The Canadian Nurse Volume 41

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THE >...I
VOLUME 41
NUMBER 1
JANUARY NAI AN
1 9 4 5
N I E

Y oun
Canada
of 1945

Photo by Jean Whiteford

OWNED AND
THE CANADIAN

PUBLISHED BY
NURSES ASSOCIATION

C I 8 A

MERCHANTS OF LIFE

MARCH ON

.

T 0

THE

NURSING

T IRELESS. fearless. living
and working under condi-
tions which are a far cry from
the
listening white wards of
the hospitals in which they
trained. nurses in uniform to-
day are serving on every fighting
front. The astounding record
which the medical departments
of the Navy. Army and Air
Force are making for recoveries
from wounds is due in no small
measure to the efficient nursing
service which the personnel of
our armed forces is receiving.

A profession which itself was
born of a wartime need. nursing
has risen to every demand which

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PROFESSION

has been made on it by civilian
or military disaster. Many thou-
sands of nurses are now in uni-
form. staffing Army hospitals
here and abroad. bringing to our
soldiers the competent. capable.
sensitive care which only a
woman can give.

Ciba salutes the nurse in uni-
form-and the members of this
, great profession here at liome.
many of whom have come from
retirement to staff the civilian
hospitals so that younger wo-
men could be spared to follow
our men in khaki and blue
whereve
the destinies of wa\'
shall lead.

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EAL. CANADA
TO-MORROW'S MEDICINE FROM TO.DAY'S RESEARCH

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BULLETINS SUM MAR I Z I N G
KILLIAN LA B ORA TO R IE 5
REPORT ON BABY FOODS

*Homogenized
To Single
In

r
Combinations Superior
Strained Vegetable
Baby Foods

Libby',. praf>ticc of canning conlbinations
of
e
etables and fruits is ('onsisteut
with hoth the food habits of mankind
during nlany generations and the rec-
ommendations of nutritionists of the
last and current decades.
The interesting analysis outlined in the

table below resulted from Killian Labo-
ratories' controlled experiments on two
/.!roups of anenlic rats - one fed Libby's
*I1onlo
enized Combination
o. 3 and
the other fed canned. strained spinach,
both in quantities supplying daily 0.30
mg. of iron.

A Y.ER \GE _\ "JE)IIC LEVELS \ VER.\GE AFT}:R 6 WEEKS OF
FEEDING
I
Groups of Henlo- Hemo-
Rats Bod,' globin R. B. C. Bodv globin R. B. C.
" eig-ht G.:\I. per )Iillions Weight G
I per
IiBions
C'l 100 CC per C.:\Bl C
I 100 CC per C
1.l\I
Blood Blood
Com hi na tion I

o. 3...... 95 4.2 2.55 170 12.5 6.11
Strained
Spinach.. . 96 4.4 2.84 147 10.4 5.72

It is evident from the data tabulated of 136 per cent in hemoglobin and 101
abo
e that the group of rats fed tbe per cent in red blood cells.
combination of ve'getables showed average
increases of 197 per cent in hemoglobin Pediatricians and physicians are invited
and of H3 per cent in rcd blood cells to write Libby, )lc:\"eill & Libby of
above the respective anemic le
el,;. Canada, Limited. Chatham, Ontario for
On the other haud, the group of rats a series of bulletins reviewing the various
recehing equh'alent anlounts of iroll as h.illian clinical experiments and In Vitro
strained &pillach gave a
erage increases tests on Baby Foods.
LIBBY, McNEILL and LIBBY of CANADA, LIMITED
Chatham, Ontario

7. A mea"e.. loup-con.ll"ng
of celery. pota
es. peel. car-
rota. \oma\oes. loya flour. and
barley. Can be fed \0 very
y:.uninba
.':
i green" vege\able
combination-Many doc\ors have
aSked for \hll. Peas. Iplnach
and green beans are blended

give a very dellrable vegetable
produc\.
And in addition, Two Single Vegetable Products Specially
Homogenized:
PEAS, SPINACH AND
LI8BY'S HOMOGENIZED EVAPORATED MILK

e. Soup--car-
rou. celery.

ma\oel.
chloken liver..
barley. onion..

10. Toma\oe.. caP-
ro\. and peas-

=
by
ve C:mb

:-
1.lon of excepUonal-
Iy good dietetic pro-
perties and flavour.

8 BALANCED BABY FOOD COMBINATIONS:

These combinations of Homogenized Vegetables, cereal, 'Oup and fruit.
make it easy for the Doctor to prescribe a variety of solid foods for infant.:

,. Peal.
beet..
asparagu..
2. Pumpkin.
tomatoes.
green bean..
S. P....
:
:':
h.

4. Whole milk.
whole wheet.
lOya bean
fiour.

*Ubby's are the Only Bab}' Foods that are Homogenized.

JANUARY. 194J

1

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Ottawa, Canada. as second class matter.
Editor and B,uineSi Manager:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.X"., 522 '\fedical Arts BId&", , Montreal 25, P.Q.

CO!,;TENTS FOR JA'LARY, 1945

"GOD BLESS US, EVERY Or\E"
THE
IE
TAL HEALTH OF THE NURSE
SOME A"PECTS OF THE FIELD OF {;ROLOGY

CONFERENCE ON TL'BERC17LOSIS NCRSI!'\G

F. .1l1mwe 15
S. R. Laycock 17
A. I. n-il/imk)' 21
B. Ebm 23
- G. S. rOUl.'l! 25
H. E. .\1 alloT." 29
- .11. I. Walker 33
Ir. RaynoT 3;-
39

TRAINING STORKS FOR ALBERT-\

GROWI!':G OLD GRACEFt:LL Y

THE ADMINISTRATION Al'D THE HEAD 1\ t:R
E
CHA!':GING EMPHASIS IN SUPERVISIOl': IN Pt:BLIC HEALTH
l"RS12'G

AN EPIDEMIC ON AN INDIAN RESERVE

HOSPITAL PESTS

\ . Zablolon)' and .11. B(cka .U

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND THE VILTll\JS OF THE" AR
GOING FRû:\1 THE ARMED SER\ïCES TO THE SCHOOL OF
t:RSl:\G
)JOTES FR0M NATIOXAL OFFICE
I
TERESTIl'G PEOPLE

E. j. Pamþm,a -i5

49

51

56

THE CU!\'IC\L USE OF PENICILI.I:\

58

THE BATTLE OF THE BATH

j. A. Skelton 60
64

BOOK REVIEWS

NEWS NOTES

69

'"\

Subscriplioll Rates: $2.00 per year - $5.00 for '\ years; Foreign &; U.S.A., $2.50; Smdent
Nurses. 51.50; Canadian Nursing Sisters Overseas and Canadian nurses serving with UNRRA.
$2.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cheques. money orders and postal notes should be m3de
pa
able to The Canadian Nurse. (When remitting by cheques add IS cents for exchange).
Change of Address: Four weeks' advance notice, and the old address, as well as the neWi, are
necessary for change of subscriber's address. Not responsible for Journals lost in the mails due
to new address not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Editorial
Conlent: N'ews items should reach the Journal office before the 8th of month preceding publica-
tion. All published mss. destroyed after 3 months, l.nless asked for. Official Directory: Published
complete in March. June. Sept. &; Dec. issues.
Address all communications to 522 Medical .-Irts Bldg., Monlreal 25. P. Q.

2

Vol. 41 :'\0. 1

.1

FATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

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1'1-

PHYSICIAN -JURIST - (1734-1792)

D R. MABANE studied medicine in Edinburgh,
the city of his birth. After practising brieAy,
he is believed to have acted as Surgeon's Mote
on one of the King's vessels. Following this
experience, he sailed to America to join Am-
herst's forces, landing in New York in 1758.
He was at Crown Point, N.Y., 19 days before
the invasion of Quebec.
A letter of introduction from lord Elibank to
his son, General Sir James Murray probably
resulted in Mabane's remaining to practise
medicine in Quebec after the conquest. When
Murray became Governor in 1764, he named
Mabane to his first Council and appointed him
a judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of
the Surrogate Court.
Mabane not only continued his medical work
but also served as a Councillor and on the
Bench under three Governors, Murray, Haldi-
mand and Carleton (Dorchester), the latter of
whom removed Mobane from the Council in
1767 only to reinstate him in 1774. Dr. Mabane
remained on the Bench throughout, however,
and his judgments were noted for clarity and
regard for the common weal - a fact which
won him many friends but also a few unscrupu-

lous enemies who made strong but unsuccessful
efforts to unseat him in 1783.
When American invasion under Benedict
Arnold threatened in 1775, Mabane was en-
trusted with many important missions and sup-
plied lists of parishes and old officers of militia
who would serve. He was Surgeon of the Garri.
son Hospital when Carleton arrived after fleeing
from Montreal.
Although Dr. Mabane maintained his connec-
tions with the General Hospital and the Garrison
Hospital while pursuing his career as a Jurist,
he gave up his private practice.
Dr. Mabane was unmarried. He died on
January 5th, 1792, from pneumonia due to a
cold contracted on the Plains of Abraham
where he lost his way in a blizzard. He had
a sister Isabel, who survived him.
The example set by pioneer men of character
like Dr. Mabane in helping to establish a sound
foundation for the practice of
medicine in Canada, inspires
this organization to maintain
with unceasing vigilance its
policv - Therapeutic Exact-
ness and Pharmaceutical
Excellence.

WILLIAM R. \W AII
II
IIEII
&COMPANY

LTD.

Manufacturing Pharmaceutists
727-733 KING STREET WEST TORONTO
'856 - 1944

Jo\!'.l.:-\RY.1945

THE SYMBOL OF
PHARMACEUTICAL
EXCEllENCE
OMNIS ORBIS

)
WARNER

($TABUSHED 1

3

Reader's Guide

Dr. Samuel R. Laycock has had fre-
quent contact with nursing groups
through refresher courses and is thor-
oughly familiar with the mental hygiene
n
ds of this group. One of the leading
psychologists in Canada, Dr. Laycock has
specialized in the study of why people
behave as they do. He is keenly inter-
ested in helping to iron out personality
difficulties and maladjustments. Through
his radio talks he exerts a wide influence,
counselling and advising parents in the
care and upbringing of their children.
Few of us relish receiving advice and
criticism but it is much more palatable
when it is so sound and reåsonable. In
his capacity as Director of the Division
on education and mental health of the
National Committee for Mental Hygiene
for Canada, Dr. Laycock has travelled to
all parts of the Dominion and is familiar
with nursing needs and problems. At
present, he is acting Dean of Educa-
tion at the University of Saskatchewan.

The School of Nursing, University of
Toronto sponsored a series of lectures
by prominent physicians early last year
dealing with developments in the field
of medicine that are being given emphasis
during wartime. We are fortunate in
having two of these to bring to our read-
ers. Both Dr. Abram I. Willinsky and
Dr. George S. Young are exceedingly
well qualified to discuss their respective
topics. Weare glad to have this oppor-
tunity of sharing their papers with the
nurses of Canada.

One of the problems confronting the
nurse doing district nursing in an area
remote from a doctor or a well-equipped
hospital is how she is to provide the
prospective mothers in her community
with adequate care during pregnancy and
at the confinement if her knowledge and
expE'rience is limited to the information

..

she received dm'ing her undergraduate
training. The April 1944 issue of the
Journal told of the solution which had
been provided by the University of
Alberta. Mrs. Barbara Eben describes
the course for us in some detail. Mrs.
Eben, herself a graduate of the Central
Midwives Board of Scotland, served as
instructor in obstetrics during this spe-
cial three-months course.

H. Evelyn l\fallory, B.S., R.X., who is
associate professor in the Department of
Nursing and Health, University of Bri-
tish Columbia, knows whereof she
speaks in regard to head nurses. For
several years she was superintendent of
nurses at the Children's Hospital, Win-
nipeg, and later was reg-istrar and school
of nursing adviser with the Registered
Nurses Association of British Columbia.

Mildred I. Walker, B.S., R.N.. has pre-
pared a short series of articles dealing
with the newer approach to supervision
in public health nursing. The change
from the authoritarian to the present-
day democratic form has strengthened
the supervisory programs. Miss Walker
is chief of the division of study for
graduate nurses, Institute of Public
Health, University of Western Ontario p
London.

Mrs. Wilma Raynor was doing district
work for the Department of Indian Af-
fairs for some time. Her knowledge of
the people and her skill in training the
Indian women to assist her with the
nursing care stood her in good stead
during the typhoid epidemic.

Clear-eyed and unafraid, health
' in
mind and body, young Canada of 1946
confronts a troubled world, unabashed
even when our photographer caugbt bim
in his bath!

V.I. 41 He. 1

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.Homicebrin' (Homogenized Yitamin

\. Ih. H 2 . C. anti
D. Lilly) is a homogt'nizt'd preparation containing \ita-
min
_\., .HI. B 2 , C, ami D. In the homogenizing process,
the water-soluble and fat-solublt' vitamins are properly
dispersed and e, t'nl)
u
pendeJ in a bast' ('ontaining
pt'ctin, glucose, ami lal"tose. Homogenization a:"sures
mi:"cibiIity, palatabilit), and stability. tHomicebrin' \\iII
not "eule out on standing, and i
readil
incorporated
\\ith milk formulas, fruit juice!', or \\ater. 'Homict'hrin'
i... ayailable in 60-('('. amI I
O-e('. hottles.

ELI LILLY AND COMPANY (CANADA) LIMITED. TORONTO, ONTARIO

JANUARY, 1945

,

LIPPINCOTT

SELECTED

PROFESSIONAL

BOOKS

- To SÙJlplify the IJlstructor's l'ask
- To 111 ake Students' Progress Faster

4 COORDINATED TEXTS

Unlike many so-called

coordinated" texts, these nursing
texts actually were planned and correlated by consultation
of the authors. Not only is useless duplication eliminated,
but sequence of subjects is integrated, supplementing one

another - thus, giving greater combined benefits.

ESSENTIALS OF MEDICINE

by Emerson & Taylor
Fourteenth Edition

Covers medical essentials from the
viewpoint and work of the nurse. Au-
thors are eminent in the fields of med-
icine and nursing. Dr. Charles Emer-
son, U.S. Army, was formerly Assist-
ant Resident Physician, Thorndike
Memorial Laboratory. Jane E. Taylor,
R.N., is Nursing Education Consult-
ant, U.S. Public Health Service.

rl

::;'ations _ $3.50

SURGICAL NURSING

by El;
son, Ferguson and Farrand
Sixth Edition

Surgical Nursing is authored by a nurse
instructor and two leading surgeons.
Of it the Journal of the American
Medical Association says: "Surgical
Kursing is everything a textbook on
this subject should be!"

f.
:

ations _ $3.50

PHARMACOLOGY FOR
NURSES
by Faddis and Hayman
New Second Edition
This text has been written from the
nurses point of view. re-emphasizing
the nurses' responsibilities in the fre-
quently-appearing sf'!'tion, "Special
Points for Nurses." The authors con-
centrate on those selected drugs which
a nurse handles most frequently. Pur-
pose of Study paragraphs at the begin-
ning of each chapter, clearly 8tating
the chapter's objectives, are invaluable
to the nursing instructor and student,

!I

t":

o:"ag
, $3.50

NUTRITION IN HEALTH
and DISEASE
by Cooper, Barber and Mitchell
New Ninth Edition
The 9th Edition, completely revised and
reset, is arranged on the unit plan to
conform to cu,'rent curriculum require-
ments. Comprehensive, the material
in this text is presented so that it i3
easily applicable to daily work.
7 9 1 9 6 ii.

::
tions _ $3.75

Order vour copies now by coupon on opposIte page.

.0

J, B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. MONTREAL, P. Q.

LIPPINCOTT

SELECTED

6

PROFESSIONAL

BOOKS

Yolo H, No. 1

LIPPINCOTT SELECTED PROFESSIONAL BOOKS

The Right Answers
for Nurses.'

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS
and ANSWERS FOR NURSES

New 1945 Edition
Foote

Thousands of teachers recommend this
J1elpful, up-to-the-minute edition for
students preparing for examinations.

Completely reviewed and revised by our
editorial board of 11 nursing specialists.
Over 1,000 pag'es cover a myriad of ques-
tions and answers on nursing and nurs-
ing science. Both essay and objective
questions are included.
Many letters received give unlimited
praise to the helpfulness of Foote's
STATE BOARD QUESTIONS AND AN-
S'VERS. Order
your copy today. $4.00

*

QUICK REFERENCE BOOK
FOR NURSES
Fifth Edition
by Helen Young, R.N.
Here you'll find detailed and authentic
facts on every nursing situation - at
your fingertips.
The new 5th Edition, completely revised
to include all new data, is indispensable
to all nurses - particularly to the
young graduate or the nurse returning
to active nursing.
Of special interest is the concise table
covering diagnosis and treatment of 23
diseases commonly encountered by the
Armed Forces.

PARTIAL CONTENTS: Abbreviations; Cal-
culations; Tables: Etc. Materia Medica; Nursing
Technics; Outline for Refresher Review; Dieto.
therapy; Medical-Surgical Nursing; $ 2 50
Obstetric Nursmg. .

,
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""""""'" "".,.-

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Medical Arts Building, Montreal, P. Q.

c. N. 145

Please send me: ....ESSENTIALS OF MEDICINE, $3.50; .....5URGICAL NUR3ING, $3.50;
......PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSES. $3.50; ......NUTRITION IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE, $3.75; ......STATE. BOARD QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, $4.00; .....QUICK
REFERENCE FOR NURSES, $2.50. 0 C.O.D. 0 Cash Enclosed.
,

Send to: N ame _.mmmmmmm.m....mmm._mnm...n...._m.m..n_n..................n................n_mm..m..mm._..m............mm...._mn...m...-..............--

Street Address ._.mn_m.mmn__n.m.__._n.m_.n_.__..__n.__..__.___________mn........m...n...................mmn_____.___.m.m.m..n.m..._...nmm..m..........m............._.._

City and Province .mm..mm._....._..._n._.m_____._.___.__________..m.......__.........._..m..._..........__________.__._n_mnmmmm..m___m...mm_.......mm.._.._..m.....__

LIPPINCOTT SELECTED PROFESSIONAL BOOKS

JANUARY, 1945

7

"'-"" ,'"

It'

The active ingrerlients of Calmi-
tol are camphorated chloral. men-
thol and hyoscyamine uleate in
an alcohol-chloroform-ether ve-
hicle. Calmitol Ointment contains
10 per cent Calmitol in a lanolin-
petrolatum base. Calmitol stops
itching by direct action upon
cutaneous receptor organs anò
nerve endings, preventing the
further transmission of offending
impulses. The ointment is non-
irritating. hence can be used on
any skin or mucoUs membrane
surface. The liquid should be ap-
plied only to unbroken skin areas.

- 1

mong the to{t
{es
that sta\\{ at n\gbt

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lIKE a nocturnal beast of prey, pruritus ani is par-
L ticularly prone to strike at night, Its unbearable
torment not only makes further sleep impossible, but
also unnerves the unfortunate victim so completely
that ability toward productive work on the following
day may become seriously impaired. The specific anti-
pruritic action of Calmitol makes such torture unnec-
essary. Applied directly to the anorectal mucosa before
retiring, Calmitol assures a comfortable, untroubled
night, permitting of refreshing sleep and rest. During
the daytime hours, continuous freedom from itching
is readily maintained by periodic application.

:7'k
flJtiIE& &0 :ðd

504 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal, Canada

C A l

!_!:?R

THE DEPENDABl

8

Vol. 41. 1'õo. 1

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SAFETY

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Facts .for the pattent
inquiring abOltt the

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OF INTERNAL MENSTRUAL PROTECTION

Tampax menstrual tampons are more
than merely adequate for catamenial
proteccion..,they possess a wide margin
of safety, particularly on prolonged use.
Careful and extended research by au-
thorities in different pares of the coun-
try-involving studies on bact::rial flora,
hydrogen ion concentration, vaginal
mucosal biopsies, glycogen determina-
tions and gross examinations in hun-
dreds of cases-has failed to reveal
any untoward results from the regular
use of this form of menstrual hygiene.
For instance, one investigator l re-
ports, "By exact research in 218 women
who wore tampons regularly during
their menstruation for one year and
over, no production of irritation 'or
discharge, vaginitis or cervicitis was
found."
Another 2 states that, in 110 subjects
using tampons throughout each period
for a minimum of one year to a maxi-

TAMPA X

múm of two years, "there was no evi-
dence of any irritation of the cervix or
vagina by the tampon."
A third clinician 3 (with a series of 21
subjects) writes that "no evidence was
ob$erved of any infection carried by
the tampons."
Finally, the general consensus would
seem to indicate that i'1travaginal men-
strual protection will not cause block-
ing of the flow or cramps-rather that
"tampons actually acted as a Vv ick to
draw away the blood from the c:::rvix."l
Thus, Tampax can be soundly rec-
ommended to patients of memr:-uating
age-on the basis that "the evidence is
conclusive that the tampon method of
menstrual hygiene is safe, comfortable
and not prejudicial to health.""

(1) West.]. Surg., Obst. & Gyn., 51 :150, 1943.
(2) Am. J. Obst. & Gyn., 46:259, 1943. (3)
Clin. Med. & Surg., 46:327, 1939. (4) Med
Rec., 155:316, 1942.

accepted for adtJet"tising by
the journal of the Amet"Ícan Medical Association

Canadian Tampax Corporation Ltd., NAM F
Brcmpton, Onto
Please send me a professional supDly
of the three obsorbenci.::s of Tompcx. CIIT

JANUARY, 15145

P5-2

ADDRESS

')

McGill UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR
GRADUATE NURSES

A two-year course leadil1
to the
de
ree of Bachelor of Nursin
is
offered to
raduate nurses.
The following one-year certificate
courses are o.fJered to graduate nurses:
TEA CHI N G AND SUPERVISION If";
SCHOOLS OF NURSIKG.
PUBLIC HEALTH NL'RSING.
ADMINISTRA Tlor-; IN S C H 0 0 L S OF
NURSING.
ADMINISTRATION Ar-.D SUPERVISION IN
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING.
As a war measure, two four-months
programmes are offered:
'YARD TEACHING AND SUPERVISION.
ADl\lINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
IN PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING.
For information aþply to:
School for Graduate Nu.....
McGill Univenity, Montreal.

THE VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.
Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.
ßegistered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:
AI iss Elizabeth Smellie
Chief Saperilltendeat
11' WeUlngtl\D Street,
Ottawa.

10

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Placement Service

Information regarding posi-
tions for Registered Nurses in
the Province of British Colum-
bia may be obtained by writing
to:

Elizabeth Braund, R.N., Director
Placement Servico
1001 Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
B.C.

ROYAL EDWARD LAURENTIAN
HOSPITAL
Ste. Agathe Division
Added Experience for Graduate Nur...
in the Control and Nursing of
Tuberculosis
For a limited period only, and
in order to meet the urgent demand
for nursing service, experience in
nursing tuberculosis is offered to
graduate nurses. Organized theo-
retical instruction, combined with
supervised clinical experience, will
be available. A salary of $80 per
month will be paid and full main-
tenance will be provided. Further
information may be obtained from:
Miss M. L. Buchanan
Superintendent of Nurses
Royal Edward Laurentian Ho.pltal
Ste. Agathe des Monts. P.Q.

Vol. 41, No.1

-.....

--,
..

"A MAN or

I'EW WORDS

AND "EWER

MINUTES-THAT'S

MY DOCTOR!"

-1,

.. H E B.\LKS Inon' than e\ er these Jays
at doing things the hard \\a)', the
"only \\ay, the long \\ay.
""That's one rea,;on he made a point
of looking into S.'1. -\. _\nd then put me
on it ðO entbu
iasticany.
.'He \\elcomed a sound for'mula that
f!"t'ed him from rt'peated ju
gling and
re-calculations "ith milk, car},ohnlratc_
\\ater. It was a hdp to find that he
could e
plain to mother or nurse in just
Í\\ 0 minutes hm, to mi"\. and feed S.:M.A.

.-But best of all, he feel" certain tbat
he is pre8cribing an infant food that
clo
t'''. resemh)e.;: hreai't milk in digesti-

hility and nutritional ('olUl'lt.t('nt'

!
."Is be happ
today ahout \\ hat
5.:\1._\. has done for me! I ('.In tell"
"hene\er he checks me o\er. L\nd is
'Jommy happ
, too! and am I!
"I can tell you-EYER) ßOD)'S
happ
if it"s an S.;\I.A. hahy!"'

8.M.A. is deri,.ed from tuberculin-te"ted co\\s'
milk, the fat of which is repla("ed O} animal amI.
vegetable fats, including biologically tested cod
liver oil, \\ith milk sugar and potas"ium chloride
added. altogether forming an anti-rachitir food_
When diluted according to direction::;. :-;.;\1..-\. is
essentially similar to human milk in percentages of
protein. fat, carbohydrate, ash, in chemical
constants of fat and physical properties. A product
of the ="utritlOnal Di, ision of John Wyetti and
Brother (Canada) Limited.

e
s HAPPY IF IT'S AN @ ,

!!

JANUARY, 1945

11

r

New Cream
Deodorant

Safely helps
Stop Perspiration

1. Does not irritate skin. Does not rot
dresses and men's shirrs.
2. Prevents under-arm odor. Helps stop
perspiration safely.
3. A pure, white, antiseptic, stainless
vanishing cream.
4. No waiting to dry. Can be used right
after shaving.
S. Arrid has been awarded the Approval
Seal of the American Institute of
Laundering for being harmless to
fabric. Use Arrid regularly.

';';"o-:;:'

IS 1H E
ARRI
T SELLING
LA

DORANT

1
Il '

ARRID
39

AT ALL STORES WHICH SELL TOILET GOODS
(Also 15
and 59
jars)

12

At home and away from home, Coca-
Cola stands for the þause that refreshes-
has become a symbol of gracious
hospitality.

.J.
_ __

.
.;
,

MARK REG
.the gl 5bal

)1 -" Ü high.

Ir
\, It's naturalfor popular names
. .
to acquire friendly abbrevia-
r \ J \ it.: tions. That's why you hear
. Coca-Cola called "Coke."

THE COCA-COLA COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED

IDENTIFICATION
is easy with CASH'S
W 0 V E N NAMES.
Most Hospitals, Institu-
tions, and Nurses use
them in preference to
all other methods. They are the
sanitary, permanent, economical
method of marking.
(Larger size. style D-54 nameB diB-
continued until further noHce).
CASH'S, 35 Grier St., Belleville,Ont.
CASH'S } 3doz -Sl
6 doz-.$2QQ NO'SO Ce
nt
NAMES 9doz-$2
12 doc-$322 25 Ç atube

-.':#-

opT REX

Eye Lotion

.
;... :'">>:..,.
: . ...
....., .
.:..I':Nv'..,J' ..-.:.,;0:-:

Scientifica1ly prepared and
medically approved.
Removes all feeling of strain,
tiredness. and keeps your eyes
clear, healthy and vigorous.
Optrex is also a powerful anti-
dote against styes and other
eye troubles.

.
,..,.,... .....::
."....

ROUGIER FRÈRES

'-:::-.-;_.

360 Le Moyne St., Montreal

Vol. 41, No.1

i! . if:;
{/"-
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it started a
I REVOLUTION I
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.,

-

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-

JA
UA
Y. 19...5

THE majorit} of the great revolutions of history
ha\ e aider! the grm\> th of light and knowledge
and re:-.ulted in henefits for humanity through-
out the \\ orld. Of such are the qualities attrib-
uted to "SI'LFASCXIDI,\E' succinylsulfathiazole-
the therapeutic use of
\'hich "has revolutionized
surgical procedures performed on the colon."l
\\ïdely accepted as a drug of choice for bac-
teriostasis in intestinal surger}, 'SULFASUXIDINE'
succin)lsulfathiazole, hecause of its high con-
centration in the intestinal tract, is an excep-
tionally effective enteric bacteriostatic agent:
Blood concentration of the drug is low, because
it is poorly ahsorhed from the bowel, and toxic
reactions are negligible.
One !"tudy of 50 patients who received 'SULFA-
!'CXIDI'<E' succinylsulfathiazole before and after
surgery of the intestinal tract indicated that "the
postoperative course is unusually smooth, that
!"erious complications due to infection follo\\ ing
fecal contamination are largely eliminated, and
that the period of hospitalization and convales-
cence is definitely shortened."2
The administration of 'SULFASU}<.IDINE' suc-
cinylsulfathiazole is particularly efficient in the
treatment of acute or chronic bacillary dysen-
ten,3 as \\ ell as its carriers. 4

The compound also has proved effecti\ e in
the treatment of other lesions and acute infec-
tion
of the colon such as ulcerative colitis. 5

'SI'LHSCXIDI'JE' succinylsulfathiazole is sup-
plied in 0.5 Gm. tablets in bottles of 100, 500,
and 1.000, as \\ ell as in powder form (for oral
administration) in l.J.-pound and I-pound bottle!".
Sharp &. Dohmc (Canada) Ltd.. Toronto 5, OnL

I. !'urg. Clinic8 of:'\. \meri,'a, Feh., 19,t-t. 2. J.o\.
I.A..
120:265.1912.3. J.Lah. & Clin.l\1etl.,28:162,1942. t. J.A.M.A.
119:615,1912. 5.
letl. Clinic.....f:'\. America, 27:189. Jan., 1943.

'SULFASUXIDINE'

fTuccú/
uljht/tiaJ'Je

1)

(;fl

/"'.

__ í) Gf

í

.'. ì

-
; )

==-.-:: ::v..:> _ _ _ _

- ,-.
-
--

A b b(}tts

HALIVE R MALT

with Viosterol

14

.JOHN

D I L LO N

WALKER,

eat

fhat

eerea/ !

That children's strong likes and dislikcs for I11cln

foods are a frequent cause of unbalanced diet
. and
that unbalanced diets may ]ead to vitamin deficienn-.
are, of course. ob,-iou
. Óbvious. too. in the ca,.('
)f
such finick y-frequen tl y .- spoiled"-youngster:,. an-
the advantages of , itamin supplements "hid.
provide the desired potenc
in ,-ery !Omall hulk.
.\bhott's Haliver -'!alt with Yiosterol docs just t"i

. . . It contains in a plca!Oant-'fa
ting H'hieJ,' JlaJiHI"
Oil. Yiosterol, Calcium. Pho
phoru
. Li",'r CO/1n'l1-
trate and v_ure Barley \Iaft Extrad.
p,'cify tMolt's
Uali, cr 'Ialt with Viosterol" hc!) rl'l'ommt'wling a
,itamill supplement for finicky children. . . and fOl"
uther dIildren and adult
as well. Theyll all apl'rI'-
ciate it. Supplied in 8 oz. and 32 oz. hottl,',..
aJ1lpl(....
and litl'rature "ill he :-'l'nt on rC'lIll':-'t. \BROT1
L-\.ßoH \TORn:
. LTD..
O Bat,.s Hd.. 'tontrl'al.

Vol. 41, No.1

CJh(
CANADIAN

NURSE

.:\
1 0
T IT L Y J 0 URN .-\ L FOR THE N U R S E S 0 F CAN A D A
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

YOLG\IE FORTY-ONE

JA
UARY 1945

NUUBER ONE

"God Bless Us, Every One"

For the year now beginnjn
I can
send to Canadian nurses at home and
abroad no better than the old Christmas
wish of Tiny Tim "God Bless us,
Everr- One." \Ve begin nineteen hun-
dred and forty-five enjoying on the one
hand great opportunities and facing on
the other many problems. E,-erywherc
nurses are doing necessary work which
no one else can do so well. GO\-ernment
funds are available to prepare them for
special work. New fields of work are
opening up. There is more to he done
than there are people to do it. t--.onethe-
les:; we have been able to suppl} the
necessary nurses for our fighting men
and we find them far afield, caring for
the wounded in Africa, Sicil)", Italy,
France, Belgium, Holland. Others of
our mem bers accepted for service with
U!\RR_-\. are going to Albania, Poland,
Greece, Yugoslavia - countries to
which they probably would never have
travelled had they not been nurses. All
of this serves to enhance the worth of
our professional t
aining. It is becaus

these women are nurses that this for-
eign service has come their way. Let us
not forget it.
\V ork abroad, however, is no easy
thing. Many sacrifices are called for
and there are dangers and discomforts
which must be faced with continuous
courage and determination. The privi-
lege of foreign service also imposes obli-
gations. Overseas nurses have the res-
ponsibility of representing Canadian nur-
ses to the people of other countries. Our
reputation for good or ill will be estab-
lished abroad by the impression each of
them makes on the group with whom
and for whom she works. 1\urses for
UKRRA are selected not only on a
hasis of mental ability, education and
nursing accomplishment. Emphasis is
also placed on flexibility, loyalty, free-
dom from pre judice and on physical and
emotional stamina. \Vith such selection
the countries to which our nurses go
should think well of Canadian nurses.
The shortage of nurses at home is
still acute, yet hospitals and health ser-

JANUARY, 1945

u

16

THE C A. 1\ A D I _-\::\"
U R S E

vjces continue to expand. A study of
health insurance plans reveals that much
of what is promised to the public is de-
pendent for fulfilment on a very large
supply of nurses. Careful planning and
sound thinking will be necessary if the
supply is to catch up to and keep pace
with the demand. A quip in a recent
Reader's Digest might well apply to
nursing - "Just when we think we are
going to make ends meet some one shifts
the ends." Except during times of de-
pressions the shortage of nurses has al-
ways been with us and our present pol-
icy regarding preparation does not ap-
pear to be increasing the supply suffi-
ciently. In fact it could not - controlled
as it is by the size of nurses' residences
and with extensions for these the last in
hospital building programs instead of the
first. Good nurses for all branches of
nursing are needed in much larger
numbers. This is speciallv true of bed-
side nursing which as far as the public
is concerned is of utmost importance.
'Vhat the public wants and needs must
be a factor in our planning.
As a group our thinking changes slow-
ly. Like other women we have a stake
in the future. Yet we have been slow
to change our ways and we have kept
aloof from other groups. Some measure
of care may be needed if we do not
wish to be absorhed by them hut a closer
association would be of mutual benefit.
It is, however, of greater importance
for nurses to no longer hold aloof from
their professional organizations. There
is danger in isolation. There is danger
too in being attracted by fine sounding
promises. They are- easilv and freely

made and so often result only in dis-
appointment.
Sisters are beginning to return from
overseas. As more come back they will
hring with them new ideas which we
may well study. 'Ve may expect them
to have an impatience with our unsolved
problems but we hope too they will of-
fer practical suggestions for solving
them. \Ve are glad that government
assistance will be available for the re-
turned Sisters if they wish special pre-
paration. It was not so following the
last war when Sisters depended on them-
selves for their rehabilitation. Already
the Canadian :r\ urses Associa tion,
through our post-war planning commit-
tee, has undertaken to find out wherein
their interest will lie when the," re-
turn, what type of preparation they
wish and ,vhere. As soon as this informa-
tion is complete plans will be underway
to take care of the requests.
For the future may we continue to
have faith in the work we are doing
and faith in those with whom v,e work.
May we see a much larger numher of
good nurses willing to remain with bed-
side nursing, looking on it as their spe-

ia!ty and improving their ability to
handle skilfully sick bodies and anxious
minds. And may our philosophy be that
there is no one superior branch of nurs-
ing - no one field more important than
others - no one 'best' school of n '.lfsing
and no one province more endov,ed
than others. Let the purpose of nurs-
ing be uppermost in our minds,
FANNY MUNROE
Prf'Sidrnt
C l7nfldian Nurses A JSOcifltion.

"'hat causes thrombosis? Why has
blood b('en classified into different
groups? "'hy is' a transfusion of major
significance? Dr. J. J. Chesnie has an-

Preview

swered th('se and many similar queHions
in his description of "Coagulation and
Thrombosis" which will appear in Feb-
ruary.

\"01. 41,
ø. 1

The Mental Health of the Nurse

S. R. LAYCOCK, Ph.D.

In the past the choosing of student
nurses for nurses' training schools has
often been on too narrow a basis. To a
large degree a fairly high standard of
physical health, a Grade XI or Grade
XII diploma, and a certificate of char-
acter from a clergyman or school prin-
cipal have been the main entrance re-
quirements to schools of nursing. It is
true that a nurse's work does require
a good physique and a capacity to learn
the subjects set down in the syllabus
of the training course. l\1ental hygien-
ists, however, are convinced that, given
a reasonably good physique, intelligence
and academic training, the most impor-
tant characteristic of a nurse is her per-
sonal-stimulus effect on her patients
and her capacity to minister to their
personality needs as well as their phr-
sical needs. There would seem, at pres-
ent, only one sure way of determining
this-to observe the nurse in bedside
nursing situations and the actual effect
which she hac;; on her patients.
The public (and many nurses) ha,'e
a very inadequate idea of the impor-
tance of bedside nursin
.
1a1l\' folk
think of it as a high-grad
maid'sJ job-
that of bathing patients, making beds.
carrying tra
s, taking temperatures and
giving medicine at the prescribed time.
It cannot be too strongly emphasized
that this is not the case. The above
things are important in their place. They
are, howe,'er, merelr a part of the pro-
cns of making s 'ck persons well. The
patient is not like an automobile whose
cylinder valves need re-grinding or
whose spark plug needs adjusting. The
patient is not a machine but a person,
who has not merely a septic throat or
a gangrenous appendix or a disordered
li,'er. The patient is a complex living
organism with hopes and fears, with
emotional needs for affection and se-

JANUARY, 1945

curity, achievement, recogmtlon and
a sense of worth. The handling of these
emotional needs and problems is often
vitally important in the nurse's job--
that of mak'ng sick persons well. To do
her job she needs more than a knowledge
of anatomy. She has to understand the
nature of human personality and its
needs. She has to know how restora-
tion to physical health is intimately tied
up with the patient's emotional health.
She has to take the major responsibility
for the emotional health of the patient.

-\fter all, the physician sees the patient
only once a day and for a few minutes.
I\1inistering to sick persons and their
psrchological needs as well as their phy-
sical needs is the job of the nurc;;e -
often for hours at a time.

How XURSES AFFECT PATIENTS
In the field of education studies hm'e
been made of the effect of the teacher's
personality on the beha, iour of pupils.
It has been found that a tense teache

has tense pupils; a "dithery" and fussy
teacher has "dithery" and fussy pu-
pils.
-\ relaxed and unhurried manner
in a teacher reflects itself in the ease
and calmnf'ss with which pupils go about
their work. The personal-stimulus ,'al-
ue of the teacher is, therefore, of vital
concern to all those interested in the
education of children. In the field of
nursing the same principles apply -
often with greater urgency - for per-
sons who are ill are apt to be ,'ery sen-
sitive to the words and attitudes of
those around them. They can easily
become fearful and anxious. They are
in the hospital, away from their loved
ones, and from familiar surroundings
and from their daily routine. All of
these things made life secure for them.

ow, in a strange ,ituation, in un-
familiar surroundings, separated from

17

18

THE CA!\ADIAN NURSE

their families and jobs, and suffering
physical pain they feel am..ious and
4lfraid. Such insecuriy, anxiety and fear
have physiological effects. They draw
on the patient's physical reserves, They
hinder his recovery. It is the task of
the bedside nurse to nurse the patient
out of fear and anxiety and insecurity.
To do this she must supply to her pa-
tient security, confidence, relaxation and
a will-to-live. How effectively she does
this will depend on her own inner re-
sources - on her own soundness or
unsoundness of mental health. The
mental health of the nurse is often an
important factor in the recovery of the
patient.

'VHAT 1\1AKEs NeRsEs l\;1ENTALLY
HEAL THY

l\1ental health is not a mysterious sort
of thing. It depends on the degree to
which the individuals concerned have
sound patterns of adjustment. !\urses
are human beings. Like other human<;
they have certain basic personality needs
wh-ich cannot be denied without result-
ant disaster. The chief of these are the
needs for emotional securitr, independ-
ence, achievement, recognition and a
sense of personal worth. Heading off
mental ill-health in nurses is largely a
matter of helping them to find reason-
able fulfilment of these needs.

EMOTION AL SECURITY
Next to such basic needs as that for
food, every nurse needs to he lowd by
at least one other human being and to
feel that she is a desired and desirable
member of a group - famil} group,
friendship group, professional group or
community group. ....-\11 adults ha,"e to
find reasonable satisfaction .for this need
for emotional security. Such satisfaction
can be found in most complete fashion
only in a happy marriage and in happ

familv life. Emotional securit
. is not
U5ualk the major problem of student
nurse
unless they corne from hOlnes
where quarrelI:ng on the part of the

parents, or inconsistent discipline, or
favoritism, or unfair treatment has
made them insecure. In that case, the
candidate for the school of nursing who
exhibits feelings of inadequacy and in-
security should not be admitted unless
there is provided a trained personnel
worker or counsellor whose duty it is to
give help to such individuals. Most stu-
dent nurses, however, if they have a
reasonable famil} background, find ade-
quate security with their fellow students
at the school of nursing. It is when the
nurse graduates and does private nurs-
ing or becomes a supervisor or instruc-
tor that she needs help. Her duties may
be exacting or her hours irregular. She
may be somewhat isolated from friends
a.nd fellow-workers. Verr often she
does not get married. In that case she
is in danger of developing "old-maid"
characteristics. Old-maidishness is not
confined t(j the unmarried or to the
female sex. It is a name for a set of
compensations for feelings of frustration
in the realm of emotional security.
These compensations are prudishness,
fastidiousness, oversensitiveness, fussi-
ness, bossiness, being too-too efficient,
cattiness and trouble-making. If the
graduate nurse is not going to get
married, she has to look squarely in the
eye the problem of meeting her need
for emotional security. Since this need
can be fulfilled focally only in family
life, the unmarried nurse must realize
that she must find it in a little more dif-
fused fashion. She should not rely mere-
ly on her mother or sister or another
unmarried nurse. She should have a
circle of close friends who are fond of
her and on whom she can depend, She
should have friends among married cou-
ples of her own age. If she accepts the
situation in which she finds herself and
doesn't feel sensitive about her un-
married state she will be' accepted by
both partners in the homes of her
friends.

Graduation is often too sudden a
break for nurses. Having depended en-

Vol. 41, No.1

:\1 E
'r A. L H E A L THO F THE
U R S E 19

tireh" on classmates for her emotional
security and being too often more or
less shut off from normal contacts and
friendships in the community the grad-
uate nurse is often at a loss. She is
backward in making friends. At least
that criticism has been made, rií!hth-
or wrongly, of nurses as compared ....with
other professional women. Schools of
nursing ought to make poss;ble more
opportunities for student nursf'S to enter-
tain their friends from outside, to act
the part of a hostess, and to some de-
gree to participate in social functions on
the same basis as those outside the
school do. Certainly the private dutr
nurse, the supervisor, the instructor and
the administrator must make sure that
their needs for emotional securit) are
met by sound friendships and by reason-
able participation in the social life of
the community.

INDEPENDENCE
E very human being has a need rea-
sonably to order his own life and to
make his own decisions. This is true
both of graduate and student nurses.
The mental hygienist wonders about
the traces of the old-fashioned kind of
discipline that still persist in some schools
of nursing. Good discipline is essential
everywhere in life - on the street,
in the theatre, in the church, on the
bus - eyerywhere. But what is good
discipline? It is merely good ways of
living and working together. Further-
more discipline is a problem of social
growth. It is the gradual shifting of
external authority to internal authorit
.
It is good discipline when there is
n
increasing amount of self-control and
self-direction. The repressive discipline
of the old school stifled initiative and
resourcefulness - both of wh:ch quali-
ties the nurse must have as soon as she
graduates, at least, if not during her
entire course. It is the business of the
school of nursing to develop self-control,
self-direction, initiative and resourceful-
ness. Otherwise the nurse will have dif-

JANUARY, 1945

ficulty in handling herself when she is
put on her own. In addition many stu-
dent nurses resent the stern discipline
of the school of nursing and develop an
attitude of resentment towards author-
ity in general.

ACHIEVEMENT IMPORTANT

....-\11 human beings have basic needs
for achievement and success. They need
to accomplish tasks, to make things and
to be creative or at least successful in
their undertakings. To keep mentally
healthy, nurses must find abundant sa-
tisfaction in the accOlnpl1shments of
work and play. ....-\ sense of achievement
through one's work is primary. Dorothy
Canfield Fisher} in a recent book talks
about "the vitamin of work". Burn-
ham
says the essentials without which
a person cannot be mentally healthy
are "a task, a plan and freedom." One
of 'Vallin's3 criteria for mental health
is that every individual must have a rea-
sonable enthusiasm for the day's work
and the accomplishment of worthwhile
life purposes. Certainly it is vital for
nurses that they taste the joys of suc-
cess in the job they are doing. This
means that they must continue to study
and to grow in the skills and knowledge
which will make them highly successful
nurse,. Refresher courses and graduate
work should be made more accessible to
them if indeed such courses should not
be required for continued professional
standing.
[n addition to finding achievement
through growth in the knowledge and
skill of nursing, the nurse must seek to
find emotional outlets and self-expres-
sion through hobbies and leisure time
activities - art, music, literature, and
in her choice of the thousand and one
forms of community service through
which she can share the activities of
her fellow citizens. This being a part
of the community and carrying one's
share of community burdens is highly
important 'for mental health and should
not be overlooked. Often the nurse is

20

THE CANADIAN NURSE

too isolated from community enterprises.
RECOGNITION AND PERSONAL \V ORTH
Nurses, like other folk, need recogni-
tion and a sense of personal worth.
They need to feel that their work, their
conduct, and their personality merit both
the reasonable approval of their peers
and others and also come up to their
own inner standards. Self-esteem is vi-
tal to mental health. The last phrase
of "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as
thyself" is important. The nurse who
feels "tottery" inside, inadequate and
insecure is too preoccupied with her own
problems to do much for her patients.
r\eurotic nurses may be high-gradle
maids but they cannot nurse persons
with personality needs. In schools of
nursing the old-fashioned type of dis-
cipline sometimes tried to make the
student nurse feel she was unimportant
and insignificant. This is unsound. Giv-
ing nurses - student and graduate -
real recognition for their achievements,
a sense of the high importance of the
nurse's job, and a genuine sense of per-
sonal worth are vital to their success.
Indeed on the staff of instructors in the
training schòol should be a personnel
counsellor who would help student nur-
ses to understand their own problems of
adjustment and to rid themselves of
crippling feelings of inadequacy. A course
in the psychology of adjustment, rather
than in academic psychology, would
help student nurses to understand both
their own needs and those of their pa-
tien t5. F or
rad ua tes there should be a

definite policy of in-service education
for nurses. Bulletins sent out by the
professional bodies should help nurses to
face their own needs for finding secur-
ity, independence, achievement, recog-
nition and a sense of worth and stimulate
them to seek ways of satisfying these
needs in a wholesome fashion. Perhaps,
too, the professional associations could
furnish some kind of a counselling and
guidance service for graduate nurses
which would enable them better to find
the goal of mental hygiene - "a
condition where each individual gives
his best to the world and knows the
deep satisfaction of a life richly and
fully lived."
Certain it is that only as the nurse-
student or graduate - finds rich satis-
faction for her own needs will she be
able to do that most difficult of tasks-
so to minister to the emotional health
of the patient that sick persons rather
than merely sick bodies will become well.
Indeed, unless the nurse ministers to the
emotional health of her patient and
shows skill in seeing that his personality
needs are fulfilled she will be relatively
ineffective in nursing his sick body back
to health.

REFERENCES

IFisher, D.C., Our Young Folks, New York,
1943. Harcourt, Brace and Co.
.,Burnham, \V. H.. The \Vholesome Person-
- ality, N ew York. D. Appleton Century Co.
s \Vallin, J. E. \V., Personality Maladjust-
ments and Mental Hvgiene, New York.
1IcGraw-Hill Book Co.

Adequa.te staff educatIon programs are
being recognized more and more as of
primary importance in the development

f the whole staff in the hospital. Mrs.

Preview

Edith Pringle analyzed the problem of
the "Organization of the Hospital Nurs-
ing Staff". Her challenging queries
should stimulate cons
derable thought.

Vol. 41. No.1

Some Aspects of the Field of Urology

..-\BRAM 1. \VILLINSKY, B.A., l\1.B., F...-\.C.S., F.R.C.S.

_ Uthough urology is generally re-
garded as the youngest of the medical
specialties, it is in reality the oldest.
Historical studies have shown that the
first surgical operations ever performed
on man were done chiefly on the uro-
genital tract. Even in the days of Hip-
pocrates the operation of cutting for
stone was so well established that its
performance was relegated to a spe-
cial class of practitioners. However, it
has onlr been in the past thirty years
that urology has been separated from
general surgery and special departments
devoted to that branch of medicine
created in the larger teaching hospi-
tals.
There is no doubt that the tL'ach-
in
of the nursing procedures peculiar
to urolozv has not been stressed in the
past by
any hospitals. This may have
been due to the fact that during the
de\"elopment of urology, or G.V., as
it is colloquially called, it has acquired
an unsavory reputation in the nursing
schools, The intimate relationship of
urolo
y to the sordid aspects of the
venereal disease' problem has contri-
buted to this misunderstanding. Fur-
thermore, the prudish prejudices asso-
ciated with the attendance of female
nurses on patients suffering with af-
fections of the external male genitalia
has caused urology to be set somewhat
apart from other branches of medicine
and surgery. I\loreover, the offensive
odour5 in the older, ill-ventilated uro-
logical wards and the primitive methods
of hospital care of the incontinent urin-
Olls-smelling patient has led many nur-
ses to shun the work as much as pos-
sible. In fact, in my student days, the
care of urological cases was altogether
in the hands of so-called male nurses
or trained orderlies - who were, after
all i:, s
id, graduates of the olde,t of

JANUARY. 1945

Universities - the School of BItter
Experience.
Even though a great part of theac-
tual care of urological cases in many
hospitals is st411 in the hands of male
nurses and trained orderlies, the nurse-
in-charge is responsible for the care of
the patients including supervision and
instruction of orderlies. She cannot do
this unless she is thoroughly familiar
with all the intimate details of the uro-
logical work which they are expected
to perform.
It was not until 1929 that a special
text book devoted exclusively to uro-
logical nursing appeared. Since th
t
time, three other works on this sub-
ject have been published proving that
urological nursing is steadily advancing
to its proper place in the nursing cur-
riculum.
It is essential that a nurse doing
urological work should have a fairly
clear conception of the rudiments of
the anatomy and physiology of the
genito-urinaq system in both the male
and female. This will help to increase
an understanding of the nursing prob-
lems which occur in the urological pa-
tient.
One of the great advances m the
management of the urological patient
has resulted from an increase of our
knowledge of the physiology of water
balance. It is a well-known fact that
water is more essential for the well-
being of the human organism than any
other substance. It has been shown that
a complete balance between available
and excretory water results in maintain-
ing the water content of the body at a
fairly constant level. It is, therefore,
essential that one shoud know something
of the elementary principles underlyinz
the mechani"m of water exchange in
healthy individuals before considering

21

22

'THE CA1\A.DIA.N l\URSE

the fluid requirement of the sick in-
dividual.
Let us first consider the physiological
processes of water excretion in the hu-
man. For practical purposes, only two
main routes need be considered - the
kidneys on the one hand and the skin
and lungs on the other. The quantity
of water lost in the stools is relatively
insignificant and only in pathological
bowel states does it play any part in
the excretory side of water meta holism.
Let us noW examine the important
role of the lungs and skin in the ques-
tion of water loss. The method of wa-
ter disposal br the lungs and skin is
b
the process of \'aporization. '[his va-
porization plays a very important part
in heat regulation and the control of
body temperature. Vaporization is a
stead v process because at every expira-
tion there is a definite loss of fluid in
the eÀpired air _and there is continuous
evaporation from the skin for there is
alwa) s moisture present on the surface
of the body. The estimated amount of
water lo:-t hy the skin and lungs by
vaporization in the norma] indi\-idual,
under normal conditions, is ahout 150n
cc. However, under abnormal condi-
tions, such as h) perpyreÀia or high en-
vironmental temperatures, this loss ma
'
go as hi
h as 20()(I cc.
One of the remarkable ph) siolngical
facts is that this vaporization loss is not
dependant upon the amount of the in-
dividual's water intake since the tem-
perature regulating mechanism of- the
body demands at all times a constant
amount of fluid regardles" of the avail-
ahle supply. \ "rhen an individual 1S de-
prived of all fluids for a considerable
period the loss of water by continuous
vaporization still goes on leading to de-
hydration of the body. The kidneys
recognize, so to speak, the priority of
the process of vaporization and cease
excreting urine. In other words, the
process
f vaporization is a preferential
process and must go on whether there is
availahle fluid or not.

This brings us to a discussion of
excretion of fluids b" the kidneys. In
the normal individuai, the kidnn
ex-
crete dailr about 35 gms. of waste ma-
terial, dissolved in from 500 to 1500
cc. of fluid. This variability depends
upon the normal concentrating capa-
city of the kidneys and the available wa-
ter in the body. It certainly requires less
work on the part of the kidneys to ex-
crete 35 gms. of material dissolved in
1500 cc. than it does dissolved in 500
cc. of fluid. In other words, 1500 cc.
is the optimal figure for urinary ex-
cretion.

'fhe normal individual under average
conditions should have available from
fluids and food at least 3000 cc. of wa-
ter so as to have 1500 cc. for his va-
porization requirements and 15 UO cc.
for the solution of urinary waste ma-
teriaL These figures are only applicable,
of course, to the healthy, not the sick.
Patients who have accumulated waste
products need correspondingly larger
amounts of fluid for urinary excretion.
This is particularly true of patients in
whom the concentrating ability of the
kidne) s has been impaired hy disease.
The patient with impairmt-nt of renal
function need, not onh- a minimum
output of 1500 cc. for his dail)- excre-
tion of \\'aste but must of necessit
.
have an output considerablr in excess
of this amount if he is expected to lowel
an elevated level of blood nitrogen. It
is, therefore, apparent that the urulogi-
cal patient who has an elevated hlood
nitrogen must continue to put out urine
c()n
iderahh' in e-\.cess of 1500 cc. in
order to lower the blood Jlltrogen
le\'el.
In no department of medicine or
!'urgery is it more essential for the
nursing staff to measure the intake and
output of fluids than in urology. It
must be incorporated in the patient's
record so that the water balance can
he properl
' calculated, 1'ot only must
food and fluids taken hy the patient be
recorded hut also the amount of \ 0-

VoL 41- No.1

ASP E C T S 0 F THE FIE L D 0 FUR 0 LOG Y 23

mited materials and other abnormal
losses, and also a relative estimate made
of the degree of sweating. In consider-
ing available water for the urological
patient one must remember that the
1000 to 1500 cc. which are a \'ailable
from the food of a normal diet ma},
because of diet restrictions or other rea-
sons, be entirely lacking. In some cases
as much as 6000 cc. of parenterally ad-
ministered fluid may be necessary to
produce 1500 cc. of urine daily. From
these statements one can appreciate
that in no field of surgery is a study
of water balance more essential than
in urology.
In the past decade there haye been
several important advances in urologi-
cal sur
erv. Probably the most striking
has been in the surgery of prostatic ob-
struction. The substitution of the closed
method for the open type of prostatec-
tom
' has indeed solved many nursing
problems. Electro-resection of the pros-
tate gland, as practised to-day, has low-
ered not onlr the mortality rate but has
.also simplified the nursing care. A\no-

ther advance is the standardization of
spinal anesthesia for urological proce-
dures. 1,11 most clinics to-day it is recog-
nized as the anesthesia of choice.
\\Tith the great increase in the arma-
mentarium of the urologist, urologic
procedures have become more compli-
cated; so much so, that it is impossible
in this article to go into many details.
Before closing, I would like to par my
tribute to the various manufacturers of
urological equipment whose accomplish-
ment in the development of newer in-
struments of precision has been indeed
remarkable. Improved methods of
manufacturing have enabled them to
produce catheters of superlative char-
acteristics. The sterilization of the wo-
ven ureteral catheter is no longer a
problem. The boiling or autoclavGt g of
the American-m_ade woven catheter
does not cause them to deteriorate, they
do not become flabby or stick} and
they will retain their original degree
of rigidity upon cooling - a statement
which n
ver could be said of the pre-
war continental-made catheter.

Training Storks for Alberta

B.-\RBARA EBEN

Our course in advanced practical ob-
stetrics was the answer to a yery defin-
ite need within our own province. This
need has been felt more acutely in the
past few ye
rs as tht' district nursing staff
has been greatly enlarged, and it has not
been possible for our nurses to go to the
British Isles and other places for courses
in midwifery. The actual planning of the
course was done by
V1iss Helen \Ic-
Arthur, .-\cting Director of the School
of
ursing of the Uni\'ersitr of .-\lnerta,
Dr. T. R. Vant, Professor of Onstetrics,
and -myself as Instructor in Ónstetrics.
:\Iiss :\1c.-\rthur and I noth ha\'e had
e"Xperience as district nurses. Dr. \' ant,
like most of our medical men, is familiar

JANUARY, 194'

with the district nurses and their work.
\\T e are not setting out to train mid-
wives, but rather to give our district
nurses a training that will equip them to
h:mdle maternity work in the remote
parts of the prm'ince wherever they may
serve. The preparation for this work in-
cludes consideranlr more instruction
than is usually given to nurses in this
countrr. In addition to antepartum
and postpartum care designed to mini-
mize loss of health occasioned by child-
bearing, these nurses must also learn to
recognize and treat minor disorders, to
determine which cases require hospital
deli\'err and to get them out to a hos-

Ùal hcfnre the onset of lanD!'r; this may

24

THE CANADIAJ\ l\URSE

mean taking them a very great distance.
Then they must learn to deliver the
normal cases in the home, and, since
there may. be complications in deliverv
which cannot be foreseen, they must
learn how to handle these.
\Ve limited our first class to six in
order to be able to give the detailed
personal instruction that such a course
requires. Actually we had only four
students. The course was open to dis-
trict nurses, or to nurses who would be
acceptable as such. This year, realiz-
ing that nurses in charge of small hos-
pitals are being obliged on occ.asion to
deliver cases in the absence of the doc-
tor, we are opening our enrolment to
any nurse who can demonstrate her need
of' such a course. As all of our students
have had at least
hree months mater-
n:ty work in the course of their general
training, and as most of them have had
considerable experience in maternity
work sincè, we felt that they should be
able to cover the ground adequately
in three months. I had felt very defini-
tely, following my six months course
with the Central Midwives Board in
Edinburgh that, excellent as it was, I
could l1ave derived equal benefit from
a three-months course from which th

bedmaking, bedpans, and other tasks
not part of a new learning experience
had been eliminated. This was the im-
pression of other nurses who had taken
similar courses after training and e).-
perience in maternity nursing.
The first two months were spent in
instruction in classroom and hospitals.
Dr. Vant gave three hours lectures each
week. The students taking their final
year in public health nurs
ng received
these lectures too. They were quite the
best lectures on obstetrics that I have
heard given to nurses; always practical
and to the point and never above the
heads of the students. In addit:on to wh::t
l1iight be called "straight obstetrics", he
dealt with such subjects as abortions, dis-
placements of the uterus, vaginal dis-
charges, the menopa,,"'e and other gyn-

aecological conditions. And always he
taught from the angle of the preven-
tion of disabilities caused by child
bear-
ing. Dr. Margaret Hutton, assistant to
Dr. Vant, gave mannikin practice to the
four students. This covered practice in
all the mechanisms of labour, demon-
strated by each student with a foetus
and the mannikin mother. They diag-
nosed the position of the foetus, pUt it
through its various movements, and then
delivered it. Pe!vimetry they learnt on
actual antepartum patients, and had
some good classes on repair of episiotomy
and lacerations, and on "Chloroform
anaesthesia. (As the district nurses have
to work at night with open coal oil or
gasoline lamps, ether is out of the ques-
tion, and the anaesthetic used is a few
inhalations of chloroform in the sec-
ond stage). Dr. D. B. Leitch, Profes-
sor of Paediatrics, gave three lectures
on care of the newborn and premature
infant, and the treatment of various dis-
orders.
Since there were very few maternity
patients in our out-door clinic, the ob-
stetricians were kind enough to allow
our students to attend their office ex-
aminations. Each student spent every
afternoon for two week:; in a doctor's
office, and all were most enthusiastic
about the value of this experience.
:\ly classroom teaching was a matter
of covering the whole field, partly in
review, filling in various gaps, drilling
the students on such points as measure-
ments of the pelvis, measurements of
the foetal skuH, and the nursing aspects
of maternity care. i\eedless to say, with
onh' four students each class was an
open forum.
Three days a week the students
spen t in the two teaching hospitals ob-
serving. This did not mean that they
stood about idle. Thé y wore hospital
uniforms and went on duty in the case
rooms. \Ve felt that they probed more
by attending a patient during several
hours of labour and then assisting at her
deli,rery, than by arnvmg in the CAse

VoJ. "I, N.. I

TR -\11\11'(; STORKS FOR

-\ L B E R T .-\

25

room juSt in time to witness a delivery.
Accordingly we urged them to follow
a case through, even if it meant staying
on duty in the evening. This they did,
and then when the case rooms r.an into
a slack spell, I went to the hospitals
and we made rounds among the ante-
partum patients who seemed not to mind
the students' attempts to diagnose foetal
positions. We always explained to the
patient that these were nurses who
worked far out in the country where there
w
re no 'doctors, and that they were
taking a special course in maternity
work, and the patients invariably ap-
peared pleased to be able to help us. The
doctors, who have never failed us dis-
trict nurses, taught as they delivered,
and were always ready to explain and
to answer questions. The nursing super-
visors of the maternity wards were very
good in checking the students' rectal
examinations. The students wrote de-
ailed studies of each of their cases and
followed up the progress of mother and
child during the stay in hospital. These
case studies followed an outline designed

to teach the student what to ohserve,
and much benefit was derived.
Finding sufficient cases was our
greatest difficulty. In Edmonton, there
are large classes of medical students re-
quiring .all the case material they can
get. One institution was able to provide
us with excellent antepartum material
and a few cases. In their final month,
the students went out into some of our
own district nursing centres where a
number of cases were booked. For these
four particular students who had al-
ready had considerable experience be-
fore entering for the course the number
of cases obtained was felt to be fairly
adequate, but in a more mixed group of
students it might not be. \Ve would
like to see' each student deliver, under
supervision, twenty cases which she has
attended during labour and will be able
to observe during the puerperium. \Ve
believe we shall be able to establish this
for the next group.
\Ve are looking forward to our next
class, and to building up on the founda-
tion which is laid.

Growing Old Gracefully

GEORGE S. YOUNG, M.D.

-\ccordin2" to recent _ \.merican sta-
tistics life e
pectancy at the beginning
of this century was forty-seven years,
whereas now it is sixty-three. In 1900
about 17 per cent of the population had
passed the age of forty-five while in
1942 the survivals beyond that age had
risen to 26 per cent. It can be esti-
mated on the basis of these figures that
in another forty years about 40 per
cent of our living citizens will be at
least fort
'-five years old. Of course old
age does not begin at forty-five but
the present rapid advance in life ex-
pectancy indicates that old age will re-
quire more attention than it has hJ.d in
the past.

JANUARY, 19
5

Old age has a right to complete
financial security and legislation is mO\"-
ing in that direction. And yet to be en-
tirely dependent on the state is not sa-
tisfactory as long as one can do even
a limited amount of work. So far, gov-
ernments have been slow to recognize
that there is such a thing as partial disa-
bility. In view of the increasing preval-
ence of old age our legislators may ha"e
to provide opportunities for light em-
ployment of the older members of the
community who otherwise would have
no chance in a competitive labour mar-
ket.
From the beginning of history there
has been diversity of opinion as to th

26

THF CA:'\ADI.\A :'\URSE

desirahilit\ of attaining old a;;e. On the
one hand we have such sentiments as
"Let m, Lord K.in 2" live forever" and
"Grew. 'old along ;ith me, the best is

'et to be". On the other hand there is
Cicero admitting- ill the first sentence
of his treatise on
old age that alleviation
of its discomfort
is an
hat can he hoped
for, "E ver
one," said T alleyrand,
"wants to live long but no one wants
to be ald." As the experts differ on this
question it seems better to fall back on
certain facts. In their declining years
some people do enjoy life thoroughly.
Even though more or less disahled phy-
sica]]y, they may he useful and influen-
tiaL It is worthwhile to search for their
secret hefore age gets the hetter of us.
Unquestionably heredity plays a large
part in determining longevity and in
shaping the progress and direction of
the aging process. \\Thile nothing can be
done now to improve our ance
tors, we
have some respol1sihilitr in regard to
those who ma,- come after liS. Infec-
tions especia]]
if prolonged mar hasten
the coming of old age, hut science is
gradua]]y hringing them under control.
Ph
'sical changes come inevitably
with the passing of the years and they
come sooner to some than to others.
Many are physica]]y old at fifty while
a few are young at seventy. As a rule
the mind does not grow old as quickly
as the bod
'. In the span of life a point
or rather a plateau is reached where
physical development has attained its
highest level. Fortunately the mind may
continue to increase in power long af-
ter physical decline has begun and it
is common to find a vigorous inte]]ect in
an aging body.
Usually the first sign of approaching
old age is seen in the skin. Its elastic fi-
bres begin to lose some of their former
elasticity j wrinkles are on the way.
Then come thinning of the skin and
wasting of subcutaneous tissues. The
protective body surface is now more
vulnerable.. Pigmented areas may ap-
pear on the skin. Ancient moles may in-

crease in size. The open sea
on for cu-
taneous cancer has arrived. 'Yhen oId
age is well advanced the bones lose some
of their substance, become brittle and
break easil\", Taints and lie-amems stif-
fen and m'uscÌes waste. The machinery
of locomotion does not work so weÍl
now. Almost as important is the slow-
ing down of the reactions of the ner-
vous s} stem. Reflex action is retarded.
Old age cannot meet emergencies
quickly and falls a prey to the ic\" side-
walk, the motor car, the edge of'a rug
or even to the indecision of its own
fears.
.-\nd so old age should have protec-
tion. But how? Certainly not by prohi-
bitions or nagging. !VIany old people
1ike to think they are independent. If
they are to be curbed at all it must be
done by strategy. Even then they may
get real enjorment out of living dan-
gerously. Diplomaq will be more ef-
fective if it has a background of re<;pect
for the aged. Th:s used to be taug-ht in
early life
and possibly was carried
to an
e:\.treme. Now the pendulum has swung
too far in the other direction. Or is it
merely that respect for age has been re-
placed by a spirit of comradeship? At
any rate diplomacy becomes a fine art
in dealing with people who are growing
old but who pride themselves on their
physical fitness. Such cases are often
managed best by the family doctor who
can emphasize the folly of - say, play-
ing badminton after the age of fifty.
'Vith advancing life degenerative
chan
es occur in the cardiû\'ascular
system. In people who live by physical
exertion the large arteries may stiffen
and thicken fairly early. For example
the radial artery at the wrist may be
tortuous and hard. However, this is
not serious as compared with changes in
the small vessels, changes which are
not necessarily the result of physical
work. They may depend on the general
aging pro
ess perhaps hurried on by
the kind of inherited material in the
vessel wall, by intercurrent infections

Vol. 'U, No. I

G R 0 ,,- I KG () L D G R .\ C E F U L L "\

or by years of hypertension. Such chan-
ges are most
eriou" in tv,o ,ital cen-
tre:--the hrain and the heart. Hence
stroke and coronalT occlusion occur
frcquenth- in old people, although these
arterial accidents may happen at a com-
parati,-ely earl
period from ,\'hat seem.;
to be a local vascular disease.
The aging body is not ver
" sensitive
and is slow in revcaling the existence of
disease. Ob,-iously periodic medical ex-
aminations is just as necessary here as
in other periods of life. Diahetes and
pernicious anemia are easil
overlooked
and yet a
a rule the) are readih- con-
trolled if disco,rered earh.. Cancer of the
skin i:, almost invariably cured if taken
in time. Old men ma," havc chronic
urinary infection and even progres
ive
distension of the bladder for a long time
before realizing that there is something
seriously v...-o;g. As a rule the aged
should have all the assurance po<;sihle
even when the outlook is grave. The
relatives should know the truth, but
the patient may be spared frank state-
ment:,. Life means nothing when hope
is gone and even old people generally
shrink from death.
There is no particular diet for old
aze. It should include essentials such as
r;w fruit or fruit juices, greens, ,-ege-
tables and milk. Changes, howen
r, in
dietetic hahits should not he made with-
out some definite reason. Certain crav-

ngs may occur in old people, for ex-
ample, for salt, and should be investi-
gated but not necessarily curhed. Vs-
uallv gain in weight should be avoided.
A daiì,- walk is
dvisable as a general
rule b
t it should not be long ;nough
to tire or to cause dyspnea. .-\ rest dur-
ing the day is helpful. Old people he-
come hed-ridden easily and even dur-
in.z illne5s may often sit in a chair for
sh
rt periods
vith benefit. Of course a
failing heart makes ahsolute rest im-
perati,"e.
The care of the aged often presents
a seriou
problem to the famih. There
mar be physical or mental infirmitie-;

JASUARY. 1945

27

which make it impossihle to lea \ e them
alone in the house. Elderly people may
de,-elop whims and emotionalism
which make them hard to manage. They
demand constant service and are not
satisfied even with the most devoted
attention. Onh' too often the burden
falls on a singl
member of the famih--
generallr a daughter. In assuming' this
burden "she ma)=- serve uncomplai
ingly
for years .and give up her prospects in
life. The sacrifice is too great. In many
cases the parent would he just as com-
fortable and perhaps more contented in
a home for the aged.
Search for the secret of the ideal old
age takes us hack to the earlier periods
of life. Is there anything in prophy-
laxis: George Vincent once said that
doctors should "train" people for old
age. Perhaps he was expecting too
much from the doctors. Like all tea-
chers they may advise but people must
rule their own lives and do their own
training. Here are some rules.
Start at the age of accountahilit
,
whene'"er that is. Take stock of the
physical and mental capital your an-
cestors have given you and decide how
much you can accomplish without mar-
ring or shortening rour life. .A void the
}'ea
rning to do ;s' much as somehody
else who has more capital. Take the best
possible care of your body. Of course
you will eat moderately of the proper
foods, get an adequate amount of rest
and sleep, take liheral doses of the
cheapest of all medicines-fresh air and
sunshine, and indulge in some daily
physical exercise if it is not included
in your work.
There is a widespread opinion that
mental overwork is a cause of early
breakdown. The fact is that the mind
(or brain if rou like) is almost tireless
if used in the right wa
'. Specialists whe-
ther in hu<;iness, in the professions or in
science ma," become exhausted after pro-
longed and intensive work, but there
are
other mental compartments ready
It i, mereh" a matter of turning the

28

THE CANADIA

URSE

key on the old interest and finding a new
one. The moral is that people can over-
come mental fatigue by having more
than one interest. I\1any men when ad-
vised to retire will say, "Impossible. I
would not know what to do with my-
self." They have gone through life on a
single track and know no other. Life
stops for them if there is nothing left
but a siding. The bearing of this on
advanced life is clear. Cultivate a di-
versity of interests during the active
period so that something will be left to
pIa\' with in old age.
All mental activity is accompanied
by a feeling of either comfort or dis-
com fort although it m_ay be so slight as
to escape notice. If it is an unpleasant
feeling and rises to the level of worry,
anxiety or fear, the smooth working
of the mental machinery is impaired.
l\10re effort is required and fatigue
comes quickly. It must be admitted that
worry represents the individual's own
personal reactions to his problems. Some
one else 'might face similar problems
without being unduly disturbed. This
brings us dangerously dose to the con-
sideration of a philosophy of life and
discretion demands a retreat. But what
has this to do with old age? Just this.

Like other reactions worry ea..ih' be-
comes a habit. If the habit ]s formed
in the active period of life it is very
likeh to become accentuated in the de-
clining years. Then the victim suffers
and so does his family.
Our groping for the secret seems to
ha ve carried us to this point. The use-
fulness and enjoyment of old age is
not affected so much by its physical dis-
abilities as by the mental and emotional
life which has preceded it. Perhaps the
fonowing prescription might be offered.
In early life cultivate the virtue of
equanimity. Look for the humorous side
of eyery difficult problem. Regard life
as a game to be played mostly for the
benefit of others rather than as a bat-
tle for your own gain. A void worrv as
you would the plague. \Vhile
'ou wil1
not be able to avoid the unpleasant vou
should always be alive to the beauty
which is all _around you. And in this
world of beautiful things you should
find one or more interests in preparation
for further pursuit in old age, _-\5 in-
firmities and discomforts corne, treat
them as lightlv as possible and discuss
them only with your doctor or your
nurse. Either one of them can preach
better than practise.

Previews

During the past few years, nurses
have been called upon to assume numer-
ous duties and to make various decisions
which formerly were the responsibility
of the docto!". Serious thought has seldom
been given to the lega1ity of her accep-
tance of this necessity which circum-
dance had forced upon her. The very
enlightening and thought-provoking dis-
cussion of this topic by Dr. Trenholm L.
Fisher focusses our attention on the
legal responsibi1ities of the nurse, where
her privileges begin and end, in the eyes
of the law. 'Yatch for the stimulating ar-

tide "Leg'a] Responsibilities aJ,ð Prh-i-
leg'es" in February.

In our conside1'ation of menta1 h(-a1tb,
what thought do we give to the weU-
being of those less fortunate {'hildren
whose intelligence is below normal?
".hat assistance can be given them in
making better adjustment to ever)'-day
living? ::\Irs. Selena Henderson has out-
lined some of the developments
n her
artic1e "The Value of Mental Hygiene
in the Schoo1" and illustrates her p{.ints
with interesting case studies.

\'0[. "'1, N.. 1

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of
ursing Section of the C. N. A.

The Administration and the Head Nurse

H. E VEL YN MALLORY

I have just finished reading l\liss
Penhale's ven' excellent article in the
October issue of The Canadian Nurse,
and as a result, am suddenly possessed
of the urge to burst into print myself!
Perhaps what I have to say will be just
another way of repeating the thoughts
put forward by Miss Penhale - if so it
will at least serve to add emphasis.
There can surely be no thinking per-
son in the nursing world today who
would not agree that no matter how
excellent the classroom teaching or how
good the educational program from a
theoretical st.andpoint, the kind of nurse
who is. graduated from the school of
nursing depends to a large extent upon
the quality of her experiences in the wards
and departments of the hospital. It is in
the ward and at the bedside of the pa-
tient that the student nurse learns nurs-
ing. This thought has been expressed
time and again at conventions, in our
professional journals, and in our "off
duty" conversations (Oh, very much
so! ). But I wonder if we have yet
made the correct diagnosis or found the
solution to the problem? Personally I
believe that the real difficulty is ex-
pressed in one sentence of Miss Penhale's
article: "An additional problem is that
of giving the head nurse recognition for
her work". If we could solve that prob-
lem, then I think most of the related
difficulties would disappear.

JANUARY, 1945

In the three years that I have be{'n
associated with young graduate nurses
who are prepanng themselves for
"teaching and supervision in schools of
nursing", I have found that the great
majority of them become very quickly
aware of and keenly interested in the
potentialities of the position of head
nurse. That is the position which really
appeals to them most, as undoubtedly
offering the greatest challenge and pres-
enting the greatest opportunity for sa-
tisfying work. The head nurse main-
tains her contact with patients, some-
thing that every true nurse enjoys, and
that those of us who lose it miss greatly.
The head nurse has opportunity to dem-
on.rtrate administrative ahility, and to be
able to keep a busy ward running smooth-
ly requires real managerial skill! The
ward presents the ideal setting for teach-
ing in that it provides opportunity to give
help and guidance to students at the
time when they need it in actual prac-
tice as contrasted to the artificial situ-
ation found in the classroom. Where,
in the whole set-up of the school of
nursing, could you find a position with
greater possibilities?
As I see it, the major difficulty lies
in failure to recognize and to put suf-
ficient emphasis on the fact that the
head nurse c_arries a dual position in the
same sense that the superintend{'nt of
nurses does. It has taken us many years

.

30

THE C.-\:\.-\ D I A
N P R S E

to achieve administratin' reco;;nition of
the fact that the superintendent of nur-
ses (in any hospital maintaining a school
of nursing) should be as well qualified
for her educational responsibilities to the
schoo] of nursing as for her administra-
tiye functions in relation to the nursing
service. How many more years is it go-
ing to take to achieve a similar view-
point in relation to the work of the head
nurse
Both carry the same responsibili-
ties, the difference being only a mat-
ter of degree, or of the area over which
they have jurisdiction! The superintend-
ent of nurses is responsihle for the nursng
care of all patients in the hospital, and
at the same time for ensuring for ever

student nurse the educational exper-
iences which she needs to prepare her
for the practice of professional nursing.
In like manner, the head nurse, becaus

of the responsibility and authorit" dele-
gated to her, carries responsibility for
the nursing care of all patients in her
unit and for providing student nurses
with the educational experiences that
are available there. If this latter res-
ponsibility is to he met adequatel
' then
the head nurse must have (1) prepara-
tion and (2) time for that phase of her
work. Until these two es"entials are ful..:
ly recognized by the admini
tration the
objective of satisfactory ward teaching
cannot be attained.
From an administrative standpoint,
what does recognition of these two es-
sentials actually mean? It means sever-
al things, but most important is recog-
nition of the fact that the head nurse
should have special preparation for her
work. To give intellectual agreement to
this statement is not sufficient. Real ac-
ceptance of the principle means that the
administration will work toward the
objective of emploring as head nurses
only those persons who have the desired
qualificatiom. Obviously this would
necessitate pa
'me n t of hetter salaries
than are paid head nurses at the pres-

nt time. Abilit} to teach is just as es-
sential for the head nurse as it is for
the person who i" going to teach in the

classroom. In fact, the head nurse might
almost be said to need a broader pre-
paration, for it is she who must help the
student integrate her learnings in all
other subjects (Anatomy and Physiol-
ogy, Bacteriology, I\1ateria Medica,
Medical Nursing, ete.) and focus them
on the nursi.ng care of the patient. If
this be true then it is in the ward that
we should have our very best teachers!
U ntil tho
e employing head nurses are
prepared to insist on qualified head nur-
<;es and to par adequate salaries to ob-
tain them, we shan not achieve really
effective learning in the ward - the
only place that the student can learn
to give good nursing care.
Administrative adherence to this prin-
ciple means also that the head nurse
should receive full recognition as an im-
portant memher of the teaching staff
of the school of nursing. She holds a key
position when it comes to judging the
effectivene<;s of our educational program.
She sees the student (and the
raduate
nurse!) in action and should, therefore,
be able to point out weaknesses as no
one else can. Because she, of a]] members
of the teaching staff, is the one who is in
closest contac
with patients, she should
be ahle to make very worthwhile sug-
gestions for the improvement of tech-
niques and procedures. However, she
can only meet these responsihilities in a
satisfactory manner if her own educa-
tion and experience have been such as
to enable her to do so.
I do not believe that the cli,Ûcal in-
struetOt., as we know her today, is the
most effective means of meeting the
need for ward teaching. That she is a
very valuable person and can improve
considerably the educational quality of
student experiences is undouhted, but
her present position should, I believe,
be regarded as a temporary expedient -
a "stop-gap" until such time as we are
able to place as head nurse on each of
our teaching wards, a person with the
qualifications of our present clinical in-
structors. You will sa" that nurses so
qualified are not at pr
sen t a vail able in

Vol. 41. No.1

.-\ D :\1 I
I s'1' R .-\ T I 01\ :\:\" D THE H E _-\ I) :\ LT R S E 31

sufficient numbers, and I will have to
agree with you - nut they '!lever 7I..'ill be
available lI1ftil there i_, greatn' demand
for them! .-\5 soon as employers insist
on special preparation for the position of
head nurse, I am convinced that the
supply will increase rapidl)", for, given
the opportunity to develop its potentiali-
ties, there can be no more attractive and
sati
fying position.
Reasons for failure to demand quali-
fied head nurses are no dount largely
economic. Head nurses who have pre-
pared themseh'es for the position through
post-graduate work should, of course,
be paid higher salaries than those with
no special preparation, a fact that to date
has not been fully recognized. But might
not increased expenditure for better pre-
pared personnel ne offset by more satis-
factory and efficient performance? A
head nurse who under
tand
and is able
to apply effectively, sound principles of
management and supervision should
succefd in the long run in obtaining
better results. She would know the im-
portance of providing for satisfaction
and growth of the worker and the meth-
ods to use to obtain these oniectives,
which should result in a greater' degree
of stability in the graduate nurse staff
and in the sub-staff. A high turnover
of personnel is never sound economy.
Her understanding of what constitutes
effective supervision should make pos-
sible greater efficiency, fewer errors
and omissions, better nursed and, there-
fore, better satisfied patients. She would
have a broader understanding of the
objectives of nursing education and of
the importance of her own contribution
to it. She would know that nursing care
can never be any better than our nurs-
ing education and that the ultimate aim
of nursir.g education is ever-better care
of the patient. Knowing all these things
she would strive constantly to provide
the student nurse with that type of ex-
perience that teaches her to focus all
her knowledge and skill on the welfare
of the patient. Better patient care would
inevitably result. Further, and which is

JANUARY, 1945

extremely important, the head nurse
would ha ve developed within herself and
would strive to develop within her stud-
ents that respect for the personality of
both patient and worker (be she grad-
uate nurse, student nurse, or ward maid)
that is so essential for harmonious work-
ing relationships.
:,Administrative recognition of the need
for qualified head nur;es also implies ac-
ceptance of the fact that the teaching-
responsibilities of the head nurse (in any
ho
pital that operates a school of nurs-
ing) are equally as important as the
administrative responsibilities, and re-
quire equally as much time if they are
to be met in a satisfactory manner. 1\lore
often than not we find the head nurse
so submerged by her administrative du-
ties that <;he has no time at all for the-
important functions of supervision and
teaching. Recentlr a group of post-
graduate students reporting on observa-
tional visits to a variety of head nurse
units included in their reports, state-
ments to this effect: "So often head
nurses said they had no time for teach-
ing, but I feel that if they were really
interested they could make time by
delegating many of their administrative
and clerical duties to the assistant, leav-
ing themselves free to supervise and help
the students at a time when such help.
and supervision are most needed. Ano-
ther advantage of doing this would be
that the increased responsibility would
make the assistant's work more inter-
esting to her."
So often we find that the cheapest
article is rarely the most economical in
the long rUJI. This principle may apply
to the purchase of head nurse service
for our wards just as truly as it applies
to the purchase of other commodities!
'Vhr not give a fair trial to the article
which, though it has a greater initial
cost, may give greater value and so in
the long run prove most economical!
Furthermore, we should never lose sight
of the fact that any hopsital deciding to
operate a school of nursing does by that
very decision indicate acceptance

32

THE CAN.-\DIAN NURSE

of the responsibility of providing educa-
tion for ;t5 students. Education can
never be cheap if it is to be of the quality
necessary to meet the needs of present
day society.
There is another aspect of this prob-
lem that I would like to emphasize. The
field of public health nursing is an ever-
expanding one with tremendous attrac-
tion for the young graduate nurse of
today. More and more of our nurses are
being drawn into this field, and rightly
so, since there is great need for their
services. However, public health nurs-
ing a
a specialty is built on the founda-
tion laid by the baJÍc COUrIe. Unless we
take steps to make the field of nursing
education equally as attractive as that
of public health, and thereby draw into
it some of our bèst material, the quality
of the basic course is in danger of de-
t
rioration and with it the quality of
nursing service in all fields.

To SUMMARIZE:

There is no more important posItIon
in the whole field of nursing than that
of the head nurse, important equally to
the patient, the student and the nursing
profession.
There couid be no more attractive

position were its potentialities fully de-
veloped.
To meet the responsibilities of her
position adequately the head nurse must
have:
I. Special preparation for her work
- the kind of preparation now re-
quired of the "clinical instructor".
2. Time for supervisory and teach-
ing activities; time, the achievement of
which is to some extent a matter of ef-
fective management.
To obtain head nurses with the nec-
essary qualifications the administration
must be prepared:
1. To demand special preparation for
the positi.)n. Demand will increase the
supply.
2. To improve the status and dignity
of the position of head nurse by accord-
ing her full recognition as an important
member of the teaching staff.
3. To pay salaries commensurate with
the preparation required and the dig-
nity of the position.
4. To recognize the fact that super-
,'ison- and teaching activities take time,
but that time so spent pays dividends in
the form of better nursing servic.
through better nursing education.

A Central Nurse placement Service

Establi"hment of a central bureau for
placement oi nurses and counseling was ap-
proved by the Board of Directors of the
American Kurses Association at its meeting
in September, 1944, as a result of a study of
Nurse Placement Seryice in Chicago, con-
ducted this past year by the AN A to deter-
mine the feasibility of conducting a na-
tional central placement service.
The plan calls for close co-operation with
nurses professional registries already estab.
lished throt1gh..\ut the country. It provides

for the conversion of five or six selected
registries into regional demonstration centres
which may serve as practice fields too, for
nurses enrolled in counseling and professional
guidance programs in colleges and univer-
sities.

The general plan, for which details have
not yet been worked out, was presented at
the conference for Registrars of Xurses
Professional Regis
ries conducted by the
_\l11erican K urses Association in St. Louis,

[issol1ri, 1'O\'el11her 1-4, 1944.

Vo(. 41, No.1

PUBLIC

HEALTH

NURSING

Contnbuted by the Public Health Section of the Canadian
urse3
Association

Changing

Emphasis

.
In

Supervision

in Public Health Nursing

l\IILDRED 1. \V ALKER

E\"eq nurse has experienced some
form of supervision. If this were a class
discussion period, the reader might be
requested to give her concept of super-
vision, its definition, philosophy, aim, and
methods of improving its effectiveness in
public health nursing. On the basis of an
inventory of the advantages and disad-
vanta
es of supervision as applied to her
own situation, she might evaluate better
the contribution made to the form of
supervision prevalent through the va-
rious articles on supervision in public
health nursing which have appeared on
this page of the Journal today. It has
been huilt up over the years by sugges-
tions and conferences within organized
groups. Further criticisms and sugges-
tions will he welcomed as this will as-
sist us to secure better supervision in
public health nursing in Canada. It
ma
also bring about more and larger
conferences on supervision leading to
a better co-ordination and understand-
ing of all nursing services.
Supervision as defined in the dic-
tionaries implies authoritative direction.
It is described as the act of o\.erseeing;
inspection; superintendence; oversight.
A change in meaning has developed in
our use of the term as applied to super-
vision in public health nursing. Super-
vision is now considered as guidance, th

JA"-"1JARY. 1945

aim of which is to promote increasing
growth in those supervised.' To prac-
tice the principles of guidance most ef-
fectively one must be truly democratic.
The entire staff must confer, participate,
and share in this democratic process.
Each must be encouraged and guided
to contribute on her own level - emo-
tional, intellectual, and social. Out of
this the hest intelligence will emerge
and group action will follow.
In public health nursing, there is a
high quality of interaction so there must
be intelligent guidance. The former
type of authoritarian, autocratic or tra-
ditional supervision is sometimes refer-
red to as "the old school". It has be-
come outmoded, but there are still those
in the position to guide or supervise who
are authoritarian or dictatorial in meth-
od. The traditional method is not ac-
ceptable in our present democratic com-
munity service where supervision in-
cludes the director who guides the ad-
ministrative program, the supervisors
who guide the staff, and the staff who
carry public h
alth nursing service to the
family. Here, too, guidance is given to
assi
t both the family as a unit, and the
individual, to attain and maintain self-
dependence and healthful living. To
reach this end there must he group ac-
tion of the whole staff, because the con-

H

3+

THE C A. 1\ _-\ D I A 1\
U R S E

tribution of each is equally important to
the smooth functioning of a well-in te-
grated program of community service.
The traditional or authoritarian process
is subjecti\'e and follows the dictates of
one person whereas the democratic pro-
cess is objective, and is based on the
contribution of the group as a whole
in relation to the total situation. True,
there ha
to be leadership, but it must be
creative and purposeful, to meet the
ideals of democratic thinking.
A second change is from emphasis
.on efficiency as such to professional
growth. Emphasis on efficiency alone
has a finality which does not permit
growth. Life is an on going activitr, a
continuous process of development, that
is, the process of becoming more capahle,
more skilled through performance. E ffi-
cienC\- alone implies a state which the
individual may reach, a finalitr beyond
which one does not go. It should be
considered as a means to an end be-
cause efficiency plus growth, indicates
the level of her professional acti\rity ac-
cording to the education and experience
of the nurse. There is a rate and degree
of growth peculiar to each indi\ridual.
Some nurses with twenty years of ex-
perience mar not ha\"e grown as much
as others with five years of experience.
The t
-pe of experience must be consider-
ed. One nurse who might fill a page with
a list of her experiences, may not have
sta,-ed long- enoug-h anr-where to e-row
pr<
fessionaìly. The pr
fessional e
per-
iences of the nurse must indicate pro-
fessional growth and achie\rement. Each
nur
e must be autocritical. She must
learn to evaluate her own experience,
and must recogni7e her assets as well
as the places where she needs further
to lift her le\rel of effectiveness. If she
does not receive the promotion she has
hoped for, she should ask herself whr.
It 111a\- b
she is not in a democrati.:
situation or it mar be she is not con-
trihuting to the best of her abilit
. and
knoVrleds-e. Since life is a process of
continuous growth, there must be :;ome
\Va\ in which
ht' can imprn\"e, other-

wise there is a feeling o( finality and
no further growth. Therefore, the nurse
must continually appraise all the factors
in her specific situation. In one's family,
one is accepted as a personality, as a
part of the whole; in the work group
or the play group one is accepted for
the contribution one makes. \Ve possess
security in the group because we be-
long, and we belong bec.ause we con-
tribute. Therefore the nurse must eval-
uate her contribution to the group in
public health nursing. Make it the best
she can according to her abilities and she
will find satisfaction in this achievement.
The result will be more than efficiency)
it will be professional growth.
The third change is from a negative
emphasis on the individual and isolated
personality traits to the consideration
of the whole personality pattern in re-
lation to the situation. It must be meas-
ured in terms of the level of emotional
ad ulthood developed by the public
health nurse. Personality traits must be
related to performance in a variety of
situations and are of no value if iso-
lated. To report, for instance, that a
nurse h<ls had three emotional out-
bursts, or to say that a nurse has a pleas-
ing personality, does not mean much un-
less you know the reasons for the emotion-
al outburst, or have a basis for estimat-
ing what is meant hy a pleasing person-
;.tIlt}'. Both nurses mar be in anaut,,-
cratie social climate where the response
of the one is rebellion and the other sub-
mis"ion. In hoth cases there must be a
level of adult hehaviour against which
they can be measured. It is imposs:ble
here to outline the characteristics of
adult hehaviour in relation to public
health nursing hut a subsequent article in
the] olin-wi wiH attempt to do this. The
aim in analyzing the total individual is
to guide her in developing and maintain-
ing a wholesome, well-integrated per-
,onality so she may give fully of her
abilities irl guiding others to healthful
bring.
.-\ fourth change of emphasis is on
the performance of the individual ra-

Vol. 41. No.1

S l} PER Y I S I a
1!\ PCB L I C H E _-\ L T H
C R S I :\ G 35

ther than on her personality. Educators
realize too much emphasis has been
placed on personality at the expense of
performance. It is true one's personality
is reflected in one's activi
ies, but any
appraisal of performance includes an
estimate of the ability to perform as well
as the manner in which the performance
is accomplished. If the appraisal is com-
pletely objective it creates little diffi-
culty in supervision. Though personality
is an innate part of the nurse and she
controls it, her ability and her work are
the products to which the agency has a
claim. The actual work is a more tang-
ible thing to measure than personality.
Through improvement of performance
will come the sense of achievement
which is so e
sential to the full devel-
opment of a wholesome personality. In
the former emphasis on personality, too
often the supervisor stressed the weak-
nesses of the nurse rather than her strong
points. The storr is told of the cook who
was applying for a job. The mistress said
to her "Your references say you are
tard,', indolent and untidv". The cook
said' "Is that all! Nothi
g about my
puff pastry?" It will make supervision
so much more pertinent if we point out
where the nurse has been successful as
well as noting where she can improve her
performance. Accept what is good teach-
ing in a home visit on nutrition, and
then go on to indicate where she can
improve her teaching in the next visit
to that family so that she may lift her
levels of effecÛveness in he_alth edu-
cation. Every individual must know
achievement, otherwise there will be a
feeling of frustration. Continued frus-
tration leads to disintegration of per-
sonality.
The fifth change of emphasis is from
individualized effort on the part of the
director or the supervisor to group ac-
tion on the part of alL The supervisor
guides and sets the social climate in the
situation but each worker must have a
feeling of belonging to the group, that
she has something to contribute and
that her contribution to the group is

. JANUARY, 1945

essential. Out of coherent, well-inte-
grated group-planning, with democratic
leadership, will come performance which
will be positive, uplifting and integrat-
ing. Through this process, the group and
the individuals within it e:row in stature.
,rhen indi,riduals withh
ld their acti,-e
interest, they do not grow or know the
enrichment of per
onality, and the joy of
achievement whi
h will be reflected by
the staff as a whole in their service to
the family and the community. A fine
eX<lmple of group effort or democratic
leadership was seen in the picture "Des-
ert Victory" . You will remember that
the chiefs made their plans which in
turn were relayed to the men and dis-
cussed down through the ranks.
-\ll felt
that they were a part of the great plan;
they had that feeling of belonging, as
well as understanding what was to be
done. It has been stated that the morale
of that desert army was one of the high-
est in the world. If democratic leader-
ship could prevail under such circum-
stances and united action result, surdy
it is not too much to expect in all nurs-
ing situations a democratic social climate
which results from this form of leader-
ship.
Finany, public health nurses need to
be aware of changing emphasis in gen-
eral education and incorporate it into
their own field. Formerly, education
stressed competitive living and the re-
sult was the failure of an increasing
number of individuals who could not
compete in the mad scramble for wealth
and luxuries. It is realized now that if
the future is to be free from war, we
must educate for co-operative living
where all, from the moron to the gen-
ius, will know the joy of achievement,
in a society geared for each and every-
one to make his contribution on the
level where he can accomplish most.
Kursing education has stressed far too
much the competitive spirit, where the
failures of the nurse were enlarged up-
on and her successes minimized. Too
often students have stated that they were
told where they were wrong but not

36

THE C
-\ N .A D I
-\
=" U R S E

told when they had been right. The em-
phasis should be on picking out the sa-
tisfactory parts of any performance, and
then deciding with the nurse what meth-
ods will help her to improve her per-
formance in a future situation. A good
supervisor is a good teacher. In a learn-
ing situation, nothing succeeds like suc-
cess. It is difficult to build on failures
as one gets resistance (not resentment)
to supervision. In public health nursing
it is imperative that we emphasize co-
operative rather than competitive living.
In the whole changing emphasis,
there must be respect for the individual
with individual rights, these to be made
use of so each may make the best pos-

sible contribution to societv. Therefore,
there must be an awareness of the chang-
ing emphases in our methods of super-
vision, from: (1) The traditiona1, auto-
cratic or authoritarian to the democratic;
(2) from efficiency as an end to growth
in the nurse in relation to her work;
(3) from the negative emphasis on iso-
lated personality traits to the total per-
sonality pattern in relation to the situ-
ation; (4) from emphasis on personality
alone to emphasis on performance;
(5) from individualized effort on the
part of the supervisor to group effort
resulting in group action on the part
of the whole staff; (6) and from com-
petitive living to full co-operarion.

Over-Fortification of Milk not Needed

The increasing practice of fortifying milk
with yitamins other than D, and with min-
erals, does not serve a public health need
and, by increasing production costs, can re-
sult in decreased consumption by those in
the lower economic levels who need it most,
the Council on Food and Nutrition of the
American Medical Association declares in
a recent issue of the Journal of the Associa-
tion.

The Council explains, says the Journal,
that it has accepted and encouraged the for-
tification of milk with vitamin D well be-
yond any natural level because of the belief
that such is in the interest of public health
inasmuch as vitamin D is not present in
important amounts in a customary diet un-
less fish oils are included.

Explaining that a fortified milk had been
submitted to it for acceptance, 'the Council
says that "the question arises as to whether
it is in the interest of public health to fortify
milk with vitamin A thiamine, riboflavin,
niacin, iron a.nd iodine or anyone of these
materials".

It was explained that any deficiency of
".itamin A found in the United States was
at the lowest economic levels and that such

persons were not likely to buy milk
old at
a premium. Milk more than carried its own
load with regard to thiamine and riboflavin.
The addition of niacin to milk would net
seem to answer the problem of correcting
any existing niacin deficiency while a diet
containing meat, eggs, green vegetables and
whole grain or enriched flour supplied the
iron requirement.

Table salt had been selected as the appro-
priate iodine-carrying food and "it seems
unwise to sanction the addition of iodine to
more than one food", the report says.
In conclusion, it is stated that fortifica-
tion of milk with vitamin A or any or all
of the above-mentioned minerals "does not
serve a public health need sufficiently to
warrant Council acceptance of the fortified
product".

-Health News Serz.,i"

The New Zealand Registered Nurs
5 As-
sociation was forced to abandon its annual
conference last year becaU!
e of railway
travel restrictions. Travel permits there are
issued to not more than ten persons to at-
tend a meeting.

Vet. 41, He. 1

GENERAL NURSING

Con tributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses .Association

An Epidemic on an Indian Reserve

\V ILMA RAYNOR

Early in Spring, after a successful
fishing season along the Dauphin River,
the Indian fishermen and their fami-
lies climbed into their respective ca-
booses and started on their homeward
journey. The homes of these people
were on the Indian Reservations at Lake
St. Martin and Fairford River. In ad-
dition to the fish, they brought back
innumerable bugs, both crawling and
minute unseen ones, among which was
found the bacillus of typhoid.
On checking the first few reported
cases of "Black Fever", as it is known
to the Indians, the doctor suspected the
dread disease, typhoid. These suspicions
were confirmed when the first Widal
reports came from Winnipeg. Imme-
diately all known contacts were checked.
A number of these patients were found
sitting up in rocking chairs; others,
wandering about, despite their weak-
ened condition. Although most victims
Were already helpless, with a character-
istic listless expression, their dark eyes
seemed to appeal for help and their
bronzed faces were many shades paler
than usual. Like any other group of
people, the Indian objects to being or-
dered about and frequently harbours a
fear of the white man's hospital. How-
rver, the community doctor, being high-
ly respected by all who knew him, had
little difficulty in persuading the In-
dians to enter the improvised hospital and

JANUARY, 194'

in a short time it was filled to capacity.
In reply to an urgent request, an extra
n
rse was promptly sent out from "'Tin..
mpeg.
In order to provide this temJX>rary
hospital, the school at Little Saskatche-
wan, the centre Reserve, was closed. It
was emptied of furniture with the rx..
ception of a few apple boxes which later
served as bedside tables. The first pa-
tients to be admitted brought their own
beds and bedding. There were a few
who came without either, but were con..
tent to rest on the floor after a strenu..
ous journey over the rocky road to Lit-
tle Saskatchewan. Bunks were hurried..
ly built by the missionary as the need
arose. In the case of a small child, the
bed could be made with little trouble
by putting up a hammock, Indian style,

.
..

, ,

,
.. ,

I.

,,

Staff of temporary hospital at Little
Saskatchewan Reserùe.

37

THE CAl'ADIA1\ ::'\VRSE

"""

,......

Í

An improvisrd bunk in the schoolroom.

and, until cots arrived, it was neces-
sary in some cases to double up. The
Indian women who came to help as nur-
ses brought their bedrolls and slept on
the floor until beds could be provided.
The Indians were good patients but
it was a task to keep them satisfied on
the prescribed diet. The Indian likes
to eat plenty when it is available and
considerable explaining, with the help
of an interpreter, was necessary to make
them realize the need for restriction in
diet. \Vell-meaning relatives quietly of-
fered apples .and cookies to the sick
children whom they felt were allowed
to go hungry, thus requiring constant
watchfulness on the part of the nurses.
The patients soon began to appreciate
the comforts of a b.ath, clean linen and
nursing care. The Indian usually re-
tains his clothes when going to bed and
jf ill always puts on extra warm ones.
Heavy woollen underwear and four or
more pairs of socks as well as the outer
garments, including hats, were removed

gently and with much persuas.ion. Baths.
were accompanied by much giggling.
Before many days passed, these patit:nts
were asking for baths and looking for-
ward to dinner trays. One day a little
girl appeared very sad and silent, Fin-
ally her Indian nurses' aide disconred
that she had not received a serviette
on her tray. This was soon remedied
and the little patient ate heartily and
smiled her thanks. .
The women who were trained to as-
sist with the nursing care did excellent
work and performed' their duties faith-
fully and efficiently. The\! became verv
observant regarding impo
tant
igns and
symptoms and reported anything unus-
ual to the nurse-in-charge. who, in turn,
dealt with all troubles and complaints.
These w
re many and varied. Often
many privileges had to be granted these
women in order to retain their {!ood-
will and service but it was wen '
'orth
:t. The cooking, laundry and cleaning,
as well as assisting with the nursing
care, was carried on bv four Indian wo-
men. They worked
ell together and
when extra duties were required they
could be relied upon to lighten the work
of the charge nurse and her assistant.
It was a pleasure to watch them going
about with quiet step, seldom hurrying
but always purposeful and happy. They
took great pride in their white uniforms.
Chloride of lime was used generous-
ly. Almost the entire settle
ent re-
ceived inoculatrions. Twenty-tw() pa-
tients were treated and an made sa65-
factory recoveries. No new ca50f'S have
developed since the closing of the nos-
pital.

For the Mentally III

It should be an accepted rule that gen-
eral hospitals should not be required to re-
r tain mental patients for more than 24 hours
unless they have adequate detention facili-
ties. Because of the close association of men-
tal and somatic diseases, there is considerable

38

justification for the viewpoint that many
temporary mental disturbances might be
treated in psychiatric wards in general hos-
pitals.

-Hospital Persom
el and Fo.ciWiu

Vol. 41, NCI. 1

Conference on Tuberculosis Nursing

Durinz the na...t few vears. ,inn> the
suppl
- of nurs
s has be
n seriously af-
fected by wartime conditions, the prob-
lem of the shorta:;e of nurses in the field
of tuberculosis nursing has become in-
creasinglr apparent. The situation was
emphasized in the pro\'ince of :\1anitoba
b," the results of inten'iews conducted in
..\.ugust and September, 1943, with 161
general practice nurses. Of this number
112 refused to do tuberculosis nursing.
An enquirr into the underlying cause
of such refusals revealed two chief rea-
sons:
1. In a majority of instances the nur-
ses had had no student training in tuber-
culosis nursing because negative tuber-
culin tests had
caused such ;,-perience to
be withheld.

2. Fear of contracting the disease,
either on the part of the nurses or of
their relati\"es, was another major fac-
tor in the unwillingness of this group of
nurses to undertake tuberculosis nurs-
mg.
The Board of Directors of the
lani-
toba .-\.;;sociation of Registered Nurses,
concerned because of the present and
future need for nurses to carryon this
es.;;ential service both in sanatoria and in
the communitr, invited the Manitoba
Hospital .-\ssociation to assist in initiating
a study of the problem by the estahlish-
ment of a joint committee. It was de-
cided b\ this joint committee that a con-
ference with wide representation should
be called, for the purpose of consider-
ing the question of student trammg in
tuberculo,is nursing. The conference
"
..a.;; held in \Vinnipeg on April 15,
19+4. Approximately sixty-five repre-
sentatives were present. Dr. R. G. Fer-
guson, director of l\1ecMcal Services and
general superintendent of Fort Sana-
torium, Saskatchewan, and Miss M.
Diederichs, president of the Saskatche-
wan Registered Nurses .-\ssociation,
were ?!"esent by special im"itatioll. Serious

J -\
C_-\RY. 194';

consideration was gi\'en, at that time, to
the following aspects of the problem:
1. The history of student nurse affil-
iation in tuberculosis nursing in Mani-
toba.
2. An estimate of the need for more
and better prepared nurses in the field
of tuberculosis nursing.
3. The relationship between a nega-
tive tuberculin test and susceptibility to
infection.
4, A discussion of the value of R.C.G.
vaccme.
5. The position of sanatoria with re-
gard to the safeguarding of personnel;
young graduate nurses, affiliating stu-
dents: v7)lunteers and others.

6. The advisability of expanding the
student nurse affiliation program 111
tuherculosis nursing.
Dr. H. Coppinger, medical superin-
tendent of the \Vinnipeg General Hos-
pital, opened the discussion with a re-
port on the history of student nurse af-
filiation in tuherculosis nursing in 1V1ani-
toha. In 1929 attention was called to
the fact that sixty nurses had been ad-
initted to sanatoria in the previous five
years. As many of these were graduates
of the \Vinnipeg General Hospital the
following measures were undertaken by
that hospital: annual chest plating and
physical re\'iew of nurses; tuberculin
skin reactions; efforts to control the
technique of patients on the wards.
It was arranged that non-reactors
among students should not go on dUt\ on
a tuherculosis ward. Student health rec-
ords were kept for a period of ten years.
During that time there were twenty-
nine nurses who contracted tuherculosis
and all were non-reactors. Dr. Copping-
er stated that the problem now is to
provide nursing personnel for tuber-
culosis sanatoria. The poliq of safe-
guarding student nurses has made them
(lread the diseases, they ha \'e heen edu-

39

40

THE CANADIAN NURSE

cated to believe that it is not safe, and
consequently they refuse to accept posi-
tions in sanatoria. Considerable discus-
sion followed regarding the danger to
the stud
nt of contracting tuberculosis
in a general hospital as compared with
a sanaterium.

In an endeavour to estimate the need
for more and better prepared nurses in
the field of tuberculosis nursing Miss E.
Russell, director) Nursing Division, Pro-
vincial Department of Health, spoke
from the point of view of the need in
the rural community. She pointed out
that as the public health nurse should be
a teacher in all her home visits she
needs a knowledge of the prevention
and control of tuberculosis. She should
have experience in caring for tuber-
culosis patients) know the importance
of proper diagnostic facilities) their use
and availability to the people of Mani-
toba) and she should know how to pro-
tect the family and herself. She should
be familiar with the treatment required
and used, and should have worked with
patients undergoing treatment in order
to interpret the effect of such care to
patients and families. She needs to develop
attitudes
t least as sound as those which
patients and their families have devel-
oped.
:\1iss L. Kelly spoke of the needs of
the urban community stressing the fact
that a considerable part of tuberculosis
control work and case finding is en-
trusted to the public health nurse as she
visits the home. It was pointed out that
nurses who enter the general field of
public health do not have sufficient train-
ing in tuberculosis and little) if any,
practical experience in dealing with the
di
ease. Objectives for the effective nurs,.
jng supervision of tuberculosis patients
and their families were outlined, and
it was sue:gested that the nurse who
kno\ys littl

about the disease is defeated
before she begins because she does not
have sufficient knowledge to make her
talk convincing.

The City of \\?innipeg Health Depart-

ment, Nursing Division, is responsible for
the super"ision of 1,018 families where
tuberculosis is the major problem. It follows,
therefore, that every member of the nurs-
ing staff must know something at least
about tuberculosis as a health problem.
It was suggested that the following
s.afeguards could be considered in plan-
ning an affiliation program with sana-
toria:

1. Teaching of patients, supervisory
and nursing personnel and others.
2. Rearrangement of sanatorium fa-
cilities to provide one infirm,ary ward
where only patients with minimal) non-
bacilliary disease, or with more exten-
sive disease controlled by some form of
collapse, would be cared for bv the stu-
dents and where they could Íearn in a
reasonably safe environment, routines
followed by patients with infectious tu-
berculosis.
3. An organized program for stu-
dents and graduates, including clinics,
demonstrations and lectures: Student
nurses should be assigned complete case
studies which should include all aspects
of the patient's welfare as well as those
of his immediate family and contacts.
The need in sanatoria for nurses with
preparation in tuberculosis nursing was
discussed by l\tliss E. Stocker) superin-
tendent of nurses) Ninette Sanatorium.
The opening sentence of this paper was
as follows: "\Ve find the present day
. sanatorium for tuberculosis is ,a hospital
where modern and progressive scienti-
fic treatment is being carried on, but we
do not) in many instances) find there
nurses who have had any special pre-
paration in the field of tuberculosis
nursing prior to coming on the staff".
This situation has become increasingly
serious because of wartime conditions
when nurses are drawn from available
sources regardless of qualifications in
this specialty. The result is that staff
education has been neglected and too
many aides in proportion to the numher
of registered nurses are being used to
fill the needs. \Vhile the aides may give

Vol. 41, No.1

CONfEREl\iCE O
TCBERCULOSIS :\URSIKG41

the necessary bedside care to certain
types of patients, they require super-
vision of their technique, particularly in
protecting themselves. At the present
time there is not sufficient staff to give
this supervision. It was pointed out that
the care of the tuberculosis patient is a
nursing problem, and that the sanatoria
should be prepared to give affiliating
student nurses a full educational pro-
gram. It was suggested that tuberculosis
experience could augment the desired ex-
perience in acute communicable disease
as the two departments have several
ob jectives in common.

Dr. D. L. Scott of the Central Tuber-
culosis Clinic led the discussion on the
relation between a negative tuberculin
test and susceptibility to infection. Dr.
Scott stated that there is no absolute
immunity to tuberculosis, nor can resis-
tance to the disease be measured. It is
thought that resistance to an infection
can be increased by a small, -or several
small doses of the infection, whereas a
fairly large dose would cause disease. It
stands to reason that people with posi-
tive reactions to tuberculin, yet who are
not sick, have received a small infec-
tion and therefore their resistance should
ha\'e been somewhat increased. 1\on-
reactors have never had the benefit of
this resistance-increasing dose. Dr. Scott
remarked that this is p
lrely theoretical,
but that the contention is supported by
a study of the nursing classes going
through the \Vinnipeg General 'Hospital
from 193+ to 1943.

In the ten-year period 774 girls ,\ ere ad-
mitted for training. On admission 28.7 per
cent reacted to tuberculin. During training
33.8 per cent became positive, 37.5 per cent
remained negative. There were twenty-nine
or 3.7j per cent of the total grou
who
developed some manifestation of tuberculosis
during. or shortly after finishing their
coune. It is notable that these twenty-nine
all belonged to the negative group on ad-
mission - dose to 5 per cent. K one of the
positive group developed the disease in am'
form. Sure1y some of the positi,"e grou

were exposed to infection, and if 50. I

JA
L"ARY. 19-45

think we must presume that their resistance
on the whole was greater than the negative
group.

In . his
pening remarks in leading
the dIScussIon regarding the value of
B.C.G. vaccine, Dr. Ferguson stressed
the point that those who care for the
sick run the hazards of disease, and that
the hazard of tuberculosis for student
nurses is greater now than it was twen-
ty years ago. At that time practically
all were positive reactors, before enter-
ing training:

Any nurse who nurses until the age of
thirty becomes a positive reactor, no matter
where she nurses. In former days, nurses
became positive before coming to the hospi-
tal; now they become positive afterwards.
K urses do contract a lot of tuberculosis, but
most of them contract it in a general hos-
pital. Two hundred nurses in Saskatchewan
contracted tuberculosis during ten years,
between 1934 and 1943. Of these, forty-four
had contracted the disease in sanatoria, 156
had not. Therefore, general hospitals in that
prO\ ince are responsible to a large extent
for tuberculosis among nurses.

Although negative reactors are the
great probJem, it was pointed out that
positive reactors are not immune to
tuberculosis; they are less susceptible
than negative reactors. Dr. Ferguson
outJined the results of the use of B.C.G.
vaccine in Saskatchewan as follows: "In
fi,re } ears, 1,329 negative reacting nur-
ses from eight hospitals were vaccinated.
In that group, ten have developed tuber-
culosis, or three quarters of 1 per cent.
At the 5<'1me time 681 exposed persons
in three sanatori.a were vaccinated (nur-
ses, nurses' assistants, and orderlies). In
this period, two of that number devel-
oped tuberculosis. There were no nur-
ses among them. Among nurses in the
eight hospitals who were positive reac-
tors on entry, ten developed tuber-
culosis". All of these hospitals are very
much in favour of vaccination with
B.C.G. vaccine, Dr. Ferguson said.
Discussing the position of sanatoria
with regard to :-afeguarding of person-

42

THE CA.l'ADIAN !\URSE

nel, young graduate nurses, affiliating
students, volunteers and others Dr. E.
L. Ross, medical superintendent, Nin-
ette Sanatorium, outlined the history
of treatment and control of tubercul-
osis. He spoke of the success of the anti-
tuberculosis campaign which has greatly
lessened the number of infective cases
at large in the community. Thirty years
ago, 75 per cent of the population were
infected, but now only 5, 10 or 20 per
cent of the children and young adults.
Dr. Ross stated that he was in favour
of the use of B.C.G. vaccine, parti-
cularly for those who are engaged in
caring for the sick. He pointed out,
however, that B.C,G. does not provide
absolute immunity, and that none of the
preventive measures now carried out
should be slackened. \Vith regard to the
nurse, Dr. Ross felt that she would more
readily assume her true role, if those res-
ponsible for tuberculosis work would
demonstrate to her that everything pos-
sible is being done to safeguard her .and
that possiblr a more interested and in-
telligent appreciation of protective tech-
nique could be attained if thr nurse was
given an opportunity to learn more about
her individual patients.

Fifteen rears ago a study was made
of tuberculosis in sixty nurses who had
been admitted to sanatorium during the
previous five years. They had all _come
from general hospitals. It was estima-
ted at that time that 6 per cent of the
nurses trained .and graduated in Mani-
toba became sanatorium patients direct
from their training schools or within a
year of leaving them. \Vith regard to the
incidence of tuberculosis among sana-
torium staff, Dr. Ross gave the follow-
ing figures:

During the past six years 558 persons
have been employed at Ninette Sanatorium;
223, or -to per cent of them had a negative
tuberculin test when they entered the service
and 75 or 33 per cent of these negative re-
actors became positive. Altogether 13, or 2.3
per cent of the total number developed some
e\'idence of tuberculosis. Of the thirteen
who developed tuberculosis there \\-as only

one graduate nurst:; eight \\ ere nurses as.
sistants without previous hospital training,
and four were maids or cleaners on wards.
From this experience it would seem that
the sanatorium is a safe place for the
trained nurse, but less so for untrained per-
sonnel.

The 2.3 per cent incidence of tuberculosis
among sanatorium personnel is lower than
in nurses of a large general hospital, ac-
cording to the observations of Dr. Scott,
who found that over a ten-year period 3.75
per cent developed some type of tuber-
culosis. During the last six years at the
sanatorium only one trained nurse broke
down out of a total of one hundred and ten
nurses employed, which is only .9 per cent.
But out of fjfty-eight nurses' assistants em-
ployed, 8 or 13 per cent broke down.

It is strikingly evident that more in-
struction and closer supervision and protec-
tive immunity is needed for untrained per-
sonnel on the wards. FinaIly, it is my opin-
ion that the graduate nurse is safe in a
sanatorium if she applies the knowledge
she possesses and if she does not she is
not safe nursing any disease.

Rev. Sister Brodeur, superintendent
of nurses, St. Vit.al Sanatorium, contin-
ued the discussion concerning the safe-
guarding of personnel in sanatoria. She
stated that the shortage of nurses at the
present time makes it necessary to de-
crease the number of occupied beds at
the sanatorium in order to render suf-
ficient service to the patients. The pro-
tective program employed is threefold:
consideration of the nurses; considera-
tion of the patient; consideration of the
environment:

( 1) The nurse: instruction and super-
visi
n' to all new nursing personnel is
given by qualified graduates. After the
first week of work, the nurse is fluoro-
scoped and tuberculin tested. Fluoro-
scopies are repeated on every nurse at
monthly intervals and x-rays repe.ated
on positive reactors at least once yearly.
The negative reactors are re-tested in
four months, and the positive are again
x-rayed. 'Yhen the reaction has changed
fro
negati\"e to positive, the x-ray is

Vot. 41, No.1

C a l\'" FER E 1\ C 1:. 0
TUB ERe U LOS I S
U R SIN G +3

repeated at six-month intervals not-
withstanding the regular monthly fluo-
roscopIes.
(2) The patient: constant instruction
and supervision is carried on.
(3) The environment: foot pedals are
installed on all wash basins and per-
sonal clean towels provided. Soiled linen
is placed directly from the ward into a
chute to the basement, where it is col-
lected and taken directly to the laun-
dry. The floors are vacuum-cleaned
every other day and mops when used
are cleaned in a special vacuum for that
purpose on each ward. Corridors are
washed every day, while the floors in
the rooms are washed once weekly.

During the past six years 266 nurses
(including practical nurses) were em-
ployed at the St. Vital Sanatorium; 55
per cent were negative reactors. Of the
negative reactors 92 per cent of those
who were re-tested became positive.
Of the:,e only two nurses were negative
on their third test. Of the negative re-
actors who became positive 17 per cent
sub
equentlr de,'eloped parenchymal
lesion" 5 per cent developed pIe uris,'
with effusion and remained well there-
after.

For the most part practical nurses are
employed for general dun-, and grad-
uates are used as ward supen"isors.
Among the latter, only one developed
parenchymal disease and she was a posi-
ti'"e reactor at the time she entered the
sanatorium.. If students were accepted
for .affiliation the Sister stated that every
nurse would be x-rayed when she began
her affiliation whether her :\lantoux was
positive or negative, and the same would
be repeated at the completion of her
expenence.
Dr. Ferguson congratulated Sister
Brodeur on the technique outlined. He
suggested the use of masks as the only
other wa
of reducing infection.
Dr. D. :\Iclntyre, medical superin-
te
dent of King Geor::!e and King Ed-

JA
UARY. 194';

ward HospItal, led the discussion on the
advisability of expanding the student
nurse affiliation program in tuberculosis
nursing. He stressed the need for pre-
pared people in the field of tuberculosis,
and that the only way to prepare them
was by training the student nurse. Af-
filiation could be made relatively safe
through the use of B.C,G. and a long
r
period than the two weeks now gi,.en
to positive reactors is needed.
Miss E. '\Tilson, tuberculosis con-
sultant, Nursing- Division, P.rovincial
Department of Health, remarked upon
the fact that up to the present the dan-
ger element of tuberculosis has been
stressed to student nurses. The empha-
sis should be shifted to the fact that
tuberculosis is preventable and curable.
Dr. Coppinger summarized the
points brought out during the confer-
ence as follows: (1) more nurses should
receive affiliation in tuberculosis nurs-
ing; (2) tuberculosis patients should
have adequate care; (3) public health
nurses should have adequate training in
tuberculosis nursing; (4) non-reactors
are the danger point; (5) Dr. Fer-
guson has assured US the B.C.G. vac-

ine is safe. The figures are convincing.
The following motion was adopted
by the meeting: "That the joint com-
mittee of the 1\J anitoba Hospital Asso-
ciation and the Manitoba Association of
Reg:istered i\'"urses undertake to call ano-
the; conference to study the adoption
of B.C.G. vaccine, and affiliation of
student nurses in sanatoria for training
in tuberculosis nursing".
It was recommended that a program
of education be commenced immediate-
ly regarding the use of B.C,G. vaccine.
Compiled hy

IRS.
JARION E. BOTSFORD.

It would liberate many hospital beds for
more acute patients and would be better
for the old people if arr adequate chain of
institutions for the senile and those unable
to work could be developed across Canada.
-H ()sp-ital PerslJJl1Iel alld Facilitiu

Hospital Pests

VICTORIA ZABLOTONY and IVIILDRED BECKER

Editor's Note: The story of their
hunt for "hospital pests" is by two pre-
liminary students of the Royal Jubilee
Hospital, Victoria, B. C.
As part of our course in hospital econ-
omics, all the students were requested
to do a project in order to increase our
knowledge of the suh ject. \Ve chose
the subject "Hospital Pests" since the
study of insects was one of the impor-
tant topics discussed in the class. \Ve
thought that obtaining the real speci-
mens and studying them in their natural
habitat would prove more educational
than mere drawings. That's when the
fun began.
Even if you suppose a place to be
literally over-run with pests, when ''au
desire to capture them, there are n
nC'
in evidence. Victoria, on the other hand,
turns up
ts nOSe with contempt if you
suggest that such things exist within its
jurisdiction. For the next three weeks
we were so insect conscious that every
moving dot (and sometimes stationary
ones) was eagerly pounced upon. \Ve
visited fumigating centres and insulted

ç'1." AL Þ
$

<:5

.' i .. -:-
..

.. 4

Tht' '/lounfrd spf'cimell'

44

our friends by peering into dark corners
in their houses. \Ve even sent out an
appeal to military barracks but were dis-
appointed to learn that they are not the
commonly-supposed shelters for vermin
for, after much research, all they could
produce was a small saw-dust flea.
The cockroach, one of our first spe-
cimens, was easily obtained as they
thrive in damp warm places such as
cupboards and sinks. The same was
true of silverfish which flourish in base-
ments or places where cellulose is ob-
tainable for their food. The only diffi-
culty encountered here was to capture
the extremely active, delicate, little crea-
ture to preserve and mount it without
destroying the specimen. \Ve easily ob-
tained a moth as these can be found in
some clothes cupboards or where wool-
lens are stor
d. Spiders and ants are
usually found everywhere and, there-
fore, they gave us very little trouble.
Mosquitoes presented a slight problem
as they are not so plentiful in the early
spring. Ordinarily flies are plentiful but
again, this being early in the season,
we were obliged to search more widely.
Have you ever stood outside a dusty
cobwebby window of an old shoe re-
pair shop ànd looked longingly at a big
lazy blue-bottle fly buzzing around?
\Vell, if you have ever stood outside a
milliner's window admiring an adorable
hat, you will know how we felt.
Our rarest and most prized specimens
were the bed bug, the pediculus and the
flea. If you feel like scoffing at that
statement, let us ask you, "Have you
ever tried to catch them?" Despairing
of finding any of these in Victoria, we
air-mailed. urgent messages to our friends
in Vancouver and after a few weeks
we received a bed bug which was ob-
tained from a house in the slum area.
Se,'eral of the neighbour's pet cats and
dogs still stage a rapid retreat at our ap-

Vol. 41, No, 1

HOSPITAL PESTS

proach as a result of our ardent search
for fleas. \Vhen we were almost at the
point of giving up, we found one. It
w.as a happy day when one of our in-
structresses brought a test tube contain-
ing a tinv pediculus corporis and' nit. It
was obtained from a patient and, for
the sake of Victorians, we will say that
he was a stranger to these parts.
As we collected we racked our brains
for a satisfactory method of mounting
our specimens. Test tubes were our first
consideration but were soon voted down
as they were too difficult to attach to the
cardboard, and did not show the speci-
men off to advantage. The pathological
department proved very helpful. One
of the doctors there recommended the
use of small petri dishes. He also gave
us helpful hints about devitalizing our
victims with ammonia or ether fumes.
This aided in keeping our specimens in-
tact.
Even then, tne actual mounting was
still a problem. How were we to apply
these little glass saucers to flat card-
board, protect the specimen, and still
have an overall neat appearance? Im-
possible
For awhile we thought so too.
Then a ray of light seeped through. We
took two sheets of the cardboard, cut
holes in the top one and to it anchored
the petri dishes. (\Ve did it with ad-
hesive tape - four small strips per
petri dish). On the other sheet of card-
board (which was to be marked to cor-
respond exactly with the first one) the

45

insects were mounted. \Ve simply past-
ed our specimens on the bottom card-
board with clear mucilage. It wasn't
quite as simple as it sounds for we spent
a whole evening with tweezers and pins
and delicate touch in an attempt to
manoeuvre them into an effective and
realistic position without damaging them.
The two pieces of cardboard were then
brought into conjunction. Oh! how
carefully we performed this last step.
One jarring move and the work of sev-
eral weeks would have been undone.
\V e fix
d the two sheets together, for
the last time, with a complete border of
friction tape. This gave a neat finish-
ing touch, and an appearance of com-
pactness. \Vith what pride we beheld
the product of our labors!
\Ve consulted books to obtain suffi-
cient material to make an interesting
and intelligible 'note on the source, dan-
ger and method of control as it per-
tained to each insect. This we printed
as neatly as possible beneath the petri
dishes on the top cardboard.
The poster was displayed in our class-
room library and was a source of great
interest to all the students in the school.
All in all, the catching of the insects,
the ammonia and ether fumes, the sticky
fingers, and the intricate work of mount-
ing proved interesting. \Ve have learn-
ed a great deal about the sources, dan-
gers and control of insects and vermin
that may be found in hospital and com-
munity nursing.

Scientific Progress and the Victims of the War

One very often hears it said that the
ferocity of the present war is, generally
speaking, the outcome of the progress
made b,' science. Nevertheless scientific
progress is beneficial, as is clearly dem-
onstrated in that field of science where
it cannot be employed for purposes other
than the welfare of mankind, that is to
say, the field of medical science.

JANUARY, 1945

An examination at the present day of
the most recent scientific advances in
medicine, and their effects on public
health in the course of this war, leads
one to wonder whether, later on, it will
not be found that these advances have
counter-balanced the evil effects of the
war and saved more human lives than
the war has destroyed. In the first place,

46

THE CANADIAN NURSE

we would emphasize the progress made
in the treatment of those wounded in
the war. During the war of 1914-1918
the medical services of all armies de-
voted atten tion to the necessity of getting
the wounded into the hands of the sur-
geon at the earliest possible moment. In
this war, this principle has been every-
where adopted and much more easily
applied, not only in European countries,
but even in armies operating in the tro-
pics; for instance, the Australian and
American medical services in the south-
west Pacific have succeeded in placing
the wounded in the hands of the surgeon
some five or six hours after they have
been hit. Medical units have also been
organized - as in the Indian Army
Medical Corps - which can be landed
by par.achute from aeroplanes.
Without going into the details of the
progress made in surgical technique in
wartime traumatology, there are three
points of special importance which mark
outstanding progress as compared with
the first world war: the very early use
of plaster-of-Paris splints, the enormous
use made of blood transfusion, and the
employment of sulphonamides.
The use of plaster-of-Paris is, of
course, not a novelty; but as a result of
the experiments made by Trueta, mili-
tary surgeons began to resort to the use
of plaster immobilization very soon af-
ter a wound had been received and this
has saved many limbs which would
otherwise have had to be amputated.
In this war, blood transfusion has
played a part very different from that
assigned to it in the war of 1914-1918.
Originally employed as a means of re-
placing blood lost by haemorrhage,
blood transfusion is now much more
often resorted to in the case of shock or
burns, because, as a result of the em-
ployment of new explosives and new
methods of incendiary bombardment, it
is much oftener required for the treat-
ment of shock or burns than to com-
pensate for loss of blood, and its em-
ployment for the latter purpose has be-
come of secondary importance. Now in

cases of shock or burns it is not neces-
sarily blood which the patient requires,
but fluid to fill up his circulatory system
or to make good the liquid which the
organism has lost; and no liquid fulfils
these requirements better than blood
plasma or serum. For this reason, at the
present day, the great majority of trans-
fusions are effected not with blood, but
with plasma or serum. This offers the
great advantage that the limitations im-
posed by the incompatibilities existing be-
tween the various blood groups can be
ignored and that plasma or serum can be
kept practically for as long as may be
desired, especially if dried. This latter
possibility has, in the course of the
present war, enabled transfusions to be
effected not only in the front line but
in the most difficult conditions: in sub-
marines, in the he.art of the jungle, etc.
Though the discovery of sulphona-
mides date
from before this war, it is
during this war, that they have for the
first time been employed on a large
scale. Their efficacy agai.nst certain
septic infections and particularly against
those caused by streptococci is well
known. Sulphonamides have been large-
ly employed during the war, not only
for the local or general treatment of in-
fected wounds, but also as a prevention
of infection. Even more than sulphon-
amides, another product seems destined
to play a most important part in the
treatment of septic war wounds; we re-
fer to penicillin, a product derived from
filtrates of a culture of the fungus
Penicillium notatum discovered by
Fleming and subsequently perfected by
Florey and numerous other investiga-
tors. This product, even when very
greatly diluted, is capable of prevent-
ing the multiplication of certain mic-
robes - including certain species of
microbes against which sulphonamides
are ineffective - a capacity which is
known as "bacteriostatic action". Peni-
cillin may really be regarded as a dis-
covery of this war, for a systematic study
of its properties has only been made
since the outbreak of hostilities and its

Vol. 41, No.1

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND VICTIMS OF WAR 47

first surgical applications have been to
war wounds. Judging from the experi-
ments conducted by Florey in North
Africa, it seems likely that penicillin will
revolutionize the treatment of wounds.
Thus the closing of a war wound was
hitherto a grave mistake, but with peni-
cillin it will probably be wrong not to do
so.
The wounded, however, are not the
only victims of war: until the beginning
of this century, in every war, losses from
disease exceeded those in the field o{
battle. During the present war, not-
withstanding the grave fears felt, ty-
phus only increased toa very moderate
extent on the eastern fronts and in ad-
joining countries. This is to be attri-
buted to the very strict application of
prophylactic measures which have been
improved more particularly as the re-
sult of the study made of anti-typhus
vaccination, which .at the time of the
first world war had not y
t acquired
much practical value, but which has now
been applied to whole contingents of
troops, as for instance the American
troops in North _\frica.
V accinationagainst typhoid and para-
typhoid was already known in the form-
er war, but the progress made in the
immunology of the microbes responsible
for these diseases has made possible the
preparation of new types of vaccines
which are much more effective and here
again large scale experiments - for
which wars often afford the opportun-
ity - carried out in North Africa have
proved that the more modern vaccines
used in one camp have a greater pro-
tective value than the old vaccines which
were used in another camp.
A serious intestinal infection which
often assumes the proportions of an epi-
demic in armies at war, especially in hot
countries, is bacillary dysentry: this is
a malady in which the vaccines for its
prevention and the serums for its cure
have certainlv not been so successful
as had b
en h
ped. But during this war,
certain sulphonamides - such as sul-
phaguanidine and sulphasuccedine -

JANUARY. 1945

have proved most effective in its treat-
ment.
Another disease which often inten-
sifies to such an extent that it assumes
the proportions of an epidemic is mal-
aria. During the war of 1914-1918,
many countries suffered from a lack of
the only drug which is effective against
malaria, namely quinine. In the course
of the present war; Japan having con-
quered all the countries where cinchona
trees were or could be grown, this dearth
would have been stil1 more serious if
chemists had not discovered, in the per-
iod between the two wars, drugs which,
in the first place prepared in Germany,
were subsequently also studied and pre-
pared in France, Russia, Italy, Eng-
land and America. \Ve refer to the pro-
ducts known under the names of Ate-
brin, Quinacrine, Acriquine, Italquine,
Mepacrine, etc. These products have
a therapeutic value which, generally
speaking, equals that of quinine and a
prophylactic value often superior to that
of the latter.
Notwithstanding the progress of hy-
giene, a disease which in wartime tends
even at the present day to assume dis-
quieting proportions in armies and, as a
result, also among the civil population,
is gonorrhea. Thanks to the use of sul-
phonamides, an extremely effective wea-
pon has been found and one which, es-
pecially at the beginning of this war,
had given rise to a hope that this di-
sease would no longer constitute a prob-
lem for armies in the field. More re-
cently these. hopes have become less
ambitious, but here .again penicil1in prom-
ises to afford the means of sterilizing
cases which are refractory to sul-
phonamides.
\Vhile the foregoing summary shows
the health of the armies is today better
protected thanks to the most recent dis-
coveries of medicine, we must not over-
look the benefits conferred by these same
discoveries on the population as a whole
during these years of war, when the
causes tending to undermine the health
of civilians are always multiplied. It is

48

THE CANADIAN NURSE

obvious that air bombardments, under-
feeding, overwork, the limitations im-
posed on personal hygiene and the cur-
tailment of rest must increase suscepti-
bility to disease, diminish resistance and
render the population more liable to the
most diverse illnesses. \Ve know that in
several countries the general mortality
rate is rising and that more particularly,
the death rate among children has risen,
in some cases, to a very marked extent
and that tuberculosis is claiming many
more victims in manv countries. One
wonders what the co
ditions prevailing
among such populations would have
been if catastrophes on the same scale
had occurred when our knowledge was
still at the level of twenty years ago.
To-day the new conceptions regarding
diet have enabled the available food to
be utilized in a more rational mann
r,
vitamins can be synthetically produced
and widely distributed in the form of
tablets and in this way deficiency di-
seases have been prevented which other-
wise would doubtless have been more
widespread.
Infantile gastroenteritis, which form-
erly killed hundreds of thousands of
children below the age of two years,
has now been brought under control by
the use of certain sulphonamides and the
mortality rate of this disease has been
reduced to about one-seventh. In ad-
dition to this there is the reduction in
the rate of mortality resulting from the
employment of sulphonamides in cases
of pneumonia, epidemic meningitis,
puerperal fever and many other diseases.
Thanks also to modern methods of
purification of urban water supply, there
have been no typhoid epidemics due to
water, even after the most intense
bombardments such as those of London
in the autumn of 1940, though the
water mains were damaged in thou-
sands of places and frequently the sew-
ers emptied their contents into the
mains and thoroughly contaminated
them.
The increasingly g.eneral vaccina-

tion against diphtheria has definitely
proved its value during the present war.
In countries where such vaccination has
not been resorted to on a large scale -
and unfortunately one of these countries
is that where diphtheria vaccination was
discovered, namely France - diphther-
ia has greatly increased; on the other
hand, when vaccination is widely em-
ployed, a very marked decrease in the
morbidity curve has been observed. This
is the case in England where, at the
present day, about 50 per cent of the
children have been vaccinated and it
is believed that when 75 per cent of
the children have been so vaccinated,
diphtheria will have practically disap-
peared.
Lastly, tuberculosis, that omnipresent
spectre, which, in every war, never
fails to dog the footsteps of demobilized
troops, and spreads among the under-
fed population, among prisoners-of-war
and refugees awaiting repatriation. U n-
fortunately, no sensational discovery has
recently been recorded in the therapeu-
tics of this disease, with the exception
of the technique invented by Monaldi
"orne years before the war, namely the
suction drainage of tuberculous cavities.
In the case of tuberculosis the old rule
still holds good-early treatment, which
can only be applied as a result of early
diagnosis. In this respect, however, we
have the satisfaction of knowing that
our equipment for the fight against
tuberculosis has recently been aug-
mented by a new technique which prom-
ises great things: I refer to miniature
radiography discovered by a South :\m-
erican phthisiologist, :\1anuel de Abreu.
This new technique has 'alreadr, in the
course of the present war, made possible
the radiographic survey of the whole per-
sonnel of some armies and it is also be-
ing progressively applied for the exam-
ination of large sections of the civil
population. Some Red Cross Societies
have adopted it; thus the French Red
Cross has employed it in the case of all
repatriated prisoners. It is to be hoped

Vol. 41, No. 1

FRO
l AR:\IED SERVICES TO SCHOOL OF 1'. URSI1\G 49

that thIs new weapon will enable all
cases of tuberculosis to be traced in good
time and that the post-war social condi-
tions will be such that every sufferer
from tuberculosis, who is thus traced,

will he able to receive .adequate treat-
ment and be cured of the disease.
PROFESSOR DR. E. J. P AMPANA,
Direct01" of Health and Relief Bureau
League of Red Cross Societies.

Going from the Armed Services to the
School of Nursing

REHABII.ITATION OF :\lEl\'IBERS OF THE
.-\RMED FORCES:

The Canadian 1'iurses Association has
been considering what special conces-
sions should be made for women who
have been serving in the .-\rmed Ser-
vices and who are desirous of entering
nursing on their return to civilian life.
It has been estimated that there are ap-
proximately fifteen hundred young wo-
men, many of whom have already had
some training and experience along
nursing lines in the Service hospitals,
who have expressed a preference for
nursing as their career. Some of these
hold matriculation standing or high
school lea ving ; some lack one or
two subjects of such standing. ,-\t the
meeting of the Executive Committee,
October 27 and 28, 1944, the matter
of time allowance for these young wo-
men was considered and the Committee
on Nursing Education was asked to out-
line what credit, if any, should be 'given
on a nurse's course for experience gained
in the Services.
The following report is submitted by
this committee:

RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING
CONCESSIONS IN :\lATRICL'LATION RE-
Qt:IREMENTS:

Proposals:
1. That the C.
.A. recommend that
each province accept general guidance

JANUARY, 1945

from the report on a special matricula-
tion program for demobilized members
of the armed forces as adopted by the
National Conference of Canadian Uni-
versities.

