  the  age.  The  mistress 
of '  Harley,'  Miss  Walton,  might  have  kept  exactly  such 
journals  as  hers;  but  the  talent  which  they  exhibited  was 
certainly  of  a  high  order ;  and  the  feeling,  though  cast 
in  a  somewhat  artificial  mould,  was,  I  doubt  not,  sincere. 
Portions  of  those  journals  I  had  an  opportunity  of  per- 
using when  on  my  visit  to  my  friend  Miss  Dunbar.'"^ 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Rose  died  in  November  1851.  She 
(lad  given  minute  directions  for  her  funeral.    She  desired 

^  My  ScJiools  and  Schoolmasters,  p.  4o4. 


486  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

her  body  might  l)e  l)orne  to  the  family  lmrial-plac(^  in  tlie 
old  cha,})el  of  Geddcs  l)y  tenants  of  the  estate,  the  cofhii 
resting  on  birch- trees  cut  from  tlie  wood  of  Kihavock— 
wliich  was  done. 

I  ask  pardon  for  dwelling  at  such  length  on  the 
character  of  this  lady.  She  was  much  spoken  of  among 
those  with  whom  I  spent  my  youth  ;  and  her  papers 
afterwards  coming  into  my  hands,  I  tried  to  photograpli 
her — perhaps  in  too  strong  a  light. 

If  I  have  raised  the  curtain  sufficiently,  I  think  my 
readers  must  see  that  the  little  circle  of  which  we  have 
these  glimpses,  realized  that  happiest  rural  life  which 
the  old  poets  and  philosophers  dreamt  of.  They  en- 
joyed the 

"  Muses,  books,  and  liberty,  and  rest ; 
The  gardens,  fields,  and  woods," 

without  envy  of  the  courtier  or  the  money-maker. 

One  enjoyment  was  wanting  (and  Cowley,  whoso 
words  I  have  quoted,  omitted  it  too).  I  do  not  find 
that  the  most  accomplished  of  the  Barons  (including 
those  educated  abroad)  had  any  feeling  or  taste  for  Ait, 
nor  is  there  a  single  picture  of  merit  or  interest  at  Kil- 
ravock,  except  a  Mytens  of  middling  quality.  The  love 
of  Art  had  not  yet  dawned  on  the  grey  North.  Th^ 
walls  were  covered  \\TLth  family  pictures  of  the  later 
generations — nothing  old  or  curious,  but  the  coarse, 
cheap  work  of  late  provincial  artists.  There  w^ere,  to  be 
sure,  a  good  many  of  Strange's  fine  engravings  glazed, 
recommended,  1  suspect,  as  much  by  the  country  of  the 
artist  as  by  his  merit. 


QUESTION  AS  TO  RELIGIOUS  TENETS  ANSWERED.  487 

Friends  who  have  seen  this  sheet,  ask  of  what  re- 
Hgious  persuasion  were  those  Eoses.  I  had  not  intended 
to  bring  such  matters  before  the  pubHc,  but  I  will  give 
such  answer  as  I  can,  striving  to  make  it  cover  two 
hundred  years, — the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies. 

In  the  first  place,  let  it  not  be  presumed,  because  I 
have  not  dwelt  upon  such  subjects,  that  those  educated, 
intelligent  men  and  women  were  indifferent  to  the  most 
important  of  all  subjects  of  thought  and  feehng.  StUl 
less  must  it  be  supposed  that  any  of  the  cold  philosojDliy 
and  scepticism  of  the  last  of  those  centuries  had  found 
its  way  into  the  North. 

I  cannot  say  if  they  were  orthodox.  That  depends 
so  much  on  the  time  ;  and  my  questioners  and  I  may 
not  agree.  But  the  Eoses  of  those  two  centuries  seem 
to  me  to  have  been  Christians  in  faith  and  practice  ; 
confirmed  in  their  tenets,  yet  tolerant  and  charitable  ; 
but  it  was  not  in  their  nature  to  make  common  talk  of 
the  state  of  their  conscience.  They  had  no  regret  or 
longing  after  the  ancient  Church,  nor  any  morbid  fear 
or  rage  against  it.  Indeed,  it  is  surprising  (and  very 
suggestive)  how  rapidly  the  forms,  the  ritual,  the  opinions, 
the  learning,  the  very  nomenclature  and  phraseology  of 
the  Catholic  Church,  disappeared  among  us  after  the 
Reformation. 

They  were  not  Covenanters — one  or  two  ladies  per- 
haps excepted,  at  that  time  when  persecution  drove  the 
wisest  mad.  They  were  not  even  Presbyterians  in  heart, 
and  never  had  much  respect  for  kirk-session  or  higher 
Church  court.     In  their  family  and  closet  they  used  the 


ii 


488  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTORY. 

English  Common-Prayer  liook,  and  they  loved  that 
beautiful  liturgy,  and  the  memorial  division  and  festivals 
of  the  Christian  year  which  the  Presbyterian  Church 
repudiates.  So  thinking,  they  often  found  the  sermons 
and  argumentative  prayers  addressed  to  a  northern  half- 
Gaelic  audience  irksome,  as  some  people  still  do. 

But  neither  did  they  deserve  to  be  called  Episco- 
palians. Perhaps  they  would  have  preferred  an  Epis- 
copal church-government,  and  the  decent  ordering  of 
service  and  ritual  which  belongs  to  it.  While  Episcopacy 
was  established  by  law,  they  went  to  church,  used  the 
Service-book,  and  were  on  good  terms  of  neighljourliness 
and  respect  with  the  successive  bishops  of  their  diocese. 
But  they  had  no  enthusiastic  zeal  for  "the  Church," 
nor  believed  in  the  superior  efficacy  of  ordinances 
ministered  by  priests  deriving  their  ordination  consecu- 
tively from  the  Apostles.  After  the  Kevolution,  when 
the  Episcopal  meeting-house  became  a  school  of  Toryism, 
where  prayers  were  said  for  a  Jacobite  king,  the  con- 
stitutional barons  of  Kilravock  could  no  longer  follow 
the  surplice  and  the  liturgy,  unless  haply  they  took  their 
family  to  communicate  at  Elgin  at  Christmas  and  Easter. 

It  was  a  choice  of  evils,  but  it  had  not  occurred  to 
them  that  the  teaching  must  be  rejected  because  they 
could  not  agree  in  all  things  with  the  teacher.  They 
went  to  their  own  parish  church  among  their  neigh- 
bours, and  tenants,  and  servants,  joined  in  its  service, 
respected  and  associated  with  its  minister  ;  reserving 
their  own  opinion  on  some  points  of  doctrine  as  well  as 
of  form. 


ATTACHMENT  TO  THE  HOUSE.  489 

The  Eev.  Laclilan  Shaw,  the  historian  of  the  province 
of  Moray,  gives  in  a  single  chapter  of  his  MS.  a  few  of 
the  "  Branches  of  Kilravock."  The  list  might  be  easily 
enlarged,  either  tracing  up  the  branches  to  the  main  stem, 
or  working  out  the  connexion  downwards ;  for  it  is  re- 
markable, and  I  think  peculiar  to  this  pedigree,  that  all  of 
the  name  of  Rose  in  Scotland  look  to  Kilravock  as  their 
orio[in.  Other  families  have  two  or  more  rival  chiefs. 
The  bearers  of  other  noble  and  gentle  names  will  tell  you 
"  The  Earl  or  the  Duke  is  called  our  chief,  but  our 
family  is  really  the  chief  house."  But  ask  any  Eose  of 
Scotch  blood,  his  descent,  and  (if  you  please)  his  arms, 
and  he  will  answer  that  he  is  sprung  of  Kilravock  and 
bears  the  Kilravock  water-bougets  on  his  silver  spoons. 
That  is,  no  doubt,  owing  in  a  great  degree  to  Mr.  Hew 
Rose's  plain  and  well  vouched  history  of  the  race  ;  but  it 
is  owing,  1  think,  to  some  personal  qualities  that  the  recog- 
nition of  chiefship  is  accompanied  by  proofs  of  unusual 
attachment.  Men  bearing  the  name  of  Rose  have  crossed 
the  Atlantic  to  visit  the  old  place,  and  to  express  their 
love  for  its  owners  ;  and  a  pilgrimage  by  a  Rose  to 
Kilravock  and  the  chapel  of  Geddes,  the  birthplace  and 
the  burial-place  of  the  family,  is  as  common  as  it  was 
some  years  ago,  for  the  "  Friends"  to  visit  the  little 
oratory  at  Ury  where  Robert  Barclay  wrote  his  Apology 
for  the  Quakers. 

I  think  few  of  the  scions  of  the  stock  of  Hugh  de  Rose 
and  Mary  de  Bosco  have  taken  root  in  England,  but  the 
family  of  Kilravock  would  not  willingly  have  it  forgotten 
chat  one  of  those  branches  transplanted  to  the  south,  has 


490  SKETCHES  OF  EARLY  SCOTCH  HISTOUY. 

produced  a  scholar  and  poet  like  William  Stewart  Kose, 
and  a  soldier  like  lii.s  nej)liew  the  Commandei-  in  Cliicf 
in  India. 

One  word  of  the  old  place,  the  cradle  of  the  race. 
The  name  of  Kilravock  indicates  the  cell  or  cha}>el  dedi- 
cated to  some  now  forgotten  saint ;  and  tradition  points, 
alas !  to  the  present  dove-cot  as  the  site  of  that  chapel,  the 
ancient  rights  of  which  were  solemnly  asceitained  by  the 
verdict  of  an  inquest  in  the  cause  litigated  between  "  the 
Lord  Prior  of  Urquhart  and  Hugh  de  Eos  of  Kilravoc" 
(the  third  laird),  in  1343.  The  square  keep,  built  by 
"  Huchone  de  Roos"  (the  seventh  baron),  in  1460,  stands 
finely  on  a  rocky  bank  overhanging  the  valley  of  the 
Nairn.  The  buildings  of  different  dates  that  surround  it, 
the  last  being  that  noticed  by  the  Hon.  General  Caulfield 
in  1762,  though  little  taste  is  shown  in  their  architecture, 
are  not  without  a  certain  effect  from  their  mass.  The 
castle  is  embowered  in  fine  old  timber— beech,  oak,  and 
Scotch  fir,  mixed  with  the  remains  of  the  native  birch 
forest,  and  a  beautiful  undergrowth  of  jumper.  The 
garden,  hung  on  the  rocky  bank  below  the  house,  is  yeiy 
picturesque.  It  has  been  much  beautified  of  late,  and  the 
whole  place  preserved  by  the  present  tenant,  with  an 
affectionate  care  worthy  of  the  traces  of  its  early  cultiva- 
tion. 

FINIS. 


APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX. 

L-  -P.  29. 

Records  from  the  Scots  College. 

It  would  appear  that  the  attention  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow  was  attracted  to  the  importance  of  the  records  preserved 
in  the  Scots  College,  by  the  notice  of  the  proceedings  at  St. 
Germains  contained  in  Mabillon  ;  and,  in  1738,  the  University 
addressed  a  letter,  requesting,  among  other  things,  a  notarial 
copy  of  the  Chartulary.  This  request,  although  met  with  the 
greatest  courtesy,  was  at  the  time  only  partially  successful.  It 
seems  that  about  the  year  1726,  a  complete  copy  had  been 
obtained  by  Mr.  Maule  of  Panmure  ;  but  it  was  not  till  thirty 
years  after  the  date  of  the  request  that  the  full  transcript  was 
procured  which  is  still  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow. 

j  In  the  meantime,  the  magistrates  of  the  city  of  Glasgow  had 
their  attention  turned  to  the  same  source  ;  and,  by  entries  in 
the  books  of  the  Town-Council  we  find  they  were  engaged  in 
procuring  authentic  copies  of  writs  connected  with  the  burgh, 
early  in  1739.  The  result  of  that  application  was  the  presenta- 
tion to  the  magistrates  of  a  carefully  collated  and  certified  tran- 
script of  a  portion  of  the  contents  of  the  chartulary  which  was 
udged  most  to  concern  the  city. 

AVhen  the  French  revolution  threatened  destruction  to  all 
■ecords,  and  especially  those  of  monarchy  and  the  priesthood, 
he  poor  brethren  of  the  Scots  College  were  not  found  well 
itted  to  resist  the  storm.-^     Alexander  Gordon,  who  was  then 

*  On  the  2d  September  1792,  Alex-  time,   I  was  conducted,  surrounded  by 

nder  Gordon,  then  principal,  writes  to  four  national  gxiards,  to  the  Section,  in 

lis  friend,  Andrew  Luniisden, — "Will  order  to  take  their  new  oath,  which  ] 

ou  believe  that,  since  13  August,  the  absolutely  refused  to  take.     I  consented 

icots  College  has  been  twice  filled  with  to  take  oath  that  I  would  do  nothing 

|n  armed  banditti ;  and  that  the  first  against  their  liberie  egalite  et  projxietes, 


494 


ATPENDIX. 


I 


principal,  osoajxul   from   France  and   took  rcfngc  in  Scotland 
The  other  members  of  the  College  were  scattered  in  diflerent 
directions.    Alexander  Innes,  the  great-grandnephew  of  Thomas 
Innes,  alone  remained  in  the  Scots  College,  and  upon  him  fell 
the  storm  which  the  others  had  foreseen  and  escaped.     He  was 
imprisoned  in  the  same  prison  with  the  English  nuns,  and  he, 
as  well  as  his  companions,  was  ordered  for  execution,  and  only 
escaped  by  the  catastrophe  of  liobespierre  happening  on  the 
very  day  appointed  for  their  death.      When  the  Abbe  Paul 
MTherson,  afterwards  the  venerable  Eector  of  the  Scots  Col- 
lege at  Eome,  passed  through  Paris  in  1798,  he  was  informed  by 
Alexander  Innes,  that  before  the  inmates  of  the  College  fled,  they 
packed  up  in  barrels  whatever  seemed  most  valuable,  includ- 
ing many  of  their  MSS.,  and  despatched  them  to  a  confidential 
agent  at  St.  Omers  for  safe  custody.     A  quantity  of  books  and 
papers,  however,  were  left  in  the  College,  among  which  were 
many  of  those  carried  from  Scotland  by  Bethune ;  and  from 
these.  Abbe  MTherson,  at  the  desire  of  Innes,  selected  such  as 
he  thought  most  important,  to  carry  to  Scotland.     The  MSS. 
selected  were,  the  two  volumes  of  the  original  Chartulary  of 
Glasgow,  a  transcript  by  Lew^is  Innes  of  James  ii.'s  ^lemoirs,  a 
few  of  Bethune's  papers,  and  some  regarding  the  later  Ptomish 
Church  in  Britain ;  all  of  wdiich  the  Abbe  carried  to  London- 
He  there  showed  them  to  the  late  Mr.  George  Chalmers,  and 
lent  some  of  them  to  him.     The  rest^  he  carried  to  Scotland, 
and  deposited  in  the  hands  of  Bishop  Cameron  of  Edinburgh. 
Principal  Gordon,  then  resident  at  Traquair,  claimed  these  MSS. 
in  right  of  the  Scots  College ;  but  Bishop  Cameron  refused  to 
give  them  up,  and  eventually  transferred  the  custody  of  tliem 
to  Bishop  Kyle,  in  Aberdeenshire. 


and  that  was  all  I  Avoiild  promise.  I 
leave  Paris  for  a  time,  because  7wn  tarn 
timenda  ]oroscrij)tio  quum  universo/'um 
interitus  ;  sucli  is  the  rage  of  the  parties 
that  divide  this  devoted-to-ruin  country. 
Yonr  letter  to  Mr.  D' Aubenton  was  sent. 
May  all  that  is  good  attend  yoii,  my 
dear  friend,  and  believe  me  unalterably 
yours."  —  Letter  among  the  Liimisden, 
Papers  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Dennis- 
toun. 


'  Among  these  Avere  several  volumes 
of  the  later  records  of  the  church  of 
Glasgow  ;  it  is  believed  collections  of 
feu-charters  and  rentals,  which  have  un- 
fortunately been  lost  since  coming  into 
the  custody  of  Bishop  Cameron. 

Since  this  note  was  ■wTitten,  I  have 
seen  a  volume  of  Rental  of  the  Arch- 
bishopric in  the  library  of  St.  Mary's, 
Edinburgh, 


PAPERS  OF  THE  SCOTS  COLLEGE. 


495 


The  Abbe  MTlierson,  before  leaving  France  in  1798,  applied 
to  the  agent  at  St.  Omers,  to  whom  the  mass  of  the  College  MSS. 
had  been  consigned,  to  learn  their  fate.  He  was  assured  by 
that  person,  that  on  the  appearance  of  a  proclamation  enjoining 
all  holders  of  British  property  to  surrender  it  on  pain  of  death, 
his  wife,  dreading  a  discovery,  burnt  the  papers  in  his  absence. 
Alexander  Innes  denied  the  truth  of  this  statement ;  but  they 
have  never  been  recovered  ;  and  the  fate  of  that  deposit  is  still 
involved  in  obscurity.^ 


^  This  account  is  from  the  narrative  of 
tlie  Abbe  M'Pherson  liimself,  communi- 
cated by  him  at  Rome  in  1838  to  Mr. 
Dennistoun.  The  Abbe  was  then  about 
eighty-two  years  ohl,  but  vigorous  in 
body  and  mind,  Mr.  Dennistoun  made 
a  note  of  liis  communication  at  the 
time. 

Above  thirty  years  after  MTherson's  in- 
quiry at  St.  Omers,  one  Robert  Watson 
came  to  Rome,  and  talking  on  this  subject 
to  the  Abbe,  assured  him  that  there  Avas 
no  truth  in  the  alleged  destruction  of  these 
documents  ;  indeed,  he  asserted  that  lie 
knew  where  many  of  them  then  were, 
and  that  he  could  recover  them  if  £50 
were  paid  him.  This  information  the 
Abbe  wrote  to  Lord  Stuart  de  Rothsay, 
then  in  Paris,  who  saw  Watson,  paid 
him  the  money,  and  did  obtain  some 
papers. 

This  Watson  had  fled  from  Scotland, 
having  been  compromised  in  the  sediti- 
ous associations  of  1794,  and  remained 
abroad  till  after  the  peace.     Having  be- 
come acquainted  at  Rome  with  an  attor- 
iiey,  who  had  been  confidential  agent  of 
the  Cardinal  York,  he  purchased  from 
liim,  for  100  scudi  (£22,  10s.),  a  large 
mass  of  papers,  chietiy  regarding  the  re- 
liellions  of  1715  and  1745,  which  had  re- 
mained in  his  hands  after  the  Cardinal's 
leath.     Several  carts  were  employed  to 
transport  them  to  a  room  which  Watson 
iiad  fitted  up  to  receive  them  :  but  hav- 
ng  made  great  boasting  of  his  prize,  the 
natter  reached  Cardinal  Gonsalvi,  the 
ninister  of  Pius  vii.,  who  directed  the 
whole  to  be  seized.     Watson  was  ofl"ered 


repayment  of  the  price  and  all  the  ex- 
penses ;  but  he  refused  to  accept  of  this, 
and  left  Rome  protesting  his  right  to  the 
papers.  The  whole  collection  was  sub- 
sequently sent  to  George  iv.  as  a  present 
from  Pius  vii. ,  and  is  generally  known 
as  the  Stuart  Papers.  A  commission 
was  appointed  by  his  Majesty  for  exa- 
mining these,  with  Sir  Walter  Scott  at 
the  head  of  it ;  and  extracts  have  been 
published  from  them  by  Lord  Mahon, 
in  his  History  of  England  frmn  the 
Peace  of  Utrecht,  and  by  Dr.  Brown,  in 
his  History  of  the  Highlands. 

The  subsequent  fate  of  Watson  will 
appear  from  the  ibllowing  notice  in  the 
Times,  November  22  and  23,  1838  :— 

"On  Tuesday,  20th  November  1838, 
an  incpiest  was  held  at  the  Blue  Anchor 
Tavern,  St.  Mary-at-Hill,  Thames  Street, 
London,  on  Mr.  Robert  Watson,  aged 
88,  who  had  strangled  himself  the  pre- 
ceding morning  when  in  bed,  by  twist- 
ing his  neckcloth  with  a  poker.  He  had 
arrived  in  that  tavern  in  March  from 
Boulogne,  and  after  staying  five  weeks 
went  to  Bath,  on  his  return  from  which 
he  had  an  apoplectic  fit.  He  generally 
lay  in  bed  till  two  o'clock.  The  night 
before  his  death,  he  told  the  landlord 
that  he  was  secretary  to  Lord  George 
Gordon  in  1780  ;  that  he  had  been  the 
intimate  friend  of  Home  Tooke  iip  to 
his  death  ;  that  he  had  been  tried  at  the 
Old  Bailey  for  conspiracy,  and  acquitted; 
that,  at  another  time,  £400  had  been 
oftered  by  Government  for  his  appre- 
hension, but  he  escaped  by  living  in  dis- 
guise in  a  lord's  house  in  London,  and 


406 


Al'J'KNJnX. 


Having  mentionod  tlie  ciVcumstances  under  whicli  the  Jaco- 
bite papers  of  Cardinal  York  found  their  way  to  England,  it 
may  be  allowable  to  add  some  details  given  by  Abbe*  M'Pher- 
son,  of  those  belonging  to  Prince  Charles  Edward.  The  Prince 
left  all  his  papers  to  his  natural  daughter,  the  iJuchess  of  Al- 
bany, who  gave  them  in  charge  to  her  chaplain,  Waters,  in  whose 
custody  they  remained  after  her  death,  with  the  sanction  of  the 
Cardinal.  Sir  John  Hippesley  having  left  England  to  avoid 
Warren  Hastings'  trial,  was  in  Eome  about  1794-95,  and,  hav- 
ing seen  these  documents  in  Waters's  possession,  he  wrote  to 
Burke,  who  mentioned  them  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  His 
Eoyal  Highness,  feeling  a  w^ai-m  interest  in  the  recovery  of  the 
papers,  authorized  Sir  John  to  treat  for  their  purchase.  After 
some  correspondence,  Waters,  in  1798,  agreed  to  give  them  up, 
on  condition  of  receiving  a  pension  of  £50  a  year,  which,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  live  to  draw,  having  died  in  1799.  The  manu- 
scripts were  consigned  to  the  British  Vice-Consul  at  Civita 
Vecchia,  to  wait  the  arrival  of  the  frigate  in  whicli  they  were 
to  be  shipped ;  but  that  port  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  French,  they  could  not  be  moved.  The  Prince  being  very 
anxious  for  their  safety,  Signer  Bonelli,  an  Italian  gentleman 
then  resident  in  London,  who  was  after  the  peace  British  Yice- 
Consul  at  Eome,  was  sent  out  by  the  British  Government  to 


got  away  by  the  interest  of  Lady  M'D. 
in  a  Swedish  ship,  in  which  he  was 
nearly  taken,  on  suspicion  of  being 
Thomas  Hardy.  He  Avent  afterwards  to 
Paris,  and  was  employed  by  Napoleon 
to  teach  him  English,  v/ho  made  him 
President  of  the  Scotch  College  there, 
with  5000  francs  a  year,  which  he  held 
six  years.  That  he  had  been  to  every 
court  in  Europe,  and  had  travelled  to 
every  part  of  the  globe,  and  had  been 
intimate  with  Washington  ;  and  vras  an 
avowed  Deist.  He  went  from  France  to 
Rome,  where  he  discovered  a  mass  of 
papers  relative  to  the  Stuart  family,  and 
of  the  greatest  importance  to  England. 
That  he  entered  upon  a  negotiation  about 
them  with  Lord  Castlereagh,  who  gave 
him  a  free  pardon,   and  promised  him 


£3000  for  the  discover}'.  That  he  fi-e- 
quently  visited  the  Pope  on  the  subject, 
and  at  .last  obtained  them  for  a  large 
sum  ;  and,  after  further  difficulties  on 
the  part  of  the  Pope,  he  shipped  them 
in  a  frigate  sent  on  purpose  from  Eng- 
land, Lord  Brougham  being  sent  out  by 
the  Government  to  receive  than.  WTien 
he  went  to  Bath,  he  had  with  him  a  box, 
Avhich  he  declared  contained  important 
papers,  and  which  he  left  there. 

"He  said  he  had  an  aunt  in  Edin- 
burgh 104  years  old,  and  84  years  a 
widow,  and  was  supposed  to  be  uncle  to 
Dr.  Watson,  a  surgeon  in  Leitli.  He 
was  a  person  of  very  reserved  habits ; 
and  nineteen  wounds  were  said  to  have 
been  found  on  his  body  after  death. 
Verdict—  Temporary  insanity .'' 


OATH  OF  A  SUFFEAGAN.  497 

attempt  their  recovery,  On  arriving  at  Rome,  he  applied  for 
assistance  to  Abbe  M'Pherson,  and  with  much  difficulty  pro- 
cured a  passport  for  Civita  Vecchia,  British  subjects  being  then 
jealously  prevented  by  the  French  from  approaching  the  coast. 
Having  ascertained  from  the  Vice-Consul  where  the  papers  lay, 
he  requested  leave  from  the  French  commandant  of  the  place 
to  search  among  them  for  some  documents  required  in  a  Scotch 
lawsuit.  The  officer  desired  to  see  them  ;  and,  happening  to 
take  up  a  copy  of  James  ii.'s  Memoirs,  pronounced,  that  as  the 
papers  seemed  of  no  consequence,  having  been  already  pub- 
lished, the  Abb4  might  dispose  of  them  as  he  thought  fit.  With 
this  permission  they  were  shipped  for  Leghorn,  and  thence 
transmitted  by  Algiers  to  England. 

I  have  thought  it  proper  to  give  this  account  exactly  as 
narrated  by  MTherson.  In  all  essentials  it  agrees  with 
Waters's  statement  prefixed  to  Dr.  Clarke's  edition  of  James  ii.'s 
Memoirs. 


II.— P.  63. 
Oath  of  a  Suffragan  to  his  Archbishop. 

The  instrument  bears  that  at  Edinburgh,  in  the  private  chapel 
of  the  Archbishop,  situate  within  the  house  of  his  usual  resid- 
encie  in  the  said  burgh,  at  two  hours  afternoon,  on  the  7th  Feb- 
ruary 1530,  in  presence  of  a  reverend  and  the  venerable  fathers 
in  Christ  and  lords, — Robert  Montgomery,  bishop-elect,  con- 
firmed of  Lismore  ;  Alexander  and  Robert,  by  divine  permission, 
abbots  of  Cambuskynnel  and  Kynloss  ;  and  Master  John  Col- 
quhon,  canon  of  Glasgow  : 

Henry,  bishop  of  Whithern  and  the  chapel-royal  of  Stirling, 
being  absolved  and  restored  against  certain  sentences  of  the 
Archbishop — and  his  protest  concerning  preserving  the  rights 
of  his  chapel  admitted— on  bended  knees,  and  with  his  joined 
hands  actually  placed  between  the  hands  of  the  most  reverend 
father  the  Archbishop,  made  and  offered  his  due  obedience  and 
manual  reverence  to  the  said  most  reverend  father,  his  Metro- 
politan, there  present ;  receiving  and  admitting  him,  in  respect 

2  I 


498  APPKNDTX. 

ol"  lii.s  l)isliopric  of   Wliitliern,  really  and   in   fact   und^T  this 
form  : — 

"  I,  Henry  of  Whitli(;rn  and  the  Chapel-Itoyal  of  Stirling, 
]>islio]),  now  and  liencefoi-ward  swear  and  Y^romise  obedience 
and  reverence  for  myself,  as  bishop  of  the  church  of  A\liithern, 
and  for  that  my  cliurch  of  Whithern,  and  for  the  whole  jicople 
and  clergy  of  my  see  and  diocese  of  AVhithem,  to  you,  Gavin, 
Archbishop  of  Glasgow,  my  immediate  Metroiiolitan,  and  to 
your  successors  canonically  entering ;  save,  however,  and  re- 
maining always  uninjured,  the  privileges  and  exemptions  and 
indulgences  foresaid,  granted  to  me  as  bishop  of  the  chapel- 
royal  of  Stirling  and  to  that  chapel.  So  help  me  God,  and 
these  holy  gospels  of  God." 

Ill- P.  109. 
Early  Scotch. 

The  public  writ  in  Scotch,  Anno  1389,  has  been  printed  in 
Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  260. 

IV.— Pp.  125,  193. 

Serfs — Colliers  and  Salters. 

The  charter  of  William  the  Lion  enjoins  to  all  in  whose 
land  or  possession  the  Abbot  of  Scone  shall  find  c^rm  lawcs  et 
cum  herbes  pertaining  to  the  lands  of  the  Abbey,  to  restore  them 
without  delay  {Regist.  de  Scon,  l^o.  36).  The  term,  more 
carefully  written  in  the  ancient  Eegister  of  Dumfermlin  —Cum- 
erlache,  Cumherlache — in  connexion  with  a  similar  precept  of 
David  l,  is  there  translated  on  the  margin,  by  the  scribe  of  the 
Eegister — for  the  benefit  of  such  of  the  convent  as  knew  no 
Gaelic — fiigitivi  (Regist.  de  Dunfermlyn,  pp.  6,  17),  and  the 
royal  w^its  seem  merely  to  be  for  enforcing  the  common  law 
for  recovery  of  runaway  serfs. 

Something  has  been  said  of  nativi  and  serfs  in  Scotland  in 
the  Middle  Ages  (p.  141),  and  of  their  value  and  the  progress  of 
their  manumission.     Lawyers  know  that  it  was  decided  by  the 


I 


SERFS — COLLIERS  AND  SALTERS.  499 

Scotch  Court  earlier  than  the  English,  that  a  negro  slave 
brought  from  the  plantations  where  the  law  enforced  slavery, 
became  free  by  coming  to  this  country  {Case  of  KnigJit,  Jan. 
15th,  1778.) 

I  see  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  bondage  of  colliers  and 
salters  was  a  vestige,  or  at  all  derived  from  the  mediaeval  serf- 
dom. Stair,  who  cared  little  about  native  customary  law, 
jumps  from  the  Roman  and  Jewish  law  of  servitude  to  modern 
times,  and,  taking  notice  of  the  English  villains,  says  that  "  in 
Scotland  there  is  no  such  thing."  Erskine  has  a  chapter  on  the 
law  of  colliers  and  salters,  whom  he  calls  "  necessary  servants," 
but  pushes  it  no  higher  than  the  Act  of  Parliament,  1606,  c.  11, 
which,  indeed,  from  its  phraseology,  appears  plainly  to  be  the 
introduction  of  a  new  condition,  and  not  the  declaration  of  an 
old  common  law  custom. 

The  strange  fact  of  our  own  age  and  country  having  witnessed 
servitude  as  degrading  as  negro  slavery,  attracted  the  attention 
of  two  writers,  whom  I  must  be  permitted  to  quote.  Hugh 
Miller  describes  a  village  of  colliers  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Edinburgh  : — 

"  One  of  these  villages,  whose  foundations  can  no  longer  be 
traced,  occurred  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Niddry  Mill.  It 
was  a  wretched  assemblage  of  dingy,  low-roofed,  tile- covered 
hovels,  each  of  which  perfectly  resembled  all  the  others,  and 
was  inhabited  by  a  rude  and  ignorant  race  of  men,  that  still 
bore  about  them  the  soil  and  stain  of  recent  slavery.  Curious 
as  the  fact  may  seem,  all  the  older  men  of  that  village,  though 
situated  little  more  than  four  miles  from  Edinburgh,  had  been 
born  slaves.  J^ay,  eighteen  years  later  (in  1842),  wdien  Parlia- 
ment issued  a  Commission  to  inquire  into  the  nature  and  results 
of  female  labour  in  the  coal-pits  of  Scotland,  there  was  a  collier 
still  living  that  had  never  been  twenty  miles  from  the  Scottish 
capital,  who  could  state  to  the  Commisioners  that  both  his  father 
and  grandfather  had  been  slaves,  that  he  himself  had  been  born 
a  slave,  and  that  he  had  wrought  for  years  in  a  pit  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Musselburgh  ere  the  colliers  got  their  freedom. 
Father  and  grandfather  had  been  parishioners  of  the  late  Dr. 
.Carlyle  of  Inveresk.     They  were  contemporary  with  Chatham 


500  AITENDrX. 

and  C()W])(;r  and  J>urk(!  and  Kox  ;  and  at  a  time  wlion  (iianvill'- 
Sliai'pe  could  liave  stepped  forward,  and  effectually  jirotected,  in 
virtue  of  liis  own  statute,  IIk^  runaway  negro  who  had  taken  re 
fuge  from  the  tyranny  of  his  master  in  a  British  ])Oil,  no  man 
could  have  protected  them  from  the  Inveresk  laird,  their  pro 
prietor,  liad  they  dared  to  exercise  tlie  right,  common  to  all 
Britons  besides,  of  removing  to  some  other  locality,  or  of  making 
choice  of  some  other  employment.  Strange  enough,  surely,  that 
so  entire  a  fragment  of  the  Larbarous  past  should  have  been  thus 
dovetailed  into  the  age  not  yet  wholly  passed  away  !  I  regard 
it  as  one  of  the  more  singular  circumstances  of  my  life,  that  I 
should  have  conversed  with  Scotchmen  who  had  been  born 
slaves.  The  collier- women  of  this  village — poor  oveitoiled 
creatures,  who  carried  up  all  the  coal  from  under  ground  on 
their  backs,  by  a  long  turnpike  stair  inserted  in  one  of  the  shafta 
— bore  more  of  the  marks  of  serfdom  still  about  them  than  even 
the  men.  How  these  poor  women  did  labour,  and  how  thoroughly, 
even  at  this  time,  were  they  characterized  by  the  slave  nature  1 
It  has  been  estimated  by  a  man  ^vho  well  knew  them — Mr. 
Eobert  Bald — that  one  of  their  ordinary  day's  work  w^as  equal 
to  the  carrying  of  a  hundred^veight  from  the  level  of  the  sea  to 
the  top  of  Ben  Lomond.  They  w^ere  marked  by  a  peculiar  type 
of  mouth,  from  which  I  learned  to  distinguish  them  from  all  the 
other  females  of  the  country.  It  was  wide,  open,  thick-lipped, 
projecting  equally  above  and  below,  and  exactly  resembled  that 
wdiich  w^e  find  in  the  prints  given  of  savages  in  their  lowest  and 
most  degraded  state,  in  such  narratives  of  our  modern  voyagere, 
as,  for  instance,  the  i\''«7T«^n-e  of  Captain  Fitzroy  s  Second  Yoya/i^ 
of  the  'Beagle!  During,  how^ever,  the  lapse  of  the  last  twenty 
years,  this  type  of  mouth  seems  to  have  disappeared  in  Scotland. 
It  was  accompanied  with  traits  of  almost  infantile  weakness.  I 
have  seen  these  collier- women  crying  like  children  when  toiling 
under  their  load  along  the  ujoper  rounds  of  the  wooden  stair 
that  traversed  the  shaft,  and  then  returning,  scarce  a  minute 
after,  with  the  empty  creel,  singing  w^ith  glee.  The  coUier 
houses  were  chiefly  remarkable  for  being  all  alike,  outside  and 
in  :  all  were  equally  dingy,  dirty,  naked,  and  uncomfortable.  I 
first  learnt  to  suspect,  in  this  rude  village,  that  the  democratic 


I 


COLLIERS  AND  SALTEKS. 


501 


watchword,  '  Liberty  and  Equality/  is  somewhat  faulty  in  its 
philosophy.  Slavery  and  Equality  would  be  nearer  the  mark. 
Wherever  there  is  liberty,  the  original  differences  between  man 
and  man  begin  to  manifest  themselves  in  their  external  circum- 
stances, and  the  equality  straightway  ceases.  It  is  through 
slavery  that  equality,  among  at  least  the  masses,  is  to  be  fully 
attained."^ 

Another  writer,  to  whom  all  must  look  with  gratitude  who 
feel  an  interest  in  Scotch  manners,  and  the  changes  taking  place 
so  rapidly  around  us,  has  written  of  the  last  British  slaves 
thus : — 

"  There  are  few  people  who  now  know  that  so  recently  as 
1799  there  were  slaves  in  this  country.  Twenty-five  years 
before,  that  is,  in  1775,  there  must  have  been  thousands  of 
them  ;  for  this  was  then  the  condition  of  all  our  colliers  and 
salters.  They  were  literally  slaves.  They  could  not  be  killed 
nor  directly  tortured ;  but  they  belonged,  like  the  serfs  of  an 
older  time,  to  their  respective  works,  with  which  they  were  sold 
as  a  part  of  the  gearing.     With  a  few  very  rigid  exceptions,  the 


^  The  Act  for  manumitting  our  Scotch 
colliers  was  passed  in  the  year  1775, 
forty-nine  years  prior  to  the  date  of  my 
acquaintance  with  the  class  at  Niddry. 
But  though  it  was  only  such  colliers  of 
the  village  as  were  in  their  fiftieth  year 
when  I  knew  them  (with,  of  course,  all 
the  older  ones),  who  had  been  born 
slaves,  even  its  men  of  thirty  had  ac- 
tually, though  not  nominally,  come  into 
the  world  in  a  state  of  bondage,  in  con- 
sequence of  certain  penalties  attached 
to  the  emancipating  act,  of  which  the 
poor  ignorant  workers  under  ground 
were  both  too  improvident  and  too  little 
ingenious  to  keep  clear.  They  were 
set  free,  however,  by  a  second  Act, 
passed  in  1799.  The  language  of  both 
these  Acts,  regarded  as  British  ones,  of 
the  latter  half  of  the  last  century,  and 
as  bearing  reference  to  British  subjects 
living  within  the  limits  of  the  island, 
strikes  \vith  startling  effect.  "Whereas," 
says  the  preamble  of  the  older  Act— that 
of  1775—"  by  the  statute  law  of  Scot- 
l^d,  as  explained  by  the  judges  of  the 


courts  of  law  there,  many  colliers,  and 
coal-bearers,  and  salters,  are  in  a  state 
of  slavery  or  bondage,  bound  to  the  col- 
lieries or  salt  works  where  they  work 
for  life,  transferable  vnth  the  collieries 
and  salt  ivorks  ;  and  whereas  the  eman- 
cipating," etc.  etc.  A  passage  in  the 
preamble  of  the  Act  of  1799  is  scarce 
less  striking  :  it  declares  that,  notwith- 
standing the  former  Act,  "many  col- 
liers and  coal-bearers  still  continue  in 
a  state  of  bondage"  in  Scotland.  The 
history  of  our  Scotch  colliers  would  be 
found  a  curious  and  instructive  one. 
Their  slavery  seems  not  to  have  been 
derived  from  the  ancient  times  of  gene- 
ral serfship,  but  to  have  originated  in 
comparatiAcly  modern  Acts  of  the  Scot- 
tish Parliament,  and  in  decisions  of  the 
Court  of  Session, — in  Acts  of  a  Parlia- 
ment in  which  the  poor  ignorant  subter- 
ranean men  of  the  country  were,  of 
course,  wholly  unrepresented,  and  in 
decisions  of  a  Co;u-t  in  which  no  agent 
of  theirs  ever  made  appearance  in  their 
behalf. 


502  APPENDIX. 

condition  f)i'  tli(i  lioiid  of  tin;  fUmily  was  the  condition  of  tlio 
whole  liouso.  For  tliougli  a  child,  ifyicver  entered  with  the  work, 
was  free,  yet  entering  was  its  natural  and  almost  certain  dc- 
tination ;  for  its  doing  so  was  valuable  to  its  father,  and  its 
getting  into  any  other  employment  in  the  neiglihourhood  was 
resisted  by  the  owner.  So  that  wives,  daugliters,  and  sons, 
went  on  from  generation  to  generation  under  the  system  wliich 
was  the  family  doom.  Of  course  it  was  the  interest  of  a  wise 
master  to  use  them  well,  as  it  was  to  use  his  other  cattle  well. 
But,  as  usual,  the  human  animal  had  the  worst  of  it.  It  had 
rights,  and  could  provoke  by  alluding  to  them.  It  could  alarm 
and  mutiny.  It  could  not  be  slain,  but  it  had  no  protection 
against  fits  of  tyranny  or  anger.  We  do  not  now  know  much 
of  their  exact  personal  or  domestic  condition.  But  we  know 
w^hat  their  w^ork  makes  them,  even  when  they  are  free,  and  ! 
within  the  jealous  benevolence  of  a  softer  age.  We  know  that  ■; 
they  formed  a  separate  and  avoided  tribe,  as  to  a  great  extent  t 
they  still  do,  with  a  language  and  habits  of  their  own.  And 
we  know  what  slavery  even  in  its  best  form  is  and  dof 
The  completeness  of  their  degradation  is  disclosed  by  one 
public  fact.  The  Statute  passed  in  1701,  which  has  been 
extolled  as  the  Scotch  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  proceeds  on  the 
preamble  that  '  Our  Sovereign  Lord,  considering  it  is  the  in- 
terest of  all  his  good  subjects  that  the  liberty  of  their  persons 
be  duly  secured,'  yet,  while  introducing  regulations  against 
'  wrongous  imprisonment  and  undue  delays  in  trials,'  the 
statute  contains  these  words : — '  And  sicklike  it  is  hereby 
provided  and  declared  that  this  present  Act  is  noways  to  be 
extended  to  colliers  or  salters.'  That  is,  being  slaves,  that  they 
had  no  personal  liberty  to  protect.  These  facts  enable  us  to 
understand  the  hereditary  blackguardism,  which  formed  the 
secondary  nature  of  these  fixed  underground  gipsies,  and  the 
mysterious  horror  with  wliich  they  were  regarded,  and  which, 
in  a  certain  degree,  attaches  to  all  subterranean  labourers.  The 
first  link  of  their  chain  was  broken  in.  1775,  by  the  15th  Act 
of  George  in.  cap.  28.  It  sets  out  on  the  preamble,  that 
'  many  colliers  and  salters  are  in  a  state  of  slavery  and  hond- 
age!     It  emancipates  future  ones  entirely,  that  is,  those  who. 


LORD  COCKBURN  ON  COLLIERS  AND  SALTERS.         503 

after  the  Lst  of  July  1775,  '  shall  begin  to  work  as  colliers  and 
salters.'  But  the  existing  ones  were  only  liberated  gradually  ; 
those  under  21  in  seven  years;  those  between  21  and  35  in 
ten  years.  The  liberation  of  the  father  was  declared  to  liberate 
his  family.  And  the  freed  were  put  under  the  Act  1701.  But 
this  measure,  though  effective  in  checking  new  slavery,  was 
made  very  nearly  useless  in  its  application  to  existing  slaves, 
by  one  of  its  conditions.  Instead  of  becoming  free  by  mere 
lapse  of  time,  no  slave  obtained  his  liberty  unless  he  instituted 
a  legal  proceeding  in  the  Sheriff  Court,  and  incurred  all  the  cost, 
delay,  and  trouble  of  a  law -suit ;  his  capacity  to  do  which  was 
extinguished  by  the  invariable  system  of  masters  always  having 
their  workmen  in  their  debt.  The  result  was  that,  in  general, 
the  existing  slave  was  only  liberated  by  death.  But  this  last 
link  was  broken  in  June  1799,  by  the  39th  George  IIL  cap.  58, 
which  enacted,  that  from  and  after  its  date,  '  all  the  colliers  in 
Scotland  who  were  bound  colliers  at  the  passing  of  the  1 5th 
George  iii.  cap,  29,  shall  he  free  from  their  servitude!  This 
annihilated  the  relic.  These  two  statutes  seem  to  have  been 
neither  the  effect  nor  the  cause  of  any  public  excitement.  I  do 
not  see  either  of  them  even  mentioned  in  the  Scots  Magazine. 
People  cared  nothing  about  colliers  on  their  own  account,  and 
the  taste  for  improving  the  lower  orders  had  not  then  begun  to 
dawn." — Lord  Cockburns  Memorials  of  his  Time. 

The  following  extract  is  from  Euddiman's   Wcekhj  Mercury , 
September  16,  1778:— 

"  Last  week  the  colliers  under  the  Earl  of  Abercorn  wrote 
a  letter  to  his  lordship,  thanking  him  for  the  active  part  he  had 
taken  in  Parliament  to  relieve  them  and  their  brethren 
in  Scotland  from  perpetual  slavery,  under  the  oppressive 
poVer  of  which  they  had  long  groaned,  .  .  .  and  entreated 
his  lordship  to  allow  them  to  come  up  in  a  body,  before 
the  house,  to  testify  their  gratitude  for  so  humane  and  so 
noble  an  action.  Accordingly,  on  the  lltli  September,  about 
fifty  colliers,  accompanied  by  about  2000  spectators,  marched  to 
Lord  Abercorn's  house,  at  Duddingstone,  with  colours  flying. 
There  they  were  hospitably  entertained,  and,  after  spending  the 
day  in  innocent  amusement,  they  departed,  saying  that  the  11th 


50-1  AITENDIX. 

SeptcmlxT  would  Ix;  ;i  day   li<:ld  iji  reiiieiidjraiice  l>y  them  and 
their  posterity." 

v.— 1\  1  70. 
The  Complaint  of  the  Abbot  of  Arbroath,  1400-70. 

I  GIVE  the  Abbot's  pleading  as  it  stands  in  the  Black  Brjok 
of  Arbroath.  The  spelling,  of  course,  is  of  the  scribe  of  tliat 
register,  writing  about  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The 
time  of  the  Complaint  itself  is  between  1460  and  1470  : — 

"  Querela  domini  Malcomi  abbatis  in  parliaments  ac  in  con- 
silio  cleri  tento  apud  Perth  aduersus  dominum  de  Meldrum 
penes  terras  vocatas  Cautey  in  baronia  nostra  de  Tarwas  iacentes 
per  dominos  de  Meldrum  a  monasterio  iniuste  ablatas  et  sibi 
damnabiliter  appropriatas. 

"  Nobille  and  prepotent  lordis  and  honorabile  and  ^drschypful 
scliyris  .  We  Malcom  abbot  of  Arbroth  and  conuent  of  the  samen 
religios  men  infefte  in  donatioun  of  landis  and  kirkys  with 
outlieris  possessionis  gyfyn  to  the  sayd  abbay  in  almus  be 
nobyll  and  denote  prynces  king  Willyem  our  fundator  his  suc- 
cessoris  and  sic  lyk  be  honorabile  lordis  and  baronis  of  gud 
mynd  .  quhilkis  landis  and  possessionis  mortificat  to  the  said 
place  be  the  forsad  fundatoris  lordis  and  b^onis  ar  confeirmyt 
be  diuers  haly  faderis  papis  of  Eome  and  be  byschopys  of  diners 
dioces  .  quhilkis  confirmationis  contenis  in  thaim  gret  tenibile 
and  dreidfull  sentens  of  excommunicatioun  apone  all  thaim 
quhatsumewyr  thai  be  that  brekkys  the  said  mortificatioun  of 
the  said  possessionis  and  that  vrangwaysle  away  takkys  appro- 
preys  or  analeys  of  the  said  abbais  landis  or  possessionis  be  the 
forsad  donatoris  gyfyne  to  God  Almychty  our  Lady  and  tyll 
Sanct  Thomas  patrone  of  the  said  place  .  quhilkis  landis  and 
possessionis  has  beyn  bruk}i:  in  pace  and  tranquilite  be  the  said 
place  and  our  predecessoris  beyownd  al  memor  of  man  qidiill 
now  in  thir  dais  part  of  ewyl  mjmdit  personis  w)^thout  the 
dredor  of  God  or  rememmorans  of  the  dampnatioun  of  thar 
sawlys  wrangis  and  tribulis  ws  and  our  pwr  tenentis  in  peciable 
possessioun  of  part  of  our  landis  in  owr  baronye  of  Terwas  .  And 
in  speciale  we  meyn  ws  lamentabile  ontyll  your  nobile  lord- 


THE  ABBOT  OF  ARBROATH's  COMPLAINT,  14G0  70.        505 

schypis  quhow  we  ar  greitly  hurt  in  our  possessionis  and  propyr 
landis  of  the  townys  of  Arquliorty  and  Cragy  pertenyng  to  \vs 
bath  in  propirte  and  in  commoun  and  principale  betuix  the  said 
twa  townys  and  the  town  of  Kylbleyn  the  quhilk  land  in  ane 
part  is  callyt  on  the  new  Caute  quhilk  nayme  it  gat  as  we 
weyll  knaw  in  defraude  of  ws  and  of  owr  pwr  men  tenentis  of 
the  said  twa  townis  .  quhilk  ma  be  weyll  consideryt  be  this 
resoun  .  Lang  tyme  afor  was  discord  and  debait  betuix  owr 
baronry  of  Tarwas  and  the  baronry  of  Fyndyhark  quhilk  is  now 
callit  Meldrum  .  thar  outuarat  bordoyris  with  the  landis  of  Kyl- 
bleyn and  Ordonedrane  as  for  that  syd  ves  decidit  and  accordit 
betuix  owr  predecessoris  that  clamyt  the  said  landis  of  Kyl- 
bleyn and  Ordonaydrane  as  lauchfuU  possessoris  of  the  samen 
landis  .  quhilk  landis  of  Kilbleyn  the  abbot  and  conuent  for  the 
tyme  gaif  owr  thar  claeni  to  the  lard  that  than  was  callyt 
Philip  of  Find  ark  for  his  sertiice  quhilk  he  promittit  for  hym 
and  his  that  we  suld  onuexit  be  in  the  lawe  of  the  landis  and 
to  be  gud  nychtbowr  to  ws  and  tyl  owr  men  in  tyme  to  cum  for 
ewyr  .  Alsua  honorabile  lordis  eftyr  the  decisioun  of  the  debatis 
betuix  thir  twa  baronys  on  ylk  syd  it  stude  in  greit  tranquilite 
and  paes  and  rest  quhen  Kynbleyn  was  gyfyn  owr  be  ws  to  the 
said  lard  of  Meldrum  veill  to  the  space  of  ii^  yeiris  and  mair 
quhill  now  in  thir  dais  in  memor  of  man  com  thar  ane  officeman 
quhilk  was  ane  commoun  smyth  and  seruand  bath  to  the 
baronye  of  Taruas  and  Meldrum  .  quhilk  commoun  smyth  duelt 
sumtyme  in  owr  land  of  Carnbrogy  and  had  his  officehows  in 
that  land  callit  Cautey  quhilk  smyth  had  nocht  thar  ane  yard 
nor  croft  bot  that  smyde  .  the  said  smyde  was  bygyt  be  that 
smyth  in  the  tyme  of  Vilyam  of  Meldrum  than  lard  of  the  sam  . 
and  becaus  that  tyme  in  thai  tua  baronys  vas  few  men  of  repu- 
tatioun  bot  the  said  lard  of  Meldrum  the  sad  smyth  callyt  hym 
his  man  for  to  manteym  hyme  in  seruice  and  office  of  the  cwn- 
tray  that  otheris  suld  nocht  vrang  hyme  .  and  nothyr  gaif  the 
lard  to  the  said  smyth  land  nor  crofte  bot  callit  hyme  his  man 
alanerly  for  quhy  he  had  nane  land  in  tha  partis  to  gyf  hym  of 
resoun  becaus  it  was  decidit  of  befor  as  said  is  .  and  now  sen- 
syne  in  contemptioun  of  God  and  haly  kyrk  in  greit  daynger  of 
thar  saulis  and  in  hurt  and  preiudice  of  the  place  of  Arbroth 


500  AITFXDIX. 

aii<l  \vs  the  lardis  of  Melclnim  lias  f,'art  oyrc  and  saw  owr  said 
landis  of  Cauty  by  all  resoun  or  apperans  of  ony  clame  titul<- 
or  rycht  thartyll  .  Alsua  ane  othyr  resoun  .  Yowr  lordscipis  sal 
onderstand  had  owr  land  now  callit  Caute  beyn  the  lard  of  M(.'l 
drumis  he  had  gyfyn  it  tyll  his  secund  bruthir  quhen  he  gail' 
the  landis  of  Kenbleyn  .  bot  his  consciens  arguit  hym  the  con- 
trare  becaiis  it  vas  nocht  his  land  be  nane  apperans  ])C  this 
resoun  .  our  marchis  that  was  than  betuix  the  tua  bwrnis  held 
the  burne  wpe  to  the  woud  of  Kyngude  as  of  the  wast  jjart  and 
than  was  wythin  ws  and  owr  baronry  Ordyndrane  and  Kil- 
bleyn  the  quhilkis  we  gaif  owr  at  the  compositioun  for  his  gud 
seruice  and  gud  nychtbourschype  as  said  is  quhylk  landis  he 
gaif  to  his  secund  bruthir  as  is  forsaid  .  and  frathynfurth  eftyr 
that  compositioun  was  decidit  betuix  ws  and  Kylljle}Ti  be  thyr 
marchis  .  that  is  to  say  .  beg^mnand  at  the  burne  that  gays  fra 
Auchquhorty  quhar  that  the  strype  fallys  in  the  said  burne  and 
swa  ascendand  wp  betuix  the  landis  of  Kilbleyn  and  the  moss 
betix  the  hard  and  the  naysch  and  ewyn  sowth  owr  to  the  bum 
of  owr  landis  of  Carnbrogy  .  Alsua  pleis  it  yowT  lordscln'pis  to 
be  rememorat  the  vrangus  occupatioun  of  owr  said  landis  of 
Caute  was  mo^vyt  and  begwai  on  this  vay  .  For  seruice  of  owr 
landis  and  aisiament  of  the  said  smyth  owt  predecessoris  owt- 
lukyt  and  tholyt  the  smyth  tyll  byg  ane  smyde  in  the  moss 
becaus  of  his  colys  and  fuell  that  was  necessar  to  his  office  to  be 
woung  in  tyme  of  yeir  .  the  said  smyth  vas  callit  Ade  of  Caute 
and  in  skorne  with  the  nychtbo^^Tis  vas  callit  lard  of  Caute  in 
derisioun  becaus  he  sett  in  the  myddys  of  ane  cauld  moss  and 
throw  that  skorne  the  land  was  callit  Canity  .  and  becaus  he 
was  callit  swa  lard  of  Cauty  quhoubeit  it  was  bot  for  derisioim 
owr  predecessoris  thynkand  it  onkyndle  tyll  thole  ane  nomina- 
tioun  of  lardschipe  of  sic  ane  man  in  the  said  Caute  without 
rycht  or  resoun  thai  remowit  and  pwt  the  said  smith  fra  the 
said  place  for  dreid  that  percais  the  smith  or  ony  of  his  suld 
eftyr  be  process  of  t}Tne  pretend  ony  claim  of  rsxht  tyll  the 
said  landis  .  than  this  smyth  passit  to  the  lard  of  Meldrum  tyl 
liaue  his  assistens  tyl  be  in  contrary  owr  predecessoris  wyllis 
haldyn  in  possessioun  of  the  said  officehows  .  and  swa  it  vas  . 
for  the  said  lard  tuk  the  said  Ade  in  mantemyn  and  the  land 


FAMILY  JEWELS,  ETC.,  NOT  TO  BE  ALIENATED.       507 

be  the  tope  and  gart  eyr  and  saw  the  said  land  and  appropry  it 
tyl  hyme  .  than  we  menyt  ws  of  that  vrang  to  owr  bailye  for 
the  time  callyt  Philip  of  Dunbrek  .  quhilk  baillye  passit  to 
the  said  land  and  straik  the  sommys  in  twa  and  hewyt  the 
plwche  .  than  eftyr  that  the  land  lay  long  onoccupyt .  quhilk 
interruptioun  maid  be  the  said  bailye  is  weill  knawyn  tyl  di- 
ners of  yowr  lordschypis  and  als  tyll  mony  of  the  eldayst  mene 
in  the  cuntrey  .  Eftyr  the  deceiss  of  this  lard  of  Meldrum  suc- 
cedit  tyll  hyme  ane  othir  lard  and  largly  begwd  quhar  his  pre- 
decessor lefte  .  eryt  and  labourit  the  said  land  .  and  maid 
habitatioun  tharon  becaus  thar  vas  nane  to  argwn  nor  tyll  mak 
resistans  tharin  .  for  deyn  Y alter  Panter  that  tym  vas  ane  auld 
man  and  resignyt  the  abbacy  tyll  ane  deyn  Eichard  Guthre 
quhilk  was  noclit  actiue  nor  gaif  intendens  for  remeid  of  sic 
vrangis  dwne  to  the  haly  place  .  and  swa  the  place  and  we  sus- 
tenis  thir  vrangys  in  thir  said  landis  and  sic  lyk  in  mony  owthyr 
placys  scliath  and  hurt  we  haif  and  dredys  tyll  susteyn  mar 
dampnache  eftyrwart  bot  gyf  yowr  lordschypis  put  remeid  heir- 
intyll  .  Herfor  we  deyn  Malcom  abbot  of  the  said  abbay  and 
conuent  of  the  samen  beseikys  and  prays  your  nobylle  lord- 
schipys  for  the  luf  of  God  tyl  intend  auisytly  tyll  owr  said  com- 
playnt  and  to  consider  diligentle  the  skathys  costys  and  gret 
vexationis  we  and  the  said  place  sustenis  in  the  persut  of  diners 
vrangis  dwne  to  ws  and  the  said  place  in  diuers  partis  within 
the  rewm  and  mast  special  in  the  forsaid  landis  callit  Caulte 
quhilkis  our  predecessoris  has  iosyt  and  brukyt  peceabile  ii 
hundreth  yeirys  befor  thir  days  has  our  propyr  pastur  to  the 
said  tua  townis. 

"  Supradicta  querimonia  habetur  in  quodam  veteri  registro 
papireo." 

VL--P.  379. 

Family  Jewels  and  Valuables  of  Glenukquhy, 
entailed,  1640. 

Inventar  of  geir  left  by  Sir  Coline  not  to  be  disponit  upon. 

...  Of  Jewells  left  to  ws  be  the  said  Sir  Coline  as  said  is,  ane 
largatt  of  gold  sett  with  thrie  diamondis,  four  topaces  or  jacincts, 


508  Al'i'KNDJX. 

una  iiibljie  and  anc  saphyrc,  cnairi])le(],  given  be  king  James  the 
Fyft  of  worthie  memorie  to  ane  of  the  Laird  of  Glenurquliey  liis 
predicessonrs.  Item  ane  round  Jewell  of  gold  sett  with  precious 
stones  conteining  tuentie  nyne  diamonds  and  four  great  rub 
bies,  quhilk  C^ueene  Anna  of  worthie  memorie  (^ueene  of  Great 
Britane  France  and  Irland  gaue  to  vmquhill  Sir  JJuncane  Camp- 
bell of  Glenvrquhy.  Item  ane  gold  ring  sett  with  ane  great 
diamond  schapine  lyke  a  heart  and  vther  four  small  diamonds, 
quhilk  the  said  Queene  Anna  of  worthie  memorie  gaue  to  the 
said  Sir  Duncane.  Item  ane  fair  silver  brotch  sett  with  pre- 
cious stones.  Item  ane  stone  of  the  quantitie  of  half  a  hen's  eg 
sett  in  silver,  being  flatt  at  the  ane  end  and  round  at  the  "si:her 
end  lyke  a  peir,  quliilk  Sir  Coline  Campbell  first  Laird  of  Glen- 
vrquhy woir  quhen  he  faught  in  battell  at  the  Ehodes  agaynst 
the  Turks,  he  being  one  of  the  Knychtis  of  the  Ehodes.  Item 
of  great  gold  buttons  iii^^  vi.  Item  mair  of  silver  work  and 
vthers  following.  Of  silver  plaittis,  tuelff.  Of  great  silver  char- 
gers, four.  Item  ane  great  silver  bassone  with  ane  lawer  partlie 
overgilt.  Item  ane  lesser  silver  lawer  with  ane  basone  partlie 
overgilt.  Item  ane  dussone  of  silver  trencheors  and  ane  dussone 
of  silver  sasers  partlie  overgilt.  Item  ane  great  silver  cupe  with 
ane  cover  double  overgilt  wrought  with  reasit  work.  Item  ane 
vther  great  silver  cupe  ingraven,  with  ane  cover  partlie  over- 
gilt. Item  ane  vther  great  silver  cuppe  partlie  overgilt  with  the 
Laird  of  Duntrons  airmes  and  name  thairon.  Item  ane  litle 
silver  goblet  double  overgilt,  with  ane  cover.  Item  ane  vther 
silver  cuppe  partlie  overgilt,  with  ane  face  on  the  bottome  of  it 
Item  ane  vther  midlen  cuppe  wdtli  ane  cover  partlie  overgilt. 
Item  ane  \ijher  lang  schankit  silver  cuppe  partlie  overgilt.  Item 
ane  vther  lang  schankit  silver  cuppe  not  overgilt.  Item  mair 
ane  vther  great  plaine  silver  cuppe  with  the  Laird  of  Glen- 
vrquhyes  airmes  on  the  bottom  of  it.  Also  ane  \i;her  plaine 
silver  cuppe.  Item  ane  vther  silver  cuppe  and  ane  silver  goblet. 
Item  tua  litle  lang  schankit  silver  cuppes  for  acavite.  Item  sex 
silver  gobletts  partlie  overgilt  that  goes  within  other,  ^yiih  ane 
cover  on  them.  Item  ane  silver  saltfatt  with  ane  cover  partlie 
overgilt.  Item  ane  \i:lier  silver  salt  fatt  that  standis  vpone  thrie 
round  knops  that  lies  tuo  divisiounes.    Item  ane  vther  silver  salt 


GLENURQUHY  HEIRLOOMS,  1640.  509 

fatt.  Item  ane  silver  lawer  for  vineger  partlie  overgilt.  Item 
vther  tuo  silver  laweris  for  vineger.  Item  ane  great  maser  with 
ane  silver  lip  qiiliilk  will  conteine  a  quart,  qiiliilk  also  lies  ane 
silver  foote.  Item  ane  vtlier  litle  maser  with  silver  lip  and 
foote  with  ane  cover  double  overgilt.  Item  ane  round  cope 
with  ane  silver  lip.  Item  of  plane  silver  spoones  with  the 
Lairdes  name  on  theme,  xi.  Mair  of  silver  spoones  with  round 
knapit  endis  overgilt,  vi.  Item  mair  of  silver  spoones  in  the 
pantries  of  Balloch  and  Finlarg,  xxxviii.  Item  tuo  silver  footes 
for  copes.     Item  mair  ane  vther  silver  spoone. 

Item  ane  great  feildine  peice  of  copper  and  ane  vther  feil- 
dine  pece  of  iron.  Item  thrie  hakhutts  of  found,  quhairof  ii  of 
copper  and  ane  of  iron.  Ane  long  small  feildine  peice  of  copper 
and  tuo  iron  peices  with  chalmers.  Tuo  hakhutts  of  found  of 
copper  that  ar  in  Glenvrquhy  in  the  castell  thairof  Item  ane 
muskett  indentit  with  bane  overgilt  and  graven  vpone  the  ratch 
with  lunt  work.  Ane  vther  long  muskett  with  ane  wark  indentit 
having  ane  long  blak  lethron  caise.  Ane  vtlier  great  long  mus- 
ket with  the  Lairds  airmes  gravin  thairon.  Mair  tuo  single 
musketts  indentit  with  baine,  quhairof  the  ane  indentit  with 
pearle,  quliilk  were  gottin  frae  my  Lord  Burlie.  Ane  vther 
double  muskett  with  lunt  work.  Thrie  vther  musketts  with 
new  stoks  and  warkis.  Item  ane  tuo  liandit  suord  the  hand 
quhairof  is  overlayed  with  velvet.  Ane  vther  tuo  handit  suord 
with  ane  loose  hand  to  be  eikit  thairto.  Mair  thrie  cutthrott 
pistollis  of  copper,  quliilk  ar  gravin,  with  new  stokis  and 
warkis.  Item  tuo  steill  targets  and  ane  cork  targett.  Item  tuo 
stand  of  horsmens  airmes  fy  ve  corsletts  with  tliair  headpeices 
and  ring  craiges,  tuo  gauntlet  gloves,  ane  murrion  of  pruff  and 
ane  stand  of  blak  horsemans  airmes,  stoovd  with  brass  naills, 
conteining  ane  head  peice,  ane  craig  peice,  ane  breist  peice, 
ane  bak  peice,  tuo  schoulder  peices  and  ane  gauntlett  glove. 

Item  of  silk  bedis  ;  ane  conteining  four  curtaines  of  red 
Spanisch  taffite  fassit  with  rid  and  blew  silk  fasses,  and  ane 
curtaiiie  of  rid  sessnatt  taffite,  and  ane  pand  of  rid  velvett 
brouderit  with  blew  silk,  with  the  Laird  of  Glen\Tquhy  and  his 
Ladie  thair  names  and  airmes  thairon,  with  ane  reid  steikit 
taflPita  matt.    Ane  vther  blew  silk  bed,  conteining  thrie  curtaines 


510  A  ITEM)  IX. 

of  blew  Spaniscli  taffite  and  a  curtaine  of  blew  sesnat  taffita, 
with  ane  fass  of  silk  and  ane  pand  of  blew  velvott  Ijrouderit 
witli  the  Laird  of  Glenvrquhy  and  liis  Ladie  tliair  names  and 
airnies  thereon,  with  ane  blew  steikit  taffita  matt.  Ane  vther 
bed  of  incarnatt  London  cloath  embrouderit  with  blak  velvott, 
conteiningiii  brouderit  curtaines  and  tuo  curtaines  not  Ijiouderit, 
ane  brouderit  pand  with  the  Laird  and  Lady  Glenvrquhyes 
names  and  airmes  thairon,  with  silk  fasses  and  ane  brouderit 
covering.  Ane  greine  London  cloath  bed  pasmentit  with  greine 
and  orange  silk  laice,  conteining  ane  pand  with  pasmentis  and 
silk  fasses  and  vi  peice  of  pasmentit  curtaines  with  ane  covering 
of  the  same  cloath  pasmentit.  Ane  vther  silk  bed  of  changing 
taffite  greine  and  yellow,  conteining  iiii  peice  of  curtaines, 
quhairof  iii  of  Spanisch  taffite  and  ane  of  cesnat  taffite,  with 
ane  pand  schewit  with  silk  and  worsett  with  the  Laird  and 
Lady  Glenvrquhy  thair  names  and  airmes  thairon,  with  ane 
grein  silk  fass  conteining  ii  peice  with  ane  covering  wrought 
with  blue  and  yellow  silk.  Item  of  vther  weill  and  sufficient 
common  furnischt  beds  xvi,  with  all  thair  furniture  requisite. 
Off  arras  work  hingings,  ii  stand,  conteining  xi  peices,  and  of 
common  hingings,  iiii  stand,  conteining  xvi  peice.  Item  of  great 
cramosie  velvott  cuscliiounes  for  the  kirk,  ii,  with  thair  great 
silk  knops  at  the  nooks  and  silk  fosses  about  them,  with  thair 
reid  callico  coverings.  Mair  of  cuscliiounes  of  Turkic  work  xii, 
and  of  cuscliiounes  schewit  on  gallis,  vi.  Of  dames  boordcloathes 
ii,  and  of  dornik  servitts,  ii  dussone.  Of  sufficient  linnen  boord  - 
cloatlies,  xxiiii,  and  of  sufficient  linnen  servitts,  thretteine 
dussone.  Of  Holland  scheittes  ii  pair,  quhairof  i  pair  schewit 
with  hoUie  work.  Of  gude  linnen  towells,  viiL  Of  linnen  cup- 
boordcloatlies,  iiii.  Of  greine  chalmer  countercloathes,  ^'i.  Of 
caipetts  for  chalmer  tables,  ii.  Of  greine  countercloathes  for  the 
hall  burdis,  ii. 