2. That each province decide whether
it will accept this as general principle.
3. That each province state that pre-
ference will be given to applicants with
the highest qualifications.
4. That the recommendation from
the C. 1\. A. be that each province make
some special allowance on the usual
matriculation requirement (either one
subject, or at most two), and that this
allowance may be granted to a promis-
ing applican t who stands well in all other
requirements such as health, intelligence,
personality, and experience record.
S. That each province accept this re-
duced number of subjects, when grant-
ed, as a special matriculation for the pur-
pose of admitting demobiliz.ed 1'l'ÞCmbers
of the a1"1lled forces. This person is
considered henceforth as a matriculant
by the university.
6. That each applicant accepted under
such an arrangement be given a state-
ment of having been accepted under this
arrangemen t of cc special matriculation"
for demobilized members of the armed
forces.
7. That the Nurse Registration
authorities of each province be prepared

50

THE CANADIAN NURSE

to accept graduate nurses who hold the
statement of "special matriculation"
standing and to treat them as matricu-
Ian ts.

Summary:
The .above arrangement would place
all accepted students in the category of
matriculants. This arrangement for ma-
triculation standing could be applied only
for ex-service members. Hence there
could be no question of interfering with
regular standards for the future.
RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING
GRANTING OF AN ALLOWANCE OF
TIME ON A REGULAR COURSE IN AN
ApPROVED SCHOOL OF NURSING:

Proposals:
1. That the C. N. A. recommend
that each province be prepared, as a gen-
eral principle, to make some time al-
lowance for ex-service members; this
to be granted under specified conditions.
2. That each province decide whether
it will accept this recommendation as a
.general principle.
3. That the conditions of making an
allowance of tIme on a reguJar course
in nursing _be as follows: (a) that the

applicant meet all regular entrance re-
quirements (including special matricu-
lation as outlined above); (b) that the
applic.ant's high school record give evi-
dence of good intelligence; ( c) that
the applicant present an official record
of training and experience in work
as a nursing aide during her regular
service with the armed forces; and that
this experience be not less than six
months of continuous experience; (d)
that the method of making the allow-
ance of time be decided by each school
of nursing in order to adjust properly
to the curriculum of that school. Some
schools may permit the student to com-
plete her work in a period shorter than
the usual three years; other schools may
keep the student for three years but
treat the final months as an internship,
and make payment for work done dur-
ing these months, while treating the
nurse as a graduate at this time. This
internship indicates experience with con-
tinued instruction; (e) that the time
allowance on a three year course in nurs-
ing range from three to nine months
according to: (1) The quality of the ap-
plicant; (2) the record of nursing ex-
perience while in the armed forces; (3)
the record of the student while in the
present school of nursing.

Early Diagnosis

Stressing the importance of early diagnosis
of tuberculosis, Dr. E. L. Ross, medical
superintendt:nt of the Sanatorium Board of
Manitoba, in the report of this Board's acti-
vities for 1943, reveals some interesting data
relative to the average duration of treat-
ment according to the stage of disease on
:admission and the advantage financially of
early diagnosis: minimal, 12 months; moder-
.ately advanced, 19 months; far advanced,
26 months.
Dr. Ross points out that with 24,000

deaths from tuberculosis in Canada since
1939, it is evident that this disease continues
to be a real problem which is accentuated
during wartime. Preventing the spread of
infection is our known method of control-
ling the propagation of tuberculosis. It is an
insidious disease and bv the time it has
manifested itself in a person others have
become in fected. Hence the necessity for
intensi fying our case- finding program
through education, clinic and survey acti-
vities.

Vol. 41, No.1

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretory, The Canadian Nurses As!ociation

Reports of Provincial Associations
The outstanding activities of the Pro-
vincial Associations of Registered N ur-
ses during the past months are summar-
ized for the information of members
of the Canadian Nurses ,-\ssociation.

Albet"ül Association of Registered
I\?urses:

Clinical couro;;es are offered in oper-
ating room technique at Holy Cross
Hospital in Calgary and the Royal Alex-
andra Hospital, Edmonton. The course
in psychiatric nursing, Provincial J\len-
tal Hospital, Ponoka, was scheduled to
commence in l'o\'ember. A course on
administration for nurse superintendents
of
mall hospitals is to be repeated at the
University of Alberta beginning Jan-
uary, 1945. "1iss Ella :\1. Howard re-
places Miss Jean Clark as director of
publicity and student recruitment. fvliss
Marion
lurray, B.Sc., will instruct in
schools of nursing on health education.
A committee has been appointed to con-
sider the establishment of a placement
bureau.

Registered Nurses' Association of
British C olumbin:

.-\t the request of the R.
.A.B,C., a
universIty extension course on tech-
niques of counselling was organized.
Twenty-.three nurses enrolled and re-
ports indicate that the course will be
successful.

J.\
t::.\R\:.1945

A study of the recently revised Regis-
tered Nurses Act and the Constitution
and By-laws of the R.K.A.B.C. indicat-
ed a need for obtaining opinion from
legal and education experts. The regis-
trar of the University of British Colum-
bia was asked for an interpretation of
Clause 14 of the Act. His decision,
subsequently endorsed by the Council
of the R.N.A.B.C., is as follows:

It is undustood that applicants already
registered elsewhere who apply for registra-
tion in British Columbia are to be consid-
ered as "having substantially the same re-
quirements for registration as prescribed by
the Act" if they have met in full the Junior

Iatriculation requirements of the Province
in which they were originally registered.
This broader interpretation obviates the
need for applicants to meet the subject re-
quirement of university entrance. It affects
primarily nurses who completed high schoor
before 1936.

The Joint Study Committee on
Health Insurance has embarked upon
what promises to be a very instructive
program.

..Manitoba Association of Registered
IVurses:

Through aid given by the federal
grant, a provincial placement service
was established in August and a deter-
mined effort made to fill the needs of
hospitals and sanatoria for staff nurses.
A second joint conference on the sub-
ject of student nurse affiliation in tuber-

51

52

THE CAKADIAN NURSE

<:ulosis nursing was held. The IVlanitoba
Hospital Association and M.A. R.N.
. have sponsored these conferences. No
definite decision was reached regarding
the advisability of adopting B.C.G. vac-.
cine by schools of nursing. It was felt
that affiliation for student nurses could
not be made compulsory. It was re-
solved: That the joint committee ap-
proach superintendents of schools of
nursing and of sanatoria with regard to
forming a committee to draft an affilia-
tion program.
Fol1owing the presentation of a hrief
bv the l\1.A.R.N. to the Provincial De-
partment of Health and Puhlic \VeHare
advocating the licensing and supervision
of subsidiary workers, a committee was
formed under the Department of Health
and Public \VeHare, with the Deput,.
Minister as convener, to draw up legis-
lation for the licensing and examina-
tion of prartical nurses. This committe

has representation from the IV1.A.R.1\.,
the Department of Health and Public
\VeHare, the medical profession and
from the rractical nurse group. Each
member of the committee has been sup-
plied with a copy of the Canadian N ur-
ses Association report on Suhsidjary
\Vorkers (June, 1944).

lYe;v Brunswick A ssociat"oll of Regis-
tered Nunes:

A very successful annual meeting was
held recendy. A committee was formed
to consider the possibility of organizing
a nurse placement hureau. A committee
was also appointed to meet with the
Maritime Hospital Association to study
the question of the licensing and prac-
tice' of the subsidiary worker.

RegÍJtered Nurses' Association of
Vova
Scotia:

The Public Health Sf'ction is plan-
ning to hold a refresher course in Feh-
ruary. IVliss :\.1ary Mathewson, assistant
director of Nursing Education,
lcGiIl
University, win he in charge of the
course.

An affiliation committee has been
appointed to study the possibilities of
securing affiliation for the schools of
nursing with the Nova Scotia Hospital,
the tuberculosis and infectious disease
hospital. The nurses' placement bureau
which was opened March 1 is now fully
equipped .and functioning. Considerable
difficulty is experienced in meeting the
demand for nurses for smaller hospitals.
The student enrolment in all except
small schools of nursing has been satis-
factory.

Registered !V urses A ssocialÌon of
Ontario:

There are now twenty organized
community nursing registries in Ontario
and several more centres are consider-
ing the question. A committee is
tudy-
ing the problem of group nursing.
A demonstration in the training of
practical nurses has been carried on for
the past three years, through courses
offered by the R.N.A.O. with the ap-
proval of the Ontario Department of
Health. The demonstration has shown
satisfactory result
, but it is now con-
sidered inad\'isahle to carry the demon-
stration further. A recommendation has
heen forwarded to the Council of Nurse
Education that the Honourable the
Minister of Health he approached in
regard to licensing and registering nurs-
ing attendants or practical nurses.

The convener of the recruitment pro-
gram visited 193 high schools in 144
centres in Ontario during the period
January 5-June 15, 1944. Approxi-
mately thirty thousand students were
addressed.

Registered Nurses .Association of
Prince Ed'ward Island:

The activities as arranged by the
Government Grant Committee are be-
ing carried out as scheduled, with some

Vol. 41. No. 1

:\ATIONAL OFFICE

of the various travelling instructors be-
ginning their courses.

Registered Nurses .Association of the
Province of Quebec:
District associations have been organ-
ized in three of the territories outlined
in the Act, which creates twelve dis-
tricts of the Association. Twenty-eight
nurses were awarded bursaries from the
C.N.A. federal government grant fund.
Further financial assistance to nurses
and nursing in the Province has been
provided through the Youth Training
Plan; 190 student nurses and 28 high
school students who will enter nursing
schools next year were awarded bur-
saries in late August.
February 14, 1945, will be the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the passing
of the Nurse Registration Act in Que-
becI It is anticipated that the event will
be celebrated in a special way, for which
;in arrangement committee is being
organized.
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses'
A ssociotion:

Miss Grace Giles has been appointed
travelling instructor. She has prepared
a comprehensive program which will be
reported upon from time to time. Re-
cently a Commission has been appointed
by the government in S.askatchewan to
study the medical and hospital facilities
in the province. It is a matter of gratifi-
cation that a former president of the
Association was appointed as a member
of the Commission. On invitation, rep-
resentatives of the Saskatchewan Regis-
tered Nurses' Association appeared be-
fore the Commission and made represen-
tations in the interest of nurses and
nursing service.
\

One hundred and seventy-five candi-
dates are to write at the forthcoming
examinations for the registration of nur-
ses. This is the largest number of c.andi-
dates which has applied to write anyone
set of examinations. \Vhile a number of

JANUARY, 1945

53

schools in the province have modified
their requirements to admit certain stu-
dents with Grade XI standing, which
is the minimum educational requirement
for registration in S.askatchewan, 164
of the candidates who are to write at
the forthcoming examinations have sen-
ior matriculation. On September 20,
1944, the number of nurses actively
engaged in nursing in Saskatchewan was
1042.

British Civil Nursing Reserve

The ::\ linistry of He.alth, through its
chief nursing officer, has recently in-
formed the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion that, in view of the developments
in the war situation, the time has come
when the arrangtments whereby Cana-
dian nurses are recruited for the British
Civil Nursing Reserve can be brought
to .an end; therefore, no further appli-
cations will be considered.

Of Interest to Nursing Sisters

The National Conference of Cana-
dian U nivèrsities reached an agreement
during the past summer whereby men
and women in overseas service during
the period between armistice and de-
mobilization, who wish to qualify for
.admission to English-speaking universi-
ties, will be granted special privileges
with reference to their standing as
matriculants. The Executive Commit-
tee of the Canadian Nurses Association
has recommended to the provincial as-
sociation.. that they take under .advise-
ment the matter of accepting the same
matriculation program for admission
to schools of nursing as has been ac-
cepted by the universities.
\Ve quote from the report of the Na-
tional Conference of Canadian U niver-
sities (pages 47 and 5 1 ) :

54

THE CANADIAN NURSE

1. Universities will accept Junior and
Senior Matriculation examinations based on
approved Canadian Legion text-books pro-
vided that the standing obtained indicates
ability to do university work. Certificates
of standing must be presented m each sub-
ject, signed by the appropriate director of
education and instructor. Final credits,
however, will be withheld until the satisfac-
tory completion of a year's work.
These privileges are granted on condition
that the Director of Education of each of
the three armed services und
rtakes to see
that competent teachers are appointed and
that the standards of instruction and of exam-
ination are adequately high for both Junior
and Senior Matriculation.
2. L'niversities will grant admission to re-
turned men and women on less than the
full requirement, but deficiencies may have to
be made up during the undergraduate course,
as each university may determine. Admission
cannot be granted to candidates lacking the
prerequisites for the course they wish to
take.
3. The matriculation studies are merely
qualifying studies. Actual admission can be
granted only so far as accommodation per-
mits. Candidates with full matriculation
will usually be given preference over those
with partial matriculation. Admission may
be based, not only on academic standing, but
also on the candidate's whole record, includ-
ing school record, service record, and apti-
tude tests conducted by the Personnel Selec-
tion departments of the armed services.
4. Subject to the limitations stated above
and to the detailed regulations to follow,
candidates offering the subjects specified
will be admitted to any English-speaking
Canadian university. But others are not
necessarily excluded, and each institution
is free to deal with individual cases. There-
fore, a candidate not able to of fer the
stated subjects should seek advice from the
university of his choice.

Admission requirements to faculties
of nursing read as follows:
Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Toronto
'l"equire Senior Matriculation. Chemsitry
'is an essential subject. British Columbia,
Queen's and \Vestern admit at either
Junior or Senior Matriculation level.

McGill (for graduate nurses only) ad-
mits on Junior Matriculation.

Publicity

From a survey made this fall of stu-
dent nurse enrolment for 1944, we
have reason to be pleased with the re-
sults of our student recruitment pro-
gram in the past two years. The need
for student nurse recruits, however, still
exists in that we must endeavour to
maintain the 1944 level if we are to
meet the needs of post-war civilian nurs-
ing service . Very briefly, the survey
shows the following totals across Can-
ada: Prohationers, 2786; first year stu-
dents, 2189; total probationers and
first year (which will constitute the
graduating class of 1947), 5011; second
year students (to graduate 1946), 3655;
third year students (to graduate 1945),
3528; number gradu.ated in 1944,
3442. Grand total of student nurses in
schools of nursing in Canada: 12,194
at .November 1, 1944, as against 11,
350 at December 31, 1943.
Enquiries from potential student nur-
ses continue to pour in from all provinces
in response to our numerous appeals by
radio, poster, p.amphlet, and other con-
tacts. To facilitate the work of the pro-
vincial secretaries in replying, particul-
arly to those who request information
concerning more than one province, a
new list of the approved schools of nurs-
ing in Canada is being prepared. This
list con tains pointers on "How to Choose
a School of Nursing" and data on each
school under the following headings:
Type of hospital; number of beds;
denominations; deposit fee; approximate
number of students; educational require-
ments; minimum entrance age; clinical
experiences offered; teaching facilities
available; graduate personnel for teach-
ing and service; months in new course;
months classes enter.

Vol. 41, No. 1

NATIONAL OFFICE

We were pleased to be able to .an-
nounce through the public press that,
at the last session of the House of Com-
mons, a clause in the bill on national
finance provides for income tax ded uc-
tions for parents of student nurses. Also,
a press release was sent out announcing
the award of long-term bursaries for
university courses.
A very interesting survey of the hob-
bies and interests of teen-age girls is
now being done. If the returns to date
are any indication of the final returns,
we are going to be in possession of a
mass of valuable information concern-
ing the "thought processes" of the next
generation of student nurses. It will
then be up to us in our guidance coun-
selling to place our appeals "on the
beam" if we expect them to be "re_
ceived" by our potential recruits. Fur-
ther announcement concerning this sur-
vey will be made when the analysis is
completed.

55

Prints of the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation news-clip "'Vhite Sentries Guard
Vital Outposts" have been made for
use in each of the provinces. A life-size
figure of a nurse which is .also a theatre
display card will soon be appearing in
the towns and cities across Canada.
Our "nurse" is also a pamphlet distri-
butor.
Those concerned with student re-
cruitment have felt that a goodly num-
ber of our potential student nurses have
been diverted to the more remunerative
and perhaps more attractive fields of
war industry. :\lanv of these workers
have the qualifications that we consider
essential for a nurse, and the C.N .A.
has taken the initiative in providing
personnel counsellors in the Canadian
war industries with rercuitment pam-
phlets and posters, to assist them in
directing or counselling the discharged
personneJ who could qualify towards the
nursing profession.

Immunization Virtually Eliminates Tetanus in Armed Forces

Tetanus has been virtually eliminated from
our armed forces as a result of compulsory
immunization. Major General Norman T.
Kirk, U.S.A., Surgeon General of the Army,
says that not a single case has been reported
among completely vaccinated troops and
there has been only a handful of cases
throughout the entire Army. These oc-
curred prior to vaccination or before the
immunization process had been completed.
The Navy, which also requires tetanus im-
munization process, has had no cases of the
disease among sailors or Marines wounded
in combat up to September 15, 1944, accord-
ing to the Navy Bureau of Medicine and
Surgery.
The most recent account illustrating the
value of tetanus immunization was given in
the report of a Navy medical officer who
served aboard a hospital ship in which 284
Japanese and 384 Americans, all wounded
in the same engagement, were being treated.

JANUARY, 194'

Fourteen cases of tetanus, ten of which
were fatal, occurred among the Japanese.
X one of the Americans developed the di-
sease. Army medical records indicate that
the Japanese do not immunize actively
against tetanus.
Office of the Surgeon General
Technical Information Division
TVashington, D. C.

From the Australasian Nurses' Jo1.tr1wl we
note that a new schedule of remuneration
and hours of work for private nurses has
been approved: fees increased to ;E5. 5s. a.
week; that there be a six-day week with a
ten-hour day; that an extra fee be charged
for each additional patient up to a maximum
of three, an extra nurse to be engaged if
there is a larger number; travelling ex-
penses to be paid.

Interesting

Janet Neilson, pioneer public health
nurse for the City of Toronto, was guest
of honour of the Public Health Nurses'
Association recently at a testimonial
dinner when two hundred active and re-
tired. public health nurses and friends
gathered to pay h'ibute to her thirty-
seven years of service td the community,
Appointed as nurse for the first chest
clinic in H,07, during the first four years
Miss N eilspn worked alone and with
tuberculosis only, Her district was the
entire city and part of the county. Under
Dr. C, J, Hastings, the work of the De-
partment of Health expanded rapidly
and in 1914 Miss Neilson became a dis-
trict superintendent, which position she
held until her retirement in October
1944.
Mi
s Neilson has many tales to tell
of her work during the early years. A
fire having- occurred at the sanatorium,
many of the patients had to be removed
to their homes. Among them was Sam,
living in one of Toronto's poorest dis-
tricts. He was so very ill that Miss Neil-
son felt obliged to remain with him
each night from seven to twelve so that
his wife could get some rest. Precisely .

,

A. D. Skilling

JANET NEILSON

56

People

at midnight, she heard the whistle of
the policeman on the beat who had come
to conduct her to the street-car. She
also say
that she wore a bonnet, brought
to her from England by the late Miss
Mary Agnes Snively, who insisted that
Miss Neilson wear it on her night
rounds,
The following illuminated address was
presented to Miss Neilson in apprecia-
tion from the people of Toronto:
The Council of the Corporation of the
City of Toronto issues this testimonial in
grateful acknowledgment of your thirty-
seven years of consistently meritorious
service as a public health nurse in and
for this municipality.
Appointed in October 1907, by the late
Dr. Charles Sheard, then Medical Officer
of Health, you served first at the tuber-
culosis clinic of the Toronto General
Hospital. Among your multitudinous
duties was home visiting often entailing
considerable bedside nursing, extending
not infrequently well into the night hours,
and occasionally, all night. The number
of those whom you have served is legion;
they are those who, if they knew, would
join with grateful hearts in the eulogy.
The profession of nursing has been
described as having two sides, one of
devotion and service, the other of science
well applied. You have been a living
exemplar of both, worthy of emulation
in the highest sense. You have endeav-
oured through the imparting of your
knowledge and, as needful, the applica-
tion of your skill, to bring healthful liv-
ing and an appreciation of its value to
all with whom you came into contact,
professionally or socially. Infancy and
age alike have come within your minis-
try, the lowly and those of high estate.
Incentive enough that they suffered or
were borne down
ith problems or doubts
and needed the care and advice that you
were so competent to give. By your
skill, your gentleness, your sympathetic
understanding and your almost religious
devotion to your sense of duty, you have
brought light into dark places and have

Vol. 41, No. 1

IN'rERESTING PEOPLE

in truth rightfully earned that greatest
of all eulogies - 'V ell done, thou good
and faithful servant.
Miss Neilson ha.s led a full life and
ha
many rich memories. Now she will
be able to rest and enjoy her garden,
of which she is so passionately fond and
in which she is somewhat of an expert.
She plans, too, to do some volunteer
work for a social agency. She hopes that
it will be home visiting for she loves
humanity even better than her garden.

Ella
lae Howard has been appointed
provincial publicity director with the
Alberta Association of Registered Nur-
ses. Miss Howard not only carries on an
active recruitment for nursing program
among high school students and groups
of women in the armed services, but
also is emphasizing the importance of
graduate nurses preparing themselves
for positions of responsibility in hospitals
and public health organizations. She
works in close conjunction with )Iarion
l\Iurray, B.Sc. of the Holden Health Unit
who has been loaned to the Association
for a short time to act as instructor in
health in the schools of nursing.

Gladys Josephine Sharpe, director of
nurses, Toronto Western Hospital, is
receiving many congratulatory messages
- American, South African and Cana-
dian - on her receipt of the Royal Red
Cross. requested of the King by the
South African Government, for her work
as liaison officer at South Africa
IiJi-
tary Nursing Service Headquarters, and
on behalf of all nurses sent to the Union
on militar
1 duty from Canada.

The citation reads, "and in your execu-
tive capacity as Matron of the Military
Hospital, where you displayed great qua-
lities of tact and resourcefulness in hand-
ling the many problems inseparable from
employing nurses with such diverse back-
grounds as Canadian and South African".

Helet\a Reimer, who has recently pro-
ceeded overseas with UNRRA, was head
of the clinical teaching department at the

JANUARY, 1945

57

.)

ELLA M. HOWARD

Winnipeg General Hospital prior to her
departure. One of those well-qualified
nurses who has taught school prior to
entering upon her nursing career, Miss
Reimer graduated from the Winnipeg
General Hospital in 1937. Following
graduation, she remained at her home
school as head nurse and medical super-
visor. In 1942 she took the course in
hospital administration at the McGill
University School for Graduate Nurses.

Elsie 1\'1. Tulloch has resigned as super-
intendent of the Carleton County L. P.

,JI>

.
,

1

o

HELENA REIMER

58

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Fisher Memorial Hospital in Woodstock,
N.H., after eighteen years of service.
In accepting her resignation the Board

of Trustees paid tribute to the many
years of faithful service. given to the
institution.

Requirements of a Nurse, 1730 A.D.

Editor's Note: The following is an ex-
tract from part two "Of the Small-Pox"
in Thomas Fuller's "Exanthematologia: or,
an attempt to give a rational account of the
eruptive fevers," London, C. Rivington,
1730, pp. 208-9; no. 2691 in the Osler Lib-
rary:
Though it is impossible to meet with a
nurse every way so qualify'd for the busi-
ness, as to have no faults or failings, yet
the more she cometh up to the following
particulars, the more she is to be liked. It
is therefore de<;irable that she be:
1. Of a middle age, fit and able to go
through with the necessary fatigue of her
undertaking.
2. Healthy, especially free from vapours,
and cough.
3. A good watcher, that {'an hold sitting
up the whole course of the sickness.
4. Quick of hearing, and always ready at
the first call.
5. Quiet and still, so as to talk low, and
but little, and tread softly.

6. Of good sight, to observe the pocks,
their colour, manner and growth, and all
alterations that may happen.
7. Handy to do everything the best way,
without blundering and noise.
8. Nimble and quick a going, coming, and
doing everything.
9. Cleanly, to make all the dresseth ac-
ceptable.
10. vVell-tempered, to !1Umour, and please
the sick as much as she can.
11. Cheerful and pleasant; to make the
best of everything, without being at any
time cross, melancholy, or timorous.
12. Constantly careful, and diligent by
night and by day.
13. Sober and temperate; not given to
gluttony, drinking or smoking.
14. Observant to follow the physician's
orders duly; and not be so conceited of her
own skill, as to give her own medicines
privately.
15. To have no cHldren, or others to come
much after her.

The Clinical Use of Penicillin

Penicillin succeeds in some infectious
diseases where the suJfonamides would
fail. It fails in certain diseases where the
sulfonamides can be expected to succeed.
It is capable of succeeding in a large
number of diseases where the sulfa drugs
would also succeed. It is essential, there-
fore, to know in what diseases penicil-
lin should always be regarded as first
choice; in what diseases the less cosdy
and more easily administered sulfon-
amides should be tried first, with the

idea of resorting to penicillin if they
fail; and in what diseases the sulfa drugs
are first choice, with no probability that
penicillin would be of any benefit. It is
not possible as yet to give complete and
final answers to all these questions.
Up to the present, penicillin has
shown no effectiveness in the treatment
of tularemia or of diseases due to E. coli,
H. influenz.a, B. proteus, typhoid and
paratyphoid bacilli, dysentery bacilli, B.
pyocyaneus, Br. melitensis, and Fried-

Vol. 41. No. 1

CLINICAL USE OF PENICILLIN

lander's bacillus. Against some of these
organisms the sulfonamides are signifi-
cantly effective. E. coli, for example, is
highly susceptible to sulfathiazole or sul-
fadiazine. It is not only not susceptible
to penicillin; it even appears to elaborate
an enzyme which inactivates this drug.
This eliminates at once as indications for
penicillin therapy a large number of urin-
ary tract and gastro-intestinal infections,
such as appendicitis with perforation,
certain cases of liver abscess, and a large
number of infections of the urinary
tract. Penicillin has so far been ineffec-
tive in tuberculosis, acute rheumatic
fever, infectious mononucleosis, pem-
phigus, ulcerative colitis, malaria, polio-
myelitis, blastomycosis, moniliasis, and
other diseases.
Based on the investigations of the
committee headed by Keefer, penicillin
appears to be more effective than the
sulfonamides in the following diseases:
1. All staphylococcic infections with
or without bacteremia, such as, carbun-
cles-soft tissue infections; acute osteo-

59

myelitis; wound infections; meningItIS;
cavernous or lateral sinus thrombosis;
pneumonia - empyema; carbuncle of
kidney.
2. All hemolJ 1 tic streptococcic infec-
tions w!.
1h bacteremia and all serious lo-
cal streptococcic infections, such as, cel-
lulitis; mastoiditis with intracranial com-
plic.ations, i.e., meningitis, sinus throm-
bosis, etc.; pneumonia and empyema;
puerperal sepsis; peritonitis due to strep-
tococci.
3. All pneumococcic infections of the
meninges; pleura; endocardium; all
case: of sulfon
mide-resistant pneumo-
COCCIC pneumoma.
4. All cases of clostridia infections,
such as, gas gangrene; malignant edema.
5. All annerobic streptococcic infec-
t
ons) such as puerperal sepsis.
6. All cases of sulfonamide-resistant
gonorrhea and al1 gonococcal infeccions
complicated by arthritis; oph thalmia ;
endocarditis; peritonitis; epidid ymitis.
Physician's Bullletin (published by Eli
Lilly and Company)

Educational Aid for Nurses In U.S.A.

Generous allowance for continuing their
education, by enrolling in advanced or spe-
cial programs of study, is provided veteran
nurses of this war under the G. I. Bill of
Rights.
Not only does the Bill provide for re-
fresher or retraining courses for a period
of one year, but also for an additional period
of education or training, covering a maxi-
mum of three years.
The nurse has free choice of courses. She
must, however, take them at an approved
educational or training institution. The cost
of tuition, laboratory, library, health, infir-
mary and other similar fees are provided
for by the Bill, in addition to payment for
books, supplies, equipment and other neces-
sary expenses exclusive of living expenses
and travel. "In no event" however, "shall
such payments with respect to any person
exceed $500 for the ordinary school year".

JANUARY, 1945

\Vhile taking a course as provided for in
the G.I. Bill, a nurse may be paid a sub-
sistence allowance of $50 per month if with-
out dependents, or $75 per month if she has
one or more dependents. No deduction witl
be made for regular holidays or for vaca-
tion not exceeding thirty days in a calendar
year. An adjustment may be made in the
amount allowed for subsistence, however, if
the nurse is gainfully employed while taking
the cOUrse. Application for aid should be
made to the Administrator of Veterans'
Affairs in the the area in which the nurse
may be.
If a nurse is discharged from the Army
Or Navy Nurse Corps for disability, she is
eligible for vocational rehabilitation under
the G. I. Bill of Rights. Application should
be made to the nearest Veterans' Adminis-
tration Facility.

- Exchange.

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

The Battle of the Bath

JOSEPHINE A. SKELTON

Student Nurse

School of Nursing, Toronto Western Hospital

He bristled with belligerence. "What
are you going to do?" Somewhat start-
led at such a direct approach I looked
up from my struggles with a screen
and met the suspicious gaze of my pa-
tient - a boy about twelve years of age.
"A bed bath", I answered, being equal-
ly as direct. "Oh, no you don't-no
you don't." Suspicion ripened into defin-
ite apprehension. "Nurse, SHE isn't go-
ing to bath me, is she?" The "she" was
spoken in capital letters. A senior stu-
dent, busy at the next bed, looked
around the screen and remarked mild-
ly, "Well, Billy, it looks as though she
is." "No, I won't let her." He was ve-
hement on the subject. "If I have to be
bathed, I want you to bath me." (Why
don't you want her to bath you?" "She's
too small", he muttered after consider-
ing the matter. "I'll bet she couldn't
even reach across the bed. I'm not go-
ing to let ,her bath me."
I nobly restrained the impulse to say
"I have bathed larger patients than you,
my son," and began to loosen the top
bedding. "No, you don't." He was in-
stantly alert and clutched the sheet de-
terminedly. "What are you doing
now?" ((Why," I managed a fairly
good look of innocent surprise, ((just
stripping the bed." He relaxed again.
ccWell, I guess you can go ahead, but
you're not going to bath me, remem-
ber." Obeying his cautious permission I

60

finished prepa.ring the bed for the actual
b61th, following the routine mechani-
c.ally while my mind was busy with the
problem confronting me. How could I
change his truculent attitude toward
me?
This, I realized, was certainly a
time to apply psychology.
For centuries the delicate mechanism
of the human brain-what we think,
what we feel, what we do and why we
do it-has presented a problem which
has fascinated the scientist:; of every
age, though this study has itself become
a scie'nce only in recent times. The value
of psychology in "medicine has become
increasingly apparent in its dev
lopment
from the "bedside manner" of the tra-
ditional family doctor to its present posi-
tion in the studies of medical men and
nurses. It is not strictly true that doc-
tors are concerned with the science and
nurses with the act of medicine ex-
clusively, for these two fields meet on
the common ground of applied psychol-
ogy. \Vhether entirely natural or ac-
quired, kindliness, quick sympathy and
tacit understanding must be employed
by both doctor and nurse if the patient
is to have confidence in them .and in
himself. To assure this, the co-operation
of all these is essential.
Co-operation! This, I realized, was
what I must win from my patient. The
question still remained, how was I to
go about it? \Vhat approach would .ap-

Vol. 41, No.1

BATTLE OF THE BATH

peal most to a boy's mind? I could go
ahead grimly, but my work would
then be performed under difficulties
which would probably be accompanied
bv loud and resentful remarks of a dis-
agreeable nature. I could be quiet and
rigidly dignified seeking to subdue him,
and thus win a passive acceptance of
the bath. The last idea which suggested
itself was the possibility of sacrificing
dignity to some extent by blending it
with the friendliness and informal spirit
of camaraderie dear to the hearts of all
young boys. There would have to be
an answer for his every sally. Above all,
I must not allow this young patient,
whose name, by the way was un pronoun-
c
able, to upset me. "No, you don't."
He eyed the wash-cloth to which I was
now applying so.ap. "I told you I wasn't
going to let you bath me. She isn't, is
she nurse?" The nurse at the next bed
turned and looked at us. Behind her
mask I could see that she was thorough-
ly enjoying the situation, and the laugh-
able side of it, which suddenly struck
me, gave me courage. .
With deceptive sweetness which I
knew would not hoodwink the boy for
one second, I bent over the bed and
murmured, "\Vhat is your name again?
I can't keep on calling you 'little boy' ".
"Billy," he answered, then realizing
the insult of my words, "and what do
you mean 'little boy'" ? "Well, you
don't look any older than my little
brother". "Aw, I'll bet you haven't got
any brother at all". "On the contrary,
I have five of them." I tried to keep my
tone .at the happy medium of pleasant
jeering and faint boasting which would
indicate my good intentions. "Five bro-
thers." He thought for a moment.
"Five brothers, well, I guess you might
as well bath me."
It was almost too good to be true.
I applied the wash-cloth to his face quick
ly without stopping to determine how
my five brothers had influenced his de-
cision. On the whole, the bath was fair-
ly peaceful with no major engagements
in differences of opinions, though his

JANUARY. 1945

61

questions were many and varied and
my answers were not always entirely
satisfactory. Half-way through the bath
he sat up and indicating a few, scattered,
red marks on his ankle asked what they
could be. My inspiring remark was to
ask the doctor.
His eyes widened. "How do you
think he could cure things on legs? With
medicine"? "Amputation of the leg," I
said struggling to keep serious, "at the
shoulder." He looked anxiously at my
preternaturally solemn face. Slowly he
began to smiJe. "All right, nurse, I'll
be good. \Vhat do we do next?"
Perhaps I really had employed the
right psychology, perhaps it was only
luck, but at any rate the battle was over.
From some hidden recess of my sub-
conscious mind one single, unrelated
line of poetry filtered through, "The
citadel is taken, and the fortress at-
tained."

Ration Test Concluded

The most extensive controlled ration test
ever conducted using U. S. military per-
sonnel has just been concluded with highly
satisfactory results. Major William Beane,
M.C., of the Armored Medical Research
Laboratory. Fort Knox, Ky., directed the test
in co-operation with Major James Robin-
son, Inf., and Captain David Bell, of the
RC.A.1LC. American and Canadian expedi-
tionary rations were used.
A battalion of American soldiers on
manoeuvres at an altitude of 8850 feet above
sea level in Colorado were fed exclusively
on American ration C,K, 10 in 1, and Cana-
dian mess tin B ration for a period of sixty
days. During this time they were engaged
in vigorous combat training.
At the conclusion of the test it was found
that the troops were in better physical con-
dition than at the start, with high morale.
The rations were proven to be wholly ade-
quate to sustain troops in vigorous combat.
Certain items in the rations, however, were
found to be less acceptable to the men than
others, and these will be improved.

Office of the Surgeon G
neral
Technical Infonnation Di'i.'ision
TVoshington, D. C.

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

The following are the staff appointments
to, transfers, and resignations from the
Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada:

The following nurses have been appointed
temporarily to the Toronto staff: Constance
Collins (Royal Victoria Hospital, Barrie,
Ont.); Donna Cowan (Brantford General
Hospital); J1 ary Firth, Grace Sylvester,
and V era
Marshall (Toronto General Hos-
pital); Ida Goodchild (Buffalo General
Hospital, N.Y.); Una Long (Brandon Gen-
eral Hospital, Man.>; Dorothy Pope (Hos-
pital for Sick Children, Toronto); Blanche
MacD01tgall (Women's College Hospital
Toronto) .
Jacqueline Blanchard (St. Joseph Hospi-
tal, Lachine, P.Q. and public health nurs-
ing course, University of Montreal) has
been appointed to the Ste. Anne de Belle-
vue staff.
Verna Ryckman (Brooklyn Hospital
Training School for Nurses) has been ap-
pointed temporarily to the Guelph staff.

Doris May Campbell, having been granted
a Victorian Order scholarship, is on leave
of absence from the Toronto staff to take
the course in public health nursing at the
University of Toronto School of Nursing.
Glenna Downey, Mary Elizabeth Ker$'WÏlI,
and Florence Sinclair, are on leave of ab-
sence from the Toronto staff to take the
public health nursing course at the Uni-
versity of Toronto School of Nursing.
Fannie Cross has resigned from the Cha-
tham sta ff.
Lucienne Boulanger has resigned from
the Lachine staff to accept a position with
the Department of Health in Montreal.
Emily
M orrison has resigned from the
Guelph staff to join her husband who has
returned from overseas.
Ella J olmston has resigned from the Tim-
mins staff.
Arminal HaJ' has been transferred from
the Brantford staff to the Trenton staff.

Saskatchewan Public Health Nursing Service

One feature of the in-service staff educa-
tion of nurses of the Department of Pub-
lic Health is the bi-annual refresher course
and conference. The autumn conference was
held at the Legislative Building, November
27-28. The nurses were welcomed on be-
half of the Department by Dr. C. F. W.
Hames, Acting Deputy Minister.
Several nurses outlined special activities
which they had introduced with success into
their work in the districts. Those taking part
in the program were: D. },iI. Hopkins, Re-
gina; .W. P. Edwards, Weyburn; L. McColl,

North Battleford; M. S. Langstaff, Y ork-
ton. The remainder of the time was devoted
entirely to discussions of procedures and
problems related to the work of the nurse
in the district.

M. E. Pierce, formerly on the staff of the
Division of Public Health Nursing, has
been appcinted epidemiologist 'with the
Division of Venereal Disease Control.

D. M. Hopkins, Regina, has been appointed
field supervisor in the Division of Public
Health Nursing.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Lillie Wark (Toronto General Hospital
and University of Toronto public health
nursing course) has accepted an appointment

62

with the City of Toronto Department of
Health. Until recently she has been a N urs-
ing Sister overseas with the R.C.A.M.C.

Vol. 41. No.1

PER S 0 :!\ 1\0 E L _'\ D :\1 I
1ST RAT ION

WÚmifred
Valker (Toronto Western
Hospital and University of Toronto public
health nursing course) has resigned her
position a
public health nurse at Milton,
Acton and Georgetown and has accepted
the appointment of supervisor with the
Guelph Board of Health.
Nancy Carroll (University of Toronto
School of Nursing diploma course) has been
appointed public health nurse for the town of
Brampton.
Anna Gram (Toronto General Hospital
and University of Toronto public health
nursing course) has resigned her position
with the Board of Health, Weiland, because
of ill health.
Helen Elliott (Hamilton General Hospital
and University of Toronto public health
nursing course) has left Cochrane to join
the staff of the new Kirkland-Larder Lake
Health Unit with headquarters at Kirk-
land Lake.
Lois Kelly (\Vashington Sanatorium and
Hospital, Maryland, and University of To-

63

ronto public health nursing course), formerly
assistant director, public health nursing, Win-
nipeg Department of Health, has accepted
the appointment of public health nursing
supervisor in the Porcupine Health Unit
with headquarters at Timmins.
Gene Clark (Hospital for Sick Children
and Univer
ity of Toronto public health
nursing course) has accepted the appoint-
ment of supervisor with the Peterborough
Board of Health and resigned her position
at Paris.
Mrs. Alice LaRuslz (Hospital for Sick
Children and Department of Education
course for school nursing), who has been
on the staff of York Township Department
of Health f
r many years has retired.
Isabel Black, provincial field supervisor
for Northern Ontario, has recently attended
"A Special Work Shop Course for Trainers
of Teachers and Supervisors of X ursing in

ursing Schools, Hospitals and Other Com-
munity Agencies" at Teachers College, Col-
umbia University.

Personnel Administration

"True efficiency can be attained only as
men are stimulated and grow in accord with
their potentialities".
Applied to nursing, this principle which is
developed in Characteristics of Democratic
Administration in the November 1944 issue
of the American Journal of Nursing will not
only ennoble human life but will result in a
job better done.
"N 0 student of human behaviour can
fail to realize", the article points out, "that
the service rendered to society by nurses who
are alive, alert, co-operating as a signifi-
cant and valued part of the institution which
they help to compose, far surpasses the ser-
vice which might be expected f rom dis-
gruntled nurses or from those who blindly
follow orders and decisions in which they
have had no voice".
Ten characteristics of democratic admin-
istration are presented "as a synthesis of
some experiences and thinking":
1. Human development øf all related to
the enterprise is a purpose common to all
enterprises and democratic administration
holds this purpose to the forefront.

JANUARY, 1945

2. Responsibilities for the planning and
execution of the program are fixed; they
are fixed in such manner that the principle
of human development is not violated.
3. Rules and tegulations are simple, ade-
quate, and in written form, and are developed
under the leadership of the administrator in
co-operation' with those who are governed
. by them.
4. Responsibilities are delegated in demo-
cratic administration.
5. The people have final responsibility for
the determination of purposes and the broad
policies to be followed.
6. The expert is recognized and properly
used.
7. A democratic temper pervades the at-
mosphere.
8. Adequate, easily accessible records are
kept and comprehensive evaluation is car-
ried on co-operatively and continuously.
P. Desirable adaptation and modification
are constantly sought.
10. Limitations are recognized and frus-
trations avoided.
-The Nursing Information Bureau.

R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service

A conference, attended by all District Prin-
cipal and Senior Matrons from across
Canada, was held at the end of November
at N.D.H.Q.
Lt.-Col. A. C. Neill, RRC., Matron-in-
Chief, Canadian :Military Headquarters, re-
cently arrived in Canada on a liaison visit.
Lieut. (N/S) Atala Coulombe has return-
ed to Canada to be Senior Matron of
Iili-
tary District K o. 5, Quebec, and will be
promoted to the rank of A/Captain
(A l
latron ) .
Lieut. (
/S) 111 arguerite McLean, A.R
R.c. (::\ewport Hospital, Rhode Island,
1915) has been promoted to the rank of
A/Captain (A/Matron) to be :Matron of

No. 6 Sub-section, Embarkation Transit
Unit.
Lieut. (NjS) E. Pearl Atcheson (King-
ston General Hospital, 1932) has been ap-
pointed Assistant to the Matron at Debert
lIilitary Hospital, and promoted to the rank
of A/Captain (A/Matron).
Lieut. (N/S) Ethel May Lowe (Ross

femorial Hospital, Lindsay, 1933) has been
appointed Assistant Matron at Rideau Mili-
tary Hospital.
Lieut. (N/S) Jtfary R. Upward (Guelph
General Hospital, 1937) has been promoted
to the rank of A/Captain (A/Matron)
and will be in charge of the operating room
at Camp Borden Military Hospital.

Book Reviews

Canada's Chapel of Remembrance, by
Charlotte E. Whitton, C.RE. and Ella
M. Thorburn, O.RE. 64 pages. Pub-
lished by Thorburn and Abbott Ltd.,
115 Spårks Street, Ottawa, Onto 1944.
Price 50 cents.
Believing that the Memorial Chamber
in the Peace Tower of the Parliament
Buildings is, in fact or in spirit, th

private chapel of proud and sorrowing
memory for hundreds of thousands of
Canada's bereaved in two wars, the
authors of this booklet have sought to
make available this little "vade mecum"
for the pilgrim who would reinforce
imagination or memory with the details
of the Chamber's concept and structure.
Beautifully illustrated, with clear-cut
photographs which show the detail of the
various sections of the chapel with great
distinctness, the accompanying legend
explílins the significance of each of the
pictorial panels. For those who have had
the opportunity of visiting the Chapel
of Remembrance, this book will serve
to refresh the memory of the austere
beauty of the surroundings of the Altar
on which reposes the book containing the
names of "our nation's dead, who, in the
three wars of this century, have rendered
up their youth in far-off lands in witness

64

to their faithfulness to the ideals of their
own".
For those who dwell at such a distance
from Ottawa that the opportunity of ac-
tually visiting the Chamber may be lack-
ing or infrequent, it will show with sim-
plicity and clarity, the Memorial which
Canada has consecrated.

ursing for Community Health, by
Theda L. Waterman, R.N., RS., C.P.H.
310 pages. Published by the F. A.
Davis Company, Philadelphia. Cana-
dian agents: The Ryerson Press, 299
Queen St. W., Toronto 2. 1944. Price
$4.40.
Ever since the cOurse in Community
Health and Social Needs was incorpor-
ated into the approved curriculum of the
schools of nursing in Canada, a search
has been made by the instructors for
suitable tExt-books on the student nurse
level to supplement their lectures. Miss
Waterman has provided a valuable addi-
tion to the list. She states in her preface,
"The sooner students begin to think of
their patients as people rather than as
cases, the more likely they are to ac-
quire the public health point of view".
Following an outline of the history

Vol. 41, No. 1

The Fetus, the Mother
and Protein-

(l I 0.

/

1\ uluerous luedical reports
continue to stre
s the iln-
portance of adequate pro-
tt'in in the dit't of the
pre
nant wonlau.
Rf'ct'n tlv Burke* and her
a"
ociat

have shown the
Ïruportancf' of protein in-
take in the 1l10ther's diet
durin
pregnancy, conclud-
ing that '-fronl this study
it would appt'ar that frol

the standpoint of hirth
If'ng-th, hirth 'weight and
gent'ral physical wdl-being
of the infant at hirth, the
diet should be liht'rally sup-
plied with protein during
pregnancy. "
To enconrage the necessary
increast'd intake of easil

assimilable protein withou"t
the burden of excessive solid
food, discerning clinicians
suggest-

r;;,

"

'\,

4Þ-

HORLICK'S
(Po"der and Tahlets)
" hether prepared with milk
or water, Horlicl{'s offers a
palatahle means of aug-
menting the supply of pro-
tein in the diet.

. ,- .",..
. '-'- '.. ..
, ' .....
"',,
..." .
-

-': .

>

'

*Burke. B.S., Harding, V.V. and Stuart,
H.C.: Nutrition Studies During Pregnancy,
jl. Ped.
506-515 (Nov.) 1943.

HORLICK'S

The Complete l\Ialted Milk -Not Just a Flavoring for Milk
Obtainable at all drug stores

Horlick's Malted Milk Corporation of
Canada Þ Limited
64 GERRARD STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONTARIO.

66

THE CANADIAN NURSE

of the development of a public health
consciousness, the author indicates the
significance of various medical and sur-
gical conditions, such as heart disease,
cancer, fractures and various orthopedic
conditions. The community aspects of the
communicable diseases, including syphil-
is, gonorrhea and tuberculosis are care-
fully studied as are also the problems of
maternity, and infant and child health.
A chapter is devoted to the opportunities
to be found for the instruction so neces-
sary to produce better habits of nutri-
tion. Mental health, the practical appli-
cation of the things the student has
learned in her courses in psychology, is
included. Her own importance as a
teacher is stressed.
Following each chapter there is a ser-
ies of questions for further study and
an extensive reading list. The text is
splendidly illustrated with both diagrams
and photographs which greatly enhance
its value. As is natural, all the statistics
and agency references are American yet
they can serve as a guide to the in-
structor of the type of information about
the Canadian scene which she should se-
cure in order to make her lecture periods
worthwhile.

Foster Home Care for Mental Patients,
by He<;ter B. Crutcher. 199 pages.
Published by The Commonwealth
Fund, 41 East 5'fth St., New York 22.
1944. Price $2.00.
The utilization of foster homes is a
well-known practice throughout Canada
for neglected children, for chronic or
convalescent patients, but their use for
mental patients has not
en developed
on any appreciable scale. Miss Crutcher's
description of the plan which is working
successfully in New York State opens up
previously unexplored possibilities. This
book will be of considerable interest to
the nursing staffs of our mental hos-
pitals as well as to public health nurses
who, in some instances, might
called
upon to assist the social workers in the
supervision of these patients after they
have been placed.
Miss Crutcher, who is director of so-
cial work, State of New York Depart-
ment of Mental Hygiene, states the case
for the development of these foster homes

very clearly. "The deleterious effects of
prolonged hospitalization on the indivi-
dual personality have become more and
more evident in recent years . . . Institu-
tional life tends to reduce at best to
passive indolence and at worst to bitter-
ness and rebellion".
Foster family care is planned for those
patients who are not well enough to re-
turn home or to earn their own living.
Careful selection of the right type of
home with kindly, intelligent caretakers
is essential and a chapter is devoted to
the description of the type of home that
is desired. Since, in the hospital, the en-
vironment is limited largely to the small
group on the ward, the patient has to
learn to adjust to the relative freedom of
a priva te home. "The majority make
good adjustment and some who seemed at
a standstill in the institution show defin-
ite improvement." The patients "profit
from the individual attention which comes
with family life".
Supervision by psychiatric social work-
ers is provided on the basis of approxi-
mately f>ixty cases per worker. The
total week]y cost in New York is esti-
mated at $6.95 per patient as against
the averag
of $14 per week in the men-
tal hospital. On the grounds of economy,
also, therefore, it seems a desirable plan.
Miss Crutcher discusses the reasons why
. the plan has not been more widely put
into effect and outlines a series of case
histories to show the results which have
been obtained.

The Baby Manual, by Herman N. Bund-
ensen, M.D. 573 pages. Published by
Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1230 Sixth
Ave., New York City 20. Price $3.50.
Re'l'Ìewed by Harriette S. Wilson, Pub-
lic Health Nurse, Kitehener, Onto
While this manual is primarily ad-
dressed to mothers many public health
nurses will find it almost as valuable as
a refresher course. The foreword by
Thomas Parran, M.D., Surgeon-General
UnitE'd States Public Health Service, is
interesting and refreshing. It explains
that the book is based on the experien-
ces of Dr. Bundensen during twenty
years, and is "the quintessence of the
wisdom of our country's leading obste-
tricians and pediatricians".

Vol. 41, No.1

ANTISEPSIS

The testimony of the medical press
The first paper on 'Dettol' was pub- and other organic matter and
lished in 1933 ß ' It dealt with only one becaus.e, unlike the irritant and
property of this new antiseptic - its
orroslVe phenols and cre
ols.
bactericidal power against hæn101ytic It leave
the n.atur
l mechamsms
streptococci; and only one application o
.healmg .ummpalred. In co
-
f thO t - the P revention of dmons callmg for repeated anti-
o IS proper y. . septic application it has the
P uerperal InfectIons. In thIS paper, d h D 1 ,.
, . ., a vantage t at' etto IS non-
'Dettol , on the basIs of an InveStIga- . d l ' k ' d .
., . tOXIC an , un I e 10 Ine. can
tion at London S gr eat matermty be dl I . d . th
. , repeate y app IC to e
ho
pItal, Queen Charlo
te s, was de- skin. In midwifery practice the
scn
ed . as .more effectIv
than a
y . dettolising' of patient, nurse and
antls
ptIC hI
h
rto used In obstet
Ic practitioner alike haS become
practI
e. WithIn a re
m
nths. of ItS the most generally practised
adoptIon as the routme .antls
ptIC, the antiseptic routine,
incidence of maternal I
fectlOns had The special claims of · Deuol .
fallen by over 50 per cent. rest not on one quality alone,
but on a combination of qualities
to which attention has been re-
peatedly drawn in papers in the
medical and scientific press;
above all, on a high bactericidal
power against a diversity of
organisms (including Strep. pyo,
genes, Staph, aureus, Bact. coli,
and Bact. typhosum), non,toxi,
city, and harmlessness to tissues.
Because · Deuol' embodies in
high degree these
inimal re'
quirements of a general'purposes
antiseptic, it has virtually super"
seded every other antiseptic in
the hospitals of Great Britain;
and, because it is so safe and
dependable, practitioners never
hesitate to recommend it to their
patients as the ideal antiseptic for
their personal use in the home.
v Brit. med. y., 1933,2, 723.
RECKITT & COLMAN (CANADA) LTD., PHARMACEUTICAL DEPARTMENT, MONTREAL
H.4c_

Many confirmatory papers followed,
and in a few years it became evident
that the uses of · Dettol' were virtu'
ally co,extensive with the whole field
of antisepsis, Clinical and laboratory
investigations alike attested to the
dependability of · Dettol' in all the
contingencies of practice - surgical,
medical and obstetric - that called
for an antiseptic combining effective
bactericidal activity with gentleness
to sensitive and wounded tissues, even
at full strength.
'Dettol' applied to the patient's skin
has been found to confer immunity
to reinfection by Stf'ep. pyogenes
for a period of hours. In the treat'
ment of injuries it has an established
place, both because of its sustained
activity in the presence of blood

JANUARY, 1945

6'

68

THE CANADIAN NURSE

...,ge

. :....
, .Â.A,...

because this famous Baby's Own
Soap has won their full confidence.
For over seventy-five years it has
been the choice of doctors and nur-
ses in prescribing for baby care.

'Wl
Mu. .it...
because its excel-
lence has bee n
knawn for genera-
tions. It is made of
the finest i n g r e -
dient
, carefully cho-
sen to keep Baby's
tender skin soft and
smooth.

vw.ctit...

because sensitive in-
fant
k!n needs a
soap made especially
to highest clinical
standards of general
excellence and par-
ticular purity.

.. -
' iÞ"1'.- ð.

UBY's OWN 1f
') /' SOtAf

-\

The J.B.WIlLIAMS co. (CANADA) limited

The manual is divided into four parts:
pre-natal ('are, care of the baby, the
premature baby, and the first two years.
'Vhile a great deal of the book is neces-
sarily 'old stuff' to the public health
nurse, yet as one reads there is revealed
a modern viewpoint.
The father-to-be is advised to see that
his health is good, and he should have a
blood-test, smear, and urinalysis. There
are well-graduated exercises for the
mother beginning two weeks after de-
livery, if allowed by the family physi-
cian. The baby's time-table is not too
rigid and the advice on retaining the
breast mille and on manual expression
is clear and concise. The author explains
how to figure out the milk-mixture when
the baby is both breast-fed and bottle-
fed, how to wean the baby, and gives also
the symptoms of communicable disease
with the incubation periods.
A good deal of the fourth part may
seem to be a repetition of what has
gone before but the questions are those
being continually asked of the public
health nurse at the clinic and in the
home.
The illustrations are of the best, espe-
cially those on the home-made abdominal
support, and on the manual expression
of breast milk. This book would be
a valuable addition to the public health
library as well as a guide to mothers
who want to know not only what to do
for the baby but why.

A Manual of Physical Therapy, by Rich-
ard Kovacs, M.D. 309 pages. Published
by The Macmillan Co. of Canada Ltd.,
70 Bond St., Toronto 2, 1944. Price
$3.75.
Re--cJic'Wed by J. K. Mullellger, Physio-
thcraþist, Victoria Gencral H osþital, Hali-
fax.
An up-to-date treatise on the subject
of physiotherapy, in which each branch
of the subject is carefully and fully ex-
plained so as to leave no confusion in the
mind of the reader. Students of physio-
therapy will find this manual a valuable
aid as a reference and guide. Nurses
would get a greater insight into the work
of the physiotherapy department which
would enable them to work in closer co-
operation with therapists.

Vol. 41, No. 1

NEW S

NOTES

BRITISH COLUMBIA

FORT GEORGE CHAPTER:

Five hundred miles north of Yancouver
and \ïctoria. on the outskirts of the Cari-
boo Country. is the city of Prince George.
To us nursing here it .\\:as li
e a breath .of
fresh air to have a VISIt from Mrs. EdIth
Pringle, deputy inspector of hospitals. It
is true we did see Mrs. Pringle make a care-
ful inspection of every nook and corner of
our hospita1. with notebook and pencil
handy, but this did not concern us much. As
staf f nurses we enjoyed her at luncheon
and found her completely human.
At a special meeting of the Fort George
Chapter, R.X.A.B.C., Mrs. Pringle was the
speaker and impressed us all with her
breadth of understanding and her insight in-
to so many problems which confront hos-
pitals and nurses today. 'vVe were particular-
h' interested in her attitude tuward the care
õf the age
in the community and in her
appeal for persistent work on the part of
the nurse in influencing mothers in our
maternitv wards to do their best for their
babies, -
A. large number of associate members were
present and to them Mrs. Pringle spoke of
the ,'aluc of their continued interest in
nursing.
he made us all feel wanted by the
executive boèies and told us of the particular
interest of our Honourable 1Iinister,
Ir.
Pearson. in nursing conditions of today.

lrs. Pringle urged us to keep growing in
strength as a Chapter and so be able to
voice our opinions and be ready when called
upon to back the Association in its ef forts
to maintain the standards of the Registered
K urse. and thereby continue to give the best
possible sen'ice in this Province.

MANITOBA

At a regular meeting of the Brandon
Graduate :\ urses Association held recently
at the
lental Huspital, the speakers were
Drs. Schultz and Evans. \\ ho gave a sym-
posium on their work it} neurosurgery, ac-
companied hy illustrated slides.
The usual business meeting was held with
report
from the various groups.
Iiss \\ïlkes
reported that S5fíO had been reali7ed from a
tag day held during Cancer \\'eek, which
was sent to headquarters in \\ïnnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK

I\;10NCTO
:

At the recent annual meeting of the Munc-
ton Chapter, X.B.A.R.X., very interesting
reports were recei, ed f rom the various
committees. shuwing an active year. Suffi-
cient articles for eleven la,"ettes have been
made and donated to the Red Cross for over-

JANUARY. 1945

tHttRe#
--

."'.

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69

70

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
:\IONTREAL

COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1. A four-months course in Obstetric-
al Nursing.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
logical Nursing.

For further information aPPly to:
Miss Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the 'Vornen's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
P. Q.

or

Miss F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Weston, Ontario
T II R E E .:\IO:\"THS POST-
GRADUA TE CO
RSE I:\" THE
N U R S I
G C\RE. PRE-
VE:\'TIO:\ .\:\'D CO
TROL
OF TtBERCULOSIS

is offered to Registered Nurses. This
includes organized theoretical instruc-
tion and supervised clinical experience
in all departments.
Salary - $80 per month with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Positions available at conclusion of
course.

For further particulars aPPly to:

Superintendent of,"urses. Toronto
Hospital, \Ve"ton, Ontario.

seas mothers and babies. A number of ar-
ticles for service personnel ha ye also been
made for the Red Cross. The Association
sent during the year 6400 cigarettes to mem-
bers of the armed forces overseas. Nurses
have assisted every week at the desk of the
Y.M.C.A.
The Association voted $50 to the
Ionc-
ton \Var Services Committee to help in
their work of providing comforts for pas-
sengers on hospital trains passing through
Moncton. In the Seventh Victory Loan drive
the Association purchased a $100 Bond.
The regi
try for private duty nurses has
now been operating since June, 1944, with
Myrtle Kay as director. Miss Kay has been
appointed to represent the Chapter on a
Nurses Placement Bureau that has recently
been organized by the N.B.A.R.X. with head-
quarters in Saint John.

ST. STEPHEN:

The annual dinner of the St. Stephen
Chapter, N.B.A.R.N., was held recently in
the Chipman Memorial Hospital with a
large attendance.
liss Margaret Pringle,
the guest speaker, spoke on "Xurse Place-
ment Service". It was voted to purchase a
$50 Victory Bond.
The of ficers for the corning year are as
follows president, M. Dunbar; first vice-
president, C. Boyd; second vice-president,
N. Spinney; secretary, T. Briggs; treasurer,
Mrs. Ralph Rogers; nominating committee,
K. Spinney, C. Dowling.

ONTARIO

Editor's Note: District officers of the
Registered Nurses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication of
news items by writing to the Provincial Con-
vener of PublicatÏi'lls, Miss Irene Weirs,
Department of Public Health, City Hall.
Fort William.

DISTRICTS 2 AND 3

STRATFORD:

The re-organization meeting of the Strat-
ford General Hospital Alumnae Association
was held recently, and the following offi-
cers were elected: president. Mrs. B. Ische;
vice-president, Miss Thistle; secretary, Mrs.

Iay Dodds; treasurer, M. Mc1Iaster; com-
mittee conveners: social, V. Fryfogle; flow-
er,
Iiss Stewart, program, M. Murr.
It was decided to have a Christmas partv,
in the form of a dance, to be held in the
middle of December.

DISTRICT 5

A well-attended regular meeting of District
5. R.X.A.O., was held recently in Toronto.
The members divided into a General N uro;-

Vol. 41, No.1

NEWS NOTES

ing and a Public Health group for supoer
meetings and joined later for the evening
session.
liss Pearl 110rrison, the president,
was in the chair and gave an illustrated talk
on the highlights of the C.N.A. biennial
meeting at Winnipeg. The second half of the
program was in charge of the Private Duty
group and the speaker was Captain A. C.
Traynor, R.C.A.
LC., who told of his ex-
periences with the troops in Italy. Student
nurses from S1. Michael's Hospital School
of Kursing danced in Highland costume
and a social hour followed.
DISTRICT 6
At the annual meeting, held in Petcrbor-
ough, with Mrs. E. Brackenridge presi-
ing. reports were given of the activities which
have been carried on with a reasonable de-
gree of success for the recruitment of student
nurses. The private duty nurses have loyally
come to the support of the hospitals which
are experiencing staff shortages, each nurse
giving at least two months of this type of
service. Revised private duty rates were put
into ef fect in Peterborough. Continued ac-
tivity was reporteð by the public health
section.
Miss Gladys Sharpe was guest speaker at
the evening session fonowing a most enjoy-
able banquet. She described her experiences
as a nursing sister in South Africa. She re-
called interesting points about the trip which
included a stop-over at Trinidad. She told of
the opening of a new hospital in J ohannes-
burg, with forty-eight wads, each with
thirty-six beds.
The slate of officers for the ensuing year
was as follows: chairman, Mrs. E. Bracken-
ridge; first vice-chairman, :Mary Ross;
second vice-chairman, Janet Graham; third
vice-chairman, Aileen Flett, secretary-treas-
urer, Anna Lynch; conveners: hospital and
school of nursing, Rev. Sr. Benedicta; pub-
lic health, Helen Furlong; general nursing,
May Stone; membership, Maribelle Mack-
enzie; finance, Lois Stewart; nominations,
H. Talbot, 1[iss Porter, H. Strath; rep-
.resentati\e to The Canadian lVurse, )'1rs. H.
Cole.

DISTRICT 7

KINGSTON:

Ontario Hospital:
F or some time the graduates and training
school staff have felt the need of an Alum-
nae Association and with this end in view
as many of the former graduates as could
be located met in the commonroom at Lea-
hurst to elect of fictrs and draw up the con-
stitution. The of ficers elected were: presi-
dent, :\lrs. Wm. Newman; vice-president,
Mrs. M. Lumb; secretary, Mrs.
. Fer-
guson; trea.surer, :\1rs. J. B. Garvin; com-
mittees: social, Mmes. H. E. Mills, :\1. E.
Whire, E. Greenwood, Miss E. Seagrove;
visiting, :\Imes. O. Morris, J. B. :\IcQuay,
\V. Quinn; councillors, Mmes R. Roach, P.

JANUARY, 1945

71

&'
217

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Tubes of 12, and bottles of 40 and 100
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CANADA

PROFESSIONAL PROBLEMS
OF NURSES

By Lena Dixon Dietz. This covers oppor-
tunities in hospital and private duty
nursing, mdustry, public health, social
service, government nursing, anesthesia,
X-ray, etc. as well as personal economics,
legal problems, ethics and etiquette,
travelling and hotel life, etc. Widely used
as a textbook by schools of nursing. Third
edition. 238 pages. $2.50.

TUBERCULOSIS NURSING

By Grace M. Longhurst. A book specially
for the nurse and student interested in the
institutional care of the tuberculOsis pa-
tient. It covers clinical tuberculOsis, aseptic
technic, chest surgery, behaviour problems,
discharge and reHabilitation, out-patient
service, extrapulmonary tuberculosis. 300
pages, 67 illustrations. New edition.
$4.40

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

72

THE CANADIA
I\URSE

GY,NECOLOGY AND
GYNECOLOGIC NURSING
By Norman F. Miller, M. D.. PrO'fessO'r O'f
Obstetrics and GynecO'lO'gy. University O'f
Michigan; and Virginia Bryant. R.N.. fO'r-
merly SupervisO'r O'f the GynecO'IO'gy Wards,
University O'f Michigan Hospital. 378
Pages. Illustrated. $3.25.
This new bO'O'k is designed to' help stu-
dent nurses unàerstand the significance
O'f diseases O'f the fEmale reprüductive BYB-
tern. It emphasizes the nurse's part in the
preventiO'n and early recO'gnitiO'n O'f these
cO'nditiO'ns and develO'ps an attitude toward
this branch O'f nursing that is whO'IEsO'me.
scientific and social.
All the cO'nditiO'ns specified by the Cur-
riculum Guide fO'r the cO'urse are cO'vered.
and all gynecO'lO'gic nursing prO'cedures are
presented in a mannEr designed to' make
the reasO'n as well as each step in the
prO'cedure, clearly understO'O'd.
McAinsh & CO. Limited
Dealers in Good Books Since 1885
388 Y onge Street Toronto 1

THE CENTRAL
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NURSES, TORONTO

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Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg..
86 Bloor Street. West. TORONTO
WINNIFRED GRIFFIN. Reg. N.

DOCTORS' and NURSES'
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212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg
24 Hour Service
A Directory for:
DOCTORS. REGISTERED NURSES.
PRACTICAL NURSES, PHYSIO-
THERAPISTS. and MASSEUSES
(PhO'ne service to' VictO'rian Order of
Nurses. nights, Sundays and hO'lidays, O'nly.)
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Bruce, L. Orr. J. Plunkett,
. Silver, C.
Benson: rtcpresentative to The Canadian
Xursc, L. Jame".

DISTR ICT 8

CORNWALL:

At a rt:Ct::nt meeting of the Hotel Dieu
Hospital Alumnae _\ssociatiun three new
committees \H're formed to deal with new
projects to be undert
ken during the com-
lno- vear.
1;lrst, a gmup to study occupational ther-
apy, with the purpose of introducing it into
the hospital on a practical ba:-is, has been
formed. This group, comprised of twelve
members of the Assuciation, will
tudv the
mcthod
u:;ed h) LUlÜS J. Haas. F._-\
A.O.
T.R., as explained in his book "Practical
Occupational Therapy". A second group has
volunteered to form the nucleus of a volun-
teer nursing group to aid in the hospital dur-
ing the present crisis regarding nursing
service. A third committee will collect and
re-distribute re.lding material to be used in
the hospital and alsu to send to the boys
overseas. Isohel :\lacDondl is the convener
and all contributions will be gratefully ac-
cepted.

DISTRICT 9

The twentieth annual meeting of District
9. R.X .:\.U., was held recently in Sudbury
with thc chairman, :\liss Katherine :\IcKen-
zie, presiding. :\lembers from Timmins,
Kirkland Lake. X ew Liskeard. X orth Bay,
Gra\1enhurst. and Braoebridge, i11cludin,g
ohapter representatives, attended. :\oIr.
Thompson, acting mayor of the city, ex-
tended grt'etings to the guests. :\Iiss A.
\Valker welcomed the visiting nurses on be-
half of the Sudbury Chapter. Reports of
Chapters and
ections showed gp)wth and
development and the financial affairs of the
district as satio; factor\". There was an in-
crease of twenty-seve,; members in the Dis-
trict.
Dr. H. :\1. Torrington, president of the
Ontario :\ledical A
suciation, was the guest
speaker at a verv enjoyahle luncheon and
at the a fternoon session :\Irs. H. Cullen ad-
dressed the l1ur
es on "\\- omcn in the Post-
\Var Period".
A presentatiun was made to the retiring
chairman. :\1 is
:\1 cKenzie, and the new
chairman, :\liss
igrid Laine, was \\-elcomed.
The graduating class of St. Joseph's Hos-
pital were gue
ts of the Sudbury Chapter
at the dinner meeting. :\Iiss :\Iargaret Dul-
mage gave a very interesting and informative
account of the work of the Red Cross in
Ontario.
The following ufficcrs were elected for
the coming year: chainran. A.
i
rid Laine,
Kirkland District Hospital; first vice-chair-
man, A. \Valker, Copper Cliff Hospital;
second vice-chairman, R. Densmore. Sault
Ste. :\larie; secretary, Dorothy Lemery,
Kirkland Lake; treasure-. Jean Smith. :\lus-
kuka Hospital, Gravenhurst.

Vol. 41. No.1

NEWS NOTES

73

SASKA TCHEW AN

:\IAPLE CREEK:

A very pleasant luncheon was held re-
cently by members of the
laple Creek
Chapter, District 5, S.R.N.A., on the oc-
casion of the travelling instructor's visit to
11aple Creek.
Iiss Guillod, superintendent
of the hospital, presided as hostess, and in
a very gracious speech expressed the thanks
of the Local Chapter for the discussion
groups which had been held. Those present
were
lmes Armstrong, A. Fleming, Dixon,
L. Fleming, Quick, Dawson, Brooke, Misses
Stockdale, and Giles. This meeting was very
enlightening as to the ability of the nurses
of
laple Creek and of the wonderful spirit
of helpfulness which the married nurses
are displaying.
SASKA TOON :
At the
ovember meeting of the Saska-
toon Chapter, S.R.N.A., much enjoyment
was caw-ed b
a cleverly enacted pantomime
presented by student nurses from St. Paul's
Hospital. The "heroine" of the play was a
young student nurse home on vacation. Many
hilarious sc<.nes were presented and the fact
that no lines were spoken added much to
the merrimc-"nt. The program also featured
vocal solos by a student nurse from the City
Hospital. Lunch was served by members
of the program committee.
A recent meeting of the Saskatoon City
Hospital Alumnae Association took the form
of a "Dutch Auction".
lany delicious ar-
ticles of food were "knocked down" to
lucky bidders. Student nurses, ably assisted
by the president,
liss M. R. Chisholm, were
the capable auctioneers.
embers enjoyed
this departure from the usual routine meet-
ing and the coffers of the Association were
swelled by the proceeds.

Y ORKTON :

The graduate nurses of Y orkton recently
called a special meeting to consider the
organization of a Y orkton Chapter, S.R.
)J.A.
lrs. Kate Chapman (Hunt) presided
and the registrar of the S.R.:-.J.A. spoke on
the proposed re-organization. Reference was
made to the valuable work done by York-
ton Volunteer \Var Service Association since
the outbreak of war. However, the consen-
sus of opiuion was that members of this
association give their support to the for-
mation of a Chapter as a more permanent
type of organization.
The splendid assistance given by married
nurses in this District, as well as many
others in the province, was also apparent.
As our travelling instructor says. "\^,T e owe
much to married nurses. and in expressing
appreciation must not forget the husbands
and grandmothers who come to the rescue
and help out by accepting responsibility for
some of the household duties. For even
mothers are human and cannot be in two
places at once".

JANUARY, 1945

<,

When
First
Real
Meals
Upset
I Baby
About 75 per cent of babies are allergic to
one food or another say authorities. Which
agrees and which does not can only be de-
termined by method of trial. In case such
allergic symptoms as skin rash, colic gas
diarrhea. etc. develop. Baby's Own T
ble

ill be found most effective in quickly free-
mg baby's delicate digestive tract of irrita-
ting accumulations and wastes. These time-
proven tablet triturates are gentle - war-
ranted free from narcotics - and over 40
years of use have established their depend-
ability for minor upsets of babyhood.

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For Those
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.

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WH ITE TUBE CREAM

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Made in Canoda
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From Coast to Coo.t.

74

THE CANADIAN NURSE

"

DIRECT CONTACT
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
FOR
Medicated vapors impina-e directly and for
extended periods upon diseased respiratory
surfaces. This is the method of Vapo-CrHo- . '
lene. Throat Irritability is quickly soothed.
coughing and nassl cona-Htion subsidea. Used
to alleviate whooping coua-h paroxysms. alao
for ..colds.., bronchial asthma and bronchitla. F
..
Send for Nurses' literature. Dept. 6. The
Vapo-Cresolene Co., 504 St. Lawrence Blvd.. \.1
Montreal, Canada.

,r
. f .\

/

,

r .'

...d

, , .-

. .

WANTED

An Isolation Supervisor is required for a new 12-bed Unit of a General
Hospital in Central Eastern Ontario. Apply, stating experience, qualifications,
and salary expected. in care of: Box 10. The Canadian Nurse, 522 Medical
Arts Bldg., }Iontreal 25, P_ Q.

WANTED

General Duty Xurses are required for a 175-bed General Hospital in
Central Eastern Ontario. The basic salary is $105 per month, with service
raises; eight-hour day and six-day week. Apply, stating full particulars, in
care of: Box 11, The Canadian Nurse, 522 lUedical Arts Bldg., l\lontreal
25, P. Q.

WANTED

An Assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses is required by the Sherbrooke
Hospital. Applicants must also be able to assist with the instruction for a
rapidly-expanding English School of Nursing. Position available immediately.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED

An Operating Room Supervisor with post-graduate experience is required
for the Victoria Public Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and
salary, to: The Superintendent, Victoria Public Hospital, Fredericton, N. B.

MORE HOSPITALS FOR THE INCURABLE A
D THE CHRONICALLY ILL

Throughout the whole of Canada to serve
over 11,000,000 people we have at the pres-
ent time only 20 hospitals with a total bed
capacity of 3,415. These hospitals are utter-
ly unable to cope with the situation. Most
communities and many large cities have no
accommodation for such patients. If chroni-

cally ill patients could be transferred from
our acute institutions, a considerable per-
centage of the available space in such hos-
pitals could then be made available for
acutely ill patients.

-Hosþital Personnel and Facilities

Vol. 41. No.1

WANTED
Applications are invited for the position of Provincial District Nurse in the
Province of Alberta. Districts located in rural areas. Cottage, water and fuel
supplied by community. Salary: Minimum of $1500 per annum, plus Cost of
Living Bonus. Sick leave. Annual vacation provided after one year's service.
Apply to:
Miss Helen G. McArthur, Superintendent of Public Health Nurses,
218 Administration Bldg., Edmonton, Alta.

WANTED
Applications are invited from Registered Nurses for General Duty: Salary,
$75 per month, with full maintenance; for permanent Night Duty, $85 per
month. Apply to :
Mrs. E. M. Wright, Superintendent, Brome-Missisqùoi-Perkins H08{)itaI.
Sweetsburg, P. Q.

WANTED

Genera! Staff Nurses are required for the Allan Memorial Institute of
Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Forty-eight hour week. The
salary is $100 per month, plus meals and laundry. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, P.Q.

WANTED

An Assistant Instructor is required for the Glace Bay General Hospital
School of Kursing. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
The Superintendent, Glace Bay General Hospital, Glace Bay, K.S.

WANTED
Applications are invited for the following positions in an active I50-bed hospital:
Trained Record Librarian.
Surgical Supervisor with special training and experience preferred
Position open on January 1.
Apply,'stating qualifications, experience and salary expected, to:
The Superintendent, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, N.B.

WANTED

General Duty Nurses are required immediately for the Toronto Hospital for
the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Eight-hour day; six-day week; good living
conditions. The salary to start is $80 per month. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto Hospital, 'Veston, Onto

WANTED

A Surgical Supen-isor is required for a 120-bed hospital. 48-hour week.
The salary is $115 per month, plus meals and laundry. Apply, stating quali-
fications, experience, age, and when available in care of: Box 50, The Canadian
Nurse, 522 Medical Arts Bldg. )Iontreal 25, P. Q.

JANUARY, 1945

75

Official Directory

International Council of Nurses
Executive Secretary. Miss Anna Schwanenberg, 1819 Broadway, New York City 2.
, New York, U.S.A.
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Pret!Ïdent ................................ Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.
Past President ...................... Miss Marion Lindeburgh, 3466 University Street, Montreal, P. Q.
I'int Vice-President .............. Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Calgary, Alta.
t:5econd Vice-President .......... Miss Ethel Cryderman. 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto. Onto
Honourary Secretary ............Miss Evelyn Mallory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.
Bonourary Treasurer .........._Miss Marjorie Jenkins, Children's Hospital. Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMl\nTTEE
Numerals tndicate office held: (1) President, Provincial Nurses Association;
(2) Chairman, Hospital and S
/wol 01 Nuning Section; (3) Chairman, Public
Health Section; (6) Chairman, General Nursing Section.

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten, Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto; (2) Miss Dora Arnold,
Brantford General Hospital; (3) Miss M. C.
Livingston 114 Wellington St.. Ottawa; (4)
Mrs. F. Daimler, 73 Patricia St., Kitchener.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss K. MacLennan,
Provincial Sanatorium, Charlottetown; (I)
Mrs. Lois :\lacDonald, Prince Co. Höspltal.
Summerside; (3) Mrs. C. H. Beer. 277 Kent
St., Charlottetown; (4) Miss Mildred Tho

son, 20 Euston St., Charlottetown.
Quebec: (1) Miss Eileen Flanagan, 3801 Uni-
versity St.. Montreal; (2) Miss Winnifred
MacLean, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal;
(3) Miss Ethel B. Cooke, 830 Richmond Sq.,

Iontreal; (.1.) Mile Anne-i\Iarie Robert. 67111
me Drolet. Montreal.
Saskatchewan: (1) l\liss M. R. Diederichs, Gre,
Nuns' Hospital, Regina; (2) Miss Ethel James,
Saskatoon City Hospital; (3) Miss Mary &.
Drown. 5 Bellevue Annex, Regina; (4) MI.
M. R. Chisholm. 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatooa.
Chairmen, National Sections: Hospital and
School of Kursing: Miss :\Iartha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: Miss
Helen McArthur, Provincial Health Depart-
Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald. City of ment. Edmonton, Alta. General Nursing: Mi811
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard, Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St.. Winnipeg,
Halifax Infirmary; (3) Miss M. Shore. 816 Man. Convener, Committee on Nursing Educa-
Roy Bldg., Halifax; (4) Miss M. Ripley, 66 tion: Miss E. K. Russell. 7 Queen's Park.
Duhlin St., Halifax. Toronto. Onto
General Secretary. Miss G. M. Hall, National Office, 1411 Crescent St., Montreal 25, P.Q
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS OF CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
HosþiltJl tlnd School of Nursing S
ction CcmNCILLORs: Alberta: Miss N. Sewallls, 8811.
108 St., Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss J.
Gibson, 1035 W. 12th Ave.. VanC'ouver. MaaI-
toba: Miss J. Gordon. 8 Elaine Court; Win-
nipeg. New Brunswick: Mrs. M. O'Neal, 1'1'
Douglas Ave.. Saint John. Nova Scotia: Mr.
M. Ripley, 66 Dublin St.. Halifax. Onuri..
\Irs. F. Dahmer, 73 P;!tricia St.. Kikhener.
Prince Edward Island: Mis!' Mildrerl Thomp-
son. 20 Euston St.. Charlottetown. Quebec:
Mile Anne-Marie Robert. 1i716 rue Drolet,
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss M. R. Chi.
holm, 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon

Alberta: (1) Miss Ida Johnson, Royal Alexandra
Hospital. Edmonton; (2) Miss B. J. von Grue-
algen, Calgary General Hospital; (3) Miss R.
E. McClure, Clover Bar Health Unit. Qu'Ap-
pelle Bldg., Edmonton: (4) Miss N. Sewallis.
9918-108th St.. Edmonton.

British Columbia: (1) :\Iiss G. M. Fairley, 31i06
W. 33rd AYe.. Yancuuver; (2) Miss E. L.
Xelson, Yancouwr General Hospital; (3) Miss
T. Hunter. 1238 ,Yo lIth A\e., Yancouyer; (4)
:\Ii.,s J. Gibson. 1035 ,Yo 12th Ave., Yancouver.

Manitoba: 0) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Winnipeg
General Hospital: (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win-
nipelr General Hospital; (3)
fiss L. Miller.
17 Lindall Apts.. Winnipeg'; (4) Miss J.
Gordon, 3 Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brunswick: 0) :\Iiss M. :\Irers.
aint John
General Hospital; (2) :\fiss 1\1. Miller, 98 Wes-
Ie}" St..
lol1eton; (3) :'Iliss :\1. Hunter. Dept.
of Health. Frede! idon: (0 \Irs. :\1. O'Neal,
1711 Douglas Aye.. Saint John.

CHAIRIlIA
: Miss Martha Batson. Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital. First Vice-Chairman: Reverend
Sister Clermont, St. Boniface Hospital, Man.
Second Vice-Chairman: Miss G. Bamforth,
Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.
Secretary: !\fiss Vera Graham, HOIlIoeopathic
Hospital, MontreaL

. CoUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss B. J. von Gruenigen,
Calgary General Hospital. British Columbia:
:\Iiss E. L. :\elson, Vancouver General Hospital,
Manitoba: :\Ii"s ß. Seeman, \\ïnnipeA' Gen-
eral Hospital. New Brunswick: Miss M.
:\liIler. !18 Wesley St., Moncton. Nova
Scotia: Sister Catherine Gerard. Halifax In-
firmary. Ontario. Miss D. Arnold. Brantford
General Hospitaf. Prince Edward Island
Mrs. Loio; MarDonald, Prince Co. Hospital,
Summerside. Quebec: Miss Winnifred Mac-
Lean, Ro}'al Victoria Hospital. Montreal.
Saskatchf'wa01: Miss
hel James, Saskatoon
City Hospital.

G
n
rtll N..rsan
S
ct;on

CHAIRMA
: Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral
St., Winnipeg. Man. First Vice-Chairman:
MIS!! Helen Jolly. 3234 College Ave., Regina,
Sask. Second Vice-Chairman: Miss Dorothy
Parsons, 376 George St.. Fredericton. N. B.
Secretary-Treasurer. MI!'I!! Margaret E. War-
ren. U Niagara St., Wlnnlpe
. Man.
76

Public Health Section
.CHAIRMAN: !\fiss Helen McArthur, Provincial
Health Department. Edmonton, Alta. Vice-
Chairman; Miss :\fiIdred I. Walker, Institute
of Public Health, London, Onto Secretary-
Treasurer: :\1Iss Jean S. Clark, City Hall,
Calgary. Alta.
CoUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss R. E. McClure,
Clover Bar Health Unit, Qu'Appelle Bldg.. Bd.
monton. British Columbi,,: Miss T. Hunter,
4238 \V. 11th Ave., Vancouver. ManitDNI
:'Iliss L. :\Ii lie I'. 17 Lindall Apts., Winnipeg.
New Brunswick: Miss M. Hunter, Dept. of
Health, Fredericton. Nova Scotia: Miss Y.
Shore, 314 Roy Bldg., Halifax. Ontario: Jdbl
M. C. Livingston, 116 Welllnkton St., Ottawa.
Prince Edward Island: Mrs. C. H. Beer. 277
Kent St., Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss EtheJ
R. Cooke. R30 Richmond Sq.. Montreal. Saska..
cb.wa.." Mi"s M. E. Brown. 5 Bellevue Aa.
nex, Regina.

THE
CANADIAN
NURSE

VOLUME 41
NUMBER 2
FEBRUARY
1 9 4 5

Convalescing
can be fun

See page 80

OWNED AND
cor U r P]( ""-T ]( n I ]( 1\.T

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PUBLISHED BY

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jtruLM3

"SORROW"
A etudy by Aristide Maillol; repro-
duced from the Byperion Preee art book
.. M aillol" .

"'.

All patients, however Beverc or mild their symptoms.
can be treated effectively with tlwse orally-active natural
ocstrogens. ....Premarin'.. (No. 866) for the most severe symptoms;
the new Half-Strength '''Premarin-'' (No. 867) when spnp-
toms are moderately'scvere: "'Emmeniu'"' for mild
s)'mptoms and maintenance

"PREMARIN" and "EM MEN IN II

conjugazed oestro
ns (equine)
Tablets No. 866; Tablet8 No. 867

conju
oestrogns (placental)
Tablets No. 701; Liquid No. 927

NATURAllY OCCURRING · WATER SOLUBLE · WEll. TOLERATED
ESSENTIAllY SAFE · IMPART A FEELING O.J=
!lELL-BEI NG

! "PREMARIN"
1tt;w. ,4 .
alI:

A new potency for those patients. whose symptoms, though severe, do
not require the intensiv,e therapy provided b
"Premarin" full strength.
Bottles of 20 and 1 00 tablets.

AYERST, McKENNA & HARRISON

LIMITEO

MONTREAL

Biological and Pharmaceutical Chemists

CANADA

302

SWEAT GLANDS ARE

MORE NUMEROUS

IN PEOPLE BORN

IN THE TROPICS

TRUE
n
FALSE
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IT'S TRUE! Studies demonstrate that
sweat glands are more numerous in sub-
jeCtS born in a tropical climate. How-
ever, moving to such a climate after the
age of two years does not seem to affect
the number of these glands.

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years of intensive research and experi-
ment in the study of perspiration. That
is why so many nurses prefer MUM-
because its scientific background makes
MUM a deodorant you can trust.

Suggest MUM to your patients. They
will be grateful for this extra attention.

IT'S EQUAll Y TRUE that the formula
for MUM was developed as a result of
A product of BRISTOL-MYERS COMPANY OF CANADA LTD.
3035-00 St. Antoine Street, Montreal, Canada

UM

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TAKES THE ODOR OUT OF STALE PERSPIRATION
. :1!tlick. . . MUM TAKES JUST 30 SECONDS TO APPLY
. fJJn/
. . . MUM IS HARMLESS TO SKIN AND CLOTHING.
.
%ieJl"fic . . . DOES NOT INTERfERE WITH NORMAL SWEAT-GLAND ACTIVITY

FEBRUARY, 194'

,
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The

Canadian

Nurse

Regiltered at Ottawa, Canada, a. lecond cia.. matter.
Editor tmtl B,uineu Mtm"ger:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N., 522 Medical Arb 81q., Mont....1 21. P.Q.

CONTEl\TS FOR FEBR1.TARY, 1945

NECESSARY INGREDIENTS

DAILY PROTHROMBIN TESTS IN DICUMAROL THERAPY

T. L. Fisher, M.D.
J. J. Chesnie, M.D.
- L. E. Martin

93
95
99
103

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND PRIVILEGES
COAGULATION AND THROMBOSIS

ADULT BEHAVIOUR IN RELATION TO SUPERVISION IN PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
M. 1. Walker 107

THE VALUE OF MENTAL HYGIENE IN THE SCHOOL
ORGANIZATION OF THE HOSPITAL NURSING STAFF

s. Henderson

PROVINCIAL PLACEMENT SERVICE
RAMBLING THOUGHTS BY A NURSE RETURNED FROM OVERSEAS

E. Pringle
E. Braund
I. Britton

109
113
115
119
121
123
127
130
133
134
135
144
145

THE M. G. H. SPORTS PROGRAM
THE GAMBIAE MOSQUITO COMES BACK
NOTES FROM NATIONAL OFFICE

K. Clifford

INTERESTING PEOPLE

OcCUPATIONAL THERAPY FOR THE MENTALLY ILL

WE HAD A CAMPAIGN ! ! !

A. L. Rosse
N. Harding
M. Hackett

LETTERS FROM THE ALASKA HIGHWAY DISTRICT
NURSING SISTERS' ASSOCIATION OF CANADA

NEWS NOTES

Sub,aiption R"te,: $2.00 per year - $S.OO for :J years; Foreign &: U.S.A., $2.S0; Student
Nurlel. $l.SO; Canadian Nunine Silten OverHal and Canadian nunu lervine with UNRRA,
$2.00 only. Single Copiel, 20 cents. All cheques, money orden and postal notel Ihould b. made
payable to The' Ctm"tli_ Nurle. (WIRa remitting by chequel add IS cenu for exchanee).
Ch"nge of Atldreu: Four weekl' advance notice, and th
old addresa, as well al the ruw. are
necesauy for chanee of sublcriber'l addrell. Not responsible for ]014",,,15 10lt in the mails due
to new address not beine forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. EdilorÑl
Content: N
ws iteml should reach the 10um,,1 office before the 8th of month precedine publica-
tion. All published mil. deltroyed after 3 monthl, unless asked for. Official Directory: Publish
d
complete in March, June, Sept. &: Dec. issues.
Address all communications to 522 Medicøl Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P. Q.

78

Vol. 41 No. 2

FATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

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PHYSICIAN AND STATESMAN (1821-1915)

COURAGE, boundless optimism and breadth
of vision characterized the distinguished
career of Sir Charles Tupper. Despite the
demands of public office, he maintained an
active interest in all matters concerning the
medical profession.
Tupper was born at Amherst, N.S., July 2nd,
1821. He studied medicine at Edinburgh Uni.
versity where he rec'eived the degrees of M.D.
and L.R.C.S. in 1843. Of medium height, erect,
and vigorous, Charles Tupper had an abundance
of nervous energy which contributed to alert-
ness and ceaseless mental activity. His manner
was hearty and genial and he had a broad
grasp of most topics.
In 1862 Tupper was appointed a Governor
of Dalhousie College, Halifax, where he initiated
a medical course which reached full fruition in
1870. It was largely due to his persistence that
in 1867 the Victoria General Hospital began its
existence in Halifax as a provincial and city
institutiQn. When the Canadian Medical Asso-
ciation was formed in 1867 he was elected
President.

BART., CB., G.C.M,G.,
M.D., LL.D.

The year 1855 marked the beginning of
1'upper's political career. It is said that history
will record the four years of his administration
as Premier of the Province of Nova Scofia as the
greatest era in Tupper's life-an era in which
he achieved the most striking personal success.
Against strong opposition he established a
system of free schools for Nova Scotia.
Tupper was the apostle of Confederation and
played an important part in the passoge of the
British North America Act. He actively supported
efforts to establish a Federal Department of
Health which, after much missionary work,
became a reality in 1919.
He was made a Baronet in 1888. For two
different periods he held the position of High
Commissioner for the Dominion in London and
in 1896, was made Prime Minister of Canada.
Sir Charles died at "The Mount", Bexley
Heath, England, on October 30th, 1915. The
record of his life is a challenge to the mediçal
profession and inspires William R. Warner &
Company in their policy of Therapeutic Exact.
neSs. . Pþarmaceutica/ Excellence.

'85\W fA ,,
,,
liE IR & COMPANY LTD.

MANUFACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727.733 KING ST. WEST: TORONTO

FEBRUARY, 194:5

79

Reader's Guide

In recent months, muses have been
caned upon to assume more and more
responsibility for treatments and prac-
tices which customarily were done by
the doctors. The extent to which they
might be held responsible should any
untoward accident occur has been a
source of worry to many. Trenholm L.
Fisher, M.D., F.A.C.P., who discusses
these problems for us is secretary of the
Canadian Medical Protective Association.
His paper was originally presented at a
meeting of the nurses of District 8, R.
N.A.O., at Ottawa.

With so much publicity being given to
the use of blood plasma and transfusions,
it is wen for us to be informed regard-
ing the abnormal conditions which may
occur even in apparently healthy indi-
viduals. Joshua J. Chesnie, M.D., is an
interne on the staff of The Montreal
General Hospital.

Lillian E. Martin, R.N., M.T., is a
graduate of the Class of 1927 of the Cal-
gary General Hospital and is at present
in charge of the laboratory at the Cal-
gary Associate Clinic. Her description
of the procedure in connection with Di-
cumarol therapy is based on the work
which she is doing in conducting the
daily prothrombin tests.

Mrs. Edith Pringle is Deputy Inspector
of Hospitals in the provincial service
in British Columbia. Her paper was
given as a part of the program at a
refresher course for hospital superin-
tendents and administrators held in Van-
couver. Mrs. Pringle has had extensive
personal experience as a hospital ex-
ecutive and asks us some challenging
questions.

Mrs. Selena Henderson is closely as-
sociated with the program which
he
has outlined. She is on the staff of the
Mental Hygiene Section, Division of
Child Hygiene, in the city of Montreal.

Continuing her series of articles re-

80

lating to superVIsIOn in public health
nursing, Mildred I. Walker, chief of the
Division of study for graduate nurses,
Institute of Public Health, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ont., dis-
cusses what is included in adult be-
haviour.

Elizabeth Braund has been director of
the Provincial Placement Service in
British Columbia since the inception of
the development there. Her outline of
the form of Service offered, the means
of financing, and the general plan of
organization may serve as a guide for
other provinces contemplating the or-
ganization of a similar type of Service.

Though many of our hospitals have
taken steps to provide for some form of
extracurricular physical activity for
their nurses, few have adequate facilities
of gymnasium, swimming pool and ne-
cessary equipment to make such a pro-
gram possible and retain the active in-
terest of the participants. A description
of what can be accomplished even under
difficulties has been outlined by Kath-
leen Clifford, surgical supervisor at the
Central Division, Montreal General Hos-
pital. Miss Clifford iiJ a sports enthusiast
herself and was winner of the Westmount
'Vomen's Singles Tennis Championship
in 1944.

Being a patient at the Hospital for
Sick Children, Toron", isn't half bad
when there is a chance of a sleigh-ride
through the snow. The two youngsters
pictured on our cover were convalescing
at the Thistletown Branch of the Hos-
pital for Sick Children.

Several interesting letters have been
loaned to us and excerpts from them
appear in next issue. We feel that every
one is anxious to hear more about what
our nursing sisters are doing on the
various war fronts. We would be glad
to receive more of these letters to share
with our readers. Special care will be
taken to return them to the lenders. Have
you some to send?

Vol. 41 No. :z

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SIGNIFICANCE
-----v-

OF

TRIFL

THE STORY is told of a young grocery derk who, during the course
of the day's business, inadvertently overcharged one of his customers
a quarter shilling. Late that night, after the store had dosed, he
journeyed to the home of the customer to return the money and
make apology for the blunder.
To this young man it was not a matter of six insignificant pennies
but one of integrity. Absolute integrity is a rare enough virtue to
make those who possess it truly great. Withal, it implies a singleness
of purpose which consistently leads men to strive for perfection in
all they undertake.
Seeking perfeceion of produce is an obsession with Eli Lilly and
Company. No item is too insignificant, no operation too trifling, to
deserve careful consideration. Possibilities for improvement are con-
stantly investigated. Careful attention to minute detail is part and
parcel of the daily job. A "Lilly" specification on your prescriptions
guarantees quality unsurpassed.

ELI LILLY AND COMPANY (CANADA) LIMITED · TORONTO, ONTARIO

: --.

FEBRUARY 1945

'"

T he food business is a friendly
business
and never more so than when
it comes to the feeding of infants. The
baby
the nzother
the attending physician

and the makers of carefully-guarded
infant foods
all join in the neighbourly
job of prescribing and providing and
Utucking awayn the best and safestnour-
ishment that young digestions can absorb.

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, Friends your baby
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Baby Food

This friendly poster, sponsored by H. J. Heinz Company of Canada ltd.,
is now appearing on billboards throughout Canada.

'-

82

Vol. 41 No.2

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PHYTINE

TRADE )lARK RE..'D.

An efficacious nerye and /(eneral tonic, representing
the reserye phosphoric principle of yegetable seeds.

Phytine provokes a rapid and very remark-
able increase in the appetite l and a marked
improvement of physical and mental energy.

ISSUED
T ABLETS 1 in bottles of 40 1 100
and 500.

...

-=. H

omþany
EAL. CANADA

FEBRUARY. 1945

83

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BULLETINS 5 U M MAR I Z I N G
KILLIAN LAB 0 RAT 0 R I E 5
REPORT ON BABY FOODS
" r
* HOMOGENIZATION ENHANCES
DIGESTIBILITY IN LIBBY'S BABY FOODS

Killian Laboratories Report on Series of In Vitrl'
Test and Clinical Experiments

Introducing his report on Libby's *Homo-
Kenized Baby Foods, John A. Killian, Ph.D.,
makes the following significant statement:
""'Homogenization, as applied by Libby's
in the processing of Baby Foods, produces
the following eff
cts:
(a) it explodes vegetable cells and com-
minutes large particle!!,
(b) it disperses uniformly the digestible
nutrient in fine particles in the form
of an emulsion throughout the entire
mass of the food,
(c) It greatly magnifies the surfaces of
the digestible nutrients for contact
with digestive enzymes,
(d) it converts coarse vegetable fibres in-
to fine, uniformly distributed bulk.
FOOD CELLS BEFORE HOMOGENIZATION

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Note that nourishment is enclosed by tough cellu-
lose wall which careful straining does not brt;ak
down. Undeveloped digestive juices of the enfant
.tomacb may not penetrate cellulose wall and needed
nourishment is lost. Undigested food passes into
large intestine where it may ferment and cause
.erious disturbances.

t
These changes in the physical form of
fruits, vegetables and cereals, effected by
homogcniza,tion, may be demonstrated by
microscopic examinations of the foods.
There are on record several series of photo-
micrographs of strained and unstrained spe-
cimens of homogenized and nonhomogen-
ized foods which present convincing evi-
dence of alterations in physical structure
brought about by homogenization.
Pediatricians and physicians are invited
to write for a serie
of bulletins summarizing
the clinical experiments and In Vitro tests
on infant feeding conducted by Killian La-
boratories. Just address Libby, McNeill &
Libby of Canada, Limited, Chatham, On-
tario.

LIBBY, McNEILL and LIBBY of CANADA,
LIMITED, Chatham, Ontario.
FOOD CELLS AFTER HOMOGENIZATION

Food cells after homogenization by Libby's special
proce&s. Tough cellulose wall has been completely
Quick digt!stion. The infant's delicate intestinal tract
Quick digestion. The infant's delicate intestinal tract
can digest these particles
asity and completely.
Baby gets more nourishment from same amount of
food.

8 BALANCED BABY FOOD COMBINATIONS:

These combinations of Homogenized Vegetables, cereal, soup and fruits
make it easy for the Doctor to prescribe a variety of solid foods for infants:

7. A meatleu loup-conslstlno
of celery, potatoes. peal, car-
rots, tomatoes, soya flour, and
barley. Can be fed to very

.un1nba
,I:
. green" vegetable
combination-Many doctorl have
asked for this. Peas, Iplnach
and green beanl are blended t.o
give a very dellrable vegetable
preduct.
And in addition, Two Single Vegetable Producu Specially
Homogenized :
PEAS, SPINACH AND
LIBBY'S HOMOGENIZED EVAPORATED MILK

1. Peal,
beet..
aiparagul.
2. Pumpkin,
tomatoel,
green bØ8nl.
8. Peal,
carrotl.
Iplnaeh.

4. Whole milk,
whole wheat.
lOya bean
flour.

8. Sou
,ar-
roU, celery.
t.omatoel.
ch leken IIverl,
barler, onlonl.

10. TomaWeI ca.
rots and peal-

=-:aby
ve C:mb

:-
tlon of exceptional.
Iy qood dietetic pro-
Dertlel and flavour.

84

*Libby's are the Only Baby Foods that are Homogenized.

Vol. 41 No.2

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Facts .for the patient
inquiring abottt the

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:

SAFETY

.,.....

OF INTERNAL MENSTRUAL PROTECTION

Tampax menstrual tampons are more
than merely adequate for catamenial
protection...they possess a wide margin
of safety, particularly on prolonged use.
Careful and extended research by au-
thorities in different parts of the coun-
try-involving studies on bacterial flora,
hydrogen ion concentration, vaginal
mucosal biopsies, glycogen determina-
tions and gross examinations in hun-
dreds of cases-has failed to reveal
any untoward results from the regular
use of t
s form of menstrual hygiene.
For instance, one investigator l re-
ports, "By exact research in 218 women
who wore tampons regularly during
their menstruation for one year and
over, no production of irritation or
discharge, vaginitis or cervicitis was
found."
Another 2 states that, in 110 subjects
using tampons throughout e
ch period
for a minimum of one year to a maxi-

TAMPA X

mum of twO years, "there was no evi-
dence of any irritation of the cervix or
vagina by the tampon."
A third clinician 3 (with a series of 21
subjccts) writes that "no evidence was
observed of any infection carried by
the tampons."
Finally, the general consensus would
seem to indicate that il1:travaginal men-
strual protection will not cause block-
ing of the flow or cramps-rather that
"tampons actually acted as a wick to
draw away the blood from the cervix."!
Thus, Tampax can be soundly rec-
ommended to patients of menstruating
age-on the basis that "the evidence is
conclusive that the tampon method of
menstrual hygiene is safe, comfortable
and not prejudicial to health."4
(1) West. J. Surg., Obst. & Gyn., 51:150,1943.
(2) Am. J. Obst. & Gyn., 46:259, 1943. (3)
ClID. Meet. & Surg., 46:327. 1939. (4) Med
Rec., 155:316, 1942.

accepted fOr advertising hy
the Journal of the American Medical Association

P6-ð

Canadian Tampax Corporation Ltd., NAM F
Bram pton, Onto
ADDRES S
Please send me a professional supply..
of the three absorbencies of T ampax. CITY

FEBRUARY_ 19<1'

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Vol. 41 No.2

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I "'II.
I When Pruritus Vulvae
I Adds to the Burdens
I
I of the Menopause
I
I
L ----- _____.J

The active ingredients of
Calmitol are camphorated
chloral, menthol and hyos-
cyamine oleate in an 81-
cohol-chlorof orm-ether
vehicle. Calmitol Ointment
contains 10 per cent Calmi-
tol in a lanolin-petrolatum
base. Calmitol stops itching
by direct action upon cu-
taneous receptor organs and
nerve endings, preventing
the further transmission of
offending impulses. The
ointment is bland and non-
irritating, hence can be used
on any skin or mucous mem-
brane surface. The liquid
should be applied only to
unbroken skin areas.

T HE unfortunate woman who experiences well-defined
symptoms of the menopause regards these trying years as
the most uncomfortable of her life. When kraurosis vulvae or
senile vaginitis adds to her discomfort by introducing the tor-
ment of pruritus vulvae, a clinical situation is created which
may be the precipitating factor in producing grave hysterical
or emotional disturbances. At the first indication of pruritus
vulvae, Calmitol should be prescribed. Its dependable anti-
pruritic action prevents uncomfortable hours, and maintains
continuous freedom from itching. Calmitol is thus a valuable
adjuvant in the management of menopausal problems.

;The
tJJtiIR4 &0 .:elL

504 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal, Canada

CALMIT L
a lE ANTI-PRURITIC
THE DEPENDA

FEBRUARY. 194'

87

- Of 50

Of

M
NO",\ON \J1
OR\'\
S
" U Ñ 1\-\E REC.Oto\ Þ-1 0 \.OG\C.Þ-\. þ-
,,0

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\5 . d
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60b
s
horn dd\t\on
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of qu es ' ou nds .
. c.o\ c.o mp
c.hem'
ertu\
strong.
os or on

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to
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med'C. o
of the . g h'
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protesS'o . .,

c.ept,on.
toke e

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Baby's Own Oil

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. . '. . ' ...,. . .. . .,. .,.
. .
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That is the reason why Baby's Own Oil contains no antiseptic.
From the very beginning, the J. B. Williams Company set out to
Inanufacture a baby oil that could be used on any baby's skin. . .
for tender infant tissues may be extremely sensitive to chemical
antiseptics, however mild.
Doctors, nurses, skin specialists and mothers everywhere recom-
mend it.

""

Baby's Own Oil is a bland oil. pure, mild and safe. . . especially
blended for baby's sensitive skin.
Baby's Own Oil can be recommended with complete confidence
. . . you need have no fear. . . there's none better.

The J. B. Williams Co., (Canada) Limited

..

Vol. 41 No, 2

/

,.,., . spoonfuls
8
('hia' \1 c.c )
Rib l11loe II 'd . supply
lV' o.fJ a vio. J rochlorid
p laClJ}. . . . . . . . . . e. . . . . . .
C yridoxio' . j' . . . . '. .......... .......1000
alciul11 pe Iydrochi.:..... . . . . . . .2000 gal11lOa
Cholio e aOtotheo or 1d e ........... .100 00 gal1]lOa
In . . . ate . . J)"ah-o
-:oSltol. ......... ' . . . . . '. ...... 1000 ð' 4'
lOa
DIOtio Tr.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 00 galOlOa
t' lt al11 . . . . . . . g
aod ers, , , . . . . . . . '. ......24000 alO lOa
lJ oid. ' , , , , , , . , . . . . . . 14400 galOlOa
su eOtl/ied l ' , , , , , , galO lO
Bgested irztak . actors as fj . , , . . 8 gall111J a
e. oUod . a
2 to 4 10 rice L
. d t

oe
10 icated. spooOfuls .'(tract.
(8 c
.c. to 16
c.c.) daily Or
as

An aqueous extract of rice hran-one of nature's richest sources of
the B-Complex-halanced hy the addition of crystalline B factors.
MOST PALATABLE · ECONOMICAL . BALANCED POTENCY

JOHN WYETH & BROTHER (CANADA) LIMITED
Nutritional Division W ALKERVILLE, Ontaño

FEBRUARY, 194'

89

r

New Cream 1
Deodorant \.
Safely helps
Stop Perspiration

/'

! ','" ')
.
,"

L Does not irritate skin. Dòes not rot
dresses and men' s shirts.
2. Prevents under-arm odor. Helps stop
perspiration safely.
3. A pure. white. antiseptic. stainless
vanishing cream.
4. No waiting to dry. Can be used right
after shaving.
S. Arrid has been awarded the Approval
Seal of the American Institute of
Laundering for being harmless to
fabric. Use Arrid regularly.

, IS TH E
ARRID T SELLING
LARGES O ORANT
DEO

I I

ARRID
39

AT ALL STORES WHICH SELL TOILET GOODS
(Also 1St and S9t iars)

to

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Placement Service

Information regarding posi-
tions for Registered Nurses in
the Province of British Colum-
bia may be obtained by writing
to:

Elizabeth Braund, R.N., Director
Placement Service
1001 Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
B.C.

THE VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.
Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.
Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:
Miss Elizabeth Smellie
Chief Saperbate.....t
114 WeIIlnctoD Street,
Ottawa.

Vol. 41 No.2

P A\ COIJ//tis CER"t þo,.\"'\.

1tA\lt/O -

WAS CRE
M ..
.. \ R
'- -r.- ',.-
ESPEC/AlL \"
I NEtO \1 þ.f U
FORMULA TED FOR "I SCRUBB'NG MY

DOCTORS AND NURSES.
/
HANDS 30 to 40
'( SOf 1EN \NG.
nMES.A DAYI
'1'S

)

\

)

NURSES, use Pacquins every
time you wash your hands, This
snowy - white effective hand
cream helps protect your skin
against the drying effects of
constant scrubbings. Gives busy
hands a feeling of smooth com-
fort. Creamy-soothing. . not
sticky, not greasy. Get Pacquins!

'

N
'
!
'

./

\

,

../

AT ANY DRUG. DEPARTMENT, OR TEN"(;ENT STORE

Pacquins
G

NG Hand Cream

FEBRUARY, 1945

91

'"ili

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.
---

.!:)----

OHN

.\

D I L LO N

---

WALKER,

.",

Ih".,

ee,e,,11

with Viosterol

That children's strong likes and dislikes for many
foods are a frequent cause of unbalanced diets. and
that unbalanced diets may lead to ,'itamin deficiency,
are, of course, obvious. Obvious, too. in the case of
such finicky-frequently ttspoiled.'-youngsters, arc
the advantages of vitamin supplements which
provide the desired potency in very small butk.
Abbott's Haliver Malt with Viosterol dol's just this
. . . It contains in a pleasant-tasting vehide I [aliV('("
Oil, Viosterol, Calcium, Phosphorus, Liver Concen-
trate and ILure Barley 1\1alt Extract. Specify _lbboll's
I1alivcr 'bit with Viosterol when recommending a
vitamin supplement for finicky children. . . and for
other children and ,adults as well. They'll all appre-
ciate it.
upplied in 8 oz. and 32 oz. bottles. Samples
and literature will be sent 011 requcst. _\ßBOTl
L-\BOR..\TORIES, LTD., 20 Ba(('s Rd., 'lontrl'al.

A II(ftts

HALIVE R MALT

t2

Vol. 41 No. 2

9:(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTHLY JOURNAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

VOLUME FORTy-oNE

FEBRUARY 1945

NUMBBR TWO

Necessary Ingredients

For a long time now, appeals have
been made through the newspapers, over
the radio, in the nursing literature, and
by various other means, for more and
more nurses to help to meet the de-
mands for nursing care. Hundreds and
thousands of married or retired nurses
have answered these calls and are today
filling positions in our hospitals, with pub-
lic health organizations or carrying on
in private duty. Many of these nurses
have home responsibilities, in addition,
and are therefore working a good deal
longer than the regular eight-hour day.
Many are beginning to feel that the
work is an effort but since the job has
to be done, they remain on duty. Usually
only one part of an individual is used
up in doing any particular piece of work.
Other parts get dammed up and a pause
is necessary to enable the nurse to be-
come a whole person again. This pause
we c.all the leisure period, and a brief
consideration of how it can be made
most profitable may help us to meet the

FEBRUARY. It4'

commotion and rush of the busy days
that lie ahead with great equanimity.
"Doing" and "not doing" are both
aspects of being. When at work, the
nurse is needed. Relaxation comes when
necessity is withdrawn from her activi-
ties. The moment that work stops, she
becomes less important, temporari1ý,
and enters a period of indifference to
external pressure. There is an element
of choice open to her and a chance of
making values, as it were, from within.
Many people cannot just slip from
work - they have to throw it off. The
hours on duty have involved a certain
tightening up. While loosening up again,
one must do nothing or appear to be do-
ing nothing. Washing, tidying, a change
of dress, a bath, even lounging, are very
useful ways of loosening up, of relaxing.
It is important to remember that if we
are with other people, we can relax best
when they do not set up tensions or re-
mind us of tensions set up earlier.
Laughter is a prime relaxing agent.

9)

94

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Both body and mind should relax -
the body in as pleasant and comfortable
surroundings as possible, the mind. in
light reading, chatting with contempor-
aries, etc.
H relaxation leads on to recreation,
the nurse will emerge re-created. Per-
haps, because the off-duty hours are
usually filled with endless trivialities
which obscure our perspective, it is diffi-
cult to work out a purpose or plan which
might justifiably be called adequate.
George Herbert, who wrote at the turn
of the sixteenth century, said "He hath
no leisure who useth it not". Since lei-
sure should be of a kind which automa-
tically reduces all personal problems to
a minimum, the solution probably lies
in developing hobbies, preferably two;
one for indoors and one for out, even
though they may point in opposite direc-
tions.
A hobby is one's favorite subject or
occupation that is not one's main busi-
ness. It is healthy if it can be laughed
at and/or shared. There are endless va-
rieties of things which can be taken up

as hobbies. Perhaps the commonest is
50me form of collecting. People often
associate the starting of a collection of
articles with the pre-adolescent years but
no nurse is too old to begin. The chief
difference will lie in the type of objects
collected. Books, recorded music, pic-
tures, stamps, china - she can go on
listing until she finds the thing she is
most interested in and her hobby starts
there. For the nurse who is skilled with
her hands, there is an infinite range of
things she can make. Out-of-door hob-
bies include not only the various sports
but again the collecting urge may be
satisfied.
Over two thousand years ago, Diony-

ius the Elder, being asked whether he
was at leisure, replied, "God forbid that
it should ever befall me" . We have
learned a great deal since then. We
know there is something wrong with the
person who has no outside interests, who
does not use her leisure. Let us relax
and recreate so that we may do our
work more efficiently.

-M. E. K.

Though February is so brief, she IS In-
triguing, Quite, when trees are innocent of
l
f, and days are short but bright. Beneath
our feet how crisp the snow, o'erhead, how
blue the sky, with all the blustering winds
that blow as clouds go scudding by. One
day the gentler note of Spring comes float-

February

ing en the air, reminding us of birds
that sing, the flowers that bloom so fair.
And on the wings of that glad thought our
hearts are light and merry as on our calen-
dar we jot adieu to February.

-MARY M. FORMAN

Inaugurating what we hope will grow
into a regular feature of the Journal, the
March issue will feature a composite
picture of the present-day knowledge of
Rheumatic Fever. Dr. James H. Graham
will introduce the topic with a discussion
of the causes of the disease, the symp-

Preview

toms, and both the therapeutic and sug-
gested prophylactic treatment. Mildred
M. Brogan outlines the nursing care in
the acute stage. Evelyn Pibu8 rounds out
the study with an analysis of the public
health aspects and some sound advice to
nurses going into the homes.

Vol. 41 No.2

Legal Responsibilities and Privileges

TRENHOLM L. FISHER,M.D., F.A.C.P.

There can be no doubt that if you
had found the proper member of the
legal profession he could have given you
a more precise definition of the leg.al res-
ponsibilities and privileges of the nurs-
ing profession than I can. Such know-
ledge as I have has been gathered ra-
ther by indirection than by deliberate
intent in the course of some duties which
make it necessary for me to decide, al-
ways with Counsel at my back, where
physicians' responsibilities begin and end.
There have been occasions when these
have impinged on nursing responsibili-
ties and anything I can say to you has
become known to me in that manner.
Here I would like to thank Mr. E. F.
Newcombe, K.C., General Counsel of
the Canadian Medical Protective Asso-
ciation, for the help he gave me. He
read over the first draft, culled many of
the inaccuracies, and added much valu-
able information that otherwise you
would not have had.
Not many of us give the law more
than a passing glance when we are
afraid we have transgressed in some par-
ticular and for that reason most of us,
when we do meet it, have a. slight rise
in blood pressure and a fervent hope
that we may never have any closer ac-
quaintance. A few of us shun it be-
cause we agree that "the law is a ass".
All of us who hold those opinions forget
the other side of the question. We forget
that the law represents a great part of
the accumulated wisdom that men have
acquired about how to live with each
other, how to define tàeir several posi-
tions and, even more important, how to
protect themselves from predatory ac-
tion of any kind by their fellows. The
law, as well as forcing us to accept some
responsibilities, protects us against un-
fair demands.
Then, too, nearly all of us fail to

FEBRUARY, 194'

realize that while the law can be and
is very specific about many things it is
a body of opinion arrived at by and
laid down for ordinary persons who are
engaged in many diverse activities. Ob-
viously it would be impossible to be
specific about every particular activity
and, therefore, the law tends to lay down
general principles which may be regard-
ed as more or less fixed, at least pro
tem, and to apply these principles to
the solution of particular problems.
\Vhen once a solution has been arrived
at, it often is used in subsequent similar
Cases. In other words, it becomes a pre-
cedent and while it is not "law" it has
the force of law because, again pro tem,
it is the best solution available for the
particular problem. .
This fact is of the greatest importance
with respect to medical and nursing le-
gal problems. It is literally true that
there are no specific "laws" stating what
a nurse mayor may not do, or - if
rarely she be lazy - how little she can
do. Nursing responsibilities are poorly
defined in law. Actually, reference to
such legal literature as I have been able
to obtain suggests there are no "laws"
governing the responsibilities and the
conduct of nurses, although their own
Registration Act does define, to some
extent, their privileges. Although if pre-
cedents hold there are few to follow liae-
cause comparatively few nurses have
been brought to court to have their
conduct judged - I leave it to you to
decide whether the profession as a whole
has earned this untroubled state! Fur-
ther, as with any profession, the profes-
sion of nursing has changing responsi-
bilities which force changes in the ap-
plication of the law. The many new
duties, some accepted eagerly and some
reluctantly, which have devolved upon
nurses as a result of the present short-

"

96

THE CANADIAN NURSE

age, are a case in point. Many of them
will be relinquished gladly when the
emergency is over, but a few will re-
main and new precedents will be found
to govern the manner in which such
duties must be fulfilled. So, with res-
pect to the nursing profession not only
are laws few and general in applica-
tion, but due to changing circumstances
the applications of the general principles
are consta.'1tly changing. What is un-
usual for a nurse to accept as her duty
today may be commonplace and accepted
tomorrow.
Now let us see if we can decide from
a nursing point of view what are the
duties of nurses, and then perhaps we
can apply some legal principles to these
activities. First and foremost, of course,
really the only reason for a nursing pro-
fession is the nursing care of patients.
This care is made up of several things.
The actual physical care of the patient,
the provision of cleanliness and comfort
and optimum conditions for cure are
basic things and have been basic since
there was a nursing profession. With
the greater education and increased
knowledge of that profession over the
years, more and more actual medical
treatment, under the guidance of doc-
tors, has been delegated to nurses-the
doing of dressings, the administration
of medicines and physical therapy. Hos-
pitals, too, have delegated authority and
responsibilities to nurses in increasing
degree. They are expected to keep rec-
ords of patients' temperatures and pulse
rates, they keep records of the patients'
condition - much more detailed rec-
ords of the small important things than,
unfortunately, many doctors keep -
and thirdly there are occasions when
nurses, as a result of the knowledge and
training they have received, do things
which to them seem necessary without
orders. In other words they exercise
their own professional judgment.
Thus, you see, a nurse - every nurse
- is something of a Pooh-Bah. She may
be, in a legal sense, the servant of the
doctorj she may be the servant of the

hospital, or again she may be responsible
only to herself for the exercise of her
professional judgment.
Perhaps we can dig a little deeper,
define a little more precisely. What are
the duties of the nurse when she is the
servant of the doctor? It would seem
reasonable, and it is true, that her duties
are to carry out his orders. Granted she
does that and does it properly, her res-
ponsibility is discharged. Any error or
unfortunate result following is the res-
ponsibility of the doctor. If, however,
the nurse does not carry out the order
properly .and an unexpected result fol-
lows, the responsibility is hers. For ex-
ample, a patient has a pain which the
doctor thinks may be relieved by the
application of heat in the form of a hot
water bottle, which he requests the nurse
to apply. The application of the hot wa-
ter bottle is not the whole story. True,
unless she carries out the order she is
remiss and may be penalized, but as
well, she has been taught the proper
temperature at which to have the wa-
ter in the bottle, and even if she follows
out the order she is remiss if she uses
water so hot it burns the patient. By
custom - precedent if you like - it
has come to be accepted that the doc-
tor need not say "apply a hot water bot-
tle at such and such a temperature". He
expects the nurse, as a result of her
training, to know the proper tempera-
ture. She, not the doctor, will be pen-
alized if an error is made and the pa-
tient burned.
There is an exception to the general
rule that a nurse escapes responsibility
if she follows a doctor's orders. If an
order is recognized by a nurse, or ought
to be recognized by her as unusual or in-
correct, and if she carries it out with-
out confirming it, she may have to share
responsibility with the doctor for any un-
toward results.
A similar state of affairs exists when
legally the nurse is the servant of the
hospital. Some duties are expressly laid
upon her by the hospital and if she fulfils
these competently, her responsibility is

Vol. 41 No.2

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND PRIVILEGES

97

ended. Any error or unfortunate result
following therefrom is the responsibility
of the hospital. But if the nurse fulfils
the orders carelessly and harm results,
hers is the fault.
Third and last is the most difficult to
discuss - the occasions when nurses
exercise their own professional judg-
ment. So many things must be con-
sidered that we had better enumerate
a few of them. It goes without saying
that the individual holding herself out
as a nurse must have had nursing train-
ing. It would seem equally evident, but
unfortun.ately is ignored all too often,
that she must have kept abreast of the
advances in medical science. No nurse,
for example, can nurse intelligently a
severe diabetic who does not know
something of the action of the various
kinds of insulin, when their actions are
exerted, what the times are of reactions
to different kinds of insulin. Similarly
no nurse fulfils her duty to a surgical
case who has not learned the complica-
tions to be watched for and the new
nursing procedures that will speed re-
covery. Then, the nurse must apply
her knowledge in a careful fashion,
"with due care and skill". If she fails
to exercise due care and skill, she is
.guilty of negligence. Negligence is such
a relative matter, so inclusive and so
varied in its meaning, that the law has
a general description which may be ap-
plied to particular cases. Mr. Justice
Wills, about 1865 or 1870, said, "Neg-
ligence is the absence of care according
to the circumstances", and any com-
ment on that definition is sheer redund-
ancy. As Mr. Newcombe said, "It re-
minds us that there is no absolute or in-
trinsic negligence; it is always relative
to some circumstance of time, place or
person."
When trouble arises for the nurse
in any given case this knowledge lets
us surmise the grounds on which she will
be judged. Irrespective of the cause of
the nurse's failure, whether the usual
signs were masked by something else, or
there was an atypical response, or the

FBBRUARY, 194'

nurse had insufficient knowledge, the
points at issue would be how much the
nurse should have been expected to
know, how much she did know, and
whether she used due care and skill in
applying her knowledge. They are nice
points. How can anyone decide whether
another knows enough and applies her
knowledge sensibly? Reasoning by anal-
ogy from comparable situations where
doctors have been involved, I will ven-
ture an opinion that I think is reason-
able. In the case of doctors the law says
their knowledge and skill must be that
of the average of other doctors in the
same district doing the same type of
work - "the average standard of com-
petent men in the circumstances in
which he or she is placed". So it is pro-
bable a court would apply this principle
to a given case and endeavour to learn
whether or not the nurse had average
knowledge and applied it as skilfully as
the average competent nurse would have
done. The answer to that question would
help a court decide whether the nurse
was guilty or was not guilty of negli-
gence or malpractice.
Many of us, in our fear of the law,
fail to remember that while it is stern
it is also reasonable and was designed
to govern the conduct not solely of the
brilliant - or the stupid - but of aver-
age individuals. It by no means demands
perfection under all circumstances. III
results may attend a person's best ef-
forts and this in medical practice as in
other things. The law recognizes this
and as long as it can be shown that the
individual's best efforts were put forth,
no penalty will be imposed. It has been
said this way, "where an operation to
be performed is complicated and diffi-
cult, a doer may err and be unsuccess-
ful, and yet not be responsible if he or
she fairly exert the best of his or her
judgment". This is extremely important
and remains important although modi-
fied by the fact that the "doer" must
have adequate knowledge and must have
kept that knowledge up to date.
Other factors arise constantly which

98

THE CANADIAN NURSE

modify a nurse's responsibility. Consider-
ation has to be given to the nurse's train-
ing, whether it was adequate or inade-
quate, in relation to the duty she ac-
cepted. That is, had the nurse any right
to accept responsibility under the cir-
cumstances, or should she, in terms of
her training, have refused? Then, too,
should she have been asked to perform
the duty? That brings us to another
question. No doctor or institution should
ask a nurse to perform an act for which,
reasonably, she could not be expected to
have sufficient knowledge or training
unless the doctor or institution is willing
to accept responsibility for the work
done. These things the nurse must weigh
in her own mind after which she must
accept or refuse the request.
An interesting point with respect to
nurses relates to breach of professional
confidence. Where doctors are con-
cerned, professional confidence must be
maintained and the law provides pro-
tection for the doctor so doing. In the
case of nurses professional confidence is
a matter of ethics rather than law. Cer-
tainly the nurse should respect the con-
fidence of her patients but the legal com-
pulsion differs from that exerted on
doctors. If the nurse does not and as a
result of her talk harm to the patient
is alleged, she may be held responsible
for her utterances just as any other in-
dividual is. The patient may sue and if
he proves his point it is probable judg-
ment would be given against the nurse.
Because nurses' opportunities for learn-
ing more things which should be held
in confidence are greater than those of
other individuals, their danger from
loose talk is greater and it behooves
them to be circumspect about profession-
al matters.
Many of the applications of the law
to present-day things, to the things nur-
ses are doing, for example, during the
present emergency which properly are
not nursing duties, or at least have never
been regarded as such in the past, I'
have left till the last for discussion. I
am aware of your interest in them and

it is only my own inability to deal with
them specifically that makes me want to
avoid them. Should nurses give intra-
muscular injections? do intravenous
work? give anesthetics? One general
answer may be given. If the training
received by the nurse included the pro-
cedure and if she can demonstrate her
fitness to do the work as a result of her
training, then by all means do it. If on
the other hand her training did not
include the procedure and such know-
ledge as
he possesses has been gleaned
haphazardly, then by all means refuse
to do it. But you say, this is an emer-
gency, internes are few, doctors are bus-
ier and the need is great. Well, just re-
member that unless a doctor or a hos-
pital will stand behind you in the event
of trouble the load will be yours alone.
You have no other protection. The bur-
de'n of proof will be upon you to show
that you possessed the necessary skill.
Let me digress a moment to impress
on you the significance of that state-
ment "the burden of proof will be upon
you to show that you possessed the
necessary skill". Under ordinary. cir-
cumstances, that is, if a nurse is charged
with failing in something for which
she was properly trained, it is incum-
bent on the plaintiff to demonstrate be-
yond reasonable doubt wherein the
nurse failed. Sometimes this is difficult
to do and the defence is relatively eas-
ier. If, however, the nurse did some-
thing for which she was not trained,
then a plaintiff would need merely to
state this and immediately to win her
case the nurse would have to demon-
strate beyond reasonable ,doubt that her
training or experience was sufficient.
This is much more difficult. Stop for
a moment and think how much more
difficult it would be to win a case by
proving that a nurse knew how to
give a hypodermic than it would be to
win by forcing someone else to prove
she did not know how to give it.
Another digression by way of ex-
planation. One of my duties is to ad-
vise doctors how best to avoid some le-

Vol. 41 No. 2

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND PRIVILEGES

gal troubles. There are at least two ways
to advise them. The doctors may be told
juSt how close they can come to break-
ing the law without actually doing it,
or they may be advised what course of
action will follow the spirit as well as
the letter of the law, and so be well
within its provisions and therefore safe.
This latter is the only prudent course,
the only safe course. It is the reason for
this advice to you.
In general nurses do not receive
tra:nini for any of these procedures. It
might be very difficult or impossible
for a nurse to prove that she, as an in-
dividual, had had adequate training and
had acquired the ability to perform them.
Failing such proof, whether or not an ill
result were due to something beyond
the nurse's control, her position would
be difficult and it is likely she would be
penalized. Therefore do not do these
things. It may be difficult to refuse but
you have the example of one of the
great nursing organizations in Canada
to encourage you. It is my understand-
ing that the Victorian Order of Nurses
does not allow its nurses to do intra-.
muscular and intravenous procedures,

99

and in general for the reasons I have
gIven.
There is one other piece of advice
that is of value now and probably will
become of increasing value. While nur-
ses seldom are sued alone, they are being
implicated in increasing numbers in suits
directed primarily against doctors or
hospitals. It is all too common to learn
that nurses are without any financial
help in the conduct of their defence.
Malpractice insurance is available and
can be taken out. The actual cost is
comparatively little and is well worth
while. It is seldom that one can defend
oneself against a charge of malpractice
or negligence at a cost less than several
thousand dollars. That figure may be
revised downward if the case does not
get to court, and many do not, but it
would certainly have to be revised up-
wards if the trial were a long one. Con-
sidering the number of nurses and doc-
tors, suits against them are rare, but for
the individual in trouble, without fin-
ancial backing, that fact is of little com-
fort - while an insurance policy giv-
ing protection against the costs of .a mal-
practice action is of great comfort.

Coagulation and Thrombosis

JOSHUA J. CHESNIE) M.D.,

Coagulation and thrombosis are two
different processes although the basic
elements in their formation are the
s.ame. Coagulation of blood is a pro-
cess which takes place after blood has
been removed from the body. It also
occurs within the body after death.
Thrombosis, however, is an active pro-
cess which may develop in the living
body while the blood is circulating, and
cannot occur following death. The
theory of clotting or coagulation which

FBBRUARY, I''''

follows is known as Howell's Theory,
although further work has been dohe
which has upset many of Howell's con-
cepts.
When an injury is received and blood
is shed, a 501id clot composed of a net-
work of fibrin threads is formed. The
protein fibrinogen of the plasma is con-
verted to insoluble fibrin by a ferment
called Thromhin which in turn is form-
ed by the interaction of calcium salts
with prothrombin. You m,ay ask, why

100

THE CANADIAN NURSE

doesn't all this occur constantly since
the blood contains ionized calc
um?
This interaction is prevented by an anti-
prothrombin in the blood called Heparin.
The anti-prothrombin and prothrombin
are in such balance that if some thrombin
is formed in the blood, it is immediately
neutralized by the anti-prothrombin.
However, when an injury occurs, a
substance is liberated from the injured
tissues or from the platelets of the blood
itself, which is called Thromhoplastin.
This substance neutralizes the anti-pro-
thrombin thus allowing clotting to take
place at the site of injury.
Why is coagulation so import.ant and
why are we so interested in coagulation
and prothrombin time? What does this
all mean? Obviously, intravascular
clotting in a living person is not desir-
able but clotting at the site of injury
is not only desirable but very important.
If clotting time is increased, that is, if
it takes longer than normal for blood
to clot, then the individual may lose a
great deal of blood and such loss may
even prove fatal. As we have seen,
prothrombin is necessary before the clot-
ting process takes place. We can deter-
mine by checking the prothrombin time
whether or not the individual has a
normal quantity of prothrombin, or is
manufacturing the desired amount.
It has been found by different work-
ers that prothrombin is manufactured in
the liver. It has also been discovered
that vitamin K is necessary for the manu-
facture of prothrombin. In obstructive
jaundice the prothrombin concentration
of the blood is depressed because of
failure to absorb vitamin K from the
intestine; vitamin K is a fat soluble vita-
min and, due to the absence of bile sec-
retion, the fat is not absorbed. You can
see how important it is to know the
coagulation and prothrombin time in .
patient with obstructive jaundice due to
a stone in the
ornmon bile duct, for
example, upon whom surgery is con-
templated. With these people, the use
of vitamin K is a lift-saving measure.

Before I go on to discuss the use of
vitamin K, there are several conditions
associated with decreased coagulability
of the blood which should be noted, the
most outstanding of which is hemophilia.
In this disease, the females are not af-
fected but they transmit the disease to
the m,ales who are called "bleeders".
The essential defect in this disease is
a deficiency of a coagulant which Howell
believes to be thromboplastin. Another
disease is purpur.a hemorrhagica which
is associated with a great reduction in
platelets and, as a result, a decrease in
thromboplastin. Frequently, splenec-
tomy is followed by an increase in plate-
lets and quite often .a cure.
Vitamin K is known as the anti-
hemorrhagic or coagulation vitamjn.
Its importance pre-operatively has been
mentioned. It is well represented in the
foods we eat as, for example, cereals,
carrots, yeast and wheat germ. It is a
substance that can now be made synthe-
tically. Its use in pediatrics and obstet-
rics is so important that its routine use
as a prophylactic has not only reduced
the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage in
the newborn but has altered the clinical
picture to some extent, symptoms of late
bleeding being practically eliminated.
Low prothrombin in the newborn
results from failure of the fetus to re-
ceive sufficient vitamin K, in utero.
The administration of the vitamin to
the mother, even an hour or two before
delivery, increases the child's prothrom-
bin enough to protect it from hemorr-
hage. As a result hemorrhagic disease
of the newborn should now be regarded
as preventable. Even if it has been neg-
lected before delivery, infants' prothrom-
bin time can usually be raised sufficient-
ly to arrest bleeding within two hours
by means of vitamin K.
Now, a few words about thrombosis.
Where a clot is composed mainly of
fibrin, a thrombus has as its chief con-
stituent the platelets, although fibrin is
associated with the thrombus. For a
thrombus to form, the blood must be

Vol. 41 N..

COAGULATION AND THROMBOSIS 101

moving. The situation in which throm-
bosis is of most importance to you in
the nursing profession is when a throm-
bus forms in a patient convalescing
from an operation or from a debilitating
illness. There is nothing more heart-
breaking to both doctor and nurse than
to see a patient, who is apparently on
the road to recovery, abruptly keel over
with a cry of pain, have a sudden onset
of pallor and sweating, and in a few
moments breathe his last.

There are many reasons for throm-
bosis. I will mention a few, but the one
I am going to emphasize is post-operative
thrombosis, where the circulation be-
comes sluggish due to weakened heart
action. This may occur in any vein in
the body but-the most important and
frequent site is in the femoral vein,
especially following an operation on the
abdominal or pelvic organs. Several fac-
tors are involved in this formation. The
retardation of the blood stream permits
the platelets, which are the lightest cells
in the blood, to settle out at the periphel y
of the stream and adhere to the wall of
the blood vessel. Thromboplastin is lib-
erated and, ultimately, fibrin threads are
formed which entangle the white and
red ceIls. After an operation, also, plate-
lets are increased in number and show
a greater tendency to clump together.
The platelets accumulate on the walls of
the veins and form ribs or beams which
attract more and more platelets forming
a spongy mass in the stream. The leuk-
ocytes, due to their lower specific grav-
ity, separate from the red blood cells
and adhere around this mass thus even-
tually blocking off the vessel.
To prevent post-operative thrombosis
certain measures must be taken: the
respirations of the patient are stimulated.
Early and frequent movement of the
limbs is encouraged. Anti-coagulants,
such as heparin or dicumeral, are indi-
cated for patients who have had pul-
monary embolism and pulmonary in-
farction. Thrombosi:; may occur in the
blood vessels due to inflammation and

trauma but I have emphasized post-
operative thrombosis because careful and
inteIligent nursing procedure contributes
to its prevention.
In these days of war and speeded-up
industrial activity the use of blood and
plasma as life-saving measures is much
to the fore and every citizen is very
aware of their use. Many substitutes
have been used to make up the loss of
blood due to hemorrhage but the ideal
replacement is blood itself. In certain
conditions, such as burns, plasma is ex-
tremely valuable. On the battlefield
actual, blood is not available so that plas-
ma has to be used as an emergency meas-
ure. That is why the development of
dried plasma is such a great step forward
in war medicine and surgery.
As you may know, not everyone can
give blood to everyone else. Every per-
son is in a definite blood group. There
are four major groups and, using the
international classificiation which is the
one most universally used at the pres-
ent time, they are: 0, A, B, and :A.B.
The three workers who were most
responsible for classifying blood like that
were Landsteiner, Jansky and Moss at
the beginning of this century. It was
quite .a while before methods for trans-
fusing blood were developed. Anasto-
mosing a vein of the recipient (patient)
with an artery of the donor was tried
first; then the plan of using a surgical
team was developed, one drawing the
blood by syringe and the other giving
it to the recipient. Nothing was added
as an anti-coagulant since the blood was
given before it had time to coagulate.
At the present time with the develop-
ment of blood banks and methods of
indirect transfusion, a glucose citrate
solution is being used as an anti-coagu-
lant.
Why has the blood been placed in
four separate groups? Blood plasma or
serum contain substances which are cap-
able of agglutinating red blood cells.
These substances, called agglutininr, are
thought to be attached to the globulin

Vol. 41 No. 2

102

THE CANADIA
NURSE

fraction of the serum. The red cells may
or may not contain substances which
are capable of uniting with the agglu-
tinins caned agglutinogens; so the red
cells may have A agglutinogens or B
agglutinogens or both AB agglutinogens
or neither A nor B agglutinogens, thus
giving us 0 agglutinogens.
It has been found that if the blood
has A agglutinogens and ex anti-agglu-
tinogens - the anti-A agglutinogens-
the blood will agglutinate in the blood
vessels. The agglutinin or anti-agglu-
tinogens in type A blood is ß agglutinin
or anti-B agglutinogen. AB blood has 0
agglutinin and type 0 blood has both
ex ß agglutinins. \Vhy this should be is
not known. To put it down briefly the
groups go like this:

Agglutinogens
Agglutinogens
Agglutinogens
Agglutinogens

Oex ß
Aß
Bex
ABo

agglutinins
agglutinins
agglutinins
agglutinins

You see why group A cannot re-
ceive group B blood and vice versa -
because the ex or anti-A agglutinins
would cause agglutination of the red
cells in the recipient.
Group AB is known as the universal
recipient since, when transfused by any
other group, the cells of the recipient
do not agglutinate. Group 0 is known
as the universal donor since its serum
usually does not affect the cells of the
recipient.
In recent years, further study has re-
vealed that there is more to the story of
transfusion than this simple explanation
would indicate. In a great many cases
when groups of the same type were
crossed they were found to be incom-
patible. The reason is that sub-groups
and other factors in the red cells have
been discovered, such as, the Rh factor,
Al ,and A2 sub-groups, the M and N
agglutinogens, the P factor and the H
factor. They all may be in the blood at
the same time or they may be absent
without relationship to other agglutino-
gens which may, be present.

This additional knowledge is impor-
tant where repeated transfusions are
given to a recipient because he may
develop agglutinins to an anti-agglu-
tinogen of the donor's blood - M and
N in the human is not one of these
but the Rh factor is. The Rh factor or
agglutinogen is of p.articular signifi-
cance. Awareness of it explains a lot that
has occurred in transfusion reactions,
particularly in obstetrics and pediatrics,
in compatible groups where the donor
was the husband.
The Rh factor was discovered when
workers Landsteiner and \Viener in-
jected red cells of the Macacus Rhesus
monkey into rabbits and guinea pigs
producing an anti-monkey (anti-Rh)
serum which was able to agglutinate the
red cells in the rhesus monkey. It was
found that the serum of 85 per cent of
hum.ans was able to do the same thing.
These people, or rather, their blood,
came to be known as Rh (after the
rhesus monkey) positive. Those 15 per
cent whose blood could not do this were
known as Rh negative.
Levine found that the transfusion re-
actions occurred in women in child-
birth, after having been transfused with
the husband's blood due to the fact that
the women were Rh negative where,as
the husbands were Rh positive. The
reason for this reaction is that the Rh
factor is a hereditary dominant. If the
fetus is Rh positive the Rh factor, which
can be transmitted per placenta, caused
the anti-Rh factor to be developed in
the mother's circulation. If a transfusion
is required by the mother, and it happens
that the blood she receives is Rh positive,
then agglutination with the donor's cells
will take place resulting often in a
fatal reaction.
There is a dise,ase of the new-born
known as acute hemolytic anemia or
erythroblastosis fetalis which usually
ends fatally. It has been found that these
babies are Rh positive, the mother Rh
negative, and the father Rh positive. In
this case, the mother has developed
anti-Rh agglutinins, as mentioned above,

Vol. 41 No. 2

DICUMAROL THERAPY

103

and these have passed back through the
placental circulation and have reacted
with the red cells of the infant to pro-
duce this fatal condition.
In passing, I will mention cold hema-
gglutinins. These are present in people
who, when exposed to cold weather,
may develop hemoglobinuria, acute
hemolytic anemia, or blueness of the ex-
tremities due to agglutination
nd re-
sulting hemolysis of his own red cells.
It has been found to develop after an
attack of primary atypical pneumonia
and may last for years.
Transfusion, .as you can see, is a very
serious and very important procedure.
In transfusing a patient, the blood must
be carefully typed and carefully cross-
matched. False negatives and false tests
may be obtained bec,ause of the cold
agglu
inins and other factors in the
mind and checked because a transfusion
blood. All these things must be kept in
reaction is always serious and sometimes
fatal. Once the blood is in, it is in,
and cannot be removed. The recipient
should be carefully watched and if he
has any complaints of chills, pain in
back or flanks, pain down the legs, a
feeling of pressure in the chest, or even

a feeling of anxiety that he didn't have
before the transfusion was started it
should be stopped. These symptoms are
a sign of intravascular agglutination.
Reactions can be treated but with not
so much success if they are severe. Fluid
should be forced by mouth and parent-
erally but the best treatment is preven-
tion.
In conclusion, may I say that I have
given just a bare outline of a subject
that is of extreme interest and impor-
tance. I hope that it will stimulate you
to read further on what has been left
unsaid here.

REFERENCES
Best and Taylor, second edition. Pages 54-
62, 141-158. Wilkins and Williams, Balti-
more.
Boyd's Text Book of Pathology, third edi-
tion. Pages 69-73. Lea and Febiger, Phila-
delphia.
Bulletin of New England Medical Centre.
Vol. VI, April 1944. Pages 62-72.
Bulletin of New England Medical Centre,
Vol. VI, June 1944. Pages 124-127.
Holt and McIntosh: Holt's Diseases of
Infancy and Childhood, eleventh edition.
Pages 103, 110. 111. Century Appleton, New
York and London.

Daily Prothrombin Tests in Dicumarol Therapy

LILLIAN E. MARTIN

The increasing use of an anticoagulant
to reduce the prothrombin level of the

lood and so reduce the ch
nce of clot-
ting has been of much value in pre-
venting such accidents as thrombosis,
pulmonary embolism and certain venous
thrombotic states.
The most common hemorrhagic
agent in use is heparin which, owing to
the difficulty of purifying and the
necessity for continuous or repeated in-
travenous administration, has proven
very costly. A substi!ute for heparin,
which could be used for clinical appli-

FEBRUARY, 1945

(ation as an anticoagulant, has been
developed, based on independent studies
bv Schofield of Canada and Roderick of
the United States which revealed that
the eating of spoiled sweet clover caused
hemorrhagic disease in cattle. In 1941
Professor Paul Link and his associates
of the University of Wisconsin isolated
and crystallized the active principle that
was responsible for this condition, n.ame-
ly "Dicoumarin". Since then a series of
brilliant investigations by Meyer of the
University of Wisconsin and Butt and
Allen of the Mayo Clinic have resulted

104

THE CANADIAN NURSE

in the discovery of a synthetic compound
that is identical in biologic characteris-
tics, namely "Dicumarol".
During experiments the foI1owing
tests were done on individuals, both be-
fore and after the administration of
therapeutic doses of Dicumarol: red
blood count, white blood count, urin-
alysis, blood sugar, N.P.N., creatinine,
liver function, icterus index, serum cal-
cium, bilirubin, renal function, blood
platelet count. No pathological changes
were found in these tests, but there was
some question of incre,ase in the sedi-
mentation rate.
Dicumarol is administered by mouth
in gelatine capsules
ince soluble salts
for intravenous use have not been found
to be stable. The administration of Dicu-
marol has not been attended by any
symptoms of toxicity other than hemorr-
hage, which probably resulted from an
overdose. FolIowing administration of
Dicumarol, regardless of the size of dose,
there is always a latent peroid of twen-
ty-foUir hours, sometimes fO'Tty
ight
hours or even as long as seventy-two
tJours, before the reaction on prothrom-
bin time is apparent. Depending on the
dur.ation of therapy, and to some extent
on the total dose, the time required for
a return to normal may be two to ten
days and is umally fiv
to six dRYS.
During Dicumarol therapy, frequent
urinalyses should be done to detect hema-
turia. If the operation is on the gastro-
intestinal tract th
stool should be check-
ed for blood. No two patients react
alike; some bleed when the prothrombin
time is increased five times, while others
can go as high as ten times.

DAILY PROTHROMBIN TIME
ESTIMATIONS MUST BE DONE

Vitamin K in ordinary doses has not
as yet been shown to be an antidote in
combating increased prothrombin time
resulting from Dicum.arol therapy.
Transfusions of fresh whole blood,
fresh citrated blood or fresh plasma
should be given and, as the result may

be only temporary, repeated transfusions
may be indicated. It has been proven
that the prothrombin concentration of
stored blood or plasm:! falls rapidly with
age. After the latent period there is a

radual increase in prothrombin time
until the maximum is reached, usually
three to five days. Administration should
always be controlled by daily prothrom-
bin time tests. The Mag,ath modification
of Quick's method is advised.

DICUMAROL THERAPY
This test is very de1icateIy balanced
and correct technique is of the greatest
importance. The exact mode of action
of Dicumarol is not known. One theory
JS that some action within the body is
necessarv for it to be effective, as it has
been pr
ven that Dicumarol added to
blood in vitro does not affect the pro-
thrombin concentration. It is assumed
that Dicumarol acts on the liver and re-
tards prothrombin production. After the
prothrombin present in the blood at the
time of administration of Dicumarol is
used up, there is a noticeable prolonga-
tion of prothrombin time - this ex-
plains the latent period of twenty-four
hours or more.

Dosage:
At th
Mayo Clinic dosage is based
on the following suggestions: If the nor-
mal prothrombin time is eighteen to
twenty-two seconds, Dicumarol is admin-
istered to produce and maintain a pro-
thrombin time of twenty-five to sixty
seconds. The physician in charge must
individualize the dosage on the basis of
the clinical condition of the patient and
on the laboratory findings. Prothromhin
time estimation is always checked before
the administration of Dicumarol. They
suggest that the total daily dose be given
at one time after the prothrombin time
for that day has been determined, re-
membering that all patients do not re-
act alike. Like the Mayo Clinic, Wright
and Prandoni of the New York Post-
Graduate School of Medicine, suggest

Vol. .n No.2

D I C U :\1 A R 0 L THE RAP Y

105

using a small initial close, with larger
doses to follow being determined by.
prothrombin time estimations. Contrary
to this, Meyer, Bingham and their as-
sociates of Wisconsin recommend a larg-
er initial dose followed by daily smaller
doses.
- Practical, safe and effective dosage
appears to be based on giving 5 mgm.
per kilogram of body weight for the ini-
tial dose, and controlling subsequent
doses by daily prothrombin time esti-
mations.
It must always be borne in min
that
there is a latent period of at least twenty-
four hours after administration. If im-
mediate effect on blood coagulation ;s
desired, heparin may be given and Dicu-
marol started at the same time. Heparin
will not affect prothrombin time but
will affect blood coagulation at once.
It may be given for twenty-four to
seventy-two hours.
A dmmÏstratÏon :
Dicumarol may be given to patients
on sulphathiazole or sulphadiazine ther-
apy without ill effects. Dicumarol may
bt: used as a prophylactic on patients hav-
ing a succession of surgical procedures
or if there is a history of intravascular
clotting. It is necessary, however, be-
tween operations, to allow the prothrom-
bin time to come hack to normal. Dicu-
marol should never be given to patients
with prolonged prothrombin time ( un-
less, of course, previous administration
has caused it). It should never be given
to patients bleeding from any cause or
purpura of any type. It should never
be used if there is an ulcerating or gran-
ulomatous lesion. It seems to cause defin-
ite hazards if administered to those pa-
tients with sub-acute bacterial endocardi-

tis. It is not advocated for use where pa-
tients have continuous tube drainage of
the stomach or small il'testine.
Dicumarol should be used with cau-
tion in the following cases:
I. Debilitated patients.
2. In the presence of liver or renal
dysfunction, especiallv where there ;s
jaundice, hepatic cirrhosis or enlarge-
ment of the liver.
3. During menstruation, menorrhagia
or metrorrhagia.
4. To patients having surgery on the
brain or spinal cord - chiefly because
of the extreme danger of the results of
hemorrhage.
5. Dicumarol has a tendency to have
an increased effect on febrile patients or
those taking salicylates or aspirin.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen E. V., Barker, N. \V. and Waugh, ].
M.: A Preparation from Spoiled Sweet
Clover. ].A.M.A. 120:1015, November 28
19Q ,
\V right, 1. S. and Prandoni, A.: The Dicou-
marin 3,3' -methylene-bis- ( 4 - hydroxy-
coumarin). ].A.M.A. 120:1015, November
28, 1942.
Butsch, W. L. and Stewart, ]. D.: Clinical
Experiences with Dicoumarin. ].A.M.A.
120 :1025, November 28, 1942.
Townsend. S. R. and Mills, E. S.: The Ef-
fect of the Synthetic Hemorrhagic Agent
3,3' -methylene-bis- ( 4-hydroxycoumarin) in
Prolonging the Coagulation and Prothrom-
bin Time in the Human Subject. CM.A.].
46 :214, March 1942.
Abstract: Counteracting the Effect of Di-
coumarin. Nutrition Rev. 2:47, February
1944.
Bingham, J. B., Meyer, O. O. and Pohle,
F. J.: Studies on the Hemorrhagic Agent
3,3' -methy lene-bis- ( 4-hydroxycoumarin). A
].M.Sc. 202 :563, October 1941.

While his paper on the early develop-
ment of pediatrics as a specialty will be
of grE'atest interest to nurses in the prov-
ince of Quebec, we felt that all of our

FEBRUARY, 19
'

Preview

readers would enjoy the account of it
written by Dr. Harold B. Cushing, emer-
itus professor of pediatrics at McGill
University.

Advisory Board on Nursing Education

The Council of the Royal College of N urs-
ing has set up an advisory board on nursing
education under the chairmanship of Sir
Cyril Norwood. M.A.. president. St. John's
College, Oxford. with Miss E. E. P. Mac-
Manus. O.B.E.. S.R.N.. matron of Guy's
Hospital. and chairman of the Education
and Training sub-committee of the Nurs-
ing Reconstruction (Horder) Committee,
as vice-chairman.
The obj ect of the advisory board is to
ensure that nursing education benefits by the
advances in educational methods and facili-
ties which are characteristic of present
developments. and to enable all those par-
ticipating in the post-certificate education
of the nurse to obtain help and advice which
is both educationally sound and professionally
appropriate.
The personnel of the advisory board in-
cludes educationists representing the univer-
sities. general education and the medical
and nursing professions.
Many factors have. in the last twenty
years, brought into prominence the educa-
tional side of the training of the nurse. The
introduction of State examinations for nur-
ses in 1925, the development of post-certi-
ficate quali fications for sister tutors, health
visitors, midwiws, nurse administrators,
ward sisters. industrial nurses and other
nurse specialists in the inter-war period, and
the recommendation of the Athlone Com-
mittee that pre-nursing courses be estab-
lished in the schools, have all led to in-
creased educational activity with the neces-
sary integration of the profession and other
educational authorities.
For instance. the schools, since July 1939,
have begun to prepare nurses for their pro-
fessional examinations in anatomy, physiol-
ogy and hygiene, and the nursing and medi-
cal professions continue the education of
candidates during their period of training.
Universities. colleges and polytechnics have
helped to promote post-certificate nursing
education.

Before the war twelve to fifteen thousand
girls entered the nursing profession for
training on an avera&"e annually. and the
number has now increased. Between nine
and ten thousand of these enter for the pre-
liminary and final state examinations and
from six to seven thousand qualify as State
registered nurses each year. In addition an
increasing number of nurses take post-cer-
ti ficate courses to quali fy for the many
Helds of work now open to State registered
nurses; the College itself has over one
hundred post-certificate students at the mo-
ment at headquarters alone. The total extent
of the educational work involved is great;
in comparison four thousand women sup-
plemented by two thousand men teachers
were trained on an average each year be-
fore the war.
It is obvious that there must be close links
between the nursing profession and educa-
tionists generally, especially since the Edu-
cation Act will raise the school-leaving age
and increase the facilities for vocational
training for such professions as nursing in
the schools, and because refresher and post-
certificate qualifications will be in increas-
ing demand as the national health service be-
. comes established and the recommendations
of the Rushc1iffe Committee become effec-
tive.
The Council hopes that this Advisory
Board will help to further these links, and
wili. enable the College of Nursing to carry
out more fully the articles of its Royal
Charter, which give it the power "to pro-
mote the science' and art of nursing and the
better education and training of nurses".
and the right to "institute and conduct ex-
aminations in all branches of women's work
conducive to the ef ficient conduct of the
nur
ing profession. and to grant certi.ficates
and diplomas to those who pass prescribed
examinations;' and "to provide, establish and
maintain offices, examination halls and lec-
ture rooms for courses of lectures and
demonstrations" for the nursing profession.

What do you know about the Inter-
national Council of Nurses? How did it
get started? What are the plans for re-
viving its activities in the post-war
world? Because there are so many of the

106

Preview

newer graduates who are unfamiliar with
the International organization we asked
Grace M. Fairley. who is third vice-
president. to prepare 8 brief outline of
ib
history and develol'ment.

Vol. 41 No. 2

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

.I

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

Adult Behaviour in Relation to Supervision
In Public Health Nursing

MILDRED 1. WALKER

In the evaluation of the public health
nurse much stress has been placed on cer-
tain personality traits such as tact, poise,
initiative, ability to get along with peo-
ple. It was very pleasant to recommend
a nurse with such traits. However, these
were not related to the total situation
so did not mean much. It is realized
now that personality traits must not be
isolated but must be considered in rela-
tion to the total situation. Certain
standards of adult behaviour have been
evolved and an adequate program of
supervision in the field of public health
nursing might well be built around
these recognized criteria. They should
be applied alike to the administrator, the
supervisor, and the nurses who partici-
pate in giving guidance to the families
and the individuals in their community.
Emotional adulthood does not just
happen, it must be developed. \Vith the
stresses and strains of life we may not
remain at the adult level so those who
guide others must be aware of the char-
acteristics to be expected so that they
may point the way to emotional adult-
hood. The more often we react in an
adult manner, the more definitely the
pattern is established and the easier it
will be to respond s.atisfactorily. Intellect,
'Per se, is not a guarantee for a happy
life any more than physical build or great

FEBRUARY, 1945

possessions. It is the co-ordination and
integration of the physical, mental, emo-
tional and social traits of the individual
which produces or releases a wholesome
personality.
\Vhen intellect and soma (body) are
both normal, two factors for satisfactory
living are present. A third essential is
fullness of emotional development or
adulthood. Intellectu.ally, the adequate
adult arrives at her own opinions and
follows her own conclusions in handling
Hfe's difficulties. She does not seek
counsel indiscriminately and is not at
the mercy of suggestions which come
from the people about her. Therefore,
she is not dependent upon constant ad-
vice or admonition. She selects all the
factors in the given situation, she
weighs them or evaluates all their
relationships and decides what is b
st to be
done, then she acts, and accepts the r
s-
ponsibility for her action.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTIONAL
ADULTHOOD:

1. .1 bility to adjust at the social level:
She is able to get along with people. She
has the ability to adapt satisfactorily to
new situ,Wons but her adaptability must
be evaluated on the level of her edu-

107

108

THE CANADIAN NURSE

cation and experience or her social (pro-
fessional) level.
The negative aspect is shown by one
who (1) cannot carry responsibility;
(2) has not learned to renounce; (3 )
withdraws from society because of shy-
ness, lack of social interest, sense of in-
feriority; (4-) has to be handled with
gloves on; ( 5) cannot co-operate but
always dictates (creates authoritarian
social climate in an executive position);
( 6) feels the world owes her a living;
(7) takes unfair advantage of others;
(8) goes about with a chip on her
shoulder; (9) cannot bear to postpone
pleasure-unable to delay responSes;
( 10) draws on sympathy of others, self-
pity (poor-me attitude); (11) requires
coddling; (12) is a parasite (unable to
sustain herself physically or wait upon
herself) .
2. Emancipation from the parental
roof including parents or any compul-
sive form of authority. This does not
entail being belligerent or over-sub-
missive towards parental ties but should
enable the individual to graduate from
infantile meekness and acceptance to
the ability to make her own adjustments.
"Peace at all cost" is not always adjust-
ment on an adult level. Just as the kite
rises against the wind so is a certain
amount of opposition a good thing. It
c.an be accepted as a challenge to better
performance. Concentration of responsi-
\>ility in one person is not a concentra-
tion of authority. It is the establishment
of leadership. The true leader will en-
courage self-dependence and thinking
in her guidance.
3. Full heterosexuality: One must
learn to work with the opposite sex with
equal objectivity and friendliness. This
is one of the most important .aspects of
adulthood. The negative reaction is an
infantile or adolescent tendency to cling
to an immature type of behaviour: (1)
to take childish pride in being a spin-
ster; (2) to take a thin-lipped and pru-
dish attitude tow.ards the natural func-
tions. People often manifest unlovely
psychological representations in some de-

partments of their own lives; (3) to.
show intolerance, smug complacency, ob-
session for orderliness, over-meticulou

ness about dress, miserliness, and in gen-
eral an insurmountable parsimony in
giving of themselves generously to so-
ciety.
4. A satisfying philosophy of life: We
must work out for ourselves some sys-
tem of ideas that will reconcile us to
having been born. We must be purpose-
ful, and set up a satisfactory philosophy
of life. T}u
reverse side of the picture
shows such negative responses as: (1)
For many-
Life is a place
lV kre we dig in the ditch
To get money enough
To buy food enough
To get strength: enough
To dig in the ditch
(2) Infantile philosophy which says,
"In so much as I was not consulted
about being born, I take no responsibility
and 1 mean to get as much out of life
and give as little in return as possible".
One's reward in life is according to the
contribution one makes. In the family,
we are accepted as a. personality, as a
part of a whole, but we are accepted in
50ciety for the contribution we make to-
wards our work group and play group.
e 3) Problems presented are so vast,
that it is futile to make an effort. This
happens in public health nursing where
the policies are not well defined Of
where too much is expected of one
nurse in a community or a district pro-
gram where her case load is too heavy.
Point out here that there is never a
final "end result". The goal when
reached becomes a means to an end.
Life is an ongoing activity and our
philosophy must be attuned to growth.
WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT:
Evaluate the whole situation. If we
hitch our wagon to a star let us make the
goal attainable, that is, within our capa-
cities. Our philosophy of life is not a gar-
ment but a part of the fabric of our exis-

Vol. 41 No.2

SUPERVISION IN PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING 109

tences. It will assist us to adjust and
adapt to new situ.ations. Our philosophy
must have no finalities. Our emotional
health represents our achievement of
COat homeness" and of peace with the
people in our universe. It means that
we recognize ourselves as an integral
part of society .and that in considering
.the welfare of society we thereby ad-
vance our own. It means we recognize
the unity of rights and obligations; that
there can be no rights without compar-
able obligations. \Vith responsibility
comes freedom but also with freedom
comes responsibility.
Therefore, in the evaluation of the
individual in public healt
nursing, re-
late her total personality and her per-
formance to the total situation thus

avoiding the outmoded emphasis on iso-
lated personality traits, unrelated to the
situation under consideration. If the
individual shows characteristics which
are not on the adult level, seek out the
reasons and guide her to raise her levels
of effectiveness to the adult behaviour
pattern. There may be some abnormal
conditions of which the supervisor is not
aware, but which if known, could be
ameliorated. Also there are persistent
problems for which there is no solution
.and this must be accepted. Thus, the
individual may be assisted to improve her
performance through the development
of a wholesome personality which is a
subtle but forceful influence in creat-
ing the democratic social climate essen-
tial for healthful living.

The Value of Mental Hygiene In the School

SELENA HENDERSON

Mental health should be thought of as
a part of general health. The nervous
system is one part of the person. While
it is one part of a whole it is so closely
integrated that it cannot be separated
except for purposes of discussion. The
nervous system plays the prominent role
in forming those connections between
the individual and his environment
which will enable him successfully to
adjust himself to his environment. So
we may say then, that the unadjusted
person is one whose habits and skills are
inadequate to meet the demands of the
situation or who lacks the ability to
solve the problems which are met in the
course of everyday living. On every
side we see them. They are the timid
and retiring, the bullies and tyrants, the
delinquents and criminals.
The mental hygienist points out that
behaviour is the result of a cause, that
misconduct is a symptom, and seeks to
understand the underlring motive for

FEBRUARY. 194

conduct and to effect a rearrangement
of the irritating situation with the re-
sult that the misconduct vanishes. Up
to the present mental hygiene has de-
voted its attention to the remedial treat-
ment of the problem child and it is of
this phase of the work we will speak.
Nevertheless the day is approaching
when mental hygiene will be the guide
in all the human relations of the school;
when the teacher in the classroom will
have learned to interpret behaviour in
terms of the drives which it satisfies and
the thwartings for which it compensates
rather than in terms of laziness, stub-
borness, obstinacy or stupidity.
Mental hygiene has been established
in the schools of the larger cities of
Canada for some years. In the United
States it has progressed far in advance
of Canada and medical-social set-ups
which include psychiatric service are
found in all the larger schools wide-
spread across the country.

110

THE CANADIAN NURSE

\Vhat is the procedure in our work
in the schools of 1\lontreal? As stated
before, at present we deal for the most
part with the problem child. 'Vho is the
problem child? From the point of view
of the school he is the child who repeats
a grade, is a chronic repeater or presents
a behaviour problem.
Our procedure in the attempt to
sol ve these problems is:
1. The administration of tests: ( a )
physical, to look for physic.al weaknesses
or defects; (b) intelligence, to deter-
mine the general intelligence level of
the pupil.
2. The interview with the pupil him-
self covering his reactions toward
school, the conditions of his daily life,
his ambitions and plans, his tast
s and
interests, activities, companions, attitude
toward members of his family and so
on.
3. The visit to the home in order to
understand the home influences sur-
rounding each child and to attempt to
influence the parents to make what-
ever adjustments are necessary.
The test used for the most part in as-
certaining the LQ. (Intelligence Quo-
tient) is the Biniet-Simon, Stanford
Re,'ision. This test has stood for years
as the outstanding example of c,arefullv
and scientifically standardized tests. It
is individual, taking about one hour. It
is made up of an extended series of tests
in the nature of problems, success in
which demands the exercise of intelli-
gence. The scales consist of fifty-four
tests so graded in difficulty that the e3
i-
e5t lies well within the range of normal
three-year-old children while the hard-
est tax the intelligence of the average
adult. The problems are designed prim-
arily to test native intellig-ence not school
kn
wledge nor home t;aining. It does
npt attempt to measure the entire men-
tality of the pupil nor to bring to light
special talent.
For children who are mute, do not
understand English or who may ha,"e
more ability to deal with things than
words th
Pintner-Patterson test
is used.

Thï. is a "performance test" using a
form board with openings of various
shapes cut out of it and blocks which
must be fitted into those openings. A
number of types of form boards are
used.
\Vhat actually do we mean by an
I.Q.? The intelligence quotient refers
to the relation between the child's men-
tal development and what we should
expect of him at his chronological age.
One is born with a certain mental c.a-
pacity which does not alter appreciably
throughout life.
The results of the Binet-Simon test
are graded as follows:
Above 140, near genius or genius;
120 to 140, very superior intelligence;
110 to 120, superior intelligence; 90
to 110, normal or average intelligence;
80 to 90, dullness; 70 to 80, border-
line deficiency; below 70, lefimte
feeblemindedness; 60 or 70, mental de-
bility superior type; 50 to 60, mental
debility inferior type; 25 to 50, imhe-
ciles; 25, idiots.
About 2 per cent of the children in
a school have an 1. Q. below seventv.
The mental development of these child-
ren will stop somewhere between the sev-
enth and twelfth year level, mure often
between the ninth and twelfth rear level.
They ma
drag along to the fourth,
fifth, sixth grades but even by the age
of sixteen to eighteen years they are
never able to cope successfully with the
more abstract and difficult part of the
school course of study. These children
constitute a large percentage of O"lr prob-
lem children in the school. Therefore
mental capacity having been ascertained
hy means of an intelligence test, place-
ml'nt in a special class solves many prob-
lems.
There are special classes in many of
our Montreal schools. Here each
hild
receives individual instruct"on progress-
ing in proportion to his mental ability.
Emphasis is placed on develop
ng mot
r
functions and placing children as much
as possible in everyday life s
tuations.

Vel. 41 No.2

MENTAL HYGIENE IN THE SCHOOL 111

Along with it the fundamentals of sim-
ple academic subjects are taught and in-
struction given in acceptable moral and
social attitudes and behaviour.
In one school in Montreal we have
what we believe is unique in Canada,

n opportunity class or rather two op-
portunity classes, one taking in grades
three and four the other the older
group grades five, six, and seven. The
children in these classes have very super-
ior intelligence. They also are given
individual instruction. The idea is not
to speed up but rather to broaden the
curriculum by permitting the child to
branch out into other subjects, do pro-
jects, and so forth, according to his ap-
titude and interests. Here again place-
ment in the opportunity class often is the
answer to a problem.
Problem-cases in the school range
from simple ones which are quickly
solved to most complicated and involved
ones which require prolonged effort on
the pan of all concerned to bring about
a satisfactory conclusion.
Sydney was a boy of thirteen and a half
years, problem truancy. An intelligence test
showed a mental age of eight years eleven
months, an I.Q. of 66. mental debility super-
ior type. A visit to the home disclosed he was
the eldest of three boys, a shy under-sized
lad with defective vision but who would
not wear his glasses, and smaller than his
brother who was a year younger. The home
was a miserable one in a poor district al-
though there was evidence of attempts on
the part of the mother to keep it clean and
home-like. The father had been in the army
for two years, stationed away from home.
The mother worked part-time in a restau-
rant to augment the family income. She was
a loud-voiced. rather brazen woman but sin-
cere in her desire to do her best for her
family. She co-operated with us willingly
and well. The brother was also tested and
although he was found to be somewhat slow-
minded, nevertheless he could do the work
in an ordinary classroom. Sydney dependeå
on his younger brother entirely and wanted
to be put in the same room with him, but.
he needed to go in the special class! Both
boys were placed there though for John it
was only temporarily until Sydney became

FEBRUARY. 1945

adj usted to his new surroundings, This ar-
rangement has worked satisfactorily and
Sydney is now attending school regularly.
Patricia was six and a half years of age
in the first grade. Although she attended
school regularly she could not do any of
the work of her grade. Her mother came
to the school to inquire about her poor re-
port expressing her belief that Pat could
do the work but didn't, and that the fault
lay with the teacher who not strict enougb
with the child. Pat's tests showed her. t()
have a mental age of five years giving her
an LQ. of 78, borderline. At the teacher's
request the mother obtained a morning off
from the war plant where she worked in
order to come to the school for an inter-
view with the mental hygiene nurse. Dur-
ing the discussion it was learned that
Patricia was very slow about carrying out
directions and was nagged continually, not
only by her mother (the father is overseas)

but also by grandparents and uncle, with
whom the family lived, for her "stupidity".
Patricia, it was also discovered, was under
the doctor's care for "nervousness". An ex-
planation of Pat's mental ability was giveR
to the mother and the harm this constant
nagging was doing pointed out. Proper
methods of handling the chi1d were dis-
cussed. At the end of the conference the
mother asked to speak to the teacher with
whom she was able to talk over Pat's pro-
gress from a different and more amiable
point of view, and finally agreed the wise
course was to place Pat back in kindergarten.
A dif ferent problem was presented by
Albert aged six years eleven months and
in grade one. His teacher reported his
school progress poor in spite of great ef-
fort on his part. A test revealed a mental
age of seven years two months giving an
LQ. of 103.5, normal inteIEgence. A brief
survey of this small, pale undernourished
child showed that the main factor in his
lack of progress was malnutrition. The case
was turned over to the school nurse for in-
tensive work with the mother in proper
nutrition and child training.
Barbara aged eleven and a half years was
in grade four. Her teacher reported that
"the girl is always trying to copy from
someone, not so much to cheat as that she
realizes her own inability". Her test gave
Barbara a mental ability of ten years seven
months an I.Q. of 92, normal. She was a
shy child, one of a family of eight children
whose father was a labourer. She lacked

112

THE CANADIAN NURSE

self-confidence to a marked degree and res-
ponded visibly to urging and encouragement.
It was obvious that the reason she copied
other children's work was that she had no
faith in her own!
Corinne aged nine years ten months was
also in grade four. This teacher reported
"Corinne doesn't seem to be poor in any par-
ticular subject except arithmetic, but she
does not co-operate in any subject nor les-
son so fares badly at testing time. Her at-
titude is sullen. \Vhen going up to the
blackboard she deliberately saunters. She
laughs loudly and makes rude noises and
when reprimanded becomes sullen and irri-
table. Her school attendance is irregular,
no reason being given except that 'she
doesn't feel like corning' ". Corinne's test
showed a mental ability of nine years five
months giving an LQ. of 96, normal. She
was a shy, deliberate child. Rapport estab-
lished she co-operated willingly and well.
But if she was hurried, the Question just
asked would leave her mind entirely. She
presented a good example of "a feeling of
inferiority and the unconscious attempt to
compensate for it". This bidding for atten-
tion and noisiness was her method of com-
pensating for her feeling of insufficiency.
The teacher's attitude changed entirely after
the cause was explained to her, and Cor-
inne's response was good.
Blanche aged fourteen years was in grade
seven and was doing very poor work. A test
revealed a mental ability of ten years eleven
months giving an I.Q. of 78, borderline. Her
parents were planning on withdrawing' her
from school and sending her to business
college. A visit disclosed a home in a poor
neighbourhood, inadequately furnished but
clean "and horne-like. The father was in the
army, the mother working as a ward maid
in a hospital. Blanche was the eldest of three
girls. When the nurse arrived she was busily
and happily preparing the supper, having
completed the marketing. Blanche is a well-
developed, rather attractive girl with a
pleasant personality. "Vhen the mother ar-
rived Blanche's future was discussed with
the result that in view of her age she will
repeat grade seyen then go into service of
some kind such as housework, cook, waitress
or seamstress rather than' waste time and
money on a business course in which she
would never make the grade.

It will be noted in the study of these
cases that not all the remedial work is
done by the mental hygienist. More of-
ten her task is to seek out the underly-
ing causes of the misbehaviour, to make
those concerned see the situation as it
is and to enlist their aid in effecting
an adjustment to a more favorable situ-
ation. The principles of mental hygiene
should penetrate to every corner of the
school, should permeate the whole edu-
cational system. The d,ay is approaching
when this will happen; when every tea-
cher, as a part of her training, will be
given a full understanding of the prin-
ciples of mental hygiene. What a revo-
lution this will bring about in our
whole educational system! Even now
the mental hygiene point of view with
its emphasis on the attempts to effect
ad justments is rapidly displacing the old
ideas of discipline. Whereas formerly
the formation of right habits of con-
duct and thinking were taken care of
in the home and church, the complexity
of our modern civilization has rendered
this course no longer feasible. Mere
,and more these things are being left
to those responsible for the child's edu-
cation. And since the whole child comes
to school and the school is responsible
for the child as a whole why is not this
in very truth the better way, providing
the teachers are wen-adjusted and ade-
quately trained themselves? No longer
can the school hope to remain a place
where only ,academic subjects are taught
but more and more it is becoming res-
ponsible for the formation of those right
habits of behaviour and thinking which
will produce well-adjusted individuals,
able to fill happy and useful places in so-
ciety. This is a protection not only for the
individual but for society itself. Mental
hygiene, theoretically a science, in reality
in its everyday applications is an art,
which like the little :leorn wi
1
develop into the mighty oak - a tre-
mendous weapon to influence the fu-
ture generations of our nation.

Vol. 41 No. 2

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A.

Organization of the Hospital Nursing Staff

EDITH PRINGLE

Let us not dwell on the difficulties
of the past few years in relation to nurse
shortage and the many problems that
ensued as a result but rather look for-
ward and plan carefully for the future.
The problem of stabilization of nursing
service and the rehabilitation of nurses
is one that will require the best we all
have to give. Just as there have been
gains and losses on the battlefields in
Europe, we have also made certain
gains and aho suffered losses in the
civilian fields of nursing administration.
The gains made now depend on leader-
ship and direction. \Vhile it is difficult
to organize a nursing staff without nur-
ses, nevertheless we are not going to
attract nurses or keep the ones we have
unless there is sound organization within
each and every hospital. The organiza-
tion of a hospital depends very largely
upon the administrator. To organize
the nursing staff we require nurse ad-
ministr
tors capable to giving lèadership
and direction. \Ve are all interested in
doing a better job. \Ve are all agreed
that to command or boss is not our aim
but rather that we give leadership.
\Vithin a hospital we are working as

group and without co-operation and
co-ordination all is lost. How we can
make this group activity a happy and, at
the same time, a satisfying experience
for those with whom we work is a ques-
tion that we should all study. First,

FEBRUARY. 1945

there must be centralization of authority.
It takes special effort on the part of
someone in the organization to tie the
whole together and make each person
feel related to the whole. Second, this
central authority must be the co-ordinat-
ing force which provides administrative
practices. The administrative or execu-
tive job requires a person gifted as a
leader. The job itst'H includes: Plan-
ning and defining policies and proce-
dures. Organizing the activities of
others. Delegating authority and res-
ponsibility. General orders and instruct-
ing. It is a co-ordination of all the va-
rious efforts and includes the important
task of stimulating and vitalizing all the
individuals who are contributing their
part. It consists of combining the human
energies in a way that creates a new and
satisfying harmony of effort, where in-
diff":rence becomes conviction and iner-
tia initiative. Passive consent gives way
to active participation and new levels
of attainment are reached.
l\1()re effective results are obtained
by leadership than mere direction. It.
has been said, "To be properly led is a
moral right. To lead properly is a moral
responsibility". Organizations now com-
m'1nd executive direction plus leader-
ship. A leader requires energy, enthu-
siasm, friendliness, integrity, decisive-
ness and intelligence. The good leader
is a good teacher. Good training can

11)

114

THE C.-\
_-\ D I ANN U R S E

largely take the place of order-giving
hut sound planning is requileJ.
The job of a leader, a manager, an
executive or a supervisor, is to get peo-
ple to do more readily wh3
they ollg-ht
to do and to get them to en joy doing
it. Our value as a leader is based upon
our capacity to accomplish just that; in
other words, it is not the direction of
things but the development of the peo-
ple with whom we work. This calls
for a perfect understanding between the
various groups of workers and between
the workers and their leaders. If we
are to give the best care to patients and
obtain the best resulrs from our worker"
we must start from the found,ation and
build a solid structure. \Ve must not
however overlook the welfare of the
worker. \Vithout proper working con-
ditions we cannot hope to attract the
type of women we desire in the n urs-
ing profess:on nor, alternatively, can we
keep nurses in the nursing profession.
A nurse may do an excellent piece of
work in one hospital and fail hopelessl,V
in another. This failure may be due to
lat:k of direction or to misunderstand-
ing. Personnel work must of necessity
be personal work if it is to be effective.
There must be an intimate personal re-
lationship between the management and
the individual worker. Personal work
cannot be just a mechanical procedure.
It requires study, analysis and planning;
not only analysis of the job and of the
workers as individuals but a lot of self-
analysis on the part of the administrator
or supervIsor.
Are we giving what we should? Are
we leaders? Do we try to do the job our-
selves or do we delegate authority? Have
we plaÏmed the job so that we know
where we are going? Do we know how
to organize the activities of others? Do
we lead or do we drive? Haye we a
staff eduC<ltion program? Do we con-
sider staff education as "in-service"
training? Han we set out the policies
and procedures in ward manuals for the
guidance of our staff? Do we keep

close to the workers? Do we avoid job
irritants? Do we present the job to the
worker in a fair and comprehensive
manner? In other words do we really
orient our workers? Have our nurses
the proper equipment to carry out their
service to patients? Do they receive ade-
quate pay r Do they work longer hours
than necess.ary and if so, do we know
why? Do we really know how very
necessary it is that employees are con-
tented and feel that there are opportuni-
ties for development and advancement?
Satisfactory working conditions often-
times mean more to an employee than
the salary.
Are we fair? Are we helpful? Are
we inspiring? Do we confer with our
workers? If so, are our conferences
what they should be? Do we outline
new policies at our conferences? Are they
educational? Do all participate? Do we
know how to give constructive criticism?
Do we know how to deal with griev-
ances?
Let us consider some of these points.
What of staff education? To make a
program for staff education function
we must have a plan. The good sound
plan requires study and hard work. To
function successfully it requires working
together. This includes the nurse ad-
ministrator, the supervisors and staff
nurses. Staff education should stimulate
each and every nurse. Planning has
been defined "as the best use of time
and energy. It is the way in which the
administrator knows what she is doing
and what is taking place in the institu-
tion". It is a basic administrative prin-
ciple in organizing and in supervision.
To construct a plan we must analyze
the situation. Study the findings - de-
termine the needs - formulate a plan
and put it into action. No plan remains
static; it requires study for adjustment
or re-building. In planning we must
also evaluate. What are the results of
the plan in terms of nursing service,
the staff, and self? Is the staff co-oper-
ative and are they interested? \Vhat of

Vol. 4] No.2

PRO \r I N C I ALP L .-\ C E :\1 EXT S E R V ICE 115

self - what haye I learned - face up
to failures, why do they occur, am I
the reason or what

Trainin.v does not stop with the ac-
quiring of special skills. It must be ex-
tended to the de\.elopment of the nurse
as an indi\.idual, functioning unit of the
organization. \Ve must, therefore, bring
into our staff education program an op-
portunity fClr continued growth, oppor-
tunities for advancement and recogni-
tions for ability. The nurses should be
made to feel they belong to the hospital
staff and should feel secure. They ex-
pect protection and moral support. They
should receive Jccurate knowledge re-
garding the hospital policies and proce-
dures. It has been said: "Through group
thinking members gain a perspective and
a common understanding of aims, poli-
cies and methods of accomplishment in
a way that is not possible for anyone
to secure alone. It deyelops a staff

pirit" .
How important, thereforf:, is the staff
conference! To have a successful staff
conference we should make adequate
preparation and have a prepared agenda.
All nurses should partìcipate. Much
valuable information can be given to
staff members at the staff conferences,

informati0n regarding new policies, ete.
The chairman of me conference be-
comes the teacher who guides the pro-
cedure but does not dictate the end or
solution. She must know all the ramifi-
cations to assist in guiding but not dic-
tating. The nurse administraroc
hould
stand prepared to abide by the conclu-
sions reached which represent the group,
its knowledge and its purpose.
\Vhat type of staff conference do you
have r \Vhat is the result? Do the nur-
ses present their problems or do they
consider the periods useless and a fag,
or worse still just a time for someone
to find fault with them. To my way of
thinking the length of the conference
is important. It can be too long.
Some questions we should ask our-
selves could be as follows: Arc we pre-
cise in outlining the particular point for
discussion? Do we clarify meanings?
Do we keep the meetings impersonal?
Do we direct discussion toward a defin-
ite objective? Do we summarize the dis-
cussion in a helpful way? Do we sense
when it is time to cut off discussion and
formulate an integrated solution? Do
we attempt to get out the deeper rea-
sons behind superficially expressed dif-
ferences?

Provincial placement Service

ELIZABETH BRAUND

Some rears ago nur
es in Canada and
the United States recognized a need for
a professional Service or Bureau which
would assist in solving the problems re-
sulting from poor dist:-ibution of nurses,
and lack of adequate counselling and
guidance. In 1938, the Council of the
RegiStered Nurses A

ociation of Bri-
tish Columbia appointed a committee
to study the whole situation with a view
to setting up a Provincial Placement
Service. War emphasized the need for
such a Service and hastened the work of
the committee.

FEBRUARY, 1945

At that time there were no nurse
placement bureaux in operation in Can-
ada and the ones which were function-
ing in the United States were planned
to meet nursing conditions and require-
ments which were very different to those
existing in British CoÍumbia. The result
was that the Committee had little which
could be used as a pattern when they
drew up the "Outline of the Functions
of Placement Service)). There is ampl

proof that exhaustive study was put into
the outline. It was soon felt that some
changes in it would make for smoother

116

THE CANADIAN NURSE

running of Placement Service, but in
the main the outline served as a good
guide.
Another consideration which provoked
considerable thought was that of fin-
ancing the pro je
t. This too required
much study. Finally
plan to increase
the annual registration fee from two
dollars to five dollars was adopted by
th
nurses at an annual meeting of the
Registered Nurses Association of Bri-
tish Columbia. Two dollars of each fee
was allocated to the financing of Place-
ment Service. It was realized that this
was an insufficient sum to meet the full
cost of the undertaking and government
grant funds were a welcomed supple-
ment to the revenue. Thought is at
present turned towards planning for a
time when Federal Government Grant
funds may not be available.
In April, 1943, the British Columbia
Provincial Placement Service was estab-
lished. 1"'0 date only registered nurseS
and gr.aduate nurses who are holding
permits which allow them to practise
their profession under the sponsorship of
the R
gistered Kurses Association of
British Columbia are placed by the Ser-
vice. The machinery is available for the
placement of subsidiary nursing groups
but the Registered Nurses Association
is not in a position to place them at pres-
ent, although it is the intention of the
Association to offer this service as soon
as the way is clear.
Placement Service undertakes to
place nurses in all branches of nursing.
Placement of nurses, with the excep-
tion of private duty nurses and a limited
number of nurses who are placed in
temporary general staff positions, is the
function of the Provincial Placement
Service. Because private duty calls are
received at any time during the twenty-
four hours, Regional Branches of the
Provincial Placement Service were or-
ganized in Vancouver and Victoria to
facilitate the filling of such calls. Simi-
lar branche<; will be organized in other
communities' when the.... need for them
is demonstrated.

After the outline of the functions of
the Placement Service had been followed
for .a year, it became apparent that Place-
ment Service would function more effi-
ciently if there was some reorganization
in the "Chain of Responsibility" and if
the dutie
of the Prm.incial Placement
Bureau Committee, the Advisory Board
and personnel were more clearly de-
fined. Since the new "Organization of
Provincial Placement Service" may
prove useful to those provinces which
are in the process of forming a Bureau
the plan is appended in its entirety.
The "Chain of Responsibility" can
more clearly be understood if we stud V
a problem which may arise in a Regional
Branch. The director of the Regional
Branch first undertakes to solve the
difficultv. If she cannot do this she passes
it on to the director of the Provincial
Placement Service. If the latter requires
;,d,'ice shf' presents the problem to Pro-
vincial Placement Bureau Committee.
In the event that a
olution cannot be
found and the community interest is in-
volved or it is obvious that lay and pro-
fessional advice outside of nursing would
be heneficial it is referred to the Advis-
ory Board, whose decision goes back to
the Provincial Placement Bureau C om-
mittee. If further ad,"ice is necessary it
is taken to the Council for discussion.
In any event, all recommendations of the
Provincial Placement Bureau Commit-
tee must be endorsed by the Council.
The present difficulties which are
encountered should tend to become less
as Placement Service gains the confi-
dence of all employer:; and nurses who
use the service. From the beginning we
have been faced with an insufficient
number of nurses to filJ all vacancies.
Not only is there a shortage of nurses
but this is accentuated by the frequency
with which many nurses change their
positions. Since the use of Placement
Service is entirely voluntary it is found
that all nurses have not enrolled. This
situation is gradually improving as nur-
ses become accustomed to making use of
the Service, and are acquainted with
Vol. 41
o. 2

PRO V I N C I ALP LAC E 1\1 E 1\ T S E R V ICE 117

many advantages which Placement Ser-
vice offers. These include accurate and
up-to-date lists of vacancies with details
regarding the terms of employment.
Other benefits which nurses receive come
under the counselling portion of the
Placement Service program and include
guidance reg.arding the type of work for
which the applicant's preparation, exper-
ience and ability best wit her, and sug-
gestions for fu;ther post-graduate study
to prepare her for future positions. Ano-
ther advantage the nurse enjoys is the
introduction she receives to the employ-
er. This may take the form of an inter-
view which has been arranged on her
behalf or a letter addressed to the pros-
pective employer giving her qualifications
and places of past employment. After the
nurse has personally experienced the
many aspects of the Service it is usually
found that she readily turns to Place-
ment Service when she is again in need
of help.
As the service is so new it has not al-
ways been easy to convince employers
of the benefits of Placement Service.
Once their confidence is gained we find
them returning repeatedly for assistance.

This statement is made in spite of the
fact that there are not available nurses
every time an employer lists a vacancy.
Nevertheless, there are countles:; ways in
which employers find Placement Service
usful besides filling a vacancy. These in-
clude reliable reports concerning the
applicant, as well as inÍormation regard-
ing trends in salary, working and living
conditions.
It is the real hope of the Registered
Nurses Association of British Columbia
that Placement Service will fill the place
in the community for which it was de-

igned. If it succeeds it will be a source
of reliable information when surveys are
conducted to ascertain the supply and
demand for nurses, their working con-
ditions, their salaries and their job satis-
faction. There will be a higher propor-
tion of nurses in positions for which they
are suited and employers will receive ap-
plications from nurses who are best quali-
fied to filI the vacancies. In other words,
the quality of nursing service will im-
prove, there. will be more equitable dis-
tribution of nurses and nurses will be
better prepared for their positions as a
results of available vocation counse]ling.

Organization of Provincial placement Service

Objectives:
1. To meet the need for nursing service with-
in the province.
(a) To maintain a high quality of service
through careful selection and placement of
nurses.
(b) To bring into closer association and
to co-ordinate the efforts of all those engaged
in or concerned with the employment of
nurses.
(c) To undertake studies of employment
problems as they a f feet the community and
the nursing profession.
(d) To act as a clearing house for any
hospital, organization or private individual
requiring nursing service and to serve on a
24-hour basis as a private duty directory.
2. To provide vocational counse1ling to nur-
ses.
(a) To assist a nurse in obtaining a posi-

FEBRUARY, 1945

tion and in the field of nursing best suited
to her preparation and po)tentialities.
(b) To obtain up-to-date information con-
cerning positions and professional oppor-
t:mities for nurses.
(c) To secure credentials of any nurse
who desires to identify herself with Plac
-
ment Service.
(d) To maintain a cumulative record of
each nurse enrolled.
Organi:;ation :
1. Membership:
(a) Placement Bureau Committee:
( 1) Chairman shall be named by the
Council: (2) Chairmen of the three Pro-
vincial Sections; (3) Chairman of the Ad-
visory Board to the Placement Service
Committee; (4) A representative of each
District or Chapter sponsoring a Regional
Branch; (5) Ex officio members: president

118

THE C A X
-\ D I ANN U R S E

of the Registered X urse;; Association; regis-
trar of the Regi;;tered
urses Associaion;
director of Placement Service: (6) The
Councillors as defined in the present act.
(b) Core Committee of the Placement Bu-
realt Committee:
( 1) Chairman of the Provincial Place-
ment Bureau Committee; (2) registrar; (3)
president of the Registered K urses Associa-
tion; (4) director of Placement Service;
(5) to be appointed by the Provincial Place-
ment Bureau; (6) to be appointed by the
Provincial Placement Bureau Committee.
(c) Advisory Board: (.\dvisory to Proyin-
cial Placement Bureau Committee)
(1) Chairman appointed by Placement
Bureau Committee; (2) a representative of
each District or Chapter spon
oring a Re-
gional Branch; (3) one Doctor; (4) one
representative of the Council of Social
Agencies; (5) one represC'Dtative of the Hos-
pital Association; (6) registrar of Regis-
tered
urses Association ; (7) director oi
Placement Bureau; (8) chairman of the
Placemem Bureau Committee.
2. Functions:
(a) PI.tcement Bureau Committee:
(1) To appoint a Dirf'ctor of Provincial
Placemen
Bureau Committee on the recom-
mendation of the Registrar; (2) to recom-
mend to the Council the organization of ad-
ditional Regional Branches as the need for
them becomes apparent; (3) to examine the
budget set up by the Director and make rec-
ommendations to the Council before the 31st
day of January each year; (4) to define
policy; (5) to act in a consultant and ad-
visory capacity to the Directur of Placement
Bureau; (6) to develop new functions as
the need for them is d
monstrated: (7) if
and when it is deemed advisable, to estab-
lish categories into which persuns engaged
in rendering nursing service can be placed.
(b) Functions of the Core Committee:
The Core Committee shall have the author-
ity to execute the functicns of the Placement
Bureau Committee between meetings of th

Committee.
(c) Functions of the <\dvisor}- Board:
To act in an addsory capacity to the Place-
ment Bureau Committee on all matters re-
ferred to the Board by the Committee.
Duties ui the Director of Proyincial
Placement Service:
(a) to put intI) effect the policies out-
lined by the Proyincial Placement Bureau
Cummittee; (b) to prepare an annual budget

tor presentation to the Provincial Placement
Bureau Committee; (c) to supervise the
organized Regional Branches; (d) to rec-
ommend and to assist in the development
oí additional Regional Branches as the need
for them is indicated; (e) to' assist in the
deyelopment of such Directory Service as may
he indicated in those areas which have no
Regional Branches; (f) to collaborate with
the Registrar in the implementation of stu-
dies; (g) to maintain an efficient record
system, such as, statistical information, ac-
cumulative records for all nurses enrolled;
(h) to inform the public, the medical and
nursing professions of the objectives and
functions of the Service as authorized by the
Committee; (i) to co-operate with thnse
organiLations and individuals who have a
responsibility for and an interest in provid-
ing an adequate and efficient service to
meet the health needs of the community.
Duties of the Director of a Regional
Branch:
(a) To put into effect policies of the
placement of private duty nurses as outlined
by the Provincial Placement Bureau Com-
mittee; (b) to collaborate with the Director
of Placement Service in the implementation
of studies affecting private duty nursing.

Termination of the Waiver Clause

The Registered Nurses Association of
British Columbia gives notice that nurses
who graduated from approyed schools of
nursing prior to April 22, 1921, and who did
not obtain a certificate of registration, may
make application for registration without
e'l:aminatiull up to but not after Aþril 20,
19.f.ï- Tlw termination of this privilege is
provided for in Clause XV of the Regis-
tered !\urses Act, assented to :March 15,
1944:
"For a perilld of three years after the
coming into force of this Act, upon applica-
tion and payment of the registration fee
by such person, the Council at its discretion
may a3mit to membershi.p without examina-
tion any person, otherwi
quali fied, who
graduated from a school of nursing before
the twenty-second day of April, 1921".
Any nurse in the above mentioned category
who wishes to make application may obtain
the necessary form from Miss Alice L.
\\- right, Registrar, Registered Nurses As-
sociation of British Columbia. 1014 Van-
coU\"er Block, Vancouver, B. C.
Vol. 41 No. 2

GENERAL NURSING

Con tributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

Rambling Thoughts by a Nurse
Returned from Overseas

1. BRITTON

Life in England was indeed pleasant
for the group of ninety nurses in the
field unit to which I was attached.
Bicycle rides along the beautifully' quiet
and scenic English country lanes occu-
pied many off-duty hours.
Places of historical interest were par-
ticularly fascinating as, for instance, old
Clarendon Palace where lived many
notahles, amongst them the instigators
of the Reformation. Do you want to see
it? Then just thre.ad your way up a
long hill by a narrow bicycle path, go
through some trees and there you see
the stone tloorway with its inscription,
added in later years. You can climb
over parts of the huge fireplace and make
out the figure of a dragon worked out
on the bricks in lighter colored clay,
On the way back let's stop along the
hank of the river Avon. (England has
many rivers called Avon) . We will re-
move our shoes and ankle socks and go
paddling. It's April and the water is cold
but the sun will soon warm our fe
t
agam.
Tomorrow afternoon there is an in-
vitation to tea. \Ve are free at four
o'clock; you see we work a straight
8-hour shift. The tea is with the Cham-
leys' who live on a farm six miles away,
Peddling along we meet a tractor pull-
ing a three-bottom plow just as we are
passing a quaint thatched-roof cottage,

FEBRUARY, 1945

literally smothered with roses and hon-
eysuckle. Our friends on the farm tell
us al1 about what they are doing. \Ve
find that Mr. Charnley formerly taught
at the Royal Agricultural College and
now supervises this thousand-acre farm
and has students there for practical ex-
perience. There is a huge, rambling
stone house with three staircases and I
don't know how many rooms. \Vhat fun
we have! And for tea - soft cooked
eggs - perfect! \Ve haven't seen an
egg since we were last on a farm for
tea! 'Ve ride back in the moonlight
hours and tonight it's foggy. Better
turn on the bicycle light. Of course the
glass is blackened somewhat so ther

is only a glimmer of light, It does not
help much to see the road but prevents
anyone bumping into you. \Vhoops!
there I've done it. Must have got my
front wheel too close to that bank at
the side of the road. Turned me for
a "flop" in nothing flat. Yes, I'm alright
but I took the knee out of this slack suit.
You can laugh, guess I did look funny.
But let's get moving or it will be pitch
dark before we get 'home'. Did we just
get up from tea? Here is supper ready
and is it good! After all we've ridden
six miles!
Sunday eyening - quiet and still.
'Ve can put on one of the few silk
dresses we possess with high-heeled slip-

119

120

THE CANADIAN KURSE

pers and gather in the Recreation Hut
for our Sunday evening concert. It

eems to be Bach this time - record-
ings rou know - and Tchaikowsky's
Fifth. Our old dog Toby loves to come
in and lie on the rug. He is content if
there is good music but just let a radio
blare forth with swing 'stuff' and Toby
is up, shaking his head, and is out the
door in a minute.
Experiences varied all the way from
group singing in the small homes of
working people to a tea in London,
given by the Royal College of Nursing
for nurses from overseas, which was at-
tended by Queen Elizabeth. As she
passed from the hall she shook hands
with each of us and asked, in her grac-
ious manner, about our trip over and

whether or not we liked England.
The hospital we staffed was essen-
tially for military personnel but we took
civilians as well. Old people were there
and babies too. As when one of the hos-
pital nurseries in our little city had an
epidemic of diarrhea, they transferred
a number of babies to us. One of our
doctors is a well-known pediatrician at
home.
The English are reserved and some-
times distant. But if one approaches them
with courtesy and respect for their ways
and traditions, you are taken into their
hearts and homes and rou ha,-e as true
friends as you've k;own anywh
re.
Twenty-six happy month; in England
left me with a deep and abiding faith
in a great and noble people.

Blue Cross to the Nurse's Assistance

In a recent editorial in The Canadian
Nurse a comment was made that nurses do
not take goud care of themseh'es. This is
particularly true these days when there are
so many demands upon their services. While
some nurses receive hospitalization when
associated with a hospital or through a spe-
cial arrangement in their alumnae, many do
not have this protection as a part of their
working arrangements. Moreover, few pr
-
vatc duty nurses are protected against the
hazard of unexpected hospital care parti-
cularly "hen they are not in the city where
alumnae benefits might be available.
The solution to this vital problem is to
be found in the Blue Cross Hospital Service
Plans, of which there are eighty operating
throughout Canada and the United States,
protecting sixteen million persons against
the cost of hospitalization whether through
illness or accident. Benefits, costs and re-
Quirements of these plans vary slightly from
province to province and for accurate infor-
mation regarding the plan in your own
community it would be well to make local
enquiry.
The Quebec Hospital Service Association
bendits are available to a11 employed regis-
tered nurses in Quebec, either through their
alumnae, hospital groups, or nursing regis-
tries. The applicants must be under sixty-

five to be accepted but have the privilege
of continuing to subscribe thereafter up to
sewnt
- years of age. To date this Associa-
tion has given protection to many such
groups. Our experience is that nurses are
anxious to avail themselves of this cover-
age. They have come into contact with many
individuals and families who have delayed
hospital care for fear of the costs involved
and, at a later date, have to be hospitalized
when an acute condition arises, resulting
possibly in a longer hospital stay and ad-
ditional expense. No matter what our social
status may be, hospitalization is always a
costly business. In most cases, the expenses
pre<;ent a bigger worry than the actual ill-
ness itself. People are often paying their
bills long after being discharged from hos-
pital or el
e they are forced to spend a very
tidy nest-egg or bonds which they may have
counted on for their old age or time of un-
employment. Bl ue Cross counteracts all this.
By paying a sma11 sum monthly or annual-
ly, to a common fund, the heavy expense
is shared among many.
These plans are operated for. the benefit
of all. One of their main purposes is to
raise the health standard of the community
and consequently should appeal very strong-
ly to all nurses.

-AILEEN G. VERR.
N

Vol. 41 No.2

The M.G.H. Sports Program

KATHLEEN CLIFFORD

It has long been thought that an ac-
tive sports program should be integrated
into the curriculum of the nursing
school. It is most beneficial to the stu-
dents' moral, physical and mental well-
being. Due to problems, which one .nev-
er finds in other types of schools, it had
been felt that there were too many dif-
ficulties. These problEms which high
school and college sports directors do
not have to contend with concern rig-
id hours of dut}, classes in off-duty
hours, night duty .and affiliations. They
constitute a major item to be considered
when attempting to organize inter-class
teams, tournaments and the like.
In September 19++, after a very ac-
tive tennis season, we held a meeting of
the Montreal General Hospital student;,
and discussed plans for organizing a
more extensive program for the winter.
The enthusiasm of the students was so

--....

great that it was decided to try to ar-
range definite activities. VVe were as-
sured of everyone's co-operation as we
knew it should he parr of the facilities
available to the student in school. We
had many suggestions as to what sports
should be included and finally settled
on five of the most popular - mainly,
basketball, swimming, badminton, ice
hockey, and tennis. An executive was
formed with a chairman, secretary, a
sport representative from each class, and
a captain or manager for each sport, giv-
ing us a total of thir
een on the com-
mittee.
\ Ve then had to see what facilities we
had for these varied activities. Our own

) mnasium was too small for organized
games excepting badminton. F ortunate-
Iy, we were able to obtain the use of a
grm Hoor in a nearby school once a week
íor baskethall; membership tickets were

A tense moment in the hasketball game.

FEBRUARY. 1945

121

122

THE CANADIAK
URSE

rought for the Knights of Columbus
pool enabling the students to swim th
re
three nights a week. The engineering
department fixed up our rink on the
tennis court with boards, lights, and goal
posts for hockey.
The executive met and a schedule was
planned. The problems in the arrange-
ment of our program were many and
very ticklish. How were we to get the

tudents down from the affiliating
schools? How could we keep teams to-
gether with the varied rotations, night
duty, etc., considering the fact that all
of these activities had to be arranged for
the evening? Since we have an average
of fifty girls on affiliation at anyone
time it was decided to make one per-
son at each of the affiliating schools our
contact, and notices of games and events
were sent to her to be posted on the
bulletin boards so that all our students
(auld be aware of what was taking
place. Nurses on night duty often asked
for their night off so as to take part in
the monthly swim meets or the big
basketball game. Needless to say the
çersonnel of each class team was never
the same for two successive games which
after all was perfectly alright and what
WE wanted, as the main reason for the
whole plan was to give as many people
;1S possible exercise, !lot just winning
('ach game. I must add there were a lot
of questions asked by the class sport
1 epresentative as to the whereabouts of
h
r best player if she were not present-
only to find she had started her night
dl:ty period.
:\n outline of the various activities
l1l1dertaken, prepared by the sports cap-
tains, follows:
Badminton:
The gymnasium is Orten every night and
so far there has been a fair turn-out. The
hospital lIas '.;upplied badminton rackets and
birrls, for thuse who have not their own. To
make the sport more interesting a tourna-
me
1t has been drawn up. The graduates on
the staff and the dietitians of the hospital
are also taking part in this tournament.
Competition is very keen. Inter-class tourna-

ments arc also on the program, and we do
hope to challenge outside hospitals and may-
be some of the city clubs. (Hilda Mother-
'i.{:ctl) .
Tomis:
Twenty-six girls took part in the first
tournament of women's singles, and the
courts were fiIled with revived night nurses
in the fresh mornings, and the energetic day
sta f f in the evenings. The champion was
presented with a racket of her own choos-
ing by the president of the hospital, Mr.
Ogilvy. \Ve joined in a friendly game with
the Homoeopathic Hospital during midsum-
mer, and enjoyed ourselves immensely. Our
annual tournament with the Royal Victoria
Hospital nurses came at the end of the sea-
son, and although it was rather cold a lot
of fun was enjoyed by all. We are looking
forward 10 an equally successful time in this
sport next year. (D. Conroy).
Hockey:
At first the suggestion of a hockey team
met with much scepticism but now plans are
being maùe with true Canadian zest. Our
goal nets and posts are peing provided from
the hospital workshop. Players supply hockey
sticks and other minor equipment. \Ve have
enough players en roIled to form four or
five inter-class teams. Nurses wanting to play
range from figure skaters to volunteers for
the position of goalie. There are also a good
number of students who have played before.
Our schedule con!'.lsts of inter-class games
inter-hospital games and, if we prove to be
good enough. we hope to challenge the house-
men of the hospital. (JI. Findlay).
BasJ?efball :
\\. e Wl re able to secure the gymnasium
one night a week at a school situated quite
close to ti
e hospital. There we found a well-
lighted and well-equipped play room with a
courteous and friendly j.mitor in attendance.
An average of twenty-five nurses were
present each night and seven teams were
organized. The program for the first ses-
sion closed in December, the winning team
to receive a trophy. After Christmas it is
proDO
ed to form a hospital team so that
inter-hospital matches can be arranged.
(E. Lisson)
Sv..imming:
The inclusion of swimming in the sports
calpndar was made possible when sixty in-
ter-changeable memberships were obtained at
the Knights of Columbus pool for three

Vol. 41 No.2

M. G. H. S P 0 R T S PRO G R A
1

123

nights of e,-ery week. \Villing instructors do
much to encourage the beginner and help the
more professional swimmer or diver to per-
form her art more gracefully. :Much un-
known talent is being revealed. Monthly
meets are held and courses leading to the
Bronze medal in life s:-Lving are top hits.
(RomaJ'ne RO'J'ston)
"r e were very fortunate in attain-
ing our goal so easily. 'Vhen we first
tackled the task of organizing, the case
seemed hopeless hut with persevere nee
and patience, the exceIlent help and wi5e
ad"ice of the principal of our school,
mahy of our he;ldaches were elimin-
ated.
J n conclusion may T add that in every
activity the enthusiasm runs high. \V

are so pleased to see the students coming

out for the relaxation afforded- them by
the exercise and the rivalry between the
differe
t classes causes non-players to
turn out to root for their own class-
team. 'Ve have many plans which we
hope to carry out this winter, such as a
sleIgh drive, ice carnival, ski-party, and
fancy swimming exhibition. 'Ve hope to
ha\'e a banquet sometime in May to fin-
ish off the season to present the prizes
won hy the classes and individuals.
One must always remember that the
education of the student comes first and
that the athletic program is, at present,
hut an extra-curricular activity, but I
do hope that in the near future it will
he integrated into the school curriculum
;.nd he a lJlWt for even- student in the
school.

The Gambiae Mosquito Corr:es Back

In former issues of the Rockefeller
Foundation Revit:w an account has been
g-iven of the successful campaign in
Brazil against the dangerous malaria-
carrying Anopheles gnmhiae mosquito
whose home is in Africa. After high
death rates and enormous suffering, and
with great laboUI and cost, it can be
said with confidence that the gambiae
species was eliminated from Brazil.
The Foundation was therefore dis-
turbed to receive, during 1943, advices
from its representatives in Rio de J an-

iro that gambiae mosquitoes, some of
them alive, had been found on planes
coming from Accra and Dakar in Africa
to Natal. Even more disturbing was the
news that five live gambiae had been dis-
covered in dwellings near the Natal air-
port. Incoming planes from Africa are,
of course, fumigated both before they
leave Africa and before they land in
Brazil, but a few mosquitoes were evi-
dently able to stowaway safely in the

FEBRUARY. 1945

modern, complicated airplanes. "Then it
is realized that a single fertilized gam-
biae could start a conflagration similar
to that which swept north from Natal
in the thirties, the danger of the situ-
ation becomes apparent.
Thanks to the effons of the Brazilian
and United States authorities, the im-
mediate situation is now in hand. But
it poses a problem of larger significance
which cannot be evaded. Around the
pons of Africa and deep within the hin-
terland lie the breeding centers of the
gambiae. The safety of the Western
Hemisphere, which is now within a few
hours' flight across a narrow ocean, can
no longer be left to the uncertainties of
a flit-gun campaign. Modern airplane
travel has made old methods and ideas
of quarantine completely obsolete. If the
Americas are adequately to be protected,
the breeding places of gambiae, wh
rever
in Africa or elsewhere they may be
found, must be eradicated. The cam-

12

THE CANADIAN NURSE

paign must be carried to the sources of
infestation. It can no longer be defen-
sive; it must be offensive.
But the problem, of course, is far
broader than gambiae. This newly made
world which the airplane has tied to-
gether has lost its frontiers. Certainly
in the field of public health they no long-
er have significance or meaning. No line
can be established anywhere in the world
which confines the interest of anyone
country, because no line can prevent the
remote from becoming the immediate
danger. Whether it is malaria or yellow
fever or typhus or bubonic plague or
whatever the disease may be, the na-
tions of the world face these enemies of
mankind not as isolated groups behind
boundary lines but as members of the
human race living suddenly in a fright-
rning propinquity.
Public health can no longer be
thought of exclusively in national terms.
Whether we like it or nf't, O!lr tech-
nologies now confront us with inescap-
able demands for a new approach. Some
kind of regularized interna
onal co-
operation is essential. Whatever we may
think of the League of Nations, its
Health Organization blazed a new trail
in the international attack on disease -
a trail that must be widened into a firm
road. Certainly a service of epidemiolo-
gical intelligence covering the whole
world is an
mmediate necessity, and
many other essential public health activi-
ties not only lend themselves to collective
approach but can be effectively handled
only by that method.
In relation to great scourges like mal-
aria and influenza - as indeed in rela-
tion to many other perils - nations to-
day are roped like Alpine climbers cross-
ing a glacier: they survive or perish to-
gether.
In 1925, after an extensive survey by
a commission ,ent out by The Rocke-
feller Foundation, a laboratory was built
in Lagos, 'Vest Africa, for the study of
the epidemiology of yellow fever and its
relationship to the yellow fever of South

America. It was in this laboratory that
many of the tangled threads of the story
were unraveled. It was here, too, that
tragedy struck, in the death, through
yellow fever, of four brilliant scientists,
Dr. Adrian Stokes, Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,
Dr. William Alexander Young and Dr.
Theodore B. Hayne. They gave their
lives - as others did in the Americas -
in an attempt to discover the secrets of
this dread disease. As we look back on
the progress that has been made in twen-
ty years in increasing our knowledge of
yellow fever and arming us with tools
to control it, we can truly say these
men did not die in vain.
When these pioneers started work in
Lagos, no protective vaccine had been
developed, no laboratory animal suscep-
tible to the disease was known, no vis-
cerotomy method for diagnosis had been
devised, no blood tests to determine im-
munity had been evolved. Moreover,
the whole epidemiological concept of the
disease, particu1arIy the idea toot the
Aedes negypti mosquito was its only car-
rier, was based on foundations which
experience and experiment were to prove
unsubstantial.
The laboratory at Lagos was aban-
doned in 1934. It was felt that its work
had been done 3ud that other centers
could more effectively carryon the re-
search. Because an immunity survey had

hown the previous presence of yellow
fever in vast sections of the country, all
the way from Nigeria eastward to the
upper reaches of the Nile, a new labora-
tory was opened in Entebbe, in Uganda,
in 1936. Since that date, this laboratory
has been the center of research in yellow
fever in Africa, while the New York la-
boratory and the South American insti-
tutes have carried the responsibility in
the Western Hemisphere.
But in 1943 it was decided to reopen
the Lagos laboratory. The buildings are
still standing, and personnel, both Am-
erican and British, has already been as-
signed. This laboratory will serve as a
center for distributing yellow fever vac-

Vol. 41 No. 2

G A M B I
\ E 1V1 0 S QUI T 0 COM E S B A C K 125

cine to troops and settlements in West
Africa and will constitute a consultative
service to the government authorities in
the British colonies of Gambia, Sierra
Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria,
where yellow fever has long been en-
demic. Moreover, there are still puzzling
questions about this disease for which
answers can be found only in a labora-
torv.
The most striking difference between
yellow fever in Africa and yellow fever
in South America is that in the former
continent it has not yet been possible
definitely to prove the existence of the
((jungle)) type, since in Africa no rural
area has yet been found from which the
Aedes aegypti mosquito is absent. To be
sure, suggestive evidence of the presence
of jungle reIIow fever has been obtclined
h,. workers in the lahor1.torv 1n Emebbe,

ho have isolated the virus from wiId-
caught mosquitoes other than aegypti.
One of the main objectives of the new
program centering at Lagos is to find
out whether the jungle variety discov-
ered in South America has its counter-
part in \Vest Africa. If this proves to be
the case, studies will be made there of
the mechanism by which this form of
yellow fever is transmitted to man, and
this research will be tied in with similar

research which is now going forward in
South America.
The return to Lagos has a certain
symbolic interest for The Rockefeller
Foundation, for it was in West Africa,
in 1927, that a blood specimen was ta-
ken from a black native named Asibi
who was sick with yellow fever. This
specimen was inoculateJ into a rhe
us
moneky which had been r':Teiyed from
India. Asibi recovered, b'lt the monkey
died of the disease. An vaccmc manufac-
tured since 1937, both by The Rocke-
felIer Foundation and by government
and other agencies as wen, derives from
the original strain of virus obtained from
this hu
ble native. Carried down to the
present day from one laboratory animal
to another, through repeated tissue cul-
turesand by enormous multiplication, it
has afforded immunity to yellow fever
to millions of people in many countries.
\Vherever today in yellow fever areas
the armed forces of the allied nations
are stationed, they are protected from
the disease by vaccination from this same
strain. Through the creative imagination
of science, the blood of one man in \Vest
Africa has been made to serve the whole
human race.

-The Rockefeller FoundatÏrin -Review

News from Creece

(Editor's Note:
fiss Jean E. Browne,
national director of Junior Red Cross. sent
us the following letter received from Cap-
tain A. L. Kerr of the RC.A.M.C. stationed
in Greece. Weare sure the Old Interna-
tionals in Canada will be interested to hear
that Miss
fessolora is alive and well).

\Vhether this letter reaches you or not
will be a fair test of the postal services. Be-
fore passing on the message which I have
for you, I had better explain. Having come
to Greece a few weeks ago with the Bri-

FEBRUARY, 1945

tish parachutists, to which I am attached
as a ),fedical Officer, I was visiting the
Red Cross Hospital in Athens, as part of
my of f duty sight-seeing. Along with some
English doctors, I had gone to watch Pro-
fessor Maceas, their senior surgeon, oper-
ating. Reali7ing that I was a Canadian
Miss
fessolora, who had interpreted for us,
asked me to writ
to you. Since civilian
mail services have not started yet, I asked
what message sht: would like to have passed
on to you, and promised to do my best to re-
turn any news to her that you sent in reply.

126

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Her message reads: "To Jean Browne and
the Old Internationals in Canada - happy
thoughts from a free Greece after long suf-
fering, from C. J. Messolora and the nur-
ses of Greece - and recognition for all
done for us by the Canadian people". She
asked to be remembered to all her friends,
not all of whom she could name.
The gratitude of the citizens here can
hardly be expressed in words for the help
during this war from the Canadian Red
Cross. So many have told me the same story,
of how they could not have kept going with-
out that help. These are people well worth

befriending, for one can see at once hQW
much they have tried to help each other. Of
our own casualties, most, at first, were
nursed by Greek women, who treated them
as their own, and who were broken-hearted
when I evacuated them later on to a hospital.
One man, who was being looked after by
an aged couple, complained of a cough, and
thoroughly enjoyed the old-fashioned "cup-
ping" which was applied. I think my daily
visits were looked on as an interference in
their daily nursing routine! I shall try to
pass on your news either directly or in-
directly to Miss Messolora.

Noted in our Exchange Journals

After very careful study by the Nurses
and Midwives Registration Board of New
Zealand, their s01ution to the problem created
by the large number of nurses aides has been
given official sanction. Their plan provides
that if these aides can satisfy the Regis-
tration Board that they have "performed
not less than six thousand hours of nursing
duties, during a period of not more than
four years, in not more than four institu-
tions approved by the Registration Board"
they may apply to take the prescribed exam-
ination for Nursing Aides. These applicants
must hold recognized certificates in home
nursing, first aid and hygiene as well as
evidence of having had a period of sixty
hours training in a hospital such as meets
the Board's requirements. Those who are
successful in passing the examinations "will
haye the recognized status of Nursing
Aide and their names will be recorded on
the registrar; many positions in hospitals,
other than training schools, will be avail-
able for them, and in a sphere of work in
keeping with their knowledge and under the
supervision of trained nurses, they will fill
a useful place in the nursing world". For
those more youthful applicants who may
wish to qualify as registered nurses, "the
nursing aide certificate will entitle them to
a credit of one year of that training".
The Nursing Journal of India records
editorially the difficulties that have to be
met in securing a sufficient number of
prospective student nurses. "As yet education
of women in India has not advanced to the

place where it is possible for us to get
enough students to produce the number of
nurses we need if we insist on the educa-
tional requirements held today by our better
schools or even those held by our nursing
councils as their requirement". Rather than
accept the alternative of lowering the pres-
ent standards it is suggested, as a temporary
measure, to have two standards of nurses.
"One of these groups would be the finest
nurses we can make out of the finest stu-
dent material India can supply . . . The
second group would be drawn from the
much larger group of young Indian women
who finish middle school, but cannot go on
with their general education . . . They will
greatly extend the nursing care it is
possible to provide".
The South African Nursing Journal
carries the report of the inauguration of the
Block System in two of the schools of
nursing. "Under this system the students'
ward work and lecture room study are en-
tirely separated. The student nurse has no
long hours of study when on ward duty,
and the strain and responsibility of nursing
is removed when concentrating on theoretic-
al study".
To meet the situation created by the war
demands for nurses aides who may wish to
enter upon their training to become fully
qualified nurses, South African nurses se-
cured authority to grant "three months for
every year of military nursing up to a
total of twelve months" In other words, up
to a year may be deducted.

Vol. 41 No.2

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretary, The Canadian Nurses Association

Nurses of Great Britain Point the
Way

A recent issue of the Nursing Times
carries a leading editorial on the appoint-
ment of an Advisory Board on Nurs-
ing Education to the Council of the
Royal College of Nursing. Prominent
and leading educationalists from the field
of genera] education are among the
members of the Board.
The object of the Council in settling
up this Board is to ensure that nursing
education is recognized as education and
benefits bv the advances in educational
methods ;nd facilities which are char-
acteristic of present developments. \Ve
used to speak of the training uf the
nurse, stressing rather the practical art
than the scientific basis on which the
practice should stand. The Council
speaks of education and training; in fact,
this was chosen as the title of one of the
most important sub-committees of the
Horder Committee. It is essential for
the future of nursing that both during
her professional education, her prepara-
tion for it and her post-certificate edu-
cation, the nurse benefits by help and
advice which are both educationally
sound and professionally appropriate.
The Bo.ard, bringing together as it does
both specialists in general education and
specialists in the professional field, will
ensure a greater recognition of and a
greater contribution to nursing education
from other fields, so that those who
know about nursing have the assist.ance
of those who know about education.

FEBRUARY, 1945

Committee on Legislation
The first draft revision of the Con-

titution and By-Laws is. underway. This
will be sent to all Provincial Associations
for their official consideration regard-
ing ( 1) its leg.al relationship to each
Provincial Act, and (2) its adaptabil-
ity for effective functioning of profes-
sional interests.
'rhe committee wil1 need all the sug-
gestions and help which the Provincial
Associations can contribute if the revi-
sion is to fill the needs of both the
provincial and national associations.

Committee on Labour Relations

Following a resolution submitted by
one of the Provincial Associations relat-
ing to a special request to the Federal
Government made by the Society of
Professional Engineers who were seek-
ing for a definition of their standing in
regard to P. C. 1003, the Canadian
Nurses Association sought the advice
of its solicitor as to the status of nurses
and were informed that no immediate
action by this Association was neces-
sary. In the meantime, however, the
Engineers' Society has proceeded with
the drafting of a proposed Order-in-
Council which will cover the problem
of collective bargaining so far as profes-
sional workers are concerned.
Legal advice was again sought by the

127

128

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Canadian Nurses Association as to the
advisability of preparing a brief for sub-
mission along with that of the Engin-
eers' Society. The solicitor advised
against t3king any action in this regard.
He did, however, recommend:

That each organization employing two or
more nurses be required to have the author-
ization of at least 50 per cent of their nurs-
ing staff to secure authorization for their
Provincial Association to act as their col-
lective bargaining agents.

The labour relations committee feel
that with the frequent turnover in nurs-
ing personnel this might lead to consid-
erable confusion and, therefore, this mat-
ter shoud be given considerably more
study by both national and provincial
associa tions.

Donations to British Nurses Relief
Fund

We gratefully acknowledge dona-
tions from the foHowing Provincial As-
sociations to the British Nurses Relief
FUJ1d: British Columbia, Mary Camp-
bell. $4.00; Penticton Chapter, R.N.
A.B.C., $20.00; Princeton Chapter,
R.N.A.B.C., $15.00; Cowichan Chap-
ter, R.N.A.B.C., $6.20; Vancouver
General Hospital Alumnae, $600; Kam-
ioops- Tranquille Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.,
$20.00; Alberni Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.,
$50.00; Total $715.20.
From the Registrar of the Registered
Nurses Association of the Province of
Quebec comes the following : "We are
pleased to enclose herewith cheque for
$1,000., being a contribution towards
the British Nurses Relid Fund. Although
no particular publicity was given to thi5
fund for over a year, the money was
subscribed by the same members of the
Registered Nurses Association of the
Province of Quebec who continue to
do so regularly."

Short-Term Bursaries

Nurses .are reminded that applications
íor short-term bursaries can be received
in the provinces until March 1, 1945.
They must be in National Office for the
consideration of the national committee
not later than March 10, 1945 and any
short-term courses taken on 1944-45
bursaries must begin not later than
June 1, 1945.

Data and Summary Report

The accompanying table shows dis-
tribution of student nurses for 1944 ac-
cording to year-in-training, with the
1943 comparative figure in Grand To-
tal only.
Supplementary information from a va-
rietv of sources enables us to make a
further statement regarding the student
recruitment returns:
1. The majority of schools of nursing have
reached the maximum in housing accommo-
dation.
2. In October, 1944, t
e replies from the
provincial secretaries indicated that full class-
es of 'itudents had been enrolled in virtually
all schools. The greatest difficulty in secur-
ing students is being experienced by the very
small schools, while the larger schools still
have a waiting list of applicants.

Social Hygiene Day

On February 7 C:.mada observed its
second annual nation:ll Social Hygiene
Day sponsored by the Health League of
Canada, in co-operation with the federal
and provincial departments of health.
The day was set aside to re-focus atten-
tion on the Dominion's No. 1 public
health problem. Through such obser-

Vol. 41 No. 2

NATIONAL OFFICE

129

DATA AND SU:".IMARY REPORT ON STUDENT NURSE ENROLMENT IN SCHOOLS OF NURSIr-.C
IN CANADA AS OF NOVEMBER, 1944

Probat- 1st Probs. &- 2nd 3rd Grand Total
Province ioners Year 1st Year Year 1944 1943
Total
--
P.E.1.. . . . - - 36 38 27 101 93
N.R... .. ...... . 136 172 308 158 98 564 531
Alberta.... . 213 111 324 296 325 945 956
Ontario. . . . . . 1170 ô91 1861 1220 1292 4373 4024
Quebec 292 839
English..... . 174 121 295 252
French. .. . 349 509 858 575 tOl 1834
- - - - - -
523 630 1153 827 ô93 2673 2182
B.C.. .. . 231 211 442 3-18 342 1132 1124
N.S.. . .. 170 142 312 201 221 737 712
Sask... . .. . 208 126 334 286 258 878 848
l\,yan. . . . . . 195 106 301 281 269 851 889
TOTALS. . . . 2846 2189 5071 3655 3528 12,254 11.359

vance it is hoped to reinforce public in-
terest in the never-ceasing fight waged
by various governmental agencies -
federal and provincial - and volun-
tary agencies led by the Health League.
Canadians were asked to take their
place in the four-sector fight against VD
-the four sectors being health, wel-
fare, legal and mora1. It was stressed
that the outcome of the battle against
these insidious diseases is of vital impor-
tance to the Dominion's war effort and
the welbre of post-war C.anada. Vener-
eal diseases bring devastating results -
dependency, stillbirths, sterility, blind-
ness, invalidism, mental deficiency and
mental diseases, the breaking up of
homes, divorce - and death.
The nurses of Canada are reminded

once again of the resolution which was
passed unanimously at the biennial con-
vention of the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation last summer:
Whereas the stresses and strains of war
have aggravated the already s
rious situa-
tion in regard to the control of venereal
diseases in Canada, and whereas the recog-
nized leaders in this field have made prepara-
tions for a national campaign of education
and extension of diagncstic and treatment
services in order to rid this country of the
venereal diseases, and whereas registered nur-
ses in all fields of service can and should play
an important part in this work of vital im-
portance to the health and happiness of the
people of Canada; therefore be it resolved:
that the Canadian )J urses Association 'pledge
itself to do anything within its power to
promote the forthcoming campaign.

Clinical instruction has become an ex-
ceedingly important part of the teaching
program in our schools of nursing. .Mary

FEBRUARY, 19.5

Preview

Eichel has outlined the application of the
principles of clinical instruction to the
training received in the operating theatre.

I nteresti ng People

After sixteen months as assistant ex-
ecutive secretary in the National Office,
Canadian Nurses Association, Florence
Harriet \Valker has accepted the position
of associate secretary of the Registered
Nurses Association of Ontario. She en-
tered upon her new duties in the middle
of January.
A native of Ontario. Miss Walker re-
ceived her preliminary education there
and graduated from the School of Nurs-
ing of the Hamilton General Hospital. A
prize awarded by the Board of Govern-
ors enabled her to take post-graduate
study in teaching and supervision at the
School for Graduate Nurses, McGill Uni-
versity. She returned to her home school
as in
tructor for three years then moved
out tn British Columbia, serving in va-
rious capacities on the staff of the Van-
couver General Hospital. During her
stay in Vancouver, she undertook further
study at the University of British Col-
umbia leading to the degrees of B.A.
anrl B.A.Sc. {nursing>.

'",

,,,
.,

.
.

Hubert Beckett
FLORENCE H. \VALKER

130

Throughout her months at National
Office, Miss Walker carried much of the
responsibility for the administration and
distrjbution of the funds from the Fe-
deral Government Grants. Her sound
knowledge of Association affairs and her
general interest in all that concerns
nursing will make her a valuable asset
to th
Ontario Association. She is an in-
defatigable worker, conscientious and
painstaking, yet keenly interested in the
world of music and of literature. Miss
Walker's headquarters will be in Toronto.

Through the kind co-operation of the
Winnipeg Board, Adella McKee is being
released from her position as distrkt
superintendent of the Winnipeg Branch
and will be attached to the staff of the
National Office of the Victorian Order
of Nurses for Canada for a temporary
period.
A graduate of the Brantford General
Hospital and of the course in public
health nursing, Univ<.'rsity of British
Columbia, Miss McKee first served with
the Victorian Order as a staff nurse on
the C
llgary Branch, then for a year was
in charge of the branch in Saskatoon.
Following this, Miss McKee returned to
Calgary whl're she supervised the service
for three years. Eight years ag-o she was
appoitlted to the Winnipeg Branch as
district superintendent, which position
she has filled successfully.
Miss McKee has an engaging person-
ality and genuine interest in people. She
has made many friends not only for her-
self but also for the organiZ
.HioJ1 she
serves. During Miss McKee's absence,
the nursing service in Winnipeg will be
in charge of her assistant, Lynette Gunn,
and we have every confidence the work
will be well carried on under her direc-
tion.

Christine Elizabeth Charter has re-
centl
' been appointed assistant district
superintendent of the Vancouver branch
of the Victorian Order of Nurses after

Vol. 41 No. 2

INTERESTING PEOPLE

serving in various capacities with the
Order in Halifax and Liverpool, N .S.
and in Toronto. .
Miss Charter who claims to be English
"with a bit of Scotch", received her aca-
demic education in England and New
Brunswick. She graduated from the
School of Nursing of the Saint John
General Hospital. Mter taking a post-
grat!uate course in obstetrics at the Royal
Victoria Hospital, Mont.real, she received
her diploma in public health nursing at
the School of Nursing: Toronto Univer-
sity.
For recreation, Miss Charter enjoys
reading and music. She is very much in-
terested in handicrafts also.

Josephine De Brincat, who is serving
as a public health supervisor with
UNRRA, has served with the Manitoba
provincial health department since her
graduation from the 'Vinnipeg General
Hospital in 1925. In 1942, she took a
special course in industrial nursing at
the School of Nursing, University of
Toronto, following which she returned
to Manitoba as consultant in industrial
hygiene. Miss De Brincat was born on
the historic isle of Malta and is an ac-
complished linguist in both French and
Italian.

Agnes D. Carson was honoured in a
presentation at the Saint John Tuber-
culosis Hospital in November when she
observed the fiftieth anniversary of Iter
graduation. Born in St. Andrews, N.B.,
of Loyalist descent, Miss Carson entered
the training school of the General Public
Hospital in Saint John in 1892. In 1895,
she went on duty as the first district
nurse of the city of Saint John at a sal-

,.

Hudsol/'s Bay Co., Vnllcour(;'r
CHRISTINE .E. CHARTER

ary of $175 a year! After a brief period,
she went to the New York Polyclinic Me-
dical School and Hospital where she was
superintendent of nurses until 1913. In
that year she moved to Detroit to organ-
ize and superintend the Home Nursing
Associa tion.
After nine years in Detroit, Miss Car-
son returned to Canada and for seven
years was in executive positions in hos-
pitals in Halifax. Her professional work
was interrupted for two years by home
responsibilities, after which she joined
the night nursing staff of the Saint
John Tuberculosis Hospital where she
is stilI on duty. Miss Carson is highly
esteemed and greatly beloved by both her
associates on the staff and the patients.
Miss Carson has always maintained an
active interest in the work of the nurs-
ing organizations. She has served as
president of the Halifax Branch of the
R.N.A.N.S. and also of the Saint John
Branch of the N .B.A.R.N,

A Tribute to a Gentle lady

When the news of the sudden death of
Miss Nora Tedford reaches the four corners
of the earth, there will be doctors and nurses
in each of them who will experience a feel-
ing of personal loss for this gentle little lady
was known and greatly Joved by many in all
lands.

FEBRUARY, 1945

As a member of the 1895 class of nurses
of the school established by Miss Livingston
in The Montreal General Hospital, Miss Ted-
ford demonstrated marked tal
nt and abil-
ity and was the first quali fied graduate nurse
appointed "it: charge" of the surgical oper-
ating rooms, a position she held with great
131

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Rice, lIlontreal
NORA TEDFORD

dignity for twenty-two years, during which
time hundreds of student nurses learned of
the m
'steries of surgical technique and ser-
vice from one who was a past master of the
art, and of teaching method.
To those ûf us who karned to know of
her hobbies and interests. )'Iiss Ted'ford be-
came a true and valued friend. Aside from
the work of her choice, )'Iiss Tedford found
time to contribute to several pioneer nursing
projects, chief among which was the estab-
lishment of the l\futual Benefit Association
of her alma mater, which owes its inspira-
tion t.") her
lert brain and untiring efforts
and regarding which she carried with marked
efficiency th(' office of secretary-treasurer
for its first five years.
Recorded in the history of the Canadian
X urses Association on page 13 is the follow-
ing:

"Miss Nora Tedford of
rontreal has lef

on record a graphic account of the proceed-
ings of the Congress of the International
Council of Nurses held at the Church House,
\Vestminster, London, England, July 19-24,
1909."
The graphic account referred to follows
and provides enj oyable reading. Miss Ted-
ford was always proud of the fact that she
had been included among the five official
delegates who represented Canadian nurse5
on such an auspicious occasion when the
Canad!an Nurses Association, known at that
time as "The Canadian National Association

132

of Trained Nurses", was received into mem-
bershif' in the International Council of N ur-
ses and that she carried the responsibilities
of of ficial secretary.
Miss Tedford appreciated and loved good
music, one of her greatest joys in life ge-
ing tLe love of her tale;}ted brother "Jack"
(J. Leslie) who was for years Montreal's
leading tenor. To watch her during the ex-
pert rendering of the Tannhauser Overture
was a thrilling experience.
During the old surgical operating room
days it was equally inspiring perhaps, to
see her lay down her tools at the close of
a big da
v in the theatres when she would
then perch her tiny self on a high stool and
execute the most fascinating needle-work.
She loved the birds and flowers and knew
more about botany than many an acknowl-
edged teacher of that fascinating subject.
Mis
Tedford was a charter member of
the Alumnae Association of her school, for
the organization of which she was to a
great extent responsible, and in recognition
of her services towards it the Alumnae bes-
towed upon her an honourary life member-
ship of the 1\1 utual Benefit Association.
Following her retirement from active duty
several years ago, Miss Tedford decided to
thoroughly enjoy freedom from responsibil-
ity, and she slipped away suddenly on Janu-
ary 5 at the age of seventy-five years.
-E. FRANCES UPTOK.

Obituaries

Sister St. Viateur died recently at the
Motherhouse of the Grey Nuns of the
Cross in Ottawa. A member of the Class
of 1907 of tbe Ottawa General Hospital,
she served continuously in various de-
partments of the hospital until ill health
forced her to relinquish her duties four
years ago.

Mrs. George Reid <Beatrice MacLeod)
died recently in Pittsburg, Pat Mrs. Reid
was a graduate of the Prince Edward
Island Hospital and a member of t.he
Class of 1931.

Vol. 41 No.2

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Occupational Therapy for the Mentally III

ALICE L. ROSSE

Student Nurse

School of Nursing, Ontario Hospital, Hamilton.

The importance of scientifically
planned and directed occupations for
those suffering from various types of
psychoses and neuroses, as well as for
the patient whose disabilities are physi-
cal, is becoming increasingly apparent.
The role of the trained occupational
therapist is familiar to all who work
with mental patients. However, it is
questionable whether the nurse, graduate
or student, realizes fully her own res-
ponsibjlities and opportunities for ser-
vice in this field.
Most of us who receive our training
in mental hospitals are given a course
in the theory and practice of occupation-
al therapy, an interesting and fascinat-
ing study. In the press of other duties
perhaps we do not .apply these teachings
as we might. To-day, due to the
demands of the armed forces, the num-
ber of occupational therapists available
for hospital work is limited. It is, there-
fore, a challenge to the nursing staffs
to see that their patients do not lack the
benefits of this form of therapy.
The nurse sees her patient for much
longer periods and is in closer contact
with her than is the therapist. She is in a
position to suggest and supervise activi-
ties and occupations and can see how
the patient reacts to these. Tr.ained to be
observant and to report her observations
promptly and accurately, she can be of

FEBRUARY. 194'

great assistance to the medical staff in
the plan of treatment, .as even a simple
task, satisfactorily accomplished, is of
importance, Such details as a properly
made bed, or a well-swept room may
be the first steps forward for a disordered
mind. The supervision of the patient .and
her training in habits of neatness, clean-
liness and self-reliance are a vital part
of the mental nurses' duties; however it
should not be forgotten that helping with
her sewing, knitting, etc. is a no less
essential aspect of her work.
Naturally a complete knowledge of
the use of colours and fabrics, the teach-
ing of basket work and the mastery of
the hand loom, which are all in the
trained occupational therapists' field, are
far too ambitious and time-consuming
for any busy nurse. Frequently, how-
ever, the therapist can be on each ward
for only a short period every day, or she
may visit them but once or twice a week.
In the interim, the nurse who can turn
the heel of a sock, decipher a crochet
pattern, or assist with embroidery stit-
ches, is indeed extending her ministr.a-
tions to the fullest. The convalescent
mental patient may easily lose interest
and slip back if unable to proceed with
a piece of handiwork, because she got
into difficulties with it. Encouragemenf
and kindly skilled help are much appre-
ciated and funy repay the :1Urse f('lt the

IH

134

THE CANADIAN NURSE

extra time and patience she may expend.
It must be remembered that in some
occupations, for instance sewing, or the
making of scrap books, there are certain
hazards. A nurse with many duties c.an-
not always take the responsibility of
giving out scissors, ete. There are, how-
ever, many things, which, if one is in-
telligent and enterprising may be safely
utilized as occupations. The use of plas-
tic knitting needles entails little risk and

the making of belts and other novelties of
torn and folded strips of coloured scrap
paper c.an be interesting when well di-
rected. Even the provision and supervi-
sion of indoor games is beneficial.
Knowing that by increasing her in-
terest in and applying her knowledge of
occupational therapy she may further
the recovery of her patients, the nurse in
mental hospitals should be stimulated to
greater efforts in this sphere.

We had a CampaignlH

NATALIE HARDING
Student Nurse

School of Nursing, HomQeopathic Hospital, Montreal

A campaign is defined in the diction-
ary as, "the period during which an
army carries on active operations in the
.held". This is exactly what happened
2t the Homoeopathic Hospital in Mon-
tleal recently. The army was our stud-
ent nurses and the result of the active
operations was an exceptionally high per-
centage of subscriptions to The Cana-

..(

OÍb

A

J

.11 cdel use in the exhibit.

dian Nurse Journal by the student nur-
ses.
A list was posted with the names of
the students arranged in classes. As each
nurse subscribed to the magazine, she
was awarded a star beside her name.
The subscriptions poured in as enthus-
iasm mounted and the competition be-
gan. The campaign came to a thrilling
climax when the editor gave the stud-
ents an extremely interesting talk on
her work with the Journal, at the regu-
lar monthly meeting of the Student As-
sociation.
The nurses then gave a very original

kit. The scenery wa3 composed of a
huge book designed to represent the
Journal. Large wooden frames were
covered with white sheeting and ar-
ranged as leaves of a book. The outer
page was illustrated by a replica of that
familiar blue and white cover, and the
other pages were marked with huge
hlack letters presenting the different sec-
tions or the Journal. A student nurse
g-ave the introduction to the skit, and as
;he opened the book and turned the
pages, out stepped other students who

Vol. 41 No.2

LETTERS FROM ALASKA

read articles which they themselves had
prepared on the various sections of the
Journal they represented.
Was our tour of operations success-
ful? \Vhy, the very fact that the stud-
ents not only subscribed whole-heartedly
to the Journal but that they realized

135

what valuable ;md most interesting
knowledge The Canadian Nurse offers,
was proof. of ìts profitableness.
Here's a challenge now, you other
armies of student nurses! \Vhy not try
out a campaign to raise your subscrip-
tion level to 100 per cent?

Letters from the Alaska Highway District

August IO, 1914. There is nothing small in
the Yukon Valley - day after day down
stream, towering mountains, big islands,
etc. I left Whitehorse on July 26 and reached
Dawson after two nights and two days -
spent five days in and around town, visited
the Indian village of Moosehide, the hospital
and hostel. Coming back up-stream is slow-
er. The Yukon waters are very swift, and I
travelled on a smaller boat to Selkirk arriv-
ing on Saturday. All the Indians were out-
of-town for the weekend fishing, so after
morning service on Sunday we all went in a
small motor boat to the mouth of the Pelly
river, and to a damned-up pool where the
sunshine warmed the water. There we re-
velled in what a little girl called a hot spring
- we did not think it 'so hot' and it was also
muddy. 'rVe drank copious quantities of
coffee and had a couple of soup-bowls apiece
of ice cream, which the men made upon
arrival on the island.
Monday morning the R.CM. policeman
and I set of f up-stream' in a small motor
boat for Minto, where a band of Indians
were gathered. The twenty mile trip in the
open boat took almost four hours, and one
sees the beauty of the islands more intimate-
ly at close range. After gathering the In-
dians at the old roadhouse, built to accommo-
date the '98'ers, the policeman listed the
people and prepared their arms while I vac-
cinated them and gave the first of two doses
of alum precipitate toxoid for diphtheria.
This, of course, needs only two doses, and
I go back again in six weeks. An old man
who has lived at Minto since the days Qf
'98 (and keeps a dirtier house than triost of
the natives) prepared a meal for us. He
boiled potatoes, grown in his own garden,
and opened a can of Prem, and we had to eat.

FEBRUARY, 1945

The following day we travelled up the
Pelly river about fifteen miles. Here we
had no building in which to work. A wooden
box was brought out and covered with paper
towelling. I placed my sterile cover with
syringes, etc. on it, with an alcohol lamp
sheltered by a bottle of pills in one corner.
Above our heads stretched a piece of can-
vas sheltering some poles on which hung
whole filleted salmon at one end and the
complete vertebrae and tails tied in bundles
at the other. In the centre was the usual
fire of smoke to keep away the flies; this
was a great help, only just as we commenced
operations the wind changed and we were in
the line of fire, or rather smoke. The child-
ren ran away and we thought they had gone
to hide, so were amazed when they re-
turned and stood before us with hands and
faces washed and clean print dresses On. On
the third day we worked on the natives, who
had by this time returned to 'Selkirk. Here
we had a clean school-room and did every-
thing in the orthodox manner. Quite a
number of white people were vaccinated
here.
The trip up-stream has been of intense
interest, so much to see when we travel at
slower speed. Five Finger Rapids, "Cape
Horn" (a very dangerous corner to navi-
gate), and so much more I could tell you
about, but it would need to be seen to be
appreciated-mountains, valleys, creeks,
streams, rocks, basalt, volcanic ash, sand,
wood-camps, and fishing stations.
Yesterday afternoon we stopped at a lar
e
wood-camp at my request. The local Angli-
can missionary came ashore to help me and
two volunteers from among the passengers.
'Ve went into the wood-cutters' eabin -
fairly clean and tidy (one room with every-

136

THE CANADIAN NURSE

thing in it). \Ve started a wood fire to
provide boiling water for the needles. On
the kitchen table we spread our supplies and
gave the first dose of toxoid and vaccinated
aU the natives. The help was all 'green' but
very willing. The state of these people is
pitiable in the extreme; so much needs to be
done for them and it is going to take a lot
of careful planning for their future health.
There are so many bands, so widely scat-
tered and they vary so in intelligence and in
cleanliness or filth.
August 20, 194-1. Am writing you from
Ross River - it is east from Selkirk on the
Yukon river and north from Johnson's Cross-
ing. To reach it I came along the Highway
to Johnson's Cros'sing and north from
there 141 miles. It was a hurried prepara-
tion, my medical supplies were ready, but
clothes had to be left till the last minute as
they crease so in a gunny sack. We travelled
sometimes at fifty miles an hour, sometimes
at five and averaged thirty-three. The coun-
tryside is something like the White Moun-
tains or Adirondacks. (Interruption - an
American Army youngster came to my
tent with a couple of bars of chocolate for
a chat; poor kid, from the Bronx, New
York City, wanted to know if I wasn't
lonely in this awful country. I told him to
gather some wood and bring some of the
other boys, and we would have a bonfire
by the water and a sing-song at 8 p.m. They
have nothing to do to keep out of mis-
chief i'J an Indian village).
To go back to my story, we arrived at the
ferry at the Pelly river where the Ross
river empties into it and found the ferry
on the other side and no one around. There
was a wooden foot bridge with steel cable
suspension supports, and my driver walked
across while I sat and drank in the scen-
ery. It was different; the river valley is
broad, with tall spreading willows, good
soil, and the very high hills covered with
pale green, grassy moss; the soil erosion of
centuries makes queer formation along the
Pelly. Across from the flats on which the
trading-post and village are built there is
d very high plateau, which looks to me like
Java from a volcanic eruption; there are
e\"Ídences at other places but this is quite
different from anything I have seen any-
where. The whole scene, viewed from the
other side where I sat, looked like a tremen-
<ious, futuristic painting in pastel shades.
\Ye reached camp in time to meet the
men coming out from supper, but there was

still cod with shrimp sauce, potatoes, beans,
cof fee, and pie left. I am used to eating in
these camps now, wooden benches with ta-
bles attached as at picnic grounds, everythin

on the table, and all help themselves, cup
and plate, knife, fork and two spoons. They
found an extra plate for my pie. \Ve
stopped at the store for the key to a sup-
posedly unused log cabin only to find that
someone had moved in a month before.
There were members of a geological sur-
vey in one cabin, and my prospective abode
was occupied by their truck driver and his
wi! e ami bob).. She certainly was glad to
see me. Her husband was away till the fol-
lowing day, so two of the men came over
with a cot, mattress and sleeping bag, and
I was settled for that night. The next morn-
ing I walked over hal f a mile back to the
camp for cof fee and toast, gathered the In-
dians into the trading store where I vac-
cinated them all and put on the Vollmer
patch for the tuberculin test. The people
are friendly and respectful and welcome the
nurse. Down to the trading post this morn-
ing and gathered the people to remove pat-
ches and found twelve more waiting for me
- they had hidden on Saturday and now
wanted vaccination and patch.
On Saturday evening some of the geolo-
gists had put up a tent for me and I have
my cot, sleeping bag, a table, and all my
kit in it. The sun is beating down fiercely
just now and I am warm, but the nights are
frosty and good for sleeping (the tent is
covered with frost every morning and my
clothes are wet and have to be hung to dry
before I can dress). Last night a wolf
howled near by and set all the dogs barking
and howling, and I had visions of a wolf's
nose poking under the tent flap! I am at
the far end of the village and few can see me.
Tuesday afternoon the sun was scorching
hot as it had been on Monday. Mrs. X and I
went for a walk to the Indian cemetery. I
had invited three young Indian girls, all
newly married, to come with us. As we
walked I pointed out edible weeds and ex-
plained how to prepare them, also how to
prepare rose-hips for jam and jelly and
how to make a syrup rich in Vitamin C to
take the place of oranges. \Ve found a tidy,
wen-kept cemetery with so many graves
marking the resting-place of young children.
There has been no one to teach them how
to cook or what to eat but they are so will-
ing to learn.

-MINNIE HACKETT.

Vol. 41 No. 2

The Nurse - a Welcome Sight

"On(; thing I know" - reports lIrs. Fran-
ces Payne B.:>lton in the January 1945 issue
of the American Joumal of Nursi
lg, after
a two months' visit to hospitals of England
2nd areas of France which have been liber-
atf'd - "\Vere I fit and young enough and
t1"Czined nothing would keep me from meet-
ing the greatest challenge American life has
ever given women who are nurses. I f I
were trained in nursing or physical therapy
or as a nurse's aide and unable to go over-
seas I would apply for service in our hospi-
tal
here to which these men of ours are
coming by the thousand. I wouldn't miss the
experience altogether. I wouldn't go into it
just because of the terrible need our wounded
have for care: I would do it partly because
I know I couldn't face mysel f in the years
that inevitably come, when one looks back
on life, if I had let the opportunity to live
<keply pass me by.
Recalling her experiences, )'1rs. Bolton
writes:
liOn D-Day plus four the first of our wo-
men joined our men on the shores of France
for the healing of nations - even as they had
joined them in Africa and Sicily and Italy
- even as they are with them in India, in
China or the islands of the Pacific and in
the u
believable hospital ship:; of the air.
No wonder a soldier's eye lights up when he
speaks of a nurse, no wonder!
First to a well-housed general hospital!
Brick buildings that originally held an Eng-
1ish hospital with additional Nissen huts to
bring it up to the necess3ry number of beds.
The best possible equipment and general fa-
cilities an exceedingly efficient. an exceed-
ingly understanding CO. and a splendid
staff. True, the staff was small, consider-
ing the number of beds: something between
1,000 and 1.500 beds, alld 50 doctors, 83
nurses, 200 enlisted men: but the difficulty
in securing both doctors and nurses forced
d genual reduction from the original num-
bers.
Nursing on these particular wards was
beavy. Men who cannot move themselves
need to be turned and rubbed and turned
again every two hours in addition to the
regular care their wounds require. Yes,
beavy nursing but infinitely <;atisfying. On

FEBRUARY, 1945

other wards were men with bandaged eyes
unused to dHkness, faced with grim cer-
tainty th:;.t the only sun that they wiI] ever
see must rise in their own hearts; men with-
out legs, without an arm, with terrible body
wounds, men with shattered faces their jaws
wired together, sucking their fdod through
tubes. Most tragic of all are the men with
broken n
rves and shattered minds, lost in
the chaos of a destruction they could not
withs'and. On stilt other wards were men
terribly burned, yet not beyond hope, for the
wonderful easement of the hours in the
saline tubs relaxes their tensions and brings
healing. They are uphe
d by the promise
that when nature has done her temporary
best, plastic surgery combined with an in-
finite patience will rebuild a leg, a hand. an
arm, a face !'o that living a normal and con-
structive ìife will become first a possibility,
then a certainty.
I shall always remember two lads, one
with his right arm in plaster hitching along
with one knee on a chair, his foot bandaged,
the other with his left hand in splints, the
fingers on traction. Together they had a
pair of good arms with which they were
sha ving the ward!
I talked with a soldier one afternoon who
was to go home. Lo and behold' At the air-
strip a few days later there he was on hi"
litter, his x-rays under his pillow, his little
bag I)f valuables tied on, his eyes shining. A
doctor went on that particular plane: there
were some pretty sick men aboard that need-
ed to get home. L suall
the nurse carries
the responsibility alone. Ask the men some-
time what they think of those flight nurses!
In France it was all very different, yet
curiously the same.
1y headquarters was a
tent hospital that was just setting itsel f up
hot very far from the beaches. \Vhen I left
every bed was filled. every nurse busy. But
even then when they were barely established
they were awaiting orders to move forward.
That was the amazing quality of our hos-
pitals in France - their fluidity, their motil-
ity and the extraordinary quality of service
they rT'aintain under these conditions. Always
on the move trying to keep up with the
Armies' I chased one hospital halfway across
France and ne\'er did catch up with it ,"

137

Red Cross Bursaries for Undergraduate Nursing Education

At a recer.t meeting of the Executive of
the Ontario Division of the Canadian Red
Cross Society, recommendations of the
Nursing Committee were adopted whereby
for a period not to exceed ten years, bur-
saries will be awarded to certain young wo-
men resident in Ontario who wish to enrol
in an undergraduate degree course in nurs-
ing or public health nursing or both in one
of the universities of the province.
It will be recalled that following the last
great war the Canadian Red Cross Society
established courses for graduate nurses in a
number of Canadian universities including
the University of Western Ontario and the
University of Toronto. In the interval, nurs-
ing education has broadened until a pressing
need is for financial assistat}.ce to enable
promising students to obtain sound basic
l-'reparation for posts of leadership in the
various fields of nursing. Provision has been
made therefore to set aside for bursaries
$25000 from the peace-time funds of the
Division. These will not exceed $1,000 for

anyone student, except in unusual circum-
5tances, and are given in order that candi-
dates with outstanding qualifications may
not be denied this prepa:-ation if financially
unable to meet the total cost involved.
A committee appointed by the Division
will award the bursaries and all universities
offering a basic training in nursing will be
considered. However, certain educational
standards wilt be required of all university
schools or departments enrolling such candi-
dates. The Division has stipulated that fol-
lowing a period of internship the student
must agree to serve the Ontario Division in
some branch of nursing for at least one year
after the completion of the course.
In so doing recognition has been given to
voluntary service rendered by the nursing
profession in the Division's work over a per-
iod of years. Moreover, a unique and signal
contribution has been made to sound under-
graduate nursing education under univergity
auspices within the province.
-FLORENCE H. lL EMORY.

Department of Health and Public Welfare, Manitoba

The following have recently been appointed
to the Provincial Public Health Nursing
staff: Lucille Crawford (Children's Hos-
pital, Winnipeg), with the Dauphin Health
Unit; Patricia Martin (St. Joseph's Hospi-
tal), at Grahamdale; Miss M c úod (Grace
Hospital), at McCreary; J01U!t Kennedy
(St.. Anthony's Hospital), at LePas; E.
RadleJ' (Dauphin General Hospital), at
Rorketon; Miss Cruikshanks (Neepawa
General Hospital), at Flin Flon; Miss Ward
(Victoria Hospital), at Fisher branch.
The following have returned to the staf f

after taking courses in public health nurs-
ing: A. Kennedy (University of Minnesota),
at Flin Flon; A. Spcnce (B.Sc., University
of Minnesota), at McCauley; E. Brown
(University of Western Ontario), at Bran-
don; J.
Villiamson (University of Mani-
toba) , with Dauphin Health Unit. Lillian
Blair, Alexander, has returned to the staf f
after three years of service in South Africa,
where she was stationed at the military hos-
pital at Potchefstroom. Miss Blair is at
present with the Division of Venereal Disease
Control.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Oleavia Chant (Buffalo City Hospital

chool of Nursing and University of To-

118

1"Onto public health course) has resigned her
position <It Kirkland Lake and accepted the

Vol. 41 No.2

COMBAT
NUTRIDYE FAILURE

1Iti4
IIJIUf

I
":.

Squibb .
,
Ï41 Vitamin for..!.
'CI6' Ph.ll>>t>p,. v_
f.......-.. "".""'1' _II eM.'"
"I lJòhpl:<JtaclJj.
I
,
.i fllo>l.... ,""" Øfci";

_
__
".:.""- 0"
:.
",.
-_"""

. Since reliance on diet alone is uncertain
and slow, polyvitamin therapy is often
indicated.

Such therapy should be based on
multiples of the new nutritional yard-
stick-the daily Recommended Dietary
Allowances of the Food and Nutrition
Board of the National Rese8rch Council.
This formula represents the combined
judgment of "more than 50 r;crsons
qualified to express an opinion on the
subject." *

One capsule daily cf Squibb Special
Vitamin Formula supplies the Recom-
mended Dietary Allowances for a
70 Kg. man.

\ contoins:
Eoeh copsu e
. Å
500 0 Units Y
tom
n D
800 Units Ylto
\n H droch\orid e
M 1hio m\n e Y
2 g. .
M Ribof\ov\n
3 g. . d
Nio dnom \ e
20 Mg. bic Add
75 Mg. Asc or

-

FEBRl.'ARY. 194'j

, '

4

4&- .
ø'4
""

#- k".-t"x

ß#g
-';;'..,.

.... }p

'
.....!." -;
"t";
"

Squibb Special Vitamin FonnuIa
capsules are supplied to druggists in
bulk. Generally dispensed on prescrip-
tion for 7 or 8 cents per capsule, in any
quantity designated.

Combat nutritive failure this modem
way, by using Squibb Special Vitamin
Fonnula Capsules.

. For Therapy
. Diet Supplement in Health
. Diet Supplement
in Convalescence

*National Research Council, Reprint and Circular
Series No. l1S, Jan. 1943.

For literature write
E. R. Squibb & Sor.s of Canada, Ltd.
36-48 Caledonia Rd., Toronto, Onto

E.R:SQUIBB &. SONS
OF CANADA. Ltd.

MANUfACTURING CHEMISTS TO THE
MEDICAL PROFESSIO:S SINCE 1658

139

140

THE CANADIAN NURSE

appointment as public health nurse for
Iil-
ton, Acton and Georgetown.
R'uth McClure (University of Alberta
Hospital School of Nursing and University
of Alberta public health course) has ac-
cepted a staff appointment with the City of
Toronto Department of Health.
Kathleen Hanx)' and Isabel Petrie (Uni-
versity of Toronto School of
ursillg Dip-
ioma Course) have accepted appointments as

taff nurses with the Porcupine Health Unit.
Airs. Eilern Bruce (Bretzlaff) (Ottawa
Civic Hospital School of Nursing and
IcGi11
University public health course) has resigned
her position \\ ith the Ottawa Collegiate
Board.
Edith Horton (University of \Yestern
Ontario public health course) has resigned
her position with the Victorian Order of
Nurses at Kitchener to accept an appoint-
ment with the Ottawa Collegiate Board.
Mrs. Marie Chabot (Cloutier) (Univer-

ity of Western Ontario public health course)

is returning to resume her duties with the
North Bay Board of Health.
J.U argarel Pent)' (St. Joseph's Hospital
School for Nurses, Sudbury, and University
of \Vestern Ontario public health course)
has resig
led her position with the Victorian
Order of Nurses and has been appointed pub-
lic health nurse at St. Mary's.
Nancy Craig (Toronto \Vestern Hospital
School for Nurses and University of To-
ronto public health course) has been ap-
pointed a staff nurse at PeterhOl"Ough. hav-
ing resigned her position in }..{anitoba.
Essie Kain (Toronto \Vestern Hospital
School for Nurses and University of To-
ronto public health course) has accepted an
appointment as staff nurse with the Porcu-
pine Health Unit.

Margaret Turner (Hamilton General Hos-
pital and University of \Vestern On-
tario public health course) has resigned her
position at Kitchener to accept an appoint-
ment with the \Ventworth County School
Hcalth Unit.

Public Health Nursing Division, Toronto

The following nurses ",'ere appointed in
1944 to the Division of Public Health N urs-
ing, Department of Public Health, Toronto:
Graduates of the Toronto Gelleral H ospi-
tal and University of Toronto public health
nursing course: Elizabeth Boulter, Eileen
Clark, Beatrice Cryderman, Ina Forrest,
Margaret Hallawell, Frances Hayhoe, Mar-
garet Mellon, Lillian \Vark, Olive \Vood.
Graduates of the T orOllto T-Vestern H ospi-
tal and University of Toronto public health
nursing course:
lary Arneil, Edythe Smith,
Lillian Taylor.
Graduates of Sf. Michael's Hospital, To-
ronto, and University of Toronto public
health nursing course: Marie Bedford, Mrs.
Pauline
lcCowatt, Margaret McNamara,
Margaret Regan.
Graduates of ['Ilio;'ers:f.v of Tor01zlo School
of Nursing: Mrs. Dorothy Johnston, Mary
Willet.
Eileen BaIne (Brantford General Hospi-
tal), Helen Clarida (Port Arthur General
Hospital),
f argaret Coburn (Oshawa Gen-
eral Hospital), Doceil Eldred (Saskatoon
City Hospital), Agnes Reff ernan ( St. J 0-

seph's Hospital, London), Doris Holmes
(Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto)
Leona
IacGregor (Bellevue Training School
for :-\urses, Xew York), Alice McGee
(Oshawa General Hospital). Mrs. Dorothy
Ãlarshall (
lontreal General Hospital),
}"1 rs. Edna Querrie ( Hamilton General
Hospital) , 11arguerite Saxton (Con-
naught Training School for Nurses, Wes-
ton). (All nurses have taken the public
health nursing course at the University of
T Ol"Ol1to ) .

1:rs. Edna McLean (Brantford General
Hospital and public health nursing course,
Simmons College, Boston), Mrs. Mary Scott
(Victoria Hospital, London, and public
health nur
ing course, University of Western
Ontario), Nance Cuyler (B
Sc.N., Cniver-
sity of Alberta).
The following nurses are now on active
service: Phyllis Shannon (with the R.C
A.F.); Margaret Smith, Mary Turnbull,
Muriel Wright (with the R.CA.M.C.).
Resignations have been accepted from
Jean McWilliam, Ella Rat

rs. Katherine
Robinson.

Vol. .1 No.2

1

Horlick's and the
Discharged Patient

.

.

.

When the patient is discharged
from the hospital, every ef.
fort is used to encourage his
continuing good dietary ha-
bits.

.

,

To provide the incentive for
the patient to persevere in the
intake of a highly nutritious
diet, an acceptable supple.
mental food should be ad.
vised.

.
..

"

j

L

"

HORLICK'S

..

IS a well-balanced food, sup-
plying biologically complete
protein in addition to easily
utilizable, partially pre.digest.
ed carbohydrate. Because it is
so quickly digestible, Hor.
lick's does not interfere with
the next full meal. It is deli-
cious whether prepared with
milk or water.

Recommend-

HORLICK'S

Powder or Tablets

The Complete l\:'Ialted Milk-Not Just a Flavoring for Milk

HORLICK'S

Obtainable at all drug stores

Horlick's Malted Milk Corporation of
Canada
Limited
64 GERRARD STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONTARIO.

FEBRUARY. 194'

141

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

The following are the sta f f appointments
to, transfus, and resignations from the Vic-
torian Order of K urses for Canada:
Bessie Jackson (Ottawa Civic Hospital and
public health nursing course, l\lcGill Uni-
versity) has returned to the Order and is
in charge of the newly opened branch in
Fort \Villiam.
Ma:y Jeanne 1.1acKa}' (General Hospital,
Brantford, and public health nursing course,
University of Toronto), who was previous-
ly on the TororIto staff, has returned to the
Order and is in charge of the Brantford
Branch.
He/cli Keith (Ottawa Civic Hospital) and
Clara Weiss (Holy Family Nursing School.
Prince Albert), having completed a two
months' period of orientation introductory
to Victorian Order nursing, have been post-
ed to Liverpool, N. S. and Timmins, On-
tario, respectively.
Gwendolyn Angus (Victoria General Hos-
pital, Halifax) has been appointed tempor-
arily to the Halifax staf f.
jUrs. AI11U1 Johnson (University of Al-
berta Hospital, Edmonton), Patricia M erri-
man, (Holy Cross Hospital, Calgary), and
Regina Cowan (St. Mary's Hospital, Mon-
treal) have been appointed temporarily to
the Montreal staff.
Ruth Kirkpatrick (Hamilton General Hos-
pital) has been appointed temporarily to the
Peterborough staf f.
Evangeline Saulnier (King's Co. Hospital,
Brooklyn, N.Y.) has been appointed tem-
porarily to the Yarmouth staf f.
Annie r1'adr (Victoria Hospital, London)
has been appointed temporarily to the W ood-
stock staf f.
Joan Marchand (St. Luke's Hospital,
Montreal) has been apoointed temporarily
to the Lachine staf f.

Emelia Longo (St. Joseph's Hospital,
Toronto) has been appointed temporarily
to the York Township staff.

Mary De'war (Royal Victoria Hospital,
Montreal) has been appointed temporarily
to the Kingston staff.
Irene Redman (General Hospital, Osh-
awa) has been appointed temporarily to the
Oshawa staff.
Betty ,Bro'wn (Victoria Hospital, London)
has been appointed temporarily to the Cha-
tham staff.
Merle Pringle (Winnipeg General Hospi-
tal) has been appointed temporarily to the
\Vinnipeg staff.
Alfreda Lavoie (Moncton Hospital) has
been temporarily appointed to the Moncton
staff.
Helen Elizabeth McQuay (Kingston Gen-
eral Hospital) has been appointed tempor-
arily to the Kingston Branch.
Vera Bruner has been transferred from
the Sarnia staff to take charge of the newly
opened branch in Kingsville. Hattie Emþey
has been transferred from the Brantford
Branch to the Sherbrooke Branch. Georgina
Carr has been transferred from the Lachine
Branch to the \Voodstock (Ont.) Branch.
Dorothy Fullert01
has been transferred from
the Pictou staff to the Saint John staff.
1.fargaret Rowe has been transferred from
the Woodstock Branch to the Cornwall
Branch.
Ruby Forward and Mildred Gough have
resigned from the 1Iontreal staff, the form-
er to do other work and the latter to be
married. Dorothy McPherson has resigned
from the Pictou staff to be married. Lenore
IVellar and Jessie Lower have resigned from
the Toronto staff. Jessie Tillett has resigned
from the Sarnia staff to do industrial nurs-
ing.

M.l.I.C. Nursing Service

Louise Ahier (
otre Dame Hospital,
Montreal) and Jeanne d'Arc Hamel (St.
Sacrement Hospital, Quebec City) have
been appointed to the 1Ietropolitan nursing
sta if in Montreal.
Jfarie Anne Chess (Hotel Dieu de St.
J oseph.
Iontreal, and University of Mon-
treal public health nursing course), form-

112

erl
in charge of the lletropolitan nursing
seryice in Thetford 1Iines, P. Q.. and Gil-
berte Violette (St. Sacrement Hospital.
Quebec City, and University of lfontreal
public health nursing course), formerly in
charge of the Metropolitan nursing service
in Joliette, P. Q., have resigned from thf'
Company's servic
.

Vol. 41 No 2

'\

One of the safest-probably the safest-of all
analgesics is Aspirin. Proven safe by over forty-
seven years' use, by millions of people in all walks
of life, Aspirin enjoys an unique place in the field
of pain alleviation. Aspirin, in therapeutic dosage,
is known to be one of the least toxic of all analgesic
drugs even when used over long periods of time.

If" .(11'1
" :\.
- J',

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FEBRUARY, 194'

ASPIRIN

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143

Nursing Sisters' Association of Canada

As the executive for 1945-4h was !lot ap-
pointed until the middle of November, re-
quests for n
wsletters did not go out to the
various units this year. Therefore the news
is not complete but we hope for additional
news later. Be sure to watch for it in The
Canadian Nurse.
At the annual dinner of the Toronto Gllit
in November, five hundred dollars was voted
to the "National"
ursing Sisters' Associa-
tion for purposes of nursing rehabilitati':m.
This fund represent" our first post-war ef-
fort and it will be the nucleus to which we
are confident all units will contribute for
the difficult days ahead.
From Halifax came Christmas greetings
to all sister units.
Iany Hali fax members
are busily engaged in aiding the war ef fort.
Their duties include canteen, LO.D.E., Red
Cross, port nursing. sales of poppies, distri-
bution of ration books, community drives.
This eastern Canadian port has been a busy
spot during the years of the war. The an-
1ll1al dinner :lI1d meeting was held November
11 at the attractive home of "!\1iss Laura
Hutley, R.RC and twenty-seven members
had a jolly get-together. Mrs. E. R Hughes
(Gilham) of Kingston, Onto was a welcome
guest. Halifax is proud to have two mem-
bers of the unit serving again in uniform-
Matron M. B. MacNeil, ARRC. of Hali-
iax Military Hospital, and Nursing Sister
Marguerite
facLean, A.RRC. posted to
transport duty aCross Canada. The sympathy
of the club goes out to K ursing Sister
Iac-
Lean in the loss of her brother in January
<!.nd to Mrs. E. K. Gillis in the loss of her
onlv son in October, 1944. Officers for
1944-45 include: past president. Marion Hali-
burton: president, Mrs. \V. S. Beattie (Janet
:\Iacdonald) ; vicé-president. Josie Cameron;

ecretary, Edna C Duthie; treasurer. Lillian
Fitzgerald; sick visitor. Jane Hutley.
The Ottau'o Unit held their annual meeting
and Armistice dinner at the Chelsea Club
on November 12. Brigadier C G. Hepburn.
U.C, Principal Protestant Chaplain, was
g'Jest speaker. He spoke on "Remembranc
"
and the spirit of comradeship which binds alI
those wh.) have been associated in the great
experiences of war. Miss Blanche Anderson
moved a vote of thanks. Col. Elizabeth Smel-
lie, CB.E., RRC. gave a short report on
the national convention held in \Vinnipeg last

144

June. Officers for 1944-4S inchtde: president,
:Mrs. G. Spalding, RRC; vice-president.
Mrs. H. A. Caghill; secretary, Edith Bag-
nall; treasurer, Annie McNicol, RR.C:

ocial convener, Mrs. H. J. Stitt.
The Va.nCOlt'i!er Unit sent greetings to all
nursing sisters in Canada and abroad. At the
general meeting in September, Miss E.
Gray gave a wonderful report of the national
convention in \Vinnipeg. Sixteen Christmas
parcels for husbands and sons of members
were sent to various theatres of war. On
Remembrance Dayan a fternoon tea was
gIven at Hycroft to honour the veteran pa-
tients. There were several special guests and
the husbands of our members. The veterans
look forward to this tea as one of the high
spcts of the year, being entertained by their
"sisters". The following Sunday the Over-
seas Nursing Sisters attended with the Am-
f.utation Association the Remembrance Day
services in Canadian Memorial Church.
The Local Council of \Vomen, with which
we are affiliated, have arranged a short series
of radio talks. On December 22, the nursing
sisters took charge. Our wlit plans to or-
ganize group insurance this year. Ninety-nine
per cent of our members are working at
Red Cross Branches, general duty in hospi-
taIs, in the men's service club or in indus-
trial plants, besides retaining their interest
and work in the Club. \Ve still retain a box
of comforts for the old and new army at
Shaughnessy Hospital. This includes socks,
s\yeaters and toilet articles. Chocolates were

ent to Miss E. Martin, Edinburgh, for dis-
tribution to soldiers and sailors. At a draw-
ing for the British Nurses Relief Fund we
realized over $400. A delightful garden party
was held at the home of :\Irs. Fitz-James
and many old acquaintances renewed. Dress-
ings are made at the Red Cross work room3
every Tuesday. Dressing dolls for our booth
at the Trafalgar D::ty fair was of tremendous
interest to th<> club members, and in this way
we have kept in touch with nursing sisters
all over B. C This year we excelled our-

c1ves an.l sent a cheque for $360 to London.
Engla!ld, for the mine sweepers: we do this
under the charter of the Ladies Guild, Bri-
tish Sailors Society. The executive for the
coming year include: president. E. McLane;
vice-president,
f.
fotherwell: secretary,
Mrs. Danby Smith; treasurer. E. V. Cam-
CT0n; executive members.
Irs.
fcXtttt. B.

Vol. 41 No. 2

NEWS NOTES

145

'3f/
Hdtd ta

'U
",

Phillips' l\lilk ofMagllesia is generally accepted by
the mt'dical profession as a standard therapt'utic
agt'nt, ht'ing so recognized for Iuore than 60 years.
As a laxati1.'e-it is gentle, smooth-acting withou t embarrass-
ing urgent'} .
h an antacid-Prompt, eff("cti"e relief. It contains no car-
bonates, hen('(" no discomfort in!!; bloating.

II
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2'
(lara.ir#')
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--7- , , , 210 4Iabl""l'oonfuls

(IIn.arid)
1 10 4 '..aspoonrul"
or 1 10 " labl..IS

PDILLIPS

IILK OF ItI...L\.GXESIA

of Sierling Druf! Jne.

Prepared only by
THE CHAS. H. PHILLIPS CO. DIYISIO

1019 Elliott Street, W.
Windsor, Ontario

Bennett, l\lrs. L. Brown; social convener,
Mrs. G. Stead; membership, E. :\1. Stewart;
weol,
Imes Robinson, Hunter; gift box,
O. Bentley; press, B. Mc
air.
All units reported attending the Vesper
Service in memory of Florence Nightingale
and the special services on Armistice Day.
In mc-st cases a wreath is placed at the ceno-
taph. In Ottawa a wreath was also placed

by the national executive of the Association.
The officers composing the national execu-
tive for 1944-46 are as follows: president,
Maude 'Vilkinson; first vice-president. Isa-
belle McEwen: second vice-president,
fr
.
Grace Gray 'Vilson; third vice-president,
:Mrs. C. A. Young; secretary-treasurer, Mrs.
Hden Duff Forgan, 55 Highland Cres.,
York :\Iills, RR.2, Toronto.

HE W S

ALBERT A

PONOKA:

A short business meeting of Ponoka Dis-
trict, No.2, A.A.R.N.. was held recently
when the following officers were elected:
president, Helen Furnell ; vice-president.
:Mrs. Ragnhild Olsen; secretary-treasurer,

FEBRUARY, 1945

NOTES

[argan:the Lefsrund: representative to The
Calladian ...Vbrse, Mildred Nelson.

essa LCLkie, formerÍy night supervisor
at the Provincial
fental Hospital, has been
awarded a CN.A. bursary for post-graduate
study, and is taking the course in teaching
and supervision at the :McGiIl School for
Graduate Nurses. Mrs. R. Olsen (Bohmer)
and P. Jamieson. 1944 graduates of Pro-
vincial
{ental Hospital, have returned to

146

THE CANADIAN NURSE

TO GUARANTEE QUICK SURE
EFFICIENT TREATMENT OF
PEDICULOSIS RELY ON . . .
CUPREX

Cuprex destroys head, body or crab
lice, al.ong with the eggs or uN ITS"
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- no odor, not GREASY or sticky
. . . will cure most cases with one
application. At all drug stores.
A PRODUCT OF MERCK & CO., LIMITED, MONTREAL

There's always a
- "BEST-WAY"

for killing
Lie E

".
.,:'1
.

\

9

' I,;
'
..-""'" t
\.

.

::t;

the 6taff as supervisors. Ruth Parfett, form-
erly secretary-treasurer of Ponoka District,
has recently been married. Helen Furnell
and Kathleen Metheral returned to the Pro-
vincial Mental Hospital staff following the
conclusion of the summer school courses in
public health and teaching and supervision.
Later Miss Metheral proceeded to the Cal-
gary General Hospital as assistant instruc-
tor of nurses. Mrs. Lillian Stephenson
( Mackie) has returned to the Provincial
Mental Hospital staff as night supervisor.
A course in psychiatric nursing is well
underway for a small group of graduate
nurses.

EDMONTON:

At a recent regular monthly meeting of the
Royal Alexandra Hospital Alumnae Asso-
ciation there were sixty-four members pres-
ent, with the president, Miss Violet Chap-
man, in the chair. A sum was donated to the
Red Cross for prisoners-of-war parcels. A
nominating committee was appointed to sel-
ect officers for the ensuing year. A letter
was read from members in Vancouver who
have met to discuss the possibility of form-
ing a branch of the Alumnae in that city.
There were thirty members present and the
honour oi cutting a huge cake was given to
Mrs. Stella Dawson, of the Class of 1912.
News letters have been sent to all members
serving in the Armed Forces as well as to
members in good standing.

The Rev. Canon A. M. Trendell, rector of
All Saints Cathedral, gave us a most infor-
mative and interesting report on "Juvenile
Delinquency". Canon Trendell is vitally in-
terested in the problems of youth and as judge
of the juvenile court speaks with authority
on conditions as they exist today.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

VANCOUVER:

At a recent meeting of the Vancouver
Chapter_ R.N.A.B.C., the guest speaker was
Dr. Donald E. Starr. His lecture on "Pin-
ning and Nailing" in orthopedic surgery
pointed out the modern trends in that field.
Dr. Starr illustrated his lecture by films and
pictures. The V Bundle Committee, under
the convenership of L. Drysdale, had a dis-
play cf the children's toys which had been
made by various groups. These toys are being
sent to England for the British children. E.
Brenner, M. Harwood, and C. Hess have
recently joined UNRRA.

St. Paul's Hospital:

An opeR meeting of S1. Paul's School of
Nursing Alumnae Association for all grad-

Vol. 41 No.2

NEWS NOTES

uate nurses of Vancouver was recently held.
Dr. Elda Lindenfeld, eminent psychiatrist,
was the guest speaker and her topic was
"Insanity - its Prevention and Cure".

'VEST VANCOUVER CHAPTER:

The offer of the \\' est Vancouver Red
Cross of the use of their premises for chap-
ter meetings is gratefully accepted. A parcel
has been sent to Miss Riddell, a former
member, who is now overseas. M. I. Ewart
was appointed as representative to the com-
mittee investigating the possibility of build-
ing a convalescent home for nurses on pro-
perty at Cautfields.

).IORTH VANCOUVER CHAPTER:

:\liss Johnston has accepted the appoint-
ment to act on a committee for post-war
planning for epidemics. Mrs. McDonald was
appointed to act on the committee to in-
vestigate the project for a nurses conval-
escent home on Caulfields estate.

SMITHERS CHAPTER:

The Smithers Chapter is to be congratu-
lated on their "aim for 1945" - to found and
operate a well-baby clinic. At a recent meet-
ing an interesting discussion on penicillin
was hêld.

NOVA SCOTIA

HALIFAX:

Annie B. Brown (Children's Hospital,
1926) has joined the American Air Force
).I ursing Service and has been stationed at
different posts throughout the United States
and will proceed overseas in the near future.

ONTARIO

Editor' s Note: District officers of the
Registered Nurses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication of
news items by writing to the Provincial Con-
vener of Publications, Miss Irene Weirs,
Department of Public Health, City Hall.
Fort William.

DISTRICT 1

CHATHAM:

The Kent County industrial nurses invited
the personnel managers of their firms to a
recent meeting when Philip Alexander spoke

FEBRUARY, 194

147

ðft1Í8#
-

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.

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/Ä

-c....
-
'It ;

. ..A
.

.

. Iii ^

.,..;;.:;

.5blC'.

...

"Y

To keep hands smooth-Hand Cream

Scrubbing up leaves hands and
arms red and sore - Cutex Hand
Cream whitens, soothes and
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CREAM

148

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
'\fONTREAL

COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1. A four-months course in Obstetric-
al Nursing.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
logical Nursing.

For further information aPPly to.-
Miss Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the \Vomen's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, l\Iontreal,
P. Q.

or

Miss F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.

McGill UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR
GRADUATE NURSES
A Two-Year Course leading to
the Degree of Bachelor of
Nursing is offered to
Graduate Nurses.

The following one-year certifi-
cate courses are offered to graduate
nurses: Teaching & Supervision in
Schools of Nursing; Public Health
Nursing; Administration in Schools
of Nursing; Administration & Sup-
ervision in Public Health Nursing.
As a war measure, two four-
months programs are offered:
Ward Teaching & Supervision; Ad-
ministration & Supervision in Pub-
lic Health Nursing.
For information ttþply to:
School for Graduate Nurses
McGill University, Montreal 2

on "Oral Vaccines and Vitamins" and spe-
cial films on venereal disease were shown.
Program arrangements were in charge of
Mrs. C. J. Salmon and L. Smythe. The De-
cember meeting took the form of a dinner
with Mrs. Longuay of the Chrysler Corpora-
tion,
indsor, speaking on .. fhe Problems
for the Young Nurse in Industry". The Kent
County Industrial Nurses organization is
af filiated with the Public Health Section,
R.N.A.O.

DISTRICTS 2 AND 3

KITCHENER:

An enthusiastic meeting of nurses from all
parts of Districts 2 and 3, R.
.A.O., \\Oas
held recently at Freeport Sanatorium. The
day was ideal and suitable for travelling to
this spot where we were warmly received
by the lady superintendent, lIiss Alice Binge-
man. One hundred and fi fty nurses and visi-
tors were registered. Reports from section
representatives showed more general inter-
est in the profession throughout the Dis-'
trict. Dr. S. J. Hawkins gave an informative
address on "Tuberculosis and its Treatment".
Miss Margaret Dulmage spoke on The Cana-
dian ,Vttrse and gave us some information
on the work being done at present by the
Red Cross Home Nursing Division. It was
decided to purchase a Victory Bond. Follow-
ing a turkey dinner served by the Sana-
torium staff, we were entertained by Mr.
William Cowls, of Kitchener, who told us,
in his own way, what his plans would be fore
post-war problems of the nursing profession.
The election of officers later took place. The
Spring meeting will be held in Brantford.
The. annual meeting of the Kitchener and
\Vaterloo Chapter was held in \Vaterloo,
in the form of a dinner, with
liss Florence
\Veicker presiding. Forty-six memhers were
present. Miss C. Attwood, of Stratford, who
is membership convener of the District asso-
ciation, was present and asked the support
of all members in her work. Dr. Olive Mat-
thews, of Kitchener, gave a timely address on
civic matters entitled "Is Your House in
Order?" The election of officers was car-
ried out, the new chairman being Miss Marie
FeÍpush, Kitchener. Regular meetings are
held in the City Hall, Kitchener, on the
fourth Tuesday of each month.
Miss F. Weicker, of the Merchants Rub-
ber Company, entertained the Kitchener and
\VaterIoo industrial nurses at the plant at a
recent regular meeting. Mr. W. Koehler, in-
dustrial relations manager, escorted the
group through the factory after having given
an interesting demonstration on the build-
ing of a rubber shoe. Several new members
were welcomed to this meeting, including
persOJ1l1el workers emp:oyed by industries
in the city. The following new officers were
elected: chairman, F. Kudoba, Dominion
Electmhome; secretary-treasurer. Nellie
Scott, Dominion Tire Co.
Miss Weicker is now attending Waterloo
College and E. Schuman has taken her place

Vol. 41 No.2

NEWS NOTES

at the lIerchants Rubber Co. 1\1. \Velsh has
joined the RCA.F. Nursing Service.