Of  peutor  plaittis,  viii  dussone,  quhairof  meikle  plaittis,  xix. 
Of  tin  trencheours,  vi  dossone.     Of  tin  sasers,  v. 

Of  brass  pans,  v.  Of  brassine  potts,  viii,  quhairof  i  great 
acavite  pott.  Of  speittes,  iiii.  Ane  pestell  and  ane  morter. 
Of  raxes,  ii  pair.     Of  goos  pans,  ii.     Of  beifif  cauldrons,  i 

Item  of  pictures  of  the    Kings  and  Queenes  of  Scotland, 


GLENURQUHY  HEIRLOOMS,  1G40.  511 

xxiiii.  And  of  pictures  of  the  Lairds  and  Ladies  of  Glenvr- 
quliay  and  vtlier  noblemen,  xxxiiii.  Item  ane  greit  genealogie 
brod  pantit  of  all  the  Lairds  of  Glenvrquhy,  and  of  those  that 
ar  come  of  the  house  of  Glenvrquhy.  Mair  tuo  house  knoks 
and  ane  chalmer  knok.  Item  ane  pair  of  litle  organes  in  the 
chapell  of  Finlarg,  and  ane  pair  of  harpsicords  in  Balloch. 

Item  tuo  brewine  leds  with  tuo  great  maskine  fatts.  Ane 
vther  brewine  vessell. 

Mair  tuo  charter  kists  bandit  with  iron  bands.  Item  ane 
litle  schort  hunting  cuttles  in  the  charterhouse.  Mair  Captane 
Gordon  his  suord. 

Item  of  great  ky  in  the  Laird  of  Glenvrquhy  liis  haill 
bowhoussis  iii^  xxiii.  And  of  young  ky  and  stirkis  aught 
score  and  iii.  Off  wyld  meires,  xxiii.  Of  young  meires  xiiii. 
of  staigis  X,  and  of  cursours,  vi.  Item  of  scheipe  and  wed- 
deris,  v^  in  the  Laird  his  haill  sclieip  houssis. 

Item  mair  sevine  chandlers. 

And  farder  wee  the  saids  Sir  Eobert  and  Johne  Campbells 
heirby  obleissis  to  mak  .  .  .  sufficient  particular  inventaris  of 
the  haill  buikis,  timber  wark,  trunkis,  kists,  loks  of  doores,  and 
iron  yeattis  within  the  houssis  of  Balloch  and  Finlarg,  Castell 
Calquhorne,  Barchaltan,  and  Auchachallader  .  .  .  and  farder  it 
is  heirby  lykwyse  declairit  that  thair  is  presentlie  on  the  landis 
perteining  to  the  Laird  of  Glenvrquhy  within  the  Scherefdomes 
of  Perth  and  Argyle  and  Steuartries  of  Stratherne  and  Monteith, 
of  steilbow  corne,  sexteine  chalders  small  aittis ;  and  of  steilbow 
heir,  fyve  chalders  ;  and  of  strenth  silver  and  steilbow  horss  on 
the  forsaids  lands,  estimat  to  be  worth  tuo  thousand  and  fyve 
lumdreth  merkis,  quliilk  we  also  obleiss  ws  to  mak  furthcumand 
.  .  .  Quhilk  haill  inventar  abonewritten  w^ee  the  saids  Sir 
Kobert  and  Johne  Campbells  .  .  .  declaires  to  be  the  just  and 
true  inventar  of  the  Jewells,  silver  wark,  insight  plenisching, 
steilbow  corne,  beir,  strenthsilver,  ky  young  and  old,  and  wild 
meires,  left  be  the  said  vmquhill  Sir  Coline  to  ws  .  .  .  and 
obleissis  ws  ...  to  mak  the  samyne  .  .  .  furthcumand  .  ,  . 
and  .  .  .  nevir  to  burdeine  .  .  .  nor  dispone  upone  the  samyne 
.  .  .  vnder  all  the  hiest  paines  contenid  in  the  foresaid  band 
...  In  witnes  quhairof,  writtin  be  William  Meiklejohne  noter 


■ 


512  APIMIXDIX. 

j)ul)lict,  woo  .  .  .  lios  suljscryvit  tliir  })i'Osent.s  witli  our  liaiidis 
at  liiillocli  the  sevintoine  day  of  8e])teinber  1640  yeires,  befon 
tliir  witnossis,  Sir  Tatrik  ()<^ilvi(i  of  Incliinaitino,  Ardcliiljald 
Cainpl)ell  fear  of  Glenlyon,  Patrik  Campbell  of  Ediiiamplo, 
Ardcliil)ald  Campbell  brother  germaii  to  the  Laird  of  l^i\v(;ri.s, 
Piobert  Andersoiie  his  servitor,  and  the  said  AVilliain  Meikle 
johnc  Avreitar  hcirof 

VIL-P.  387. 

Letteks  from  the  Charter  Room  at  TA'i^NiouTH. 

Letter  from  Colin  Campbell  of  Glenurquiiay  to  Gregor  M'Ane. 

Keeper  of  his  Castle  of  Kilchurn,  1570. 

Gregor  M'Ane,  I  commend  me  hartlie  to  von.     ^PCallum 
Dow  hes  schawin  me  qiihow  the  Clangregonr  hes  tain  ^'p  your 
geir  and  your  puir  tenentis  geir,  the  quhilk  I  pray  yow  tak  na 
thocht  of,  for  albeit  I  haue  na  ky  to  recompanss  yow  instantlie, 
I  sail,  God  willinge,  mak  yow  and  youris  sour  of  rowmis  that 
sail  mak  yow  mair  profeit  nor  the  geir  that  ye  haue  tint  at  this 
tyme,  ye  beand  ane  trew  fa}i:hfull  seruand  to  me.     And  gif  the 
puir  men  that  wantis  geir  duellinge  onder  yow  be  trew  to  yow, 
tak  tham  into  the  place  vpoun  my  expenssis,  and  gif  to  thair 
wyiiis  and  bairnis  sum  of  my  victuall  to  sustein  tham  as  y 
think  expediant.     I  pray  yow  haue  the  place  weill  pro^ydid 
with  sic  furnesing  as  ye  ma  get,  and  spair  nowther  my  geir  nor 
yit  your  awin,  for  God  leuuinge  ws  our  heilthis,  we  will  get  geir 
enewche.     I  pray  yow,  and  als  commandis  yow,  that  ye  lat  nain 
within  the  place  but  your  awin  traist  servandis,  albeit  I  gaif  you 
ane  command  to  resaue  sum  vtheris  at  my  departing,  and  keip 
this  writing  for  your  warrand  ;  for  albeit  the  geir  be  awa  and 
the  ground  waistit,  I  kepand  that  auld  houss  and  haldand  the 
rigis  haill  as  God  willinge  I  sail,  ye  beand  ane  faythfull  servand  a 
to  me,  my  bairnis  and  youris  sail  leif  honorable  in  it  will  God,  - 
quhen  the  plage  of  God  will  leyth  vpoun  tham  and  thair  pos  - 
teritie  out  of  memorie  that  molestis  me  and  yow  at  this  present. 
Send  word  to  me  gif  ye  mister  men  or  ony  vthir  thinge  ye  wald 
haue  me  doand  w4th  this  berar,  quha  is  ane  man  that  I  credeit, 


PRINCE  henry's  baptism VENISON — EAGLES.      513 

and  ye  ma  schaw  to  him  your  mynd.  I  sail  provyid  sum  scliarp 
boy  that  can  writ  and  reid  to  you  schortlie,  and  hald  ye  him  on 
my  expenssis  sa  lange  as  this  induris,  becaus  credeit  ma  nocht 
be  gevin  to  boyis.  The  rest  to  your  wisdoum,  and  to  treit  your- 
self Weill  and  be  mirrie,  and  tak  na  thoclit  of  geir,  for  we  will 
get  geir  enewche,  will  God,  quha  mot  have  you  in  keepinge. 
At  Ilanran,  the  xviii  of  August  1570. — Youris, 

Colin  Campbell  of  Glenurquhay. 

FROM  KING  JAMES  VI. 

To  OUR  Ryciit  traist  freind  the  Laird  of  Glenurquhay. 

Richt  traist  freind,  we  gfeit  yow  hartlie  weill.  The  incer- 
tantie  of  the  tyme  of  the  arrivall  of  the  remanent  foreynn  am- 
bassadouris  and  sum  uthir  speciall  occasionis  hes  constranit  ws 
to  prorogat  the  tyme  of  our  deirest  sonis  baptisme  to  Sonnday 
the  xviii  of  August,  quhairof  we  haue  thocht  guid  to  adverteiss 
yow,  desyring  yow  effectuuslie  that  ye  will  not  faill  to  be  with 
ws  the  XV  day  of  the  said  moneth  at  the  farthest,  and  to  haist 
in  sick  quick  stufe  as  ye  half  in  reddienes  to  the  support  of  the 
chairgis  to  Striuiling  betuix  and  the  sevint  day  of  the  said 
moneth,  and  vennesoun  and  wyld  foull  as  it  may  be  had  .... 
about  the  day  of  the  solemptnitie,  as  ye  will  gif  pruiff  at  this 
tyme  of  your  guid  effectioim,  to  the  honoure  of  ws  and  the 
cuntrey  :  sua  we  committ  yow  to  God.  At  Stirling,  the  last 
day  of  July  1594.  James  R. 


FROM  SIR  DAVID  MURRAY,  LORD  SCONE. 

To  THE  Ryght  honorable  the  Laird  of  Glenurquhy  these  be 

delyuered. 

Honorable  Sir,  The  prince  receaved  your  eagles  very  thank- 
fulhe  and  we  hade  good  sport  with  thame,  and  according  to  his 
promeiss  he  hathe  sent  yow  a  horss  to  be  a  stallon,  one  of  tlie 
best  in  his  stable  for  that  purposs,  and  comendis  him  kyndlie  to 
row,  and  sayis  that  sevin  yearis  hence,  when  he  comes  to  Scot- 
and,  that  he  hopes  to  gett  some  of  his  breed.     Yow  shall  excuse 

I 


514  APPENDIX. 

mc  that  lie  was  so  long  of  cuming,  for  this  is  the  first  that  he 
gave  away  since  the  tyme  that  yea  was  here ;  and  yow  know 
that  1  wilbe  euer  reddy  to  sei-ve  yow  or  to  doe  yow  any  plesure 
that  lyes  in  my  power  without  any  ceremonie,  and  therefor  1 
will  not  vse  many  fayre  words  with  yow,  for  that  is  nc^edles 
amongis  frendis,  hot  remember  that  I  am  a  true  Scottis  man 
vnchengable,  for  all  that  I  can  sie  heer,  and  so  I  think  to  con 
tinew  by  Goddis  grace  to  my  lyves  end  Thus  recomending 
yow  to  the  protection  of  God,  I  rest  ever  your  loving  freend  U> 
do  yow  service, 

D.  MUKRAY. 
Whytuall,  9  Januar  1609. 

FROM  THE  EARL  OF  MAR. 
To  MY  VERY  LOUING  CuSING  TUE  LaIRD  OF  GlENORQUHY. 

LouiNG  CusiNG, — Being  cumed  in  to  stay  in  this  toun  a  good 
part  of  this  vinter,  I  think  my  greatest  sportt  shalbe  the  huntine 
of  the  fox,  thairfor  I  wdll  ernestly  intrett  you  to  send  me  witli 
this  berar  a  couppill  of  good  earth  doggs.  This  is  my  first 
charge  sens  your  father  died,  and  I  prey  you  ouss  me  alls  fami- 
liarlie  as  I  doo  you,  for  without  ceremonie,  C using,  you  shall 
nott  haue  a  freind  ouer  quhom  ye  haue  gritar  pouar  than  ouer 
me. — Your  louing  Cusing  to  doo  you  seruice, 

Mar. 
Sterling,  the  v  of  Nouember  1631. 

Quhat  ye  send  me  latt  itt  be  good  altho  itt  should  be  bott  on. 

FROM  THE  LORD  TREASURER  AM)  TREASURER  DEPUTE. 

To  THE  Laird  of  Glenwrqwhy. 

Sir,— These  ar  to  intreat  yow  to  do  all  dilligence  to  caus 
slay  and  send  in  to  his  Maiesties  house  at  Hal}TTidehouse 
against  the  threttene  day  of  Junii  instant,  suche  sortis  of  vene- 
sone  and  wyidfoullis  as  ar  to  be  found  w^ithin  your  boundis,  anc 
so  frome  weik  to  weik  dureing  his  Maiesties  aboad  within  thi' 


THE  WHITE  HIND  OF  CORRICHIBA.  515 

kingdome,  and  to  evrie  ane  of  his  Maiesties  seuerall  howssis 
quliair  his  Maiestie  salbe  for  the  tymis,  conforme  to  the  list  of 
his  Maiestie's  jestis  heirin  inclosed,  als  fresche  and  in  als  dew 
tyme  as  convenientlie  you  may.  Not  doubting  of  your  love  to 
his  Maiesties  service,  we  rest  youris  gude  freindis, 

MOKTON. 

Traqtjaire. 
Halyrudiious,  6  Junii  1633. 

His  Maiesty  comnieth  to  Halyrudhowse  the  xv  of  Junii, 
and  stayeth  till  the  first  day  of  Julij,  quhilk  night  he  will  be  in 
Litquhow,  the  next  twa  nights  in  Stirling,  from  that  to  Dun- 
fermling  i  night,  from  that  to  Falkland  foure  nights,  and  from 
that  to  Halyrudhowsse,  and  thaire  during  pleasure. 


FIIOM  JOHN  DICKSON. 
To  THE  RIGHT  WORSHIPFULL  HIS  MUCH  HONOURED  FREIND  THE  LaIRD  OF 

Glenorquhy  THES. 

Much  Honoured  Sir, — Immediatlie  after  the  receat  of  your 

letter  on  Saturday,  I  went  and  shew  your  capercailyie  to  the 

king  in  his  bed-chamber,  who  accepted  it  weel  as  a  raritie,  for 

he  had  never  seen  any  of  them  before.     I  have  been  telling  your 

man  that  I  have  a  mind  to  send  a  letle  tronk  with  some  of  my 

rtifes  and  my  oune  best  clothes  to  the  Highlands,  and  therfor, 

IS  I  desire  rather  to  be  beholden  to  yow  then  others,  so  I  must 

n  this  calamitous  tyme  crave  pardon  to  be  so  far  troublesome 

0  yow  as  to  desire  that  yow  wold  any  time  within  this  fortnight 

end  one  of  your  tennants  with  a  naige  and  creiles  on  him  with 

he  bearer  heirof,  also  to  cary  the  said  litle  tronk  to  your  house 

>f  Finlarg,  ther  to  remaine  till  I  have  occasion  to  dispose  on  it ; 

vhich  courtesie  of  yours  I  sail  be  ready  to  acknowledge  really 

•y  all  the  service  which  God  in  better  times  sail  enable  me  to 

i|oe  unto  yow.     And  howsoever  I  sail  still  remaine.  Sir,  your 

^'orships  affectionat  servant, 

Jo.  Dickson. 

Perth,  the  3  of  Februar  1651. 


IG  APPENDIX. 


[)  LO 


FROM  KING  JAMES  VI. 

To  OUR  TIIUSTIE  AND  WKLBKLOUKD  SiR  DuNCAN  CAMPnKLL 
OF  GlENURQLIIAY,   HNHillTK. 

James  R — Trustie  and  welbeloued,  Wee  greete  yow  well. 
Ilauiiig  understood  that  tlier  is  in  your  boundes  a  white  hinde, 
wee  haue  sente  this  bearer,  one  of  our  seruantes,  to  take  and 
transporte  her  hether  unto  us  ;  and  becaus  that  contrie  is  alto- 
gether unknowne  to  him,  we  haue  thought  good  hereby  to  re- 
commende  him  to  yow  most  earnestlie,  requiring  yow  to  assiste 
him  and  cause  him  be  furnished  with  all  thinges  necessarie,  as 
w^ell  for  taking  of  the  said  hinde  as  for  his  oune  interteynment ; 
and  nothing  doubting  of  your  best  endeuour  for  accomplishing 
of  this  our  pleasour,  wxe  bid  you  farewell.  Giuen  at  our  man- 
nour  of  Theobaldes,  the  13th  day  of  Januarie  1G22. 


FROM  SIR  PATRICK  MURRAY. 
To  MY  nONORABILL  CIIEIFF  TUE  LaIRD  OF   CrLENTRQUEY   TUEIS. 

Noble  Cheiff,  —I  haue  reseaued  from  the  Earll  of  Mar  a 
packet  of  letters  concerninge  the  takinge  of  this  trublesum  wh}i; 
hynd  of  yours,  and  hes  del}aiered  and  red  them  to  his  ^laieste, 
he  beinge  not  weill  of  a  payne  in  his  legs,  I  dar  not  seye  the 
gutt.  His  Maiestie  is  weiH  plesed  with  you  for  the  caire  you 
hawe  hed  to  forder  his  Maiesties  desyr  in  all  things  concerninge 
this  bissines  of  takinge  theis  deir  ;  and  seing  his  Maiestie  fynds 
be  Scandoners  owine  letters  and  all  yours  that  it  is  a  hard  mater 
ather  to  tak  hir  or  carey  hir  to  the  sea,  by  resone  of  the  diffi- 
cultie  and  hardnes  of  the  place  and  hard  tyme  of  the  yeir ;  and 
fyndinge  also  be  his  Maiesties  owdne  experience  that  iff  sche 
cane  not  be  takine  befoir  May  or  June,  beinge  so  laitte  in  the 
yeir,  that  iff  sche  prowe  with  caK  mey  indenger  hir  owine  lyfi 
and  hir  calf  also,  his  Maiesties  plesour  is  that  sche  schaU  not 
be  sturde  this  yeir,  and  that  his  Maiestie  will  think  of  sum 
wther  courss  befoir  the  nixt  yeir  for  the  better  effectinge  of  hi^ 
desyrs ;  and  his  Maiestie  hes  commanded  me  to  ^Tytte  wntc 
the  Earll  of  Mar  to  send  wnto  all  thois  that  bordors  or  marclie-- 


THE  WHITE  HIND.  517 

with  Corrachaba  that  none  presume  to  stiire  hir  wnder  his 
Maiesties  highest  displesor.  And  becaus  his  Maiestie  will  trye 
what  Scandoner  can  do  be  his  arte,  he  lies  wryttine  his  letters 
to  the  Earll  of  Pearthe,  that  he  mey  mak  tryell  in  Glenartnay 
for  takinge  of  sum  deir  and  rois  now  presently,  that  he  mey, 
be  his  tryell  their,  judge  what  he  cane  do  heirafter  in  Corra- 
chaba. I  hawe  downe  you  the  best  officeis  that  lyis  in  my 
power  to  his  Maiestie,  bothe  in  this  and  in  all  wther  things  that 
3chall  ather  tuiche  or  concerne  you,  as  I  am  bound  in  dewtie  of 
bloud  to  do.  Thus,  with  the  rememberence  of  my  trewe  loue  to 
)^ourself  and  all  yours,  I  rest  your  werie  assured  freind  and  kins- 
man to  serue  you, 

P.  Murray. 
TiiEABOLLs  Park,  the  9  of  Marche  1622. 

His  Majestic  dotlie  not  a  lytill  wounder  that  he  that  has 
liued  chast  from  women  except  his  owin  quein  all  his  dayis, 
5chuld  be  trubled  with  the  gutt,  and  you  that  lies  so  largly 
Destowed  your  talentt  amongst  them  schuld  skaipe  bothe  gutt 
md  wther  diseissis,  bot  his  Maiestie  is  werie  giaide  that  you 
lawe  your  helthe  so  weill.  Wale. 


FROM  KING  JAMES  VI. 

To  OUR  TRUSTIE  AND  WELBELOUED  SiR  DuNCAN  CaMPBELL  OF 
GlENURQUIIAY,  KNIGIITE. 

James  R — Trustie  and  welbeloued,  wee  greete  yow  w^ell. 
Vee  have  understood  as  well  by  your  letter  to  our  seruant  Sir 
'atrik  IMurray  as  by  the  reporte  of  our  seruant  Scandoner,  your 
areful  and  earnest  endeuouris  for  the  performance  of  whatso- 
uer  yee  can  imagine  to  tende  to  our  seruice,  and  likewise  your 
peciall  care  and  good  enterteynment  of  Scandoner  himselfe, 
■  hich,  as  it  hath  giuen  him  occasioun  to  speake  of  that  our 
ingdome  in  generall  and  of  yow  in  particulare  as  of  people 
eutifullie  denoted  to  their  prince  and  \vell  affected  to  strangers, 
3  wee  give  yow  moste  heartie  thankes  for  the  same.  Wee  haue 
Iso,  by  your  letter  to  Sir  Patrik  Murray,  understood  your  honest 


518  APPENDIX. 

ol'fcr  for  l)riiif»iiig  of  (l(;c;i'(!  into  (ilcn  AuuioikIc;,  which,  as  it  hath 
proceeded  of  your  special  1  desire  to  procure  our  cont<:;ntnient,  so 
wee  verie  well  esteeme  thereof,  and  therefore  desire  you  to  go 
on,  assuring  you  that  thereby  yee  shall  do  us  verie  acceptable 
seruice,  whereof,  when  occasion  shalbe  offered,  we  will  not  be 
unniindefull.  Farewell.  Giuen  at  our  Mannour  of  Theobaldes, 
the  24tbday  of  Julie  1622. 

FROM  KING  CHARLES  I. 
To  OUR  TRUSTIE  AND  WELBELOUED  THE  LaIRD  OF  GlEANWRQUHYE. 

Charles  R — Trustie  and  welbeloued,  wee  greet  vow  well. 
Whereas  we  liaue  giuen  warrant  unto  Alexander  ^I'Xaughtan 
gentleman  of  our  priuie  chamber  in  ordinarie  for  levying  two 
hundretli  bow-men  in  that  our  kingdome,  for  our  seruice  in  the 
w^ar  wherein  we  are  engaged  with  France  ;  and  being  infonned 
that  the  persones  in  those  high  countries  are  ordinarlie  good 
bow  -men,  we  are  hereby  well  pleased  to  desire  yow^  to  use  your 
best  meanes  to  cause  levy  such  a  nomber  of  them  for  our  said 
seruant  as  possiblie  yoAV  can,  he  performing  such  conditiones 
with  them  as  are  usuall  in  the  like  cases,  which  w^e  will  tak  as 
a  speciall  pleasure  unto  us,  whereof  wee  will  not  be  unmindfull 
when  any  occasion  shall  offer  whereby  we  may  exjDresse  our 
respect  unto  yow.  So  we  bid  yow^  farew^ell.  From  our  court  at 
Windsore,  the  12  of  August  1627. 

FROM  THE  LORDS  OF  SECRET  COL^NXIL. 
To  OUR  RIGHT  TRAIST  FREIND  THE  LaIRD  OF  GlENURQUHE. 

After  our  very  hartlie  commendatiouns.  Whereas  the  kingj- 
Maiestie  is  most  solicite  and  desyrous  that  the  tyme  of  his  bein<.- 
at  Perth  there  may  be  a  show  and  mustour  mad  of  hielandmen. 
in  thair  countrie  habite  and  best  order,  for  the  better  perform- 
ance quherof  these  ar  to  intreate  and  desp'e  yow^  to  single  oul 
and  conveene  a  nomber  of  your  freinds  followers  and  dependers 
men  personable  for  stature,  and  in  thair  best  array  and  eqiiip- 
page,  with  trews,  bowes,  dorloches  and  others  thair  ordiuaru 


HIGHLAND  MUSTER— PLANTING.  519 

weapouns  and  furniture,  and  to  send  tliame  to  tlie  said  burgh 
of  Perth  vpon  Mononday  the  eight  day  of  Julii  nixt,  quhereby 
his  Maiestie  may  receave  contentment,  the  countrie  credite,  and 
yourselffe  thanks ;  and  so  looking  for  your  precise  keeping  of 
this  dyet  in  maner  foresaid  we  committ  yow  to  God.  Frome 
Halyrudhous  the  xxix  day  of  Junij  1G33.  Your  verie  good 
freinds, 

G.  KiNNOUL,  Gancellarius. 

MOKTON. 
WiGTOUN,  TULLIBAIIDIN,  LAUDERDALE,  MeLUILL. 

FROM  THE  EARL  OF  LAUDERDALE. 

To  MY  VERIE  nONORABILL  AND  LOUING  COUSIN   SiR  CoLIN  CaMPBELL 
OF  GlENURQUHAYE,  KNIGHT. 

Sir, — I  haue  beine  thir  manie  yeris  verie  desyrous  to  hawe 
firr  tries  to  grow  with  me,  and  doe  find  by  proofe  that  the  soorest 
waye  to  make  them  prosper  is  to  saw  them  in  the  seid ;  and 
hearmg  that  yow  maye  command  greatt  stoire  thereof,  if  I  shall 
make  bold  to  be  your  beggar  and  heirby  entreatt  that  yow 
wald  be  pleased  to  send  me  sum  good  quantitie  therof  that  I 
maye  cans  my  awin  gardiners  win  itt,  I  houp  yow  will  not  take 
itt  in  ill  pairt  from  your  varie  affectionatt  cousin  to  serve  yow, 

Lauderdaill. 
Halieroodhous,  8  of  Februar  1637. 

FROM  THE  SAME. 

To  my  verie  honorable  and  welbeloued  cousin  Sir  Colin  Campbell 
of  Gtlenurquhay,  knight. 

Sir, — I  hawe  resaued  from  this  bearer  the  firr  seid  which  I 
maid  bold  to  wrytt  for,  and  must  heirby  not  onlie  return  yow 
many  humble  thankes  but  lykewayes  entreatt  that  if  anie  thing 
which  is  in  my  power  in  thir  pairtes  can  be  usefull  to  yow,  yow 
wald  be  pleased  with  als  greatt  friedome  to  command,  your 
verie  affectionatt  cousin  to  serve  yow, 

Lauderdaill 
Lethinxjtoune,  the  penult  of  Februar  1687. 


520  APPENDIX. 

FROM  THE  MARCHIONESS  OE  HAMILTON'. 

Honoured  Cousing, — I  resauid  your  Icttir  and  your  U-av 
scid,  and  geiuis  you  liai-ttily  tliankis  for  your  cair  in  sending 
them  to  me.  lieliue  me,  I  tliink  moir  of  them  nor  ye  can 
imagin,  for  I  loue  them  moir  nor  I  dou  al  tlie  front  tris  in  the 
wordil.  I  haue  alrady  ane  four  or  fayf  houndir  of  my  auin 
planting,  that  is  pratti  treis,  and  deid  dereckly  weith  them  as 
ye  set  doune  in  your  lettir ;  hot  my  soune  louis  them  no  les 
nor  I  dou,  and  hes  wilit  me  to  plant  a  greit  manay  meie,  quhich 
ineid  me  trobbil  you  for-  this  year  ;  and  as  ye  haue  takin  pain  is 
for  me,  I  must  requist  you  to  gar  prouayd  soum  of  the  seid  for 
me. 

Lord  Linsay,  my  good  sonne,  he  is  ane  warie  grit  plantter 
of  his  eig  as  euir  I  kneue  anay,  and  I  am  glaid  to  cherich  him 
to  it ;  He  will  send  ane  hors  and  man  for  ane  leid  of  them 
within  ten  or  tual  dayis,  and  I  must  requist  you  to  gar  haue 
them  rady.  He  hes  takin  in  ane  greit  baunis  for  them.  He  can 
win  the  seid  himselue,  as  he  hes  sein  me  dou,  so  ye  wil  only 
neid  to  send  him  the  noutis.  In  quhat  he  can,  I  sal  be  bond  to 
you  ye  sail  find  him  caynd.  So,  wiching  you  al  happines,  I 
rest,  your  affectioned  cousing  to  poure, 

Anna  Cuxynghame. 


from  JAMESONE  THE  PAINTER. 
To  THE  Eight  honorable  the  Laird  of  Gtlenyrquhie  thes. 

Eight  honorable, — I  receawed  the  hundreth  merkis  fra  this 
berar,  for  the  quhilk  I  shall  indewor  to  do  yo^vr  worship  better 
service  heirefter ;  and  as  for  the  picturis  quhilk  I  am  yeit  to  maik 
I  shall  do  all  diligens  to  get  theam  with  the  first  occasione,  hot 
it  will  be  in  Janvarij  befoir  I  can  begin  theam,  except  that  I 
hawe  the  occasione  to  meit  with  the  pairties  in  the  Xorth, 
quliair  I  mynd  to  stay  for  tuo  monethes ;  and  if  ether  ther  or 
heir  I  can  be  able  to  do  yowr  worship  service,  I  shall  be  moist 
willing,  and  ewer  to  remane  your  worships  servand, 

George  Ja3iesone. 
Edinburgh,  13  October  [1634.] 


JAMESONE's  pictures — CAMPBELLS  AT  SCHOOL.     521 


FKOM  THE  SAME. 

Eight  Honorable, — I  receawed  yowr  worships  letter  with 
ane  measure  concerning  the  maiking  of  soume  picturis,  quhairof 
sextine  of  theam  ar  set  doune  in  not.  I  will  werie  willinglie 
serwe  yowr  worship,  and  my  pryce  shall  be  hot  the  ordinarie, 
since  the  measure  is  just  the  ordinarie.  The  pryce  quhilk 
ewerie  one  payes  to  me,  abowe  the  west,  is  twentie  merkis,  I 
furnishing  claith  and  coulleris  ;  bot  iff  I  furniss  ane  double  gilt 
muller,  then  it  is  twentie  poundis.  Thes  I  deall  with  all  alyk  ; 
bot  I  am  moir  bound  to  hawe  ane  gryte  cair  of  your  worships 
service,  becaus  of  my  gouid  payment  for  my  laist  imployment. 
Onlie  thus  your  worship  wold  resolwe  at  quhois  charges  I  mist 
go  throwe  the  countrey  to  maik  thir  picturis,  for  all  that  are 
heir  in  town  neidis  onlie  yowr  worships  letter  to  theam  to  causs 
theam  sitt,  and  for  theam  quhois  picturis  1  hawe  allreadie,  I 
shall  double  theam,  or  then  giwe  yowr  worship  the  principall. 
So,  leawing  this  to  yowr  worships  consideration  and  ansuer,  I 
shall  ewer  remaine,  your  woirships  willing  servand, 

George  Jamesone. 
Edinburgh,  23  Junii  [1635.] 

Iff  I  begin  the  picturs  in  Julii,  I  will  hawe  the  sixtine  redie 
about  the  laist  of  September. 


FROM  MR.  W.  BOWIE,  TUTOR  TO  THE  SONS  OF  GLENFALLOCH. 

To  THE  Right  honorable  and  his  assured  gude  trend  Robrrt 
Cambell  of  Glenfalloch  these. 

Rycht  honorable  Sir,  ...  I  receavit  from  the  berar  heirof 
ane  hundreth  merkis  without  anie  lettir,  for  he  said  that  he 
tint  the  lettir  ye  gaiff  him.  He  .brocht  also  with  him  thre  kye, 
ane  quharof  wes  brandit,  ane  vther  blak,  the  thrid  wes  dyn.  I 
wald  haiff  writin  the  conipt  of  thingis  furnest  to  Jhone  since  this 
tyme  twelfmonth,  and  Duncanis  since  his  cuining,  bot  my  wyffe 
quho  knew  sundry  particularis  therof  wes  in  Edinburgh  ;  bot  it 
salbe  sent  with  the  nixt  berar,  God  willing.    The  bairnis,  blissed 


522  ArPENDIX. 

1)0  God,  cir  Weill.  The  iVeiss  that  wcs  sent  U)  be  tliame  clothes, 
thair  wes  maid  ane  cott  and  brekis  to  Duncan  thairof,  and  ane 
cott  to  Jhone.  Ye  wald  .send  alsmekle  cloth  as  wald  he  ane 
gown  to  Jhone,  and  his  old  gown  wald  seme  for  ane  gown  to 
Duncane.  The  berar  spak  sunithing  to  me  of  freiss  to  be  Jhone 
ane  garment  of  chjthcs,  hot  I  will  luke  for  your  lettir  mair  par  - 
ticularlie.  Jhone  wilbe  ane  schollar,  God  willing,  if  he  be 
nocht  interrupted.  Duncane  beginins  weill,  God  saiff  him.  So 
nocht  having  forder  for  the  present  bot  remembering  my  com- 
mendationis  of  service  to  the  lady  your  bedfallow,  committis 
yow  both  with  the  rest  of  your  children  to  God  his  eternal  1 
protectioun.  I  pray  yow  haiff  ane  speciall  cair  of  your  dochteris, 
for  I  trust  in  the  mercy  of  God  that  your  ladis  salbe  gude  men. 
Assure  the  lady  your  wiffe,  that  I  sail  haiff  ane  speciall  cair 
vnder  God,  of  hir  sonnes  that  ar  heir,  and  requeist  hir  nocht  to 
think  long  eftir  thame.  The  dowblet  ye  caust  mak  to  Duncane 
is  now  vp  at  the  slot  of  his  breist.  Ye  w^ald  say  that  he  wearis 
his  belt  as  men  sayis  Mr.  George  Buchanan  did  weare  his,  the 
dowblet  is  growen  so  schort.  I  wott  nocht  how  your  ministeris 
of  Ergyle  and  Bredalban  wilbe  handit  with  your  Bischopis,  bot 
all  the  honest  men  of  the  ministrie  heir  luikis  for  notliing  bot 
the  werst,  for  the  Bischopis  and  they  will  nocht  agree  with  ws 
heir  ;  for  everie  honest  minister  in  all  our  eist  partis  will  rather 
leave  thair  ministrie  or  they  yield  in  one  jot  to  the  Bischopis. 
God  mak  your  ministeris  thair  honest  and  constant  men,  for  we 
heir  thair  is  mony  slim  amongis  thame,  that  or  they  quyte  the 
bannok  they  will  quyte  a  gude  conscience.  God  of  his  mercy 
be  with  yow,  and  restis  your  awin,  efter  the  old  maner, 

Mr.  William  Bowie. 

-    Duncan  mon  haiff  ane  vther  dowblet. 

Hadingtoun,  the  16  of  November  1G19. 

Thair  wes  tuo  of  the  xx  mark  peceis  rounged  and  far  les 
then  the  thrid  wes.  If  they  will  pass,  I  sail  put  thame  soone 
frome  me. 


A  HIGHLAND  JOUENEY  IN  1591.  523 

VIIL-  r.  414. 

The  Thane  of  Cawdor's  Western  Journey,  1591. 

The  following  extracts  are  taken  from  a  little  book  of  sixteen 
leaves,  which  notes  the  Thane's  personal  and  travelling  expenses 
from  20th  September  to  7th  November  1591.  The  first  three 
days'  expenses  are  given  in  full ;  afterwards  only  extracts. 

Alexander  Campbell  the  lard  of  Calder  his  pursmaisteris 

COMPT. 

In  Taylone  the  xx  day  of  September  1591  resauit  fra  Johne 
Gaidar  i^  merk 

Item  deliuerit  to  Makconchie  Stronechormicheis  man  the 
same  day,  that  brought  the  aquavytie  vj  s.  viij  d. 

xxi  day  of  September  being  Tysday. 

Item  giffin  to  the  gall  boyis  wyfe  in  Innerreray  for  your 
denner  in  meit  v  s. 

Item  fyve  quartis  aill  viij  s. 

Item  ane  quart  wyne  xiij  s.  iiij  d. 

Item  thrie  muskingis  aquavitye  xv.  s. 

Item  giffin  to  the  gardiner  for  the  peirs  and  plowmis  he 
brocht  unto  yow  in  that  hous  iij  s.  iiij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  puir  ther  xxviij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  ferrioris  for  taking  yow  to  Dounda^aw  fra 
Innerreray  vj  s.  viij  d. 

xxij  day  of  September  being  AVednesday  in  Doundaraw. 

Item  giffin  to  the  portar  ther  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  woman  that  maid  your  bedis  ther 

vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  cuik  ther  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  to  the  boyis  that  ferreit  owir  out  of  Doundaraw     v  s. 

Item  giffiin  in  Lochgyllisheid  to  the  puire  xvj  d. 

Item  to  the  men  of  the  boat  that  come  with  yow  to  the 
Carrik  out  of  Lochgyllisheid  xiij  s.  iiij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  boy  that  ye  send  out  of  Doundaraw  to 
Lochgyllisheid  to  provyd  ane  boat  for  yow  vj  s.  viij  d. 


■ 


524  Ari'tM)ix. 

Item  to  aiie  boy  of  your  awin  ye  send  bak  to  Douiidaraw  for 
the  venesone,  to  be  his  expenssis  to  Striveling  vj  s.  viij  d. 

xxiiij  day  of  September  being  Fuiresday  in  the  Carnk. 

Item  giffin  ther  in  the  Carrik  to  the  portar  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  to  the  men  of  the  boat  that  came  with  your  servandis 

to  Camsranniche  vj  s.  viij  d. 

xxiij  day  of  September  being  Fryday  in  Dounnone. 

Item  your  boyis  supper  upone  Fuiresday  at  even,  being  four 
boyis  iij  s.  iiij  d. 

XXV  day  of  September  Satterday. 

Item  giffin  in  Downone  to  the  servand  woman  tliat  maid 
your  beddis  in  John  Dowis  hous  YJ  s.  viij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  gudewife  of  the  house  for  four  quartis  aiU 
and  twa  queyt  braid  brocht  to  your  chalmer  viij  s. 

Item  giffin  to  the  ferrior  of  Finlestoun  for  ferreing  Alexander 
and  your  haill  boyis  ij  s. 

Item  to  the  ferrior  of  the  wattir  of  Levin  iiij  d. 

Item  your  collatioun  in  Downbartane  that  nicht  Satterday 
at  evin  in  Johne  Boquhannanis  hous,  ane  point  of  Sjjenis  wyne 

X  s. 

Item  ane  quart  aill  ij  s. 

Item  ane  queyt  braid  viij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  Donald  Campbell  my  Lordis  chalmer  boy  that 
he  geve  to  Grenokis  boy  that  came  with  the  hors  to  the  ferrie 
syd  vj  s.  viij  d. 

xxvj  of  September  being  Sonday. 

Item  giffin  to  yourself  in  the  morneing  in  the  kirkhaird  to 
put  in  your  nepiking  end  to  the  puire  ij  s. 

Item  your  collatioun  that  nycht  at  even  upon  Sonday  in 
that  same  house,  ane  point  wyne  Sak  x  s. 

Item  ane  quart  aill  ij  s. 

Item  ane  queyt  braid  viij  d. 

xxvij  of  September  being  Munounday  passit  out  of 
Downbartane  to  Glesgow. 

Item  giffin  to  Johne  Gaidar  to  pay  for  your  hors  being  four 


THE  thane's  expenses  IN  GLASGOW.  525 

in  nunibir  quliilk  came  to  Downbartane  upon  the  xxij  day  of 
September  and  remanit  ther  till  Munounday  at  ten  houris  the 
xxvij  day  of  September,  for  ther  stray  xx  s. 

Item  giffin  to  Jolme  Gaidar  to  pay  for  ther  corns  induring 
that  space  Ivj  s. 

Item  for  half  pek  of  malt  to  your  broun  geldin      iij  s.  iiij  d. 

Item  for  braid  to  your  geldin  enduring  that  space,  v  s. 

Item  for  candill  xj  d. 

Item  giffin  to  Johne  Gaidar  his  wage  fra  the  xxij  day  of 
September  at  none  till  Sonday  in  the  morneing  the  xxvj  of 
September  xx  s. 

Item  the  twa  boyis  wage  that  keipit  your  hors,  Glassan 
and  Michell,  fra  the  xxij  of  September  being  Wednesday  till 
xxvij  of  September  being  Munounday  at  evin  xv  s. 

Item  giffin  to  Panttone  his  wage  fra  Satterday  at  none  the 
XXV  till  Mounounday  at  evin  the  xxvij  day  of  September     iij  s. 

Item  to  James  Deusour  and  his  halk  fra  xxvj  of  September 
till  Munounday  at  evin  the  xxvij  xij  s. 

Item  the  cuik  Dauid  for  that  space  viij  s. 

Item  your  chalmer  fie  for  twa  nychtis  Satturday  at  evin  and 
Sonday  in  Johne  Boquhannanis  hous  xiij  s.  iiij  d. 

Item  giffin  for  oylling  your  buttis  ther  xij  d. 

27  of  September  1591. 

Item  quhen  ye  lichtit  in  Glasgow  upon  Munounday  eftir 
none  at  twa  houris  ye  came  to  your  lodging  in  Andrew  Baillies 
hous  the  gude  wyfe  brocht  to  yow  to  your  chalmer  the  lairdis 
Ellangirrik  Barbrek  Nether  Graignes  with  uthiris  money  gentill 
men  and  refusit  to  drink  na  uther  drink  bot  wyne  Sak,  of  wyne 
Sack  thrie  pointis  xxx  s. 

Item  ane  quarter  queyt  braid  viij  d. 

Item  for  penis  xvj  d. 

Item  ane  quart  aill  xx  d. 

Item  your  collatioun  at  evin  on  Munounday  the  same  per- 

tis  with  yow  all  ane  point  Spenis  wyne  x  s. 

Item  ane  point  of  Frence  wyne  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  ane  quart  aill  xx  d. 

Item  ane  braid  viij  d. 


52G  APPENDIX. 


xxviij  of  ►September  lacing  Tysday. 

Item  giffin  to  Effie  Camphell  for  your  disclione,  tlie  liaill 
barroiiis  and  geiitill  iiicn  foirsaid  witli  yow  for  bilf,  mowUjun, 
soddin  and  rostit  keponis,  braid  and  aill  xl  s. 

Item  for  ane  quart  Spenis  wyne  xx  s. 

Item  ane  point  Frence  wyne  yj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  ane  musking  aquavytie  \j  s. 

Item  your  collatioun  et  evin  on  Tysday,  the  haill  baronis 
and  gentill  men  foirsaid  with  yow,  ane  point  of  Spenis  wyne  x  s. 

Item  ane  point  Frence  wyne  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  ane  quart  aiU  xx  d. 

Item  ane  queyt  braid  viij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  toun  pyper  vj  s.  viij  d. 

xxix  day  of  September  being  Wednesday. 

Item  that  day  eftir  none  in  your  chalmer  with  certane  of  the 
Cambellis  of  Angus  with  yow,  ane  ehopine  wyne  v  s. 

Item  your  collatioun  that  nycht  at  e\dn,  the  haill  foirsaidis 
barronis  and  gentill  men  with  yow,  ane  point  of  Spenis  ^\yne 

X  s. 

Item  giffin  to  John  Gillianis  wjfe,  thatwes  awin  hir  for  aqua- 
vytie quhilk  scho  sent  to  Edinburgh  at  the  Lairdis  command 
derectit  to  Effie  thereanent  with  Panttone  the  Lairdis  awin 
seruand,  and  also  for  the  wessellis  that  the  aqua\ytie  was  intill 

xviij  lib.  XV  s. 

Item  to  Johne  Calder  for  twa  new  gerthis  and  setting  ane 
bowkill  upon  your  geldingis  hawsing  gerth  ix  s. 

The  last  of  September  being  Fuiresday. 

Item  giffin  for  ane  new  skabart  to  your  heland  sowrd  cutting 
and  dressing  and  ane  new  fisch  handall  xx  s. 

Item  for  ane  new  schorne  bit  to  your  geldin  vj  s. 

Item  to  the  sowrd-slipperis  boy,  drink  silver  xij  d. 

Item  to  John  Londie  playar  on  the  lut  vj  s.  Wij  d. 

The  first  of  October  being  Fryday. 

Item  giffin  for  ane  queyt  bridill  to  the  geldin  broun       xij  s. 
Item  giffin  to  the  Lawland  harper  vj  s.  viij  d. 


JOURNEY  EXPENSES — EDINBURGH.  527 

Item  your  collatioun  at  evin  that  day  tlie  saidis  gentill  men 
all  with  yow,  ane  point  Freiice  wyne  vj  s.  viij  d. 

The  second  of  October  being  Satterday. 
Item  giffin  to  the  smyth  for  your  broun  geldin  schone 

xiij  s.  iiij  d. 

The  thrid  of  October  being  Sonday. 

Item  giffin  to  the  gude  wyfe  for  sax  nichtis  the  chalmer  fie 
frae  Munounday  at  evin  the  xxvij  day  of  September  till 
Sonday  in  the  morning  the  third  of  October,  half  merk  the 
nicht,  in  candill  beddis  and  fyre  extending  in  haill  xl  s. 

Item  to  the  cordiner  for  dressing  and  treeing  your  buttis 

iij  s.  iiij  d. 

Item  your  hors  enterit  in  stabill  in  Glesgow  upone  the  xxvij 
day  of  September  at  twa  houris  eftir  none,  fyve  hors  in  the  haill 
with  AVattie  Cunynghames  hors,  the  fyve  hors  in  strae  in  the 
nicht  X  s.  and  corne  halfe  firlat  halfe  pek,  and  the  haill  day 
corne  ane  firlat  half  pek,  quhilk  continewit  till  Fryday  in  the 
morning  the  first  of  October,  quhilk  day  Wattie  Cunynghame 
passit  to  Edinburgh  and  his  hors,  and  your  awin  four  hors  re- 
manit  thereaftir  in  that  stabill  till  Sonday  the  thrid  of  October, 
thay  wer  in  strae  the  nicht  viij  s.  in  corne  halff'  firlott  and  in  the 
haill  day  ane  firlott  morning  and  eueninge. 

Item  in  corne  eftir  the  said  raikning  iij  lib.  xij  s. 

Item  in  strae  Ivj  s. 

Item  for  maill  to  your  gelding  ij  pekis  ij  s. 

Item  your  collatioun  at  evin  in  Parttie  Bairis  hous  iij  chopinis 
Frence  wjne  x  s. 

The  fourth  of  October  being  Munounday  in  Litgow. 
Item  giffin  to  Glassan  to  rin  to  Clarkintoun  xij  d. 

The  fyft  of  October  being  Munounday  in  Edinbrughe. 
Item  your  collatioun  in  Peit  Lindsay  is  hous,  Mr.  James 
Wardlaw  with  yow,  James  Harvie,  Alexander  CampbeU  and 
Johne  Calder,  everay  man  v  s.  xxv  s. 

The  saxt  of  October  being  Wednesday  in  Edinbrughe  1591. 
Item  your  dischone  in  Peit  Lindsayis  hous,  the  haill  band  of 
gfentill  men  being  with  yow,  by  wyne  extendi s  to  xl  s. 


I 


528  APi'KNDIX. 

Item  tlirie  pointtis  of  wyne  quiierof  ane  point  of  Spenis 
wyiiG  xxij  s. 

Item  to  your  cordiner  Mongo  Hendersone  for  liis  furnessing 
of  schone  sen  ye  come  out  of  the  norland  anno  1590  efter  Mer- 
times  as  his  compt  bairis  and  als  for  ane  pair  of  wait  ledder 
schone  furnessit  to  yow  the  same  day  extending  in  the  hail  I 

V.  lib.  xij  d. 

The  vij  day  of  October  being  Fuiresday  in  Edinbrughe. 

Item  giffin  to  the  blind  puire  man  that  playis  throw  the  toun 
upon  ane  certane  instrument  xij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  Alexander  Makkessake  to  drink  with  the  ansor 
of  the  lettres  he  brocht  fra  the  Pry  or  and  his  awin  maister  out 
of  Striveling  iij  s.  iiij  d. 

The  viij  of  October  being  Fryday  in  Edinbrughe. 
Item  for  ane  quinzdor  to  yourself  xxiiij  s. 

The  ix  day  of  October  being  Satterday  in  Edinburghe. 
Item  in  John  Tamsones  house  in  Litgow  this  day  eftir  none 
as  ye  lichtit  ther,  ane  point  of  Spenis  wyne  x  s. 

The  x  day  of  October  being  Sonday  in  Litgow. 

Item  giffin  to  TuUibarnes  boy  that  come  with  the  gray  naig 
that  TuUibarne  lent  unto  yow  to  Litgow  his  wages  on  Satterday 
at  evin  and  Sonday  in  the  morning  as  ye  commandit  your  self 

xld. 

Item  for  braid  that  your  twa  hors  gat  at  evin  that  nycht, . 
with  the  broun  cursour  v  s. 

Item  giffin  to  the  litill  boy  that  held  your  hors  viij  d. 

Item  Johne  Calderis  wage  fra  Sonday  at  e\Tii  eftir  supper  the 
thrid  of  October  till  Sonday  at  evin  the  tent  of  October        Iij  s. 

x  October  1591  in  Stirling. 
Item  your  collatioun  in  Kathereen  Paleis  hous,  Ellangerrik 
and   uthir  barronis  with  yow,  ane  point  of  Spenis  w^Tie,  ane 
point  Frence  wyne  xvj  s.  viij  d. 

The  xj  day  of  October  being  Munounday  in  Stirling. 

Item  to  the  cutlar  for  scharing  away  the  handis  of  your  kn}^s 

viij  d. 


THE  THANE  OF  CAWDOR's  JOURNEY,  1591.  529 

Item  ane  point  Spenis  wyne  in  the  moriieing  or  ye  passit  to 
my  loixl,  certane  of  the  gentill  men  with  yow  x  s. 

The  xij  October  being  Tysday, 
Item  giffin  to  the  ferrior  of  Forth  for  your  ferreing  Alexander 
Campbellis  and  your  lioi's  ye  trystit  my  Lord  Morray  in  Doun 

xxij  d. 

Item  in  Down  to  the  boy  that  led  your  hors  ij  s. 

Item  giffin  to  Angus  Liche  to  male  by  sic  thingis  neccessar 

for  Collin  to  tak  his  disais  away  1  s. 

xiij  October,  Stirling. 
Item  your  coUatioun  at  evin  in  Kateren  Paleis,  my  Lord 
Morray  with  yow,  ane  point  Spenis  wyne  x  s. 

The  xiiij  day  of  October  1591,  being  Fuiresday  in  Lithe. 
Item  for  braid  to  your  hors  the  morning  xl  d. 

[15th  October  still  in  Leitli.] 
The  xyj  day  of  October  being  Saturday  in  Sterling. 

Item  giffin  to  Dowglas  the  daft  hussie  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  for  balking  the  hors  braid  in  loiffis  xij  d. 

Item  giffin  to  the  stabillar  for  your  hors  on  Munounday  at 
evin,  the  tent  of  October,  being  fywe  hors  in  number  on  Mauii- 
ovmday  all  nyclit  Tysday  all  nycht  and  Fry  day  all  nycht  sax 
hors,  your  littill  naig  all  nycht  on  \yednesday  and  on  Fuiresday 
all  nycht,  ilk  hors  in  the  nycht  twa  s.  extending  in  the  liaill 
to  xlyj  s. 

Item  sevin  dowsand  of  braid  to  your  cursour  and  broun 
geldin,  ilk  hors  the  day  as  ye  commandit  your  self  to  Johne 
Calder  viij  braid,  four  braid  at  everay  wattering  to  the  hors, 
pryce  of  the  braid  iij  d.  extending  in  the  haill  to  xxi  s. 

[On  17th  and  18th  October  still  in  Stirling.] 
xix  October  being  Tysday  in  Sterling. 
Item  to  Gillespik  the  fule  vj  s.  viij  d. 

Item  ane  point  of  Spenis  wyne  to  your  chalmer  or  ye  raid 
0  Kilbryd  x  s. 

xxiiij  October  being  Sonday  in  Stirling. 
___  Item  the  Laird  come  at  x  hours  at  evm  to  Stirling,  Johne 

I 


530  APPENDIX. 

Calder  and  Wattie  Boquliannan  with  him  with  siiidrie  utheris 
that  sat  at  the  buird,  the  gud  [wife]  tuik  for  your  iiieit  oiilie 

xxiiij  s. 

XXV  October  1591  Munounday  ye  left  Stirling  and  cornfi 

to  Edinburgh. 

Item  giffin  to  the  smyth  for  schoing  Locliboy  x  s. 

Item  giffin  to  Angus  Liche  his  waige,  quha  enterit  thairto 
in  Stirling  to  await  upone  the  bairne  Collin  the  thrid  day  of 
October  being  Sonday  at  nyn  houris  in  the  morneing,  till  Wed- 
nesday xxvij  day  of  October,  ilk  day  viij  s.  summa     ix  lilj.  xij  s. 

Item  his  man  his  wage  the  dayis  foirsaid  xxxvj  s. 

Item  for  ane  point  Spenis  wyne  ye  drunk  in  John  Thome- 
sones  hous,  the  bischope  of  Argyll  with  yow  x  s. 

xxvj  October  being  Tysday  in  Edinburgh. 
Item  your  dischone  in  Mr.  James  Wardlaw  his  chalmer  twa 
dowsand  pennie  pyis  ij  s. 

Item  twa  menschattis  xij  d. 

xxxj  October  being  Sonday  in  Edinburgh. 
Item  to  the  begaris  at  the  kirk  doir  viij  d. 

The  first  of  November  being  IMunounday  in  Edinburgh. 
Item  giffin  for  ane  pair  of  buttis  to  yourself  xl  s. 

Item  to  Gillecrist  to  tak  him  to  Argyll  and  the  littill  naig 

xiij  s.  iiij  d. 

6  day  of  November  being  Satterday  in  Edinbui^gh. 
Item  giffin  to  Michell  Libertoun  for  poling  your  heid 

vj  s.  \aij  d. 


This  compt  was  maid  in  Edinburgh  the  vij  day  of  November 

1591  yeiris. 
Summa  of  Alexander  Campbellis  resait       xiij^  xij  lib.  ij  s, 
Summa  debursit  of  the  foirsaid  sowme  of  resait 

xij^  xvij  lib.  iij  s 
Sua  restis  on  Alexander  xij  lib.  \d  s.  x  d 

Jane  Lauder.^ 

'  The  widow  of  the  murdered  Thane. 


I 


MURDER  OF  THE  THANE  OF  CAWDOR.       531 
IX.-  P.  414. 

The  Murder  of  John  Campbell  of  Cawdor. 

The  preceding  accounts  show  the  Thane  engaged  in  a  western 
journey,  probably  on  the  affairs  of  his  kinsman  the  young  Earl 
of  Argyll,  whose  guardian  he*  was.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
through  jealousy  of  his  holding  that  office  that  the  Thane  was 
murdered  in  1592. 

The  history  of  his  murder  we  have  to  gather  from  various 
sources,  chiefly  the  records  of  the  Court  of  Justiciary,  and 
Gregory's  History  of  the  Highlands  and  Isles. 

The  Thane  of  Cawdor  and  Sir  James  Campbell  of  Ardkinglas 
(Comptroller)  were  at  first  the  acting  guardians  of  their  chief 
the  young  Earl  of  Argyll.  When  the  Comptroller  died,  his  son 
John  Campbell  of  Ardkinglas,  who  succeeded  him  in  the  office 
of  guardian,  became  jealous  of  the  superior  influence  of  Cawdor 
in  the  management  of  the  Earldom,  and  pei'haps  bore  a  grudge 
on  account  of  the  affairs  of  the  Isles,  where  Cawdor  supported 
Angus  of  Isla  and  Donald  Gorme,  while  Ardkinglas  helped  the 
M'Leans.  Partly  from  these  motives,  partly,  perhaps,  instigated 
by  malcontents  of  his  clan  who  had  joined  the  league  of  which 
Huntly  was  the  chief,  and  one  fruit  of  which  was  the  slaughter 
of  the  bonny  Earl  of  Moray  at  Donybristle,  Ardkinglas  undoubt- 
edly planned,  and  apparently  superintended  the  murder  of 
Cawdor.  It  is  certain  that,  in  February  1591,  the  Thane  was 
treacherously  killed  by  a  shot  of  a  hackbut,  fired  from  a 
window  of  the  house  of  Knepoch  in  Lome.  The  actual  assassin 
was  MacEllar,  and  the  immediate  director  of  the  murder,  a 
cei-tain  John  Oig  Campbell  of  Cabrachan. 

The  thing  was  done  in  Argyll's  bounds,  and  the  immediate 
instruments  of  an  act  so  outrageous  to  the  power  of  the  Earl 
were  soon  brought  to  punishment.  John  Oig,  before  his  execu- 
tion, being  put  in  the  Boots,  confessed  his  own  guilt,  and  spoke 
to  the  complicity  of  Ardkinglas  and  Dunolly.  His  widow,  Mar- 
garet Campbell,  corroborated  his  evidence,  and  added  the  fact 
of  Ardkinglas  having  tampered  with  witchcraft,  in  the  hope  of 
obtaining  the  favour  of  Argyll.    Ardkinglas,  under  the  threat  of 


532  APPENDIX. 

instant  torture,  confessod  himself  ^niilty  of  tin;  iniirdc;!-  (A' 
Cawdor,  and  si)oke  to  a  wid(i  spr(\'id  conspii-acy  aj^^ainst  Ai';.^yJl 
and  his  l)r()ther.  That  confession  lie  aft(;r\vards  revoked  in  tlio 
fonowing  instruments,  both  from  the  Chaiior  room  at  Tay- 
mouth  : — 

Ardkinglas  testimonial  at  Dunoone. 

I  Johne  Campbell  of  Ardkinglas  testifies  afoir  God  and  takis 
it  on  my  saull  that  it  that  I  subscriuit  and  spoke  anent  oure. 
Contract  of  Conspiracie  againis  my  chief  and  maister  the  Erie 
of  Argyle  and  his  lordships  brother  the  Laird  of  Lundi(i  (piliilk 
Contract  wes  said  be  me  wes  subscriuit  be  the  Erll  of  Huntlie 
and  Glencarne  and  be  my  Lorde  Maxwell,  my  Lorde  Chancelloi- 
and  be  Sir  Duncan  Campbell  of  Glenvrquhay  Knyclit,  Archi- 
bald Campbell  of  Lochnell,  Duncan  M'Dowgall  of  Dunnollich 
and  Johne  Stewart  of  Appin.  I  testifie  before  God  that  thair 
wes  never  sic  ane  Contract  maid  or  menit,  but  only  inuentiouii 
inuentit  to  eschew  the  trouble  that  might  follow  on  me  for 
Calderis  slaughter.  And  as  concernyng  the  samyn  slauchter  I 
tak  it  likwyis  on  my  saul  afore  the  great  juge  that  nether  Glen- 
vrquhay  nor  nane  levand  nor  dead  wer  airt  and  part  nor  knew 
of  it  except  myself,  John  Oig  Gillipatrik  Oig  and  Gillimartin 
his  brother  and  Dimcane  Campbell  Donaldsone,  and  testifies 
afoir  God  that  I  am  sorrowfull  in  saull  and  in  mynd  anent  the 
said  slauchter  and  I  testifie  to  all  and  sindrie  thir  premissis  be 
thir  presentis  subscriuit  with  my  hand  at  Dunvne  the  first  of 
Jidii  the  yeir  of  God  Im  V*^  fourescoir  fouretene  yeiris  befoir 
thir  witnessis,  John  Erie  of  Mar,  Sir  Hugh  Campbell  of  Low- 
doun,  and  Mr.  Neill  Campbell  Bishope  of  Argyle. 

Ardkinglass  testimoniall  befoir  the  Ministerie  of  Glesguowe. 

Be  it  kend  till  all  men  be  thir  presenttis  me  Johne  Campbell 
of  Ardkinglas  that  forsamekill  as  I  being  detenit  captiue  within 
the  castell  of  Carnnaistrie  as  suspect  for  consentting  foirknaw- 
ledge  airt  and  pairt  of  the  murther  of  umquhill  Johne  Camp- 
bell of  Calder,  umquhill  Johne  Oig  Campbell  of  Cabrachaue 
being  suspect  and  accusit  for  the  same  cryme  nocht  onlie 
deponit  the  weretie  of  the  said  murthour  bot  also  to  the  effect 


THE  MURDERER  RETRACTS  HIS  CONFESSION.         533 

his  burdein  and  pvnischment  therfoir  mycht  be  the  easyer 
osclicwit,  subtille  inventit  and  fenyeit  ane  conspiracie  to  haif 
bein  interprysit  aganis  my  lordis  awin  persona  and  his  brotheris 
(pihairvpone  he  allegit  ane  band  to  haif  bein  maid  and  set  downe 
thairannent,  allegit  subscriiiit  be  the  erill  of  Huntlie,  Glenorqu- 
haye,  Lochinayell  and  dyuers  vther  nobillmen  to  the  number  of 
sevin  or  audit  personis,  that  be  the  slight  and  calumnius  inven- 
tioune  his  former  confessioune  concernyng  the  murthour  of  the 
Laird  of  Cadell  mycht  be  the  easyer  louping  our,  quhilk  band 
he  allegit  to  haif  bein  in  my  keeping ;  and  I  being  detenit 
captiue  within  the  castell  of  Carnnaistrie  vpone  the  suspitioune 
of  the  said  murthour  of  Caddell,  my  lord  haiffing  apprehendit 
ane  jelosie  vpone  the  said  umquhill  Jolme  Oig  sub  till  and  fals 
depositioune,  derectict  the  provest  of  Kilmone,  the  Commisser 
of  Inuernes  and  Maister  Donald  Campbell  naturall  sone  to  the 
vmquhill  Laird  of  Caddell  to  examinat  and  interrogat  me  vpone 
that  speceall  heid  of  the  said  Johne  his  depositioune  concernyng 
the  band  and  conspiracie  allegit  intendit  aganis  my  lord  and  his 
brother ;  with  ane  speceall  commissioune,  gif  I  sould  nocht 
delyuer  the  said  band  and  reveill  the  leill  circumstancis  thairof 
conforme  to  the  said  Johiniis  depositioun,  to  put  me  to  the 
present  tortor,  quhilk  thaye  brocht  in  thair  companie  with 
tliame  and  minassit  and  tlireatenit  me  dyuers  tymis  thairwith. 
Nochtwithstanding  I  declairit  be  my  bodelie  aithe  to  thame 
vndir  the  handwrett  of  Dougall  M^'airthour  Sheref  Clerk  of 
Argyill  that  I  nevir  knew  sik  ane  band  nor  conspiracie 
nather  be  word  nor  wreit.  Neuirtheles  persaweand  that 
nathir  my  aithe  nor  purgatioune  could  awaill  me,  bot  of  force 
athir  bchovit  I  to  depone  and  affeirme  Johne  Oigis  deposi- 
tioune to  be  trewe,  or  vtherwais  to  get  no  credeit  and  abyd  the 
present  tortor  and  demanyng  of  my  ennemeis,  quhairthrowe  I  wes 
constranit  compellit  and  foirsit  for  feir  of  the  present  danger 
nocht  onlie  to  ratefie  and  aprowe  the  foirsaid  fals  depositioune 
maid  be  the  said  Johne  concernyng  the  conspiracie  allegit  in- 
tendit againis  my  Lord  and  his  brothers  lyif,  in  mair  ampill 
and  speceall  forme  thane  the  said  Johne  Oig  sett  it  downe,  be 
,  mentionatting  of  dyuers  nobill  mens  namis,  sik  as  I  wes  maist 
bund  and  adettit  to  in  the  cuntraye,  that  the  mater  mycht  seim 


534  APPENDIX. 

the  luair  crcdiljill,  but  als(j  to  iiiak  my  awiii  j^aiit  cuiicc^inyiig  tlui 
rniuthour  of  Cadder  the  lieliter,  1  allegit  the  saiiiin  to  be  inventit 
be  the  laird  of  Glenorquhay,  and  he  be  liis  band  and  faithful! 
promeiss  to  haif  fortefeit  and  assistit  me  thairintill ;  albeit  as 
the  Lord  knawis  and  as  I  sail  ansuert?5his  Majestic  at  the  lattir 
daye,  I  onlie  did  it  for  eschewing  of  the  present  tortor  and  feir 
of  my  lyif,  luiking  according  to  the  resone  of  fleche  that  sum 
moyane  sould  be  maid  be  friendis  for  me  in  the  maintyme,  at 
my  Lordis  hand  ;  protestand  befoir  God  and  his  holie  angellis 
that  I  newir  knewe  sik  ane  band  nor  conspiracie  intendit  againis 
my  lord  and  chief  nor  his  brother  be  ouye  of  the  saidis  nobillmen 
aganis  quhom  I  vterit  furthe  sik  calumneis  as  ar  contenit  in  my 
depositioune  at  Carnnaistrie  nor  be  na  utheris  leifand  or  deid  be 
word  or  wreit,  nathir  yit  wes  Glenorquhay e  ewir  aiit  or  pairt  be 
word  or  wreit  of  the  murthour  of  the  vnquhill  laird  of  Cadder, 
lyik  as  I  testifeit  at  Dunnvne  being  captiue,  in  the  monethe  of 
fourscoir  fourtein  yeiris  in  presens  of  my  lord 
and  chief,  the  erll  of  Mar,  the  Sheref  of  Air  and  the  Bischope 
of  Argyll.  Swa  no  we  being  at  libertie  and  freedome,  for  relief  of 
my  awin  conscience  and  removing  of  suspitioime  fra  the  inno- 
cent, does  testefie  be  my  great  aithe  and  handwreit  and  ^^jone 
the  parrell  of  my  saluatioune,  all  thir  premissis  to  be  of  trewthe. 
Dyittit,  wreittin  and  subscriuit  with  my  hand  at  the  Laiche 
Kirk  of  Glesguowe  the  penult  of  Mail  1595  befoir  thir  witnessis 
Maister  Johne  Cuper  and  Maister  Johne  Bell  Ministers  at  Gles- 
guowe and  Eobert  Chrynsid  of  Possill  commisser  of  Glesguowe. 
We  vndirsubscriueand  being  requyirit  be  the  rycht  honorabill 
Johne  Campbell  of  Ardkinlas  to  conveine  with  him  in  the  Laiche 
Kirk  of  Glesguowe  to  confer  with  him  annent  the  resolutione  of 
Jiis  conscience  trewlie  with  the  sicht  and  wecht  of  his  greit 
sinnis,  eftir  dyuers  suitis  and  intelligence  haid  of  his  estate, 
nocht  willing  our  far  to  deject  and  cast  downeane  penitent  sin- 
ner, yieldit ;  and  eftir  dyuers  ressonis  in  the  place  foirsaid  at 
last  he  presenttit  befoir  us  this  his  declaratioun,  chargein  us  to 
testefie  the  same  to  be  his  wrietten  and  subscriuit  with  his  hand. 
Efter  conferens  in  that  mater  withe  him  and  haifhng  adiured  him 
befoir  the  leving  God  to  declair  to  ws  gif  it  wes  done  of  dissim- 
ulatioune  for  wairdlie  respectis  or  as  movit  in  conscience  for 


i 


PROCEEDINGS  IN  THE  HIGH  COURT.  535 

that  particular,  and  being  resolvid  be  him  thairof,  we  causit  him 
wreit  and  subscriue  the  same  our  again  with  his  awin  hand  for 
our  better  warraiid,  and  therfoir  dois  testefie  that  this  is  his  awin 
confessioune  wreittin  and  subscriuit  be  himself  quhilk  we  do 
witness  be  our  subscriptioune  manuall,  daye,  yeir  and  place 
befoir  mentionat.     .     .     . 