DISTRICT 5

TORONTO:

The Ontario Hospital Association annual
meeting in Toronto provides a broad inter-
est for the members of District S, RN.A.O.,
as well as for all other nurses who can find
it possible to attend. The Nurse Adminis-
trative Section this year was of particular
interest and was under the chairmanship
of :Miss Elsie Jones, superintendent of nur-
ses, \Vellesley Hospital, Toronto.
Iiss Isa-
bel Stewart, professor ('f nurse education,
Teachers College, Columbia Cniversity, New
York, made "Nurse Administration" a very
vital interest to all nurses. The well-attended
morning session was followed b\. a lun-
cheon, addressed by Miss lIari
n Linde-
burgh, past president of the CN.A.
. Inc
eased. interest of nurses is apparent
m thb sectIOn of the Association, whose
board of directors includes for 1945 four
members of the RN.A.O.: lIrs. lIuriel
Cariss (lfcKee), Brantford, past president.
Priscilla Campbell, Chatham, third vice

president; and Pearl Morrison, Toronto.
Louise Acton, of Kingston, is also a member
as nurse representative.
Miss Isabelle McEwen, director of nurs-
ing, Red Cross Outpost Hospitals of On-
tario, has been appointed a member of the
committee to assist Dr. R. P. Vivian Min-
ister of Health for Ontario, to dev
lop a
"comprehensive over-all plan for hospitaliza-
tion" for Ontario. Acute necessitv is pres-
ent for this project due to shortag
of need-
ed hospital beds.
Miss Jean Masten, superintendent of nur-
ses, Hospital for Sick Children. Toronto,
as . president of t
e R.N.A.O., has been ap-
pomted the nursmg rerJre
entative on the
Municipal Health Service Board authorized
under the recently passed lfunicipal Health
Services Act in Ontario. Members of the
Board represent both those receiving ser-
vices and those providing them.

Toronto General Hospital:
Miss Edna lIoore recently addressed th

T.G.H. staff meeting on "
ursing - 10-
day a
1d Tomorrow". A reception followed.
At a recent meeting of the Alumnae Asso-
ciation lfiss llargaret Aitken. of the Tn-
':Ollto E.1 J C1l.iJl.Q Telegram staff, ga\"e a most
mterestmg address on "A Newspaper Wo-
man at Three \Var Conferences" from her
()w!1 personal experience. At the reception
WhlC
fo!lowed Lt.-Cot. Agnes N eill,
Ia-
tron-m-Cluef, R.CA.
1.C Overseas, who is

ome on !eave from Eng]and, brought greet-
mgs to her Alumnae.
Toronto TVestern Hospital:
At a recent general staff meeting, Dr. A.

FEBRUARY, 1945

149

-10. <femptu,.A
oI
CONVALESCENTS
ßutp;ed RENNET-CUSTARDS
. Often it is a problem to include
foods in the diet which appeal to
a convalescent appetite, and at
the same time are easily digested
and nourishing. Rennet-custards
made with the 6 flavors of
.'JUNKET" RENNET POWDER
provide dozens of delightful varia-
tions, and often are the means of
adding important nourishment.

Ask on your letterhead for our new book:
"Milk and Milk Foods Diet Planning."

"THE 'JUNKET' FOLKS"
Chr. Han.en'. Laboratory, Toronto, Onl_

J UJ:!.KK E T"
RENNET POWDER

NURSE PLACEMENT
SERVICE
of
New Brunswick Association
of Registered Nurses
is prepared to:
1. Assist and advise Hospitals,
Public Health and other organiza-
tions in making contact with nur-
ses having suitable qualifications,
and
2. Assist and advise nurses regard-
ing present and future opportuni-
ties in nursing and the preparation
required.
A lending Library is operated in
connection.
For further information write to:
The Director

TRSE PLACE
IE
T SERVICE
29 'Vellington Row
Saint John, N. B.

CANADIAN NURSE
I

150

THE

JtOMt
-NEO-CHEMICAL H
FOOD
VITAMIN and MINERAL TONIC

The In 'Ù t m....
economìcøt I.U 0 <II s.v",,""tHn
avahøbfe of tln6 me.

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DOSAGE
Two teaspoonfuls-or two capsuleii
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'2 oz. bottles
or boxes of
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ëT'lOMt

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Sin<:e 1899.

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MONTREAL

CANADA

Keeps
hoes

Prolesslonolly }

White \
I'
/ I

Easy to put an, hard
to rub off .. 2 IN
1 White is a special
help to nurses . . .
keeps all kinds of
white shoes whiter
. . . helps preserve
leather.

WHiTt
nU"tR

IN[!
W[x]Dv

A.

\V. White, recently. returned from the Medi-
terranean theatre of war, presented an illus-
trated lectur
on "Fractures and their Treat-
ment'.. The importance of exercise in the
restoration of function to an involved joint
is not fully realized, and few hospitals are
equipped to give adequate tre<ltment.
The Alumnae Association recently held a
very
uccessful tea at the Edith Cavell Resi-
dence. At a recent meeting Dr. A. I. Willin-
sky showed his latest technicolor film en-
titled "Mexicana". Scenes of life in Mexico
were portrayed in a very realistic and colour-
ful way.
Christmas parcels were sent to the forty-
two graduates of the School now serving
overseas with the R.CA.M.C Two scholar-
ships have been awarded by the Association
for one year's post-graduate study at a uni-
versity. the recipients being Muriel Scrace
for public health nursing, and Peggy Wood,
clinical supervision in surgery.

Grant Macdonald Training School:

It has been the annual custom for the
Grant Macdonald Training School Alumnae
Association to serve afternoon tea to those
attending the Christmas sale of work done
by the patients of the occupational therapy
department of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital
on Dunn A venue. This year the event was of
necessity curtailed but a very satisfactory
amount was realized. A raffle of a lovely
pair of wool blankets made philanthropic
activities secure for some time to come.
Thi:i Alumnae Association, of a School
which has been discontinued, is called upon
to take a normal part in nursing activities
with decreasing numbers, instead of increas-
ing. It is very gratifying to know that one
can continue to take part under such condi-
tions.

DISTRICT 7

A meeting of District 7, R.N.A.O._ was
recently held at the Ontario Hospital, Rock-
wood, with fifty nurses present. Reports
were read from the different chapters and
sections. Dr. John \Vylie, Professor of Pre-
ventive Medicine at Queen's University, gave
an instructive and interesting illustrated talk
on his public health experiences in Guate-
mala. Dr. Wylie was one of a party of ten
doctor!> who went to Gautemala this past
summer to study tropical disease, and his
talk served to stress the widespread interest
in public health today.
The attention of the meeting was directed
to the new Community Health Council, King-
ston, which is promoting a community re-
creation hall for the young people of King-
ston. Th
support of the members was re-
quested in the coming city election with
respect to the need for the proposed com-
munity hall, and Miss Connelly, public health
nurse, and Miss L. Gill of the Isolation Hos-
pital, were appointed to sit on the Community

Vol. 41 No.2

NE WS NOTES

Hcalth Council. Later, refreshments were
served by Miss Smith, superintendent of
nur-ses, and her staff.
The Kingston Chapter has held one meet-
ing with an attendance of sixty membe!-s,
inciuding several Nursing Sisters from No.
3 Military Hospital. The topic for discus-
sion was occupational therapy, stressing the
value it has in pediatrics, tuberculosis, ortho-
pedics, Workmen's Compensation Board
Clinic, and military and mental hospital
fields.
The Brockville Chapter has been holding
regular monthly meetings since October.
Topics such as "Administration of Penicil-
lin" and "Oxygen Therapy" have been dis-
cussed.

Brockville Gene,'al Hospital:

The Alumnae Association of the Brock-
ville General Hospital recently held a dance
with the orchestra from the of ficers training
<:entre at Brockville providing the music.
Part of the proceeds were used for Christ-
mas boxes which were sent to nurses serving
overseas. During the last Victory Loan drive
the Association invested in a Bond. Two
prizes were given at the graduation this year
and, in co-operation with the Board of Gov-
-ernors, the graduating class was entertained.
New furniture has been purchased for the
Alumnae Room in the hospital as well as
three service tables for the Brockville Inter-
national Blood Donor Clinic.
The following officers have been elected
to serve during the coming year: honourary
presidents, Alice Shannette, Edith Moffatt;
president, Mrs. Mae White; first vice-presi-
dent, Mrs. W m. Cooke; second vice-presi-
dent, Lucy Merkley; secretary, Mrs. Howard
Bishop; corresponding secretary, Maude
Arnold; treasurer, Mrs. H. Vandusen; con-
veners: gi ft, Violet Kendrick; social, Mrs.
H. Green; property, Mrs. M. Derry, ].
McLaughlin, M. Gardiner; annual fees, Vera
Preston: representative to The Canadian
Nurse, Helen Corbett.

DISTRICT 8

OTTAWA:

A well-attended refresher course, entitled
'''The Nurse's Responsibility in the Care of
the Obstetrical Patient" was conducted by
District 8, RN.A.O., on December 11, 12,
and 13, and held at the Ci vic and General
Hospitals. On the first day Dr. Couture spoke
at both sessions on Prenatal Care, and the
Nursil1g Care was conducted at the after-
noon session by Edith Stevenson, and at the
evening session by Kate McIlraith, V.O.N.,
Ottawa.
The topic for December 12 was Labour
and Dr. John Puddicombe was the speaker
at the General Hospital, followed by Viola
Downie who spoke on Nursing Care. At the
Civic Hospital Dr. R E. D. Cargill was the
speaker and was ably assisted by Mary

FEBRUARY, 1945

151

ARE YOUR STOCKINGS
AS WHITE AS YOUR
UNIFORM?

Crisp, fresh-looking
nunes like their stock.
ingll to stay white .too.
Y
t shoes someumes
cause stockings to be-
come an off-white
sbade. That's when
you'll be happy abo.ut
WHITEX, the magic-
al blueing that works
on wool and silk all
well as other fabrics.
WHITEX is a mem-
ber of the g
at Tintex
Familv of Fast Dyes
and Tints, and is on
sale at all chain, drug
and department stores.

"""

= -
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flJìJ7 -----= - ',
-=
" .- --I'I
hitex

I ---4.11
I'

:"
'I

TUBERCULOSIS NURSING

By Grace M. Longhurst. "The publication
of a manual on nursing technic in tuber-
culosis hospitals has been long overdue . . .
Miss Longhurst is to b<! highly compli-
mented for having so successfully sup-
plied this need. This book will prove of
valuable help not only to nurses, but to all
who are engaged in the care and treat-
ment of tuberculous patients." - Robert
E. Plunkett, M.D., General Superintendent
of Tuberculosis Hospitals, New York State.
$4.40.

TABER1S CONDENSED
MEDICAL DICTIONARY

By Clarence Wilbur Taher. An abridgment
of Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary.
It contains over 40,000 words including the
latest terms pertaining to new drugs with
their uses, action and dosage. 784 pages.
Thumb-indexed. 52.85.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

152

THE CANADIAN" NURSE

REFERENCE HANDBOOK FOR
,NURSES
By Amanda K. Beck, R.N.. and Lyla M.
Olson, R.N. 347 pages, illustrated. $1.90.
On virtually every problem likely to
arise in the hospital or in the sickroom,
this comprehensive little volume supplies
quick help. Full information is given
on more than half a hundred nursing
procedures - truly a "nurses encyclopedia"
- and the material is arranged accord-
ing to related subjects, conforming to
the general plan of the Curriculum Guide.
It embodies the suggestions of educators
for providing a work that meets the needs
of student. private duty nurse, and

raduate nurses in the various specialized
fields of nursing.
McAinsh & CO. Limited
Dealers in Good Books Since 1885
388 Yonge Street Toronto 1

DOCTORS' and NURSES'
DIRECTORY
212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg
24 Hour Service
A Directory for:
DOCTORS, REGISTERED NURSES-.
PRACTICAL NURSES, PHYSIO-
THERAPISTS, and MASSEUSES
(Phone service to Victorian Order of
Nurses. nights, Sundays and holidays, only.)
P. BROWNELL, REG. N.. REGISTRAR

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA
(Incorporated)
An examination for the title and certifi-
care of Registered Nurse of British Colum-
bia will be held April 17, 18, and 19,
1945.

Names of Candidates for this examination
mun be in the office of the Registrar not
later than March 17, 1945.
Full particulars may be obtained from:
ALICE L. WRIGHT, R.N.. Registrar
1014 Vancouver Block, Vancouver, B. C.

Check Sniffling
. Mentholatum
quickly relieves
head colds; checks
sniffling; soothes
irritated membranes.
Jars and tubes. 30c.
20X

"EÞ.O
CO\-OS
MENTHDLATUM

(iioro COMFORT D.iI"

Thompson, supervisor of the maternity floor
at the Civic Hospital.
On the last day Dr. \Y. ]. Stevens discussed
the Post-partum Period and H. O'Meara,
Unive'sity of Ottawa, discussed the Nursing
Care. The evening session at the Civic Hos-
pital was conducted by Dr. Puddicombe and
the .K ursing Care ålscussed by L. Barry,
supervisor oí the nursery at the Civic Hos-
pi tal.
These lectures \\ ere most instructive and
it was felt by an who attended that in the'
future their obstetrical patients would receive
more intelligent nursing care.

QUEBEC

J10ntreal General Hospital:

A recent visitor to the School was Bernice
1. Kent, c:irector of the pcdiatric department,
Hahncmann .:\ledical Cullege and Huspital,
Philadelphia. :\Iiss Kent has recently been
appointed a director with the L'nited States
Cadet .K urse Corps.
Genevicve T. .Piette (RSc. Columbia Uni-
versity), formerly with the Brooklyn Visit-
ing 1\ urs!ng Association and the Indian Ser-
vice, and recently with the U.S.P.H.S. as
public health staff nurse with the Balkan
l\fission, has now been appointed to Uì\RR.\.
Alison G. Reid has been appointed nurse-in-
charge of the dental clinic, Central Division,
replacing Helen Miller who resigned. l\Iade-
leine I. Carr has joined the physical therapy
staf f, Central Division. Her work is asso-
ciated with artificial fever therapy.

J1cGill Scl
'ool for Graduate Nurse!:

The general meeting of the Alumnae Asso-
ciation was held recently when the students
of the
1cGill School for Graduate Nurses.
were entertained at a Dessert Party_ pre-
vious to the meeting.
Recent visitors to the School were Louise
Bartsch, Ethel Grindley, Helen Saunders,
Grace Martin, Elizabeth \Vestren, Helen
Leak, and Nursing Sisters Lois Bird, Alice-
Palmq ó1ist, Jeannine Coupal.

QUEBEC CITY:

lefferr Hale's Hospital:

Miss E. Frances Cpton recently address
d
a meeting of the Alumnae Association when
she spoke on the highlights of the past bien-
nial meeting, and discus
ed the organization
of District 9 of the R.N.A.P.Q. A special
meeting was called for the organization of
the aforementioned district. Captain Hall
recently addressed a meeting of the Asso-
ciation on "Adult Psychology". The Christ-
mas iormal dance was held at the end of
December. All students who wrote the Fall
RI\. examinations passed successful1y. N /S
Vol. 41 Nc. 2

N E \V S
0 T E S

153

IacI ver and 1. Greenwood (Henderson)
recently returned {rom overseas.

SASKA TCHEW AN

HUMBOLDT CHAPTER:

A. course in first aid was given at
fuen-
ster under the direction of
frs. O. A. Sad- I
dlemyer, Commandant, Emergency Kursing
Reserve. It is worthy of note that Humboldt
is the leading town in the Saskatoon Dis-
trict in the support given to blood donor
clinics. X urses assist at each of these.

:\-100SE JAW CHAPTER:

urses in this Chapter 'were responsible
for eleven parcels sent to nursing sisters
overseas. An interesting meeting when "Our
Relationship to South America" was the sub-
ject oí an address is also reported.

PRINCE ALBERT:

A meeting and Christmas party was held
at the Prince Albert Sanatorium at which
::\frs. Maggie Stephen was hostess. Forty-two
nurses attended. Plans for the extension of
the registry were discussed.
frs. '"erna
Ic-
Crory presided.

REGINA:

A welcome illustration of the desire of
nursing sisters to maintain contacts with their
professional association is shown in an in-
vitation received by the Regina Chapter to
meet at the Nursing Sisters :Mess, M.D. No.
12, w!1en an interesting address was given
on the "Inter-relationship between Social
'York and Public Health Nursing" following
which refreshments were served by the nurs-
ing sisters.
The Rcgina Chapter also reports the resig-
nation of .Mrs. D. Rowe, night registrar, and
the appointment of Grace Moyer to this
position.

SASKATOON:

Advantage was taken at a recent meeting
of an educational film, made available
through the Audio-Visual Branch of the De-
partment of Education, entitled "Windbreaks
On the Prairies", depicting methods of soil
conservation thlough the planting of trees.
"\\-hite Battlefront", outlining 8 city's de-
fence against disease, also proved of great
interest.
The Catholic nurses of Saskatoon have
formed a Catholic Nurses Association and
are organizing study groups.
Mrs. Elfr
eda Schroeder has accepted the
position ()f clinical instructor at St. Paul's
Hospital. Lola Pearsall is taking the public
health nursing course at the University of
Toronto School of Nursing.

FEBRUARY, 1945

....

"

Hope
of the Future

Keep them nealthy-Iet Baby's Own Tablet.
help you. Pleasant, simple tablet triturates.
they can be safely depended upon for relief
of constipation, upset stomach, teethine
fevers and other minor ai1ments of baby-
hood. Warranted free of narcotics and
opiates. A standby of nurses and mothers
for over 40 years.

BABY:S OWN Tablets

For Those
Who Prefer The Best

o
@derellO

WHITE TUBE CREAM

will
Make Your Shoes Last Long.r
Give A Whiter Fini.h
Prove More Economical To U...
Made in Canada
for Sale At All Good Shoe Stor..
From Coalt to Coo.t.

154

THE CANADIAN NURSE

CONTACT

DIRECT

FOR
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Medicated vapors impinge directly and for
extended periods upon diseased respiratory
surfaces. This is the method of Vapo-Creao-
lene. Throat irritability is quickly soothed,
coughing and nasal conll'estion subsides. Used
to alleviate whoopinll' cough paroxysms, also
for "colds", bronchial asthma and bronchitis.
Send for Nurses' literature, Dept. 6, The
Vapo-Cresolene Co., 504 St. Lawrence Bhd.,
Montreal, Canada.

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Refresher Course in Nova Scotia

A refresher course in Public Health is
to be held at two centres in
ova Scotia -
in Halifax from February 19 to 24 and in
Sydney from February 26 to
Iarch 3. This
courSe is to be conducted by the Public

Health Section of the Registered Nurses
Association of Nova Scotia with Miss Mary
Mathewson, Assistant Director of the McGill
School for Graduate Nurses, as the speaker.
-F. M. BENNETT

Refresher Courses

During the past autumn, the School of
Nursing, University of Toronto, included
four refresher courses in its busy program.
A four-day series on th
teaching of home
nursing was attended by eighty-seven prospec-
tive instructors. An intensive course in in-
dustrial nur
ing, covering one week, was

very stimulating to the 139 registrants.
Twelve persons participated in an extension
course in obstetrics which was spread over a
period of two months. A lecture course in
administration and supervision in nursing,
with lectures given once a week from October
to
farch, is being attended by fifty nurses.

Health Week in February

Many Canadian communities at the request
of the Health League of Canada will ob-
serve a Health Week in February, the ob-
Sf'rvance to coincide with the holding of N a-
tional Social Hygiene Day, February 7.
Health Week will open Sunday, February 4.
Purpose of the U"T eek" is to bring mes-
sages to Canadians on health as a basic factor
ir. their lives - personal, communal and na-
tional. The League contends that only a na-
tion of optimum health can discharge fully

\!ch great \ntern
tional responsibilities as

will have to be undertaken by the Dominion
in t.he coming year.
Endorsation of the Health Week plan
already has been received from departments
of education and health in six provinces.
Also, churches, schools, home and school
associations and numerous women's and
ether organizations and service clubs have
indicated a tlesire to co-operate in the ex-
tensive and ambitious program which is in
cuurse øf preparation.
-Health News Service.

Vol. 41 No.2

WANTED
A Superintendent is required for a 65-bed hospital with a graduate staff.
Excellent position for proper person. Apply, stating age, qualüications, refer-
ences, and salary expected, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Onto

WANTED

An Assistant Instructor is required for the Glace Bay General Hospital
School of Nursing. Apply. stating qualifications. experience. and salary expected, to:
The Superintendent, Glace Bay General Hospital, Glace Bay, N.S.

WANTED

Three Registered Nurses are required immediately for General Staff Duty.
Eight-hour day and six-day week with full maintenance. Apply, stating salary
expected, to:
Superintendent, Shriners' Hospitals for Crippled Children. Montreal Unit,
Montreal, P .Q.

WANTED
Applications are invited for the positIon of Assistant Superintendent in a
200-bed hospital. Salary, $1560 yearly. Six-day week; eight-hour day.
Registered Nurses are also required tor General Duty. Monthly Salary:
Day duty, $85; night duty, $95.
Apply, giving full particulars, to:
Superintendent, Welland County General Hospital, Weiland, Onto

WANTED

Two Graduate Nurses are required for General Duty in a 75-bed, well-
equipped hospital. Salary: $100 per month, less tax, with full maintenance.
Apply to: Superintendent, St. Paul's United Church W. M. S. Hospital,
Hearst, Onto

WANTED
A Nurse, holding a Public Health certüicate, is required for Child 'Velfare
work in the City and County of Saint John. The salary is up to $1600, depend-
ing on qualifications. Address applications to;

lr. William S. McIntyre, Secretary, Saint John District Board of Health,
Saint John, N. B.

WANTED

An experienced Uegistered
urse is required for the Hythe District Nurs-
ing Association. Interested applicants should write for particulars to: .
R. f'. Swanston. Secretary-Treasurer, Hythe District Nursing Association,
Hythe, Alta.

FEBRUARY. 1945

1'5

Official Directory

International Councll of Nurses
Executive Secretary. MlsII Anna Schwarzenberg, 1819 Broadway, New York CUy 2.
New York, U.S.A.

THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

President ................................ Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.
Pallt President ...................... Miss Marion Lindeburgh, 3466 University Street, Montreai P. Q.
First Vice-President ..............Miss Rae Chittick. Normal School, Calgary, Alta.

econd Vice-President .......... Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Onto
Honourary Secretary ............Miss Evelyn Mallory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.
Honourary Treasurer .........._Miss Marjorie Jenkins, Children's Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COM:\flTTEE
N1l7MraÙ indicate office held: (1) Prellident, Provincial Nurses Association;
(2) Chairman, H08f)ital and S
^ool of N1lrsing Section; (3) Chairman, Public
Health Section; (j) Chairman, General Nursing Section.

O"tario: (I) Miss Jean I. Masten, Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto; (2) Miss Dora Arnold.
Brantford General Hospital; (3) Miss M. C.
Livingston lU Wellington St.. Ottawa; (-I)
Mrs. F. Dahmer, 78 Patricia St., Kitchener.
Prince Edward Island: (I) Miss K. MacLennan,
Provincial Sanatorium, Charlottetown; (I)
Mrs. Lois MacDonald, Prince Co. Hospital.
Summerside: (3) Mrs. C. H. Beer. 277 Kent
St., Charlottetown: (4) Miss Mildred Thoml>
son, 20 Euston St.. Charlottetown.
Quebec: (1) Miss Eileen Flanagan, 8801 Uni-
versity St., Montreal; (2) Miss Winnifred
MacLean, Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal:
un Miss Ethel B. Cooke, 830 Richmond Sq..
Montreal: (-I) Mile Anne-:\farie Robert. 6716
rne Drolet. Montreal.
Saskatchewan: (l) Miss M. R. Diederichs, Grey
Nuns' Hospital. Regina; (2) Miss Ethel James.
Saskatoon City Hospital; (8) Miss Mary B.
Brown. 5 Bellevue Annex. Regina: (4) Mia
M. R. Chisholm. 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon.
Chairmen, National Sections: Hospital and
School of Kursing: Miss :\Iartha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: Miss
Helen McArthur. Provincial Health Depart.
Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald. City of ment, Edmonton, Alta. General Nursing: Miss
Splney Hospital: (2) Sister Catherine Gerard, Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., Winnlpe.,
Halifax Infirnlary; (3) Miss M. Shore, 816 Man. Convener, Committee on Nursing Educa-
Roy Bldg., Halifax; (4) Miss M. Ripley, 46 tion: Miss E. K. Russell, 7 Queen's Park.
Duhlin St.. Halifax. Toronto. Onto
General Secretary, Miss G. M. Hall, National Office, 1411 CresC'ent St., Montreal 25, P.Q.
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS OF CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
Hospitøl and School of Nursing Section COUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss N. Sewalllll. 111118-
108 St., Edmonton. Britiçh Columbia: Mis!! J.
Gibson, 1035 W. 12th Ave.. VanC'ouTer. Mani-
toba: Miss J. Gordon,8 Elaine Court, Win-
nipeg. New Brunswick: Mrs. M. O'Neal, 170
Douglas Ave., Saint John. No.... Scotia: Mr.
M. Ripley. 46 Dublin St.. Halifax. Ontari

]\frs. F. Dahmer, 73 Patricia St., Kitchener.
Prince Edward Island: Mis!' Mlldrerl Thoml>
son. 20 Euston St.. Charlottetown. Quebec:
Mlle Anne-Marie Robert, fi7l6 rue Drolet.
Montreal. S"çkatchewan: Miss M. R. Chi.
holm, 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon

4\lberta: (I) Miss Ida Johnson, Ro}'al Alexandra
Hospital. Edmonton: (2) Miss B. J. von Grue-
algen, Calgary General Hospital; (3) Miss R.
R. McClure, Clover Bar Health Unit. Qu'Ap-
pelle Bldg., Edmonton; (4.) Miss N. Sewallis.
9918-108th St., Edmonton.

British Columbia: (I) Miss G. M. Fairley, 3fi06
W. 33rd Ave.. Vancouver; (2) Miss E. L.
l';"elson, Vancouver General Hospital; (3) Miss
T. Hunter. 4238 'V. lIth Ave.. Vancouver; (4)
\liss J. Gibson. 1035 ''". 12th Ave., Vancouver.

Manitoba: 0) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Winnipeg
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win-
nipe
General Hospital; (3) Miss L. Miller,
17 Lindall Apts.. Winnipe
: (4) Miss J.
Gordon. 3 Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brunswick: (I) Miss M. :\I}'ers, Saint John
(;eneral Hospital; (2) Miss M. Miller, 98 Wes-
ley St., Moncton; (3) :\fiss M. Hunter. Dept.
of Health, Fredericton; (4) Mrs.
f. O'Neal.
170 Douglas Ave.. Saint John.

CHAIRMAN: Miss Martha Batson. Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital. First Vice-Chairman: Reverend
Sister Clermont, St. Boniface Hospital. Man.
Second Vice-Chairman: Miss G. Bamforth,
Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton. Alta.
Secretary: Miss Vera Graham. HOllloeopathic
Hospital, Montreat

CoUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss B. J. von Gruenigen,
Calgary General Hospital. British Columbia:
Miss E. L. l';"elson, Vancouver General Hospital.
Manitoba: Miss ß. Seeman, '\ïnnipe
Gen-
eral Hospital. New Brunswick: Miss M.
Miller. 98 'Yesley St., Moncton. Nova
Scotia: Sister Catherine Gerard, Halifax In-
flnnary. Ontario. Miss D. Arnold, Brantford
General Hospital: Prince Edward Island
Mrs. Lois MaC'Donald, Prince Co. Hospital.
Summerstde. Quebec: Miss Wlnntfred Mac-
Lean. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal.
Saskatchewan: Miss Bthel James, Saskatoon
City Hospital.

Grnrrøl N..r.in
Section

CHAIRMAN: Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral
St., Winnipeg, Man. First Vlce-Chalnnan:
MIllS Helen Jolly. 8284 College Ave.. Regina,
Sask. Second Vlce-Chalnnan: Miss Dorothy
Parsons, 8711 George St.. Fredericton, N. B.
Secretary-Treasurer. MI!!!'I Margaret E. War-
.-eft, U Niagara St., WlnntpeK. Man.
156

Public Health Section
CHAIRMAN: Miss Helen McArthur. Provincial
Health Department. Edmonton, Alta. Vice-
Chairman; Miss Mildred I. Walker, Institute
of Public Health, London, Onto Secretary-
Treasurer: Miss Jean S. Clark, City Hall,
Calgary. Alta.
COUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss R. E. McClure.
Clover Bar Health Unit, Qu'Appelle Bldg.. Ed-
monton. British Columbia: Mills T. Hunter,
4238 W. 11th Ave., Vancouver. Maaitobel
:\-Iiss L. Miller. 17 LindaU Apts.. Winnip
.
New Brunswick: Mlall M. Hunter, Dept. of
Health, Fredericton. Nova Scotia I MI.. ".
Shore, 816 Roy Bldg., Halifax. Ontario. .,...
M. C. LlTtngston, 114 Wellington St., Ottawa.
PrinC'e Edward hland: Mr!!. C. H. Beer, 277
Kent St., Charlottetown. Quebec: Miss Ethel
ß. Cooke, 880 Richmond Sq.. Montreal. Sulcal-
ch_an: Miss M. E. Brown. 5 BeIleTUe A.-
flex. Relrina.

Vol. 41 No.2

VOLUME 41
NUMBER 3

MARCH
1 9 4 5

CANADIAN
NURSE

\

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Mercy Flight

I by

F.IL. A. Edward Hill, RC.4F

See page 160

OWNED AND PUBLISHED BY
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

LIFE WITH 'JUNIOR" by
" the Borden Cow

\'

Modern laboratory tests
provide controls for the milk
used in making Borden's
Evaporated Milk. In purity,
freshness and butterfat con-
tent, this milk must meet the
most rigid standards.

<: ..;;;;; -

@ The Borden Co. Ltd.

During processing, the
milk is pasteurized, homo-
genized and irradiated with
vitamin D.

There is a sound basis for the
statement - if it's Borden's,
it's got to be good!

For your convenience, we will be pleased to
send infant feeding suggestions in chart form,
together with prescription pads, upon request.

I EV4.PORATED
I

MIL

,
C

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THE BORDEN COMPANY LIMITED

Spadina Crescent, Toronto

p

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A WOMAN!

p

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'tt.

A CHILD!

.

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Conflicts in the mind of the teen-aged child are numerous and complex.
Great understanding by parents is very necessary. . . Often, you will have
to advise them, as well as prescribe for the patient.
In many instances the doctor has found a simple. direct answer by "con-
sidering the blood" . . . With the diagnosis of hypochromic anemia, and
its treatment, an important step has been taken in building up the physical
side of the teen-ager, followed generally by favorable mental adjustments.
For the hypochromic anemia of the teen-ager consider

HEMATINI

PLASTULES

JOHN WYETH & BROTHER (CANADA) LIMITED
WALKERVILLE. ONTARIO

MARCH. 194'>

U7

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Ottawa, Canada, a. ..cond cia.. matter.
Editor and Business Mtmllgn:
HARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N., 522 Medical Art. 81q.., Montreal II, P.Q.

CONTENTS FUR MARCH, 1945

OUR FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY-

177

RHEUMATIC FEVER -]. H. Graham, lYf.D. 179
NURSING CARE IN ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER - M. !II. Brogan 183
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF RHEUMATIC FEVER E. Pibus 185
WHAT CONSTITUTES POST-GRADUATE CLINICAL CoURSES? JJ. Lilldeburgh 188
INTERNATIONAL CoUNCIL OF NURSES G. !II. Fairley 192
PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES IN A TUBERCULOSIS PROGRAM G. Badeaux 197

LE SERVICE SOCIAL DE L'INSTITUT BRUCHESI: SES DlFFICULTES
CLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN THE OPERATING ROOM-

200
M. Eichel 203

DOES YOUR ALUMNAE NEED REVAMPING?

- Ii. A-lorrison 205
- H. B. Cushing, A-l.D 206
208
211
214
B. Kzng 216
218
220
228
235

THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PEDIATRICS AS A SPECIALTY

INTERESTING PEOPLE

NOTES FROM NATIONAL OFFICE
POSTWAR PLANNII';G ACTIVITlES
ESSENTlALI1Y No.1 - THE HOME-

BOOK REUEWS -
LETTERS FROM CVERSEAS

NEWS NOTES

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

Suh,cription Rlltes:
2.00 per year -
5.00 for 'J years; Foreign & U.S.A.,
2.50; Studeat
Nune., $1.50; Canadian Nursing Sisten Ov_as and Canadian nurse. .erving with UNRRA,

2.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cheques, money orders and postal nota .hould b. mad.
payable to Thr Cnllldi.,. Nur,e. (When remitting by cheque. add 15 cenu for exchaa..).
Chllnge of Address: Four week.' advance notice, and tire old address, as well a. the new, an
neces.ary for change of .ub.criber'. addrell. Not responsible for Journilis lost in the mail. d...
to new addrus not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Etlitør;ø
Content: N
ws item. should reach the Journlll office before the 8th of monch precemn. publica-
tion. All published ms.. de.troyed after 3 month., unless asked for. Ollicitd Directory: Publiab.d
complete in March. June, Sept. &. Dec. issues.
Addrus all communication. to 522 Metlic. Arts Bldg., Montrelll 25, P. Q.

158

Vol. 41 No. J

FAT HER S 0 F (A N A D I A.N M E Ð I (I N E

.....

\.

í'

M ORE than any other man Osler exemplified
all that was best in the tradition and prac-
tice of medicine. One of nine children, he was
born in JB49 at Bond Head, Ontario, and ob-
tained his professional education at Toronto
and McGill Universities. In those early days
students assisted a practising physician while at
college. Osler's preceptor was Dr. James Sovell,
å country practitioner of broad culture.

After studyin
abroad, Osler was given the
Choir in Medicine at McGill University. Later,
he was appointed professor of clinical medicine
in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian
lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, Lon-
don; professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins
University; and regius professor of medicine

t Oxford.

His contribution to the profession of medi-
cine was outstanding. To him is attributed the
adoption of bedside teaching and the system
of internship which afforded students on oppor-
tunity to obtain practical experience before
engaging in practice.

*ONE OF A SERIES

t

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Bart, M.D., D.C.l., Ll.D., D.Se., F.R.S., F.R.C.P.
1849.1919

Osler's teJ(t-book "The Principles and Practice
of Medicine" wa!l so dear, concise and compre-
hen
ve that is was adopted as the standard
text-book of medicine by all English-speaking
universities. It has been revised and expanded
on a number of occasions. While at McGill, he
published the "Pathology Reports" which were
the first of the kind in America.

Osler was unselfish even to effacement. The
generosity of his hospitality was open-hearted
and his entertainment of guests delightful. He
hod a richly endowed mind. His name will live
not only because of his great contribution to
medicine but àlso because of his "little name-
less unremembered acts of kindness and love."
He was known and beloved in America, Great
Britain and the Dominions.

In serving the profession of which such men
as Sir William Osler a
e a port, William R.
Warner & Company feels its responsibility
keenly, and is inspired to achieve and maintain
the highest standards respecting purity and
dependability of product and the integrity of
its relations with the medico' profession.

185\W fA

II
II!
& COMPANY lTD.

MANUfACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

MARCH, 1945

159

Reader's Guide

What can be done to prevent rheuma-
tic fever and rheumatic heart disease?
Since it is the leading cause of death
among children of school age, it is im-
portant that we know everything pos-
sible about this disease - its nature,
its signs and symtoms, its treatment,
and how to protect susceptible children.
This very vital topic is fully discussed
for us by Dr. James H. Graham, chief
interne at The Montreal General Hospital.
Mildred M. Brogan, B.A., who outlines
the essentials of nursing care, is a grad-
uate of The Montreal General Hospital
and before assuming her position of
medical supervisor in her home school
of nursing she took the course in teach-
ing and supervision at McGill Univer-
sity. To round out the picture of rheu-
matic fever, Evelyn Pibus, a supervisor
with the Victorian Order of Nurses in
Montreal, points out the possible pre-
ventive program which may be devel-
oped in the community. Miss Pibus is a
graduate in public health nursing from
the McGill School for Graduate Nurses.

Marion Lindeburgh has long been
recognized as one of our most forward-
looking leaders in nursing education. Her
analysis of the need for the fully quali-
fied specialist in the clinical field, what
constitutes adequate post-graduate train-
ing, and how the program should be
developed jointly by the hospital and
the university, contains much food for
thought and discussion. Miss Linde-
burgh, immediate past president of the
Canadian Nurses Association, is direc-
tor of the School for Graduate Nurses,
McGill University. It is largely through
her interest and initiative that the final
arrangements have been completed for
the new post-graduate course in psy-
chiatric nursing between McGill Univer-
sity and the Allan Memorial Institute
of the Royal Victoria Hospital in Mon-
treal. For those who are interested in
becoming clinical supervisors in this spe-
cialized field, this new course presents
a splendid opportunity.
Uð

Grace M. Fairley has given us a clear
picture of the reasons for the founding
of the International Council of Nurses
and the broad purposes it serves in co-
ordinating the activities of nurses all
over the world. Miss Fairley was elected
third vice-president of the I.C.N. at the
last meeting of the Congress in 1937.
At the present time, she is president of
the Registered Nurses Association of
British Columbia.

Georgine Badeaux is a licentiate in
social, economic and political science of
the University of Montreal. At present
she is tuberculosis nurse in Ville St.
Laurent, Quebec. This paper was pres-
ented before the Society of Phthisio.logy
in Montreal.

Dr. Harold B. Cushing is emeritus
professor of pediatrics at McGill Uni-
versity. From the lofty height of his
wide experience in pediatrics he indicates
the reasons why more and more atten-
tion is being devoted to this specialty,
not only by physicians but also by nur-
ses.

This month marks the inauguration of
still another new feature in the Journal.
So that every nurse may be kept in-
formed of what is being planned and
done both in preparation for the return
of the nurses who have been serving
with the armed forces, and for the many
thousands of nurses who have remained
to serve on the home front, the Postwar
Planning Committee will have a special
article in each issue of the Journal.
Keep yourself abreast of what is hap-
pening by following this series carefuUy.

Nursing Sister A. Whittaker, fonn-
erly of Yukon Territory, and now of To-
ronto, appears on our cover photograph-
ed during a "mercy flight" in an R.C.
A.F. patrol bomber in Newfoundland.
The baby was being flown from an iso-
lated outpost to the hospital at St.
John's. This photo was taken in flight
in the aircraft's "gun blister".
Vol. 41 No. J

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M-m-m-m... THAT TASTES GOOD!

A SMILE OF APPROVAL can be expected to accompany each
dose of 'Coco-Diazine' (Coco Suspension of Sulfadiazine, Lilly). The
taste of the drug is completely masked in this palatable, pleasant-to-
take liquid preparation of sulfadiazine. 'Coco-Diazine,' designed
especially for infants and children, contains 5 grains of microcrystal-
line sulfadiazine to the fluid dram.
'Coco-Thiazol{ (Coco Suspension of Sulfathiazole, Lilly) meets
the need for a liquid preparation of sulfathiazole and supplies 5 grains
of microcrystalline sulfathiazole per fluid dram. Both products are
widely pre.!lcribed and should be in every prescription stock.

ELI LILLY AND COMPANY (CANADA) LIMITED. TORONTO, ONTARIO

MARCH. 1945

Hil

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WHITEHALL

PHARMACAL (CANADA)

. LIMITED

MANUFACTURERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF
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162

Vol. 41 No.3

\\YHITEHALL \VILL
I.(\INTAIN
.\. TRADITION. ..

The name

\Vhitehalr' will b
ncw to the medical
profession but nlany doctors are acquainted with the
products upon which the name is built.

\nacin -
\. compound pain tablet based on the
prescription principle. A fornlula which was us
d

t
nsivf'ly and successfully hy Iuany doctors for com-
bating flu and colds since \V orld War I. Anacin contains
Acid Acetylsalacylic 2
grains, Phenacetin 231 grains,
Caffein Alkaloid
grain.
Bisodol is an unusualIy palatable and quick acting
antacid. It is a balanced combination of magnesiunl
carhonate, bisruuth subnitrate and sodiunl bicarbonate,
conlhinf'd with nlalt diastase, carica papaya and pepper-
Inint. Indicated as an antacid in the treatment of
hyperacidity flatulence and sour stomach.
Bil'odol \Jint
are a conveni
nt tablet fornl of
Bisodol Powder.
Other

"-hitehalr' products, including new ones, wiU
come to ) our attention fronl tinle to time. We assure
you that. we will continue in our effort to make pro-
ducts of high quality for your use, and wish to remin<:l

TOU tha1 our research laboratories arc ever ready to
aid you whenever possibl
.

SHOULD a leisure moment ever come
your \\ay, we suggest that you listen
to Anacin's new series of radio mys-
teries. "The Arl\ entures of Ellery
Queen", every Wednesday evening
over the Dominion l\etwork. We
believe they will afford you a very
relaxing half hour of entertainment.

tonl/fRRi l

:.ifli;j;

--

WHITEHALL

PHARMACAL

(CANADA)

LIMITED

WALKERVILLE. ONTARIO

MARCH. 194
16}

WANTED

General Duty Nurses are required immediately for the Toronto Hospital for
the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Eight-hour day; six-day week; good living
conditions. The salary to start is $85 per month. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto Hospital, Weston, Onto

WANTED
A Science and Practical Arts Instructor is required for the Victoria Hos-
pital, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, for September 1, 1945. The salary is $150
per month, with full maintenance. Four weeks vacation and four weeks sick
time with pay each year. Apply, stating full particulars, age, and qualIfications,
etc. to:
Mrs. J. S. Harry, Supt. of Nurses, Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Sask.

WANTED
A Dietitian is required who is capablE: of taking full charge of diets, kit-
chen staff and purchasing. State qualifications and salary wanted.
Two General Duty nurses are also required. The salary for graduates is
$90 a month, with full maintenance. State full particulars of qualifications.
Apply to:

Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Onto

WANTED

An Operating Room Supervisor, Obstetrical Case Room Supervisor, and
Ward Supervisors are required for a 160-bed hospital in a large centre. Apply
in care of:
Box 56, The Canadian Nurse, 522 Medical Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P.Q.

WANTED

A Dietitian is required for the International Nickel Company Hospital,
Copper Cliff, Onto Full maintenance is provided. Apply, stating experience,
age, religion and salary expected, to:
The Superintendent, I. N. Co. Hospital, Copper Cliff, Onto

WANTED

A Night Supervisor is l.equired fOl o an 80-bed general hospital. Adequate
saiary. Applicants with post-graduate course in Obstetrical nursing preferred.
Apply in care of;
Box 55, The Canadian Nurse, 522 Medical Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P. Q.

WANTED

An experienced Registered Nurse is required for the Hythe District Nurs.
ing Association. Interested applicants should write for particulars to:
R
F'. Swanston, Secretary-Treasurer, Hythe District Nursing Association,
Hythe, Alta.

164

Vol. 41 No. J

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ff1hen a patient
seeks advice on the

ADEQUACY

OF INTERNAL MENSTRUAL PROTECTION...

Both in independent laboratory tests
and in careful clinical studies, Tampax
tampons have been shown to possess a
wide margin of safety in providing for
intravaginal absorption of the flux.
Though variations, of course, occur
in the amount of blood lost during the
period-most women have been found
to conform within relatively narrow de-
partures from the average of 50 cc. l .
Even ]uniorT amþax provides amply
adequate protection-with its absorp-
tive capacity of 20 cc. for each tamþon,
or 200 cc. for the period (10 tampons
are usually considered an ordinary
month's supply). In addition, Regular
T amþax has a capacity of 30 cc., and
Super T ampax 45 cc. for each tampon
(or 300-450 cc. for the period).
In a recent study2 of 110 young
nurses employing Tampax tampons for
catamenial protection, it was found that

TAMPAX

"95 per cent used tampons with saris-
faction all through menstruation."
In another series: i , 18 (or 90 % ) of 21
subjects had "complete protection".
Also "complete protection was afforded
in 68 (94%) of 72 periods reported."
Other clinicians\ investigating
"twenty-five women under close insti-
tutional observation", noted that "with
a tampon of proper size, absolute com-
fort and complete control of the flow
can be obtained. . . the obvious advan-
tage of the small, medium and large
sized tampon of the particular brand
(Tampax) is to be noted."
The results of this research parallel
the experience of thousands of women
who have found that Tampax affords
thoroughly adequate protection
-
(1) Am. ]. Obst. & Gyn., 35:839, 1938. (2)
West. J. Surg., Obst. & Gyn., 51: 150, 1943. (3)
Clin. Med. & Surg., 46:327,1939. (4) Med. Rec..
155:316, 1942.

accepted for advertising hy
the journal of the American Medical Association

Canadian Tampax Corporatian Ltd.,
Brompton, Onto NAME
Please send me a professional supply ADDRESS
of the three absorbencies of Tampax. CITY

MARCH I''''

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llnd His Diet "? This is the

ork or a 9ualirisd Writ
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Phase of practice. We will
?e glad to sen1 You a COpy.
.....lease send YoUr request to
Us at E:-ockvUle. _

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Dear Nurse:

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. U 0 the qOsl i ty Of' 0..,.
<:.ve.pore.ted Milk.
The l1Jilk
e USe COllies Olll
tUb'roU10sis eccrOdited Free Ore y 'ram the
100ds 0' LeOds, Gren>ille d D Os 0' the r'oh dO'ry
is 10borotory i.... ct .. on "Odos COUnties. It
..tter 0' hOUrs '"Om m'lkfr....sOd end c&need io 0
it is eorichOd by ;'-"';i
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otion. C"-Pleted... _ d Al UOn , Des. orc . PoUod_
end Pure 0 prodUct os' h
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eqU',",nt COn "ko it. .. COre ond modern
We recite these re.cts b

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Vol. 41 No. 3

ANTISEPSIS

The Test of Experience

'The destruction of bacteria (disinfec- and certain bactericidal action on
ç tion) orinterferencewith their activities the hæmolytic streptococci re,
'(antisepsis) by chemical means is at- sponsiblc for the great majority of
'tempted daily in proceedings ranging puerperal infections; and by its
'between proved usefulness and utter capacity to form a durable barrier
'futility. The value of such proceedings against re,infection by these or'
ç must be judged ultimately by their ganisms. Surgeons were not slow to
'clinical results, but in devising or see the possibilities of an antiseptic
, making a choice between them when which combined high bactericidal
'such results are equivocal, theoretical power-even in the presence of
'considerations must be given weight.'
blood, pus and wound contamin,
· Dettol ' has been increasingly used for ants- with complete non,toxicity;
over ten years throughout the British which could in short be used, safely
Empire - in general hospitals, maternity and effectively, on the skin, in the
homes, factories, schools and house, wound and for instruments. The
holds. It has been put to test in all general public was influenced by
the contingencies that call for the use less weighty considerations: by the
of an antiseptic - and under every con, fact that its application, whether
ceivable condition, from the planned to wounds, abraded surfaces or
operation quietly and unhurriedly per' mucous membranes, did not cause
formed in the modern operating theatre pain; that it did not stain or injure
to the pressing emergency treated against linen; and that, unlike poisonous
time in the field casualty station. The antiseptics, it could be left in an
experience has been long enough and accessible place for the use of the
varied enough to define its scope and whole household.
limitations, to test its strength and expose Thus, the testimony of the laboratory
any fundamental weaknesses. and of the controlled clinical in,
It is not without significance that in vestigation has been borne out and
this period ' Dettol " which first came strengthened by the test of experi,
into use as the routine antiseptic in ence - vast, ever growing, and
obstetric practice, has become the most tending only to extend the range
widely used general, purposes antiseptic of conditions in which · Dettol'
in the Empire. Obstetricians were is applied as the antiseptic of
particularly influenced by its complete choice.

Garrod, L. P., and Keynes, G. L. (1937). Brit. med. J. 2, 1233

RECKITT & COLMAN (CANADA) LIMITED, PHARMACEUTICAL DEPARTMENT, MONTREAL
1I .6c-

MARCH,1945

167

A STUDY BY ARISTIDE M.AILLOL: REPRODUCED FROM THE HYPER ION PRESS ART BOOK, "MAILLOL".

-=--,
tÞ /lb t tfatb J6 I

.....

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All patients, however severe or mild their symptoms, can be
treated effectively with these orally-active natural oestrogens.
I!
Premarin" (No. 866) for the most severe symptoms; the new Half-Strength

Prell1arin" (No. 867) whf'n symptoms are nlOderatelr severe;

Emmenin" for mild symptoms.

"PREMARIN" and "EMMENINII

conjugated Of'!itro[!,elJs (equint>) conjugawd oestrogens (placental)
Tablets No. 866; Tablets No. 867 Tablets
o. 701; Liquid 1\0.927
NA TURALLY OCCURRING . WAfER SOLUBLE . WELL TOLERA TED
ESSENTIALLY SAFE IMPART A FEELING OF WELL-BEING

vYdtU tftvtlilað/ø /
\'PREMARIN '1 HALf-STßfNGTH

(No. 867)
. . . A new potency for those patient. whose symptoms, though .evere,
do not require the intensive therapy provided by UPrema,tn" full streng,h,
10"'.' 01 20 0..,1 100 'olal.,.

AYERST, McKENNA & HARRISON

MONTREAL

Biological and Pharmaceutical Chemists

CANADA

LIMITED

305

1

Vol. 41 No.3

r;je
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTHLY JOURNAL FOR THE NUR SES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

VOLUME FORTY-ONE

MARCH 1945

NUMBER THREE

Our Fortieth

Forty years ago this month, the first
Issue of The Canadian Nurse was pub-
lished in Toronto with Doctor Helen
MacMurchy as part-time editor and Miss
Christie as the first business manager.
Although the J Durnal was owned by .a
commercial firm, the editorial policy
was controlled by an editorial board
made up of nurses. Their plans for this
new venture are outlined in the first
brief editorial which reads:

The Canadia1f Nurse will be devoted to
the interests of the nursing profession in
Canada. It is the hope of its founders that
this magazine may aid in uniting and uplift-
ing the profession and in keeping alive that
esprit de corps and desire to grow better
and wiser in work and life which should
always remain to us a daily ideal.

For the protection of the public and for
the improvement of the profession The Cana-
dian Nurse will advocate legislation to en-
able properly qualified nurses to be registered
by law.

MARCH, 1945

Anniversary

The policy of the magazine will be di-
rected by the committee on publication and
the business department wlil be conducted
on business principles. The editors will be
glad to receive manuscripts, and those ac-
cepted will be paid for on publication.

Names long famili.ar to nurses in Can-
ada appear in the first issue. Miss Mary
Agnes Snively contributed the leading
article and her photograph forms the
frontispiece. Isabel Hampton-Robb
wrote about the problems of "The
Nurse and the Public" in which she
st.ated, in part:
As a class their (the nurses) position, and
the good they do in the hospital is now un-
questioned . . . But outside the hospital the
trained nurse is still regarded as a not al-
together unmixed blessing, and the public
will need several more years of education. . .
fJefore they can be brought to thoroughly ap-
preciate her position or the relative value of
the services of the trained nurse, and those
of the untrained attendant and the well-
meaning, enthusiastic but untrained amateur

177

178

THE CANADIAN NURSE

. . . Nor would it be reasonable for us to
look upon legal registration or other legis-
lative enactments as a panacea for the pres-
ent unsatisfactory condition of affairs, for
always, as now, it will largely rest with
ourselves what status we and our work are
to hold in the eyes of the public at large.

A far-seeing woman, indeed!
In the beginning the J oumal was pub-
lished in quarterly issues. In presenting
her report as business manager, Miss
Christie said:

Owing to its undoubted success, the en-
thusiasm it has aroused and its growing
popularity, we have great hopes of having
it made in the near future a Dominion J our-
l1n/, and issued monthly.

In 1907 The Canadian Nurse ceased
to be a quarterly and ever since has ap-
peared as a monthly issue. In 1911,
Miss Belle Crosby succeeded Dr. Mac-
l\lurchy as. editor and held this position
for five years. In 1916, the J otlrnal was
purchased by the Canadian N.ational
Association of Trained Nurses and be-
came its official organ. Miss Helen Ran-
dal became the part-time editor and the
publication of the J oumal was transfer-
red to Vancouver. In 1924, Miss Jean
S. 'Vilson was appointed executive sec-

retary of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion with headquarters in Winnipeg.
With her secretarial duties, she com-
bined the function of editor of the J our-
nal until 1933 when Miss Ethel Johns
was appointed as full-time editor and
business manager and served in that ca-
pacity until 1944. The quarters were
moved from 'Vinnipeg to Montreal in
1932.

In the forty years, the Journal has
grown both in size and circulation, per-
haps beyond the dreams of its founders.
The first issue contained twenty pages
of editorial matter and twelve pages of
advertising. An indication of the contin-
ued expansion may be seen in the 988
pages of volume 40; in the increased
interest demonstrated by the sections in
their respective pages; in the trend to
use, more and more, the topics discussed
in the Journal for reference reading;
and in the increasing circulation. Let us
hope that when the golden anniversary
of the Journal is celebrated, The C ana-
di.:m Nurse may truly be said to be not
only the official organ of the National
Association but an integral part of every
nurse's equipment for her job.
-M.E.K.

Much has been written in the public
press regarding the introduction of
Children's Allowances, which will be in-
stituted by the Federal Government this
year. To clarify our thinking and in-
crease our understanding of this notable
development, we have asked Dr. George
F. Davidson, Deputy Minister of Wel-
fare, to interpret the proposed plan for
us.

The problems of infant feeding, all

Previews

the involved details of determining which
form of artificial feeding would prove
most satisfactory for a particularly re-
fractory case, the relative virtues of
protein milk versus lactic acid milk, dex-
trimaltose versus karo syrup - Dr. AI-
ton Gold bloom has included them all in
his account of the various developments
in infant feeding during the past twen-
ty-five years. Even the grim humour of
the role of the bean eurds is portrayed
in the A pril issue.

Vol. 41 No. J

Rheumatic Fever

JAMES H. GRAHAM, M.D., C.M.

The org.anized medical attack that
has been exerted against major public
.health problems in the last few years
has appropri.ately featured ,as one of its
major concerns the widespread scourge
of rheumatic fever. Striking largely at
the younger age groups, this disease kills
more children from five to fourteen
years of age than any other disease in
the early and mid decades of life.
Rheumatic fever is an acute infec-
tious disease ;iffecting the fibrous tissue
()f the bod). and manifesting itself most
commonly and most obviously in the
joints and the heart. Unfortunately,
when we discuss the cause of the disease
we are still on rather uncertain territory,
for a specific etiologic agent is not defin-
itely known. Certain predisposing f;ic-
tors may be mentioned. The young age
groups are more susceptible. It is a di-
sease more common in the lower econ-
omic groups; some recent work sug-
gests this may be associated at least in
part with dietary insufficiencies. Wilson
has recently emphasized .an hereditary
5usceptibility to the d
ease. Geographi-
cally the disease is commoner in the cold,
damp climate of the north temperate
zone than in the subtropics or tropics.
Coburn has pointed out that hemolytic
streptococcal infections have a similar
geographic distribution, and has actively
pursued the question of the possible role
of the hemolytic streptococcus as the
precipitating agent in the etiology of
rheumatic fever. His investigations have
lead him to postulate that the rheu-
matic reaction is the result of a sensiti-
zation of the body to the hemolytic
streptococcus. It' has been recognized for
many years that an acute pharyngitis,
usually streptococcal, precedes ;i very
large proportion of cases of acute rheu-
matic fever, to be followed in a variable
period, usually ten to fourteen days, by

MARCH. 194'

the florid signs of the rheumatic affec-
tion. Coburn believes this to be explain-
able on the basis of the antigenic activity
of the streptococcus stimulating the for-
mation of antibodies, and the precipita-
tion of the latter two factors setting off
the rheumatic reaction in the tissues.
Based on this theory, Coburn has elabor-
ated a scheme of tre;itment and prophy-
laxis which will be discussed. Other
theories as to the causative agent are
largely variations on the streptococcal
theory, some suggesting an associ.ated
factor such as a dietary deficiency, or a
virus working in combination with the
streptococcus.
The pathology of the acute stage of
the disease is characterized by an in-
flammatory reaction which may occur
in and about the joints; in the lining,
the muscle, the covering tissue, and the
valves of the heart; in subcutaneous tis-
sue, pleura, peritoneum, arteries, brain
or its covering layers, and in other parts
of the body. The cellular reaction in
rheumatic inflammation is character-
istic and is most typically shown in the
so-called "Aschoff body".
Of all these possible sites of rheumatic
activity, by far the most important is
the heart. As was mentioned above, all
parts of the heart are involved. With
recovery, the inflammatory reaction is
replaced at least partly by scar forma-
tion. This can affect the pericardium
producing adhesions; it c.auses minute
scarring through the myocardium. The
scarring, contraction, and progressive
degenerative changes in the heart valves
are responsible for the deformity of the
valves spoken of clinically as "insuffi-
ciency" and "stenosis". By insufficiency,
we me.an that the valve, scarred and
contracted, no longer can act as an ef-
fective barrier to blood flow during the
particular phase of the heart cycle when

17Q

180

THE CANADIAN NURSE

it should be closed. This permits an es-
cape of blood through the valve, and
produces a heart murmur. By stenosis
we mean that the valvular disease has
progressed to the point that there is
actually obstruction to the outflow of
blood through that valve during the stage
of the heart cycle when the valve should
be open. This likewise produces p heart
murmur. Most common valve affected
is the mitral valve; next in line is the
aortic, rarely the tricuspid and very
rarely the pulmonary. More than one
valve may be involved; one sometimes

es cases with three valves involved.
Recurrences of the rheumatic fever may
cause further involvement and scarring
of the valves. Not all cases, of course,
suffer such advanced changes. The high
incidence of rheumatic fever was com-
mented on earlier; it is not hard to
understand that it is the leading cause
of valvular heart disease.
The symptomatology of acute rheu-
matic fever is well known to every nurse
who has trained on a medical ward.
Onset with some type of acute respira-
tory infection is common and charac-
teristic. Nose bleeds may be a feature.
There is fever, usually moderate. The
pulse is rapid, and in more severe cases
sometimes irregular. It is important to
accurately record the pulse rate, as per-
sistent rapidity when the symptoms have
regressed may signify persistent rheu-
matic involvement of the heart.
The respirations are increased, some-
times markedly so, in children. The ty-
pical case has several of the larger joints
inflamed, the arthritis tending to regress
in one joint, flare up in another. The
patient may resent even slight jarring of
the bed, so severe is the pain in his swol-
len, reddened joints. There is a tendency
to profuse sweating, and some describe
a characteristic odour to these patients,
sometimes referred to as "musty", which,
as is true of many of these more minute
clinical observations, is better known
to the veteran nurse than to the physi-
cian.

Palpation of the skin may reveal
small nodules in the subcutaneous tis-
sue, more common over extensor sur-
faces and bony prominences, but often
better seen than felt. Several types of
skin rashes may develop. The white blood
cell count is increased, and the red blood
cell sedimentation rate is rapid. This
latter laboratory test is perhaps the most
valuable and sensitive index of rheu-
matic activity, and should be repeated
at intervals of not more than one week
The electrocardiogram shows changes
in the acute stage, and heart murmurs
may develop. If the pleura is involved
in the rheum.atic inflammation, the pa-
tient will complain of pain in the chest.
Any discussion of the symptomatology
of rheumatic infection must include a
reference to chorea. This manifestation
characterized by continuous jerky, in-
voluntary movements, may be the only
overt evidence of a rheumatic att.ack.
There is now little doubt that it is mere-
ly a cerebral expression of rheumatic
fever. One occasionally sees cases of
valvular heart disease of a typic.al rheu-
matic type in young persons who give
no history of joint pains but who do ad-
mit to one or several bouts of chorea.
The length of anyone attack of the
disease is variable and will be modified
by treatment. Swift has described three
types of cases, one lasting a ten-to-four-
teen-day period, and showing the varied
symptoms and signs as described above
without further flare-ups. This he calls
the "mono cyclic type". Where there is
more than one flare-up, he calls the
course "polycyclic". The third type is
labelled ((continuous" and in it the pa-
tient shows at all times 'one or more
signs of the disease.
In general one may say that in child-
ren the heart bears the brunt of the at-
tack, while in adolescence and onward
the disease is more characterized by
arthritis with less damage to the heart.
Not all cases are obvious and typical in
their signs. "Subclinical" states of ill-
health aScribable to rheumatic infection

Vel. 41 Me. J

RHEUMATIC FEVER

are known, a type of case that has been
called "the unwell child". It has often
been said that "growing pains" may be
mild rheumatic joint pains.
The diagnosis of the disease is not
difficult when the symptoms and signs
are classical, but one must differentiate
it from other forms of arthritis, and from
osteomyelitis, ceHulitis, and other di-
seases characterized by sore throat or
acute upper respiratory infection. There
are no specific laboratory tests that will
make the diagnosis; it must be made on
clinical judgment.
The mortality in the acute phase is
described by Swift as 1 to 4 per cent.
Wilson and Lubschez have recently re-
ported on recurrence rates in acute
rheumatic fever, and have shown that
the chances of recurrenc
are greater in
younger persons, and in the year fol-
lowing the attack. Many more lives are
'Claimed later in life as the damaging
results of the disease on the heart lead
to heart failure, or to the development
of infection on the diseased heart val-
ves - the dreaded "bacterial endocar-
ditis" .
The treatment of acute rheumatic
fever requires strict bed rest. Fluid in-
take must be good, as large amounts are
lost through perspiration. Diet may be
as tolerated, but if anorexia is marked
in the febrile stage, a more easily toler-
ated febrile diet is recommended. Pains
in the affected joints may be somewhat
relieved by local heat, and other mea-
sures such as are described in the article
on the nursing care of the disease by
Miss Brogan in this issue.
The treatment of rheumatic fever has
long featured the use of salicylate drugs.
Sodium salicylate and acetyl salicylic
acid. ( aspirin) are the two common
types of salicylates used, and the relief
of the distressing symptoms by the use
of these drugs is dramatic. Of great in-
terest is the recent work of Coburn us-
ing large doses of salicylates over consid-"
-erable periods of time. He has found
that doses adequate for relief of symp-

MARCH. 19.'

181

toms do not necessarily check the in-
flammatory process, that higher and
more prolonged salicylate dosage is re-
quired to attain this, and presents data
to demonstrate that to effectively check
the rheumatic inflammation a blood
plasma salicylate level of at least 350
micrograms is required. To rapidly ob-
tain a high level he administers the drug
intravenously over a six-day period, ten
grams being given the first day, twenty
the second day, and ten grams on the
third to sixth days; each ten grams is
administered in a litre of sterile physiol-
ogical saline over a period of from four
to six hours. From the seventh to the
thirtieth day of the course, the drug
is given or.ally, ten grams being given
per twenty-four hours (1.6 grams so-
dium salicylate with 0.6 grams sodium
bicarbonate, q 4 h.) The red blood cell
sedimentation rate is carefully followed.
If the rate is still elevated after the
thirty days the therapy is continued; if
it has been normal for two weeks, the
therapy is discontinued and the patient
observed during one week of bed rest.
A flare-up is treated by a resumption
of salicylate therapy, but if the patient
remains well the salicylate is not re-
sumed. During administration of the
drug, plasma salicylate levels are done
frequently to ensure that a sufficiently
high level is being maintained.
Using this regime on thirty-eight pa-
tients, Coburn observed no resultant
rheumatic hean disease, while twenty-
one of sixty-three patients (33 per cent)
treated with small doses of salicylates
did show evidence of heart disease.
These figures are indeed striking and a
shining hope in the rheumatic fever
problem.
For those so situated that intravenous
therapy cannot be used, or where sterile
sodium salicylate for intravenous use is
not available, it should be remembered
that ten grams of sodium salicylate daily
for thirty days is the recommended min-
Imum.
Commoner toxic symptoms of salicy-

182

THE CANADIA
NURSE

lates are ringing in the ears, slight deaf-
ness, feeling of fullness in the head,
nausea and vomiting. These are very
often serious and disappear rapidly when
the drug is reduced or temporarily dis-
continued. A more serious effect in some
persons is a depression of the blood pro-
thrombin and resultant hemorrhagic
manifestations. Vitamin K should be ad-
ministered to forestall this complication.
Other drugs sometimes used are the
cinchophen drugs and amidopyrine.
These drugs produce symptomatic re-
lief similar to salicylates, but their po-
tential dangerous toxic effects are now
so wen known that one cannot recom-
mend their use. Sulphonamide drugs are
not valuable. in the acute attack, and it
has recently been shown that penicillin
is of no value. Digitalis is not indicated
in the acute phase. A tendency to ane-
mia m
y be com hatted with iron anò
adequate diet.
While there is indeed much of new
interest in the above discussion of ther-
apy there are equally interesting new de-
veJopments in the fieJd of prevention. If
one accepts Coburn's proposition of the
development of rheumatic fever as des-
cribed, it will be seen that prevention
might be attained by (a) preven ting an-
tigen-antibody pre
ipitation if inf;ction
with hemolytic streptococci occurs, or,
better, (b) preventing the hemolytic
streptococcal infection. Several workers
have shown that the first of these may
in a large proportion of cases be attain-
ed by giving daily doses of salicylates for
about four weeks if a hemolytic strep-
tococcus infection develops. The second
ideal, that is prevention of hemolytic
streptococcal infections, can largely be
attained by giving a daily dose of a sul-
phonamide drug. This has been recog-
nized for some years but has been strik-
ingly underlined in a recent paper by
Caroline Thomas. In this report, Dr.
Thomas reveals ,a startling reduction in
respiratory disease, streptococcal infec-
tions, and rheumatic fever in a large
group (250,000) of United States

Army personnel who received one gram
of sulphadiazine daily for four months.
The incidence of toxic reaction w.as very
small. In view of the number of favor-
able reports of this method of prophy-
laxis, it would seem wise to recommend
that a daily dose of one gram of sulpha-
diazine be administered to rheumatic
patients over that period of the year when
respiratory infections are common, that
is, from October to May. Some feel
that this should be carried on for the
full year. The patient should, of course,
he frequentlr ohserved for possible toxic
effects of the sulpha drug.
The question of whether tonsillec-
tomy should be done as a prophylactic
measure in rheumatic cases is still in
dispute. Reports are conflicting but, in
general, this measure is in less favour
than formerly, and it is felt that the
operation is warranted only in those
cases where there are the customary ac-
cepted indications for tonsillectomy.
Changes of residence to a geographic
area free of hemolytic streptococcal in-
fections is a scarcely practical mode of
prophylaxis, for the vast majority at
least. 'Vasson and Brown have claimed
some preventive merit in hemolytic
streptococcus immunization, but this has
not gained general favour.
In summary it may be said that the
sui phon amide method presents the most
hopeful prophylactic regime at the mo-
ment, and it should be instituted before
the patient is discharged from the physi-
cian's care after his acute attack.
This has been an attempt to discuss
rheumatic fever from the physician's
viewpoint which is but one aspect of the
problem. The nursing and public health
aspects are also discussed in this issue,
in an effort to present a broad survey
of the rheumatic fever problem.

REFERENCES

Ashworth, C. F. and McKennie, J. F.,
Haemorrhagic Coml)lications with Death
probably from Salicylatic Therapy. Journal

Vol. 41 No.

RHEUMATIC FEVER

of the American Medical Association, 126:
806.
Coburn, A. F., Salicylate Therapy in Rheu-
matic Fever. Bulletin, Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital, 73 :435.
Coburn, A. F. and Moore, L. V., Salicy-
late Prophylaxis in Rheumatic Fever. ] our-
nal of Paediatrics, 21 :180.
Meakins, J. c., Practice of Medicine. Third
Edition, Mosby.
Swift, H. S. and Cecil, R. L., Textbook
of Medicine. Sixth Edition. Saunders.
Thomas, C. B., Prevention of Recurrences

183

in Rheumatic Fever. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 126 :490.
Wasson, V. P. and Brown, E. E., 1m.
munization against Rheumatic Fever. Jour.
nal of Paediatrics, 23 :24.
\Yatson, R. F. (Lt. Comm.), Rothbard, S.
and Swift, H. S., Use of Penicillin in Rheu-
matic Fever. Journal of the American Medi-
cal Association, 126 :274.
Wilson, M. G. and Lubschez, R., Recur-
rence Rates in Rheumatic Fever. Journal
of the American Medical Association, 126:
447.

Nursing Care In Acute Rheumatic Fever

MILDRED M. BROGAN

Rheumatic fever is a disease which
requires skilful and intelligent nursing
care. As nurses, we must administer the
prescribed drugs, generally some form
of salicylates; and continually watch
for their toxic signs and symptoms, such
as, tinnitus, deafness, nausea, vomiting
and sometimes delirium.
The attending doctor should be noti-
fied immediately at the onset of these
toxic manifestations and, although the
drug may be continued, in all probabil-
ity the dosage will be reduced. It is also
the nurse who keeps a constant and ac-
curate check on the patient's pulse. It
is most important that we should count
the pulse rate for a full minute in order
that the doctor can be guided by our
record, as the pulse is of cardinal signi-
ficance in diagnosing and treating rheu-
matic fever.
The comfort of the patient is of fore-
most importance. The bed must be pro-
perly made, using flannelette sheets, and
a flannelette gown should always be
worn as this type of patient perspires
profusely and flannelette is so much
more absorbent. Rheumatic sweats nec-

MARCH. 1945

essitate frequent tepid sponges besides
the daily bath, in order to ensure con-
stant b
dy cleanliness, so conducive to
the patient's physical and mental com-
fort. While sponging the patient, the
nurse has an excellent opportunity to
remark any skin eruptions. Erythema
nodosum and erythema multiforme are
not uncommon.
Persons with rheumatic fever always
complain of migrating joint pains. If
these painful joints are gently rubbed
with oil of wintergreen, then covered
with non-absorbent
cotton, and held in
place by many-tailed bandages much
pain is alleviated. This method of band-
aging requires the least amount of h.and-
ling of the painful joints, and thus safe-
guards the patient's comfort.
I cannot over-emphasize how skil-
fully and gently these patients must be
handled during the acute stage as even
the slightest jarring of the bed causes
them excruciating pain. This disease
gives the good nurse an ideal opportun-
ity of applying her training and ingen-
uity in making her patient comfortable.
The weight of the bed clothes can be

184

THE CANADIAN NURSE

removed by using a cradle. We must al-
ways support the painful joints on pil-
lows or by means of sand bags or splints.
The foot board is ever-helpful in pre-
venting "drop foot"
s these patients are
in bed for a long period of time.
It must always be borne in mind that
everything should be done for the pa-
tient in order to conserve his energy.
It is the nurse's responsibility to organ-
ize her work in such a way that she gives
her patient complete care at one time
thus avoiding frequent disturbances.
While in the acute stage the rheumatic
fever patient should be fed. No parti-
cular diet is ordered, but we, as nurses,
must prevent the patient developing nu-
tritional anemia. Doubtless, if we were
in bed suffering with joint pains, our
- appetites would lag. So, we must do
everything we can to make our p.atient's
meals nutritious, palatable, and attrac-
tive. Sufficient bulk and laxative food
must be included in the diet in order to
ensure regular elimination. It is very
poor nursing care to subject these pa-
tients to enemata or purgatives q.2.d.
All the preceding suggestions are
conducive to physical comfort, but we
must constantly remember the patient's
mental comfort also. Rest is a necessity
in the care and treatment of rheumatic
fever. In hospital, the nurses are res-
ponsible for making their patient's en-
vironment as restful as possible. Fresh
air, sunshine, a quiet tidy ward, and a
restricted number of visitors are all
healthful rest measures.
Social service can alleviate many men-
tal and financial worries which will
really allow the patient to rest, as it is
hard to relax if you are not sure how
your loved ones are managing at home,
or how you are going to pay your hos-
pital bill.
The acute stage of rheumatic fever
generally lasts approximately ten to four-
teen days after which the patient must
remain in bed a month or longer till
his sedimentation rate returns to normal.
During this latter period every patient

should have the benefit of occupational
therapy. An interesting book which the
nurse can subtly recommend, a short
lesson in making swabs and dressings,
can make the day go so much more
quickly and help to keep up the patient's.
morale because he will feel he is doing
something useful.
When the sedimentation rate is nor-
mal and the pulse rate is satisfactory the
doctor instructs the nurse to get the
patient up. Here is an occasion when the
nurse may do some health teaching.
She instructs her patient to first sit on
the side of his bed. If there are no ill
effects, the next day she helps him to get
up in a chair, always keeping a close
check on his pulse rate and reporting
this rate to the physician. The pulse rate
should be counted for a full minute be-
fore exertion, immediately after exer-
tion, and five minutes after exertion
has ceased. After the patient has been
up several times in a chair, unless con.-
tra-indicated, he is allowed to walk and
resume exercise gradually. It is our res-
ponsibility to see to it that the patient
realizes his capacity for resuming normal
life again. We should always encourage .
these patients to lead as normal a life
as possible without overtaxing their
strength. We must not forget that every
rheumatic patient is a potential cardiac
and, as such, sometimes it is necessary
for them to change their positions and
their mode of living.
When the day comes and our patient
is ready to leave hospital he should have
acquired some very healthful habits.
which will help him in his everyday life.
He should realize the importance of
rest, proper diet, fresh air, sunshine and
proper elimination. He is aware of his.
ability to inErease his work gradually
and if the nurse is really alert she will
not allow this patient to go out into the
community without recommending him
to some public health agency which will
take up the good work begun in the
hospital and carry it through. This.
health supervision offered in the com-

Vol. 41 No.

RHEUMATIC FEVER

mumty adds tremfndously to the pa-
tifnt's sense of Bfcurity which is so im-
portant.
Whenevfr our hospital discharges a

185

patient who has had rhfumatic fever, he
is recommended to attend our cardiac
clinic, where pfriodic check-ups and
electrocardiogrcams may be done.

Public Health Aspects of Rheum atic Fever

EVELYN PIBQS

It is necessary to recognize rheumatic
fever as a" public health problem, if
children and adults are to be saved from
death 2nd the crippling effects of rheu-
matic heart disease.
Dr. Paul, professor of preventive rne-
decine, Yale University, in speaking of
the prevalence of rheumatic fever in
the United States says, "Rheumatic fe-
ver is a disease which in most parts of
this country may be classed as our third
most common (after tuberculosis and
syphilis) chronic infection". Dr. Paul
goes on to say that none of the methods
at presfnt available for compiling sta-
tistics in regard to morbidity and mor-
tality are satisf.actory or give a complete
picture of this disease, but that the mor-
tality from rheumatic heart disease may
be utilized a$ one index of the importance
of rheumatic fever.
In a table, relative mortality from va-
rious infectious diseases compiled for
New York City in 1938, we see the
following picture:
Disease Number of
deaths
105
53
42
26
17
4

\Vhooping cough
Epidemic meningitis
Measles
Diphtheria
Scarlet fever
Poliomyelitis

Rate per
100.000
1.40
0.7
0.56
0.35
0,23
0.05

Total
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic fever
Total
Tuberculosis - all forms

247
958
147
1.105
3.833

MARCH, 1945

3.29

A study of deaths from rheumatic
heart disease made in the city of Phila-
delphia in 1936 revealed that the total
mortality from this disease was about
25 to 30 per 100,000, and among in-
fectious diseases this was exceeded as a
cause of de.ath only by tuberculosis, lobar
pneumonia and syphilis.
This occurs in .-\merican CItIes
but it is probable a similar rate would be
found for any of our Canadian cities.
There is a fairly general agreement that
the disease is common and severe in tem-
perate zones and that it occurs more fre-
quently among urban than among rur.al
populations.
Tuberculosis is the problem most fa-
miliar to the majority of public health
workers, and there is considerable simil-
arity in the nature of tuberculosis and
rheumatic fever .as public health prob-
lems. There is one great difference, that
the specific cause of rheumatic fever has
not yet been determined, so it is necessary
that prevention follow along the rather
general lines of the knowledge at present
available. How then shall we approach
this problem of preventing rheumatic
fever and rheumatic disease? Perhaps it
will be easier if I attempt to suggest
methods of approach under definite
headings.
Education and Co-operation:
Dr. Paul emphasized the need for
more knowledge, espfcially among pro-
fessional workers, of the nature of rheu-
matic fever and of the broad aspects of
the management of the disease. He

14.7
50.3

186

THE CANADIAN NURSE

stressfd the need for the many services
which a!e necessary beyond those of the
physician and the heart clinic. The prob-
lems arising from the careful and pro-
longed care necessary for these patients
cannot be solved by individuals working
alone. The cardiac clinic can be the
keystone of any local program but ade-
quate care requires co-operation on the
part of those coming in contact with the
patient. This applies both to individuals
and organizations in the community.
Dr. Wheatley says ccThe tendency of
the disease to recur demands that plans
be developed to educate teachers, par-
ents, social workers and others, in daily
association with the child, to recognize
the manifestations of rheumatic activity
and the importance of periodic medical
examination." Lay education is necessary
if professional workers and organizations
are to receive the support necessary to
obtain facilities for the care of these pa-
tients.
Case Finding and Prevention:
Public health workers and organiza-
tions are very much alive to their res-
ponsibilities in case finding in tubercu-
losis. If we accept rheumatic fever as
the public health problem it really is,
then we must also accept responsibility
for being on the alert to detect possible
cases of rheumatic heart disease. Dr.
Graham has discussed environment as
one of the pre-disposing causes of rheu-
matic fever. The same living conditions
we know to be pre-disposing factors of
tuberculosis are shown to be fruitful soil
also for rheumatic fever. He has also
discussed the association of rheumatic
fever with streptococcal infection and
the fact that it may be seen as a family
disease. Bearing these things in mind,
then, let us see what other knowledge
we m.ay have to help us in case finding
and preventIOn, and how we can .apply
this knowledge.
In studies made of this disease it has
been stated that the active disease seems
to find its greatest prevalence in child-
hood, with first attacks occurring most

frequently between the ages of five and
fifteen years. Primary attacks predispose
to reeurrent attacks, therefore, the active
disease is also common during adoles-
cence and young adult life. Dr. Paul
has stated that the peak appears to be
between six and nine years but that, due
to missed and unrecognized cases, it is
often difficult to determine whether the
child of twelve years who comes to hos-
pital with the first clear-cut picture of
rheumatic fever has had a previous
"missed" attack. The term rheumatism
means a variety of human ailments to
the lay person's mind, and is usually as-
sociated with old people. Therefore, it
is not strange that a busy mother pays
little attention to the school child's oc-
casional complaint of pains in legs or
arms and considers these as ccgrowing
pains", something that will pass. Then
there is the pale, listless child who does
not eat well, has frequent colds and tires
more easily than other members of the
family. Do we too frequently in our
busynes..c; forget to enquire about the
school child who is not in the home when
we visit? Do we listen attentively when
the mother tells us about a child who
has "growing pains", or has developed
a slight limp, or about the child who
complains of fatigue and doesn't seem
to be interested in school? Is it not our
responsibility to enquire more carefully
into this and perhaps consult with the
school nurse in regard to the child's last
physical examination and whether 'this
child should again be seen by a doctor?
Here, too, we have a responsibility in
helping the mother to understand the
nature and dangers of communicable
disease, and to discuss and explain any
known means of preventing these di-
seases. Do we pay particular attention
to the health of the child between the
age of nine and ten, the fatigue year,
when the heart is relatively large in
proportion to the rest of the body, or
again between the age of fourteen and
fifteen when there is usually the great-
est growth in stature?

Vol. 41 No.3

RHEUl\1ATIC FEVER

187

In considering the family as a unit
through which rheumatic fever may
spread, our approach to prevention and
case finding in families of known cases
might be similar to that used in families
where there is tuberculosis. Improving
and studying the information contained
in our family health and social histories
might also be a help in controlling this
disease.
Provision for Care:
The problem of care in this disease
can be divided into three stages: (1)
Care of the acute stage; (2) care of the
sub-acute stage, which is often prolong-
ed; and (3) follow-up care.
Miss Brogan has dealt with the care
of the acute stage. The care needed dur-
ing the sub-acute stage has been des-
cribed as "san.atorial type" care, and
may be provided in an institution, a fos-
ter home, or the patient's own home.
Institutional care, for a short time at
least, is most desirable as during this time
the patient learns how to rest, why he
must rest, and he is helped to accept and
adjust to this prolonged period in bed.
Provision to have schooling continued
is essential. Occupational therapy admin-
istered with the consent of the doctor
is important in helping the patient make
a satisfactory adjustment to his illness.
If, as is so frequently the c.ase, no institu-
tional care, even for a short time, is
available then the child must return to
his own home. If the living conditions
in this home are unsatisfactory, it is
desirable to draw upon any available
community resources to improve these
conditions before the child's return. It
is necessary to provide for adequate me-
dical and nursing supervision at this
time, and every effort should be made to
improve living habits and nutrition.
F ollo'W-up Care during the Inactive
Stage:
It has been noted that rheumatic fever
tends to recur, each succeeding attack
usually causing more damage to the
heart. It is, therefore, in these repeated
attacks that the greatest danger lies. It

MARCH,194'

is quite possible for a child to have one
attack of rheumatic fever and make a
complete recovery. Again we could draw
our parallel to tuberculosis and say that
the "cured" child should be as carefully
followed and checked as the tuber-
culosis "cure".

Perhaps we can best demonstrate
the need for careful follow-up and co-
operation in planning for this care by
considering the case of Peter, a bright
ten-year-old who had his first recog-
nized attack of acute rheumatic fever
following pneumonia. This child was
cared for at home by the Victorian Order
nurse. The mother was intelligent,
though rather sensitive about accepting
advice about the care of her children.
She appeared to be a little fearful that
her ability to care for Peter was being
questioned. This very natural reaction
called for a thoughtful approach that
would reassure her, and the wise use of
teaching methods and knowledge. \Ve
sometimes forget that teaching is much
more than "tellîng" and perhaps are
too prone to plan for our families rather
than 'u.:ith them. Peter's history showed
that he had never been a vigorous child,
and had always been a rather small and
finicky eater. By the time he was able
to sit up for a short time each day, the
nurse had caught his interest in the daily
rations of the men in the R.C.A.F. and
had planned with the mother for his
particular needs in regard to rest, nu-
trition and continued medical supervi-
sion. The nurse felt that at this point
the mother could best carry on alone, so
she decided to see the child early in the
fall to help with plans for winter care.
This visit was made and the nurse was
encouraged to find that Peter had been
taken to the doctor for an examination
before returning to school. The mother
welcomed the nurse and together they
discussed such things as food, the warm
underwear already bought, and the prob-
lem of keeping a real boy from getting
wet and chilled. The need for medical
supervision during and after any acute

188

THE CANADIAN NURSE

infection was eXplained and the reasons
given for keeping Peter at home and in
bed at the first sign of a cold. This, the
mother said, was certainly going to be a
problem as Peter would most surely
rebel against being kept at home for a
slight cold. The mother was concerned
about his .ability to take part in games at
school. Here the nurse suggested that
she consult with the school doctor and
nurse about Peter's program. The
school, through its medical and nursing
supervision, is an important link in the
chain of supervision.
E.r:trnsion of Care beyond Childhood:
The high morbidity and mortality
resulting from heart disease among the
adult population indicates that medical
supervision should be continued through-
out adult life. Much chronic invalidism
might be avoided and the life span of
many people be extended if the prev
n-

tive value of adult health examination
was more fully realized. The ultimate
aim of any public health program in re-
gard to rheumatic fever is its early diag-
nosis, improvement of living conditions,
and the prevention of recurrent attacks
in the hope that rheumatic heart disease
may be retarded or prevented.

REFERENCES

Paul, John R., M.D., The Epidemiology
of Rheumatic Fever and Some of its Pub-
lic Health Aspects.
Struthers, R. R., M.D., Recent Advances
in Child Hygiene.
Wales, Marguerite, The Public Health
Nurse in Action.
Waterman, Theda L., Nursing for Com-
munity Health.
vVheatley, George M., M.D., Rheumatic
Fever in Children - its Recognition and
Management.

What Constitutes Post-Graduate Clinical Courses?

MARION LINDEBURGH

For years, hospitals and schools of
nursing have suffered greatly from the
lack of qualified and experienced nurses
to assume administrative, teaching, and
supervisory responsibilities in special
clinical fields. War-time demands have
further depleted the supply, and this de-
ficiency has brought about a serious prob-
lem. Administrators .are fully aware of
the need for effective clinical teaching
and expert supervision in order that
standards of nursing service and nursing
education in all clinical services may be
maintained. The urgent need, therefore,
for .post-gradu.ate study and experience
in the preparation of promising nurses for
positions of responsibility in particular
clinical services is fully realized. The
nursing profession is now vitally con-
cerned with standards relating to post-

O"raduate clinical education. Two excel-
lent articles have appeared in the Ame

can Journal of Nursing, dealing with the
need for and the requirements of these
clinical courses. a ne appears in the De-
cember, 1943, issue entitled, Upost-
graduate Nursing Programs" and the
other under the title "Advanced Cour-
ses in Clinical Nursing" in the June,
1943, number. These articles have
evolved from the work of a special com-
mittee, appointed by the National Lea-
gue of Nursing Education in 1943, to
study post-graduate clinical courses.
They deal with findings and include
recommendations. One should not over-
look an article written at a much earlier
date by Miss Isabel M. Stewart of Tea-
chers College, "Post-graduate Educa-
tion - Old and New" and published

Vol. 41 No. }

POST-GRADUATE CLINICAL COURSES 189

in the April, 1933, number of the
Americon Journal of Nursing. It con-
tains sound proposals, whereby post-
graduate clinical courses could be estab-
lished on a sounder educational basis.
The Canadian Nurses Association has
made certain recommendations relative
to the organization and administration
of clinical courses on a graduate lev.:!.
(See The Canadian Nurse, November,
1943, page 750.) These recommenda-
tions should be studied carefully and ac-
cepted as guiding principles.
When the war is over, more than
two thousand nurses will be returning
to Canada from overseas. It is hoped
that many of them will take fun adv.an-
tage of the financial assistance provided
by the Government to undertake what-
ever study or nursing experience they
desire. Answers to the questionnaire
sent to all nursing sisters indicate that
many nurses upon demobilization plan
to undertake specialization in nursing.
Therefore, the establishment of the
necessary clinical facilities to meet de-
mands for post-graduate work in hos-
pitals should receive immediate atten-
tion.

EXISTING POST-GRADUATE COURSES:

In considering standards for post-
graduate nursing education in hospital
departments, it is necessary that the pur-
pose and calibre of the courses he clearly
defined. Post-graduate courses now be-
ing offered in hospitals throughout Can-
ada vary considerably in level and quali-
ty of experience secured. In many in-
stances graduate nurses. seek further
experience because of some weakness or
omission in their basic training, or they
may wish to bring themselves up-to-date
with new knowledge .and technique,- all
for the purpose of becoming better
equipped to nurse in that particular field.
Courses offered to meet deficiencies and
to supplement the basic training serve a
very useful purpose, and they will con-

MARCH. 1945

tinue to be in demand until all schools
of nursing can provide a sounder back-
ground course for the general practice
of nursing. An ex.amination of these so-
called post-graduate courses would in-
dicate that in the majority of instances
they are organized on a student rather
than on a graduate level. They jire
planned on a partly economic and partly,
educational basis. In many instances,
they provide the hospital with an addi-
tional nursing staff, and at the same
time they afford graduate nurses the
opportunity to brush up, or to make up
the deficiency in their training. Many, of
these courses, even in special hospitals,
are of this type, little distinction being
made in the case of nurses enrolled for
post-graduate work, and affiliating un-
dergraduate students. Both groups fre-
quently attend the same lectures and
their nursing assignments on the wards
are fairly comparable. The following
statement regarding "Post-graduate
Courses" is quoted from the report of
the Committee on Nursing and Nurs-
ing Education in The Canadian Hospi-
tal, 1941:

The statements received by this com-
mittee from representatives in the nine
provinces indicate that, with few exceptions,
the courses offered in Canada at the present
time are little more than additional exper-
ience, often undertaken under very definite
pressure of hospital service, and as one
means of providing for this. Thi.; arrange-
ment is entirely unsatisfactory both to hos-
pital administrators and to the
o-cal1ed
post-graduate student. Superintendents of
nurses in a number of hospitals have made
valiant efforts to share the additional exper-
ience which they have to offer with grad-
uates from other schools; again others have
not felt justified in even suggesting thi

type of post-graduate work. In many in-
stances, the experience offered has been
frankly suggested in lieu of something bet-
ter and the nurse has benefitted by it. How-
ever, any course taken after graduation from
a school of nursing without regard to pur-
pose or standards is not post-graduate work.

190

THE CANADIAN NURSE

THE ADVANCED TYPE OF
POST-GRADUATE CLINICAL COURSE:

The ad vanced type of post-graduate
experience should be organized strictly
on an educational basis. \Vhile the prac-
tice program will be of some service
benefit to the hospital, the post-graduate
student J!lOuld not be included in ti
e
nursing staff. This point is empha'\ized
because it is fundament.al to post-gradu-
ate study. It will have a direct bearing
upon the policy relating to tuition fees
in order to offset the cost of the special
instruction and supervis;on which must
be provided. The course should be de-
signed to prepare the graduate nurse as
a spe6alist in her field and to enable her
to undertake administrative, teaching,
and supervisory responsibility. The basic
course
hou]d be considered as a founda-
tion upon which and beyond which the
post-graduate or specialization course is
organized. The head nurSe and clinical
o;upervisor need to be prepared well be-
yond the level of the general practitioner
in nllr
ing, in knowledge, in nursing
techniques, and in methods relating to
administration, teaching and supervision.

SOME IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN
SETfING STANDARDS FOR POST-GRAD-
UATE COURSES IN CLINICAL FIELDS:

Clinical courses which supplement the
undl'r,f{raduate course: Courses which
are taken to supplement the basic train-
ing should be recognized as such. In
many instances they should be improved
in ord
r to be of greater value, but they
should not be recognized as the type of
post-graduate course which is designed
to prepare for specialization and leader-
ship in a particular field of nursing.
The use of hospitals with and without
schools of nursing: Hospitals offering
post-graduate courses which ar
also
conducting schools of nursing must make
;1 clear distinction between the instruc-
tion and practice required for student
nurses and the experience needed on a
more advanced level to meet the needs

of the graduate nurses seeking post-
graduate experience. Hospitals which
are not conducting schools but which
are accepting affiliating student nurses,
must also discriminate between the edu-
cational needs of students and graduate
nurses. Hosp;tals offering post-graduate
coursf'S should be on the "Approved"
list. They should be well supported fin-
anciallv .and should have well qualified
medical and nursing personnel.
Special hospitals should be utilized
whenever possible for post-graduate
work - for instance, a children's hos-
pital should offer better clin;cal resour-
ces and facilities for post-graduate ex-
perience than are available in a pf'diatric
department within a general hospital.
Hospitals offering post-graduate cour-
ses should be adequately staffed. Firstly,
in order that good nurs;ng stimdards
may be maintained; secondly, in order
that the educational experience of post-
graduate students will not be subordin-
ated to the service needs of the hospital.
It is also necessary that the hospital wards
be well equipped.
The clinical services: Post-graduate
courses can be established in all branches.
of hospital service; namely, medical, sur-
gic.al, obstetrical, pediatric, eye, ear, nose,
and throat, operating-room, psychiatry,
communicable diseases, and so forth.
There is also a need for technical cour-
ses in laboratory, x-ray, physiotherapy
and in other fields by which the gr.aduate
nurse can become a qualified technician..
C o-
,.dination of hospital exper:ence.
and university courses: While nursing
departments in universities offer courses
for the general preparation of adminis-
trators, teachers, and supervisors, there
is a definite need for the organization
of well-planned. post-graduate courses
in clinical departments in con junction
with special related courses in the uni-
versity. Hospitals should he el1couraged
to analyze their facilities, and if clinical
resources are adequate, an attempt-
should be made to organize these post-
graduate courses on a sounder educ.ation-

Vol. 41 No. J;

POST-GRADUATE CLINICAL COURSES 191

al basis. Exceptionally good clinical faci-
lities are needed for this advanced nurs-
ing experience, also a highly qualified
medical and nursing teaching staff, which
are more likely to be secured in teach-
ing hospit.als connected with universities.
The need for (J specially prepared
supervisor: It would seem necessary that
a specially-prepared clinical supervisor
be appointed to assume responsibility for
the teaching and supervision of post-
graduate students. She should direct their
clinical experience in order that every
opportunity may be utilized for their
educational benefit. She should also as-
sume specific teaching responsibilities re-
lated to the nursing specialty.
The eligibility of tile applicant: Grad-
uate nurses seeking post-graduate study
should meet certain specified education-
al and professional requirements. The
applicant should possess matriculation
standing; she should be a graduate of
an approved school of nursing, in which
,classroom .and clinical experience meet
the requirements as outlined in "A
Proposed Curriculum for Schools of
Nursing in Canada". The record of the
applicant should show a satisfactory basie
expent'nee in the special field of nursing
in which specialization is being sought.
Every effort should be made to deter-
mine the interest and potentialiries of
the applicant, and probability of success
in the particular clinical field.
N ur::es seeking post-graduate exper-
ience should have at least one year's ex-
perience before commencing post-grad-
uate work.
Tuition fees: General inquiry regard-
ing fees indicates that in most instances
post-graduate students receive a small
remuneration. It is evident that manv
hospitals are sponsoring post-graduat

courses on the basis that students will
.contribute materially to the nursing ser-
vice, and for this remuneration is given.
Such practice would seem to be contra-
dictory to the principle, that post-grad-
uate courses should be organized on an
.educational basis which demands a well-

.MARCH. 1945

planned program of lectures and exper-
ience, and for which students should be
prepared to pay a fee. While remunera-
tion offered might possibly be a deter-
mining factor in choosing a hospital for
post-graduate work, it is important that
the applicant should reali,ze that the
hospital which charges a fee should be
better prepared to offer a course of great-
er educational value.
The length of the course: Existing
post-graduate courses vary in length. In
principle, the length of any course is
determined by the aims of the course,
the educational facilities available, the
time it takes to profit by such resources,
and the amount of training needed for
specialization.
The plan of the course: The course
should be planned to correlate lectures
and pracrice. Time and opportunity
must be given for observation, partici-
pation and study; good .library facilities
are necessary. It is essential that, in the
beginning, the student participate in the
nursing care of patients to renew her
acquaintance with nursing problems and
techniques. She should gradually be in-
troduced into the administration, teach-
ing and supervisory responsibilities, by
assisting and relieving the nurse in
charge. A knowledge of and some ex-
perience in related departments are nec-
essary to increase the nurse's under-
standing and interpretation; these
might include the out-patient depart-
ment, the therapy departments, health
f.acilities as offered in the hospital and in
various health agencies in the commun-
ity. \Vhile the time spent in the servic

must be sufficient to gain a full under-
standing of the nursing problems, and
to give adequate practice in administra-
tion, teaching, and supervision, it must
not overbalance the time necessary for
studying in connection with lectures,
and other educational aspects of the pro-
gram.
Evaluating the student and her work:
Evaluating the nurse should be a cÒn-
tÏnuous process J rather than in the na-

192

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ture of a final test. The supervisor as-
signed to the teaching and supervision
of the post-graduate student should feel
2l definite responsibility in helping the
student to evaluate herself and her work.
-'The student should be judged on her
increased knowledge, nursing proficien-
cy, ability to administer the department;
to teach and to supervise successfully.
If her course proves to be of real value,
at its conclusion, the nurse should mani-
fest increased interest, have better estab-
lished habits of performance, greater
self-confidence, more mature judg-
ment and the ability to assume greater
responsibility.
Certification: The awarding of a cer-
tificate is recommended for courses
which meet the full requirements of
post-graduate work. Such certificates
should be signed by the properly consti--
tuted university and hospital authorities.

A K EW EXPERIMENT:
This article has been prompted by
the fact that a new post-graduate course
in psychiatric nursing has been approved
by McGill University and the Allan
Memorial Institute of the Royal Vic-
toria Hospital. It will be directed by the
School for Graduate Nurses. This full
year course is to be organized on a sound
educational basis consisting of a closely
correlated program of lectures in the
university, and .ad vanced professional
knowledge and practice relating to psv-
chiatry and psychiatric nursing.
Nurses will be accepted into the
course who are graduates of good schools
of nursing; who meet the university
entrance requirements; who have had
satisfactory experience in psychiatric
nursing and who have demonstrated
ability and suitability for specialization
in this field.

International Council of Nurses

GRACE M. FAIRLEY

One of the objects of the Interna-
tion.al Council of Nurses reads "The
Council aims to provide a means of
communication between nurses of va-
rious nationalities, to provide opportuni-
ties for them to confer upon questions
relating to the welfare of their patients
and their profession, and to afford facili-
ties for the interchange of international
hospitality." For these very reasons and,
no doubt, because of the trend in world
affairs, the president, Miss Effie Tay-
lor, considered it timdy and essential to
call a conference of available members
recently, to study existing needs of those
member countries which have suffered
so deeply .and personally during the past
five years and which in very deed must
be giving continuous thought to the
health and welfare of their citizens. The

meeting was held in New York, and, as
previously reported in the Journal, six
countries were represented. It was sig-
nificant of the 'Spirit of Nursing' that
there was a truly international theme in
the discussions of the most urgent needs
of the countries which h.ave participated
in or been affected by the tragic world
encircling war.
The question was, what can the
I.C.N. do to help? - in health educa-
tion, in assisting in rehabilitation pro-
grams, creating post-graduate opportuni-
ties, procuring first-hand information as
to immediate professional needs, as well
as the planning of a sound, progressive
and democratic program for the future
of the profession. These were the main
items on the agenda. It seems fitting,
therefore, that at this time we shoúld

Vol. 41 No. J

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES

193

review the history of the International
Council of Nurses and its accomplish-
ments since its inauguration on July 1,
1899.
The seed of ((The International Idea"
was sown at the Chicago Exhibition in
1893 when Mrs, Bedford Fenwick of
England arranged a nursing exhibit for
the British Government. However, it
was not until 1899, when the Inter-
national Council of Women met in Lon-
don, that nurse delegates from several
countries were called together by the
Matrons' Council of Great Britain and
Ireland under the able leadership of
Mrs. Bedford Fenwick. At this time
the International Council of Nurses wa

founded by that great woman. This his-
torical meeting was held at 20 Hanover
Square and the late Miss Isla Stewart,
president of the Matrons' Council was
, ,
m the chair. At this meeting Mrs. Bed-
ford Fenwick, in a few eloquent words
stressing the value of organization and
the brotherhood of man, stated that sure-
ly ((.a sisterhood of nurses is an interna-
tional idea and one in which the women
of all nations could be asked and ex-
pected to join". She then proposed the
following brief motion ((that steps be
taken to organize an International
Council of Nurses". Thus, with sim-
p,licity and dignity this great organiza-
t]on was founded.
The charter member countries were:
the United States of America, Britain
and Germany, and the other countrie5
which were admitted in those early
clays were Canada, Denmark, Finland,
and Holland. India and New Zealand
were admitted in 1"912.
On May 5, 1900, a meeting of the
provisional committee was held at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital, London, when
the . following officers were appointed:
presIdent, Mrs. Bedford Fenwick Great
Britain: honourary secretary, Miss L.
L. Dock, United States of America'
, ,
nonourary treasurer, Miss M. A. Sniv-
ely, Canada.
In September 1901, at Buffalo, the

MARCH, 1
'"

first Congress of the I.C.N. was held
and subsequent meetings were as fol-
lows: 1904, Berlin; 1907, Paris, in-
terim conference; 1909, London; 1912,
Cologne; 1915, San Francisco. The
congress was abandoned owing to war
'Dut a small informal meeting was held
when 1\;liss Annie W. Goodrich pre-
sided. 1922, Copenhagen, meeting of
Grand Council j 1923, Copenhagen,
meeting of executive committee; 1925,
Helsingfors, Congress; 1929, Mon-
treal; 1933, Paris and Brussels; 1937,
London. A conference was held at At-
lanta, Ga. in the Spring of 1920 for th

purpose of studying Hthe international
outJook" .

One has but to read tht: reports of
committees and the resolutions adopted
at these conferences and congresses to
be conscious of the development of nurs-
ing education in all professional fields
and in many countries. The exchange
of view::; and policies between nurses
of countries which h
.d well-developed
health programs was definitely stimulat-
ing and reassuring, while the advice and
assistance given (.at request) to coun-
tries where for want of trained leader-
ship the health of the people or the edu-
cation of nurses might have progressed
less quickly, was both kindly and help-
ful. Individual nurse::; as well as na-
tional organizations were stimulated by
the international friendships which had
their roots at such congresses. It is to
the women whose names appear in the
early records that we owe a debt be-
yond words for the professional status
of nurses both nationally and interna-
tionally. They were business-like, and
the provisional committee prepared a
constitution which was adopted in July,
1900. With few alterations that con-
stitution carried through till 1925. A
revision was printed in 1937 and at the
present time .a committee is at work on
recommendations which it is hoped will
be submitted at the first congress fol-
lowing the cessation of hostilities. In the
historical record published at the con-

194

THE CANADIAN NURSE

elusion of the Constitution and By-laws
we find the names of the nurses whose
foresight and imagination led to this
great "International Idea" which the
founder referred to in her preamble.
Of special interest to the C.N.A.
members in addition to the name of the
founder, Ethel Bedford Fenwick, are
the names of the late Miss Annie Mur-
ray and Miss Mary Agnes Snively as
Founâation members and councillors.
One has but to glance at the programs
of these meetings and note the dates to
realize the vision these women had for
the future of the nursing profession. For
instance: 1901-" A plea for the high-
er education of nurses", Mrs. Bedford
Fenwick. Quoting from this paper, "I
claim that the time has come when nur-
ses need their educatianal centres, their
endowed colleges, their chairs of nurs-
ing, their University degrees and State
registration". Does this not sound very
familiar to the nurse of 1945? 1912-
Cologne: "The overstrain of nurses",
"the duties of the Matron in administra-
tion", "the duties of the Matron in the
training and education of the nurse",
,ctrained nurses in social service".
It was at the Cologne Congress in
1912 that the question of a cCFlorence
Nightingale Memorial" was officially
presented. The matte!' was introduced
by Mrs. Bedford Fenwick who said she
had "the honour to propose - that steps
should be taken to institute an appro-
priate memorial to Mis:; Florence Night-
ingale. Miss Nightingale was above all
nationality, and belonged to every age
and every country". Her proposal was
"that nurses of the world should co-
operate to found an educational memor-
ial, in memory of Miss Nightingale,
which would benefit nurses of the
world". Miss Agnes Snively, a past
president and founder of the Canadian
N.ational Association of Trained Nur-
ses, was one of the councillors to speak
in support of the suggestion. She ex-
pressed "complete
ympathy with the
proposition" and added that she believed

that a memorial, educational in its na-
ture, was one which Miss Nightingale
would have approved. A committee was
appointed but it was not until 1932,
when the League of Red Cross Socie-
ties found it necessary to abandon the
international post-graduate courses
which it had financed since the cessation
of the Great \Var, th;lt it was suggested
that the 1. C. N. might develop this al-
ready-organized plan as a memorial to
Florence Nightingale. A meeting was
called in July of that year and certain
recommendations advanced which were
finally adopted at the 1933 Congress, and
thus the Florence Nightingale Interna-
tional Foundation (known as the F. N.
I. F.) was inaugurated. The League of
Red Cross Societies had certain assets
such as the residence in l\1anchester
Square (later known as International
House) and certain monies which they
.were willing to hand over to an inde-
pendent Board comprised of represen-
tatives of the League of Red Cross
Societies and the Board of the Interna-
tion.al Council of Nurses. Like the
l.C.N., the Florence Nightingale Mem-
orial is an international organization
comprised of national committees and
these committees are made up of equal
membership of the Red Cross Society
and the National Nurses' Associations.
For instance in Canada the committee
is known as the Canadian Florence
Nightingale Memorial Committee and
has at present three representatives
named by the Canadian Red Cross So-
ciety and four (including the secretary)
named by the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation.

At th
recent meeting in New York
much thought was given to the re-
organization of the F.N.1.F. so that the
rapidly changing needs of nurses from
all countries will be adequately met in
any plan of reconstruction. Since 1939
International House has been demol-
ished. Whether it wiII be _rebuilt as a
residence or as an administrative cen-
tre must await the decision of the mem-

'!. f

Vnl .41 Nn :a

11\TERNATIONAL COUl\. ...L OF NURSES

bers at the next congress. Opportunities
for post-graduate study in many coun-
tries have been developed since the in-
;1uguration of the "International" course
at '--Bedf
rd College and it will not be

urprising if, in future, the Florence
Nightingale Foundation more nearly
parallels other educational foundations
and makes it possible for nurses to se-
cure opportunities in advanced profes-
sional education in any country where
such recognized cour
es are available.
Twice sin
e the founding of the LC.N.
the world has been plunged into war and
for a number of years nurses have had
but limited contact with their profession-
al sisters in other countries, but true to
the tradition of the LC.1\. we are sure
the nurses of all member countries look
forward to that day when peace will
be restored and we can again meet and
confer on professional problems and ad-
vancement. Our president, l\1iss Effie
TaYlor, has left no stone unturned in
her' efforts during the past five years
to keep in close fel1ow
hip with the nur-
ses of those lands where postal or cable
contact has been possible and to her nur-
ses of the world owe a debt of gratitude
ånd also look to her to speed the day
when it will be possible to meet again.

195

I.C.N. headquarters are in London)
England, but .at the oütset of war it was
considered essential to open a tempor-
ary office in the U nittd States of Am-
erica at Yale U niv.ersity (the residence
of the president). Early in 1944 pIan!
were made for the transf
r of the of-
fices to New York. They are now at
1819 Broadway, Columbus Circle, ad-
jacent to A.N.A. headquarters. These
new offices are central and in every way
readily available to members from va-
rious countries who are visiting New
York. Miss Effie Taylor, president) .and
IHiss Anna Schwarzcnberg, secretary)
are always .glad to welcome nurses from
any other country- and assist them in
arranging' post-graduate ,course:; or other
professional contacts.'

In, the minutes of the 1904 meeting
of the LC."N. at .B
rlin it states that the
members have been striving to forward
its objects - the promotion of greater
unity of thought, 'sympathy and purpose)
of international communication between
nurses and of International Conference.
'Vhat greater contribution can the nurse
of today make than tn help in the fur-
therance of international standards of
nursing and a deeper understanding
among the nurses of the world?

Eminent Medical Health Official Back an Britain

\V ord has been received of the arrival in
England of Dr. George F. Buchan, medical
officer of health for \V illesden, London,
England, who recently completed a coast-
to-coast Canadian tour under the auspices
of the Health League of Canada.
Dr. Buchan spent a strenuous time in the
Dominion. He addressed service clubs, medi-
cal societies and other organizations and
visited medical officers of health and hos-
pitals in most of the numerous Canadian
citi
s and towns he visited. He touched Van-
couver on the west coast and Charlottetown
in the east.

MARCH,1945

Dr. Buchan had praise for Canadian
health institutions and special commendation
for health workers in the sparsely-popu-
lated areas. One of the tour highlights was
a radio broadcast over the CBC's trans.
Canada network from Montreal. In this
address he said the British people are deter-
mined to eliminate poverty and unemploy-
ment in their time, and above aU they want
good health to enable them to attain and
enjoy good housing, decent living condition
.J
adequate nutrition, and time for rest, re-
flection and recreation.
Steps Britain had taken would provide

196

THE CANADIAN NURSE

better health services and greater social
security for the future, he said, and pre-
dicted that a bill for National Health Ser-
vice would no doubt be put before parlia-
ment in due course. The government pro.
posed to include all services in a comprehen-
sive health plan.

Dr. Buchan emphasized that the health of
the British people was never better than
at present and that, despite bombings which
created un favourable health conditions, there
had been no epidemics.

-lIealth News Service.

A New plastic Eye

A new plastic eye is being made by the
United States Army which is lighter and
more durable than glass and can be tinted
to duplicate the appearance of the natural
eye and fitted to provide as much motility
as possible, thereby avoiding the appearance
of staring.
First step in making the eye is to paint
the "iris" - a thin celluloid disc, only one-
ten-thousandths oi an inch thick. The "iri
"
is then embedded in a tiny plastic lens of
acralain - a plastic that has been used in
dentistry for the last ten years.
The impression of the patient's eye socket
i
made with a new type compound, an alig-
nate plastic, that is chemo-setting. This,
mixed with water to make a paste, is in-
jected with a syringe under the eye-lid at
body temperature without causing pain or
discomfort. It sets to a rubber-like consisten-
cy in five minutes and is removed painless-
\y, giving a permanent record of every tissue
contour within the socket. A plaster cast is
then made from this replica and used to
motd a wax model of the eye-ball. The iris

button is fitted into the wax and the whole
unit is then fitted to the patient. The body
temperature melts the wax slightly to pro-
duce an even better fit.
A second cast is then made from this wax
replica, the wax is melted away and the
cavity filled with acrylic resin, tinted the
shade of the patient's natural eye-ball. This
is baked for an hour under a half ton of
pressure. When it comes from the cast it
has on its front surface the tiny disc of the
iris. It is then polished and the "veins" are
applied - tiny rayon fibres, an innovation
by Captain Don Cash of Beaumont General
Hospital, El Paso, Texas.
As a final step, the whole eye is dippeð
in a dear plastic solution which produces a
gleaming coating similar to the layer of li-
quid covering the natural eye.
This plastic eye is so durable it can be
dropped on the floor and stepped on with-
out injury.

Office of the Surgeon General
Technical Information DivisioH
TVashington, D. C.

In the rapid development of industrial
health divisions, the management has
played an important part. R. M. P. Ham-
ilton, president of the General Engin-
eering Company Ltd., has described the
inter-relationship that must exist for the
successful growth of this type of service.
What should be included in the course

Previews

in microbiology for student nurses? How
elaborate does the laboratory equipment
need to be? How can the whole course be
related to the students' actual ward ex-
periences? Blanche McPhedran who has
been most successful in her instruction
of this subject, will answer these ques-
tions for us in the April number.

Vol. 41 No. J

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

Problems and Difficulties in a Tuberculosis Program

GEORGINE BADEAUX

I am to speak to you today of some
of the difficulties that face public health
nurses in the field of tuberculosis in
Montreal, and I shall endeavour to tell
you in simple, e:veryday language what
our- visiting nurses are doing in homes
where there is an active case of tuber-
culosis.
Difficulties there are and perhaps will
always be in tuberculosis work. Fortun-
ately, I am not called upon to solve all
problems, but rather simply to report
on what has been my daily experience in
home visiting over a period of years.
The health worker, whether in tuber-
culosis or some other field, is primarily
concerned with education. When the
visiting nurse enters the home, it is as a
teacher, to demonstrate both theory and
practice. She instructs the family in the
principles of healthy living and impresses
upon them the importance of m.aking
good health habits a daily routine.
Tuberculosis has been widely publi-
cized. The public has been told of its
prevalence, the dangers attending it, and
its manner of spread. In spite of this,
in some households we find antagonism
and misunderstanding of our motives.
The ehief difficulty has to do with the
attitude of the family or household with
regard to our visjts. In some cases, there
is an unreasonable fear of the disease,
with the result that the patient is neg-
lected. Others are reluctant to believe

MARCH. 19.'

that tuberculosis is a serious disease, and
so treatment is delayed and contacts are
unnecessarily exposed to infection. Early
admission of the patient to sanatorium
offers the best means of solving these
problems because, in this way, the pa-
tient is assured of the necessary treat-
ment and the contacts are protected
through removal of the source of infec-
tion. Some individuals, notwithstanding
Pasteur and his wonderful discoveries,
actually doubt the existence of germs!
Our methods in he.alth education must
be such as to overcome ignorance and
prejudice concerning essentials. It re-
quires a great deal of persuasion to get
families to admit to a previous case of
tuberculosis in the family circle. thus in-
creasing the worker's difficulty in trac-
ing the prob.able source of infection. In
the majority of cases, it must be said,
however, that families are co-operative
and sincere in their desire to do what is
best for the patient. They are easily con-
vinced that sanatorium treatment is the
chief factor in cure.
Another great difficulty has to do
with the home treatment of a case of
tuberculosis. Such treatment is seldom
successful. Houses are overcrowded, and
a separate room, or even .a bed, fre-
quently an impossibility. Many homes
have no provision for rest in quiet sur-
roundings, with ample sun and fresh
air. The rhythm of family life in war-

197

198

THE CANADIAN NURSE

time is vastly different from what it
was before the war: night is turned into
day, and working, sleeping and eating
habits are reversed. All this in a small
flat where there is barely elbow-room!
How can an ambulant pneumo-thorax
case secure the necessary rest in such
an environment? And the outlook is
even less favourable for the p.atient who
is confined to bed.
Dr. Samuel C. SteÏIh states: "The
prevalent opinion that the finding of
active tuberculosis in a minimal stage
warrants an excellent prognosis is true
only if qualified by the statement 'if
;idequate treatment is taken' . . . The
number of minimal pulmonary tuber-
culosis cases in sanatoria has not in-
creased in direct proportion to the num-
ber of cases found." He points out that
on admission to sanatorium 50 per cent
of patients were much more ill than
they were at the time diagnosis was
made. He attributes this to delay in
admission to sanatorium and to the ra-
pid progress of the disease.
We are left with no illusions con-
cerning success in the home treatment of
a case of tuberculosis.
As regards tuberculous children, the
question of matern.al authority gives rise
to a difficulty because frequently such
authority is conspicuous by its absence.
Mothers loudly bewail their inability to
keep one child in bed while his brothers
and sisters are out playing. A recent

rticle2 maintains that the preventorium
is not an .indispens.able institution. Others
have said that it is possible to carry out
the treatment of a tuberculous chjld in
normal family surroundings. This theory
does not hold when applied to large
families in homes with inadequate sani-
tary' facilities and, practically, it is not
within the powers of the visiting nurse
to effect the improvement of sanitary
arrangements, nor does it depend solely
on the intelligence and good-will of the
parents. '
Today, the greatest number of tuber-
culous patients realize the necessity for

and desire sanatorium care. We may
perhaps take some credit for this atti-
tude since we continually stress the bene-
fits of institutional care both for the
patient and the family. Unfortunately,
there are insufficient beds available, the
long wait for admission to sanatorium
cools the patient's ardour, our educa-
tional efforts are undone, and we hear
such statements as: "If the disease were
communicable to the extent you claim,
a bed would have been found for me
long ago". Finally, if and when a bed
is found to be available, the patient fre-
quently refuses to go to sanatorium,
with the inevitable result.
One of our important duties is to ar-
range for the examination and periodic
re-examination of all contacts. Our per-
centage of such examinations parallels
the figures of a survey made in New
York State:: namely 48 per cent. Mon-
treal is gradually developing more and
more facilities for clinical and x-ray
examinations, and we are happy to re-
port correspondingly better results in
this respect. In mentioning this figure
of 48 per cent, it may be well to point
ou
that this does not mean that 52 per
cent of our cont.acts are not examined,
but rather that 48 per cent of them are
being supervised whereas the others are
not. :\;lany contacts are under the super-
vision of the family physician, and some
are examined at their place of employ-
ment. Others still are attending and are
being supervised by the outdoor depart-
ments of general hospitals and so claim
assurance of a clean bill of health as re-
gards pulmonary tuberculosis.
Not the least of our difficulties are
those associated with the social and
economic life of the families we visit.
Many of these people live from day to
day on a minimum wage. If bed-rest is
prescribed, if the patient is in a rooming-
house without help of any kind, if he is
the bread-winner of a large family,
there are many social and economic fea-
tures to be considered. Sometimes, child-
ren are to be placed in boarding homes;

PROBLEl\IS IN A TUBERCULOSIS PROGRAM 199

again, mothers' allowanc
s are to be
applied fOI, or, to meet immediate needs,
direct relief is to be secured from the
parish branch of the St. Vincent de Paul
Society. Usually it falls to the visiting
nurse to make these approaches, neces-
sitating innumerable visits, letters and
telephone calls. Social legislation, when
restricted to the letter of the law, may
be inapplicable to a particular situation,
such as the case of an indigent mother
who has not resided in the province for
seven years or more and who is not, in
consequence, eligible for provincial as-
sistance. Another case is that of a young
man who insisted on leaving sanatorium
to go back to work because his family,
though indigent, had lived in the prov-
ince for only four years and so were not
entitled to financial help from the pro-
vince.. These matters can generally be
adjusted, but in order to secure special
consideration for them there is much
work to be done, the quantity of which
is not measurable although it is essen-
tially part and parcel of the effective
handling of a case of tuberculosis.
The visiting nurse, by virtue of her
calling, is also the confidante of her pa-
tient and the family, and ber advice is
sought in a wide variety of physical and
mental ills. Many of these are beyond
her power to adjust, but her symp
thy
and tact will do much towards making
the burden easier to bear. The extent
of help given in this way can never be
estimated, and yet its value to the patient
and the family is without question.
vVe follow our patients through every
stage of the disease whether the prog-
nosis is favourable or un favourable. We
act on reports received from our own
medical staff, from family physicians,
and from hospital clinics. \Ve are
pleased to co-operate with the doctors in
interpreting their advice to their pa-
tients, and we are particularly appre-
ciative when the doctors' recommenda-
tions are given in clear and explicit lan-
guage.
There are patients who leave sana-

MARCH,1945

torium of their own accord, and there
are others who are intractable and dis-
satisfied. It is difficult to persuade these
individuals to remain under supervision.
They disregard our notices to report for
examination and, in time, despite our
efforts, we lose track of them.
An article, which appeared in Public
H eoL'h Nursing in 19414, states that
several sanatoria in the United States
reported that 66 per cent of their pa-
tients left sanatorium contrary to medi-
cal ad vice. Partial responsibility for this
was placed on the sanatoria for various
reasons, such as: failure to employ ade-
quate medical and nursing staff, insuffi-
cient provision for rest, lack 'of privacy,
over-activity for early cases, disregard
of aseptic measures, and even tacit en-
couragement of the patient to leave
sanatorium. It would appear that these
non-arrested cases are responsible for in-
creasing the number of re-admissions
by from 20 per cent to 2S per cent. I
do not know if comparable surveys have
been made in Canada.
These are some of our difficulties.
Trudeau has said: "On the spirit of a
work like this depends its success.".
\Vill the spirit of the tuberculosis work
that is being done in Montreal lessen
our difficulties and ensure success? \Ve
devoutly hope so! -

RtFERENCES

1. Stein, Samuel C,
1.D., Breakdown in
Early Tuberculosis. Public Health Nursing.
Vo1. 35, 1far. 1943, pp. 140-2.
2. Loew, Marion F., M.D., Tuberculosis
in the Child. Public Health Nursing. Vo1.
30, Apr. 1938, pp. 209-13.
3. Godfrey, Edward S., Jr. M.D., \Vhere
Place our Emphasis in Tube'rculosis? Pt4b

lic Health Nursing. Vol. 33, Oct. 1941, pp.
593-5.
4. Eshleman, Fannie, R. N., Points of Em-
phasis in Tuberculosis Nursing. Public
Health Nursing. Vol. 33, May 1941, pp.
306-10.
5. Gardner, 1Iary Sewal1, R.N., A.M.,
Public Health Nursing. The Macmillan Co.
3rd Ed., 1936, p. 387.

le service social de I'lnstitut Bruchesi: Ses difficultés

J e suis encore étonnée de l'honneur que
vous me faites de me mettre au programme
aujourd'hui. J'en suis aussi émue, impres-
sionnée, parce que j e pose un acte de res-
ponsabilité vis-à-vis un travail qui tient en
haleine les travailleuses sociales en tuber-
culose, à Montréa1.
V ous voulez bien vous reposer de données
scientifiques et savantes pour suivre au ser-
vice social, dans un domaine pratique et
quelquefois prosaique, les infirmières-visi-
teuses que vous déléguez dans les familles
.après un diagnostic?
Je suis invitée à VOllS parler de nos diffi-
cultés, s'il est humainement impossible de
n'en pas avoir du tout, jusqu'à quel point
la société et nous-mêmes pouvons-nous les
diminuer? J e ne suis pas, par bonheur, ap-
pelée à apporter des solutions mais bien à
exposer des difficu1tés vécues, réelles, que
des observations, des réf1exions ont Iocatisées
dans les visites à domicile pour moi jour-
nalières depuis des années.
Le travail de l'hygiéniste, que ce soit en
tuberculose ou dans une autre spécialité est
essentiellement un travail d'éducation. Quand
une infirmière, pleine d'enthousiasme frappe
à une demeure, eUe vient donner telle ou
teUe instruction, eUe vient enseigner, prouver,
faire admettre teUe ou teUe bonne habitude
d'hygiène pour que cette famille la vive
l'incorpore dans sa routine, pour qu'elle e

fasse une assimilation parfaite, alors seule-
ment il y a éducation.
On a beaucoup. fait pour l'éduction popu-
laire en tuberculose: on a publié, prôné sa
connaissance, ses dangers, sa contagion
mais nous rencontrons encore des réaction:
familiales qui font obstacle à notre travail.
Première difficulté, done, réaction de la
famille ou de I'entourage. On a une peur
irraisonnée du malade, ou on refuse de Ie
croire malade. Dans Ie premier cas, Ie malade
est persécuté; dans Ie second cas, son traite-
ment est di fferé et les contacts sont forte-
ment exposés à la contamination. L'hos-
pitalisation immédiate sauve les malades
dont on a peur, et l'hospitalisation immédiate
protège les contacts du malade dont on refuse
de reconnaitre l'état morbide. J'ai entendu
un raisonnement plus simpliste et incroyable
en 1944. "Pauvre Garde, voUs croyez à ça
vous awe microbes? Moi, je ne m'en fais
pas, je n'y crois pas". Pour ceUe-d, Pasteur

ax>

n'est pas né . . . eUe en est encore à la
génération spontanée. S'il nous faut observer
Ie principe qui demande d'adapter notre en-
seignement au niveau du developpement où
en sont rendus nos gens, ce qu'il faut re-
monter de loin des fois, et c'est pour con-
vaincre de choses élémentaires, naturelles,
pour nous indiscutables, que nous avons
pénurie d'arguments. Quelques préjugés sub-
sistent aussi: on n'avon pas facilement les
anciens cas de tuberculose dans la famille
. . . quelle adresse faut-il alors déployer
pour découvrir la source probable de con-
tamination.
Dans la majerité des cas, la familte
af fligée d'un malade veut sincèremeflt sa
guérison, souhaite l'hospitalisation Qui est
l'espérance du rétablissement prochain, à
son avis, et montre une bonne volonté évi-
dente aux exigences de notre enseignement
Mais deuxième difficulté, Ia cure à domi-
cile est matériellement et socialement im-
possible, toujours dans la majorité des cas.
Les maisons et même les lits sont surpeuplés.
Peut-il être question de chambre seule en-
soleillée, à une ambiance calme, reposa
te, à
une aération régutière et bienfaisante? La
vie famitiale n'a plus Ie rythme d'avant-
guerre, on dort Ie jour, mange et travaille la
nuit, dans un logis exigu où I'on se serve
les coudes, queUe cure attend notre malade?
A peine si 'les cas ambulants de pneumo-
thorax peuvent-ils décemment se reposer
un peu.
Le Docteur Samuel Stein écrit dans une
revue américaine "The Public Health Nurse"
ce qui suit: On attache beaucoup d'impor

tance au diagnostic précoce en tuberculose
comme facteur de guérison, mais encore
faut-il ajouter, oui, si Ie traitement oppor-
tun est institué immédiatement. La propor-
tion des malades dépistés au début, continue
Ie Dr Stein, n'est pas relative à l'admission
de cas de début dans les Sanatoriums. A leur
entrée awe Sanatoriums, 50 pour cent des
malades sont plus malades Qu'à l'époQue de
leur diagnostic. On attribue la cause au re-
tard à I'Hospitilisation, à la faible résistance
du contaminé et au progrès rapide de la
maladie dès Ie début de I'infection.
Et nous n'avons plus d'illusion sur la
possibilité d'une cure-traitement vraiment
ef ficace à domicile.
Pour les enfants tuberculet t, soumis à Ia

Vol. 41 No. 3

SERVICE SOCIAL DE L'INSTITUT BRUCHESI 201

cure, il y a la question d'autorité maternelle
Qui entre en cause, parce qu'elle est souvent
absente. Les mères nous certifient avec volu-
bilité leur impuissance à tenir un enfant au
lit tandis que ses frères et soeurs s'amusent.
Un article d'une revue américaine affirme
Que préventorium n'est pas indispensable,
qu'un enfant tuberculeux est appelé à guérir
en régime de vie normale. Cette assertion
vaut-elle pour nos familles nombreuses de
conditions sanitaires défidentes? L'améliora-
tion des conditions sanitaires ne dépend pas
exclusivement de l'hygiéniste ni même de
la compréhension et du bon vouloir des
parents.
Les malades récemment diagnostiqués
désirent I'hospitalisation: nous leur en van-
tons ses avantages pour lui et pour les
siens et l'attente émousse leur décision quel-
quefois héroique; nous perdons du terrain,
notre prestige diminue, Ie malade finit par
dire: "si c'était aussi contagieux que vous
Ie dites, Garde, on m'aurait trouvé une place"
et il refuse Ie lit qu'on lui offre . . . si on
lui offre un jour . , . avant Ie trépas . . .
N ous poursuivons inlassablement Ie but
d'amener à l'examen et à I'examen périodi-
que tous les contacts. Notre pourcentage de
contacts examinés rencontre Ie chiffre d'une
enquête faite aux Etats-Unis, soit 48 pour
cent. Mcntréal a de récentes facilités d'exa-
men clinique et radiographique et Dieu merci
notre travail a plus de résultats. . '
Un mot, à propos du chiffre de nos con-
tacts examinés. II ne veut pas dire que 52
pour cent des contacts ne 50nt pas examinés.
La vérité est que 48 pour cent des examens
de n05 contacts sont contrôlés, les autres,
pas. De nombreux contacts vont chez leur
médecin de famille ou sont examinés à leur
travail, ou, encore, inscrits et suivis dans les
dispensaires de nos hôpÍtaux généraux, ils
affirment avoir l'assurance d'être sains au
point de vue T.R pulmonaire.
Permettez-moi une parenthèse pour vous
expliquer les statistiques et citations améri-
caines. Je dois aux administrateurs de l'Ins-
titut R.-uchési I'avantage d'avoir suivi un
cours de perfectionnement à l'Université
McGill, d'octobre à février. Les étudiantes
avaient la liberté d'employer Ie dernier mois
à l'étude d'une spécialité, d'en faire une bib-
liographie, etc. Inutile d'ajouter que je me
suis consacrée aux problèmes médicaux-
sociaux de la tuberculose; c'est à cette
source de renseignements que je pui.se au-
jourd'hui.

MARCH. 1945

N ous avons à faire face à des difficultés
d'ordres économique et social dans nos fa-
milles visitées. La plupart de nos gens vivent
au jour Ie jour, du salaire courant. Si Ie
malade est mis au repos, et s'il est en
chambre, sans secours; s'il est Ie gagne-
pain d'une nombreuse nichée, maints pro-
blèmes sc posent. Accepte-t-on Ie placement
familial pour les enfants? Ou fait-on les
démarches en vue d'obtenir assistance de la
Pension des
fères Nécessiteuses? Le secours
immédiat est assuré par la Société de St
Vincent de Paul paroissiale, mais l'infir-
mière sollicite souvent pour la famille que
manque de ébrouillardise; elle recommande;
elle multiplie les démarches ordinaires et
quelquefois extraordinaires. Une loi sociale
peut par sa constitution devenir inopérante
dans certaines circonstances. Void un ex-
emple entre plusieurs: Une mère nécessiteuse
qui ne réside pas dans la Province depuis plus
de sept ans n'a pas droit à l'assistance pro-
vinciale. Dernièrement un jcune père de fa-
mille voulait sortir du Sanatorium, se re-
mettre au travail à cause de l'indigence dans
laquelle se trouvait sa famille établie dans
notre province de puis quatre ans seulement.
L'infirmière écrit au Président de la loi à
Québec, sa 1cttre est remise au Ministre du
Travail, et celui-ci, par considération spé-
ciale accorde en fin la pension. Void du tra-
vail qui n'apparait pas dans les statistiques
annuellcs, et qui est courant, intimement 1ié,
adhérent au problème tuberculeux.
Les confidences que nous entendons
généreusement révèlent bien des tares phy-
siques et morales. N ous ne pouvons pas tout
solutionner, mais combien adoucir des épreu-
yes ou à faire s'y résigner. Autre travail
n'invoquant pas d'expression quantitative et
qui a une tel1e importance pourtant.
II nous est utile de suivre nos patients
dans leurs étapes vers la guérison comme
hélas, vers l'aggravation de leur
tat. Au
point de vue médical, au point de vue traite-
ment, les directives nous arrivent des mé-
decins consultants; nous les lisons sur les
dossiers. ou nous les recevons avec plaisir
des cliniques voisines. C'est évident que
nous doublons vos conseils, vos enseigne-
ments, Messieurs les Médecins, que no us ar-
gumentons, expliquons les bienfaits de vos
p.rescriptions, c'est pourquoi nous appré-
clons tant les ordonnances claires d énergi-
ques.
Les malades qui sortent !ans congé des
Sanatorium, les indisciplinés, Ie! mécon-

202

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tents sont difficiles à ramener aux examens
de contrôle. Ils nous échappent littéralement.
Vers 1940 on fit une enquête dans les
Sanatoriums américains. Quelques institu-
tions ont rapporté que 66 pour cent de leurs
patients quittaient l'hôpital sans avis médical.
On impute aux Sanatoriums ou institutions
une bonne part de responsabilité. Les Sana-
toriums n'emploieraient pas suffisamment de
médecins et de gardes-malades qualifiés; les
patients n'y auraient pas Ie repos nécessaire;
il y existerait une promiscuité désagréable;
les cas de début auraient trop d'activité; il
y aurait peu d'attention à l'asepsie, enfin,
fréquemment on justifiait les malades de
quitter les Sanatoriums. Ce sont sans doute
ces non-guéris, ces non-améliorés qui gros-
sissent à 20, 25 pour cent Ie chiffre des ré-
admissions dans les Sanatoriums.
J e ne sais pas si enquête semblable a été
faite au Canada; nos voisins du Sud sont
sans doute plus que nous, friands de chiffres.
Il faut que je me sente vraiment en con-
fiance pour aborder la question de nos pau-

vres malades recevant des traitements, des
opérations que je qualifie, "orthodoxe!" n'en
connaissant pas la portée scientifique. It y
a ici un maniement délicat qui nous ennuie.
N ous ne voulons pas ébranler l'espérance
du malade qui, économiquement se gène pour
s'assurer, croit-il, une guérison infai11ible.
Mais jusqu'à quel point faut-it feindre d'ab-
diquer nos théories sagaces, n'est-ce-pas?
. . . devant des faits incontrôlables, frustant
nos gens au moins d'un côté?
Dilemme médical et social qui nous afflige
et qui c1ôt ici l'énumération de nos plus
grandes difficultés.
Trudeau a dit: "Le succès dépend de l'es-
prit avec lequel Ie travail est fait". L'esprit
du travail qui se fait à 11ontréal, en tuber-
culose diminuera-t-il nos difficultés? ,
c'est à espérer.
Je vons remercie de votre généreuse at-
tention que vous accordez sans doute à l'ac-
cent de sincérité qui m'absout peut-être
d'avoir osé retenir un auditoire, trop quali-
fié pour être qualifiable par moi.

Blood Donors Needed

There is nothing which can be done here
at home of more importance than to offer
blood for the life-giving work of the Cana-
dian Red Cross. It is unthinkable "that any
young men whose lives will depend on ade-
quate and immediate supplies of dried blood
serum should lose their lives because of our
failure - the failure of the Canadian peo-
ple, here at home, to donate at Canadian Red
Cross blood donor clinics.
The need for new donors stiU exists. Re-
cently the Ontario Division inaugurated a
campaign for 50,000 new donors in Ontario.
With the lives of many servicemen over-
seas depending on the continued supply of
plasma (serum) the Division's executive
had been greatly concerned with the drop-
ping off in donors. The fact that a great
many of the clinics had been calling up don-
ors regularly in eight weeks was also a
matter of grave concern. The ruling is that

donations should be spaced at a minimum of
eight weeks, but that not more than five
donations should be made each year. It il
early yet to estimate the complete total of
new donors who have signed up, but 5000
donations of blood daily are needed through-
out Canada to assure an ample supply.
Red Cross files bulge with letters from
returned men who freely acknowledge that
Red Cross plasma saved their lives. Cor-
poral Fred Cooper, now back in Brockville,
unhesitatingly ascribes the saving of his life
to a combination of blood transfusions and
skilled surgery. He says "there is no finer
war service for Canadians at home to render
than to give their blood at Red CroS! clin-
ics. Won't you enrol for this vital service
NOW? Failure to provide all the blood
needed would be a military disaster of the
first magnitude.

-KATHLEEN NAIRN

R.N.A.O. Annual Meeting

The Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario are arranging for their annual meet-
ing to be held at the Royal York Hotel, To-

ronto, on April 12, 13, and 14, 1945. The
program is not yet completed but a copy will
be sent to all members as soon as possible.

Vol. 41 No. 3

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A

Clinical Instruction in the Operat ing Room

MARY EICHEL

There still appears to be a question
in the minds of many members of the
nutsing profession as to whether oper-
ating room work is a special field or
whether it is a part of basic trainiag.
Weare not skilful nurses if we do not
apply technique to all our nursing care
in every field of nursing, and exquisitely
skilful nurses we want to be.
The operating room experience IS
placed at the end of the first year or
beginning of the second, primarily to
give the student intensive practice in
the technique of surgical .asepsis and
also a better insight into the conditions
of surgical patients and the relation of
the operation to the patients' nursing care.
The student will have had her lectures
in surgery and surgical nursing.
A period of not less than three months
is spent in the department, preceded by
ten hours of theory, and this period in-
cludes eye, ear, nose and throat sur-
gery, as well as observation in the cystos-
copic fooms. In this time the student
achieves the fundamentals of technique,
she learns how to become a good cir-
culating nurse, learns how to drape. She
should have sufficient scrub
to make her
familiar with sutures and needles used.
She should learn the names of instru-
ments and the methods of sterilization.
She is taught how to care for property in
the operating room as equipment is ex-
pensive, supplies are costly.

MARCH,1945

It is imperative that procedures com-
mon to all departments be standardized
throughout the hospital. This simplifies
technique for the student, she places
greater value on it, and it facilitates in-
struction.
In our profession, a sense of the
value of human life must be uppermost in
our minds, overwhelmingly so in the
operating room. The student must be
acutely aware that she and others are
directly responsible for the life of a pa-
tient. If we restore his health and send
him home to his family well and happy,
we feel our duty has been well done.
There are certain essential qualifica-
tions for a good operating room nurse.
Among them are such char.acteristics as
self-control, unlimited patience, honesty,

1
't::

"

. -...,

4,

.

'"
'"

A class at the Winnipeg General
H ospr.tal.

20J

THE CANADIAN NURSE

;._
..

=.".
..

,.

f

Preparing the instruments

dependability, keen power of observa-
tion and a good sense of humour. All
students cannot reasonably be expected
to possess all these qualities, but it is
our duty to develop them as much as
possible.
The best classroom for operating
room instruction is the operating room
itself. A tactful and adequate introduc-
tion helps to dispel the apprehension
that a student so often has when she
enters the department. The length of
time spent in orienting the student de-
pends on the size of the department. A
most complete period of orientation
must be planned before the student is
called upon to perform any function in
the operating theatre. A situation in
which a student is made the victim of
embarrassment often paralyzes a po-
tentially good student. She should be
made to realize that she plays an impor-
tant part in the smooth running of the
department.

f'

,t
'2.

Scruhhing up

20-1

II

"
.