Little  weight  can  be  attached  to  the  confession  of  Ardkinglas, 
extorted  by  the  threat  of  torture,  and  perhaps  not  much  more 
to  his  second,  and  this  his  third  and  more  solemn  statement, 
which,  with  all  the  clergy  present,  was  so  evidently  dressed  for 
a  purpose. 

The  government  of  Scotland  was  never  weaker,  nor  more  open 
to  all  bad  influence,  than  in  the  years  preceding  James'  accession 
to  the  English  throne.  Ardkinglas  was  powerfully  backed,  and 
the  king  appears  to  have  condescended  to  a  juggle  to  save  him 
from  the  penalties  of  the  law,  while  he  assumed  the  semblance 
of  urging  on  its  ministers  to  do  their  office.  On  September  1 7, 
1596,  in  the  High  Court  at  Edinburgh,  "  Johne  Campbell  of 
Ardkinlase  was  dilatit  of  airt  and  pairt  of  the  crewall  murthour 
and  slauchteris  of  umquhill  Sir  Johne  Campbell  of  Calder  knycht 
and  umquhil  Mcln  turner  wechman  of  the  place  of 

Tanestrie."  The  Justice-Clerk  produced  a  warrant  by  the  King 
requiring  him  to  proceed  in  the  trial ;  the  King's  Advocate  pro- 
duced a  similar  mandate  (they  were  then  too  common,  for  the 
King  interfered  the  more  as  he  more  felt  his  weakness).  Ard- 
kinglas was  present  and  took  instruments  of  his  compearance. 
Another  and  another  day  he  offered  him  "  ready  to  abide  the 
trial."  At  length,  on  23d  September,  "  the  Justice,  in  respect 
nane  of  the  King's  advocates  compeirit  to  persew  him,  desertit 
the  dyet  and  ordanit  the  cautioner  of  the  said  Laird  of  Ardkin- 
las  to  be  relevit." 


536  APPENDIX. 

X.— 1>.  410. 
llow  I  SLA  WAS  Won. 

ISLA,  the  ancient  inlieritance  of  the  Lords  of  the  Isles,  aiMl 
h)ng  the  scat  of  their  almost  independent  kingdom,  was  es- 
teemed by  the  Western  Celts  of  fabulous  fertility,  and  its  i>os- 
session  proportionally  coveted.  After  the  successive  forfeitures 
and  destruction  of  the  direct  line  of  its  old  Lords,  it  became  the 
prey  of  the  strongest,  and  with  its  fortress  of  Dun}^^eg,  was  the 
"  Castle  Dangerous,"  w^on  and  lost  in  succession  by  the  leaders 
of  the  wild  clans  of  the  isles.  The  following  renunciation  is 
the  first  announcement  of  the  great  enterprise,  which  the 
Knight  of  Cawdor  had  for  some  time  meditated,  of  obtaining 
possession  of  this  rich  territory.  The  granter,  among  his 
clansmen,  was  known  as  Angus  mac  James,  mac  Alister,  mac 
Ian  cathanach,  mac  Ian,  mac  Donald  Balloch,  mac  Ian  mor, 
'inac  Ian  of  Isla,  first  Lord  of  the  Isles.  In  the  Parliament 
House  and  Courts  of  Edinburgh,  he  w^as  well  known  as  Angus 
Macdonald  of  Duny^^eg,  crown  tenant  of  many  lands  in  Isla, 
and  father  of  Sir  James  M'Connell,  the  Thane's  brother-in-law, 
who  had  been  "  warded  "  first  in  Blackness  and  then  in  Edin- 
burgh Castle,  since  the  year  1604  ;  and  who  was  tried  and 
sentenced  to  death  in  1609  ;  but  no  time  fijced  for  executing 
the  sentence,  and  was  still  a  prisoner  in  the  Castle  of  Edinburgh. 

[Eentjnciation  by  Angus  Macdonald,  Abridged.] 

Be  it  kend  till  all  men  me  Angus  Mcdonald,  forsamekle  as  I 
have  instantlie  receavit  fra  the  richt  honorabill  Sir  Johne 
Campbell  of  Calder,  the  soume  of  sex  thousand  merkis,  thair- 
foir  witt  ye  me  to  have  renuncit  discharget  and  overgevin,  fra 
me  and  my  airis,  to  and  in  fauoris  of  the  said  Sir  Johne 
Campbell  all  richt  tytil  propertie  and  possessioun  quhilkis  I 
ather  haid  lies  or  ony  wayes  may  have  in  and  to  the  landis  of 
Hay  possessit  be  me  and  my  subtenentis,  and  perteining  to  our 
Souerane  lord  the  kingis  maiestie  in  propertie,  binding  and 
obleissing  me  and  my  foirsaidis  neuir  to  trubil  inquyet  nor 
molest  the  said  Sir  John  nor  na  utheris  his  tcnentis.     At  Edin 


ISLA.  537 

bruclit  1  Jauuarie  1612  yoiris,  befoir  tliir  witnes  Johno  Stewart 
of  Asclicok  Alexander  jVPdonald  of  Lergie  Johiie  Stewart  burges 
of  Eossay  and  servitor  to  nie  the  said  Angus. 

Angus  M*'  donald  off  Dunivaig. 

Soon  after  the  cession  of  his  claims  to  the  island  of  Islay,  the 
old  chief  of  Islay  died.  His  kinsman,  Sir  Eanald  Macdonald, 
the  son  of  Sorley  Buy  (afterAvards  Earl  of  Antrim),  had,  in  the 
meantime,  obtained  a  tack  of  the  island,  but  had  not  peaceable 
possession  of  it.  The  castle  of  Dunyveg,  for  a  short  time  gar- 
risoned by  the  Bishop  of  the  Isles  (Andrew  Knox)  for  the 
Government,  had  been  surprised  ;  and  the  Bishop  himself,  led 
into  a  trap  by  the  sons  of  the  old  chief — brothers  of  the  captive 
of  Edinburgh  Castle — was  obliged  to  leave  his  son  and  nephew 
in  the  hands  of  the  rebels,  as  hostages  for  his  performance  of 
some  conditions,  especially  for  doing  his  utmost  to  obtain  grants 
by  the  sovereign  in  their  favour.  The  Scotch  Privy  Council 
do  not  seem  to  have  been  much  influenced  by  the  Bishop's 
undertakings,  nor  by  the  peril  of  the  hostages,  but  turned  in 
search  of  some  one,  of  power  and  means  sufficient,  to  reduce 
the  castle  and  island,  and  to  pay  a  high  rent  to  the  Crown  for 
the  possession  afterwards. 

The  Thane  of  Cawdor  offered  the  required  rent,  and  satisfied 
the  Council  that  he  could  perform  the  task  of  bringing  the 
Islesmen  to  obedience,  with  such  slender  help  of  cannon  and 
ammunition  as  the  Scotch  Government  of  that  time  could 
afford  him.  So  much  being  settled  (and  "  relying  upon  his 
Majestie's  gracious  acknowledgment  eftir  the  seruice  be  well 
accompleissed,"  as  writes  Secretary  Lord  Binning  to  Patrick 
Hamilton  at  Court),  he  set  forth  on  his  expedition  to  win  his 
island  kingdom.  The  following  documents  mark  in  some 
degree  his  progress  in  his  undertaking,  and  some  of  the  earlier 
precede,  in  date,  the  Crown  Charter,  which  conferred  on  Sir 
John  Campbell  of  Calder  and  his  heirs- male,  heritably  in  few- 
ferme,  "the  Yle  and  landis  of  Ylay  and  Eynnis  and  middle 
waird  of  Ylay,  Ilyntassan,  with  the  castell  toure  fortalice  and 
mancr  place   of  Dwnyvaig." — (B.cg.  Mag.  Big.  21   November 

1614  ;  ratified  in  Parliament  1G21.) 
i 


538  Al'PENDlX. 

Advyce  geviu  be  the  Lokds  of  his  Maiesties  Pkiuie  Counsaill 
to  the  Lai  HI)  of  Caddell  his  Maiesties  Lieutenant  in 
Ila  aneiit  liis  procediiigis  in  executione  of  his  Maiesties 
Commissioune  aganis  the  kebellis  detenaris  of  Dunavaig 
22  October  1614. 

Since  his  Maiestie  hes  trustit  yow  with  this  charge  and  hes 
tane  so  substantious  ordour  for  furnessing  sex  canones  with  all 
reqnesit  provisiounes  and  twa  hundred  waiged  souldiers  to 
assist  yow  in  that  charge,  it  is  expedient  that  ye  prepair  suffi- 
cient number  of  able  and  weill  armed  men  to  serue  yow  in  this 
imployment,  with  all  necessars  requesite  for  assidging  the  hous 
of  Dunavaig  and  persuite  of  his  Maiesties  rebelles  be  sea  and 
land,  so  as  no  prouisioune  of  airmes  poulder  victuall  bullet 
fewall  boates  nor  uther  necessars  meit  for  that  seruice  be  lak- 
king,  to  the  effect  that  his  Maiesties  Inglisch  companies  quho 
ar  to  sie  and  obserue  your  actiounes  may  find  no  defect  of 
things  necessar  and  semelie  for  a  man  trustit  with  so  honourable 
a  charge. 

In  your  going  to  Glesgow  dely  ver  to  the  Archbischope  and  to 
the  prouest  and  bailyeis  our  letter,  and  confer  vryth  thame  anent 
the  best  and  reddiest  meanis  to  moue  sum  honest  and  respon- 
sall  merchandis  of  ther  toune  or  cuntrie  to  carie  sum  floiu*  or 
good  biscuite  with  sufficient  store  of  good  aitmeill  and  good 
drinking  beir,  gif  it  may  be  had,  and  failying  thairof  gude  aile 
that  will  keip  weill,  with  salt  and  coales  to  be  transportit  be 
schip  to  Ila,  for  furneissing  of  his  Maiesties  Inglisch  souldieris 
at  reasonable  rates  and  reddie  payment  to  be  maid  be  the  saidis 
souldieris,  wyth  assurance  to  the  merchandis  that  gif  ony  acci- 
dent mak  thair  voyage  not  be  sufficientlie  proffitable  to  thame, 
that  such  consideratioun  sail  be  had  and  acknowledgement 
gevin  to  thame  for  thair  losses  be  my  Lord  Thesaurar  depute, 
as  be  informatioune  from  my  Lord  of  GlesgOAv  and  the  magis- 
trates of  that  burgh  to  the  Lords  of  secret  counsell  sail  be  fund 
reasonable. 

Be  cairfull  to  understand  the  dyet  of  his  Maiesties  companies 
to  be  sent,  to  Ila  with  the  cannone,  and  keip  correspondence  be 
letter  and  messages  with  the  Lord  Depute  of  Irland  and  thaii 


/ 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  THE  LIEUTENANT.  539 

coinmandaris,  useing  all  diligence  to  be  in  tlie  ile  with  your 
forces  befoir  thair  comeing  thither,  to  the  effect  that  gif  it 
pleis  God  you  may  end  the  seruice  to  your  honour  and  his 
Maiesties  thankes  befoir  thair  comeing,  and  so  spairing  thair 
travell  and  his  Maiesties  chairges,  yow  may  merite  the  more 
favour  from  his  Maiestie. 

And  if  thay  come  to  the  ile,  tak  strict  ordour  that  your 
people  abstene  from  geving  thame  ony  offence  be  word  or  deid, 
and  be  the  contrarie,  command  thame  to  dispose  thame  selues 
to  gif  the  souldieris  all  conforte  aid  and  freindlie  assistance  ; 
and  quhateuer  salbe  necessar  ather  for  advancement  of  the  ser- 
uice or  thar  reasonable  eas  and  releiffe  may  be  procured  with 
all  diligence  and  to  that  effect  that  your  men  boates  and  all 
freinlie  rnenis  be  reddilie  imployed. 

It  is  necessar  that  according  to  his  Maiesties  directioune  the 
hous  be  of  new  chairged  solennielie  and  ordourlie,  as  als  that 
the  detenaris  and  refusaris  to  randir  be  denunced  rebellis. 

Yow  must  also  chairge  the  tennentis  of  the  ile  to  compeir 
befoir  the  Counsale  and  find  cautioune  to  obserue  his  Maiesties 
peace,  and  for  thair  compeirance  so  ofte  as  thay  sail  be 
chairged. 

Such  of  the  rebellis  as  God  sail  bring  in  your  handis,  yow 
must  be  cairfuU  to  examine  thame  verrie  exactlie  for  discouerie 
of  the  persones  quho  wer  upoune  the  first  deuyce  of  thair 
treasonable  rebellioune  and  taking  the  hous  of  Duneveg,  and 
who  lies  sensyne  incuraged  thame  be  counsell  help  or  assistance 
to  persist  in  thair  rebellioune. 

Use  all  possible  cair  and  dexteritie  to  retire  saiflie  out  of 
thair  hands  the  Laird  of  Eanforlie  and  the  bischope  of  the  lies 
sone. 

If  ather  thair  y eliding  or  force  sail  bring  the  lious  in  your 
powar,  place  thairin  ane  sufficient  number  of  faithfull  and 
skilfull  men  to  quliome  ye  may  trust  the  saife  keiping  of  that 
hous  quhill  his  Maiesties  pleasour  may  be  knawin,  and  let 
thame  be  furnessed  with  all  necessares  that  may  inhable  thame 
to  keip  it, 

Becaus  thair  is  ane  number  in  the  cuntrie  quho  haifeing 
assistit  the  traitoris  ar  not  in  the  hous,  which  is  not  able  to 


I 


540  Ai'l'iOiM^iX. 

conteane  the  vvIidIo  mii)ilj(ir,  Ijc  cairf'ull  U)  apprclicnd  als  laaiiy 
of  tlicso  {US  yow  can  and  use  thaine  a.s  tliay  haue  deserved. 

Yow  know  liis  Maiesties  niynd  anent  the  principall  re])(;llis. 

]3efoir  yow  leiue  the  ile  setle  perl'yt  ordour  for  estaljlLscliing 
and  1  nan  telling  his  Maiesties  peice  and  obedience  in  it,  and  for 
protecting  the  peacealjle  inhaljitantis  from  iniurie. 

It  is  expected  that  ye  will  try  thair  consultatiounes  aganis 
the  bischoppe  of  the  lies  his  Maiesties  Lieutennent,  and  all  that 
usit  disobedience  rebellioune  and  violence  aganLs  him,  and  pro- 
ceid  with  thame  as  ye  sail  think  expedient  for  his  Maiesties 
honour  and  obedience. 

If  the  rebellis  leiue  the  hous  and  ile,  and^  flie  to  any  uther 
pairte  of  the  iles  or  hielandis  for  thair  saifetie,  use  your  uter- 
most  endevour  for  thair  searche  and  ap2:)rehensione,  and  if  ye 
learne  of  thair  going  to  Ireland  or  any  other  pairt  of  his 
Maiesties  dominiounis,  adverteis  such  as  hes  chairge  from  his 
Maiestie  of  the  places  of  thair  refuge,  that  thay  may  be  per- 
sew^ed  and  apprehendit. 

Suche  of  the  cuntrie  people  as  haue  accompanied  the  reljelles 
or  furnessed  thame  of  commoditeis  or  intercommoned  with 
thame,  not  voluntarlie  bot  be  compulsione  or  just  fear,  must  be 
used  with  discretione  and  reasonable  fauour. 

Faile  not  to  send  verrie  frequent  advertismentis  to  tlie 
Counsell  of  all  your  proceidingis  and  of  your  good  succes  in 
your  chairge,  quhilk  we  pray  God  to  prosper. 

BiNNIXG. 

R  COKBUEXE. 

G.  jNIueeay. 

SiE  W.  Oliphaxt. 

The  Lieutennentis  Commissioun  of  Justiciare,  &c.  (Abridged.) 

James,  &c.  Forsamekle  as  Angus  Oig  M*'  coneill  sone  to 
imiquhile  Angus  M^  coneill  callit  of  Dunaveig  according  to  the 
unhappie  trade  of  his  wicked  predecessouries,  hauing  resoluit 
auther  be  force  or  policye  to  disturb  the  peace  and  quiet  of  the 
yllis,  in  the  monethe  of  March  last,  causit  his  awne  bastard 
brother  Eonald  Oig  M*'  coneill  treasonablie  to  surprise  and  take 
oure  castell  of  Dunavaig  in  Yla  frae  the  reverend  father  in  God 


THE  lieutenant's  COMMISSION.  541 

Andro  bishop  of  the  ylis  who  had  the  keiping  thairof ;  and  the 
said  Angus  falslie  ])retending  that  he  wald  do  some  piece  of 
seiTice  to  iis  by  recoverie  of  tlie  said  house  from  his  said 
brother,  wliom  he  onlie  usit  as  ane  instrumeut  to  be  the  first 
autliour  of  his  rebellioun,  he  in  a  simulat  manner  maid  a  pre- 
tendit  persute  and  assedgeing  of  the  said  house,  and  the  same 
being  recoverit,  he  to  gif  a  forder  schaw  and  appeirance  of  the 
sincerite  of  his  proceidyngis,  causit  four  of  the  said  Konald  liis 
compliceis  to  be  schaimfully  nmrdreit  and  slane.  The  said 
Angus  has  also  treasonablie  refusit  to  rendir  the  said  hous, 
qulien  he  was  chargeit  be  our  utheris  letteris,  for  the  quhilk  lie 
and  his  compliceis  ar  denuncit  ourrebellis  and  put  to  our  borne. 
And  immediatlie  therefter  they  fortifeit  the  said  castell  with 
men  victuall  powder  and  bullett,  and  hes  keipit  the  same  as  he 
dois  yet  as  ane  house  of  warre  agains  us  and  our  authoritie. 
And  whereas  it  wes  falslie  pretendit  be  him  and  his  complices 
that  tliair  keeping  of  the  said  hus  procedit  upon  feare  that  the 
taking  thereof  without  commissioun  micht  bring  them  in 
danger  of  our  law,  we  for  removing  all  such  suspitioun,  wes 
graciuslie  plesit  to  grant  unto  thame  oure  fauour  and  pardoun 
for  all  thair  bigane  offensis  conditionale  that  they  wald  rander 
the  said  house  to  the  said  bischop  as  oure  lieutennent  conforme 
to  thair  promissis.  And  the  said  biscliop  haueing  laitlie  in  the 
nioncth  of  September  last,  past  to  Yla,  and  looking  that  thay 
wald  haue  renderit  thair  obedience  to  us  and  maid  deliuerance 
of  oure  castell,  thay  did  not  onlie  most  undewtifullie  reiect  and 
contempne  oure  grace,  but  to  oure  forder  contempt,  they  and 
Ronnald  M^  James  M*'  donald,  Donald  Gorme  his  sone,  Eonnald 
Oig  M*'  allaster,  Johnne  M*'  coneill,   Ronnald  M*'  soirle,  Soirll 

M*^  Crume,  Malcoum  M*'  ilfersane,  Hector  M^  caishe >P  eane 

sometyme  Mr  houshald  to  umquhile  Angus  M^  coneill  of  Dun- 
nyvaig,  Coill  M*'  ronnald,  Archibald  M^  ronnald,  Soirll  M*'  allis- 
ter,  Malcolm  M°  leod,  Allaster  M"^  eane,  Angus  M*'  achane  alias 
M*'  allaster,  who  are  all  combyned  in  this  rebellioun,  did  amasse 
togidder  and  associat  unto  thame  selffis  the  haill  inhabitantis  of 
the  maist  part  of  our  ile  of  Yla,  and  first  haueing  most  falslie 
and  treacherouslie  haldin  the  said  bishop  in  fair  termes,  as  gif 
nothing  had  bene  intendit  bo  thame  bot  in  all  humilitie  to  seik 


I 


542  APPKNDIX. 

])(!ace,  in  end  (|ulieii  tluiir  liaill  }H)W(;r  and  lorcei.s  wer  joynd  t<j 
gidder  to  the  nuni])er  oi'  sevin  or  audit  score  of  personis,  tliay 
than  in  the  nicht  addrest  thanie  selftis  to  the  pairt  quliar 
the  said  bischop  and  his  company  lay,  and  first  thay  Ijrak  liis 
liaill  boitis,  and  than  lay  about  the  bischop  and  his  company  all 
that  nicht,  and  upon  the  morne,  thay  in  oppin  hostilitie  kythit 
thame  selffis  aganis  him  with  mony  threatening  speitches  to 
haue  massacred  him  and  his  company,  and  in  end  forceit  him 
to  rander  unto  thame  [Thomas]  Knox  his  awne  sone  and  [John] 
Knox  of  Eanpherlie  his  nephew  as  jjledgeis  that  he  sould  do 
and  performe  such  conditionis  as  thay  inioyned  unto  him. 
And  we  understanding  the  good  affectioun  and  willing  dis- 
positioun  of  oure  richt  trustie  and  weilbelouit  Sir  Johnne  Camp- 
bell of  Caddell  knycht  to  do  us  seruice,  thairfore  we  with  aduice 
of  the  lordis  of  oure  secrite  counsaill  haue  maid  the  said  Sir 
Johnne  oure  Lieutennent  and  Justice  within  the  liaill  boundis 
of  Yla,  geuand  to  him  oure  full  commissioun  to  convocat  our 
leigeis  in  airmes,  to  deuyde  thame  in  seurall  companyis,  to  ap- 
point capitanis  and  comanderis  over  thame,  and  to  conduct 
direct  and  lead  thame  to  Yla,  and  thair  to  follow  and  perse w 
with  fyre  and  sword  the  said  Angus  Oig  M*^  coneil  Coil  M*^  gil- 
lespick  and  remanent  personis,  and  to  commit  thame  to  waird 
quhill  justice  be  ministrat  upoun  thame,  and  siklyke  to  perse w 
and  assedge  the  said  castell  of  Dunnyvaig  and  all  uther  houssis 
and  strenthis  quhairinto  the  sadis  traytoris  sal  happin  to  flee, 
and  to  raise  fyre  and  use  all  kynd  of  force  for  wining  and  re- 
couerie  thairof ;  and  gif  in  persute  of  the  saidis  rebellis,  it  sal 
happin  the  saidis  rebellis  to  be  liurte  slane  or  mutilat,  we  will 
and  declair  that  the  samin  sail  not  be  impute  as  cr}^ne  nor 
offence  to  oure  said  lieutennent;  and  we  dispensis  .  .  .  lieu- 
tennent and  justice  courtis  within  the  saidis  boundis  at  quhat- 
sumeuer  tymes  and  places  conuenient,  all  and  sundrie  personis 
apprehendit  be  him  to  call,  be  dittay  to  accuse,  and  thame  to 
the  knawledge  of  ane  assyse  to  put,  and  to  cans  justice  be 
ministrat  upoun  thame  :  With  power  alsua  to  oure  said  lieu 
tennent  to  tak  ordoure  how  oure  said  cimtrey  of  Yla  may  be 
retenit  and  halden  under  oure  obedience,  and  to  appoint  con- 
stables and  keiparis  in  oure  said  castell  of  Dunnj^^aig  :    With 


THE  king's  indemnity  ANP  APPROBATION.  543 

power  alsua  to  him  to  tak  ordoure  that  no  hoitis  gallayis 
umfaddis  scautis  nor  birlingis  go  oute  of  Yla,  and  generallie  all 
uther  thingis  requisite  to  do  and  use  .  .  .  .  Geuin  under 
oure  signet  at  Edinburgh  22  October  1614. 

Per  actum  secreti  consilii. 

Ja.  Prymrois. 

Rannald  M*'  James  band  to  Sir  Johne  Campbell. 

Be  it  kend  till  all  men  me  Eannald  M°  James  V^  donald 
takand  the  burden  on  me  of  Donald  Gorme  M*^  donald  my  sone, 
that  forsameikle  as  we  being  delaitit  and  declairit  to  his  Ma- 
jestic and  counsall  of  the  rebellious  taking  of  the  fortalice  of 
Illanlochgorme  in  Illay,  I  be  thir  presentis  for  my  selff  and  for 
the  said  Donald  my  sone  faithfuUie  bindis  and  oblisses  me  to 
rander  and  delyver  to  the  right  honorabill  Sir  Johne  Campbell 
of  Calder  knicht  his  Majesties  lieutennent  of  Hay  the  said  ile 
of  Illanlochgorme  betwixt  and  the  tuenty  aucht  day  of  this 
instant  moneth  of  Januar,  and  sal  becum  his  Majesties  trew  and 
faithfull  subiectis,  and  in  evidence  of  the  premissis  we  bindis 
and  oblissis  us  to  do  and  kythe  our  selffis  trew  subiectis  and 
faithfull  serwandis  in  his  Majesties  seruice  aganis  the  rebellis. 
At  Balnachtan  24  January  1615,  befoir  thir  witness  Mr  Donald 
Campbell  of  Barbrek  Lochaw,  Colin  Campbell  of  Boith,  Johne 
Oig  M*'  murquhie  leiche  in  Hay. 

Eannald  Makjames  V*'  donald 
with  my  hand  tuiching  the 
notaris  pen. 
The  leech  signs  with  his  own  hand  thus — 

Johne  M*'  murchie 

Doctour  off  medicine  witness. 

[Approbatio  Regia,  ahhreviata.']^ 

Jacobus  dei  gratia  Rex,  etc.  salutem.  Sciatis  quia  nos  con- 
siderantes  prudentissimo  ac  felici  nostro  regimine  statum  et 
regnum  hoc  nostrum  sub  perfecta  et  solida  obedientia  stabilitum 
esse,  ac  nullam  aut  perexiguam  rebellionem  intra  aliquam  par- 
tem eiusdem  aperte  professam  esse  preterquam  in  Ha  insula,  ac 


.  544  APPENDrx. 

ill  iiefuiidis  ac  cxk;«^iiju.s  illi.s  lobclliljii.s  vul<^(j  ('laiidonald  iiini 
cu])atis,  qui  cum  ipsoruiii  sociis  arc(;iii  iiostraiu   buuyvaig  ac 
insulani  de  Locligrooinc  iiupcr  pi'oditoric  iutcrcipicntcs  ac  rcdi- 
gentes,   ii)saque   uiagno   iiunicro    rcbelliuiu    j>uluero   sulpliunio 
globulis  ac  tormentis  iiistructorum  iiiimientcs  ad  resi.stcnduiii 
nobis  uostreque  auctoritati.     Cuius  cousidcratioquoiiiadiuoduiii 
in  animo  nostro  regio  indignationcan  r<'galeni  ])rocreauit  taiu 
exiguuni  luanipuhun  ncf'andorcni  et  rcbclliuiu  in  contcnq;tuia 
nostrum  tam  diu  grassari  tollcratum  esse,  ita  nos  decreuimus 
nomen  ac  memoriam  infamis  illius  tribus  omnino  abolere  ac 
supprimere  vel  ad  obedientiam  nostram  reducere  ;  ac  nos  varia 
consilia  circa  executionem  nostri  decreti  agitantes,  tandem  de- 
preliendimus  nullum  aptiorem  esse  cui  dicti  negocii  cura  com- 
mitteretur  fido  ac  dilecto  nostro  subdito  domino  Joanne  Camp- 
bell de  Calder  milite,  non  solum  ratione  propriarum  eius  virium 
amicitie  ac  nervorum  ad  dictum  seruiciuin  exequendum,  verum- 
etiam  respectu  preteriti  speciminis  et  bone  experientie  quam 
liabuimus  de  quondam  patris  dicti  domini  Joaimis  fide  et  dili- 
gentia  variis  preteritis  magni  momenti  negociis  ipsi  per  nos  cum 
in  insulis  cum  contra  varies  montanos  commissis,  in  quibii- 
bonum  ac  felicem  successum  perpetuo  liabuit.     Quemadmodum 
dictus  dominus  Joannes  nobis  specimen  sui  fidelis  seruicii  pre- 
bere   (prout   dictus  eius  quondam   pater  nobis  prius  fecerat) 
libentissime  cupiens,  non  solum  curam  negocii  contra  eos  e 
dicta  tribu  Clandonald,  verum  etiam  varias  alias  instructiones 
contra   dictam  insulam  in  se  suscej)it,   in  quibus  varia  bona 
officia  prestitit,  in  quorum  prosequutione  non  solum  propriam 
personam  suasque  vires  ac  robur  et  personas  robur  ac  vires 
amicorum   familiarium   impendit,   verum   etiam  ipse  ac  varii 
nobiles  amici  eius  qui  se  illi  adiunxermit,  sese  in  eodem  tanta 
prudentia  fortitudine  et  dexteritate  gesserunt,  ut  eorum  opera 
factum  sit  ut  varii  dictorum  rebellium  deprebensi  necati  ordine 
justicie  morte  multati  sunt  ad  nostrum  honorem  ac  magnum 
solatium  bonorum  subditorum,  adeo  ut  nomen  illud  de  Clan- 
donald jam  quodam  modo  extinctum  sit,  et  de  tota  ilia  tribu 
non  ultra  persone  superstites  sunt  qui  rebelles 

sint  preter  et  ultra  numerum   primariorum   ducum   dictorum 
rebellium  qui  jam  in  vinculis  per  dictum  dominum  Joannem 


I 


OUTBREAK  OF  SIR  JAMES  MACDONALD.  545 

justiciario  nostro  presentandi  sunt.  In  quo  seruitio  dictus  domi- 
nus  Joannes  et  socii  non  solum  coacti  sunt  proficisci contra dictos 
rebelles  dispansis  vexillis  more  militaxi  sclopettisvulgo  hagbuttis 
muscatis  pistollis  aliisque  hostilibus  armis,  necnon  tormentis 
muralibus  et  colubrinis  vulgo  culveringis  ad  dictam  arcem  de 
Dunyvaig  obsidendam  et  quassandam  instruct!,  unde  multa  in 
dicto  seruitio  acciderunt  que  in  bellicis  negociis  ac  nostre  volun- 
tatis ac  connnissionis  in  talibus  casibus  exequutionibus  recitata 
sunt  et  que  ut  evitarentur  vix  fieri  potuit.  Ac  nos  agnoscentes 
quam  egregie  dictus  dominus  Joannes  eiusque  aniici  sese  in 
dicto  seruitio  gesserunt,  idcirco  invenimus  et  decernimus  dictos 
dominum  Joannem  Campbell  aliasque  personas  viz. 
magistrum  Donaldum  Campbell  in  BarbrekloclihowArchibaldum 
Campbell  fratrem  domini  de  Laweris  Arcliibaldum  Campbell  in 
Dunstafnege  Colinum  Campbell  in  Kilcalmowkill  Archibaldum 
Campbell  in  Inneraw  Colinum  Campbell  de  Both  fidelis- 

simum   sincerum    ac    gratum   seruitium   nobis   prestitisse   in 
obsessione  et  occupatione  dicte  arcis  de  Dunyvaig  tormentorum 
ic  colubrinorum  nostrorum  subversione  dicte  insule  de  Loch- 
^  ^ome,  ac  appreliensione  incarceratione  cede  mutilatione  morte 
xilio  aut  pena  pecuniaria  omnium  et  singularum  cuiuscumque 
status  [personarum]  ac  salui  conductus  et  diploinatis  concessione 
alibus  e  dictis  rebellibus  qui  sese  tradiderunt,  in  acquirenda  ipsis 
vniissione  nostra,  ac  in  exequutione  omnium  aliorum  liostilium 
actorum  per  dictum  dominum   Joannem  eiusque  antedictos 
iunmissorum.     Quemadmodum  nos   ratificamus  authorizamus 
t  approbamus  omnia  antedicta  facta  super  quibus  ulla  actio 
riminalis  seu  ciuilis  concipi  sen  fundari  poterit.     Preterea  nos 
X  speciali  gratia  remisimus  omnem  indignationem  animi  nostri 
i^ctamque  regiam  que  nos  contra  eos  habere  seu  mouere  poteri- 
uis.     In  cuius  rei  testimonium  presentibus  magnum  sigillum 
iostrum  apponi  precepimus.     Apud  regiam  nostram  de  Quhyte- 
all20  Aprilis  1615. 


M 


Early  in  the  year  1615,  the  Knight  of  Cawdor,  with  the  help 
t'  Sir  Oliver  Lanibard's  cannon,  had  taken  the  castles  of  Duni- 
"g  and  Lochgorme,  and  ruled  undisputed  sovereign  in  the 
land  of  Isla.     He  and  the  Lords  of  the  Council  were  planning 

e  repression  of  the  bands  of  M'Donalds  and  their  followers, 

2  M 


54G  appe:ndix.  | 

now  mere  mavauflovs  and  pirates  on  all   l\u',  shores  and  seas  of 
the  West,  when  they  w(a'e  startled  hy  the  intelli^renee  that  Sir 
James  U'\  )onahl,  so  long  a  prisoner,  had  escaped  from  Edinhnr<,di 
Castle  (24  May  1G15),  and  was  hastening  to  put  liimself  at  the 
head  of  his  Clan,  to  gather  round  him  the  scattered  outlaws  of 
the  isles,  veiy  ready  to  follow  so  daring  a  leader,  and  to  recover 
his  inheritance.      The  Council  seemed  at  first  paralysed  and 
helpless,  and  Sir  James  with  a  few  followers,  dashed  through 
Atholl  and  Eannoch  in  safety,  and  met  with  no  opposition  in 
the  Isles.     The  men  of  the  north  isles  flocked  to  his  standard. 
Isla  was  his  first  object.     He  surprised  the  castle,  subdued  the 
island— the  natives  evidently  favouring  him   rather  than  the 
Campbells  ;  and  then  he  sent  out  the  fiery  cross,  and  overran  his 
hereditary  territory  of  Kintyre.     But  his  success  was   short- 
lived.    The  Council,  compelled  to  some  exertion  in  support  of 
law,  placed  the  affair  in  the  hands  of  Argyll,  though  evidently 
unwillingly  ;  and  the  head  of  the  Campbells,  with  some  soldiers! 
hired  at^the  public  expense,  an  expense  sorely  complained  of 
by  the   Council,   speedily  brought   the  war   to  a   conclusion. 
There  was,  indeed,  no  open  war,  no  pitched  battles.     Equally 
in  Kintyre  and  in  Isla,  M'Donald's  undisciplined  followers  feh, 
from  him  ;  and  Sir  James  himself,  almost  singly,  escaped  tc 
Ireland,  and  from  thence  to  Spain.     This  remarkable  personV- 
career  was  not  to  end  even  there.     After  Argyll's  apostasy  a.i^ 
disgrace,  and  when  he  too  had  taken  refuge  in  Spain,  Sir  Jamef 
M'Donald  returned  to  England,  was  restored  to  royal  favour 
and  died  a  pensioner  at  London  (1626). 

We  should  err  if  we  counted  this  last  chief  of  the  old  race 
Isla  a  mere  Celtic  savage,  as  those  who  drew  his  indictment  sec:. 
to  have  held  him.     He  was  no  doubt  unscrupulous  like  his  tim. 
and  his  country,  and  human  life  was  not  then  held  in  mucl 
respect  in  the  Isles;  but  Sir  James,   with  the  virtues  of  tb 
savage,  had  some  tinge  also  of  civilisation,  and  some  qnalitie 
perhaps  acquired  during  his  long  imprisonment.     He  was 
reader,  and  he  writes  to  his  friend  Lord  Crawfurd  very  anxiou^^ 
about  books  he  left  behind  him  in  prison,  and  some  that  !■ 
into    the   hands    of  his  pursuers  when   he   himself  narrowl, 
escaped.      These   were  chiefly  controversial  books  of  the  ol 
religion,  all  indeed   but  one,  a  "mekle  old  cornikle  in  writ 


CAWDOR  m  FULL  POSSESSION.  547 

Though  his  early  exploits  show  him  reckless  of  blood,  in  later 
life  he  was  not  cruel,  and  sometimes  spared  his  enemies  when 
in  his  power.  His  letters,  many  of  which  are  preserved  and 
have  been  printed,  show  a  touch  of  feeling  and  of  self-respect, 
and  of  what  was  due  to  his  ancient  race,  with  a  straightness  and 
manliness  of  expression  that  contrast  favourably  with  some  of 
the  lawyer's  letters  among  which  they  are  found. 

His  wife,  Margaret  Campbell  of  Cawdor,  the  daughter  of  the 
murdered  Thane,  attended  him  at  his  trial  when  the  Advocate 
assigned  him  by  the  Council  feared  to  defend  him.  After  his 
escape,  he  puts  his  friend  the  Earl  of  Crawfurd  in  mind  of  some 
promise  of  assistance  to  his  wife,  whom  he  must  have  left  be- 
hind,— "  Eemember  on  our  last  discourse  that  same  nicht  I 
braik  ward,  anent  Margarett."  The  documents  illustrative  of 
his  romantic  life  are  to  be  found  in  the  Eecords  of  Secret 
Council,  and  among  Secretary  Binning's  letters,  in  the  Advo- 
cates' Lil)rary.  Most  of  them  have  been  printed  or  used  in  well- 
known  publications — Gregory's  History  of  the  Highlands  and 
Isles,  c.  7,  8  ;  Pitcairn's  Criminal  Trials  ;  "  The  Melros  Papers  " 
Abbotsford  Club),  &c. 

1  The  following  paper  shows  that  Argyll  recognised  the  right 
)fthe  Thane  of  Cawdor  to  the  island  of  Isla  ;  and  the  immediate 
'ffect  of  the  defeat  and  dispersion  of  the  McDonalds  was  the  re- 
toration  of  Sir  John  Campbell  to  the  property  of  the  island. 

[Assignation  of  Escheat  of  the  Clandonnell.] 

Be  it  kend  me  Archibald  erle  of  Argyle  Lieutennent  to  his 
■lajestie  oure  the  illes,  and  donator  to  the  whole  escheittis  of 
he  Clandonnell  and  thair  complices  his  hienes  rebellis,  for  cer- 
me  souines  of  money  payit  to  me  be  my  weilbelovit  cousin  Sir 
ohne  Campbell  of  Caddell,  thairfoir  to  haif  maid  him  and  his 
iris  my  very  lawfull  cessioneris  in  and  to  the  whole  debtis 
mmes  of  money  takis  possessiounis  insicht  plenisching  cornis 
ittell  guidis  and  geir  peitening  the  saidis  rebellis  inhabiting 
le  boundis  of  Hay,  fallin  to  me  as  escheit  be  vertew  of  his 
ienes  gift,  &c.  At  Dunovaig  1 1  October  161 5,  befoir  thir  witness 
,olen  Campbell  of  Abirurquhill  Archibald  Campbell  his  brother 
h  Donald  Campbell  of  Barbrek  Lochow. 

Argyll. 


548 


APPENDIX. 


XL— P.  429. 


ACCOMPT  OF  THE  (JlIAUClK  AND  EXPENCKS  FOK  MaNTEINANCE  OF 

THE  Famelie  off  Calder,  to  the  House  and  the  Poop. 

Item  of  nieall  and  malt  ^^^^^  ^^';^^^'^- 

Item  of  slaughter  cowes,  more  then  my  own  fold  can  aflord, 
being  12,  at  20  merks  the  peice  240  merks. 

Item  for  12  ston  sheugar  ^^^  merks. 

Item  for  salt,  irne,  sopp,  winiger,  and  all  other  spices, 

400*  merks. 

Item  for  sack  wyne  and  brandie  1^^  merks. 

Item  for  tobaco  and  pypes  ^^^  merka 

Item  for  reneweing  of  linine  for  beadds  teable  and  slnrts 

200  merks. 

Item  for  renewing  of  weshellis  potts  panns  dishes  trincheris 
candlestickis  barrels  and  wesheUs  for  brew-house  kitchen  and 
milk  house  1^^  ^^^^ 


Servants  Feies. 


To  a  cheplane 

To  the  gentleman 

To  the  butler 

To  the  cook 

To  the  cooks  man 

To  the  porter 

To  the  cotchman 

To  the  tw^o  footmen 

To  two  gentlewomen 


100  merks. 

60  merk& 
60  merks 
20  merks 
20  merks 
30  merks 
50  merk 
1.50  merb 


To  the  chambermaid,  three  byrewomen  and  dairy  maid 

15  merke 

Summa  totalis         2015  merb 
In  victual  extends  to  320  bolL' 
Tothegreive  1^  |3oJ 

To  the  gardiner  12  boUf  ^ 

Tothemaltman  lOboU:. 

To  the  sheepherd  5  bolL  I 

TotaU  victuaU  to  pay  the  abov  wiytten  accompt  is  561, . 


DR.  CLEPHANE's  journey,  1750.  549 

XIL— P.  473. 

Dr.  Clephane's  Journey  to  Kilravock. 

Dr.  Clephane  paid  his  first  visit  to  his  sister  in  1750.  Among 
his  papers  are  some  notes  of  his  journey,  which,  slight  as  they- 
are,  may  be  worth  preserving  if  only  to  show  a  railway 
age  how  tlie  traveller  of  last  century  hailed  the  great  inven- 
tion of  turnpike  roads.  The  miles  in  England  are  throughout 
distinguished  as  (m.)  measured  or  statute,  and  (c.)  computed 
miles.  In  Scotland  (/.),  long  miles  mean  the  old  Scotch  miles 
of  sadly  indefinite  length,  but  properly  equivalent  to  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  statute  measure. 

"Dr.  Clephane's  journey  from  Scarborough  to  Kilravock,  1750. 
Came  to  Scarborough  July  6 ;  left  it  September  1. 

"  To  Pickering  12  c.  miles,  and  measures  1 9.  From  Picker- 
ing to  Helmsley  9  c.  miles ;  1 2  measured.  Kirby-moor-side 
lies  between  Pickering  and  Helmsley,  and  is  4  c.  miles  from  the 
latter.  (AVilliam  of  Wickham.)  Wickham  Abbey  is  about  5 
miles  from  Scarborough,  between  that  and  Pickering.  At  Pick- 
ering (which  belongs  to  the  Crown,  but  is  on  lease  given  to 
Commissioner  Hill,  who  lives  at  Thornton,  about  three  miles 
from  Pickering),  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle  with  seven  towers,  etc. 
Lay  at  the  White  Swan,  Jackson's. 

"  At  Helmsley,  Mr.  Duncombe's  ;  and  the  ruins  of  the  Duke 
3f  Buckingham's  castle.  J^.B.—He  did  not  die  at  Helmsley, 
but  in  a  little  ale-house  at  Kirkby- moor-side. 

"Prom  Helmsley,  bad  road  to  Northallerton,  12  c.  miles, 
md  19  measured.  6  miles  to  Kapwick,  which  is  at  the  foot  of 
lambleton,  and  6  more  from  Kapwick  to  Northallerton.  Eoad 
ind  descent  down  to  Peeves  Abbey  (Pievaux),  and  ascent  to 
iambleton,  very  bad,  stony,  and  narrow  for  carriages.  Over 
he  heath  of  Hambleton,  road  good ;  but  the  descent  from 
lambleton  to  the  vale  of  Thirsk,  down  to  Kapwick,  is  very 
•ad.  From  Kapwick  to  JSTorthallerton  6  c.  miles,  some  bad 
anes,  but  the  rest  pretty  tolerable. 

"Northallerton  small,  new-built  village,  33  m.  miles  from 

.^ork.     (The  Golden  Lion,  Eichardson's.)     From  Northallerton 

Hi  Darlington  16  m.  miles;  fine  turnpike  road.     Half  way  is 


550  APPENDIX. 

Smeaton  on  the-Tees  ;  niid  within  2  ni.  miles  of  l)ailiii;^d;on  you 
come  to  Crofts,  the  last  vilhige  in  Yorksliire,  after  wliicli  you 
enter  the  Bishopric  of  Durliam,  after  you  pass  tlie  bridge  over 
the  Tees  at  tlie  turn})ike,  just  two  m.  miles  from  Darlington. 
Darlington  larger  than  Northalleiton.  jMany  new-built  houses. 
N.B. — All  these  towns  seem  to  feel  the  advantage  of  the  great  road 

"From  Darlington  to  Durham  10  m.  miles;  i.e.  to  Ferry- 
hill  1 2  m.  miles  ;  from  thence  to  Sundeiland-bridge  3,  and  3  or 
4  to  Durliam.  N.B. — The  county  of  Durliam  very  fine  ;  Dur- 
ham— old,  ill-built,  dirty  town — lies  low,  but  the  cathedral 
high ;  situation  of  the  cathedral  and  course  of  the  river  ver\' 
remarkable.  The  river  is  the  AVeir.  Inn,  Marshall's,  at  the 
Green  Dragon.     Eoads  all  fine  turnpike. 

"  From  Durham  to  Newcastle  1 4  m.  miles.  Chester-in-the- 
Street  about  half-way.  Newcastle,  narrow  dirty  streets  ;  old 
ill-built  bouses  ;  ascents  and  descents  vers'  bad ;  water  scarce 
and  not  good,  much  of  it  being  tainted  from  the  coal-pits,  etc. 
The  closeness  and  dirt  of  the  town  would  make  me  suspect  they 
must  have  the  nervous  fever  pretty  much  among  them,  of  the 
hospital  or  jail  kind. 

"  North-Shields  7  miles  from  Newcastle,  do^^'n  the  Tyne. 
Tynemouth  half  a  mile  farther ;  and  near  the  sea  stood  the  old 
castle  and  church  or  monastery  of  Benedictine  monks.  Tyne- 
mouth fort,  or  Clifford's  fort,  between  Shields  and  Tynemouth ; 
the  bar  is  on  the  south  of  the  cliff  where  the  old  castle  is,  and 
seems  to  be  very  narrow,  and  consequently  difficult  to  take.  A 
kiell  is  8  chalder.  The  kiell-men  will  make  8  tides  in  a  week; 
and  that  is,  to  the  foremen,  about  SJ  shillings,  and  to  the  man 
that  steers,  5  shillings  ;  so  that  these  fellows  will  earn  from  25 
to  28  shillings  per  week.  K.B. — eJust  by  Chester-in-the-Streel 
is  Lumley  Castle. 

"  From  Newcastle  for  Edinburgh,  hired  a  chaise  and  pair  o1 
horses  for  four  guineas  ;  but  I  am  to  pay  the  turnpikes. 

"  The  country  from  Newcastle  to  Morpeth  is  but  indifferent 
something  like  Scotland ;  the  country  about  Morpeth  better 
From  Newcastle  to  Morpeth  is  14  m.  miles.  Morpeth  lies  on  < 
river  called  Winspeck  river  ;  some  pretty  good  stone  building: 
in  it.  From  Morpeth  to  Alnwic  19  miles  turnpike.  Couhtr 
here  and  there  pretty  good,  but  mostly  open.     Castle  of  AliiTsii 


DR.  CLEPHANES  JOURNEY,  1750.  551 

belongs  to  Lord  ISTorthumberlaiid,  with  a  considerable  estate 
thereabout  of  the  Somerset  family.  Morpeth  is  a  Parliament 
town  :  Alnwic  not.     Alnwic  is  but  5  miles  from  the  sea. 

"  For  5  m.  miles  out  of  Alnwic  towards  Belford  you  have 
turnpike  road ;  you  have  here  and  there  a  bit — and  it  will  be 
done  in  a  little  time — quite  tlirough  to  Belford.  From  Alnwic 
to  Belford  HJ  m.  miles.  Belford  small  inconsiderable  place, 
not  far  from  the  sea.  The  country  opens  more  and  more,  and 
liker  Scotland.  No  house  here  but  the  post-house.  From  Bel- 
ford to  Berwic-upon-Tweed  is  15  m.  miles  ;  not  so  stony  as  that 
from  Alnwic  to  Belford  ;  but  if  you  can  get  the  sands,  take 
them  ;  tliey  are  shorter. 

"  Berwic-  -the  bridge — river — harbour — bad  entry — barracks 
— magazines,  etc.  Tweedmouth,  a  few  houses  at  the  bridge-end, 
is  not  subject  to  the  town,  nor  is  it  in  Northumberland,  but 
belongs  to  the  county  of  Durham,  as  does  another  little  place 
two  or  three  miles  from  Belford  towards  Berwick.  N.B. — At 
Tweedmoutli,  Mrs.  Humphrey's  a  good  house. 

"  From  Berwick  to  Old  Camus  1 6  m.  miles  ;  road  tolerably 
good  ;  a  good  deal  of  it  over  moors.  In  the  way  is  Eaton,  7  m. 
miles  from  Berwic,  and  10  from  Old  Camus.  JS'.B. — Old  Camus 
is  in  Sir  John  Hall's  estate  ;  and  two  miles  from  his  house, 
Dunglass.  From  Old  Camus  to  Beltonford  is  ten  c.  miles,  and 
measures  near  14.  On  the  road,  about  two  miles  from  Old 
Camus,  is  Sir  John  Hall's  house,  Dunglass,  but  a  little  w^ay 
from  the  high  road.  Here  the  country  opens,  pretty  full  of 
gentlemen's  seats,  with  a  full  view  of  the  sea  and  Bass,  etc.  ; 
clumps  of  trees  ;  an  open  corn  country.  From  Berwick  to  Old 
Camus  is  the  Merse  ;  but  past  Dunglass  or  the  Glass  Mills, 
which  belong  to  Sir  John  Hall,  is  East  Lothian,  a  very  fine  open 
corn  country,  full  of  country  seats.  The  next  to  Dunglass,  which 
is  on  the  left  of  the  great  road,  is  Broxton  (Broxmouth),  the  Duke 
of  Eoxburghe's,  on  the  right ;  then  Sir  John  Warrender's,  by 
Dunbar,  etc.  etc.  Over  the  Tyne  from  Beltonford  is  Lord  Had- 
dington's seat,  Tiningham,  etc.  East  Lothian  line  country.  From 
Beltonford  to  Edinburgh  there  are  two  roads  ;  the  higher  by  Had- 
dington, but  the  longest  and  worst  road ;  the  other,  by  Bangley 
brae-foot,  is  said  to  be  the  best  and  shortest.  From  Beltonford 
to  Bangley  brae-foot  is  8  c.  miles  ;  and  from  thence  to  Edin- 


I 


552  Ai'rJ::NDiX. 

bin'<^li  is  10  ('.  ]nil(*s.  Tin;  18  c.  miles  measure  20.  From 
Bcltonford  you  pass  ]>y  Seaton,  Prestonpaiis,  iiiid  I^reston,  and 
so  to  Mussel l)orou<^li  and  Edinburgh,  the  road  all  along  being 
at  a  little  distance  {'rom  Uk;  sea. 

(A  sheet  lost.) 

.  .  .  "Dundee,  12  m.  ;  Arbroath,  8  1.  ;  Montrose,  8  1. ;  Bervv. 
8  ;  Stonehith,  12  ;  Aberdeen,  12  1;  Old  Meldrum,  14  ;  Strati 
bogy.  N.B. — Well  at  Arbroth,  a  chalybeate  ;  to  the  taste  seems 
weaker  than  Tunbridge  ;  about  the  strength  of  Sunning  hilL 
At  the  Ship,  Bruce's.  Arbroath  a  small  place.  ^lontrose 
cleaner,  and  on  the  whole  better  built  than  iJundee.  Bervy  a 
poor  place.  Stonehith  better.  Aberdeen  greatly  more  consider- 
able than  Dundee  ;  buildings  better.  Strathbogy  is  in  Banff'  (!), 
has  a  linen  manufacture  lately  established  ;  belongs  to  the  D. 
of  Gordon. 

"  From  Strathbogy  to  Keith  6  very  long  miles,  and  two  bad 
stony  hills.  From  Keith  6  miles  to  Fochabers  are  not  so  long ; 
pretty  good  road.  Fochabers  sad  place.  Bog-a-Gicht  misera- 
bly furnished ;  old,  irregular  castle.  Spey  is  just  without 
Fochabers — sometimes  gueahle.  To  Elgin,  6  ;  good  road ;  short 
miles. 

"  j\\B. — Miles  very  long  in  this  country;  cannot  go  above 
three  miles'  journey  riding.  Why  miles  so  long  ?  Have  you 
read  Eabelais  ? 

"  Elgin ;  old  church  and  monaster}^ ;  a  great  deal  of  build- 
ing. Any  records  about  it  ?  Poor-looking  people — well  situated  : 
the  river,  with  one  high  bank,  goes  round  liaK  the  town.  From 
Elgin  to  Forres  8  long  miles  ;  very  good  road.  From  Forres  to 
Nairn  is  8  miles ;  and  from  Nairn  to  Kilraick  is  5  miles  ;  but 
from  Forres  to  Kilraick  directly  is  12  miles. 

"  JV.B. — A  certain  Lord  having  asked  a  gentleman  what 
great  advantages  Murrayshire  had  over  other  counties,  was  told 
three — that  they  had  foiiy  miles  of  better  road  than  in  most 
counties ;  almost  always  better  weather ;  and  the  third  was, 
that  they  had  but  one  Lord  among  them  (Lord  MiuTay),  and  lie 
had  no  interest  or  following. 

"  Murrayshire,  the  boimds  of  it  are  nearly  the  Spey  and  the 
Ness.     From  Nairn  to  Inverness  is  12  miles." 


APPENDIX,  553 


XTIL— P.  331 


Indenture  between  the  Lord  of  Dalketh  and  Sir  John  of 
Hamyltoune — (Translated). 

Tptis  Indenture  made  at  Dalketli  1  November  1388  between 
noble  men  Sir  James  of  Douglas  lord  of  Dalketh  on  the  one 
part  and  Sir  John  of  Hamyltoune  lord  of  Cadyow  on  the  other 
part,  contains  and  witnesses  that  between  the  parties  foresaid  it 
is  accorded  in  form  as  follows,  namely  that  the  said  Sir  John, 
God  willing,  shall  take  to  wife  and  marry  Jacoba  of  Douglas  the 
second  daughter  of  Sir  James  :  which  Jacoba  the  foresaid  Sir 
John  shall  make  be  infeoffed  in  conjunct  fee  in  the  whole 
barony  of  Kinele  with  pertinents  and  with  services  of  free 
tenants,  in  the  constabulary  of  Lynlythqw  within  the  sheriff 
dom  of  Edynburgh  :    To  have  and  hold  to  the  foresaid  Jacoba 
and  the  heirs  lawfully  to  be  procreated  between  her  and  the  fore- 
said Sir  John ;  which  heirs  also  the  foresaid  Sir  John  shall  make 
constitute  and  ordain  his  true  heirs  and  lawful  successors  of  all 
lands  to  him  pertaining  within  the  kingdom.     For  making  of 
which  marriage  and  conjunct  feofment  the  foresaid  Sir  James  of 
Douglas  shall  give  and  ]3ay  to  the  foresaid  Sir  John  of  Hamyl- 
toune the  true  annual  value  of  all  his  lands  which  the  said  Sir 
John  possesses  in  property,  the  day  of  this  convention,  accord- 
ing to  what  by  faithful  recognition  of  the  old  extent  of  the  said 
lands  it  may  be  ascertained  to  extend  to  in  annual  value  :   And 
moreover  the  foresaid  Sir  James  of  Douglas  shall  give  and  pay 
to  the  foresaid  Sir  John  of  Hamyltoune,  immediately  after  the 
completion  of  the  said  marriage  and  of  the  conjunct  feofment, 
the  half  of  the  old  extent  of  all  the  tenements  which  are  held  of 
him  in  chief  by  ward  and  relief  anywhere  within  the  kingdom  : 
For  the  faithful  making  of  which  payment  the  foresaid  Sir  James 
of  Douglas  obliges  himself  and  his  heirs  to  pay  to  the  foresaid 
Su'  John  of  Hamyltoune  immediately  after  the  completing  of 
the  said  marriage  and  conjunct  feofment,  a  hundred  merks  of 
Sterlings,  and  thereafter  annually  at  each  term  of  Pentecost  and 
^lartinmas  fifty  merks  of  Sterlings  ;  and  so  from  year  to  year 
and  from  term  to  term,  shall  continue  the  said  payment  succes- 


I 


554  APPENDIX. 

sively  until  tlie  said  siuu  of  tlie  extent  of  tlie  lands  and  tene- 
ments foresaid  to  the  foresaid  Sir  John  and  his  heirs  shall  havf 
been  fully  ])aid.  And  if  it  happen,  wliieh  God  forbid,  tlie 
said  Jacoba  to  die  without  heir  between  her  and  the  foresaid 
Sir  John  lawfid-ly  procreate,  it  is  accorded  between  the  par- 
ties foresaid  that  the  foresaid  Sir  John  of  Hamyltoune  and  his 
heirs  shall  restore  pay  and  refund  to  the  foresaid  Sir  James 
of  Douglas  and  his  heirs  such  sum  of  good  and  usual  money 
as  the  said  Sir  John  received  in  marriage  with  the  said  Jacolja 
at  such  terms  and  place  and  in  like  manner  as  it  had  been  before 
paid  to  him.  And  if,  by  any  unfortunate  chance  it  happen  the 
said  Jacoba,  by  the  death  of  her  brothers  or  othenvdse,  to  come 
in  future  times  to  the  inheritance  and  lordship  of  the  said  Sir 
James  her  father,  which  God  forbid,  both  the  parties  foresaid 
will  and  grant  that  a  son,  whether  elder  or  younger,  who  ma} 
survive  between  the  said  Sir  John  and  the  said  Jacoba  procreate 
or  to  be  procreate  lawfully,  shall  receive  and  enjoy  that  inheri- 
tance, assuming  the  surname  of  Douglas  and  the  arms  which  the 
foresaid  Sir  James  bears  of  hereditary  right.  And  for  the  faith- 
ful fulfilment  of  all  and  each  of  the  foresaid  conditions  botli 
parties  foresaid  pleflged  their  hands  bodily  (manus  corporaliter 
astrixerunt).  In  witness  whereof,  to  the  parts  of  this  indenture 
the  seals  of  the  parties  are  interchangeably  appended,  place  day 
and  year  foresaid. 


FIXI8. 


GLOSSARY. 


I 


GLOSSARY. 


A,  284,  one. 
A  bone,  215,  above. 
Abowc,  520,  above. 
Acavite,  510,  aquavitiie,  whisky. 
Adettit,  533,  indebted. 
Adjunit,  413,  joined. 
Advertit,  272,  notified. 
Afoir,  532,  before. 
Afor,  505,  before. 
Againis,  532,  against. 
Agane,  369,  against. 
Airt  and  part,  532,  aiding, 
Aisiament,  506,  convenience. 
Aithe,  533,  oatli. 
Aitmeill,  538,  oatmeal. 
Aittis,  511,  oats. 
Alanerly,  Alleanerly,  220,  only. 
Almus,  504,  alms. 
Alls,  514,  as. 
Als,  507,  also. 
Alsmekle,  522,  as  mucb. 
Alsna,  506,  also. 
Amit,  393,  lose. 
Analeys,  504,  alienates. 
Ane,  291,  a,  one. 
Ancnt,  393,  toward. 
Anent,  532,  about,  concerning. 
Ansuare,  277,  answer. 
Appearand,  272,  appearing. 
Appropreys,  504,  appropriate. 
Arguit,  506,  blamed. 
Argwn,  507,  challenge. 
Assolye,  392,  absolve.      * 
Assoor,  370,  assure. 
Assurit,  370,  assured. 
Attoure,  227,  over  and  above. 
Aucht,  406,  ought. 
Aucht,  369,  eiglit. 
Aught,  375,  possession. 
Auisvtly,  507,  attentively. 
Auld",  392,  old. 
Aulde,  443,  old. 
Autlioreiss,  357,  authorize. 
Aventale,  234,  vizor. 
Awa,  512,  away. 
Awin,  227,  own. 
Aye,  364,  always. 
,  Ayies,  445,  alleys. 


Bailyk,  507,  oflScer. 

Baine,  509,  bone. 

Bairis,  528,  bears. 

Bairn,  367,  child  ;  Bairn's  part  of  gear, 

a  child's  legal  share  of  inheritance. 
Bairn-teme,  363,  family  of  children. 
Baith,  Bath,  364,  both. 
Ban,  363,  curse. 
Band,  511,  bond. 
Bands,  511,  lunges. 
Bannet,  373,  bonnet. 
Bannok,  522,  cake. 
Barmekyn,  343,  barbican. 
Barrikin,  373,  sort  of  cloth 
Bataling,  444,  battlement. 
Be,  277,  by. 
Beadds,  548,  beds. 
Beand,  215,  512,  being. 
Bearaud,  215,  bearing. 
Bedis,  509,  beds. 
Begaris,  530,  beggars. 
Beginnand,  377,  beginning. 
Begwd,  507,  began. 
Beir,  511  ;  here,  big. 
Beircorie,  373,  sort  of  cloth. 
Beis,  309,  be,  is. 
Berar,  512,  bearer. 
Beseikys,  507,  beseech. 
Be  taught,  360,  taught. 
Beyn,  504,  been. 
Big,  363,  build. 
Biggit,  Bygyt,  343,  built. 
Biriings,  543,  galleys. 
Black-niaill,  361,  protection  money. 
Bodelie,  533,  bodily. 
Boitis,  542,  boats. 
Bonds,  16,  serfs. 
Boord-cloaths,  510,  table  cloths. 
Bordoyris,  505,  borders. 
Bot,  But,  342,  without. 
Bot-gyf,  507,  unless. 
Bouage,  385,  a  tenure  of  pasture. 
Bowkill,  526,  buckle. 
Bow-houssis,  511,  cattle-houses. 
Box,  Bocks,  361,  vomits. 
Braid,  524,  loaves. 
Braik  ward,  547,  broke  prison. 
Brake,  542,  broke. 


5  50 


GLOSSAliY. 


Braiidit,  .521,  brindled. 

IJrussino,  ,010,  brazen. 

]}rjiy,  3G2,  bank. 

IJrecbennacb,  1.02,  tbc  bannf;r  of  Sf. 

Coluniba,    kept    by   tbe    Abbey    of 

Arbroatb. 
Breist,  .509,  breast. 
Brekis,  374,  breccbes. 
Brekkys,  504,  break. 
Brewinc,  511,  brewing. 
Brewsters,  383,  brewers  and  alebouse 

keepers. 
Broads,  Brods,  349,  pictures. 
Brocht,  413,  524,  brouglit. 
Broiking,  Bruiking,  392,  enjoying. 
Brouderit,  509,  embroidered. 
Brukyt,  504,  enjoyed, 
Buike,  348,  book. 
Buird,  530,  table. 
Burding,  413,  burden. 
Bure,  343,  bore. 
Buttis,  525,  boots. 
Bwrnis,  506,  burns. 
By,  227,  beside. 
By,  506,  beyond. 
By,  529,  buy. 
By-name,  277,  nickname. 

Caddois,  378,         ? 
Callit,  343,  called. 
Cambi'idge^  373,  cambric. 
Cauld,  506,  cold. 
Causit,  277,  caused. 
Caust,  522,  caused. 
Caynd,  520,  kind? 
Chairged,  539,  summoned. 
Chalmers,  223,  chambers. 
Chalmer-fie,  527,  room  hire. 
Chandlers,  511,  chandeliers. 
Chargeit,  379,  loaded. 
Claem,  505,  claim. 
Clamyt,  505,  claimed. 
Cloik,  276,  cloak. 
Coble,  385,  a  flat-bottomed  boat. 
Colys,  506,  coals. 

Common,  For  common,  285,  commonly. 
Communicat,  284,  communicated. 
Compeir,  277,  appear  judicially. 
Compt,  528,  account. 
Comyn,  445,  become. 
Colpindach,  215,  a  heifer. 
Conditionalle,  541,  conditionally. 
Confeirmyt,  504,  confirmed. 
Contemptioun,  505,  contempt. 
Contenit,  392,  511,  contained. 
Contre,  393,  country. 
Conveine,  534,  meet. 
Conversi,  p.  141,  lay  brothers  of  a  mo- 
nastery. 


Cordiner,  374,  slKMircaker. 

Cosing,  444,  cou.sin. 

Cott,  522,  coat. 

Counter  cloths,  510,  tabie-cover.'J. 

Craiges,  509,  necks. 

Craiftiou!-;,  272,  skilful. 

Craking,  228,  chatting, 

Cramosie,  510,  crimson. 

Creiles,  515,  a  pack-saddle. 

Crewellie,  356,  cruelly. 

Cro,  397,  penalty  for  slaughter. 

Croce,  215,  cross. 

Crowne-bennet,  129,  ai)parcntly  the  cap 

used  in  giving  degrees. 
Cuik,  523,  cook. 
Cumed,  514,  come. 
Cundos,  Condosum,  105,  a  riilge. 
Cupboord-cloaths,  510,  sideboard  cloths. 
Cursouris,  511,  stallions. 
Cuttit,  357,  cut. 
Cuttles,  511,  cutlass. 

Cut-thrott,  509,  short  pistol.  ■ 

Cwntray,  505,  countr}%  fl 

Daft,  ,529,  craz}-. 

Dames,  510,  damask. 

Damnache,  507,  damage. 

Dauach  of  land,  7,  what  may  be  tilled 
by  a  plough  of  oxen. 

Decidit,  505,  decided. 

Deid,  520,  did. 

Deit,  165,  died. 

Delaitit,  543,  accused. 

Deponit,  532,  deposed. 

Dereckly,  520,  exactly. 

Detenaris,  539,  detainers. 

Devisit,  223,  devised. 

Deyn,  507,  dean  ;  applied  to  any  dig- 
nified churchman. 

Difiers,  449,  differences. 

Dinmont,  189,  a  wedder  of  the  second 
year. 

Directit,  357,  directed. 

Disais,  529,  disease. 

Dischone,  526,  dejeune,  breakfast. 

Discendit,  342,  descended. 

Distrenye,  392,  distrain. 

Distroublance,  393,  troubling. 

Doand,  512,  doing. 

Dochtir,  342,  daughter. 

Dominico,  In  Dominico,  188,  in  de- 
mesne ;  in  the  actual  possession  of 
the  lord  of  the  soil. 

Donator,  409,  holder  of  a  gift. 

Dorloches,  518,  axes  ? 

Doroik,  510,  kind  of  linen. 

Double,  521,  copy. 

Downe,  517,  done. 

Dowsand,  529,  dozen. 


GLOSSARY. 


557 


Dredor,  504,  cliead. 

Dredys,  507,  dread. 

Dreid,  506,  dread. 

Duil-weid,  374,  mourning  clothes. 

Dussone,  508,  dozen. 

Dwne,  507,  done. 

Djet,  538,  time  fixed. 

Dyittit,  534,  dictated. 

Dyn,  521,  dun. 

Dyteing,  310,  dictating. 

Earth-doogs,  514,  terriers. 
Effectioun,  513,  affection. 
Effekkit,  272,  affected. 
Eftyr,  272,  after. 
Eig,  520,  age. 
Ekit,  273,  added. 
Eldayst,  507,  eldest. 
Enach,  397,  ransom. 
Enambled,  508,  enamelled. 
Enewcli,  512,  enough. 
Everilk,  443,  every. 
Ewyl,  504,  evil. 
Ewyn,  506,  even. 
Ewyr,  505,  ever. 
Eyre,  506,  plough. 

Faderis,  504,  fathers. 

Faile,  433,  turf. 

Fain,  361,  willing. 

Fair  fall  thee,  387,  good  luck  to  you. 

Fallys,  506,  falls. 

Fassit,  509,  faced. 

Fassoun,  445,  fashion. 

Faucht,  165,  fought. 

Feildine,  509,  field. 

Feir,  520,  fir. 

Fellon,  363,  fierce. 

Fens,  443,  defence. 

Fenyeit,  533,  feigned. 

Ferm,  11,  rent;  hence  farmer. 

Ferreit,  523,  ferried. 

Ferrioris,  523,  ferrymen. 

Fetterlocks,  361,  ? 

Feu,  345,  a  perpetual  right  of  inherit- 
ance. 

Fiar,  419,  the  person  in  the  fee  of  an 
estate. 

Fisch,  526,  ? 

Fluand,  272,  flowing. 

Forbearis,  392,  predecessors. 

Forceit,  542,  forced. 

For-quhy,  505,  because. 

Forsaraekil,  223,  forasmuch. 

Fosses,  510,  ? 

Foster,  373,  foster-child. 

Found,  509,  cast  (metal). 

Fra,  356,  from. 

Frathynfurth,  506,  from  thenceforth. 


Freiss,  522,  frize. 
Froyte,  443,  fruit. 
Fuiresday,  524,  Thursday. 
Fule,  529,  fool. 
Fulyie,  386,  filth,  manure. 
Fund,  308,  441,  found.^ 
Furnesing,  512,  provisions. 
Furnest,  521,  furnished. 
Furthcumand,  511,  forthcoming. 
Furth  of,  277,  out  of. 

Gaderit,  273,  gathered. 

Gaif,  506,  gave. 

Gaiff,  285,  gave. 

Gall,  523,         ? 

Gallis,  510,         ? 

Gaines,  397,  satisfaction  for  slaughter. 

Garment,  522,  suit. 

Gart,  507,  made. 

Gat,  505,  got. 

Gear,  Geir,  362,  substance. 

Geiuis,  520,  give. 

Gelchach,  397, 

Geldum,  23,  a  geld,  a  subsidy. 

Gevis,  444,  gives. 

Gevyn,  443,  given. 

Gewand,  542,  giving. 

Gif,  369,  if. 

Girth,  215,  sanctuary. 

Glaslawis,  379,  instrument  of  torture. 

Good  Sonne,  520,  son-in-law, 

Gouid,  521,  good. 

Governall,  443,  government. 

Grantit,  444,  granted. 

Greive,  548,  farm-overseer. 

Gresmen,  16,  pasture  tenants. 

Gryte,  521,  great. 

Gud,  504,  good. 

Guid  chepe,  228,  good  bargain  {hoit, 

marche). 
Guidis,  413,  goods. 
Guided,  446,  used. 
Gutt,  516,  gout. 
Gyfyn,  504,  given. 

IIafande,  443,  having. 

Haill,  227,  whole. 

Haillelie,  226,  wholly. 

Hakbuts,  509,  muskets. 

Haldand,  512,  holding. 

Haldyn,  506,  hekl. 

Half-hag,  424,  bhort  gun- 

Halk,  525,  hawk. 

Haly,  392,  holy. 

Hamesukin,  356,  assault  in  one's  own 

house. 
Handwrett,  533,  handwriting. 
Hangit,  353,  hanged. 
Hartlie,  512,  heartily. 


i)i) 


CILOSSAUY. 


ITiis,  507,  us. 

IIau,i;h,  12(),  an  alliiviul  plain  l)y  a  river 

bide. 
Jfavic,  41.3,  heavy. 
JIawd,  .'{CO,  lioM.' 
llaw(!,  510,  have. 
IFawsinf;,  5'iG,  liowsinj^. 
llegi:;ings,  445,  hcdgings. 
Hcilthis,  512,  lioaltiis. 
Ileii-intyll,  507,  hereto. 
Heirschip,  34.'],  of  inherilance. 
Herfor,  507,  wherefore. 
Heriot,  .375,  the  best  beast  of  a  deceased 

vassal,  dne  to  his  Lord. 
Hes,  3(39,  has. 
Hewit,  373,  coloured. 
Hewyt,  507,  hewed,  cut. 
Hiest,  393,  511,  highest. 
Hinging-s,  510,  hangings. 
Hog,  189,  a  sheep  before   it   has   been 

once  shorn. 
Hollie-work,  510,  ? 

Honorable,  512,  honourably. 
Home,  put  to  the  home,  357,  denounced 

rebel. 
Hosting,  375,  military  service. 
Houndir,  520,  hundred. 
Houp,  519,  hope. 
Humell,  370,  humble. 
Hurdmen,  16,  ? 

Hus,  541,  house. 
Husband,  husband-land,  192,  a  tenant 

and  land  of  a  certain  amount;    the 

rent  6s.  8d.,  besides  services,  in  the 

thirteenth  century. 
Hyme,  505,  him. 

Ilk,  401,  that  ilk,  the  same. 
Ilkane,  392,  every  one. 
Imbntet,  272,  instructed. 
Incresit,  223,  increased. 
Indewor,  520,  endeavour. 
Induring,  413,  during. 
Induris,  513,  endures. 
Infefte,  504,  infeofFed. 
Inhable,  539,  enable. 
Inlaik,  413,  failure. 
Inquirit,  277,  inquired. 
Inrun,  393,  incur. 
Insight,  511,  indoors. 
Intiil,  526,  in. 
Inventit,  533,  invented. 
Irne,  548,  iron. 

Jack,  332,  vest  of  mail. 

Jests,  515,  resting-places,  gites. 

Joicing,  392,  enjoying. 

Josit,  507,  enjoyed. 

Justifeit,  353,  brought  to  justice. 


Kain,  72,  a  petty  rent  paid  in  kind. 

Kcnd,  536,  known. 

Kcpand,  512,  keeping. 

KeponiH,  526,  capons. 

Kirkhaird,  524,  churchyard. 

Kirkys,  504,  churches. 

Kist,  377,  chest. 

Kists,  511,  chests. 

Knapit,  509,  knobbed. 

Knau,  371,  know. 

Knanloge,  392,  knowledge. 

Kno,  372,  know. 

Knok,  511,  clock. 

Knop,  508,  knob. 

Kye,  353,  kine,  cows. 

Kyngrikis,  110,  kingdoms. 

Kyrk,  505,  church. 

Kythit,  542,  showed. 

Laicii,  344,  low. 
Laiche,  534,  low. 
Lamentabile,  504,  lamentably. 
Lange,  513,  long. 
Lard,  505,  laird. 
Largly,  507,  largely. 
Latt,  514,  let. 
Lauchfiill,  505,  lawful. 
Lave,  406,  rest. 
Lawbour,  445,  labour. 
Lawer,  508,  laver,  jug. 
Learne,  369,  teach. 
Leaning,  521,  leaving. 
Lede,  371,  let. 
Leds,  511,  leads. 
Legendis,  273,  legends. 
Leid,  520,  load. 
Leif,  413,  leave. 
Leif,  512,  live. 
Leill,  533,  true. 
Les,  343,  less,  minor. 
Lethron,  509,  leathern. 
Letting,  393,  hindering. 
Leuuinge,  512,  leaving. 
Levand,  532,  living. 
Leyth,  512,  light. 
Lichtit,  525,  alighted. 
Likis,  444,  likes. 
Limmars,  345,  thieves. 
Linine,  548,  linnen. 
Loiffis,  529,  loaves. 
Lordschypis,  504,  lordships. 
Louping  our,  533,  leaped  over. 
Luckit,  382,  thriven. 
Ludgit.  285,  lodsred. 
Luf,1wf.  272,  love. 
Luffid,  444,  loved. 
Luke,  522,  look, 
liunt,  509,  match. 
Lut,  526,  lute. 


GLOSSARY. 


559 


Ma,  505,  May. 

Mad,  518,  inaclc. 

Maill,  527,  meal. 

Maintenance,  365,  support. 

Mair,  37.'},  more. 

Maison-dieu,  130,  a  hospital  or  founda- 
tion of  charity. 

Maist,  361,  most. 

Mak,  511,  make. 

Man,  444,  servant,  vassah 

Manheid,  343,  manhood. 

Manrent,  365,  subjection. 

Mantemyn,  506,  support. 

Manteym,  505,  support. 

Marchis,  506,  boundaries. 

Mareit,  343,  married. 

Mart,  376,  an  ox  killed  at  Martinmas. 

Maser,  509,  bowl. 

Meid,  520,  made. 

Meie,  520,  more. 

Meis,  376,  a  defined  quantity  of  beef  or 
brawn. 

Menit,  532,  meant. 

Menschatts,  530,  manchets,  cakes. 

Menyt  us,  507,  complained. 

Meyn,  504,  complain. 

Midden,  381,  dunghill. 

Midlen,  508,  middling. 

Minassit,  533,  menaced. 

Mist,  521,  must. 

Mister,  512,  want. 

Moir,  521,  more. 

Moneth,  309,  month. 

Mortified,  mortificat,  289,    granted    in 
mortmain. 

Mot,  513,  might. 

Mowit,  506,  moved. 

Mownth,  The,  443,  the  central  range  of 
mountains  of  Scotland. 

Moyane,  534,  means. 

Muller,  521,  picture  frame. 

Murrions,  378,  helmets. 

Muskingis,  523,  mutchkins. 

Mutch,  373,  cap. 

Myddis,  506,  midst. 

Na,  392,  no. 

Na,  392,  nor. 

Naige,  515,  nag. 

Nane,  Nain,  392,  no,  none. 

Napery,  349,  table-linen. 

Nativi,  10,  natives,  neyfs,  villains. 

Naysh,  556,  marsh  ? 

Nepiking,  524,  handkerchief. 

Nobille,  504,  noble. 

Noch,  363,  not. 

Nocht,  226,  not. 

Nooks,  510,  corners. 

Nor,  228,  than. 


Norland,  528,  north  country. 

Not,  286,  notice. 

Noter,  511,  notar3\ 

Nothyr,  Nowther,  505,  neither. 

Noutis,  520,  nuts,  fir-cones. 

Nychtbour,  505,  neighbour. 

Obleissis,  511,  oblige. 
Oflice-houis,  505,  workshop, 
Olficeman,  505,  workman. 
Of-tnik,  357,  took  off. 
On,  514,  one. 
Onkyndlie,  506,  unkind  ? 
Onoccupyt,  507,  unoccupied. 
Ontyll,  504,  unto. 
Onuexit,  505,  unvexed, 
Ony,  392,  any. 
Or,  522,  e'er,  before. 
Ouss,  514,  use. 
Outuarat,  505,  outward. 
Oiiyr,  Our,  272,  over,  too. 
Owche,  332,  je\vel. 
Owr,  505,  over. 
Owrlukyt,  506,  overlooked. 
Ox-gang,  110,  the  measure  of  land  pro- 
portioned to  one  ox  of  a  plough. 

Paes,  505,  peace. 

Pallium,  33,   the  robe   appropriate  to 

an  Archbishop. 
Pand,  374,  pan(;d,  checked. 
Pand,  509,  skirt. 
Pane,  393,  pain. 
Pantit,  511,  painted. 
Papis,  504,  popes. 
Parrell,  534,  peril. 
Pasmentis,  510,  stripes  sewed  on. 
Passit,  360,  passed. 
Peciahle,  504,  peaceable. 
Peir,  343,  pear. 
Penis,  525,  pens, 
Percais,  506,  perchance. 
Persawend,  533,  perceiving. 
Persut,  507,  persecution. 
Peutor,  510,  pewter. 
Plage,  512,  plague. 
Plaisses,  371,  pleases, 
Plaittis,  508,  plates. 
Plenissing,  377,  furniture. 
Pleying,  228,  playing. 
Plough,  6,  Ploughgate  of  land,  what 

may  be  tilled  with  a  plough  of  oxen. 
Plwche,  507,  plough. 
Pock,  382,  bag. 
Point,  524,  pint. 
Policie,  347,  ornamental  ground  round 

a  mansion. 
Poling,  530,  polling. 
Polising,  623,  civilizing. 


I 


nco 


OLOSSARY. 


Posseid,  443,  possess. 
Pratti,  520,  pretty. 
Princip.'ilc,  50"),  principally. 
Priiie,  .'M)8,  privy. 
Pulling,  388,  polling. 
I'wr,  J*uir,  504,  poor. 

QuAicn,  380,  small  drinking-cup. 

QuaTititic,  508,  size. 

Queit,  524,  wheaten. 

Queyt,  526,  white. 

Quha,  277,  who. 

Quham,  392,  whom. 

Quhatsumewyr,  504,  whosoever. 

Quhcn,  272,  when. 

Quhidder,  1G5,  whether. 

Quhilk,  1G5..  which. 

Quhill,  504,  till. 

Quhingearis.  356,  short  swords. 

Quhois,  Quhais,  392,  whose. 

Quhouheit,  506,  howbeit. 

Quhow,  505,  how. 

Quick,  513,  live. 

Quinzdor,  528,  a  gold  piece. 

Quitted,  363,  payed. 

Quyte,  522,  part  with. 

Rackning,  527,  reckoning. 

Rady,  520,  ready. 

Raid,  529,  rode. 

Randir,  539,  surrender. 

Patch,  509,  lock. 

Raxes,  510,  spit-holders. 

Reasit,  508,  raised. 

Redily,  392,  readily. 

Regent,   224,  a  master  teaching  in  a 

university. 
Reiving,  361,  robbing. 
Reive,  "362,  rob. 
Reid,  509,  red. 
Remeid,  507,  remedy. 
Reniemorans,  504,  remembrance. 
Rememorat,  506,  reminded. 
Remowit,  506,  removed. 
Reparel,  443,  repair. 
Repledge,  160,  to   reclaim  to  another 

jurisdiction. 
Resaue,  512,  receive. 
Resauit,  523,  received. 
Resoun,  505,  reason. 
Ressonis,  534,  reasonings. 
RewHs,  272,  rules. 
Rewra,  507,  realm. 
Rig,  363,  ridge,  harve}^t-field. 
Rigis,   512,  Ridges,    as    the    English 

'  acres.' 
Rounged,  522,  nibbled. 
Rowmis,  512,  rooms,  farms. 
Rugged,  364,  tore. 


Saiflie,  539,  safely. 

SairitjohriHtown,  362,  Perth. 

Sair,  364,  sore. 

Salcuin,  392,  shall  come. 

Sail,  413,  shall. 

Saltlatt,  508,  salt-cellar. 

Sanimyn,  272,  same. 

Sanctis,  273,  saints. 

Sarkis,  373,  shirts. 

Sasers,  380,  flat  dishes. 

Sasers,  508,  saucers. 

SauHs,  505,  souls. 

Saull,  532,  soul. 

Saw,  506,  sow. 

Sawlys,  504,  souls. 

Scautfl,  543,  little  boats. 

Schankit,  508,  stalked. 

Schapine,  508,  shaped. 

Schath,  507,  skaith,  harm. 

Schau,  371,  show. 

Schauand,  272,  showing. 

Sella w,  541,  show. 

Schawin,  512,  shown. 

Schewit,  510,  sewed. 

Scho,  406,  she. 

Schone,  373,  527,  shoes. 

Schyris,  504,  sirs. 

Sculis,  223,  schools. 

Send,  357,  sent. 

Sendin,  363,  sent. 

Sensyne,  505,  since  then. 

Seruand,  505,  servant. 

Servitts,  510,  napkins. 

Sessnatt,  509,  sarcenet. 

Shaikhilis,  379,  shackles. 

Shankis,  373,  stockings. 

Sheugar,  548,  sugar. 

Sic,  226,  such. 

Sic  lyk,  228,  in  like  manner. 

Sicker,  409,  secure. 

Sindrie,  277,  sundry. 

Sixte,  444,  sixty. 

Skaith,  142,  harm. 

Skant,  362,  scarce. 

Slim,  522,  slight,  worthless. 

Slot    of    the    briest,    522,    pit   of  the 

stomach. 
Smyde,  505,  smithy. 
Snaw,  364,  snow. 
Sodden,  526,  baked. 
Sommys,  507,  plough-traces. 
Soorest,  519,  surest. 
Sopp,  548,  soap. 
Some,  362,  to  quarter  by  force. 
Sotularum  par,  391,  pair  of  brogues? 
Sour,  512,  sure. 

Span,  77,  an  Orkney  measure  of  weight. 
Speats,  381,  floods. 
Spekyne,  272,  speaking. 


vl 


GLOSSARY. 


Gl 


Spenis,  524,  Spanisli. 

Spuljeit,  356,  despoiled. 

Staigs,  511,  colts. 

Stai)d,  373,  suit. 

Stand,  510,  suits. 

Slankis,  445,  fisli-ponds. 

Steel  bow,  191,  the  tenure  of  land  where 

the  stock  belongs  to  the  landlord. 
Steikit,  509,  stitched. 
Steugh,  352,  commotion. 
Steyning,  373,  a  kind  of  cloth. 
Stirks,  376,  young  oxen. 
Stoire,  519,  store. 
Stoovd,  509,  studded. 
Straik,  356,  struck. 
Strak,  284,  struck. 
Stray,  525,  straw. 
Strayk,  507,  struck. 
Strenth-silver,  511,         ? 
Struck  barley,  376,  barley  deprived  of 

the  coat  or  chaff. 
Strype,  506,  rivulet. 
Strynth,  444,  strength. 
Stude,  505,  stood. 
Stufe,  513,  stuff*. 
Sturde,  516,  stirred. 
Sture,  517,  stir. 
Sua,  285,  so. 
Suarf,  413,  swerve. 
Subditis,  392,  subjects. 
Subscryve,  308,  subscribe. 
Subtille,  533,  subtilly. 
Suld,  505,  should. 
Suord-slipper,  526,  sword  cutler  (?). 
Syne,  227,  then. 

Ta,  165,  one. 

Tack,  345,  lease. 

Taffite,  509,  taffity. 

Tain,  taync,  353,  taken. 

Tak,  308,  take. 

Takand,  543,  taking. 

Takkys,  504,  take. 

Targiitt,  507,  target,  shield. 

Teable,  548,  table. 

Teynd,  363,  tithe. 

fha,  505,  those. 

rhaim,  443,  them. 

rhair,  532,  there. 

rhairanent,  533,  concerning  that. 

Than,  506,  then. 

rheking,  164,  thatching. 

'hes,  521,  thus. 

'hinkand,  506,  thinking. 

'bir,  then,  thyr,  370,  these. 

'hocht,  308,  513,  thought. 

'bole,  506,  suffer. 

holit,  506,  suffered. 

hrawin,  272,  twisted. 


Throch,  343,  through. 
Till,  tyll,  444,  to. 
Tint,  512,  lost. 
Titule,  506,  title. 
Tocliir-gude,  342,  dower. 
Toft,  35,  a  plot  for  a  house. 
Tollbuith,  277,  town-hall. 
Tope,  506,  ? 

Townys,  505,  towns. 
Traist,  363,  true. 
Travelit,  226,  travelled. 
Trencheours,  510,  plates. 
Tribulis,  504,  trouble. 
Trustit,  538,  trusted. 
Trystit,  529,  appointed  to  meet. 
Tua,  343,  two. 
Tual,  520,  twelve. 
Tuey,  370,  two. 
Tuk,  tuik,  506,  took. 
Tusches,  332,  cuisches  ? 
Tysday,  526,  Tuesday. 

IJmpaddis,  543,  lymphads,  galleys  (?). 
Umquhil,  vnquhill,  358,  late. 
Uncounes,  370,  unusualness. 
Uncouth,  380,  uncommon. 
Undisponit  upon,  406,  not  bequeathed. 
Unmenden,  363,  unmended. 
Unthrallit,  393,  unenthralled. 
Upland,  361,  rustic. 
Upmak,  444,  build  up. 
Utheris,  277,  others. 
Usit,  541,  used. 
Uss,  393,  used. 

Vas,  Yes,  505,  was. 
Yeill,  505,  well. 
Yill,  272,  will. 
Yinter,  514,  winter. 
Yirschypful,  504,  worshipful. 
Yrang,  505,  wrong. 
Yrangus,  506,  wrongful. 
Yrangwaysle,  504,  wrongfully. 
Yyff,  343,  wife. 

Wadset,  433,  land  held  in  pledge. 

Waitledder,  528,  hunting  (?)  leatiier. 

Waird,  227,  ward,  prison. 

Waitit,  373,  waited. 

Wald,  285,  would. 

Warding,  444,  imprisonment. 

Warie,  520,  very. 

Wark,  Werk,  445,  work. 

Wast,  506,  west. 

Weil,  Weyll,  370,  well. 

Were,  110,  war. 

Weretie,  532,  verity. 

Worst,  522,  worst.' 

Wes,  343,  was. 


2  X 


562 


GLOSSARY. 


WossoIUh,  526,  vessels. 
West,  521,  waist. 
Wha,  228,  who. 
Whiles,  35.3,  sometimes. 
Wilit,  520,  willed. 
Windoekis,  418,  windows. 
Wis,  370,  wish. 
Wisscd,  285,  wished. 
Witt,  443,  know. 
Woir,  344,  wore. 
Wold,  Wald,  521,  should. 
Wonder,  361,  wonderfully. 
Wordil,  520,  world. 
Worsett,  373,  510,  worsted. 


Woun^,  506,  woii. 
Wount,  3'J3,  wont. 
Wpe,  506,  uj). 
Wranids,  504,  wrong. 
Wrietten,  534,  writing. 
Wroeht,  418,  wrought. 
Wylie  coat,  373,  vest. 
WylHs,  506,  will. 

Yaunam),  272,  yearning. 
Yettis,  Yeattis,  165,  gates. 
Yieldit,  534,  yielded. 
Y'^ule,  353,  Christmas. 


INDEX. 


i 


INDEX. 


Abbe  or  Abbot  family,  benefactors  of 
Arbroatli — Malise,  John,  Morgund, 
Donald  of  Bnicliin,  Maurice  of 
Arbirloth,  148,  154. 

Abbots  Selkirk,  land  of,  194. 

Abelard's  teaching,  its  effects,  257. 

Aberdeen — Old  sbires  or  parishes,  3  ; 
origin  of  parish,  15  ;  thancdoms  in 
the  lowlands  of,  398. 

Aberdeen — The  parish  church  of  St. 
Nicholas,  21 ;  benefice  in  church  of, 
gi-anted  to  the  master  of  the  gram- 
mar school,  256  ;  first  Reformation 
minister,  see  Herriot,  278. 

Aberdeen  Bishopric — Sketch  of,  85-91  ; 
date  of  foundation,  9  ;  originally  a 
Columbite  church,  86  ;  ancient 
valuation  and  taxation  of  its 
churches,  22,  26 ;  its  deaneries 
in  thirteenth  and  fifteenth  cen- 
turies, 26  ;  acquires  Mortlach,  87  ; 
its  Bishops,  47,  63,  147,  263,  269, 
274,  298  ;  Elphinstone  to  Gordon, 
87-88 ;  Boece's  lives  of  the  Bishops 
of,  quoted,  268. 

Aberdeen  Breviary,  the  first  consider- 
able book  printed  in  Scotland,  273  ; 
quoted,  71,  86  ;  Chartulary  quoted, 
3,  7,  9,  14,  18,  20,  43,  71,  86,  264, 
269,  271,  275  ;  University  Eecords 
referred  to,  304. 

Aberdeen  Cathedral — Records,  89  ;  its 
chapter,  constitution,  80  ;  members 
before  Reformation,  275 ;  dilapi^ 
dated  by  a  mob,  279 ;  choir  re- 
stored by  Bishop  Elphinstone, 
265  ;  the  fabric  defaced  in  1560, 
88  ;  records  preserved  by  the  Rec- 
tor of  Kynkell,' 275. 

Aberdeen,  Burgh — bridge  over  Dee, 
265,  275  ;  described  by  Boece,  270; 
Records  quoted,  85,  256,  269,  274, 
301,  313;  character  of  citizens,  296, 
322. 
iVberdeen,  Old,  283  ;  description  of  both 
towns,  see  Orem  ;  in  1750,  552. 


Aberdeen  University — Fables  regard- 
ing its  antiquity,  269  ;  first  called 
a  collegiate  church,  258  ;  account 
of,  254-256  ;  foundation,  257,  258  ; 
the  foundation  of  the  fabric,  311- 
313;  earlv  schools,  schoolmasters, 
and  teachers,  255,  256,  257,276; 
the  Pope's  grant,  254,  257,  258 ;  its 
constitution,  254,  258,  259,  276; 
hospital  of  St.  Germains  annexed, 
259  ;  new  foundation,  285 ;  Univer- 
sity in  seventeenth  century,  286, 
287  ;  Bishop  Forbes  as  Chancellor, 
288-301  ;  the  Aberdeen  doctors, 
290-294;  secular  learning,  296, 
297;  University  printers  and  Aca- 
demic prints,  299;  union  of  King's 
and  Marischal  Colleges,  named 
King  Charles's  University,  303  ; 
General  Assembly's  discipline, 
303 ;  condition  under  Principal 
Rowe,  304,  311  ;  the  Regent's 
mode  of  teaching,  286,  307-311  ; 
professors  practise  celibacy,  but 
protest,  304,  305  ;  collegiate  life, 
305,  306 ;  changes  of  life  and 
teaching,  306,  307  ;  course  of  study 
prior  to  1651,  308-311  ;  the  fabric, 
311-320;  description  by  Boece, 
270;  benefactions,  317;  mace, 
seal,  bells,  319,  320;  plate,  320; 
numberofstudents,  320, 321 ;  dress, 
452  ;  reforms  suggested,  323. 

Abercairney,  its  charter-chest,  212  ;  its 
lands  obtained  by  the  family  of 
De  Moravia,  212  ;  the  Laird  of,  at 
Balloch,  1590,  377  ;  charter  at, 
quoted,  210,  215. 

Aberdour,  the  church  of  St.  Fillan  of, 
334. 

Aberhelot,  granted  to  Arbroath,  147. 

Aberkerdach,  David  of,  slain,  165. 

Abemethy,  a  Culdee  house,  8,  122,  156  ; 
granted  to  Arbroath,  146 ;  its 
dependencies,  149 ;  round  tower, 
204. 


560 


INDEX. 


Abcrnotliy,  Adiiin,  professor  at  Mont- 

pcllicr,  282. 
AWiictliy,  '  MistrcsH,'  207. 
Abiniquliill,  547. 
Aboyiic  (Jasth?,  4:}8. 
Abtliiinc,  Abthcii,  or  Abtliaiiia,  7,  146, 
153,  154. 

Academic  life  in  Scotland,  its  defects, 
250,  286. 

"  Acavitc-c  pot,"  380. 

Acballadour,  346. 

Acbinglas,  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Aclilosscn,  306. 

Acorns  sown  at  Cawdor  in  1722,  434. 

Acquitting  or  cleansing  by  Compurga- 
tors, 381. 

Ada,  granddaughter  of  David,  38. 

Adam,  Bishop  of  Caithness,  Abott  of 
Melrose,  his  exactions,  77  ;  burned 
by  his  people,  78. 

Adam,  Judex  of  Angus,  155. 

A  dam  nan,  2. 

Adam  son.  Dr.  John,  Provincial  of  the 
order  of  Dominicans  in  Scotland, 
244. 

Adrian  iv..  Bull  of,  86. 

Adrian  v.  as  legate,  his  claim  in  Scot- 
land for  visitation  dues,  22, 

Advocate,  Queen's,  public  prosecutor, 
356. 

Aedan,  Saint,  a  monk  of  lona,  3,  4,  5. 

AfFrica  of  Nithsdale  grants  the  church 
of  St.  Bride  of  Wintertonnegan,  39. 

Agriculture,  state  of,  97-100,  381. 

Ailif's  lands  in  Inverleith,  140,  141. 

Ailred  or  ^Ired,  quoted,  2,  204,  205. 

Ainsworth,  Mr.  Ralph,  student  at  Glas- 
gow College,  234,  237. 

Aird,  the,  438,  439. 

Airlie,  family  of,  hereditary  bailies  of 
Arbroath  Abbey,  161,  461. 

Airth,  William,  Erie  of,  1637,  his  por- 
trait by  Jameson,  350. 

Alan,  ancestor  of  the  family  of  Gowrie, 
125,  210;  his  gi-ant  to  Melrose, 
12. 

Albani,,thc  Cardinal,  and  Dr.  John 
Clephane,  468. 

Albania,  one  of  the  nations  of  Glasgow 
University,  221. 

Albany,  Duchess  of,  daughter  of  Prince 
Charles  Edward,  496. 

Albany  Herald,  173. 

Albany,  Isobell,  Duchess  of,  and  Coun- 
tess of  Lennox,  342. 

Albany,  Robert,  Duke  of  (afterwards 
Regent),  400.     See  Stewart. 

Alberic  the  legate,  33. 

Alchymist  at  Aberdeen,  310. 


Aldi,  the  lands  of,  ji^anted  to  Malcolm 

Earl  of  Fife,  2()'J. 
Aldus'  editions,  349, 
Ale,  cost  of,  in  1591,  519-526. 
Ale  freely  used  in  the  HighlandH,  382. 
Alehouses,  in  Breadalbane,  regulations, 

380. 
Ale,  ostler,  household,  and  best,  376. 
Alexamk-ri.,  121-123;  builds  the  Ablx^y 
of  Scone,  204  ;  his  grant  to  Stir- 
ling Chapel,  16. 
Alexander  ii.,  his  grants  to  Melrose,  1 3  ; 
his  revenge  on  the  Caithness  people 
for  the  murder  of  Bishop  Adam,  78, 
94 ;   charter   regarding   Edinhara, 
109 ;    first   uses    the    royal   arms, 
113;   mentioned,    110,    116,    119, 
269 ;  he  renders  homage  to  King 
John,   119;  his  lineage,   123;  his 
grants    to    Scone,    124;    gifts    to 
Newbattle,     135  ;     expedition    to 
West  Highlands  in  1248,  151  ;  his 
grant   of  land    to    the    monks   of 
Kelso,  194  ;  confirms  grant  to  the 
Douglases  in  1226,  328  ;  grants  a 
charter  to  Gilbert  Hostiarius,  399  ; 
endows   a   chaplain    for    the   soul, 
of  King  Duncan  at  Elgin  Cathe- 
dral, 403. 

Alexander  ni.,  24;  his  death,  398  ;  men- 
tioned, 173,  439. 

Alexander  iii.  (Pope)  consecrates  Tngel- 
ram,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  35  ;  men- 
tioned, 72,  203. 

Alexander,  Bishop  of  Galloway,  216. 

"  Alexander  the  Conqueror,"  the  Buike 
of,  348. 

Alexandrinus,  the  grammar  of,  271. 

Alewentshawis  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Algerine  pirates,  456. 

Algiers,  497. 

Alncrum,  a  favourite  residence  of  W. 
de  Bondington,  Bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, 43. 

Alnwic,  550,  551. 

Altar,  father  and  son  restricted  from 
serving  at  the  same,  261. 

Altonburn  of  Molle,  189. 

Alt3Te  in  Morav,  Sir  John  do  Bvsct, 
lord  of  438."' 

American  War,  477. 

Analecta  Scotica,  quoted,  215. 

Anandale,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35. 

Anatomy  studied,  311. 

Anchovies,  425. 

Anderson,  Andrew,  regent  of  Aberdeen 
College,  ejected,  278. 

Anderson,  David,  "  Tongues"  minister 
of  Foveran,  and  Professor  of  The 


INDEX. 


567 


logy  in  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 
in  1711,  301,  302,  318. 

Anderson,  Dr.  George,  Professor  of 
Theology  in  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen, 301. 

Andersone,  Alexander,  sub-principal  of 
Aberdeen,  276  ;  ejected  1569,  278  ; 
his  death,  his  character,  279. 

Andersone,  Kobert,  witness  (1640),  512. 

Anderson's  Diplomata  Scotije  quoted, 
12,  213. 

Andreas,  Fasti  Lovanienses  quoted, 
222,  244. 

Andrew,  a  Dunfermline  monk,  an  early 
Bishop  of  Caithness ;  attests  a  grant 
of  Earl  Harald,  72  ;  his  beneiices, 
character,  and  death,  73. 

Angel,  a  gold  coin,  374,  381. 

Angers  University,  Scotch  scholars  at, 
281. 

Angling  in  the  beginning  of  eighteenth 
century,  442. 

Angus,  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews,  26. 

Angus  and  Mearns,  147. 

Angus  families,  171. 

Angus,  thanedoms  in,  397. 

Angus  of  Isla,  531. 

Angus,  Lord  of  the  Isles,  536. 

Angus,  Malcolm  Earl  of,  grants  the 
Abthein  of  Munifeith  to  the  priest 
of  Kcrimore,  7  ;  Maud,  Countess 
of,  7,  147,  153 ;  Earldom  acquired 
by  Do  Umphravil,  10. 

Angus,  Earls  of,  147,  154,  155,  171. 

Angus,  Archibald  Douglas,  Earl  of, 
335. 

Angus,  Archibald,  eighth  earl  of,  be- 
comes Earl  of  Morton,  336. 

Angus,  History  of  the  houses  of  Doug- 
las and,  326.     See  Douglas. 

Annan  church,  acquired  by  Glasgow, 
39. 

Annand,  James,  at  Aberdeen  Univer- 
sity, 300. 

Anne  of  Denmark,  her  gift  of  a  jewel  to 
Sir  Duncan  Campbell  of  Glenurchy, 
379,  5C8. 

Anselm  of  Molle,  his  grant  to  Melrose, 
105. 

Antesignanus  taught  at  Aberdeen,  309. 

Antiqna  Taxatio,  25-28. 

Antiquaries'  See.  Trans,  quoted,  390. 

Antrim,  Earl  of,  Sorley  Buy,  537. 

Appleby  manor,  once  the  property  of 
Dunblane,  7. 

Applecross,  4. 

Apples  at  Kilravock  Castle,  464. 

Apricot  trees,  Kilravock  Castle,  1746, 
464. 


Aquavitfc,  377,  380,  385  ;  price  of,  in 
1591,  522,  530. 

Arago's  Eloge  of  Watt  quoted,  242. 

Aratus'  Astrologie  taught  at  Glasgow, 
227. 

Arbirlot,  see  Aberhelot. 

Arbroath  Abbey,  144-172  ;  foundation, 
144  ;  dedication,  18,  144  ;  comple- 
tion, 163  ;  architecture  and  date  of 
buildings,  158,  159 ;  Mair  and 
Coroner  of,  161  ;  acquisitions  and 
benefactions,  7,  146-149 ;  vicissi- 
tudes, 163,  165-167  ;  privileges, 
168 ;  social  position  of  the  abbot, 
159,  160;  expenditure  of  the  ab- 
bacy, 170,  171  ;  position  at  the 
Reformation,  166,  167;  King  Wil- 
liam's tomb  at,  167,  168. 

Arbroath,  Black  Book  of,  504. 

Arbroath  burgh,  covenant  with  Abbot 
Gedy  regarding  a  harbour,  162  ; 
mentioned,  552. 

Arbroath,  complaint  of  the  abbot,  504. 

Arbroath  Register  quoted,  20,  26,  149, 
151,  158,  171,  225. 

Arbroath  valuation,  22. 

Arbuthnot,  Alexander,  principal  of  Aber- 
deen College,  279,  283,  284  ;  death, 
285  ;  his  mode  of  teaching,  286. 

Arbuthnot,  Andrew,  in  Pitcarles,  283. 

Arbuthnot,  Hugh  do,  saved  by  the  law 
of  clan  Macduff,  215. 

Arbuthnot,  in  Mearns,  the  house  of, 
155,  283. 

Arbuthnot,  Philip  of,  his  daughterf--, 
334. 

Arbuthnot,  Robert,  of  that  ilk,  283. 

Arbuthnots,  155. 

Archam,  an  Italian  engineer,  200. 

Archers  of  the  barony  of  Bolden,  195. 

Archibald,  Duncan,  370. 

Ardkinglas,  Campbells  of,  383,  414, 
419,  531,  532-535. 

Ardchattan  Priory  lands  acquired  by 
John  Thane  of  Cawdor,  413. 

Arderseir,  bishopric  lands  of,  acquired 
by  Cawdor,  413. 

Ardmanoch  in  the  Black  Isle,  438. 

Ardrananycht,  385. 

ArdtoUonycht,  385. 

Argenis,  the,  a  romance  by  John  Bar- 
clay, 282. 

Argyle  and  Argyleshire,  356,  360,  366, 
383,  384,  410,  411,  413,  419,  422, 
435,511,518,530,533. 

Argyle,  Colin,  first  Earl,  nephew  of  Sir 
Colin  Campbell,  342  ;  his  marriage, 
343 ;  chancellor,  410. 

Argyle,  Archibald,  second  Earl,  Master 


I 


G8 


INDEX. 


of  the  lI()HB(!li()l(l,  410;  liis  ward 
Miiiicl  of  Cawdor,  100  ;  he  is  hhiiii 
at  Floddcn,  '.W),  :5«;i,  410. 

Argylc,  Colin,  third  Karl,  cljancenor, 
410, 

Argylc,  Colin,  sixth  Karl,  ( "hancullor, 
his  will,  413;  marries  Annas  Koith, 
widow  of  Itegcnt  Murray,  413  ;  In  r 
testament,  414,  429  ;  his  daughter 
Annas,  413. 

Argyle,  Archihald,  seventh  Earl,  men- 
tioned in  his  father's  will,  413; 
anecdote  of,  38G  ;  his  death  men- 
tioned, 372,  374  ;  his  assignation 
of  escheat  of  the  Clandonnell,  547. 

Argyle,  Arcliibald,  eighth  Karl  and  lirst 
Marquis,  his  guardian  the  Thane 
of  Cawdor,  413,  531  ;  certificate 
by,  419 ;  his  countess,  Margaret 
Douglas,  371  ;  his  daughter  Mary, 
421,  427. 

Argyhi,  Bishop  of,  a  suflVagan  of  Glas- 
gow, 61,  413,  530,  534. 

Arkinholme,  Rout  of,  403. 

Aristotle  taught  at  Glasgow,  227  ;  at 
Aberdeen,  309. 

Arithmetic,  226,  309. 

Arms  ftimily,  113,  400,  440. 

Armour  (of  Sir  J.  Douglas  of  Dalkeith), 
333  ;  at  Glenurchy,  380,  509. 

Arndilly  or  Artendol,  14. 

Arnot,  Dr.,  of  Edinburgh,  417. 

Arquhorty  town  lands,  505,  506. 

Arrows  in  use,  383,  406. 

Art,  neglect  of,  common  to  Scotland, 
318. 

Arts,  Faculty  of,  in  Glasgow  University, 
221-225  ;    in  Aberdeen,  258. 

Arthurlee's,  Sir  Thomas,  mansion,  an- 
nexed to  the  College  of  the  Faculty 
of  Arts,  Glasgow,  246. 

"  Articles,"  refusal  tq  subscribe,  by  the 
masters  of  Aberdeen  College,  278. 

Artillery  at  Breadalbane  Castle  (1598), 
378. 

Ascensius,  Jodocus  Badius,  printer, 
Paris,  271,  272. 

Ashkirk,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35^ 
40  ;  the  prebend  enlarged,  58. 

Ash  trees  planted  by  the  Baron  of  Kib 
ravock,  459. 

Askesdale  (Ausedale)  tithes  granted  to 
the  Precentor  of  Caithness,  81. 

Assembly  of  the  Kirk  at  Glasgow  (1638), 
290,  418. 

Assembly  of  1640,  302. 

Assize  determining  the  amount  of  mili- 
tary service,  195. 

Assize  of  the  Barons'  Court,  381. 


Astronomy  taught  at  Aberdeen,  310. 
Athol,  CountcHH  of,  her  defence  of  Lo<li- 

indorb  Castle  against  the  Itegent 

Sir  Andrew  Murray,  402. 
Athol,    Patrick,   Karl  of,    slain    by   the 

Bysets,  438. 
Athole,  an  ancient  Earl  of,  mentioned, 

389. 
Athole,  ^lalcolm,  Karl  of,  his  grant  to 

Dunferndine,  18. 
Athole,  its  charter-chest,  207,  212,  2U'. 
Atholi,  10,  364,  546. 
Athyn  or  Ethie,  granted  to  Arbroath, 

146. 
Atlas,  see  Blaeu  and  Scotstarvet,  296. 
Aubegni,    William    de,    his    daughter, 

^latildis,  208.     See  Strathearn. 
Aubenton,  De,  494. 
Auchachallader  House,  511. 
Auchenleck  Chronicle,  quoted,  59,  165. 
Auchinbreck,  383. 
Auchinleck,  Lord,  quoted,  382. 
Auchluncart  or  Athenacork,  14. 
Auchquhorty,  lands  of,  506. 
Auelech  (Evelix),  tithes  to  precentor  of 

Caithness,  81. 
Augustinian  canons,  121,  209  ;  house  of, 

on  the  Isle  of  Inchmahomok,  218. 
Auldbar,  461. 

Auldearn  battle,  419.  ■ 

Auldearn  parish,  306.  ■ 

Auldton,  Roger  de,  purchases  the  right 

of  burial  in  Pioxburgh,  48. 
Austria,  embassy  to,  in  time  of  James 

III.,  264. 
Avenel  family,  48,  99,  102,  111,  175. 
Avoch  in  Ross,  444. 
Awasschir  lands,  granted  to  James  of 

Douglas,  398. 
Axe  (beheading),  Fiularg,  379. 
Ayr,  Sheriff  of,  534. 
Ayrshire,  high  grounds  wooded,  101. 

Bachelor's  degrees,  222  ;  class  in  the 

Universities,  241. 
Bacon  in  use,  376. 
Badenocb,  Lordship  of,  401 :  Wolf  of, 

424. 
Bagimont's  or  Baiamund's  Roll,  24,  27, 

28. 
Bailies  in  1638,  383. 
Baillie,  Andrew,  his  '  hous'  in  Glasgow, 

525. 
Baillie,     Principal,    of   Glascrow,    251, 

^  287,  290,  292. 
Bairi,  Parttie,  his  'hous'  in  Glasgow, 

527. 
Bajan  or  freshman  class,  meaning  and 

etymology  of  the  word,  240. 


JNDEX. 


569 


Balain  lands  granted  to  Glasgow,  36. 

Bald,  Mr.  Robert,  on  the  colliers  of 
Scotland,  500. 

Baldwin,  Roger,  liis  early  ministry  in 
p]dinburgli,  231. 

Baldwin,  William,  at  Glasgow  College, 
233. 

Baldwyn,  William,  231. 

Baleliyrwell  tithes  appertain  to  Aber- 
nethy,  150. 

Balenaus  in  Kinncll,  or  Bahiaves,  rents 
granted  to  Arbroath,  148. 

Balendoran,  James  Stewart  of,  357. 

Balfeith  or  Belphe,  147. 

Balfour,  Sir  James,  21. 

Balfoure,  Sir  James,  official  of  St. 
Andrews,  129. 

Ballhall,  Cramond  of,  401. 

Ballecolly,  belongs  to  Abernethv,  150. 

Ballegillegrand  granted  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Ballekelefiin  granted  to  Arbroath,  149. 

Balliol,  a  witness,  10. 

Balliol,  Tngelram  de,  147. 

Balliol,  John,  Edward's  opinion  of,  50 ; 
crowned  at  Scone,  123 ;  dispute 
about  his  resignation,  181,  182; 
Wallace  acts  in  his  name,  181  ; 
investiture  to  Rose  of  Geddes,  439. 

Balloch  Castle,  345,  372,  374,  377,  512  ; 
the  park  and  grounds,  346  ;  the 
Campbells  at,  in  1590,  376;  hos- 
pitalities at,  1590,  376-378,  380; 
records  of  the  Baron  Court,  381 ; 
orchard  and  kailyard,  386 ;  silver- 
plate,  509 ;  harpsicords  in,  380, 
511  ;  inventory  of  goods,  1640,511. 

"Balm  from  Gilead,"  in  the  Cawdor 
Library,  1677,  427. 

Balmerino  Register,  20. 

Balnachtan,  543. 

Balqidiidder,  211,  361. 

Balvndolch,  Hugh  de  Ross,  lord  of,  214. 

Balyordie,  461. 

Bamborough,  a  residence  of  St.  Aedan,  3. 
Bamf,  Ramsay  of,  461. 
Banchor,  399. 

Banchory  St.  Ternan    granted   to  Ar- 
broath, 146. 
Banf  tithes  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 
Banf,  Thanedoms  in,  398. 
Banff,  the  Laird  of,  entertained  at  Bal- 
loch, 377. 
Bangley  brae-foot,  551. 
Bangor,  4. 

Banking,  traces  of  early,  169. 
Bannatvne  Miscellany  quoted,  138,  332, 

406. 
Bannatyne  Club,  287,  326. 


Bannockburn,  battle  of,  389. 

Baptismal  churches,  antiquity  of,  19. 

Barbican,  Barmkin,  or  Barmekyn,  of 
the  castle  of  James  i.'s  time,  443. 

Barbrek,  the  laird  of,  525,  543,  545. 
See  Campbell. 

Barcaldine  in  Benderloch  built,  346. 

Barchaltan,  inventory  of  goods  in,  1640, 
511. 

Barclay,  John,  author  of  the  Argenis, 
282. 

Barclay,  Robert,  author  of  the  Apology 
for  the  Quakers,  489. 

Barclay,  Sir  Alexander,  slain,  165. 

Barclay  the  elder,  one  of  the  foremost 
scholars  of  Europe,  281. 

Barclay,  William,  the  jurist,  282. 

Bards,  hereditary,  of  the  Campbells  of 
Glenurchy,  384. 

Barevan,  the  burial-place  of  the  Caw- 
dors,  436. 

Barlanark  pi-ebend  granted  to  Glasgow, 
48. 

Barley  grown  by  the  monks  of  Kelso, 
189. 

Barley  "struck,"  376. 

Barnardiston,  Sir  Thomas,  of  Ketton 
in  Suffolk,  231. 

Baron,  the  title  in  Scotland,  397,  440. 

Baron  Courts'  Acts  collected  in  1621, 
380. 

Barrekins  of  wine,  376. 

Barron,  Dr.  Peter,  of  Cambridge,  291. 

Barron,  Dr.  Robert,  Professor  at  Aber- 
deen, 290,  291  ;  his  widow's  re- 
treat at  Strathislay,  291. 

Barons  obliged  to  put  their  eldest  sous 
to  school,  339. 

Basilius  Magnus  taught  at  Aberdeen, 
309. 

Bass  Rock,  551. 

Bath,  495,  496. 

Baths  in  1682,  423. 

Bathcat  lands,  134. 

Bauer  and  Watne  (Bower  and  Watten). 
tithes  of,  to  the  archdeacon  of 
Caithness,  82. 

Baxter  lands  of  Inverleith,  141. 

Bayle's  Dictionary  quoted,  227,  228. 

Beacons,  fire,  in  Argyle  and  the  west 
country,  383,  384. 

Beanus,  St.,  the  church  of,  of  Kynkell, 
209. 

Beanus,  St.,  the  church  of,  at  Fowlis, 
210. 

Beanus,  in  old  University  slang,  a  fresh- 
man, 240. 

Beaton,  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  claims 
jurisdiction  in  Ker's  case,  129. 


Ik 


570 


INDEX. 


Ik'aulort  in  tlic  Ainl,  4.'iH. 

Beauliou  Priory  founded  by  the  Bysets, 
438  ;  register  niisHing,  21. 

Becket,  'J'bonias  a,  the  patron  Haint  of 
WilHani  the  Lion,  144;  remains 
of  a  statue  discovered,  1G8.  See 
St.  Thomas. 

Bede,  2-5,  30. 

Bedell's  Life  quoted,  293,  296. 

Bedlingtonshire,  N.  Durham,  3. 

Bejaune,  see  Bajan. 

Beef  used  in  the  Highlands,  376. 

Beer,  "  English,"  376. 

Beeves,  376.     See  Mart. 

Belach  lands  granted  to  Arbroath,  149. 

Beleside  lands  improved  by  the  monks, 
99. 

Belford  road  in  1750,  551. 

Bell,  Mr.  John,  minister  (1595),  534. 

Bells,  Arbroath,  melted,  163 ;  of  Aber- 
deen, 319. 

Beltane,  351. 

Beltonford,  551. 

Benedictine  monks  settled  at  Selkirk 
but  removed  to  Kelso,  177 ;  monas- 
tery at  Tynemouth,  550. 

Bennet,  Mr.  William,  of  Chapel  le  Frith, 
Derbyshire,  231. 

Bennet,  Eev.  William,  London,  231. 

Bennum,  Master  Thomas,  rector  of 
Aberdeen  School,  255. 

Benrinnes,  Battle  of,  386. 

Bentivoglio,  the  abbate,  468. 

Berehope,  pasture  of,  monks  of  Kelso, 
189. 

Bergen-op-Zoom,  470. 

Bergerac,  281. 

Berkeley,  a  witness,  10,  155,  171. 

Berkeleys,  De,  benefactions  to  Arbroath, 
147  ;  to  Melrose,  106,  171. 

Berkeley,  Walter  de,  147. 

^Bernards,  Fitz,  benefactions  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Bernard,  Mr.,  and  Dr.  John  Clephane, 
468. 

Bertius,  a  learned  Scot,  269. 

Bervy,  552. 

Berwick  burgesses,  109,  174;  wealth 
of,  175. 

Berwick  property  deteriorated,  140. 

Berwick  Nes,  140. 

Berwick  town,  94,  175,  189,  551. 

Bethoc,  daughter  of  Malcolm  ii.,  150. 

Bethune,  James,  Abbot  of  Arbroath,  64  ; 
afterwards  archbishop  of  Glasgow, 
62  ;  made  chancellor,  63  ;  disputes 
the  right  of  the  Council  of  Glas- 
gow to  elect  their  magistrates,  65; 
translated    to    St.    Andrews,    63 ; 


ambassador  to  I-'ran'-e,  04  ;  n.- 
cords  carried  from  Scotland  by  him, 
at  the  Scots  College,  Paris,  494  ; 
his  heritage  restored,  etc.,  death, 
64. 

Bethune,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  bouse  in 
Edinburgh,  67.     See  Ik-aton. 

Betoun,  David,  Abbot  of  Arbroath,  on 
the  domestic  economy  of  the  Ab- 
bev,  170. 

Bible,  knglish,  price  in  1637,  374. 

Bielfiold's,  Baron,  works,  482. 

Binning,  Thomas,  Lord,  portrait  by 
Jameson,  350 ;  letters  referred  to, 
537,  540,  547. 

Birch  trees  at  Breadalbane,  346 ;  at 
Kilravock,  486,  490. 

Bireburn,  108. 

Birth-brieves,  212. 

Bishops  abolished  by  the  A.s8embly  at 
Glasgow,  1638,  418. 

Bishops  and  the  clergy  of  1619,  522. 

Bishops,  satire  on,  363. 

Biset,  a  witness,  10. 

Bisset,  Baldred,  Scotch  envoy  at  Rome, 
181. 

Bisset,  Habakkuk,  account  of  Baia- 
mund's  Roll,  27. 

Bisset,  John,  Principal  of  Aberdeen, 
276.     See  Byset. 

Blacader,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen, 
afterwards  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  60  ; 
on  David  Dwne,  62. 

Blackburn  bridge,  194. 

Black  cocks,  directions  for  preserving, 
in  1677,  423. 

Black  Duncan  of  the  cowl,  see  Breadal- 
bane, Campbell,  345. 

Blackhills,  Robert  Rose  of,  456. 

Black  Isle,  lands  of,  the  dower  of  Eliza- 
beth Byset,  438,  439. 

Black-letter  printing,  272. 

Black  mail  levied  by  Duncan  Laideus, 
361. 

Blackness,  536. 

Black,  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  Glas- 
gow, 241. 

Blackwell,  Professor  at  Aberdeen,  464. 

Blackwood,  Mr.,  and  Dr.  John  Cle- 
phane, 468. 

Blaeu,  John,  of  Amsterdam,  printer, 
296. 

Blakburn,  Mr.  Peter,  Professor,  Glas- 
gow, 226,  227. 

Bleneslei  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Blocker,  or  dealer  in  cattle,  382. 

Blois,  426. 

Bloodwit,  Court  of,  193. 

Boar,  wild,  alluded  to,  103. 


INDEX. 


571 


I 


Boccaccio,  256. 

Boece,  the  different  spellings  of  the 
name,  268. 

Boece,  Arthur,  a  canon  of  Aberdeen, 
brother  of  Hector,  his  offices,  268, 
273. 

Boece,  Hector,  afterwards  Principal  of 
Aberdeen  University,  260  ;  takes 
his  degree,  269  ;  lectures  at  Paris, 
267 ;  character  as  an  historian, 
268 ;  accomplishments  and  posi- 
tion, some  skill  in  medicine,  269, 
271  ;  the  burgh  gives  him  a  tun 
of  wine,  269 ;  his  works — Lives 
of  the  Bishops  of  Aberdeen,  269, 
271,  273,  313  ;  of  Elphiustone,  87, 
260  ;  a  rhyming  translation  of  the 
same,  270 ;  History  of  Scotland, 
269  ;  his  account  of  fabulous  Par- 
liament at  Forfar,  1061,  328  ;  his 
historical  fictions,  396  ;  death,  270 ; 
quoted,  43,  54,  87,  145,  163,  260- 
265,273,  274,  312,  328,  389. 

Boerhaave,  467. 

Bog-a-Gicht,  552. 

Boisil,  Saint,  memorial  churches,  5. 

Boith  or  Both,  Colin  Campbell  of,  543, 
545. 

Bolden  Grange,  188  ;  lands  belong  to 
Kelso  Abbey,  191  ;  husbandmen's 
burdens,  195. 

Bonds  of  Friendship,  of  Homage,  of 
Manrent,  etc.,  365. 

Bologna  University  (Bononia  docet), 
220,  257,  281. 

Bonds  (serfs),  16. 

Bondington,  William  de,  bishop  of 
Glasgow,  43  ;  consecration,  adopts 
for  Glasgow  the  ritual  of  Salisbury, 
44  ;  character,  resides  and  dies  at 
Alncrum,  43,  44,  45,  67  ;  men- 
tioned, 46. 

Bonelli,  Signer,  and  the  Stuart  Papers, 
496. 

Bonhill,  revenues  from,  to  Glasgow,  40. 

Bonnet,  M.,  of  Geneva,  468. 

Bonnets,  269,  452. 

Books,  their  scarcity  in  Scotland,  169, 
256,    257,    332,    333,    339,    459; 
school-books,  price  of,  1656,  452. 
"  Boors'  rights,"  191. 
Boots,  charge  for  oiling  (1591),  525. 
Boots,  John  Oig,  put  in  the,  to  extort 

confession,  531. 
Boquhannan,   "Wattie,    entertained    by 
the    Thane    Cawdor    at   Stirliuir, 
1591,  530. 
B>)quhannan's,  John,  Inn  at  Dumbarton, 
in  1591,  524. 


Bordeaux,  281,  462. 

Bordeaux  wine,  255. 

Borderers,  their  character,  175,  176; 
rewarded  with  the  Church  lands, 
176;  employed  as  wardens  of  the 
marches,  176 ;  the  leaders  of,  take 
their  place  among  the  old  nobles, 
177. 

Border  Highlands,  salmon  fishing,  383. 

Borllin  of  Fortirgall,  352. 

Born  sends  books  from  Home  to  Dr. 
John  Clephane,  468- 

Borthwick,  5 ;  church  dedicated  to  St. 
Kentigern,  33  ;  manse,  garden,  St. 
Mungo's  well,  33  ;  acquired  by 
Glasgow,  33. 

Borubol  in  Sutherland,  acquired  by 
Scone,  72,  124. 

Bosco,  de.  Lords  of  Ogilface,  134,  439. 

Bosco,  Mary  de,  444,  489. 

Bosco,  Sir  Andrew  de,  marries  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Sir  John  Byset, 
438. 

Boston's  Memoirs  quoted,  302. 

Boston's  treatise  on  the  Hebrew  ac- 
cents, 302. 

Botfield,  Mr.  B.,  287. 

Both,  a  charter  of,  to  Gilbert  Hostiarius, 
399.     See  Boith. 

Bothwell  Brig,  428  ;  Castle,  50. 

Bothweli,  Lord,  at  Finlarg,  377. 

Bouage,  385. 

Boulogne,  495. 

Boundaries,  old,  104,  106,  147. 

Bouverie,  Mr.,  and  Dr.  John  Clephane, 
467,  468. 

Bow  with  bag  of  arrows,  1598,  378. 

Bower,  quoted,  195. 

Bowie,  William,  author  of  the  Black 
Book  of  Taymouth,  341,  342,  350, 
387  ;  as  tutor  to  Glenfalloch,  388  ; 
his  letter  to  the  laird,  52 1 ,  522.  ^ 

Bowmen  levied  in  Glcnurchy  for  foreign 
service,  1627,  518. 

Bows  in  1638,  378,  383. 

Boyd,  Zacchary,  270. 

Boyis,  Mr.  Walter,  of  Snaw,  ambassa- 
dor to  England,  268. 

Boyn,  a  deanery  of  Aberdeen,  26. 

Bracci,  Domenico,  of  Flurenco,  letters 
from,  468. 

Bfadfut,  JDanicl,  regent  in  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  1725,  318. 

Braes  of  Angus  and  Mearns,  thanedoms 
in,  398. 

Braidwood,  lands  of,  414. 

Brand  on  tithe  colts  of  the  monks  of 

Kelso,  190. 
Brandy,  price  of,  in  1728,  459. 


572 


INDEX. 


IJiaocli,  St.,  see  St.  l>raocli. 

Hrawn,  377. 

liread,    charge  for,  at  an   inn    (Io91), 

524,  52.0. 
Brcadalbaiie  Papers,  ^il-'.'/M. 
Brca'lalhant!,  early  rentals  and  estate- 
books  of,  37.0. 
Breadalbane  wardrobe  at  Balloch,  1598, 

377. 
Jjreadalbane,   see   Campbell  and  Glen- 

urcliy. 
Brecbenuacli,    custody   of,    granted   to 

Arbroath,  146,  152,  IGl. 
Brechin   a   Culdce   house,   8 ;    chapter 

consists   of   Culdees,     156;    char- 

tulary  of,  20  ;  ancient  taxation  of, 

26  ;    bishop    of,    benefactions     to 

Arbroath,     148  ;    battle    of,    161  ; 

bishopric,  subsidy  from  Arbroath, 

169. 
Brechins,  De,  155. 
Brechyn,   Lord   of,  principal  justiciar, 

215. 
Brettos  et  Scotos,  Leges  inter,  quoted, 

397. 
Brewing-houses,  rental  from  the  Abbot 

of  Kelso,  194. 
Brewing  vessels  at  Glenurchy,  511. 
Brewsters'   houses    iu  the   Highlands, 

382. 
Briars,  cutting,  in  the  w^axing  of  the 

moon,  381. 
Bricius,  Bishop  of  Moray,  despatches  the 

dean   and   chancellor  to   Lincoln, 

80;  son  of  William  Douglas,  327. 
Bricius,  judex  of  Angers,  155. 
Bride,  St.,  137. 
Bridges,  151,  154,  155,  157,  194,  265, 

270,  275,  346,  433,  457,  550. 
Bridgetown,  Strachan  of,  461. 
Brienne,  John  de,  second  husband  to 

Mary  de  Couci,  136. 
Britannorum  Episcopi  in  ancient  times, 

29. 
Brocade,  flowered,  426. 
Brodie,  John,  Keg.  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen, 315. 
Brodie,  the  thanedom  of,  398. 
Brodie  ms.  at,  401. 
Brodie,  the  Lord  Lion,  m.p.  for  Moray, 

465. 
Brompton,  quoted,  172. 
Brougham,  Lord,  496. 
Broughton  parish,  3. 
Broughty,  147  ;  ferry,  fishings,  170. 
Brown,    James,    printer  at  Abei'deen 

University,  269,  300,  301. 
Brown's,  Dr  ,  History  of  the  Highlands, 

495. 


Brownrig,  108. 

Broxton  (Broxmoulh),  .051. 

Bruce,  a  witnesH,  10. 

Bruce,  David,  his  sorrow  for  (Catherine 
Mortimer,  137. 

Bruce's  inn  at  Arbroath,  552. 

Bruce,  James,  Chancellor  and  Binhop 
of  Dunkeld,  elected  Jiishop  of  ClaK- 
gow,  59.  J 

Bruce,  Robert,  at  Bannockburn,  389, 
392,  400 ;  erects  the  earldom  ol 
Moray  for  his  nephew  Kandolph, 
401 ;  sympathy  with  Bishop  Win- 
chart,  49;  statute  quoted,  97  ;  let- 
ter to  his  son,  119;  grants  to 
Melrose,  119;  benefaction  to  Ar- 
broath, 152  ;  his  parliament  as- 
sembles in  Arbroath,  160,  196;  sup- 
ported by  Sir  James  Douglas,  329. 

Bruce,  Robert,  lord  of  Annaudale,  a 
patron  of  Gyseburn,  39  ;  original 
of  grant  to  Gyseburn  in  Harleian 
Mss. ;  his  seal  apd  legend,  39. 

Bruges,  cloth  of,  255. 

Brunchet  acquired  by  Melrose,  94. 

Bruschius  quoted,  126. 

Brush,  hair,  price  of,  1637,  374. 

Buchan,  St.  Fergus  builds  a  church  in, 
5,  71  ;  a  deanery  of  Aberdeen,  26. 

Buchan  family  benefactors  to  Arbroati), 
148. 

Buchan,  Marjory,  Countess  of,  bene- 
factions to  Arbroath,  147. 

Buchan,  Earls  of,  155. 

Buchan,  John,  of  Auchmacoy,  317. 

Buchanan,  David,  269. 

Buchanan,  John,  innkeeper  at  Dunbar- 
ton,  1591,  525. 

Buchanan,  Mr.  George,  522 ;  on  Bishop 
Cameron's  death,  58 ;  on  Arch- 
bishop Dunbar,  63 ;  his  friend, 
Florence  Wilson,  282  ;  Psalms 
used  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 
1656,  452  ;  quoted,  396. 

Bucharm  Castle,  14. 

Buchelm,  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Buckie,  the  Laird  of,  his  marriage  with 
Jeilliane  Campbell,  1626,  377. 

Buckingham's,  Duke  of,  castle  at  Hems- 
ley,  549. 

Buike  of  King  Alexander  the  Conquer- 
oure,  MS.  in  the  Tavmouth  library, 
348. 

Bulla,  leaden,  of  Pope  Alexander  ui., 
found  at  Kelso,  203. 

Bullarium,  the  collection  of  Roman 
bulls,  quoted,  37. 

Bunch,  Duncan,  chief  regent  of  the 
Faculty  of  Arts,  Glasgow,  222. 


INDEX. 


573 


Bunyan,  John,  359 ;   liis  work  in  the 

Cawdor  library,  427. 
Burghal  privileges,  124. 
Burghers  daring  the  reign  of  William 

the  Lion,  their  privileges,  105. 
Burgundy,  476  ;  embassy  to,  in  time  of 

James  in.,  264. 
Burke,  496,  500. 
Burlie's,  Ijord,  present  of  a  musket  to 

the  Laird  of  Glenurchy,  509. 
Burnard,  llalph,  permits  the  Bishop  of 

Glasgow  to  use  his  peateries,  43. 
Burnard,  Ivichard,  of  Faringdun,  sale  of 

land,  110. 
Burnard's  badge,  113- 
Burnett,  Alexander,  of  King's  College, 

Aberdeen,  1725,  318. 
Burnet,  Mr.  Gilbert,  afterwards  Bishop 

of  Sarum,  professor  of  theology  at 

Glasgow,   234,    235;    on   Dr.  W. 

Forbes  of  Aberdeen,  &c.,  292,  293  ; 

preface  to  the  Life  of  Bedell  quoted, 

296. 
Burnetts,  172. 
Burns  on  his  Highland  expedition  visits 

Kilravock,  484 ;  his  letter  to  Lady 

Kilravock,  485. 
Bursars  of  Glasgow  University,  223. 
Buruel,  John,  313. 
Bury,  Josiah  Chorley  at,  231. 
Bute  Herald,  173. 

Buthelnv,  St.  Nathalan's  Church,  4. 
Butter,  376. 
.  Buttons,  price  of,  in  1633,  372,  373 ;  of 

gold  and  silver,  431. 
Buy,  Sorley,  father  of  Earl  of  Antrim, 

537. 
Byrthensak,  193. 
Byset,  Cecilia,  438. 
Byset,  Elizabeth,  438. 
Byset,  Mary,  438. 
Byset,  Sir  John  de,  438. 
Byset,  William  de,  438. 
Byscts  in  the  time  of  William  the  Lion, 

they  murder  the  Earl  of  Athol  at 

Haddington,    are     banished,    and 

emigrate  to  Ireland,  438,  439. 

Cabrachan,  John  Gig  Campbell  of,  531 , 
532. 

Caddell,  John,  414.     See  Cawdor. 

Cadihou  church  granted  to  Glasgow, 
33,  40. 

Cadyhow,  Lord  of,  see  Hamilton,  331. 

Cadyou,  David,  first  Lord  Rector  of 
Glasgow,  69  ;  reads  lectures  in  the 
chapter-house,  243 ;  his  benefac- 
tion, 248. 

Cagell  ferry  and  hostelry,  385. 


Caithness,  Countess  of,  Mary  of  Argyll, 
421,  427. 

Caithness,  Earl  of,  George  Sinclair,  421. 

Caithness,  5;  Earldom  of,  71,  72; 
Sherifts  of,  72  ;  Bishopric,  sketch 
of  foundation,  70-85;  Andrew  an 
early  Bishop,  John  succeeds,  73  ; 
his  mutilation,  74-76 ;  Adam 
elected,  76  ;  his  character,  77  ;  ob- 
tains absolution,  39;  exactions, 
77 ;  burned,  78  ;  succeeded  by  Gil- 
bert de  Moravia,  79-80  ;  constitu- 
tion of  the  Cathedral,  80  ;  poverty 
of  the  Bishopric  ;  members  of  chap- 
ter, 81,  82  ;  Bishop  Gilbert's  influ- 
ence, 83  ;  canonized  ;  his  relics  re- 
verenced, 85  ;  his  will  referred  to, 
332. 

Calceia3,  105,  108. 

Calder,  John,  525-527,  529,  530. 