It is essential to introduce the !tu-
dent to operating room procedures at
a rate which she can assimilate, to pro-
vide practice under supervision and to
enlarge her experience with her expand-
ing ability. As her training progresses
the student will gain confidence, show
more initiative, and will learn to make
decisions more readily which will stimu-
late quick thinking in an emergency.
In the senior weeks of her term in
the operating room when she shows suf-
ficient development she should be given
charge of one theatre where minor sur-
gery is done. Pushing a student to great-
er responsibilities before she is prepared
to accept them is not desirable as it gives
her a sense of insecurity and lack of am-
bition. Senior students should be given
an opportunity to assist in teaching jun-
ior students. Every opportunity for edu-
cational discussion should be grasped.
Individual instruction is so often nec-
essary and in such a busy department
it is the best method of teaching. Group
conferences and practice periods are ex-
cellent and should be carried out rou-
tinely. Appropriate assignments relating
to the work should be given.
A systematic recording of student
experience must be employed. Clinical
experience sheets for each student should
include all procedures, scrubs and per-
iods of instruction. Efficiency reports
require an adjustment peculiar to the
department, for example: (1) adapta-
bility and technical skill as applied to
the operating room; (2) responsibility
for comfort and safety of patient in the
operating room. In order to determine
the consistency of theory and practice,
records should be kept of marks obtained
in theory and efficiency.
A well-organized manual of proce-
d ures must be kept in the operating
room, also an up-to-date book of in-
struments used in all cases. The super-
visor and instructor must loyally work: in
close co-operation to achieve a single
objective - to provide a sound exper-
ience for student nurses in the ope rat..

I

Vol. 41 No. J

DOES YOUR ALUMNAE KEED REVAMPING 205

ing room. The instructor must be pro-
gressive, must maintain and stimulate
interest. The value a student gets out
of her training depends greatly on the
guidance and teaching she receives. It is
imperative that, in order to direct a well-
planned program of instruction, you
must not be overwhelmed with respon-
sibilities of administration, and here we
find a very definite place for an oper-
ating room instructor.
Let it be our objective then to in-

struct with patience, kindness and a
thoroughness that will include a defin-
ite and adequate teaching and clinical
program, to achieve our purpose of
producing good nurses.
You remember Rudyard Kipling's
few lines that set forth such an illumin-
ating philosophy of work - "Hard toil,
high courage, eternal sacrifice, bitter
disappointment, by these things are vis-
ions translated and dreams brought to
pass" .

Does Your" Alumnae Need Revamping?

HELEN MORRISON

For years it has been the practice of
many hospital Alumnae Associations to
meet once .a month, Vlorry through the
business, listen to a speaker, eat, and go
home. There has been little in the meet-
ings to stimulate any thought about the
problems of nursing. Last year, the Uni-
versity of Alberta Hospital Alumnae ex-
penmented to remedy this situation. It
was proposed that we substitute open
forums and panel discussions for out-
side speakers. Investigating material on
timely subjects would make members
much more conscious of what problems
face nurses today. At first a few mem-
bers were opposed to the idea. They felt
Alumnae meetings should be relaxing

ocial evenings. To keep everybody hap-
py a compromise was struck and we al-
ternated the type of meetings. Since
then, it has been generally agreed that
the discussion meetings are stimulating
and successful.
The usual procedure has been as fol-
lows: 1. A committee of three or four
members is nominated for each meet-
ing. It chooses the topic, and prepares
short papers on both sides of the question.
- 2. Alumnae members are notified of
the topics, by mail, so they may come
prepared for discussion.

MARCH. 1945

3. General discussion follows the
presentation of a paper. Committee mem-
bers keep order.
4. Senior student nurses and outside
graduates on the staff are invited to .at-
tend.
A few examples of topics discussed
are: (1) Should married nurses be em-
ployed after the war? (2) Should nurses
join Trade Unions? (3) Trends in Ba-
sic Preparation. (4) Post-war recruit-
ment from non-professional ranks.
We have found that, in spite of a
few heated words, intelligent agreement
on general principles is' usually reached.
Take topic (4) above. It was agreed
that: standards must not be lowered;
partially trained people should be under
the control of a responsible body such
as the C.N .A.; we would do well to
study the B.N .A. Act to see the POSSI-
bility of action on a national scale.
We have found these meetings are
well attended. Members are interested
enough to talk long past the usual clos-
ing time. We feel that the experiment
can be recommended to any Alumnae
Association which finds its meetings are
dull.

The Early Development of Pediatrics
as a Specialty

HAROLD B. CUSHING, M.D.

One of the most amazing and revolu-
tionary changes in the practice of medi-
cine during the present century has
been the development of the specialty
of pediatrics .and the coincident changes
in the medical care of children. In the
early years of this century there were
no real pediatric specialists in Canada.
Now, only forty years later, there are
nearly as many pediatrists as all the other
specialists put together. Forty years ago
there was no children's hospital, and
there was practically no teaching in
.children's diseases in our universities.
Graduating doctors and nurses had no
practical experience whatsoever in the
care of sick children. The only pediatric
society in America had forty or fifty
members, nearly all general practition-
ers. Now there are .at least a dozen such
societies, of which one, the American
Academy of Pediatrics, has nearly two
thousand members, all certified special-
ists in pediatrics only.
\Vhat was the cause of this astonish-
ing change? There is a superficial
and mostly incorrect saying that every
specialty resulted from the discovery of
a special instrument such as cardiology
from the electrocardiograph, urology
from the cystoscope, etc. This is c"er-
tainly not true of pediatrics. Prohably
the earliest start of the specialty was due
to artificial feeding of infants which ra-
pidly became so intricate and complicated
that only a specialist could comprehend
it. However this may be, later develop-
ments showed such remarkable advances
that the movement for the recognition
of the specialty rapidly progressed.
Let us look for a moment at the curi-
ous conditions that existed in l\1ontreal in
1900. At that time there were only
two small children's wards in the Eng-
lish-speaking hospitals of the city, of

206

about ten beds each, and both of these
were closed half of the time, either from
infectious disease or from lack of pa-
tients. No children under two years
could be admitted to either of these
wards unless accompanied by their mo-
thers, and consequently were seldom
admitted. Our forefathers apparently
believed that every woman was born
with a divine instinctive knowledge of
how to care for a child, whether sick
or well, and hence the proper place for
a sick child was in its own home, where
the unfortunate children died like flies.
No nurse-in-training had any instruction
or experience in child care; they were
supposed to be born with the knowledge
of it also. No medical student had any
teaching worth mentioning on the treat-
ment of sick children; it was taken for
granted it was the same as for adults.
The only te.aching in the writer's time
at college consisted of three lectures on
infant feeding given by the obstetric
department, one on breast feeding
(which seems to be rapidly disappear-
ing), one on the differences between
human and cow's milk (which everyone
has forgotten), and a third on wet nur-
ses, who have become extinct. Some two
or three lectures were also given on
children's diseases by some physician in
the department of medicine, but no stu-
dent paid any attention to these as there
was no examination on it.
Let us consider next the persons who
were associated with the early develop-
ment of pediatrics in Montreal. The
earliest and most important figure was
Dr. A. D. Blackader, who was the rec-
ognized authority here for many years
on children and their ailments. He lec-
tured on children's diseases at McGill
University from 1891 to 1921. He was
truly a remarkable and outstanding phy-

Vol. 41 No.3

EAR L Y D EVE LOP 1\1 E N T 0 F P E D I A T R I C S 207

sician. He was a most successful general
practitioner and was professor of Phar-
macology and Therapeutics at McGill
for over twenty years, pediatrics being
only a side-line in which he was inter-
ested. During his post-graduate study in
England, he occupied a position for four
months as resident in the Great Ormond
Street Hospital, one of the few children's
hospitab in existence at that time, and
this was probably the origin of his inter-
est in children. He started one of the
first clinics for children in America in
the Montreal General Hospital, and was
one of the founders of the American
Pediatric Society. He was always most
detailed in his instructions as to the care
of a case, and woe betide the mother who
failed to carry out every detail. His mar-
vellous knowledge of drugs, resulting
from his early training as a druggist, led
to a tendency to polypharmacy in his
treatment.
The real development of pediatrics
in Montreál is concerned largely with
the establishment of regular children's
hospitals in the city. The first of these
was the Children's Memorial Hospital,
founded in 1902 by Dr. A. MacKenzie
Forbes. Dr. Forbes was a young sur-
geon, specializing in orthopedics. Failing
to find accommodation for his chronic
orthopedic cases in the city hospitals, he
started a children's hospital for cripples
on his own initiative. Possessed of in-
domitable energy and zeal, he soon made
the venture a great success and within
a few years the Children's l\1emorial
Hospital developed into a general child-
ren's hospital and has become the centre
for English pediatric teaching in Mon-
trea1.
The first regular specialist in pedia-
trics in Montreal who confined his work

entirely to children was Dr. F. M. Fry,
who started practice as a children's spe-
cialist in 1914. Dr . Fry opened the first
Milk Station in the city for the oversight
of well-babies. He organized the City
Milk Commission to secure a supply of
pure milk. This was before the days of
pasteurized milk, to which Dr. Fry was
bitterly opposed, believing that raw milk
was an essential for infants. He was the
first pediatrist to be allowed to attend
new-born infants in the Maternity Hos-
pital. He was appointed lecturer in
children's diseases at McGill University
in 1923, but being in poor health he re-
tired after one year and the writer waS
appointed to the position in 1924.
I am sometimes asked if I think this
movement has run its course, that there
will be a reaction and the fad for hav-
ing children looked after by a specialist
will gradually die out. Personally I do
not believe this and see no signs what-
ever of it taking place. On the con-
trary the importance of the specialty ap-
pears to be growing from year to year.
I can clearly foresee the time in the
future when no doctor or nurse will be
graduated unless they have spent at least
one-third of their clinical experience in
the study of children and their diseases.
After all, children make up nearly one-
third of the population, are sick more
often and more seriously than the aver-
age adult, so why sh
uld not proper
instruction be given as to their care?
Litera]}} millions of human beings .are
now living who would have inevit3hly
died in early childhood had it not been
for the improvements in the care pro-
vided rIuring the last forty years. I firmly
believe the specialty of pediatrics is only
on the threshold of its recognized im-
portance.

Thiamin Feedings React Favorably

In a report published in Columbia Univer-
sity's Teachers College Record, Dr. Ruth
Flinn Farrell reveals that mental activities
of human beings are increased through a sup-

plemented diet which contains liberal supplies
of yeast. She reported further that it was
the thiamin (vitamin B 1 ) in the yeast which
caused the greater mental activities.

Vol. 41 No.3

Interesting People

Major (Senior P jMatron) M. R. Shaff-
ner, R.R.C., of 21 Army Group, 1st Eche-
lon, G.H.Q. North Western Europe, went
overseas originally with No. 15 Cana-
dian General Hospital in June, 1940. At
that time she was assistant matron of
the Unit, and subsequently became Ma-
jor (P /Matron). When No. 15 Canadian
Gener
l Hospital went to North Africa
in June, 1943, Major Shaffner went with
them, and through all the inconveniences
of tent living and encumbrances of the
weather in that part of the country main-
tained the morale of her Unit in an ex-
ceptionally fine manner. Both the pa-
tients and the Sisters benefitted by her

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Canadian MilitaTY Pho\o

MAJOR M. R. SHAFFNER

208

cheerful manner and her able administra-
t.ion. Shortly after No. 15 Canadian Gen-
eral Hospital moved to the mainland in
Italy, Major Shaffner returned to the
United Kingdom, where for a short per-
iod she was Principal Matron of No.
23 Canadian General Hospital. She saw
this Unit through its first stages of set-
tling down to life in thig country, and
then proceeded with Canadian Section,
G.H.Q., 1st Echelon, 21 Army Group,
North Western Europe, as Senior Prin-
cipal Matron. Major Shaffner has car-
ried on her work on the Continent in
just as an efficient manner as she work-
ed in the A.A.I. The Units under her have
undoubtedly benefitted by her exper-
ience gained while she was down there.
The picture is taken of Major Shaff-
ner, outside her tent shortly after 1st
Echelon was set up in Normandy. She is
wearing the khaki batUedress, blouse,
skirt and beret, which is worn by our
Canadian Nursing Sisters in an active
theatre of war now.

Elizabeth Helen Purdy has retired
from her position as supervisor of the
'Private Patients' Pavilion of the Toronto
General Hospital. Miss Purdy, who was
born in Kincardine, Ontario, of Irish-
Scottish parentage, graduated from the
School of Nursing of the Toronto Gen-
eral Hospital in 1905. Ever since her
graduation Miss Purdy has been on the
staff of her home hospital in various
capacities. Because of the extra demands
and responsibilities war imposed, she
postponed her retirement for several
years. Tribute has been paid to her long
years of service in a recent series of so-
cial events. Miss Purdy has made a hobby
of her books and china collections and her
many friends wish her joy in her well-
earned retirement.

. . t'

Monica Mary Frith was recently ap-
pointed generalized consultant in public
r.eaJth nursing with the Provincial Board
(of Health in British Columbia. Born in

Vol. 41 No.3

I
TERESTING PEOPLE

"

-

;'T

, -"

.

K. McAllister, Victoria
.:\10NICA 1\1. FRITH

Prince Albert, Sask., Miss Frith re-
ceived her preliminary education in that
province and in Ontario. She graduated
from the Vancouver General Hospital in
1939 and received her RA, and RA.Sc.
from the University of British Columbia.
After three years rural experience at
Kelowna and Creston, Miss Frith was

Randolph Macdonald, Toronto
ELIZABETH H. PURDY

awarded a scholarship by The Common-
wealth Fund of New York for study at
the University of Michigan where she
received her Master of Public Health
degree. At the conclusion of her aca-
demic year, Miss Frith received a second
scholarship from the W. K. Kellogg
Foundation for further field experience.

Obituaries

The Alumnae Association of the Wo-
men's College Hospital suffered a great
loss in the recent passing of their much
loved friend. Mrs. Hannah Mary Fergu-
son Bowman. Only last August a portrait
of Mrs. Bowman was painted and pres-
ented to the hospital in celebration of the
silver jubilee of the Alumnae of which she
was the founder.
Born in Maroposa Township, Mrs.
Bowman was a graduate of Clifton
Springs Sanatorium in 1908 and later
graduated from Columbia University as
a registered nurse. Returning to Can-
ada, she became superintendent of Kit-
chener- Waterloo Hospital at Kitchen-
er, and subsequently Strathroy General
Hospital, later going to Halifax as sup-
erintendent of nurses at the Victoria
General Hospital.
Appointed superintendent of the Wo-
men's College Hospital, Toronto, in 1917,
she held the position until 1926 when she
received the appointment of superinten-

MARCH, 194.5

dent of the General Hospital, Newburg,
N.Y. She returned to Toronto in 1938
of Ithaca Memorial Hospital, Ithaca,
N. Y. She later became superintendnet
with the idea of retiring, but accepted
the appointment of superintendent of
Hillcrest Convalescent Hospital, continu-
ing until 1943.
Mrs. Bowman was a past president of
the Superintendent of Nurses' Associa-
tion of Canada, and a member of the
Victorian Order of Nurses, the Women's
Canadian Club, and Wychwood Presby-
terian Church.

Faith Tennys Henderson (Holy Cross
Hospital, Calgary) died recently in Cal-
gary. Ever since her graduation, Miss
Henderson had devoted herself to the
care of the Indians on the Sarcee Re-
serve, being matron of the Sarcee Hos-
pital. An artist, Miss Henderson re-
ceived recognition for her paintings of
pastoral scenes.

2'09

210

THE CANADIAN KURSE

Mrs. Minerva Manahan Rendell (Me-
dicine Hat General Hospital> died re-
cently in Greenwood, B. C. Mrs. Rendell
was the first matron of the Greenwood
Hospital. Despite her seventy years, Mrs.
Rendell accepted the challenge of the

wartime shortage of nurses and four-
years ago again assumed the responsi-
bilities of matron in that hospital. She
took a keen interest in public affairs
and for several years served Grenwood
as an alderman.

Book Awards In Nursing Education

With awards totalling $1500 the McGraw-
Hill Book Company is annou
cing a contest
for the most outstanding three manuscripts
submitted on nursing subjects before March
15, 1946. First -choice will receive $1000,
second choice $400, third choice $100. The
contest is open to any nurse in any country
and persons in other professional fields are
encouraged to participate, but manuscripts

must be written in English and on nursing
subjects.
Ianuscripts submitted for. an award
should be publishable in book form as texts
or reference works and should contain not
less than 50,000 words. Complete details may
be obtained by writing to the Health Educa-
tion Department of the McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd St., New York
City 18.

Vitamin B Flour

Public health nurses who have been receiv-
ing complaints from families whom they
have induced to use the enriched vitamin B
flours will be interested in some experiments
reported in the J Dumal of the Canadian
Dietetic Association on the "Use of Canada
Approved white flour in ordinary household
reci pes".
Tests were carried out by students of the
Department of Household Science of the
University of Toronto and their findings
indicate that for most forms of baking,
rolls, cookies, muf fins and pastries, excellent
results were obtained. Gingerbread and cakes
were not quite so satisfactory when made
from the enriched flour. A slight tinge of
colour was perceptible and a characteristic
flavour could be recognized, but it was not
pronounced and was considered pleasing
rather than disagreeable.
Though not fully investigated, doughs
made with vitamin B' flours seemed to take
appreciably more time for the first rising
than did that made from general purpose
flour. They required from five to ten min-

utes longer. There was no evidence of greater
stickiness of the dough made from the en-
riched flour. Rolls made from it browned
somewhat more quickly.
Urge the families to use vitamin B flour
for home cooking.

Urgent Need for Nurses

At the recent meeting of the Executive
Board of the National Council of Catholic
Nurses in the United States, full support
was given to a resolution recognizing the
urgent and immediate need of nurses for the
armed forces. Furthermore, they went on
record as deeming it important that due
provision should be made for the mainten-
ance of adequate educational standards and
staffs in the schools of nursing, which are
the normal sources of professional nursing
personnel, and for those health agencies and
institutions vital to the well- being of the
civilian population.

Vol. 41 No.3

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretary, The Canadian Nurses Association

The nurses of Canada will be pleased
to learn that Christmas and New Year
greetings were received at National Of-
fice from the S. African Trained Nurses'
Association; the Swedish Nurses' Associa-
tion; New Zealand Registered Nurses'
Association; International Council of
Nurses; the Royal College of Nursing,
London. \Ve are indebted to Mrs. Bed-
ford Fenwick, president of the British
College of Nurses, for a copy of "Prin-
cess Elizabeth at Home", by Lisa Sheri-
dan. This charmingly illustrated booklet
.has been added to the library.
At the request of the director of the
Education Department, Royal College
-of N" urs1ng, London, England, the
Canadian K urses _ \ssociation has plan-
ned a program of observation and ex-
perience in Canada, covering a two-
months' period, for :\11SS E. Jeanette
Merry, S.R.N., S.C.:\1., recently ap-
pointed education officer to the Queen's
Institute Nurses, England.
In 1939 Miss lVlerry was awarded a
public health nursing scholarship by the
Royal College of Nursing. Due to th

vvar and the consequent pressure of her
vvork in England, she was unable to
take advantage of the scholarship until
the present time.
1iss Merry is a grad-
uate of St. Thomas's Hospital, London,
and received the diploma in social stu-
dies from Bedford College.
While in Canada, Miss 1\1erry will
study procedure in hospitals in MOI1treal
and Toronto, in the Victorian Order of
Nurses and in public health departments
in Ontario and Quebec. Later she will
leave for New York, where she will be

MARCH. 1945

Wlder the guidance of the National Or-
ganization for Public Health Nursing
for a similar period of observation.

Bursaries

Since the last report issued as at Sep-
tember 30, 1944, awards for long and
short-term bursaries have been made as
follows:

L01
g-term: (Quebec) Phyliss P. Thomp-
son, Montreal. Short-term: (Albertå) Marie
E. Dufresne, Ruth L. Sheppard, Edmonton.
(British Columbia) K. Mary \Vorsley, Vic-
toria. C\Ianitoba) Ruby A. Dewar, Dauphin;
Florence
L Bezdzietny, Eleanor L. Illsey.
Jennie G. Kereluk, \V inni peg. (New Bruns-
wick) Dorothy lL Phinney, Moncton; Ma-
rie P. Linkletter, Saint John. (Nova Sco-
tia) Lenta G. Hall, Bedford; Dorothy H.

JEANETTE MERRY

211

212

THE CANADIAN NURSE

\Vatson, Halifax; Jemima M. MacLean,
Inverness; Edna M. Downie, Kentville;
Beryl MacRae, StelIarton. (Ontario) Mary
M. Currie, Campbellville. (P.E.I.) Jean E.
Campbell, Charlottetown; Barbara Pratt,
St. Peter's Bay. (Quebec) Marion H. Stew-
art, Brownsburg; Beryl Freed, Elizabeth
Hughes, Faith Lyman, Sister Marie Robert,
Montreal; Dorothy G. Brown, Sherbrooke.
( Saskatchewan) Clara R. Weiss. Girvin;
Marion M, Pope. Rosetown.

Field Visiting
Some years ago the executive of the
Canadian Nurses Association realized
that more direct contact between the
C.N.A. and its federated units was de-
sirable, and recommended that consid-
eration be given to the development of
the office of a national field secretary.
War came, and the activities of the As-

ociation have increased and expanded
with lightning speed. The appointment
of an emergency adviser and the pro-
gram that she carried out have demon-
strated beyond all doubt the value and
need of direct and continuous close con-
tact of the national with the provincial
associations. Although National Office
continues to be an extremely busy cen-
tre, it is realized that the staff should
endeavour to m.aintain personal contact
with the provinces through the provin-
cial associations.
The general secretary has planned to
attend as many of the provincial annual
meetings as possible during the èoming
months, .and expects to spend approxi-
mately five weeks visiting the western
provinces beginning the end of March.
Plans are also underway for the as-
sistant secretary to spend considerable
time. visiting in each of the provinces
throughout the coming year, for the
purpose of obtaining and compiling data
relative to nursing service needs which
is required for the Postwar Planning
Committee. She will also be available
for consultation with conveners of all

committees. The point of emphasis in
the publicity program will be V ocatlOnal
Guidance, and it is hoped that it will be
possible to arrange conferences with edu-
c.atio
al counselIors throughout the
provmces.

National Conference of Women

Professional and business women's
organizations in Great Britain and the
United St.ates have been very active dur-
ing the past few months drafting and
preparing blueprints for guidance dur-
ing the reconversion period. The women
of Great Britain drafted a pamphlet
"Women \Vho \V ork, Their Standards
and Status". The Women's Bureau,
Dep.artment of Labour, Washington,
sponsored a conference comprised of
officials of thirty national organizations,
the result of which has been the setting
up of a Reconversion Blueprint for
Women. The National Council of Wo-
men of Canada has. called .a meeting in
Toronto for the beginning of February,
when this subject as it applies to Cana-
dian needs will be dealt with by repre-
sentatives of various women's organiza-
tions, including the Canadian Nurses
Association. Further reports will be
given on the result of the conference.

British Nurses Relief Fund

During her recent visit to various
centres throughout Canada, Miss Grace
Fairley, convener of the British Nurses
Relief Fund Committee, referred to
the work of her committee, and as a
result we gr
tefully acknowledge a
donation of $25 from Miss Dorothy
Gunn, 136 Kent Street, London, On-
tario.
The following extracts taken from a

Vol. 41 No.3

NATIONAL OFFICE

213

letter received from a recipient of the
fund bear witness to the value of the
-establishment of this worthwhile means
of assistance:

I feel I must write to you to express my
appreciation and gratitude for the benefits
I have derived from your Association through
the Royal College of Nursing. I have
thanked Miss Fletcher and she has sug-
gested I might care to write you and may-
be, she says, you would like to know a little
of my experience. As you are scarcely in
the position to say you are not interested,
I must risk boring you with my confidence.
In 1940, I was called up and attached to
the British Red Cross Society (Trained
Nurses Section) and my first appointment
was to join the medical side of the evacua-
tion of children to the Dominions scheme. So
ten sisters were sent out with the children
to AU5tralia. 'Ve were in the hospital and
were kept busy all the way out. After land-
ing the children safely, we were sent back to
England on various boats with escorts and
-our party was broken up, just where we
could get a berth, so consequently we were
unprotected, being chiefly on small cargo
ships and a fine target for the Germans.
I was unfortunate enough to be taken
prisoner by a German raider, after our ship
was shelled and sunk. 'Ve were transferred
to a prison ship and were two and a half
months on the sea with eight hundred men
prisoners and eventually taken to France
-and later on in stages transmitted to Ger-
many. I had quite an insight into German
methods. The Gestapo picked up the wo-
men (nine of us) and pushed us into civil
prisons in transit. I was with my compan-
ions in eight of their prisons. \Ve did not see
daylight for two and a half months, as we
were conducted from one place to another
in prison vans and prison trains. We also
had the pleasure of being accompanied by
-police dogs on all occasions. Eventually we
got to an internment camp in 'Vurtemberg,
which was not so drastic but still a prison
to us.
After two and a half years I was thrilled
to be repatriated to England. Unfortunately
by this time I had developed a little heart
trouble, which required treatment. But my
financial distress was caused through, of
course, losing everything at sea. I had also

MARCH,1945

some property which, till uugh the blitz and
my absence, sustained damage and loss of
business. I found when I returned my fur-
niture had been exposed and also tenants
were in my quarters, so considerable amount
of concern was attached to this business
also. My insurance had lapsed. My health
not being too good just then made it more
difficult.
It was at this period that the Royal Col-
lege helped me through your Association
giving me a cheque for ;tlOO. Well I was so
surprised for I didn't think of such gener-
osity from anyone. Anyway I had just got
everything straight and got into a new house
when this awful menace which we have
been putting up with visited me. We had a
robot June 26 (1944) in the next road gar-
den, then July 3 we got one in our road and
two days a fter that a terrible one in the
High Road Well, you can imagine I got
the full benefit of the: blast. I was thrown
right down the stairs and the whole house
seemed to fall in. I sustained slight injury.,
iprained ankles and back, but so, so grateful
to be whole and not maimed. So once more
I have to wait for repairs and gather the
remnants of furniture, etc. I had let two
flats and lived myself in the ground floor,
had just settled in two months and now this!
Well, one can't call it monotonous, can they?
Again the College has helped me and I am
so grateful because I don't want to get in
arrears again, if possible.
Do forgive the detail, but one does feel
that when good causes are so helpful and
attain the object - well please let me say
"Thank you very much."

Nurses National Memorial Service

It has been customary in the past
to hold .an annual vesper service for the
nurses of Canada on a suitable date in
May. It has been decided to hold the
service this year on Sunday, May 6.
Arrangements are usually made loc.ally
for this memorial service. Whenever
possible these are made in co-operation
with local units of the Nursing Sisters'
Association.

Postwar Planning Activities

Contributed by

POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

The "postwar period" of which we
hear and talk so much is actually al-
ready here. The Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation has been aware of this reality and
the national committee on Postwar Plan-
ning has endeavoured to meet some of
the requests for guidance and help. The
objectives of this committee have al-
ready heen clearly set forth in the] our-
nol (September, 1944). That .all may
be informed concerning educational and
service opportunities as they develop,
announcements will appear monthly on
this page.
Rehabilitation is alre.ady in progress
both at home .and abroad. The govern-
ment has provided financial assistance
for all service personnel who wish to
obtain further education and training in
the work of their choice. In anticipation
of the return of nursing sisters wishing
to take further studies, and in collabora-
tion with the Matrons-in-Chief of the
Armed Services, we have enquired of
each nursing sister what she plans to do
on demobilization. From these replies
it is possible to estimate roughly the
number of nursing sisters returning to
former positions, the number wishing
to study, and those planning to return
immediately to nursing service. Thus,
administrators of hospitals and univer-:
sity schools may better prepare for in-
creased numbers of applicants for the
different clinical services and specialties.
Also, the national committee is work-
ing on an over-all plan while the pro-
vinces work on their local plans. The
work of the central committee aims to
st
engthen the provincial committees in

214

IY!

the various provincial programs being
planned to meet specific local needs. We
are pleased to give the names of the con-
veners of the provinci.al postwar plan-
ning committees in order that you may
directly contact the province of your
choice for special information at any-
time:

Albcrta: Miss I. Johnson, Royal Alexan-
dra Hospital, Edmonton. British Columbia:
Miss Alice \Vright, 1014 Vancouver Block,
Vancouver. l.lanitoba: Miss Hazel Keeler,
Dept. of Nursing, University of Manitoba,
\\ïnnipeg-. N c'w Bnms'wick : Miss Bessie Sea-
man, 29 \Vellington Row, Saint John. N O'L.'!Z"
Scotia: Miss Jean Forbes, 314 Roy Bldg.,
Bali fax. Ontario: Miss Edna Moore, Dept.
of Health, Parliament Buildings, Toronto.
Prince Edward Island:
Iiss Katharine Mac-
Lennan, Provincial Sanatorium, Charlotte-
town. Quebec: Rev. Sister Lefebvre, Insti-
tut Marguerite d'Y ouville, 1185 St. Matthew
St., Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss Edith
Amas, c/o National Selective Service Office,
2nd Avenue, Saskatoon.

'Ve hope at an early date to have on
this page a complete list of educational
courses available in our Canadian hos-
pitals and university schools.

More About UNRRA

Canadian nurses responded splendid-
ly to the request from UNRRA for
nurses for difficult foreign assignments.
To the list of those who have been ap-

Vol. 41 No. 3

PO S T \V A R P LAN N I N G ACT I V I TIE S 215

pointed we add the following: D. Lan-
teigne, Anne Giesbrecht, L. Rutherford,
Mary Greenwood, A. Hemmingson, B.
Benedict, D. Grad, Irene Bloomer,
Eleanor Wheeler, Helen Haley, Mil-
-dred Bernado, Rhea Kavanagh, Doro-
thy MacTier, Louise Sheffer and
Blanche Lettner.
The Can.adian Nurses Association is
responsible to the Canadian public for
providing nursing service at home both
to civilians and to the wounded return-
ing from the battlefield. Thus we must
weigh carefully the effect of the with-
drawal of any number of nurses for ser-
vice elsewhere. The Association, there-
fore, has set a quota for nurses available
for UNRRA service. The first small
quota was rapidly filled to meet UNR
RA's emergency need for general staff
nurses for hospital work in the Middle
East. A new quota of fifty nurses for
all categories was set in November. The
authorities at UNRRA headquarters in.
Washington have prepared a reserve of
qualified personnel for immediate call
when needed. Some eighteen Canadian
nurses' names are now on this reserve
list.
The general progress of UNRRA
activities can be followed in the d.aily
newspapers. \Ve can only hope that the

delay in bringing succor to those so long
oppressed will be very short.
To those interested in serving with
UNRRA, application forms and details
concerning qualifications, etc. may be
obtained from the Executive Secretary
of e.ach provincial registered nurses as-
sociation. In brief, the following condi-
tions must be fulfilled:
Educational and professional qualifi-
cations: An academic degree, with grad-
uate training in your specialty; at least
two ye.ars supervisory experience in that
specialty.
Most positions are for public health
supervisors but a few hospital supervÍl-
ors are still required.
/! vailability: The nurse is responsible
for her replacement on staff, whether
in hospital or public health nursing. The
labol1r exit permit may be withheld un-
til rep{acement is assured.
Phptcal fitness: The rigorous life an-
ticipatl:d for those going into the liber-
ated countries requires vigorous good
health. Exposure, privation, and isola-
tion are promised to those who see this
. I
serV1ce.

MARION LINDEBURGH
C on'vener
Committee on Postwar Planning

1944 Approved List of Hospitals

The American College of Surgeons an-
nounces that 3,152 hospitals in the United
States and Canada are included in the 1944
Approved List. The list is published in the
annual Approval Number of the College
Bulletin issued December 31.
A total of 3,911 hospitals were included
in the 1944 survey and the approved hospi-
tals represent 80.6 per cent. The first an-
nual survey in 1918 included 692 hospitals of
100 beds or over of which only 89 or 12.8
per cent merited approval. Hospitals of
twenty-five beds and over are covered in
the current surveys.
A total of 2,342 hospitals of 100 beds and

over were on the 1944 survey list, and 2,182
or 93.1 per cent were approved. A total of
1,119 hospitals of 50 to 99 bed capacity were
under survey of which 789 or 70.3 per cent
were approved. A total of 450 hospitals of
twenty-five to forty-nine bed capacity were
under survey of which 181 or 40.2 per cent
were approved.
On December 31 of each year the rat-
ings of hospitals under survey by the
American College of Surgeons automatical-
ly terminate. The status of every hospital
based upon a11 data co11ected from the cur-
rent survey is reconsidered each year.
-American College of Sur,geons.

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Essentiality No. 1 - The Home
B. KINo
Student Nurse
School of Nursing, TVinnipeg General Hospital

It all began one Saturday after sup-
per when the family had gathered in
the living room. Mr. Smith sat in the
easy chair, scanning the headlines of the
daily newspaper. Mrs. Smith cupped
her face in her hands and made mental
notes - "Mauve is the new spring
color - Ham and eggs in potato nests
now that April is here" - this from
the Women's Page. l\1ingled sounds of
hero worship came from the floor where
nine-year-old David :md his baby bro-
ther Jerry were sprawled on the rug,
deeply engrossed in the feats of their
idoJ, Superman. Mary, a typical four-
teen-year-old, was more interested in
the dress Ginger Rogers wore in her
latest picture, as she comfortably curled
herself up on the chesterfield with an
open copy of a magazine on her knee.
In the mind of each there was no
thought of the near tragedy that was to
come to them as it has come to so many
Canadian families. Mr. Smith was well
established in business and bought Vic-
tory Bonds regularly. The children had
\Var Savings Certificates that were fiJI-
ed in religiously each week. Only Mrs.
Smith felt that her contribution to the
war effort Jeft something to be desired.
The newspaper answered her problem
in brilliant advertising "Canada needs
you - release one more man for active

rvice." So it was that on the following
Monday, Mrs. Smith, clad in overalls

216

and kerchief, punched the time clock
in a nearby factory.
Necess.ary arrangements had been
made. Mr. Smith had his lunch down-
town as usual and came home for din-
ner in the evening. Mary and David
took Jerry to a day nursery on their way
to schooJ in the morning and picked
him up at 4 p.m. Mary prepared din-
ner for the family.at 6.30 and he"r moth-
er worked the evening shift once
every week. Mary and David received
extra allowance for their work and
everything went smoothly for a
while.
David was a good boy. He had a
normal boy's curiosity, love of excite-
ment .and adventure, and most of all,
he, like the other boys in the neighbor-
hood who had working mothers, needed
companionship and a place to call
"home." A gang had grown up among
them and they used an oJd shack on an-
empty back lot for a clubhouse. At first
it was just fun - they played baseball
and horseshoes and went home at sup-
pertime. But soon some of the boys be-
gan to "sleep out" under the soft sum-
mer night. Then of course they needed
food and some of the luxuries of a home
in their clubhouse. Canned goods, a
lamp, a radio, cushions, cigarettes -
all these things were thieved from
neighboring groceterias.
Young boyish spirits called for ex-

Vol. 41 He.

ESSENTIALITY NO.1-THE HOME 217

citement and adventure and this was
achieved by tormenting two boys of for-
eign blood who lived "across the tracks."
The boys felt quite patriotic and justi-
fied in hurling threats and insults at
them. Bitter scrambles would ensue be-
fore policemen sent them scattering.
Then one day .as the two boys were
fleeing from the invading gang, David
picked up a stone and hurled it at their
retreating figures. It caught the German
boy on the back of the head and he fell
to the ground. Believing him dead and
very badly frightened David turned and
ran. He hid that night in a dark grain
bin and later crawled into the boxcar
of an outgoing freight.
Mary felt quite grown-up with her
new found responsibiJity. It was fun
at first to have the entire care of the
house - getting dinner, doing dishes,
and caring for baby Jerry. But even
an enthusiastic fourteen-year-old soon
tires of these things and Mary was no
exception. She began to use just a little
make-up and tried to effect hair stylings
like her favorite film actresses. She and
Janet, the girl from across the street,
began to go out evenings. At first they
went to the corner drug store for a
soda, then back to do their homework.
Then they began to stay out later and
strolled arm in arm through the streets.
As they passed the barbershop and pool-
hall, young men gathered there whistled
at them, occasionally some of them fol-
lowed the girls home. That older men
should notice her was very flattering
to Mary's awakening ego. Help was
needed on curb service at the little road-
house ju
t outside town so Saturday night
found Mary, dainty, attractive, and cute
and innocent in a frilly white apron,
taking and filling orders. Not that night,
but several nights later two very charm-
ing young men in uniform offered to
give her a lift home and Mary accepted.
It was a thoroughly frightened mo-
ther who arrived home from work that
Saturday night to find Jerry in a heap
besid
his crib and a sobbing neighbor's

MARCH. 1945

girl bending over him. A frantic examin-
ation found him unharmed and bit by
bit Mrs. Smith got the story from the
little girl. But where was Mary? She
should be back from the roadhouse. And
David - where was he? Her husband's
footsteps sounded on the walk and to-
gether they hurried to the police sta-
tion, after safely depositing Jerry in the
care of a neighbor.
It took the police force very little
time to pick up a frightened, weeping
Mary who was walking alone into town.
David was found in the next town and
with kindness and the assurance that
he had not killed, but stunned the Ger-
man boy, he was persuaded to come
home. His offence was brought before
the town judge who fortunately was an
understanding man. David was not pun-
ished - he had learned his lesson, so
had Mary, and best of all, so had Mr.
and Mrs. Smith.
This narrative is only one of many
occurring everyday in this country of
ours. It illustrates the greatest factor in
causing and the greatest means of pre-
venting juvenile delinquency, namely
war and the home. A country at war is
one in which its young people are sud-
denly faced with adult situations. High
school girls find that their carefree boy
companions have overnight become men
who have a task before them that may
cost them their lives. Emotions run
rampant and the feeling that "this time
may be the last time" leads young peo-
ple to a social behaviour that under other
circumstances would be abhorent to
them.
Though war is one of the greate'st
factors, it is not the only one. Indiffer-
ence of parents to their own moral life
and the teaching of tl-teir children; po-
verty of families leading to petty thiev-
ing and later major crimes; lack of
group organizations for young people
which provide a healthy outlet for their
normal spirits-these are additional fac-
tors.
The children of today are the men

218

THE CANADIAN NURSE

.and women of tomorrow. Delinquency
has no place in the set-up for the new
world that everyone dreams, prays and
hopes for. Th
n it is a challenge to par-

ents, schoolteachers, judges, policemen
- to every citizen, to see that our
children are clean .and strong in mind
and body. Such is their birthright.

Book Reviews

Mental Hygiene, by D. B. Klein, Profes-
sor of Psychology, University of Texas.
498 p8ges. Published by Henry Holt
& Co. Inc., N ew York. Canadian agents:
Clarke, Irwin & Co. Ltd., 480 Univer-
sity Ave., Toronto 2. 1944. Price $2.80
& 15 per cent.
Reviewed by Selena Henderson, R.N.,
Mental Hygiene Section, Division of
Child Hygiene of the City of Montreal.
Presented primarily as a text-book for
studf-nts of psychiatry and psychology
this book attempts also to meet the needs
of the general reader. The author views
his subject from a rather different angle
and deserves credit for not being afraid
of showing that psychology and moral
principle are not incompatible as theore-
tically presented works on the subject,
as is generally believed.
The subject matter of the book is
divided into two broad spheres of activ-
ity: (a) Mf:ntal Diseases, discussed in
parts 2 and 3; (b.l Mental Health, parts 1
and 4. Either can be read independently
of the other.
(a) Part 2, The Nature of Mental Di-
sease, classifies mental diseases and gives
an elementary, working knowledge of
each of the disorders listed. Part 3, pre-
venting Mental Disease, supplies the
reader with the present status of knowl-
edge concerning their prevention. The
author summarizes these sections by the
significant remark: "Emotional security
. . . seems to be the pivot of mental health.
The roots of this security are embedded
within the life of home and family".
(b) Part 1, The Nature and Scope of
Mental Hygiene, is an introductory chap-
ter to part 4, Promoting Mental Health.
This section provides the most profitable
reading of the entire book. The author
himself advises "if one can read only a
part of the book to read this portion".

Public health nurses, social workers,
teachers and parents will find it espe-
cially helpful. There are excellent chap-
ters deaing with the home and the school.
Here also the author deals with such
topics as a healthy philosophy of lüe,
the cultivation of varied and stimulating
interests, the hazards of undisciplined
. wishful daydreaming, and the importance
of emotional security within the home.
In it he includes references to efficient
techniques of repression, the desirability
of having friends and getting along with
people, and has much to say about cop-
ing with the annoyances and frustrations
of ev
ryday living.
The material of the entire book is
presented in an easy-to-read style suited
as well to the lay readel' as to the student
of pRychiatry or psychology. Technical
terms are explained or elaborated by
mean!" of
imple, and usually concrete
examples. Finally, a glossary of the
technical vocabulary has b
n appended
to facilitate understanding by the general
reader. After reading it, workers of some
experience in the field of applied psychol-
ogy and psychopathology will not feel,
as they have in closing- other books on
the question, that textbooks and theory
on the one hand and actual case mate-
rial on the other are so hard to reconcile
one to the other. An excellent book for
a study group.

Chest Surgery for Nurses, by J. Leigh
Collins, B.Sc., M.D., F .R.C.S., in col-
laboration with L. E. Mabbit, S.R.N.
128 pages. Published by Baillière,
Tindall and Cox, London, Eng. Cana-
dian agents: The Macmillan Company
of Canada, St. Martin's House, Toronto
2. 1944. Price $2.25.

Vol. 41 No. J

NURSES' LENDING LIBRARY

The collaboration of a chest surgeon
and a nurse with wide experience in the
care of surgical chest disease has result-
ed in the production of an exceedingly
informative book. In addition to very
careful and lucid descriptions of all of
the disease conditions which may affect
the chest, there are nearly one hundred
sketches which are of great value in
clarifying every detail both of structure
and of treatment.
The first section outlines the anatomy
of all the parts included in this part of
the body, their physiology and mechan-
ics. Section two begins with an account
of the general clinical principles in-
volved. The role of the nurse in this type
of care is stressed. "The importance of
good nursing in the treatment of sur-
gical chest conditions is well recognized
to be of relatively greater significance

219

than it is in most other branches of
nursing . . . So many individually small
details in treatment can make or mar a
patient's chance that it is essential that
the chest surgical nurse should be of the
first calibre with a considerable funda-
mental knowledge of her subject". The
rest of the chapters deal with the va-
rious pathological conditions and their
treatment, dividing the whole area and
studying possible injuries and diseases
in the chest wall, the pleura, the lung,
the mediastinum, the diaphragm and the
vessels. A series of interesting x-ray
pictures is appended as a supplement.
Line drawings interpret the deviations
from the normal chest which adds to
th(> interest.
This book would be very useful in
nursing libraries for both student and
graduate nurses.

The Nurses' Lending Library of the R.N.A.P.Q.

One of the simplest ways of keeping up
with the latest developments in nursing is
by reading some of the really fascinating
books published especially for us. This- hob-
by may become expensive, however, and we
are not, on the whole, particularly prone to
amass books. Moreover many nurses in this
scattered province of Quebec cannot browse
in the shop of a bookseIler who carries this
line of books, unless they happen to live in
Montreal.
The Executive committee of the Public
Health Section of this province, therefore
took upon itself the task of gathering up a
lending library. They asked many nurses in
all fields of work what books they them-
selves wanted and pooled these suggestions.
About thirty books were chosen covering
topics such as medical nursing, obstetrics,
child wel fare, school hygiene, the control of
tuberculosis, mental hygiene, nutrition, in-
dustrial hygiene, and a few biographies and
popular style books appertaining to the me-
dical world.
A circular letter was sent to approxi-
mately 300 public hea1th nurses, inc1uding
those working in industry, with an accom-
panying list of the books. All nurses in good
standing have access to the library. It is
housed in the provincial secretary's office

MARCH, 194'

and books are mailed on receipt of a post-
card, lending time being one month. The
town nurses sometimes come and choose a
book, the library being open during office
hours. The funds came from the federal
government grant and the requests for some
types of books have been so great that a
second copy has had to be bought.
The library is a little over six months oW
and although it started off with a very good
list of readers, lately it has been literally
shelved. Let us all read more and keep on
learning I

MRS. JESSIE HARDING
FLORA MORONEY.

Fire-resistant Paints

Two fire-resistant paints for ship use have
come out of the war so far. One of them,
for use mainly on steel, will discolour but
will not burn when brought into contact
with fJame. The second goes a step further
a'nd actually acts as a fire extinguisher, by
giving 01 f a fire-smothering vapor when
t.xposed to flames. It is used largely for
the prote(tion of the woodwork of a srup.

A New Year Episode

During an eighty-five mile per hour gale
of wind and rain, we occupants of the nur-
ses residence of the Colchester County Hos-
pital, Truro, were startled about 4.30 a.m.
New Y car's night by a loud crash - ac-
companied by sounds similar to the crack-
ling of fire. Bare feet struck the floor, doors
opened, and pyjama-clad figures appeared
from everywhere frantically wondering what
we should take in case of fire. However, we
soon realized the crash was the roof, part
of which had sailed away through the air,
leaving a hole for the rain to descend upon

our unprotected heads t Pots, pans and mops
arrived on the scene, also the janitor whose
appearance made some of the more timid souls
hurry to their rooms for bathrobes while
others, forgetting their attire, remained at
their posts. Eventually excitement Quieted
and we scurried back to bed to catch those
few precious winks before reporting on duty.
Later on in the day a new roof was put on
the building and more peaceful sleep is
hoped for on windy nights. At least the New
Year brought a new roof to the residence t
-RUTH BENVIE

Institute in Manitoba

The School of Nursing Education of the
University of Manitoba is sponsoring an
Institute for Head Nurses and Supervisors
on Ward Teaching and Supervision during
the first week in May. Miss Margene O.
Faddis, Professor of Medical Nursing, Fran-
ces Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Wes-
tern Reserve University, has kindly con-

sented to conduct this Institute. Miss Faddis
is well known to Canadian nurses through
her contributions to the field of nursing
literature.

For further information write to the Di-
rector of Nursing Education, University of
Manitoba, \Vinnipeg.

Letters from Overseas

News from the Sm.tth-west Pacific
\V ould like to begin by describing our
departure from our former station but fear
the censor would not approve so will tell
you about that after the war.
We landed in a heavy tropical storm and
travelled by jeep from place of landing to
the camp. You cannot possibly imagine the'
"highway"! Trees had fallen across the road
and hridges had been washed away but the
jeep just kept on going. Those cars certain-
ly take a beating. It is a fact that they will
jump over logs and drive through water so
deep that the radiator is covered.
We were all very dirty and mud-splashed
at the end of the trip which was no short
ride. Of course we all wear slacks, safari

220

jackets, high boots and leggings and it is a
sensible costume for this part of the world.
not only because of the mud and dirt but
to protect us from the various insects with
which the place is infested. \Ve have orders
to apply repellents to our clothing and any
exposed parts of the body, such as face,
hands and neck. This is not too pleasant as
the repellent is rather sticky and has an
odour but it does give one a certain sense
of security.
When our men came up here there was
nothing but jungle and kuni grass. They set
up in a kuni grass area after burning down
the grass. By setting up, I mean that they
built a hospital in the jungle. The wards
have tin roofs and cement floors. The only

Vol. 41 No. J

}r.

"\ts wonderful,
nurse, how %.8.1:
Powder resists
moisture!"

/

.

" ,
"',
',

.. ...---,
ð
I1T
"'"Þ .
Ow
o ""/)- DER
('v ,.,
e OIL

1". "('
/"
-41(' :t 'lyc

o . 0
O'I!Nr,
0'6 I.'''E

'"Ic "'0, <'0 OIL
#1t".";:",,,
.
OÚS r
O
E"

MARCH, 1945

O NE OF Z. B.T.'s unusual ad-
vantages is its superior mois-
ture resistance. And what could
be more important, with tender
infant skin to be protected against
wet diapers and perspiration!
Z. B.T. Baby Powder contains
olive oil. It is downy-soft and
smooth, long-clinging. And that (
superior slide you can feel be-
tween your fingers will quickly
tell you how effectively Z. B. T.
helps guard against chafing.

...........

Make this convincing test with
Z.B.T. containing Olive Oil
Smooth Z.B.T. on your palm. Sprin-
kle water on it. See how the powder
doesn't become caked or pasty. The
water doesn't penetrate it, but forms
tiny powder-coated drops - leaving
the skin dry and protected. Compare
with other leading baby powders.

(

221

222

THE CANADIAN NURSE

other protection is a form of screen which
runs the length of the structure and about
half way up to the roof, These are called
open wards. Some of the administration huts
are native and do look quite picturesque. The
officers and men live in tents without floors
and I do not understand how they manage
to keep themselves clean or dry. The nurses
:ire living in barracks of a rather crude
architecture but we feel like plutocrats and
have named our barracks after some of the
N ew York hotels. I am staying at the "Bilt-
more"; we are thirteen to a "house". Our
quarters are well screened. The showers are
in a somewhat translucent structure but
even that seems to be a minor matter. None
of the huildings are rain-proof. It rains at
some time during each twenty-four hours
and rains very hard. A few minutes later
the sun is out in full strength again and we
are dripping in perspiration constantly. Quite
recently a laundry has been installed where
we may send our heavy clothing and bed
linen. This is a great help as it is impossible
to get clothes dry unless one is constantly
on the watch for the daily storm. The mud
is quite a factor. During and immediately
after a storm we literally plough about and
think nothing of "mud to the ankles". About
half an hour later all is dry again thanks
to that hot sun. '
The Chapel is the prettiest of the build-
ings. Father Joe, our chaplain, is a hard
worker and his work here is a great credit
to him.
\Vith the exception of the natives and
one Australian mission there has been no
habitation here except for the J aps who
have been chased away and now the Aussies
and Americans have the place to themselves.
The matter of amusement or entertainment
seemed a remote possibility when we first
arrived but within forty-eight hours we
received an invitation to an Aussie tea, I
might say high tea, and had a delightful
time. Had a ride in a landing barge and
felt as though we were in the middle of
things. They gave ùs very excellent refresh-
ments including chicken sandwiches and very
fine coffee. A few nights later a few of
us were invited by a group of Navy men we
had met at the tea to go on a picnic. This
was a great experience. They drove an
American jeep through the jungle until a
clearing was reached and then spread rain-
coats on the mud and opened various ba
s
and produced numerous treats. The girls are

still black and blue from the extraordinary
rough rifle and I could show a couple of
beautiful bruises myself. Some of you may
remember my ability to bruise.
\Ve are not encouraged to go off the post
more than two or three times a week and
there is good reason for such a recommen-
dation. J n this climate one needs more rest
and sleep than in a more temperate climate to

ay nothing of the possibility of being ma-
rooned during a storm. It is not unusual
to find yourself stuck on a reef; it may be
sometime before something comes along to
drag you of f again.
One of the most difficult jobs up here is
that of dietitian. Have not yet seen any
fresh meat. \Ve have bully beef in every
conceivable manner. The canned fruit saves
the day as it takes the rather unpléasant
though faint taste of bully beef away. Our
menu three times daily is made up of the
above plus bread and sometimes fresh but-
ter. The coffee, I almost forgot to mention,
is very good. \Ve have electricity and
telephones in "ards, teLlÌs, a.nd quarters and
that is a blessing. Of course the power is gen-
erated on the premises.
You will conclude that our camp covers
quite a large area. Set in the centre of the
camp is a bit of a village. We have a post-
office, barber shop (which affords no pri-
vacy - I cut my room-mate's hair), tailor
shop and post exchange. The post exchange
sells soap, razor blades, and tooth-paste and
""e each have a trunk-load of such supplies.
\Vhen we dress up we wear the" costume
described above plus liostick
nd nail polish"
\ Ve all take atabrine as do all personnel in
malarious areas and have a rather deep
yellowish tinge to our skin and that par-
ticular tinge is not too becoming with the
khaki clothing. Toilet water is a precious
possession. \Vithin the next couple of months
I expect to get leave. We get fifteen days
plus trawl timc. That will give me plenty
of time to visit the cities I have in mind.
I t will be quite a trip from here. Thank
goodne;;s I am a good sailor and do not get
plane sick. Before leaving America I pur-
chased an atlas and find it very interesting
to follow our movements on the map. Just
a few more little jaunts and I will have been
around the world.
For the honour and glory of R.V.H. I am
glad to be able to report that I was promoted
to the rank of First Lieutenant. They may
make a real soldier of me yet. Expect the

Vol. 41 N.. 3

Consider Horlick's for
the Sick Child -

- as a means of encourag-
ing fluid intake and pro'JIid-
ing easily utilizable carbo-
hydrates.

.

;

Horlick's - prepared with wa-
ter or with milk - presents a
palatable food-drink that finds
ready acceptance with the sick
child. This opens the door to
providing necessary fluid in-
take, because Horlick's can be
given as often as des1red.

.....
"\

\

Horlick's provides valuable
nutrients, too, for it is abun-
dant in muscle-building pro-
tein and energy-giving, easily
utilizable carbohydrate. Hor-
lick's is made from full cream
milk, wheat and barley.

,

\
,

Recommend-

HORLICK'S

The Complete Malted Milk - Not Just a Fla'JIorÎng for Milk

Obtainable at all drug stores

Horlick's Malted Milk Corporation of
Canada, Limited

64 GERRARD STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONTARIO

MARCH. 1
4S

223

224

THE CANADIAN NURSE

R.V.H. girls are having a great experience
in Europe by this time. Hope that they have
had no casuahies. Five of our girls have
been evacuated-three with a skin disease
known as Jungle Rot and two with nervous
disturbances. There is considerable scrub ty-
phus and much malaria in these parts. \\' e
have lost some of our men who had typhus
but have had very few cases of malaria
within our group. Of course we all try to
develop the art of dodging mosquitoes.
-1ST LIEUT. KATHLEE

. KIXG

.V C7.t's from Belgium
\Ve are now in Belgium and find a great
difference not only in the country but in
the people. The country is very much like
that oi the prairie provinces with very little
or no roll. Trees are much scarcer than in
France and rivers and canals more plentiful.
The canals are made into things of beauty,
not, like ours at home, strictly utilitarian.
There are lovely flower plots and pictures-
que groups of trees all along them. The brid-
ges those left, are rustic, in cement, and
har
onize beautifully with the surrounding
countryside where there are still a few
yachts to be seen. The people are most ex-
!)Jessive and friendly-it is very difficult to
ignore their interest.
\Ve are extremely well situated at the
moment, being in permanent buildings and
much more comfortable than in Normandy
mud. Still we have a nostalgia for the life
under canvas - it was fun, albeit uncom-
fortable at times. Our quarters, about ten min-
utes from the hospital, are in homes and
apartments and are quite comfortable al-
though they will be more so if we get our
windows replaced.
Iore likely than not a new
location will be found for us before that
is done. You know the army style.
I wj
h you could see the people here.
They are beautifully groomed and clothed
in \,,'ell-kept, pre-war garments, which have
been remade and remade till, even now,
one would almost think they had stepped
out of the pages of Vogue. I certainly wish
I had their ability. I'd always be well-
dressed. The stores, although plentifully
supplied with luxuries, are pitifully lacking
in the necessities of life. There is perfume
a-plenty but little meat and bread.
Our mess here is like something out of a
movie, and no one who had not seen it could
believe that it could exist in real life. The
walls are in a beautiful maroon brocadf

while the ceilings are in panelled oak and
the woodwork in a peculiar grayish-green,
which is in perfect colour harmony. The
music room, off the mess hall, is a pictures-
que place. The walls are in cream with multi-
coloured frescoes on them while the ceiling
i
something that only an artist could have
planned. The central portion is a high
cupola of stained glass and is surrounded
by some of the most intricately carved wood-
work I have ever seen. The single ceiling
light is shaded by an Indian shade of beauti-
fully wrought iron; it is such fine work
that it looks almost like filigree. lIost of
the furniture in this room is in Indian ebony
inlaid with mother-of-pearl, something one
might dream of but never see. The floor,
too. is a work of art; it must have taken
months to assemble. Àlost of the wood looks
like a light oak. Only one thing-I'd hate
to be under any of the chandeliers during
a raid; they would be a little heavy on the
head.

.

-LIEUT. \\'mo
AH LINDSAY

H. .1[. C. S. "Niobe"
\\'e na\"e a small hospital here and the
work is pleasant, although it could scarcely
be called hectic. I almost felt guilty speak-
ing to the Army nurses who work such long
hours. I met several whom I knew when I
was on leave in London. Also we spent two
lovely days at "Digswell", that heavenly spot
in Herts. for Canadian sisters. I would have
liked to have spent åil my leave there except
that more exciting things were afoot in
London.
My only brother who is in the Air Force
and who had been missing since 1\Iay turned
up safe and well in London two days before
I began my leave! So I think you can ima-
gine the happy reunion we had there. He
gained ten pounds while living with a Bel-
gian family during his sojourn on the con-
tinent and is now headed for home for a
month's leave.

-RUTH GOUIXLOCK

News from Italy
Enjoying the work tremendously. My hap-
piest moments are those spent on the wards.
The boys are so very fine and appreciate
any little thing we may do for them. I think
we are very fortunate being able to see so
much of this country. So many places which
I used to dream about but never thought I'd
see, Rome, with so many fascinating things,

Vol. 41 No. J

R. C. A. F. N U R SIN G S E R V ICE

its priceless paintings and treasures, ab-
solutely untouched by war.
I just spent three days in Florence but
did verv little sight-seeing there. One in-
terestin
point is the Ponte Vecchio built in
996 and the only one of the six bridges
crossing the Arno which is left standing. It
is very unique in that it has stores and
homes built right in the bridge. The stores
had lots of nice gifts and I did some Christ-
mas !'hopping.
Summer here was wonderful. Hot sunny
days. vines full of luscious purple grapes.
Pears and apples were mine for the picking.
I spent a week over at X o. 1 Canadian Gen-
eral Hospital while they were so busy. I was
to have slept in a tent but pulled my bed out-
side and enjoyed it so much. 'Ve are in the
rain} season now and it is very cold. But
v.e have a comfortable apartment and are
able to have a hot bath every day which is
a real treat. \Ve are not busy at present.
I'm glad because it means the boys are not
having too tough a time. I hope!

-LIEUT. AILEEN TULLOCH

R.C.A.F. Nursing Service

The Director of
Iedical Services (Air)
announces the following promotions and
changes which have taken place recently in
the RC.A.F. hospitals overseas and in Can-
ada:

N /S Jr. E. Armstrong (Ottawa Civic
Hospital) was awarded the ARRC. in the

ew Year's Honour List for outstanding
duty while on duty at an RC.AF. Station
in Newfoundland.
N /S H. M. Bro'lcm (
1isericordia Hospi-
tal, Edmonton) was awarded King's Com-
mendation for valuable service. N /S Brown
is at present serving overseas.
The following promotions have been ap-
proved recently:
A/Principal !\Iatron (Squadron Leader)
M. T. Jf ontgomer)', ARRC. ('Vellesley
Hospital, Toronto) is Principal :Matron of
the RC.AF. Nursing Sisters serving over-
seas.
A/
Iatron (Fl.-Lieut.) F. M. Oakes,
ARRC. (Kitchener-Waterloo Hospital),
following duty overseas, is now Matron at
RC.AF. Station Hospital, Trenton, Ont.

MARCH. 1945

225

fk!!A 6ft 1Íß #
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4>.

-..9QIII"
,..(1:

"#" .'

. .
:

",.

". .....

To keep hands smooth-Hand Cream

Scrubbing up leaves hands and
arms red and sore - Cutex Hand
Cream whitens, soothes and
smooths them! Not sticky. Big fuJl-
ounce jar for only 39t !

4:UTI:.X
hand
cream

w_..o-

CUT
X

HAND

CREAM

226

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) H. M. MacLen-
nan (Toronto General Hospital) is Matron
at a RC.AF. hospital in Newfoundland.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) E. V. Crosson
(Winnipeg General Hospital) is Matron at
the RC.AF. Detachment Deer Lodge Hos-
pital in Winnipeg.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) J. F. Young (To-

ronto General Hospital) and A/Matron
(Fl.-Lieut.) M. E. Jackson, ARRC. (Bran-
don General Hospital), now serving over-
seas, have recently received their promotions.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) E. I. Jarratt (To-
ronto \Vestern Hospital) is the assistant to
Principal Matron J. E. C. Porteous, RC.
A.F. Nursing Service at Air Force Head-
Quarters in Ottawa.

Royal Canadian Naval Nursing Service

The following promotions became effec-
tive on January 1, 1945:
Matron F. M. Roach (St. Michael's Hos-
pital, Toronto) to Principal Matron, R C.
N. Hospitals, Newfoundland.
N / S E. W. Ledingham (Vancouver Gen-
era.! Hospital) to Matron, R.C.N. Hospital,
H.M.C.S. Cornwallis.
Matron S. M. Beck (Victoria General
Hospital, Halifax) was awarded the A.R

RC. in the King's New Year's Honours
List. Matron Beck has recently returned to
Canada having served overseas for the past
two and a half years.
:Matron O. rVilson (Royal Jubilee Hospi-
tal, Victoria) has been appoin
ed overseas
as Matron, H.M.C.S. Niobe.
N /S c. A. J. Evans (Victoria Hospital,
London) to A/Matron, RC.N. Hospital,
H.M.C.S. St. Hyacinthe.

R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service

In His Majesty's New Year's Honour
List awards were conferred on the following:.
R.R.C.: A/Major (P /M) Anna M. Al-
1m (Winnipeg General Hospital); Major
(P /M) Rose L. King (Victoria General
Hospital, Halifax) ; A/Major (P /M) Janet
MacKay (Royal Victorial Hospital, Mon-
treal); A/Major (P /M) Helen Shanks
(Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal); Capt.
(Matron) Hilda M. Boutilier (Sydney City
Hospital, N. S.)
A.R.R.C.: A/Capt. (Matron) Elizabeth
A. Earshman (Belleville General Hospital) ;
A/Capt. (Matron) Veronique Leblond
(Homoeopathic Hospital" Montreal); AI
Capt. (Matron) Donalda M. Robertson
(Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton);
Capt. (Matron) M. I. Roach (Royal Vic-
toria Hospital, Montreal); Lieut. (N/S)
Mildred R. P,.ide (Sydney City Hospital,
N. S.); Lieut. (N/S) Margaret A. Stewart
(Hamilton General Hospital) ; Lieut. (N IS)

Janet Wallace (Toronto General Hospital) ;
Lieut. (N IS) Margaret Zeggil (Homewood
Sanitariu
, Guelph); Lieut. (N IS) Patri-
cia Collins (Toronto General I Hospital) ;
Lieut. (N IS) Helen V. Sinclair (Belgrave
Hospital, London, England).
Major (P /M) Agnes J. Macleod, RRC.
(School of Nursing, University of Alberta)
has gone to the Italian Theatre to be Prin-
cipal Matron, replacing Major (P /M)
Blanche Herman, RR.C., who has returned
to the United Kingdom.
Major (P /M) Doroth}, A. Macham, A.R
RC. (Women's College Hospital, Toronto)
is now Principal Matron of No. 8 Cana-
dian General Hospital.
Major (P /M) J{ina MacLaren, RR.C.
(St. Luke's Hospital, Ottawa) is now Prin-
cipal Matron of No. 10 Canadian General
Hospital.
Major (P /M) Edith R. Dick RRC.
(Johns Hopkins Hospital) has returned to

Vol. 41 No. 3

B. C. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING SERVICE

Canada on request from the Deputy Min-
ister of Health for Ontario.
Lieut. (N /5) Janet Wallace, A.R.R.C.
(Toronto General Hospital) has been ap-
pointed to be Assistant Matron of No. 8
Canadian General Hospital and is now Act-
ing Capt. (A/Matron).

British Columbia Public Health
Nursing Service

The following are recent changes which
have taken place in the public health nurs-
ing field staff:
Mrs. R. D. McAllister (Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital and University of B. C. pub-
lic health nursing course) has been ap-
pointed public health nurse in Rossland.
Mrs. Doris Brelltzen (Hazelton Hospital,
affiliation with Royal Columbian Hospital,
Xew \<Vestminster) has been appointed to a
position in the Cowichan Health District,
Duncan.
Airs. Annie L. Owens (Royal Jubilee Hos-
pital), following an intensive course in
epidemiological work, has been appointed
as a specialized worker in New Westminster
and the Fraser Valley.
Alice Beattie (Vancouver General Hospi-
tal and University of B. C. public health
nursing course) has resigned from her posi-
tion as public health nurse in Courtenay to
accept the position of senior public health
nurse with the Division of Venereal Disease
Control in Vancouver.
111 rs. Helen Langley (Vancouver General
Hospital and University of B. C. public
health nursing course) has been appointed
to the staff of the Central Vancouver Is-
land Health Unit. She will be located in
Qualicum.
Mrs. Eileen Jones (Holy Cross Hospital,
Calgary, and University of Toronto public
health nursing course) has been appointed
to the North Okanagan Health Unit. Her
headquarters will be at Vernon.
Mrs. Eli
abeth Martin, Vernon school
nurse, has retired after many faithful and
appreciated years of service.
Mrs. Isabel Foster, recently appointed
consultant in public health nursing, has re-
signed to make her home in the United
States.

MARCH,1945

227

Your home test con bring
ou
SOFT'ER
,
SI110 0T ft-ER SKin
in just 14 days!

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Compare your complexion with your
shoulders. You'll find your shoulders
look 5 or more years younger. Why?
Because shoulder pores are kept clean
by your regular Palmolive Soap baths
--and so, able to breathe freely. But face
pores, clogged with dirt and make-up,
can't breathe freely and soon your com-
plexion loses its flexible softness and ages
before its time. That needn't happen
to your complexion. Palmolive offers
an easy way to keep it radiantly lovely.
You can look younger in 14 days!
Wash your face 3 times a day with
Paffi?olive, and each time, with a
o face-clothmassagePalmolive'slather 0
o into your skin-for an extra 60- 0
o seconds! This easy Palmolive f"'I
0 0 Massage stimulates the dr- "ö
0 0 culation, clears the pores to åÆ
o help your complexion re- ó,:L
o gain its flexible softness, 0 [)
00 å becomesofte.,.,smoother 0
ry in just 14 days! 0 0 Cò

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"'" PALIÂOLIVE,
o \:<'-'-' ,.; .:,0
o O
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"o'

Alberta Department of Public Health

The following are the staff appointments
to, transfers, and resignations from the Pro-
vincial Public Health Nursing Service of
Alberta:
Jean Blackbourne, back from South Af-
rica, has been appointed to Grassland.
.7ov! argaret BJlrton. B.Se., Drumheller, re-
signed to go with the Blood Donors Tra-
yelling Clinic in the south of the Province.
Hazel
Vilson has been transferred from
Lindale to take over the Drumheller health
district, and Wilma McCordick is the new
appointment to Lindale.

frs. Cathie Somerville has arrived from
Sioux Lookout, Ontario, to take over the
district of Mrs. Glen LaBerge (Isabel Cruik-
shank) .
Margaret Dunbar returned to Alberta after
several years in the East, and after reliev-
ing at Tangent for :Miss Dufresne who took
the advanced course in obstetrics at the Uni-
versity of Alberta, she settled at Bow Island.
Doroth)' Kaufman. formerly of Bow Is-
land, has been transferred to Kinuso in order
to use her skill in obstetrics.
Alice Ilitz has gone to Plamondon while
Elizabeth Standing is on leave of absence
in Edmonton.

Sheila MacKay of Calgary was appointed
to the district at Hemaruka.
Mrs. R. Taylor (Mary Willis), Worsley,
is carrying on in her district until a new
appointment can be made.
Florence Harrison has returned from sick
leave and is now stationed at Blueberry

fountain.
Mrs. Audrey Cavil was appointed to the
district at Lomond following the resigna-
tion of Naomi Pow who returned to hos-
pital work.
Dorothy Colgan is now stationed at Maloy
while Mrs. Cole has returned to her district
at Alder Flats.
The Health Unit staffs have had some
recent changes as follows: Maxine Bow re-
signed from Clover Bar to go to the V.O.N.
l\fontreal. Ruth McClure left Clover Bar to
join the Toronto City Health Dept. staff.
Af orian Afurra3'. Holden health unit, is 011
leave of absence serving as travelling pub-
lic health instructor for the A.A.R.N. Isa-
belle ;11 acdonald has been appointed to the
Two Hills health unit. Chris Anderson join-
ed the Clover Bar health unit. Mrs. !If ou-
til' Croft has been appointed to the Legal
health unit.

M.L.I.C. Nursing Service

Laura Bardier (St. Charles Hospital, St.
Hyacinthe, P. Q. and University of 110n-
treal public health nursing course) was re-
cently transferred from Quebec City to take
charge of the Metropolitan Nursing Service
in Thetford Mines, P. Q.

Olive Carri& (St. Mary's Hospital School
of Nursing, Montreal, and University of
Montreal public health nursing course) was
recently transferred form Montreal to take
charge of the Metropolitan Nursing Ser-
vice in J oliette, P. Q.

NEWS

ALBERT A

EDMONTON:

At the recent annual meeting of the Royal
Alexandra Hospital Alumnae Association
the following officers were elected for the
ensuing year: honourary president, M. S.
Fraser; president, V. Chapman; vice-presi-

228

NOTES

dents, Mrs. N. Richardson, A. Lord; record-
ing secretary, Mrs. D. Ferrier; corresponding
secretary, M. A. Kennedy; treasurer, B.
Long; committee conveners: program, Mrs.
J. F. Thompson; visiting, M. Moore; social
L. Watkins: extra executive. Mrs. R. Um-
bach, M. Griffith, I. Johnson.
Following the business meeting Jean Reilly,
Opal King, and Janet Cook, student nurses,
entertained with music and songs.

Vol. 41 No. 3

-.. "'

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II \ts wonderful,
nurse, how %.B,t
Powder resists
moisture ["

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MARCH, 194'

O NE OF Z. B.T.'s unusual ad-
vantages is its superior mois-
ture resistance. And what could
be more important, with tender
infant skin to be protected against
wet diapers and perspiration!
Z. B. T. Baby Powder contains
olive oil. It is downy-soft and
smooth, long-clinging. And that
superior slide you can feel be-
tween your fingers will quickly
tell you how effectively Z. B. T.
helps guard against chafing.

.......

....

Make this convincing test with
Z.B.T. containing Olive Oi'
Smooth Z.B.T. on your palm. Sprin-
kle water on it. See how the powder
doesn't become caked or pasty. The
water doesn't penetrate it, but forms
tiny powder-coated drops -leaving
the skin dry and protected. Com pare
with other leading baby powders.

(

221

222

THE CANADIAN NURSE

other protection is a form of screen which
runs the length of the structure and about
half way up to the roof. These are called
open wards. Some of the administration huts
are native and do look quite picturesque. The
officers and men live in tents without floors
and I do not understand how they manage
to keep themselves clean or dry. The nurses
are living in barracks of a rather crude
architecture but we feel like plutocrats and
have named our barracks after some of the
New York hotels. I am staying at the "Bilt-
more"; we are thirteen to a "house". Our
Quarters are we1l screened. The showers are
in a somewhat translucent structure but
even that seems to be a minor matter. None
of the huildings are rain-proof. It rains at
some time during each twenty-four hours
and rains very hard. A few minutes later
the sun is out in full strength again and we
are dripping in perspiration constantly. Quite
recently a laundry has been insta1led where
we may send our heavy clothing and bed
linen. This is a great help as it is impossible
to get clothes dry unless one is constantly
on the watch for the daily storm. The mud
is quite a factor. During and immediately
after a storm we literally plough about and
think nothing of "mud to the ankles". About
half an hour later all is dry again thanks
to that hot sun. '
The Chapel is the prettiest of the build-
ings. Father Joe, our chaplain, is a hard
wor:-ker and his work here is a great credit
to him.
\Vith the exception of the natives and
one Australian mission there has been no
habitation here except for the J aps who
have been chased away and now the Aussies
and Americans have the place to themselves.
The matter of amusement or entertainment
seemed a remote possibility when we first
arrived but within forty-eight hours we
received an invitation to an Aussie tea, I
might say high tea, and had a delightful
time. Had a ride in a landing barge and
felt as though we were in the middle of
things. They gave us very excellent refresh-
ments including chicken sandwiches and very
fine coffee. A few nights later a few of
us were invited by a group of Navy men we
had met at the tea to go on a picnic. This
was a great experience. They drove an
American jeep through the jungle until a
clearing was reached and then spread rain-
coats on the mud and opened various bags
and produced numerous treats. The girls are

still black and blue from the extraordinary
rough ride and I could show a couple of
beautiful bruises myself. Some of you mav
remember my ability to bruise.
\Ye are not encouraged to go off the post
more than two or three times a week and
there is good reason for such a recommen-
dation. J n this climate one needs more rest
and sleep than in a more temperate climate to
Eay nothing of the possibility of being ma-
rooned during a storm. It is not unusual
to find yourself stuck on a reef; it may be
soæetime before something comes along to
drag you off again.
One of the most difficult jobs up here is
that of dietitian. Have not yet seen any
fresh meat. \Ve have bully beef in every
conceivable manner. The canned fruit saves
the day as it takes the rather unpleasant
though faint taste of bully beef away. Our
menu three imes daily is made up of the
ab0ve plus bread and sometimes fresh but-
ter. The coffee, I almost forgot to mention
is very good. \Ve have electricity and
telephones in wards, tents, and quarters and
that is a blessing. Of course the power is gen-
erated on the premises.
You will conclude that our camp covers
quite a large area. Set in the centre of the
camp is a bit of a village. We have a post-
office, barber shop (which affords no pri-
,-acy - I cut my room-mate's hair), tailor
shop and post exchange. The post exchange
se1ls soap, razor blades, and tooth-paste and
,,'e each have a trunk-load of such supplies.
\\Then we dress up we wear the costume
described above plus lipstick ;md nail polish.
\\ - e all take atabrine as do all personnel in
malarious areas and ha, e a rather deep
yellowish tinge to our skin and that par-
ticular tinge is not too becoming with the
khaki clothing. Toilet water is a precious
possession. \Vithin the next couple of months
I expect to get leave. \Ve get fifteen days
plus travel time. That will give me plenty
of time to visit the cities I have in mind.
I t will be quite a trip from here. Thank
goodne;;s I am a good sailor and do not get
plane sick. Before leaving America I pur-
chased an atlas and find it very interesting
to follow our movements on the map. Just
a few more little jaunts and I will have been
around the world.
For the honour and glory of R.V.H. I am
glad to be able to report that I was promoted
to the rank of First Lieutenant. They may
make a real soldier of me yet. Expect the

Vol. 41 N.. 3

Consider Horlick's for
the Siçk Child -

- as a means of encourag-
ing fluid intake and provid-
ing easily utilizable carbo-
hydrates.

"

"-
\ \

.

Horlick's - prepared with wa-
ter or with milk - presents a
palatable food-drink that finds
ready acceptance with the sick
child. This opens the door to
providing necessary fluid in-
take, because Horlick's can be
given as often as desired.
Horlick's provides valuable
nutrients, too, for it is abun-
dant in muscle-building pro-
tein and energy-giving, easily
utilizable carbohydrate. Hor-
lick's is made from full cream
milk, wheat and barley.

"

\

Recommend-

HORLICK'S

The Complete Malted Milk - Not Just a Fla-voring for Milk

Obtainable at all drug stores

Horlick's Malted Milk Corporation of
Canada þ Limited

64 GERRARD STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONTARIO

MARCH. 104'

22J

22...

THE CANADIAN NURSE

R.V.H. girls are having a great experience
in Europe by this time. Hope that they have
had no casualties. Five of our girls have
been evacuated-three .with a skin disease
known as Jungle Rot and two with nervous
disturbances. There is considerable scrub ty-
phus and much malaria in these parts. \Ve
have lost some of our men who had typhus
but have had very few cases of malaria
within our group. Of course we all try to
develop the art of dodging mosquitoes.
-1ST LIEUT. KATHLEEN
. IÜ;-';G

Nc'ws from Belgiwm
\Ye are now in Belgium and find a great
di f ference not only in the country but in
the people. The country is very much like
that oÎ the prairie provinces with very little
or no roll. Trees are much scarcer than in
France and rivers and canals more plentiful.
The canals are made into things of beauty,
not, like ours at home, strictly utilitarian.
There are lovely flower plots and pictures-
que groups of trees all along them. The brid-
ges, those left, are rustic, in cement, and
harmonize beautifully with the surrounding
countryside where there are still a few
yachts to be seen. The people are most ex-
pressive and friendly-it is very difficult to
ignore their interest.
\Ve are extremely well situated at the
moment, being in permanent buildings and
much more comfortable than in Normandy
mud. Still we have a nostalgia for the life
under canvas - it was fun, albeit uncom-
fortable at times. Our Quarters, about ten min-
utes from the hospital, are in homes and
apartments and are quite comfortable al-
though they will be more so if we get our
\vindows replaced. More likely than not a new
location will be found for us before that
is done. You know the army style.
I wish you could see the people here.
Th
y are beautifully groomed and clothed
in well-kept, pre-war garments, which have
been remade and remade till, even now,
one would almost think they had stepped
out of the pages of Vogue. I certainly wish
I had their ability. I'd always be well-
dressed. The stores, although plentifully
supplied with luxuries, are pitifully lacking
in the necessities of life. There is perfume
a-plenty but little meat and bread.
Our mess here is like something out of a
movie, and no one who had not seen it could
believe that it could exist in real life. The
walls are in a beautiful maroon brocade

while the ceilings are in panelled oak and
the woodwork in a peculiar grayish-green,
which is in perfect colour harmony. The
music room, off the mess hall, is a pictures:
que place. The walls are in cream with multi-
coloured frescoes on them while the ceiling
i;; something that only an artist could have
planned. The central portion is a high
cupola of stained glass and is surrounded
by some of the most intricately carved wood-
work [ have eYer seen. The single ceiling
light is shaded by an Indian shade of beauti-
fully wrought iron; it is such fine work
that it looks almost like filigree. 110st of
the furniture in this room is in Indian ebony
inlaid with mother-()f-pearl, somet'hing one
might dream .of but never see. The floor,
too, is a work of art; it must have taken
months to assemble. 1I0st of the wood looks
like a light oak. Only one thing-I'd hate
to be under any of the chandeliers during
a raid; they would be a little heavy on the
head.

-LIEUT. \VINO
AH LINDSAY

H. .U. C. S. "Niobe"
\Ve have a small hospital here and the
work is pleasant, although it could scarcely
be called hectic. I almost felt guilty speak-
ing to the Army nurses who work such long
hours. I met several whom I knew when I
was on leave in London. Also we spent two
lovely days at "Digswell", that heavenly spot
in Herts, for Canadian sisters. I would have
liked to }lave spent all my leave there except
that more exciting things were afoot in
London.

Iy only brother who is in the Air Force
and who had been missing since May turned
up safe and well in London two days before
I began my leave! So I think you can ima-
gine the happy reunion we had there.' He
gained ten pounds while living with a Bel-
gian family during his sojourn on the con-
tinent and is now headed for home for a
month's leave.

-RUTH GOUl
LOCK

N c'Ws from Italy
Enjoying the work tremendously. My hap-
piest moments are those spent on the wards.
The boys are so very fine and appreciate
any little thing we may do for them. I think
we are very fortunate being able to see so
much of this country. So many places which
I used to dream about but never thought I'd
see. Rome, with so many fascinating things,

Vol. 41 No. J

R. C. A. F. N U R SIN G S E R V ICE

its priceless paintings and treasures, ab-
solutely untouched by war.
I just spent three days in Florence but
did verv little sight-seeing there. One in-
terestin
point is the Ponte Vecchio built in
996 and the only one of the six bridges
crossing the Arno which is left standing. It
is very unique in that it has stores and
homes built right in the bridge. The stores
had lots of nice gifts and I did some Chrjst-
mas shopping.
Summer here was wonderful. Hot sunny
days, vines full of luscious purple grapes.
Pears and apples were mine for the picking.
J spent a week over at No. I Canadian Gen-
eral Hospital while they were so busy. I was
to have slept in a tent but pulled my bed out-
side and enjoyed it so much. \Ve are in the
rainy season now and it is very cold. But
\\e have a comfortable apartment and are
able to have a hot bath every day which is
a real treat. \Ve are not busy at present.
I'm glad because it means the boys are not
having too tough a time. I hope!
-LIEUT. AILEEN TULLOCH

R.C.AJ. Nursing Service

The Director of :.\fedical Services (Air)
announces the fonowing promotions and
changes which have taken place recently in
the R.CA.F. hospitals overseas and in Can-
ada:

/S U. E. Armstrong (Ottawa Civic
Hospital) was awarded the A.RRC in the
New Year's Honour List for outstanding
duty while on duty at an R.CAF. Station
in Newfoundland.
K IS H. M. BrO'lfJll (
lisericordia Hospi-
tal, Edmonton) was awarded King's Com-
mendation for valuable service. N IS Brown
is at present serving overseas.
The following promotions have been ap-
proved recently:
A/Principal Matron (Squadron Leader)
-
{. T. ]'lontgomery, ARRC <\Yellesley
Hospital, Toronto) is Principal Matron of
the RCAF. Nursing Sisters serving over-
seas.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) F. M. Oakes,
A.RRC (Kitch
ner-Waterloo HospitaJ),
{onowing duty overseas, is now Matron at
R.CAF. Station Hospital, Trenton, Ont.

MARCH. 1945

225

ØI-tée/;i
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To keep hands smooth-Hand Cream

Scrubbing up leaves hands and
arms red and sore - Cutex Hand
Cream whitens, soothes and
smooths them! Not sticky. Big full.
ounce jar for only 39t !

I

(:lJTE%
hand
cream

_ w
"'-

CUT

HAND

CREAM

226

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) H. M. MacLen-
nan (Toronto General Hospital) is Matron
at a RCAF. hospital in Newfoundland.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) E. V. Crosson
(Winnipeg General Hospital) is Matron at
the RCAF. Detachment Deer Lodge Hos-
pital in \Vinnipeg.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) J. F. Young (To-

ronto General Hospital) and A/Matron
(Fl.-Lieut.)
f. E. Jackson, A.RRC. (Bran-
don General Hospital), now serving over-
seas, have recently rec
ived their promotions.
A/Matron (Fl.-Lieut.) E. I. Jarrott (To-
ronto \Vestern Hospital) is the assistant to
Principal Matron J. E. C Porteous, RC
AF. Nursing Service at Air Force Head-
Quarters in Ottawa.

Royal Canadian Naval Nursing Service

Th
following promotions became effec-
tive on January 1, 1945:

latron F. lrf. Roach (St. Michael's Hos-
pital, Toronto) to Principal Matron, R C
N. Hospitals, Newfoundland.
N / S E. W. Ledingham (Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital) to Matron, RCN. Hospital,
H.M.CS. Cornwallis.
Matron S. M. Beck (Victoria G
neral
Hospital, Halifax) was awarded the A.R

RC in the King's New Year's Honours
List. :Matron Beck has recently returned to
Canada having served overseas for the past
two and a half years.
Matron O. Wilson (Royal Jubilee Hospi-
tal, Victoria) has been appointed overseas
as Matron, H.M.CS. Niobe.
N /S c. A. J. Evans (Victoria Hospital,
London) to A/Matron, RCN. Hospital,
H.M.CS. St. H:}'acinthe.

R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service

In His Majesty's New Year's Honour
List awards were conferred on the following:
R.R.C.: A/Major (P /M) Anna M. Al-
len (Winnipeg General Hospital); Major
(P /M) Rose L. King (Victoria General
Hospital, Halifax) ; A/Major (P /M) Janet
.MacKay (Royal Victorial Hospital, Mon-
treal); A/Major (P /M) Helm Shanks
(Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal); Capt.
(Matron) Hilda M. Bm,tilier (Sydney City
Hospital, N. S.)
A.R.R.C.: A/Capt. (Matron) Elizabeth
A. Earshman (Belleville General Hospital) ;
A/Capt. (Matron) Veronique Leblond
(Homoeopathic Hospital, Montreal); AI
Capt. (Matron) Donalda M. Robertson
(Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton);
Capt. (Matron) M. I. Roach (Royal Vic-
toria Hospital, Montreal); Lieut. (N /S)
Mildred R. Pride (Sydney City Hospital,
N. S.); Li
ut. (N/S) Margaret Ã. Stt'Warl
(Hamilton General Hospital) ; Lieut. (N IS)

Janet Wallace (Toronto General Hospital) ;
Lieut. (N IS) /ttfargaret Zeggil (Homewood
Sanitariu
, Guelph); Lieut. (N /S) Patri-
cia Collins (Toronto General Hospital);
Lieut.. (N IS) Helen V. Sinclair (Belgrave
Hospital, London, England).
Major (P /M) Agnes J. Macleod, RRC
(School of Nursing, University of Alberta)
has gone to the Italian Theatre to be Prin-
cipal Matron, replacing Major (P /M)
Blanche Herman, RRC., who has returned
to the United Kingdom.
Major (P /M) Dorothy A. Macham, AR.
RC (Women's College Hospital, Toronto)
is now Principal Matron of No. 8 Cana-
dian General Hospital.
Major (P /M) Mina MacLaren, R.RC
(St. Luke's Hospital, Ottawa) is now Prin-
cipal Matron of No. 10 Canadian Gen
ral
Hospital.
Major (P /M) Edith R. Dick RRC
(J ohns Hopkins Hospital) has r
t'urn
d to

Vol. 41 No. J

B. C. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING SERVICE

Canada on r
quest from the Deputy Min-
ister of Health for Ontario.
Lieut. (N/S) Janet Wallace, A.R.R.c.
(Toronto General Hospital) has been ap-
pointed to be Assistant Matron of No. 8
Canadian General Hospital and is now Act-
ing Capt. (A/Matron).

British Columbia Public Health
Nursing Service

The following are recent changes which
have taken place in the public health nurs-
ing field staff:
Mrs. R. D. McAllister (Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital and University of B. C. pub-
lic health nursing course) has been ap-
pointed public health nurse in Rossland.
Mrs. Doris Breutze1
(Hazelton Hospital,
affiliation with Royal Columbian Hospital,
New \Vestminster) has been appointed to a
position in the Cowichan Health Distritt,
Duncan.
Mrs. Annie L. Owens (Royal Jubilee Hos-
pital), following an intensive course in
epidemiological work, has been appointed
as a specialized worker in N ew Westminster
and the Fraser Valley.
Alice Beattie (Vancouver General Hospi-
tal and University of B. C. public health
nursing course) has resigned from her posi-
tion as public health nurse in Courtenay to
accept the position of senior public health
nurse with the Division of Venereal Disease
Control in Vancouver.
Mrs. Helen Langley (Vancouver General
Hospital and University of B. C. public
health nursing course) has been appointed
to the staff of the Central Vancouver Is-
land Health Unit. She will be located in
Qualicum.
Mrs. Eileen Jones (Holy Cross Hospital,
Calgary, and University of Toronto public
health nursing course) has been appointed
to the North Okanagan Health Unit. Her
headquarters will be at Vernon.
J\1rs. Eli:;abeth Martin, Vernon school
nurs
, has retired after many faithful and
appreciated years of s
rvic
.
Mrs. Isabel Foster, recently appointed
consultant in public health nursing, has re-
signed to make her home in the U ni ted
States.

MARCH,194'

227

9
Your home test con bring you
SOFT'E1l
,
smOOTftt:R SKin
in just 14 days!

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Compare your complexion with your
shoulders. You'll find your shoulders
look 5 or more years younger. Why?
Because shoulder pores are kept dean
by your regular Palmolive Soap baths
--and so, able to breathe freely. But face
pores, dogged with dirt and make-up,
can't breathe freely and soon your com-
plexion loses its flexible softness and ages
before its time. That needn't happen
to your complexion. Palmolive offers
an easy way to keep it radiantly lovely.
You can look younger in 14 days!
Wash your face 3 times a day with
Palmolive, and each time, with a
o face-c/othmassagePalmolive'slather 0
o into your skin-for an extra 60- 0
Ö seconds! This easy Palmolive f"'I
0 0 Massage stimulates the cir- "ö
0 0 culation, dears the pores to å;iS
o help your complexion re- ó-L.
o gain its flexible softness, 0 D
0 00 0 become softer, smoother 0
(;:; in just 14 days! 0 0 'ò
;é O

..c

óP 0

\ PÀL/ÂOLIVE ,
() . 0
oO
. ^, o

Alberta Department of Public Health

The following are the staff appointments
to, transfers, and resignations from the Pro-
vincial Public Health Nursing Service of
Alberta:
J ea1
Blackbourne, back from South Af-
rica, has been appointed to Grassland.
Margaret Burton, B.Sc., Drumh
ller, re-
signed to go with the Blood Donors Tra-
velling Clinic in the south of the Province.
Hazel Utïlson has been transferred from
Lindale to take over the Drumheller health
district, and Wilma McCoráick is the new
appointment to Lindale.
Mrs. Cathie Somerville has arrived from
Sioux Lookout, Ontario, to take over the
district of Mrs. Glm LaBerge (Isabel Cruik-
shank) .
Margaret Dunbar returned to Alberta after
several years in the East, and after reliev-
ing at Tangent for Miss Dufresne who took
the advanced course in obstetrics at the Uni-
versity of Alberta, she settled at Bow Island.
Dorothy Kaufman, formerly of Bow Is-
land, has been transferred to Kinuso in order
to use her skill in obstetrics.
Alice lIitz has gone to Plamondon while
Elizabeth Standing is on leave of absence
in Edmonton.

Sheila MacKay of Calgary was appoint
d
to the district at Hemaruka.
Mrs. R. T ayl or (Mary W iIlis), Worsley,
is carrying on in her district until a new
appointment can be made.
Florence Harrison has returned from sick
leave and is now stationed at Blueberry

fountail1.
Mrs. A1ldrey Cavil was appointed to the
district at Lomond following the resigna-
tion of N aom; Pow who returned to hos-
pital work.
Doroth'J' Colgan is now stationed at Maloy
while

lrs. Cole has returned to her district
at Alder Flats.
The Health Unit staffs have had some
recent changes as follows: Maxine Bow re-
signed from Clover Bar to go to the V.O.N.
Montreal. Ruth McClure left Clover Bar to
join the Toronto City Health Dept. staff.
M arimL
fltrra'J', Holden health unit, is on
leave of absence serving as travelling pub-
lic health instructor for the A.A.R.N. Isa-
belle J,f acdonald has been appointed to the
Two Hills health unit. Chris Andersot
join-
ed the Clover Bar health unit.
M rs. M on-
tie Croft has been appointed to the Legal
health unit.

M.L.I.C. Nursing Service

Lmwa Bard.er (St. Charles Hospital, St.
Hyacinthe, P. Q. and University of Mon-
treal public health nursing course) was re-
cently transferred from Quebec City to take
charge of the Metropolitan Nursing Service
in Thetford Mines, P. Q.

Olive Carrier (St. Mary's Hospital School
of Nursing, Montreal, and University of
Montreal public health nursing course) was
recently transferr
d form Montreal to take
charge of the Metropolitan Nursing Ser-
vice in J oliette, P. Q.

NEW S

ALBERT A

EDMONTON:

At the recent annual meeting of the Royal
Alexandra Hospital Alumnae Association
the fonowing officers were elected for the
ensuing year: honourary president, M. S.
Fraser; president, V. Chapman; vice-presi-

228

NOTES

dents, Mrs. N. Richardson, A. Lord; record-
ing secrt:tary, Mrs, D. Ferrier; corresponding
secretary, M. A. Kennedy; treasurer, B.
Long; committee conveners: program, Mrs.
J. F. Thompson; visiting, M. Moore; socia]
L. Watkins: extra executive, Mrs. R. Um-
bach, M. Griffith, I. Johnson.
Following the business meeting Jean Reilly,
Opal King, and Janet Cook, student nurses,
entertained with music and songs.

Vol. 41 No. J

v O:L U M E 4 1
NUMBER 4
A;P R I L
1 9 4 5

Invest in
the jBest!
Support the 8th
Victory Loan

One of the Best

CarllJàian Army Pholo

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PERKINS TRACTORS, two short bars of
different metals, caused an 18th cen-
tury sensation. When an ailing body
was stroked with them, the ailment
was supposed to be subsequently
cured. Actually, the mental effect in-
duced was its OIùy value.

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CANNED FOODS are raw and need to
be cooked. This idea is still believed
today, although entirely untrue. The
above illustration shows canned food
being processed by heat at controlled
temperatures higher than those ob-
tainable in the home.

As you know, canned foods are thoroughly cooked,
the heat making them bacteriologically sterile. The air-
tight seal prevents outside contamination. To prepare,
they need heating to suit individual taste. Many products
are served cold.

e>

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, HAMIL YON, ONY ARlO;
AMERICAN CAN COMPANY L YD., VANCOUVER, B. C.

ææcI ?tØt

1R
UG\\1 p
1\EN1
fOR 1\\E D\S

Ii

-1

APRIL, 1945

THE unrelenting distracting torment of pruritic skin
lesions can readily ups
t the mental and emo-
tional equilibrium of any patient, however stolid.
Instant and complete relief of itching is the patient's
urgent demand; eradication of the lesion becomes
a matter of secondary interest. With Calmitol, the
patient's desires are dependably satisfied. Itching
is stopped virtually instantly, and for prolonged
periods. The tenseness of the patient gives way to
peace and rest, and relaxation .is again possible.
Calmitol has become the first thought in pruritus,
regardless of cause or other indicated treatment.

:7k
flHiIe4 t?a :é'td
504 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal, Canada

,.

The active ingredients of Cal-
mitolarecamphorated chloral,
menthol and hyoscyamine
oleate in an alcohol-chloro-
form-ether vehicle. Calmitol
Ointment contains 10 per cent
Calmitol in a lanolin-petrola-
tum base. Calmitol stops itch-
ing by direct action upon cu-
tane()us receptor organs and
nerve endin
s, preventing the
furthpr transmission of offend-
ing impulses. The 0 ntment is
bland and nonirritating, hence
can be used on any shin or
mucous membrane surface.
The liquid should be applied
only to unbroken sk:n are:J!'.

..........

L

IT

L

THE DEPENDABLE ANT'- PflUltlf,C

245

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Onawa. Canada. at s.cond dats marrer.
Editor and Bruiness Mønøger:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N., 522 Medical Art. Bide., Montreal 25. P.Q.

CONTENTS FOR .\PRIL, 1945

HELPING OUR NURSING SISTERS 269
GOOD LUCK TO THE NEW GRADUATES 270
FAMILY ALLOWANCES - A CHILDREN'S CHARTER FOR CANADA G. F. Davidson, Ph. D. 271
MANAGEMENT AND THE PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICES
R.M.P. Hamilton 274

A TWENTY-FIVE YEAR RETROSPECT OF INFANT FEEDING
TEACHING MICROBIOLOGY

TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY

FAR BE IT FROM ME TO BOAST - BUT

SUMMER SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES

BOOSTING MORALE IN THE V.O.N.
A POST-GRADUATE COURSE IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

A. Goldbloom, fl.1.D. 279
B. I'.lcPhedran 285
- M. UcNeill 289
- S. C.1UacKay 291
- lH. I'.fcCulla 293
C. Livingston 293
C. Lynch 294

NOTES FRO
I THE NATIONAL OFFICE 297
POSTWAR PLANNING ACTIVITIES 301
WHAT LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS CAN Do TO STEP UP STUDENT NURSE RECRUITMENT
E. 1'.1 acLennan 302
COUNTING UP THE COSTS 304

SASKATCHEWAN NURSE II\STRUCTORS HOLD AN IKSTITlJTE

GAS GANGRENE
BOOK REVIEWS
NEWS NOTES

G. Giles 306
B. Haley 309
314
318

SuhscrÎþtÎon Røtes: $2.00 per year - $5.00 for
years; Foreign & U.S.A., $2.50; Studeat
Nunes,
1.50; Canadian NursinK Sisters Ov.N" and Canadian DUnN servinK with UNRRA.
$2.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cheques, money orden and postal notes "hould b. made
payable to Th,. C_ødiøa Nurse. (Wb... nmittinK by cheques add 15 cenu for excbanae).
Ch_.
of Addre..: Four week.' advance notice, and th
old address, as well as the ru... are
necesNry for chanKe of subscriber's address. Not responsible for Journøb lost in the mails d...
to new address not beinK forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Editor_
Ccndent: Nlews items should reach the JOUTfttll office before the 8th of month precediq publica-
tion. All published mss. d"troyed after 3 months, unless asked for. Offküd Directory: PublialNd
complete in March, June. Sept. lie Dec. issues.
Address all communications to 522 M
dic" Arts B'd
.. Montretl' 25. P. Q.

Z46

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logistics

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logistics, the science of "getting the right number of men_

to the right place with the right equipment at the right time"

has been developed in this war to a degree never before

realized. . Concurrently, and backing up our military effort,

the inherent common sense of the Canadian people has dic-

tated the right kind of spending at the right time. e Instead

of buying more of the comforts of life for themselves and their

families, the majority of Canadians are pooling their resources

. . . at interest. . . to purchase more of the weapons that help

create victory. With the 8th Victory loan under way. they

have timed their buying to deliver a knock-out blow to the

enemy. . An extra $50 or $100 or $500 bond bought now

,:,

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is the right kind of spending at the right time.

WILLIAM R. WARNER & CO. LTD.. 727 KING ST. W., TORONTO ,. CANADA
ESTABLISHED IN 185&

APRIL. 1945

24'

Reader's Guide

The whole problem of family allow-
ances, as they are to be applied in Can-
ada, has been receiving very considerable
attention in the past few months. On
the one hand there win be praise
for the prescience of the Federal
Government in thus anticipating
the new forms of social legislation which
would prove such a boon to all of our
citizens. Health insurance which had
been discussed as the probable opening
phase was relegated to a later time for
a variety of reasons and "baby bonuses"
substituted. From many quarters ha:5
come marked disapproval of this change
of direction. Dr. George F. Davidson,
who discusses the plan for" family al-
lowances, has had a very broad expe-
rience in social welfare work. Today.
as Deputy Minister of 'Velfare in the
Department of National Health and
Welfare, his interpretation of the work-
ings of the plan will help us to under-
stand the situation.

Dr. AIton Goldbloom is chairman of the
Department of Pediatrics at McGil1
University and acting Physician-in-
Chi
f, Children's Memorial Hospital,
Montreal.

It is stimulating to get the OpInIOn
of such a busy executive as R. M. P.
Hamilton, president, General Engineer-
ing Co. (Canada) Ltd., Toronto, as to
wha t the management in industry
expects from the development of health
services within the plant.

Blanche .McPhedran is assistant princi-
pal of the Toronto Western Hospital
School for Nurses. Margaret McNeill is a
private duty nurse in Charlottetown,
P.E 1. Madeline McCulla is acting direc-
tor of the School of Nursing, Uni-
versity of Alberta, Edmonton. Sheila
:\lacKa
' is provincial public health nurse
at Hemaruka, Alta. Certainly the
"Macs" have taken over the Section
Pag'es this month!

Our cover shows a reproduction of
an oil painting by Lieut. L. P. Harris,
of Nursing Sister F. M. Copeman, R.C.
A.;\I.C. The original painting is on
display at the National Gallery in
Ottawa. The courage and devotion of
all of our nursing sisters is reflected in
this portrait. They are giving of their
best. Can we do less?
Inv{'st in the Best!

.

v

Canadian Armv Overseas Phølo

In fl C flnnrlian tent hospital somewhere m Italy.
248 Vol. 41, No. ...

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TEMP
EST

The r_ldio sound ma'/ is one
of the mysterious "toey" in the com-
mon expression of wonderment, "What
will 'they' think of next?" The omi-
nous rumble of thunder, so terrifying to
millions of rad io listeners, he creates
by deftly striking and shaking a huge
sheet of tin plate. From other contriv-
ances born of his ingenuity, the crackle
of flames, the splash of rain, the drum-
ming of horses' hoofs are simulated
with startling fidelity. Practically every
sound from the flutter of the wings of
a butterfly to the clamor and din of a
busy factory comes within the range
of his ingenuitÝ.
The medical research worker is inge-

IN A TIN PLATE

A

nious, toO, but in quite a different man-
ner. For although his accomplishments
may seem as magical, with him there are
no imitations, no pretense, no theater.
In parasitized rye, he has found ergot.
From the mold Penicillium notattll!J, he
has developed the powerful penicillin.
His work is based on scientific fact, and
the fruits of his labors must be sub-
jected to extensive and severe clinical
trial, in "hich the studies of a year may
be lost in an hour. In addition to in-
genuity of the highest order, the medi-
cal research worker must possess un-
limited patience, tireless energy, and
courage unexcelled, His contribution
to medical practice and the public
health is immeasurable,

ELI L ILL Y AND COM PAN Y ( CAN A D A) L I t.1 I TED . TOR 0 N TO. 0 N TAR I 0

APRIT lQ4'> 249

R ALL

On April 23rd the Eighth Victory Loan
will be in full swing. Naturally, as in
previous loans, you will subscribe to
the very limit to make this loan a
success. Your country asks you to do
more than that.
You exercise more weight than most
illeR in your community and in the busi-
ness and industrial life of the land. Your

/

/ / /

250

\" 01. 41. :'Iio. 4

YOU'RE WORT

position carries with it certain respon-
sibilities too. You are asked to devote
your full energy towards making this
Joan a success.
Your influence can be a powerful factor
in organizing groups of employees to
subscribe to this loan. You can help to
make the loan a success in your own
residential section. In your daily con-

,

,
.

þ

,

APRIL, 1945

tacts, by word of mourh and by action,
you can influence and inspire groups
of people to push this loan quickly
over irs objective.
Your country needs men of your calibre
to put energy and enthusiasm behind
the organization of this loan. Take hold
and-pull for all you're worth.

,

/'

NATIONAL WAR FINANCE COMMITTEE

251

AYERST PENICilliN

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The sterile culture medium is inoculated with a suspen-
sion of Penicillium notatum spores by one of the Ayerst
technicians.

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After sterilization by filtration, testing and standardiza-
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sterile bottles.

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culture bottles, following inoculation, ere placed and
remain approximately 7 days.

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Following complete retesting for potency, sterility and
moisture content, Ayerst Penicillin is packaged and
released for sale.

NOW AVAilABLE

252

%94

Vol. 41, No.

r;h(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTHLY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUB LIS H E D B Y THE CAN A D I ANN U R S E S ASS 0 C. I A T ION

VOLUME FORTY-ONE

APRIL 1945

NUMBER FOUR

Helping our Nursing Sisters

In :1 recent letter from one of our
nursing sisters, now serving in Europe,
these very significant sentences occur:
"Our greatest problem is that of read-
ing material. If there are any more sis-
ters who go to you before coming over,
would rou please tell them to subscribe
to se\'eral of their favorite magazines".
There is in this message a real chal-
lenge to alumnae associations, local reg-
istered nurses associations, and to in-
dividual nurses in all parts of Canada.
\Vhat are we doing to help our col-
leagues on the battle-fronts refresh their
minds in their off duty hours? \Ve have
all contributed to book funds for the
soldiers but how much have we spent on
reading matter for our own colleagues

Perhaps we have taken it for granted
that they are subscribing to their own
magazines and don't need our help.
Some of them are, no doubt, but how
long does it take us to read one maga-
zine? If we want something new to read,
we can step down to the nearest drug-

APRIL. 194'>

store and pick up what we wish to read
- in English, not in Flemish or French
or [talian, etc.
\Vhat can we do? The post office
authorities refuse to accept parcels of
magazines or newspapers going to our
nursing sisters. The only way they .can
be sent is through a subscription directly
to the publisher. Books, however, may
be Serlt through the mails and there is
an infinite variety of books available in
pocket-size editions ranging all the way
from cook-books to the most grisly "who-
dun its", If by any remote chance you
do not know the addresses of any in-
dividual nursing sisters, the copies could
be sent in care of the matrons of the
various units.
You will be glad to know that com-
plimentary copies of The Cmwdinn Nurse
are sent each month to everyone of the
units overseas. The nurses are beginning
to he concerned about ((the problem of
findin
work for ourselves after the
war I; over". This correspondent con-

P"
\

269

2ïO

THE CANADIAI\ 1\URSE

tinues: "There is a great deal of dis-
cussion going on but most people over
here are a little doubtful about the
future". The.] ournal is publicizing the
plans and activities of the Postwar Plan-
ning Committee of the Canadian Nurses
Association. For their help and guidance,
see that individual copies of the Journal

reach the graduates from your School
of Nursing or the girls from your town.
The plans we may evolve are long
overdue-hut don't let us waste time in
recriminations! Let us get a wealth of
reading material flowing to our nurs-
ing sisters.

-M.E.K.

Good Luck to the New Graduates

'Vithin the next few weeks nurses
in all parts of Canada will be completing
their university post-graduate courses
and beginning their work as public
health nurses, .as instructors or super-
visors in schools of nursing, or as ad-
ministrators in hospitals. There will be
very mixed feelings, for the year which
is concluding, while it has meant strenu-
ous study and concentration has also
given an opportunity for the welding of
many "1ew friendships .and inspiring dis-
cussions. As the last examination papers
are handed in, the last essays and as-
signments completed, a concerted sigh
of relief will rise as some, nay most, of
the students will solemnly vow that those
were the very last examinations they
would ever write!
The months immediately preceding
the end of the term also contain many
moments of thought and consultation
regarding the next step-the job. Quite
a few of the students will be returning
to positions from wh
ch they were re-
leased for study. But for the majorit
7,
this post-graduate training has opened
a new field, and these will be weighing
the relativ
values of this position as
compared to service with that agency.
Since opportunities are plentiful, applica-
tions will be filed with a variety of or-
ganizations or hospitals. Of course only
one position can be accepted. Here, the

operation of the golden rule - do as
you would he done by - can ensure
continued cordial relationships if the
nurse will take the trouble to notify
other agencies where her application is
pending-
hen she has accepted a position.
I t may appear a very small matter to
her but it may cause considerable dis-
ruption when half a dozen or more
nurses neglect this courtesy.
Quite a large proportion of the in-
cipient graduates from university courses
have been the recipients of bursaries or
scholarships. 'Vith the acceptance of
this award last Fall, these nurses obligat-
ed themselves to make a definite return
in the form of service. On these, then,
will rest the ethical responsibility of ful-
filling the terms of their contract. It is
indeed a tribute to the integrity of the
nurses that of the hundreds who have
received some form of financial assis-
tance, a numher so small as to appear
negligible have failed to live up to their
ohligations. It is a curious reflection on
human nature that we hear of these
defaulters but pass by the overwhelming
ma joritv who have not failed.
To
n of these new workers the] our-
nal extends heartiest good wishes for
success in their chosen field. Remember,
there is plent} of room on top for those
who scale the ladder.

-M.E.K.

Vol. 41, No.4

Family Allowances-A Children's Charter for Canada

GEORGE F. DAVIDSON, Ph.D.

Twice in the past twenty-five years
the searchlights of science and war
have been turned on the stand.ards of
living in the western world, They have
heen found seriouslr wanting for great
numher
of people in even the most fa-
voured countries, as the startling: number
of medical rejections for milita
\' service
testi fv. '
l'atinns have come to realize that
without a healthy and vigorous people
there can be no prosperity. On an in-
creasing scale they are devisin 0" and in-
. . ::,
stJtutmg measures of economic and so-
cial betterment to combat what Sir \Vil-
liam Beveridge has called the wicked
giants of Idleness, \\r ant, Disease, Ig-
norance and Squalor. The devices are
various but interdependent. Decent hous-
ing conditions and greater educational
opportunities will help to defeat Squalor
and Ignorance. The remedy for Idle-
ness lie:; in full employment, that is,
ir: maintaining and expanding produc-
tIOn, ,on the one hand; on the other, in
maintaining a steady flow of consumer
purchasing power - regular spending
on food, clothing and other necessities
of life. Health services for everyone will
combat disease, but in themselves can-
not develop a healthy people unless 'Vant
is disposed of; unless a minimum stan-
dard of health and deceno' can be
maintained at aU times. .
In Canada a forthright attack has
been made upon 'Vant by the Family
Allowances Act which will place $250,-
000,000 in Canadian homes each year.
Beginning in July, cash allowances will
be paid monthly from general tax reve-
nues towards the maintenance, care and
upbringing of all children under sixteen
living in a family unit. There are thus
two questions to answer: 'Vhy have fa-
mily allowances been chosen as the spear-
head for the post-war development of

APRIL, 1945

economic and social security? \Yhat
benefits will accrue to justify this re-
distribution of income?
In any structure of social security
family allowances occupy a key position
because of the multiple purpose they
serve. The heart of the family allow-
ance scheme lies, perhaps, in its attack
on individual poverty to the extent that
this grows out of factors in the wage
srste
. \Vages bear no relation to the
size of the wage-earner's family. Ther
are paid roughly on the basi
of his
training,
kill, and the type of work per-
formed. A married person obviously
cannot rear and educate healthy children
on a wage sufficient for only one per-
son. The present necessity to do just
that has forced many families below the
poverty line. It must be clearly under-
stood, however, that family allowances
are not tied to the wage system, and do
not limit collective bargaining. They
are not a substitute for fair wages, Fa-
mily allowances lessen the inevitable
inequalities that cannot be met by wage
adjustments. They assist parents in pro-
portion to their family responsibilities.
Family allowances are, in short, a recog-
nition by the state that children are a
national asset, and that, in the national
self-interest, they must be given the
protection of decent and healthful liv-
ing conditions.
Furthermore, the allowances promote
the prosperity of the country as a whole
by placing increased purchasing powert
in the hands of families most in need
of the basic commodities of food, cloth-
ing and shelter. Expenditures on con-
sumers' goods make up a very large

1 "The first cause of hunger and malnutri-
tion is poverty. It is useless to produce more
food unless men and nations provide the
markets to absorb if'. United Nations Con-
ference on Food and Agriculture.

271

2ï2

THE C..\.
:\DIA
1\URSE

proportion of our n.ational income. F God
alone is the most important single trade
commodity and constitutes one-third of
the cost of living. Two hundred and
fifty million dollars represent a good deal
in the way of food, clothing and services
on the domestic market. T ts regular cir-
culation, year in and year out, will
stimulate the demand for goods, and
contrihute to the creation and mainten-
ance oÍ a high level of employment.
These practical social and economic
returns on money invested in f.amily al-
lowances are recognized by many coun-
tries of widely differing political and eco-
nomic structure. Some form of family
allowances has been introduced in over
thirty countries, including the sister
dominions. New Zealand and Australia.
The British government has promised
to establish them immediately after the
war as a part of their post-war program
of reconstruction and social security.
The principle of family allowances is
not new in Canada. It has been recog-
nized in dependents' allowances in the
armed services, and, earlier, in mothers'
allowances, relief payments and v.ork-
men's :ompensation. Income tax reduc-
tions for dependent children have been
allowed to persons within the taxpayi.ng
bracket. At the present time less than
half the 3,500,000 children of Canada
are receiving benefit from these reduc-
tions. The Act extends benefits similar
to th05c en joyed hy persons within the
income tax category to two additional
groups: those whose incomes are so low
they receive less than the full income tax
reduction, and those who are under the
present taxable level of $1200 a year.
A considerable section of the wage-
earning population falls within th
se
two groups. According to the census
figures for 1941 the incomes of 57.1 per
cent of the wage-earning population out-
side agriculture came helO\\' $1200 a
,.ear. One-third of the total urban heads

f families earned less than $999; ano-
ther third earned $1000 to $1499. It
might be well to recall here that, in
1939, the \VeHare Council of Toronto

estimated $28.35 weekly, or $1474.20:!
a year, to be the minimum required in
the Toronto area to maintain a family
of five in health and self-respect, and
then only with the most careful plan-
ning, If this figure is taken as a rough
yard-stick, it is obvious that family al-
lowances wiH be a godsend to these two
groups.
Nurses, of course, are well aware of
the importance of nutrition in relation
to the needs of growing children. Like
social workers, they have seen their
skilled services go down to defeat before
the finality of income so limited it could
not be stretched to cover the barest
minimum of nourishing food. An exam-
ination of family income, with and with-
out the addition of family allowances,
shows the effect the allowances can have
on family standards of diet.
Under the Act, the allowances vary
in amount with the age.of the children
in the family. They increase as the
children grow older .and the expense of
maintenance increases, ranging from a
minimum of $5 a month for a child
under six, to $8 for a child thirteen and
over. Six to nine-vear-olds get $6 a
month and ten to iwelve-yea;-olds, $ 7
a month. On the assumption that some
of the cll'thi.ng and equipment pur-
chased for older children can be used for
the younger, the allowance is decreased
for children after the fourth. These
gradations add enormously to the ad-
ministrative complications but they are
an attempt to ensure equitable treatment
for all. .
:\ couplt: w:th three children ag
2,
II ami 13 rears, whom we will call
the Jones family, would thus receive a
fa mil" allowance of $20 a month or
$240 a year. This amount would bring
their annual income of, say, $950 up to
$1190, or to put it another way, in-
crease the family income from $190

2 In terms of 1944 prices, the revised Report
estimate;; that $35.85 ($18M.20 a
ear) is
neeòed to cover the same budget.

Vol. 41, No.4

F A MIL Y '\ L L 0 \\r A 1\ C E S

per person per year to $238 per person.
This may mean the difference between
actual want and at least a minimum stan-
dard of existence. For example, a study
of income and expenditure of urban
wage-earners' families in Canada, 1937-
38,
indicated that families with annual
incomes under $199 per person showed
deficiency in nll nutritive requirements.
Thus with the addition of the family
alJowance, the Jones family would be
brought out of this categof} into the
$200-299 a year grouping. According
to the findings of this study, they will
now have a sufficient supply of calories
but will still be deficient in other res-
pects.
Dietary studies have established the
fact that food consumption per person
falls as the family increases in size. This
is particularly true of the protective foods
such as butter, milk, eggs, cheese ;md
vegetables, which tend to be replaced
by bread and potatoes. Family allowan-
ces should do much to stay this trend in
Canada, even without the very desirable
reinforcement of incre;lsed public edu-
cation on nutrition.
There is, as yet, little information in
Canada on agriculture income in rela-
tion to famil y
size . It would be danger-
ous to assume that farm homes are less
in need of supplementary diets than their
city counterparts. The types of home-
grown produce available on the farm
depend a good deal on climatic area -
as well as on dietetic knowledge. Bread
and potatoes too often occupr a dispro-
portionate place on the farm menu. The
import of fre
h fruit and vegetables to
the local market from milder areas is
necessary at certain seasons on the
prairies and in the northern districts
of other provinces.
An increasing knowledge of nutri-
tion aron more accurate vital and social
statistics have shown a lot of unswept
corners in our national housekeeping
and revealed some grim facts about the
health and welfare
of large sections of
the population. The effect of dietary de-
ficiency on the health, vitality and rate

APRIL, 1945

273

of growth of children, and on their
ability to learn, has been amply demon-
strated, here and abroad. Even so, we
have taken only the first faltering steps
in studying nutrition in relation to the
total budget of different income levels of
the population. One direct effect of fa-
mily allowances may be the stimulation
of community groups to conduct surveys
similar to that of the Toronto \Velfare
Council, in urban centres, small towns
and representative rural areas.
More food, and more wholesome
food, are by no means the only needs
of the Jones family. Thq may be sac-
rificing other vital wants to an adequate
menu. In particular, medical and dental
requirements are apt to be neglected, or
postponed until a critical stage is reached,
and the cost to the family and the com-
munity is considerably higher than if
preventive care or early treatment had
been given. In point of fact, the .average
parent cannot afford to purchase ade-
quate health services for his family. The
health insurance proposals under consid-
eration for the past two years recognize
the limitations of the family budget in
this respect and would provide free
health
nd medical care for all children
under 16. Until health insurance comes
into effect, family allowances will help
to pay for medical attention, visiting
nursing and other services of the kind.
Furthermore, shoes and warm cloth-
ing are an ever-present expense where
there 3re children. Fuel may be short,
another room may be needed, or a pro-
per mattress for straight growth, .-\.n
endless variety of needs come under the
simple heading of "food, clothing and
shelter". The only general terms in
which they can be expressed is monev.
And the only persons who know these
needs of particular children are the
parents. Administrative eÀperience in
dispensillg relief, mothers' allowances
and, during the war, dependent'" allow-
ances indicates misuse of funds in a very
small percentage of cases. Furthermore,
provision is made in the Act to take the
allowance away from parents who are

274

THE CAKADIA1\ KURSE

incapable or unwilling to spend it for the
betterment of their families, and to place
it under the control of some other per-
son or agency.
It is true that family allowances alone
will not bring social security. But they
are a firm foundation stone. They are
one more step forward in the history
of child protection. It seems a far cry
to the era of Dickens when schools,
workhouses, prisons. and factories bore
a dismal similarity, and health and nu-

trition were words of an as yet unknown
language. The general level of living
has risen immeasurably since then. Ne\'-
ertheless, progress since those st
k days
ha, been in great and little steps as
groups here and there awakened to duties
and obligations, and made the commun-
ity increasingly aware of its larger res-
ponsibilities. Each step forward has been
.an innovation and a struggle in pro-
gress. Family allowances is one of those
steps.

Management and the Promotion
of Industrial Health Services

R. 1\:1. P . HAMILTON

"Management" is a very general
term, and it should be st.ated that "good
management" regard their responsibili-
ties as an obligation-in-trust, requiring
them to co-ordinate the bona fide needs
of their source of financial support, w he-
ther this source be the shareholders of a
commercial company, or taxpayers of a
country, with their chief means of pro-
ducing - which is their employee-staff.
:\ttanagement, from an impersonal
viewpoint, is made up of innumerable
components, the important ones being,
in so far as they affect industrial health
service, three main influences or forces,
VIZ:
1. The natural interest of the normal
employer in the well-being of his em-
ployees.
2. The growing realization of even
absentee directors that it pays dividends
to keep employees healthy.
3. Applied public opinion, which is
perhaps ;in inadequate but still a prac-
tical way of expressing the benefits,
authority, and leadership derived from,
and exerted by, such bodies as the public

departments of health, and the employee,
themselves.
An industrial health service is a key
industrial relation factor linking man-
agement with employees. Mutual confi-
dence is the lubricant which makes this
link between management and staff
work well, or badly, depending on the
degree of confidence present. Medical
people will realize that "mutual confi-
dence" is a two-way affair.
Functional forces affecting medical
services: Even though management's
medical knowledge may be limited to
an idea as to when to use "aspirin", the
chances are they can underst.and the
problems of the medical services. If you
want their help you should keep them
posted and, objectively speaking, in your
confidence. The strongest force for im-
proving medical service comes from the
average management's own interest in
the welfare of their employees. \Vanting
to put the case in simple, pr.actical lan-
guage, as a parane! to carrying out the
desires of a medical service, we went to
our safety officer, and director of re-

Vol. 41, No.4

Il'DUSTRL\L HEALTH SERVICES

search, from whom we got this funda-
mental answer to the question from a
functional standpoint:
Our analyses show the components
of an industrial health service to be: In-
terest b} the employer in employee well-
being j business recognition that indus-
trial health service pays a commercial
return; public opinion provided by the
department of health. The question is,
how can these be resolved into one
force? The answer is, these forces, like
other industrial relation problems, com-
bine in the overall objective - "Pre-
vention of "Taste."

PREVENTION OF \V ASTE

You wonder why we took so' long to
build up this philosophy of "Prevention
of \V aste". The reason is illustrated in
the two main principles which guide
every activity in successful ind ustrial
health service:
1. The first principle is indicated by
the assistance obtained in defining the
basic objectives of a health service. The
first source of information, advice, or
guidance is the department of public
health. The second source is the indus-
trial doctor immediately concerned with
the industry in question. If there is no
such doctor, one should be contacted
who is acceptable to the department of
public health, preferably recommended
by them. The third source of assistance
in carrying out the medical service is
represented by thf' engineering depart-
ment of the industry, which must be
called in on such matters as ventilation,
i11umination, sanitary facilities, safety
facilities, etc. (Later we will touch on
other departments which are definite
factors in facilitating a medical service,
particularly in the large industries, but
for the moment the engineering group
will serve to illustrate them all.)
In industrial heaJth work, problems
will occur which c.annot, or shoud not
be solved alone. A successful health

APRIL. 1945

275

worker will recognize the necessity of
calling in complementary talent, and the
good industrial health worker will be
proud .of the frequency with which he
taps other assistance rather than attempt-
ing to work miradesalone, (for exam-
ple, consider toxic dust elimination, light-
ing, etc.).
2. The second principle is illustrated
by the simple philosophy of the phrase
"Prevention of \Vaste". It seèms to
me that the main difference between a
laborer and a professional person is that
the latter usually follows an under-
standable philosophy. To guide one's self
steadily amongst the intricacies of any
job worth doing, one should be able to
fit one's objectives into some simple over-
riding philosophy, such as the "Preven-
tion of \Vaste". \Vhen you think of it,
personnel work, safety work, medical
work, nutrition service, all come under
the same he.ading as does the business
man's reason for watching his costs. This
watchfulness on the part of management
can be made an asset to a medical service
if both are governed by the principle of
ccPrevention of Waste".

CO-OPERATION WITH ALLIED
DEPARTMENTS

Although, so far, we have only re-
ferred to an engineering department as
an essential aid to health service, it is
ohvious to anyone who considers the
question that the best industrial health
services in the world will be wasteful of
time. and money if they do not have
adequate support from the other agencies
of management. Included in direct
agencies of management, along with the
medical and engineering departments,
are safety, personnel, production, in-
spection, rese.arch, sales, accounting, pur-
chasing, etc.
The medical service will, or should,
rank equal to any of these other depart-
ments, but usually has no jurisdiction
over them. For this it is dependent upon

2ï6

THE CA1\ -\DIAN NURSE

the support of top management. Top
management is not going to put up with
a daily series of complaints or requests
for support from ;iny department, even
such an impo!:tant one as the medical
service.. Rather than depend on the
sympathetic support of top management,
which would be lost if too often required
in detail, it is, therefore, up to the me-
dical service to cultivate the respect and
the interested regard of the ather depart-
ments, without which .a medical service
will fail.
In discussing what amounts to the
working co-operation between depart-
ments, we have not yet mentioned the
plant Union, or the ordinary employee.
In mentioning them now, it is unneces-
sary, one hopes, to stress the fundamen-
tal necessity of acquiring and maintain-
ing their re
pect. If this employee-respect
is not maintained it is obvious that the
employees will not use the medical ser-
vice and the medical service is, therefore,
use1esc; to the management or anyone
else.
"Co-operation" is an overworked
word, but if really put into practice it
could cure all our industrial ills, whe-
ther physical or economic. The troubles
occur when one of the parties who should
co-operate expects the other fellow to do
all the co-operating, and declines to meet
him half-way because to do so would
not suit his own ideas of the moment.
Functionally speaking, all organiz
-
tions have the same problems. In the
broad sense, the industry with a dozen
employees, whose "medical department"
is somebody who had first aid training
as a child, has the same fundamental
problems as the 25,OOO-man industry.
The d:fferences hetween the hig and
little industry are two: Big ind ustry tends
to sufff:r from the difficulties of main-
taining personal contact, and no good hu-
man relationships can he maintained for
Ion!! on a pure1v mechanical or statis-
tical basis. Small industry, however, can-
not afford the specialized facilities which
the same percentage expenditure of time
or money provides for big industry.

These two factors more or less balance
each other out, and one doubts very
much if the industrial health problems
in a big industry are any bigger or more
easily soluble than those of a small in-
d ustry .
'" orking with the nutritionists of a
large indu;try to improve the me.als in
their cafeteria, a health service may find
itself temporarily stopped by the comp-
troller. He will insist on the purchase of
low-grade meat in .order to reduce an
apparent but immediate loss to the com-
pany through mo
e costly food. It may
be just as difficult, and take just as much
applied patience and diplomacy on the
part of the large company medical ser-
vice, to obtain relief from the account-
ing dictum,as would obtain in the case
of a fifty-man industry where the part-
time industrial nurse may need to en-
list aid to stop the local "greasy-spoon"
from serving countless weird concoctions.
It is suggested, therefore, that there
is little use considering one's own job
unusually difficult. A large part of any
professional success depends upon the
ability to master the cirëumstances and
personal equations which tend to retard
professional progress.
The problem boils down to selling
your knowledge or your ideas. The first
essential in salesmanship is to create
confidence. It should be remembered
that confidence is a mutual affair, .and
to obtain the management's confidence,
it is necessary to give them the confi-
dence of the medical or other depart-
ment desiring this close relationship.

INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL "SELLING"
HAS FOUR PHASES

1. "Selling" the management boils
down to demonstrating that the em-
ployee and, therefore, the company, get
adequate return for money spent on em-
ployee health. The general method w
,
as management, use to convince our
superiors is to show that our medical
service costs under one half of one per

Vol. 41, No.4

IKDLTSTRL\L HEALTH SERVICES

cent of our otherwise fixed costs. This
is in an industry with explosive hazard
and some toxic conditions in addition to
ordinary accident problems. The direc-
tors, knowing that it costs us between
twenty-five and fifty dollars to hire an
employee, and between fifty and one
hundred dollars to train him (dépend-
ing on the times and work requirements)
appreciate the value received from medi-
cal expenditures. Social security taxes are
mounting by leaps and bounds and every
business man know the first line of
defence is "medical service".
2. "Selling" the other departments on
the value of your service's requirements
to them is sometimes slow. However,
absenteeism costs the employer more than
the employee by 50 per cent. Also 80 per
cent of the visits to our medical depart-
ment are due to non-occupational trou-
bles and supervision of health is the key
to prevention of this waste.
3. "Selling" the worker on the value
of medical service to them is usually
easy, (e.g., lost time due to illness is
largelv preventable-it averages fifteen
times that due to accident and amounts
to nine days per year per worker).
4. "Selling" the public on the value
- to them - is usually done through
the company. In the last hundred years
ind ustrial workers increased from 12
per cent to 29 per cent while agricul-
tural workers decreased from 72 per
cent to 21 per cent of the people at
work. The increasing importance of
good industrial health to the State IS,
therefore, obvious.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF
INTEREST TO THE \IEDICAL SERVICE
Costs come high in any management
docket, since no industry can operate
long at a loss. Industry has, generally
speaking, become accustomed to a cost of
up to one dollar per month per em-
ployee for industrial medical service.
Employees average ten to twelve calls
per year at the medical department of
an industrial service.

APRIL. 1945

277

In meeting the management's need
for controHing costs, the medical service
will always find three things: Once they
have earned a reputation for cost-con-
sciousness, the management will increase
the departmental freedom; most health
objectives can be obtained at relatively
low dollar cost, provided sufficie
t
thought is spent on the proper means of
obtaining the objective; once the worker
is "sold" on health consciousness from a
practical medical viewpoint, the worker
contribution to industrial health will
grow quickly by such obvious means as:
(a) personal attention to sanitation,
food, rest, etc.;' (b) obedience to medi-
cal suggestions such as attention to spe-
cific diets, transfer from harmful occu-
pations, etc.; (c) willingness to spend
their own money on medical services
such as hospitalization, which industry
cannot supply.
The handling of labor turnover, ab-
senteeism, training, alertness, job evalu-
ation and many similar management
problems can all be aided by a good in-
dustrial health service. The method of
handling the management's problems
from the viewpoint of industrial health
is sound planning by the medical de-
partment. Policies and procedures should
be studied if available in writing, and
sought out and clarified if not.
ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL
SERVICE FROM l\IANAGEMENT
VIEWPOINT

Assume that we are In an a verage-
sized industry with the usual problems
including a reasonably health-conscious
management of normal intelligence:
(a) The medical service will be ex-
pected by the management to provide:
(1) Pre-employment examination for
guidance to the employer in worker
placement, in accordance with plant
Polic}' and Procedure. (2) First aid care
and compl:nsation data. (3) Prevention
of spread of communicable disease. (4)
Preparation of rudimentaf\' statistics as
to lost time due to compensable acci-

278

THE CAN
-\ D I A N r\ U R S E

dents as distinct from non-occupational
illness. (5) Advice to management of
any important plant causes of occupa-
tional illness and means for controlling
them. (6) Advice to employees who be-
come ill while .at work - up to the
point of seeing their family physician.
(7) Supervision of sanitary conditions
throughout the plant.
(b) Additional accomplishments, pos-
sible with an aggressive medical service
co-operating with other departments
under a sympathetic management, in-
clude: (1) Advice as to workers' cloth-
ing and working conditions from the
health standpoint; for example, aid in
getting necessary eyeglasses, corrective
shoes, and provision of adequate light on
work, (2) Education of the workers
in co-operation with nutritionists towards
better feeding both at work and at home.
:\;1any poor workers are poor workers
because they are underfed or badly fed.
(3) Co-operation with public health ad-
vancement measures such as tuherculosis
picture surveys. (4) Co-operation with
the safety department in eliminating in-
dustrial accidents and through periodic
meùical examinations, eliminating sick
people from work. :\;10st accidents'- occur
to tired or sick people. (5) Co-operation
with production and engineering de-
partments in eliminating harmful work-
ing conditions; for example, much of
our dermatitis problem was eliminated
by provisions of adequate dust collection
and lighting. (6) Co-operation with
wage-studr departments in evaluating
jobs, such as analyzing and comparing
physical or nervous stresses on various
jobs. (ï) Co-operation with personnel

and operating departments in getting
and keeping healthy and satisfied em-
ployees. (juiet advice to these departments
enables them to understand, place pro-
perly, .and look after employees having
s[Jecial conditions of health or nervous
strain. (8) Acquire practically valuable
statistics on a variety of medical problems
being
tudied by public health officials.
(9) Carry out specific occupational and
industrial medical researches. (10) Visit
absent or known-to-be-sick employees
for two purposes, yiz: (a) to ad vise the
company as to probable length of ab-
sence; (b) to advise the employee as to
how to get necessary medical care from
his personal physician, hospital, or else-
where if such care is needed.
(c) Ten Commandments: or the
things which management expects me-
dical ..,en'ice to avoid: (1) Any act or
practice unfair to any employee. (2)
Participation in the inevitable plant poli-
tics. (3) Activities in union politics. (4)
Sign of favoritism to individual patients.
(5) Sign of disinterestedness in an em-
ployee's real or fancied illness. (6) Par-
ticipation in disciplinary measures. '\Then
necessary, these must be taken br the
proper department, which is never the
medical department. (7) Lack of frank-
ness in reporting objectively on any case
of sickness or accident to the manage-
ment, whose duty it is to keep confi-
dence. (8) Sign of taking sides in either
a compan
-employee or an inter-de-
partmental dispute. (9) Lack of co-
operation with public health officials.
( 10) Personal act which would detract
from the employees' friendh' respect for
the companr nurse or doctor.

\\ïth maternal mortality still a serious
public health problem in Canada, the
discussion of puerperal care and some of
the complications which may occur be-
comes of immediate interest and impor-
tance. Dr. \Villiam J. Stevens has shown
us how vital good nursing care is in the
prevention of untoward complications.

Preview

An important factor in preparation for
the delivery is the adequacy of the pre-
natal care that is given. Kate :\JcIIraith
has outlined the nurse's role in this for
us, stressing her value as a teacher. To
round out the picture, Frieda Allum des-
cribes the physical set-up and classes
held in a prenatal clinic.

Vol. 41. No.4

A Twenty-five Year Retrospect of Infant Feeding

ALTON GOLDBLOOM, lV1.D.

The apparently simple present-day
methods of feeding- infants stand out in
sharp contrast to the methods practised
and the beliefs held a g-eneration or so
ago. The reasons why ;e do or do not
do certain things, why we do or do
not give certain foods, have changed
materially together with our practices.
It is by no means uninteresting, nor is it
without some measure of indulgßI1t
amusement, to look back over the road
which we have travelled this past quar-
ter century to see where we have got to
and where we have come from; per-
haps, too, to try to see ahead a bit to
where we are going.
A generation ago, infant feeding was
regarded as a high and complex art and
by no means a simple one. It required
a year or two of study and practice to
learn well. One studied pediatrics par-
ticularly with a view to learning infant
feeding. It was the key to a successful
pediatric practice. I remember a dis-
tinguished pediatrist of the United
States who had .at the top of his-letter-
head the words "Practice Limited to In-
fant Feeding"; and he was a busy man.
If you were a young and ambitious doc-
tor and wanted to be .a pediatrist, rOll
chose the school of infant feeding which
you thought was the most advanced,
and you went there to learn the method.
You went to Boston to learn "percen-
tage feeding", while another went some-
where else to learn "caloric feeding".
It was the method of feeding that was
most important. \Vhat was behind the
method was the desire on the part of all
pediatrists of the day to trv so to modifr
cow's milk by dilution and by the add{-
tion of sugar, etc., as to make it resemble
human milk in its composition; the rea-
son being, of course, that if you could
produce a reasonable facsimile .of human
milk, } (lU would then have nC' troubll?

APRIL. 1945

in feeding infants. All the efforts of those
interested in the subject were directed
towards producing an imitation of hu-
man milk. Today our .aim is to provide
an infant with adequate food on which
it can thrive, without regard to the
manner in which it may differ from
human milk.
The appalling mortality of artificially
fed infants in those days, and the mani-
fest failure of all the divergent methods
of feeding, made it necessary to have
al ways on h.and a fairly large supply of
human milk in hospital feeding and, in
homes where they could be afforded,
wet-nurses for those infants who were
very ill. N ew York and other large ci-
ties had wet-nurse dtrectorÍes, some
maintained privately, like employment
agencies, others by public charity or-
ganizations. Hospitals for children often
kept as many as half-a-dozen wet-nurses,
their infants admitted as "feeding cases"
to the "feeding ward" .as it was called j
the wet-nurses were assigned to do light
work and to pump or strip their breasts
several times a day. This was thought
to be better than the method of supply-
ing district nurses to collect breast-milk
from mothers who lived at home, nursed
their babies, and sold the excess to the
hospital at from four to six cents an
ounce. The method was highly devel-
oped in Boston where at the Floating
Hospital the "milk maids" would meet
the boat when it docked in the late
afternoon, each heavily-laden with the
day's takings; bottles upon bottles of
milk g-athered from dozens of nursing
mothe--;'s in the district. The trouble was
that these mothers, who were selling
their precious milk at a price for the
sake of saving the lives of poor sick
children in the hospital, were not above
adulterating this milk, either by the old-
fashioned method of adding water to

279

280

THE C.-\.
ADJAN 1\URSE

it, or b} the simple expedient of mixing
it with cow's milk. These frauds were
fortunatelv detectable by simple methods.
The wet
nurse in the" huspital had no
reason for practising such frauds, because
she had 'her keep, light work and a homè
for her infant; moreover, she stripperl
or pumped her breasts under supervision.
But she was a nuisance; she felt indis-
pensable, as indeed she often was, and
.acted accordingl}. Yet it wa
a great
.comfort to the attending physician to
know that there were five or six quarts of
breast-milk al wa"s on ice for use for
our more difficult feeding problems. In-
deed, man, an infant was tided over a
most critical period with human milk,
when other milk would have failed.

The feedin2" of all infants in the hos-
pital was dire
ted by the head physician
of the ward. No one else dared prescribe
or change a formula. The interne mere-
ly observed with rapt attention and in-
terest how this clever and omniscient
man went about on his rounds changing
the formulas according to his judgment.
His judgment was based upon the
weight, on the presence and nature at
yomiting, and on the character of the
5tools; the last being by far the most
important. .-\ distinguished lady pedia-
trist, then an interne, used tu call them
"stool rounds". One might call them
fecal fascination, or coprophyllic fetish-
ism, or divination b
" stool. The profes-
sor purported to know, by examinin

the stool of each baby, what was wrong
with him and how the food should be
chang-ed. . \nd this was a ritual! The
stool
of each child had to be saved for
rounds. They were done up neatl
in
brown paper folders and "filed" alpha-
betic all} . It was the dut) of the junior
interne to have charge at rounds -
right after hreakfast - of the hasin
containing the stool filing system. Of
course. he could not stand too dose to
the professor and his followers; he wac;;
obliged to stand at a distance. \Vhen the
professor approached the bed of an in-
fant, the resident would call out the in-

fant's name; the junior interne wouJd
look through his file, get out the de-
sired folder, open it, approach the pro-
fessor and from his breast pocket res-
pectfu1Jy withdraw and present a wood-
en tongue depressor. The professor
would then examine the stool, far more
carefully than he ever examined a baby.
He wOi
ld comment on it, smear it back
and forth with the spatula. smell it, and
often deliver a short lecture on its char-
acteristics. How we would marvel when
the professor guessed, from the appear-
ance of the stool, what food the baby
was g:ettin1r. "Dextri-}\,1altosc" he
would
ar. S
)me one would look at the
chart. :md Dextri-l\1altose it was! "Pro-
tein milk" he would say - again he
was right. A great man indeed! Then
would come the 2"reat moment when
the formula was
hanged: "Add }/4
per cent of fat, take O
lt 1/2 per cent
of sugar, and split the proteins". The
orders were carefully noted, and it \\oas
the duty of the junior interne to figure
out the" formula from "a prescription that
went something- like this: H2 - 6.50 -
1.50 - 30 x
i" which meant that a
mi:\ture was to he ordered that would
contain 2 per cent of fat, 6.5 per cent
of sugar (which '
"as always lactose
unless otherwise specified) and 1.5 per
cent of protein. There was to he 30 oz.
of this, and it was to be divided ;nto
se'"en feedings. The sugar was always
lactose, because that was the sugar pres-
ent in human milk. "T e often smiled
indul
entlr when ,\ e found a sick in-
fant
who
e mother or whose dnctor
harl neen foolish enou!!h to Qi, e him
(Tranulated sugar - no
n)flderLthe child

'<1S ill. The '-idea ahout
ugar changed
when the price of lactose went so high
during- the first world war that most
peopl; could not afford it. It was the
late Dr. Howland, then profe
s()r of
pediatric.; at Johns Hopkins, who showed
that cane
ugar did ju
t as well a
anr
other
llgar and was of course much
cheaper.

Splitting the proteins was an under-

Vol. 41. No.4

I:\FA1\T FEEDI
G

taking- in these da,'s, ahout as arduous
as spÌilting an ato
. It meant that the
whey proteins and curd proteins were
to he
o arranged in the formula as to
he of somewhat the same compo
Úion as
the" are found in human milk. "Then
the" order "split proteins" was given,
it usually specified what percentage of
casein and of lactalbumin it was to con-
tain. The poor junior had to indulge in
mathematical calisthenics in order to .ar-
rive at the proper miJ\.ture of cream or
top milk' and whey which would give
the desired proportions. C nti] yuu
caught on rou wished Einstein were at
your side to help you - eventually it
hecame child's play. Protein was ordered
"split" usuaBy because the stool show-
ed a hean curd, which represented a bit
of milk curd that had escaped the action
of the digestive juices, perhaps on ac-
count of its .size. Yet its presence meant
a fault in the infant's digestion ønd caB-
ed for this drastic change.

Bean curd was also the reason for
the almost uni\'ersal use of barlev-wa-
ter for diluting the milk. Any cereal
gruel mixed with milk pre\'ented the
formation of large tough curds; hut bar-
ley, "patent harley", was the choice.
I t was a hit of heresy to use anything
else, and "patent barley" sold for close
to a dollar a pound, as did oven-browned
ordihary whe.at flour which, under a
trade name. threatened to swamp the
popularit
of "patent barley". It re-
suIted, therefore, in a great saving in
money when, at the Babies Hospital in
New York, the late and great Dr. L.
Emmett HoIt used ordinary wheat flour,
either hrowned or natural, for making
gruels for formulas. Dr. Holt was a
scientific man, and he ordered the
change on]
' after he had demonstrated
to the satisfaction of everyone that the
gruel made from flour was as weB di-
ge<\ted as barIey flour, and that it was
equaIlr effecti\ e in preventing hean
curds from appearing in the stools. Boil-
ed milk which also. prevented bean
curds was not ae; good for babif>
as raw

APRIL, 1945

281

milk, so that was not a way out of the
difficult\" .

Contro\'ersies ra!!ed o\'er whether one
should give high-fat or low-fat feedings.
A.fter ;IB, if we were to foBow the
composition of human milk, we must feed
3 to 4 per cent of fat, hut unfortunately
this was rardy tolerated h
' many infants
already dehiJitated h} malnutrition. You
were either a high-fat feeder ur a low-
fat feeder, and
ou either hated your
opponent heartily or ) ou had a sympa-
thetic tu]erance tuward rour poor mis-
guided friend. 'fhere were feuds, and
hot ones too, over whether one should
use top-milk or whole milk in making
up a formula. T op-miJk formulas were
difficult to understand; whey and curd
formulas (split protein) wer; even more
complicated. Neither were eminently
successful, particu]arJ
' with sick in fants,
and their popularity was short-lived.
There were a number of Hag-rant
contradictions which were regl
]ar1y
practised in those days and which we,
of the then younger generation, were
quick to observe and query. The infant
was unable to tolerate more than a
certain percentage of fat, say 2, 3 or
4 per cent, depending upon whether
vou were a high-fat feeder or a low-
fat feeder; but you always ga\'e the
bahy three teaspoonfuls of cod liver oil,
and often a teaspoonful of olive oil if
he was constipated; yet this half ounce
of pure 100 per cent fat neyer seemed
to bother either the high-fat feeder or
the low-fat feeder - this was medicine
and didn't count. Another contradiction
was the following: \Vhile all milk had
to be diJuted and modified for infants,
sour milk could be given without dilu-
tioIl. In fact the Dutch method, which
wac; said to ha\'e heen a yery old folk-
method, consisted of sour milk to which,
of all things, cane sugar was added, and
it worked. This henefit was supposed to
he due to the lactic-acid baciHi of the
sour milk. In some vague wa
' the
' made
the food digestible b,. altering the in-
testinal bacteria. \Vhate\ er the reae;on,

282

THE CANADI\N NURSE

whole lactic-acid milk with added sugar
was a refuge when the standard methods
and all other methods failed.
Milk had to be given raw. Not even
pasteurization was good enough for for-
mulas. Although Jacohy in the latter
pan of the last century was the first to
advocate boiled milk for infants, and ex-
perience had many times demonstrated
the greater tolerance of infants for boiled
milk, the reasons for insisting on raw
milk were that by boiling the milk the
vitamins were destroyed and the en-
zymes were killed, \Vhat enzymes no
one has ever yet learned, or of what
importance they were to the infant; yet
the enzymes were destro)'ed and milk
must be given raw. This led to the
development of "certified milk" - that
is, milk from tested herds and produced
under such conditions that the bacterial
count was so low that it was safe to give
to infants, This milk was twenty-five
cents a quart, so that the benefits were
for the rich only. The poor had to get
along as best they could with pasteurized
milk.

\rhen I hegan to practise I was sev-
eral times called to see children suffer-
ing from ahdominal tuberculosis. The
stor
was invariabl} the same; the child
had been doing poorly - the doctor ad-
vised milk fresh from the cow. The peo-
ple moved to the suhurbs, and hought a
cow whose milk was given fresh to the
infant. Often such cows were tuber-
culous, and the unfortunate infants be-
came infected. Such eJ\.periences were
sufficient to convince a
oung pediatrist
of the value of sterile milk for the feed-
ing of infants.
The amount which the haby was
allowed to have at a feedin
was care-
fully controlled hr the doct(;;'. The rule
was that a child might not have more
at a feeding in ounces than his age
in months plus one. Thus if he was three
months old, he was allowed four ounces
at a feeding and no more. The poor in-
fant often was unaware of this rule, so
when he cried he had colic. If you gave

him more, there was danger of dilat-
ing his stomach. \Vhy, infants on the
breast who often gorged themselves
with sewn or eight ounces at a feeding
at six or eight weeks didn't die hor-
rible deaths, was quite heyond compre-
hension! Then the x-rar came along to
show that the infant, whatever the ca-
pacity of his stomach, passed liquid food
along into the duodenum rather quickly.
Thus the rule was abandoned.

Our knowledge of vitamins in the
second decade of this century was vague
and limited. The one best understood
was vitamin C, which was called "wa-
ter-soluble C". All children received
orange juice from a fairly early age, and
knowledge of other sources of the vita-
min was increasing. Tomato juice was
found to be effective, but you could
obtain this only by draining off the
juice from a tin of canned tomatoes.
Many mothers objected to this practice,
because they ahhorred the idea of giv-
ing their precious infants anything out of
a can. It required some years to eradicate
this prejudice.
In my early days of practice in \10n-
treal, the late Dr. .rl. D. BJack3der,
who was alwa)'s extremely generous to
young men trained in pediatrics, sent
me to see a child who was not thriv-
ing. The prohlem was not a difficult
one, and was readily adjusted. The child
was not ill, but was having a rather hard
time with a formula that contained a lot
of cream. I prescribed a simple formula
of milk, sugar, and water, on which
the child did quite well. I had ordered
an ounce of orange juice to he given
each morning. In a few days the mother
complained that the infant did not tol-
erate the orange juice. I asked her to
drain off the juice from a tin of toma-
toes and give the child about two oun-
ces of this each day. The poor mother
was horrified at the idea of giving her
bahy an
.thing out of a can, hut my suc-
cess in solving the feeding problem made
it eas}" to convince her that this prac-
tice was both safe and beneficial. She

\01. II. -'0. .

INFANT FEEDING

reported to me in a few days that the
infant was doing nicely and that the
tomato juice was being well tolerated.
For
everal months thereafter I was
onliged to defend myself against the at-
tacks of dowagers who had "never heard
of such a thi
g". The story of myself
and the tin of tomatoes kept coming
back to me in many garbled forms. The
final version of these apocrypha went
something as follows: .\ baby was very
il1 and all the doctors had given it up.
Nothing more could be done for it.
Then up spoke one of the doctors and
said "There is a young baby doctor in

fontreal recently arrived from Kew
York. Perhaps you might try him". I
was accordingly called. I entered the
house took one look at the dying baby
and cried "Open a tin of tom.atoes.
Quick!" The tin of tomatoes was open-
ed, the juice was given to the bab
- and
the baby recovered!
Cod liver oil was given to prevent
and cure rickets, but one was ne'"er sure
whether it was something in the fish
liver oil, or just any oil, which had the
beneficial effect. :\tIany schools held the
view that any oil would do provided it
contained phosphorus. In one hospital
the clinic patients received as cod liver
oil, a bottle of cotton seed oil to which
was added a drop of oil of phosphorus. It
was about in 1920 that it became to be
fairl
generally accepted that there was
something in cod liver oil that manr
other oils did not possess, that had an
effect in the prevention and cure of
rickets. There soon followed the discov-
en of the effect of irradiation on rick-
ets, then of the possibilitr of irradiating
ergosterol; and finan
" the rebtionship
between fish oils. irradiated substances,
sunlight, ete., to the prevention and cure
of rickets.
It gradually became evident that for
an infant to do well, its food must be
sterile, because man) of its ins were due
to bacterial diseases caused br raw milk.
Boiled milk for infants had' been ad,"o-
cated in the middle of the last century

APRIL, 1945

2H3

by Abraham Jacoby, in his time the
leading authority on pediatrics in North
America; but his views on this matter
were never adopted in his lifetime. At
the time of his death the controversy
was stilI raging- between the advocates
f '
f . d
" d A " . d
o raw certl Ie, gra e pasteurize ,
and boiled milk. The late Dr. Howland
settled this question without great diffi-
culty. The practice in his clinic was to
give the necessary amount of food as
boiled milk and cane sugar. It worked
much better than raw milk formulas,
and that was that. One of his pupils, the
late ,,,. McKim :\farriott, was a man of
great hrilliance and re
ourcefulness. It
was he who popularized the use of corn
syrup as a cheap and useful sugar for
the infant's formula. It was he, too, who
was largely responsible for the wide use
of evaporated milk. Evaporated milk
with two parts of water and an ounce
of corn syrup for every twenty ounces
of total mi"\.ture, acidified with about a
teaspoonful of lactic acid, made, he
taught, an ideal food mixture for an in-
fan
, and did not require "changing of
the formula". The lactic acid Was
added hecause he felt that part of the in-
fant's digestive problems were due to
the fact that cow's milk had the proper-
ty of using up a good deal of the acid
secretions of the stomach, so that when
the acid was neutr.alized by the milk
there was not enough secreted to permit
normal digestion.

The addition of an acid to milk was
a new idea. It was h.lsed upon the
knowledge that infants could tolerate
undilutèd sour milk better than they did
raw or pasteurÍ7ed milk. This was for
many rears attributed to the lactic acid
bacilli, until some bright mind wondered
if the acid itself might not have some-
thing to do with it. A.ccordinglr milk
was acidified with lactic acid alone to the
same degree that it usually becomes
acidifieJ through fermentation. Thi5
worked. Then others wondered if other
acids worked in the same wa}, ,vhich
indeed the,- did. The medical litera-

284

THE C A K .-\ D I -\ K
U R S E

ture of the day was flooded with ar-
ticles ,on the acidification of milk with
different acids: citric aci(l, vinegRr,
hydrochloric acid, lemon and orang

juices all caned forth contributions to
medical journals. In this perioJ we
learned that hailed milk was hetter tha.n
raw milk, that sour milk was as well
tolerated as any milk, that evaporated
milk was safe, chiefly because it was
sterile; and rhat any sugar could he
added to the formula, provided suffi-
cient was given, and that the cheapest
sugar was therefore the best.
Two other principles had gr.adually
corne to be understood in this period of
progre:,<; toward simplicity. The one was
that the infant must receive enough
food: approximately two ounces of milk
per pound of body weight for everv
twenty-four hours, with about an ounce
of any sugar for every twenty ounces
of the mixture, and water sufficient to
make the total fluid intake three ounces
per pound of budy weight per day, more
or less. This means very simply that an
infant requires two-thirds boiled milk
and (me-third hailed water; or if eva-
porated milk is used, it is one-third eva-
porated milk and two-thirds boiled
water, with sugars as already indicated.
The whole divided into the number of
feedings that the child takes, usually
five, o("cas:onally only four or even
three,
The other principle was that the vita-
mins, particularl
T D and C, must he
provided in adequate amounts from 3.
very early age - a few dars really -
and throughollt the first two years of
life. From whatever source, an amount
of oil must he given which will provide
the infant each dav with about 1000
unite;; of vitamin D and sufficient fruit

juice to yield between 30 and 50 mg.
of vitamin C. This means an ounce or
two of orange juice, or two or three
ounces of tomato juice, or the pure vita-
min in the doses mentioned. \Vith these
three principles always in mind-ster-
ility, adequacy, and vitamins - the
methods used in attaining these ends are
of no importance. The goal is impor-
tant; the manner of arriving at it ii of
les5 significance.
Present trends in infant feeding are
all towards simplicity. Formulas which
used to he changed hy the doctor about
once a week are now hardly changed at
all. Spoon feeding with semi-solids, once
withheld until the second half of the
first year, are now given as early as six
or eight weeks, rarely later than three
months, and the \'ariety of foods offered
is limited only by the ingenuity and
daring of the physician. These are steps
in the right direction, and they are in
the main responsible for the increasingly
diminishing death rate among young in-
fants, and for the generally improved
nutritional state of artificially-fed in-
fants virtually everywhere in the civi-
lized world.
\Ve have come a lung way from th'

empiricism of a generation ago, and we
are approaching the scientific attitude of
inquiring into the reason for all that we
do in infant feeding. \Ve have ironed
out most of our difficulties, and we have
finally relegated the whole subject of in-
fant feeding to its proper place in pedia-
trics. \Ve are left with the never-ending
task of studying and attempting to under-
stand and, when possible, to cure the
m.anifold and complex diseases of in-
fancy and childhood. From haby-feed-
ers we are gradually becoming physicians
for children - or pediatrists.

Periodically we hear a suggestion that
there is such a person as a "born nurse".
Whether there is or not, there are defin-
ite characteristics which the ideal nurse
should have. L. E,'elyn Horton has put

Preview

down her ideas for us of what these ideal
characteristics include. Perhaps you
would like to add others after you read
her arti<'le in the May issue.

\01. U.
o.-'

HOSPITALS &. SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of t
e C. N. A

Teaching Microbiology

BLANCHE
lCPHEDRAN

A novel situation alwa} s creates in-
terest. In introducing a course of :\ licro-
biology, the instructor has this ad vantage
as very few students have had any in-
5truction in this subject. .\licrobiology is
one of the basic sciences of the pre-
liminary curriculum. It is basic in that
it provides a suita hIe, scientific founda-
tion upon which many nursing principlrs
:Ire estahlished. A knowledg'e of m 'c-
robes, including their life activities and
method of transmission, gives to the de-
tails of asepfc technique an interprda-
tion of increased significance.
A slÙahle course of microhiology for
nurses should place the emphasis upon
the pathogenic asp
cts of organisPI5
stud:ed. Some time must be devoted to
an evaluation of the beneficial effect"
in indu
trr and public health of certain
un 'cellular plants and an=mals.
Interest may he augmented at the be-
ginning of the course by taking cultures
from the students' hands, pens, un=-
form, or from such articles as door knobs
and light switches. In twenty-four hours
a blood agar or beef broth medium is
rich with bacterial colonies. The
e same
cultures may be used in a subsequent
lecture to demonstrate shapes and ar-
rang-ements of organisms.
If nurses are to protect themselves
and teach hygienic princip!es to others,
they should understand how organisms
are transferred, how they enter and

APR!L, 1945

leave the body, as well as the mechan-
ism" by which the bod
protects itself.
In a communit} health program, no
nurse would be considered adequately
qualified unless she had a thorough
knowledge of vaccines and sera; their
prepar3.tion, ind:cations for administra-
tion, time interval and quantity of each
dose.
From the foregoing aims, it is e\ i-
dent that nurses are not being prepared
as sc 'ence specialists. This fact may be
forgotten hy the instructor in her eager-
ness to secure perfection of technical de-
tails in the practical aspects of the work.
A break in technique would constitute
a real hazard if students are permitted
to handle such organ:sms as streptococ-
cus hemol
fcus, bacillus tuberculosis Of
other equally virulent specimens.
In no subject may the compatibility
of theory with practice be better demon-
strated than in microbiology. At least
one-halt of the total number of hours
should be spent on practical work, and
who:. re possible the closest correlation be-
tween theory and practice should exist.
For eÀample, a period suhsequent to a
lecture en the history of the suhject would
be a judicious time to demonstrate the
mechanism of the. microscope and pro-
vide practice in its use. Or again, fol-
lowing a lecture in disinfection, the
students should experiment with com-
mon mechan:cal and chemical methods.

285

286

THE C _-\ 1\ A D I -\ 1\ K U R S E

A direct application of these principles
may he secured br a visit to an isolation
unit or operating room.
Adequate equipment is of prime im-
portance for a successful course in mic-
robiology. The . students' laboratory
should include at least: 1. facilities for
culturin
bacteria; 2. microscupes; 3.
common hacterial stains; +.- centrifuge.
The ho
pital laborator
ma
supplement
such articles of equipment as an incu-
hator, water baths, autoclave, animal
cages, suction pumps, anerobic j,ars,. and
pathological specimens.
Part of the course should be devoted
to the collection of specimens. Ho\\ to
avoid contamination of specimen, col-
lector or handler should be emphasized.
This sU,:Igests a practice where students
may take throat cultures, later prepar-
ing, staining and examining bacterial
slides.
"
here the length of the course per-
mits, a ,'ery vivid way of teaching im-
munology is by animal inoculation. Ano-
ther satisfactory method is to correlate
this instruction with the students' health
program.
F ollowing the preparation of hacter-
ial slides, the students should be
iven
an opportunity to stain and examine
the organisms, using the oil immersion
lens of the microscope. For beginners,
this is a rather slow procedure, so that
the instructor may wish to supplement
this eÀperience in one or hath of the
following ways: :\,lost tC\..thouks abound
with authentic colour reproductions of
organisms. Used with a projector, these
prints are an effective way of demon-
strating impOr
L1'1t points. Another time-
saving device is the micro projector.
This equipment attached to a microscop

makes possible the projection of the ac-
tual bacterial forms, vef} much en-
larged, on to a screen. This is a parti-
cularly suitable method, as it gÙ es the
instructor an opportunin' to point out
salient features which she can never be
sure the student actually sees.
Correlation between the pathos-en
and the disease it produces is effective
when the students see the clinical fea-
tures. "Streptococcus Scarletinae" ma\,
be a meanin!!les's term until the hriaht
red Ql5h or
strawberry tongue of
he
patieiil leaves an indelible imprint on the
learner's memory. ..At the present time
when ,;iruses are, for practical purp()ses,
still ultra-microscopic, they seem more
realistic if the students can see a pa-
tient suffering from "I\leasles" or
"Chickenpox". In lieu of the actual pa-
tient, a coloured plate from a textbouk
may be effectively employed.
The value of student participation can
never be over estimated. In addition to
laboratory practice, progress mar be en-
hanced by utilizing facilities provided by
the community. The fascination with
which
tudents watch milk being pro-
cessed or water being purified, bespeaks
the value, not only as a learning situa-
tion, but as a stimulus to interest in the
field of public health.
The following is a resumé of a com-
bined course of lectures in microhiol-
ogy, hematology and pathology. The
number of hours devoted to this course
is thirtr-two-sixteen to theory and
sixteen to practice. Although it: may
appear as if each laboratory period is
subsequent to the lecture of the same
number, the sequence is indicated bv
the number appearing in parenthes
s
after the laboratory practice number:

THEORY:

LABORATORY PRACTICE:

1. General introduction: aims, history.

2. General study of microorganisms: fun-
gi; protozoa; viruses; bacteria.

1. ( 1) Microscope - mechanism; care;
use. Principal laboratory equipment.
2. (2) Use of microscope: instruction and
SUIX:r\ ision in taking cultures.

Vol. 41, No. 4

TEACHING MICROBIOLOGY

3. Gt:ncval study of backria: distribution;
growth; methods of study.

4. Classification oi bacteria: identification
of hacteria.

5. Useful bacteria: infection - resistance;
virulence; portals of entrance and exit; mode
of transfer and prevention.

6. Disinfection: mechanical; ph} sical :
chemical.

7. Immunit}-: introduction; antigens and
antibodies; classification.
S. Immunity: \ accines and sera; prepara-
tions used; relation to health program.
9. 10. 11. Study of common pathogenic bac-
teria: ;lppearance: gro\\.th requirements:
staining; pathogenicity; prevention of di
sease. The more common yirus and proto-
zoan diseases.

12. Patholog
: causes of death, other than
bacteria; value of examination of specimens;
nurse's role in collection of specimens.
13. Pathology: tissues; neoplasms, degen-
erative changes; congenital defects.
14. Blood: normal; calculating number of
cells; c1assi fication of anemias.

15. Blood: sources of blood for examina-
tion; hlood chemistry; blood culture; \Vas-
sermann and \Vidal reaction.
16. Inflammation: causes; phagocytosis;
resolution; exudates.

287

3. (3.4) Study of cultures prepared in la-
boratory 2: preparation of slides; demonstra-
tion of staining; dark field illumination: su-
gar reactions.
4. (6) LJemonstratio
of disinfection by:
builing; d)p
icals: surgical scrubbing; cul-
tures made before and after each.
5. (3.4) Preparation of s1idc
from cul-
tures of laboratory 4: staining - Gram's
and acid-fast methods; demonstration and
explanation of agglutination anrl pneumococ-
cic typing.
6. (6. 9. 19. 11) Examination with micro-

cOpt: of slidt:s prepared in laboratory 5:
lantern
lides of common pathogens. .
ï. (6) SkriliLatilln: central supply room;
medical aseptic pantry.
8. (ó ) Pa
t
urization: community dairy
visits.
9. (12. 13) Pathological specimens and
slides of tissues.
10. (14. ) Oemonstration of hemoglobin
estimatien and complete blood cell counts;
preparation of blood films.
11. (14. ló) Examination of slides ðem-
plifying abnormal hematological conditions:
anemia. leukemia. leucocytosis. leucopenia,
eosinophilia, lymphocytosis.
12. Staining and examining blood films
prepared in laboratory 10.

13. (15) Demonstration of blood typing
and grouping: relation to blood bank.
14. (16) Process of resolution demon-

trated by diagrams and slides; technique
for taking and value of blood culture.
15. (14. 15) Demonstration and explana-
tion of bleeding time; coagulation time; sedi-
mentation rate: fragility test.
16. Demonstration by diagrams and mo-
dels of common parasites: nematodes: cesto-
des.

After having taught a course in mic-
robiology, most instructors woud agre

that the following quötions are worthy
of consideration: 1. Should microbiology
be taught as a separate subject? 2. Could
it be integrated with other subjects such
as medicine, surgery, hygiene, communi-
cable diseases and so prevent duplication
of instruction? 3. ,V ould a brief intro-
ductory or elementary course given in

APRIL, 1945

the preliminary term a void the diffi-
culty, exhibited by beginning students,
in comprehending technical information?
The foregoing outline, with sugges-
tions, has been used by the writer. From
experience, it has been found to be
practical, to provide for student
participation, and to be valuable using
student achievement as an index for ap-
praisal.

Another Flood

Have rou e\"er seen a rampaging river
in flood
Or have you heen in the vicin-
ity of an avalanche? There is nothing
that mere human beings can do to stop
either. Ever since the turn of the
ew
Year th;;- J ournn/ has been experiencing
a flood - a flood of new subscriptions.
\V C wt)uld not want to stop it for any-
thing but, like the avalanche, it was so
unexpected that we were caught un-
awares. The hundreds, yes, literally
hUl1l1reds upon hundreds of new suh-
scrihers wanted to read a particular is-
sue and asked to ha ve their ] ournn!.ï
start with a certain month. \Ve are sor-
ry but there is no war we can secure
more when our suppl
for anyone

month is exhausted. \\r e can only hop

that copies have been shared so that
none has missed the articles desired. Per-
haps we should consult a soothsayer or
a numerologist to give us advice on how
many copie
to order! \\r e jumped the
order eight hundred from J anuar)' to
February, five hundred from February
to March and, as this is being written,
have no wa) of knowing just what we
will have to order for April. \Vill the
new subscribers forgive the late starts:
\ V e are tr
ing hard to provide you with
the best nursing journal you can secure,
in as large quantities as we require.
Sometimes you surprise us!

-I\1.E.K.

Health of Workers Matter of National Concern

The Health League of Canada's "plan for
healtt education and medical supervision in
Canadian plants appears to fill a real need
throughout our indust! ies", it wa
stated in
a me:sage sent to the Industrial Division of
the League by Hon. Brooke Claxton,
Iinis-
ter of
ational Health and \YeHare.

This plan - developed in co-operation
with the Ontario Department of Health -
advises industrialists (1) how to start and
operate a medical program for workers: (2)-
how to improve eating habits of workers:
(3) how to maintain health of workers with
a practical educational campaign.
In his message, Mr. Claxton said the In-
dustrial Division of his Department is ac-
tively interested in the promotion of health
among Canadian indush ial workers.
"The health of Canadian workers is a
matter of national concern, not ()nly no\\-
when ou: war
upplies are so urgently need-
ed, but during the peace and reconstruction
period to which we all so anxiously look
forward.
Your plan deserves every success in Cana-

188

dian indl
,;try. and we shall \\ at.h its ad-
vancement \\.ith a great deal of interest. I
hope that indi\ idual industries and the
Health League \\.ill Ít.'el free to call upon us
for ad\ ice and co-operation at an.\ time in
an.\ matter related to industrial health. This
Departmt'nt's only purpose is to promQk
the health and wel fare of the people of
Canada".
In re-endorsing the plan, Hon. Humphrey
1Iitche\1, Federal
Iini"ter of Labour, wroh:
that "it is oln"ious to me that great care and
inte\1igence has been used in bringing to the
front the facts \\'hich have to do in a vital
\\ay with tht: \\e\1-being of those who toil
. . I feel sure that your program, if adop-
ted b.\ our industries, will contribute in no
sn
a\1 way to a n:ore effective \Va" effort""
Hon. C. D. Howe. :\Iinister of :\lunitiJ!
s
and Supp!y, in another re-endo:-satio'1 said
that "the general adoption of this plan by in-
du
tr'y v. in do much toward redu;:ing ab-
senteeism in industry caU5cd by illness and,
there fore, the plan is important to our war-
time objecti\e."

-Health Lcaguc of Canada

Vol. 41. No.4

GENERAL NURSING

Coo tributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Associatioo

Toxemia of Pregnancy

:\1.-\RGARET .:\IC
EILL

.-\t Prince Countr Hospital, Summer-
side, Prince Edward Island, not long
ago, I wa.. asked to special :\ 1 rs. :\1, a
primipara, thirty-seven years of age,
Roman Catholic and a farmf'r's wife.
This primipara was seven and a half
:T1onth:- pregnant and I understood from
her php:ician that she had gi\'en him
:nuch cause for concern for several
weeks.
The patient wa:, \"onÚting freqllent-
l
-, pale, verr drows," and showed consid-

rahle edema ahom face and legs. She
:lid not ha\'e a headache. The physician
:old me that hefore admisS:on hlood
?ressure was 1 ï 1 123, hut on admis-
,ion to hospital, and at rest in hed, it
dropped to 158 122. Her urine showed
:Ilhumin XX with
ollle granular ca
t
.
The red hlood count WclS 3,910,()()();
white hlood count, 6.300; hemoglohin
80 per cent. E videnth', I had a two-
fold prohlem; a ver
' s.ck primipara, and
an unhflrn, living hahr.
:\1 r instruction, were to keep my pa-
tient exceptiona
lr warm with woollen
blankets and dry heat. Visitors were not
allowed. Diet was fruit juices. m'lk, and
plenty of hot lemonade. This produced
free sweating. She was given repO'lt'" I
intravenouses of glucose and saline.
Small doses of Phenobarbital were given
for restlessness, supplemented hy Heroin
grs. 1/12 the first night.
In the first twenty-four hours th

\PRIL. t.'"

urinary output was ten ounces. .-\s sweat-
ing wa:, profuse and \'omiting had ceas-
ed, the physician was sa.tisfied to con-
tinue the same treatment. .-\fter ninet\"-
six hours, the urinary output sudde
h..
increased, and the patient seemed great-
h. improved; blood pressure dropped; all
nervou
ness and stomach symptoms dis-
appeared. Her improvement continued
for ten døn, when 5he showed signs
and <;) mptom<; of impending disaster. -_-\t
this time the urinary output was twelve
ounces in twentv-four hours; alhumin
XXXX and blood pressure climbed to
1 ï 4- 110. Headache became a promin-
ent feature with slight visual di
turhan-
ces. \1
patient was now eight month"
pregnant. Since she did not responJ to
tre:1tment :1. Cesarean section was done
that en
ning.
Before going to the operating room
special care was given to the prepara-
tion of the ßbdomen. It was scrubhed
with green soap and water, carefull)"
sha\'ed, then cleansed with ether and
alcohol, a.nd sterile towels and binder
were applied. The patient was catheter-
)
ed. No sedation was given. The oper-
ation \\ as without event, and !'h
""a

delivered of a living six-pound healthy
girl.
Mrs. \.1's convalescence was remark-
ahly free from complications; urinary
output was good; blood preS
l\re set-
tled down to within normal limits, and

289

290

fHE CANADIA1'\ NURSE

all other symptoms of toxemia disap-
peared. She left the hospital on the four-
teenth post-operative day.
The interesting sequel to this case is,
briefly, as follows: The patient again
became pregnant seven months later
and was admitted to hospital in nine
months as a full-term pregnancy, with
very slight pains and no evidence of
toxemia The fact of an uncomplicated
second pregnancy definitely ehtablished
the diagnosis that it had been a case of
true toxemia of pregnancy, and not a
case of chronic nephritis with a break-
down due to the stress of pregnancy.
l\1rs.
1. was prepared for any emer-
e-ency, änd the physician decided to give
her a short test of labour. His instruc-
tions were to keep a careful watch for
any radical change in her condition. On
the afternoon of the day following her
admission to hospital, the patient began
to have definite signs of labour when,

uddenIr, she complained of severe gen-
eralized pain in her abdomen. Her phy-
sician was called and found her in mark-
ed shock. He made a diagnosis of a rup-

tured uterus. A laparotomy was done
immediately. On opening the abdomen
the uterus was found to be ruptured,
and the baby's head only was protrud-
ing through the rent in the uterus.
There was practically no blood in the
peritoneal cavity. A dead baby was de-
livered. The uterus w.as closed and the
operation was completed in the usual
manner. The patient made an unint
r-
rupted recovery.
In discussing the case, the physician
pointed out the danger of a ruptured
uterus in subsequent pregnancies follow-
ing Cesarean section. The dictum "Once
a Cesarean, always a Cesarean", is par-
ticularly true in a case where a section
is done for toxemia of pregnancy. Due
to the constitutional disturbances in
toxemia of pregnancy tissue healing is
of a poorer quality than in a healthy
individual.
If Mrs. 1\1 again becomes prf'gnant
she will run a considerable risk to her
own life, and will undoubtedly he ad-
vised to have a section done at term and
before the onset of labour.

Of Historical Interest

A little-known story of peculiar Canadian
interest is attached to the life of Florence
Nightingale.
In early life, Florence Nightingale was
engaged to her first cousin, John Smithurst
of Derbyshire, England. Marriage was for-
bidden by both families, probably on grounds
of consanguinity. Mr. Smithurst eventually
entered Holy Orders and went out to minis-
ter to the Indians at Fort Garry, later to
be known as Winnipeg.
In 1851 the Reverend Mr. Smithurst re-
turned to England. Whether he still hoped

that a marriage was possible is mere con

j ecture, but it is significant that it was in
this year that Miss Nightingale made a final
decision to give her life to nursing. Miss
Nightingale entered the Deaconess School
at Kaiserswerth. Mr. Smithurst returned to
Canada and became rector of the Anglican
Church at Elora, Ontario. He died there, and
lies buried in the old churchyard. The sil-
ver communion service stil1 in possession of
the church at Elora was a gift from Flor-
ence Nightingale in 1852.
-N. L. BURNETTE

Following up the discussion on industrial
hygiene which appears this month, Mrs.
Lois Grundy has prepared a detailed ac-
count of a program in action. The mush-
room growth of the ship-building indus-

Preview

try on the Pacific coast during the war
years provided the opportunity for the
development of a very broad plan for
the supervision of the health of thou-
sands of employees.

Vol. 41, No.4

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

I

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

Far Be it From Me to Boast - But

SHEILA C. l\1ACKAY

\Ve are a progressive race, we Alber-
tans - .at least we like to think of our-
selves as such - and sometimes we do
something that would really seem to
indicate that we are. Now, take for
instance, the summer school for grad-
uat
nurses that has been held during
the past two summers, under the auspices
of the A.A. R.N. at the University of
Alberta. We're proud of that summer
school. As yet, it is the only one of its
kind in the Dominion of Canada. And
not only is it helping to meet, in some
measure, the great need of the province
for trained personnel in the public health
and teaching and supervision fields, but
also the needs of many of our nurses,
who, because of lack of time or funds,
have previously been unable to take this
post-graduate work.
It includes the two courses - ward
t
aching and supervision, and public
health nursing. Instruction is given over
a period of ten weeks each summer and
the successful completion of one such
summer's work, in either field, quali-
fies the nurse for a certificate of atten-
dance and standing. A student with uni-
versity entrance qualifications will re-
ceive consideration for the credits ob-
tained, should she wish to register in
the Bachelor of Science degree course
in the future, .and all this for an amaz-
ingly small fee. The bulk of expenses
attendant upon conducting the school is

APRIL, 1945

defrayed by the A.A..R.N. Even the
necessary textbooks, as well as any
amount of supplementary reading mate-
rial, are supp]ied through the Associa-
tion Library.
Thanks to these courses, forty-seven
inspired women stepped from our cam-
pus on A.ugust 5, 1944 - twenty of
them bravely reso]ved that student nurse
training a
d hospital administration
should henceforth be pursued upon a
much higher plane; twenty-seven val-
iantly intent upon enticing the man on the
street into fervently desiring good health,
and all forty-seven staunchly deter-
mined to app]y the scientific approach to
every imaginable life situation, from
learning to drive a car on muddy roads
to convincing student nurses that ana-
tomy and physiology is interesting.
In an seriousness though, the word
"inspired" is used .advised]y. Goodness
knows how we looked, but we felt in-
spired, for our courses were so designed
as to be eminently stimulating and
thought-provoking and, withal, prac-
tical. They were made more so per-
haps because many of our number had
had several years of experience in their
'respective fields .and had corne to the
University lad
n with unanswered prob-
lems - problems which, of course, we
solv
d. In fact, any problem in either
course that couldn't be thrashed to a
solution in class (a theoretical solution,

291

292

THE CANADIA1\ 1\URSE

;It least) was unsolvable. Mis
Night-
ingale herself - or eyen Houdini -
would have been stuck hy
uch a prob-
lem!
We naturally cannot give you the
curriculum in its entirety, but there
were a few highlights which we can't
restrain ourselves from mentioning: our
fifty
seven hour course in mental hy-
giene from Dr. Samuel Laycock of the
University of Saskatchewan - our lec-
tures in nutrition from Dr. Jennie
Rowntree of the University of \Vash-
ington (both of these suh jects were ta-
ken joir.tly by the two sections) - our
seminars in public health nursing
our panel di
cussions in nutrition -
those les
ons in materia med 'ca that the
1'. & S. g;rIs had to teach (they'll never
forget ;hem! ) the ÌI
promptu
spe
ch
s that the P. H. Section nob
y
quavered through - the too-fieeting
glimpses that we caught of 1\1 iss Kath-
leen Ellis. then Emergency Adviser of
the C.N.A., and of Dr. Pett, Director
of Nutrition Services of the Dominion
Government.
Then there were our eighteen hours
of
tlld} in Contemporarr NlIr
ing
Problems (another joint subject) -
hours, all too brid and too few, packed
to capacity with analyses, discussion,
nd
the occasional disagreement. \Ve know
now why professionalism rather than
trade unionism is desirable for nurses,
as well as innumerahle other "whys and
wherefores" of the nursing world. \Vhat
is more, WI' know our prl'Jrnt da)' nurs-
ing leaders. \Ve know them bee Hlse we
were given an assignment, "Go find
ten nursing leaders of today," we were
told. "'Vhat have they done? \Vhat are
they domg? 'Vh;;t are they apt to do?

And bnng them in ali'iH' and kickng I"
- or words to that effect. And we did
as we were bidden with a mighty will.
'V e rar.
acked files and drove librarians
psychotic. \Ve did everything but write
to" the \\T artime Information Board. \Ve
venture to say that never before haye
so many illustrious ladies been drag-
ged mistakenly from retirement and
hurriedly thrust back again! But w

learned something from that assign-
ment. \Ve not only learned who are
our leaders and where they are leading
us, but we stepped, for a brief moment,
on to the heights where they are
t:ll1d-
ing
saw the visions that they are see-
ing, and knew surely that the future
of nursing is safe in their hands, br
their dreams are good, and the Or will
to accomplish hurns strong and unquen-
chahle.
'Ve would like to tell you more of
our summer school, of our picn:c::: and
how we learned to jujutsu, of our get-
togethers, and how good the dou
h-
nuts were. Of our encounters with the
1\av)' (whose quarters, believe it or
not, all but surround the A.A. R.N.
Lihrarr ), and of how it whistled at us,
glory "he
and almost swept us out to
sea everr day. But space "- and d Og:lity
- do not permit.
\Ve can only sum up by saying that
those who arranged and directed out
activities did everything in their power
to make our courses of v;tal and T'ra
-
tical value to us. They made us work.
They made us think. They played with
us. And they sent us out with a soI:d
groundwork of knowledg-e and a wealth
of in..piraÚm that we won't
oo'l 1 0 "",.
\Vhat more could possibly be desired?
l'\othin
, 'WI' think.

Calling all graduates from the McGill
School for Graduate Nurses! Please
take about five minutes to jot down your
name and address and send it in time

Flash I

to have it reach the secretarY-
Teas-
urer, Miss Rosemary Tansey, Montreal
Convalescent Hospital, 3001 Kent Ave.,
Montreal, P. Q. by May 15.

Vol. 41, No.4

Summer School for Graduate Nurses

MADELINE ::HCCCLLA

The School of Nursing of the U ni-
versitr of Alberta, at the request of and
uncle; the ausp:ces of the Alberta A!'so-
ciation of Ree-istered 1'\ urses. has con-
dllct
d a :;;u
mer school for graduate
nur
es fl.r the pa
t two
eason
. The p:'o-
ject was financed b
" the Government
Grant given to each province through
the C.:\f.A.
During the summer of 1943 the
School was under the direction of
liss
Helen G. \lc -\rthur. M. -\.. then act-
ing director of the School of Nursing-.
Special lecturers were 1\liss Rae Chit-
tick, 1\1..-\.., director of health educat:on
at the Normal School in Calg-arr; Dr.
S. R. Laycock. professor of educational
psychology, Universit
- of Saskatchewan.
The in
tructional staff during both ses-
!-ions included :\1iss Helen E. Penhale,

:\1.A.. of the teaching: faculty of the
Division of Studr for Graduate Nurses,
University of \Vestern Ontario, who
was responsible for the courses in ward
teaching and supervision.
The summer of 1944 found some
staff changes with the School under the
direction of :\-liss ;\;ladeline L.
\1cCuIla,
\1.A., new acting director of the School
of l' ur
ing. The special lecturer at this
session was l\1iss Jennie Rowntree, Ph.
D., professor of home economics, U ni-
'ersth' of \Vashington.
The course has fulfilled a ,'en" derin-
ite need during this wartime emergency
br providing qualified graduates for
many YÏtal spots in the puhlic hea1t,
fielel, and instructresses and ward tea-
chers for
chools of nursing in the prov-
Ince.

Boosting Morale in the V.O.N.

CHRISTINE LIVINGSTON

The morale of Victorian Order nur-
ses throughout Canada is high these dars
hecause of various progressive measures
recently enacted on their beha!f hy the
P'Jtional Executive of the organization.
These measures include the awarding
OC c.

')J"'''c.hips to ass;st nurses to take
post-grad uate training in public health
nursing; the prov
sion of an in "(,.,1 un t -
form a]]owance; and the establishment
of a plan for retirement annuities.
The Victorian Order of
urses, as
other puhlic health nursing organiza-
fons, has peen endeavourin!! to m'l....-
ta:n standards and policies in the face
of a continuing shortage of adeguâte1v
tra:ned personnel. During the war year5,

APRIL, 1945

the demands for the service have in-
creased, new branches have been opened
and in some localities the program hac;
extended to a part-time service in tn-
dustrial plants. A further expansion is
expected in the post-war period, when
the Victorian Order wi]] be co-operat-
:n2" p.'ith offirtal and voluntary agencies
in future health programs for Canada.
To more adequately meet the pres-
ent demands and to be prepared for fu-
ture development
, the Victorian Order
is endeavouring to increase the supply of
welI-qu:il'fied pubEc health nurses by the
awarding of scho]arsh .ps. The amount of
f''>ch scholarship offered by the Nation:ll
Office to nurses who have graduated

293

THE CA1\ADIAN :NURSE

'
f."

"

:'

r.;.
f
..

.

-

'f

\

,

A welcome visitor.

from accredited schools of nursing is
$500. The candidates agree to serve
one ,'ear with the Order on the com-
pletion of their public health course. In
addition to those provided for one year's
post-graduate training, financial assis-
tance is sometimes gi\Oen to Victorian
Order nurses for advanced study on a
supenison level. Although the scholar-
ships are awarded nationally, regional
recruitment is encouraged.
The second development deals with
the que
tjon of a uniform allowance. It
has been realized that the initial expense
of rurchasing uniforms has created some
degree of difficulty to new nurses com-

..
,

in
on the staff of the Victorian Order.
Therefore, a recommendation was for-
warded to the National Executive from
the Advisorr Committee on Nursing and
from the c
nference of Victorian Order
nurses held in January this year that
the pm ment of .an initial sum of $ 7 5
uniform allowance be made to nurses
on appointment to the staff for at least
one rear. This recommendation was
approved b
the Kational Executive and
became effective February 1, 1945. Al-
though the arrangement is an experi-
ment undertaken by the National Of-
fice, there is indication that, following
the demonstration period, the project
may be continued, as many of the bran-
ches ha\'e expressed their willingness to
participate locallr in the plan for uni-
form allowances.
The third measure is concerned with
a plan .for retirement annuities for nur-
ses. For many years there has been
hope that such a plan would be provided
for Victorian Order nurses and now this
hope has been realized. Largely through
the personal generositr and effon of the
national president, Mr. J. \V. 1\1cCon-
TIell, a fund for retirement annuities has
been established and it is expected that
the plan will be in operation before the
end of 1945. Although the detaIls of
the project are not yet complete, a gov-
ernment .annuity plan under considera-
tion provides for a threeway contribu-
tion, shared by the National Office,
the local branch and the nurse.

.

-- .

.'

.
j

.
.t;

,

v
t

A Post-Graduate Course In Psychia tric Nurs.ing

CATHERINE LYNCH

The announcement that a post-
graduate course in Psychiatric Nursing
has been .approved by McGill University
opens up a new avenue for the prepara-
tion of nurses in a clinical specialty.
That psychiatric nursing should have
been selected is encouraging to those
who are already bending their efforts

294

in .an endeavor to prepare nurses in this
field.
Articles have appeared in The C ana-
dian Nurse and the American Journal
of Nursing setting forth the need for
psychiatric experience in pediatric nurs-
ing, in orthopedic nursing, and in indus-
trial nursing and asking that the means

Vol. 41, No. 4

coeRSE

IN PSYCHL\ TRIC 1\URSING

295

for nurses to become qualified be made
available. \Ve have been brought face
to face with the urgency for adequatel

prepared nurses in mental hospital

through the Survey made b, the Cana-
dian 1\ urses Association. The need can-
not be overemphasized. '

There is an ahundance of clinical ma-
terial in psychiatric departments of gen-
eral ho
pitals and in mental hospitals.
In order to use this to advantage we
must prepare head nurses, teachers and
adrnini:;trators who in turn will plan
teaching. programs for affiliating and
post-graduate students. The setting-up
of a well-administered post-
raduate
course should not cause us to lose sight
of the need for experience in the under-
graduate course. This applies to ps,-
chiatric nursing just as it does to sur-
gery, pediatrics and obstetrics. The stu-
dent nurse, until she has been taught to
understand behaviour in the person who
is not ill, does not look objectively at
the symptoms presented by the mentally
ill patien t. To understand the well per-
son, to recogni7e symptoms in the ill
person, and to learn to utilize varied ap-
proaches to different patients, should be
included in the aims of the under-grad-
uate course. The post-graduate st
dent
who has added to her basic course one
year of satisfactory nursing experience,
and has demonstrated aptitudes and
abilities necessary in the field of psy-
chiatric nursing will develop her under-
standing to the point where she is able
to .adapt effective nursing care for the
patient whose behaviour limits him in
the acceptance of this care. Miss Eva
Moore has given us an excellent ex-
ample of this in her description of the
elderly patient with a cardiac condition
whose concern for his son made it diffi-
cult to keep him in bed. The exper-
ienced nurse helped him solve his diffi-
culty, making it possible for 1-.im to get
the bed-rest his physical condition re-
quired.
This illustration brings up another
point. The psychiatric nurse must have

APRIL, 1945

a thorough knowledge of the nursing of
the \'aI'ious physical ills from which the
patient ma
be suffering. I\1edical con-
ditions occur just as they do amopg any
group of people and they are cared for
in the same way. Surgical conditions,
although not appearing so frequently,
call for good
urgical nursing care.

In the December, 19++ American
Journal of XUrJing, the Committee on
Post-Graduate Clinical Nursing Courses
has with clarity classified, defined and
described types of clinical course,;. In the
\larch issue of The Cmwdian Nurse
1\1jss Lindeburgh wrote on CC\Vhat Con-
stitutes Post-Graduate Clinical Courses".
She has set forth the principles of ad-
ministration and this firm foundation
gives strength to the aims of this new
course which are:

L To develop a hroader understanding and
greater
kill in nursing mentally ill patients
by becoming more proficient in the recogni-
tion of
} mptoms and the interpretation of
behaviour.

2. To assist the nurse to acquire the knowl-
edge and ability necessary to participate in
a program for the prevention of mental ill-
ness and the promotion of mental health in
the community.

3. To prepare this nurse specialist to ad-
minister a psychiatric nursing service and
to assume supervisory responsibilities in rela-
tion to the care of patients and the develop-
ment of the teaching program for student
nurses.

The course will open with one month
devoted to observation. This will in-
clude services selected for their clinical
value, and time and opportunity to ob-
serve. The value of early recognition of
the illness and seeking of medical as-
sistance will be demonstrated as well as
the methods used in bringing about
recovery. The nurse will be guided in
acquiring a good technique of observa-
tion. There will be supervised exper-
ience in the care of the various types of
mentally ill patients, and practice in such

296

THE C.\ Ì'i A 0 I ANN U R S E

forms of therapy as shock, occupation
and recreation. Beginning the second
munth, lectures will he given in :\IcGill
University and the School for Graduate
Kurses, including Psychology, SoCÎt)]og},
Mental Hygiene and Child Psychology,
Trends and De\'e]opments in Nursing,
Public Health and Nursing, Psychiatry
and P
rchiatric Nursing. Correlation
with progressive stages of clinical exper-
ience will be accomplished through con-
ferences, clinics, d-;"monstr
tions ai1d
special studies. During the last three
months of the course an inten'si\ e clini-
cal program is planned to prm-ide Hiper-
vised practice in ".,. ard Administration,
Supervi;;ion, and Teaching.
The facilities of the :\11an :\lemorial

Institute of Psychiatry of the Royal
Victoria Hospital, ihe Verdun Protes-
tant Hospital, an institution of 1500
beds, and other community agencies will
be used for experience and teaching.

BIBUOGRAPHY
1. Bonner, Clarence A., ),1.0., Industrial

ursing: The Psychiatric ..\pproach. Ameri-
can Journal of
ursing. l!ay, 1944.
2. )'loore, Eva, The Importance of Psy-
chiatric Training for
urses. The Canadian

urse. Aug. 1944.
3. ),[ unson, Barbara :\., Pediatric Nurses
Xeed Psychiatric Training. American Jour-
nal of Xursing. Jan. 1945.
4. Sul!ivan, Catherine lfargaret, Psychia-
tric Aspects of Orthopedic Nursing. Ameri-
can J uurnal of !\ ursing. ),1 a)" , 1944.

Christina
1. Dick, for more than
twenty-five years in charge of the nur-
ses' home of the Johns Hopkins Hospital,
dieò recently at the Johns Hopkins Hos-
pit:-Jl in Baltimore. MÜ;s Dick was born
in Brampton, Ontario. She graduated
from the Johns Hopkins Hospital School
of Nursing in 1899, and had a long and
distinguished career.
Prior to the last position which she
held for so many years, at various times
shO! held the following positions at the
Johns Hopkins Hospital: private duty
nurse, h{:ad nurse, night superintend
nt,

Obituary

asdstant superintendent of nurses, and
instructor in the practice of nursing. In
"Idition, she was superintendent of
Rainbow Cottage, Cleveland, Ohio, frolI'
1904 to 1905; superintendent of the Bal-
Lmore Eye and Ear Hospital from 190f
to 1910; and SUI)elÎl1tenden
of Grac(
Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, fron
1912 to 1914.
Burial was in Brampton, Ontario. Mis
Dick is survived by her sister, Miss EI_
beth Dick, who is also a graduate of tb
J ehns Hopkins Hospital School of N..:
.ng and appointed to that staff.

Regarding our Official Directory - Attention!

In our June issue the complete Official
Di ('ctory wil1 once again make its Quar-
terly appearance. 'ViII all Associations, which
have not already done so, please send u

their lists of new officers at once. (Don't
fo:-get to include the Secretary"s address.)
Remember we cannot keep your announce-

ments up-to-date unless you co-operate by
forwarding us the latest information as
soon as it is available. In spite of careful
checking on our part, mistakes do creep in.
So check your announcement as it now ap-
rears in the )'larch issue and let us have
vaur corrections and changes.

Vol. 41, No. ..

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretary, The Canadian Nurses ASfodatioa

National Conference of Women

In all parts of Canada women have
been preparing themseh-es for t-he post-
war rehabilitation era. On fhllrsda} ,
February 1, under the aegis of the l\a-
tional Council of \\r omen, the fir
t
("onference of Canadian "
omen's Ka-
tional Organizations met to contrihute
to the discussions and findings. Fifty-
three or
anizations were represented.
H.R.H. Princess .-\lice sent a message
of greeting, e"\.pressing her pleasure that
so many affiliated groups had joined
in an agenda which covered the whole
field of the <;ocial éU1d economic welfare
of the country's present and future. She
stressed that women "throu2"h the war,
have found a \'er
real place- in the puh-
lic and structural life of the commun;t\-
and ndtion", and e"\.pres<;ed the hop"e
that "women will have places in all the
different departments being set up for
relief, ) ehabilitation and reconstruction."
The Importance of the Home was
the fir"t item on the a2"enda :1I1d was led
bv :\Irs. R. B: 1\lcElheran, Toronto,
president of the Anglican "Tomen's
Auxiliaries and \.1 rs. Roger Self, pres:-
dent of the United Church \\Yomèn's
\-li,sionary Societies. Attitudes to wo-
men and the home are chane-ing- with
time, "aid 1\lrs. :\IcElheran iJ; speaking
of "marriage-a full-time job". :\.lodern
practices tend to separate memhers of
families, and she sU2:g-ested that mrtr-
riage should be conside
ed a way of life,
not a job. Nee-Ieet of relig;ous train:n

was blamed hy the speake; for the di:;-
integration of home life.
Partnership in Family Life was Iell

Þ.

"'''' "1I')
1

by 1\lr5. Haney Agnew. Employment
and Social Securin was led hv :\liss
:\1argaret H yndm;n, K.C. and' Alder-
man Hilda Hesson of \Vinnipeg.
Single \Vomen in Business and Pro-
fessions was the suhject for discussion at
the aftt.."fnoon session. :\liss F. :\1 unroe,
president of the Canad:an 1\ urses As:;o-
ciation, outlined the organization of the
Canadian 1\ urses Association and the
present
ituation with regard to nursing
and nurses. lVliss IVlarion Lindeburgh,
convener of the Postwar Planning Com-
mittee, outlined the work of her com-
mittee.
That there will he great opportunity
for
-oung women in the post-war era as
home economist:-, dietitians and nutri-
(on'sts was empha;;i7ed hy :\1iss :\-1ary
Clarke.
The Household Help Prohlem, which
has hecome exceedinglv acute during
the war, lies \\ ith the woman emplo
-er,
maint-ained :\lrs. Harvey .-\gnew. It is
larQ"eh w -thin her power to change
present attitudes and solve the prohlè'm.
Resolutions sent to the committee which
will deal with these matters suggested
that pres"ure he hrought to hear on
Dominion and Prov:ncial Governments
to implement at once a train -ng program
for hou"ehold helpers; also th:1t the na-
tional organizations . undertake a
campa:gn of education of women em-
plo
'ers as to conditions of the hou5c-
worker.
Dr. Edna Guest spoke on the need
for a national health program. Need for
a physical fitness program was made
clear in the great number of m:litary
service re ject:ons.

297

29H

']' H E C A !\
-\ D I A K 1\ U R S E

Dr. Vihert Douglas, Dean of \\r o-
men at Queen's University, stated that
education is fundamental to citizenship.
She believed that there should he great-
er uniformity of standards in the pro-
vinces. better salaries for teachers -
"those in some places being iniquitous
and none too good, at best". l\:lore em-
phasis on the spiritual development i

essential, Dr. Douglas asserted, speak-
ing: of the Bible as a great treasure house
o( wisdom and literature, which should
be talH[ht. Better school trustees .are
someth
g the electors can easilr de-
mand, a
d women can help obtain this
end, she said.
A resolution stre
sed the necessit
. of
recruiting and traini.ng adult leaders for
'teen age children, and another urged
the establishment of nursery schools as
an extension to the education system.
An amendment to the Housing Act,
so that the municipalities, provincial and
federal gcwernments WOI.!J co-operate
in subsidizing housing for low-wage
families, was apprO\'ed.
Loss of so many young men in the
war has presented a challenge to women
of talent and ability to step in and fill
the gap, and it is up to older women,
.at present leaders in government and
community, to encourage these young
women, said Senator I va Fallis, speak-
ing on Women in Public Life. She
doubted whether women of Canada have
in any large numbers made a determined
effort to fit themselves for puhlic life;
women are accepted in business, in the
professions, why have we not come to
be regarded as necessary to public life!
Senator Cairine \Vilson stressed the
need for more women representatives
on public boards and committees, .as well
ai in Parliamentary life, and praised ef-
forts of pioneer women who had agitated
for reform. l'he cause of women rep-
resentation, she said, "must be pressed
without bitterness, without intolerance
or impatience". It is weak and foolish
for women in possession of full citizen-
ship to go knocking at the back doors

of
overnme.nts asking for appointments
was the statement made, b
pro
r, hy
.-\lderman Frances Henderson of Hamil-
ton. Evt-r\ thing we do, or tn' to do,
for societ;' is ;uperficial unles; we in-
creasingly gain positions in governments
- local, provincial .and federal.
Responsibilities of Citi7enship was the
subject of the discussion at one of the
later sessions.
1 i
s J oy
\1aines, president
of the Canadian Association of Social
\V orkers, spoke on juvenile delinquency
as a problem for community action, and
pointed out that there is too littl.e em-
phasis on paren tal responsibility.
:\,10re complete co-ordination of all
adult educational activities on a com-
munity level was suggested by Miss
Elizabeth Long; also a nation-wide pub-
lic lihrary service - 5+ per cent of
Canadian population is without this ser-
vice at present.
Demobilization of women from the
services and industry was summed up by
Squadron Officer Jean Davey, R.C.A.F.
(\Y.D.). She suggested that people
should not look upon women leaving
the services as problems to be adjusted.
They should remember that these wo-
men have had unusual and valuable ex-
perience, which will enable them to make
a real C"ontribution to the country -
"Let them see you expect leadership and
responsibility from them and you will
get it."
Mrs. Donald A. J.VlcKenzie, of the
Canadian Red Cross, spoke on the war
hrides, explaining the procedure of the
Society in looking after these young wo-
men from the time they leave Britain
until they are turned over to LO.D.E.
and church groups in Canada.
The conference ended with a panel
discussion on National Unity. "Our
boys are fighting together and dying
together on the battlefields - it does
not matter to what race they belong;
they are Canadian, they are ours", said
1VIadame P. \V. 1VIarchãnd, who for
thirty-two years had headed the F edera-
tion des Femmes Française-Canadienne.

Vol. 41, No.4

KATIONA.L OFFICE

!\.-1.-s. Harold Lorie, head of the Kational
Council of T ewish \Vomen, spoke on
behalf of the. 165,000 T ews in Canada.
She emphasized the fact that the Jewish
people, with 1,64i enlistments and a
great volume of war work done by the
women, were "patriotic and loyal".
:\lrs. B. Drma, \Vinnipeg, told what
the Ukranians have accomplished in the
agricultural life of their adopted coun-
tq. Forty-nine per cent of ekranians in
Canada are farmers, she said; there are
over a thousand teachers and a consider-
able number of other professions.
The resolutions committee took over
the task of prep.aring planks for future
action. The Canadian Nurses A.ssocia-
tion submitted the following resolutions:

1. That the Xational Conference of \Vo-
men endorse the request of the Canadian K ur-
ses Association for representation on the
Dominion Health Council;

2. \Vhereas the Canadian K urses Associa-
tion recognizes the place of subsidiary nurs-
ing groups and has demonstrated its interest
by the setting of standards for the training
of such workers; and whereas the Canadian
X urses Association is agreed that in order
to ensure the safety and protection of. the
public, any program for the preparation of
subsidiary nursing groups should not be
implemented until Provincial Governments
pass legislation for the licensing and con-
trol of subsidiary workers; therefore be it
resolved that the Conference of Canadian
\Vomen's National Organizations here as-
sembled endorse the policy of the Canadian
Nurses Association, namely:

That preliminary to the establishing of
training courses for subsidiary nursing
groups, Provincial Governments pass legis-
lation for the licensing and the control of
such workers.

United States National Nursing
Council for War Service

The United States National Nursing
Council for War Service has for som

APRIL, 1945

299

time provided the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation with reports of the activities
of the Council. \Ve were very much in-
terested in a recent report given by Miss
Lucile Petry, Division of Nurse Edu-
cation, United States Public Health Ser-
vice, which contained an outline of the
effects of the .Kurse Cadet program on
nursing educ.ation. These included:

1. Improvement in the quality of applicants
throughout the country.
2. ImprO\ ement in educational programs
because of having a little money to spend
on libraries, laboratories and other institu-
tional facilities.
3. Increasing interest on the part of col-
leges in nursing education.
4. I mprovements in nurses' residences
through allotments of Lanham Act funds to
Bolton Act connected projects.
5. The tendency of the program to focus
the school's attention on its budget.
6. ),.[ore applicants have learned the char-
acteristics of a good school of nursing.
7. The amount of service contributed by
students has prevented a collapse of nursing
service in hospitals. Although only 1,234
or 29 per cent of the non-Federal general
hospitals have schools, those with schools
handle 56 per cent of the patients. Student
service in hospitals with schools average 60
per cent.

Nursing and Nursing EducatirJn in the
Future: In newspapers and magazines,
reference has hetn made to a proposed
integrated hospital system which would
be part of a plan to give .all citizens equal
opportunity for "the full benefits of good
medical care."

This plan refers to an integrated hos-
pital system with a base hospital serving
as a centre of rese.arch and teaching.
Each state would have at least one of
these hospitals, some of which will have
a medical school connection. In addi-
tion, there would be district hospitals,
a little smaller, c.arrying all the major
s
rvices and taking all but the most
complicated cases. The district hospitals
would receive as patients from the next

300

THE CA1'ADIA:K NURSE

m21ler l'llItS, the rural hospitals, the
cases they are not equipped to care for.
Still further removed would be the
health centre, a combination of the local
health officer's office, the public health
nurse's office, dental clinic,
tc. There
would be an interchange of both per-
sonnel and patients in this integrated
system of hospitals.
Nursing care would be given in all
four types of hospital and health centre
situations described above, in pubJic
health nursing agencies and in homes,
by a combination of professional and
vocational nurses.
Tn the educational s\'stem fewer and
better basic schools for 'professional nur-
ses would be needed, Most of these
schools would use base hosp:tals for
clinical fields and would be parts of
universities. The district, rural and
health centre situations would be used
on an affiliation basis. All nurses would
be prepared thoroughly in the preven-
tive, soc:al and mental hygIene aspects
of nursinz.
The hasic professional curriculum
leaèing to a baccalaureate degree would
p.robably require four to five years. The
service given by learners in al1 curricula
would be only incidental, the exper-

ience being chosen entirelr for itf, edu-
cational value.
There was referred to the National
Nursing Planning Committee by the
National Nursing Council the urgency
of the need for definitions of "profe
-
sional" and of Uvocational" nursing and
the preparation and functions of "pro-
fessional nurses" and of "vocational
"
nurses .

lhe of Red CroJJ V oluntNr Slines'
,,1 ides in the POJt- TV or Prriod: The fol-
lowing principles relative to th
l:se of
Red Cross Volunteer Nurses' Aides in
the post-war period were given approval
by the Council:

1. That there will be in peace titr.e a place
for Volunteer Nurses' Aides in hos; itals and
clinics and that such a place can best he
filled by aides selected and trained by the
Red Cross on the ba-is of substa:1tÍ1l1y th
'
same national standards as now pre,'ail.
2. That hospitals should in peace time a
-
sist in the training of Rt'd Cross "olunteer
Xurses. Aides as an educational reS;JO:l ihility
to the community for - in addition to fil1-
ing a need in the hospitals and being prépared
to sen'e in case of disaster or epidemic -
these trained volunteers wiH he im'aluable
to interprd the hospitals to the community.

"u.s.s. Higbee"

For the first time in history the Cnited
States Xavy has placed in commission a
vessel ndmed in honor of a Kavy nurse. The
ship was christened in honour of Canadian-
born Lenah Sutcliffe Higbee. second super-
intendent of the U. S. Navy Xurse Corps
( 1911-1922), one of fOi1r women to re-
ceive the Navy Cross and the only woman
to receivt. it during her life-time, A battle
fJag was pre -ented to the U. S. S. Higbee by
Miss Stel1a Goostray, chairman oi the Ka-
tional Nursing Council for "Tar Service
in the United States. Mrs. Higbee was born
!n Chatham, New Brunswick, in 1874. She
grarh:ated from the New York Post-Grad-
uate Hospital in 1899 and joined the Navy
Kurse Corps in 1908. She retired from ser-
vice in 1922 and died in 1941.

Mental Defectives

terilization of mental defectives shn111d
be giH'n ca:'efl1l conside'-ation, it was st'lted
in the repf'rt of the Saskatchewan Health

e:-vices Sl1n-ey Commis
ion which was re-
It a
ed recently.
"1fl1c.n experience has hern gained in this
f;f'ld du'ing the last fifty years in America
and Europe", the report said. "One should
110t he deterred by the fact that Nazi Germany
ha" practised sterilization in a I}rutal and
\\"ìlOlesale manner, but should study the re-

ults obtained in such countries as the Scan-
dinavian countrie
, Switz
r1and, and some of
1he American States where sterilization has
ken p' actisf'd humanely and cauticusly with
good results".

-Health NC1.t,S SeT'l.,ice.

Vol. 41. No.4

Postwar Planning Activities

"'

Contributed by

POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Opportunities an Nursing Service

\\Tith the appearance of prospects
of earlr peace, we sen
e a return of the
apprehens:on concerning future, no\''-
become immediate, opportullItles in
nursin
. 'ViII there be work for all
registered nurses in Canada? To help
quiet your apprehension, the Committee
on Po
twar Planning is pleased to pres-
e?t this brief outline of the nurS:ng ser-
vice opportunities now existing in Can-
ada and a forecast of requirements for
the not-too-distant future. Though we
be accu:,ed of uttering a platitude, we feel
that during the war rears a defin:te
restlessness of spirit has taken possession
of our people. A great man) feel un-
settled, dissatisfied with their present
niche. Especially has this fe,-er for
change. for new thin!!s and new excite-
ments ;nfected "the
-oun2:er set". Our
roung nurses belong- to this "younger
set", and like all others of their gn
up
they are loathe to "settle". Tht'\" feel
that there is so much to be done. so man"
opportunities awaiting the graduate, an
l
their }oung minds are quite confused.
This ')tate of mind has resulted in an
almost constant fluctuation of hospital
general duty personnel - usualh the
first position open to the new graduate.
H;l\'ing just completed three
) ears in
hospital service she feels an urge to "dp
something beside beds:de nu;sin
" -
something. more excitin!!. something to
her, more important. The tra!!ed; of
this situation lies not so much in
the fact
that these n urse
are overlookin!! a most
valuable period of their caree; - the
period when their three } ears "learn-

APRIL. 1945

ing" is about to be consolidated on a
really skil1ed professional level - but in
the fact that the patients, those for whosl
sake presumably they took up the nurs-
ing art, are frequently being ldt unat-
tended in our hospital wards. Granting:
the importance and attraction of the othe

fie:ds of nursing, .the paramount need
today is for more bedside nursing. The
general hospitals need nurses in increas-
ing numbers to care for patients with
medical and surgical conditions. In the
wake of the war,
we find a much O"reat-
. ò
er demand for I1llr<::es <;:killed in the care
of orthopedic and psychiatric patients.
Large !lumbers of nursing personnel pro-
ficient in these specialties are needed to
assist in the re habilitation of these pa-
tients.

,,, e feel that we cannot stress too
fulh' or too often the importance of bed-
side nup.ing in the total nursing picture.
Can \\ t' as a professional group denv the
too frequently heard accusation that nur-
ses nowadays seem to be doing every-
thing hut nursing the patient

'Ve understand that the Department
of Veterans Affairs is developing an ex-
temivt' hospitalization plan which will
require a large number of nurses for
staff purposes. This opportunit) to con-
tinue to nurse the wounded veteran mar
have a special appeal for the nursing si;-
ter who has had the privilege of shar:ns
front-line experiences with the combat-
ant.
\\'ith the ever-increasing popularit\.
and spread of prepaid hospitalization
plans comes an increase in demand for
nursin!.! services which in turn has creat-

30.1

302

THE CANADIA
1\URSE

ed a demand for nurses which is at
pre
ent being unmet.
'Vith the present and anticipated con-
tinued shortage of internes and house
ph) sicians in our hospitals, man" duties
formerl)' carried entirely by them .are
being delegated to the nursing staff.
N ur
es ha;e already been reqt;ired to
assume responsibility for laboratory and
x-ray work, giving intravenous injec-
tions, and numerous other such tasks,
in order that the day-by-day business of
nursing the patient may proceed.
Tuberculosis sanatoria and psychia-
tric ho
pitals present a vast field for
nursing service. 'Ve cannot begin to fill
the m
rsing needs of the..e t\\';O special
types of hospitals in Canada at the pres-
ent time. Opportunities for utilizing spe-
cial training in these branches are legion.
In an early issue of the ] ou.rllai will ap-
pear the names of the hospitals offering
graduate training in these specialties.
The Victorian Order of Nurses of-
fers wide opportunities for those inter-
ested in bedside nursing in the home,
with the added interest of the various
activities included in a general public
health nur
ing program. Public health
nursin
positions are literally going beg-
ging for the want of nurses. It is no
exaggeration to say that a thousand
public health nurses are needed right

now in Canada. Provincial and city de-
partments of health have positive plans
tor extension of health services which
are being delayed only because person-
nel, both medical and nursing, is un-
available. Industrial nursing is practi-
cally a virgin field in Canadian indus-
tries. \Var industries have stimulated
more extensive health services in many
plants, which it is hoped will be main-
tained in peace-time.
These are onl} the highlights of op-
portunities open to our nurses in our
homes and hospitals. Further opportuni-
ties will be noted from time to time on
this page of the .r ournal with the devel-
opme n t of a placement service bureau
(that is, emplo} ment bureau) in each
province. It should be increasingly easier
to obtain special in formation concerning
positions avaiIctble in all types of nurs-
ing service. \\T rite to rour Provincial
Secretary, or the Superintendent of the
hospital in which you wish to work, or
to the Secretary of the Committee on
Postwar Planning, National Office,
Canadian Nurses As
ociatio.n, stating
your special nursing interest, preparation,
experience, ete. Thus we will know
where rou are and what you want to
do and then the requests for nurses with
your experience, preparation and capa-
bilities can be filled.

What Local Associations Can Do to Step up

Student Nurse Recruitment

E. A.. ELECTA MACLENNAN

The most effective method of re-
Cluiting - for nursing, as for anything
else - is personal contact. Local asso-
ciations are in a better position than are
the Provincial A.ssociations or the Na-

tional Association to employ this most
effective of all recruitment methods.
This does not mean that memhers of
local associations should conduct a house-
to-house canvas5! But they can make

Vol. 41, No.4

S T U D E ]'\ T N U R S ERE C R U I T \1 E N r 303

the need for student nurse recruits a
matter of persollal concern to the mem-
bers of their communit}.
One of the obvious methods of con-
veying information to groups within the
community is through addressing them
at their meetings - Young People's
meetÏng
, meetings of women's organ-
ization; and of
en's service clubs. -Co-
pie
of <
Speakers' Handhook, especial-
ly prepared for the use of nurses and
student nurses, are availahle on request
from the national or from your provin-
cial .association. An easy way of giving
information in an interesting manner
is through panel discussion. Several voices
in discus5ion are more attention-holding
than one voice, especially if the several
voices are of people known to the aud-
ience. The national association has avail-
able scripts using student nurses and
high school students. These scripts have
been prepared for radio, but they are
equally suitable for use in panel discus-
sion.
If there is a radio station in your
communit}, you might be able to !!et
some free radio time for the presenta-
tion of one of these scripts over the air.
If you obtain copies of the scripts and
take them to the station manager, he will
be able to see exactly what} ou propose to
do, and if he is community-minded, as
most station managers are, he is likely to
be ven" co-operative. The national asso-
ciation has in preparation IS-minute
radio plays dealing, in an entertaining
manner, with the life of a class of stu-
dent nurses. These plays are heing rec-
orded, and recordings will he available
to radio stations wishing to use one, sev-
eral or the complete series (about ten)
of the plays. If you are interested in
these, write the national office, and they
will advise you when recordings are
available.
You can usually obtain excellent co-
operation from your local newspaper.

Releases are mailed to newspapers by
provincial and national offices, but, in
addition, you might interest your town
paper in doing a feature article on the
local situation. As an example - the
Montreal H {'raId, at the time of writ-
ing, is preparing a feature on nursing
to tell, largel
' in picture form, the

tory of the life of a student nurse and
to give an indication of the work she
may do as a graduate nurse. A similar
article, with photographs taken at a local
hospital school of nursing, would have
great interest for any newspaper's local
leadership.
Any of these student recruitment ef-
forts - talks, panel discussions, radio
programs, newspaper features - might
very appropriately be timed for Hospital
\Veek. Something that has been tried
:md found very successful as a Hospital
\Veek feature is the visiting of the local
hospital by girls from high school grad-
uating cla
ses. If your local hospital has
a school of nursing, you might arrange
to have the student nurses entertain the
high
chool girls at tea and conduct
them through the residence and hospital
wards. Even if your local hospital has
no school of nursing, you might arrange
to have a high school group visit the hos-
pital to get some indication of the work
of the hospital staff nurse and to arouse
interest in nursing as a profession.
The problem of making- adequate
nursing care available to all who may
require it is the problem of all members
of the nursing profession. Anything your
local association does to encourage stu-
dent recruitment helps to solve this prob-
lem both for the present and the future.
The national office, as rou may know,
employs publicity counsel, through whom
the material .above referred to has been
prepared, and local aS50ciations are in-
vited to take advantage of services and
material thus made available in planning
their own student recruitment programs.

"Ill'l'est 1/n the Best"

A RIL. 1945

BUY VICTORY BONDS!

Counting up the Costs

\Var is an e
travaganth costh husi-
nes
. For the past fiv
and a half rears
we have been hearing of expenditures so
vast as to be almost astronomical. :\1il-
lions for planes, millions for ships, for
ammunition, for uniforms, for food. \Ve
get a bit bored when the figures hecome
so large - we can't quite imagine so
much money. Perhaps if we think of 0..-
penditures in terms of thl" things we, as
nurses, know best - hospital equipment,
dressings, drugs - we \-\ ill get a clearer
picture uf why it is so important that we
keep right on huring Victory Bonds.
Some of these data were given in the
November Journal hut the figures bear
repetition: Sufficient penicillin to treat
one major case, $50; one wal1 plate for
muscle and nerve testing, $100; ultra
violet quartz lamp, $250; emergency
operating room light for use in case of
power line failure during an operation,
$300; combination set of hospital steri-
lizers, $1000; high-pressure steam dis-

/"

j.

infecter for sterilizing blankets and mat-
tresses, $2000; complete major x-ray
unit, $5000.
'rhose are just a few of the more
costly items you say. Alright, no ho
pitaJ
is complete without beds. It takes $15,-
000 to supply a thousand of them, com-
plete with mattresses. Dressings by the
thousands must he available. One hun-
dred thousand of them cost $10,000.
Adhesive plaster is such an essential
commoclity for a wide variety of pur-
puses. Thousands of yards of it must he
ready for use. "Then we realize that one
fifty dollar Victory Bond will furnish
()nl
' two thousand yards of two-inch ad-
hesive, we can see why so man,- in-
dividuals must assist in this problem of
financing the war by buving as man,.
Bonds a
their means. wilf allow.
How can the nurses of Canada as-
sist in making the Eighth Victory Loan
drive an outstanding success? First, by
their individual purchases. If each nurse

.;:.: ."
f '
::;
'
'.

...

#.

;: /Ill
,.,
\

Canadian Annv Overseas Photo

304

[ mil r ground hospital m H oUand.

Vol. 41. No.4

R.1\.A.P.Q. SILVER JUBILEE

bought only one fifty dollar Bond, It
would represent a very large amount
of money since there are over twent}
thousand active, practising nurses. Sec-
rJnd, by sponsoring the purchase of Bonds
through their nursing associations rang-
ing from the smallest local chapter to
the large parent budy. Such ìnvestments
will not only bring in a tidy sum in in-
terest to the association but will also be
useful as the nucleus for post-war organ-
ization activities which may be planned.
Alumnae associations might use their

305

purchases toward the setting-up of schol-
arship funds.
Finally, the nurses may call the at-
tention of their friends to the rapidly
illcreasin
demand for hospitals and
equipment to care for the steady stream
of wounded men. The termination of
the war in Europe will not hring the
need fur all of these facilities to an end.
Let each of us be sure that no care shan
be 'wanting because we have failed. In
this spirit, the Eighth Victory Loan win
he as Sllccessful as its predecessors.

R.N.A.P.Q. Reaches its Silver Jubilee

On February 14, 1920. "an Act to incor-
porate the Association of Registered
urses
<If the Province of Quebec" was assented to
by the Lieut. Governor of the Province,
thereby creating the only bilingual profes-
sional nurses association in Xorth America
and the second in the world, our counterpart
being the South African Xursing Association
where English and Dutch are the official
Janguages.
Last December a special meeting of the
Committee of Mal'lagement was held to
which were im'ited all former presidents
of the Association and others who have con-
tributed outstanding service to the Develop-
ment of our Association. Plans were òrawn
up for a suitable celehration of our twenty-
fifth anniversary.
Realizing that an
plans made in ad-
vance would be conditioned by the chang-
ing world scene. it was unanimously decided
that the actual birthday (Feb. 14, 1945)
would pass unnoticed and that "pedal fea-
tures would be included in the annual meet-
ing. It is planned. therefore, that our Silver
Jubilee will be celebrated on
[a
28. 29, 30.
beginning with church services on the 27th.
our fourth X ational
[emorial and Re-
dedication Sen'ice to be held in S1. George's
Church,
fontreal, at 7 p.m. and 9.30 a.m.
in the Chapel of old Eglise Ronsecours.
On Jl n11day, the 28th se
sions wilt be held
in the afternoon and evening in the \Vindsor
Hotel. These will be bilingual and will in-
dude the president's address. and reception
and diiicussion of reports covering our many
activities.

APRIL. 1945

On Tu.tSday, sessions in English and
French will be conducted separately. Pro-
gram plan!> for the afternoon are as fol-
lows, ElI!J1;sh session: Gertrude Hall and
Rae Chittick will be the speakers, their to-
pics being: "Two Types of Kurses" and
"The Role of the Xurse in Canada's Re-
habilitation Program". Frc1Ich session: Dr.
Edouard Desjardins, Dr.
L C. E. Grignon,
and Re,-. .\ndré
L Guillemette wiH present:
"Ce que Ie public attend de nous"; "Les
glandes endocrines et la personnalité", and
"T echniques mociernes pour la Protection
de rEníance".
In the e,'ening there will be a "Forum on
Current Ewnts as related to Canadian
urs-
ing" conducted separately in adjoining halls
in each language. The topics will be "Legis-
lation" by E. Flanagan; "Labour Relations"
b} E. Beith and E. Rocque;" Po
twar Plan-
ning" b}
L Lindehurgh and J. Trudel. Dis-
cu!>sion j!- to be lead by F.
funroe, G. Hall.
R. Chittick.
L Kerr E. Johns. E. :lfacLen-
nan. Rvde Soeur Lefebne.
r. Roy.
L
Beaumier.
L Taschereau. ]. Lamothe, E.
Cantin, A. Robert. A.
Iartineau. A. Albert,
and E. Gauvin. On \Yednesday afternoon,
the forum of the previous evening wiU be
repeated at Hotel- Dieu for the sisters.
A banquet at 8 o'clock in the "-illdsor
H"tel will hring the meeting to a close. At
this time we anticipate including among our
guests the members of the ExecutÏ\'e Com-
mittee. ex..\.. whose meeting, wiU open
111
f(Jntreal the following day.
E, FRl\xCEs LPTON
Lrct"ltli-;'c Secretor}' olld Rcgistrar_

Saskatchewan Nurse Instructors Hol d an Institute

GRACE GILES

"\\T ouldn't it be a help to us inex-
perienced instructors if we could an
get together and talk over our prob-
lems and share our ide;ls", said a hright
}'oung instructor in one of our nursing
schools. And that was how it all started.
Miss K. \V. Ellis, adviser to schools of
nursing, discussed the proposal in the
schools as she visited; so did the travel-
ling instructor. Our president, :\'1iss -:V1.
Diedrichs, and the Council memhers
felt it would be a very worthwhile pro-
ject for the Saskatchewéln Registered
Nurses' Association to sponsor. Eveq-
where there was an enthusiastic response.
The instructors welcomed the thought
of a pause in their heavy winter pro-
gram when they might drop the routine
for a few days and find new inspiration
for the months ;lhead. Busy administra-
tors willingly agreed to make the neces-
sary <lrrangements. They realized, they
said, that it was more often the super-
intendent of nurses than the instructor
who was able to attend the provincial
convention, and that there are man,
subject
directly related to teaching
which there is never time to bring up
at an émnual meeting. So with the co-
oper<ltion of the superintendents of nur-
ses and, in manr cases, financiallr as-
sisted h
' genero
ls donations frOl
the
hospital hoards, the instructors from all
the ten hospital schools of nursing in
Saskatchev.,'an met in Saskatoon for the
first Institute for nurse instructors to
he held in Saskatchewan. Miss Ellis,
director of nursing, represented the
Universitr School of Nursing-.
It wa
decided to hold the institute
before the spring preliminary classes
were admitted. Knowing that the in-
structors had little time for special pre-
paration. the program was planned with
a view to having a large part of the 'in-
spiration' come from outside the group.
Howen.r, one or mOl e nurses from each

306

hospital came prep;lred to contribute to
topics in which they could help one ano-
ther better than could someone from
another profession. Another guiding
principle in planning the program was
to try not to give material which the
nurses had already had in post-graduate
courses. All the instructors had had at
least one year of post-graduate work in
a university nursing school, and the fol-
lowing universities were represented by
the group: !VI cGill, Toronto, British
Columbia, l\-1anitoba, Alherta and St.
Lo uis.
The spirit of co-operation displayed
by nurses and those in other professions,
who were asked to participate in the
project, was a great satisfaction. One
young lady, a director of .a teen-age
centre, said, "I will be glad to trv to
give some suggestions for planned re-
creatiOJ] for student nurses. I have just
come out of hospital myself, and I like
nurses."
The superintendents of nurses in the
two ho
pital schools of nur
ing in Sas-
katoon graciously arranged for the meet-
ings to he held in their classrooms. There
were visits to various departments in
both hospitals too. One meeting was
held in the Universit}; of Saskatchewan.
At the City Hospital a most interesting
demonstration of equipment and tech-
niques on a children's ward had been
prepared, while, in the polio clinic at
St. Paul's Hospital, a demonstration of
the "Kenny hot pack" was given. Dis-
plays of artistic posters which had been
prepared in connection with history of
nursing, professional ad j ustmen ts and
personal hygiene, furnished new ideas.
One of the head nurses contributed
some of her material for clinical teach-
ing. This included an outline of her pro-
gram and an indexed box with informa-
tion on new drugs.
Several book publishers very kindly

Vol. 41, No.4

11\STRUCTORS Iì\STITUTE

sent books for the instructors to look
over, and these proved a real centre of
interest. A number of film" loaned b,.
the Audio-Visual Branch, Department
of Education, were greatly appreciated.
One of these entitled, "Nursing", is be-
ing used in vocational guid.ance work in
the prO\'ince. Information on sources of
films suitable for nursing schools was giv-
en during the institute. A number of
schools have their own movie projectors.

\Vhen arrangements for the institute
were being made, the instructors were
invited to send in questions in advance
which they would like to have discussed.
These were all combined and sent to
\'.ach school for consideration before the
meeting. Se,'eral lively discussions arose
out of the "Question Box". Somebodr
said, "Should nurses' marks be posted?"
rvfost instructors thought they should be.
The objection was raised that it tended
to discourage the poor student. So it was
suggested that one might post the re-
sults as grades, A. B. C. D. etc., and
record the actual marks in the records.
Then there were the "1\ew Ideas and
the Time Savers". Both of these proved
very popular. One instructor arranges a
reserve shelf in the libran" whenever she
gives a special assignment. On it go the
books and other references which have
been given. It saves precious minutes for
the students. Making the technique of
intravenous injection more realistic, by
a piece of fine rubber tubing attached by
adhesive to the arm and forearm of the
doll, and e}.tending up under the should-
er and into a bottle concealed at the head
of the mattress, was another sUQ![estion.
How to use old books for il1
l
trative
material to use in the lantern was shown
by a young nurse-teacher fresh from
her university post-graduate course. One
very c}.perienced instructor descrihed
how she had secured the necessalT
equipment for a bacteriology laboratol"}
at little expense, and explained what in-
teresting cultures could be obtained from
an infusion of hay. She uses washings
from grapes to demonstrate yeast cells.

APRIL. 1945

307

Space forbids mention of am further
suggestions but you can see how helpful
the discussions proved to be.

-\ symposium on skin demonstrated
the correlation of various subjects, and
included the anatomy .and physiology of
skin from a functional viewpoint, drugs
and solutions as they relate to the skin,
and bacteriology in relation to the skin.
.-\. talk on "Common Diseases of the
Skin" was given by a skin specialist, and
the symposium ended with a demonstra-
tion dre
sing of a skin lesion. The group
listened with much interest and pleasure
to a very helpful talk "On Teaching
Pharmacology", especially when the
speaker, with a twinkle in her ere, made
such a point as warning her fellow in-
structors not to try to cram in too many
drugs or thev could expect their stu-
dents to show serious s} mptoms of over-
dosage. \Vard teaching held evel") one's
attention for two periods - one when a
group of nurses successfully dramatized
a mlr:,ing clinic, .and again, when a
supervisor in charge of a children\ ward
outlined her plan of clinical teaching
based on the eight-weeks' period the
students are in her department. Another
profitahle hour was spent in learning
how to make the nursing school lihraries
more valuable to student
. This was con-
tributed by a librarian from the Saska-
toon public library.
Then \\'ere three splendid lectures
by Dr. S. R. Laycock of the College of
Education, University of Saskatchewa.!1.
.\frer Dr. Laycock's talk on some of
the hazards in classroom teaching, one of
the instructors, remarked, "Never again
win I greet my class with - Today
we're going to study digitalis. In--tead,
I'll begin - How is :\-1r. Smith, up on
ward B, the one who is recei\"ing- digi-
talis I mean"? Dr. Laycock made us
all resolve to do better teachi.ng. Equal-
h. stimulatinQ was Dr. D.
I. Baltzan's
l
cture on P;ychological medicine, illus-
trated in a most original manner. Hav-
ing Dr. Baltzan with us was of special
interest because his hook, '"Internal

308

T H I:. C.-\
-\ D [ A.
N U R S E

:\;ledicine for Nurses" will shortly be off
the press. and is to be used h
- a numher
of nur schools of nursing as a textbook.
Instructors also need help with extra-
curricular programs, and the following
topics proved hoth refreshing and st"mu-
lating, "Developing a Taste in Read-
ing", "Intl"rior Decorating", "Flower
Arran:rements", "Nurses must have a
Little
Fun". There were extracurricu-
lar activities at the institute too - a
luncheon party at the Besshorough Ho-
tel, afternoon tea each day, and a special-
ly delightful formal tea on the last
afternoon which was g-i\'en joinrlr hr
the two hospitals.
- -
During the week of the institute spe-
cial efforts to interest the puhEc in nurs-
ing and its possihilities a
a profession
were made. _-\ very attractive series of
posters on "Opportunities in Kursing",
which had been lent by the R.
u-\.().,

wa" displayed in a window of a large
department store. .-\ nursing 'trailer' was
run at one of the local theatres, while
in the lobby a figure poster of a nurse
urged those who might make nursing
their career to take the information
which her little hOA contained. Consid-
erahle newspaper puhlicit,. was also t"i-
ven to the institute.
\Vas our institute worthwhile? \Ve
think so. \Ve have all become acquainted
and shared our problems - rather as-
tonished at times to find how similar
they are. \Ve have learned much from
each other, and experienced the stimu-
lation .)f hearing from c;pecialists in other
fields which have a bearing on our work.
Alreadr we are making plans for neAt
rear. There were questions we could
not settle because we did not have
enough information, SO we have to do
some research before we meet again.

Repairing Old Skeletons and Manikins

Old skeletons may be repaired with pla
-
tic wood (and much patience) and may
erve
to tide fJver until replacemenb may be
c-
cured. The edges of chipped bone should ht."
painted with Duco household cement, \\ hich
should he allowed to harden. This act
as a
filler for the plastic woud which can be ap-
pli('d and
haped to fit the cavity present.
After drying, more cement and a littk of
the wood can he worked down into the cre-
vices with a toothpick. Skeletons can tllUS be
satvaged temporarily and correct anatomy
can be taught.
!\'[anikins can be treated much in the ...ame
way. The surface uf the dried wood can be

colored with crayon" or paint after it has
been huilt up to the desired height.
An incorrect bone makes learning diffi-
cult for the student, as she has no back-
gr(mnd en which to base her knowledge and
'iupposes that every hole and cavity is na-
tural to the bone. Completely discarded skele-
tons may he disarticulated and the hones
repaired to make adeql1att> specimens for
classroom purposes.
It takes time, but is not costly, and in
some cases may he worth the effort. since
ne\\ specimens are so di f ficult to obtain at
present.

-Dm-is' Yursi'lg Slty'l'eY

Royal Canadian Naval Nursing Service

A conterence of
r atron:, wa,; hdd rt.'-
cently at Xaval Sen'ice Headquarters. Thi,
conference mc\uded
1atrons from R.CX.
hospitals across Canada and Xewf'>lmdland.
A
pecial Treatment Centre has heen l)pened

at Stc. .-\gathe des :Monts and is staffed by
R.CK. Kursing Sisters.
I\" S F. Riff/edge (Toronto General Hos-
pital) ha
heen appointed _ \cting ),[atron,
St. John's, Xe\\ foundland

Vol. 41. No.4

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Gas Gangrene

BERNICE HALEY

Stu.dent Nurse

Sd100l of YunÍllg, Brrwtford Gnzernl }J ospitnl

:\t1r. B. is a small, dark. somewhat
emaciated fifty-year-old Frenchman.
He is married, though his wife and six
children live out of the cit\". The patient
works at a war plant and lives at a men's
hostel but states that he gets home quite
frequently. He is a devout Roman Ca-
tholic, j
intere
ted in sports, but likes to
spend as much of his spare time as pos-
sible with his family. lVlany of his asso-
ciates and fellow-workmen, who en-
quired for him, stated that the patient
is an excellent workman and has a
friendly, cheerful personality. He at-
tended
chool until he was sixteen "ears
of ag-e and reached Grade X. -
T
his man was working at the plant
when a glue-pot exploded and a piece of
iron struck him. He received a severe
laceration on his left leg below the
knee, a small puncture ;ound in hil;
right leg above the knee, and a com-
minuted fracture of his right leg between
the knee and the hip. The doctor who
examined h
m in the first aid room ad-
vised hospitalization.
On admission to the hospital ward
at noon, the patient's dye-stained, soiled
clothes were removed and he was placed
in a previously warmed bed. He was in
a condition of shock, showing symptoms
of pallor, cold, clammy perspiration,
thready pulse and extreme weakness. He
was given a warm drink, hot water bot-

APRIL, 1945

ties were placed around him and 500 cc.
of blood plasma was started. At 2 o'clock
the patient suffered a chill, the reac-
tion temperature being 100.8. When he
was suHiciently recovered from the
chill, a Balkan frame was erected, a
portable x-ray machine was brought to
the ward, and an x-ray of the pelvis,
mcluding both femurs, showed the com-
minuted fracture of the right femur at
about the junction of its middle and dis-
tal thirJ. The fragments were in good
position.
The puncture wound was cleansed
with green soap and a sterile dressing
applied. A Thomas splint with Buck's
extension was placed on his right leg.
The laceration on his left leg wa

cleansed with green soap, the surround-
mg area was painted with iodine 2 Y2
per cent, novocaine Y2 per cent was in-
jected close to the site, sulfathiazole
powder was placed in the wound which
then was sewn up with dermal sutures)
three drains having been inserted. A dry
dressing was applied. Tetanus antitoxin)
1500 units, was given, the patient's
blood pressure was taken every four
hours during the night and morphine
sulphate. gr. lh, was given hypodermi-
cally every four hours, if necessary.
The following day Mr. B began
complaining of abdominal discomfort
and had difficulty in voiding. He had

309

310

'.'HF CA1\ L\DI;\?\
URSE

v;)ided only small amounts since the
accident. Catheterization relieved him
of thirty-six ounces of urine.

Two days later laboratory studies
revealed a leukocyte count of 8,300 per
cu. mm. of blood with a differential
count :)f 83 per cent neutrophils, 12 per
cent lymphocytes, and 4 per cent mono-
cytes. The concentration of hemoglobin
was 65 per cent of normal; erythrocyte
count was 4,150,000 per cu. mm. of
blood. Blood cultures obtained from the
wound on the left leg revealed chlosti-
dium wdchi and staphylococcus. A direct
smear revealed a moderate number of
pus cells and many gram-positive bacillI
resembling cl. welchi. Bacillus welchi
is a short, gram-positive, non-motile rod.
In tissues, it develops a thick capsule.
It is present in the intestinal tract of
man and most animals. Because it forms
spores, it survives outside the body and
lives for .a long time in fertilized soil.
It is es..entially'- a saprophytic organism
which becomes pathogenic only when in-
troduced in large numbers, when foreign
bodies are present, or when there is con-
sir'erable destruction of tissue, parti-
cularly muscle tissue, which offers rt
favourable environment for growth and
toxin production. B. weJchi grows
readily in laboratory culture under
anerobic conditions. The organisms fer-
ment muscle sugar, cause formation of
gas bubbles which, by their presence,
digrupt the tissues and carry the infec-
tion farther into the body. Perfringens
antitoxin, which is a gas gangrene anti-
toxin prepared from the blood plasma of
horses, highly immunized against the
toxins of bacillus welchi, was adminis-
tered intramuscularly in doses of ten
thousand units daily for four doses.
Gas gangrene infection is charac-
t
rized by profound intoxications -

brupt rise in temperature, then high
fever, rapid pulse, prostration and ap-
preh,ension. Locally, there is pain in the
wound,. redness, swelling, bronzing of
the skin and crepitation, which is due to
the generation of gas by the action of

the org;::nisms on the muscle tissue. As
the bacilli grow they form gas and also
a poison of enormous potency; these
poisons with the gas enter the blood.
Two poisons are formed, one causing
blood destruction or hemolysis, the other
acting locally and causing edema and
necrosis. U ntillate in the case the blood
does not contain the bacteria because of
its oxygen content which inhibits the
growth of anerobic micro-organisms.
Probably the presence of gas in the
blood explain,> the sudden death of.
many patients.
Gentle pressure on the margin of the
wound usually produces a sanguino-
purulent exudate in which gas bubbles
may be seen. X-ray frequently demon-
strates gas in the tissues, and it may
be heard by stethoscope. The muscles
become soft, mushy, and dark red. Neu-
trophilia or increase in the absolute num-
ber of neutrophilic cells in the blood is
common, the normal being about 3000-
7000 per cu. mm. of blood, or 60-75
per cent. When well established, the in-
fection travels very quickly up the mus-
cle, and up to a few years ago only sur-
gery could have saved life, and this only
if the case were seen early. Backache,
headache and the formation of vesicles
on the skin near the wound are charac-
teristic of a well-established infection.
\1r. B was a typical case. His tempera-
ture rose within twelve hours from 99
to 101.2 degrees. His pulse ranged well
over the rate of 90, at times rising above
100. The patient looked pale, and was
very worried regarding his condition,
calling himself a "sick man" and show-
ing gr
at apprehension. At nights, he
would groan loudly with the pain in his
legs. 'rhe wound appeared inflamed,
while sanguino-purulent exudate con-
taining gas bubbles oozed on pressure.
Urinalysis reports showed a trace
of albumin and the presence of blood
cells. The patient's neutrophil count was
83 per cent. Sulfadiazine gr. XV was
given
very four hours for twenty-seven
doses, and then reduced to gr. VII'every

v
. 41. No.4

G .-\ S G -\ 1\ G R E
E

four hours. It is not known definitel}
how valu.able sulfa drugs are in the treat-
ment of gas gangrene, but it is thought
that they are beneficial.
The same day the administration of
penicillin was begun. Penicillin is a
potent, anti-bacterial substance obtained
from the culture liquor of the mold
penicillium notatum. It is relatively non-
toxic for tissues and can be administered
intravenously, intramuscularly or lo-
cally. It acts principally on gram-posi-
tive bacteria, having a bacteriostatic
action. Following an injection, penicil-
lin is rapidly excreted by the kidneys,
the blood stream being practically clear-
ed of it in from two to three hours, thus
the interval between doses should not
exceed three hours. Penicillin should not
be used as an irrigating solution, as it
must remain in contact with the infect-
ing organism for at least six to eight
hours before it exerts anti-hacterial ef-
fect.
Penicillin came to the ward in a sterile
vial and was in the form of an amor-
phous yellowish-brown powder. The
vials we used contained 1'00,000 Ox-
ford units. This was dissolved in 20
cc. of distilled water, the finished solu-
tion being 5,000 units of penicillin per
cc. of
.olution. It was prepared and
stored under aseptic precautions and
made freshly every day, as it is of no
value after 24 to 48 hours in solution.

Mr. B received 15,000 units of
penicillin every three hours for eight
days, receiving 600,000 units intraven-
ously and 460,000 units intramuscular-
ly. He also received 4(),000 units locally
into the laceration on his left knee.
The dressings on the infected wound
were changed every day by the doctor,
and the wound was syringed out with
hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide
is a liquid which is a chemical composed
of equal parts of hydrogen and oxygen.
It decomposes when it comes into con-
tact with organic matter such as pus
or blood. It then yields bubbles of ox\"-
gen which destroy the anerobic bacteria

APRIL, 1945

311

with which it comes in contact. .-\t the
same time it helps to loosen membranes
and pieces of dead tissues. The more pus
or dead tissue present, the more ox
'gen
will be liberated.
Mr. B was strictly isolated through-
out his illness. His linen, after use, was
soaked in H.T.H. IS solution 1/5 per
cent for five minutes; his silverware
was soaked in sterilol 5 per cent, and
his dishes were sooked in H.T.H. 15
solution 1/10 per cent for five minutes.
He had a separ.ate dressing tray, and the
instruments on this were always soaked
in sterilol 5 per cent for half an hour
then boiled after use. The patient was
kept screened continuously. The doc-
tor thought it advisable not to move
him because his right leg was in good
position and the moving might move
the fragments out of place.
Mr. B is now much improved. His
temperature, pulse and respiration are
almost normal, and he has changed from
the "agitated, sickly looking man" to
one of a pleasant personality with a good
sense of humour.
His prognosis is good as the wound is
healing nicely, infection clearing away,
and the right fracture appears to be knit-
ting satisfactorily. After a short rest at
home following discharge from hospital,
he will probably go back to his work "as
good as new."
:\ly health te.aching consisted in point-
ing out to the patient the "importance
of a daily bath, and regular elimination".
I taught him to clean his teeth morning
and evening and develop good oral hy-
giene, .as he had marked dental cari
s
on admission. I tried to stress the impor-
tance of a well-balanced diet, and good
noon-day lunches for a working man.
This study was interesting to me be-
cause in wartime we read that gas gan-
grene is responsible for many deaths
among the casualties. The shrapnel
wounds infected from bacillus welchi
which is found so commonly in the soil
tends to produce gas gangrene. I was
in terested to read an article in the M e-

312

THE CA1\ADIAN 1\URSE

dicnl Dignt which stated that lives
threatened by gas gangrene infection

may be saved if a new chemical test
proves
uccessful. This test depends on
detecting in the fluid, excreted from the
wound, the presence of enzymes or fer-
ments produced by the germs which
cause gas gangrene. By using an ordin-
ary white blood cells counting pipette,
with a few simple precautions, the test

can be carried out on the battlefield and
the results obtained in one hour.

Bn
LIOGRAPHY
\\'allace and Fraser, Surger
at a Casualty
Clearing Station.
Eliason. Ferguson, Lewis, Surgical
ursing.
Da Costa, !\lodern Surgery.
Digest of Treatment. August. 1943.
:\ledical Digest, June. 1944.

The Manitoba Student Nurses' Association

The
1anitoba Student Nurses' Asso-
ciation, sponsored by the Manitoba As-
sociation of Registered Nurses, is the
first provincial organization of its kind.
It is ant;cipated that through fellowship
of this type student nurses in the province
may develop an understanding of and
prepare themselves for active participa-
tion in the broader fields of profession:!l
interests following graduation.
The first meeting was held last Ko-
\'.mber in \Vinnipeg. Representat,Íve
students from eleven schools of nursing
were guests of members of the Board
of Directors, Manitoba Association of
Registered Nurses. This meeting took
the form of a buffet supper and gave
everyone an opportunity to mix social-
Iv. Our convener, Miss Frances \Vaugh,
assisted with the planning of the first
meeting and will act in an advisory capa-
cit} .
Our ob jecti\'es .are as follows:

1. To set up a body recognized as the offi-
cial representation of student nurses in the
province on a comparative basis with other
such organizations, etc.

2. To stimulate interest and disseminate
formation about current events in the world
of nursing, with particular reference to ac-
tivities within the Manitoba Association of
Registered K urses. the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation, and the International Council of
Nurses.

J. To provide a means of broadening the
cultural background of student nurses that
they may be more adequately prepared for
the part they must playas citizens in a com-
munity.
4. To form a natural means of progress
from the Junior Association into the Mani-
tobd Association of Registered Nurses, when
the member becomes eligible, with an appre-
ciation of the significance of that member-
ship.
5. To promote a spirit of unity, and a
common bond of understanding and of mu-
tual helpfulness in the student nurses of this
province.

The first mass meeting held in De-
cember was most successful. Over one
hundred students from various hospitals
attended. Our guest speaker, Miss L.
Pettigrew, president of the I\1anitoba
Association of Registered Nurses, inter-
preted our relationship with the Mani-
toba Association of Registered Nurses,
Canadian Nurses Association, ;md the
International Council of Nurses, ex-
plaining the interests of these to us pro-
fessionally envisioning the expansion of
organized student nurses groups on a
national and perhaps international scale.
We hope that we may attain our ob-
jectives in time, as a recognized Asso-
ciation, and through our achievements
prove the value, professionally and per-
sonally, of under-graduate affiliations
with the senior organizations.

Vol. 41, No.4

r-
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APRIL, 1945

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V/ease, nurse,
don
tu
me in
without my
Z.BX powder!

Z B. T. Baby Powder clings long
· and protectingly to baby's
tender skin. Its smooth, downy-
soft film helps to guard against
chafing, prickly heat, diaper rash
and other minor skin irritations.
Z.B.T. contains olive oil. Fee]
its superior "slip" as you rub a lit-
tle between your fingers. Z. B.T.
is moisture resistant too, an im-
portant baby powder advantage.

Of)

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o

Make this convincing test with
Z.B.T. containing Olive Oil
Smooth Z.B.T. on your palm. Sprin-
kle water on it. See how the powder
doesn't become caked or pasty. The
water doesn't penetrate it, but forms
tiny powder-coated drops-leaving
the skin dry and protected. Compare
with other /ea
i11'J baby powders.

(

JU

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

The following are the staff appointments
to, transfers, and resignations from the Vic-
torian Order of Nurses for Canada:
Maxine Bow (University of Alberta Hos-
pial; RSc.N., University of Alberta) has
been appointed to the Montreal staff.
Mrs. Marjorie Sillier (Ottawa Civic Hos-
pital) and Margaret Joycc (University of
Ottawa School of Nursing), having com-
pleted the two months' period of orientation
in Victorian Order nursing on the Toronto
staff, have been posted to the YOlk Town-
ship and Trenton staffs respectively.
Edith Horton has resigned from the Kit-
chener Branch to accept a position as school
nurse at the Collegiate Institute, Ottawa. Ma-
deline Firby and Bessie Julien have resigned
from the York Township staff, the latter
to work as a missionary in the Foreign Mis-

sion Field. IT a:;cl Dobson has resigned from
the Vancouver staff to accept a position in
the Hospital for Crippled Children, Van-
couver. Essie K aill, nurse-in-charge of the
Porcupine Branch, has resigned to accept
a position with the Ontario Provincial De-
partment of Health.
111 argllrct Olllilllar has been transferred
from the Amherst to the Montreal staff.
JeG/me Bertrand has been transferred from
the Montreal staff to take charge of the
Lachine Branch.
Mabel Rarry (Saskatoon City Hospital)
and Alyce MacKcll:;ie (Jeffery Hale's Hos-
pit<ll, Quebec), having completed the two
months' period of orientation in Victoriaa
Order nursing on the Montreal staff, have
been posted to the Regina and Sarnia sta fig"
respectively.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Clara Kittnter (Woodstock General Hos-
pital and University of Western Ontario
public health course) has resigned her posi-
tion with the Middlesex County School
Health Unit to accept the appointment of
public health nurse at Paris.
Mary Mltrdoch (Saint John General Hos-
pital, N.R and University of Toronto pub-
lic health course) has resigned her position
at Owen Sound to accept the appointment of
public health nurse at Thorold.

lIelen Kirk (Victoria Hospital, London,
and University of \Vestern Ontario public
health cour
e) has resigned her position with
Middlesex County School Health Unit to be'
married.
FI01'ellce Bell (Victoria Hospital, Lon-
don, and University of \Vestern Ontario
public health course) has resigned her posi-
tion at the Toronto East Gentral Hospital
to accept an appointment with the Middle-
sex County School Health Unit.

Book Reviews

Lest We Forget, edited by Annette Wel-
lesley-Smith, in collaboration with E.
L. Shaw. 28 pages. Printed by The
Premier Printing Co. Pty. Ltd., 27-31
Little Bourke St., Melbourne, Austra-
lia, for the Australian Army Nursing
Service. Price Two Shillings.

314

Commemorating the eleven courageous
nurses who lost their lives in the sinking
of the Australian Hospital Ship Centaur
by an enemy submarjne, the Australian
Army Nursing Service has had this small
booklet prepa.red to help to raise funds
for the Centaur Memorial Scholarship.

Vol. 41. No. 4

IN DRUGS AS IN MEN

Background
COllnts

AMNIOTIN has now been available for your
use for more than sixteen years. Since 1928,
this dependable estrogen has been continu-
ously subject to that most critical of all tests-
clinical usage.
More recently, a number of other estrogens
have been introduced. Much ink has been
spilled on the question of their relative merits,
economy and potency and the units in which
that potency is expressed.
Amniotin, at the end of sixteen years, still
stands high in terms of dependability, clinical
effectiveness, freedom from side-effects and
economy. For the case requiring either massive
or minimal dosage, Amniotin is available in
a form and potency which makes it possible
to administer that dose conveniently and eco-
nomically.
Today as in 1928, Amniotin, by all practical
criteria, possesses the desirable qualities you
look for in an estrogen. It provides you with a
potent, natural estrogen, economical, conve-
nient, and standardized in the universally ac-
cepted International Unit. No other estrogen
has given more consistent satisfaction over a
longer period.
Amniotin is one of many fruits of the eighty-
six years devoted by the Squibb Laboratories
to the translating of experimental research
into practical reality. Could any estrogen have
. better background?

J..1PIUL, 1945

,
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For a reliable, potent, economical estro-
gen, ask your pharmacist for

Arnniotin

FOR PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
Amniotin in sterile corn oil solutioll
Diaphragm-capped vials: lO-cc. vials of 10,000 lV.
and 20,000 lV. per cc., and 20-cc. vials of 2,000
tV. per cc. Also in l-cc. ampuls containing 2,000,
5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 tV. per cc.

FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION
AmnioJin Capsules
Containing the equivalent of 1,000, 2,000, 4,000
and 10,000 I.V. per capsule.
FOR INTRAVAGINAL ADMINISTRATION
Amniatin Pessaries (Vaginal Suppositories)
Children's Size, containing the equivalent of
1,000 tV., and Regular Size, containing the
equivalent of 2,000 I.V.

For "erature wri,,,
36 Caledonia Road, To,onto

1:,- R:SQUIBB &. SONS
OF CANADA;Ltd.
Manufacturing Chemists to the Medical Pro/es8Ïlm
Since 18/58

3U

316

THE CANADIAN NURSE

In her editorial, Lieut.-Cot E. Lydia
Shaw, Principal Matron, A.A.N.S., says:
"!n order that we may perpetuate their
memory in a way which will live, a fund
has been established, the interest from
which will provide a scholarship in post-
graduate nursing, which will educate
trained nurses to fill advanced teach-
ing and executive positions".
After describing briefly the tragedy
of the sinking, there are concise accounts
of the work the Australian nurses have
been doing in the various theatres of
war including the Middle East, Colombo,
Malaya, New Guinea, etc. Speaking of
the wOl'k of the A.A.N .S. General Sir
Thomas Blamey, G.B.E., K.C.B., C.M.G.,
D.S.O., E.D., Commander-in-Chief, Aus-
tralian Military Forces, said: "Their
great courage and their high standard of
service . . . has won them the great ad-
miration and affection of the troops
they tend so selflessly".

Introduction to Microorganisms. by La-
Verne Ruth Thompson, M.A., R.N. 445
pages. Published by W. B. Saunders
Co., Philadelphia & London. Canadian
agents: McAinsh & Co. Limited, 388
Y onge St., Toronto 1. 1st Ed. 1944.
Price $3.25.
Reviewed by Dr. L. E. Ranta, Assis-
tant Profe8sor, Dept. of Preventive
Medicine, University of British Col-
umbia.
From the wider atmospheres of pre-
ventive and curative medicine this book
successfully extracts the essence of bac-
teriology and immunology. Throughout,
emphasis is placed upon the effect of the
life functions of microbes on animate
and inanimate environments; in other
words, this book offers the elementary
"dynamics" of microbiology. Nurses, es-
pecially prospective public health nurses,
social service workers, and home econo-
mists should find the presentation clear,
useful and stimulating.
Microbiology-Instructress Thompson
(Division of Nursing Education, Tea-
chers College, Columbia University)
presents her subject under five main
headings: (1) "Life in Miniature" views
the structure, metabolic function and re-
production of microorganisms; (2) Bac-

teria and the Environment" discusses
the main chemical and physical charac-
teristic;:; constituting favourable and un-
favourable conditions for bacterial de-
velopment; (3) "Parasites and the Host"
begins with the mechanisms of infection
and of host resistance, and then points
out the necessity for alert community,
home and hospital sanitation; (4) "The
Pathogens" deals both with the proce-
dures used to isolate and identify patho-
genic bacteria, and with the common
pathogens in action, arranged in groups
according to similarities in modes of
transmission; (5) "Man Against Para-
sites" offers a bl"ief history of the scien-
tific advances in preventive medicine
from ane;ient to modern times, from in-
dividual to community responsibility.
Each of the first four units is concluded
by a group of laboratory experiments
designed to emphasize the conclusions
to be drawn from the text. The final
unit is followed by an appendix describ-
ing the use of microscopes. The book ends
with an adequate index of twenty-four
pages.

The text is illustrated by a few ex-
cellent line drawings by Mrs. P. C. Bak-
er; in particular, the artist deserves
commendation for the clever and attrac-
tive chapter-headpieces. It is to be hoped
that post-war editions will find space
for more of Mrs. Baker's work and, per-
haps, for some additional subject-mat-
ter. For example, no mention is made of
the encephalitides and equine encephalo-
myelitis, of the microbiological assay of
B-group vitamins, or of the importance of
preparing bacterial vaccines from fully
virulent or otherwise suitable strains.
Furthermore, the chapter devoted to
"Organisms Transmitted by Food and
Water" might be clarified by drawing
a clear-cut distinction between food in-
fections and food poisonings, and by re-
moving all the Salmonella infections
from the latter category. In this chapter
the epidemiological value of bacterio-
phage typing of E. typhi receives no at-
tention and staphylococcal food poison-
ing is erroneously attributed to enter-
otoxic irritation of the stomach and in-
testines, rather than to action upon the
"vomit-centre" in the brain. The chap-
ter on "Chemotherapy" deserves expan-
sion and, therein, p-aminobenzoic acid,

Vol. 41, No.4

4J

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Use of Mennen Antiseptic Baby Oil can help Baby Oil as all other oils combined. Mennen
Mlve you much extra work.. . because it helps oil helps keep to a minimum the incidence
to prevent many baby skin troubles and to of pustular rashes, diaper rash, scalded but-
keep skin normal and healthy. No other oil tocks, impetigo, chafing and dryness of skin.
or lotion can match the Mennen record of You can help mothers by telling them to
excellent results on millions of infants over continue daily use of Mennen Antiseptlé
the past 12 years. Surveys show that 8 times Baby Oil at home, to help avoid rashes and
8S many hospitals prefer Mennen Antiseptic keep baby's skin smooth and healthy.
(Figures referred to apply to U.S. BUrTleyS)

FREE...send for generous
professional bottle

r-----------------------------------------------__,
The Mennen Co. Ltd.
64 Gerrard St. E., Toronto, Canada
Send me generous professional bottle of
Mennen Antiseptic Baby Oil.

M
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NTIS
PTIC B
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ADDRESS..... .................... ..............................................

Most baby specialists also prefer
MENNEN ANTISEPTIC BABY POWDER

.... ............. ..... ................ ............................. ......... .... J

I______----------------------------------.---------

APRIL, 1945

817

318

THE CANADIAN NURSE

a newer member of the vitamin B group,
should not be referred to as "one of the
essential amino-acids."
The foregoing criticisms should not
detract from the merits of Miss Thomp-
son's book, rather they indicate that it
both enjoys, and suffers from, freshness.
It deserves a place among those text-
books on microbiology especially de-
signed for student-nurse education.

Fevers for Nurses, by Gerald E. Breen,
M.D., Ch.B., D.P.H., D.O.M.S. 205
pages. Published by E. & S. Living-
stone Ltd., Edinburgh, Canadian
agents: The Macmillan Co. of Canada

Ltd., 70 Bond St., Toronto 2. 2nd Ed.
1944. Price $1.50.
This text is based upon the syllabus
drawn up by the General Nursing Coun-
cil for the training of student nurses.
The majority of the acute communicable
diseases are described in some detail in
simple language. As wen as outlining
the distinctive features, complications and
treatment of a considerable variety of
these diseases, the author indicates spe-
cial infections which may affect the sense
organs and skin, and certain operative
procedures, including tracheotomy, drain-
age of empyema and sUfpurating glands,
etc. A selection of examination questions
on this topic are included in the final
chapter.

NE W S

ALBERTA

EDMONTON:

Th
annual meeting of Edmonton District
7, A.A. R.N., was held recently with Helen
McArthur presiding. Election of officers
for the ensUit1g year took place. Ida J ohn-
son made a presentation to Elizabeth Pears-
ton, registrar of the A.A.R.N. who has re-
signed and is taking up new work in Sas-
katchewan.

Edmonton General Hospital:
The ,mnual banquet of the Edmonton
General Hospital Alumnae Association was
held recently with Mrs. R. J. Price, the
president, presiding. Seated at the head table
were: E. Matthewson, instructress; Mrs. E.
Frazer, honorary president; Mrs. J. Loney,
first vice-president; Mrs. W. McCready,
second vice-president; Mrs. D. Edwards,
treasurer; V. Protti, recording secretary;
Mrs. J. G. Kato, corresponding secretary;
the standing committee consisting of: Mrs.
E. Barnes, convener, assisted by E. Bietsch,
MOles J. Hope, ]. Kerr, and Miss ]. Rich-
ardson.
Rev. Sr. O'Grady, superior, and Rev. Sr.
Keegan, superintendent of nurses, welcomed
the graduates. Miss Bietscb presided as toast
mistress. The toast to the King was pro-
posed hy Mrs. Frazer and the toast to the
training school was proposed hy Mrs. Price.
The speak
rs were Mrs. Price, who pres-

NOTES

ented the program for 1945, and Miss Mat-
thewson. A presentation was made to Mrs.
Frazer, past president. Student nurses served
and presented a short musical program.

Royal A lexandra Hospital:
The Royal Alexandra Hospital Alumnae
Association held a regular meeting recently
with Violet Chapman presiding. About one
hundred members were present. Plans were
made for a bridge with Mrs. M. H. Thomp-
son as convener, assisted by MOles T. R
Clarke, J. Rowlatt, and Miss M. Griffith.
Dr. Graham Huckell was guest speaker and
showed films of an orthopedic hospital in
Scotland to which he was attached.
At a later meeting plans were made for
the annual banquet in honour of the graduat-
ing class. Mrs. W. Norquav is convener,
assisted by I. Johnson, A. Lysne, and A.
Swift. Plans were also made for a bazaar
to be held in the Fall. V. Chapman was ap-
pointed delegate to the A.A.R.N. annual
meeting. Mr. Harold Weir, president of the
War Services Council for Northern Al-
berta, was guest speaker and gave an ad-
dress on "Current Events".

BRITISH COLUMBIA

CRANBROOK CHAPTER:
The annua1 election of officers for the
Cranbrook Chapter, R.N.A.B.C., was held

Vol. 41. No.4

,-

The forty-seven years of successful use of Aspirin
have proved its. great safety and effectiveness.
Literally millions of people, in all walks of life,
have taken Aspirin daily for the relief of simple
headache, neuralgia, and neuritic pains without
ill effects. No wonder Aspirin is generally con-
sidered to be one of the safest - probably the
safest--of all analgesic drugs.

ASPIRIN

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AspÎnn

Ac1C!
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APRIL, 1945

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319

320

THE CA1\.ADIA.1\
UFSE

ULCER

hoø
HUJJI,e.

wdk RENNET-CUSTARDS

. Beginning the tenth day of the
Sippy diet, many doctors add
rennet-custards made with
.'JUNKET" RENNET TABLETS
to the list of permissible foods. Th

rennet enzyme makes them more
readily digestible than plain milk,
and they form softer I finer curds.

Ask on your letterhead for our new book:
IIMilk and Milk Foods Diet Planning. II

''THE 'JUNKET' FOLKS"
Chr. Han..n'. Laboratory, Toronto, Onl

J UT
E

T'
RENNET TABLETS

.NUGGET
WH ITE DRESSING

(the cake in the non-rust tin)

A grand White
for White Shoes

It takes Nugget White Dress-
ing to keep your White shoes
looking their best.

.
Nugget is also available in
Black, and all shades of Brown.

recently when Mrs. A. B. Smith's resigna-
tion as president was accepted reluctantly.
Since the inauguration of the Cranbrook
Chapter Mrs. Smith has given her full co-
operation to its development and objectives.
Our most sincere vote of thanks was ex-
tended to her as she referred her offices to
Mrs. J. C. Little whom the Chapter heartily
welcomes. Two additional members will be
on the executive this year - a vice-president,
C. Podbielancik, and a treasurer, Mrs. R
Pelton. The Chapter is happy that A. Mc-
Clure has consented to retain the office of
secretary, and that Mrs. C. T. Rendle will
remain the convener of the program com-
mittee. ?\1rs. T. J. Sullivan is social con-
vene r. ·
The good preparation of program mate-
rial has contributed éffectively to the suc-
cess of our meetings. A review of several
nursing procedures brought about interest-
ing discussions among both the older mem-
bers and the new graduates. A lecture was
given by Dr. W. O. Green on "Intravenous
Injections and Blood Transfusions". The
outline cf the refresher course, however, will
continue to form the general plans for dis-
cussion in the coming year.

NORTH VANCOUVER CHAPTER:

Iary Hallam was elected president of

orth Vancouver Chapter, RN.AB.C., at
the recent annual meeting. Other officers
are: honourary president, Kathleen Lee;
past president, Mrs. H. A MacDonald:
vice-president, Mrs. Fred Mitchell; secre-
tary, Frances Lang; treasurer, G. Jones;
conveners: social, M. Cameron; membership,
Mrs. H. R Straw, Joan Godfrey; program,
Mrs. A P. McLean; press and publications,
Mrs. R A. McLachlan.

Vancouver General Hospital:
The Alumnae Association of the Vancou-
ver General Hospital has just closed another
successful year under the leadership of Mrs.
Helen Findlay, presidmt. In December nur-
ses on the hospital staff. who were graduates
of other hospitals, were entertained at a very
enjoyable party. Money raising projects
proved very profitable, a rummage sale real-
izing $300 while proceeds from a garden
party and raffle amounted to over $500. At
a Fall meeting members spent the evening
packing sixty-four parcels for overseas.
V.G.H. graduates. During the year four
subscriptions to The Ca1tadian Nurse were
sent to base hospitals; $900 was contributed
to the British Nurses Relief Fund, and $100
to the Rcd Cross. A loan of $200 was made
from the scholarship and loan fund to enable
a nurse to complete her university course.
Three news-letters were sent out during the
year to all V.G.H. graduates of known ad-
dress. Th(' news-letters, compiled by Dorothy
May, serve to keep our graduates far and
near informed of hospital and alumnae do-
ings and have brought interesting replies
from nurses in manv distant corners of the
globe. .

Vol. 41, No. .,

K E \V S NOT E S

121

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.'an he u8cd and recolnlnended
whenever luild laxative and gastric

a1ta('id action are indicated as in
('()lr!s
ppptir ulcer, hyperacidity, etco
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\8 a 1!elltle lnxClIÏl-e-
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of St('rlillg Drug fllc.
1019 ELLIOT r STREET W. " I
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TAR'::O

MANITOBA

BRANDON:

At a regular meeting of the Brandon
Graduate Nurses Association our guest
speaker was Dr. Payne from the Ninette
Sanatorium. He showed illustrated slides
and gayc an interesting talk on the treat-
ment and control of tuberculosis. We had a
good attendance and are now making plans
for our final banquet.

NEW BRUNSWICK

\10NCTON:

A monthly meeting of the Moncton Chap-
ter, N.B.A-R.N., was held recently with
A. J. MacMaster presiding. Special speaket
at the meeting was Lulu Johnson who has
recently returned from England where she
has taught school for the past two years.
She gave a delightful talk on her exper-
iences over there. Letters of thanks for
Christmas boxes received were read from
several nursing sisters overseas. Refresh-
ments were later served by the program
committee.

APRIL, t 94'

ONTARIO

Editor's Note: District officers of the
Registered Nurses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication of news
items by writing to the Provincial Convener
of Publications, Miss Irene \\' eirs, Depart-
ment of Public Health, City Hall, Fort
William.

DISTRICT 1

The annual meeting of District 1, R.N.
A.a., was in the form of a well-attended
dinner meeting and was held recently in
London, with May Jones, re-elected chair-
man, presiding. Reports of the various com-
mittees were read and showed a very active
and fruitful year. \Ve were delighted to have
as our guests: Claribel McCorquodale, sup-
ervisor of nurses, Department of Radiology
and Ontario Institt:te of Radiotherapy, To-
ronto General Hospital; Margaret Dul-
mage. convener of The Canadian Nurse cir-
culation for the R.N.A.a.; Gretta Ross. sec-
ond vice-president of the R.N.A.O.; Marion
Stewart, president of the Alumnae Associa-
tion, Toronto General Hospital; Helen B.
Snow, nursing adviser for New York State
for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.;
Florence Walker, newly-appointed associate

322

THE CANADIAN NURSE

r..

OPERATING ROOM TECHNIC

Bv Anna M. O'Neill. An excellent tE'xtboo'<
f
r the use of both instructor and pupil
nurse. It discusses the techniques. equip-
ment and materials for the successful per-
f0l1Ylanr'e of the more common types of
operation. It is characterized by simplicity,
stimulation of the right initiative. stres-
sing of the graduate nurse's responsibility
in all operations. 300 pages. 40 illustra-
tions. '4.40.

MICROBIOLOGY AND
NURSING

By EUR'ene C. Piette and Jean Martin
White. This text discusses not only bacteria
but also ultramicroscopic viruses. patho-
genic yeasts, fungi, protozoa, description of
S, R, and G colonies, heterophile anti-
gens, the use of sulfanilamide and its de-
rivatives, etc. Questions following each
chapter (about 500 in all) are a great aid
to the instructor. Fifth printing. 332
pages. 30 illustrations. $3.75.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

TH E VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.

Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.

Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:

Miss Elizabeth Smelli,-

Chief Superintendent
114 Wellington Street,
Ottawa.

secretary, R.N.A.O.; lIatron Crossman of
\Vestminster Hospital, who recently t. ans-
ferred h
r membership from the Maritimes
to District 1.
In accordance with the request of the
C.N.A.. the nurses of this District will ob-
serve
lay 6 as memorial day to pay tribute
and honour to the nursing sisters who lost
their live3 in the last war and in this pres-
ent struggle.
Plans were di
cussed for distributing spe-
cially prepared posters throughout the Dis-
trict in an eHort to aid recruitment for
schools of nursing. Miss Dulmage spoke
daring the afternoon session and in her in-
teresting talk on "The Value of The Cmw-
dian Nurse to the Nurses of Canada" em-
phasized and proposed suggestions for in-
creasing circulation. Miss McCorquodale, our
guest speaker for the evening, gave an in-
teresting and educational address on the
"History and Development of the X-ray"
followed by her film entitled "A Nurse
Looks at Radiology". This excellent film
was compiled by her, and by a series of ani-
mations it illustrates what the radiologist
sees by means of x-ray, as well as the va-
rious duties of the nurse in this department,
and also treatment of cancer by means of
radium in various ways.
Guests for the dinner and evening included
Mr. Arthur Ford, chairman of the Ontario
Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation
and chairman of Supervisory Commission of
the local Cancer Clinic, an original member
of the Royal Commission for Control of
Cancer in 1931 who has visited cancer clin-
ics in America and Europe; Dr. I van Smith,
director of the Department of Radiotherapy,
London Division. Cancer Committee.

I

SARNIA:

The graduate nurses association of Sarnia
is keenly interested in raising funds for
the New Nurses Residence Fund of the Sar-
nia General Hospital, and $200 was realized
from an "evening cof fee" recently held at
the hospital.
The following graduate nurses of S.G.H.
are now serving overseas: Isabel McLean,
Pauline DeGraw, Pearl Bloomfield, Mar-
garet Pateman, Daisy King. Annie Frayne is
serving with the U. S. forces overseas. Inez
Empy and Geraldine Lake are serving with
the armed forces in Canada.
The following are taking advanced post-
graduat
courses: Pearl Woods, obstetrics,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal; Marion
South, surgery, Toronto Western Hospital;
Jean Blacklock, completed course in sur-
gery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal;
Mildred Davidson, teaching and supervision,
University of Toronto.

LONDON:

A tea was held recently by the Alumnae
Association of the Institute of Public Health,
University of Western Ontario, in honour
of the 1945 graduating class. Many of the
nurses attending the recent refresher course

V.I. 41, No.4

NEWS NOTES

were present and had an opportunity to meet
the students v.hom they will have in the field
wi th them in the near future.

DISTRICTS 2 AND 3

BRANTFORD:

At a recent well-attended supper meeting
of the BrantIord General Hospital Alumnae
Association Mr. Norman Moore, director
of public relations, Cockshutt Plow Co., gave
an interesting talk on his trip to Alaska. At
the March meeting a post-graduate scholar-
ship was decidt.d upon, to be given by the
Alumnae. Plans were made for the Easter
dance. Several interesting letters received
from nursing sisters overseas have been read
at the meetings.

DISTRICT 4

The j9th annual meeting of District 4,
R.N.A.O., was held recently at Hamilton
with the chairman, Ada Scheifele, presiding.
Among the activities of the past year was
the organization of a new chapter at Fort
Erie wiLh Mrs. Mabel Goldthorpe as chair-
man. Florence Walker, the newly-appointed
associat
secretary of the R.N.A.O., was
welcomed to the meeting and spoke briefly.
Rev. Norman Rawson gave an interesting
account of his experiences while visiting the
armed forces overseas.
The officers elected for the ensuing year
are as follows: chairman, Ada Scheifele;
first vice-chairman, Helen Brown; seconj
dce-chairman, A. Oram; secretary-treasur-
er, B. Lawson: section conveners: general
nursing, A. Lush: hospital and school of
nursing, S. Hallman; public health, F. Gir-
van.

Hamiltan General Hospital:
The Alumnae Association of the Hamil-
ton General Hospital held a meeting recent-
ly for the purpose of meeting this year's
I?;raduating class, who numbered seventy.
DISTRICT 5

The annual meeting ot District 5, R.N.
A.O., recently took place in the Royal On-
tario Museum, with the chairman, Pearl Mor-
rison, presiding. A membership of 2.552 was
reported for 1944, an increase of 379 over
1943. A I esumé of reports of chapters, sec-
tions, and committees presented at the pre-
ceding executive meeting, was given by the
secretary-treasu
er, Mrs. Jean \Villiamson.
Mrs. A. G. Seabrook, recently returned from
England, spoke on "The bravery of women,
as seen in the congested east-end of Lon-
don duricg the blitz". Music was provided
by students from the Toronto \Vestern Hos-
pi tal.
Preceding the general meeting, the hos-
pital and school of nursing section, under
the cOJllvenership of Helen :McCallum, held
Ii dinner meeting, when an address was
Riven by J eanette
ferry, education officer

APRIL, 194'

323

WHITEX CREATES THE
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Whitex ends off-white,
shoe stained stockin
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ALL - FABRIC
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WHITEX, made by
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J

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324-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

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MONTREAL CANADA

DOCTORS' and NURSES'
DIRECTORY
212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg
24 Hour Service
A Directory for :
DOCTORS. REGISTERED NURSES,
PRACTICAL NURSES, PHYSIO-
THERAPISTS, and MASSEUSES
(Phone service to Victorian Order of
Nurses, nights, Sundays and holidays, only.)
P EROWNELL, REG. N.. REGISTRAR

FOR SALE

1 Skeleton ( in box)
1 Torso (removable muscles, etc.)
in box
1 Chase Doll
7 Anatomical charts (on rollers in
frame)
2 Demonstration beds (reduced to 2'
length)
1 Light weight examination table
Apply to:
QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL
TORONTO, ONT.

of Queen's Institute of District Nursing.
London, England.
The following officers were elected to
serve during the coming year: chairman.
C. McCorquodale; vice-chairmen, J. \Val-
lace, H. Bennett; secretary-treasurer, Mrs.
J. Williamson; section conveners: hospital
and school of nursing, H. McCallum; gen-
eral nursing, D. Marcellus; public health.
L. Carlis; councillors,
I. Winter, G. Jones,
T. Green, F. Watson.

DISï'RICT 8

Otta'l{;:l General Hospital:
At a 1 ecent meeting of the Alumnae As-
sociation Dr. R. E. Valin gave an interest-
ing and instructive illustrated lecture on
"Newer Trends in Colon Surgery".
The following officers were elected for
1945; honourary president, Sr. Flavie Domi-
tille; president, Sr. Madeline of Jesus;
vice-presidents, Mmes L. Dunne, E. Chasse;
secretary-treasurer, H. Braceland; member-
ship secretary, M. Kryski; councillors, Mmes
H. Racine. E. Viau, :Misses G. Boland, H.
Chamberlain. V. Foran, K. Ryan; repre-
sentatives to: registry, M. Landreville, E.
Bambrick, A. Sanders; sick benefit, ]. Frap-
pier; D.C.C.A., M. O'Hare; Red Cross,
Mrs. A. Powers; The Canadian Nurse, ].
Stock.
Under the convenership of Mrs, B. Foley
a successful raffle of a $50 Victory Bond
was held, the proceeds of which were used
for the IJurchase of a respirator for the ob-
stetrical department of the hospital. A time-
ly and interesting institute on "Ward Ad-
ministration" was recently conducted at the
University of Ottawa School of Nursing
by Sister Madeleine of Jesus, director of
post-g-raduate courses.

QUEBEC

M ontrèal General Hospital:
At the annual meeting of the Alumnae
Association held recently, Isabel Davies re-
signed from the position she has filled so
ably as secretary-treasurer of the Alumnae
and Mutual Benefit Association. Through-
out the years Miss Davies has guided our
finances and placed the association on a
sound business footing. It was placed on
record tht' appreciation felt bv the members
of the Atumnae Association ánd it was fur-
the!" resolved to make Miss Davies a life
member in recognition of her services. Heten
Morrison, schoot librarian, was appointed
treasurer of the Alumnae and Mutual Bene-
fit Association.
Mrs. T. C. Read (Phyllis Snow) has been
appointed instructor at the Western Divi-
sion. Bettv Gardner and Marian Chute have
joined the R.C.N. Nursing Service and

Vol. 41, No.4

NEWS

amono- the recent graduates who haye join-
ed th

taf{ at the Central Division are:
Ruth \VlIlctt, Janet Muff, Beulah Hillborg
clnd Nanette Gardiner.
Friends and graduates who have worked
with J ennie Webster in the past will be in-
terested to know that she has returned to
Montreal to be the guest of M. G. H. for
the remainder of her life.
Iiss Webster re-
ceives a warm welcome, not only. from her
professiop.al associates, but also from thc
members of the board of management of the
hospital, and we are indeed pleased and
proud to ha'"e Àf.iss \Yebster back with us
again.

Royal Victoria Hospital:
At a recent meeting of the Alumnae As-
sociation an interesting talk on "Some of
the things that can be done for loss of hear-
ing" was given by Dr. \V. J. McNally.
Visitors at the school of nursing recently
were Matron Margaret Smith and Mrs.
Swallow (Helen Moore). Elsie Allder and
Winnifred MacLean have left for a period
of observatiun at the Massachusetts General
Hospital. Miss Allder and Margaret Etter
attended the institute on "Job Instruction"
at the McGiI1 School for Graduate Nurses.

SASKATCHEWAN

NOTES

.,;.

325

When
First
Real
Meals
Upset
jBaby

Atout .5 per cent of babies an' allergic to
or:e food or another say authorities. \Vhich
agrees and which does not can only be de-
termined by method of trial. In case such
a!lerJ!ic symptoms as skin rash, colic. gas.
dIarrhea. etc. develop. Baby's Own Tablets
will be found most effective in quickly free-
ing baby's delicate digestive tract of irrita-
ting accumulations and wastes. These time-
proven tablet triturates are eentle - war-
ranted free from narcotics - and over 40
years of use have established their depend-
ahility for minor upsets of babyhood.

BABYS OWN Tablets

MAPLE CREEK CHAPTER:
Mrs. Charles Ferris (Clara Schnell, Ma-
ple Creek Hospital), who for the past two
years has been a nursing sister in South
Africa on the staff of a military hospital
in Johannesburg, is to make her permanent
home in South Africa.

Y ORKTON CHAPTER:

This Chapter reports having held a very
successful meet:ng, in the form of a ban-
quet, with sixty-four nurses present. Grace
Giles, travelling instructor, S.R.N.A., was
guest speaker, her topic being "Nurses as
Citizens". Miss Giles stressed the importance
of all nurses taking an active part in their
Association and keeping in touch with nurs-
ing activities.

Relief or Money Back
Mentholatum
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APRIL. 1945

WANTED

Nurses are required for General Duty in the Verdun Protestant Hospital,
Montreal. This is a splendid opportunity to obtain psychiatric nursing exper-
ience. State in first letter experience, references, etc. and when services would
be available. Apply to:
Director of Nursing, Verdun Protestant Hospital, Box 6034, Montreal, P. Q.

WANTED

A qualified Instructress and a Surgical Supervisor are required imme-
diately for a 120-bed hospita1. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and
salary expected, to:
Superintendent, General & l\Iarine Hospital, Owen Sound, Onto

WANTED

An Operating Room Nurse is required for a small Cottage Hospital. Write
for particulars in care of:
Box 2. The Canadian Nurse, 522 Medical Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P.Q.

WANTED
A Science and Practical Arts Instructor is required for the Victoria Hos-
pital. Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, for September 1, 1945. The salary is $150
per month, with full maintenance. Four weeks vacation and four weeks sick
leave with pay each year. Apply, stating particulars, age, and qualifications,
etc. to:
Mrs. J. S. Harry, Supt. of Nurses, Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert. Sask.

WANTED

Two Registered Nurses are required for permanent Night Duty. The galary
is $90 per month, plus full maintenance. One full night off each week. Apply to:
Superintendent, Brome-Missisquoi-Perkins Hospital, Sweetsburg, P.Q.

WANTED
An Operating Room Supervisor and a Dietitian are required for the Glace
Bay General Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary
expected, to:
Superintendent, Glace Day General Hospital, Glace Bay, N.S.

WANTED
A Registered Nurse. with the necessary qualifications, is required for
the position of Assistant Superintendent and Instructress. Apply, statmg
qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Payzant Memorial Hospital, Windsor, Nova Scotia.

""6

Vol. 41 No. 4

WANTED
Registered Nurses are required for General Duty in a 100-bed Sanatorium.
State in fll"st letter date of g;raduation, exp
rience, references, and date avail-
able for duty. Previous experience applied to following salary schedule, plus
maintenan
e: Graduate Nurses who have had no experience - $90 per month;
one year's experience - $95 per month; 2 or more years' experience - $100
per month. Apply to:
Miss M. !\IcCort, Supt. of Nurses, Niagara Peninsula Sanatorium,
St. Catharines, Onto

WANTED

A Matron is required for a 30-herl ho<:;pitnl in Grand'Mère which is situated
about 120 miles frnm MOlltreal. Excellent living C"onditions. Supervisory work
only. Knowledge of French preferred. For full particulars regarding salary
etc. apply to:
Dr. H. S. Hooper, Laurentide Hospital, Grand'Mère, P. Q.