Caldcr,  Laird  of,  166. 

Calder,  see  Cawdor. 

Calder's  hill,  480. 

Caldorcler  lands,  335. 

Calixtus  II.  29. 

Cambridge  (cambric),  231  ;  linen  for 
ruffs,  price  of,  372,  373- 

Cambuskeniieth  Abbey  charters,  21. 

Cambuskynnel,  Alexander,  Abbot  of, 
497. 

Cambuslang  church,  a  prebend,  56. 

Camerarius,  145. 

Camerarii  de  Scotorum  fortitudine,  etc., 
145,  269. 

Cameron,  Bishop  of  Edinburgh,  494. 

Cameron,  George,  Principal  of  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  318. 

Cameron,  John,  a  scholar,  241 ;  visits 
the  Universities  of  the  Continent, 
281. 

Cameron,  John,  elected  Bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, builds  the  tower  and  chapter- 
house, his  death,  58. 

Campbell,  Colin,  of  Abiruquhill  (Aber- 
urchill),  547. 

Archibald,  brother  of  said  Colin, 

547. 

Sir  James,  of  Arkinglass  (Ardkin- 

glass),  413,  414,  531. 

Sir  John,  of  Ardkinglass,  son  of 

Sir  James,  414,  531,  532,  535. 

Sir   John,    of    Ardkinglass,    383, 

419. 

Dougal,  of  Auchinbreck,  413. 

Donald,   of   Barbreck,    543,    545, 

547. 

Colin,  of  Boith,  543,  545. 

Campbells  of  Breadalbane,  341-394. 
/See  Campbells  of  Glenurchy. 


574 


IN'DRX. 


Cain))bcll,  Jolm  Oig,  of  Ciibnicliiin,  r^jl. 

See  Oig. 
M;ii<^<irc't,    widuw    of   saiil    .John, 

Campbells  of  Cawdor,  :j!j5-430. 

Sir  John,  of  Cawdor,  a  son  of  the 

Earl  of  Arf^yle,  40D-412. 
Archibald,    son    of  the   said    Sir 

John,  412. 
Sir  John,  Thane  of  Cawdor,  grand- 
son of  the  above  Sir  John  Camp- 
bell, 412-414,  523-532. 
Colin,  son  of  the  said  Thane  John, 

529,  530. 
Sir  John,  Thano,  son  of  Sir  John 

Campbell   of  Cawdor,    414-417, 

420. 

Jane,  wife  of  above,  415. 

John,  fiar  of  Cawdor,  son  of  Sir 

John,  416,  417,  420. 
• Colin,  son  of  Sir  John  and  brother 

of  the  fiar  of  Cawdor,  417-419. 
• George,  brother  of  the  said  Colin, 

419. 
' Colin,  son  of  John   the  fiar,  and 

heir  of  the  Thanedom,  419,  420. 
■ Sir  Hugh,  son  of  Colin  the  tutor, 

420-425,  427-435. 

Duncan,  at  Isla,  422. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh, 

426,  427. 
Jean,  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh,  426, 

427. 
Sir  Archibald,  of  Clunes,  432-434, 

436. 
Duncan,  son  of  Sir  Archibald  of 

Clunes,  432. 

Duncan,  in  Creilgarrow,  383. 

Archibald,  of  Dunstafnage,  545. 

Duncan,  of  Duntrany,  367. 

Patrick,  of  Edinample,  512. 

Colin,  of  Galcantray,  422. 

Eobert,  of  Glenfalloch,  377,  521. 

Duncan,  son  of  Robert  of  Glen- 
falloch, 521,  522. 
John,  son  of  Robert  of  Glenfalloch, 

521,  522. 

•  John,  of  Glenlyon,  358,  377. 

Archibald,  fiar  of  Glenlyon,  512. 

Campbells  of  Glenurchy  (Glenurquhay). 
Duncane,  called  Duncane  in  Aa, 

Knicht  of  Lochow,  founder  of  the 

houses  of  Locho  wand  Glenurchy, 

342. 

Archibald,  his  son,  342. 

Sir  Colin,  of  Glenurchy  and  Lome, 

342-344,  356,  508. 
Sir  Duncan,   second    laird,   344, 

361. 


Cunij>bells    of    (ilonurchy,    Sir    Colin. 

tliird  laird,  341. 
Sir     Duncan,    fourth    laird,    344, 

387,  .388. 

Sir  John,  fifth  laird,  brother  of  said 

Duncan,  344. 
Sir  (Jolin,  sixth  laird,  344,  345. 

302,  512. 
Sir  Duncan,  seventh  laird,  named 

Black  Duncan  of  the  Cowl,  341, 

345-349,    413,    41.0,    422,    510- 

518,  5.32  534. 
Duncan,  son  of  the  preceding,  hi 

fostering,  366,  367. 
Sir  Colin,  eighth  laird,  349,  -JoO, 

358,  .360,  367,  369,  370,  372. 
Sir  Robert,  ninth  laird,  350,  351. 

371,  388,  511. 

Sir  John,  3.50,  366. 

Sir  John,  first  Earl  of  Brcadalbane, 

386,  421. 
Campbell,  Archibald,  of  Inneraw,  545- 

Colin )  of  Kilcalmowkil,  545. 

Archibald,  of  Lawers,  512,  545. 

Archibald,  brother-german  of  the 

Laird  of  Laweris,  512. 

Archibald,   of   Lochinyell   (Locli- 

nell),  413,  414,  5.32. 

Sir  Hugh,  of  Loudoun,  532. 

Juliane,  daughter  of  Hew,  Lord  of 

Loudon,  369. 
Alexander,. of  Torrich,  420. 

Alexander,  527,  529. 

Cornelius,  in  Boece's  History,  268. 

■  Donald,  natural  son  of  the  Thane 

of  Cawdor,  533. 
Donald,  chamber-boy  of  the  Thane 

of  Cawdor,  524. 
Duncan,  page  to  Lord  of  Lome's 

son,  373. 
Duncan,  cordiner   in   Edinburgh, 

1638,  374. 
"EflBe,"  servant  of  the  Thane  of 

Cawdor,  526. 
Elizabeth,   wife   of  the    Laird   of 

Drum,  376. 
Jeilliane,    wife   of   the   Laird    of 

Buckie,  377. 

Margaret,  of  Cawdor,  wife  of  Sir 

James  M'Donald,  547. 
Mistress,  her  school  in  Edinburgh, 

426. 

or  De  Carrick,  439. 

Neil,  Bishop  of  Argyll,  413,  532. 

Clan,  373 ;    their  defence  of  the 

west  coast,  384. 
Campbelltown,  or  Cawdor  village,  434. 
Campsy,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35. 
Canisranniche,  524. 


INDEX. 


75 


CauaJa,  394. 

Cananesbi  (Canisbay),  a  prebend  of  a 

canon  of  Caithness,  82. 
Candles,  '  Paris,'  156,  378 ;  charge  for 

in  1591,  525. 
Canech,  St.,  see  St.  Canech. 
Canmore,  see  Malcolm. 
Caiinel  (cinnamon),  377. 
Cannon,  537,  538  ;  of  Sir  Oliver  Lam- 

bard,  545. 
Canons  and  constitntions,  ecclesiastical, 
compiled  for  Church  of  Scotland, 
1G3G,  300. 
Canon  Law  to  be  taught  in  Glasgow 
University,  221, 222;  lectures  read, 
1460,  244 ;  degrees  in,  Pope  gives 
power  to  confer,  to  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 257. 
Canonist's  office  at  Aberdeen  University 

abolished,  286. 
Canterbury  disputes  with  York  autho- 
rity over  Scotch  bishops,  30. 
Canterbury,  Thomas,  Archbishop  of,  30. 
Canterbury,  Ralph,  Archbishop  of,  29. 
Cantray  acquired  by  the  JRoses  of  Kil- 

ravock,  440. 
Capercailzie    in    Scotland,    1651,   their 
disappearance,  387  ;    presented  to 
the  King  in  1651,  515. 
Capers,  1677,  425. 
Capons,  377. 

Captain  of  the  Clan,  ob  Ogthiern,  397. 
Caraldstoun,  155,  161. 
Cardross,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  36. 
Carl,  penalty  for  injuring,  397. 
Carlyle,  Dr.,  of  Inveresk,  499. 
Carmichael,  George,  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 

60. 
Carmichael,  Thomas,  canon  of  Moray, 

402. 
Carnaistrie  (Carnnaistrie)  Castle,  532, 

533. 
Carnbrogy,  505,  506. 
Carnegics,  172. 
Carnibo,  tlie  lands  of,  209. 
Carnwath,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35. 
Carpets,  1598,  378 ;  in  1640,  380. 
Carriages,  in  use,  98. 
Carrick,  Ayr,  33,  49. 
Carrick,  Duncan,  Earl  of,  40,  109,  182. 
Carrick,  a  witness,  439;  Herald,  173. 
Carrick,  the  ancient  family  of,  patrons 

of  Glasgow,  40;  of  Melrose,  111. 
Can-ik,  the,  523,  524. 
Carslogie,  Clephane  of,  461. 
Carts,  slide,  479. 
"Caschelawes,"  379. 
Cassilis,  Earl  of,  21. 
Castle-building  Act  of  James  i.,  443. 


Castlereagh,  Lord,  496. 

Caterlin  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Cattle  in  the  Highlands,  375  ;  bleeding 
during  famine  in  Breadalbane,  382 ; 
at  Glenurchy,  511  ;  sent  to  Eng- 
land, 415. 

Cattle-dealers,  laws  regulating,  382. 

Caulfield,  Hon.  General  William,  478, 
479, 

Caulp  of  Kenkynie,  374. 

Cautey  (Caute),  lands  of  Arbroath  Ab- 
bey, 505,  506. 

Cavalier  politics  at  Aberdeen,  294. 

Cawdor  or  Caldcr,  at  the  present  day, 

435  ;  accounts  of  the  family  main- 
tenance, 548  ;  arms,  400  ;  bridge, 
in    1726,  433;    burial-place,  433, 

436  ;  castle,  crown  license  for,  402, 
416;  old  tower,  409;  repaired  by 
Sir  Hugh,  428,  429  ;  charter-room, 
419  ;  church  rebuilt  by  Sir  John, 
416  ;  its  present  state,  436  ;  deer 
park,  423,  433  ;  gardens,  434  ; 
librmy,  427 ;  mansion,  417,  418, 
433  ;  property  in  1726,  433  ;  oaks, 
436  ;  Old  Cawdor,  remains  of,  407  ; 
situation,  411  ;  tenants  in  1726, 
433 ;  tower,  435 ;  tradition  con- 
cerning, 407  ;  village  in  1726, 
434 ;  woods  in  1726,  433,  434. 

Cawdor  papers,  395. 

Thancdom  of,  398. 

Cawdor  Family  : — 

Donald,  Thane  of  Cawdor,  1295, 

399. 

AVilliam,  Thane,  1310,  398. 

William,  son  of  William,  Thane 

of,  1350,  399,  400. 

Andrew,  the  first  Thane  of  whom 

there  is  precise  information, 
hereditary  sherift'  and  constable 
of  the  Castle  of  Nairn,  399. 

Donald,  son  of  Andrew,  the  Thane 

of,  1405,  399-401. 

William,  son  of  Donald,  succeeds 

his  father,  1442,  401-408. 

William,  son  of  William,  marries 

Mariot,  daughter  of  Alexander 
Sutherland  of  Dunbeath,  406  ; 
a  lettered  man,  408,  435 ;  his 
eldest  son,  William,  set  aside 
from  the  heritage,  408. 

John,  secondsonof  Thane  William, 

marries  Isabella  Pose  of  Kilra- 
vock,  and  dies,  1498,  409. 

Muriel,    heiress   of   Cawdor,    and 

daughter  of  John,  marries  Sir 
John  Campbell,  son  of  Earl  of 
Argyle,  409. 


r  ^  f 


INDEX. 


Ciiwdor,  Sir  John  Cumpboll,  'J'hane  of, 

by  his    marriii^^c    with    Muriel, 

409-411  ;  (lies,  412. 
ArcliibalJ,    his   eldest    son,    dius, 

412. 
Sir  .lolin,  son  of  Archibald,  412, 

413,  415  ;  his  assussination,  414, 

531-533;  his  travelling  expenses, 

523-530. 

Colin,  his  son,  529,  530. 

Sir  John,  son  of  Sir  John,  acquires 

Isla,  415,  416,  420,  536-538, 543, 

545,  547. 
John,  his  eldest  son,  called  fiar  of, 

416 ;    his  madness,   417  ;    dies, 

420  ;  his  children,  420. 
Jean,  daughter  of  John,  the  fiar 

of,  420. 

Christian,  daughter  of  John,  the 

fiar  of,  420. 
Colin,  son  of  John,  the  fiar  of,  heir 

of  the  Thanedora,  419;  dies,  420. 
Colin,  brother  of  Sir  John,  id  tutor- 

at-law,  417-419. 

George,  son  of  Sir  John,  succeeds 

to  the  tutory,  419. 

Sir  Hugh,  son  of  Colin,  tutor-at- 

law,  420  ;  marriage,  421  ;  is 
M.P.  for  Nairnshire,  421,  422- 
435  ;  his  children,  426. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh, 

426,  427. 

Jean,  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh,  426, 

427. 

Sir  John,  successor  of  Sir  Hugh, 

433,  434. 

Sir  Archibald,  second  son  of  Sir 

Hugh,  resides   at  Clunes,  432- 

434,  436. 

J.    Campbell,     grandson    of    Sir 

Hugh,  marries  Mrs.  Pryse,  434, 
435. 

Earl  of,  434. 

Celibacy  of  the  clergy,  187,  304. 
Celtic  clans,  property  held  by  q.o  written 

tenure,  365. 
Celtic  custom  of  fostering,  366. 
Celtic  party,  Earls  of  Strathearn  leaders 

of,  204. 
Celtic  tenures  and  customs  disappear 

from  Moray,  395,  439. 
Celts,  their  government  by  the  pirate 

princes,  410. 
Celts,  their  usages,  365,  366,  397. 
Celts,  Western,  536. 
*  Censura   Studiosorum,'  of  Aberdeen, 

311. 
Chaldaic  taught  bv  Melville  at  Glasgow, 

227. 


('halnier,  Duncan,  Chancellor  of  Kohh, 
85. 

Chalmers,  David,  of  Ormond,  282. 

Chalmers,  David,  on  the  origin  of  Aber- 
deen I'liiversity,  269. 

Chalmers,  Mr.  George, 494:  'Caledonia,' 
21,  32,  143,  183,  326,' 327  ;  life  of 
liuddiman  quoted,  283. 

Chalmers  mhs.  in  Advocates'  I^ibrary, 
32. 

Cham.bers,  Mr.,  music  teacher,  Edin- 
burgh, 1677,  426 

Channelkirk,  5. 

Chapone's,  Mrs.,  works,  482. 

Charcoal  granted  to  Arbroath,  14S. 

Chariot  tax  in  1758,  462,  473. 

Charles  i.,  285,  296,  303,  387,  518. 

Charles  ii.,  301,  319. 

Charles  Edward,  see  Stewart. 

Chatelherault,  Duke  of,  bond  of,  64, 3.58^ 

Chatham,  499. 

Cheese,  376,  377. 

Chelsea  Hospital,  317. 

Chene,  proprietor  of  St.  Fergus  parish^ 
71. 

Chenes,  Le,  of  Strabrock,  134,  155j 
439. 

Chepman  and  Millar,  printers,  273^ 
300. 

Cherries,  464. 

Cheshelme,  W.  de.,  thesaurar,  213. 

Chester-in-the  Street,  550. 

Cheyam,  John  de.  Bishop  of  Glasgow. 
46  ;  endows  chaplains  with  the 
lands  of  Kermyl,  47. 

Cheyne,  James,  Scotch  doctor  at  Tour- 
nay,  282. 

Chisholm,  Jonet,  her  marriage,  440. 

Chocolate,  1677,  426. 

Chorley,  Josiah,  230-232  ;  his  account 
of  study  and  graduation  at  Glas 
gow  College,  231-237. 

Christison,  "  dene  Johnne,"  sub-prior  of 
Friars  of  Elgin,  27,  28. 

Chronicle  of  Fortirgall  in  the  charter- 
room,  Taymouth,  351. 

Chronology  taught  at  Glasgow  College 
by  Andrew  Meh-ille,  227. 

Church,  corruptions  in  life  and  morals 
before  the  Eeformation,  275. 

Church  Courts,  the  only  settled  and 
organized  judicature  in  Scotland, 
263,  276,  430. 

Church-door  beggars  in  1591,  530. 

Church  schisms,  442. 

Church,  Scotch,  adheres  to  the  anti- 
pope,  54  ;  Bishop  Elphinstone's 
name  reverenced  in,  260  ;  list  of 
its  bishoprics,  1193-1214,  207  ;  in- 


INDEX. 


577 


dependence  recognised  by  the  Bull 
of  Innocent  iii.,  207  ;  canons  and 
constitntion,  ecclesiastical,  com- 
piled for  (1636),  300. 

Church  service  of  Scotland,  429. 

Church,  the,  its  organization,  1. 

Church  vassals,  193. 

Chute,  Mr.,  and  Dr.  John  Clephane, 
468. 

Chyrnsid,  Kobert,  of  Possill,  "commis- 
sioner" of  Glasgow  (1595),  534. 

Cicero  taught  at  Glasgow,  227. 

Cistercian  rules  against  hunting,  103  ; 
St.  Bernard's  directions,  118. 

Citeaux,  126. 

Civilisation  in  the  north,  1455,  404 ; 
progress  of,  441,  442. 

Civita  Vecchia,  the  British  consul  at, 
496,  497. 

Clan,  Captain  of  the  (Ogthiern),  397. 

Clan  customs,  373. 

Clandonachie,  361. 

Clandonald  and  the  rebellion  in  Isla, 
543,  544. 

Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion 
quoted,  295. 

Clarendon,  427. 

Claret  and  Avhite  wine  from  Dundee 
used  at  Breadalbane  Castles,  1590, 
376,  377. 

Clarke's,  Dr.,  edition  of  James  ii.'s  Me- 
moirs, 497. 

Clarkintoun,  527. 

Clatshire  in  Aberdeen,  3. 

Clement  iv.,  24. 

Clement  vii.,  antipope,  54. 

Clenard  taught  at  Aberdeen  University, 
1648,  309. 

Clephane,  Elizabeth,  Lady  of  Kilra- 
vock,  461,  466. 

Clephane,  James  (brother  of  Dr.  John 
Clephane),  476,  477-479. 

Clephane,  John,  brother  of  Lady  Kil- 
ravock,  467-469. 

Clephane  of  Carslogie,  461 . 

Clergy,  regular  and  secular,  116,  117  ; 
originally  the  only  supporters  of 
schools,  220  ;  satire  on,  362. 

Clerkington  Mains,  414. 

Clerkius,  a  learned  Scot  abroad,  269. 

ClidisdaHa,  name  of  one  of  the  nations  of 
Glasgow  University,  221. 

Clifford's  fort  at  Tynemouth,  550. 

Clifton,  94. 

Clothes  of  Lord  Lome's  son,  372. 
•  Cloth,  price  of,  in  1633,  372-374. 

Cloveth,  a  Culdee  house,  9. 

Clun  (Clyne),  prebend  of  the  dean  of 


I 


Caithness,  81. 


Clunes,  Duncan,  son  of  Sir  Archibald 
of,  432,  433. 

Cluniac  monks,  21. 

Clydesdale,  its  shires,  3. 

Coach,  family,  cost  of  (1761),  in  Lou- 
don, 479. 

Coals,  101,  131,  442,  458,  499,  506. 

Coarbof  St.  Fillan,  389. 

Cocchi,  Dr.,  the  Florentine  anatomist, 
and  Dr.  John  Clephane,  468. 

Cockburn's,  Lord,  Memorials  of  his 
Tinue  quoted,  503. 

Coffee-houses     in     Edinburgh    (1762), 
_  480. 

Coinage,  270. 

Coin  of  1619.  522. 

Cokburne,  R.,  Lord  of  Piivy  Council, 
540. 

Colchun,  Laird  of,  patron  of  Glasgow 
College,  235. 

Coldingham  Priory,  its  age,  196  ;  muni- 
ments, 20,  24  ;  Prior  of,  deputy-col- 
lector of  Edward's  tithes,  25. 

Coldinghamshire,  the  Merse,  3. 

Coldstream  nunnery  Register,  21. 

Colgan,  quoted,  86. 

Colliers  and  salters,  their  servitude, 
193  ;  state  of  bondage,  499,  500, 
504. 

Cologne  University  a  model  for  Glas- 
gow University,  221. 

Colpinhope,  monks  of  Kelso,  farm,  189. 

Colquhon,  Master  John,  canon  of  Glas- 
gow, 1530,  497. 

Colquhoun,  Sir  John,  56. 

Columba,  see  St.  Columba. 

Columba's  banner,  see  Brecbennach. 

Colvil,  Eustachia  de,  48. 

Combs,  etc.,  price  of,  in  1635,  373. 

Common  churches,  56,  59. 

Complaint  of  the  Abbot  of  Arbroath 
(1460-70),  504. 

ComptroUar  of  Scotland,  1506,  387. 

Compurgators,  381. 

Comrie,  Lady,  entertained  at  Balloch, 
1621,377. 

Comyn,  David,  Lord  of  Kilbride,  44. 

Comyn,  John,  of  Rulebethok,  44. 

Comyn,  John,  guardian  of  Scotland, 
"182. 

Conclud  granted  to  Glasgow,  34. 

Confession  of  Faith  taught  at  Glasgow 
College,  240;  Aberdeen,  452  ;  men- 
tioned, 278. 

Congere  manor  the  property  of  Dun- 
blane, 7. 

Con  tin,  4. 

Conventicles,  proclamation  against,  by 
the  Privy  Council,  453. 


2  o 


578 


INDEX. 


CooU'h  charges  at  Doiindaraw  iiiii,  521}. 

Cope's  (Iragoons  in  I-'laiiderH,  '172. 

Copper  field-piece,  509. 

Corbet,  112. 

Corbels'  arms,  113. 

Cordiners'  charge.s  in  CljiBgow,  1501, 
527. 

Cork,  71,  470. 

Cormac  of  Nug  a  witness,  147. 

Corn,  price  of,  in  1571-72,  354. 

Corody,  40. 

Corricliiba,  the  White  Hind  and  James 
VI.,  387,  516. 

Corrichie  light,  447. 

Corriegoir  sliealing  granted  to  Black 
John  Crerare,  386. 

Corroc,  land  of,  187. 

Cosche  of  Glenurchy,  347. 

Cosin,  Bisliop,  liis  ms.  preserved  at  Dur- 
ham, 293. 

Corslets,  1598,  378. 

Couci,  Mary  de,  wife  of  Alexander  ii., 
135  ;  bequeatlis  her  body  to  New- 
battle,  135 ;  gives  birth  to  a  prince, 
136;  history  and  tomb,  136,  144. 

Couci,  Enguerran  de  Guines,  marries 
Christian  de  Lindesay,  136  ;  his 
taste  for  hunting,  hangs  three  stu- 
dents for  trespassing,  136. 

Coul,  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Coul,  Sir  John  Mackenzie  of,  1715, 
456. 

Coul,  the  laird  of,  458. 

Coulmonie,  459,  460,  462,  464,  477, 
479. 

Count,  the  first  of  the  Strathearn  race 
who  accepted  that  title,  204. 

Coupland,  John  de,  hero  of  Neville's 
Cross,  183. 

Covenant  and  Covenanters,  the  Aber- 
deen doctors  opposed  to,  233,  290- 
293,  304,  308,  420,  487. 

Covenant,  the,  292. 

Covyntres,  Mr.,  chamber  in  the  Peda- 
gogy of  Glasgow  University,  247. 

Cowal,  soldiers  from  Edinburgh  to  drill 
men  in,  1638,  383 ;  fire  beacons, 
384. 

Cow-stealers,  1677,  423. 

Cows,  value  estimated  in,  397. 

Cowper,  500. 

Coxe  quoted,  437. 

Coygerach,  a  relic  of  St.  Fillan,  its  pri- 
vileges, its  uses  and  virtues,  389, 
390,  393.  See  under  Errors  and 
Omissions,  623. 

Cradle  Hall,  478. 

Cragy  town  lands,  505. 

Craigievar  Castle  in  Aberdeenshire,  418. 


iK  a  colic;.': 
of  Mi. 


Crail  Chartulary,  21. 

Cruil  entered  in  Baianiund 
ate  church,  28. 

Cranioiid,    Elizabeth,   dangliter 
James  Cramond,  461. 

Craniond  of  Auldbar,  461. 

Cramond  of  I>alhall,  461. 

Crathes,  the  Laird  of,  entcrUiiiicd  at  Bal- 
loch,  1621,  377. 

Crauford  range  granted  to  Newbattic, 
133- 

Craufurd,  David,  first  Earl  of,  336. 

Craufurd,  Earl  of,  161  ;  fight  at  Ar- 
broath, 165;  Hhiin,  165. 

Crawford  and  Keith  (juoted,  260. 

Crawfordjohn  parish,  origin  of,  13. 

Crawford,  Lord,  and  Sir  James  M'Doii- 
ald,  546,  547. 

Crawford  quoted,  57,  261- 

Crawford,  the  Dowager  Countesses  of, 
403. 

Crawfords,  403. 

Crawfurd,  see  Lindesay 

Crechton,  Edward  of,  bequest  to  New- 
battle,  144. 

Creich  church  granted  to  the  Precentor 
of  Caithness,  81. 

Creitgarrow,  383. 

Crema,  John  of,  cardinal-legate,  173 

Crerare,  Black  John,  his  name  asso- 
ciated with  Highland  sport,  386- 

Crests  and  supporters,  113. 

Crieff,  the  stayt  of,  215. 

Crinan,  Abbot  of  Dunkeld,  marries  Be- 
thoc,  150. 

Crispin,  St.,  the  feast  of,  223. 

Cro,  or  penalty  for  injuiy,  397 

Crofts  in  Yorkshire,  550. 

Cromarty,  416,  417,  422. 

Cromwell's  five  colonels  at  Aberdeen, 
304,  315  ;  he  is  no  enemy  to  Uni 
versities,  304. 

Cronaltane,  385. 

Cross,  the  true,  332. 

Crosspath  pasturage,  148. 

Crossregal  Register,  21. 

Crowns,  Scotch,  gold  coin  in  1525,  270. 

Crusades,  taxation  for,  23. 

Crystall,  Thomas,  Abbot  of  Kinlobi 
269. 

Cuckowburn,  108. 

Cuddeich,  its  meaning,  385. 

Cujacius,  Doctor,  1566,  283. 

Culbin,  Kinnaird  of,  408. 

Culcowy,  439. 

Culdees,  possessions  in  Munifeith,  7 
houses,  9  ;  possessions  in  Rossen 
clerach,  8  ;  receive  the  church  o 
Marchinch,  19;  receive  the  churchei 


INDEX. 


579 


of  Sconyii  and  Hiirkcncdorath,  20; 
of  Scone,  121  ;  a  hereditary  priest- 
hood and  hereditary  nobility,  150  ; 
of  Abcrnethy,  150;  disappear  from 
Brecliin  after  1248,  156  ;  referred 
to  in  Arbroath  Chartulary,  156  ; 
antiquity,  195,  196. 

Cullan,  Andrew,  Provost  of  Aberdeen, 
313. 

CuUen,  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  GUis- 
gow  College,  241. 

Cullen's  Obituary,  Spalding  Miscellany, 
quoted,  279. 

Culloden,  463,  484. 

Cidloden,  Sir  John  Forbes  of,  456. 

Culross,  a  Culdee  house,  8. 

Culter  church,  149. 

Cumberland,  Prince  David  of,  172. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of,  at  Kilravock 
Castle  in  1745,  463  ;  his  army  in 
the  north,  462. 

Cumbcsley  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Cumbretrees  church,  acquired  by  Glas- 
gow, 39. 

Cumbria,  6,  32,  33  ;  geography  of,  186  ; 
its  extent,  206. 

"  Cumerlache,"  means  fugitive,  498. 

Cumins,  175. 

Cumming,  George,  Elgin,  452. 

Cumming,  171. 

Cumyn,  Richard,  charter  of,  178. 

Cuningham,  33. 

Cunnyngis,  rabbits,  347. 

Cunvnghanie,  Anna,  Marchioness  of 
'Hamilton,  520. 

Cunynghame,  Wattie,  servant  of  the 
Tiiane  of  Cawdor,  1591,  527. 

Cupar- Angus  Abbey  Register,  21 ;  dedi- 
cation, 163. 

Cuper,  Mr.  John,  1595,  minister,  534. 

Currency,  Scotch,  its  degradation,  249. 

Currie,  Andrew,  professor  at  Montpcl- 
lier,  282. 

Currie  church,  33. 

Cuthbert,  see  Saint  Cuthbert. 

Cutlers'  charge,  1591,  528. 

Dalgarnoc  rents,  48. 

Dalgetty,  see  Delgetie. 

Dalhousie,  125. 

Daliel  church,  39. 

Halkarn  forest  lands,  44. 

Dalkeith,  the  Douglases  of,  329. 

Dalkeith    Castle,   church  in,    endowed 

by  Douglas,  1377,  331-333. 
Dalkeith,  St.  Nicholas'  chapel  of,  331, 
334,  335. 

Dalkeith,  collegiate  church  of,  331. 

)alkeith,  the  Graham's  lordship  of,  330. 


Dalkeith  piirish,  331. 

Dalmahoy,  lords  of,  134. 

Dalmahoy,  the  Morton  cliartci-s  at,  260- 
326,  331,  336,  338,  340. 

Dairy mple,  Sir  James,  21  ;  on  the 
Glasgow  Inquest,  30. 

Dancing  taught  at  ladies'  school  in 
Edinburgh,  1638,  458. 

Danish  colonists  of  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land, 255 . 

Darlington,  549. 

Darnaway  Castle,  402,  405,  413. 

Darnley,  352,  446 ;  letter  from,  in  the 
Dalmahoy  charter- room,  340. 

Dashwood,  Sir  F.,  and  Dr.  John  Cle- 
phane,  468. 

Dates,  how  far  essential  to  authenticity, 
31. 

Dauach,  7,  151,  399. 

D'Aubenton,  Mr.,  494. 

Daueson,  Thorn.,  445. 

David  I.  grants  the  Abbacia  of  Ross- 
inclerach  to  St.  Andrews,  7  ;  char- 
ters, 10 ;  presides  at  the  Stir- 
ling Chapel  controversy,  16  ; 
directs  an  investigation  of  the 
Church  property  in  Glasgow,  31  ; 
gifts  to  Glasgow,  32  ;  intercession 
for  the  monks  of  Dornoch,  71  ; 
mentioned,  72,  73  ;  grants  Mort- 
lach  to  Aberdeen,  87 ;  grant  to 
Avenel,  102  ;  crosses  and  trenches 
made  by,  104,  108  ;  founds  New- 
battle,  126,  148;  his  laws  illus- 
trated from  Arbroath  Register,  151 ; 
his  monasteries  in  Teviotdalc,  172, 
174  ;  settles  French  monks  at  Sel- 
kirk, 177,  179,  330,  498  ;  efiectu- 
ally  establishes  celibacy  of  clergy, 
187  ;  his  innovations,  204 ;  his 
charter  to  Dunfermline,  204. 

David  II.,  his  imprisonment,  182  ;  be- 
stows the  Earldom  of  Strathearn 
on  his  nephew  Robert,  213  ;  men- 
tioned, 342.     See  Bruce. 

David,  infant  son  of  James  ii.,  404. 

David,  Prince,  Duke  of  Rothesay,  336, 
404. 

David,  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  of  North- 
umberland, and  Prince  of  Cumber- 
land, 172.    See  David  i. 

Daviot  church,  400. 

Davyotshire  in  Aberdeen,  3. 

"Davy's  Tower"  at  Castle  of  Spy  uie,  404. 

Dawic  parish,  3. 

Dawkins,  Mr.,  and  Dr.  John  Clephanc, 
468. 

Dead  man  disinterred  and  placed  at  the 
bar  for  trial,  291. 


580 


INDEX. 


Deo  brid.crcs,  157,  270. 

Dec  river,  l!}. 

Dec  K.'ilnioii  an  article  of  trade,  255, 

Deeside  gentry,  870, 

DeeniBtcr,  olTicc  of,  101.   See  Dempster. 

Deer,  fallow,  first  introduced  by  Sir 
Duncan  Campbell,  347, 

Deer,  353  ;  in  the  Hi-hlands,  370,  377, 
387  ;  hunted  by  James  n.  in  ])ar- 
naway  forest,  1455,  405,  400  ;  deer 
park  at  Cawdor,  407  ;  directions  for 
preserving,  1()77,  422  ;  from  Jura 
and  Isla,  1077,  423;  destruction 
of,  1551,  424;  laws  relating  to, 
424, 

Degree  of  M.D.  the  earliest  at  Aber- 
deen, 298 ;  conferred  on  Patrick 
Foord,  Aberdeen,  1097,  301. 

Delgatie  family,  448. 

Dempster,  ofiBce  of,  101. 

Dempsters  of  Caraldstonn,  155. 

Dempster,  Thomas,  type  of  the  scholar 
knight-errant,  281, 

Demosthenes,  250  ;  taught  at  Aberdeen 
University,  1048,  309. 

Denmylne  collection  quoted,  73. 

Denmark,  Anne  of,  379, 

Dennistoun's,  Mr.,  papers,  494;  and 
the  Abbe  M'Pherson,  495. 

Denside,  Glasgow,  meadow  well,  48. 

Derestrete,  105. 

Dereth,  oifice  of,  101. 

Dergavel  acquired  by  Melrose,  94. 

Demwic  granted  to  Melrose,  12, 

Dervorguilla,  widow  of  Balliol,  grant  to 
Glasgow,  44. 

Deskford,  Lord,  and  Dr.  John  Clephane, 
1742,  408, 

Deiisour,  James,  servant  of  Thane  of 
Cawdor,  1591,  525. 

Dewar  or  Jore,  custodiers  of  the  relics 
of  St.  Fillan,  389 ;  letter  from 
James  iii.,  392. 

Dickson,  John,  to  Glenurchy,  515. 

Dictata,  or  public  dictations  in  the 
schools,  caused  by  the  scarcity  of 
books,  257  ;  discouraged,  310. 

Dijon  in  Burgundy,  470. 

Dinmonts,  180. 

Diplomata,  213.     See  Anderson, 

Diplomatum  Collectio,  quoted,  128, 137. 

Diurnal  of  Occurrents,  quoted,  208. 

Documents  illustrating  Hist,  of  Scot,, 
by  Palgrave,  quoted,  49,  50. 

Doding,  107. 

Dogs,  earth,  for  hunting,  386,  514. 

Dollar,  the  coin,  237, 

Dominicans,  244, 

Donaides,  by  Kcr,  279,  302. 


Donald,  Lord  of  the  IkUh,  hJH  d;inght<r 
Marion  marries  Alexander  Siitlier- 
larid  (jf  Duidx;ath,  400. 

Donaldson,  Walter,  professor  at  Sedan 
University,  281. 

Donaldsone,  Duncan  Cami>bell,  532, 

Donot  (Dunnet),  a  preb<.'nd  of  a  canon 
of  Caithness,  82. 

Dony bristle,  531. 

Donydouer,  Stephen  de,  Bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, dies  without  confirmation,  51. 

Domik  serviettes,  380. 

Dornoch  selected  for  the  site  of  the 
cathedral  church  of  Caithness,  71. 

Doufhous  lands,  398. 

Douglas  family,  03,  111  ;  benefactors  of 
Newbattle,  137  ;  their  arms,  249, 
329 ;  charters,  326,  337  ;  origin 
sought  in  romance  and  fable,  325 ', 
history  of,  325-340 ;  they  desire 
the  Earldom  of  Moray,  401. 

Douglas  of  Dalkeith  and  Morton,  329. 

Theobald,  the  Fleming,  320,  327* 

Sir  "William  of  the  twelfth  century, 

327. 

Sir  Erkinbald  or  .Archibald,  son  of 

Sir  William,  50,  327,  328,  329. 

Archibald,  Lord  of  Galloway,  95. 

•  Bricius,  son  of  Sir  William,  Bishop 

of  Moray,  327,  328. 

Hugh,   son  of  Sir  William,  327  , 

his  marriage,  328. 

Sir  William,  son  of  Sir  Archibald, 

329. 

Andrew,    son    of    Sir   Archibald, 

founder  of  the  house  of  Dalkeitli, 
329. 

Sir  William,  son  and  heir  of  An- 
drew, 329, 

Sir  James,  "the  good,"  of  Lothian, 

supposed  son  of  William,  327, 
329,  330  :  charged  with  Brace's 
heart,  119, 

Sir  William,  son  of  the  good  Sir 

James,  supports  Bruce,  329  ;  re- 
ceives roval  rewards,  330. 

John,  brother  of  Sir  William,  330;  | 

his  five  sons,  330. 

Sir  James,  son  of  John,  acquires 

Morton,  330 ;  his  daughter's  mar- 
riage, 330,  331  :  grants  to  New- 
battle,  138,  139,  144,  333;  to 
Dalkeith  church,  331,  333  ;  bis 
wills,  332-334  :  dies,  335  ;  his 
resting-place,  144  :  his  first  wife, 
Agnes  of  Dunbar,  330,  332.  335 ; 
his  second  wife,  sister  of  Eobert 
II,,  330,  332,  335;  his  brother 
Archibald,    332,    334  ;    Henrv. 


I 


INDEX. 


581 


382,  333,  336,  338  ;  William, 
333  ;  Nicholas,  333 ;  sister  Eliza- 
beth, 333;  daughter  Jacoba,  333, 
553,  554  ;  William,  his  son,  334. 

Douglas,  James,  third  Earl  of  Morton, 
son  of  Sir  James,  332,  333,  335  ; 
dies  without  sons,  335. 

James,  great-grandson  of  Sir  James 

of  Dalkeith,  created  Earl  of  Mor- 
ton, 335. 

James  (Regent  Morton),  succeeds 

to  the  Earldom,  his  death,  335. 

Archibald,  Earl  of  Angus,  suc- 
ceeds to  the  Earldom,  335,  330  ; 
dies,  336. 

Sir  William,  of  Lochleven,  suc- 
ceeds to  the  Earldom  of  Morton, 
336. 

George,  of  Dalkeith,  142. 

John,  of  Aberdour,  333. 

Archibald,  eighth  Earl  of  Angus, 

335,  336. 

Margaret,  Countess  of  Argjle,  371, 

372. 

Archibald,  Earlof  Douglas,  brother 

of  Sir  James  of  Dalkeith,  5G, 
332,  334. 

Archibald  de,  Lord  of  Galloway, 

94,  95. 

Sir  Henry,  of  Lochleven,  Lugton, 

etc.,  brother  of  Sir  James  of  Dal- 
keith, 332-334,  336,  338. 

—  Robert,  of  Lochleven,  letter  from 
James  i ,  33S. 

—  Sir  William,  of  Lochleven,  335  ; 
succeeds  to  the  Earldom  of  Mor- 
ton, 336. 

—  Archibald,  Earl  of  Moray,  401  ; 
rebels  against  the  Crown,  402  ; 
fortifies  Darnaway  Castle,  405  ; 
grant  to  James  his  brother-ger- 
man,  398. 

Bricius,    Bishop   of  Moray,    327, 

328. 

a  witness,  10. 

Elizabeth,  has  a  provision  out  of 

Cawdor  estate,  417. 
James,  brother-german  of  Archi- 
bald, Earl  of  Moray,  398. 
Mr.  John,  rector  of  Aberdeen  Col- 
lege, 278. 

Professor  William,  191,  269  ;  his 

Vindicije    Yeritatis,    300  ;    his 
Viudicise  Psalmodiee,  300  ;  other 
works,  300,  301. 
)ouglas   water,    lands    on,    184,   326, 

327. 
)ouglasdale,  327. 
)oundaraw,  523. 


Doune,  529. 

Dounnone  (Dunoon),  John  Dow's  inn, 

1591,  524. 
Dow,  John,  his  inn,  1591,  524. 
Dow,  M'Callum,  and  attack  on  Kilchurn 

Castle,  1570,  512. 
Dower  land  of  the  churcli  of  Eowlis, 

210. 
Dowglas,  529.     See  Douglas. 
Dowhill,  the  site  of  Glasgow  University, 

222. 
Draining   land  in   Breadalbane,    1621, 

381. 
Drawbridge  of  Old  Cawdor,  407. 
Drawing,    James   Gordon   one   of    the 

earliest  to  study,  297. 
Dress,  expense  of,   1656,   452  ;  ladies' 

marriage,     1701,     458 ;    of    Lord 

Lome's  son,  Duncan,   1633,  372  ; 

of  student  at  Aberdeen,  1657,  306. 
Drinking-bouts  in  1728,  459. 
Drinking  customs   and   regulations  in 

Breadalbane,  382. 
Drivesdale  church  granted  to  the  Bishop 

of  Glasgow  by  the  Pone,  41. 
Drogheda,  208. 

Dron,  a  chapel  of  Abeniethy,  149. 
Drontheim,  Archbishop  of.  See  of  the 

Isles  owed  him  allegiance,  207. 
Drum,  the  laird  of,  marries  Elizabeth 

Campbell,    1621,   376;     lairds   of, 

elder    and    younger,    at    Balloch, 

1621,  377. 
Druramelyier  parish,  3. 
Drummond   and   Inchaffray,    Lord   of, 

1589,  357. 
Drummond,  David,  Lord,  commendator 

of  Inchaffray,  217. 
Drummond,  James,  Abbot  of  Inchaffray, 

afterwards  Lord  Madertie,  217. 
Drummond,   John,    of   Drumnevenocht 

in  Glenarknay,  his  murder  by  the 

M'Gregors,  357. 
Drummond,  John,   tailor  to  Sir  Colin 

Campbell,  1633,  373. 
Diummond,  Morice  de,  at  Fowdis,  214. 
Drummond,  Sir  John,  deputy  of  William 

de  Spaldyne  at  the  High  Court  of 

Justiciary,  214. 
Drumraonds,  two,  give  a  bond  of  man- 

rent   to   the   laird   of    Glenurchy, 

1551,  357. 
Drumsergarth,  Alexander  de  Moravia, 

of,  contract  of  marriage  with  the 

Queen's  sister,  213. 
Drumturk,  sheep  reared  in,  1603,  376. 
Dry  burgh,  174. 
Dryburgh,   English  horsemen    sent    to 

burn  it,  201. 


582 


INDKX. 


I)ry1>nrf,'li  Rofjistor,  20. 

Dublin  CoUoi^o,  Mr.  Ralph  Ainswortli 
Btu(l(!iit  tliorc,  2'M. 

DuLlin,  208;  Trinity  College,  201. 

Duciinge,  quoted,  101. 

Diulilinf^tonc,  liOrd  Abcrcorn'B  liousc 
at,  503. 

Dues  first  levied  by  Kome  on  monas- 
teries of  Scotland,  187. 

DufF,  William,  merchant,  Inverness, 
1677,  425. 

Duffiis,  Lord  of,  79. 

Duffiis,  Mr.  David  Stewart,  parson  of, 
1455,  404. 

Dufscolok  of  Fetheressan,   a   witness, 
_  147. 

Duilueid,  stand  of,  or  mourning  for 
the  Lord  Lome's  son,  price  of, 
1038,  374. 

Dulsie  road,  479. 

Dumbarton,  41,  383,  52-5. 

Dumbarton  Castle,  444. 

Dumfermline  Abbey,  166  ;  ancient  valu- 
ation, 22  ;  charter  granted  by 
David  I.,  204. 

Dumfries,  35,  95. 

Dun,  the  laird  of,  1569,  278. 

Dun,  a  physician  of  Aberdeen  Univer- 
sity, 298. 

Dunavaig,  see  Dunyveg. 

Dunbar  a  witness,  10. 

Dunbar,  Black  Agnes  of,  330. 

Dunbar,  Agnes,  daughter. of,  330. 

Dunbar,  Earl  of,  94  ;  lawsuit  with  Mel- 
rose, 94  ,  grant  to  the  Abbey,  99, 
100;  benefactors  of  it,  107. 

Dunbar,  Earis  of,  99,  112,  175. 

Dunbars,  Earis  of  Moray,  401,  403. 

Dunbar,  Gavin,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen, 
63,  275 ;  Epistolare  quoted,  261  ; 
a  founder  of  iVberdeen  University, 
311  ;  completed  the  building,  314. 

Dunbar,  Gavin,  elected  Archbishop  of 
Glasgow,  63  ;  appointed  chancellor 
of  the  kingdom,  63  ;  death,  64. 

Dunbar,  George,  Earl  of,  330. 

Dunbar  of  Hillhead,  420. 

Dunbar,  James,  Earl  of  Moray,  401. 

Dunbar,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Earl 
James,  401. 

Dunbar,  John,  of  Hempriggs,  1622, 
420. 

Dunbar,  Lihas,  wife  of  Alexander  Camp- 
bell of  Torrich,  420  ;  her  corre- 
spondence, 453. 

Dunbar,  Miss,  mentioned  by  Hugh 
Miller,  485. 

Dunbar,  Nicholas,  marries  Christian 
Campbell  of  Cawdor,  420. 


Dunbar  of  Grangeliill,  317. 

Dunbar  of  Penick,  1622,  4_'0. 

Dunbar,  Patrick  de,  Karl  of  March  and 
Moray,  2i;{. 

Dunbar,  Patrick,  ICarl  of,  sells  his  stud, 
99. 

Dunbar  the  poet,  3-58 ;  quoted,  375 ; 
verse  mentioned,  .3.0.5. 

Dunbar  town,  551. 

Dunbcath,  406. 

Dunblane,  a  chronicle  of,  quoted,  210. 

Dunblane  bishopric,  its  territories,  20i), 
207,  214,  217  ;  its  bishop  a  suffra- 
gan of  Glasgow,  47,  61,  205, 
217. 

Dunblane  cathedral,  217,  218. 

Dunbrek,  Philip  of,  507. 

Dunbulg,  a  chapel  of  Abemethy,  149. 

Duncan,  96.     See  Cairick. 

Duncan,  xVngus  Mac,  witness,  147. 

Duncan,  Earl  of  Angus,  147. 

Duncan,  Earl  of  Fife,  his  son  Malcolm, 
209. 

Duncan,  King,  dies  at  Elgin,  403. 

Duncan's  Literary  History  of  Glasgow 
quoted,  238,  239,  240,  241. 

Duncombe,  Helmsley,  .549. 

Duncroub,  377. 

Dundas,  112. 

Dundee  burgesses,  147  ;  exactions  from 
Arbroath,  160:  fishings,  170,  267, 
376,  552. 

Dunechtyn  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Dunfermline,  a  Culdee  bouse,  8. 

Dunfermline  Register,  quoted,  16,  18, 
20,  26,  71,  73,  124,  125,  205,  329, 
498.  _ 

Dunfermline,  the  king  at,  in  1633, 
515. 

Dunglass  house.  Sir  John  Hall's,  in 
1750,  551. 

Dunipace  chapel,  17. 

Dunivaig,  Angus  M'Douald  of.  537. 

Dunivaig  Castle  in  Isla,  and  the  Camp- 
bells of  Cawdor,  445. 

Dunkeld,  Abbots  of,  hereditary  nobles, 
150. 

Dunkeld  bishopric,  its  antiquity  and 
extent,  founded  by  Columbites,  8, 
206,  207 ;  its  church  the  property  of 
the  Bishop  of  Caithness,  afterwards 
of  Dunfermline  Abbey,  73  ;  granted 
to  Scone,  124;  its  bishop  a  suffra- 
gan of  Glasgow,  61,  377. 

Dunkeld  mill,  354. 

Dunkeld,  Yitae  Episcoporum,  quotfi 
207. 

Dunlop,  Professor  of  Greek,  240. 

Dunmaglass  lands,  399,  401. 


H 


INDEX. 


583 


DunnolHch,  532. 

Dunolly,  liis  complicity  in  tlie  murder 
of  Thane  of  Cawdor,  531. 

Dunoone,  Arkinglass  testimonial  at, 
532,  534. 

Dunrobin,  4(31. 

Dunrobin  charters  quoted,  5. 

Dunstafnage,  Archibald  Campbell  of, 
545. 

Duntron,  laird  of,  508. 

Dunyveg  Castle,  Isla,  536-538,  540- 
542,  544-547. 

Durham,  Battle  of,  noted,  213  ;  bishop 
of,  188 ;  bishopric,  29,  550  ;  cathe- 
dral, 550 ;  county,  550 ;  town  in, 
550,  551. 

Durham,  Liber  Vit?e  of,  328. 

Durham,  North,  its  shires,  3. 

Durham,  Prior  of,  27. 

Durham  Kegister  quoted,  180- 

Duiham  roll,  27. 

Durham  treasury,  25. 

Durward,  147,  155,  171,  400. 

Duthac,  71.     See  St.  Dnthac. 

Dury,  John,  father-in-law  of  Jamos 
Melville,  284. 

Dwne,  David,  prohibited  to  teach  gram- 
mar in  Glasgow,  62. 

Dwnyvaig  Castle,  see  Dunyveg. 

Dyke,  the  thanedom  of,  398. 

Dyrnes  (Durness)  church  granted  to 
Caithness,  82. 


Eagles  sent  to  Prince  Henry  by  Sir 
Duncan  Campbell,  1513,  347. 

Earl  Stradichty  parish,  146. 

Earl,  the,  and  Earl's  son,  penalty  for 
injuring,  397. 

Earn,  its  royal  castle,  the  site  uncer- 
tain, 211. 

Eccles  parish  church,  vide  Stirling,  16. 

Economus  of  Aberdeen,  305,  306,  307. 

Eddirdower,  or  Redcastle,  in  the  Black 
Isle,  439. 

Eddleston,  in  the  See  of  Cumbria,  33. 

Edelred,  St.,  the  Virgin,  185. 

Edenham,  sale  of  land,  109. 

Edgar,  King,  12. 

Edgar  of  England,  186. 

Edinample,  Patrick  Campbell  of,  512. 

Edinburgh,  15,  20,  284,  292,  300,  301, 
370,  374,  383,  393,  426,  450,  458, 
460,  462,  479,  480,  496,  497,  499, 
520,  521,  526-530,  535,  543,  550- 
552. 

Edinburgh  Castle,  536,  537,  546. 

Edinburgh,  Parliament  House  and 
Courts,  536. 


Edinburgh,  Pegist.  of  St.  Giles  of,  20. 

Edinburgh,  St.  Mary's  Church  library, 
contains  volume  of  Rental  of  Glas- 
gow Archbishopric,  494. 

Edinburgh  University,  293,  308,  310. 

Edmund,  107. 

Ednam  parish  church,  11,  12. 

Education  at  Arbroath,  169  ;  at  Glas- 
gow, 229,  280 ;  popular  in  Scot- 
land, 256,  261  ;  during  the  Refor- 
mation, 280,  284,  309;  in  Aber- 
deen, 322  ;  in  Edinburgh,  1688, 
459  ;  after  the  Reformation,  339  ; 
girls',  in  Edinburgh,  427. 

Educational  expenses  of  1720,  460. 

Edulf,  107. 

Edulston,  10. 

Edunampbell,  Lady,  entertained  at  Bal- 
loch,  1621,  377. 

Edward  i.  receives  a  grant  of  Scotch 
tithes,  25  ;  he  spends  a  fortnight 
in  Glasgow,  47  ;  his  opinion  of 
Balliol,  50  ;  his  charter  granted  at 
Glasgow,  53,  397. 

Edward  iii.,  charter  declaring  the  inde- 
pendence of  Scotland,  56, 180,  123, 
he  relieves  the  Countess  of  Athol 
at  Lochindorb  Castle,  402. 

Edward,  Mr.,  a  French  teacher,  1722, 
^  460. 

Egidia,  wife  of  Sir  James  Douglas  of 
Dalkeith,  334. 

Eglinton,  Earl  of,  22. 

Eglishame  church,  a  prebend,  56. 

EgHsmalesock  church  granted  to  Kelso, 
48. 

Edzell  wood,  use  of,  granted  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Eighth  penny  in  Cumbria  granted  to 
Glasgow,  33. 

Eldune  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Elfin,  107. 

Elgin,  282,  300,  452,  552. 

Elgin,  a  deanery  of  Moray,  26. 

Elgin,  Bishop  of,  his  castle  at  Spynie, 
404. 

Elgin,  Cathedral  of,  1455,  403,  404. 

Elgin,  Sheriti'dom  of,  398. 

EUangirrik,  the  laird  of,  entertained  by 
the  Thane  of  Cawdor  at  Glasgow, 
_  525,  528. 

Ellieston  in  Roxburgh,  110. 

Elliot  (Sir  Gilbert  ?),  469. 

Ellis,  Mr.,  468. 

Elm,  the  old,  in  boundaries,  104. 

Elphinstone,  Lords,  acquire  Kildrumni}', 
ennobled  by  James  iv.,  200. 

Laurence,  uncle  of  Bishop  Elphin- 
stone, 200,  261. 


r>84 


INDEX. 


ElplniiHtono,  Williiuu,  lather  of  BiHhop 
Fil[)hinHt()ii(',  leitor  of  Kirk- 
inicliJiel,  and  Arcli<lc','icon  of 
Tcviotdale,  260  ;  his  ofliccB, 
202,  203. 

Willi;iin,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  son 

of  William,  account  of,  257-207  ; 
mentioned,  85;  his  character,  87, 
88,  205  ;  early  studies,  201,  202  ; 
travels,  202  ;  official  of  Lothian, 
203  ;  made  Bishop  of  Boss,  203  ; 
nominated  Bishoj)  of  Aberdeen, 
263  ;  ambassador  to  France,  etc., 
202,  204  ;  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom, 204  ;  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal,  204 ;  builds  the  Bridge  of 
Dee,  205 ;  founder  of  Aberdeen 
University,  88,  254,  259,  311, 
312  ;  establishes  the  first  print- 
ing-press, 273  ;  dies,  260,  200  ; 
tomb  in  King's  College  chapel, 
313;  mentioned,  288,^321,322. 

Andrew,  of  Selmys,  260. 

Lawrence,  brotherof  Andrew,  260. 

Nicholas,  brother  of  Andrew,  260. 

Elrehope,  2. 

Elwaldscalesloning,  108. 

Embroidery  of  Lady  Lauderdale,  297. 

Enfield,  473. 

Engelram,  the  chancellor,  124. 

Erasmus,  268. 

Errol,  a  chapel  of  Abernethv,  149. 

Errol,  Charles,  Earl  of,  302"! 

Erroll  family,  229. 

Erroll,  Lady,  sister  of  the  Earl  of  Perth, 
228. 

Erroll  MS.,  quoted,  77. 

Erskine,  469. 

Erskine,  Col.,  471. 

Erskine,  John,  Life  of,  quoted,  278,  279. 

Erskine,  quoted,  499. 

Escheats  and  fines  of  Court,  193. 

Esk,  bridges  over,  157. 

Esk,  Island  of,  near  Montrose,  contained 
the  church  of  St.  Braoch,  157. 

Esk,  South,  125. 

Esk,  valley  of,  forfeited  by  the  De 
SouHses,  330. 

Eskdale  given  to  Melrose,  102,  103. 

Ethelred,  Abbot  of  Dunkeld,  and  Earl 
of  Fife,  150. 

Ethenboll  (Embo),  tithes  belong  to  the 
Dean  of  Caithness,  81. 

Ethernanus,  St.,  of  the  church  of  Mad- 
derty,  209. 

Ethkar  and  Calledower  lands,  148. 

Ettrick  bridge,  194. 

Ettrick  granted  to  Melrose,  13. 

Euclid  taught  at  Glasgow  College,  220. 


Eufam  of  RoHS,  second  qupf-n  of  li'^U-rt 

I  J.,  213,  400. 
Eufemia,  Bister  of  JolianncH  do  Ilava  oi 

Tulybothvil,  399. 
Eugenius  in.  at  Auxerre,  31. 
Evernciel,  I'hilip  de,  of  Lynton  and  Uo- 

manno,  grant  to  Newbattle,  133. 
Ewvs,  valley  of,   forfeited    by   tho    De 

'  Levels,  300. 
"Extent"  of  land,  151. 
Extracta  e  Cronicis  Scotise,  quoted,  211. 

Fadwerth,  Mac,  147. 

Faile,  433. 

Fairlihoip,  lands  of,  414. 

Falconar,  112. 

Falconer,  Henry,  Baron  of  Lethyn,  399. 

Falconer  name,  Willelmus  auceps,  154. 
155. 

Falconer's  symbol  of  investiture,  155. 

Falconry,  432,  462. 

Falcons,  103. 

Falkland,  515. 

Fall,  principal  of  Glasgow  College, 
248. 

Fan  and  knittens,  cost  of,  1722,  460. 

Far  and  Scynend  churches  (Skinnet) 
attached  to  Caithness,  82. 

Faringdun  meadow,  110. 

Faringdun  peateries,  43. 

Farming  in  the  Highlands,  375. 

Farm  stock  taken  with  land  tenancy, 
190. 

Farquhar,  the  Gaelic  name  of  some  of 
the  Earls  of  Ross,  439. 

Faudon  grange,  188. 

Faurcharsone,  Avtho,  406. 

Fauside,  131. 

Feast  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  noticed, 
214. 

Feddrat,  377. 

Fee  to  the  regent,  306. 

Fenton,  438,  439. 

Feodarg,  155. 

Fergus,  96. 

Fergus,  Earl  of  Buchan,  benefaction  to 
Arbroath,  148. 

Fergus,  see  St.  Fergus. 

Fergus,  son  of  Gilbert,  Earl  of  Strath- 
earn,  210. 

Fernay,  364. 

FerneHus'  Physics  taught  at  Glasgow, 
227. 

Ferrara,  Andrea,  378. 

Ferrerius,  John,  269,  273,  274. 

Ferryhill  in  Durham,  550. 

Ferry  of  Doundarau,  523. 

Ferteth  or  Ferquhard,  Earls  of  Strath- 
earn,  205. 


I 


INDEX. 


85 


Ferteth,  Earl,  a  witness,  205. 

Ferteth,  son  of  Gilbert,  Earl  of  Strath- 
earn,  210. 

Fethercssau,  147. 

Fethmuref  or  Barry  granted  to  Ar- 
broath, 146. 

Feudal  and  patriarchal  elements  in  the 
Highlands,  365. 

Feudal  barons,  their  peculiar  position 
in  the  Highlands,  365. 

Feudal  tenures,  93. 

Fiddich,  the,  at  Morthlach,  86. 

Field-pieces  of  copper  and  iron,  380, 
509. 

Fife  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews,  26. 

Fife,  Earls  of,  171 ;  Malcolm,  son  of 
Duncan,  209. 

Fife,  its  shires,  3  ;  grants  to  the  Dou- 
glases, 328. 

Fig-tree  at  Kilravock  Castle,  1746, 
464. 

Fillan,  the  son  of  Kentigerna,  389.  See 
St.  Fillan. 

Fimhar,  see  St.  Fimbar. 

Findark,  Philip  of,  505. 

Findhorn,  hunting  deer  upon  the,  in 
1655,  406;  a  haunt  of  the  heron, 
405,  460;  territories  upon,  acquired 
by  the  Eoses  of  Kilravock,  440  ; 
village  alehouse  bill,  1728,  398, 
459. 

Finlarg  Castle,  346,  376,  377,  379, 509, 
511,  515. 

Finlarg,  chapel  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
at,  344,  346;  organs  in,  1640,  380, 
511. 

Finlarg  park,  346,  347. 

Finlay,  elected  Abbot  of  lona  during 
the  reign  of  Bruce,  207. 

Finlestoun,  farriers'  charges,  1591,524. 

Fir  planted  in  the  parks  of  Breadal- 
bane,  346 ;  seed,  correspondence 
regarding,  1637,  388,  519,  520. 

Fire  and  candles,  306. 

Fish,  dried,  for  the  king's  use,  1455, 
404. 

Fish,  stock,  used  in  the  Highlands, 
376. 

Fish,  white,  at  Portincraig,  169. 

Fishing  covenant,  1 69  ;  tax  to  Arbroath, 
169. 

Fishing  granted  to  the  monks,  146, 
194,  210. 

Fishing  with  rod,  the  practice,  383. 
Fitz-Alan,  Walter,  his  seal,  113. 
Fitz-Bernard,  see  Bernard. 
Fitz-Gilbert,  Walter,  see  Hamilton. 
Fitz-Michael,  see  Michael. 
Fitz-Ranulph,  111. 


Fitzroy 's  Voyage  ol"  Beagle  quoted,  500. 

Fitz-Pioland,  Nicholaus,  112. 

Fitz-Thancard,  see  Thankard. 

Fitz -Walter,  see  Hamilton. 

Flanders,  the  early  trade  with  Scot- 
land, 255. 

Flanders,  wars  in,  346,  470,  472. 

Fleeces  in  the  Highlands,  1603,  376. 

Fleming,  Professor,  231. 

Flisk  church,  149. 

Flodden  field,  266,  344,  356,  359,  360, 
410. 

Floors,  the  Innes  charter-chest  at,  399. 

Florence,  468. 

Florence,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  his  seal, 
38,  39. 

Florence,  Count  of,  Holland,  38. 

Fochabers  in  1750,  552. 

Foord,  Patrick,  Aberdeen,  301. 

Forbes,  Dr.  John,  son  of  Bishop  Patrick, 
an  "Aberdeen  doctor,"  Professor 
of  Theology,  293  ;  his  theological 
works,  293,  300;  quoted,  314. 

Forbes,  Dr.  William,  Bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh, educated  at  Aberdeen,  an 
"Aberdeen  doctor,"  292,  293. 

Forbes  family  mentioned,  461. 

Forbes,  John,  of  Corse,' 302. 

Forbes,  John,  of  CuUoden,  and  the  rising 
of  1715,  456. 

Forbes,  John,  printer  to  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 301. 

Forbes,  Master  of,  400 ;  marries  Jane 
Campbell  of  Cawdor,  420. 

Forbes,  Patrick,  of  Corse,  Bishop  of 
Aberdeen,  his  character,  288 ;  chan- 
cellor of  the  University,  288  ;  care 
for  the  College,  289,  295 ;  encour- 
ages the  "Aberdeen  Doctors,"  290; 
dies,  301 ;  his  Book  of  Funerals,  287, 
292 ;  mentioned,  313,  314,  316,  321 ; 
his  influence  on  the  people  of 
Aberdeen,  322. 

Forbes,  Sir  William,  slain,  165. 

Fordun  quoted,  7,  24,  25,  39,  43,  47,  76, 
78,  122,  123,  127,  136,  144,  145, 
163,  167,  177,  179,  181,  195,  205, 
206,  208,  335,  403,  438. 

Forespeakers  of  Sir  Alexander  de  Mora- 
via, 214. 

Foresters  of  James  vi.  in  the  Highlands, 
387. 

Forest  laws,  100-104. 

Foveran,  minister  of,  301. 

Forfar,  the  Bishop  of  Glasgow  has  a  toft 
in,  35. 

Forfar,  Parliament  at,  in  1060,  328. 

Forglen,  granted  to  Arbroath,  146  ;  de- 
dicated to  St.  Adamnan,  152;  lands 


uS() 


INDEX. 


f^nuitcd  for  the  iiinliitonancc  of  tho 
Brecbonn.'icli,  152. 

Forfjrundshiro  in  Fife,  3. 

Foriiisoc  Horvice,  37. 

Forres,  401,  552. 

Forr(?ster,  Mari^arct,  a  patron  of  Kirk- 
inocho,  50. 

Fortcviot,  122. 

Fortli  Ferryman's  charges,  1501,  529. 

Fortirgall,  tlic  Clironicle  of,  351. 

Forts  scattered  over  Lower  Strathearn, 
204. 

Fossedwege  (Fossowaj),  tlic  lands  of, 
209. 

Fostering,  custom  of,  ^ith  the  Celts, 
36G-  309. 

Fostering  of  tho  son  of  Archibald  Lord 
of  Lornc,  by  Sir  Colin  Campbell, 
1033,  309-372. 

Fothrif,  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews,  20. 

Fothrifshire  in  Fife,  3. 

Foubert,  see  Stainton. 

Fowler  to  the  Laird  of  Glenurchy,  380. 

Fowling-nets,  380,  425. 

Fowlis,  St.  Beanus,  the  chnrcli  of, 
granted  to  Inchaffray,  210. 

Fowlis,  High  Coiirt  of  Justiciary  at, 
214. 

FouHs,  printer  at  Glasgow,  242. 

Fox-hunting  in  1031,  387,  405,  514. 

Fox,  Mr.,  500. 

Foyers,  Burns  at,  484. 

Framisden,  John,  the  Pope's  nominee 
for  Glasgow  see,  55. 

France,  283 ;  Scotch  embassy  to,  in  time 
of  James  iii.,  204. 

Fraser,  Alexander,  minister  of  Pettv, 
317. 

Fraser,  Alexander,  sub-principal  of 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  318. 

Fraser,  a  witness,  10. 

Fraser  Castle,  418. 

Fraser,  Colonel  Simon,  Highland  bat- 
talion, 470,  477. 

Fraser,  Dr.  James,  third  son  of  Alex- 
ander, minister  of  Petty,  317  ;  a 
patron  and  restorer  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  317,  320;  account 
ofby  Ker,  317. 

Fraser,  Gilbert,  sheriff  of  Traquair, 
139. 

Fraser,  J,,  letters  to  Kiltavock,  454. 

Frasers  join  the  Mar  rising,  1715,  455- 
457  ;  custodiers  of  the  Brecben- 
nach,  152,  317,  318;  arms,  320. 

Frasers  of  Lovat,  their  ancestors,  438. 

Fraser,  Paul,  85. 

Frasereides,  by  J.  Ker,  302,  317,  318, 
320. 


Freeb.iirn,  R.,  printop,  Fdinburgh,  238. 

FVeriliaii,  landH  of,  414. 

Frei.so,  Hcariot  cloth,  price  of,  1033, 
372. 

French  court,  Sir  Duncan  CHmpbell  at, 
1002,  .340;  French  language,  108, 
420  ;  literature,  349  ;  nionks  Hottb*d 
at  Selkirk,  177;  revolution,  32.3, 
493;  cloth,  price  of,  1033,  .372; 
wine,  price  of,  in  1591,  525,  520. 

Frenchmen  at  Battle  of  the  Standanl, 
205. 

Freser,  Paul,  85. 

Freskinus  de  Kerdale,  a  ca<]et  of  De 
Mora^^a,  400. 

Freskyn,  dep.n  of  Moray,  80,  328. 

Freskyn,  Hugh,  grants  to  Gilbert,  arch- 
deacon of  Moray,  70 ;  William, 
Lord  of  Sutherland,  70. 

Friars,  117. 

FViars  Preachers,  their  house  in  High 
Street,  Glasgow,  222  ;  their  chap- 
ter-house used  for  the  first  meeting 
of  the  Glasgow  Faculty  of  Arts, 
243  ;  their  conventual  church, 
Glasgow,  its  histor}',  244  ;  do.  of 
Edinburgh,  333. 

Friendship,  bonds  of,  305. 

Friends,  the,  489. 

Frivill,  Richard  de,  benefactions  to  Ar- 
broath, 149. 

Froissart  quoted,  127,  330. 

Fruit,  in  1591,  523  ;  at  Balloch,  380  ;  atj 
Cawdor  gardens  in  1720,  434;  at{ 
Kilravock,  404. 

Fuel.  380. 

Fuleford,  108. 

Funerals,  287,  292,  800,  433,  489. 

Furtches  of  venison,  377. 

Furniture  of  Breadalbane,  1400,  380. 

Fyndyhark  barony,  now  Meldrum,  505. 
See  Findarty. 

Fyvie  granted  to  Arbroath,  140. 

Gaelic  literature,  Dean  M'Gregor  of 
Lismore's  collection,  344 ;  lan- 
guage, 309,  371 ;  airs,  484  ;  words, 
397,  498. 

Galbraith,  William,  Abbot  of  Kynloss, 
444. 

Galleys,  208,  383. 

Gallia  Christiana,  quoted,  198. 

Gallons,  gold,  price  of,  in  1033,  373. 

Galloway,  2  ;  its  extent ;  genealogy  of  the 
great  lords,  27,  111,  112;  Celtic 
people  and  language,  90,  100,  107  ; 
laws,  95,  97. 

Galloway,  the  see  of,  claimed  by  York, 
207  ;  its  bishop  a  suffragan  of  Glas- 


INDEX. 


587 


gow,  Gl  ;  tithes  claimed  by  Glas- 
gow, 34. 

Galloway,  Alexander,  prebendary  of 
Kynkell  and  Rector  of  Aberdeen, 
275,  276. 

Galtunesido  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Galtuneschalech  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Game  of  the  Highlands,  387,  423. 

Game,  preservation  of,  102,  104. 

Gameryn  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

CJanai,  Jean  de,  chancellor  of  France, 
262. 

Garden,  Alexander,  Aberdeen,  270. 

Garden,  Dr.,  on  Dr.  W.  Forbes,  Bishop 
of  Edinbnrgh,  293. 

Garden,  John,  rector  of  Tyrie,  270. 

Gardening,  385,  386,  442,  464,  466. 

Gariauch,  a  deanery  of  Aberdcicn,  26. 

Garrison  of  Kilchurn  Castle,  384. 

Garuiach,  family  of,  155. 

Gask,  the  family  of,  210;  the  church 
of  the  Holy  Trinity  of,  210,  219. 

Gatcmilcshire  in  Fife,  3. 

Gaunt,  John  of,  127. 

Gavin,  Archbishop  of  Glasgow,  498. 

Geddes,  William,  306,  452. 

Geddes,  inquest  on  the  extent,  1295, 
399,  439,  460,  462,  464;  ash-trees 
planted,  459;  chapel,  441,  486, 
488. 

Gedy,  John,  Abbot  of  Arbroath,  162. 

Gellandshirc  in  Fife,  3. 

Gelly,  Monsieur,  a  founder  of  bells,  320. 

General  Assembly  of  the  Kirk,  216, 
276,  277,  284,  285,  291. 

Genealogy  board  of  the  Campbells  of 
Glenurchy,  380. 

Geneva,  281. 

Geography  taught  at  Glasgow  in  1514, 
226;  at  Aberdeen  in  1648,  310. 

Geometry  and  Logic,  426. 

George  i.,  317,  455. 

George  iv.,  495. 

Germains,  St.,  the  hospital  of,  granted 
to  Aberdeen,  259. 

Gervase  quoted,  145. 

Gibsoun,  James,  slaughtered  by  An- 
drew of  Lychton,  160. 

Gilbert,  Archdeacon  of  Dunblane,  211. 

Gilbert,  Bishop  of  Caithness,  see  Mora- 
via. 

Gilbert,  son  of  Gilbert,  Earl  of  Strath- 
earn,  210. 
Gilchrist,  Earl,  154. 
Gilchrist  MacFadwerth,  a  witness,  147. 
Gilchrist,  son  of  Gilbert,  Earl  of  Strath- 
earn,  210. 
Gilchrist,  son  of  Malcolm,  Earl  of  Fife, 
his  death,  209. 


Gilleasald  MacGilleandris,  a  witness,  96. 

Gillebrid,  96. 

Gillebride,  Earl  of  Angus,  147. 

Gillechrist,  Earl  of  Angus,  147. 

Gillecolm,  a  common  name,  208,  209, 
211. 

Gillecolm,  Marescald,  the  traitor,  207, 
208. 

Gillecrist,  MacMakin,  a  witness,  96. 

Gillecrist,  servant  of  Thane  of  Cawdor, 
1591,  530. 

Gilledoueng,  a  witness,  96. 

Gillemernock,  a  witness,  96. 

Gillcmoriston,  lands  of,  35. 

Gillenem  Accouelton,  a  witness,  96. 

Gillespie,  Principal,  251. 

Gillespik,  'the  fule,'  in  Stirling,  1591, 
529. 

Gillian,  John,  his  account  for  aquavitse 
to  Thane  of  Cawdor,  526. 

Ginger,  1590,  376,  377. 

Giraldus  Cambrensis,  quoted,  73,  145. 

Glak,  the  lands  of,  260. 

Glammis  castle,  418. 

Glammis  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Glammis  in  Angus,   a   church   of  St. 
Fergus,  5. 

Glasfurd  church  acquired  by  Glasgow, 
61. 

Glasgow  Bishopric,  general  sketch,  29, 
70  ;  its  early  state.  King  William's 
affection  for,  38  ;  its  Bishops  and 
Archbishops,  30,  35,  41,  42,  44, 
46,  47,  49,  53,  58-60,  64,221,  233, 
235,  538;  extent  of  its  acquisitions 
in  lands  and  tithes,  32,  35,  36,  39- 
41,  44,  47,  56,  61  ;  the  meadow 
well  granted  to  the  Friars  Preach- 
ers, 48  ;  Edward  i.  spends  a  fort- 
night there,  47 ;  affairs  during  reign 
of  Alexander  iii.,  44  ;  Maiden  of 
Norway,  47  ;  Kobert  i.,  48  ;  David 
II,,  52  ;  Robert  ii.,  54  ;  Robert  iii , 
55  ;  James  iii.,  60  ;  James  iv.,  60  ; 
James  v.,  63  ;  Ancient  Register, 
30  ;  early  provision  for  the  Bishop 
and  the  parochial  vicars,  40,  41  ; 
visitation  dues,  41  ;  the  bishopric 
divided  into  two  archdeaconries, 
43  ;  boundaries  of  the  diocese,  46  ; 
made  a  metropolitan  see,  61 ;  seven 
new  prebends,  56 ;  Bishop's  pa- 
lace to  be  removed,  45  ;  its  sale 
and  condition  in  1720,  66;  Bishops' 
palaces  at  Kelvin,  at  Ancrum,  and 
Lochwood,  67 ;  William  Elphin- 
stone,  official-general,  262. 
Glasgow,  Book  of  onr  Lady  College 
quoted,  244. 


88 


INDEX. 


Glasgow  CatluMlral,  curly  iiicjuoHt  of  its 
poBHcssionH,  6  ;  grant  by  Alexander 
1.,  204 ;  its  f^reat  anticjuity,  29 ; 
(ledieation,  32  ;  tlie  Pope's  instruc- 
tion to  the  clergy  regarding  the 
visitation,  34  ;  its  twenty-five  parish 
churches,  35  ;  its  acejiii&itions  and 
possessions,  34  30,  39  ;  restoration 
by  Jocelyn,  3S  ;  new  de(]ication, 
38 ;  collections  made  for  its  com- 
pletion, 42  ;  its  ritual,  44  ;  steeple 
and  treasury  built,  45 ;  chapels 
and  altars  in  the  crypts,  49  ; 
steeple  burned,  55 ;  Pope's  in- 
terference, 55,  57  ;  codes  and  ca- 
nons, 57;  parts  with  two  churches, 
48  ;  the  Chapter  opposes  the  Arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrews,  61  ;  they 
send  to  Salisbury,  80  ;  the  Faculty 
of  Arts  meet  in  the  crypt,  223 ; 
the  Cathedral  the  cradle  of  the 
University,  242  ;  houses  of  dean 
and  chapter  in  Eotten  Row,  66, 
247  ;  John  Colquhoun  a  canon, 
497. 

Glasgow,  Chapel  of  St.  Thomas  the 
Martyr,  244,  245. 

Glasgow  Chartulary  quoted,  20,  120. 

Glasgow,  College  Kirk,  243. 

Glasgow,  Collegiate  Church  of  St.  Mary 
and  St.  Anne,  20 ;  of  Friars 
Preachers,  20. 

Glasgow  Faculty  of  Arts,  224,  225,  245- 
248,  263; 

Glasgow  Register  quoted,  1-3,  6,  20,  27, 
73,  77,  180,  204,  207,  208,  331. 

Glasgow,  the  burgh  and  city,  origin  of, 
35 ;  the  Bishop's  burgh  obtains  some 
freedom  of  trade,  42  ;  a  royal  burgh, 
65 ;  elects  its  magistrates,  65 ;  first 
representation  in  Parliament,  65, 
66  ;  a  day  in  Old  Glasgow,  67-70  ; 
date  of  erection  of  city,  120 ;  the 
cross,  245 ;  the  town  schoolmaster, 
227  ;  no  printer  in  Glasgow,  in 
1713,  238 ;  establishment  of  a 
bookseller's  shop  and  printer  with- 
in the  University  in  1716,  238  ; 
the  magistrates  quarrel  with  Prin- 
cipal Gillespie,  251 ;  the  plague 
in  1646,  420;  a  lute-plaver  in  1591, 
526 ;  inns,  525,  527  ;  the  minister 
of,  532  ;  merchants,  538 ;  town 
piper,  526;  Watt's  shop,  242. 

Glasgow,  the  Laigh  Kirk,  534. 

Glasgow,  Tron  Church,  used  by  the 
students,  236. 

Glasgow  University,  site  near  the  Mo- 
lendinar     burn,    222,    225,    247  ; 


fouiidatifjn,  58,  220,  251  ;  arcoiint 
of,  220-253,  2.08;  rector,  221,  224, 
225,  242,  243  ;  before  the  Reforma- 
tion, 220-224;  falls  into  decay, 
223  ;  the  Faculty  of  Arts,  222  ; 
the  Regent  Morton's  new  erection, 
its  constitution,  224  ;  the  College 
after  the  Refennation,  22.5 ;  R^v 
geuts.  224,  225  ;  Andrew  Melville's 
teaching,  220-228 ;  its  influence 
upon  Aberdeen,  286 ;  laureation, 
229,  234,  237 ;  Wodrow's  account 
of  his  father's  graduation,  230 ; 
English  students  at  Glasgow,  230, 
231  ;  Josiah  Chorley's  account  of, 
in  1672,  231-238  ;  statute-bwk, 
237,242;  studies  in  1712,  238-241, 
339;  places  of  Universitv  meetings, 
242,  243  ;  the  Faculty  of  Arts, 
243-248  ;  the  pedagogy  or  college, 
246,  247  ;  the  present  fabric,  its 
architecture,  etc.,  247,  248 ;  the 
mace,  248,  249  ;  old  collegiate  life 
abandoned ;  causes,  250 ;  Dr.  Reid's 
account,  251-253,  267  ;  domestic 
economy,  250-253  ;  purging  and  re- 
forms, 278,  285  ;  attempt  to  enforce 
celibacy  on  the  prolessors,  305 ; 
the  University  Conimissioners  in 
1647,  recommend  logic,  308  ;  re- 
cords preserved  in  the  Scots  Col- 
lege, Paris,  493,  494  ;  the  Bajan 
class,  240 ;  members  remove  to 
Irvine  during  the  plague,  420. 

Glaskeler  granted  to  Arbroath,  148- 

Glaslawis,  an  instrument  of  torture  at 
Finlarg,  1598,  379. 

Glassan,  525,  527. 

Glass  mills,  1750,  551. 

Glen,  George,  234. 

Glenalmond,  364. 

Gleuartnay,  deer-stalking  in,  517. 

Glen  Aumonde,  deer  in,  518. 

Glenber^•ie,  the  laird  of,  at  Balloch, 
1621,  377. 

Glenhervy,  John  de  Melvil  of,  215. 

Glenbuchat,  origin  of,  14. 

Glencairn,  a  'common  church, 'acquired 
by  Glasgow,  59. 

Glendochart,  363. 

Glendochart,  the  monastery  of  St.  Fillan 
in,  389 ;  the  Abbot  of,  389,  390 ; 
court  of,  391. 

Glendonwyn,  Matthew  de,  is  elected 
Bishop  of  Glasgow,  55. 

Glendovan  lands  granted  to  Malcolm, 
Earl  of  Fife,  209. 

Glenfarkar  pasturage,  148. 

Glenlivatt,  the  battle  of,  386. 


J 


INDEX. 


589 


Glenloquhay  park  made  by  Sir  Duncan 
Campbell,  346. 

Glenloquby,  364,  386- 

Glenluce  Cbartulary,  21. 

Glenlyon,  364. 

Glenlyoun,  Laird  and  Lady  of,  377,  512. 

Glensthrae,  345. 

Glenurchy  Castle,  387  ;  charter  kists, 
511 ;  church  and  park,  346. 

Glenurchy  given  to  Sir  Colin  Camp- 
bell, 342. 

Glenurchy,  the  house  of,  its  early  de- 
scents recorded  in  the  Black  Book 
of  Taymouth,  341.     See  Campbell. 

Glen  Urquhart,  4. 

Glorat,  Sir  George  Stirling  of,  444, 

Glottiana,  name  of  one  of  the  nations  of 
Glasgow  University,  221. 

Gloves,  and  thesis  upon  white  satin, 
presented  to  the  Laird  of  Colchun, 
235;  presented  to  Dr.  Leighton, 
Archbishop  of  Glasgow,  235;  in 
1 638,  price  of,  374. 

Gloves,  plate,  1598,  378. 

Goats  in  Highlands,  353,  354. 

Gogirthcn  in  Wales,  434. 

Gold,  its  value,  270. 

Golyn,  revenues  from,  to  Glasgow,  40. 

Gordon,  Alexander,  Archbishop  of  Glas- 
gow, 64. 

Gordon,  Alexander,  professor  in  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  318. 

Gordon,  Alexander,  principal  of  the 
Scots  College,  Paris,  493,  494. 

Gordon,  a  witness,  10. 

Gordon's,  Captain,  sword  at  Taymouth, 
380,  511. 

Gordon  Castle  charter-room,  365. 

Gordon,  Dr.  William,  professor,  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  298,  300,  310  ; 
oversees  the  repairs  of  the  College, 
316  ;  architect  of  the  new  crown, 
314. 

Gordon,  Duke  of,  552. 

Gordon,  George,  professor.  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  1668,  315. 

Gordon,  George,  Professor,  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  1711-1725,  302, 
318. 

Gordon,  James,  parson  of  Rothieniay, 
son  of  Robert  Gordon  of  Straloch, 
292,296;  studies  drawing,  297;  on 
Principal  Leslie  of  Aberdeen,  291 ; 
on  Dr.  Scroggy  of  Aberdeen  ;  his 
history  of  his  time  in  Scotch,  287, 
290,  291,  292,  297,  303,  315,  322. 

Gordon,  John,  his  thesis  for  degree  of 
D.D.,  printed  by  Eaban,  Aber- 
deen, 300. 


Gordon,  Lord  George,  his  secretary,  Mr. 

R.  Watson,  495. 
Gordon,  Mr.  James,  of  Edinburgh,  324. 
Gordon,  peats  from,  for  Kelso  Abbcv, 

192. 
Gordon,    Robert,   of    Straloch,    assists 

Scotstarvet,  296. 
Gordon's,  Sir  Robert,  Flistory  of  Suther- 
land, 332  ;  quoted,  79,  85,  424. 
Gordon,  William,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen, 

character  by  Spottiswood,  88. 
Gorme,    Donald   of   the    Isles,    son    of 

M 'Donald  of  Isla,  531,  541. 
Govan,    Donald,    printer    to    Glasgow 

College,  238. 
Govan  church  granted  to  Glasgow,  33. 
Govan  and  Perdeyc,  a  prebend  of  Glas- 
gow Cathedral,  32. 
Gow,   Patrick,   smith  at  the  Castle  of 

Breadalbane,  385. 
Gowrie  family,  415- 
Gowrie,  William,  Earl  of,  a  cousin  of 

Glenurchy,  his  saying  to  Home  of 

Godscroft,  his  fondness  for  pictures 

and  parks,  347. 
Gowry,  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews,  26. 
Gowry,  John,  Earl  of,  125. 
Graffigny,  Madame  de,  468. 
Graham,  De,  439. 
Graham,  Patrick,  56. 
Grahams  of  Dalkeith,    their  lordship, 

138,  330. 
Grahams  succeed  Avenel,  103;  grants 

to  Melrose  of  the  English  faction, 

104,  111.  ' 
Grammar-schools  of  Aberdeen  in  1478, 

256. 
Grampians,  211,  398. 
Grangehill,  Dunbar  of,  317. 
Granges,  133,  337. 
Grants  of  Strathspey,    a   battalion   of, 

join    Kilravock    at    Inverness    in 

1715,  457. 
Gray,  John,  of  Kilmaly,  85. 
Grav,    Robert,    Aberdeen    University, 

"273. 
Gray,  Robert,  regent  at  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 227. 
Greek   orations   at  Aberdeen  in  1541, 

274. 
Green,  Mr.  Peter,  an  English  student, 

at  Glasgow  College,  231. 
Greenock,  524. 
Gregor,    son    of    Duncan    Laudes    or 

M'Gregor,  beheaded  in  1552,  356, 

358. 
Gregorian  chant,  265. 
Gregory,  family  of,    at  Aberdeen  L'ui- 

versity,  32 1 . 


I 


500 


INDEX. 


Grcgory'H  History  ol'  tlie  JIi,Lcliliiii<lH 
and  IhIhikIs  quoted,  531,  547. 

(ircgory  ix.,  23. 

(jiregory,  James,  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen, 1725,  318. 

Gregory,  Saint,  his  decretals,  30. 

Grcnlaw,  AVilliani,  his  reddendo  for 
lands  in  llalsington,  91. 

Gresnien,  16. 

Gretcnhow  churcli  acquired  by  Glas- 
gow, 39. 

Greville,  IMr.,  4G8. 

Greyhound,  the  red  deer  hunted  with, 
in  145.5,  40G. 

Grimaldi  the  Marchesa,  468. 

Grouse,  red,  423. 

Grub,  Mr.,  editor  of  Gordon  of  Eothie- 
niav's  History  of  Scots  Affairs, 
287". 

Gualo,  the  Pope's  legate,  39. 

Guercino,  Nicholas  de,  a.jnonjiuee  of  the 
Pope  for  a  prebendary  in  Glasgow, 
52. 

Guines,  Enguerran  de,  see  Co^ci. 

Guitar,  1677,  427,  483. 

Guns  in  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies, muskets  and  hagbuts,  378, 
383. 

Guthery  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Guthre,  Richard,  Abbot  of  Arbroath, 
507. 

Guthrie,  Jacobus,  162. 

Guthrie,  Mr.  William,  minister,  430. 

Guthries,  172. 

Gyseburn  monastery  grants  the  patron- 
age of  churches  and  chapels  to 
Glasgow,  39. 

Haddington,  the  customs,  330 ;  tour- 
nament at,  in  1242,  438  ;  Mr. 
Bowie  in,  522. 

Haddington's,  Lord,  country  seat,  1750, 
551. 

Haddo,  Lord,  301. 

Hadintun,  Ranulf  de,  120. 

Haig  (Peter  de  Haga)  of  Bemersyd, 
covenant  with  Melrose,  110. 

Hailes  quoted,  24,  40,  43,  50,  56,  76, 
145,  150,  179,  180,  188,  205. 

Hair-cutting,  388. 

Hair-powder,  301. 

Hakbutts  of  copper,  509. 

Hale,  Judge,  451. 

Haliburton  quoted,  135. 

Hall,  Sir  John,  of  Dunglas,  551. 

Halladale  (Helgedall),  83. 

Halsington,  94. 

Hambleton,  549. 

Hamilton,  Anna,  Marquessa  of,  her  por- 


trait by  Jamesone,  3.00  ;  her  corre- 

snondence,  388,  520. 
Hainilton,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews, 

clainiH  juriHdi(,tion  in  Ker'w  case, 

129  ;  mentioned,  352,  353. 
Hamilton,  Arthure,  a  Scot.s  gentleman, 

236. 
Hamilton,  a  witness,  10. 
Hamilton,    David  Fitz-Gilbcrt,   second 

knight  of,  53  ;  his  arms,  331. 
Hamilton  family,  their  ancestors,  327  ; 

their  arms.  331  ;  on  the  mace  of 

Glasgow  University,  249;  papers 

quoted,  166. 
Hamilton,  first  lord  of,  bestows  the  site 

of   Glasgow    College,    222,    244, 

246. 
Hamilton,  James,  Marquess  of,  his  por- 
trait by  Jamesone,  350. 
Hamilton,  Patrick,  letter  from  Secretary     ■ 

liOrd  Binning,  537.  ■ 

Hamilton,  Sir  John,  Lord  of  Cadyhow, 

marries    daughter    of    Sir   James      j 

Douglas,  331,  .553,  554.  1 

Hamilton,    Sir     William,     mentioned, 

324  ;  his  Discussions  on  Philoso- 
phy quoted,  282. 
Hamilton,  Walter  Fitz-Gilbert,  first  of 

the  family,  48,  49. 
Haras,  smoked,  377. 
Hanover,  family  of,  455. 
Harald,   Earl   of  Caithness,   grants  to 

Pome  a  penny  house-tax,  72. 
Harald,  Earl  of  Orkney,  grant  to  Scone, 

71.     See  Harold. 
Harald    Madadson    invades    Caithness 

and   mutilates   Bishop    John,   74 ; 

William's  revenge,  75,  76. 
Harang's  arras,  113. 
Harbour-making,  early,  Arbroath,  162. 
Hardy,  Thomas,  496. 
Harleian  mss.  quoted,  21,  39. 
Harold  of  the  Orkneys,  124. 
Harper,  Lowland,  fee  to,  1591,  526. 
Harpsichord,  380,  427,  511. 
Hart,    Andrew,     printer,     Edinburgh, 

299. 
Hartishead,  99,  108. 
Harvie,  Mr.  James,  527. 
Hastings,  Warren,  trial,  496. 
Hat,    French   beaver,   price   of,    1636, 

374. 
Haukerstun,  154. 
Hautwisil    (Haltwhistle)    in    Tyndale 

granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 
Haverhill,  231. 
Hawker,  narae  of,  154. 
Hawkerston,  William  and  Richard  de, 

112. 


i 


INDEX. 


591 


Hawks,  103. 

liavvley,  General,  at  CuUodeii,  463. 

Hawthorn-tree  at  Cawdor  Castle,  407. 

Hay  saved  by  the  monks  of  Kelso, 
189. 

Hay,  Andrew,  rector  of  Glasgow  Col- 
lege, 225. 

Hay,  Father  R.  Augustin,  account  of 
the  spoliation  of  Aberdeen  Cathe- 
dral, 88,  89  ;  of  the  burning  of 
Newbattle,  127,  128  ;  on  the  archi- 
tecture of  do.,  141  ;  quoted,  126. 

Hay,  Hew,  serves  the  ferry  at  Cagell, 
385. 

Hay,  Lilias,  Lady  Kilravock,  448 ;  her 
character  and  death,  449. 

Hay,  Sir  William  of  Dalgatie,  last 
baron  of  that  house,  execut(;d  with 
Montrose,  448. 

Hay,  the  family  name  of  Errol,  229. 

Hay,  William,  one  of  the  first  teachers 
of  Aberdeen  College,  267;  a  com- 
panion of  Hector  Boece,  269  ;  cho- 
sen principal  of  the  College,  271 ; 
mentioned,  273. 

Haya,  Johanes  de,  de  Tulybotbvil,  399. 

Haye,  Sir  Gilljort,  a  translator  and  ver- 
sifier of  French  romances,  406. 

Heidelberi?,  281. 

Helgedair(Halladale),  83. 

Hellesden,  108. 

Hemingford,  cited,  50. 

Hemingford  on  Bishop  Wischart,  50. 

Hempriggs,  John  Dunbar  of  (1622), 
420. 

Helmsley,  549. 

Hen,  the  Abbot's,  at  Christmas,  its 
money  value,  194. 

Hondersone,  Mungo,  528. 

Henrison,  James,  advocate  of  Arbroath, 
170. 

Henry  i.  of  England  compels  the  Scotch 
bishops  to  swear  obedience  to  the 
English  Church,  37  ;  penance  at 
A  Becket's  tomb,  145  ;  objected  to 
as  a  ruler  among  the  native  Scots, 
205. 

Henry  iii.  of  England,  23. 

Henry  vi.,  183. 

Henry  viii.,  166. 

Henry,  Earl,  son  of  David  i.,  178,  179. 

Henry,  Prince,  16. 

Henry,  Prince,  sends  a  stallion  to  Sir 
Duncan  Campbell,  347,  513,  514; 
his  christening,  387. 

Heraldry,  112,  113,  173,  205,  218. 

Heralds,  their  styles,  173  ;  their  blun- 
ders, 337. 
Herbert,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  and  the 


moidcs  of  Kelso,  2  ;  as  Abbot  of 
Kelso,  33  ;  consecration  and  death, 
34. 

Herding  houses  in  Wedale,  100. 

Herdstrete,  105. 

Hereditary  tenant  or  thane,  396. 

Hereford,  Earl  of,  60. 

Herehowden,  108. 

Heris,  King  Alexander  ii.'s  forester, 
139.  _       _ 

Herkhenyis  in  diocese  (f  Caithness,  82, 
83. 

Herrings  an  early  article  of  trade  in 
Scotland,  255. 

Herrings  of  Loch  Fyne,  376. 

Herrings  paid  by  Inverness  to  Ar- 
broath monastery,  169. 

Heriot,  a  feudal  custom,  its  Highland 
equivalent,  375. 

Heriot's  Hospital,  its  building,  418. 

Pleronry  at  Darnaway  Castle,  405. 

Herriot,  Adam,  first  minister  at  Aber- 
deen, 278. 

Hertford,  Earl  of,  assaults  Kelso  Abbey, 
141,  198. 

Heryn  or  Earn,  the  castle  of,  betrayed 
by  Gillecolm,  208. 

Hextild,  Countess  of  Athol,  18. 

Hides  an  early  article  of  trade  in  Scot- 
land, 255. 

Highland  changes  and  improvements, 
394,  431,  447;  lords,  345,  346; 
earliest  picture  of,  given  in  the 
household  books  of  Sir  Duncan 
Campbell,  348  ;  freebooter,  355  ; 
practice  of  taking  the  name  of  the 
dominant  family,  373 ;  farming, 
375  ;  warfare,  artillery  used  in, 
(1598),  378 ;  broadsword,  378 ; 
speats,  precaution  against,  1621, 
381 ;  sports,  386 ;  hospitality  of 
the,  387  ;  schooling  in  1618,  388  ; 
life,  as  illustrated  by  materials  from 
the  charter-room,  Taymouth,  394; 
civilisation,  415;  horse -rearing, 
1677,  422 ;  hunting  expedition, 
431  ;  dress,  431  ;  sword  scabbard, 
cost  of,  1591,  526. 

Highlands,  Central,  antiquities  of,  341. 

Highlands  of  Perthshire,  393. 

Highlands,  state  of  society,  366  ;  tenure 
of  property  in,  365. 

Highlanders  and  the  rising  of  1715, 
455-458. 

Highlandmen,  muster  of,  before  Charles 
I.  at  Perth,  518. 

High  Stewart  of  Scotland,  Eobert,  re- 
ceives the  Earldom  of  Strathearn, 
213. 


502 


iNDi:x. 


Hill,  ('f)iiiiiiis.si(;)ior,  at  'I  horntfjii,  'j11>. 

Jlillhoml,  420. 

Hiiul,  io;j. 

Hind,  Whitn,  of  Corrirliiija,  387. 

Hippeslcy,  Sir  John,  4!)(). 

Hirdmanston  granted  to  the  DouglascH, 
328. 

Iloctor,  land  of,  granted  to  Andrew, 
Bishop  of  Caithness,  73. 

ITodelm  parish  church,  37. 

ITogs  in  Sproust(jn  grange,  189. 

Holeniede,  108. 

Holland,  books  from,  in  the  Kilravock 
library,  1728,  459  ;  early  trade 
■with  Scotland,  255  ;  mentioned, 
459,  472,  476,  477. 

Holland  sheets,  510. 

Holmcultram,  118. 

Holy  Land,  the  By.sets  banished  to  the, 
1242,  438. 

Holyrood  receives  a  grant  of  four  parish 
churches  in  Galloway,  20  ;  the 
king  at,  in  1633,  514,  515  ;  men- 
tioned, 519. 

Holyrood  Charters  quoted,  20. 

Holyrood,  Register,  20. 

Holyrood,  John,  Abbot  of,  grant  to 
Glasgow,  48. 

Homage,  bonds  of,  365. 

Home  family,  112. 

Home,  Frank,  a  surgeon  in  army,  472. 

Homeldun,  185. 

Hooker,  427. 

Hoop,  lady's,  in  1722,  cost  of,  460. 

Honorius  iii.,  23. 

Honter,  his  tables  taught  at  Glasgow 
College  by  Andrew  Melville,  226. 

Hope's  Walks,  Edinburgh,  1762,  480. 

Horeden  quoted,  38. 

Horneden,  98. 

Horse  and  creels  the  mode  of  transport 
in  the  Highlands,  1651,  515. 

Horse-corn  or  oatmeal,  376- 

Horse  harness,  cost  of,  1591,  526. 

Horseman's  harness,  etc,  1598,  378. 

Horse's  load  in  going  from  Berwick  to 
Kelso  Abbey,  192. 

Horses — brood  mares  pastured  in  the 
forest,  190;  in  the  winter  of  1554, 
353  ;  rearing  of,  in  the  Highlands, 
brood  mares  slaughtered  by  the 
M'Gregors,  347,  353,  375,  386, 
422  ;  feed,  expense  of,  in  1591, 
511,  526-529. 

Horse-shoeing  charge,  1591,  527. 

Hostelages  and  mansion  possessed  by 
the  Abbey  of  Kelso,  194. 

Hostelry  of  Stirling  in  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, 156. 


HoKfelry  (jf  the  Cagell,  38.5. 

HoHtiaritiH,  Gilbert,  .390. 

Hosting,  claiiKnien'H  duties  in,  375. 

Hottun  church  acqiiired  by  Glangow,  35, 
39  ;  granted  to  the  canons  of  Glas- 
gow, 45. 

Hou8f;hoId  Books  of  Breadalbane,  37'>. 
377. 

Hoveden,  quoted,  .38. 

Huchterhinche  at  Dorncch  granted  in 
Precentor  of  Caithness,  81. 

Hugh  de  li(;xburgh  succeeds  Jocelin  as 
Bishop  of  Glasgow,  38. 

Humanist  or  grammaticus  of  Aberdeen 
University,  271. 

Humanists  of  the  Continental  8ch<;olH, 
267. 

Plume,  David,  his  friendship  whh  Dr. 
John  Clephane,  469  ;  his  letter  to 
Dr.  Clephane,  471. 

Hume  of  Godscroft,  326,  .347. 

Humphrey's  inn  at  Tweedmouth,  1750, 
551. 

Hunter,  Dr.  William,  475. 

Hunum  grange,  101. 

Hunting,  tithes  of,  grant  to  the  convent 
of  Inchaffray,  210. 

Hunting,  clansmen's  duties  in,  375. 

Huntly  and  Glencarne,  Earl  of,  532. 

Huatly  and  the  assassination  of  the 
bonny  Earl  of  Moray,  531. 

Huntlv,  Earl  of,  Lord  Chancellor  of 
Scotland,  408,  447. 

Huntly,  Earl  of,  preserves  Aberdeen 
Cathedral,  89  ;  fight  at  Arbroath, 
165;  his  connexion  with  the  mur- 
der of  Cawdor,  538. 

Huntly,  "Geordie,"  387. 

Hurdmen,  16- 

Hurkenedorath  church,  20. 

Husband  lands,  192,  195. 

Hutcheson,  Francis,  his  inaugural  ora- 
tion in  1730,  at  Glassrow  College, 
238. 

Hutchison,  John,  Dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Arts,  Glasgow,  247. 

Hutchison,  Professor  of  Mental  Pliil  > 
sophy  at  Glasgow  College,  241. 

Button's  Collections,  Advocates'  Lib- 
rary, 128. 

Ilaxkeilquhirn,  the  castle  of,  the  chief 
strength  of  the  Glenurchy  Camj)- 
bells,  342  ;  repaired,  346. 

Ilanran,  513. 

Hay  herald,  173. 

Illanlochgorme  fortalice  in  Isla,  415, 
543. 

Ilvestun,  price  of  laud  in,  110. 


i 


INDEX. 


593 


Ilyntassan,  the  lands  of,  537. 

Incliaddin,  351. 

Inchaffray,  204  ;  founded  by  Gilbert, 
Earl  of  Strathearn,  209 ;  enriched 
by  five  parish  churches,  18  ;  the 
canons  of,  receive  a  third  of  the 
Earldom  of  Strathearn,  205  ;  of  the 
Augustinian  order,  209  ;  dedicated 
to  St.  Mary  and  St.  John,  209 ; 
the  burial-place  of  the  Earls  of 
Strathearn,  209  ;  timber  granted, 
210;  its  patron,  Robert,  Earl  of 
Strathearn,  211  ;  names  of  the 
abbots,  211,  216;  the  abbacy  re- 
signed in  favour  of  James  Drum- 
mond  of  Inverpeflfray,  and  erected 
into  a  temporal  lordship,  217;  Lib. 
Insul.  Missar,  18,  20,  211,  214. 

Inchbraikie,  the  laird  of,  at  Balloch, 
1590,  377. 

Inchbrayock,  157.     See  Esk. 

Inchcolme  Register,  22. 

Inchechaffray,  Lord,  at  Finlarg,  377. 

Inchesaile,  Isle  of,  leased  by  Sir  Dun- 
can Campbell  for  rearing  fallow 
deer,  347. 

Lichmahomok,  Isle  of,  Papal  permission 
to  found  a  convent  on,  218. 

Inchmartin,  the  Laird  of,  377,  512.  See 
Ogilvie. 

luderaray,  371. 

India,  490. 

Influenza  called  "quhew,"  335. 

Ingelram,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  34  ;  his 
consecration,  35 ;  his  death,  35. 

Inghen,  Marsilius,  on  the  Sentences, 
271. 

Ingoliston  lands  acquired  by  Glasgow, 
40. 

Inneraw,  Archibald  Campbell  of,  545. 

Innerpefir,  military  service  due,  151. 

Innerwick  parish  church  granted  to  Mel- 
rose, 18. 

Innes,  Alexander,  and  the  mss.  of  the 
Scots  College,  Paris,  495. 

Innes  charier  chest  at  Floors,  399. 

Lmes,  Lewis,  his  transcript  of  the  Me- 
moirs of  James  ii.,  494. 

Innes,  Margaret,  wife  of  the  fourteenth 
baron  of  Kilravock,  1662,  453. 

Innes  Papers  quoted,  28. 

Innes,  Sir  Walter  of,  1454,  399_. 

Innes,  the  fifteenth  baron  of  Kilravock 
born  at,  1663,  454.    See  Kilravock. 

Innes,  Thomas,  quoted,  21,  22,  31,  53, 
54,  73,  330,  494. 

Innocent,  Abbot  of  Inchaffray,  211. 

Innocent  iii.,  23  ;  exhortation  to  Wil- 
liam, 37  ;  his  bull  against  judicial 


combat,  42  ;  Epistolee,  72,  73,  75  ; 
letter  to  he  Bishop  of  the  Orkneys 
on  Bishop  John's  mutilation,  74, 75. 

Innocent  iv.,  grant  to  Henry  iii.,  23, 187 

Inns  in  the  sixteenth  century,  523,  525, 
527. 

Inquest  of  possessions  of  the  church  of 
Glasgow,  A.D.  1116,  6. 

Insulis,  De,  403. 

Interlude  or  show  at  Glasgow  given  by 
the  Faculty  of  Arts,  246. 

Intrants  or  procurators  of  Glasgow 
University,  223. 

Inuerynen  on  Lochow  acquired  by  Sir 
Cohn  Campbell,  342. 

Inventories  of  plenishing  (1598)  of  the 
Breadalbane  family,  377. 

Inverary  Castle,  342. 

Inverary,  cost  of  dinner  in,  1591,  523. 

Inverary,  lists  of  men  and  arms  to  be 
sent  to,  in  1638,  383. 

Inverary,  meeting  of  clans  for  defence 
of  the  west  coast,  384. 

Inverbondin  or  Boindie  granted  to  Ar- 
broath, 146. 

Invereray,  371,  372,  374. 

Inveresk,  131,  499. 

Inveresk,  Laird  of,  owner  of  slaves,  600. 

Invergowry,  122. 

Inverkeithin,  King  David  ii.  at,  182. 

Inverkeler  church,  157. 

Inverkelidor  or  Inverkeelor  granted  to 
Arbroath,  147. 

Inverleith,  Baxter  lands,  141. 

Inverlethan  church,  grant  of,  179  ;  its 
right  of  sanctuary,  179. 

Inverlunan  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Inverness,  425,  444,  462,  533,  552  ;  in 
1638,  383  ;  a  deanery  of  Moray, 
26 ;  the  church  granted  to  Ar- 
broath, 146 ;  James  ii.,  residence 
at,  1455,  404;  Burns  at,  484; 
Royal  Castle  of,  in  1455,  403; 
the  Black  Baron  of  Kilravock 
Constable  of,  447 ;  the  Highlanders 
leave  a  garrison  in,  at  the  rising  of 
1715, 456;  commanded  by  Sir  John 
Mackenzie  of  Coul,  456 ;  High- 
landers  withdrawn,  457  ;  Castle 
hill,  478. 

Invernethy  belonging  to  Aberncthy,  150. 

Inverugy  granted  to  Arbroath,  147. 

lona,  its  early  possessions  in  Galloway, 
20  ;  retained  in  the  diocese  of  Dun- 
keld,  207  ;  Abbots  of,  acknowledge 
the  Bishops  of  Dunkeld,  207  ;  ter- 
ritory on  Loch  Etive  pertaining  to, 
411;  the  "records,"  in  Boece's 
History,  268. 


2   P 


504 


INDEX. 


Ipswicl),  Tnilitary  liospilal  at,  472. 

Ireland,  540,  54(5 ;  tlio  Uysets  emigrate 
to,  438  ;  Cawdor  to  keep  corre- 
spondence with  tlic  Lord  Deputy 
oi;  538. 

Irisch  or  (jraelic,  369,  371. 

Irish  Annalists,  200. 

Irish  Ecclesiastical  Journal,  1849, 
quoted,  291- 

Irish  rebels,  1644,  419. 

Iron,  left  by  will  of  Alexander  Suther- 
land, 1456,  406. 

Irrigation  in  Breadalbane,  1621,  381. 

Irvine,  50,  419  ;  the  members  of  Glas- 
gow University  remove  to,  during 
the  plague,  1646,  420. 

Irvines,  172. 

Irvinos  of  Drum,  custodiers  of  the  Brec- 
bennach,  152. 

Irving,  Dr.,  271. 

Irwing,  Kobert,  of  Feddrat,  second  son 
of  the  Laird  of  Drum,  his  maniage, 
377. 

Isam,  Henry,  199. 

Isla  acquired  by  Sir  John  Campbell  of 
Cawdor,  411 ;  how  acquired,  536- 
547  ;  the  Cawdors  in,  415,  417, 
419,  420 ;  the  documents  relating 
to,  415  ;  sold  by  them,  435 ;  the 
breed  of  horses,  1677,  422  ;  deer, 
423 ;  fertility  of,  536 ;  names  of 
the  lairds,  536. 

Isla  and  the  Scotch  Goveniment  in 
1614,538. 

Isla,  Angus  of,  531. 

Isla,  the  M'Donalds  of,  546. 

Islandshire,  North  Durham,  3. 

Islay,  see  Isla. 

Isle  of  Loch  Tay,  343. 

Isles,  Bishop  of  the,  540. 

Isles,  Bishop  of  the,  Andrew  Knox, 
537. 

Isles,  Bishop  of  the,  Ferquhard  M'Lach- 
lan,  412. 

Isles,  feud  of  the,  531. 

Isles,  John  of  the,  his  capture,  400. 

Isles,  Lady  of  the,  401. 

Isles,  Lords  of  the,  536. 

Isles,  See  of,  207. 

Isles,  the  Campbells  established  in  the, 
410. 

Isocrates,  oration  of,  taught  at  Aber- 
deen University,  1648,  309. 

Italian  LTniversities,  258. 

Italy,  426,  467. 

J.  DE  H.,  a  lord  of  that  ilk,  184. 
Jack,  Gilbert,  professor  at  Leyden  L'^ni- 
versity,  281. 


Jackson's  inn  at  Pirkering,  1750,  549. 

J.'icobite  papers  of  Cardinal  York,  4'jO. 

Jacob's  Law  Dictionary,  quoted,  40. 

James  i.,  return  from  captivity,  56  ; 
letter  to  the  Laird  of  Locnleven, 
338 ;  his  third  daughter,  Johan, 
335  ;  mentioned,  195,  308,  443. 

James  ii.,  declares  the  Earldom  of 
Stratheam  fallen  to  the  Crown, 
215;  his  age  in  1442,  401  ;  men- 
tioned, 402 ;  domestic  history,  403  ; 
his  infant  son  David,  404 ;  bis 
hunting  seat  at  Darnaway,  405. 

James  in.,  24 ;  introduces  styles  of 
heraldi-y,  etc.,  173  ;  letter  to  the 
custodier  of  the  relics  of  St.  Fillan, 
392  ;  his  death,  264. 

James  iv.,  24;  his  attachment  to  Glas- 
gow Cathedral,  60,  61  ;  entertained 
at  Arbroath,  167;  signet,  173; 
pilgrimage  to  St.  Duthac,  259  ; 
mentioned,  260,  270. 

James  v.,  his  progress  to  the  north  in 
1541,  274  ;  letter  to  Douglas,  340 ; 
his  rule  in  the  Highlands,  270,  361; 
his  gift  to  the  Campbells  of  Glen- 
urchy,  379,  508. 

James  vi.,  letters  in  the  Dalmahoy  char- 
ter room,  340  ;  story  of,  386  ;  de- 
sires to  secure  the  white  hind  of 
Corrichiba,  387  ;  letters  about  it, 
513,  516  ;  his  gout,  517  ;  weak- 
ness of  his  Government  before  suc- 
ceeding to  England,  535 ;  men- 
tioned, 543  ;  servility  of  letters  to, 
after  his  accession,  289. 

James  n.  of  England,  317  ;  Memoirs  of, 
494,  495,  497. 

Jamesone,  George,  painter,  native  of 
Aberdeen,  298,  301 ;  his  works, 
318,  350,  388 ;  letters,  520,  521. 

Jamieson's  Dictionary  quoted,  191,367. 

Jardine,  Professor,  of  Glasgow  College, 
241. 

Jedburgh,  174. 

Jedburgh  Abbey,  its  parish  churches,  2. 

Jedburgh  canons  part  with  Hottun 
church  to  Glasgow,  39. 

Jedburgh,  Maison-dieu  demitted  by 
Mark  Ker,  129. 

Jedburgh  staffs,  1598,  378. 

Jedworthe,  the  English  army  intend  to 
burn,  201. 

Jewels  of  the  Campbell  inventory  of- 
1640,  343,  379,  507. 

Jewish  law  of  slavery,  499. 

Jocelyn,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  an  abbot 
of  Melrose,  37  ;  consecration,  37 ; 
successfully  resists   the   encroach- 


INDEX. 


595 


merits  of  York,  37  ;  obtains  absolu- 
tion for  William  from  the  Pope,  37 ; 
restores  the  cathedral,  38  ;  charter 
to  Melrose,  120  ;  his  death,  38. 

Johannes,  an  apocryphal  bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, 30. 

Johan,  third  daughter  of  James  T.,  335. 

John  Bishop  of  Caithness,  declines  ex- 
acting the  Papal  penny,  73  ;  muti- 
lated by  Harald  Madadson,  74,  75  ; 
death,  76. 

John,  first  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  32 ;  tutor 
to  King  David,  his  dispute  with 
Thurstan,  goes  to  the  Holy  Laud 
and  to  Rome,  returns  to  Glasgow, 
death,  33  ;  quoted,  196. 

John,  King  of  England,  119  ;  his  tomb 
at  Worcester,  168. 

John  of  the  Isles  and  IDarl  of  Ross,  the 
forfeiture  of,  in  1475,  400. 

John,  stepson  of  Baldwin,  13. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  quoted,  159,  270. 

Johnston,  Arthur,  his  Latin  elegiacs, 
epigranimata,  297 ;  his  poetry  print- 
ed by  Raban,  Aberdeen,  299. 

Johnston,  William,  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  315. 

Johnstons  capture  the  Black  Baron  of 
Kilravock  at  Pinkiecleuch,  446. 

Johnstons,  the  most  distinguished  Latin 
poets  of  Aberdeen,  297. 

Jomelli's  II  Passione,  466. 

Jones,  John,  231. 

Jonet  de  Monymuske,  the  sister  of  Ro- 
bert ii.'s  queen,  213. 

Jongleurs,  hereditary,  of  the  Campbells 
of  Glenurchy,  384. 

Jonston,  John,  the  author  of  the  Heroes^ 
268. 

Jore  or  Dewar,  Finlay,  keeper  of  St. 
Fillan's  coygerach,  389,  390. 

Jorval  quoted,  44. 

Joviu^  Paulus,  his  notice  of  Boece's 
history  of  Scotland,  cited  by  David 
Buchanan,  269. 

Jubilee  in  1450,  58. 

Judex  of  Arbroath,  161. 

Judicial  combat  forbidden  in  the  case  of 
churchmen,  42. 

Junius,  a  learned  Scot,  abroad,  269. 

Jura,  deer  from,  1677,  423. 

Jurisdiction,  civil  and  ecclesiastical, 
186  ;  of  the  Bishops  of  Durham 
and  Glasgow,  186. 

Justiciar,  Great,  of  Scotland,  263  ;  the 
Earl  of  Argyle,  410. 

Justiciary,  High  Court  of,  at  Fowlis, 
214  ;  records  quoted,  531. 


Kain  granted  to  Glasgow,  33  j  to  Inch- 
affray,  209. 

Kailyards,  381,  386. 

Kandrochid,  390. 

Kapwick,  549. 

Kare  lands  granted  to  Arbroath,  149. 

Karelshire  in  Fife,  3. 

Kateryn  or  Catorliu  granted  to  Arbroath, 
146,  148. 

Kattanus,    St.    of    Abbyruthven,    the 
church  of,  209. 

Keep,  the  Scotch,  443. 

Keillour,  the  Laird  of,  377. 

Keith,  552. 

Keith,  Dame  Annas,  wife  of  the  Regent 
_  Moray,  412,  414,  447.  ^ 

Keith,  Lord,   account  of  his  family  in 
_  Bayle,  228. 

Keith,  Mary,  marries  John,  Thane  of 
Cawdor,  412. 

Keith  parish,  290. 

Keith  quoted,  32,  53,  57,  84,  260. 

Keledees,  see  Culdees. 

Kelso  Abbey,  site,  172  ;  sketch  of,  172- 
203  ;  removed  from  Selkirk,  dedi- 
cated to  the  Virgin  and  St.  John, 
177  ;  grants,  178  ;  legacy  by  Sir 
J.  Douglas  of  Dalkeith,  333  ;  papal 
commission  resisted  by  the  king, 
180;  charters,  178  ;  the  Abbots,  2, 
48  ;  Ralph,  a  French  monk,  177  ; 
Arnold,  in  middle  of  twelfth  cen- 
tury, 326  ;  Richard  commutes  the 
services  of  husbandmen,  190;  Wil- 
liam and  Patrick,  their  proxies,  184; 
rent-roll,  188 ;  the  monks'  lands 
arable  and  pasture,  188 ;  rural 
services  and  domestic  economy, 
189,  194;  military  service,  195; 
the  monks'  tithe  colt,  190  ;  tenants, 
their  terms  of  rent,  191  ;  charters 
containing  regulations.  Abbey  mills 
and  multures,  193 ;  its  fishings, 
194 ;  hostilages  and  mansions,  194; 
the  first  and  richest  of  David's 
monasteries,  195 ;  takes  preced- 
ence of  all  monasteries  save  tho 
Priory  of  St.  Andrews,  195 ;  its 
chartulary  rich  in  notices  of  the 
rural  population,  and  burghers, 
195;  power,  riches,  and  character 
of  the  monks,  196,  197  ;  fabric, 
a  century  in  building,  197  ;  its 
architecture  and  hospitality,  197  ; 
the  Abbey  plundered,  196 ;  the 
monks  beg  food  and  clothing, 
197  ;  architecture  of  the  church, 
197,  203  ;  often  partially  destroyed 
and  rebuilt,  solidity  of  the  struc- 


59G 


INDEX. 


turc,  198;  asRaiilt  l>y  Lord  Hert- 
ford and  proposed  fbrtificjition,  108, 
201  ;  riizcd  by  the  KiigliHli,  201  ; 
gradual  demolition,  its  stone.s  used 
by  the  bur^^liers  of  KcIho  for  their 
dwellings,  '202  ;  the  present  condi- 
tion of  the  Abhey  church,  202, 
203 ;  Bricius  and  Hugo  Douglas 
among  its  monks,  327. 

Kelso  Kegister,  20  ;  abounds  with  no- 
tices of  places  around  Kelso,  etc, 
178,  180,  184. 

Kelso  burgh,  195,  202. 

Kemble's  Anglo-Saxon  charters  quoted, 
40. 

Kenedy,  or  M'Kenedy,  seneschal  of 
Carrick,  96. 

Kenkynie,  its  definition,  375. 

Kenmore,  345. 

Kennedy,  Hugh,  of  Girvane  Mains,  85. 

Kenneth  Macalpin,  121. 

Kennochershire  in  Fife,  3. 

Kent,  Kobert  de,  grant  to  Melrose,  18, 
94. 

Kentigern,  see  St.  Kentigern. 

Kentigerna,  Fillan,  her  son,  389. 

Ker,  Mark,  Abbot  of  Newbattle,  parent- 
age, indicted  in  the  High  Court  of 
Justiciary,  appeals  to  the  Church 
courts,  128  ;  joins  the  Reformers, 
129 ;  Commendator  of  Neubotle, 
129  ;  marriage,  death,  portrait, 
130. 

Ker,  Mark,  Master  of  Requests,  130. 

Ker,  John,  his  aventale  and  gloves  of 
plate,  334. 

Ker,  John,  of  Werk,  captures  the  Black 
Baron  of  Kilravock,  446. 

Ker,  John,  Professor  at  Aberdeen,  300, 
302,  318  ;  Donaides  quoted,  275, 
314. 

Ker,  Sir  Andrew,  of  Cesford,  128. 

Keraldiston,  155, 

Keraldus,  Judex  of  Angus,  155,  161. 

Kerdale,  Freskinus  de,  400. 

Keresban  on  Doon,  96. 

Kerimore  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Kerimure,  priest  of,  153. 

Kermyl,  lands  of,  47. 

Kernellated  keeps,  443. 

Kerpul  belonging  to  Abernethv,  150. 

Kett,  Dr.,  482. 

Kiell-men  at  Tynemouth,  their  earn- 
ings in  1750,  550. 

Ketton  in  Suffolk,  231. 

Kilbeccokestun  (Kilbucho)  pasturage,  99. 

Kilbride,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35. 

Kilbrideshire  in  Clydesdale,  3. 

Kilbryd,  529. 


Kilbucho,  tithes,  331. 

Kilcalmowkill,  Colin  Campbell  in,  .045. 

Kih.hurn,  344,  345. 

Kilchurn  Castle,  384,  386,  511. 

Kildcdian  church  acquired  by  Scone, 
72 ;  a  prebend  of  the  Abbot  of 
Scone,  82  ;  acquired  by  Scone,  124. 

Kildrummy  Castle,  79. 

Killarow,  422. 

Killin,  Barons'  Court  held  at,  381. 

Killing  (Killin),  the  lands  of,  356. 

Kilmad  granted  to  Newbattle,  138. 

Kilmalemak  lands,  398- 

Kilmaron,  William  of,  his  lands  granted 
to  the  Douglases,  328. 

Kilmone,  533. 

Kilmun,  lands  of,  held  by  virtue  of  the 
custody  of  the  crozier  of  St.  Mund, 
390. 

Kilravock,  the  family  of  Rose  of,  437  -490. 

the  name,  489. 

pedigree,  438. 

Hugh   de   Rose,  the  third  laird, 

and  Mariot  his  wife,  440,  490. 

Hugh  de  Rose  and  Mary  de  Bos- 

co,  439,  489. 

the  family,  papers,  440 ;  show  the 

progress  of  civilisation,  441, 
442. 

branches  of  the  family,  489. 

lairds,  432  ;  had  the  title  of  Baron, 

440. 

the  Roses  acquire  by  the  marriage 

of  Jonet  Chisholm,  Cantray,  also 
territories  in  Ross-shire,  440. 

ladies,  their  correspondence  with 

the  persecuted  ministers,  446. 

Barons  of,  their  peaceful  character, 

440,  442. 

Hugh,  seventh  Baron,  builds  the 

tower,  443,  490. 

Hugh,  ninth  Baron,  is  warded  in 

the  Castle  of  Dumbarton  for  im- 
prisoning the  Abbot  of  Kvnloss, 
444. 

Hugh,  the  tenth  Baron,  known  as 

the  Black  Baron,  445;  his  troubles 
with  neighbours,  445  ;  is  laird 
for  half  a  century,  fights  at  Pin- 
kiecleugh,  is  captured,  pays  a 
ransom,  446  ;  corresponds  with 
all  the  leading  characters  of  his 
time,  446  ;  justice-depute  of  the 
north  under  Argyll,  447  ;  sheriff- 
principal  of  Inverness  and  con- 
stable of  the  Castle,  a  friend  of 
Regent  Moray,  of  no  political 
creed,  447  ;  summoned  to  Par- 
liament, 448. 


INDEX. 


597 


Kilravock,  William,  the  eleventh  Barou, 
an  inoffensive  man,  his  troubles, 
his  appearance,  his  death,  448. 

Hugh,   the    twelfth    Baron,    his 

character,  449  ;  appearance,  450. 

Hugh,  the  thirteenth  Baron  dies 

young,  skilful  in  music,  450. 

Hugh,  the  fourteenth  Baron,  stu- 
dent at  Aberdeen,  306,  451 ;  his 
sister  Magdalene,  account  for 
dress  in  1656,  452  ;  he  succeeds 
in  1649,  an  infant,  educated  at 
Elgin,  at  Kilravock,  and  at  the 
parish  school  of  Aldearn,  his 
dress,  goes  to  Aberdeen  College, 
452  ;  ho  marries  Margaret  Innes, 
her  piety  and  excellent  charac- 
ter, 453  ;  his  letters  during  the 
persecutions,  454. 

Hugh,  the  fifteenth  Baron,  born  at 

Innes,  454;  his  political  opinions, 
454;  member  of  Parliament,  his 
votes,  455 ;  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners to  British  Parliament, 
455 ;  arms  200  of  his  clan,  re- 
duces Inverness,  his  brother 
killed,  456,  457 ;  his  daughter 
Margaret  at  school  in  Edin- 
burgh, 458;  his  after  life  and 
habits,  458,  460. 

Hugh,  the  sixteenth  Baron  is  M.P. 

for  Ross-shire,  460  ;  his  daughter 
Miss  Jenny's  accounts  for  her 
education,  1722,  460 ;  Lewis, 
brother  of  the  laird  (1739),  461, 
462  ;  he  is  Provost  of  Nairn 
during  the  rebellion  of  1745, 
463. 

Hugh,    the    seventeenth    Baron, 

known  as  Geddes,  his  character 
and  learning,  464  ;  seeks  the 
Sheriffship  of  Ross,  465 ;  his 
taste  for  music,  466  ;  his  planta- 
tions, 466 ;  letter  to  Dr.  Cle- 
phane,  470. 

Elizabeth    Rose,    his     daughter, 

birth  of,  469,  470  ;  her  letter  to 
her  uncle  in  London,  473  ;  mar- 
ries her  cousin,  Hugh  Rose,  480 ; 
she  succeeds  to  the  estate,  480  ; 
her  correspondence,  480  ;  com- 
monplace book  and  diary,  481  ; 
her  character  and  accomplish- 
ments, 482,  483 ;  her  cousin, 
Henry  Mackenzie,  484  ;  she 
entertains  Burns,  484  ;  Hugh 
Miller's  opinion  of  her,  485  ;  her 
death,  485. 
i^ Hugh  Rose,  Brea's  son,  a  young 


student  of  medicine,  goes  to  Lon- 
don, 473  ;  at  school  at  Enfield, 
473 ;    marries    Elizabeth   Rose, 
480. 
Kilravock,  Willie  Rose,  475. 

John  Rose,  475. 

Arthur     Rose,     goes     to     North 

America,  his  fate  unknown,  477, 
478. 

Dr.  John  Clephane  visits,   1750, 

473,  549. 

Major  Clephane  resides  at,  1760, 

478. 

life  at,  as  shown  in  Hon.  General 

Caulfield's  letters,  478,  479. 

the  Laird  and  family  for  a  season 

in  Edinburgh,  1762,  479. 

inquest  on  the  extent,  399  ;  Eliza- 
beth Byset's  dower,  439  ;  cor- 
respondence, 453 ;  Castle  and 
tower,  306,  440,  443,  460,  464, 
490  ;  library,  459  ;  fruit-trees, 
464  ;  arms,  489  ;  chapel,  490  ; 
garden,  490  ;  charter-room,  440. 

Kilrimund,  St.  Andrews,  3. 

Kilsyth  charter-chest,  331. 

Kilt,  431. 

Kilwinning  Register,  22. 

Kinalchraund,  or  Kinethmond,  granted 
to  Arbroath,  148. 

Kinbethach   granted  to   Earl   Gilbert, 
207. 

Kincaid,  Dr.,  attends  Lord  Lome's  son 
in  sickness,  374. 

Kinerny  church  granted  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Kingoldrum  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Kingorn,  Johne,  Earl  of,  1637,  his  por- 
trait by  Jameson,  350. 

Kingstrete,  108. 

Kinkell  parish,  3. 

Kinnahinshire  in  Fife,  3. 

Kinnaird   of    Culbin's   widow    marries 
WiUiam  Thane  of  Cawdor,  408. 

Kinninmondshire  in  Fife,  3. 

Kinnoul,  Chancellor,  519. 

Kintyre  herald,  173. 

Kintyre  subdued  by  Sir  James  M'Don- 
ald,  546. 

Kintyre,  the  harbours  of,  1638,  383. 

Kippen,  Andro,  385,  386. 

Kippen,  the  church  of,  granted  to  Dun- 
blane, 218. 

Kirby-moor-side,  549. 

Kircaladinitshire  in  Fife  (Kirkcaldy),  3. 

Kirk,  Booke  of  the  Universal  Kirk  of 
Scotland,  quoted,  217,  278. 

Kirkepatrick  church  acquired  bv  Glas- 
gow, 39. 


598 


INDEX. 


Kirkintilloch  castle  besieged  by  Bishop 
Wischart,  51. 

Kirklaiitls,  G,  7. 

Kirkmacho  granted  to  Arbroath,  152. 

Kirkniichael,  William  Eiphinston,  Rec- 
tor of,  200. 

Kirkmocho,  a  prebend,  56. 

Kirktown,  vide  Stirling  Chapel,  17. 

Kirkwall  Library,  volume  of  tracts  and 
academic  pasquil,  found  in,  305. 

Kncpoch  in  Lorn,  Campbell  of  Cawdor 
shot  at,  414,  531. 

Knight  of  the  Cross,  344. 

Knight  of  Rhodes,  379. 

Knightly  customs  and  dresses  of  the 
Normans  in  Scotland,  439,  440. 

Knightly  heraldry,  its  usages  practised 
by  Gilbert,  Earl  of  Strathearn,  205. 

Knives,  price  of,  1656,  452. 

Knox,  Andrew,  Bishop  of  the  Isles,  537. 

Knox  on  Archbishop  Dunbar,  63. 

Knox,  John,  276 ;  his  History  quoted, 
276 ;  his  disputation  with  the  Sub- 
principal  and  Canonist  of  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  276  ;  Leslie's 
account  of  it,  277  ;  letter  from,  in 
the  charter-room,  Dalmahoy,  340. 

Knox,  Thomas,  and  the  rebels  of  Isla, 
542. 

Knox,  John,  of  Ranpherlie,  542. 

Knyghton,  quoted,  44. 

Kynlos,  273. 

Kulgasc,  the  dower  of  the  daughter  of 
Gilbert,  Earl  of  Stratherne,  210. 

Kylbleyn,  town  land  of,  belonging  to 
Arbroath  Abbey,  505,  506. 

Kyle,  33. 

Kyle,  Bishop,  494. 

Kyle  lands,  parted  with  by  Melrose, 
116. 

Kyllern,  a  prebend,  56. 

Kynald  tithes  to  Caithness,  82. 

Kynkell,  Alexander  Galloway,  preben- 
dary of,  275. 

Kynkell,  the  church  of,  209. 

Kynloss,  Historia  Abbatum  de,  quoted, 
269. 

Kynloss,  the  Abbot  of,  imprisoned  by 
Hugh,  Baron  of  Kilravock,  444. 

Kynloss^  Robert,  Abbot  of  (1530),  497. 

Kynnynmonth  killed  by  Spens  of  Wor- 
mestoun,  215. 


Labour,  value  of,  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, 188. 

Lace  pinners  and  gowns,  1677,  426. 

Lace,  silver,  for  dress,  price  of  in  1633, 
373. 


liadios'  drcBS  in  1056,  4.52. 
La  Jlogue,  475. 

Laideus,  Duncan,  alias  Makgrcgour, 
alias  Ladassach,  345 ;  his  testa- 
ment, 348,  358-36.5  ;  tutor  to  tlic 
young  chief  of  the  M'Gregors,  355 ; 
ne  iH  hunted  through  Lome,  Argyle, 
Monteith,  and  lireadalbane,  356  ; 
is  thrown  into  prison  and  escapes, 
356 ;  the  terror  of  the  Highlands, 
356  ;  charged  with  the  murder  of  a 
servant  of  Colyne  Campbell,  etc., 
357 ;  receives  the  Queen's  peace, 
quarrels  with  the  Campbells,  and 
is  beheaded,  358;  "testament," 
360-364. 

Laing,  Mr.  David,  quoted,  21,  238,  278, 
287,  305,  .324. 

Laing,  John,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  60. 

Laing's  Ancient  Scottish  Seals  quoted, 
319. 

Lambard,  Sir  Oliver,  544,  545. 

Lamberton,  William  of,  Bishop  of  St. 
Andrews,  196. 

Lammermuir,  pasturage  granted  to  Mel- 
rose, 100. 

Laments,  their  defence  of  the  west  coast 
in  1638,  384. 

Lamy,  Archibald,  schoolmaster  at  Ar- 
broath, 169,  170. 

Land  valuation  illustrated  in  the  Ar- 
broath Registers,  151. 

Land,  value  of,  in  reign  of  Alexander  ii., 
139,  140.  _ 

Land,  value  of  in  the  thirteenth  centur}', 
188. 

Lanercost  Chronicle  quoted,  43,  46,  52, 
145,  175,  181,  206. 

Langnewton  lands,  336. 

Langside  battle,  447. 

Language,  vernacular,  108. 

Lany,  the  church  of,  granted  to  Inch- 
mahomok,  218. 

Lappenberg's  Anglo-Saxon  History, 
186. 

Larg  (Lairg)  church,  82. 

Largs,  lands  in,  granted  to  Glasgow, 
44,  96.     ^  ^ 

Lasswade,  parish  of,  includes  Dalkeith, 
331  ;  vicar  of,  his  legacy  from 
Douglas,  332  ;  church,  3"34. 

Latocnaye,  M,,  a  French  emigre,  his 
tour  in  Britain  in  1795,  393. 

Lauder,  Bishop,  See  Lawedre. 

Lauder,  Jane,  wife  of  Thane  of  Cawdor, 
1591,  530. 

Lauder,  Sir  Allan,  of  Hatton,  57. 

Lauder,  W.,  414. 

Lauders  of  the  Merse,  57. 


INDEX. 


599 


Lauderdale,  Duke  of,  his  correspondence 
about  fir-seed,  388 ;  Commissioner 
to  Parliament,  421,  422,  519. 

Lauderdale,  Lady,  and  Arthur  John- 
ston, 297. 

Laudoniana,  one  of  the  nations  of  Glas- 
gow University,  221. 

Laureation,  or  degree  of  Master  of  Arts, 
229 ;  details  given  by  Wodrow,  230 ; 
at  Glasgow  College,  described,  234- 
237. 

Lauren  clan,  twenty-seven  of,  slain  by 
Duncan  Laideus,  361. 

Laurence,  son  of  Orm,  Abbot  of  Abcr- 
nethy,  149,  150. 

Lawman  of  Norway,  78. 

Law,  antique,  relics  of,  in  records  of  the 
Baron  Court  of  Balloch,  381. 

Law  causes  originating  in  Scotland  not 
to  be  judged  beyond  the  country, 
180  ;  court  held  for  causes  of 
Bloodwit  and  Byrthensak,  193. 

Lawden,  the  Laird  of,  1637,  his  portrait 
by  Jameson,  350. 

Lawedre,  William  do,  appointed  Bishop 
of  Glasgow  by  the  Pope,  his  parent- 
age, 57  ;  appointed  Chancellor,  and 
builds  the  crypt  in  Glasgow  Cathe- 
dral, 58. 

Lay  teachers,  none  before  the  Reforma- 
tion, 275. 

Lead,  425. 

Lead  mines,  133. 

Le  Chen,  see  Chen. 

Leech,  John,  rector  of  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 297. 

Lee,  Principal,  of  Edinburgh  College, 
324. 

Leers,  a  bookseller  in  Rotterdam,  228. 

Lees,  Mr.,  a  music-master,  1722,  460. 

Lefwin,  12. 

Leghorn,  497. 

Leighton,  Dr.,  Archbishop  of  Glasgow, 
235. 

Leister  or  wasp-spear,  379. 

Leith,  496. 

Leith,  St.  Anthony  of.  Register,  22. 

Lekprevik,  Alexander,  trial,  62. 

Leland  quoted,  166. 