WANTED

An Assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses is required by the Sherbrooke
Hospital. Applicants must also be able to assist with the instruction for a
rapidly-exranding English School of Nursing. Position available immediately.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are urgently required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis
Hospital. Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary
is $10tl per month, with fuIi maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Ex-
penence unnecessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
.Miss
1. L. Buchanan, Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED

Three Graduate Nurses are required for Summer Relief, commencing June
1. Salary: $75 per month and maintenance or $100 and live out. Apply to:
l\liss D. Parry, Supt. of Nurses, Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.

WANTED

A Night Supervisor, with some X-ray experience, is required for a 40-bed
new hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, to:
SuperÏntendent, Listowel Memorial Hospital, Listowel, Onto

WANTED
General Staff Nurses are required for the Allan Memorial Institute of
Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Forty-eight hour week. The
salary is $100 per month, plus meals and laundry. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria. Hospital, Montreal 2, P.Q.

APRIL. 1945

327

Official Directory

International Council ot Nurses
Executive Secretary, Miss Anna Scbwanenberg, 1819 Broadway, New York CftJ' 21
New York, U.S.A.

THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Pret!ident ...,............................ Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.
Past President ......................Miss Marion Lindeburgh, 8466 University Street, Montreal, P. Q.
First Vice-President ............_Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Calgary, Alta. .
t;econd Vice-President .......... Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherboarne Street, Toronto, Ont.
Honourary Secretary ............Miss Evelyn Mallory. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.
Honourary Treasurer .........._Miss Marjorie Jenkins, Children's Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COM!\HTTEE
NU7Mral8 indicate office held: (1) President, Provincial Nurses Association;
(I) Chairman, Hospital and 8:1001 01 Nurring Secticm; (8) Chairman, Public
Health Secticm,' (6) Chairman, General Nursing Section.

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten. Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto; (2) Miss Dora Arnold,
Brantford General Hospital; (8) Miss M. C.
Livingston 11-1. Wellington St.. Ottawa; (4)
Mrs. F. Dahmer. 73 Patricia St.. Kltchener.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss K. MacLennan,
Provincial Sanatorium, Charlottetown; (t)
Mrs. Lois MacDonald, Prince Co. Hospital.
Summerside: (B) Mrs. C. H. Beer. 277 Kent
St., Charlottetown; (4) Miss Mildred Thomp.-
son, 20 Euston St., Charlottetown.
Quebec: (l) Miss Eileen Flanagan, B801 UnI-
versity St.. Montreal; (2) Miss Wlnnlfred
MacLean. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal;
(B) MIss Ethel B. Cooke, 8BO RIchmond Sq..
Montreal; (4) MIle Anne-Marie Robert. tl71t1
rite Drolet. Montreal.
Saskatchewan: (I) Miss M. R. Diederichs. Gre)'
Nuns' Hospital. RegIna; (2) Miss Ethel James,
Saskatoon City Hospital; (I) Miss Mary B.
Brown, 5 Bellevue Annex. RegIna; (4) Mia
M. R. Chisholm. 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon.
Chairmen. National Sections: Hospital and
School of Nursing: Miss Martha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health:
lIsa
Helen McArthur. Provincial Health Depart-
Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDohald, Cltp of ment, Edmonton. Alta. General Nursing: MIss
Sviney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard, Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St.. WinnIpeg.
Halifax Infirmary; (8) Miss M. Shore, 116 Man. Convener, Committee on NursIng Educa-
Roy Bldg.. Halifax; (4) Miss M. Ripley, 68 Hon: Miss E. K. Russell. 7 Queen's Park,
Dublin St.. Halifax. Toronto. Onto
General Secretary, Miss G. M. Hall, National Office, 1411 Cre!lænt St., Montreal 25, P.Q.
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS OF CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
Hospiltll tlnd School 0/ Nurs;n
S
cI;on COUNCILLORS: Albert.: MIss N. Sewallls, 111111-
108 St.. Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss J.
Gibson, 10B5 W. 12th Ave., Vanrouver. Manl.
toba: MI5s J. Gordon. 1 Elaine Court, Win-
nipeg. New Brunswick: Mrs. M. O'Neal. 170
Douglas Ave., SaInt John. Nov. Scotia: Miss
M. Ripley, 46 Dublin St., HaHfax. Ontario.
Mrs. F. Dahmer, 73 Patricia St., Kltchener.
Prince Edward Island: Mis!'! Mildred Thomp-
son, 20 Euston St., Charlottetown. Quebec:
Mile Anne-Marie Robert. 6716 rue Drolet,
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss M. R. Chis-
holm, 80.'J-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon

....Ibert.: (I) Miss Ida Johnson, Royal Alexandra
Hospital, Edmonton: (2) Miss B. J. von Grue-
algen, Calgary General Hospital; (3) Miss R.
E. McClure, Clover Bar Health Unit, Qu'Ap.
pelle Bldg.. Edmonton; (4) Miss N. Sewallls.
9918-108fh St., Edmonton.

British Columbia: 11) Miss G. M. Fairley. 8606
W. B3rd Ave., Vancouver: (2) Miss E. L.
Kelson, Vancouver General Hospital: (B) Miss
T. Hunter. 4238 'V. 11th Ave.. Vancouver; (4)
Miss J. Gibson, 1035 W. 12th Ave., Vancouver.

Manitoba: (I) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlpel
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win.
nipeg General Hospital: (3) Miss L. Miller,
17 L1ndall Apls.. Winnipeg: (4) Miss J.
Gordon. B Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brunswick: (I) Miss M. Myers, Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Miller. 98 Wes-
ley St., Moncton: (B) Miss M. Hunter, Dept.
of Health. Fredericton; (4) Mrs. M. O'Neal,
17
Douglas Ave., Saint John.

CHAIRMAN: Miss Martha Batson, Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital. First VIce-Chairman: Reverend
Sister Clermont. St. Boniface Hospital. Man.
Second Vice-Chairman: Miss G. Bamforth,
Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.
Secretary: Miss Vera Graham, HOD1oeopathic
Hospital, Montreai.

CoUNCILwaø: Alberta: M!ss B. J. von Gruenlgen,
Calgary General Hospital. British Columbia:
Miss E. L. I\elson, Vancouver General Hospital.
Maoitoba: Miss n. Seeman. Winnipeg Gen-
ernl Hospital. New Brunswick: Miss M.
Miller. 98 Wesley St., Moncton. Nova
Scotia: Sister Catherine Gerard, Halifax In-
firmary. Ontario: Miss D. Arnold, Brantford
General Hospita I. Prince Edward Island
Mrs. Lois Ma('Donald. Prince Co. Hospital,
Summerslde. Quebec: Miss Wlnnlfred Mac-
Lean. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal.
Sa
katC'hC'wa": Miss Bthel James, Saskatoon
City HospItal.

G
nntll N.r.;n
S
cI;on

CHAIRMAN: Miss Pearl Brownell. 212 Balmoral
St., Winnipeg. Man. First Vice-Chairman:
MIss Helen Jolly. B284 College Ave., Regina.
Sask. Second Vice-Chairman: Miss Dorothy
Parsons, 376 George St., Fredericton. N. B.
Secretary.Treasurer, MI!'IS Margaret E. WAr-
ren, 64 Niagara St.. Winnipeg, Mao.
328

Public Health S ect;on
CHAIRMAN: Miss Helen McArthur. Provincial
Health Department, Edmonton, Alta. Vlc

Chairman; Miss Mildred I. Walker, Institute
of Public Health. London. Onto Secretary.
Treasurer: Miss Jean S. Clark, City Hall.
Calgary, Alta.
COUNCILLORS: Albert.: Miss R. E. McClure.
Clover Bar Health Unit, Qu'Appelle Bldg.. Ed.
monton. British Columbia: Miss T. Hunter,
4238 W. lIth Ave., Vancouver. Manitob..
Miss L. Miller, 17 L1nilall Apts., Winnipeg.
New Brunswick: Miss M. Huoter, Dept. of
Health. Freilericton. Nova Scotia: Miss M.
Shore, 114 Roy Bldg., Halifax. Ontario: Mia
M. C. Livingston, IU Wellington St., ottawa.
Prinæ Edward Island: Mrs. C. H. Beer, 277
Kent St., Charlottetown. Quebec: MIss Ethel
ß. Cooke, RBO RIchmond Sq., Montrea1. Sash..
chewan: Miss M. E. Brown. 5 Bellevue An.
nex. Re,..tna.

Vol. 41, No. 4

THE
CANADIAN
NURSE

VOL U M E 41
NUMBER 5

MAY
1 9 4 5

"""""

.

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i
.

"\.

)
.

,

J nto One of the
Least of These

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See Page 3J!

OWNED ÅND PUBLISHED BY
THE CANf\. II\N NURRER ARROr:IATION

.I

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..",.

(/

\'S1t,,'t fl\t101 ,\\

1"t

\. APPREHENSION, or fear of recurrence, can readily
\. (:.1) Il. induce seizures of pruritus vulvae which might not
otherwise develop. Hence, assurance against exacerba-
tion becomes a potent means of forestalling the reap-
j n pearance of the torment. Patients who have learned the

feeling of security they experience when carrying Cal-
,: mitol on their person, during business hours and social
Ir engagements, have lost this apprehension. Easily car-
- -- ried in the purse, Calmitol can be employed at the
earliest indication of pruritus, when its use gives assur-
ance of complete relief for hours. The mere knowledge
of dependable medication close at hand frequently is in
itself sufficient for psychic prophylaxis against flare-ups.

The active ingredients of Cal-
mitol are camphoratf'd chloral,
menthol and hyoscyamine
oleate in an alcohol-chloro-
form-ether vehicle. Calmitol
Ointment contains 10 per cent
Calmitol in a lanolin-petrola-
tum base. Calmitol stops itch-
ing by direct action upon cu-
taneous receptor organs and
nerve endings, preventing the
further transmission of offend-
ing impulses. The ointment is
bland and nonirritating, hence
can be used on any skin or
mucous mpmbrane surface.
The liquid should be applied
only to unbroken skin areas.

he
fIniIR4 Qo :=etd

504 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal, Canada

C Þ. \. tA '1-
R

D EPENDABLE A ,
THE

-.
.. -..

Theres no
excuse for me

endurinq
a headache!

"

'-

"As A NURSE, I should know a
nlore effective way to relieve a
sÏIuple headache--and I do.
"} discovered it by noticing
ho\\ often Dr. Philp suggested

\W:

t'-r- 41\:

MAY, 1945

.

,..

\.

"""-

.......

/

.Anacin to patients needi
lg an
analgesic.
"So naturallv I tried AnacÍn
myself-and le
rned how quick-
ly and surely it brings soothing
relief frolll Illost any minor pain
-especially on 'trying days' !"
.A.nacin is conlPounded of in-
gredients that give a greater
analgesic effect for relief of pain
associated with sinlple head-
aches, Iuiuor neuralgia and regu-
lar llleustrual period
.

Whitehall Pharmacal (Canada) Limited
Walkerville, Ontario

329

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Ottawa, Canada, a. .econd c1as. matte....
Editor and Bruiness Manager:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N., 522 Medical Art. Bide., Montreal 25, P.Q.

CO
TENTS FOn 'lAY, 1945

Two I NSPIRA TIONS

E. Flanaf!.all

347

PuERPERAL CARE AND SOME COMPLICA TIO)\;S

- W. j. Sluens, M.D.

349

THE NURSE'S PART IN PRENATAL CARE

K. M cIlraith

355

GROUP TEACHING IN THE PRENATAL CLINIC

F. A.llunl and P. AfcKendry

358

THE FRIEDMAN TEST

L. E. .H ar/iu

360

HEALTH PROGRAM OF WARTIME SHIPHl'ILDI)\;G LIMITED

THE IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NURSE

L. A. Grundy
E. j. Wilson
L. E. Horio1l
.U. I. Walker
o. Thomas

362

TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY OF A RURAL MUNICIPALITY

367

369

SETTING THE SOCIAL CLIMATE

373

A DAY IN AN INDIAN HOSPITAL

379

CONCERNING SHOCK

380

NOTES FROM NATIONAL OFFICE

383

NURSING EDUCATION

385

POSTWAR PLANNING ACTIVITIES

387

INTERESTING PEOPLE

388

CURING THE "FOCKE- WULF JITTERS"

.\. H. A1acLennan

390

GENERAL CARE OF LARYNGEAL ÐIPHTHFRIA WHEr\ A TRACHEOTO\IJY ]S PERFORMED
E. ftfacPherson 393

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OPENS NEW HOSPIT -\L WIr\G 396

BOOK REVIEWS 399

NEWS NOTES t02

Sulucriþt;on Rates: $2.00 per year - $5.00 for
years: Foreign Be: U.S.A.. $2.50; Student
Nune.,
1.50; Canadian Nursing Si.ters Overseas and Canadian nurses serving with UNRRA, .
$2.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. AU cbeque., money orders and postal notes sbould be made
payable to Thr C.naditl1J Nur.e. (Wb'eD remitting by cheques add 15 cents for excbange).
Ch.n.e of Address: Four weeks' advance notice, and the old address, as well as tbe new. ara
neeesear)' for cbange of sub.criber'. address. Not responsible for Journals lost in the mails dua
to new addrus not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Editori.'
CDtltent: News items should reacb the Journal office before the 8th of month preceding Jlublica-.
tÏøn. All published ms.. destroyed after 3 months, unless asked for. Ollic;.l Directory: P.blish.d
eemplec. in March, June, Sept. & Dec. issues.
Addrus all communications to 522 Medic.l Art. Bld
., Montre.l 25. P. Q.

330

Vol. 41. No.5

FATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

*ONE OF A SERIES

The Holmes Gold Medal
lounded by McGill Un;-
yers;#y ;n 1865.

rß
i//

TO Andrew F. Holmes and his three colleagues,
Robertson, Caldwell and Stephenson, is at-
tributed the establishment 01 the Montreal
Medicol Institution. In 1822, when it was
organized, Holmes agreed to lecture on Chemis-
try, Pharmacy and Materia Medica. This organi.
zation loter became the Medical Faculty of
McGill University, In 1854 Andrew Holmes be-
came the first Dean of the foculty, which position
he held until his death.

Holmes was born in Cadiz, Spain. The ship in
which his parents were travelling was captured
by a French frigate and they were interned
there. In 1801 the family arrived at Quebec,
later moving to Montreal. Holmes was a pupil
of Dr. Arnoldi, later continuing his studies
abroad. In the year 1819 he returned to
Canoda and practised with his former teacher.

A dark man, short and slight in stature,
Holmes was slightly stooped. He had a quiet,
retiring manner but possessed an abundance
of zeal, diligence and alertness. Christian prin-
ciples characterized his life and he was known
.and respected for his beliefs_

"

....

,

M.D., Ll.D., M.R.C.S. (1797-1860)

Much of his free time was devoted to the study
of the natural sciences. His extensive collection of
the plants of Canada he presented to the Red-
path Museum of McGill University. The library of
McGill also benefited by his energies and he
contributed, in no small measure, to building its
collection of books.

Holmes was one of the first physicians in
charge of the Montreal General Hospital" and a
member of its medical board. He was also active
in all professional associations and for three
years was president of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Lower Canada.

On October 9th, 1860, Andrew Holmes passed
away suddenly. The Holmes Gold Medal
awarded for the highest aggregate of marks
obtained in the medical course was established
in his honour in 1865. The ambition of Andrew
Holmes to elevate the practice of medicine in
Canada, still further encourages William R.
Warner & Company to maintain their policy of
Therapeutic Exactness _ Pharmaceutical Ex-
cellence One price and one discount to ail.

18Sf\.W A II
II
liE R & COMPANY LTD.

l

MANUFACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 kiNG ST. WEST, TORONTO

MA Y, 1945

331

Reader's Guide

For many years it has
en the policy
to have the president of the Canadian
Nurses Association be the guest editor
and, through her editorial, send greetings
to all of the nurses in Canada. It seemed
to us that, since the C.N.A. is a federa-
tion of the nine provincial associations,
it would contribute considerably to the
general understanding the nurses in one
part of our country would have of the
hopes and aspirations, the plans and
problems of other parts, if each of the
provincial presidents would in turn act
as guest editors. To our delight, there
was unanimous agreement with this
plan, all feeling it was a progressive and
democratic step. 'We have very much
pleasure, therefore, in introducing the
first of our provincial presidents, Eileen
Flanagan, who guides the destiny of the
Registered Nurses Association of the
Province of Quebec. Miss Flanagan was
chosen to initiate these editorials since
Quebec is this month celebrating its Sil-
ver Anniversary.
A native of Quebec, Miss Flanagan,
"FUn" to her friends, received her B.A.
from McGill University and graduated
in 1923 from the Royal Victoria Hospital,
Montreal. Later, she took her diploma
in teaching and supervision at the McGill
School for Graduate Nurses, and had a
year as an exchange nurse studying in
British hospitals. Today she is super-
visor of the Neurological Institute in
Montreal.

Last winter the nurses of District 8,
R.N.A.O., held a refresher course in Ot-
tawa dealing with problems of obstet-
rical care. Dr. William J. Stevens pres-
ented one of the papers and we are hap-
py to bring it to our readers in this
issue. Kate .McIlraith, who participated
in this same course, is supervisor of the
Victorian Order of Nurses in Ottawa.
Though not part of the refresher, the
points outlined in the article by Frierla
AJlum and Pauline )fcKendry seemed to
fit so aptly into this discussion, we
would refer you to their description of
the prenatal clinic connected with the
Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal.

332

::\1rs_ Lois Â. Grund)", who is super-
visor of nurses, Industrial Health Divi-
sion, 'Wartime Shipbuilding Limited.
Vancouver, has given us a very interest-
ing account of the routine duties car-
ried on by her staff. During the time
when th
demand for ships was so great,
thousands of older men and hundreds
of women who had never before been
employtd in such strenuous work were
inducted. into the industry. How these em-
ployees were cared for by the Health
Division makes not only interesting read-
ing but sets a pattern for this type of
service,

Throughout the war years, thousands
of persons in Canada have taken courses
in first aid to the injured. While OUr
people have been training against a pos-
sible enlergency. our colleagues in Bri-
tain have been experiencing incidents
by the hundreds. One of the most im-
portan t factors in adequate first aid
care concerns the treatment of shock.
New and different procedures for the
care of patients in shock have been
evolved and we are indebted to Miss K.
F. Armstron
, editor of the Nl.lrf;i
lU
Tunes, for permission to reprint her
clear analysis of the two reports which
have been published on this topic.

The
eries of articles on superVISIOn
in publie health nursing which :\Iildred
L Walker has written is concluded in
this issue. It has entailed a tremendous
amount of work for a busy teacher. As
Miss Walker said when she sent in the
last article, "Thank God for Sundays!"
The series merits close study both by
executives and by staff nurses.

Tirelessly, without any fanfare, the
Victorian Order nUrse brings comfort
and healing into the home. Our cover
picture is a dramatic illustration of the
confidence even the very young have
in their ministrations. This photograph
won the first prize in a recent contest.

Vol. 41, No.5

MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE PATIENT

r

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BECAUSE of ready availability and con-
sistent potency, 'Lextron' (Liver-Stomach
Concentrate with Ferric Iron and Vitamin
B Complex, Lilly) and 'Lextron Ferrous'
(Liver-Stomach Concentrate with Ferrous
Iron and Vitamin B Complex, Lilly) are
products of choice f(lr patients who must
travel. Careful clinical observation and
scientific control assure physicians that
proper dosage of 'Lextron' or 'Lextron
Ferrous' will produce a standard response
in red-blood-cell formation and hemo-
globin production.
'Lextron' and 'Lextron Ferrous' contain
antianemia principles effective in both
pernicious and related macrocytic ane-
mias, as well as in certain secondary, or
microcytic, anemias.

......

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ELI LILLY AND COMPANY (CANADA) LIMITED. TORONTO, ONTARIO

MAY, 1945

333

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SIR KENELM DIGBY'S Powder of Sym- STILL LIVING, however, is this fallacy:
pathy, which attracted even the in- "When frozen, canned foods will spoiL"
terest of King James, was the remark- Although there is no truth whatever in
able 17th century cure for wounds. A this wide-spread "belief," it still per-
piece of the patient's blood-stained sists today. You have probably even
clothing need only be dipped in a solu- run across it in your practice.
tion made from this powder, and the
wounds were supposed to heal mirac-
ulously.

As you well know, freezing does not impair the taste
or nutritive value of canned foods. When canned foods are
thawed, they retain their original vitamin and mineral
content. In fact, many delicious and healthful desserts are
prepared by the freezing of canned fruits.

t.. .. J .

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, HAMilTON, ONTARIO;
AMERICAN CAN COMP ANY lTD., VANCOUVER, B.C.

JJ4

Vol. 41, No. S

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\lfeOlin9 perniciOUS onoel1l,01 IS to u
tho l
Iorr<' 01 IheropY ",hieh ",ill oeeol1lplrsh Ihe
desired end ",ith the leosl .
:pense <;,nd
incon
enienee 10 the polie nl . 1he
or
ety
f .r. O ...d P otencies of Aye rst l,,,e r
o lOrf1'S .. . f
E
lrocis o
oilob\e locililoles Ih,S pro e ,ee.

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MAY. 1945

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PHYTINE

TRADE MARK Reg'd.

An efficacious nerve and Keneral tonic, representinj!
the reserve phosphoric principle of vegetable seeds.

Phytine provokes a rapid and very remark-
able increase in the appetite, and a marked
improvement of physical and mental energy.

ISSUED
TABLETS, in bottles of 40, 100
and 500.

....

-=. H

rImnfia#'1/ !I!td.
MONTREAL. CANADA

336

Vol. 41, No.5

PAle \
Of/INs :,."
( CEtl 1 þr.\",\.1
ItAlNO -
WAS CREAlAt - \
R
-.
ESPECIALL \' I NEEO \1 þ.f
FORMUl.A TED FOR ) SCRUBBING MY
DOCTORS AND NURSES. , /("--"
HANDS 30 to 40
"( SOf 1EÑ \NG.
nA1ES A OA VI
'1'S

T
I
"-

NURSES, use Pacquins every
time yoù wash your hands. This
snowy - white, effective hand
cream helps protect your skin
against the drying effects of
constant scrubbings. Gives busy
hands a feeling of smooth com- i
fort. Creamy-soothing... not \
sticky. not greasy. GetPacquins! l

l

, C}
çllirl
I..
..þ ICREA

J
l

".

AT ANY DRUG, DEPARTMENT.. OR TEN-CENT STORE

Pacgui tl 8

THE WORLD'S
LARGEsT-SELLING

Hand Cream

MAY, 194'5

3.37

ANTISEPSIS
The testimony of the medical press
The first paper on 'Dettol' was pub- and other
rganic

tter and
lished in 1933.
It dealt with only one becaus.e, unlIke the Irritant and
property of this new antiseptic - its
orroslve phenols and cn: ols .
bactericidal power against hænlolytic It leave
the n.atur
1 mechanIsms
. d I I .' of heahng unImpaired, In con-
streptococcI; an on Y one app Ication d ,' II ' co d .
. h . f luons ca mg lor repeate antl-
of thIs property - t e preventIon 0 . I ., . h th
1 . c.' I h . sepuc app lcatlon It as e
puerpera InlectlOn
. n t
s paper, advanta e that' Dettol ' is -non,
, Dettol. " on the b
SIS of an InvestI
a- toxic a
d, unlike iodine: can
tion . at London s great, matermty be repeatedly applied to the
ho
pltal, Queen Charlo
te s, was de- skin. In midwifery practice the
scn
ed . as .more effectIv
than a
y · dettolising' of patient, nurse and
antIseptIc hI
h
rto used In obstet
lc practitione
alike has become
practice. WIthIn a
ew m
nths. of Its the most generally practised
adoption as the routme' antIseptIc, the antiseptic routine.
incidence of maternal infections had The special claims of · Deuol '
falIt:n by over 50 per cent. rest not on one quality alone,
but on a combination of qualities
to which attention has been re,
peatedly drawn in papers in the
medical and scientifi(' press;
above all, on a high bactericidal
power against a diversity of
organisms (including Strep. pyo,
genes, Staph. aureus, Bact. coli,
and Bact. typhosum) , non,toxi,
city, and harmlessness to tissues.
Because · Dettol' embodies in
high degree these minimal re"
quirements of a general'purposes
antiseptic, it has virtually super..
seded every other antiseptic in
the hospitals of Great Britai n ;
and, because it is so safe and
dependable, practitioners never
hesitate to recommend it to their
patients as the ideal antiseptic fOl"
their personal use in the home.
i;é Brit. med. J., 1933,2, 7 2 3.
RECKITr & COLMAN (CANADA) LTD.. PHARMACEUTICAL DEPARTMENT, MONTREAL
H.4c_

Many confirmatory papers followed,
and in a few years it became evident
that the uses of · Dettol' were virtu,
ally co..extensive with the whole field
of antisepsis. Clinical and laboratory
investigations alike attested to the
dependability of · Dettol' in all the
contingencies of practice - surgical,
medical and obstetric - that called
for an antiseptic combining effective
bactericidal activity witb gentleness
to sensitive and wounded tissues, even
at full strength.
'Dettol' applied to the patient's skin
bas been found to confer immunity
to reinfection by Strep. pyogenes
for a period of hours. In the treat..
ment of inj uries it has an established
place. both because of its sustained
activity in the presence of blood

De

Vol. 41. No. 5

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When a patient
seeks advice on the

i I EQUACY

OF INTERNAL MENSTRUAL PROTECTION...

Both in independent laboratory tests
and in careful clinical studies, Tampax
tampons have been shown to possess a
wide margin of safety in providing for
intravaginal absorption of the flux.
Though variations, of course, occur
in the amount of blood lost during the
period-most women have been foun::l
to conform within relatively narrow dc-
partures from the average of 50 ce. 1 .
Even]tmiorTampax provides amply
adequate protection-with its absorp-
tive capacity of 20 cc. far each ïamp 0 11 ,
or 200 cc. for the period (10 tampons
are usually considered an ordinary
month's supply). b addition, Regular
T am pax has a capacity of 30 ce., and
SUþer Tampax 45 cc. for each tampon.
(or 300-450 ce. for the period).
In a recent study
of 110 young
nurses employing Tampax tampons for
catamenial protection, it was found that

TAMPA X

NAY, 194'

"95 Fer cent used tampons with satis-
faction all through menstruation."
In another series: i , 18 (or 90 % ) of 21
subjects had "complete protection".
Also "complete protection was afforded
in 68 (94 %) of 72 periods reported."
Giher clinicians", investigating
"twenty-five women under close insti-
tutional observation", noted that "with
a tampon of proper size, absolute com-
fort and complete control of the flow
can be obtained . . : Ò.e obvious advan-
tage of the small, r.1cdium and large
sized tampon of t:1e particular brand
(Tampax) is to be noted."
The results of Òis research parallel
the experience of thousands of women
who have found that Tampax affords
thoroughly adequate protection
-
(I) Am. J. Obst. & Gyo., 35 :839, 1938. (2)
West. J. Surg., Obst. & Gyo., 51:150, 1943. (3)
Clio. Med. & Surg., 45:317.1939. (4) Med. Rec..
155:316, 1942.

acceptld for advertising by
the journal of the American Medical Association

PIS- Ut

Canadian Tampax Corporation Ltd.,
Brompton, Onto NAME
Please send me a professional SUDol\ ADDRESS
of the three absorbencies of Tamoa,. CITY

H9

,
(: I/'>!.

:e [;'\2

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, .ÅA,...

because this famous Baby's Own
Soap has won their full confidence.
For over seventy-five years it has
been the choice of doctors and nur-
ses in prescribing for baby core.

smooth.

vwtllt...

because sensitive in-
fant
kin needs a
soap mode especially
to highest clinical
standards of general
excellence and par-
ticular purity.

., -.
.';
:
.

-,,{
UBY'S OWN I
II /' SorAf l
þ'. -\\,

The J.B.WllllAMS CO. (CANADA) Limited

340

THE VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.

Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.

Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:

Miss Elizabeth Smell;,

Chief Superintendent
114 Wel1ington Street,
Ottawa.

REGISTRATION OF NURSES
Province of Ontario

.

EXAMINATION
ANNOUNCEMENT

.

An examination for the Registra-
tion of Nurses in the Province of
Ontario will be held on May 29. 30
and 31.

Application forms, information
regarding subjects of examination
and general information relating
thereto, may be had upon written
application to:
EDITH R. DICK, Reg. N.
Parliament Buildings, Toronto 2

Vol. 41, No.5

IA" -
0 0 ..
PLACE Y

,,"\Joo\st

R ORDER NOW!

. ,.\.\GES\,
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1a\I\\t't t..\

IGrtl;W""

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'CALIGESIC'

OINTMENT

MAY, 1945

'.. 6ft.....

.....

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-
,
,-,
-

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Are you ready to meet the com-
ing prescription demand for
the new antiseptic antipruritic
-'Caligesic' Analgesic Cala-
mine Ointment?
If you're not. you'll want to
take ad"antage of the introduc-
tory offer. . , because this anti-
septic antipruritic promises to
he one of the fastest-selling and
most popular items for the relief
of itching and skin irritations.
'Caligesic' Ointment is ã
greaseless, (va"nishing cream
hase) hland cream that does not
stain the skin and can be
safely used on children.
It
antiseptic, anesthetic,
an.dgesic, protective
J properties afford prompt.
s{
()thing relief in the
treatment of dermatitis
venenatcl (ivy and oak
poisoning) summer prurigo, in-
tertrigo, insect hites. pruritus
ani, pruritus 'uh ae. pruritus
scroti and other skin irritations
and inflammations.
ror e"tern,ll applications
only, each 100 Gm. of TaJi-
gesic' Ointment contains: Cala-
mine, 8.00 Gm.; Benzocaine,
3.00 Gm.; Hcxylatcd Meta-
cresol. O.OS Gm. Supplied in
11 2 ounce tubes. SHARP &
DOHMF (CANADA) LTD.. To-
HO:-.iTO 5: ONl ARlO.
A professional sumþ/e of 'Cnli-
gesic' Ointmt:llt U'aS mailed Ma}'
I st to ez'er}' phYSIcian in the
Dominion. Place )Ollr order to-
day u'ith )'Ollr u'holesaler alld he
ready to meet the coming pres-
cription demand.

341

New Cream
Deodorant
Safely helps
Stop Perspiration

.-,:: .

\
) 1
'I', 'f

L Does not irritate skin. Does not rot
dresses and men's sruns.
2. Prevents under-arm odor. Helps stop
perspiration safely.
3. A pure, white, antiseptic, stainless
vanishing cream.
4. No waiting to dry. Can be used right
after shaving.
S. Arrid has been awarded the Arproval
Seal of the American Institute of
Laundering for being harmless to
fabric. Use Arrid regularly.

øP

" THE
ARR.I
T I
ELLING
LARGE R ANT
DEODO

ARRID
39

AT ALl STORES WHICH SELL TOILET GOODS
(Also 1St and S9t jars)

342

For people on the go

Ice-cold Coca-Cola holds a friendly
place in Canadian life. Wherever
Canadians go, Coca-Cola stands
for the pause that refreshes - has
become a symbol of our friendly
way of life.

R " Drin

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.-.-......;... ';'.
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TRADE "'ARK

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OpTREX

Eye Lotion

Scientifically prepared and
medically approved.
Removes all feeling of strain.
tiredness. and keeps your eyes
clear. healthy and vigorous.
Optrex is also a powerful anti-
dote against styes and other
eye troubles.

ROUGI ER FRÈRES

350 Le l\Ioyne St.. Montreal.

IDENTIFICATION
is easy with CASH'S
\V 0 V E N NAMES.
Most Hospitals, Institu-
tiom;, and Nurses use
them in preference to
all other methods. They are the
sanitary, permanent, economical
method of marking.
(Larger .ize. dyle D-54 nome.- di.-
continued until further notice).
CASH'S, 35 Grier St.. Belleville.Ont.
CASH'S 13doz -Sl
6 doz-S2Q.Q NO.SO C
tl't
NAMES-,9doz-$2
12dol-S3
25 Ç .atube

Vol. 41. No.5

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ELIXIR BEWON

........

WYETH

AN EXCELLENT

VEHICLE'

...... ............,

. \. therapeutically useful vehicle, compatible with most
medicamenb, its delicious sherry flavor tempts patients with
poor appetites; providf"s Vitamin Bl when needf"d.

Eli.-xir Bewon 'Yyeth contains 500 International Units of
crystalline vitamin Bl (thiamin chloride) per fluidounce.
Pharmacists dispense any qua';tity as prescribed.

ELIXIR BEWON

J

JOHN WYETH & BROTHER (CANADA) LIMITED ·
WALKERVILLE, ONTARIO

MAY. 1945

J.'

McGill UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR
GRADUATE NURSES
A Two- Year Course leading to
the Degree of Bachelor of
Nursing is offered to
Graduate Nurses.

The following one-year certifi-
cate courses are offered to graduate
nurses: Teaching & Supervision in
Schools of Nursing; Public Health
Nursing; Administration in Schools
of Nursing; Administration & Sup-
ervision in Public Health Nursing.
As a war measure, two four-
months programs are offered:
Ward Teaching & Supervision; Ad-
ministration & Supervision in Pub-
lic Health Nursing.
For information apply to:
School for Graduate Nurses
McGill University, Montreal 2

UNIVERSITY OF
MANITOBA

Post Graduate Courses for
Nurses

The following one-year certificate
courses are offered in:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. TEACHING AND SUPERVISION IN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING
3. ADMINISTRATION IN SCHOOLS
OF NURSING

For information apply to:

Director
School of Nursing Education
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Man.

344

I

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Placement Service

Information regarding posi-
tions. for Registered Nurses in
the Province of British Colum-
bia may be obtained by writing
to:

Elizabeth Braund, R.N., Director
Placement Service
1001 Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
B. C.

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL

COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1. A four-months cour
e in Obstetric-
al Nursin
.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
lo
ical Nursin
.

For further information aPPly to:
Miss Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the Women's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
P. Q.
or
Miss F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
Hospital, l\Iontreal, P. Q.

Vol. 41. No .5

...
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Phu.o U S.A

WAR EFFORT SPEEDED BY NEW
SUCCESS OVER ATHLETE'S FOO'

E VERY NURSE must keep her
feet in most perfect con-
dition to keep working and
marching to victory. But
Athlete's Foot is a real
threat, as surveys show it
infects 7 out of 10 adults-
including nurses-sometime
during the year. And the
disease rages 8.t its worst in
Look for symptoms the presence of heat and
of Athlete's Foot- perspiration during summer!
chronic peeling be- Fortunately, a new fungici-
tween toes, cracks, d 1\1 Q .
so gy skin itching. dal po
er -. ennen Uln-
g, sana -IS scormg great suc-
cesses against Athlete's Foot. Quinsana action is
based on knowledge that the fungi which cause
the infection cannot live under certain alkaline
conditions. and may thrive in shoe linings, as well
as on feet, creating a vicious circle of re-infection.

-S
i;

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,(

--..

RESULTS OF QUINSANA TREATMENT

.

91% infected before
Quinsono treatment

-I

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?

..

6 0 /. infected after
Quinsana treatment

Infection disappeared in practically all of many
test cases among nurses using Quinsana (see chart
above). Quinsana is fungicidal, bactericidal, non-
irritating, highly absorbent.

MAY. 1945

.,...

'iI
.t:,

Use 2-way treatment with Quinsana as regula
as soap and water. to help prevent as well as to,
quick. effective .relief from Athlete's Foot. Ev
mild cases may suddenly become serious. Infla
mation may mean germ infection; see physici.
(Quinsana is also excellent for excessive perspi
tion, foot odor). Pharmaceutical Dit'isic
The .JJ ennen Company, Ltd., Toronto,Cana

"

-'-
......_
;........

M
NN
N
QUINSAN
for Athlete's Foot

t1
NNetf
QUIHS

60

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ø.

345

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For wan I of a nail...

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Some things have a value out
of all proportion to their size and
cost. The small amount of Tinc-
ture l\1etaphen required for the
average surgical case, for in-

stance, now costs your hospital
but a few cents-yet it may well
mean the difference between

postoperative infection and un-
eventful recovery. 'Yhy take
chances when the attested* ad-
vantages of Tincture .Nletaphen
- high disinfecting power, rela-

.

.

tive freedom from irritating
qualitie:, and prolonged antiseptic
action - can oe yours. ABBOT!'
LABORATORIES LTD.,
Iontreal.

*In an impartial study of fifteen anti-
septic agents on the oral mucosa;
Tincture .l\1etaphen wãs found to re-
duce bacterid count UJ to 100%
within five minutes; to calL"e oruy
slight irritation in a few cases, none
in the others; and to have, in substan-
tial excess over any other antiseptic
tested, a two-hour duration of action.
lV/eyer, E., and Arnold, L. (1938) Amer.
Jour. Digest. Dis., 5:.',18.

1'incture Metaphen 1:20

(Tincture 01 4-nitro-onhydro-hydroxy-mercury-orthocresol, AbboH)

346

Vol. -II. H.. ,

()h(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTHLY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
P U-B LIS H E D B Y THE CAN A D I ANN U R S E S ASS 0 C I A T ION

VOLUME FORTY-ONE

MAY 1945

NUAIBER FIVE

Two Inspirations

A C.U1adian novelist has just pub-
lished a notable contrihution to our un-
derstanding of life in this our Province
of Quebec, in a book called "The Two
Solitudes". '" e might call this short
essay "Two Inspirations".
This past year I spent a few days in
a very old hospital, situated high on the
banks of the beautiful Sag-uenay River.
It faces up the river and, because of
this, also faces the gorgeolls sunsets Secn
in this part of Quebec. The Sisters, whose
responsibility this hospital is, were de-
lightful hostesses, garbed in their old
world habits, moving about in a ql.:et
serene way, and showing their eager de-
sire to know what nur<;es did who were
out in the world. and what the) ("oull)
do to make their own belm'ed "Hotel
Dieu" J5 perfect as possible.
I ca
c away wondering whether we.
who wtre out in the world, full of the
knowledge of modern nursing educa-
tion.al methods, fully appreciated the
contribution and the \-alue of having in

our mid
t and permeating our profes-
sion, this strong force of vocational de-
votion to duty. Two da) s later I was
present at the graduation exercises of a
large class of roung lay nurses in an old

.;,.

J

Rice, AI ontreal

EILEEN FLANAGAN

MAY. 19f5

347

348

THE CANADIAI\ NURSE

cstablish
fl training school famous for
the forceful personality of its founder.
Here one saw the other side of our
heritage in this Province - the English
lay nurse, imbued, too, with a sense of
vocation, but a little farther away, a
little müre exposed to the worldly de-
mands of the profession. I thought of the
two streams flowing together, making
between them the "guardians of the
sick", and the bearers of the flag of Pub-
lic Health.
Situations which are different
which
are out of the ordinary, which require
especial attention to make them work
are always interesting and challenging
since thcy call for ingenuity, forbear-
ance, imagination and fle,Óbility. \Ve in
the Province of Quebec are always con-
scious of the "out of the ordinary as-
pect" of our duties and privileges. The
fact that we have two languages to work
with, two sets of racial characteristics to
balance, of necessity makes for diversity
of expression, and a wider range of
ideas and thought.
Since the great majority of our train-
ing schO{}ls are administered by the Sis-
ters of Religious Orders, we have the
older strong religious vocational impulse
added to the modern
ducational meth-
ods and <.'utlook, and if we ha ve the will
and the vision we have the opportunity
to be saved from the perhaps too mater-
ialistic and mundane influences which
affect those less favourably situated.

\\7 e know that very powerful search-
lights arc focussed on nurses and nurs-
ing at this very moment, and we know
that whi1l: we draw considerable com-
mendation, we also draw a fair amount
of criticism. Actually it is because so
much is expected of the profession, be-
cause th
public con jure up a combina-
tion of a "Saint", a "Nightingale", a
highly trained technician, and a beauti-
ful lady, that unfortunately they are
sometimes sadly disappointed.
The wonder is that there are so man}'
who do satisfy most of these require-
ments! \Vith the great examples of lead-
ers of two nationalities, two languages,
two branches of religion, and two ways
of life to inspire us, we in this Province
should be dble to produce the ideal nurse.
This y
ar we are celebrating the twenty-
fifth anniversary of organized nursing,
twenty-five rears of effort on the part of
these leaders to assure nursing its pro-
per plac
in our regime. It is a matter
of great importance, both professionally
and nationally, that several thousands of
nurses of two languages are working
together 111 one official organization to
promot
the health of the citizens and to
show that it is possible to reconcile dif-
ference:; for the good of all.

EILEEN FLANAGAN
Prt'sidellt
Registered LV urse! A ssocÏation
nf the Pro'vincr of QUf'bec

One of the knottiest problems in the
"chool of nursing today is how to provide
for experience and training in tuber-
culosis nursing. Our sanatoria are fran-
tically calling for graduate staff, yet in
so many instances nurses have had no
actual experience with this disease an

are beset with an unwarranted fear of
it. How one province has solved the
problem of providing undergraduate
training in tuberculosis is described in
detaiJ by Ferne Trout, instructress with

Preview

the Division of Tuberculosis Control in
British Columbia.

Summer camping days will soon be
with us again and in many communities
a search will be underway for a nurse
who will be free to go to camp to care
for the health and general well-being of
the hordes of children. Lilian MacKinnon
had a pleasant though busy time in such
a place last summer. Watch for her
story of her experiences.

Vol. 41, No. 5

Puerperal Care and Some Complications

\VILLIAM J. STEVENS, :\1.D.

The puerperium begins as soon as de-
livery has taken place and lasts until
tht: body has returned to normal or as
near the normal state as possible. It may
be divided into three periods: (l) Im-
mediate-to cover the time the mother
remains in the delivery room; (2) in-
termediate - the time she is confined
to the hospital or home; (3) late - tu
extend over a year if necessary follow-
ing the birth of the child.

IMMEDIATE PUERPERAL CARE:

Prophylactic, thorough antepartum care
should ensure that the patient will be
well .able to withstand the birth. Gener-
ally speaking, ergometrin .5 mg. or some
other uterine stimulant is given aft
r
complete placental separation and expul-
sion. The patient is covered with warm-
ed blankets. The fundus should be held
firmly but not massaged until it is well
contracted down, its contents all expell-
ed and the nurse is sure that there is
no abnormal bleeding. It is much better
for the patient to retain her own blood
than to have to resort to transfusion.
Postpartum hemorrhage, besides
threatening a woman's life, also prolongs
her recovery. The average blood loss
should not exceed 300 cc. Excessive
loss, which constitutes postpartum hem-
orrhage, may be caused by (I) uterine
atony or loss of muscular contractile
power or tone, due to many pregn.a.ncies
or the weakening of the muscles from
a disease such as tuberculosis, cardio-
renal conditions, anemia, fibroids, t:tc.;
(2) retention of a piece of placenta,
membrant:s or blood clots; ( 3) too ra-
pid or forcible Crede expulsion of the
pJacenta; (4) trauma from instrumen-
tal inte..rference, manual manipulations
or rupture of the uterus; (5) prolong-

&fAY, 1',1'

ed uSe or over-dose of anesthesia or
analgesia; (6) distended bladder,
which of course should have been com-
pletely emptied by catheter; (7) cervi-
cal laceration.
In the event of hemorrhage, immediate
adequate nursing and medical treatment
must be resorted to and it is here that
a well-equipped hospital, with live-wire
nurses, may mean the difference be-
tween life .and death. The patient is
covered with warmed blankets, pitui-
trin or ergot may be given, oxygen,
stimulants, a sedative like morphine,
Trendelenburg position, the uterus may
be packed, followed by intravenous glu-
rose or warm saline, pending blood
transfusion, (or blood plasma to combat
shuck). Cervical laceration requires im-
mediate suture. Rupture of the uterus
ma\, demand hysterectomy.
Asphyxia Neonatorum: There are
two types of asphyxia: (1) livid-cyano-
tic or bluish; (2) pallid-pale (more
serious) .
Causes: Atelectasis pulmonum (if the
alveoli in a part of the lung do not ex-
pand). In the initiation of respiratory
movements in utero asphyxia may result
by the aspiration of amniotic fluid, mu-
cus or meconium, thus blocking the .air
passages. This accounts for some inex-
plicable deaths, at or shortly after birth,
where everything seemed to be normal.
Such b.abies, if they survive, are very
likely to develop pneumonia later. Any-
thing which interferes with the blood
flow from the placenta to the baby, such
as compression on the cord from the
baby's head in a breech, a prolapsed cord,
knots in the cord, the cord being tight-
ly wound around the baby's head or
body, or from premature placental se-
p.aration. Somt:timt:s tht: head is com-
pressed too long in the vagina in a too
tardy delivery resulting in pressure on

J49

350

THE C_\
ADIA.1\' i\CRSE

the brain; overdose of sedative drugs,
Eke the barbiturates or morphine, and
especially if too much anesthesia like
ether is given after these analgesics.
Asphyxia may be anticipated in a
strenuous, prolonged or abnormal la-
bour; in cases where the fetal heart is
very rapid - over 150, or very slow-
below 100; where meconium is passed,
except in breech presentation; where
there are tumultuous movements of the
fetus.
Trea:lIlcnts: \Vhere anticipated,
the nurse should ha 'oe everything ready
for resuscitation. The baby is delivered
speedily and the cord tied at once. After
clearing the mouth of mucus, the pro-
per measures must be taken immediate-
ly as every second counts:
1. Vitamin K is given b.y hypoder-
mic.
2. Foreign matter is removed from
the air passage. The baby is held up by
its feet, the throat is cleared of mucus
by suction with a tracheal catheter. The
buttocks are slapped gently, the baby
is rubbed along its spine or sprinkleé
with cold water.
3. Mouth-to-mouth insufflation is
sometimes used. The nurse places a fold
of sterile gauze over the .baby's mouth,
the doÙor then, mouth-to-mouth, blows
gently into the baby's mouth to distend
the lungs. In this way, mucus is forced
out through the baby's nose and wiped
aw.ay by the nurse. The carbon dioxide
from the breath stimulates respiration.
This may be repeated in conjunction
with hot and cold tubs and Sylvester's
method.
4. A mixture of pure oxygen or oxy-
gen and carbon dioxide (7 per cent)
from a cylinder may be given by in-
halation or by intratracheal suction and
insufflation, but the human breath is
always available and saves a great deal
of time. Later the baby may be put in an
oxygen ten t.
5. Hot and cold baths. Submerge the
baby, all but th
htad, alternately in a
tub of warm water at 110 degrees and

in a cold one at ïO degrees. The b.aby
may be sprinkled w;th cold water while
in the warm tub.
6. Sylvester method of resuscitation
may be resorted to by raising the baby's
arms gently above its head and then
compressing them on the chest.
7. Stimulants, such as Lobeline, Cora-
mine, Adrenalin may be given.
So long as the h
art beats, never give
up. Sometimes after an hour's work
the infant will breathe and success here
is verr gratifying. You have saved a life.

THE INTERMEDIATE POSTPARTUM
CARE \VHILE IN HOSPITAL:

Height of the Fundus: Immediately
after the baby is born, the fundus is us-
ually on a level with the umbilicus. The
uterus normally contracts and retracts
down (called involution) about one fin-
ger-width per d.ay; by the tenth day it is
generally in the pelvis and is not felt
above the pubes. The blood vessels are
constricted by the contraction and r
-
traction of the muscles. The nurse charts
daily the height of the fundus and al-
ways makes special note if the fundus is
too' high (c.alled subinvolution) which is
nearly always associated with bloody
lochia and is weakening to the patient.
Subinvolution is where the uterus fails
to contract down to normal size after
delivery. Persistence of bleeding after
delivery is usuallv due to the fact that
the proper contraction and retraction of
the uterus is interfered with, either by
poorly developed or weakened muscles,
by the retention of placenta or mem-
branes, by infection or by a full bladder.
In the treatment of subinvolution th

nurse m.ay massage the uterus to aid in
the expulsion of anything retained and
apply an ice bag on the fundus. In all
cases of faulty drainage raise the
head of the bed - put the mother in
the Fowler position so as to incre.ase
drainage. Activate the bowels, give
nourishing food and a tonic, and en-
courage the patient to move about in

Vol. 41, No.

PUERPERAL CARE

351

bed. Patients may be given ergot hypo-
dermically or by mouth. Ensure no
bladder distension.
Lochia is the natural bloody discharge
after childbirth. It acts as a guide in the
puerperium. It is discharged for from
two to three weeks after delivery. For
the first three or four days it is red,
bloody, with decidual and epithelial cells
and has a char.acteristic odor; for the
next three or four days, it is brown and
watery; for from seven to fourteen days
it is pale and watery. Red lochia per-
sists longer in elderly primipara .and in
women who do not nurse their babies.
Then
is danger ahead when the lo-
chia stops suddenly and when it is foul-
odored. It may be due to subinvolution,
retained placenta or membranes, to
stenosis, closure of the external os which
may be followed by localized infection
in the uterus, called sapremia, or a gen-
eralized blood infection called septi-
cemia. Hemorrhage is possible too. The
nurse always charts the amount and
character of the lochia, whether bloody
or purulent and if any odor is noticeable.
A ftt'r-pains are rare with the first
baby. These painful uterine contractions
probably are due to the accumulation of
blood clots and the loss or diminution of
uterine contractile power or tone. They
are especially common in multipara when
nursing, after taking ergot, or in over-
distended uteri after twins, hydram-
nious or protracted labours. They dis-
appear usually after the third day. A
sedative, ice bag to fundus, with massage
or medicine to aid uterine contraction
will relieve this discomfort.
Bladder and Catheterizing: The
bladder sometimes gets greatly distended
during labour. Always watch for a
rounded prominence over the pubes,
which is a full bladder requiring cathe-
terizing. The patient should void soon
after labour. If she does not, induce it
by all known methods, such as apply-
ing a hot water bottle over the pubes,
letting tap water run, pouring water,
sometimes over the vulva, giving a warm

MAY, 1945

bed pan, letting patient sit up or even

tand on the floor at the bedside. Cathe-
terize every eight hours if necessary,
using careful standard technique. Be-
fore delivery a full bladder greatly re-
tards the downward descent of the head.
After delivery, it may cause hemorrhage,
retroversion, and great discomfort. It is
the nurse's duty to report a distended
bladder or failure to void. Long labours,
difficult deliveries and excessive anes-
thesia cause fatigue which interferes
with natural voiding.
Diet: First day, fluids; second day,
soft diet; third day, etc., full diet where
normal. There is nothing which pro-
duces an appreciable influence on either
the qu.ality or quantity of breast milk.
Foods which have been recommended
for this purpose have no demonstrable
influence.
A daily sponge bath is given. Tem-
perature, pulse and respirations are ta-
ken every four hours. The room should
be kept bright and airy.
In normal cases, the bowels are moved
with daily dosage of liquid petrolatum,
an enema or a gentle purgative. Consti-
pation, if marked, may be responsible
for a rise in temperature. \Vhere we have
a repaired perineum or an episiotomy,
give all treatments very carefully. An
enema is preferable to a laxative, as .:1
loose stool is liable to infect the wound.
An antiseptic pitcher douche is given
after each urination and bowel move-
ment and every four hours, with care-
ful replacement of sterile pad to vulva.
After a third degree tear (to the
rectum) the bowels are rendered inac-
tive with medicine so as to permit the
torn, separated ends of the sphincter ani
to grow together again and to prevent
infection from feces. No catharsis or
enemata are given. Diet is restricted to
fluids or non-residual foods. The pa-
tient is advised not to move about too
strenuously and to report any burning
sensation in the perineum. Dry hea.t or
medicatf:d cold compresses generally re-
lieve ordinary discomfort. After remov-

352

THE C A !\ . \ I> I .-\
:\ U R S 1.

al of an) suture
about the eighth da
,
an oil enema i
given to empty the rec-
tum.
The patient ma} sit up in bed the da)"
follow;ng labour and is advised to ]ie
on her stomach and side and to move
about and exercise her legs freel) in
bed. Sometimes she is massaged. She u
-
ually gets out of bed on the eighth or
ninth day and is discharged from the
hospital on the tenth or twelfth. Back-
ache may he the result of difficult de-
livery or due to the straining of the sacro-
iliac jo:nts. A tight adhesive hinder or
a belt may be put on.
e are of the Breasts and F l'edillg: The
mammary glands function as the result
of concerted action of the lactation hor-
mone of the anterior lobe of the pitui-
tary gland influenced hy the corpus lu-
teum, in collaboration with small
amounts of estrogen:c suhstance. The
breasts contain colostrum, a yellowish-
white
ecret:on, for the first two or three
days. This acts as a laxative for
the babe. After deli,'ery the breasts and
nipples are thoroughly washed with
gre
l soap and sterile water and a bland
oilltment on sterile gauze or wax pa-
per is applied to the nipples. A binder
is applied for comfort when the milk
comes in. Before the babe is put to the
hreast the nipple is always cleansed with
boric solution on sterile absorbent or
gauze. This is repeated after feeding
and the h]and ointment re-applied to
keep the nipples soft and free from
infection. The nurse must always re-
port any fissures in the nipples, any ten-
derness, redness or nodules, as imme-
diate proper attention usually averts fis-
sures or abscess.
The bahy is usually put to breast
for the first time eight hours after birth,
and every eight hours for the first twen-
ty-four hours, for three minutes each
time; the second day even' f!Hlr hours
for fiv
minutes each time, and there-
after everr four hours for ten minutes or
longer, alternat:ng from one breast to
the other or to each from 6 a.m. to 10

p.m. and not during the night. Some-
times three-hourly feedings are given
if the baby is small. After the milk is
established, the nurse must never le.ave
a baby at- breast for more than twenty
minutes at the very most, as the bab)
only chews the nipples causing cracks
and infection.
Of course, the baby gets '"ery lit-
tle nourishment for the first two or
three days hut the nursing process stimu-
lates the milk secretion and also the con-
traction of the uterus. :\lilk is general-
ly established by the third to fifth day
when the patient mar have a slight
tern pera ture.
If weani.ng is necessar), put on a
tight breast binder, appJ} ice bags, and
restrict fluids. \lagnesium sulphate m3)
be given or the breast may have to be
pumped. Stilbestrol tablets three times
daily for four da) s are ,-ery effective.
Visit (Irs should be excluded alw.ay

when the baby is nursing, and for the
first week on]y immediate members of
the family should he permitted to see
the patient and the, hut for a short time.
Other people may be pacified by being
shown the baby. Abso]utdy no visitors
sh'JUld be allowed in the nursery at an}
time. Persons with colds or other infec-
tions arc a special source of danger to
mother and child at this time. Children
are never allowed to visit as they are
1110re apt to carry infectious diseases.
The cord generally requires no spe-
cial dressing after the first. Usually it
comes off within the first week. After
the bath, the stump should be dressed
with dry horac:c powder and sterile
gauze dressing. Crusts can be removed
best with 95 per cent alcohol. Infection
in the umbilicus might lead to the death
of the bab,- but if the nurse exercises
proper care this is unlikely. Hemorrhage
may occur from a too loosely-tied cord.
It must be retied and treated carefully.
In cle:l.nsing the navel. the nurse mu'st

eparate the folds, examine carefully
and swab thoroughly with pure alcohol.
Always report any navel bulging as it

Vol. 41. No. ,

PUERPERAl

might mean a tendency to rupture,
needing compression.

COMPLICATION!':

Puerperal sepsis püpularly called
blood-poisoning or "child hed fever"
ma\' he a \'err serious complication of
chiid-hearing. Various local <lIld general
pathological
conditions may occur follow-
ing the invasion of the parturien t canal
during labour or the puerperium hy
pathogenic organisms. Puerperal infec-
tions must be looked upon as prevent-
able condition
, in the production of
which carelessness, error and introdu\:-
tion into the parturient patient of infec-
tious material hr the hands or instruments
of the doctor or nurse ma
he respon-
sihle. In the conduct of lahour the same
precaution and aseptic methods should
be used as are employed in the op
rating
room. The lahour and deliveq rooms
should be kept well ventilated. l'v1asks
of four layers of gauze should he worn
over nose and mouth hy all who attend
in any war on the patient in lahour, h}
the patient with a cold, and later by nur-
se!' doing perineum dressings. l\.lasks

hould be chang-ed when moist. Cough-
ers and sneez
rs should be excluded
from the l;tbour and delivery rooms.
Routine cultures from nose and throat
should he taken. The doctor must use
sterile gloves with plenty of disinfectant
on his hands and gloves. He should
avoid too frequent internal examina-
tions. Strict cleanliness of the nurse's
and doctor's hands and person, of the
field of operation and the drapery is
ess
ntial.

Cause!: After delivery the raw sur-
face in the uterus or any laceration in
the vulva, vagina, or cervix may serv

as a site for the entrance of b.acteria.
These may be naturally present (sapro-
phytic) or may be introduced. Retention
of lochia, blood clot or secundines may he
predisposing factors. Stenosis or closure
of Vt
internal os due to a retroversion

MAY. 1945

CARE

353

may cause retention of lochia with sap-
remia which may go on to sept:cemia.
The patient may infect herself with her
own hands. In the third stage the doc-
tor should allow time for placental separ-
ation. He should ex.mine the placenta
for any retained portion or membranes,
and repair an\' perineal or cervical lac-
eration. Keep the vulva covered w;th a
sterile pad dur:ng the first ten days post-
partum.
Symptoms: Rise of temperature, usu-
allr on the third or fourth dar, with
chills and sweating; pulse - usually ra-
pid, 120 up to 140, and thready. A tem-
perature of 100 and a pulse of 100
should he speciallr reported as it is in-
dicative of threatened sepsis; the uterus
ma\, he suhinvoluted and tender; the
lochia mar he scant and foul, may he-
come aht;ndant in saprem:a, or scant
or ahsent in septicemia; if infection has
spread to the peritoneum there will he
tenderness over the affected organ; if
peritoniti" is general the ahdomen will
he tense and distended, with vomiting,
rapid pulse and dry tongue.
Trl'otmf'llf: Technical skill and the
J . udo-mcnt used in carrring out obstetric
b -

procedures are ver
' important. Com-
plete is(,lation of the septic case in a
separate section of the hospital is m03t
desirable with all precautionary meas-
ures. This isolation unit should be vir-
tualh a small complete hospital within
the 'main hospital, with individual cu-
bicles for each case.
Nursing care consists of: rest in bed
in a well-\'entilated room; fresh air -

eptic cases should all he put out in the
fresh air on balcony or roof, with plenty
of sunlight; the head of the bed i:;
raised t(; increase drainage; ice bag to
fundus to stimulate contraction; most
nourishing food is given, with stimulant:;
such as hrandy, etc., forced fluids, nu-
trient enemata; cold sponging is refresh-
ing with high fever and it promotes
sleep; Russian oil and enemata are pref-
erable to cathartics; bahy is taken from
the hreast; nurse must take all precau-

354

THE CAKADIAN NURSE

tions to a, aid carrying the infection to
herself or others.
Medical treatment includes: a careful
examination which should be made to
determine the cause or source of the in-
fection, and treatment begun early; the
sulfonamides or penicillin may be indi-
cated; transfusions of immune blood
are best, repeated if necessary; glucose
intravenously or interstitially and serum
given early; sedative - for sleep; ergot;
iron tonic; any abscess should be opened
and drained.
Prognosis depends upon the ,'irulence
of the organism, the severity of the in-
fection and the resistance of the patient,
which, of course, is low after ha,'ing a
baby.
Fissured nipple is due to improper an-
tenatal care and lack of cleanliness; im-
proper puerperal care - as failure
to cleanse with boric solution before and
immediately after feeding, or leaving
baby to pull the nipple too long or neg-
lect to warn patient not to touch the
nipple.
Proper care generally prevents fis-
sures. A fissured nipple is excruciatingl
'
painful and apt to make a patient very
nervous, so at the first sign of nipple
trouble treat at once. When a fissure
is present, nursing should be suspend-
ed; a bland ointment may be applied
copiously to the nipple after cleansing
with boric acid solution and drying.
Sometimes the nipple is alcoholed and ex-
posed to the air to harden it. An elec-
tric breast pump may be used every eight
hours for twenty-four hours or longer
giving the nipples a chance to heaL
Mastitis is generally due to infection,
possibly through a fi3sured nipple. It
is aggravated by chilling, catching cold,
not dre<;sing sufficiently warmly, con-
gestion or insufficient emptying. The
symptoms are: tenderness, caking -
a lump with warm redness and pain in
the breast; rise in temperature; chills;
rapid pulse.
'Vith proper early attention, breast
ahscess seldom develops. Report to doc-

tor immediately; the breasts should be
bound with a snug breast binder and ice
applied over the tenderness; Epsom salts
to mother or stilbestrol aid in the absorp-
tion of milk; fluids are restrictec\;
breasts may be emptied by breast pump;
if an abscess is evident by fluctuation, it
must be incised and drained at once. It
takes about six weeks for this to heal.
Either melancholia ( depression) or
mania (excitement) may develop the
first month after delivery, mostly as a
result of toxemia, puerperal infection,
sudden grief or shock, especially in one
with a delicate mental balance. This is
often an inherited tendency. In the treat-
ment of this condition, the baby is kept
away from the mother and not .allowed
to nurse. There is danger of the mother
injuring the baby. The breast pump may
have to be used; sedatives are given to
quiet and induce sleep; placement in a
mental hospital is often advisable; con-
stant nursing attention is vitaL She must
never be left alone.
The patient usually recovers. The
more acute the onset and violent the
symptoms, the better the outlook. As
a rule she recovers in one to six months
or never. There is always a tendency
to recurrence.

THE LATE PERIOD:

Prior to discharge from hospital a
gentle pelvic examination is done and
any abnormalities are noted. These may
be rechecked and treated as required
after the sixth week examination. Fol-
lowing childbirth it requires about three
months for the return of the uterus and
parturient canal to the normal pre-preg-
nant state.

Of 9
days' work lost by the average
Canadian wage earner in a year, nine
days is lost through sickness and non-
industrial accidents and one-l
alf day
through occupational accidents.

Vol. 41, No.5

The Nurse's Part in Prenatal Care

K.4.TE :\lcILRAITH

Carolyn Van Blarcom has stated that
"The nurse's part in a program for pre-
natal care is to assist the doctors in car-
rying out the prescribed details of super-
vision, instruction, and c.are of expectant
mothers, and to work toward the ideal
of having every expectant mother in
the land under medical care from the
beginning of pregnancy".
How can this be accomplished?
A great deal has been done not only
by public health nurses but by the use of
literature, that is, by books, the \Vomen's
page of newspapers, and the better maga-
zines, where splendid articles on the dif-
ferent phases of maternal care are print-
ed. But the important thing to be con-
sidered about maternity care is that
there are still not enough people who
know what it is in all its elements and
not enough people are putting into prac-
tice what they do know. This is as true
of nurses as it is of doctors and laymen.
Yet, jf there is one field in nursing that
demands a combination of knowledge,
skill and common sense, it is the matern-
ity field.
In addition to acquiring a fund of
knowledge and skill the nurse should
have the .ability to impart information to
others. To do this she needs a genuine
interest in what she is teaching, and in
the people she is teaching, as well as a
knowledge of teaching methods and of
human psychology. In other words, what
she does with her equipment of theories,
facts,and skill is even more important
than her possession of them.
In any prenatal program the nurse
has a responsibility not only to the pa-
tient but to the doctor in charge, and to
the community. She owes to the doctor
her loy.I1 support and confidence. She
must re:Ilize that every detail of mater-
nity care originates in, and is guided by,
the medic::tl profession. The entire scheme

MAY, 1945

of prenatal supervIsIon is but the inter-
pretation and application of the doctor's
orders for the health and well-being of
the expectant mother.
In regard to her responsibility to the
community, the magnitude of this ob-
ligation cannot be over-estimated since
widespread prenatal work cannot be car-
ried out without the whole-hearted sup-
port of nurses. The very future of our
race depends upon her realization of
this. For her active support .and interest
in this work to bear fruit, not only must
she be familiar with what constitutes
adequate prenatal care, but she must be
imbued with a desire to convey this in-
terest and enthusiasm, not only to her
patients, but to the community at large.
The nurse should have an understand-
ing of the conditions which are destruc-
tive of life and health among mothers
and babies and how adequate super-
vision will prevent these. She should
know about the accompanying physio-
logical changes and their meaning, the
early, and even the very mildest symp-
toms of abnormality; how they are pre-
vented and how to secure prompt at-
tention when and if they appear.
Carolyn Van Blarcom states: "The
thing to be burned and seared into the
nurse's brain is that the ideal we are
stnvmg for, which she must help to
achieve, is adequate care for each ex-
pectant mother. This means getting
every expectant mother under care .and
then making that care so satisfactorv
and effective that it will save her and
her baby. To reach that end we need to
have complete .and skilful maternity
service more widely available in this
country and the lay public so widely
convinced of the pressing urgency of
good care in all cases that such care
will be demanded!"
.,\\rhat we need, apparentlv, is not

355

356

THE CAKADIAN NURSE

that the high peaks of obstetrical work
shall be higher, making it possible to s.ave
a few mothers from rare complications,
but that the average of the care given
to all patients shall he raised. Every de-
tail of the care and supervision of even
so-called normal cases should be re-
garded as of such importance that it
will be performed with utmost pains.
Every expectant nwfÌ.'y,. should be taken
Jenously. This should be repeated over
and over and never lost sight of. E ,'ery
expectant mother should he taken ser-
iously! "
The real test of the nurse's knowl-
edge of maternal care is r<1Ílected in the
activities and attitudes of the patient and
those of the whole family. The starting
pojnt with each patient is based on what
that patient knows about motherhood
and her ability to absorb further knowl-
edge. The average woman needs to
know 'i{,hy rest, good diet, exercise and
medical supervision are important to her
and her baby. She needs to realize that
her baby is already nine months old when
he is horn. She needs to be convinced
that details of care which seem to be
woolly unrelated to her own or her
baby's welfare will actually increase their
chances of life and health, and that by
caring for her own health she is caring
for her unborn baby.
The nurse must win the trust and
confidence of her patient or patients be-
fore she can do .any teaching. This can
be accomplished only if the patient feels
she can rely upon the nurse's ability :a.nd
sincerity. The nurse's duty to the pa-
tient might be djvided roughly into three
parts: (a) watching or supervising; (b)
teaching; (c) sustaining or giving mo-
ral support.
Let us look at the first one - watch-
ing; the nurse has an opportunity to
observe the patient carefully between the
doctor's consultations with the patient
and report to him anything out of the
ordinary that she notes. She can sjft
through the s
'mptom5 and give him a
detailed report. Such symptoms are, for

instance, headache, which may be sig-
nificant of some complication or merely
that the patient has been jn the habit of
sleeping until late in the morning with
her windows all closed; constipation or
fatigue which may be in itself alarming,
or m.a} result merely from wearing im-
proper clothing and having inadequate
rest. One is reminded at this point of
the lady who walked four to six miles
per day until the day she went to the
hospital. She did not realize that walking
on city streets is' much more fatiguing
than walking down country lanes. After
her baby was born, she told us of this
tired feeling but it did not occur to her
to tell her doctor of her long brisk walks.
She thought it too trifling for mention
although \e was trying
account fur
the undue fatigue.
Too much emphasis cannot be placed
upon the value of complete pictures of
the patient both mentally and physic.al-
ly; depressjon in one who is ordinariIr
cheerful; a newly-developed tendencr
toward carelessness. These as well as the
fatigue may be first symptoms of a
toxemia and should not onk be reported
but watched c.arefully.
The significance of an elevation of
temperature, testing the urine for al-
bumin, watching for varicosities, the
care of the nipples and hreasts, the need
for rest, exercise and sleep, proper nu-
trition and its effect on the health of the
mother and baby are a few of the points
carefully explained by the nurse on her
visits.
The teaching can be roughly divided
into: (l) Teaching the mother the im-
portance of prenatal care - that is, ade-
quate medical supervision and proper
health habits for herself, finding out the
doctor's orders and interpreting
and em-
phasizing the importance of following
them. (2 ) Teaching her something of
what is taking place in her body, what
to expect and what symptoms to report.
(3) Teaching her how to prepare for
her coming baby, what clothing and
equipment are essential for its proper
care. It should not he necessary for a

VnL
' Nn "

PRENATAL CARE

mother to give a carte blanchr order to
a saleslady in a baby department, whose
primary object is to make sales, the more
the better. (4) Teaching her the s
'mp-
toms of the onset of labour, how to pre-
pare for home delivery so that the doctor
and nurse ran give her skilled, efficient
care with the minimum of confusion in
.her home or, if she is going'to hospital,
teaching her when to go to hospital and
what to take with her.
At thj
time ;t is wise to teach her
the value of having a trained person help
her when she comes home from the
hospital with her baby. It seems ludi-
crous that a new-born baby, after being
givell
urh excellent care' in the hospi':.
tal for the first two weeks, should sud-
denl) be turned over to the care of a
young mother who is totally unprepared.
Too often, kindly but misinformed
neighbnurs or "women" give the care.
In one
(Kh case a "woman" was help-
ing out the young mother by bathing
the bab\,. This woman was not very
well; she had just had quinsy but fdt
quite wel1 enough to bathe a baby -
"after all, it is not heavy" - to use her
own expressIOn.
If we ourselves are convinced of the
value of breast feeding then let us re-
member that the groundwork is laid in
the prenatal period. In the first two
wee ks in hospital every facility is used
to get the flow of breast milk off to a
good start. If this is to be maintained,
let us assure the mother of adequate,
understanding care at that most crucial
time when she first comes home from
hospital and has to fit the care of a new
baby into her household regime while

he is still far from strong.
The third <lspect of the nurse's dut)
might be de
cribed as gi,'ing mOf<l1 sup-

357

port or allaying fears. No two patients
are alike, phys:cally, emotionally, social-
ly or financi<llly. The attitudes, reac-
tions and emotional difficulties of the
patients are as important as their physical
symptoms. Not every expectant mother
looks forward with pleasure to having
a baby. Some have a feding of revulsion
towards the change in their appearance,
some look upon the thought of breast
feeding with disgust. A common reac-
tion to pregnancy is fear - fe.ar of death,
fear of labour, fear of marking the
bab
', to mention bllt a few. Very often
these patients do not admit these feel-
ings to their familr or even to the doc-
tor;
ometimes, indeed, not even to the
nurse. The nurse's attitude, her sympa-
thy and lInderstanding will do much to
remove these difficulties.
J\;lore and more emphasis is being laid
upon the tremendous part emotions. play
in the
uccessful or unsuccessful termin-
ation of a pregnancy. A nurse inade-
quately informed or unsure of her
knowledge is not much help here. The
nurse must also be able to develop in
the prospective father a sense of respon-
sibility that may not have been there
originally . Too often our own .attitudes
have helped the father continue in his
belief that it is his wife alone who is
expecting the baby. The nurse is in a
strategic position to help both parents-
to-be develop an attitude of genuine wel-
come to the new arrival.
To quote from Carolyn Van Blar-
com again: "The nurse's part is to tak

hands with each patient, as she treads
the long road of expectancy, pressing it
wal mly always, holding it firm over
the rc;ugh places, and steadily giving
the best she has to offer of tenderness.
understanding and ski]]".

All of the problems associated with
the carf' of children when they are well
become greatly exaggerated when they
a.e ill. The difficulties are further in-

MAY, 1945

Preview

tensifie
l when hospitalization is neces-
sary. Linda Robertson has outlined for
us some of the essential factors of the
care of "Children in Hospital".

Group Teaching in the Prenat al Clinic

FRIEDA _\LLUM and PAULINE l\lcKENDRY, B.Se.

The great importance of prenatal care
has been emphasized time and aga:n,
and most women today are aware of
the advantages of this care, and seek it
early ;n pregnancy. The Royal Vic-
toria l\tlontreal \1aternity maintains a
central clinic at the hospital, and four
other clinics are situated in different
parts of the city. .\t these centres wo-
men receive this service free of charge
during their term of pregnancy, and
are ad vised to return for a complete
physical and pelvic examination six
weeks after delivery.
The model patient is one who regis-
ters with the clinic early in her first
trimester. On her first visit, she is in-
terviewed by the social service worker,
who investigates each new case to de-
termine the financial status of the pa-
tient, and any woman who has the
means to secure the services of a private
pr3:titioner is encouraged to do so. She
is then given a complete physical exam-
ination by the doctor, her urine is tested,
her blood pressure taken, as weH as a
blood \Vassermann and hemoglohin. A
pelvic examination foHows and pelvic
measurements are recorded. The nor-
mal patient returns every four week:-.
during the first trimester, every three
weeks during the second, and every two
weeks or even weekly in the third tri-
mester. If there are any abnormalities
additional examinations are performed,
in which case the patient may he re-
quested to enter the hospital. If the
hemoglobin is very low, the patient is
given blood transfusions and a high iron
diet.
The Prenatal Clinic is a teaching
centre. First, for medical students of
McGill University, and resident in-
ternes, who, under the supervision of a
staff physician, examine patients and
discuss with him problems which ma}

358

arise concerning each patient. Here also,
post-graduate nurses and affiliated stu-
dents receive part of their obstetric-
al training and are taught the impor-
tance I}f this type of service.
The clinic is primaril
' a teaching
centre for patients. Individual teaching is
difficult and rather impractical with a
large :,ttendance such as ours, so to
overcome this a series of lectures and
demonstrations have been arranged, and
patients are invited to attend these
cla:s::'s which are g:ven by a staff nurse
or dietitian twice a week. .-\ bright and
attractive room has been fitted up as a
class-room. Pictures selected from a
portfolio of thirty-one teaching charts
showing safe maternity care, which were
obtained from the
laternity Centre,
New York, are arranged where they
may readily be seen and studied. A cheer-
ful and informal atmosphere is secured
in order to put patients at their ease.
They are encouraged to discuss freely
with the <;taff nurse their prohlems and
wornes.

During the first lecture, signs and
symptom
of pregnancy are discussed,
and the anatomy and physiology of the
pelvis and its organs are illustrated by
means of the Birth Atlas, prepared b}
the lV1aternity Centre Association of
New York. The nurse instructs in per-
sonal habits, the type of clothing the
patient should wear, and the food she
should eat during this period of her life.
The dietitian gives instruction in nutri-
tion during pregnancy at the second
class. She explains the reasons for res-
tricting salt and protein and for taking
additional milk and fluids. This class is
given at two of our Settlement Clinics
by a worker from the Diet Dispensary.
The third lecture deals with the signs
and symptoms of labour; the patient
is also told about the care she will re-

Vol. 41, No.5

PRENATAL CLINIC

t\

.--
'f
Ti J

"<. ."

--

Demomtratioll at the prenatal clinic

cei, e in ho
pital, the ,alue of p.)
t-par-
turn exercises, and the need of an exam-
ination six weeks after delivery. The
patients show great interEst in the lec-
ture dealing with bab
care. The did"
routine in the care of the infant is des-
cribed and a demonstration bath giwn.
The equipment used con<
ts of a life-
size washable doll, bath-tub, bath tray,
layettes, bab\- basket, and diaper pail.
The fifth lecture of the series "art:-
ficial feeding", begins by discussing the
value and importance of nurs:ng the
baby. So many of the women want to
be able to get back to work quickly and
are, therdore, somewhat 'jndífferery.:
to the proposal that they feed their in-
fants. For those who are reluctant to
adopt this ideal method, a demonstration
is given of the equipment which is nec-
tssarr for the safe handling of prepared
feedings. This includes kitchen utensils,
bottle rack, bottles, jars, nipples, and
rubber caps.
For those patients who arc having
th
ir babies at home thf'fe is a special
cbss to help standardi7e the prepara-

MAY, 194'5

tion. Theil: homes are visited during the
prenatal period to check on supplies and
to make suggestions about the arrange-
ment of th
e
room for delivery. O
ly
multiparas who will have a normal de-
liver) are accepted as home cases. These
patient:"! are delivered by a medical stu-
dent under the supervision of an in-
terne. This service is inexpensive for
the patient and is maintained as a source
of practical experience for the medical
students and the nurses in training.
The mothers and babies are given morn-
ing care by our nurses for tend days
following delivery.
Our aim ever since the institution of
this teaching program has been to make
the women more fully alive to the possi-
bilities of improving their living habits
and to impress them with the fact that
good care of them<;elves and of their
children is not an expensive, vague and
impossible thing, but something which
all, who are interested in the welfare
of the nation, are endeavouring to se-
cure for them-that is, a safe and hap-
p
- motherhood.

3'59

The Friedman Test

LILLIAN E.
1.\RTlN

\V e hav
been using the Friedman
test for pre
nanq for the past four and
a half rears and have gradually worked
out an apparently reliable system. .. \:,
nearlr as we can ascertain from our
follow-t:r records we have better than
99 per cent average correct results.
The value of reliable animal
cannot
be too greatly stressed in achie\'ing re-
sults with a high degree of accuracy.
Originally, our source of suppl) for
rabbits was verr precarious and we were
obl"ged to accept the seller 's
tatement
that the does were mature and virgin.
\Ve soon discovered that, if our results
were to be depended upon, we would
have to have more faith in our animals.
Consequentl} we found a reliable per-
son with whom we made a contract to
supply us with healthy virgin does at
least three months old and completely
segregated eight weeks after birth, that
is, the females are segregated from each
other as well.
Eventually we decided that we pre-
ferred the medium-sized, short, straight-
haired white animals (
ew Zealand),
50 our man raised only that type. \Ve
guaranteed to take at least twelve a
month; usuallr we were well over the
quota. Tn order to supply us with an
appro\.innte tW() hundred a year he had
to produce double the amount to be
sure of the required number of does.
Our laboratory requirements for bucks
are limited; six to eight per year arc
used in the preparation of our \Vasser-
mann h
moh sin. \Vhile we have found
the animals from this source to be verr
healthy we are anxious to maintain a
high standard .and if necessary check
smears, cultures or growths for him.
To kill the animal we simply inject
the ear vein with about 8 cc. of air and
death is almost instantaneous. Not much
of the animal is wasted; after skinning

360

we remove the lwain and process it to
make the thromboplastin solution foï
the prothrombin te
ts.
Threatened with a rabbit shortage, I
have .\Jlesthetized the animal and
through a midline incision with a small
instru7-tll nt like a button hook (made by
bending
ome old ere prohes and dental
picks) have drawn out the nvaries, ex-
amined and replaced them, then put
in a couple of sutures to close the incision.
In about six weeks the animal can be
used a
ain. These animals require more
care and, while the method is fine in
case of a shortage, we prefer one animal
per test as being more sure and less time-
consummg.
\Ve keep a supply of well-washed 3
ounce wrapped bottles on hand to give
to patients, with instructions. \Ve ask
them t\) have their evening meal as
usual and whatever nourishment they are
in the habit of having at bedtime, but
absolutely nothing by mouth - food,
fluid. drllg
, etc., after midnight or until
the first urine specimen is collected in
our special container in the morning.
The container is brought to the labora-
tory in the forenoon of the day collected.
Specimens should be used fresh, although
Mull and U nderwood 1 add that if kept
on ice the urine should be useahle for
one week.
The urine is checked for specific
gravity and acidity, and the required
amount filtered. Although most text-
books state a slightly a
id reaction is
more
uitable, we get equallr good re-
sults with either acid or alkaline. The
specific f!ravity is a good check on con-
centration and if the specimen is too
dilute, say 1.003, we ask for a repeat
with further curtailment of fluid intake.
However, some catheter specimens sent
in from hospitals have a low specific
gravity and we have obtained positive

Vol. .n, No. ,

F R lED 1\1 ANT EST

rec;ults on a few with specific gravity
of 1.006.
When the urine is filtered, approxi-
mately 3 to 6 cc. are put into a small
syringe with a 23 G 1 needle. We do not
use a rabbit box but firmly swathe the
animal in a sheet or large towel. One
operator controls the rabbit and holds
the ear to be injected close to the head,
shutting off the blood flow. The ear is
flipped vigorously until a marginal vein
is well congested. The hairs are plucked
out - to show up the vein more clearly;
it may be swabbed with xylol but we
try to .a\Toid this procedure as it seems to
irritate and make the animal more jum-
py.

Depending on the size of the animal,
3 to 6 cc. of the specimen is slowly in-
jected, and this is repeated the follow-
ing morning. In forty-eight hours the
animal is autopsied and the presence of
corpora Ìutea and corpora hemorrhagica
noted. Sometimes we find one ovary with
a positive reaction, while the other is
quite negative. A repeat check on a new
animal, however, has always shown a
definite positive.
Occasion.ally the rabbit has violent
convuhions and dies immediately on in-
jection. This is usually caused by lack of
co-operation on the part of the patient
in the matter of taking drugs, or by the
specimen having become old and con-
taminated.
It seems pretty well confirmed that
the amount of hormone in the urine
during pregnancy rises abruptly from
conception to its height two weeks la-
ter and remains so to within two weeks
of full term, from then on rapidly
diminishing so that the urine at child-
b:rth mar give a negati,'c or doubtful
result. Therefore the specimen should
be obtained not before two weeks fol-
lowing the date of the missed period if
results of the test are to be reliable.
If thc patient has an abortion the sec-
retion of hormone may continue for a
variable length of time - two days to
two weeks. Attach
d placental tissue will

MAY, 1945

361

give a posItive result even in a partial
abortion, so the doctor has a better idea
of the condition with which he is dealing.
;\. we
tkly positive test may be of as
much value as a decided negative or
positive. It may indicate a tubal or un-
healthy pregnancy which may termin-
ate in miscarriage, according to Tenney
and Parker.2 Monthly pregnancy tests
should be performed for one year after
the removal of hydatidiform mole as a
positive reaction longer than six weeks
after evacuation usually denotes the pres-
ence of chorionic epithelioma3 - to
which DeLee adds "or a new pregnan-
cy" .
A Friedman test can be made on
spinal fluid and seems of particular value
in diagnosing hydatidiform mole and
even seminoma occurring in a male with
an ectopic testicle. Vesell and Goldman.
claim that the spinal fluid Friedman
test is negative in all pregnancies, normal
or complicated, and in their series it has
been positive only in cases of hydatidi-
form or seminoma.

McCullagh and Cuyler5 in their
series of fifteen cases of pituitary tumour,
reported eight cases in which positive re-
actions to the Friçdman tests were ob-
t.ained.
The following case histories have been
selected from among the patients of our
clinic on whom Friedman tests have
been performed, because they indicate
the unusual cases in which the Fried-
man test may be of special diagnostic
significance:

Case 1: Mr. W. M. S., age 44. There had
been an increasing mass in the right testicle
for two years. There was no pain and the
patient thought it was related to a blow he
had received in that region three years pre.
viously. His general health was excellent;
Wassermann reaction negative, and Fried-
man urine test negative. Orchidectomy was
performed and the pathological diagnosis was
seminoma of the testicle. Patient is alive and
well.

Case 2: Mrs. G. M., age 50. This patient

362

THE CANADIAN NURSE

was seen on March 22, 1941. Five months
earlier curettage had been done and a diag-
nosis of hydatidiform mole made. Curettage
was repeated in February, 1941, but no evi-
dence of the condition was discerned. About
four weeks before the patient was first seen
she had noticed left temporal pain. The fol-
lowing day spots appeared before the left
eye and on the next day the patient was
completely blind in this eye. Swelling about
the eye started two weeks later and was still
persisting. On examination the left eye re-
vealed marked proptosis. The pupil was oc-
cluded by fibrous exudate. On March 29,
1941, a Friedman urine test was positive and
enucleation of the left eye was performed.
Pathological diagnosis: Degenerating car-
cinoma. Patient was discharged from the
hospital April 4, 1941. Follow-up could not
be obtained.
Case 3: Mrs. A. B. L., age 23. Last men-
strual period December 1, 1941. Usual period
did not recur. January 1, 1942, spotting, in-
termittent vaginal bleeding and lower ab-
dominal pain occurred. Pulse jumped from
70 to over 100 on January 31, 1942. Laparo-
tomy was performed and revealed a right
ectopic pregnancy. A Friedman test (urine)
was done and was positive but the symptoms
necessitated operation before results of the
test could be returned. Patient is alive and
weP.
Case 4: Mrs. J. B. T., age 37. This pa-
tient was admitted to the hospital January
16, 1940, with lower abdominal crampy pains
for one month, vaginal hemorrhage for six

weeks, vomiting for one month. Patient
stated that last normal menstrual period had
occurred in October, 1939. A Friedman urine
test was positive. On January 20 curettage
was done. Pathological diagnosis on material
sent to the laboratory; typical hydatidiform
mole. Patient is living and well.
Ack1IO'Wledgemenfs: The author wishes to
express her thanks to the doctors öf the
Calgary Associate Clinic for the use of the
four case histories included above, and for
their assistance and advice.

BIBLIOGRAPY

1. Mu!
, J. \V., and Underwood, H. D.,
Evaluation of the Practical Use of the
Aschheim-Zondek Pregnancy Test. Ameri-
can Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
33 :850, May, 1937.
2. Tenney, B. Jr., and Parker, F. Jr., Sig-
ni ficance of the \Veakly Positive Aschheim-
Zondek Test. Abstracted in Year Book of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1938, p. 39.
3. Phaneuf, L. E., Hydatidiform Mole and
Chorionepithelioma. Abstracted in Year Book
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1938, p. 78.
4. Vesell, M., and GoldmaQ, S., Friedman
Test on Spinal Fluid in Cases of Hydatidi-
form Mole and Pregnancy. American J our-
nal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 42: 272.
August, 1941.
5. McCullagh, E. P., and Cuyler, W. K.,
The Friedman Test and Pituitary Tumor.
Abstracted in American Journal of Obste-
trics and Gynecology, 38:174, July, 1939.

Health Program of Wartime Shipbui Iding limited

LOIS A. GRUNDY

The Allied world's need for ships be-
came a major concern in the critical
days of the war.
lore tonnage was be-
ing sunk than was being replaced by the
output of existing yards. Construction of
new yards was necessary. The time fac-
tor was paramount. 'rhe labour situation
was rapidly becoming acute.
Wartime Merchants Shipping, later
known as \Vartime Shipbuilding, came
into official existence in April, 1941.

It is a Crown Company operating under
the authority of the Minister of Muni-
tions and Supply. Its jo
was to get ships
built. Once the initial problem of get-
ting this huge ship-building program
underway, Management of \Vartime
Shipbuilding became concerned with the
m.a jar problem of maintaining man-
power supply. Production schedules were
operatÌ!lg twenty-four hours a day and
seven days a week. Labour was being

Vol. 41, No. 5

\V ART I M E H E A L T H PRO G RAM

.,

fIlAStlintlW

t

"...1 }

r-E'
I l' P

.
.

.",.,.-.-

II,.

l

..t

..

Nurse's office, showing eye chart and pamphlet rack

drawn from men rejected by and dis-
charged from the military services, me

in their late fifties who had retired
from active m.anual work, youths under
military age and women. The majority
of the employees were new to shipyard
work and in addition to having to be
trained in their trades also had to be
educated regarding the hazards of the.
industry. Steps had to be taken to reduce
turnover and to keep everyone fit and
on the job. Unions felt that such trades
as mass arc-welding, acetylene-burning
and spray-painting might have health
hazards which would prove injurious
to the health of their members.
Wartime Shipbuilding requested the
B. C. Medical Association to recommend
an industrial health program that could
be adapted to the Shipbuilding Indus-
try. In 1942, the committee on Indus-
trial Medicine of the B. C. Medical As-
sociation, after a careful study (}f B. C.
ship-yards, found that the major yards
were located in the metropolitan area
of Greater Vancouver and were easily
accessible to medical, hospital and ambu-

MAY, 194

lance services. _ \. survey of the first aid
facilities, for accidents and ordinary sick-
ness, showed that first aid stations for
both men and women were convenient-
ly located throughout the yards. First
aid treatment was administered by at-
tendants who had had special training
and held Industrial first aid certificates
issued by the \V orkmen's Compensation
Board. The Committee, therefore, rec-
ommended that a full-time preventive
service be established to consist of pre-
employment and periodic examinations,
consultations for occupational and emer-
gency illness .at work, environmental
supervision, sanitation, communicable
disease control, general health education
and, in addition: act in an advisory ca-
pacity tc the first aid and safety depart-
ments.
Thi
recommendation was accepted
by \Vartime Shipbuilding Limited. The

rsonnel division which .attends to ship-
building. progress, labour relations and
publicity was enlarged ill include two
new divisions: medical and safety. A
medical director, supervisor of nurses

363

364

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and a medical officer for each plant were
appointed. The safety program was
placed under a safety co-ordinator act-
ing in an advisory capacity to the safety
departments of the yards.
Each yard .agreed to equip and main-
tain medical suites and to pay for the
necessary nursing and clerical services.
These divisions were to function under
the direction of and be responsible to
the medical director of \Vartime Ship-
building.
A half-time doctor is empluyed in
yards ,,'ith under twenty-five hundred
emplovct"s; a full-time doctor with
twenty-five hundred and over. Our
nursing and clerical staff has been o.ne
nurse to approximatel} three thousand
employee
; one n u r"e with cler :cal as-
sistance for three to four thousand and
two nur
es for four to five thousand;
two nurses with clerical assistance for
five thousand and over. One first aid
attendant is employed for every five hun-
dred employees.
The nursing staff assumes the nursing
duties and the direction of the clerical
staff necessary to carry out this preven-
tive program. They e
tablish and main-

\

., .,

......,.

.1 -

Vune's lnhoratorr and 'Work erntre.

t
I

tain office rout:ne, take all personal his-
tones and assist the doctor. Blood sam-
ples are taken for tests for syphilis.
Hemoglobin readìngs, urinalyses and
other routine tests, such as vision, hear-
ing and blood pressure are done. Fol-
low-up work arising from examinations
and consultations is recorded and filed
for future reference. Suitable referals
are made to family physicians, clinics
and agencies.
From fifteen to twenty minutes is re-
quired for a physical examination. At
t'mes the number of employees to be
examined. was too great for the doctor
and a screening method was necessary.
The nurse was allowed to pass men
whose medical history was clear within
certain age limits and who were to be
employed in certain specific jobs. Ar-
rangements were made to recall these
men at a later date for a complete phy-
sical examination.
Vitally important to this type of ser-
vice is the building up .and maintaining
of adequate record
, if statistics of any
value are to be compiled. In addition
to the individual history record which
containc; all pertinent information, a day
hook of all office ,'isits, classifying the
rea
(1J1 of the ,'isit, the di
position of each
case, the laboratory work and follow-up
work is kept. A weekly report of all
office ,
:-:it" properl
' .Classified,.. with dis-
position and synopsis, i.s' sent to the me-
dica] director. ..
The physical examination is similar
to insurance and life extension examin-
ations. Pre-employment eÀaminatïions
are uscrl to place the worker in jobs
suitr-d tn their physical and emotional
status, where they are least likely to en-
danger their health or cause in jury to
others. Periodic examinations are done
at intervals to check health effects of
their jobs and to find early signs of
occupational illness. By these examina-
tions and consultations, observation of
individual health is maintained.
During the past two ye.ars physical
examinations have been the principal

..

Vol. 41, No.5

'\T ART I :\ 1 E H E A L T H PRO G R A !\ 1

activity in the medical division. Several
reasons made this necessary: (1) Over
twenty thousand were alread,- employed
in the B. C. ship-} ards at the time of
the establishment of the medical service.
The payrolJs were built up in s:À month

to over thirty thousand. 'rhere was a
monthly labour turn-over of 6 to 8
per cent. (2) There was need for per-
iodic examinations of certain trades
where health hazards were like]r to
exist. _-\11 requests for change of
ccu-
pation for he31th rea
ons had to he
recommended by the } anl doctor. (3)
All women workers were to have an an-
ntwl eX'lmination. (4) Lahour within
certain age hrackets was frozen. Among
th:
group were a number with work
limitations. K ational Selective Service
was required to direct this group to in-
du
tries of high prior'it}. rating. Olll'
division has been helpful to 1\at:onal
Selective Service by classifrin
medical
releases as follows:" Tl -- T
tally un-
fit to work in ship-yards; T2 - Ter-
minated for a specified period for medi-
cal treatment; T3 - 'rerminated be-
cause no suitable job W3S availahle in
that yard.

The Vancouver area is well supplied
with excellent public health services;
we ha ve received the fune
t co-opera-
tion from all these groups. The Van-
couver :\1etropolitan Health Committee
is avaibhle for advice on many tech-
nical questions. Their well-organized
public health nursing service is avail-
able for home visits. This Committee
is responsible for communicable disease
control and notifies us of ship-yard
workers who are contacts of certain
communicable diseases. These workers
are given'instruction regarding the signs
and symptoms of the disease, the incu-
bation period, and are required to report
to the yard medical officer at stated
times during this period for examination.
The- Provincial Labor3tory has eÀ-
amined over seventeen thousand blood
samples for syphilis; about 1.5 per cent
were positive. Well over four hundred

MAY, ]945

365

other te
ts were done which include
sputum, swabs, stool and urine cultures
for food handlers.
The diagnostic .and treatment ser-
vices of the Provincial Board of Health
Venereal Disease Control, are used. \V

report all positive bloods on a new in-
dustrial survey form, which includes
the name of patient's family doctor and
the date and time of a clinical appoint-
ment. 'Vhen the patient reports either
to his own doctor or to the clinic, we
are advised of the diagnosis and whe-
ther the patient is in the infectious stage.
If he fails to report we follow the case
and make suitable arrangements.
The Provincial Division of Tuber-
culosis Control provides survey, diagnos-
tic facilities, social services and hospital-
ization. To date nearly twenty-two
thousand chest x-rays have been taken.
A survey last Spring covering most of
VancoU\'er ship-yard workers showed
that 1 per cent of those x-rayed were
diagnosed as tuberculous. Only one-third
of the cases were in need of active treat-
ment; slightly more than a fifth of this
number after receivino- treatment have
returned to work in th
industry.
Industrial engineering and sanitation

ervices are provide
, by the Dominion
Department of Health and \VeHare.
Pamphlet racks in the offices are
kept well supplied with literature. A
wide range of subjects, covering many
aspects of adult health, are' available.
.-\11 the
e services are available to the
worker without cost; largelv as a result
of these facilities, the annual per capita
cost of the ship-yard health service is
under three dollars.
Our records show, that of the sixty-
four thousand office visits, 87 per cent
returned to work following the examin-
ation or consultation with the plant doc-
tor. An office visit requires a half to
one hour of the workman's time and
without such a service he would lose
the greater part of a day to consult an
outside doctor; thus a tremendous num-
ber of man-hours of labor a"re saved.

366

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A study was made of the 13 per cent
who were taken off work. These were
divided into three groups and classified
under thirty broad headings. The first
ten reasons were listed for comparison
and study as follows:

1. Those who were acutely ill - or in
need of immediate medical attention: upper
respiratory infections, 22.8 per cent; old
injuries and deformities, 14.2 per cent; other
alimentary conditions, 7.3 per cent; eyes and
vision, 7.3 per cent; ears and hearing, 6.2 per
cent; dermatoses, 6.2 per cent; chest condi-
tions other than tuberculosis, 5.2 per cent;
arthritis and rheumatism, 2.7 per cent; acute
infectious diseases, 2.5 per cent; general
debility, fatigue, etc., 2.3 per cent. The first
ten causes accounted for 76.2 per cent of
this group.
2. Those who for medical reasons were re-
jected or terminated from shipyard work:
old injuries and deformities, 15.6 per cent;
chest conditions other than tuberculosis, 11.0
per cent; neuroses, 8.3 per cent; arthritis and
rheumatism, 7.2 per cent; heart disease, 7.2
per cent; peptic ulcer, 5.9 per cent; general
debility, fatigue, etc., 5.2 per cent; eyes and
vision, 5.1 per cent; ears and hearing, 3.7
per cent; upper respiratory infections, 3.6
per \:ent. The first ten causes accounted for
72.8 per cent.
3. Those who due to pre-existing or oc-
cupational conditions required a change of
occupation: old injuries and deformities,
20.6 per cent; pneumatic arm, 10.0 per cent;
fumes, 8.6 per cent; chest conditions other
than tuberculosis, 8.6 per cent; general de-
bility, fatigue, etc., 6.0 per cent; arthritis
and rheumatism, 5.3 per cent; eyes and
vision, 4.6 per cent; upper respiratory in-
fections, 3.7 per cent; ears and hearing, 3.5
per cent; other alimentary conditions, 3.3
per cent. The first ten causes accounted for
72.2 per cent.

Here we found an interesting devel-
opment, a condition termed "pneumatic
arm", which may occur from the use
of pneumatic tools. This is a compensable
condition. If recognized early and the
occupation changed to work without
much strain, a rapid improvement may
be expected. If allowed to progress,

inflammation or even organic changes
supervene. In one year, of the sixty-four
claims for lost time from compensable
illness, thirty-five were for "pneumatic
arm" .
From a study of the general recordg
the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Conditions found at the physical
examination were probably quite similar
to those of the same age group in the
general public.
2. \Vomen, some of whom have had
their third physical routine examination,
showed a general history of good health
with few occupational illnesses.
3. Occupational illness is not a major
problem in our yards.
4. Analyses of paints show that very
little lead paint is used in the ship-yards.
The hazard of lead poisoning is not an
important factor.
S. \Velding and burning fumes, as
far as can be determined, have not been
responsible for any change in the type
or degree of illness in the Vancouver
shipyards. Repeated examinations and
consultations show that welders and
burners en joy at least as good health as
do other tradesmen. Other findings
show that welding and burning fumes
ha,'e no specific part in the cause or
progress of tuberculosis. No case of
acute pulmonary edema or fume fever
has been reported. Chemical analyses do
not show dangerous concentrations of
fumes.
Pre,'cntion is a 'long-term' program.
In some respects the degree of efficien-
cy reached can never be determined.
Past and present figures can be com-
pared, if there are past figures. In a war
industry they are rare. Sickness absence
rates, previous to two years ago, are not
available.
Figures for one aspect of prevention
can always be obtained. Industries are
responsible for the cost of medical treat-
ment, lost time compensation and acci-
dental deaths as a result of occupational
injury and illness. Fatalities in the steel
ship-building industry were eighteen ac-

Vol. 41, No.5

TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY

cidental deaths in each of the past two
,'ears.
The trend of industrial accidents in
the other major B. C. industries has
been upward. In 1944, compensation
rates for heavy industries varied from
11 Y2 to 3 per cent of the payroll. Fre-
quency and severity rates of ship-yard
accidents were substantially down com-
pared to 1943. The corresponding re-
duction in compensation rates resulted
in a saving to B. C. yards of over half
a minion dollars. This was attributed
largely to the work of the safety, medi-
cal and first aid departments.
This type of health service produces
tangible and intangible benefits. Some
of the tangible results are that workers
are supplied with the knowledge of cor-
rectable defects, the early signs of degen-
erative disease and the necessity for

367

treatment. Appointments are made with
the family doctor and the clinic. By re-
check examination their response to treat-
ment is observed. \Vhere a health haz-
ard is found, suitable control measures
are instituted.
Among the intangible results, which
cannot be readily evaluated, is the op-
portunity to assist with the adult public
health education of the community by
individual he.alth teaching and the in-
terpretation of the functions of the exist-
ing agencies. General health supervision
has maintained and improved the health
and earning capacity of the workers.
This has resulted in improved mor.ale,
healthier and happier workers, reduced
accident rates, better labor relations, im-
proved work, the saving of hundreds of
thousands of dollars and the production
of more ships.

Tuberculosis Survey of a Rural Municipality

In June, 1944, the first x-ray sur-
vey of a rural municipality in
1anitoba
was conducted by the Manitoba Sana-
torium staff using a 35 mm. machine.
The district covered was about twelve
by thirty miles and the population, con-
sisting of French, Belgian and Anglo-
Saxons, numbered between three thou-
sand and thirty-five hundred individuals.
The request for the survey was made
to the superintendent of the :\Ianitoba
Sanatorium by the Council of the M uni-
cipality. The doctor in charge of the
survey work met with the Council and
outli.ned the organization which would
be needed and suggested the type of
publicity which would be most effective.
A letter explaining the purpose of the
survey was drafted and also a poster an-
nouncing the date and time when each
district should report to the survey cen-
tre. The fvIunicipality was divided into
districts with one councillor responsible

MAY, 194'

for each. He saw that every family re-
ceived a copy of the explanatory letter
and that posters were put up in con-
spicuous places and he also arranged
transportation for families unable to pro-
vide their own. The interest of the cler-
gy was enlisted and an announcement
of the
urvey made at services on two
Sundays previous to the date set.
The more such a project can be a
truly community effort the more suc-
cessful it is likely to be, so the public
health nurse left most of the organiza-
tion and publicity to the committee.
She was busy meanwhilt> visiting the
convent schools and .any family which
any councillor felt needed further per-
suasIOn.
Th
Committee, headed by the sec-
retary-treasurer for the Municipality,
also arranged for volunteer helpers for
each session the survey was operating
and included three registrars, two heJp-

368

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ers for the women's dressing rooms and
one for the men. The survey ran six
days from 2.00 to 5.00 p.m. and 7.00
to 9.00 p.m.
Survey quarters were the basement of
one of the churches and adequate pri-
vacy for dressing rooms and x-ray was
provided by the liberal use of clothes-
lmes and sheets.
A total of 2,807 availed themselves
of this opportunity. It is rather inter-
esting to compare the first travelling

clinic held in this district in 1928, with
the present survey. In 1928, of 176
people having x-ray, 13 had tubercu-
losis, 7 being diagnosed for the first
time. In 1944 out of 2,807, 12 had
tuberculosis, 4 being diagnosed for the
first time.

ELSIE J. \VILSON
Vl-fne C onsultont,
Tuberculosis Nursing, J1 anitoba
Bureau of Public Hf'altlz Nursing.

Milk IS a Valuable Food

Milk is not a perfect food but is the bt .t
individual one known. It contains materials
which produce energy, foster growth, take
care of the r
pair of worn out muscle tis-
sue, and which, together with vitamin D,
can look after the formation and upkeep of
bones and teeth. It is a fundamental food
for human beings of aU ages. However, milk
does not contain all the food requirements
in correct proportion. It is about 84 to
85 per cent water. It contains an emulsified
fat, commonly known as butter which is
chiefly digested in the stomach. AU other
food fats take much longer to break down
and are digested in the intestines. The pro-
tein of milk has aU the factors which sustain
life as it contains important minerals and
vitamins. However, it is deficient in Iron,

iodine, vitamin B] or thiamin and vitamins
C and D,
"\filk is a "J ekyll and Hyde". Considered a
fine all-round food, at the same time it is a
culture medium for fermentative, putrefac-
tive and virulent disease germs. Dr. John
R. Fraser, of )"lcGill University, has stated
that "unsafe milk has been responsible in
the past for more deaths and illness than all
other foods grouped together". And even
clean milk can be unsafe, despite all possible
precautions at the source of supply. There-
fore, milk must be put through some process
that will kill disease germs before it is
bottled in ord
r to ruake it safe. That pro-
ces<; is pasteurintion.

-H ('aTtlt L('ague of C atzada.

Nurses throughout Saskatchewan and
elsewher'e in Canada learned with deep-
est regret of the passing of the late Dr.
W. C. Murray, President Emeritus of the
University of Saskatchewan. Those who
hav
been privileged to know Dr. Mur-
ray and to have had personal contacts
with him realize that in his passing
the nursing profession has lost a real
friend.
The Nurses Registration Act passed
in Saskatchewan in 1917, and many other
progressive developments affecting the

Obituary

nursing profession, were due in a large
measure to Dr. Murray's support and
unfailing interest.
At the time of his death Dr. Murray
was also chairman of the Board of Gov-
ernors of the Saskatoon City Hopsital.
A fitting tribute to his untiring efforts
in this capacity was paid by graduate
and student nurses from the Saskatoon
City Hospital who attended the funeral
and formed a guard of honour while
bidding siient farewell to one whom they
had always held in high regard.

Vol. 41, No. ,

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A

The Ideal Characteristics of a Nurse

L. EVELYN HORTON

In a nursing school the importance of
keeping the ideal characteristics of a
nurse paramount is of vital importance,
not only for the director and instruc-
tors, but the entire nursing staff per-
sonnel including supervisors, head nur-
ses, and general staff duty nurses.
Possibly in no other profession is
example and precept so important as in
the nur
ing profession. Every staff duty
nurse whether she wants it or not is go-
o ing to be a teacher. Next to experience
the best of all teachers for nurses as well
as other pupils is a good example. No
nursing staff can hope to attain the best
standards for the students in the school
unless each and everyone is wilIing to
sacrifice.
The characteristics of a good nurse
may be divided into three groups:
1. Certain traits are basic to good
nursing and rest upon already accom-
plished habits and .attitudes.
2. Other traits are also basic to good
nursing and can be acquired in training.
3. Still other characteristics are spe-
cial nursing skills, which can be learned
only through constant practice and study
in training.
. The student nurse is made aware of
these characteristics on application, and
in introductory lectures after entrance.
As many of these characteristics are ac-
quired through training, it is essen tial
that they should be kept constantly be-

MAY. 194'

fore her as a goal. This is the responsi-
bility of all members of the nursing
schaul faculty and especially the super-
visors and head nurses because of their
constant contact with student nurses
during the immediate situation where
these necessary characteristics or the
absence of th
m will be displayed.
An outline of these characteristics
with which we should all be familiar will
be discussed under the three groups
noted above:
1. The basic prerequisite traits upon
which the acceptance of a student into
a school of nursing is based. These are
fundamental traits, which can be chang-
ed only with extreme difficulty, if at all.
e a) Is health}-physically and mental-
ly (full discussion, pages 44-46, Mental
Hygiene for Nurses, Vincent). A com-
plete physical examination before e
-
trance is essential. Health is defined as
that quality of life that enables us to live
most and serve best. The nurse who her-
self is exhausted cannot give; gåod service.
(b) Good intelligence -.::.. the value
of intelligence tests for applièants. is de-
b;ttable. They are being carried out by
some schools of nursing before accept-
ance of students. As junior matricula-
tion ha:; been set as a standard, and as
a ddinite degree of intelligence is con-
sidered necessary for a student to achieve
junior matriculation (I.Q: 107--1-20),
many educationalists believe this tr be

369

370

THE CAì\ADIAN NURSE

sufficient for entrance. All schools of
. nursing would do well to raise their
standards of entrance to senior matricu-
lation. A record of the students' acade-
mic experience and the marks made
gives a valuable clue as to what can be
expected of her in the school of nursing.
G
nerally speaking, from experience I
have found a student can be expected
to continue at about the same level.
Where she possesses other qualities es-
sential for nursing her success is more
assured than if she lacks these qualities.
(c) Personality is of. very great im-
portance. \Vhat the nurse is as a person,
is as important as the skills she will ac-
quire in nursing procedures. \Ve do not
always show consistency in our person-
ality traits - they change with emotion-
al variations. The nurse like the gifted
actress must possess a versatile and flex-
ible personality. She must be a real per-
son. As Emerson Fosdick has put it in
his r
cent book, "On Being a Real Per-
son," "Personality is not so much like
a structure as like a river . . . it con-
tinuously flows, and to be a real p
rC30n
is to be engaged in a perpetual process
of becoming". He also says, "A real
person is integrated, and achieves a high
degree of unity within himself. Some in-
divid uals are like a brush heap, a helter-
skelter, miscellaneous pile of twigs and
branches j others like a tree include the
same kind of material but are organized
into a vital growing entity. As growth
continues, selves appear. There is the
self one is at home, the self in business,
in church, the golf links, etc. Often thes

multiple selves are in bitter conflict -
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Personal
wholeness and unity is necessary for
happiness and health".

"Happiness", said Dr. \Villiam Shel-
don, "is essentially a state of going
som
where wholeheartedly, one direc-
tionally, without regret or reservations".
To be all at odds with oneself is to be
unhappy. Many of the gr
at people in
th
world have had a desperate time
finding themselv
s. Florence Nightin-

gale wrote in her diary, "In my thirty-
first year I see nothing desirable but
death" .

The nurse's pe;sonality plays an im-
portant role in the sick room. In addi-
tion to nursing care the nurse has many
other relationships to the patient. Her
professional competence is usually ta-
ken for granted and it is often in these
other relationships that she can find
unique opportunities to promote the wel-
fare of the patient and guide him for-
ward tow.ard recovery. The nurse must
be able to ad just to the sickness situa-
tion, and the complexity of moods and
attitudes that characterize most sick per-
sons. C0urageous optimism must be one
of her permanent personality traits. She
must have .an even temperament, not
moody or easily depressed. She must be
able to maintain courage in others, re-
new hope and strength, be dynamical-
ly sympathetic. The nurse should culti-
vate individuality, which will make her
more jnteresting to the patient. In ad-
justing herself to the sickness situation
the nurse's general cultural and educa-
tional background is of assistance. Visi-
tors come and go but the nurse is con-
stantly with the patient. The nurse who
has a varied general educ.ation, who
keeps wen informed on the news of the
day, including politics, books, plays,
sports, and who is able to draw dis-
criminately upon her own experiences
and observation is not likely to lack ap-
propriate topics of interesting conver-
sation for the convalescent patient.
There is some skepticism among edu-
cationalists as to the value of personality
tests. Actual observation in different
situations, when the student is not aware
she is being studied, is the best means of
judging personality. The preliminary
period in the nurse's training is well
suited to this purpose. The value of per-
sonal recommendations depends on the
motivation of the person writing them.
2. Other traits are also basic to good
nursing, and can be acquired in train-
ing. These characteristics may be briefly

Vol. 41, No. ,

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NURSE 371

summarized ;IS follows: (a) patience j
(b) orderly methods of working j (c)
control of one's temper; (d) an in-
creasingly sympathetic understanding;
( e) tolerance; (f) a cosmopolitan view-
point and set of appreciations; (g) self-
confidence; (h) ability to get along
satisfactorily with other people.
If ;I student nurse already possesses
these qualities, she is spared much effort
in learning and will probably be able to
reach a superior position in the nursing
profession. If she needs to acquire many
of them she will have to concentrate
harder and work more seriously. Suc-
cess sometimes is greater when a nurse
has to struggle to develop herself.
Struggle with one's self, if ultimately
successful, gives one the finest possible
basis for understanding and helping
other people. Constructive criticism and
praise well-earned will help students to
gain these traits.

3. Still other characteristics are spe-
cial skills which can be learned only
through constant practice and study in
training as, for example, acquiring skiIl
and efficlcncy in: (a) manipulation of
sterile technique; (b) handling patients;
( c) recognizing symptoms; (d) making
accurate and helpful observations j ( e )
hospital and sickroom routine.
'fhese will come through serious
study, prolonged practice, constant alert-
ness to the necessity for learning every-
thing possible about the profession. Since
repeateù performance is needed to gain
efficiency in any art, the necessity of
students being given the opportunity to
repeat procedures which they are pre-
pared to do is important.
The following are some general con-
siderations regarding the educational
program for student nurses. All mem-
bers of the nursing school faculty should
be prepared to assist both in building
and carrying out the plan of education.
Supervisors and .n
ad nurses should have
a general understanding of the
ntire
educational program both clinical and
classroom, and see the rdationship of

MAY, 194'

their part to the whole. They have bet-
ter oppurtunities than any other mem-
bers of the staff to help the students to
see the importance of relating theory and
practice and therefore should be familiar
with the fundamental principles of teach-
ing and learning. These are outlined in
"The Hospital Head Nurse" by Way-
land. Of these I want to mention par-
ticularly the fifth, namely, "the impor-
tance of immediate application of knowl-
edge". As soon as the student has been
taught the theory underlying a proce-
dure, and techniques have been demon-
strated, opportunities should be provided
for her to carry out the procedure in
the real situation. If the knowledge pre-
viously taught is to function, guidance
must be given in making the right ap-
plication, and in knitting together theory
and practice. Without this final step
much of what is taught in the classroom
will be wasted.

To carry out these steps economically
and competently a program must be
planned in each clinical division to which
students are assigned and definite pro-
vision made for carrying out the plan.
In carrying out procedures on the
ward, though they may have been well
taught in thè demonstration room, the
student will need some additional in-
struction the first time she performs this
procedure on the ward. It should not be
necessary to reteach the lesson but sim-
ply to help the student recall what she
has already learned, and apply it to the
immediate situation. In many instances,
depending on the nature of the proce-
dure and the condition of the patient,
additional assistance may be necessary
the next two or three times treatmeßt is
repeated. Young, inexperienced students
should not be exposed to nerve-racking
ordeals without someone at hand to give
them a sense of confidence. Supervision
should be, therefore, more concentrated
during the period when students are
making their first adjustments to a new
type of experience.
It is important to r
member that in-

372

THE C...-\ l' .-\ D I A N
U R S E

dividuals differ in their mental and phy-
sic.al capacities and reactions, and con-
sequently that progress is an individual
matter. \Ve must learn not to expect all
students to attain the ahility of the super-
ior students in any group. Also, we must
be aware of the importance of compar-
ing a student with other students in the
s.ame group, and not with more exper-
ienced students. The head nurse oc
supervisor should keep before her as a
basis a knowledge of what can be rea-
sonahly expected of the average junior,
intamèdiate, and senior student. By the
consideration of these points and a
kn'?
,ledge of what to expect of an
average student at different phases of
her training the ultimate aim of nursing
education will be more fully realized.
The following is a very general out-
line of the levels of .ability which might
be expected:

1. The junior studcnt - A typed list kept
up-to-date of procedures covered with pre-
liminary and junior students and posted on
the wards proves very helpful to head nur-
ses. By the completion of the junior year,
students
hould have had demonstration and
practice in all the general nursing proce-
dures and with su fficient supervision should
be able to carry these out in the wards. The
junior student should not be assigned to
the critically ill or e-tremely difficult pa-
tient. or unusual cases. They should not be
given full responsibility for any such work
as medications. dressings, diets.
2. The intermcdiate student - Early in
the intermediate year students should receive
operating room experience, which gives them

a keener appreciation of asepsis. They can
now be expected to take more responsibility
for surgical technique and other duties on
the wards. They should perform the general
nursing care and treatments more efficiently
and with less constant supervision. During
this term the student receives her obstet-
rical training which is in many ways an
entirely new experience. However, she enters
this department with a good foundation in
merlical nursing, surgical nursing, and oper-
ating room technique. The related lectures
in obstetrics and obstetrical nursing if pos-
sible should be given concurrently with this
experience.
3. The scnior stl/dell! - l\Iuch of the sen-
ior student's time is spent in affiliations and
in speciai departments such as pediatrics,
isolatinn, public health, out-patients' depart-
ment, sanatorium, psychiatric. During her
time spent on the wards it is reasonable to
expect this student to carry some of the
executiv
work and more advanced duties.
This again should be done under careful
guidance frem supervisors and should prove
invaluable in the training of the nurse for
her future work

The practical work card which is
checked as soon as the student success-
fully performs a treatment, and which
accompa!1ies her from one department
to another, should be of assistance to
supervisors and head nurses, acquaintin6"
them w:th what the student is prepared
to do,
nd also with the experience re-
quired by the student.
"The" entire object of true educat:on
is to make people not merely do the right
things, but en joy the right things". -
Ruskin.

Very much is being written in current
magazines and the press concerning the
return of the thousands of young men
and women who are in the various ser-
vices to civilian life. For months, too, the
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has

Preview

had qualified doctors, psychologists and
others speaking regularly on the same
topic. Weare glad to be able to present
as our feature for June Dr. Ewen Cam-
eron's very able presentation of this
subject.

Vol. 41, No. ,

PUBLIC HEAL TH

NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian NUfIeS
Association

Setting the Social Climate

MILDRED I. \V ALKER

In the earlier articles dealing with
the problems of supervision ,an attempt
was made to show why and how the
change from the authoritarian form of
supervision to the more democratic form
has come into being in public nealth
nursing organizations. Two cogent fac-
tors have emerged from this new em-
phasis j first, that it is neces
ary that all
members of the staff should be capahle
of adult behaviour; and, second, that
if they do not seem to have the ability
to accept their part in democratic think-
ing and planning, this fault mar be due
to some previous experience under a less
favourable form of supervision. [n other
words, the public health nurse who is
mature emotionally should be compe-
tent, not only to plan for and carry out
her health program in the community
but also to contribute her share to the
thinking and development within the
organization itself. \Ve have seen that
leadership is necessary to achieve these
ends - leadership which in its truest
sense provides for and encourages ac-
tive co-operation from the whole staff.
Given adequate leadership and well co-
ordinated staff, supervision assumes a
truly democratic meaning, and a demo-
cratic atmosphere or social climate is
created within the agency.
The social climate which is developed
within a public health nursing organi-
zation is an important factor to be con-
sidered. It directly influences perfor-

MAY. 1'.,

mance in both the immediate and long-
term supervisory planning. A social
climate may be defined as the atmos-
phere or tone which results from the
mutual relations of people through liv-
ing and working in an organized, in-
terdependent body or society. Let us
make a study of the forms of social
climates whi
h may be set up within
a public health nursing group through
the interaction of its members and others
directly and indirectly associated with
the health service. Each individual might
apply the information to her own situ-
ation and decide which climate would
give the most satisfactory results in the
light of her evaluation.
Studies which have been made indi-
cate that there are three main climates
which Il1:lV he created: authoritarian,
democratic and laissez-faire. It has been
stated that "the varieties of democracies,
autocracies and laissez-faire atmospheres
are, of courie, very numerous. Besides
there are always individual differences
of character and hackground to con-
sider"]. \Vhen the nurse attempts to
evaluate the social climate in which she
serves on the hasis of these experimental
studies, she must consider all the factors
of individual differences and back-
ground and evaluate them objectively.
This will not be done readily because
she herself is a contributing factor to
the group reaction.
The following outline indicates the

In

374

THE CANADIAN NURSE

methods by which the three varieties of
social clim.ates were created experimen-
tally.

goals were set by the individual in
charge. Apathy disappeared when the
authoritarian leader left the room, indi-

Authoritarian

Laissez-faire

All policies a matter of 1.
group discussion and
decision, encouraged and
assisted by the leader.
2. Activity p.erspective 2.
gained during first dis-
cussion period.
General steps to group
goal sketched, and
where technical advice
was needed the leader
suggested two or three
alternative procedures
from which choice could
be made.

The members were free
to work with whomever
they chose, and the
division of tasks was
left up to the group.
4. The leader was "object- 4.
ive" or "fact-minded"
in his praise and criti-
cism, and tried to be a
regular group member in
spirit without doing too
much of the work.

1. All determination of po- 1.
licy by the leader.

2. Techniques and activity
steps dictated by the
authority, one at a time,
so that future steps were
always uncertain to a
large degree.

3. The leader usually dic- 3.
tatoo the particular
work task and work
companions of each
member.

4. The dominator was
"personal" in his praise
and criticism of the
work of each member,
but remained aloof from
active group participa-
tion except when de-
monstrating. He was
friendly or impersonal
rather than openly hos-
tile.

Democratic

Complete freedom for
group or individual de-
cision, without any lea-
der participation.
Various materials sup-
plied by the leader, who
made it clear that he
would supply informa-
tion when asked. He
took no 'other
part in
work discussions.

3. Complete non-participa-
tion by leader.

Very infrequent com-
ments on member acti-
vities unless questioned,
and no attempt .to par-
ticipate or interfere with
the course of events.

The resulting behaviour in these ar-
tificially-created social climates demon-
strated many tendencies which are of
interest to the public health nurse. In
the authoritarian climate the results of
aggressive domination were shown by
the participants; to the leader the res-
ponse was submission and persistent de-
mands for attention; there was hostility,
criticism, expressions of competition,
and ego-involved language; individuals
who had proven to be leaders in the
democratic environment became scape-
goats in the authoritarian, made excuses
and left the group; there 'was little in-
centive for initiating new projects; there
was little smiling and joking, and there
was tension due to frustrations when all

eating that the removal of pressure gave
release to the emotions. Strikes and symp-
toms of rebellious action occurred, the
degree of rebellion or submission being
dependent upon the pressure of forces
from within as compared with the for-
ces exerted from without. The unwill-
ingness of the group to accept pressure
was amply demonstrated.
In the democratic situation the inter-
action was more spontaneous, fact-
minded .and friendly. To the leader
the response was free and on a basis of
equality. There was a moderate amount
of aggression. When the students trans-
ferred from the authoritarian or high-
tension atmosphere to the democratic
there were outbursts of aggression, con-

Vol. 41, No. ,

SET TIN G THE SO C I ALe L I :Vi ATE 375

fusion and running around until they
became .adjusted to the situation of less
preS6Urc and more freedom for setting
individual goals.

The laissez-faire atmosphere, due to
lack of direction and indifference on the
part of the leader, soon indicated loss
of interest and productivity although
preference was expressed for this dis-
order rather than the rigidity of group
structure created by authoritarian direc-
tion.

In the summary of the experiment,
four main factors were found to create
aggressive behaviour: (1) tension; (2)
restricted space for free movement;
(3) style of living; ( 4) rigidity of
group structure. Aggression is the in-
vasion of rights, as defined by the dic-
tionary, and it challenges the supervisor
to ask herself, "Is my direction imitat-
ing the authoritarian pattern? Is all the
work being directed by me? Am I per-
mitting my staff to set goals and attain
them? Have I enough confidence in my
own direction and the abilities of my
staff to permit them an equal share in
planning and working out the program?
Do I dictate every step of the way? Do
I emphasize techniques or principles?
Do I permit flexibility in following pro-
cedures? Am I objective or fact-minded
in my praise or criticism or am I 'per-
sonal'? Do I consider personalities or
the total situation and the objectives of
the program? Am I always construc-
tive? Do I, in making plans for future
work, l.ESCÙSS it first with the group, or
do I make the plans and 'tell' them
what they are to do?" The supervisor
must remember that while techniques
and principles .are both necessary, prin-
ciples are more fundamental. Techni-
ques are to be applied in relation to the
principles involved. Also that the total
situation and the objectives of the pro-
gram must be considered above person-
alities. In the truly democratic organ-
ization the group would consider its
needs and plan accordingly.
In an attempt to be democratic the

MAY, 1945

leader may err and create the laissez-
faire climate because she does not wish
to "interfere" with the staff in plan-
ning. Democratic leadership is not in-
terference. There is a place for advice
and guidance when the nurse has not
time to find out all the facts in the
situ.ation and reach her own conclusions.
The supervisor is the expert and as such
is a resource for the nurse.
\dvice must
be accepted too when the individual is
too suhjective, is too close to the case
emotionally to make a decision, or is not
sufficiently informed on the subject.
Advice has its place but it must be rea-
sonable and applicable to the specific
instance. It is realized that sometimes
the individual nurse may even be per-
mitted to fail, because, providing no in-
jury is done to the project, this failure
becomes a valuahle teaching experience
for her.

\Vhen di
satisfaction is found among
the staff, the supervisor should take
warning of future trouble. Frequent
resignations, rebeJIion, apathy, lack of
responsible behaviour all may indicate
an authoritarian climate to the wise
supervisor. The executive who attri-
butes a procession of resignations over
a period of time to ill-health, "person-
ality" problems and all the other ex-
cuses put forward, is acting blindly, and
is not fact-minded. It may be the per-
sonality of the supervisor or it may be
one member of the staff. If it is the lat-
ter who creates the difficulty, and the
supervisor is democratic, fact-minded,
the group will soon correct the problem.
If the difficulty lies with the super-
visor the situation is more difficult un-
less the supervisor is truly democratic
and can evaluate herself objectively.
'The first cause of aggression noted is
tension. This is affected by the person-
ality of the leader or supervisor. In the
field of guidance and in administration,
the social climate develops from the top
down. The executive officer or the per-
son who directs the service has been re-
ferred to as the planner, the integrater

376

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and the "spark-plug" of the organiza-
tion. This is a big order but those who
guide others accept this as a part of
their responsibilities. ScheIb says there
are three qualities essential for a good
executive. These are: innate interest
in and affection for people; strength
and power of personality; scientific
trend of mind. This strength and power
of personality may create tension or it
may set up a democratic social climate
through direction and example. Tension
or pressure will be avoided if the lead-
er or supervisor possesses these three
qualifications and a democratic social
climate will result.
The other three factors which create
aggression-lack of space, rigidity of
group structure, culture or style of liv-
ing-may be found among a staff and
the supervisor may not be able to cor-
rect them. As soon as there is an aware-
ness of the situation, a remedy should
be sought. If the difficulties cannot be
overcome the supervisor should accept
them, by-pass them, or resign from her

tion. She should not complain ineffec-
tively. Restricted space causing lack of
free movement may occur when there is
inadequate office space for the staff.
'The office and conference rooms of the
public health agency should fulfil the
principles of health. They should be
spacious, well-ventilated, well-lighted,
clean and attractively decorated, and
free from hazards. In the hospital pres-
sure may be created through lack of free
space because of the large number of
people who live in a nurses' residence.
Frequently, too, the hospital has been
surrounded by other buildings leaving
very little free space. One hospital, turn-
ing a liability into an asset, has made
an . abandoned reservoir into a swim-
ming pool, to the delight of all the staff.
Without leaving the grounds in off
duty hours, the young people can ac-
quire that coveted coat of tan to compete
with those who may have more free time
to go to the beach. Other hospitals have
roof gardens for recreation. These as-

sist in the release of pressure due to res-
tricted space, and limited time. (Did
you ever know a nurse who had enough
time? )
Rigidity of group structure is fre-
quently a problem which creates real
difficulty for the nurse who serves the
community, especially when the service
is new. For her first six months or year
the community watches her very close-
ly, especially if it is semi-urban or rural
area. They are suspicious of anything
new especially if it emanates from the
city. This is true also of the young tea-
cher and in many cases the public
health nurse may assist her to under-
stand the mores and customs of that
particular community. These group
structures may be unknown to the new
comer despite the fact they may be
rigidly adhered to by the community.
Any change creates a problem and prob-
ably considerable pressure. In pre-war
days when personnel was more plenti-
ful, many communities engaged only
"home-grown" personnel. Hospitals
closed their staffs to outside graduates.
This ha5 been broken down and we hope
will be avoided in the future post-war
planning for nursing services in C.anada.
A style of living or culture may be a
contributing factor to aggressiveness,
creating pressure on staff. It may be that
some nurse belongs to a cultural group
which encourages an aggressive pattern
of behaviour. It may be that she does not
come from a home where all share equal
status in the family unit. In her home
situation, there may be one member
much more dominant than the others
which tends toward an authoritarian
climate.
Of particular assistance to me has
been the careful observation of the be-
haviour of students when transferred
from an authoritarian climate to the
democratic. The release of pressure
creates confusion and lack of self-disci-
pline until the student becomes accus-
tomed to the atmosphere of lessened
pressure. Some of our students show

Vol. 41, No.5

SET T I
G THE sac I ALe L I MAT E 371

interesting behaviour reactions when
they come from a hospital atmosphere
which has been authoritarian to the
democratic climate of a university school.
Here they are accepted as graduate nur-
ses who are sufficiently responsible to
meet the requirements outlined in the
university calendar, such as attend.ance,
field trips and assignments. It is inter-
esting that the general reaction is dif-
ferent each year but with some guid-
ance the students make their ad just-
ments 2.nd emerge with the form of be-
haviour acceptable for the public health
nurse.

Our aim in supen']slon in public
health nursing is to create the democra-
tic social climate. \Ve have been re-
minded there is no short-cut to demo-
cracy. It is slow, halting and beset with
many difficulties. The expert in the
situation may be impatient to get things
done. She knows, and wishes to go di-
rectly to the solution of the problem
as she sees it. However in the democratic
climate it is not possible to have a one-
man show. So the supervisor who is the
expert must do all that is possible to as-
sist all members of her staff to par-
ticipate, share and contribute accord-
ing to the ability of each individual.
Richards:J says, "Real teaching cannot
be achieved without time, patience and
genuine inten.
t in human beings on
the part of the facult\ group". So it is
in supervisio!1 in publ"c health 11 msing.
Democracy t mphas:7es per
onal \\ c rth
of the individual; for the group, pre-
eminence of the common good; that
authority be derived from the group. The
ultimate authority of a public health
nursing agency is vested in the people
served. They are the reason for the
existence of the service. Lindeman.. says
"To be responsible does not mean to
submit to authority. On the contrary
it implies the joint creation of author-
ity". A genuine atmosphere of responsi-
bility is produced when all participants
achieve personal dignity. If an indivi-
dual is unhappy in. a job, she can find

MAY, 1945

plenty to criticize. The nurse on the
staff must belong and she must feel her
work is important to the program. It
really takes determined effort on the
part of all to create the democratic so-
cial climate. The good executive is a
good teach
l' as well as a good leader.
The democratic supervisor in her desire
to be an intelligent leader will face her
problems and accept the responsibilities
of her position.
If the supervisor feels the behaviour
pattern is not satisfactory, and there
seems to be an unusual .amount of pres-
sure or tension, she should think of the
four points which may playa part: ten-
sion due to personality problem of one
individual thinking first of herself; res-
triction of space for free movement;
rigidity of group structure; style of living
or culture. Most important of all, the
leadership should be positive, uplifting
and integrating to give the staff the
pleasure of knowing achievement.

It will take concerted effort on the
part of all of us in public he.alth nurs-
ing - administrators, supervisors, and
staff-to make effective the democra-
tic way of life. \Vith. a change in the
meaning of supervision from inspec-
tion, superintendence or oversight, to
that of guidance, it is necessar
to change
our way of thinking from the tradition-
al or authoÔtarian to the democratic.
This requires our constant consider-
ation nt-cause we ha\'e been educated
in the
eneral field of education and in
the
J..-lc:al field of nursing bv tradition-
al or awhnritarian methods. Public
health nurses are trulJ interested and
respond readily to group. discussion re-
garding the creation and maintenance
of the democratic social 'climate. Exper-
ience in the field of public health nurs-
ing indicates that the nurse who is at-
tracted to this field has an outgoing per-
sonality. To function successfully re-
quires:l high degree of interaction which
can only be maintained by respect for
the individual and for group effort on
the part of the whole staff where the

378

THE CANADIAN NURSE

contribution of each is equally important
to the smooth functioning and mainten-
ance of a well-integrated program of
community servic
.
Supervisors and adminrstrators are
interested because they need to encour-
age those who show leadership qualities
so that there will be a steady supply of
qualified nurses capable of .assuming
greater responsibilities. Leadership emer-
ges in the democratic process. The sup-
ervi
or recognizes in the young nurse
these qualities and then guides her by
the democratic process of thinking and
action. If there is a scarcity of qualified
leaders in a field there has not been edu-
cation for leadership. The nurse giving
lecidership tomorrow must be one who
has the capacity for leadership, has qua-
lified scientifically for it, and will assume
gracefully the responsibilities which are

a part of the position. She must think
and act democratically and require this
of her staff. This will be true leadership
by which the democratic social climate
may be maintained.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Lewin, Lippitt, and White, Patterns of Ag-
gressive Behaviour in Experimentally Creat-
ed "Social Climates". Journal of Social Psy-
chology, S.P.S.S.I. Bulletin, 1939, 10, 271-
299. Child Welfare Research Station, State
University of Iowa.
2. Schell, E. H., Technique of Executive
Control. McGraw-Hill, 1942.
3. Richards, Esther, Chameleon Aspects of
Discipline. A 11/crical/ JOllrnal of _VlIrsing,
Sept. 1930. -
4. Lindeman, Edward c., The Human Situ-
ation. A mer-icon J ollrnal of I\' lfrsillg, Dec.
1939.

Nursing Sisters' Association of Can
da

At 'he recent annual meeting of the Ed-
montou Umt there was a record attendance.
The president, Mrs. E. Porritt, was in the
ch;> ir. R<,ports showed that the thirty-three
members had raised about $500 which was
contributed to Russian, Greek, Chinese and
merchant marine funds, as well as to the
British Nurses Relief Fund. After the meet-
ing the hostess, Mrs. Harold Orr (N /5
lIargaret \V est), entertained at a turkey
supper, a splendid climax to another year
of successful endeavour. The majority of
the membe!"s are engaged in various war ac-
tivities and in April the Unit celebrated its
25th birthday.
The Montreal Unit held their annual Arm-
istice dinner with fifty-six members pres-
ent. The guest speaker was Mr. K. C. Wool-
ley, secretary of the Canadian Legion. The
U nit sent c\ letter to the Rt. Hon. Mackenzie
King wishing to go on record as supporting
in full the principle of total war and to
protest the action of the government in
ignoring the plebiscite taken by them re-
garding cConscription. The Unit continues
to assist the British Mine Sweepers Auxil-
iary in addition to other individual voluntary
work.

In conj unction with the Red Cross, mem-
bers of the Tor01
to Unit during the war
have had three afternoon groups and one
evening group working in their rooms at
2 Bloor St. E. Last year, under the leader-
ship of 11 rs. Jack Bell, these groups made
onr fifty-three thousand surgical dressings.
Every
Ionday several members pack pris-
oner-of-war boxes. A bridge was held in
April, the proceeds to go to war work.
P erso:lal N otcs: N IS Ethel Greenwood,
for four years at Camp Borden, recently
retired.

"STAMP OUT VD" CA}IPAIG

The Health League of Canada and the
Canadian Pharmaceut.ical Association
have joined forces 10 stage a
perial
"Stamp Out VD" campaign from May
21-26. In this sp
eial campaign Canaèa.

3,865 opernting druggists are being ask-
ed to co-operate thl'ough window, counter
and showcase displa
's.
Special efforts will be mad
to inter-
est youth in the fi
ht ngainst YD. About
75 per cent of all VD is acquired by per-
sons under thirty years of age.

Vol. 41, No. 5

GENERAL NURSING

Contributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

A Day In an Indian Hospital

OLIVE THOMAS

There are many nurses who have not
the slightest conception of life in an
Indian hospital, and yet there are such
hospitals in every province of the Do-
minion. An Indian hospital treats the
same variety of patients as any other.
This one of which I write also has a
department for tuberculosis.
In the early morning the usual rou-
tine is carried out by the night nurse,
wakening and preparing all for break-
fast. There is an added joy in the little
girls' tuberculosis ward, watching these
little bronzed people, with big black eyes,
shining white teeth, smiling faces, dis-
playing great eagerness to be awake pnd
ready for the activity which comes with
the daylight. 'Vhile clasping an orange
tightly in one hand, they dive into a
bowl of porridge-for this must be
eaten before they are permitted to en-
joy toast, jam and milk. Next comes
the bath, with clean linen pnd pyjamas.
How they love pretty, clean pyjamas!
Each is given her own with name at-
tached. Thinking of conditions in some
of their homes, one wonders at the criti-
cism and look of disgust on a wee face
If her sheet or spread, when opened up,
displays a cocoa or medicinal stain, for
which probably she was the guilty p.arty
on a previous occasion.
In addition to the routine duties in
the hospital administration there is the
activity in the out-patient department,
which demands the full attention of
one nurse. Frequently there is a steady

MAY, 1945

stre
m of natives in and out of the doc-
tor's office. Several dozen teeth may be
extracted during the day. Prenatal ex-
aminations are routine and gradually
are being accepted by the younger gen-
eration. Physical examinations are giv-
en; x-rays taken; fractures set; casts
applied; many consultations are held
and ad vice gi,ren to one and all coming
into the office.
Suddenly a loud and persistent ring-
ing of the bell calls the attention of
everyone. Looking out of the window
one sees :l sleigh drawn up to the door
contain ins-, what appears to be, nothing
but a huge pile of quilts and blankets.
On further investigation and unfolding
of many layers, a child is revealed, pale,
limp and emaciated. One glimpse of
the trained eye and, immediately mal-
nutrition registers on the mind. The
mother reports that the child is get:.ing
thin, and since the previous day has been
unable to retain feedings; the cry is
weak and pitiful. The baby is admitted
to the hospital amid the weeping and
wailing of the parents, as the child has
become too frail to give much encour-
agement for recovery. For the interest
of the readers, I would add that the
baby was discharged four months later,
having developed into a sturdy little
chap with no evidence of malnutrition
remaining.
Another ring at the bell and, minm,
all ceremony, in rushes a young Indian

379

380

THE CAKADIA
NGRSE

with his wife following slowly behind.
"1\;1 y wife, she sick, Doctor home?" It
takes but a few moments for the nurse
to realize there is no time to lose. The
young woman is admitted, put to b
d,
bathed and wheeled into the case-room.
l\"ot long after, a hearty protesting yel1
announces the arrival of a chubby in-
fant; particularly fascin
ting is the heavy
mop of black curly hair. In a short
time the mother is comfortably settled
and enjoying tea and toast. The young
daughter is oiled, bathed, dressed and
settles herself to enjoy her meal. Gen-
erally speaking, Indian babies are ready
for a full course meal from six to twelve
hours after birth.
The staff decides it is time for a
moment of relaxation and retires to the
living room f{lr tea; unfortunately this
recess is of short duration. A nurse is
again summoned to the door as an ex-
cited twelve-rear-old boy, holding one
hand in the other, says, "I cut off my

finger". He is taken into the examining
room and, right enough, one finger is
practically severed and others badly
mangled. Once mor-e the doctor and
nurses get busy. The operating room is
made ready, doctor scrubs, and the nurse
administers the anesthetic. The finger
is removed, wounds cleansed and neces-
sary repair done on the hand and re-
maining fingers. The child is carried
into the ward and into the only empty
bed in this busy little hospital.
Thu.; ends the emergency work for
the day. \Vith the busy out-patients de-
partment, operating room and case room
all brought into activity, not a dull mo-
meat is known.
Any nurse who thinks that life in
an India'1 hospital is an uninteresting
and monotonous existence might take
a few moments off some day, study
conditions and .accept a few facts from
others who have learned from person-
al experience.