Lennox,  10 ;  Duke  of,  heritable  bailie  of 
Glasgow  regality,  renounces  the 
superiority,  65. 

Lennox,  Esme,  Duke  of,  served  heir  to 
his  father  in  the  superiority,  &Q. 

Lennox,  Isobell,  Countess  of,  and 
Duchess  of  Albanie,  342. 

Lennox,  Maldoveni,  Earl  of,  grant  to 
Glasgow,  40. 

Lennox,  Regent,  letter  of,  in  the  char- 


ter-room, Dalmahoy,  340 ;  men- 
tioned, 447. 

Lergie,  Alexander  M'Donald  of,  537. 

Leslie,  Bishop,  his  Latin  History,  274 ; 
quoted,  87,  268,  274. 

Leslie,  Helen,  of  Rothes,  marries  Mark 
Ker,  130. 

Leslie,  John,  Professor  at  Aberdeen, 
277. 

Leslie,  John,  Lord,  portrait  by  Jameson, 
350. 

Leslie,  Master  John,  canonist  of  Aber- 
deen University,  quoted,  277. 

Leslie,  the  name,  155, 

Leslie,  William,  an  Aberdeen  doctor, 
291. 

Lesly,  Bishop,  on  Baiamund,  24. 

Lesmahagow,  a  cell  of  Kelso  Abbey, 
the  prior  of,  Bricius,  son  of  William 
Douglas,  327. 

Lesmahagow  moor,  193. 

Lesmahagow,  the  territory  of,  193. 

Lessudden,  5. 

Lethanhop  pasturage,  140. 

Lcthan  valley  granted  to  Newbattle,  135. 

Lethbert  chapel,  17. 

Lethen,  the  Laird  of,  suspected  of  cove- 
nanting, 428. 

Lethingtoune,  the  Earl  of  Lauderdale 
at,  1637,  519. 

Lethyn,  Henry  Falconer,  baron  of,  1350, 
399. 

Letterellane,  the  wood  of,  385. 

Letters  of  correspondence  hardly  met 
with  till  the  sixteenth  century, 
338,  339 ;  change  in  manner  of 
writing,  420. 

Levenax,  Master  William  of,  lecturer 
in  civil  law  to  Glasgow  University, 
1460,  244. 

Leving,  107. 

Levingston,  granted  to  the  Douglases, 
10,  107,  328. 

Levin-water,  524. 

Leyden,  467. 

Libberton,  a  common  church  of  Glas- 
gow, 56  ;  Nether,  lands  of,  414. 

Libertoun,  Michell,  530. 

Libraries,  public,  already  established  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  257,  339. 

Liche,  Angus,  employed  by  the  Thane 
of  Cawdor,  529,  530. 

Lichton,  John,  Rector  of  Louvain  Uni- 
versity, 221. 

Lichtoun,  Abbot,  Arbroath,  161. 

Licentiates  and  Masters  of  Arts  made 
by  Glasgow  University,  222. 

Liddesdale,  329,  330. 

Lile,  Friar  Robert,  prior  of  the  convent 


600 


INDEX. 


of  DominicanB,  lie  reads  at  Glas- 
^a)\v  University,  244. 

Lilisclive  church  bch>iigiiig  to  Glas- 
gow, 50. 

Lillisclef,  Glasgow  has  property  in, 
35. 

Liramers,  Highland,  345. 

Lincoln  the  model  for  Moray  chapter, 
80. 

Lindesay,  Alexander,  feud  with  the 
Ogilvies,  165. 

Lindesay,  Christian,  marries  De  Couci, 
136. 

Lindesay,  Gerard  de,  grant  to  New- 
battle,  139. 

Lindesay,  Helen  de,  93. 

Lindesay,  John  de,  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 
61  ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  Eng- 
lish, 52  ;  buried  at  Wytsande,  52. 

Lindesays  of  Crawford,  their  grants  to 
Newbattle  Abbey,  133,  138,  139. 

Lindesei,  AValter  of,  has  a  private  chapel 
in  Lamberton  Court,  14  ;  arrange- 
ment with  the  Prior  of  Colding- 
ham,  15. 

Lindsay,  a  witness,  10. 

Lindsay  family,  171,  403  ;  liives  of  the 
Lindsays,  325. 

Lindsay,  Lord,  son  of  the  Marchioness 
of  Hamilton,  520. 

Lindsay,  Peter,  his  inn  at  Edinburgh, 
527. 

Lindsay,  see  Crawford. 

Lindsay,  Sir  David,  355,  358,  365. 

Lindores  Kegister,  20. 

Linen  manufacture  at  Strathbogie  in 
1750,  552. 

Linen,  old,  used  for  wicks,  1598,  378. 

Linen,  price  of,  1633,  373. 

Linlithgow,  402,  515,  527. 

liinlithgow,  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews, 
26.  ^ 

Linton,  Koderick,  donation  of,  to  Kelso 
Abbey,  178. 

Lintun,  three  acres  granted  to  Glasgow, 
34. 

Lion,  Lord,  465. 

Lismore  or  Argyle  included  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Dunkeld,  206,  207  ;  lands 
in,  held  by  the  custodiers  of  the 
Bachuill-more  of  St.  Moluach,  390. 

Lismore,  bishop  of,  Robert  Montgomery, 
497. 

Literature  of  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  294,  295,  339. 

Little  Urchany,  lands  of,  401. 

Liulf,  2. 

Livingston,  John  de,  333. 

Livingston,  Robert  de,  334. 


Lobincau,  M.,  quoted,  31. 

Loccard's,  Simon,  land,  13. 

Lochaber,  350,  361. 

Lochaber  axes,  1598,  37H. 

Jjochaw,  Barbrek  on,  543. 

Loch  Awe,  Lord  of,  342, 

Loch  Criran,  346. 

Lochdochart,  346. 

Lf>ch  Etive,  346,  411,  412. 

Loch  Fyne,  376,  386. 

Lochgilphead,  523. 

Lochgorme  Castle,  544,  545. 

Lochiel,  356,  360. 

Lochindorb  Castle,  401,  402,  405. 

Lochleven,  20,  335,  336,  3.38. 

Lochleven  Castle,  336. 

Lochleven,  chartulary  of  the  lords  of, 
338. 

Lochloy,  the  devout  ladies  of,  their  cor- 
respondence with  the  persecuted 
ministers,  441. 

Lochmaben  church  acquired  by  Glas- 
gow, 39. 

Lochnell,  383. 

Lochnell,  Archibald  Campbell  of,  383, 
532,  533. 

Lochorwort,  5,  33.     See  Borthwick. 

Lochow,  342. 

Loch  Tay,  388. 

Loch  Tay,  the  Isle  of,  343,  344,  264. 

Lochvinyok  erected  a  collegiate  church, 
61.  ^ 

Lochy  bridge,  346. 

Logan  chapel  acquired  by  Glasgow,  39. 

Logic  Buchan,  Alexander  Arbuthnot, 
minister  of,  283. 

Logy  Mar,  14. 

Logy,  Margaret,  Queen  of  Scotland, 
interferes  with  the  affairs  of  the 
diocese  of  Glasgow,  53. 

Logyrothman  parish  church,  18. 

Lombard,  Peter,  his  book  of  sentences, 
271. 

Lomberd  cuts  out  the  tongue  of  John, 
Bishop  of  Caithness ;  his  penance, 
74,  75. 

Londie,  John,  526. 

Longman,  Mr.  Thomas,  231. 

Lords  of  the  Congregation,  277,  446. 

Lord's  dav,  observance  of,  at  Glasgow 
College,  233. 

Lome,  356,  360. 

Lome,  Archibald  Lord,  receives  a  let- 
ter from  Thesaurar  Traquair  to  go 
to  Edinburgh,  370. 

Lome,  Duncan  Archibald,  son  of  Archi- 
bald Lord  of  Lome,  his  fostering 
with  Sir  CoHn  Campbell,  369, 
372. 


INDEX. 


601 


Lome,  fire-beacons  in,  1638,  384. 

Lome,  lordship  of,  falls  to  Sir  Colin 
Campbell,  342. 

Lome,  soldiers  from  Edinburgh  to  drill 
men  in,  1638,  383. 

Lome,  William  Stewart,  Lord  of,  342. 

Lossy,  the  banks  of,  282. 

Lothian,  archdeaconry  of,  25-27. 

Lothian,  East,  in  1750,  551. 

Lothian  is  yielded  to  Kenneth  of  Scot- 
land, 186. 

Lothian,  lands  in,  of  the  Douglases, 
330. 

Lothian,  official  of,  the  second  judicial 
office  in  Scotland,  Bishop  Elphin- 
ston  official,  263. 

Lothian,  province  of,  4,  5,  33,  185. 

Loudon,  Hew,  Lord,  369. 

Louis,  St.,  136. 

Louvain,  the  model  University  of  north- 
ern Europe,  221,  222,  225,  281. 

Lovat,  21  ;  pedigree  of,  corrections  for, 
403.  ^ 

Lovat,  Simon,  Lord,  arrives  in  Scot- 
land in  1715,  concerts  with  Kilra- 
vock  and  Culloden  to  take  Inver- 
ness from  the  Highlanders,  456. 

Lovat,  Sir  John  de  By  set.  Lord  of,  his 
other  possessions,  438. 

Levels,  De,  439 ;  forfeited  the  valley  of 
Ewys,  330. 

Low,  Mr.  Jonathan,  public  orator  at 
the  laureation  of  the  Glasgow^  stu- 
dents, 236. 

Lowlands  of  Scotland,  the  early  civili- 
sation of,  255,  381. 

Lowson,  Mr.  John,  sub-principal  of 
Aberdeen  University,  279. 

Lucius  III.,  Pope,  absolves  William  at 
the  request  of  Jocelyn,  Bishop  of 
Glasgow,  37. 

Luffenot,  154. 

Lugton,  Henry  of,  338. 

Lugtoun,  the  lands  of,  336. 

Luisburg  in  North  America,  477. 

Lumisden,  Andrew,  493  ;  papers,  404. 

Lumley  Castle,  550. 

Lundie,  Laird  of,  brother  of  the  Earl  of 
Argyle,  532. 

Lundie,  John,  Aberdeen  University, 
1631,  300. 

Lundres,  Robert  de,  benefactions  to  Ar- 
broath, 148. 

Lundyn,  Thomas  de,  Dui-ward,  benefac- 
tion to  Arbroath,  147. 

Lungley  in  Buchan,  71. 

Luntrethin,  403. 

Lunt-work  or  match-work,  378. 

Lupin  for  ladies  dress  in  1656,  452. 


Luss   furnishes   material  for    Glasgow 

Cathedral  steeple,  etc.,  45. 
Luss,  Maurice,  Lord  of,  sells  wood  to 

Glasgow,  45. 
Luss,  the  laird  of,  244  ;  church  of,  56. 
Luss,   the  parson  of,   the   titles  to  his 

house  in   Katton   Raw,  Glasgow, 

244. 
Lute  player,  526. 
Luvel's  covenant   with   the   Abbot  of 

Arbroath,  169. 
Lychtoun,  Andrew  of,  slaughters  James 

Gibson,    and    receives    remission, 

160. 
Lyndesay,  Marjory  of,  336. 
Lyon,  the  ford  of,  382. 
Lyon  water,  353,  354. 

Mabillon,  quoted,  54,  493. 
M'Achane,  Angus,  of  Isla,  541. 
M'Airthur,    Dougald,    sheriflf-clerk    of 

Argyle,  533. 
M'Allaster,  Ronald  Oig,  of  Isla,  541. 
MacAlister,  Lord  of  the  Isles,  536. 
M'Allister,  Soirll,  of  Isla,  541. 
Macalpin,  121. 
M'Ane,    Gregor,    keeper  of  Kilchurn 

Castle,  1570,  512. 
M'Bay,  John,  366. 
M'Bayne,   Johnne,    his    murder,   356, 

357. 
"Macbeth,"  the  old  title-page  of,  quoted, 

396. 
M'Caishe,  Hector,  of  Isla,  541. 
M'Callein,  Duncan,  son  of  Colin  Camp- 
bell of  Glenurchy,  344. 
M'Coneil,  Angus  of  Isla,  542. 
M'Coneil,  John,  of  Isla,  541. 
M'Coneili,  Angus  Oig,  son  of  Angus  of 

Dunaveig,  540,  541. 
M'Coneili,     Ronald,    Oig,    brother    of 

M'Coneili  of  Dunyveg,  540,  541. 
M'Connell,  Sir  James,  brother-in-law  of 

Cawdor,  536. 
M'Cowle    in    Lome    marries    Geilles, 

daughter  of  Sir   Colin  Campbell, 

343. 
M'Crie,  Dr.,  quoted,  282,  285,  295. 
M'Crume,  Soirll,  of  Isla,  541. 
Maccus's  town,  10,  107. 
M'Donald,  Alexander,  of  Lergie,  537. 
M'Donald,  Allister,  and  the  Irish  rebels, 

1644,  419. 
Macdonald,  Angus,  of  Dunyveg,  536. 
M'Donald,  Angus,  sells  Isla  to  Sir  John 

Campbell  of  Cawdor,  536,  541. 
MacDonald,  Balloch,  536. 
M'Donald  clan,  repression  of,  545,  546. 
M'Donald,  Donald  Gorme,  of  Isla,  543. 


G02 


INDEX. 


M'Donald,  Sir  .lamcH,  a  prisoner  in 
Edinburgh,  escapos  to  the  Isles, 
540  ;  is  defeated  l»y  Arp;yll,  547  ; 
his  character,  547,  548  ;  his  letters 
published,  547. 

Macdoiiald,  Sir  Kanald,  son  of  the  Earl 
of  Antrim,  537. 

M'Dougall,  Duncan,  of  Dunnollich,  532. 

M'Dougals,  their  defence  of  the  west 
coast,  1638,  384. 

M'Dowal,  112. 

M'Dowell,  Sir  Archibald,  to  Melrose, 
110. 

Macduff,  the  clan,  214. 

M'Eane,  Allaster,  of  Isla,  541. 

MacEllar,  the  assassin  of  Thane  of  Caw- 
dor, 531. 

M'Ewens,  the  spelling  of  the  name,  384. 

M'Ewin,  Widow,  382. 

Macfadwerth,  147. 

MacGilleandris,  96. 

MacGillemartin,  96. 

M'Gilliemichel,  Malmur,  147. 

M'Gillespick,  Coil  of  Isla,  542. 

M'Gillespie,  John,  adopts  John  Camp- 
bell of  Glenurchy,  366. 

M'Gregor,  Gregor  Koy,  of  Glensthrae, 
executed  by  Colin  Campbell  of 
Glenurchy,  345  ;  acknowledged  as 
chief  by  the  writer  of  the  Chronicle 
of  Fortirgall,  351. 

M'Gregor,  James,  Dean  of  Lismore, 
his  collection  of  Gaelic  verses, 
844 ;  the  sole  early  collector  of 
Highland  poetry,  his  chronicle,  351. 

M'Gregors  slay  forty  of  Sir  Duncan 
Campbell's  brood  mares,  347. 

M'Gregors,  their  bond  of  manrent  to 
the  Laird  of  Glenurchy,  1552, 
358. 

M'Gregors,  365 ;  their  fate,  379. 

Machan  chapel,  vestments  and  plate, 
49. 

Machanshire  in  Clydesdale,  3. 

Machar,  a  disciple  of  Columba,  mission- 
ary to  the  Picts,  85 ;  founds  his 
church  at  the  mouth  of  the  Don, 
86  ;  buried  in  church  of  St.  Martin 
of  Tours,  86. 

Machline  parish,  erection  of,  116. 

Machlyn,  103. 

Maclan,  Cathanach,  536. 

Maclan,  Mor,  536. 

Maclan  of  Isla,  first  Lord  of  the  Isles, 
536. 

M'llfersane,  Malcoum,  of  Isla,  541. 

M'Inteir,  John,  382. 

Maclntoshs  join  Mar  in  the  Rebellion 
of  1715,' 455. 


M'Inturner  at  Tancstrle,  .035. 

MacJames,  Lord  of  Isla,  536. 

M'James,  Ronald,  of  isla,  541  ;  agree- 
ment with  Sir  John  Campbell  of 
Cawdor,  543. 

M'Kane,  David,  414. 

Mackay,  Jicnauch,  406. 

M'Keissik's  bairns  die  of  hunger  in 
Breadalbane,  382. 

M 'Kenedy,  see  Kenedy. 

Mackenneth,  Malcolm,  121,  122. 

Mackenzie,  Henry,  cousin  of  Lady  Kil- 
ravock,  484,  485. 

M'Kenzie,  Mr.,  432. 

Mackenzie,  Murdoch,  468. 

IMackenzie,  Sir  George,  21. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  John,  of  Coul,  com- 
mander of  Inverness  Castle  in 
1715,  456  ;  is  summoned  to  sur- 
render by  Kilravock,  457. 

Mackenzies  take  arms  and  join  the  ris- 
ing of  1715,  455. 

M'Kerres,  Donald,  his  lease  of  land  at 
Port  Loch  Tay,  384. 

M'Ky,  Donald,  of  Far,  85. 

M'Lachlan,  Ferquhard,  Bishop  of  the 
Isles,  quoted,  412. 

M'Laurin,  Colin,  at  Glasgow  College, 
his  thesis,  1713,  238. 

M'Laurin,  Daniel,  238. 

M'Leans  of  the  Isles,  531. 

M'Leans,  their  defence  of  the  west 
coast  in  1638,  384 ;  their  treaties 
with  the  Campbells,  411. 

M'Len,  John,  pedagogue  to  Lord  Lome's 
son,  371,  373. 

M'Leod,  Malcolm,  of  Isla,  541  ;  their 
treaties  with  the  Campbells,  411. 

MacMakin,  96. 

M'Murquhie,  John  Oig,  doctor  of  Medi- 
cine in  Hay,  543. 

M'Nabs  of  St.  Fillan,  389. 

M'Nabs,  property  tenure  of,  365. 

M'Xaughtan,  Alexander,  518. 

M'Neill's  treaties  with  the  Campbells, 
411. 

M'Pherson,  Abbe,  on  the  Stuart  papers, 
496,  497. 

M'Pherson,  Abbe  Paul,  rector  of  the 
Scots  College  at  Rome,  494,  495. 

M'Ronald,  Archibald,  of  Isla,  541. 

M'Ronnald,  Coill,  of  Isla,  541. 

M'Soirle  of  Isla,  541. 

M'LTe  quoted,  53. 

M'Woyllen,  Patrick,  382. 

Madderty  or  Maddyrnin  granted  to  Earl 
Gilbert,  207. 

Maderty,  first  Lord,  James  Drummoud, 
1609,  217. 


INDEX. 


603 


Madras,  478. 

Magistrand  class  at  Glasgow  College, 

233,  241. 
"  Magna  strata,"  105. 
Magsuen,  an  apocryphal  Biahop  of  Glas- 
gow, 30. 
Mahon,  Lord,  495. 
Maills  paid  to  the  Crown,  mode  of  rais- 

hig  in  the  Highlands,  415. 
Mains,  146.     See  Stradichty. 
Maitland  Miscellany  quoted,  166. 
MakduflFe,   Earle    of   Fife,   215.      See 

Macduff. 
Makhelve,  367. 
Makkessake,      Alexander,     messenger 

from  the  Prior  of  Stirling,  1591, 

528. 
Malbrid,  Prior  of  the  Culdees  of  Brechin, 

a  witness,  154. 
Malbryd,  Mallod,  a  witness,  147. 
Malcarveston    pastures    held    by    the 

monks  of  Kelso,  189. 
Malcolm,  Abbot  of  Arbroath,  his  suppli- 
cation to  Parliament,  170. 
Malcolm,  Archdeacon  of  St.  Andrews, 

receives  Rossinclerach,  7. 
Malcolm  Canmore,  122,  150,  395. 
Malcolm,  Henry,  nephew  of  Dr.  John 

Clephane,  at  Kilravock,  472,  474, 

475  ;  goes  to  India,  478. 
Malcolm  iv.,  his  grant  to  Melrose,   12  ; 

to  Glasgow,  34  ;   to  Scone,   123  ; 

fabulous  vow  exposed  by  Hailes, 

179  ;  he  irritates  the  native  Scots, 

205. 
Malcolm  MacKenneth,  121,  122. 
Malcolm,  see  Athol. 
Malcolm,  son  of  Duncan,  Earl  of  Fife, 

209. 
Malcolm,  a  Gaelic  name  of  one  of  the 

Earls  of  Ross,  439. 
Malcolmsrode,  105. 
Maldoveni,  see  Lennox. 
Maldwin,  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  gift 

to  the  Culdees,  19. 
Malherbes,  155, 171 ;  their  benefactions 

to  Arbroath,  148. 
Malis,  the  hermit,  the  Abbot  of  Inch- 
affray,  209,  216. 
Malison,  John,  264. 
Malkarstoun,  110. 
Mallet,  David,  or  Malloch,  bis  poems, 

302. 
Mallod,  147. 
Malmur   Mac   Gillemichel,   a  witness, 

147. 
Malodeni  Marescal,  a  witness,  208. 
Malt,  price  of,  in  1564,  etc.,  354 ;  in 
1591,  525. 


Malt  and  oatmeal  received  as  payment 

of  rent,  375. 
Malt  liquors  the  chief  drink  at  Breadal- 

bane,  376.  _ 
Malvoisin,  William,  succeeds  Hugh  de 

Roxburgh  as  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 

consecration  and  translation  to  St. 

Andrews,  38- 
Mamertus.     See  St.  Mamertus. 
Man-at-arms   to    be   provided    by  four 

husband-lands,  195. 
Man,  Isle  of,  lands  in,  the  possessions  of 

the  Douglases,  330. 
Mandolino  or  guitar,  474. 
Mann,  Sir  Horace,  468. 
Manners  family,  John  Clephane  a  tutor 

in,  467. 
Manor  fortifying.  Act  of  James  i.  refer- 
ring to,  443. 
Manrent  and  maintenance,   bonds  of, 

365. 
Mansfield,  Earl  of,  his  palace,  125. 
Mantling,  price  of,  in  1633,  373. 
Maormors,  hereditary  chiefs,  395. 
Maps  of  Scotland  in  Scotstarvet's  Atlas, 

by  Robert  Gordon  of  Straloch,  296. 
Maps,  use  of,  taught  at  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 1648,  310. 
Mar,  a  deanery  of  Aberdeen,  26. 
Mar,  Duncan,  Earl  of,  gift  to  the  church 

of  St.  Mary,  Aberdeen,  18. 
Mar,   Earls  of,    correspondence,    340, 

432,455,514,516,532,534. 
Mar,  Johne,  Earl  of,  1637,  his  portrait 

by  Jameson,  350. 
March,  Earl  of,  213 ;  brother-in-law  of  Sir 

James  Douglas  of  Dalkeith,  333. 
March,  lords  of,  benefactors  of  Melrose, 

111. 
Marches  of  the  kingdoms,  185. 
Marchmound,  castle  of,  173. 
Marchmund  herald,  173. 
Marckius,  John,  his  Medulla  taught  at 

Glasgow  College,  240. 
Marescal,  Gilliecolm,  208. 
Marescal,  Malodeni,  a  witness,  208. 
Margaret,  Princess,  9. 
Marion  of  the  Isles,  daughter  of  Donald, 

Lord  of  the  Isles,  see  Sutherland 

of  Dunbeath. 
Mariscal,  Robert,  208. 
Mariscal,  the  name  not  always  heredi- 
tary, 208. 
Mariscal,  William,  208. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  290. 
Marischal,     George,     funeral     oration 

300. 
Marischal,  Williame,   Earl,   1637,  his 

portrait  by  Jameson,  350. 


604 


INDEX. 


Mariscliall,   Earl,   patron    of  Aberdeen 
University,  300  ;   his  family,  1G6, 
412. 
Maringtun  church  (Mary kirk),  155. 
Markinch  church  granted  to   the  Cul- 

decH,  20. 
Marks,  their  value,  270. 
Marriage  finery  of  the  Laird  of  Coul's 

bride,  1701,  458. 
Marriages  of  the  clergy,  187,  260. 
Marriages  of  vassals'  daughters,  mer- 

chet  paid  for,  193. 
Marshall,  Earl,  166.     See  Marischal. 
Marshall,  John,  master  of  the  grammar 

school,  Aberdeen,  256. 
Marshall's  inn,  Durham,  1750,  550. 
Martin,  Chancellor  of  Glasgow  Cathe- 
dral, his  complaint,  62. 
Marts  or  fed  oxen,  376. 
Mary  Culter,  origin  of,  13. 
Mary   Magdalene,    relic    of    her    hair, 

332. 
Mary,  Queen,  her  letter  anent  Glasgow 
University,  223  ;  her  progress  to 
the  north,  1562,  283  ;  her  visit  to 
Aberdeen,  287  ;  letter  from,  at 
Dalmahoy,  340,  445-447. 
Mask,    part   of  wedding  dress    (1701), 

458. 
Mason,  master,  of  Berwick,  200. 
Masons  taken  to  the  Highlands  by  Sir 

Hugh  Campbell,  1677,  422. 
Masselin,  Kobert,  printer,  Paris,  1553, 

272. 
Massie,  Andrew,  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen, 315. 
Masters  of  Arts  at  Glasgow,  229,  230, 

237,  258. 
Matchlocks,  1598,  378. 
Matheson,  John,  Chancellor  of  Caith- 
ness, 85. 
Matildis,   Countess  of  Strathearn,  her 

sons,  210. 
Maule,  a  witness,  10,  171. 
Maule,  Mr.,  of  Panmure,  493. 
Mauleverer,  De,  93,  171. 
Maunsel,  Lord,  467. 
Maxton,  5,  93,  106,  107. 
Maxwell,  10,  107. 

Maxwell,  Gilbert  de,  sale  of  land,  110. 
Maxwell,  Hugh,  on  the  Tweed,  201. 
Maxwell,  Lord,  532. 
Maxwell,  Robert,  Chancellor  of  Moray, 

rector  of  Glasgow,  249. 
May,  monks  of,  acquire  pasturage  from 

John  Fitz-Michell,  99. 
May,  Mr.,  at  the   Baron  Kilravock's, 

466. 
Mead,  Dr.,  468,  469,  473. 


Meal,  price  of,  in  1562,  3.04. 

MearnB,  147,  279. 

Meams  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews,  26. 

Mechesseok,  St.,  of  Ochterardouer,  the 
church  of,  209. 

Medicine,  the  Pope  gives  power  to  con- 
fer degrees  in,  to  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 2.08,  286,  310. 

Medicus  of  Aberdeen  University  to  be 
*     abolished,  286. 

Medicus,  one  of  the  endowed  professors 
of  Elphinstone  foundation  of  Aber- 
deen University,  310. 

M.D.  diploma  of  Aberdeen,  1697,  298, 
301. 

Meduflat,  131. 

Meiklejohne,  William,  notary-public, 
1640,  511,  512. 

Melanchthon  taught,  227. 

Meldrum,  155. 

Meldrum  formerly  called  Fyndyhart, 
505  ;  lands  and  lordship,  504. 

Melrose  Abbey,  account  of,  91-121  ; 
St.  Cuthbert,  Abbot  of,  4;  ori- 
ginally a  Columbite  house,  5,  91 ; 
acquisitions  of  property,    12,    48, 

94,  96,  99,  100,  102,  103,  106, 
109,  110,  119  ;  courts  in  Ayrshire, 
95  ;  hunting  rights,  103  ;  right  of 
way,  110;  dispute  with  Kelso,  2  ; 
monks  as  agriculturists,  99  ;  as 
landowners,  114,  115;  as  patrons, 
115.116;  characteristics  of,  118; 
prohibited  from  hunting,  103;  set 
up  a  boundary  at  Maxton,  106; 
Abbey  serves  as  a  parish  church, 
12  ;  revenues,  99  ;  vicissitudes, 
119,  120,  121,  201  ;  charters  print- 
ed for  Bannatyne  Club,  their  value, 
92,  93  ;  of  the  Galloway  property, 

95,  96,  106 ;  Chronicles  quoted, 
32,  35,  37,  39,  43,  44,  48.  73,  78, 
126,  145,  177,  205;  Papers  (Ab- 
botsford  Club),  547  ;  Register, 
20. 

Melrose  parish,  formation  of,  12  ;  con- 
dition of  the  population  under  the 
Abbey,  97,  98. 

Melvil,  Philip  de,  benefactor  of  Arbroath 
Abbey,  149. 

Melvil,  John  de,  of  Glenbervy,  slain  by 
Hugh  de  Arbuthnot,  215. 

Melville,  Andrew,  his  character,  225 ; 
connexion  with  Glasgow  L'niver- 
sity,  225-228,  278,  286;  formerly 
professor  at  Sedan,  281  ;  friend  of 
Principal  Arbuthnot,  educates  Pat- 
rick Forbes,  afterwards  Bishop, 
288;    mentioned,   241,    282,  285, 


i 


INDEX. 


605 


295;  Life  by  Dr.  M'Cric  quoted, 
282,  285,  295. 

Melville  family,  their  lands  of  Retrc- 
vyn,  134;  mentioned,  155. 

Melville,  James,  nephew  of  Andrew, 
account  of  his  uncle,  226;  Diary 
(Bannatyne  Club)  quoted,  228, 
284,  285. 

Melville,  Lord,  of  the  Secret  Council  in 
1633,519. 

Menage,  M.,  31. 

Menarthes,  taught  in  Glasgow,  227. 

Menteith,  356,  360,  364. 

Menteith,  Earl  of,  his  lands  and  churches 
exempt  from  bishops'  pension,  218; 
permission  granted  to  found  a  con- 
vent on  the  Isle  of  luchraahomok, 
218. 

Menteth,  Earl,  at  Finlarg,  1590,  377. 

Menzies  family,  sell  Dumnaglass,  399, 
400. 

Menzies,  John,  Professor  of  Divinity, 
Aberdeen,  301. 

Menzies  of  Rannoch,  1552,  358. 

Merchet,  paid  to  the  Abbot  of  Kelso, 
for  the  marriage  of  church  vassals' 
daughters,  193. 

Merebottle,  6  ;  acquired  by  Glasgow,  39. 

Merns,  Nicolaus  de,  112. 

Merse,  551. 

Merse,  a  deanery  of  St.  Andrews,  26. 

Merse,  the,  its  shires,  3. 

Mershe,  the,  the  English  army  in,  201. 

Michael,  an  apocryphal  bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, 30. 

Michael,  John  Fitz,  grants  to  monks  of 
May,  99. 

Michael,  St.,  family  benefactions  to  Ar- 
broath, 148. 

Middens,  381,  386. 

Middleton,  Alexander,  sub-principal  of 
Aberdeen,  290,  304,  305. 

Middletoun  family,  155. 

Milcheside  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 

Military  service,  193,  195,  395. 

Milkside,  108. 

Millar,  John,  Glasgow  College,  241. 

Millar,  William,  at  the  Abbey,  434. 

Miller,  Hugh,  his  notice  of  Mrs.  E. 
Rose,  485 ;  description  of  the  col- 
liers near  Edinburgh,  499. 

Miller's,  Philip,  work  on  gardening,  466. 

Mills,  98,  193. 

Mills  in  Breadalbane,  regulations,  380. 

Mills  stopped  in  the  winter,  1573,  354. 

Minorites  of  Haddington,  333. 

Miracle  plays  in  Glasgow^  69,  246. 

Mitchel,  Mr.,  a  candidate  for  Aberdeen- 
shire, 1747,  471. 


Mitchell,  525. 

Modach,  Bishop,  gift  to  the  Culdees,  20. 

Moffet,  Nicolas  de.  Archdeacon  of  Teviot- 

dale.  46 ;  elected  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 

not   consecrated,    rejected   by    the 

Pope,  death,  46. 
Mohaut  family,  155. 
Molendinar  Burn  in  Glasgow,  222. 
Molhope,  pastures  near  Kelso,  189. 
Molin  church,  18. 
Molle,  family  of,  105,  107. 
MoUe  church  and  parish  given  to  Kelso 

Monastery,  2. 
Molle  Grange,  188. 
Molle,  land  of,  64,  189. 
Mollope  wood,  101. 
Monastery,    the,    17,    91-219;    of    the 

Dominicans,  244. 
Moncurs,  155. 
Monethen  or  Mondyne  on  the  Bervy, 

granted  to  Arbroath,  146,  149. 
Money  dealer  in  the  North,  1677,  425. 
Money,  value  of,  109,  110;  sterling.  111 ; 

(Scotch),  its  old  value  and  depre- 
ciation, 270. 
Monieky  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 
Monifieth  shire,  169. 
Monifod,  church  of,  153. 
Monifod   or  Monifieth  granted  to  Ar- 
broath, 146. 
Monifoth,  Michael  de,  hereditary  lord 

of  the  Abthein  of  Munifeith,  153. 
Monimusk,  155,  156. 
Monks,  117,  118. 
Monks  of  Kelso  Abbey,  their  character, 

196;  their  registers,  180. 
Monro's  musketeers  at  Aberdeen,  303. 
Montauban,  281. 
Montealto,  De,  171. 
Monteith  stewartry,  511. 
Montforts,  De,  benefactors  to  Arbroath, 

148,  171. 
Montgomerie,  Sir  Alexander  de,  patron 

of  Egleshame,  56. 
Montgomery,    Robert,    Bishop   of  Lis- 

more,  497. 
Montpellier,  282. 
Montrath,  Lord,  467. 
Montrose,  552  ;  the  ferry-boat  granted 

to     Arbroath,    146;     "Courier" 

quoted,  167  ;  fishings,  170. 
Montrose,    Earl   of,   1589,  his  bond  of 

manrent    to    the    Laird    of  Glen- 

urchy,  1551,  357. 
Montrose,  James,   Marquis  of,  pillages 

Cawdor,  419  ;  execution,  448. 
Monymusk,  a  Culdee  house,  9. 
Monymusk   family  hold   the   Brecbcn- 

nach  from  Arbroath,  152. 


GOO 


INDEX. 


Monyrausko,  Jonct  dc,  tlic  Quocn's  sis- 
ter, wife  of  Alexander  de  Moravia, 
213,  214. 

Moor,  Professor,  Glasgow,  404. 

Moore,  Andrew,  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen, 1658,  315. 

Moore,  Professor  of  Greek  at  Glasgow 
College,  241. 

Moorfowl  bought  in  Badenocli  and 
Strathspey,  423. 

Moravia,  Andrew  de.  Chancellor,  after- 
wards Bishop  of  Moray,  80. 

Moravia,  De,  the  ancient  family  of,  212, 
400 ;  their  arms,  329 ;  their  pos- 
sessions, 76. 

Moravia,  Gilbert  de,  son  of  Lord  of  Duf- 
fus,  76,  78  ;  Archdeacon  of  Moray 
succeeds  Adam  as  Bishop  of  Caith- 
ness, 79  ;  his  administration,  80 ; 
effects  of  his  labours,  83,  84  ;  errors 
of  biographers,  84 ;  is  canonized, 
his  festival,  84 ;  relics  and  will, 
85,  332. 

Moravia,  Sir  Alexander  de,  of  Drum- 
sergarth,  213;  his  murder  of  Wil- 
liam de  Spaldyne,  214;  his  wife 
Jonet  de  Monymusk,  213. 

Moravia,  Walter  de,  brother  of  Sir 
Alexander,  213. 

Moravia,  William  de,  Lord  of  Strabrock 
and  Duffus,  has  a  chapel  in  his 
castle,  14 ;  grants  to  chapter  of 
Moray,  14  ;  his  son  Gilbert,  Bishop 
of  Caithness,  79. 

Moray  bishopric,  ancient  taxation  of, 
26  ;  bishop  at  the  Lateran  Council, 
39  ;  at  the  consecration  of  Bishop 
of  Glasgow,  47  ;  chapter  send  to 
Lincoln,  adopt  its  constitution,  80; 
Kegister,  20,  26,  219,  400,  424; 
valuation  of,  22 ;  bishops,  39, 47,  80, 
328,  404;  dean,  328;  canon,  402. 

Moray  chartulary,  20  ;  quoted,  79. 

Moray,  Countess  of,  marries  Ogilvie  of 
Liitrethin,  403. 

Moray  district,  anciently  a  regality, 
213;  how  colonized,  395 ;  accounts 
of  crown  lands,  403  ;  climate  of, 
411  ;  its  advantages,  552  ;  families 
of,  their  arms,  400  ;  friends  of  Go- 
vernment in  1715,  456 ;  proprietors 
of,  439 ;  rebellions  of  the  native 
population,  395  ;  of  the  Douglases, 
402  ;  security  of,  in  1524,  412  ; 
sheriff  and  bailies  of,  72  ;  valuation 
of  land,  395  ;  James  ii.  resides  in, 
404,  405;  History  of,  by  Shaw, 
486;  quoted,  452. 

Moray,  earldom,  account  of,  401-405  ; 


bcBtowod  by  Bruce  on  Thoraaa 
liandoljjh,  401  ;  Earl  James,  401  ; 
acquired  by  the  Douglases,  who 
rebel  against  the  Crown,  401  ; 
James  Jx.  bestows  it  on  his  son 
David,  404. 

Moray,  James,  Earl  of,  1660,  421. 

Morav,  Regent  Andrew,  his  siege  of 
Lochindorb  Castle,  402. 

Moray,  Ilegent  James,  see  Murray. 

Mordington,  the  lands  of,  possession  of 
the  Douglases,  330  ;  tithes  of,  to 
Dalkeith  Church,  331. 

More,  Sir  Antonio,  portrait  of  Mark 
Ker,  130. 

More,  Elizabeth,  marriage  with  Robert 
II.,  54 ;  dispensation  granted  by 
the  Pope,  55  ;  observations  on  her 
marriage,  55. 

Moreri  quoted,  262. 

Moreri's  Dictionnaire  referred  to,  228. 

Morevil,  a  witness,  10  ;  grant  to  Mel- 
rose, 12,  107,  111. 

Morevil,  De,  seal,  113. 

Morevil,  Elena  de,  widow  of  Roland  of 
Galloway,  95 ;  her  "  ancent  castle," 
105  ;  her  son  Roland's  gift  of  pas- 
turage to  Melrose,  99. 

Morevil,  Richard  de,  the  great  con- 
stable, gift  to  Glasgow,  100,  101. 

Morevil,  William,  his  son,  95  ;  grant  to 
Melrose,  his  connexion  with  Mel- 
rose, 101  ;  marches  with  Wedale, 
106. 

Morevil,  William  de,  95,  100. 

Morgund,  the  son  of  John  Abbe,  154. 

Morinch,  381. 

Morinche,  364, 

Morpeth,  550,  551. 

Morthlach  monastery  granted  to  Aber- 
deen, 86,  87. 

Mortimer,  Catarine,  buried  at  Xew- 
battle,  137. 

Mortlich,  see  Morthlach. 

Morton  papers,  325-340 ;  Charters,  at 
Dalmahoy,  337-340 ;  quoted,  260. 

Morton  Earldom,  335. 

Morton  family,  see  Douglas. 

Morton  rental  in  1376,  338. 

Morton,  Regent  James,  224,  249,  335 ; 
his  letters,  340  ;  mentioned,  447. 

Morton  Register,  326,  328,  336. 

Morton,  William,  Earl  of,  Lord  Trea- 
surer, 370,  371,  515,  519. 

Morton  in  Nithsdale  granted  to  the 
Douglases,  330. 

Morvilles,  De,  175. 

Mospennoc  (Mosfennan)  in  Tweeddale, 
cost  of  right  of  way,  110. 


\ 


INDEX. 


607 


Mosplat,  revenues  from,  to  Glasgow,  40. 

Moubray,  a  witness,  10. 

Mournings  for  the  Lord  Lome's  son  in 

1638,  price  of,  874. 
Moy,  fields  of^  near  Forres,  401. 
Moyness,  the  Thanedom  of,  398. 
Muckairn,  Lord  of,  431. 
Muckart,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35. 
Mugdrum  belongs  to  Abernethy,  150. 
Muirburns,  regulations  for,  1621,  380. 
Muirhead,   Andrew,  elected  Bishop  of 

Glasgow,  consecration,  founds  the 

hospital  of  St.  Nicholas,  etc.,  59. 
Muirhead,  Bishop,  offices  and  death,  60. 
Muirtown,  453. 
Multures  introduced  and  enforced  by 

the  monks  of  Kelso,  193. 
JMundurnach  granted  to  Arbroath,  148. 
Mundnrnach,  Mundurno,  148. 
Munifeith,  Abthein,  land  and  church,  7, 

153. 
Munros,  Old  St.  Mary,  granted  to  Ar- 
broath, 7,  146,  153. 
Munros,  35.     See  Montrose. 
Murac,  a  witness,  147. 
Muraus  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 
Murdac  Mac  Gillemartin,  a  witness,  96, 

147. 
Murdison,  John,  professor  at  Leydcn, 

281. 
Murdoch,  Duke,  342. 
Muriel,  widow  of  Malis,  seneschal  of 

Strathearn,  her  seal,  217. 
Murray,   G.,    Lord  of  Privy  Council, 

1614,  540. 
Murray,    Humphrey,     renounces     the 

Court  of  Strathearn,  218. 
Murray,  Lord,  552. 
Murray  (Moray),  James,  Earl  of,  "  the 

good  Eegcnt,"  \isit  to  Aberdeen, 

278  ;  letters  from,  340  ;   his  wife, 
"^      Annas  Keith,  412  ;  a  friend  of  the 

Baron  Kilravock,  447  ;  his  death, 

352,  531. 
Murray,  Murquhard,  in  Pronsi,  85. 
Murray,  see  Moravia. 
Murray,  Sir  David,  Lord  Scone,  letter 

to  the  Laird  of  Glenurchy,  513. 
Murray,  Sir  Patrick,  letter  to  the  Laird 

of  Glenurchy,  516. 
Murray,  Thomas,  precentor  of  Caith- 
ness, 85. 
Murray,  Walter,  in  Auchflo,  85. 
Murrions  of  proof,  1598,  378. 
Murthillach,  a  Culdee  house,  9. 
Musaeus,  a  translation  of,  mentioned, 

1761,  479. 
Muscamp,  De,  94. 
Muscamp's  cognisance,  113. 


Musicians  in  Glasgow,  1591,  526. 
Music  in  Aberdeen  in  time  of  Bishop 

Elphinstone,  265. 
Music,  instrumental,  taught  at  ladies' 

school  in  Edinburgh,  1688,  458. 
Music,  taste  for,  in  the  Kilravock  family, 

442,  462,  465,  466. 
Musketeers,  303. 
Muskets  in  1640,  380;  barrels,  1677, 

425 ;  given  by  Lord  Burlie  to  the 

Laird  of  Glenurchy,  509. 
Muslin,  flowered,  dress,  1701,  458. 
Musselburgh,  coal-pits  near,  499,  552. 
Musterings  in  Argyle,  1638,  383. 
Muster-rolls  at  Taymouth,  383. 
Mylne,   Abbot,   first   President   of  the 

Court  of  Session,  21,  207. 
Mysteries  and  church  plays  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  359,  374. 

Nairn  burgh,  lands  of  the  Cawdors  in, 
401 ;  Baron  of  Kilravock  provost 
of,  1745,  463  ;  his  house,  460,  464  ; 
Mr.  Hew  Rose,  parson  of,  1683, 
437  ;  masons  employed  at  Cawdor 
Castle,  418,  435  ;  mentioned,  428, 
552. 

Nairn  Castle,  Thane  of  Cawdor  heredi- 
tary constable  of,  399 ;  resides  at, 
406. 

Nairn  riyer,  398,  435,  439,  445,  484. 

Nairnshire,  Crown  vassals  in,  443  ;  Sir 
Hugh  Campbell  M.P.  for,  in  1676, 
421 ;  heritors  stent  themselves  for 
his  allowance,  421,  422  ;  state  of 
the  county,  1622,  430  ;  sheriffship 
of,  408,  409. 

Names  of  places  and  persons,  10,  107, 
155. 

Naper,  Johne,  Lord,  1637,  portrait  by 
Jameson,  350. 

Napoleon  employs  Mr.  Robert  "Watson 
to  teach  him  English,  496. 

Nations  of  Glasgow  University,  of  Vien- 
na and  of  Paris,  221,  233  ;  of  Aber- 
deen University,  259. 

Nativi  or  serfs,  98,  124,  498. 

Navarre,  college  of,  at  Paris,  282. 

Naym,  Ralf  le,  benefaction  to  Arbroath, 
147. 

Nectarines  at  Cawdor,  434 ;  at  Kilra- 
vock Castle,  464. 

Needlework,  1677,  427. 

Neill,  Margaret,  373. 

Nennius,  186. 

Nes  of  Berwick,  140. 

Ness  river,  552. 

Nethandurnach  granted  to  the  Dean  of 
Caithness,  81. 


008 


INDEX. 


Nether  CniigneH,  tlu;  Laird  of,  525. 
Noubotlo  Hffgister,  20. 
Neubrid^e,  W.  of,  (iiiotod,  172. 
Newbattlc  Abbey,  aceomit  of,  125-144; 
situation,     120,    127  ;    foundation, 
127, 1G3  ;  burntl)y  Kiehard  ii.,  127  ; 
burnings,  127,  128,  141, 142  ;  royal 
guests  at,  13G,  137  ;   endowments, 
130-141  ;    Sir  James   Douglas   of 
Dalkeith's  legacy  to,  138,  333,  334; 
8ir  James  buried  in,  332  ;  his  wife, 
Agnes,   buried   in,  335  ;    tomb  of 
Alexander  ii.,  130  ;  architecture  of 
the  Abbey,  139-141  ;  present  con- 
dition, 142,  143  ;  the  monks  early 
workers  of  coal,  126, 131-133;  their 
mines  in  Lanarkshire,  133  ;  rural 
affairs,  133  ;  they  grow  the  finest 
wool,    134-135 ;     entertain    royal 
guests,  136, 137;  Chartulary  quoted, 
179. 
Newburgh,  the  croce  of  clan  Macduff, 

215. 
Newcastle   to  Edinburgh,    journey   in 

1750,  550. 
Newcomen's  steam-engine,  242. 
Newlands,  the  church  of,  334  ;   tithes 

go  to  Dalkeith,  331. 
Newton  pastures  held  by  the  monks  of 

Kelso,  189,  190, 
Newtyl  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 
Nicholas  in.,  Pope,  grant  to  Edward  i., 

24,  25. 
Nicholas  v..  Pope,  constitutes  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  58. 
Nicolas,  Sir  H.,  Proceedings  of  Privy 

Council,  quoted,  55. 
Nicol,  James,  printer  to  the  University 

of  Aberdeen,  302. 
Nicolson,  James  and  John,  masons  of 

Cawdor  Castle,  429. 
Niddry  colliers,  499,  501, 
Nig  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 
Niklauchlane,  Agnes,  wife  of  Campbell 

of  Duntrone,  367. 
Nikolleane,  wife  of  Campbell  of  Dun- 
trone, 367. 
Nimes,  University,  281. 
Nithsdale,  330,  335. 
Noble,  an  English  coin,  its  value,  249. 
Nonconformists,  the  English,  send  their 

sons  to  Glasgow  College,  230. 
"Nonni  Paraphrasis,"  309. 
Norhamshire,  North  Durham,  3. 
Norie,   Duncan,    Regent   of   Aberdeen 

College,  ejected,  278. 
Normandy,  early  trade  with  Scotland, 

255. 
Nimmo,  J.,  letters  to  the  Kilravocks,  454. 


Norman  coloniHts  in  the  Lowlands,  10, 
327  ;  fowhions,  205 ;  tlicir  strict 
rights  of  property  and  written 
tenures,  305;  knights,  205;  pro- 
prietors of  the  northern  counticH, 
439,  440. 

Nonnanvili,  Thomas  de,  Guy  de,  Wal- 
ran  de,  John  de,  feudatories,  93. 

Normanvils,  De,  secular  vicars,  110. 

Northallerton,  549. 

North  Berwick  Register,  20. 

North  Shields,  550. 

Northumberland,  Lord,  551. 

Northumberland,  Earl  of,  173.  See 
David. 

Northumberland,  manor  of  William 
Douglas  in,  327. 

Norlhumbria,  186. 

North  Water,  155. 

Norton,  a  printer,  301. 

Norwegian  See  of  the  Isles,  207. 

Norwich,  231. 

"  Notices  "  or  narratives  of  endowments 
defended,  31. 

Notyngham,  James,  a  Wycliffite,  188. 

Nouveau  Traite  de  Diplomatique  quoted, 
31. 

Nug,  Cormack  of,  147. 

N'Vane,  accused  of -witchcraft,  382, 

Oak  beams  of  Darnaway  Castle,  405. 
Oak,  with  crosses,  in  old  boundaries,  104, 
Oaks  of  Cawdor,  434,  436. 
Oath  of  a  Suffragan  to  his  Archbishop, 

497, 
Oatmeal  and  malt  received  as  payment 

of  rent,  375,  376. 
Oats,  189;  black,  381. 
Obscurorum  Yirorum  Epistolse,  quoted, 

303. 
Ochiltree  Charter,  48. 
Ochill,  211. 

Ochonochar,  Dr.  Donald,  of  Argyll,  419. 
Ochterardouer,  the  church  of,  209. 
Ochtertyre,  granted  to  Strathfillan  Ab- 
bey by  Bruce,  389. 
Odenel,  see  Umfravil. 
Ogilface,  134. 
Ogilvie,  171. 

Ogilvie,  Alexander,  slain,  165. 
Ogilvie,  Sir  John,  of  Luntrethin,  403. 
Ogilvie,    Sir   Patrick,    of  Inchmartine, 

_  377,  512. 
Ogilvies,  bailies  of  regality  of  Arbroath, 

161, 
Ogilvie,  Wat ,  165.  _ 

Ogston,  W.,  funeral  oration  on  George 

Earl  Marischal,  Aberdeen,  300. 
Ogthiern,  or  young  Lord,  397. 


INDEX. 


609 


Oig,  Gillimartin,  532. 

Oig,  Gillipatrick,  532. 

Oig,  John,  put  in  the  boots,  531,  532, 

Oikel,  the,  crossed  by  William,  75. 

Oil,  378. 

Oil  used  instead  of  corks  (1590),  37G. 

Old  Bailey,  495. 

Old  Camus,  551. 

Old  Meldrum,  552. 

Olifard,  David,  grant  to  Glasgow,  44. 

Oliphant,  Eobert,  burgess  in  Edinburgh, 

414. 
Oliphant,  Sir  H.,  Lord  of  Privy  Council, 

540. 
Oliphant,    Sir    John,    of    Aberdalghy, 

slain,  165. 
Olives,  1077,  425. 

Olrich,    prebend  of  a  cano)i  of  Caith- 
ness, 82. 
Orator,  publick,  at  the  Laureation,  Glas- 
gow College,  234. 
Orchard    at   Balloch    Castle,   the    gar- 
dener's contract,  380. 
Ordeals,  by  iron  and  water,  123. 
Ordondrane,  lands  of,  505,  506. 
Orem's   description   of    Old    Aberdeen, 

quoted,  305,  315,  316. 
Organs,  300  ;  in  the  Chapel  of  Finlarg, 
^    1640,  380,  5H. 
r    Origines    Parochiales    Scotiae,    quoted, 

28,  321,  328. 
f   Orkill,  158. 
*   Orkney  and  Sutherland,  William,  Earl 

of,  Lord  Chancellor,  1456,  406. 
I    Orkney  and  the  Isles,  72,  207. 
'    Orkney,  Earl  of,  71. 
'    Orkney  Saga,  quoted,  74,  76,  77,  78. 
Orkneys,  Bishop  of  the,  letter  to  Pope 

Innocent  in.,  74, 
Orleans  University,  240,  281. 
Orm,  family  name,  107. 
Orm  of  Abernethy,  149. 
Ormond  herald,  173. 
Oslin  api)le,  at  Kilravock,  464. 
Osterhout,  472. 
Ostler  ale,  376. 
Ostler's  wages  in  1591,  525. 
Osmund,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  44. 
Oswald,  471. 
Oswini  Vita,  quoted,  4. 
Mho,  the  legate,  23. 
Htobon  legate.     See  Adrian  v. 
Versnian,  366. 
3wir,    Alister,    his   murder,   356,   357, 

362. 
^wsten,  Thomas,  Eegent  of  Aberdeen 

College,  ejected  (1569).  278. 
)xen  used  for  ploughing,  189,  190. 
h-en.  fed,  376. 


Padeuni,  Camillo,  468. 

Padua  University,  281. 

Page,  Sir  Gregory,  468. 

Paisley,  445. 

Paisley  Abbey,  72  ;  parts  with  Dalziel 
church  to  Glasgow,  39. 

Paisley  Begister,  20. 

Palatine  Eai-ls  of  Strathearn,  204. 

Palgrave,  Sir  F.,* documents  illustrating 
History  of  Scotland,  quoted,  49,  50, 
51. 

Palladius,  29. 

Panbryd  granted  to  Arbroath,  146. 

Paleis,  Catherine,  inn  at  Stirling  in 
1591,  528,  529. 

Panmure,  461,  493.     See  Maule. 

Pannage  allowed  to  the  Convent  of  Inch- 
affray,  210. 

Panter,  Walter,  Abbot  of  Arbroath, 
507. 

Panttone,  Cawdor's  servant,  525,  526. 

Paris,  Matthew,  quoted,  145. 

Paris  Parhament  and  Bishop  Elphin- 
stone,  262. 

Paris,  printing  done  at,  for  Aberdeen 
University,  300. 

Paris  University  a  model  for  Glasgow, 
221  ;  for  Aberdeen,  257  ;  its  four 
nations,  their  names,  221  ;  Scotch 
scholars  at,  281  ;  statutes  of,  1459, 
quoted,  240  ;  College  Montaigu, 
267  ;  College  Navarre,  David  Sin- 
lair,  regent  of,  282  ;  Scots  College, 
331,  493 ;  Alexander  Innes  of, 
394 ;  Eobert  Watson,  president  of, 
496;  papers  of,  493,  497. 

Parishes,  creation  of,  11. 

Parish  churches,  privileges  of,  36. 

Park,  Lady,  453. 

Parker  and  Dr.  John  ClephaTie,  468. 

Parkins  obtains  degree  of  M.D.  at  Aber- 
deen, 298. 

Parks  of  Breadalbane,  made  by  Sir  Dun- 
can Campbell,  346. 

Parliament  of  Great  Britain,  commis- 
sioners from  Scotland  to,  455 ; 
choosing  a  Speaker,  465  ;  commis- 
sion anent  Scotch  colliers,  499  ;  the 
Baron  of  Kilravock  at,  460. 

Parliament  of  Scotland,  materials  for  its 
history,  184  ;  seat  in,  considered  a 
burden,  185;  Bishops  of  Whitheni 
take  their  scat  in,  207  ;  members 
summoned  by  the  King,  448 ;  an 
allowance  for  members'  expenses, 
421  ;  judicial  committees  of,  263  ; 
and  the  coinage,  270  ;  and  the  Ee- 
formation,  447 ;  and  the  Union, 
455  ;  parliamentary  life   in   Edin- 


2  Q 


GIO 


INDEX. 


burgli,  422,  42G  ;  Sir  Hugh  Camp- 
bell at,  in  1676,  421  ;  mentioned, 
224,  285,  303,  309,  335,  400,  448. 

Parliament  of  the  four  burghs,  172. 

Parochial  vicars,  provision  for,  40. 

Parsons,  satire  on,  302. 

Partridge,  377. 

Paschal  ii.,  Pope,  32. 

Passelet,  llegistrum  de,  quoted,  43,  72. 

Pastry,  1677,  427. 

Pasturage,  high  value  of,  in  thirteenth 
century,  remarkable  custom,  100. 

Pasturage  of  the  parish  of  Fowlis  granted 
to  the  convent  of  Inchaffray,  210. 

Pasturage  in  the  Highlands,  1677, 
422  ;  law  regarding  travellers,  133, 
134 ;  in  Breadalbane,  regulations, 
380. 

Patches,  in  1701,  458. 

Patersone,  Principal  of  Aberdeen,  rhyme, 
305. 

Patriarchal  element  in  the  Highlands, 
365. 

Patrick,  Abbot  of  Kelso,  184. 

Pavilion,  M.,  31. 

Peach-trees,  434,  464. 

Pear-trees,  464. 

Pease  provided  for  the  King's  use,  1455, 
404. 

Peat  cutting  in  Breadalbane,  regula- 
tions, 380. 

Peat-house,  386. 

Peats,  101  ;  used  by  the  monks  of  Kel- 
so, 189,  192  ;  mosses  of,  Findhorn 
valley,  406. 

Peasantry,  condition  of,  176. 

Pedagogia,  established  by  the  Faculty 
of  Arts,  Glasgow,  222,  223. 

Pedagogia  of  Louvain  Universit}'^,  222. 

"  Pedagogy,"  Auld,  in  Rattoii  Row, 
Glasgow,  244. 

Pedigrees,  212,  325. 

Peebles  Water,  33. 

Pefifer,  fishing  in,  granted  to  the  con- 
vent of  Inchafft-ay,  210. 

Pelagian  heresy,  301,  302. 

Pelham,  465,  471. 

Penance,  dispensation  from,  bestowed 
on  the  pilgrims  to  the  chapel  of 
Geddes,  441. 

Peniacob,  see  Eddleston. 

Penicuick  church  dedicated  to  St.  Ken- 
tigern,  33,  139. 

Pennant  at  Taymouth,  355. 

Pens,  price  of,  1591,  525. 

Pepper,  1590,  376. 

Perambulation  of  land,  147. 

Percy,  Alan  de,  a  follower  of  David  i., 
his  quarrel  with  Count  Malis,  205. 


Perdevc,  land  granted  to  Glasgow,  32. 
Pergolesi'H  Stabat  Mater,  466. 
Porling,  price  of,  in  1633,  372. 
Persian  tafTety  dress,  1701,  4.58. 
Perth  burgh,  inundated,    121;    King's 

Sheriff'  Court   at,   215;    sentence 

proclaimed  from  the  Cross,   3.57  ; 

Principal   Row  kept  a  school  in, 

304;  the  King  at,  in   1651,  515; 

reviews  troops  in,  518  ;  mentioned, 

373,  504. 
Perth  Charter-house  has  lands  in  Bread- 
albane,  345 ;   house  destroyed  in 

1559,  352. 
Perth,  Earl  of,  mentioned,  517. 
Perth,  James,  Earl  of,  correspondence 

(Spalding  Club)  quoted,  229. 
Perth  (Pert),  Jocelin  made   Bishop  of 

Glasgow,  there,  37. 
Perth  parish  church,  214. 
Perthshire,  state  in   1638,  383  ;  intro- 
duction of  foreign  horses  into,  422  ; 

deer  forests  in,  424  ;  the  Stirling 

family  of,  400 ;  possessions  of  Glen- 

urchy  in,  511. 
Petcarsky,  Davach   of,  in  Sutherland, 

399. 
Peter  Culter,  origin  of,  14. 
Peter,  *  Magie,'  at  Balloch  Castle,  1598, 

377. 
Pethgrudie  lands  (Petgudie  in  Dornoch) 

attached  to  Caithness,  82. 
Petinlower  granted  to  Arbroath,  149. 
Petty,  the  minister  of,  317. 
Petyn,  the  barony  of,  granted  to  James 

of  Douglas,  398. 
Pewter  dishes,  1640,  380. 
Phelps,  Mr.,  468. 
Philosophy,  Law,  professor  of,  his  mode 

of  teaching,  at  Glasgow  College, 

1713,  240. 
Pickering,  549. 
Pictet  of  Geneva,  468. 
Picts  of  Galloway,  2. 
Picts,  Bishops  of,  claimed  as  suffragans 

by  Canterburv,  30. 
Pictures,  350,  380",  510. 
Pikes,  1638,  383. 
Pinaster   sowing    at   Cawdor   wood  in 

1722,  434. 
Pinkerton  quoted,  2,  274,  369. 
Pinkiecleuch,  446. 
Pinkie  (Pontekyn),  131,  132. 
Piper  of  town  of  Glasgow,  1591,  526. 
Pirates,  208,  271,  272,  410. 
Pisa,  282. 

Pistols,  374,  380,  509.  ^ 
Pitcairn's  Criminal  Trials  quoted,  62,' 

129,  160,  547. 


INDEX. 


611 


PItcarles,  283. 

Pitfoddellis,  the  Laird  of,  entertained  at 

Ballocb,  1621,  377. 
Pitmakie  lease,  380. 
Pitscottie  quoted,  165. 
Pius  VII.,  495. 

Plague  in  Glasgow,  1646,  420. 
Plaid,  price  of,  in  1633,  373,  431. 
Plantinos,  a  printer,  301. 
Plate,  silver,  of  the  Campbells  of  Glen- 

urchy,  379,  380,  508. 
Plato's  philosophy,  227,  257. 
Plaustrum  for  Kelso  Abbey,  192. 
Play,  charge  for  seeing  a,  in  1722,  460. 
Plebania,  3. 

Ploughs  of  the  monks  in  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, 188. 
Plum-trees  at  Kilravock  Castle,  464. 
Plumber  work   in    Arbroath,   164;    of 

Aberdeen,  313. 
Plumdamas,  1590,  376. 
Poaching,  laws  against,  380. 
Poldavie,  price  of,  in  1633,  373. 
Poison,  William,  406. 
Pollock,  93. 

Pollock  Chronicle  quoted,  142,  268. 
Polmadie  hospital   claimed  by   Queen 

Margaret  Logy,  53 ;  the  property 

of  the  Bishop,  56,  59. 
Polmadie,  patronage  ol',  secured  by  Glas- 
gow, 58. 
Polnele,  charter  of,  quoted,  184. 
Pont,  Timothy,  22. 
Portincraig  granted  to  Arbroath,  146, 

147. 
Port  Loch  Tay,  384. 
Porter's  charge  in  1591,  523. 
Possill,  534. 
"  Practice  of  Pietie,"  being  double  gilt, 

price  of,  374. 
Preaching,  254,  303. 
Precentor  of  Glasgow,  243. 
Precentor  of  Eoss,  409,  411. 
Presbyterian    Churches    in     England, 

233. 
Presbyterian  and  Puritan  party,  294. 
Prestheld,  the  lands  of,  195. 
Prestongrange  granted    to  Newbattle, 

131. 
Preston  in  England,  the   Highlanders 

at,  in  1745,  458,  551. 
Preston  salt-pans  fed  by  wood,  101. 
Prestonpans,  552, 
Prestwick,  95. 
Priests'  sons,  187. 
Priests  suspected  of  heresy  at  Kelso, 

188. 
Primside  pasturage,  99. 
Prindes  of  Smailholm,  440. 


Pringles  of  Torwoodlee,  cautioners  for 

the    Black    Baron    of    Kilravock, 

446. 
Pringles  of  Wowhousbyres,  446. 
Printing  and  printers,   238,  242,  269, 

272,  273  ;  at  Aberdeen,  299,  300, 

301,  302,  306. 
Priory  of  St.  Andrews,  takes  precedency 

of  all  the  monasteries  in  Scotland, 

195,  196. 
Privy  Council  and  the  government  of 

Isla,  538-547. 
Privy   Council,   proclamations    against 

conventicles,  453. 
Privileges  of  fair  and  right  of  trading 

disputed  by  the  Abbot  of  Kelso, 

against  the  burghers  of  lioxburgh, 

195. 
Proctors  of  Aberdeen,  259. 
Procurations,  22. 
Procurations  in  Glasgow,  41. 
Procurators    of    Glasgow     University, 

their   right   of  electing   a   rector, 

221  ;  the  name  changed  to  Deca- 

nus,  222. 
Promenade  autour  de  la  Grande  Bretagne 

par  un   officier  Franjais  Emigre, 

1795,  quoted,  394. 
Pronci,  tithes  to  precentor  of  Caithness, 

81. 
Prosody  neglected  in  Scotland,  311. 
Proxies  to  Parliament,  184,  185. 
Prudhoe,  Umfravil,  Lord  of,  190. 
Prymrois,  James,  Clerk  of  Privy  Coun- 
cil, 543. 
Pryse,  Mary,  of  Gogirthen,  434,  435. 
PuUis,  near  Kelso  Abbey,  192. 
Pursuivants,  173. 
Puttychan,  384. 

Quakers,  the,  489. 

Quebec,  477. 

Quhew,  otherwise  the  Influenza,  335. 

Quhytehall  or  Whitehall,  545. 

Quinci,  Eobert  de,  grant  to  Newbattle, 

131,  132. 
Quinci,  Roger  de,  grant  to  Newbattle, 

138. 
Quinci,  Seyer  de.  Earl  of  Winchester, 

confirms  his  father's  grant,  131  ; 

seals,  132. 
Quintinay,  de  la,  464,  466. 
"  Quoniam  Attachiamenta,"  treatise  of, 

97. 

Ra  (Reay),  83. 

Raa,  William,  elected  Bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, said  to  have  built  the  bridge 
over  Clyde,  53  ;  death,  53. 


(U2 


INDEX. 


Ivahjii),  Edwiird,  his  press  ;it  Ahonleoii, 
2<J9. 

RabbilH,  377,  422. 

llaeburn,  the  painter,  298. 

liainc,  Rev.  James,  quoted,  12,  15,  20, 
24,  25. 

Raisins,  1590,  37G. 

Rait,  489. 

Raitt,  David,  Principal,  Aberdeen,  289. 

Ramsay,  171. 

Ramsay,  James,  proloKsor  at  Leyden 
University,  1(303,  281. 

Ramsay  of  Bamf,  4G1. 

Ramsay,  Sir  Alexander  de,  144. 

Ramus  Dialectics  tauglit  by  Andrew 
Melville  at  Glasgow  College,  226, 
309. 

Randolph,  Earl  Thomas,  213,  401  ; 
chaplains  founded  by  him  in  Elgin 
Cathedral,  403  ;  his  hunting  seat 
at  Darnaway,  405. 

Randolph,  the  English  ambassador  at 
Aberdeen,  283. 

Raneshire  in  Aberdeen,  3. 

Ranforlie,  the  Laird  of,  539. 

Rannoch,  363,  546. 

Ranpherlie,  542. 

Ranulf  de  Hadinton,  120. 

Rath  of  Kateryn,  granted  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Raul,  a  money er  of  Roxburgh,  173. 

Ravensfen,  108. 

Rebellion  of  the  native  population  of 
Moray,  395 ;  of  the  Douglases  in 
Moray,  1455,  402  ;  the  Great,  437  ; 
of  1 7 1 5,  432 ,  455-458, 495 ;  of  1 7 45, 
458,  462,  495. 

Rebels  of  Isla,  1614,  541. 

Recruiting  in  the  north,  473,  477. 

Redcastle  in  the  Black  Isle,  438. 

Reeves,  Dr.  W.,  4. 

Reeves  (Rievaux)  Abbey,  549. 

Reformation  and  Reformers,  267,  275, 
276,  280,  286,  287,  411,  413,  437, 
445,  446,  447. 

Regents  in  Aberdeen  University,  286, 
305,  306,  320,  321. 

Reginald,  gate  ward  of  Edinburgh,  140. 

Registers  of  Religious  Houses  printed  ; 
and  not  yet  printed,  20. 

Reid,  Dr.  Thomas,  his  account  of  Glas- 
gow College  and  xAberdeen  Univer- 
sity, 251,  253,  266,  267,  286. 

Reid,  Professor,  Aberdeen  University, 
321. 

Reid,  professor  of  mental  philosophy  at 
Glasgow  College,  241. 

Rempatrick  church  acquired  by  Glas- 
gow, 39. 


Renfrew  church  granted  to  (ilaw^ow 
Cathedral,  3'i ;  duticH  granted  to 
Glasgow,  34. 

Rentals,  188,  191,  209,  338,  37.0,  385, 
395,  402,  403. 

Reservation  of  patronage  by  the  Pofn*, 
60.^ 

Restoration,  celebrated  at  Aberdeen, 
303. 

Retrevyn  lands,  134. 

Reveden  Grange,  188,  189,  192. 

Revolution,  455. 

Rhine  wines,  355. 

Rhodes,  Knicht  of,  343,  508. 

Rhymers,  hereditary,  of  the  Campbells 
of  Glenurchy,  384. 

Ribbons,  1677,  426. 

Richard  ii.,  127 ;  expedition  into  Scot- 
land, 141. 

Richard,  Abbot  of  Kelso,  190. 

Richardson,  Anne,  231. 

Richardson's  Inn,  Northallerton  (1750), 
549. 

Ridale,  De,  107. 

Riddell,  his  doubts  on  Elizabeth  More's 
marriage,  55. 

Right  of  way,  98,  133,  134. 

Ring,  finger,  1636,  373. 

Ritual  books  and  church  service,  85, 
264. 

Rizzio,  death  noted,  352. 

Road,  General  "Wade's,  484. 

Roads,  98,  105. 

Roads  in  1750,  550. 

Roads  in  England,  1750,  549,  551. 

Roads  in  the  north  (1761),  as  men- 
tioned by  General  Cauifield,  479. 

Robarts,  Mr.  Pelham's  secretary,  471. 

Robert  i.,  see  Bruce. 

Robert  II.,  his  marriage  with  Elizabeth 
More,  their  propinquity,  papal  dis- 
pensation, parliamentary  ratifica- 
tion, 54,  55. 

Robert  ii.  when  High  Steward,  receives 
the  Earldom  of  Strathearn,  213; 
grants  it  to  his  son  David,  213; 
his  sister,  Lady  Giles  Stuart,  335 ; 
his  niece  marries  Douglas  of  Loch- 
leven,  336;  mentioned,  101,  104, 
109. 

Robert  ni.,  his  daughter,  EHzabeth 
Stuart,  marries  Douglas  of  Dal- 
keith, 335. 

Robert,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  49.  /See 
Wischart. 

Robert,  brother  of  Lambin,  13 

Robert,  Duke  of  Albany,  afterwards 
Regent,  400. 

Roberton,  origin  of,  13. 


I 


INDEX. 


613 


Robertson,  Mr.  Joseph,  287,  324. 

Robertson's  Scotland,  v. 

Robespierre,  494. 

Rods  for  repairing  wagons,  18i). 

Roes,  103,  353,  377. 

Roger,  Bishop  of  Ross,  a  witness,  399. 

Rognvald,  Earl  of  Orkney,  71. 

Rokele  Chapel,  acquii-ed  by  GlasgOAv, 
39. 

Roland,  Nicholaus,  Fitz,  112. 

Roland  of  Galloway,  95,  99  ;  he  slays 
Gillecolm,  208. 

Romances  in  ms.  of  sixteenth  century, 
339. 

Roman  law  of  slavery,  499. 

Roman  roads,  105. 

Rome,  95,  181,  343,  4G8,  495,  496  ; 
Scots  College,  494. 

Romish  Church,  the  later,  of  Britain, 
494. 

Ros,  Euphemia,  54. 

Ros,  John  de,  captures  two  French 
ships,  52. 

Rose,  Arthur,  brother  of  Kilravock, 
taken  by  Algerine  pirates,  ran- 
somed, his  portrait  at  Kilravock, 
456  ;  slain  at  Inverness,  457. 

Rose,  Colonel,  his  bill  at  the  alehouse, 
Findhorn,  459. 

Rose,  De,  439. 

Rose,  Sir  Hugh,  Commander-in  Chief 
in  India,  490. 

Rose,  Jacobus,  page  to  Kilravock,  306. 

Rose,  Mr.  Hew,  parson  of  Nairn,  histo- 
rian of  Kilravock,  quoted,  399, 
437,  449,  452. 

Rose,  Robert,  son  of  Blackhills,  at  In- 
verness, during  tlie  rising  of  1715, 
456. 

Rose,  Sandie,  of  Littletown,  477. 

Rose,  William  Stewart,  scholar  and 
poet,  490. 

Rose,  the  name  in  Scotland,  486. 

Roses  of  Kilravock,  their  family  papers, 
437-490.     See  Kilravock. 

Roslin,  College  Kirk  of,  1456,  406. 

RosHn  papers,  128. 

Roslin,  will  of  Alexander  Sutherland, 
dated  at,  1456,  406. 

Rosemarkyng,  chanounry  of,  401. 

Rosneithe,  370,  372,  374. 

Ross,  a  Scotch  herald,  173. 

Ross,  Alexander,  an  Aberdeen  doctor, 
294. 

I\oss,  Bishops  of — William  Elphinstonc, 

263 ;    John    Leslie,    277 ;    Roger, 

399   401. 

Ross,  Earldom  of,  398,  400,  439,  443 ; 

Hugh  de,  brother  of  the  Earl,  1350, 


399  ;  Lord  of  the  Ward,  Robert, 
Duke  of  Albany,  400. 

Ross,  Hugh  de,  Loid  of  Balyndolch, 
214,  399. 

Ross,  precentor  of,  409,  411  ;  proprie- 
tors of,  439 ;  and  the  rising  of 
1715,  456;  territories  acquired  by 
the  Roses  of  Kilravock,  440 ;  the 
Baron,  M.P.  for,  in  1734,  460; 
sheriffship  of,  and  salary,  465. 

Rossay,  537. 

Rossinclerach,  granted  to  the  Arch- 
deacon of  St.  Andrews,  7. 

Rossy,  lands  in,  granted  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Rossy s,  De,  155. 

Rothegorth  Church,  Rogart,  the  Chan- 
cellor of  Caithness'  prebend,  81. 

Rothes,  Earl  of.  Commissioner  to  Par- 
liament, 422. 

Rothes,  Master  of,  166. 

Rothiemay,  292,  315. 

Rothsay,  one  of  the  nations  of  Glasgow 
University,  221. 

Rothsay,  the  herald,  173. 

Rotten  Row,  Glasgow,  derivation  of, 
66;  the  Auld  Pedagogy  in,  244. 

Rotuli  Scotiae,  quoted,  327. 

Round  Tower  of  Abernethy,  204. 

Roust,  chaplain  of  Auld  Aberdeen,  27. 

Row,  John,  Principal  of  Aberdeen  Col- 
lege, 304;  his  discipline,  311. 

Roxburgh  castle,  172  ;  its  royal  owners, 
173;  burgesses,  174;  its  prosperity, 
177 ;  they  oppose  the  Abbot  of 
Kelso,  195. 

Roxburgh  Church,  old,  granted  to  Glas- 
gow, 34,  40. 

Roxburghe's,  Duke  of,  seat  in  1750, 
551. 

Roxburghshire,  considered  an  English 
county,  183,  336. 

Roxburgh,  Hugh  de,  Chancellor  of  Ar- 
broath, 153. 

Roxburgh,  Robert,  188. 

Roy,  Gregor,  laird  of  Glensthrae,  exe- 
cuted, 345. 

Roy,  Malcolm,  son  of  Duncan  Laideus, 
358. 

Royal  progi'esses,  attendance  of  the 
Abbot  of  Kelso,  194. 

Royal  Society,  469. 

Rubbours  of  wine,  376. 

Rubens,  298. 

Ruddiman's  Life  by  Chalmers  quoted, 
283. 

Ruddiman's  Weekly  Mercury,  503. 

Rural  economy  of  Breadalbane,  1621, 
380. 


G14 


JNDEX. 


RuHsell,  Bishop,  quoted,  88. 

Kuthcrfonrs  works,  in  tlio  Cawdor  Lib- 
rary, 1G77,  4'27. 

Ruthorglcn,  revenues  from,  to  GlusgcAV 
Cathedral,  40. 

Rutherglen  burgh  brought  into  collision 
with  Glasgow  citizens,  41,  42. 

Rutheverthar  (Rhiarchar),  titles  to  the 
Precentor  of  Caithness,  81. 

Ruthven,  a  witness,  10. 

Ruthven,  Catherine,  Lady  of  Glen- 
urchy,  348. 

Ruthven  church  bestowed  on  Arbroath, 
148. 

Ruthven  family,  pedigree,  125. 

Rutland  family,  467. 

Ryesdale  granted  to  Glasgow,  44. 

Rymer,  Foedcra,  56. 

Rynnis,  the  lands  of,  537. 

St.  Adamnan,  church  of,  at  Forglen, 

152. 
St.  Aedan,  3,  4,  5. 
St.  Albans,  Duke  of,  317. 
St.  Andrews,  Archbishop  of,  opposed  to 
Glasgow  being  made  an  archbisho- 
pric, 61  ;  claims  precedence,  63  ; 
his  library  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, 339;  bishops,  19,  39,  147, 169, 
182  ;  bishopric,  ancient  valuation, 
22  ;  its  deaneries,  26  ;  at- 
tempts to  fix  its  limits,  185  ;  a 
Culdee  house,  8  ;  fabric,  bequest 
to,  by  Sir  James  Douglas  of  Dal- 
keith, 333  ;  the  official  of,  263  ; 
priory  of,  takes  precedency,  195; 
Edward  Raban,  an  English  printer 
at,  299. 

St.  Andrews  Priory,  196,  206. 

St,  Andrews  University,  its  annals  not 
collected,  220 ;  course  of  educa- 
tion, 226,  227,  241 ;  date  of  foun- 
dation, 254,  257  ;  purged,  278 ; 
mentioned,  283,  286,  308,  310. 

St.  Andrews  Register  quoted,  8,  20,  26. 

St.  Augustin,  30. 

St.  Barr,  see  St.  Fimbar. 

St.  Bartholomew,  48  ;  massacre  of,  363. 

St.  Beanus,  209,  210. 

St.  Bernard,  118,  126,  177. 

St.  Blane,  cathedral  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Earls  of  Strathearn, 
215. 

St.  Blane's  English  lordships,  7. 

St.  Boisil,  5. 

St.  Bi'aoch,  church  in  island  of,  river 
Esk,  157. 

St.  Bride,  church  granted  to  Glasgow. 
39,  137. 


St.  Canech  or  Kenny,  157. 

St.  Cedd,  2. 

St.  Clair,  General,  400,  470. 

St.  Clair,   Thomas,    his  marriage  with 

Eufeniia  do  Ilaya,  399. 
St.  Clair,  William,  Bisiiop  of  Dunkeld, 

notice  of,  207. 
St.  Clairs  of  Roslin  acquire  the  Baxter 

lands  of  Iiiverleith,  141. 
St.  Columba,  1,  5,  8,  30,  85,  207. 
St.  Crispin  and  St.  Crispinian,  the  fea^t 

of,  223,  248. 
St.  Cuthbert,  4,  12. 
St.  Duthac,  71,  259,  334. 
St.  Duthac  in  Caithness,  71. 
St.  Edelred,  the  Virgin,  chapel  of,  185. 
St.    Ethirnanus,  church   of  Madderty, 

209. 
St.  Fergus  at  Strogevth,  his  churches, 

5,  71. 
St.   Fillan's   relics,  389,    390 ;    crozler 
carried  to  Canada,  394  ;  his  chur- 
ches, 334,   389,   390.     See  under 
Errors  and  Omissions,  623. 
St.  Fimbar,  70;  Bishop  of  Cork,  71. 
St.  Germains,  493. 

St.  Gilbert,  84,  35.     Sec  Moravia,  Gil- 
bert de. 
St.  James,  church  of,  at  Roxburgh,  48. 
St.  John,  H.  Walpole's  "crazy,"  468. 
St.  John  the  Evangelist,  209. 
St.  Johnstoun,  see  Perth. 
St.  Kattanus,  his  church  of  Abbvnith- 

ven,  209. 
St.  Kentigern,  5,  6,  8,  29,  30,  31,  33. 
St.  Kentigema,  389. 
St.  Louis,  136. 
St.  Macconoc,  see  Canech. 
St.  Machar,  85. 

St.  Malruba,  St.  Malruve — Summareve 
— a   monk   of  Bangor  ;    colonized 
Applecross,  4. 
St.  Mamertus,  77. 
St.  Marnan  of  Aberchirder  gi-anted  to 

Arbroath,  146. 
St.  Martin  of  Tours,  church  of,  86. 
St.  Martin,  see  Stradichty. 
St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  209. 
St.  Maiy  of  the  Snows,  320. 
St.  Maur,  Benedictines  of,  quoted,  31. 
St.  Mechesseok  of  Ochterardouer,  209. 
St.  Michael,  122  ;  family,  148,  156. 
St.  Moluach,  the  bachuill-more  of,  390. 
St.  Mund,  the  crozier  of,  lands  of  Kil- 

mun  held  by  virtue  of,  390. 
St.  Mun  go's  well,  33. 
St.  Xathalan,  his  festival,  4. 
St.  Nicholas,  parish  church  of,  at  Aber 
deen,  21,  256;  chapel  at  Dalkeith, 


INDEX. 


615 


331,  334,  335  ;  altar  of,  in  Glasgow 
Cathedral,  223,  243  ;  his  feast,  245. 

St.  Ninian,  1,2;  his  see  refounded  by 
the  lords  of  Galloway,  206. 

St.  Omers,  France,  papers  of  the  Scots 
College  at,  494. 

St.  Oswald,  church  at  Nastlay  in  York- 
shire, 121,  122. 

St.  Palladius,  1. 

St.  Patrick  of  Strogeth,  the  church  of, 
209 ;  his  day,  354. 

St.  Servan,  8. 

St.  Ternan,  146. 

St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  144,  146,  168; 
chaplains  of,  at  Elgin  Cathedral, 
1455,  403;  patron  saint  of  Arbroath 
Abbey,  504 ;  the  chapel  of,  at 
Glasgow,  245. 

St.  Trollhaena,  74. 

Saints,  Scottish,  265. 

Sack  wine,  price  of,  at  Glasgow  in  1591, 
525  ;  charge  for,  in  1591,  524. 

Saffron,  1590,  376,  377. 

Sabbath,  see  Sunday. 

Salisbury  the  model  for  Glasgow  Cathe- 
dral, 44,  80. 

Salmon,  255,  376,  383. 

Salt-making,  131,  146. 

Salters  Hall,  231. 

Salters,  their  state  of  bondage,  498- 
504. 

Sanctuary,  right  of,  179,  215. 

Sandford,  Professor  of  Greek  at  Glas- 
gow, 241. 

Sandilandis,  James,  Aberdeen,  1658, 
315. 

Sandilandis,  Patrick,  Aberdeen,  1658, 
315. 

Sandwich,  208. 

Sandwich,  Lord,  470,  471. 

Sarum,  Bishop  of,  235. 

Satin,  price  of,  1633,  373,  458. 

Saumur,  John  Cameron  at,  281. 

Saxon  coast,  422. 

Saxon  colonists,  255,  327,  359. 

Saxon  name  of  Thane,  396. 

Saxon  settlers  of  Moray,  412. 

Scala  Chronicle,  quoted,  137. 

Scalebroc,  De,  in  Galloway,  96. 

Scandoner,  sent  by  James  vi.  to  take 
the  White  Hind  of  Corrichiba, 
516,  517. 

Scarborough,  549. 

Scelleboll,  tithes  of,  82. 

Scharpe,  Mr.  Patrick,  schoolmaster  of 
Glasgow  town,  227,  228. 

Schedenstun  cross,  see  Shettleston. 

Schives,  Archbishop  of  St,  Andrews, 
his  library,  339. 


"  Schochtmadony,"  a  bell  of  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  320. 

Scholars,  225,  258,  276,  280,  281. 

Scholls  or  droves  of  cattle  sent  to  Eng- 
land twice  a  year,  415. 

Schools,  255-257,  388. 

Schottun,  charters  of,  185. 

Scitheboll  (Skibo),  tithes  to  the  trea- 
surer of  Caithness,  82. 

Scon,  Liber  de,  quoted,  72,  204,  205, 
498. 

Scone  Abbey,  a  Culdee  house,  8,  121 ; 
sketch  of  the  monastery,  121-125, 
196,  204;  burnt,  352;  connected 
with  Caithness  and  Sutherland, 
relics  of  St.  Fergus  preserved,  5, 
71 ;  acquisitions,  72,  123-125,  498  ; 
the  abbot,  a  canon  of  Caithness. 
5,  82,  498. 

Scone,  Lord,  Sir  David  Murray,  513. 

Scone  Kegister,  20,  498. 

Scotichronicon,  see  Fordun. 

Scoto-Saxon  Lowlands,  186. 

Scots  College  in  Paris,  331,  493 ;  at 
Rome,  Abbe  Paul  M'Pherson,  rec- 
tor of,  494. 

Scotstarvet,  his  Atlas,  etc.,  quoted,  211, 
296. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  175,  327,  495. 

"  Scottis  tabbie  "  for  ladies'  dress,  1656, 
452. 

Scougall,  Henry,  Aberdeen,  301. 

Scrimgeour,  Mariot,  wife  of  Robert  Ar- 
buthnot,  283. 

Scroggy,  Dr.  Alexander,  minister,  Aber- 
deen, 292. 

Scrymger,  a  scholar,  281. 

Scynend,  the  church  of  St.  Thomas  of 
Skinnet,  83. 

Sea-fishing,  169. 

Seals,  112,  331. 

Seaton,  David,  Protocol  Book  quoted, 
85. 

Seaton  near  Edinburgh.  552. 

Sedan  University,  281. 

Selkirk  Abbey  changed  to  Kelso,  2  ;  en- 
dowments, 177.    See  Kelso  Abbey. 

Semi,  or  the  second  year's  class,  in  the 
Universities,  240. 

Seneca  quoted,  451,  471. 

Sentences,  the  book  of,  224,  271. 

Serfdom  attempted  on  fishermen,  169. 

Serfs,  colliers  and  salters,  193,  498-504. 

Servants,  expense  of,  459,  548. 

Servanus,  29. 

Service  book,  292. 

Shand,  Mr.,  observes  on  servility  (f  let- 
ters to  the  King,  287,  289. 

Sharpe,  mentioned,  500. 


I 


Gir, 


INDKX. 


Shaw,  Lachlan,  (luoted,  406,  407,  423, 

452,  454,  450,  400,  4H0. 
Shaw,  Mr.  Fnuicis,  324. 
Sheep,  189,  192,  35:5,  351,  375,  376, 

423,  511. 
Shcrin'oi"  the  sliiro  hereditary,  390. 
SherifFshij)  of  Ross  ahnost  hereditary  in 

the  Kih-avock  family,  465. 
Sheriflfniuir,  battle  of,  1745,  584. 
Sherman,  Joannes,  his  thesis,  238. 
Shettleston,  42. 
Shields  of  arms,  113. 
Shire,  its  meaning,  3. 
Shoes,  price  of,  in  1633,  373,  374,  527. 
Show,  or  Interlude,  in  Ghisgow  in  1457, 

246. 
Sibald,  Walter,  149. 
Sibbald,  Dr.,  Edinburgh,  1638,  417. 
Sibbald,   Dr.   James,    Minister  of   St. 

Nicholas,  Aberdeen,  291. 
Sibbald,  of  Kairs,  ancestry,  148. 
Sibbald,  William,  of  Cair,  slaughter,  160. 
Sibbalds,  155. 

Sibilla,  queen  of  Alexander  i.,  121,  343. 
"  Sighs  from  Hell,"  in  Cawdor  library, 

1677,  427. 
Silk,  flowered,  1701,  458. 
Silk  ribbons  for  ladies'  dress,  1656,  452. 
Siluria,  name  of  one  of  the  nations  of 

Glasgow  University,  221. 
Silver  buttons  and  lace  for  ladies'  dress, 

in  1656, 452  ;  price  of,  in  1633,  373. 
Silver,  its  value,  270. 
Simeon  of  Durham  quoted,  177. 
Simmer  of  Balyordie,  461. 
Simpring,  lands  of,  189. 
Sinclair,    David,    College   of    Navarre, 

Paris,  282. 
Sinclair,  George,  Earl  of  Caithness,  421. 
Sinclair,  a  witness,  10. 
Singing  taught  at  ladies'  school  in  Edin- 
burgh, 1688,  458. 
Skellat,  bell.  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 

320. 
Skene,  Alexander,  Aberdeen  University, 

272. 
Skene,  Friar  William,  at  Aberdeen,  271. 
Skene,  Sir  John,   quoted,   24,   28,   97, 

215,  396. 
Skinnet,  83. 
Skrabister,  74. 

Slaines  Castle,  charter-room,  365. 
Slaughter,  penalties  for,  397. 
Slavery  of  colliers  and  salters,  193,498- 

504  ;  Jewish  law  regarding,  499. 
Sleidan's  Chronicle,  London,  1560,  348. 
Slezer's  view  of  Aberdeen  College,  315. 
Sluys,  476. 
Smailholm,  446. 


Smalliam  cliurch  granted  to  GJaHgow, 

44  ;  made  over  to  Sir  William  ol 

Moray,  47. 
Smeaton-on-lhe-Tees,  550. 
Smeton,    Mr.  Thomas,  at    Edinburgh, 

28.5. 
Smith,  Adam,  241. 
Smith*  .John,  professor  at  Sedan,  281. 
Smith,  William,  Aberdeen,  301.  ■ 

Smith's,  Dr.,  Burgfi   Ilecords  of  Glafi-    M 

gow  nuotcd,  66. 
Smithies  in    Breadalbane,  regulations, 

380. 
Smith's  charge  for  horse- shoeing,  527. 
Snaw,  i.e.,  Ecclesia  B.  Mariae  ad  nives, 

268. 
Snow,  heavy  falls  of,  1554,  353. 
Snowdown,  the  herald,  173. 
Soil,  occupation  and  culture  of,  in  Te- 

viotdale,  188. 
Solowlesfelde  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 
Soltra  Hospital  Chartulary,  22. 
Somerville,  a  witness.     See  Sumervil. 
Somerset  family  seat  in   Northumber- 
land, 551. 
Sophocles,  256. 
Soulis,  a  witness,  10. 
Soulis  family,  forfeited  the  valley  of  the 

Esk,  333. 
Soulys,  John  de,  Guardian  of  Scotland 

in  the  year  1302,  182. 
Spain,  546  :  venison  sent  to  the  King 

of,  from  Scotland  in  1506,  388- 
Spalding  Club,  332,  365  :  quoted,  1.52 

314,  315,  365,  417. 
Spalding's  Memorials  of  the  Trubles, 

287,  417. 
Spaldyne,  William  de,  his  slaughter  bv' 

Sir  Alexander  de  Moravia,  214. 
Spaniards  employed  at  the  assault  on 

Kelso  Abbey,  198. 
Spanish  horse  in  Scotland,  1638,  422. 
Spanish  taffite,  509,  510. 
Spanish  wine,  charge  for,  in  1591.  525. 
Spear,  running,  379. 
Spear,  wasp  or  leister,  379. 
Speats  in  the  Highlands,  1621,  381. 
Specht,  Peter,  student  at  Aberdeen  in 

1643,  320. 
Spelman  quoted,  397. 
Spens,  Johannes  de,  390. 
Spens  of  Wormestoun  has  sanctuary  at 

the  cross  of  the  Clan  Macduflf,  215. 
Spey,  462. 

Spey  bridge,  at  Orkill,  158. 
Spey  district,  395,  552. 
Spices  and  sweetmeats  used  at  Balloch 

Castle,  1590,  376,  377. 
Spinet-playing,  474,  483. 


I 


INDEX. 


617 


Sports  of  the  moorland  and  river,  442. 

Spottiswood  quoted,  57,  84,  87,  88,  284, 
285,  288,  290. 

Sprouston  Grange,  188. 

Spurs,  price  of,  1638,  374. 

Spynie,  the  castle  of,  the  Bishop  ol' 
Moray  at,  404. 

Stablcr's  charges  in  Leith,  1591,  527, 
529. 

Stackpole,  the  heiress  of,  434. 

Stacks,  Dr.,  469. 

Stags  at  Glenurchy,  511. 

Staintun,  Eobert  cle,  112. 

Stair  quoted,  191 ;  on  the  law  of  slavery, 
quoted,  499. 

Stanbrig,  155. 

Standard,  Battle  of,  204. 

Standing-stones,  106. 

Stanmore,  Rere  Cross  on,  46. 

Stationer's  Society,  printing-office  of, 
Edinburgh,  1660,  301. 

Statistical  Account,  quoted,  126,  251. 

Stayt,  the,  of  Crieff,  215. 

Steel  bonnets,  1598,  378. 

Steelbow,  190,  384,  386;  stock  on 
Highland  farras,  375 ;  stock  of 
Glenurchy  farms,  1640,  511. 

Steinying,  scarlet,  price  in  1633,  372. 

Stephanus,  printer,  301,  459. 

Sterling  money,  111. 

Stevenson,  Rev.  J.,  186. 

Stewards  of  Scotland,  34,  93,  94,  95, 
103,  112,  113,  124. 

Stewards  or  Thanes  of  districts,  396. 

Stewart,  a  witness,  10. 

Stewart,  Andrew,  quoted,  55. 

Stewart  Courts  of  Stratliearn,  216. 

Stewart,  Dugald,  Life  of  Robertson,  vi. 

Stewart,  House  of.  111. 

Stewart,  James,  Bishop  of  Moray,  404. 

Stewart,  John,  burgess  of  Rossay,  537. 

Stewart,  John,  of  Appin,  532. 

Stewart,  John,  of  Aschock,  537. 

Stewart,  Jonett,  daughter  of  William, 
Lord  of  Lome,  342. 

Stewart,  Lady  Henreitta,  sister  of  Earl 
of  Moray,  marries  Sir  Hugh  Camp- 
bell, 421. 

Stewart,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Duke 
Murdoch,  marries  Duncan  Camp- 
bell in  Aa,  342. 

Stewart,  Mariott,  daughter  of  "Walter 
of  Albanie,  342. 

Stewart,  Mr.  David,  parson  of  Duffus, 
Royal  Commissioner  in  Moray, 
1455,  afterwards  Bishop,  404. 

Stewart  of  Bathcat,  134. 

Stewart,  Sir  Allan,  of  Darnlie,  grant  to 
Glasgow,  57. 


Stewart,  Sir  John,  of  Darnlie,  patron  of 
Tarbolton,  56. 

Stewart,  Sir  William,  son  of  Lady  For- 
rester, a  patron  of  Kirkmocho,  56. 

Stewart,  Theophilus,  professor  at  Aber- 
deen, 272. 

Stewart,  Thomas,  Treasurer  of  Caith- 
ness, 85. 

Stewart,  Walter,  of  Albanie,  342. 

Stewart,  William,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen, 
273  ;  his  arms  on  pulpit.  King's 
College,  313. 

Stewart,  AVilliam,  Lord  of  Lome,  342. 

Stewart's  regiment  of  Scotch,  in  the 
Dutch  service,  476.     See  Stuart. 

Still,  or  great  "acavitae  pot,"  at  Glen- 
urchy, 380. 

Stirling,  369,  513-515,  524,  528-530. 

Stirling  Chapel,  16. 

Stirling  Chapel-royal,  Henry  Bishop 
of  Galloway  and  (1530),  497,  498. 

Stirling,  De,  439.     See  Strivelin. 

Stirling  Hostelage,  156. 

Stirling,  John,  Yice-Chancellor  of  Glas- 
gow College,  1713,  238. 

Stirling,  Sir  George  of  Glorat,  444. 

Stirling,  the  Bishop  of  Glasgow  has  a 
toft  in,  35. 

Stirlings  of  Perth,  settled  in  Moray,  400 ; 
their  arms,  400. 

Stobhou,  Glasgow,  has  property  in,  35. 

Slobhou,  the  Dean  of,  187. 

Stobo,  a  church  of  a  Plebania,  3. 

Stock-fish,  404. 

Stockings,  price  of,  373,  374. 

Stok,  a  net  on  Tay,  146. 

Stolen  goods  traced  by  St.  Fillan's  re- 
lics, 389. 

Stonehith  (Stonehaven),  552. 

Stormont,  David,  first  Viscount  acquires 
Scone,  125. 

Stral)lane,  56. 

Strabrock,  134. 

Strachan,  Andrew,  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, Aberdeen,  2G9  ;  his  pane- 
gyric, 298,  300,  314. 

Strachan,  Elizabeth,  of  Thornton,  283. 

Strachan  of  Bowssie,  461. 

Strachan  of  Bridgetown,  461. 

Strachan  of  Carmylie,  461. 

Stradichty  comitis,  granted  to  Arbroath, 
146. 

Stradichty,  St.  Martin,  parish  of,  146. 

Strahan,  Andrew,  vii. 

Strahan,  William,  v. 

Straloch,  322. 

Strang,  Dr.,  Glasgow  College,  251. 

Strathallan,  f\miily  descent,  217. 

Strathbogy,  552. 


018 


INDEX. 


Stnithbolgy,  a  deanery  of  Moray,  20. 

Strathbran,  364. 

Strathcatherach,  lands  granted  to  Ar- 
broath, 148. 

Strathclydo,  5,  33,  398. 

Strathclyde  Britons,  customs  of,  397. 

Strathcarn,  Count  Mails  of,  204  ;  at  the 
]3attle  of  the  Standard,  204,  205  ; 
a  witness,  208  ;  his  daughter,  212  ; 
his  arms,  218;  death,  20.5. 

Strathearn,  10;  Earldom,  204-210;  a 
palatinate,  213  ;  granted  by  Robert 
II.  to  his  son  David,  213 ;  annexed 
to  the  Crown,  215 ;  territories,  211. 

Strathearn,  Earls  of,  148,  171. 

Strathearn,  Ferteth,  205. 

Strathearn,  Gilbert,  son  of  Ferteth, 
205  ;  grant  to  Inchaffray,  18,  209  ; 
legend  of  the  division  of  his  Earl- 
dom, 205 ;  benefactions  to  the 
church,  205,  206  ;  Madderty  grant- 
ed to  him,  207  ;  marries  Matildis 
de  Aubegni,  208 ;  his  children,  210 ; 
•  his  death,  210,  211  ;  mentioned, 
216;  seal,  219;  Muriel,  widow  of 
Malis,  218. 

Strathearn,  Maurice  de  Moray,  created 
Earl  by  David  ii.,  213. 

Strathearn,  Earl  of,  Eobert,  son  of  Gil- 
bert, his  benefactions  to  the  church, 
211. 

Strathearn,  Earl  of,  Robert,  the  High 
Steward,  213. 

Strathearn,  stewartry  of,  511. 

Strathearn,  Stewart's  Courts  of,  216. 

Strathearn  Valley,  204,  212,  364. 

Strathfillane,  the  tower  of,  343. 

Strathfillan,  the  Abbey  of,  receives  the 
land  of  Ochtertyre  from  Bruce,  362, 
389. 

Strathgrif,  33. 

Strathislay,  291. 

Strathnairn,  the  Dowager-Countesses 
of  Crawford,  draw  tierce  of,  1455, 
403. 

Strathormeli  (Strachormlary  or  Achorm- 
lary),  tithes  belong  to  the  precentor 
of  Caithness,  81. 

Strathpefir,  lands  granted  to  Thomas 
St.  Clair  (1350),  399. 

Strathspey,  457. 

Strathspey,  a  deanery  of  Moray,  26. 

Strathtay,  364. 

Stratoun's  boarding-school  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1688,  458. 

Strivelin,  Richard  de,  Earl  of  Strath- 
earn's  Chancellor  in  1266,  213. 

Striveling,  Margaret  de,  Lady  of  Glen- 
urchy,  891. 


Strivclyn,  Alexander  de,  400. 

Strogeth  Church,  5,  209,  211. 

Stroncombrie,  385. 

StronechoiTnicheifl,  Makconchie,  ac- 
count for  aquavitae,  523. 

Strywelyn,  353. 

Stuart  de  Rothesay,  Lord,  and  papers 
of  Scots  College,  495. 

Stuart,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert 
III.,  marries  son  of  Sir  James 
Douglas  of  Dalkeith,  335. 

Stuart,  house  of,  454,  455 ;  papers  con- 
cerning, 495,  496. 

Stuart,  Lady  Giles,  sister  of  Robert  ii., 
marries  Sir  James  Douglas  of  Dal- 
keith, 335. 

Stuart,  Prince  Charles  Edward,  at  Kil- 
ravock,  462,  463;  papers  belong- 
ing to,  496,  497. 

Stuart  of  Darnley,  410. 

Stuarts,  the  ancestors  of,  327. 

Stubbs  de  Archiepiscopis  Ebor.  quoted, 
30. 

Students  at  college,  235  ;  Bajans,  Se- 
mis, Tertians,  Magistrands,  240, 
250,  274,  311. 

Studium  Generale,  or  University,  Glas- 
gow, 220,  223  ;  Aberdeen,  257. 

Stuht  (or  Stuth),  or  farm  stock,  190  ; 
explanation  of  the  word,  191. 

Suan,  son  of  Thor,  125,  139. 

Subsidy  enforced  against  Arbroath,  169. 

Suffragan's  oath  to  his  Archbishop,  497. 

Sugar-loaf  (1590),  376,  377. 

Sulis,  De,  111,  175.     See  Soulis. 

Sunday,  how  observed  in  Glasgow  in 
the  sixteenth  centurs',  227 ;  in 
seventeenth  century,  233. 

Sumervil,  William  de,  gift  to  Glasgow, 
34. 

Sunderland  bridge,  550. 

Sunning-hill  well,  552. 

Surnames,  107. 

Surtees  Society  Publications  quoted,  4, 
20,  24,  251 

Sutherland,  Alexander,  of  Dunbeath, 
marries  Marion  of  the  Isles,  his 
son  Archdeacon  of  Caithness,  406. 

Sutherland,  10 ;  deer  in  the  wilds  of, 
1551,  424. 

Sutherland,  Earls  of,  76. 

Sutherland  family  and  Elizabeth  Cle- 
phane,  461. 

Sutherland,  History  of,  by  Sir  E,  Gor- 
don, quoted,  79,  85,  332,  424. 

Sutherland,  John,  Earl  of,  85. 

Sutherland,  the  Countess  of,  461. 

Sutherland,  tutory  of  the  earldom,  1615- 
1630;  accounts  of,  quoted,  424. 


II 


INDEX. 


619 


Sutherlaudshiie  and  the  rising,  1715, 
456. 

Sweetheart  Abbey,  118. 

Swine  prosci'ibed,  381. 

Swine  used  in  the  Breadalbane  Castles, 
1590,  376. 

Swords,  1638,  383;  1640,  378;  two- 
handed,  1598,  380  ;  a  "  heland 
suord,"  526. 

Sydserf,  Bishop,  his  estimate  of  Dr.  Bar- 
ron, professor  at  Aberdeen,  290. 

Symington,  origin  of,  13. 

Syriac  taught  by  Melville  at  Glasgow, 
227. 

Sywardhoch  (Sydera,  Sytherau,  Cyder- 
ball),  tithes  to  the  Tieasurer  of 
Caithness,  82. 

Table-cloths  and  napkins,  1677,  425. 

Taffety,  Persian,  dress,  1701,  458. 

Tailoring  in  the  Highlands,  1618,  388. 

Taillour,  Donald,  in  Morinch,  accused 
of  theft,  381  ;  accuses  his  neigh- 
bour of  witchcraft,  382. 

Tain,  church  of  St.  Duthac,  benefac- 
tions, 334. 

Taleus'  Rhetoric,  226. 

Tanestrie,  place  of,  535. 

Tangier,  305. 

Tapestry,  429. 

Tarbolton  church  a  prebend,  56. 

Targatt  of  gold  set  with  diamonds, 
379,  507. 

Targes,  steel,  378,  383. 

Targets  of  steel  and  cork,  509. 

Tarmachans  bought  in  Badenocb  and 
Strathspey,  1677,  423. 

Tartans,  431. 

Taruas,  Tarwas,  or  Terwas,  barony  of, 
504,  505. 

Tarves  church  granted  to  Arbroath, 
146. 

Taxation,  22. 

Tay  river  bridge,  157  ;  salmon,  255. 

Taylone,  523. 

Taylor,  Jeremy,  quoted,  291. 

Taymouth,  Black  Book  of,  341. 

Taymouth  charter-room,  ms.  contained 
in,  341,  365,  366,  383,  386,  512, 
522. 

Taymouth  house,  on  the  site  of  Balloch 
Castle,  345  ;  jewel  worn  by  Black 
Colin  preserved  at,  344,  508 ;  books, 
359,  348  ;  portraits,  350,  369. 

Taymouth  park,  345. 

Tea,  use  of,  426,  442,  458. 

Tees  bridge,  near  Crofts,  550. 

Templars,  Knights,  their  chapel  in  Cul- 
ter,  13. 


Temple,  125. 

Tenancy,  earliest  mode  of,  190  ;  cus- 
toms of,  in  the  Highlands,  385. 

Tenants  of  Crown  lands  in  Moray, 
396 ;  of  Highland  lands,  their  mode 
of  paying  rent,  375,  386. 

Tenants  of  Kelso  Abbey,  191,  192  ; 
freed  from  servitude,  193;  bound 
to  relieve  the  Abbey  of  miiitai'y 
and  public  services,  194. 

Tenure  and  descent  of  land  illustrated 
by  the  ancient  chartularies,  337. 

Tenure  of  property,  feudal,  also  patri- 
archal in  the  Highlands,  365. 

Tercels,  103. 

Terrier  dogs,  387. 

Tertian  or  Bachelor  class  in  the  Uni- 
versities, 241. 

Testament,  New,  price  of,  in  1633, 
373. 

Teulet,  M.,  quoted,  73. 

Teviotdale,  an  archdeaconry  of  Glasgow, 
43  ;  anecdote  of  an  Archdeacon  of 
Teviotdale,  43 ;  archdeacon's  dis- 
pute with  his  bishop,  59 ;  claimed 
to  be  of  Durham  diocese,  186.  See 
William  Elpbin stone,  260. 

Thanage,  lands  held  in,  398. 

Thancartun,  10. 

Thanage,  lands  held  in,  398  ;  of  Cawdor, 
407. 

Thane,  origin  of  the  name,  396  ;  penalty 
for  injuring,  397  ;  rank  and  tenure, 
398. 

Thanedoms  in  the  countiy  between 
Findhorn  and  Nairn,  398. 

Theobald,  a  Fleming,  supposed  ancestor 
of  the  Douglases,  184,  326,  327. 

Theobaldes,  manor  of,  James  vi.  at, 
516-518. 

Theocritus  taught  at  Glasgow,  226. 

Theodore,  Archbishop,  30. 

Theology  to  be  taught  in  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 221,  222,  227. 

Theological  degrees  in  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 258. 

Theognides  taught  in  Glasgow,  226. 

Theses  of  Aberdeen  students,  299,  300, 
301. 

Theses  of  the  students  of  Glasgow,  234, 
236  ;  of  individuals,  first  in  1713, 
238  ;  printed  on  satin,  234. 

Thevidalia,  an  archdeaconry  of  Glas- 
gow, and  a  "  nation  "  of  the  Uni- 
versity, 221. 

Thirlage,  system  of,  introduced  earlv, 
193. 

Thirsk  vale,  549. 

Thomson,  Andrew,  Aberdeen,  320. 


■ 


620 


INDEX. 


'riioiiison,  MistrcsH,  Invfrness,  4o7. 

U'liomson,  Robert,  his  representation  re- 
gardiiif^  Glasgow  archiepiscopal 
palace,  (M). 

Thomson's,  John,  inn  in  Linlitljgow, 
1501,  528. 

Thor,  125,  139. 

Thor  the  Long,  settles  the  land  of  Edna- 
ham,  11  ;  liis  grant  to  Coldingham, 
12. 

Thoreboll  (Torboll),  rectorial  tithes 
granted  to  Caithness,  82. 

Thorn,  the  well  beside  the  white,  in  old 
boundary,  104. 

Thornton,  283. 

Thorpe's  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes 
of  England  quoted,  191  ;  Lappen- 
berg,  186. 

Threpuude  orThrepwood,  108;  granted 
to  Melrose,  12  ;  game  reserved, 
101. 

Thurstan,  Archbishop  of  York,  29  ;  sus- 
pends John,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  33. 

Tilting  arms,  332. 

Timber  of  Cawdor  wood  in  1726,  434. 

Tiningham,  551. 

Tiron,  Abbey  of,  in  Le  Perche,  177. 

Titrier  Dora.,  an  officer  in  monasteries, 
31. 

Tochirgude,  342. 

Todd,  Dr.  J.  H.,  291. 

Tofts  granted  to  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 
their  use,  35. 

Toleration  unknown  by  churchmen  at 
the  Reformation,  288. 

Tomnayngell,  382. 

Tooke,  Home,  495. 

Torhgil  in  Cunyngham  granted  to  Glas- 
gow, 44. 

Torphichen,  Knights  of  St.  John,  134. 

Torres,  Cardinal  Giles  de„  23. 

Torture,  instruments  of,  Glaslawis,  379. 

Torwoodlee,  the  Pringles  of,  446. 

Toshach,  or  administrator  of  Crown 
lands,  396. 

Tosche  (Celtic),  a  title  equivalent  to 
Thane,  397. 

Toulouse,  Dempster  at,  281  ;  Univer- 
sity statutes  quoted,  240. 

Tournay,  281,  282,  476. 

Trade,  early,  of  Scotland,  195,  255. 

Tran,  John,  of  Glasgow  College,  232, 
237. 

Tranent,  131. 

Transforthia,  a  nation  of  Glasgow  L"ni- 
versity,  221. 

Traquair,  6. 

Traquair,  Thesaurar,  his  letter  to  Archi- 
bald, Lord  Lome,  370,  514. 


Travelling  expenses  in  1591,523;  in 
1637,  374. 

Treasurer,  Lord  Hi'_'h,  of  Scotland,  his 
accounts  quoted,  387. 

Treasurer  of  Scotland,  M'illiam,  Earl  of 
Morton,  371. 

Trcvoux,  Dictionnaire  de,  quoted,  240. 

Trinity  Gask,  church  of,  granted  to  the 
canons  of  Inchaffray,  210;  seal  ap- 
pended to  its  charter,  219- 

Troclynham  manor,  the  property  of 
Dunblane,  7. 

Trollhaena,  74. 

Trone  Church,  Glasgow,  used  by  the 
students  at  the  Laureation,  236. 

"  Trot  of  Turriff"  in  1639,  418,  419. 

Trouts,  377. 

Trustach  wood  granted  to  Arbroath, 
148. 

Tuadal,  Bishop,  gift  to  the  Culdees,  20. 

Tubertach  pasturage,  148. 

Tullebardin,  Laird  of,  at  Balloch,  1590, 
377.  ^ 

Tullebardin,  Lord  of  Secret  Council  in 
1633,  519. 

Tullibardine,  the  house  of,  descended 
from  Strathearn,  218 ;  lands  ac- 
quired by  the  De  Moravias,  212. 

Tullibarae  and  the  Thane  of  Cawdor, 
1591,  528. 

Tulynestynshire  in  Aberdeen,  3. 

Tunbridge  AVell,  552. 

Tunregeyth,  rents  to  Glasgow,  48. 

Turfred,  or  Turref.  granted  to  Arbroath, 
147. 

Turkeys  or  birsell  fowl,  377. 

Turkey-work,  380. 

Turkic- work  cushion,  510. 

TurnbuU,  Mr.,  468. 

Turnbull,  W.,  Archdeacon  of  Lothian, 
elected  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  founds 
the  L'niversity,  59  ;  obtains  a  -char- 
ter of  regality  for  Glasgow,  65. 
220  ;  his  arms"  249. 

Turner,  Sir  James,  Steward  of  Glasgow 
University,  235. 

Turnpike  roads,  making  of,  beginning 
of  eis:hteenth  century,  442  ;  in 
1750,  "549. 

Tutors,  343,  361,  417. 

Tweed,  river,  10,  200. 

Tweedale,  Earl  of,  235. 

Tweeddale,  lands  in,  of  Sir  William 
Douglas  of  Liddesdale,  330. 

Tweeddale,  William  of,  contract  for  the 
plumber- work  of  Arbroath,  164. 

Tweedmouth,  551. 

Tweedsmuir  parish,  3. 

Twisden's  Decem  Scriptores  quoted,  30. 


INDEX. 


621 


Twynham,  Walter,  a  prebend  of  Glas- 
gow, 51  ;  admitted  by  ring,  52. 

Tybermuir,  the  Bishop  of  Dunkeld  has 
a  palace  in,  207. 

Tyndrum,  382. 

Tynemouth,  4,  550. 

Tyne  river,  550. 

Tyrie  rectorship,  270 ;  held  by  Boece, 
271. 

Ty tier's  History  quoted,  175. 

Tyvydale,  or  Teviotdale,  the  English 
army  intend  to  march  through, 
201. 

UcTRED,  son  of  Liulf,  2. 

Udardus,  37. 

Umfravil,  Odenel  de,  Lord  of  Prudhoe, 

190. 
Unhende,  hill  called,  105. 
Union,  Treaty  of,  and  the  Scotch  Parlia- 
ment, 1705,  455. 
Union  with  England,  482. 
Unis  harbour,  85. 
University  of  Aberdeen,  254-324. 
University  of  Glasgow,  220-253. 
University,  The,  220-324. 
Uplands,  John,  361. 
Urban  in.,  bull  of,  180. 
Urchany   Beg,   in    Nairn,   granted    to 

Thomas  St.  Clair,  1350,  399. 
Urchard,  Adam  of,  a  witness,  1350,  399. 
Ur,  fishings  in,  148. 
Urrys,  custodiers  of  tlie  Breobennach, 

152. 
Urquhart,  Lord  Prior  of,  490. 
Urquhart,   P.,  professor  in   Aberdeen, 

301. 
Urquhart,    Sir   Thomas,    of  Cromarty, 

416. 
Ursin's  Catechism  taught  at  Glasgow 

College  on  Sundays,  233. 
Ury,  489. 
Utwere,  37. 

V'DONALD,  543. 

V'Nokerd,  Gillecreist,  Makdoney  Duff, 
366. 

Valloniis,  Isabella  de,  grants  to  Glas- 
gow, 44. 

Valoines,  Philip  de,  seal,  113. 

Valoines,  or  De  Valoines,  10,  107,  871. 

Valuation  of  churches  and  benefices,  22. 

Valuation  of  land,  the  first  evidence  of, 
in  Moray,  395. 

Vahung  or  "  extending  "  land  in  Alex- 
ander II. 's  reign,  139  ;  in  Moray, 
395. 

Vaudey  (Vallis  Dei)  monks  make  over 
Keresban  to  Melrose,  96. 


Vaus,  John,  graramaticus  at  Aberdeen, 

a  coadjutor  of  Boece,    271  ;    his 

works,  curious  rendering  in  Scotch, 

271-273  ;  goes  to  Paris,  300. 
Vaux,  John  de,  Sheriff  of  Edinburgh, 

139. 
Veitch,  Mr.  William,  minister,  430. 
Vekconchy,    Katharine    Neyn    Douill, 

366. 
Velvet,   cramosie,    price   of,   in    1635, 

373;  in  1638,  374. 
Venerie  charter  terms  of,  103. 
Venison  and  game  for  the  royal  table  in 

1594,  514,  515;  in  1633,  514. 
Venison  for  his  Majesty's  marriage  at 

Edinburgh,  357. 
Venison  of  Breadalbane  for  the  Spanish 

court,  387,  388. 
Venison,  red,  377. 

Veremund,  the  story  of,  in  Boece's  His- 
tory, 268. 
Vernacular  tongue,  early  use  of,  in  law 

and  business  documents,  338. 
Vernet,  468. 
Verney's  Greek  Grammar   taught   at 

Glasgow  College,  240. 
Vernulseus  quoted,  225. 
Verus  valor,  25. 

Vesci,  De,  107,  113,  119,  175.  ^ 
Vicars  of  the  choir,  45  ;  parochial,  45 ; 

residentiary,  45. 
Vicars,  satire  on,  362. 
Vicci,  Benemund  de,  errors  regarding 

his  tax,  24. 
Victuals,  price  of,  in  16tli  century,  353. 
Vienna  University,  221,  240. 
Villeins,   cultivators   of  the  soil,    188, 

397. 
Villenage,  decay  of,  193. 
Vinegar,  377. 

Vines  at  Kilravock  Castle,  464. 
Viol  da  gamba,  ladies  play  upon,  1644, 

421,  426. 
Violin-playing,  483. 
Virgin  taught  at  Glasgow,  226. 
Virginalls  in  gentlemen's  houses  in  the 

north,  421,  427,  458. 
Volusenus,  301. 
Voss,  Gerard,  302,  309. 

Wade,  General,  478,  484. 

Wagons  or  Wains,  used  by  the  monks 

of  Kelso,  189. 
AValchope,  fiitnily  name,  155. 
Waldev,  Earl,  see  Dunbar. 
Waleis,    Duncan,    procurator   of    Earl 

Douglas,  185. 
Wales,  Prince  of,  postscript  of  letter  to 

the  Laird  of  Glennrchy,  517. 


I 


022 


INDEX. 


Walker's  tavern,  Edinburgh  (17(52), 
480. 

Wallace,  the  family  name,  10. 

Wallace,  William,  50,  181. 

Walliston  church  acquired  by  Glasgow, 
47. 

Walpolo,  Sir  Robert,  437,  468. 

Walsinghara's  account  of  Bishop  Lin- 
desay's  death,  52. 

Walter,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  consecra- 
tion, attends  the  Lateran,  death, 
39. 

Walter,  the  son  of  Alan,  the  son  of 
Suan,  the  son  of  Thor,  125. 

Walton,  Miss,  485. 

Wardlaw,  James,  527,  530. 

Wardlaw,  Walter  de,  elected  Bishop  of 
Glasgow,  53 ;  archdeacon  of  Lo- 
thian, made  a  cardinal,  death,  54. 

Warrender,  Sir  John,  551. 

Warrenne,  William,  Earl  of,  Ada  his 
daughter,  179. 

Warton's  opinion  of  Duncan  Laideus' 
Testament,  355. 

Washington,  496. 

Waters,  chaplain  of  the  Duchess  of  Al- 
bany, 496,  497. 

Watson,  Dr.,  of  Leith,  496. 

AVatson,  Robert,  and  the  papers  of  the 
Scots  College,  Paris,  495,  496. 

Watstirker  granted  to  Melrose,  48  ;  exe- 
cutions at  the  gallows  of,  104. 

Watt,  James,  242. 

Waverley  Novels  quoted,  327. 

Weather,  record  of,  about  1554,  by  the 
curate  of  Fortirgall,  353,  354. 

Wedale  pasturage,  94,  99,  106,  186. 

Wedderburn,  David,  rector  of  the  gram- 
mar school,  Aberdeen,  297. 

Weigelius'  paradoxes,  300. 

Weir  river  at  Durham,  550. 

Welsh  Highlands,  the  Cawdor  family's 
connexion  with,  435. 

Werk,  446.     See  Ker.  ^ 

Weyme,  Lady,  entertained  at  Balloch, 
1621,  377. 

Wheat  and  wheaten  bread  in  use,  98, 
376. 

Wheat  grown  by  the  monks  of  Kelso, 
189. _ 

Whisky,  its  early  introduction,  382. 

Whisky,  price  of  in  1591,  530. 

Whitehall,  514,  545. 

Whitehead,  Mr.,  468. 

Whitherne,  Bishops  of,  206 ;  receive 
consecration  from  the  See  of  York, 
207. 

Whitherne,  the  Bishops  of,  nominated 
by  the  lords  of  Galloway,  206. 


Whithorn,  Jiciuy,  Jiisliop  of,  and  ol  the 
Chapel  royal  of  Stirling  (1530), 
497. 

Whitlingham,  lands  of,  the  pOBsessionH 
of  the  Douglases,  330. 

Whitlun,  Anselrn  de,  his  grant  to  Mel- 
rose, 101. 

Why  trig  burn,  131. 

Wice's  grunt  to  Kelso,  13. 

Wiceston  or  Wiston  .Manor  granted  to 
Kelso,  13. 

Wickham  Abbey,  549. 

Wickham,  William  of,  549. 

Wight's  Enquiry,  quoted,  184. 

Wigtoun,  Earl  of,  519. 

Wild-fowl,  377. _ 

Wilkins'  Concilia,  quoted,  43. 

William  of  Meldrum,  505. 

William  the  Lion,  captivity  in  England 
and  ransom,  23  ;  resists  the  domi- 
nation of  Rome,  37  ;  subdues  Caith- 
ness and  Sutherland,  75;  acquainted 
with  Thomas  a  Becket,  145;  founds 
Arbroath  Abbey,  145,  504;  grants 
to,  149,  153  ;  buried  in,  167 ;  his 
tomb,  167,  168;  charters  and 
grants,  2,  12,  20,  95,  120,  140; 
mentioned,  104,  113, 179,  195,  327, 
382,  389,  438,  498. 

William  and  Mary,  66. 

Willis,  Prof.,  of  Cambridge,  quoted,  143. 

Will  of  Saint  Gilbert  de  Moravia,  Bishop 
of  Caithness,  332  ;  of  Sir  James 
Douglas,  332,  334 ;  of  Colin,  Eari 
of  Argyll,  413. 

Wilson,  Florence,  281. 

Wilson's,  Daniel,  Archaeology  of  Scot- 
land, 390. 

Wilton,  Glasgow  has  property  in,  35. 

Wilton  sold  to  Melrose,  110. 

Windsor,  Charles  i.  at,  1627,  518. 

Wine  drinking  at  the  village  alehouse, 
Findhorn  (1728),  459. 

Wines,  376,  377,  459,  523,  530. 

AVinspeck  river,  550. 

Wischards,  155. 

Wischart,  Alexander,  student  at  Aber- 
deen, 1622,  300. 

Wischart,  John  de.  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 
51. 

Wischart,  Robert,  elected  Bishop  of 
Glasgow,  47  ;  Bruce 's  sympathy 
with,  49  ;  swears  fealty  to  Edward, 
breaks  his  oath,  49 ;  sides  with 
Balliol,  50 ;  joins  Wallace,  50 ; 
supports  Bruce,  50  ;  taken  prisoner 
by  Edward,  exchanged,  50 ;  con- 
structs engines  of  war,  51 ;  death, 
50. 


INDEX. 


623 


Wischart,  William,  elected  Bishop  of 

Glasgow,   47  ;    postulated    to    St. 

Andrews,  47. 
Witchcraft,  382. 
Witelaw  Grange,  188-190. 
Witemer  Grange,  188. 
Withby,  John,  188. 
Witheley,  granted  to  Melrose,  12. 
Withington,   Peter,    Glasgow    College, 

231. 
Wittun,  De,  107. 
Wives,  punishment  for  drinkin 

383. 
Wodrow,  quoted,  217, 

277,  278,  279. 
Wolf-dog    in    Ireland, 

deer-hound  in  Scotland,  406. 
Wolf  of  Badenoch,  424. 
Wolf-skins  in  the  wardrobe  of  Balloch 

Castle,  378. 
Wollebius'  Theology,  233. 
Wolves,  103,  405  ;  provision  against  in 

seventeenth  century,   381  ;  in  the 

Highlands,  1677,  423. 
Wood,  scarcity  of,  in  the  south  of  Scot- 
land, 101. 
Wool,  135,  192,  376. 


'B,  382, 
230,  238,  239, 
known    as   the 


Wowhousebyres,  the  Pringles  of,  440. 
Writing    taught   at    ladies'  school    in 

Edinburgh,  1688,  459. 
Wycliffe's    influence   in   the  North    of 

England,  188. 
Wytsande,  52. 
Wynton  (Wyntoun)  quoted,  46,  77,  122, 

127,  179,  329. 


Y,  or  Ion  A,  Finlay,  the  Abbot  of,  207. 

Ylay,  or  Isla,  537. 

Yle,  John  of,  Earl  of  Ross,  and  Lord  of 
the  Isles,  443.     See  Isla. 

York,  549.  ^ 

York,  Cardinal,  495. 

York,  Archbishops  of,  claim  Glasgow 
and  Durham  as  suffragans,  29,  30  ; 
oppose  Ingelram's  succession,  34  ; 
Thomas,  mandate  of,  to  the  clergy 
of  Teviotdale,  186 ;  claims  autho- 
rity in  Galloway,  207. 

Young,  Professor  of  Greek,  Glasgow 
College,  241. 

Ysenda,  of  the  family  of  Gasc,  second 
wife  of  Gilbert,  Earl  of  Strathearn, 
210. 


ERROES  AND  OMISSIONS. 

Page  98,  line  10,  for  alovg  read  along  with. 
Pa^e  157,  line  11,  for  Celtix  read  Celtic. 
Page  170,  Note,  hv  guerela  read  querela. 
Page  238,  Note,  for  impress  (twice)  read  imprint. 
Page  273,  Note,  for  Knylos  read  Kynlos. 
Page  377,  Note,  for  Lathes  read  Lathes  qv.  Crathes  ? 

Page  420,  Note  2,  after  pedigree  add  "  Christian  made  ane  marriage  for  herself 
with  Nicolas  Dunbar,  merchant,  burgess  of  Edinburgh." 
Page  424,  Note,  for  Bedenoch  read  Badenoch. 
Page  485,  for  1851  read  1815. 


THE  COYGERACH  OF  ST.  FILLAN— p.  389. 

The  Coygerach  (or  Quigrich)  of  St.  Fillan  has  emigrated  to  Canada,  as  men- 
tioned in  the  text  (p.  394).  Dr.  Daniel  W^ilson,  Professor  of  History,  at  Toronto, 
the  author  of  Pre-historic  Annals  of  Scotland,  who  drew  public  attention  to  it  in 
that  valuable  book,  has  been  fortunate  enough  to  disinter  the  actual  relic  in  his 
new  country.     Dr.  Wilson  takes  it  for  granted  that  it  was  the  reliquary  used  for 


■ 


024  THE  COYGERACH  OF  S'J'.  FILLAN. 

containing  the  arm  of  St.  Fillan,  and  explains  how  it  may  have  Borved  that  pur- 
pose. That  supposition  seems  to  me  mistaken  ;  and  the  drawing  and  description 
i^iven  hy  Dr.  Wilson  leave  no  doubt  that,  whatever  may  have  become  of  tlie  arm 
of  the  Saint  and  its  case,  the  Coygeracli  was  one  of  those  rich  crozier-heads  so  fre- 
(juently  met  with  in  churcli  treasuries  in  Catholic  cortntries,  many  of  which  liave 
had  mysterious  virtues  attributed  to  them. 

It  is,  says  Dr.  Wilson,  a  beautiful  and  elaborately  wrought  shepherd's  crook, 
of  silver  gilt,  wrought  on  a  hollow  core  of  copper,  and  measures  nine  and  a  quarter 
inches  in  height,  and  nearly  seven  and  a  half  inches  across  from  the  point  of  the 
crook.  The  interlaced  knot-work  and  other  ornamentation  is  such  as  is  well  known 
on  some  of  the  silver  and  goldsmiths'  work  of  early  Italian  work.  The  front  is 
jewelled  with  a  large  oval  crystal.  Above  this  is  a  figure  or  bust  of  an  ecclesiastic  ; 
while  the  lower  end  of  the  ridge  terminates  in  the  form  of  a  snake's  head,  com- 
mon on  bronze  relics  of  a  late  period. 

The  relic  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Alexander  Dewar,  whose  father 
carried  it  to  Canada  in  1818,  and  whose  name,  as  well  as  the  custody  of  the 
Coygerach,  seems  to  mark  him  as  a  descendant  of  the  Dcores,  the  ancient 
custodiers. 

y 


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Is. 


I 


8  EDMONSTON   AND    DOUGLAS, 


Sunbeams  in  the  Cottage ;  or,  What  Women 

may  do.  A  nurrative  cliiefly  addressed  to  the  Working 
Classes.  Cheap  Edition.  Thirty-fifth  thousand.  Cloth 
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18mo,  sewed,  2d. 


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J.  Noel  Paton,  R.  S.A.      Cheap  Edition,  limp  cloth,  Is. 


Sir  David  Brewster,  K.H.,  A.M.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
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coveries of  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  With  Portraits,  2  vols., 
large  8vo,  24s. 

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cloth,  12s. 

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and  discoveries  of  one  of  the  greatest  men  that  ever  lived,  by  a  gentle- 
man distinguished  for  his  profound  scholarship  and  scientific  knowledge. 
The  "book  is  w'orthy  of  the  subject  to  which  it  is  devoted." — London 
Review,  December  15. 


88  PRINCES   STREET,  EDINBURGH. 


I 


James  D.  Burns,  M.A. 

The  Vision  of  Prophecy,  and  other  Poems. 

Second  Edition,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  6s. 


John  Brown,  M.D.,  F.R.S.E. 

Horse    Subsecivse  ;    Locke    and    Sydenham, 

with  other  occasional  Papers.     Second  Edition,  crown  8vo, 
cloth,  9s. 


Supplementary   Chapter  to  the  Life  of  the 

Rev.   John  Brown,    D.  D.     A  Letter  to   the   Eev.   John 
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Brown's  memory  is  cherished." — Scottish  Guardian,  January  5. 

"  There  is  a  fresh  luxuriance  in  the  style,  that  charms  and  fascinates 
the  reader." — Glasgow  Saturday  Post,  January  5. 


Rab  and  his  Friends ;  Extracted  from  •  Horse 

Subseciv^e.'     Sixteenth  thousand.     Fcap.  sewed,  6d. 

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Memoirs  of  John  Brown,  D.D.,  senior  Minister 

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Edinburgh,  and  Professor  of  Exegetical  Theology  to  the 


10  EDMONSTON  AND  DOUGLAS, 

United  Presbyterian  Church,  with  Supplementary  Chapter 
by  his  Son,  John  Brown,  M.D.     Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  98.  6d. 

**  The  Memoir  is  exceedingly  well  written."  **  Every  one  should 
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Samuel  Brown. 

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ScientijSc  and  Literary,  2  vols.,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  15s. 


Kev.  John  Bruce,  D.  D,,  Minister  of  Free  St.  Andrews 
Church,  Edinburgh. 

The  Biography  of  Samson.     Illustrated  and 

Applied.     Second  Edition.      18mo,  cloth,  2s. 
J.  F.  Campbell. 

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collected,  with  a  Translation  by  J.  F.  Campbell.     2  vols., 
extra  fcap.,  cloth,  16s. 

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It  is  the  first  instalment  of  what  was  to  be  expected  from  any  fair  state- 
ment of  the  scientific  value  of  popular  tales.  ...  It  required  some 
striking  demonstration  of  the  real  worth  of  popular  tales  to  arouse  Gaelic 
scholars  from  their  apathy.  They  have  been  aroused,  and  here  is  the  first 
fruit,  in  a  work  that  is  most  admirably  edited  by  the  head  of  a  family 
beloved  and  honoured  in  those  breezy  western  isles,  who  has  produced  a 
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88  PRINCES   STREET,  EDINBURGH.      '  1 1 

over  the  rich  field  which  he  has  been  the  first  to  explore  and  cultivate." 
— Spectator,  November  2ith. 

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again. — Dailj/  News,  December  28th. 

Rev.  Thomas  Chalmers,  D.D.,  L.L.  D. 

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12  EDMONSTON   AND    DOUGLAS, 


PlETRO  COLLETA. 

The  History  of  Naples,  from  the  Accession  of 

Charles  of  Bourbon  to  tlie  death  of  Ferdinand  1  st.  Trans- 
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Second  Edition^  enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  10s.  6d. 

4. 

James  Dodds. 

The  Fifty   Years'   Struggle  of  the    Scottish 

Covenanters,  1638-88.      Third  Edition,  fcap.,  cloth,  5s. 

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88  PRINCES   STREET,  EDINBURGH.  1  3 


Rev.  A.  L.  R.  Foote,  author  of  "  Incidents  in  the  Life  of 

our  Saviour.'' 

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14  EDMONSTON   AND    DOL'GLAS, 


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88  PRINCES   STREKT,  EDINBUKGH.  15 


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10  EDMONSTON   AND   D0UGLA8, 


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88  PKINCES   STREET,  EDINBURGH.  l7 


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J  8  EDM0^'STUN    AND    DOUGLAS, 


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88  PRINCES   STREET,  EDINBURGH.  19 

George  Seton,  Advocate,  M.A.,  Oxon. 

Practical  Analysis  of  the  Acts  relating  to  the 

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Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science,'  on  the 
28th  of  September  1860.     8vo,  sewed,  Is. 


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Vol.  X.— Biographical  Memoirs  of  Adam  Smith,  LL.D.,  William  Robert- 
son, D.D.,  and  Thomas  Reid,  D.D.  To  which  is  prefixed  a  Memoir 
of  Dugald  Stewart,  with  Selections  from  his  Correspondence,  by  John 
Veitch,  M.A. 

Supplementary  Vol. — Translations  of  the  Passages  in  Foreign  Languages 
contained  in  the  Collected  Works ;  with  General  Index,  gratis. 


20  EDMONSTUN  AND  DuLCiLAS,  EDlNBUKGll. 

■■■...  I  ^ 

The  Riglit  Reverend  The  Lord  Bishop  of  Loridr^n. 

Lessons  for   School    Life ;    being    Selections 

from  Hermons  preached  in  the  Chapel   of  Ruf(by   School 
during  his  Head  Mastership.      Fcap.,  cloth,  .Os. 


History  of  Sir  Thomas  Thumb,  by  the  author 

of  '  The  Heir  of  Redcliffe,'   '  Heartsease,'   '  Little  Duke,' 
&c.  &c.     Illustrated  by  J.  B.      4to,  boards,  2s. 


Tragic     Dramas     from     Scottish     History. 

Heselrig — Wallace — James  the  First  of  Scotland.     Fcap. 
8vo,  3s.  6d. 


Memoh'  of  George  Wilson,  M.D.,  F.E.S.E., 

Regius  Professor  of  Technology  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  Director  of  the  Industrial  Museum  of  Scotland. 
By  his  Sister,  Jessie  Aitken  Wilson.     8vo,  cloth,  l-is. 

"  We  lay  down  the  book  gratefully  and  lovingly.  To  read  of  such  a 
life  is  refreshing,  and  strengthening,  and  inspiring.  It  is  long  since  we 
read  any  biography  with  equal  pleasure;  and  assured  of  its  general 
acceptance,  we  pass  it  on  to  our  readers  with  our  heartiest  commenda- 
tion."— The  Scottish  Press. 


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