Concerning Shock

'Var, with all its horror, always add,
to medical science and nurses will find
the second edition of the !\.ledical Re-
search Council's \Var Memorandum No.
1 on 1';;,7 Treatmf'11. of. TV ound Shork
a very helpful contribution to their
knowledge as are also the many num-
bers of the Bulletin of 'Var Medicine.
'These bulletins are published by His
. Majesty's Stationery Office, York
House, Kingsway, 'V.C.2, or 13a
Castle Street, Edinburgh, 2, price 6d
and 113 per copy, respectively. The new
edition of the Medical Research Coun-
cil's Memorandum on the Treatment of
\V ound Shock differs extensively from
the first edition, not because of t
e dis-
covery of "any (dangerous' statements"
in the first edition but because fresh evi-
dence, new points needing emphasis, and
modifications of treatment have necessi-

tated a complete rewntmg. The new
edition puts the present position of our
knowledge of this difficult subject very
dearlv and is most valuable.
In this edition the word "shock" is
put in quotes throughout, because of the
great complexitv of the "shock" prob-
lem - the many factors which help
to cause it, and the various different
manifestations associated with it. Among
the causes, the memorandum stresses the
importance of acute reduction of the
blood volume or oligemia, resulting from
hemorrhage or plasma loss, either exter-
nally, as in extensive burns, or internal-
ly into damaged tissues, as in crush in-
Junes.
It also draws attention to the vaso-
vagal collapse which not infrequently
complicates the picture in hemorrhage
and acutely painful injuries, even in

V.I. 41. N.. ,

COI'\CER
[
G SHOCK

trivial In )lIrie" in susceptihle persons,
Here a slI-dden faIl in blood pressure oc-
curs with a slowing of the pulse because
of vasodilation, affecting especially the
arteries in the muscles. It usually oc-
curs earh' after in jury, with a feeling of
faintnes:,. or actual loss of consciousness,
but it can occur late, .and may follow
manipulation, operation, or further
hemorrhage whrn the first hleeding has
been arrested.
Again the memorandum stresses the
importance of early recognition wh
n the
appearance of the patient and the blood
pressure mar be deceptive. \Vith regard
to hemorrhage, it reminds us that a loss
of up to two pin ts may be tolerated
with little or no obvious effect or fall
in blood pressure, because of the compen-
satory effect of vasoconstriction in the
skin and internal organs. Indeed, it
draws attention to the fact that in the
early St3
CS after in jury there may even
be a 'po"t-traumatic hypertension', (150-
170 mm. Hg.), the cause of which is
uncertain. Under these circumstances,
it gives the good advice that every case
of
serious i;jury, with hemorrhage or
without, should be treated for "shock"
without. waiting for clinical signs to ap-
pe ar.
In the section on treatment, there
are many interesting points. First comes
the statement that the longer the delay
before treatment the greater the danger,
so that resuscitation measures should, if
possible, be followed by immediate oper-
ation or should be carried out in the
theatre itself. The value of a special
resuscitation ward where the patient can
obtain the rest and quiet 'so impossible
in a busy general surgical ward', and
where measures to restore the circula-
tion - a blood transfusion can be quiet-
ly carried out - is stressed. An inter-
esting point here is the statement that
the use of nine-inch blocks at the foot
of the bed will often raise the blood pres-
sure bJ 5 to 15 mm. of mercury.
As anyone who has follow
d air-raid
casualty work closely would expect, the

MAY. 1945

381

danger of tourniquets receives further
emphasis. The memorandum suggests
that, where they have been applied be-
fore admission, unless the limb has been
damaged beyond hope, the tourniquet
should be removed and, if hemorrhage
recurs, local pressure should be applied
on the bleeding point by means of strong
bandages and several layers of wool
bound tightly over the dressing.
The paragraph on warmth stresses
the general change in outlook here. The
suggestions are removal of wet and
dirty clothes, warm pyjamas, a bed
wa;med with hot water bottles, and hot
drinks. The more elahorate apparatus
- the electric blanket, radiant heat bath
or "shock" cage - are not mootioned
except to condemn them in the state-
ment, "More elaborate heating arrange-
ments are unnecessary, and it is always
undesirable to overheat the patient".
The danger lies in vasodilation of the
blood vessels in the skin, which can hold
from a third to one half of the whole of
the normal blood supply when the skin
is fully flushed with blood. This, of course
may inl're
se dangerously the oligemia
from wnich the patient is already suf-
fering because of the sweating that it
causes.

The Bulletin of TVor 1l1edici1le for
November also touches on this point of
warmth in "shock" in an abstract of an
article by D. S. Dick from the Lancet
of August 5. He had wide experience of
resuscitation of battle casualties. The ab-
stract states, "\Vards were heated by
paraffin 'Valor' sto\'es to about 80 de-
grees F., and hot water hottles were ap-
plied; the author concludes that the
physical and mental comfort of gradual
warmth probably outweighs the theore-
tical advantages of applying heat to
shocked patients". As the nurse is the
one who is generally responsible for the
application of warmth it is important
for her to understand the position fully,
and the sentence in the memorandum
. 'enough cover and warmth for comfort
are now thought to be the optimum'

382

THE CANADIAN NURSE

might well become her motto provided
she remembers that 'cover' includes both
what is under and what is over the pa-
tient.
Needless to say transfusion is discuss-
ed together with the risk of pulmonary
edema, and interesting in this section is
the fact that in a series of war casual-
ties an average of three pints per case
was required, and some severe cases
needed an
mount approaching the
whole blood volume, that is, about ten
pints. In fact, did not Glasgow record
a case in which the total ultimately
reached twenty pints? With regard to
rate, 100 cc. per minute can be given
in severe cases and if the veins
re in
spasm a hot water bottle laid over the
arm will often relax them. If air pres-
sure is used to force blood in from the
bottle, nurses should keep in mind the
warning that the bottle must be discon-
nected before it empties or a fatal air
embolism wil1 fonow.
The administration of oxygen in high
concentration which was advocated in

the first edition has not, in practice or in
experiment, proved satisfactory and the
memorandum suggests that its use be
confined to cases of chest in jury or pul-
monary edema, carbon monoxide pois-
oning and chemical warfare.
One other point of particular inter-
est concerns crush injuries. Civil de-
fence personnel have had instructions
to give sodium bicarbonate by mouth and
fluids, such as tea, coffee or water, if
possible, before releasing from compres-
sion patients who have been buried for
more than an hour. Such cases are la-
belled and should have two ounces of
sodium bicarbonate hourly by mouth,
till the urine turns red litmus blue, up
to twenty-four hours. This is thought
to prevent precipitation of myohemo-
globin as acid crystals in the kidney tu-
bules, and therefore to lessen the risk
of death from renal failure, though the
cause .and prevention of this condition
are still matters for further research.

-Nursing Times

What Do YOU Think?

What are your aspirations for nursing in
Canada in the next few years? \Ve have
heard rumblings of discontent - but not
enough constructive suggestions are being
made. The Journal is exceedingly inter-
ested to know what the nurses of Canada
think about the future of our profession.
In order to find out, the Editorial Board
has authorized the awarding of prizes for
the best articles portraying the influences
which win shape this future. What indivi-
dual nurses think and do, what the profes-
sion does collectively, how the public, whom
we serve, wi11 shape plans, are all aspects
which may be developed.
The competition is open to any Canadian
nurse, graduate or student. The articles
should be not less than five hundred nor
more than a thousand words in length, writ-

ten or preferably typed (triple-space) on
one side of the paper only. Representative
nurses from '\l:arious parts of Canada wi11
be named as judges. All entries shall be
submitted to the offices of The Canadian
Nurse Journal, 522 Medical Arts Bldg.
Montreal, 25, and marked "Competition".
The closing date for the entries will be
Seþtember 30, 1945. The winning articles
wil1 be published in the Journal.
Prizes shall be awarded as follows: for
the best article, $25; second and third choice,
$15 and $10 respectively. Other articles of
merit will be given honourable mention. It
is understood that all articles must be ori-
ginal, have not been submitted elsewhere
for publication, and become the property of
The Canadian Nurse.

-M.E.K.

Vol. 41, No.5

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

Genere' Secretary, The Canadian Nurses Association

At a recent conference called by Na-
tional Selective Service with representa-
tives of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, a careful analysis was made of the
supply and demand of nurses for Cana-
dian hospitals and public health services.
During the year the nursing person-
nel needs of the Armed Forces made
fairly heavy demands upon Canadian
nurses. It is not expected that the re-
quirement for military nurses will be
quite so great during the coming year,
but the erection of new hospitals and
additions to other hospitals will strain
our reserve nursing personnel to the ut-
most.
At this time last year, when plans
were made for recruitment of further
nurses, it was believed that there re-
mained a supply of married nurses who
could give full or part-time service to
their community hospitals, or could re-
lieve the strain upon the private duty
group. r n answer to appeals, many mar-
ried women re-entered the profession.
This reserve is fairly well exhausted. It
was, therefore, decided to again draw to
the attention of hospitals the necessity
for making full use of their professional
personnel for highly skilled nursing ser-
vice. The following suggestions were
endorsed hy the Liaison Committee:
That nurses' aides of suitable qualifi-
cations and preparation be used as much
as possible to relieve the professional
staff of all non-nursing duties.
That, where possible, every considera-
tion he given to establishing group nurs-
ing for p.atients requiring the service of
private duty nurses.

MAY, 1945

\Vhen a hospital is in a critical situa-
tion, insofar as nursing personnel is con-
cerned, that the co-operation of the me-
dical staff be sought in bringing about
a reduction of the demaTld upon private
duty nurses.
For th
se hospitals not already doing
so, it is suggested that consideration be
given to extending vacations for all
graduate staff over a longer period of
time, exclusive of Christmas vacation,
and that, where possible, consideration
be also given to the policy adopted by
many business firms, namely, the grant-
ing of one week's summer vacation as a
bonus for taking regular vacations dur-
ing other periods of the year.
Many nurses who have not had ex-
perience in mental nursing or in tuber-
culosis sanatoria are hesitant ahout ac-
cepting positions in these institutions j
the fear of contracting tuberculosis has
also been a deterrent in the latter in-
stance. It is realized that, although this
may only be one factor, it is of sufficient
importance to give concern and, for
those hospitals not already doing so, it
was suggested that an introductory pro-
gram for newly-appointed staff be estab-
lished, and that a planned program of
staff conferences conducted by medical
and experienced nursing staff be ar-
ranged. It is realized that this requires
time and planning and, where possible,
the co-operation of the provincial nur-
ses association should be sought, and the

ervices of the travelling instructor, to
assist with organizing and conducting
such programs, should be obtained.
As a means of maintaining interest

58}

384

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and encouraging nurses to remain for
a longer period of experience, considera-
tion should be given to the policy of is-

uing a statement of experience received
at the end of six months' continuous ser-
vice.
Nurses frequently object to accept-
ing positions in special hospitals because
of the isolation. It is therefore suggested
that in these instances consideration he
given to accumulative leave, which will
allow for a brief period a way from the
institution.
An improvement in the organization
of recreational facilities is also suggested

as a means of providing personnel with
much needed diversion.

British Nurses Relief Fund

'Ve gratefully acknowledge the fol-
lowing donations received from the Sas-
katchewan Registered Nurses As?ocia-
tion: 1Vlaple Creek Graduate Nurses As-
sociation, $25; A. A., Y orkton Queen
Victoria Hospital, $19.85; Y orkton
Nurses V oluntarv War Services Asso-
ciation, $30. Total, $74.85.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Frances Coop
r (University of Toronto
School of Nursing diploma course) has
accepted an appointment with the Peel
County School Health Unit.
Jane Feáchyna (H!õtel-Di6U Hospital,
Windsor, and University of Western On-
tario public health course) has accepted
a position with the 'Windsor Board of
Health.
Eileen Morris (St. Michael's Hospital,
Toronto, and University of Toronto pub-
lic health course) has accepted a position
with the Oshawa Board of Health.
Alice Klugman (Toronto Western Hos-
pital and University of Western Ontario
public health course) has accepted an ap-
pointment with tht' Chatham Board of
Healtn.
Eli::abet/z Petrie (Ctli\ersity of Toronto
School of 1\'ur
ing diploma course) has re-

signed h(T position with the Chatham Board
of Health to accept an appointment with
UNRRA.
Mrs. Blanche Gordon (Toronto Western
Hospital and University of Toronto public
health course) .as resigned her position
with the Board of Health of Pickering
Township.
Eleanor Wheler, B.A. (Toronto General
Hospital and University of Toronto public
health course) has resigned her position
with the East York Board of Health to
accept an appointment with the Depart-
ment of Health of Prince Edward Island.
Mrs. Mary Donaldson (Proskerniack)
(St. Joseph's Hospital, Port Arthur, and
University of Toronto public health course)
has accepted an appointment as epidemiolo-
gist with the Division of .Venereal Disease,
Ontario Department of Health.

Institute in Chicago

The Department of Nursing Education of
the University of Chicago is offering an
Institute !or Supervisors in Public Health
Nursing from June 4 to 9, inclusive. This
institute is planned for the nurse who must
meet supervisory responsibilities for which
she has not had adequate preparation. There

will be no registration fee; instructional
costs will be met from Federal funds. Main-
tenance at the rate of $4.00 a day will b

provided for those who do not live in the
immediate vicinity. For further information
write to Nursing Education, University of
Chicago, 5733 University Ave., Chicago 37.

Vol. 41, No. ,

Nursing Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

Post-Graduate and Added-
Experience Courses

This is the first of a series of three
brief articles dealing with post-graduate
work available to nurses in Canada. The
term "post-graduate course" is used to
designat
a course of a definite length
in which carefully organized and syste-
matic teaching is given. In contra-dis-
tinction to this, the term "added-exper-
ience course" has come to be used to
describe the arrangement hy which a
graduate nurse is allowed to learn the
work of a given clinical field or service
by working in that field, usually with
very slibht accompanying teaching, and
frequently with none. Thus nurses from
small schools often go into the operat-
ing rooms of a large hospital to increase
their knowledf!e of this field of work.
The first type is usually found in a uni-
versity !-chool of nursing. While certain
hospital schools do offer well organized
courses combining theory and practice,
these are decidedly exceptional. Many
hospital schools when applied to for post-
graduate courses refuse to call them
this, because they do not give teaching,
and prefer to say that they offer only
"added experience." Particularly under
present conditions, it is very doubtful
whether hospital schools can do more
than give added experience. Some who
formerly offered post-graduate courses
have discontinued them.

THE ADDED-ExPERIENCE COURSE:
The purpose of these courses is es-

MAY, 1945

sentially to supplement the basic clini-
c.al training. Depending on that training
and the position in view, such courses
may occupy anything from a few weeks
to long periods spent in one field. Ac-
tually the work does not differ from
that of the general duty nurse on salary
who had been taken on the staff with-
out special preparation or experience in
the particular field. It does not consti-
tute a full preparation for this field of
work even though the nurse is definite-
ly of the opinion that she wishes to do
only general duty by which she means
that she does not wish to administer or
teach in the department. It is inadequate
hecause a satisfactory general duty nurse
is inevitably called on for some adminis-
tration at times, and hecause at all times
she teaches in the sense that she should
provide a demonstration of fine nursing
care for new and junior nurses.
PosT-GRADUATE COURSES IN
UNIVERSITIES:
The university nursing schools of
Canada offer mainly four types of post-
graduat
preparation: public health, hos-
pital administration, teaching in schools
of nursing, and clinical supervision. Any
of these may be taken on either an ele-
mentary or an advanced level. In all
cases they include both didactic in-
struction and practice in the appropriate
field. In general they occupy one year,
and lead to a certificate from the univer-
sity. Two year arrangements are offer-
ed, but so far there have been no candi-
dates for these (except from other coun-
tries) .

J.'

386

THE CA
ADIAI\ NURSE

COURSES IN PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSING:
As few nurses have had public health
training during their undergraduate
courses, these courses are basic or pre-
liminary training in public health nurs-
ing. Preparation is required before work
is undertaken in this field. Such a course
is now a required qualification for em-
ployment in nearly all positions in pub-
lic health nursing.
In some universities, advanced cour-
ses are open to nurses who have had
basic preparation for public health nurs-
ing, and who also have had experience
in the- field. The purpose of these is to
give opportunity for further study to
prepare for work in special fields, or for
supervision and administration in pub-
lic health nursing. Refresher courses
are also offered at intervals for those
in practice.

COURSES IN HOSPITAL
ADMINISTRATION:
In Canada there are a large number
of hospitals with nurse administrators.
Nurses have a valuable hospital back-
gro1md, but the board of a hospital looks
also for a person who can give business
leadership, and can secure and maintain
good community relationships and sup-
port. Recently there has been a grow-
ing trend toward formal preparation for
work in this field. Such courses are open
to nur
es who have already had some
experience in junior executive positions
in hospitals. In addition to the major
subject of Hospital Organization and
Admini
tration, courses are given in such
subjects as economics, bookkeeping and
accounting, legal aspects of hospital ad-
ministration, psychology and public
health.

COURSES FOR TEACHERS IN SCHOOLS
OF NURSING:
These offer preparation for both class-
room and clinical teaching. As nursing
instructors are probably the people who
have the greatest influence in the de-
velopment of nursing, it is essential that
nurses entering these courses should
have high qualification personally, aca-
demically, and professionally. It is pre-
ferable that they should have had exper-
ience as general duty nurses, head nur-
ses, or in the public health field. Pre-
paration for these positions usualh in-
cludes such subjects as psychology, so-
ciology, educ.ation, teaching, and science.
Special courses are also offered for
advanced or specialized work in nurs-
ing schools or hospitals, such as that of
the director of. a nursing school or the
director of the nursing service of a hos-
pital. For those already in the field, re-
fresher and extension courses are of-
fered from time to time.

COURSES FOR HEAD NURSES AND
CLINICAL SUPER VISORS:

These represent the newest type of
preparation offered by university schools
of nursing. They are, in general, offered
for young graduate nurses wishing to
work in the hospital field; though even
here it is desirable, but not essential, that
the applicant shall have had at least brief
experience in general duty or as an as-
sistant head nurse.
As many nurses are not familiar with
these new courses, the second article of
this series will deal entirely with cJini-
cal supervision courses.
'The third article will list post-gradu-
ate and added-experience courses avail-
able in Canada.

M.LIC. Nursing Service

Alice Aibert (St. Vincent de Paul Hos-
pital and University of Montreal public
health course) has returned to her duties
as supervisor on the Frontenac nursing staff,
Montreal. Miss Albert was loaned for a

period of one year to the Registered 1'; urses
Association of the Province of Quebec.
Jeanllc d'Arc Hamel (St. Sacrement Hos-
pital, Quebec) was recently transferred from
Montreal to the Quebec City nursing staff.

Vol. 41, No.5

Postwar Planning Activities

Contributed by

POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

The Great Need for Clinical
Supervisors

Six years of war have created many
problems in all fields of nursing. \Vhat
we have done to meet these problems,
and what we are doing now to stabilize
nursing :11 wartime, will inevitably have
a bearing upon the future character of
nursing. This fact must be kept in mind
in citing our postwar goals, and in plan-
ning for a greater scope and a better
quality of nursing in the future.
The Survey of nursing completed in
194-3, under the auspices of the Cana-
dian !\rledical Procurement and Assign-
ment Board, and the national registra-
tion, heJped us to get our feet on the
ground and to know where we stood
in regard to many situations relating to
nurses and nursing, and has laid the
basis for the setting of objectives for
postwar planning in Canada.
The shortage of bedside nurses, par-
ticularl
. In tuberculosis and psychiatric
hospitals, was stated in the survey as a
very serious situation. This situation
apparently is becoming more serious as
the war continues, and a plea was made
in the last issue of the Journal that nur-
ses come to the rescue. Unless there is
some assurance that nurses will volunteer
for service in these special hospitals, we
are going to be ilJ prepared to meet the
increased demand for bedside nurses
which expanding hospitalization facili-
ties in these services will create.
The time has come when nurses must
assume greater responsihility to the pub-

MAY, )94

lic for nursing service. \Ve must rise to
the occasion now, and make ourselves
known and felt by word and deed. The
future of nursing in Canada is depend-
ant upon the co-operative efforts of
civilian nurses and those demobilized in
meeting
he nursing challenge of a
postwar world.
Another shortage revealed in the sur-
vey, as reported by hospitals across Can-
ada, was nurses with special preparation
for teaching and supervisory positions.
\Vhile every effort has been made,
through the aid of scholarships, loans
and government bursaries to prepare
young nurses to fill these important
posts, the supply is still not sufficient to
meet wartime conditions, nor to deal
with the tasks that lie ahead. While
many schools of nursing at the present
time are having difficulty in securing
classroom instructors, the shortage of
clinical supervisors seems even more ser-
ious, because their absence affects un-
favourably, not only the educational
program for students in the clinical ser-
vices, but the care of patients as well.
Nurses in the Armed Forces have been
sent, through the Department of Na-
tional Defence, the official information
(P.C. 331) regarding financial assis-
tance for educational purposes upon
demobilization. Their overseas exper-
ience should be a decided asset in under-
taking further study and nursing work.
A pamphlet has been prepared by your
Committee on Postwar Planning, to be
sent to all nurses in the Forces, containing
information regarding courses in uni-
versities and hospitals, which shmlld

387

388

THE CAJ\ADIA.K I\LTRSE

meet the need of demobilized nurses.
Before this statement appears in the
Journal the pamphlet will be on its way.
Returns from the questionnaire indicate
that m.any nurses now overseas intend
to undertake some type of post-graduate
study upon their return, and it is hoped
that the field of CLinical Supervision mar
be an attraction. Certainly, if supervis-
ors fulfil the function of modern super-

VISIon, as defined in democratic and
scientific terms, they should not have a
dull moment.
\Ve 2re doing our best to increase
the supply of hospital supervisors, through
long and short term courses, but we
look forward to the return of many
experienced nurses, who may choose-
the field of clinical supervision as their
future nursing work.

Interesting People

Edith Ibin!'ford Dick, R.R.c.. has re-
turned f!"()m active service with the army
overseas to become acting director of
the Nurse Registration Branch of the
Ontario Department of Health. Born and
educated in Milton, Ontario, Miss Dick
journeyed southward for her nursing
training and graduated in 1930 from
the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.
Aft-er :"erving for a year as head nurse
in her al!na mater, she took her certifi-
cate inllublic health nursing at the
University of Toronto. For the next
three years, Miss Dick was engaged in

..

Karsh, Ottawa

EDITH DICK

administration and :superVISIOn in the-
Ontario Mental Hospitals. From 1935
until her enlistment, she was inspector
of Training Schools for Nurses in On-
tario.
In over four years service with the
R.C.A.M.C. Miss Dick's experience in
civilian hospitals won for her advance-
ment an.! responsibility. At the time of
her release from active service she held
the rank of Major (Prin. Matron) and
was on dvty in France. She was awarded
the Royal Red Cross, first class, in June p
1944. 'Ve are happy to welcome Miss
Dick back to Canada and wish her well
in her jlew position.

Durd!n Grace Riddell, who has re-
cently b
en ar;pointed inspector of Train-
ing Schools for Nurses, Nurse Registra-
tion Branch, Department of Health, On-
tario, comes of pioneering stock. Her
family' came from Ireland in the early
days and settled in Ontario.
iss Riddell
was born in Saskatchewan. received her
education in Manitoba, and taught pub-
lic school in that province. She chose the
Toronto General Hospital as her school
of nursing and graduated there in 1931.
After a brief experience in private and
general V\lty, Miss Riddell took advan-
tage of a scholarship she had received
as a gnHÏuation prize and entered the
University of Toronto for the course in
ho
pital administration and teaching.

Vol. 41, No.5

11\TERESTIl\G PEOPLE

From 1933-37, she was a head nUlse in
the surgical division of the Toronto Gen-
eral Hospital. After two years as in-
structor at the McKellar Hospital, Fort
William, Miss Riddell became assistant
director of nurses at the Belleville Gen-
eral Hospital. She resigned from this po-
sition in 1943 to join the R.C.A.M.C. and
saw active service in Canada and the
United Kingdom, returning to Canada
and civilian work early this year.
Miss Riddell has an interesting and
unusual hobby. Just prior to the begin-
ning of the war she spent nine months in
England. and on the continent where
she learned the delicate cunning of the
silversmith's craft. 'Ve hope she will
find time among her new duties to pur-
sue this intriguing avocation. Kennedy, Toronto
DnRO fHY RIDDELL

The appointment of :\Iargaret Hope
Hewett as assistant registrar of the
Registered Nurses Association of Bri-
tish Columbia has recently been con-
firmed.
\Iiss Hewett was born in China
of Engli!'oh parents. She attended high
school in Victoria, B.C. and entered the
School of Nursing of the Royal Jubilee
Hospital ,,,"hence she graduated in 1934.
In 1942 Miss Hewett received her Bach-
elor of Arts degree from the University
of British Columbia. Skating, tennis and
badminton provide her with opportuni-
ties for vigorous activity. For the gent-
ler arts Miss Hewett turns to art and
is a member of the Art Gallery Associa-
tion.

Alice lleyer Hunter has been welcomed
back to assume the duties of superin-
tendent of the Port Arthur General Hos-
pital. Born in Kwangning, North China,
Miss H '..mter received her preliminary
education at Belfast, North
reland. Her
high school work was taken in Havergal
College, fqllowing which she completed
the work for her B.A. degree at the
University of Toronto. In 1927, Miss
HUl)ter graduated from the Toronto
General Hospital and for the next ten
years was a head nurse in the surgical
division there. In 1938, she became as-
sistant superintendent at the General
Hospital in Port Arthur. In 1941, when
the Canadian Orthopedic Unit was 01'-

MAY, 194'

!:anized by the Canadian R('d Cross So-
ciety at the request of the Department
of Health for Scotland, Miss Hunter was
appointed. maÌl'on. After nearly four
years Jf service at Hairmyres Hospital,
she has now returned to take over the
administration of this Ontario hospital.

'label Hunter has recently retired
from hel' position with the physiother-
apy department at the Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, after nearly thirty
years ()f :iaithful service there. A native
of the province of Quebec, Miss Hunter
graduated from the Royal Victoria Hos-
pital in 1902. For ten years she engaged
in private duty, then, in 1912 she under-
took h
r training as a physiotherapist
at the Orthopedic Institute in Philadel-
phia. In 1916 she returned to her own
hospital tr. carryon this work and for
many years has instructed the student
nurses in the principles of massage.
Perhaps Miss Hunter's greatest contri-
bution was the work which she did with
the returned soldiers after the first world
war. Many of them have owed a debt of
gratitude to her capable hands.

May Ewart, who retired from the
Metropolitan Health Service, Vancou-
ver, in FE'bruary, 1945, was in the last
class to be graduated by Miss Mary
Agnes Snively from the Toronto General
Hospital in 1910. After a year of private

3'90

THE CANADIAN NURSE

du
nursing, she went to Vancouver and
entered the Vancouver General Hospital
as a staff nurse, and later served as a
supervisl)r. In 1913, she was appointed
as school nurse in Vancouver and, with
three other nurses, pioneered in this
work. In 1921, she organized the health
services in the adjoining semi-urban
Point Grey, covering many miles and
serving many schools for eight year"s.
When Vancouver and Point Grey amal-
gamated in 1929, Miss Ewart went to
Kitsilano Junior High School Health
Service. Here she carried on her good
work for an ever-growing school popu-
lation ü.ntH February, 1945.
She is now retiring to her beautiful
home in Caulfields, surrounded by her
flowers and quietness.

Laura M. Sanders, after devoting the
last twenty-four years to Child Health
work in Vancouver, retired in Septem-
ber, 1944. Miss Sanders graduated from
King's County Hospital in Brooklyn,
New York, in 1916. After doing private
duty nursing there for two years she
came to Canada. She spent one year in
Edmonton Military Hospital before go-
ing to Vancouver to join the staff of the
Victoria)'} Order of Nurses. She was in
this work for only a year when she was
appoinb
d to the Vancouver City Health
Department staff as a Child Welfare
nurse. She became supervisor of this
division in 1925 and, after the organiza-
tion of the Metropolitan Health Service,
was made consultant in Child Welfare
to the Public Health Nursing Division.

Curing the "Focke-Wulf Jitters"

NANCY H. lVIACLENNAN

Editor's Note: The following ab-
stract is published through the courtesy
of the magazine) Fly.ng. The article
in its entirety may be found in their
February, 1945 issue.
Instead of the traditional "rest cure",
combat-weary airmen returned from
war are now getting a "work cure". Hos-
pitals once filled with long rows of beds
occupied by inert and bored patients
now hum with activity. Even the bed-
ridden work. Doctors and patients alike
testify that the work cure is one of the
war's outstanding successes and shows
excellent promise of revolutionizing
many of our peacetime hospital methods.
The work cure is especially valuable
in treating operational fatigue) unoffi-
cially known as "the Focke-\Vulf jit-
ters". Oper.ational fatigue is the occu-
pational disease of the combat flyer. It
does not differ fundamentally from the
nervous hreak-down of an overworked
clerk who has a tyrannical boss or nag-
ging wife". But there are differences.
"Each man has his flying efficiency

curve and even the best will reach :I.
point in that curve where he will break
down himself or crack up his plane.
Operational fatigue is an illn
ss made
of emotional and fatigue symptoms
generally manifesting itself in a state of
anxiety". It is not a true neurosis, but a
reaction of normal people - otherwise
sound pilots or crewmen - to abnormal
situations. A psychoneurotic case is ac-
tually the reverse - an abnormal per-
son reac.ting to a normal situation.
Operational fatigue kñows no boun-
daries) favors no theater of war. It oc-
curs more frequently among bomber
crewmen than among fighter pilots be-
cause bomber pilot and crew must sup-
press individual impulses) stick at their
stations and hold their plane in position)
while the fighter pilot has comparative
freedom of action. Bomber pilots and
crewmen have been known to complain
that they never get an opportunity to
fight!
Operational fatigue shows most fre-

Vol. 41, No. S

CURING THE FOCKE-\VULF JITTERS

quently during the first five missions -
some airmen have "a low threshold of
endurance". Another difficult period
comes about two-thirds of the war
through an operational tour when the
accumulated effects of repeated stress
may begin to tell and the flyer starts
worrying about his luck running out be-
fore he gets leave.
Here's where the ounce of prevention
has proven highly effective. Flight sur-
geons, noting fatigue signs, will pull a
man off duty and send him to a rest
camp away from combat for a week or
so. Usually he comes back and success-
fully finishes his tour. The move is real-
ly a double safeguard. It saves the in-
dividual airman from a bad case of oper-
ational fatigue and it protects his fel-
low crewman. l\1en suffering from
operational fatigue often weaken the
morale of other airmen and may even
endanger the lives of those with whom
they serve. Every precaution is taken to
recognize such cases and to remove them
from active duty. The job is done by
the flight surgeon, who recommends the
change to the commanding officer. Gen-
erally, the commanding officer follows
flight 5urgeon recommendations.
This knowledge of operational fa-
tigue tallies with the experiences of the
airmen themselves in their influence up-
on one another and their individual
willingness to. admit their fears. The
flyer has learned to recognize fear as
a normal reaction and the group ac-
cepts his fears as long as he controls
them. He is far better able to control his
fears in combat if he understands that
they cause operational fatigue.
\Vhen airmen do break, operational
fatigue sets in. First symptoms are de-
teriorat;on of flight performance, a feel-
ing of beirig "washed out". Loneliness
tension, indecision, restlessness, tremors,
irritability, insomnia bring a correspond-
ing loss of weight, appetite, ability to
concentrate, confidence, and zest for fly-
ing. Severe cases have terrifying bat-
tle dreams, feel no ecstasy on return-

MAY, 1945

391

ing from missions, suffer. as from claus-
trophohia when flying in formation, of-
ten turn back because of imagined en-
gine trouble. They complain of numb-
ness and of feeling like "mechanical
"
men.
Some men try to submerge their an-
xiety only to become convinced that their
number is up. They worry incessantly
about the state of their health. The cure
is as dramatic as the cause. The job is
to "unwind" the airman's psychological
tension and to adjust his disturbing ex-
periences to a rational place in his men-
tal pe rspective.
Speaking generally, there are two ba-
sic steps in the treatment. The first is
complete rest, insured, if necessary, by
mild sedatives. The second is a mental
purge, brought about by psychotherapy
in which the psychiatrist interviews the
patient and helps him to relieve his mind
by drawing out suppressed battle fears
and helping him "think his way out" of
his mental conflicts.
Once the patient has recovered a nor-
mal viewpoint the services proceed to
bring him back along the road of con-
valescence to active duty or to a normal
civilian life. In this field has been ap-
plied the new "work cure" technique.
If the patient is physically capable of it
he is promptly encouraged to take an ac-
tive part in games, therapeutic handi-
work, or studies. He must do a certain
amount of setting-up exercises daily and
he must attend a daily discussion group
on current events. Beyond this, he may
choose from a larger number of useful
training courses.
Such a program not only improves
morale, but starts the soldier working
and thinking in this field of interest and
allows him
to prepare himself for re-
assignment or, if this is impossible, to
prepare for integration to civilian life.
It also works wonders in speeding re-
cuperation. Men no longer have time to
brood over personal problems or ima-
ginary complaints. One hospital reported
that as a result of the program the num-

392

THE CANADIAN 1\URSE

ber of men needing sedatives to get to
sleep was reduced from 44 per cent to 3
per cent. Jigsaw puzzles at bedside ta-
bles have been replaced by carhuretors,
tachometers, altimeters, and radio equip-
ment. Demand for techn :cal hooks at
hospital libraries skyrocketed, detective
story demands fell off. Classes in poster
art develop pertinent posters for use at
the hospital. Other patients learn to take
and develop pictures, set type, run mim-
eograph machines, turn local publicity

and develop a hospital newspaper.
Where the patient goes when pro-
nounced cured adds to the high morale
of those treated. They know that if at
all possible they will be returned to their
old job. Indications are that the pro-
gram's scope will widen and, with the
coming of peace, spread to civilian hos-
pitals throughout the country, adding
another effective technique in the eter-
nal war against mental and physical
disease and death.

R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service

Some grcups of K ursing Sisters have re-
turned home to Canada after four or five
years service overseas. Among them are
some of the Sisters who were on the troop
ship toqx'doed in the
[editerranean in
Xovemh
r, 1943.
The foltowing is a list of changes, promo-
tions and awards which have recently taker
place in the R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service.
P jM Elçie L. Riach. of Ko. 21 Canadian
General Hospital serving with the 21st Army
Group, has been mentiOJ1t'd in despatches.
PI,1! Helen G. He1.(.tnll has returned from
the Italian Theatre of Operation and is now
Principal
fatron of X'o. 11 Canadian Gen-
eral Hospital in the Unit
d Kingdom.
P jM B. G. Hermmz. Principal
[atron
of the Mediterranean Theatre, has returned
to her home in Canada on leave. She is re-
placed hy ['/,1! A.GIleS J. Macleod v.-ho was
serving with the 21st Army Group.
P jM J[ima MacLaren, of No. 10 Cana-
dian General Hospital, has heen appointed
Principal :Matron of the 21st Arm} Group.
She is replaced by P IJ[ Mnya Macdmwld
of No.7 Canadian General Hospital.
P jM Hl'len L. HïlsOJl. of No. 11 Cana-
dian Genf'\-al Hospital in the Cnited King-
dom, has proceeded to the 21st Army Group
in charge of
o. 7 Canadian General Hospi-
tal.
P jM D. I. Riches, Principal
fatron at
C.M.H.Q., is on inspection of hospitals and
nursing
ervice in theatres of operation.
P jM F. G. CharltOJI, Principal
[atron

at X .D. H.<,J., is on an inspection trip 'of
hospitals élt1d nursing services in Military
Districts X'o. 12 and 13 and Pacific Com-
mand.

Health of the Army

JT ospital admission records show there has
reen a striking decline in the incidence of
man
diseases in this war compared with the
first \\'orld \Var,
fajor General George F.
Lull, L.S..\., Deputy Surgeon General of
the Army, told the International College of
Surgeons which met at Philadelphia in Oc-
tober. The pncumonia rate, he said, has
dropped from 19.0 to 12.8, the' measles rate
f om 23.8 to 5.8, mumps from 55.8 to 6.2,
scarlet fever from 2.R to 1.6, meningococcic
meningitis from 1.2 to 0.8, tuberculosis from
().4 to 1.2 and venereal disease from 86.7
to 41.0. These figures represent annual hos-
rital admission rates per thousand strength.
Similarly the death rate from all diseases
dropped from 14.1 in World \Var 1 to 0.6.
The Army's influenza rate, which was 5.97
per one thousand in World \Var I, has be-
come negligible, being less than one per one
hundred thousand strength.

Office of tire SUr!leOlf General
Technical Informati(IJ
Division
11' ashingfon. D. C.

Vol. 41, No.5

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

General Care of Laryngeal Diphtheria
when a Tracheotomy is Performed

ELIZABETH E. MACPHERSON
Student .Vurre
School of .Vursing, Saint John General HFJSpital, .V. B.

Recently I had the experience of tak-
ing pan in the nursing care of five cases
of laryngeal diphtheria. These cases were
children. only one of whom had had
her tonsils removed; none had been im-
munized and all gave a common history
of having had sore throats for five to
seven days.
On admi:;sion to the hospital these
children presented a grave picture. In
each the membrane was so extemive that
the breathing was obstructed. Retraction
of the chest is typical of this type of
diphtheria. It is marked by lahoured,
embarrassed breathing with the ster-
num drawn in deeply, as well as the
soft tissues which are seemingly sucked
in between the ribs, giving the thorax
the general appearance of a skeleton.
At times the breathing is stertorous.
The colour is usually vêry cyanotic, and
the patient exceedingly restles... In one
of these case.. the patient was in a :;enll-
conscious state when admitted.
On admission we gave a very larg

dose of antitoxin, from 100,000 to
150,000 units. The cardinal things to
be remembered in the care of any case
of diphtheria are rest and antitoxin.
These case5 were so far ad\-anced that
the doctor did not attempt an intubation,
which is the insertion of a hard rubber
tube through the mouth into the br
'n\..

MAY. 1945

through which the- patient breathes,
but immediately prepared for a tra-
cheotomy. A tracheotomy is a vertical
incision into the trachea and the inser-
tion of a double tracheotomy tube -
the patient breathes through this tube
instead of through the nose and throat.
\Ve had five tracheotomies in less
than two months, and of these we lost
only one. In this instance, we were at a
definite disadvantage from the begin-
ning, since the child was in very poor
physical condition, and did not have the
stamina that is so essential. I was as-
signed to accompany one of the pa-
tients to the operating room, and was
able to see the operation performed. It
wa" amazing to see the relief the pa-
tient ohtained as soon as the incision
wa" made into the trachea. The muco-
purulent discharge simplv bubbled up
and could be easily removed with suc-
tion.
In nursing these patients the impor-
tant thing was to have everything close
at hand. One must know where to find
each article at a moment's notice. The
hed was made similar to an anesthetic
bed, though the operation had been done
under local anesthetic. It was routine
to give these patients continuous steam
inhalations, so the nozzle of the steam
kettle wa" att1ched to the head of the

39J

394

THE CANADIAK NURSE

bed, just out of the child's reach. We
selected as large a bedside table as pos-
sible, and placed it close to the bed on
the more convenient side. A medicine
glass with hydrogen peroxide, a medicine
dropper, and a solution bowl well filled
with normal saline were kept on the
table and covered with a sterile towel.
These were used in connection with
the suction. Also on the table were tra-
cheotomv spreaders, tubes of the correct
size, o
turators or pilots to fit the tubes,
a pair of scissors, probe, and sterile tape.
These were all sterile and wrapped in
a sterile towel, ready for immediate use.
The tracheotomy tubes are silver curved
tubes, about two inches long, and have
an inner tube which may be removed
to be cleaned. The tube is held in the
incision by means of tapes tied around
the neck.

I t had been the practice of the doctor
t.o require that these cases be nursed by a
private duty nurse but due to the short-
age of nurses this could not always be
done. It was necessary for a nurse to be
with the child at all times; in fact in a
good m;!ny instances, it took two or three
rurses to' handle difficult situations. It
made a great deal more work for the
floor nurses, but it was excellent exper-
ience which was greatly appreciated.
The suction machine was placed close
to the bed. usuallv right beside the table.
VIe used a small catheter with the end
cut off, connected by means of a glass
irrigating tip to the usual suctior \ube;
if the mucus was very thick we removed
the catheter and used only the irrigat-
ing tip, which gave much stronger suc-
tion. We usually removed the inner
tube before attempting to remove the
secretions by suction, though at times
it was not even necessary to do that.
\Ve fOllnd the suction was much more
satisfactory if we instiIled a few drops of
normal saline or hydrogen peroxide in
the tracheotomy tube before using the
sllction. It softened the secretions and
made them more easily removed. If the
catheter became plugged we placed the

tip in the bowl of saline and allowed
the suction to draw up a little of the
solution. In this way the secretions were
cleared from the catheter.
The inner tube had to be taken out
and cleaned as often as every ten min-
utes in order to keep an unobstructed
airway. We found a pipe cleaner and
a running tap the most successful way
to clean it. If the breathing was not re-
lieved after removing the inner tube and
using suction, it was necessary to sum-
mon aid immediately, have the trache-
otomy tube removed and a fresh tube
inserted. The doctor usually changed
the complete equipment but at times the
need was so urgent that the supervisor
had to make the change. Many times we
found the end of the outer tube com-
pletely occluded with hardened muco-
purulent material or membrane.
An oxygen tank was kept beside the
bed, and we made a practice of giving
some oxygen for a few minutes after
using the suction. In many cases it had
to be given continuously. Instead of the
usual face mask we used a small funnel
which fitted very nicely over the tra-
cheotomy tube

The first two or three days after the
operation the patient was given only li-
quids. 'rhe children soon got used to
the tube in the trachea, and in very short
time had no difficulty in swallowing. As
soon as the' breathing improved suffi-
ciently the patient was able to take soft
foods. We added a heaping teaspoon of
glucose D to each glass of fruit juices
and milk.
Diluted SpIrIts frumenti with a little
glucose was given as a mild sedative with
fairly good effect. For restlessness we
gaveßembutal, grains a half per rectum,
or if the respirations were fairly good a
small dose of morphine was given. In
almost every case the patients were given
a small dose of sulfathiazole every four
hours, for a few days, as a precaution-
ary measure against pneumonia. Since
the air is breathed almost directly into
the lungs and is not warmed' and filter-

Vol. 41, No. ,

LARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA

t"d as it is ordinarily pneumonia is aJ-
ways possible as a further complication.
If the child was well-behaved and
did not move around too much, it was
very handy to keep the catheter from the

uction machine wrapped in a sterile
towel on the pillow beside his head.
Sometimes it was necessary to restrain
the hands, but usually they realized that
everything possible was being done to
help them. \Ve kept the opening of the
tube co\'ered with gauze at all times, at
intervals using a piece of gauze moisten-
ed with saline. This helped to moisten
the air that the child breathed.
Since the air expired through the tube
was laden with particles of mucus, the
nurse had to be especially careful to
protect herself. \Vhen a patient coughed
the secretions might be carried several
feet in the air. Of course, the usual pre-
cautions with a case of diphtheria had to
be taken and a gown and mask worn at
#111 times.
The most critical period was from
twenty-four to thirty-six hours after the
antitoxin was given, and in many cases
the crisis would occur about twenty-four
hours after .the operation was perform-
ed. At this time the membrane started
to separate and it took very careful
watching and nursing to keep the airway
open. During this phase the pulse had
to be watched very carefullv, and often
stimulants were necessary. The tenden-
cy seemed to be for the patient to work
so hard breathing that the heart suffered
under the strain.
,,, e gave from 25 to 100 cc. of plas-
ma intravenously each day for two or
three days after the operation. The prim-
ary reason for giving the plasma was to
help drain the fluid from the tissues into
the blood stream, and thus lessen the
edema of the tissues of the throat.
In one particular case, a little boy of
three was admitted to the ward. He was
a well-developed, wen-nourished little
feHow, but his condition was extremely
serious. He had had a sore throat which
had been mistaken for simpl
croup for

MAY, 194'

395

several days. and so h
haa been given
no antitoxin. His respirations were very
laboured, there was considerable retrac-
tion of the chest, and his colour was
very cyanotic. A tracheotomy was p
r-
formed and his condition seemed tu be
slightly improved. About thirty-six hours
after the operation, removal of the in-
ner tube and suction failed to relieve
the attacks of dyspnea and cyanosis. He
had several severe cyanotic attacks which
were eased by removing the complete
tracheotomy tube and inserting a fresh
one. After several of these attacks he
became extremely cyanotic, unconscious,
and ceased to breathe. The whole tra-
cheotomy tube was removed, the suc-
tion catheter placed in the trachea, and
artificial respiration administered. Cora-
mine was given and oxygen was used
continuously. When the suction cathe-
ter was removed a piece of tenacious
muco-purulent membrane about two in-
ches long and an inch wide was at the
end. A fresh tracheotomy tube was in-
serted, he gasped and breathed, his col-
our returning to normal almost imme-
diately. The child was then given a
sedative and slept in long naps, com-
pletely exhausted. His respirations be-
came almost normal, and he had no
more spasms. The material withdrawn
from the trachea became thin, watery
mucus, and when the child became a
little stronger he could eject it through
the tube himself. In cases such as this
we learned that the obstruction to
breathing was nearly always found to
be in the trachea at the end of the tube.
After the breathing r
turned to nor-
mal and the secretions diminished, us-
ually from five to eight days, we closed
the tube off for ten or fifteen minutes
at intervals. We had several small pieces
of wood made to fit the outer tube.
These were sterilized, and inserted in
the opening. The peg was inserted for
longer periods each time, and finally the
tube was corked for thirty-six hours. If
this proved satisfactory, the tube was
then removed, the incision dusted with

396

THE CANADIAN NURSE

sulfathiazole powder, and a sterile dress-
ing applied.
The f-'2.tient is not .lble to speak .
bove
a whisPd until the tube is corked, and
the voice will be husky for some time.
It is surprising how many children fight
against having the tube closed off, be...
cause it means that they have t"
learn
to breathe all over again and they do
not appreciate the effort.
After the tube has been in for fi\e or
six days there is a certain amount of
danger of inflammation.
-\s a result of
the membrane peeling off, th
trachea
becomes larger and more normal in size,
and allows the tube to move around.
This will heal with :;car tissue and cause

a stenosis which would necessitate fur-
ther surgery. For this reason it is im-
portant that the tube be removed as
soon as possible.
The length of time required for the
tracheotomy wound to heal varies from
two or three days to three weeks, accord-
ing to the individual and the size of
the incision. After removal of the tube
the child should have absolute bed rest,
and a light diet for about five weeks.
Before discharge from the
ospital the
patient must have the required three
successive negative nuse and throat cul-
tures. Often
it takes longer to secure
thðe cultures than in an
ncomplicated
case of diphtheria.

lieutenant Governor Opens New Hospital Wing

Culminating nlany month., 0 t planning awl
labor, tht' new
orth Win
of (
race Hos-
pital. \\-inrlsor, Ontario. was officially open-
ed January 17, 1945, by Lieutend.nt Gover-
nor .-\lhert
Iatthews. Hundreds ot citizens
joined in the celebration and enjoyed their
first vie\\" ot the ultra-modern, three-storey
huilding which has been de:,igned chieHy
for the care of obstetrical patients. Sou-
venirs in the form ùf a booklet ot baby ver-
ses composed by Major Christian Chapman,
each tied with pink and blue ribbons. \\er

pre:,ented to the visitor5.

., .... t Ie
-J
.. r
'. .
. ...........
,

i"

Sfaff r!iJÚng- r 'n;.

The top floor is composed of a two-bed
admitting room; labour rooms, three in
numher. and attractively furnished: three
\\'ell-equipped delivery rooms, including elec-
trically heated cots and other elaborate equip-
ment; a doctors' sitting room, shower and
bedroom, where the doctor may rest while
waiting cases: a most thoughtfully arrangerl
fathers' room complete with pleasant fur-
nishings and a radio, where the "daddies-
to-be" may pace the floor or wait in com-
iortahle suspense for the arrival of the
young guest. There are also three, three-
hed \\ ard
, and two tour-bed wards and an
isolation unit. The special nurseries are
divided into cubicles, four by iour teet, en-
cased in metal and glass. Only nurses are
permitted near the babies, even the doctors
not being allowed to enter the room. When
a doctor examines a child ot one ot his pa-
tients, he will enter an adjoining room,
"scrub up" and have the baby passed to him
thr. )ugh a wicket. Visitors see the new ba-
bie:, only through a gl
ss square. They re-
quest the baby desired through a
peaking
system. In this way it is expected infection
will be reduced to a minimum. There are
also special germicidal lamps. There are the
usual working units of diet kitchen, com-
pletely titted with monel metal sinks and

Vol. .n.
o. j

1\ E ,\r H () S PIT \ L \ \T I l\: G

.'...." -.

...;;; .....

U....;

1"-
."

;.

*"'" .

....,....'.
\

\

J

d }.

i>:.

".
. )
... .
, \

\

,

.
.
. ....
.

Lieut. GO'lJ. Albert Matthews at thr opening
f the new hospital wing.

equipment and electric food can-iers. etc.
-\
dumb-waiter is also provided; also wa
h
rooms, sterilizing rooms, utility rooms. etc.
A large cubicle nursery is prm'ided on the

ec,)nd floor, as well as a specially con-
<;tructed three-cubicle premature nursery and
an isolat;on unit.
The ground floor is in two sections, seven-
teen semi-private heds being provided for
surgical cases and the 'T' part of the flo(rr
reserved for nine private obstetrical patients
with its own cubicles and working units.
All the rooms are beautifully furnished
with dark maple furniture, the (J\'er-bed and
bedside tables being topped with formica;
the colour scheme is in a delightfully sou
shade of green, venetian blinds and pretty
draperies are used throughout, and the floor
is covered with an attracti,'e green and black
asphalt tiling.
The basement houses the superintendent's,
staff, and students' dining-room. "Daring
but beautiful" was the comment of an inter-
lor decorator when he saw the colour scheme
of the dining-rooms. Brigadier Brett's

M.
Y, 19
'

thought \\ as to endeavour to have the nurses,
who spend so many hours caring for the
sick, fo:'get all about it during the meal
hours and she has achieved this to perfec-
tion. The staff dining-room is painted in
coral with blue-topped tables and white lea-
ther chairs, large mirrors, interesting pic-
tures, and pretty drapes. The students' din-
ing-room is equally attracti\'e in a lovely
blue, with black-topped tables and red lea-
ther chairs and, in addition, mirrors, pic-
tures and drapes.
.-\ sitting room with double-decker rest-
room for night nurses on their hours off
duty is also provided, along with wash rooms.
An attractively furnished and well-stocked
library is an added feature. This also in-
cludes a mobile container so that a large
number of books may be taken through the
hospital for the patients to make their own
selection.
The accommodation is now increased to
262, including the cubicles and with the in-
creased Iì.ew facilities we are hoping to bet-
ter
en'
the citizens of this community.

Jf7

Twenty-two registered Sister nurses from
various parts of the Dominion attended the
institute en ward administration at the
University of Ottawa School of Nursing.
The lectures centred around the following
topics:
nodern trends in nursing; public
relations and public education; the philos-
ophy of education as applied to clinical
supervisi:m; the ward as the laboratory to
the school of nursing; ward teaching; quali-
fications and qualities of the supervisor;
efficiency rating of the students; the auxil-
iary worker; the supervisor and the graduate
nurse; vocational guidance and the super-
visor; the undiagnosed tuberculosis case in
the gener3.1 hospital; and fire hazards. Round
tables were conducted in Professional Ethics,
and Saving in Time and Supplies. Demon-
strations were given at the Ottawa General
HospitaÎ in the pediatric, obstetrical, medical
and surgical wards to exemplify the va-
rious types of ward teaching. At the Strath-
cona Hospital for Contagious Diseases a
yery interesting demonstration explained
isolation technique in detail and was fol-
lowed hy a visit through the hospital.
\\Then th
busy week came to a close the
Sisters, who had participated freely and
enthusiastically in the discussion, were un-
animous in concluding that the supervisor
should be a well-prepared executive, exper-
ienced in her special field; that the ward
situation provides much stimu1ation for
practice which has a real purpose, for learn-
ing which win be retained, and for develop-
ing imp')rtant attitudes and appreciation in
the student.
A three-day refresher course was re-

.....

. ..
,

1(

,

t

\

Reprnelltative group at the Ottawa
institute.

398

Institutes

cent!) held at the Institute of Public Health,
[;niver. ity of \Vestern Ontario through the
Federal Government grant. There were forty
puhlic heaith nurses and sixty-five hospital
nurses who attended from all parts of \\T es-
tern Oni:uio. The first day both groups at-
tended a jûint meeting. During the morning
session, Dr. G. A. \Vheable, inspector ad-
ministrator, London Board of Education.
spoke on "Basic Principles of Administra-
tion". In the afternoon Dr. C. A. Bright.
\Vestminster Hospital, spoke on "The Pys-
chological Adjustment of the Returned
Soldier". Following this was "The Post-
war Peloiod and Kursing" - discussions
participated in by Dr. \Y. Sherwood Fox.
president of the University, Helen Penhale,
and :Mildred Walker. For the remainder of
the course, the group met in two sections.
The pub-lic health section started with a
round table discussion led by Mildred \\" alk-
er on the topic "Program Planning in Pub-
lic Health Nursing". Discussion was car-
ried by Edna Moore, director, Public Health
X ursing, Department of Health; Louise
Steele, V.O.N., London; Edna i\IacIlveen.
field work supervisor. "The Value and Cse
of the \'dunteer" was discussed by
Iaisie
Roger, executive secretary, London Council
of Social Agencies. "Co-ordination of Ser-
vices" was discussed by :Mrs. Mabel Hat-
cher, epidemiologist, Ontario Department of
Health, Yenereal Disease Control.
The hospital and school of nursing sec-
tion also had round table discussions led
by Helen Penbale. The program was divided
into: (a) The clinical period: Newer trends
in therapeutics, Dr. H. Grant Skinner, in-
structor in pharmacology and therapeutics,

edical School, London; How should we
interpret the term: "Supervision", Sister
:Marion, st l perintendent of nurses, St. J os-
eph's Hospital, London; Methods we have
found to be most satisfactory in super-
vising students. (b) The preclinical period:
Teaching the sciences, Dr. H. A. Deluca,
instructor in bio-chemistry,
Iedical School.
London; Correlating the sciences and the
nursing arts, Gena Bamfûrth, instructor,
Toronto East General Hospital. ( c ) \Yhat
guidance does the inexperienced teacber-
supervisor require?: the theoretical side of

Vol. 41, No.5

H 0 0 K REV I E \V S

her preparation, Helen E. Penhale; the
practical ."ide of her pleparation, Si
tCI Lr-

399

sula, superintendent of nurses., S
. Joseph s
::'chool ef
ursing, Hamilton.

Book Reviews

[he Hospital Head
urse. by Mary 1\1.
\Vayland, A.M., R.N., R. Louise McMa-
nus, A.M., R.N., and Margene O. Fad-
dis, A.M., R.N., 574 pages. Published
by The Macmillan Co. of Canada Ltd.,
70 BOJJd St., Toronto 2. 2nd Ed. H114.
Price $3.50.

Reviewed by Gertnule Hall, General
Secretary, Canadian "';urses Associa-
tion.

Changes in the hospital and nursing
school, some brought about by conditions
in the world at large which drastically
affected their programs, made a fairly
complete levision of "The Hospital Head
Nurse" advisable. The "spirit" which
permeated the first edition, and which
did so much to focus attention on the
head nurse as the "king pin" in the
hospital organization, has been happily
retained in the revision.
In her introductory remarks Miss
Isabel Stewart, who edited the revision,
states "Probably the greatest single
contribution that can be made to both
the nursing service of the hospital and
nursing school to-day is to strengthen
this indispensable corps of junior offi-
cers, to equip its members with the
guides and tools they so badly need, and
to inspire them with a greater confi-
dence in themselves and in their work".
This is the main purpose of "The
Hospital Head Nurse."
It is evident to anyone who has any
aquaintance with the work of the head
nurse that important social and 'scien-
tific, as well as technical, problems are
involved in it. One has to dig well below
the surface and reach far beyond the
range of the so-called practical aspects
of the subject if she is to be successful
in solving these problems and is to
enjoy the richer satisfactions that the
position holds. No book could possibly
cover all the needed information, and

MAY, 1945

eEp2cially all the basic principles, on
which these solutions rest. Even the
pr001ems themselves cannot all be pre-
sented, but the reader can get some idea
of their range, variety and importance
from the headings and sub-headings of
the different chapters.
Part I deals with the administrative
functions of the head nurse and is ap-
plicable to those holding positions in
hospitals with or without schools of
nursing. The introductory chapter gives
a general description of the p3sition of
the head nurse and what it calls for in
the way of fundamental knowledge and
abilities. Other new chapters in Part I
deal ",ith vitally important topics, such
as basic management principles. These
are clearly stated and defined, and will
be welcomed by junior head nurses as a
guide in the organization of their
respective units.
Other topics included in Part I relate
to common hospital hazards, accidents
and principles of supervision as applied
to the direction of both professional and
non-professional personel in the head
nurse unit. At a time when auxiliary
nursing personnel is being used so
extensively as a means of augmenting
hospital nursing service requirements,
this particular chapter has real meaning
and value and is commended for study
by all those responsible for the care
of patients.
Additional techniques, especiaIly in re-
lation to the management of the nursing
service, have been suggested, described
and illustrated, and there is also an
elaboration of the factors affecting care,
including an outline of the newer method
of calculating the average bedside nurs-
ing hours. Head nurses will find this
chapter hdpful in estimating the nurs-
ing personnel requirements for their res-
pective units.
Part II has been completely re-written

400

THE CA1\ADIAN NURSE

to include new material and to show the
newer em.phasis upon the clinical edu-
cation program, the student's responsi-
bility for learning, and the head nurse's
responsibility as clinical teacher for di-
recting the student's progress in her
unit.
Illustrations of a possible plan for the
division of responsibility for teaching
the disease conditions occurring in six
medical and six surgical units in a large
hospital, also include a clinical content
and head nurse Teaching Plan. Empha-
sis has rightly been given to the impor-
tance and method of teaching patients.
Chapter XXV deals with the appraisal
of nursing ability and recording of the
student's experience and progress. The
basis and methods of appraisal are
clearly and carefully outlined and are
commended for study by hospital and
public health nurses. There are excellent
suggestions for group activity on this
much-needed subject.
Part III considers the satisfactions
and opportunities for creative service
and personal satisfactions inherent in
the position of head nurse. Excellent and
fairly extensive bibliographies are given
at the end of each chapter.
This book could be read with profit
and pleasure by all those interested and
associated with nurses and nursing.

:Medical Care of the Discharged Hospital
Patient, by Frode Jensen, M.D., H. G.
\Veiskotten. M.D.. and Margaret A.
Thomas, M.A. 94 pag-es. Published by
The Commonwealth Fund, 41 East
fí7th St., New York City 22. 1944.
Price $1.00.
Revie':,-,.?.t bjl Edith Prill'{}lc, Inspector of
Hospitais and Institutions, B.C.
This book outlines and reports upon
an experimental study undertaken by
the Syracuse University College of Me-
dicine. There aloe new ideas clearly set
out which give information and data re-
g'arding the relationships of the hospital,
the doctor and the social worker to the
patient us a person; a cautionary note is
given against a tendency to stress di-
<;ease rather than the patient suffering

from disease. Realizing that the major
emphasis in a medical care program
should be placed upon the needs of the
individual patient and that there are
other features of the program that should
be co-ordinated with these needs, the
author has in the report shown how this
was actually accomplished at the Uni-
versity Hospital.
The descriptive report tells of the
manner in which the experiment was
ctmducted, discusses the various prob-
lems met, and evaluates the results of
the study. The purpose of the experiment
was to rrovide a service as well as con-
duct a study. One purpose was to pro-
vide a particular kind of medical care
that had been lacking. The study was
undertaken to inquire into "The value of
continuùus medical care to patients, who
are economicaUy unable to employ a
family doctor, by a competent physician
who is familiar not alone with the pa-
tient's illnesses but also with the rele-
vant emotional and social economic fac-
tors".
The
ppointment of an extra-mural
resident on the medical staff of the Uni-
versity Hospital and of the College of
Medicine was the first Rtep, followed
by arrangements for co-operative facili-
ties for hospitalization, medication, diag-
nostic procedures and social case work in
the local health and social agencies.
There were 902 patients served during
the experimental program of which 85
per cent were chronically ill and 15 per
cent acutely ill. The volume of work
necessitated the appointment of a fulI-
time social investigator to provide so-
cial data for research purposes but the
actual social case treatn1ent was left to
the hospital social service department
staff and t9 public and private agen-
cies. Chapter 4 deals with the Physician-
Patient relationship and Chapter 5 with
Medical Social Work. There are many
case illustrations. Doctors and social
workers will find this study easy to read,
interesting. containing information of
value to all those concerned with medical
social problems arising between the hos-
pital and the home.

Vol. .1, No. ,

-
,

"
II \ts wonderful, \
nurse, how %,B.t
Powder resists
moisture /"

-II'"

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&1&:/11:
o. ÞOIN:
o
/.,. 'DEli
('v #of
E OIL

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ro
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E

MAY. 1945

O NE OF Z. B.T.'s unusual ad-
vantages is its superior mois-
ture resistance. And what could
be more important, with tender
infant skin to be protected against
wet diapers and perspiration!
Z. B.T. Baby Powder contains
olive oil. It is downy-soft and
smooth, long-clinging. And that
superior slide you can feel be-
tween your fingers will quickly
tell you how effectively Z. B. T.
helps guard against chafing.

""'-

......

Make this convincing test with
2.8.1. containing Olive Oi'
Smooth Z.B.T. on your palm. Sprin-
kle water on it. See how the powder ,
doesn't become caked or pasty. The
water doesn't penetrate it, but forms
tiny powder-coated drops -leaving
the skin dry and protected. Compare
(With other lea ding baby POWder s)

401

NEWS

ALBERTA

ÇALGAR Y :
The fc.lIowing of ficers were recently
elected t.y the Calgary General Hospital
Alumna
Association: honourary president,
A. Hebert; honourary vice-president, J.
Connal; h(Jnourary members, M. Moodie, A.
Casey, N. Murphy; past president, Mrs. G.
Macpherson; president, Mrs. A. McIntyre;
vice-presidents, Mmes E. Hall, H. Holland,
N IS L. Kautz, H. Fisher; recording secre-
tary, Mrs. J. Eakin; corresponding secre-
tary, Mrs. W. Kemp; treasurer, Mrs, W.
Kirkpatrick; committee conveners: refresh-
ments, Mrs. \V. Uadlillian; entertainment,
Mrs. T. Hall; membership, 1\Irs. E. Con-
nolly; ways & means, Mrs. A. :McGraw;
visiting, Mrs. C. Boyd; overseas nurses
auxiliary, Mrs. T. Valentine; press. :Mrs. C.
Glover: ;]dditional members, Mmes T.
O'Keefe, A. Hammill, :Miss 1. Robertson.
Our Ic
Carnival \Vas very successful, the
net proceeds being $2504, 25 per cent of
which we used for war ef forts and 75 per
cent for our hospital.. \Ve are sending two
parcels a year to each of our thirty nurses
now serving overseas. For one week each
year we sponsor the Red Triangle Hostess
Club for the armed forces. Our members
are supporting the Red Cross blood donor
clinic. 1lrs. Parks has been doing the la-
boratory work for the clinic since it started,
ar,d we are very proud of her voluntary
contrihutiGll.

BRITISH COLUMB Y A

NEW \V ESTMINSTER :
R
yal Columbian Hospital:
\Vith the aim of setting up a bursary for
graduates of the Royal Columbian Hospital,
the Alumnae Association entertained at a
St. Patrick's Day tea. Mrs. J. A. McDonald
was the convener and Mrs. W. E. Gutteridge
was in charge of refreshments. while the
diqing-room was looked after by Mrs. G.
Brine and the program by :Mrs. D. Mathe-
son. The president, Mrs. C. M. PlJrvis, with
Mrs. ]. :McDonald and C. E. Clarke. re-
ceived th
guests. and
lmes \V. Mott.
D. Trumbull, C D. Peel, H. B. Thompson.
R. E. :Mitchell and T. Amy poured te
.
Contributions were received bv Mrs. G.
Gri
ve, while in charge of the drawing were

Imes E. ] arvis and E. M. Phillips.
ROSSLAND:
A reorganization meeting of the R"o;"land

402

NOTES

Chapter, R.X.A.B.C was held recently
when the following officers were elected:
president F. McLean; vice-president, Mrs.
J. McAllister; secretary, Mrs. W. Stevens;
treasurer,
lrs. R. \Vi1liamson; program
convener, :Mrs. R. Thompson; social con-
vener, Mrs. K. Scatchard. Future plans of
activity were discussed and a social hour
followed, refreshments being served by
Mrs. R. :Morin, l\L Klein, and O. Hengle.

TRAIL:

The following officers were recently
elected by Trail Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.
president, Mrs. K. Gordon; vice-president,
Bernice Quick; secretary, Betty Kirkpa-
trick; treasurer, Mrs. Betty Kennedy.
At a recent meeting the retiring president.
Dorothy Paulin, gave an interesting resumé
of social activities and work accomplished
during the past year. In February Alice
\Vright, registrar of the R.N.A.B.C., paid
us a visit on her tour of training schools,
and cleared up many points regarding reg-
istration in wartime.

Vancouver General Hospital:
The annual banquet of the Alumnae
Association was held recently when the
guests of honour were the members of the

raduating class of 1945. Classes from 1907
were represented among the 250 present.
Following the toasts there was a clever
skit by the senior students in nursing at
C".B.c. It represented the dreadful dream of
a student nurse conducting her first child
wel fare clinic. An cxcel1ent travelogue in
colour, "South of the Border", was later
presented. Credit for the arrangements is
due to 11rs. Mary :Mercer (Dunfield) and
her committee.

ONTARIO

DISTRICT 4

HAMIL TuN:

At a well attended regular meeting of
the Hamilton Chapter, District 4, R.N .A.D..
with H. Snedden, the chairman, presiding,
the guest speaker was Jeanette Merry, edu-
cation officer of the Queen's Institute of
Dish-iet
ursing, London, En
land. Miss

lerry conveyed the appreciatIOn of the
British nurses for the help given them
during the blitz by the Canadian nurses_
The Queen's nur
es number 4600 in the Bri-
ti!'h Isles, with an annual recruitment of
600 pre-war and 400 during the war. The

Vol. 41. No.5

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t -

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r-_

PRINCIPLES
OF
PEDIATRICS
AND
PEDIATRIC NURSING

BY CECILIA M. KNOX

.Just off the press. This valuable new
textbook deals with the child in both
health and disease, from the standpoint of
its total behaviour and development:
physical, mental, social, and emotional.
Units are: I. A history of pediatrics;
II. Growth and development of the child;
lIT. Nutrition in childhood; IV. Guidance
and care of children; V. Diseases of the
newborn child; VI-XIII. Diseases of child-
hood. 627 pages, outlines and bibliography
for each chapter, 63 illustrations. $4.4U.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

linistry of Labour and National Service
was given power to call up nurses in certain
age groups for nursing in civilian hospitals
and services, thereby recruiting many mar-
ried and part-time nurses. At the present
time the government has under discussion
the matter of pensions for British nurses.
1\1 iss Leleu moved a vote of thanks to !\liss

lerr} for her interesting insight into life
in wartìme Britain. A social hour followed
when
1isses Chisholm and Scheifele pre-
sided at the tea tahle.

\'
ELLAND:

As we no lunger han' a training sehoul
in "'eiland, we have reorganiLed our Alum-
nae .-\ssociation and it is now called the
'A' elland Graduate Nurses Association.
This means that any registered nurse may
no\\' become a member. \ Ve ha ve si xtv - five
memhers so far, including private - duty,
industrial. and general duty nurses. Last
winter we conducted "A Countrv Fair" whe-
t e we sold novelties, aprons, k
itted goods,
can:iy and home-made baking, which was
all donated b, the members and their friends.
\\' e also had two rooms of bingo and sold
refreshments. \Ve realized approximately
$350. \\I.th our funds we are going to help
the nurses registry, and keep our nurses
alumnae ward in the hospital well supplied.
\\" e have donated $50 to the Red Cross,
and also contrihuted to the LO.D.E. for
books for the sen'ices.
The nurses are co-operating splendidly
and all seem "er) enthused. \Ve try to have
an interesting speaker at each meeting and
ha,'e a 'iocial hour later.

DISTRICT 5

TORONTO:

The following report is submitted bv

fary
fcLaughlin. president of the Inter--
School Student Xurses' Association of
Toronto.
The Inter-School Student Xurses' Associa-
tion of Toronto had its beginning in the
early part of 1937. At that time members
of the Centralized Lecture Course Com-
mittee felt that there was a real need among
the students for broader horizons and 3.
more mutual relationship. Hence the i::lca
of an inter-school organi7ation was born.
Although the seed originated with the higher
powers it was to be planted, grown and
bear fruit among the students themselves.
It was to he essentially a student organiza-
tion - giving scope to their imaginative
and creative powers.
The opening of the season of 1944--tS
found us weak and struggling. The absence
of a constitution was readilv rectified and
then we started to enlarge -and give more
body to our year's program. An event for
every month was plannerl and in some in-
stances there were two. These were athletic
and social in emphasis. In the realm of
athletics we have participated only in teu-

Vol. 41, No.5

E\VS NOTES

405

nis and basketball but in iuture we hope. to
add swimming to the list. At our sOCIal
gatherings we have sought for the most p
rt
10 dip into those spheres oi culture outside
our own profession.
Last Fall we were privileged to hear
from Dr. E. J. Pratt. one of Canada's fore-
most poets. Lt. Col. A. C. X eill, on a brief
tour of dutv from England, brought us some
of the highlights of wartime nursing iT].
England, Africa, and Italy. The .January
meeting took the form of a musicale. In
February we held our annual party and at
our annual mass meeting Florence Emory
spoke to us on "Opportunities in K ursing-
Present and Future". A dinner, in honour
of our nine graduating classes, closed our
year in April.
Business meetings have been held each
month to maKe the necessary arrangements
for these gatherings. Our council consists
of twenty-seven representatives - three
from each school. From this council we
elect an executive consisting of a president,
vice-president, secretary, treasurer and con-
veners of social, athletic and publicity com-
mittees.

St. JlJic/wd's Hospi.'td:
The quarterly meeting of St. Michael's
Hospltal !\lunmae As:>oclation was nelå
recently when the following of ficers we.oe
elected; president,
L Hunt; vice-presidents,
M. Regan, L. Riley,
L :!\lcGarrell; treas-
urer,
. O'Connor; assist. treasnrpr. E.
Cooper; recording secretary, M. Doherty;
corresponding secretary, .Mrs. Forrester;
councillors, K. Boyle, D. 11urphy, K.
.Meagher; conveners: active membership,
L. Huck; associate membership, Mrs. M.
Meaden; representatives to: public health,
.M. Tisdale; nursing education, G. Murphy;
Local Council of \Vomen, Mrs. Scully;
press, E. Darrach; plan for hospital care,
V. Murphy; editor, "The Kews", K. Boyle;
assist. editor, Mrs. M. Keville. The Alumnae
is very pleased to have Rev. Sr. M. Mar-
garet, former honorary president, back
with us in the same capacity after an
absence of twelve years.
The guest speaker, Margaret Hunt
(St. Michael's Hospital, 1932, and course
in public health nursing, University of
Toronto) gave an interestin
account of
her experiences overseas. Miss Hunt has
recently returned after four and a half
years service in England, N'orth Africa
Sicily and Italy. '
Special mention was given to Doreen
Murphy for the successful project, insti-
gated and convened by her, in aid of the
scholarship fund. The post-graduate educa-
tion of three students will be financed. Two
of these nurses will be Alumnae members
of two years standing and the other a mem-
ber of the graduating class.

DISTRICT 8
The annual meeting of District 8,

MAY, 1945

Hope
of the Future

Keep them nealthy-Iet Baby's Own Tableta
help you. Pleasant, simple tablet triturates,
they can be safely depended upon for relief
of constipation, upset stomach, teethina'
fevers and other minor ailments of baby-
hood. Warranted free of narcotics and
opiates. A standby of nurses and mothen
for over 40 years.

BABYS OWN Tablets

For Those
Who Prefer The Best

(;J
@dereUO

WHITE TUBE CREAM

will
Make Your Shoe. Lal! Langer
Give A Whiter Flnl.h
Prove Mare Economical To U...
Mad. In Conada
'or Sol. At All Goad Shoe Stor..
FroM Caalt to Caod.

406

THE CANADIAN NURSE

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Weston, Ontario
T II R E E l\IO
THS POST-
GRADUATE COURSE IN THE

U R S I
G CARE, PRE-
VE
TIO
A
D CO
TROL
OF TUBERCULOSIS

is offt:red to Registered. NUlses.
This includes organized theoreti
al
instruction and supervised clinical
ex
)erience in all departments.
Salary - $80 per month with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Positions available at conclusiQn of
course.

For further particulars aPPly to.
Superintendent ofl'\urses, Toronto
Hospital, Weston, .Ontario.

DOCTORS' and NURSES'
DIRECTORY
212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg
24 Hour Service
A Directory for:
DOCTORS, REGISTERED NURSES,
PRACTICAL NURSES, PHYSIO-
THERAPISTS, and MASSEUSES
(Phone service to Victorian Order of
Nurses, nights, Sundays and holidays, only.)
PBROWNBLL, REG. N. RI!LH,irH

THE CENTRAL
REGISTRY OF GRADUATE
NURSES, TORONTO

Furnish Nurses
at any hour
DA Y or NIGHT

TELEPHONE Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg.,
86 Bloor Street, West, TORONTO 5.
WINNIFRED GRIFFIN, Reg. N.

R.N.A.O., was held recently in Ottawa.
The guest speaker was Mr. Walter S.
\V oods, Deputy Minister of Veterans
Affairs. Mr. Woods gave an interesting
talk on post-war rehabilitation plans, stres-
sing the fact that the nursing profession
offers a wide and varied field of opportunity
for women serving in the armed forces.
The retiring secretary-treasurer, Joan
Stock, stated that under the convenership
of Sr. Madeleine of Jesus the membership
has risen in the district to 703, an increase
of 76 over the past year. The financial
report showed that the expenditures of
the association totalled $13425, against a
total income of $841.50, which was for-
warded to Toronto. The bank balance for
January amounted to $198.32. It was an-
nounced that W. Cooke, K. Mcllraith, and
J. Stock had been appointed to attend
meetings of the post-war reconstruction
committee of Ottawa-Hull.
The following officers were elected for
the ensuing year: chairman, \V. Cooke;
vice-chairmen, 11. RobeÌtson, K. Mcllraith;
secretary-treasurer, 1Irs. B. Taber; council-
lors, Sr. M. Evangeline, I. Allan, V. Belier,
M. Hall, G. lIoorhead, E. Graydon; chair-
men: Pembroke Chapter, E. Cassidy;
Cornwall Chapter, Sr. M. Mooney.
At a recent meeting of the' Hospital and
School of :K ursing Section, District 8.
R.N.A.O., the following officers were
elected: chairman, M. Thompson; vice-
chairman, Sr. Helen of Rome; secretary-
treasurer, E. l1cIlraith.

QUEBEC

:\ J ONTREAL:
Children's .J.Memorial Hospital:
1Iadekinc Flander recently gave a refresh-
er course in pediatrics at Charlottetown,
P.E.I. Ella Yey, a former member ofthe staff
is now at the Brome-lIissisquoi-Perkins
Hospital, Sweetsburg. Jeannette Soullière.
who has recently taken a pediatric course
in Detroit, is now on the staff. Hilda
Nuttall has recently returned from a short
course in ward teaching and administration
in Toronto.

SASKA TCHEW AN

MOOSE JAW CHAPTER:
At a recent meeting of the Moo
e Jaw
Chapter, interesting letters were read from
three nursing sisters serving overseas:
Nùrsing Sisters Grace Canning, Wilhel-
mina H. Bergman, stationed at No. 21

Vol. 41, No.5

N E \V S NOT E S

CG.H. and J. A. Havorke at
o. 16. C.G.H.
Thev were very grateful for the parcels
sent- at Christmas by the Chapter. Several
letters of acknowledgemeht have also been
received from 2\ S
\leadows who is
erving
with Cot. Young's unit overseas.
Pegg
Ogilvy left 1{oose Jaw recently
to tak
a position in Edmonton at th

University Hospital. Prior to this, 1\1iss
Ogilvy was doing private duty nursing in

foose Jaw and assisting with the work of
the Red Cross blood donor clinic, 1\1rs. Repaye
will take over the duties of the sick and
visiting committee which was vacated by

fiss Ogilvy. The Chapter regrets the loss
of two members,
[rs. Selvig and 1\1rs.
Flack, their absence being felt keenly by
the \\'avs and means committee convened
bv :\[rs
Helena Butler.
frs. Selvig is now
ÎIi Shaunavon and
frs. Flack has accepted
a position at the \Veyburn Genêral Hos-
pital.
Kristie Jamieson was guest speaker at
the meeting of the University \Vomen's
Club recently. !\[iss Jamieson had attended
a conference on Venereal Disease control
and gave her listeners the benefit of her
experience in a well organized talk. Discus-
sing the "problem" and the "program", the
speaker ga\e information on the Four
Sector front.
).[rs. Alta Tait reported recently a paid-
up Chapter membership of 52.
The student nurses of the 1100se Jaw
General Ho::pital were "at home" recently
to all graduate nurses of that school. The
"entrance fee' for the graduates was a cup
and saucer which will be used to equip the
new snack bar in the residence. Betty Fisher
acted as mistress of ceremonies for the
evening and gave the roll call. A presen-
tation \vas made to the three senior grad-
uates present: :\[rs. C. Barnes (1915);
Mrs. J. Droppo (1916):
frs. H. Gill
(1917). A delightful evening was spent
playing whist, bl idge and bingo, \\.ith in-
cidental music provided by Gwen OrrelL
A lunch was later served by the students.
!\Iarguerite \\ïlson, who has spent the
past year in Bermuda, is visiting in Moose
Jaw.
REGINA. CHAPTER:

A verv successful mcmbership tea W:lS
recently hdd by the Chapter.
The Regina and
Ioose Jaw instruc-
tresses meet monthly at either Regina or
Moose Jaw to "iron out" some of their
daily problems and to help them raise their
own standards of "teaching.
Rev. Sr. Krause recently left the Regina
Grey Nuns' Hospital. Rev. Sr. Murphy, who
has been ..t St. Boni face, is the new super-
intendent of nurses. N IS's Harlton, Town-
send and Moodie left the city recently for
duty with the R.C.A.M.C.
SASKATOON CHAPTER:
At the annual meeting of the Saskatoon

MAY. 1945

407

)

iBladt,
$hJ

(}úwl
l:fJ En,?

/

in ø tt'a inø
Nut'seS ø JOust weat'
. g who tocking

a
k. haVet
. 'rhe
troubles t. n is .l\Uø
ideal. so\u ;
teX J?ye.
FabrIC T stockIngs
Dye
nY it' s quic\
.
ßLACK d A\\_Fabt'l

easY t A."n uaraJ\te ed .
Tint eX I
g 'f i n t e x
t
,:a
;
c sold evet'Y-

I e "
Al
-fÅBR\C ,\

.,.
FAST DYES A D TI N

N
-

Your White Shoes
Deserve It

Nugget Wh.ite Dressing will
keep them neat and trim, al-
ways looking their best.
Nugget is also available in
Black and aU shades of Brown.

(the cake in the non-rust tin)

408

THE C A K .-\ D I A 1\ K U R S E

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ""-ANTED
Applications are invited for the combin{'d position of (1) Executive Sec-
retary & Registrar. Manitoba Association of Hegistered Nurses; and (2) Ad-
vi
.er to Schools of Nursing in Manitoba.
Applications should be submitted on or before June 15, 19-15. and should
provide the following data: ... .
(1) Academic and professional qualIfIcatIOn:;; (2) Expenence as a graduate
nurse; (3) A certificate of health. Apply to:
Selections Committee, Manitoba Association of Registered Nurses,
214 Balmoral St., Winnipeg, Man.

VSE

. . ðJ
;"
4., r(JJ..."'

.i! t\i..
:-.
r::;
-
:$'

For Effective
Mouth Cleansing

Mouth care is a habit; Mouth health the result.

Chapter the following officers were eh
cted
for the coming year: president, 1\1. Jarvis;
vice-presidents. L .Mandin, L. de Faye ; sec-
retary. L. \\ïllis; councillors, 1\1. Chisholm,
Rev. Sr. St. Croix, R. Smith, E. James,
Mrs. C Thompson, M. E. Grant. Twenty-
two members were present and heard an-
nual reports from the chairmen of the th
-ee
sections, the registrar and treasurer, and
conveners of the social and program and
registry committees. It was noted that the
Chapter is in an excellent financial posi-
tion. Plans were made to hold the annual
Vesper Service in St. John's Cathedral on
May 13 in conjunction with the X ursing
Sisters' Association.
Plans have also been made for a special
meeting of nurses so that they may have
the opportunity of meeting G.
L Hall,
general secretary of the C K. A., and
1\1. E. Kerr, editor of The Ca1larfim, Nuyr:".
Joan Witney and Edna Larmour, formerly
of the Saskatoon City Hospital staff, have
joined the RCA.M.C and are stationed
in Eastern Canada. Both are graduates of
the S. C H. the former also holding the
B. Sc. in Kursing from the University of
Saskatchewan. Lucy D. '\Tillis has ac-
cepted an appointment as instructor i!1
nursing arts at the S.CH., having been on
the staff for some tirr::e as clinical instruc-
tor. Two recent appointments to the ope-
rating room staff of the S. C H. are as
follows: ]. Campling has accepted an ap-

pointment as supervisor; A. Phillips has
accepted a position on the general staff.
Y ORKTON CHAPTER:
Y orkton Chapter, District 4, has recently
bEen approved by the Council of the
S.RX.A. as an authorized Chapter. It is
the first Chapter to be formed in District
4. The following are the officers for 1945:
president, Mrs. D. Logan; vice-president,

\[rs. T. Stewart; secretary, M. S. Lang-
staf f; treasurer, K. Francis; committee,

lmes J . Young, G. Sinclair.
The Chapter is particularly interested in
contributing to some community enter-
prise. '\t present its members are helping
with the making of dressings at the Y ork-
ton Hospital. The Chapter is interested. too
in the newly-formed "Youth Organization"
in Y orkton and is making inquiries as to
what part they may take in assisting this
worthwhile endeavour.

Relieve Pain Now
Soothe away that
throbbing ache
with Mentholatum
. . . the relieving
ointment used by
millions. Jars or
Tubes 30c. IIX

ø'\t

t
'

MENTHDlATUM
Gives (OM FORT Doily

Vol. 41, No. 5

WANTED
General Duty
urses are required for an 80-bed general hospital in Southern
Ontario. Salary: Minimum, $85; after six months, $90; after one year, $95.
Full maintenance. Eight-hour day; six-day week. All graduate staff. Two
weeks paid vacation. Two weeks sick leave. Free hospitalization Apply
in care of:
Box 3, The Canadian Xurse, 522 )Iedical Arts Bldg.,
Iontreal 25. P.Q.

WANTED
Applications are invited for the position of Provincial District
urse in
the Province of \Iberta. Districts located in rural areas. Cottage, water and
fuel supplied by community. Salary: Minimum of $1500 per annum, plus Cost
of Living Bonus. Sick leave. Annual vacation provided after one year's
service. Apply to:
1\liss Helen G. :\lcArthur, Superintendent of Public Health Xurses,
218 Administration Bldg., Edmonton, AHa.

\V ANTED
General Duty .Nurses are required for a modern 220-bed hospital. Eight-
hour day; six-day week. Pleasant working conditions. Salary begins at $95
per month; increased to $ 100 after six months; plus meals and laundering of
uniforms.
Opportunities for further advancement. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal 26, P. Q.

WANTED

A Nurse is required for Staff work with the Department of Health, St.
Catharines, Ontario. Certificate in Public Health Nursing necessary. The an-
nual salary is $1400, or higher, depending on qualifications. Apply to:
Supenisor of X ursing, Department of Public Health, St. Catharines, Onto

WANTED

An Operating Room Supen"isor, with post-graduate experience, is required
for the Victoria Public Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience,
and salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Victoria Public Hospital, Fredericton, N.B.

WANTED

Applications are invited fOl. the positions of Assistant Night Supen isor,
Obstetrical Night Supervisor, and Medical Supervisor in a 200-bed hospital
with a School of Nursing. Apply in care of:
Box 4, The Canadian Nurse, 522
Iedical Arts Bldg., i\lontreal 25, P.Q.

WANTED
An Operating Room Supervisor and a Dietitian are required for the Glace
Bay General Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary
expected, to:
Superintendent, Glace Bay General Hospital, Gløce Bay, N.S.

MAY, 1945

409

WANTED
Vancouver General Hospital ciesires applications from Registered Nurses
for General Duty. State in first letter date oi graduation, experience, refer-
ences, etc., and when services would be available. Eight-hour day and six-day
week. Salary: $95 per month, living out, plus $] 9.92 cost of l.iving bonus, plus
laundry. One and one-half days sick leave per month accumulative with pay.
One month vacation each year with pay. Note: The Hospital can obtain exemp-
tion for accommodation from Emergency Shelter Administration. The nurse
is not exempt, excepting through employ of Hospital. Apply to:
Miss E. 1\1. Palliser, Director of Nurses, Vancouver General Hospital,
Vancouver, B. C.

WANTED

General Duty Nurses, registered or graduates, are required for the Lady
Minto Hospital. The salary is $90 and $80 per month, with full maintenance.
Apply, stating full particulars of qualifications, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Ont.

WANTED
Applications are invited immediately for Staff positions with the Depart-
ment of Public Health and Welfare, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Apply, stating
qualifications, in care of:
Supervisor of Nurses, Department of Pub1ic Health & "Telfare,
c'o Dalhousie Clinic Bldg., Halifax, N.S.

WANTED

An Instructor of Nurses is required for the Prince Edward Island Hospital.
The position is open September 1, 1945. The salary is $100 per month, with'
full maintenar.ce. Apply to:
Superintendent, P.E.I. Hospital, Charlottetown, P.E.I.

WANTED

Graduate Nurses, Instructress of lS'urses, and a Dietitian are urgently re-
quired for the Highland View Hospital in Amherst. Apply to:
Highland View Hospital, Amherst, No\a Scotia.

V;1 ANTED

A Night Supervisor and Night Assistant are required for the Cornwall
General Hospital of 75 beds. 6 night week; alternating week 5%; 3 hours off
duty other nights. Apply, stating experience and qualifications, to:
H. C. Wilson, Supt., Cornwall General Hospital, Cornwall, Ont.

WANTED
A Registered Nurse is required as Night Supervisor; three Registered
nurses are also required for General Staff Duty. Eight-hour day and six-day
week, with full maintenance. Apply, stating salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Shriners' Hospitals for Crippled Children, Montreal l:nit,
Montreal 25, P. Q.

410

Vol. 41, Ne. ,

WANTED

A qualified Instructress and a Surgical Supervisor arc required imme-
diately for a 120-bed hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and
salary expected, to:
Superintendent, General & Marine Hospital, Owen Sound, Onto

WANTED
A Science and Practical Arts Instructor is required for the Victoria Hos-
pital, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, for September 1, 1945. The salary is $150
per month, with full maintenance. Four weeks vacation and four weeks sick
leave with :ray each year. Apply, stating particulars, age, and qualifications,
etc. to:
Mrs. J. S. Harry, Supt. of Nurses, Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Sask.

General Duty Nurses are required immediately for the Toronto Hospital for
the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Eight-hour day; six-day week; good living
conditions. The salary to start is $85 per month. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto Hospital, Weston, Onto

WANTED

Two Registered Nurses are required for permanent Night Duty. The salary
is $90 per month, plus full maintenance. One full night off each week. Apply to:
Superintendent, Brome-l\lissisquoi-Perkills Hospital, Sweetsburg, P.Q.

WANTED

An Assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses is required by the Sherbrooke
Hospital. Applicants must also be able to assist with the instruction for a
rapidly-expanding English School of Nursing. Position available immediately.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are urgently required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis
Hospital. Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary
is $10ú per month, with fun maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Ex-
pel'Ience unnecessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
.Miss M. L. Buchanan, Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED
General Staff Nurses are required for the Allan Memorial Institute of
Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. Forty-eight hour week. The
salary is $100 per month, plus meals and laundry. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal 2, P.Q.

MAY, 194'

411

Official Directory

International Council of Nursea
BxecutiTe Secretary, MI.. Anna Schwanenber., 1819 Breadway, New York Clt,. 21
New York, U.S.A.

THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

President ................................ Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital, :\Iontreal 2. P. Q.
Past President .,.................... 'fiss Marion Lindebur&,h, 3466 University Street, Montreal 2, P. Q.
First Vice-President .............. Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Calgary, Alta.

econd Vice-President .......... Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Onto
Honourary Secretary ............Miss Evelyn Mallory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.
Honourary Treasurer ............Miss Marjorie Jenkins, Children's Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COM
nTTEE
Nu
ra
indicate office held: (1) President, Provincial Nurses Association;
(I) CAainnan, Hoapital and 8.::1001 of Nursing Section; (8) Chairman, Public
Health Section; (4) Chairman, General Nursing Section.

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten, Hospital fo.
Sick Children, Toronto: (2) Miss Dora Arnold.
Brantford General Hospital; (8) Miss M. C.
Livingston lU Wellington St.. Ottawa; (4)
Mrs. F. Dahmer, 73 Patricia St., Kitchener.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss K. MacLennan,
Provincial Sanatorium, Charlottetown; (I)

lrs. Lois MacDonald, Prince Co, Hospital,
Summerslde: (8) Mrs. C. H. Beer, 277 Kent
St., Charlottetown: (4) Miss Mildred Thomp-
son, 20 Euston St.. Charlottetown.
Quebec: (1) Miss Eileen Flanagan, 8801 Uni-
versity St., Montreal: (2) Miss Wlnnlfred
MacLean, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal;
(8) Miss Ethel B. Cooke, 880 Richmond Sq.,
Montreal: (4) Mile Anne-Marie Robert. 6716
rue Drolet. Montreal.
Sa.katchewan: (1) Miss M. R. Diederichs. Gre,
Nuns' Hos
ltal, Regina; (II) Miss Ethel Jamea.
Saskatoon City Hospital; (8) Miss Mary B.
Brown, 5 BeIlevue Annex. Regina; (4) Mia
M. R. ChIsholm. 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon.
Chairmen, National Sections: Hospital and
School of Nursing: Miss Martha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: MI.
Nova Scotia: (I) Miss R. MacDonald, City of Helen McArthur. Provincial Health Depart-
Sydney Hospital: (2) Sister Catherine Gerard, ment, Edmonton, Alta. General Nursing: MI.
Halifax Infinnary; (8) Miss M. Shore,.U Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., Wlnnlpe..
Roy Bldg., Halifax; (4) Mlu M. Ripley, 48 Man. Convener, Committee on Nursing Educ&-.
Dublin St.. Halifax.

nt
iSôn
' K. Russell, 7 Queen's Park.
General Secretary, Miss G. M. Hall, National Office, 1411 Crescent St., Montreal :;t" P.Q.
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS OF CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
HOlþ;I,d .nd School of N.,rl;n
S
cI;on COUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss N. Sewalllø, ..11-
J 08 St., Edmonton. British Columbia: Miss E.
Otterbine, 1334 lIõicola St., Ste. 5, Vancouver.
Manitoba: :\Iiss ,1. Gordon, 3 Elaine Court,
Winnipeg. New Brun.wlclu l\frs. M. O'Neal, 170
Douglas Ave., Saint John. No..a Scotia: Mia
M. Ripley, tð Dublin St., Halifax. Ontario.

Irs. F. Dahmer, 78 Patricia St., Kltchener.
Prince Edward Island: Mis!' Mildred Thomp-
son, 20 Euston St.. Charlottetown. Quebec:
MIle Anne-Marie Robert, 671ð rue Drolet,
Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss M. R. Cble-
holm, 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon

Alberta:'1) :\liss B. .\. Beattie. Provincial :\Iental
Hospital. Ponoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-

en. Calgar
' General Hospital: (3) Mrs. R.
Sellhorn, V.O.X.. Edmonton: (-1.) Miss K
Sewallis, 9!HS-I08th St., Edmonton.

British Columbia:(I) :\liss E. Mallory. 1086 W.
loth Ave., Vancouver: (2) :\liss E. Xelson,
Vancouver General Hospital; (3)
liss T.
Hunter, 42:lH "'. 11th Ave., Vancouver; (-1.)
\Jiss E. Otterbine, 133-1. l\icola St., Ste. 5,
Yancouver.

Manitoba: (I) Miss L. E' Pettigrew, Wlnnlpe.
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win.
lIip
g General Hospital: (3) Miss H. Miller,
723 Jessie Ave., Winnipe
: (4) Miss J. Gor-
don, 3 Elaine Court, 'Vinnipeg.

New Brunswick: (I) Miss M. Myers, Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Miller, 98 Wes-
ley St., Moncton; (8) Miss M. Hunter, Dept.
of Health. Fredericton: (4) Mrs. M. O'Neal.
170 Douglas Ave.. Saint John.

CHAIRMAN: Miss Martha Batson, Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital. First Vice-Chairman: Reverend
Sister Clermont, St. Boniface Hospital, Man.
Second Vice-Chairman: Miss G. Bamforth,
Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.
Secretary: Miss Vem Graham, Horuoeopathlc
Hospital, Montreal.

CoUNCILLOR.: Alberta: Miss B. J. von Gruenigen,
Calgary General Hospital. British Columbia:
Miss E. L. Nelson, Vancouver General Hospital,
Manitoba: Miss B. Seeman. Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital. New Brunswick: Miss M.
Miller, 98 Wesley St., Moncton. Nova
Scotia: Sister Catherine Gerard, Halifax In-
flnnary. Ontario: Miss D. Arnold, Bmntford
General Hospital. Prince Edward I.land
Mrs. Lois MacDonald. Prince Co. Hospital,
Summerslde. Quebec: Miss Wlnnlfred Mac-
Lean, Royal Victoria Hospital, MontreaL
Saskatchewan: Miss JJthel James, Saskatoon
City Hospital.

G
n.,..l N"r,;n6 S
cI;DfI

CHAIRMAN: Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral
St., Winnipeg, Man. FI
t Vice-Chairman:
MIss Helen Jolly, 8284 College Ave., Regina.
Sask. Second Vlce-Chalnnan: Miss Dorothy
Pa
ons, 87ft George St., Fredericton, N. B.
Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Margaret E. War-
ren, e. Nlapra St., Wlnnlpe., Man.
412

Public H edllir S eclioN

CHAIRMAN: Miss Helen McArthur. 218 Adminis-
tration Bldg.. Edmonton. Alta. Vice-Chair-
man: Miss l\lildred I. Walker. Institute of
Public Health, London, Out. Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss Jean S. Clark, 218 Administration
Bldg., Edmonton. Alta.
CoUNCILLORS: Alberta: l\frs. R. SeIIhom, Vic-
torian Order of Nurses. Edmonton. British Co-
lumbid: Miss T. Hunter, 4238 'V. lith Ave.,
Vancouver. Manitoba. Miss H. Miller, 7211
Jessie Ave., 'Vinnipeg. New Brun.wick: Miss
1\f. Hunter, Dept. of Health, Fredericton.
Nova Scotia.
liss M. Shore, 314 Roy Bldg.,
Halifax. OauM: Miss M. C. Livingston, 114
Wellington St. Ottawa. Prince Edward hland:
Mrs. C. H. Beer. 277 Kent St., CharJottptown.
Quebec: Miss Ethel B. Cooke, 880 Richmond
Sq. Montreal. Saskatchewan: Miss M. E.
Brown, 5 BelIevue Annex, Regina.

Vol. .oil, No. ,

VOLUME 41
NUMBER 6

JUNE
1 C) 4 5

.

ð/ty

Tranquillity

E. Gertrude Ferguson

, 'Hb
'ANA I I AN
N RSE

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OWNED AND PUBLISHED RY
THE f;ANAnIAN NUß
E
A

Or;IATION

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PRIVINE I

A pt.-rENT fOil
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During the
Hay Feyer
Season

Probnged symptomatic relief
lasting from 2 to 6 hours with

PRIVINE

T. M. Reg'd.

Physicians and patients alike will
\llelcome the unprecedented com-
fort PRIVINE will afford those
who Oi'e allergic to dusts and pol-
lens. Almost immediately follow-
ing the application of a few drops
of PRIVINE in the nose and eye,
secretion is diminished, sneez.ing
reduced, tearing, swelling and
adhesions of the eyelids checked
for several hours.

Treatment of hay fever symptoms with PRIVINE is most economical
and convenient. Issued in bottles of 1 0%. with dropper, also bottle!'
of 8 o%s.

CIBA COMPANY LIMITED MONTREAL, CANADA

DEAD AND
ROT-Sa-DEAD
-=: FALLACIES
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A 17TH CENTURY PRESCRIPTION for re-
lieving painful childbirth: a lock of
virgin's hair cut into fine powder and
mixed with 12 ant eggs dried in an oven
and powdered. Give this with a quarter
pint of red cow's milk.

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A 20TH CENTURY FALLACY among
housewives: the food inside rusted,
soiled, or dented cans is spoiled and
therefore dangerous to eat. This prob-
ably has been brought to your atten-
tion by some of your patients.

It is a well-established fact that the appearance of the .
outside of a food èan has no influence on the contents. As
long as a can remains airtight, food contamination is pre-
vented and the keeping qualities are assured.

:..... .. .

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, HAMilTON, ONTARIO;
AMERICAN CAN COMP ANY lTD., VANCOUVER, B.C.

JUNE, 1945

411

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Onawa, Canada, .. .econd cia.. maUer.
Editor Dnd Bru;ness MtmDgn:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A.. R.N., 522 Medical Art. Bldll'.. Montreal 21. P.Q.

CO::\fTEl\ TS FOR J{j
E, 1945

DEALING II' FUTURES
RETURN FROM WAR
CHILDREN IN HOSPITAL
"1\1ISS, IT's A BOY"
BROMISM -

L. E. Pettigrew
- D. E. Cameron, !it.D
L. Robertson
L !ilacKinnon
- E. AI. Pullan

433
435
441
443
.-145

PERSONNEL POLICIES AND PRACTICES II\: Pl'BLlC HEALTH
l.;RSING D. Deming 447
TUBERCULOSIS AFFILIATION COl.'RSE F. Trout 451
AN INTERESTING SURGICAL CASE D. Thomas 455
INTERESTING PEOPLE 458
NOTES FROM :r\ATIONAL OFFICE 161
ANNUAL MEETlI'G II\: BRITISH COLl.'MBIA - 463
NURSING EDl.'CATION 466
POSTW AR PLAN:\:ING ACTIVITIES 468.
WE CLIMBED A TREE llf. Pringle 469
NURSING CARE II' TYPHOID FE\ER T AlacKimwn 471
BOOK REVIEWS - 473
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 476
NEWS NOTES 484

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

491

Subscription Ra/e.: $2.00 per year - $S.OO fo
years: Foreign 6: U.S.A.. $2.50; Student
Nur.e.. $1.S0; Canadian Nursins Si.ten OVHsea. and Canadian nune. Hrvins with UNRRA.
$2.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cbeque., money order. and postal note. .bould be made
p.
able to Thr C.nDditm Nurse. (Wbeø nmittine by cheque. add IS cenU for excban.e).
C1urnae of Address: Four week.' advance notice, and th
old addre.., as well a. the new. are
nece5lary for cbange of iub.criber'. addres.. Not responsible for Jour"DIs lo.t in the mail. due
to new address not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Ed;t,,""
Contr"t: N
ws item. Mould reach the Jou""JI office before the 8th of month preced.åne publica-
tion. All published ms.. de.troyed after 3 month., unle51 asked for. Ollicùl Diredory: Publuh"
complete in March, June, Sept. 6: Dec. issues. .
AddreSi all communication. to 522 Medic,rI Arts Bldg.. Mo"trr.1 25, P. Q.

414

Vol. 41 No.6

r
I FATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

*ONE OF A SERIES

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A NAME which is linked with the relief of
suffering in the early days of Manitoba is
that of Curtis James Bird. He Was one of the
first practitioners of Winnipeg and a diÇlgnosis
.by Curtis 8.ird was recognized as accurate to a.
fine degree. Known as the 8.eau Brummel of
the medicar profession, he was a mån of culture
and refinement.
Curtis Bird was born at Marchmont House,
Middlechurch, Red River Settlement. His father,
James Bird, was a chief factor for the l:Iudson's
Bay Company and a governor of Assiniboia.
Curtis Bird attended St. John's College, Winni-
peg, and studied medicine in Guy's Hospital,
london. Upon completing the training he re-
turned to the Bird estate at Middlechurch where
he engaged in the practice of medicine. Some
time later he moved to Winnipeg to continue
his professional pursuits. There he took an active
part in political affairs, both local and
provincìal.

......

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,

1838-1876)

He was a member of the Council for Assini-
boia in 1868, and took part in the provincial
convention which met a year later_ When Mani-
toba beéame a province, he represented St.
Paul's Parish in the legislative Ássembly and
was made Speaker. In 1870 he was ch
sen a
candidate for the Dominion Government.
For a number of years Curtis Bird was coroner
for the District of Assiniboia, and in 1870 he
was appointed to this office in the Provisional
Government. While on a trip to England in
1876 he contracted pneumonia and died.
When the north-west was opening up, physi-
cians were alarmingly few and doctors spent
long hours traversing the country to relieve
suffering. Curtis Bird and the men who followed
him worked hard that the colonists might survive
the rigorous life. Their enthusiasm inspires
greater faith in the Warner policy of Thera-
peutic Exactness and Pharmaceutical Excellence
. One price and one discount to all.

ESTA.\WÃ

N II! R & COMPANY lTD.

'oP

MANUFACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

JL:--'-E.
C;.J'

415

Reader's Guide

The I
essation of hostilities in Europe
will bring rapidly into focus the numer-
ous plans for the rehabilitation of the
men and women of our armed forces
which have been discussed widely in the
past few months. To clarify our think-
ing, both as individuals and as members
of community groups, and to place the
emphasis in our planning where it be-
longs, we recommend a careful study of
"Return from War" by Dr. D. Ewen
Cameron. He is director of the Allan
Memorial Institute of Psychiatry in
Montr
al and is thoroughly familiar with
the typ
s of problems which are likely
to arise in families following long per-
iods of f'eparation under particularly
difficult circumstances.

Our guest editor this month, Lillian E.
Pettigrew, president of the Manitoba
Association of Registered Nurses, is a
public health nurse who has gone back
to her home school, the Winnipeg General
Hospital, as health instructor and con-
sultant to the student nurses. Miss Pet-
tigrew has an intimate knowledge of
present-day nursing problems and des-
cribes the trends in Manitoba.

The writings of Dorothy Deming- have
long been familiar to the public health
nurses of Canada through the Public
Health Nursing Journal.It is a privilege
to present here the paper which she gave
at the thirty-third annual meeting of
the Canadian Public Health Association
in Toronto last autumn. This paper was
published in the January, 1945, issue of
the Canadian Journal of Public Health
and is reprinted with their kind permis-
sion. Mi:::s Deming is public health nurs-
ing commltant, Merit System Unit, of the
American Public Health Association.

A new plan for the affiliation of stud-
ent nurs
s. in order that they may learn
by actual experience the modern prac-
tices for the prevention and care of
tuberculosis, has been developed by the
Division of Tuberculosis Control of the
Provinciai Board of Health in British
Columbia. Ferne Trout, B.A., B.A.Sc.,

41ð

who is student supervisor with the Van-
couver Unit, discusses the scope and
limitations of this important stride in
nursing education.

Margaret Pringle was appointed direc-
tor of Nurse Placement Service when
the New Brunswick Association of Regis-
tered Nurses decided to launch this type
of program last year. From the vantage
point of several months' experience, Miss
Pringle surveys the accomplishments to
date and indicates the plans for future
developments.

Have you ever been nurse at a sum-
mer camp 7 Lilian MacKinnon had a most
interesting: time for eight weeks at Camp
Lewis, up in the Laurentian Mountains.
The camp was organized and directed by
the Boys' Association of Montreal for
the purpose of giving under-privileged
lads two weeks vacation. She found she
had never a dull moment.

Edith M. Pullan gives us a brief in-
sight into one of the common causes of
mental disturbance brought about by
the indiscriminate use of certain of the
patent medicines. Miss Pullan is a super-
visor at the Provincial Mental Hospital,
Essondale, B. C.

Childhood is about the most obvious
thing in the world. Everybody has ex-
perienced it, yet many of us when we are
grown to maturity have forgotten what
it means to be a child. Some adults are
fond of children, some are not; some un-
derstand them, some misunderstand
them; gome expect the best of them, some
expect the worst; some are happy and
friendly with them; some are uncomfort-
able and ill-at-ease in their company.
Every nurse has had some courses in the
psychology of childhood, and the care of
children when they are ill. Linda Robert-
son gives us a brief insight into the feel-
ings and responses of the youngsters
when thr
y come to hospital which should
help us to comprehend what a strange
world th
hospital is to them.

Vol. 41 No. .

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Doctor Moore Will Make It Well

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IT DIDN'T TAKE Mary long ro decide what to do when Jimmy fell from
his coaster wagon. A bruised knee, a frightened, crying child caused her
no alarm. Whenever anything went wrong at Mary's house, it was always
Doctor Moore who was called. Somehow or other, he always had the
solution ro the problem. How fortunate, then, that Jimmy's accident
occurred near Doctor Moore's office. And how natural that her first thought
should be of him. Hers was a confidence born of experience.
Hospitals, roo, must have confidence. They cannot maintain control
laboratories ro test the numerous medicinal agents used daily. Few hospital
pharmacists can find time ro function also as chemists, biologists, and
pharmacologists. For the service which these scientists render, the physi-
cian, the nurse, and the pharmacist must depend on the large producers
of medicinal agents.
Eli Lilly and Company likes ro feel that it renders a service unexcelled
in its field. It likes to feel, also, that the medical and pharmaceutical pro-
fessions everywhere have the game confidence in the Lilly Label that little
Mary has in Doctor Moore.

ELI LI LL Y A 1\ D CO UP A 1\)' (CA ^' A DA) L11\1 lYE 0 . Toronto, Ontario

". \ <

.

JUNE, 1945 417

IIIIIIIIIIJIII 1111111 1111 11111111 III III III III II II 11111111 IIJllJllIlIl III IIIIIIIIJIII!IIIII!I1I11J11I1I1Il1UJllUI 1111111111 1111 III III 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Proper
den tal

diet

.

carles

vs.

/
-.;.,,

.
.

. . .

-('

"There is much evidence that, with wise super-
vision of the diet, caries [in children J is lessened
in occurrence and extent. . . . Surely, the dietary
approach offers the most effective means of attack
on the problem of caries now available, and
furthermore is one which is in step with current
policies for the furtherance of public health. . . .
With the assurance of ideal nutrition for the
individual throughout childhood, there is reason
to hope that caries will be abolished."
-BOYD, J. D.; J. A. D. A., 30:670, May, 1943.

Observations like that quoted
above, and numerous studies that
emphasize the interrelationship of
diet and dental caries, plainly in-
dicate that the attack on this
problem is a duty of the physician
as well as of the dentist.
Proper diet-prenatal, in lacta-
tion, and continuing from infancy
into adult life-is clearly seen as
indispensable to sound tooth

,. .#

formation in the first place, and
to the later protection of tooth
structures.

Carnation Milk may be relied
on as an admirable constituent of
a tooth-building, tooth-conserv-
ing diet. It is an excellent source
of essential calcium and phos-
phorus, and its fortification with
vitamin D promotes effective
utilization of these minerals.

CARNATION CO. LIMITED, TORONTO 1, ONTARIO

Carnati

"fROM CONTENTED COWS"

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Milk

A Canadian Product

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418

Vol. 41 No.6

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So one understands the complexities
of a woman's mind as well as her physician. He is fully aware that
the menstrual period may often initiate temporary psychosomatic
difficulties, or aggravate existing emotional maladjustments.

Today - with so many exacting demands upon women - any
measure which contributes to her greater sense of comfort and
well-being merits the physician's special attention.

Perhaps no single measure brings a woman such a welcome senSe of
physical and mental relief during the menses as the use ofTAMPAX.

the original vaginal tampon for improved menstrual hygiene.

This is because TAMPAX fits so comfortably in situ... eliminates all
external bulkiness... precludes "the. possibility of exposure of the
discharge to odorous decomposition. . . abolishes vulvar irritation
and chafing from perineal pads . . . and permits freer indulgence in
SportS and other physical activities.

Results of recent studies 1,2.3 in thousands of cases confirm the fact
that TAMPAX meets all the requirements of modem hygiene-pro-
viding thoroughly adequate and safe protection. .Equally important
(as one gynecologist has stated). with TAMPAX "many patients say
they can forget that they are menstruating and so are without the
disturbing annoyance they had every time they menstruated." I

(1) West. J. Surs., Obst. & Gyn., 51 :150, 1943. (2) aiD. Med. & Surs., 46:327, 1939; (3) Am. J.
Obsl. & Gyn.. 46:259. 1943.

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=;A:-;:::;- '--.-) P5-16
I CORPORATION LTD.

t BRAMPTON, ONT.
Please send me a professional supply of the thre'e ab-
sorbencies of Tampax.
Name
Address
City

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_:.".' TAMPAX

ACCEPTED FOR ADVERTISING 8Y mE
.JOtIRNAf. Of THE AMERICAN MEOIC!>l ASSOCIATION

JUNE. 1945

419

The Nurses' Album of New Mothers

NO.5: AUDIBLE MRS. ANTHONY

Presenting-Mrs. Anthony, a new
mama who lwlievf>s in
l){'akil\g
Her l\Iind.

"Heavens-how hideous!" she re-
marks, on meeting her new offspring.
"Why, this toy monkey is prf'ttier!"

On closer inspection, she demands: "Send
me my doctor! Maybe he can explain why
a day-old child has u'rinkle.<;!"

429

JOHNSON'S BABY OIL

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.

Mrs. A.'s doctor will tell her that
while many new babies look red amI
wrinkled, time plus proper skin ('are
will make them velvety beauties.

Johnson's Baby Oil is the skin-care
choice of many ductors. 11ade of pure
mineral oil with soothing lanolin
added, Johnson's helps Rmooth.._
protect. . . "waterproof" against urine.

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Made by the makers of Johnson's Baby
Powder, recommended by morf' doctors than
all other brand..;; of baby powdf'l" combined.

Vol. 41 No.

, /' '9 #:e
'/

RURITUS
. j

The active ingredients of
Calmitol are 'camphorated
chloral, menthol and hyos-
cyamine oleate in an al-
cohol-chloroform-ether ve-
hicle. Calmitol Ointment
contains 10 per cent Calmi-
tol in a lanolin-petrolatum
base. Calmitol stops itch-
ing by direct action upon
cutaneous receptor organs
and nerve endings, prevent-
ing the further transmission
of offending impulses. The
ointment is bland and non-
irritating, hence can be used
on any skin or mucous mem-
brane surface. The liquid
should be applied to un-
broken skin areas.

JUNE, I...'

I

""

I

...

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\.

P A TIENTS who are obliged to spend many
days or weeks in a hospital bed, develop an
extremely sensitive skin, conducive to untoward
reactions. Dermatoses from contact with sheets, or
from the materials employed in washing sheets,
are not infrequent. Itching is a prominent symp-
tom of these cutaneous reactions, and is usually
severe and extremely annoying. In this type of un-
pleasant complication, Caimitol brings welcome
relief. Its antipruritic properties control the an-
noying itching, and overcome the desire to scratch.
A single application is effective for hours.
Yhe

&0 ZzL
504 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal, Canada

c

lM 'N!_PRUR

DEP
NDABLf A

THE

t-

LI FE WITH 'JUNIOR" by We; the Borden Cow

\\ WITH YOU -I'M WilLING TO SHARE II
EVEN MY BORDEN
EVAPORATED MILKl

EVERY TIN of evaporated
milk that bears the Borden
label has passed the most
rigid tests for purity.
Through every process-
from farm to plant to finished
product - freshness and qual-
ity are protected and must
meet the highest standards.
Borden's Evaporated Milk is

_ c
---,

It's
Irradiated

422

@ The Borden Co. Lt?

sterilized. and irradiated with
sunshine vitamin D.

These are the reasons why
many physicians recommend
Borden's for infant formulas.

And these are the reasons too,
bemnd that well-known say-
ing, "If it's Borden's, it's got
to be good!"

At your request we will be pleased
to send formula suggestions in card
form - also prescription pads.

THE BORDEN COMPANY LIMITED

Spadina Crescent, Toronto

Vol. 41 No. 6

te,ðSf'\\lf.'

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c."f.f." f. 1,,
tt- '.

O\l "
f'\1S. \
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TRUE FALSE
I I I

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,

Strangely enough, it's true! According to
scientific research, the amount of insen-
sible perspiration from the cheek is 2.5
to 4.5 mg. The perspiration from the
armpit, however, is only 0.7 to 1.7 mg.-

'\Thereas perspiration on the cheek is
quickly dissipated by evaporation, axil-
lary evaporation i
limited-thus permit-
ting fermentation, and consequent
disagreeable odor.

To keep armpits free of perspiration
!Odor. many nurses use MUM. Developed

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after years of scientific research and ex-
periment. MU1VI effectively neutralizes
perspiration odor-without i11terfrring
with nonnal sweat-gla11d actil1ity. Try a
jar today.

"'Figures indicate average mg. of water dis-
charged per 20 square em. of the skin per five
minutes.

PATIENTS WIll. APPRECIATE YOUR
SUGGESTION OF MUM - CONDITIONING

A Product cf BRISTOL-MYERS COMPANY OF CA
ADA LTD.
3035-00 St. Antoine Street, Montreal, Cin:ld:l

MU

TAKES THE ODOR OUT OF STAlE PERSPIRATION

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. 9'oft...MUM IS HARMLESS TO SKIN AND nOTHING
. 9b
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...DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH NORMAL SWEAT.
LAND ACTIVITY

.; .J
E. 1945

47

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The famous keystone label
tells doctors at a glance
the quality story behind
the entire Heinz Baby Food line.

HEINZ Baby Foods

J9 Delicious Varieties

SOUPS
Strained Beef and Liver
Strained Tamato
Strained Vegetable
MEATS
Strained Vegetables
with Lamb
Strained Chicken, Vege-
tab:ps and Farina

VEGETABLES
Strained Asparagus
Strained Green Bea-s
Strained Beets
Strained Carrof

Strained Mixed Greens
Strained Peas
Strained Spinach
Strained Squash and
Carrots

FRUITS
Strained Applesauce
Strained Apple, Prune,
Custard Dessert
Strained Peaches
Strained Pears with
Farina
Strained Plums
with Farina
Strained Prunes

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424

Vel. 41 N.. ,

CJh(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A. MONTHLY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

YOLUME FORTY-ONE NUMBER SIX
JUNE 1945

Dealing in Futures

A state of emergency, such as war,
always tests the strength and focuses the
weaknesses of any social organization.
It is not a coincidence that the Manitoba
Association of Registered Nurses has
been faced at this time with the aeces-
sity of planning for the future of the
profession by solving matters of major
concern at the present.
Recently, the Manitoba Legishture
passed an Act which provides for the
training, examination, licensing 'tnd
regulation of practical nurses. It is rea-
lized
h
t the community has need of
both profession
l and non-professional
nursing services if it is to receive :ill forms
of care. The non-professional services
rendered to the public will be standard-
dized and controlled by this legislation
to a greater degree than evei before.
Therefore it is timely to direct the
thoughts of professional nurses to the
obligations that such legislation implies:
1. That the practical nurse has a legal

JUNE, 1945

status and that she has a recognized essen-
tial service to offer to those in need of
non-pro fessional care.
l. Th:lt professional nurses shall be pre-
pared and ready to serve the community in
the ever-expanding spheres of professional
service; that the worthiness of the registered
nurse's service will be tested by the skill and
altruism that are the prerequisites of those
who claim to be professional.
3. That professional nurses will require
more anJ better educational preparation for
the fulfilment of the services that will be
expected by the community, the Province
and the Dominion.
Through the courteous offices of the
Minister of Health and Public \Velfare
an amendment to the Act of Registra-
tion was passed by the Provincial Le
is-
lature in recent session. The amendment
provides tPe Board of Directors with
greater discretionary powers in granting
registration to those whose qualific:J.tÍGn<;
are equiva]
nt to the requirement:; of the
Act but which do not conform
peÎiíi-
cally with those requirements.

433

434

THE CA1\:\DlAI\ i'URSE

Some mOl1ths ago, under the leader-
ship of the assistant executive senNarr,
1\1;S5 Frances ,,, augh, student J1Ur
I'S
from a11 schools of nursing in the prov-
ince were organized with the ;rim of
stimulating .a vital interest in organized
nursing provincially, nationally and in-
ternationally. The .\lanitoba Student
Nurses' Association is unique in that, :lS
yet, it is the only provincial student nur-
ses associ:Ltion of Canada. It is a flour-
ishing body conducting its meetings in a
truly professional way and stimulat;rlg
an enthusiastic interest in aU phases of
professional growth.
Since September, 1943, the Schoo) of
Nursing Education established within the
University of Manitoba, has beèn
!Ih-
sidized by a portion of the federal grant
received by the \1anitoba Association of
Registered Nurses. Convinced of the
imperative need for the continuancc of
the School on a permanent basis, a com-
mittee appointed by the Board of Di-
rectors of the
1.A.R.N. has been active
in devis;ng ways for ensuring this per-
manency. An appeal has been issued to
every member of the Association to ill-
teriJret and support the efforts that are
being made to place the School on a
sound foundation. K urses .are kècnly
aware of the need in Manitoba and
'Vestern Canada for the facilities provid-
ed by th:s School. They can provide the
impetu<; that is necessary to assure the
public
Upp(lrt of this project.
\\Tith funds avail:ible from the fed
ra)
grant, the Provinc:al Placcm
nt Serv:cL'

was established 111 August, 1944. Recog-
nizing the increasing diversification in
nursing practice and the essentiality of an
avenue through which users of nursing
service may be supplied with the ser:
vices they require, plans for the contin-
ued financial support are being consirl-
en:d. Bearing in mind that it is
erv-
ing community, institutional, and indivi-
dual needs, it is more logical than vis-
ionary to presume that in future com-
m unity support may be given to this
serVIce.
In conclusion, in the words of Pro-
fessor Eduard C. Lindeman (A. T.1'.,
Dee. 1939) we see the beam of jl
m:-jJ1
need which is the motivating force (If
;.1] professional service: "The professio.ns
exist primaril) for the purpose of ::tiding
man in his adaptations. The professional
per
on enters the human situation when
adaptation has somehow failed, or when
men are engaged in planning for their
future welfare. The importance of the
professions increases in direct proportion
to the extent of man's attempt to 3lt
r
his environment for the purpose of meet-
in!! his needs". Ha,'e \1anitobans, have
Canadians ever been engaged in plan-
n "ng for their future welfare in
Tea!er
earnestness? Has the beam of <;oÓal
n:'ed ever beckoned more brilliantly fur
profe
s:l)n-d nursin?:
ervice?

LILLIAN E. PETTIGREW
Prrsid1'11t
J
1 mÚtohn A JJocintio1Z
(,f R egÙtrrrd Xunes.

The whole field of psychiatry has ta-
ken cn new meaning in recent years. A
sympo
inm on the place of mental hy-
{Tiene ":!nd mental nursing in the recon-
structÏün period was a feature of the
program at the recent convention of the

Preview

Registered Nurses Association of On-
tario. "Y e are privileged to share with
our rearlcl"s the stimulating papers pre-
pared by Dr. G. H. Stevenson, Laura 'V.
Fitzsimmons. Hilda Bennett and Eileen
Cryderman.

Vol. 41 No. 6

Return from War

D. EWEN CAMERON, M.D.

The mosr obviolls preliminary state-
ment to be made is one concerning the
confusÏ<m which exists regarding the
whole matter of the return of men to
civilian life. This confusion is only in
pan administrative in origin. In large
measure it ari"es from the fact that the
serie, of problems created by return
from war is serving in increasing measure
as an outlet for much of the muddled
antagonisms, hostilities and frustrations
provoked br the war in citi7ens. both in
the armed forces and outside. These
emotional reactions are arising in conse-
quence of the forced separation from
homes ::nd jobs; they arise from the
real and apparent in justices consequent
upon this; from the feelings of frustra-
tion on the part of those who wish
to be in the services and from the guiltr
feelings of
ome of those who have not
gone; from the apprehension of those
who fear the return of the men who did
go, and from the hostilities of those wh"
expect to be displaced from their job

and from their places in the famil)
group b
- the returned man.
Nonetheless, a central core of prob-
lems remains once we have winnowed
off the confusions and mi<;apprehensions.
To further this process of winnowing off
let me
a,' this-that one of the miscon-
ceptiom
hich has made the whole prob-
lem appear to be even more complex
and more difficult than it actually i5
arises from the confusion concerning
h " N h .' 1 "
t e term, euro-psyc IatrIC casu a ty.
The public has been deeply concerned
and rightly so over the very large num-
ber of men who are rejected for neuro-
psychiatric reasons, and over the large
number who are later discharged for
similar reasons. For a great many people
mental ill-health was something that
the other fellow had, and particularly
the other fellow who was being looked
after in one of the Provincial HO'5pitals.

JUNE, 1945

,,- ar, with its imperarive demands for
e.\.ce]]ence in personality and perfor-
mance, has set our standards of selec-
tion so hi
h that a great many men and
women, whose mental health and effi-
ciency were sufficient for them to carry
on in Óvilian life, have been excluded
as not good enough for army life; a
great many men and women, for the
same rea
ons, once admitted to the arm-
ed senrjces, have not been ai-,Ie to carry
on. There is no doubt that in the long
run this will be most salutary in allow-
ing: us to see that the amount of mental
ill:health and impaired efficiency which
exi,ts among us is very great and, at the
same time, that the numbers who acrual-
Ir requir.:? care in Provincial Hospitals
represents quite a small proportion of
those whose effectiveness is decreased,
but wlw do carryon under ordinarr
circumstances or who can carq on with
varying degrees of medical assistance.
Indeed, the great majority are not
aware that their difficulties and their
relative ineffectiveness are due to poor
mental health. Public opinion hac; not
yet identified those forms of ill-health.
Public opinion in the nineteenth century
had not yet identified the forms and
rang:e flf low-g:rade chronic ill-health
due
to inadequa
e nutrition, to focal in-
fections, to poor ind ustrial and housing
conditions.
Salut<lq although this forcible im-
pingement of these facts upon our minds
wi]] be, we must be clear-sighted in
llealing with the immediate problem of
the men returning- from war. The most
succinct statement which can be made
is that neuro-psychiatric casualty is not
synonymous with civilian inadequacy.
Actual experience has shown that the
majority of men discharged for neuro-
psychiatric reasons during this war have
returned to work without the need of
special provision. This large group IS

43'

.36

rIlE CANADIAN NUR5E

comprised, in part of course, of men
and women who have some degree of
intellectual handicap which p';-events
them from meeting the high demands
for skill and precision now required in
many branches of the armed services.
Their intellectual limitations, however,
do not prevent them in any way from
carrying out useful and necessary tasks
in civilian life. It is comprised also of
people who have degrees of emotional
instability which do not allow them to
face the hazards and dangers of war.
It is comprised of those who have
been brought lip in over-protected homes
who cannot stand the long separation
from their families, but who are quite
capable of fitting back into the places
which they formerly occupied in civil-
ian life, or at any rate, become capable
of doing so within a very short period
of time and with the minimum of assis-
tance.

It has been found that the number of
men and women discharged for neuro-
psychiatric reasons who feel under any
necessity to seek neuro-psychiatric help
and guidance, even where this is pro-
vided in the most readily accessible and
acceptable form, is quite small. 'Vhen I
say that the proportion is small I do not
in any way wish to give the impression
that the actual number is small, save in
relationship to the total. There js a great
need for increasing the facilities for the
care of that group of men and women
discharged for neuro-psychiatric reasons
who will need treatment and, in some
instances, continued treatment.

Having separated out from our cen-
tral problem this considerable number
of men and women who were unfitted
for military life but not for civilian life,
I would like to perform a second opera-
tion and to lay bare the fact that ma.ny
of the problems, which will appear as
war and post-war problems, are actually
problems which have been with us long
b
for
the war started, but which now
appear having borrowed from the war
its intensity, its emetwnal ur:;ency 311ß

some of its claims upon our devotion.
I have in mind such matters as econo-
mic reform, equality of opportunity, and
minority rights. These three great is-
sues are emerging with added import
as post-war problems. They are matters
which will clearly affect the return of
men and women to civilian life. It seems
to me nonetheless important that those
of us who wish to think clearly and
constructively on the return of men
from war, who mean to draw up plans
and see them put into action, should see
these other matters in terms of long-term
problem.; which had their origins long
before this war and which have to be
solved on their own merits.

Having now separated off from the
matter under consideration much which
did not truly beJong to it and much
which
('rved unnecessarily to magnify
and to confuse, what remains? First as
to the general setting. ,,, e are coming
to the task of working out the most
effective way of returning one-tenth of
the population to civilian ways of living,
acutely conscious of the experiences of
the last war and the last peace. V" e are
aware that in all countries that return
was exceedingly difficult, that it took a
long time, and that in some countries
large bodies of men, for all practical
purposes, never did return to civilian
life. They remained outside their civil-
ian world, critical, resentful and hostile
and eventually forming, in Germany, as
prime example, Hitler's first recruits -
his private army which, as the Brown
Shirt Organization, first destroyed civil-
ian e-ovr
nment in their own country
befo;e giving him the strength to des-
troy that of almost all Europe. In vary-
ing measure this was true of all coun-
tries. Dislocated, dispossessed men every-
where added to the V2St unrest .and dis-
content of the nineteen twenties and
ßin
teen thirties.

All this forms the solemn and the
,erious bac
ground to our approach to
this matter. We 2r
aware that our
attempts to under5tand our world) fg

V.I. 41 No. .

R E T URN FRO
1 \V A R

meet human needs upon a basis of
r:conomics alone, have faSled despite
thr: fact that our means of production
have increased immeasurably, despite the
fact that world-wide freedom from
war is IìOW a matter only of better plan-
ning. \Ve stand tragically before the fact
that at no period have conflict, insecur-
ity and focial collapse been more wide-
spread.
Offsetting this dark picture are the
dforts which havr: been made to work
out a sounder basis for our attempts to
deal with our society. Under the pres-
sure of these great necessities there has
been an immense growth in the sciences
concerned with the study of human be-
haviour. The human fact9r in industry,
psychological warfare, industrial coun-
selling, personnel selection, the psycho-
logical preparation of men for war -
these are words of growing potency
and weight. They were heard rarely,
if at all, before the first world war.
They, and thr: thinking of which they
arr: an expression, are likely to be of
the greatest moment in solving the prob-
lems of a world-wide return from war.
What new light does this approach
throw upon our problems? It reveals a
fact of the first importance, namely, that
the economic aspect of a job is not
nr:cessarily the aspect essential to the
satisfaction of the man. Admittedly the
rr:compense must reach a level compa-
tible with decent living but beyond
this are certain other and often greater
values. The job must afford the man a
measure of prestige and standing with
his fellows. It must afford him a de-
gree of
atisfaction, a means for obtain-
ing a sense of accomplishment. Recent-
ly we haw. seen a number of men who
havr: been discharged from the army and
who have returnr:d to their old com-
panies. In the meantime their positions
had been filled by others. The returned
man has been put back on his original
salary and the adminis
ration has felt,
apparently quite sincerely, that the right
and the just thing had been done. But
with the sabry did not go the actual

JUNE, i 945

437

responsibility, the opportunity to develop
the position, the status which the man
had formerly en joyed. Almost uniyer-
sally in such cases therr: has ber:n a
mounting sense of frustration and of
grievanc
which is reasonable if we ap-
proach the matter with an understand-
ing of human nature, but which would
appear irrational if we were to attempt
to see the living person in terms of the
old narrow and unrealistic concept of
the economic man.
But what would have sr:emed more
unreasonable three decades ago than that
a man should be discontented and frus-
trated when he was being paid his old
salary without any of his former res-
ponsibility to carry and with much less
work to do? The extent to which we
are conscious of the fact that the posi-
tion under such circumstances is a po-
tential source of frustration for the man
and trouble for the Qrganization is the
measure of our progress in our attempts
to organize our times on a !Sounder basis.
This, then, is the setting in which we
face the immediate future, the dark
memories of the past three decades, the
building up of new ways of dealing with
our society based upon knowledge of
human behaviour. \Vhat facts have we
concerning the points at which return
from war may be held up and against
which
trains and tensions may spring
to dangerous levels?
Groups have been sr:t up undr:r many
auspices to study these matters. From
these studies the outlines of the major
danger zones are beginning to appear.
Considerable stress has been laid upon
the fact that the man who went to war
has come through a process of psycho-
logical re-education in learning to be-
come a soldier, that his attitudes and his
system of values have been changed to
a degree which may render it difficult
for him to adjust to civilian life. Actual
investigation has shown, however, that
this need not necessarily be so. From
interviews with represr:ntatives of some
thirty industries it was found that, at
least in the case of older men, transi-

438

THE CANADIAN NURSE

t;on to civilian occupation was made
comparatively easily. It was found that
some of the rounger men, particularly
those who had overseas experience, re-
mained restless and found a lack of
stimulation in civilian life for a period
which often extended over several
months. If supervisors were prepared for
this and were willing to deal with the
situation with sufficient elasticit" the
men eventual1y made good fin
l ad-
justments.
It win he realized at once that our
investigatiol1s have heen concerned with
men returning in small numhers and
d
lring a period of full employment. The
numbers of returned men in any indus-
try, relatin' to the number of men who
have never left civilian life. is at present
so small that the returned men tend to
take on the attitudes and viewpoints of
the civilian group fairly rapidly. Their
numbers are not yet so large as to ren-
der them group conscious.
\Vhen considerahle numhers are dis-
charged, however, there will be a grow-
ing tendenC} for the returned man to
become group conscious, and, in conse-
quence, the speed with which they will
s}.ed tht attitudes which they have ac-
qu:red in the army will decrease. At this
point we mar say that all measures which
serve to perpetuate a distinction between
the returned man and the civilian will
serve to impede the former's re-integra-
tion into civilian life. For this reason it
is undesirahle that, for instance, educa-
tional and occupational training faciE-
ties for returned men should he organ-
ized separatel)' from those for civilians.
I t is important that, as far as possible,
medical facilities which already exist and
are in use for civilians should b:: utilized
for returned men rather than that spe-
cial separate provision should he made.
For this reason, also, it is important that
all henefits and special privileges which
are to he accorded to the returned man
should he rendered availahle as soon as
possible after discharge. and should not
be carried forward beyond the early
transition period save, of course, in the

case of ál"tuallasting handicap or disabil-
ity. This early provision of benefits and
privilegf"s has .a two-fold importance.
The first has already been noted, namr:-
Iy, that to render them available, let us
say six months or a year after discharge,
is simply to prmride a constant stimula-
tion to the man to consider himself, not
a civilian, but someone separate from
the ci,'ilian world. The second value is
that to delay according thes
benefits
and privileges will serve only to enhance
the doubts which already exist in the
minds of many service men as to whe-
ther the promises which have been madr::
both by those in power and those who
aspire to being in power, will actually
be fulfilled.
Jobs, housing, the family - these
three continually emerge as the primary
concerns of the man who has returned
from \Var. Other issues mar have the
larger ultimate consequences, or may
assume the greater stature in the pro-
cession of human history, but these three
are the ver
' stuff on which the man's
life is huilt. If his needs in respect to
them are met, we may have reasonable
confidence that the tra.ns.
tion from
soldier to civilian will pass through its
various stages without hitch. If they are
not met we may be equally sure that
the returned man and his group will
stand apart from the civilian world, dis..
satisfied, discontented and open to the
manipulation of irreconciliable elements
in our society.
\Vhat do we know of the attitudes
of returning men towards these three?
First as to jobs. There appears to be
much less doubt on the part of the
soldier of his capacity to handle a job
than ha
been stated hy some. This is
particularly true of the man who volun-
teered for m'erseas service and who has
built up a record as .a competent soldier.
He has as much confidence that he can
deal with his conI.temporary civiFan
world as he had that he could deal
with war. To a lesser extent this is true
of the man who has not served outside
th:s country. Among this group there

Vol. 41 No.6

R E T U R Ì'o FRO!\l \" -\ R

IS a proportIon who had difficulty in
maintaining themselves in employment
during the pre-war years. There is a
tendency among them to look for great-
er job security in post-war employment.
They want civil service jobs where they
have maximum security, even though
they may have to sacrifice some gain.
\Vhile many men will want to take
advantage of post-war training schemes,
a considerable number feel that they
hav
not lost skill in the armed forces
but, on the contrary, ha,'e acquired tech-
nical training which they might have
found difficult to gain otherwise, and,
for this reason, will have the more to
offer on the labour market.
The provoca'tive question as to what
to do with the office-boy who has be-
come a colonel is more provocative than
actual. \Vide awake personnel mana-
gers will undoubtedly agree that the
office-boy who became a colonel was
most certainly poorly placed as an of-
fice-boy.
One matter which is already standing
out as a point of possible contention is
the question of seniority rights. Is the
man who left his employment to serve
in the armed forces going to lose his
seniority relative to the man who re-
mained in civilian employment? This is
clearly an issue which requires the ear-
liest possible decision.
Above all problems stands the ques-
tion of the availability of jobs. \Ve have
twice withm a generation seen that with-
in a period of war it has been possible
to ensure full employment. If we fail to
provide it when the m
n return we will
most certainly find that we have opened
the doors to those who want radically
to change our society. If jobs are not
available competition is at once set up
between the returned man and the
civilian, competition centering around
some of the most elemental issues of
life.
The question of ade'quate housing
takes second place only to that of jobs.
Those men who have already returned
and ha ve had to struggle with the pres-

JUNE, 1945

+39

ent housmg shortage have expressed in
interviews the greatest resentment. At
this point let me again draw the clear-
est possible distinction between the man
who has never left civilian life and the
returned man with respect to shorta
e
of houses and shortage of jobs. The
returned man has been away. The civIl-
ian world to which he has returned is
not ret his again. \Vhen the civilian en-
counters these difficulties he becomes
irked and resentful of them and may
eventually attempt to do something
about his difficulties. For the returned
man it is the other fellow's world that
is letting him down, that is cheating him
out of things that he feels he under-
went danger of death to protect and
save. The returned man's resentment is
apt to flow, not against things, but
against people. Moreover, he cause he
has heen greatly frustrated by the separa-
tion from his home and bv his anTI\' life,
the potential hostility a
aiting: release
is far 2Teater in his case than in that of
the m;'n who never left civilian life.
There has been talk of holding up
hOllsing schemes until the men have
actuallr returned as a means of supply-
ing jobs. One-tenth of the popubt:on
is to be poured back into housing that
has proved inadequate for the present
civilian population. Pursuit of this pol-
icy can be calculated to produce with
the profoundest certainty jll
t tho
e con-
sequences which we are working with
the greatest urgenq and determination
to avoid.
In considering the various points at
which return to civilian life may en-
counter difficulty and dangerous delav,
I have left the matter of re-entering the
life of the family to the last. There
may be, there will be, for a number,
ad justments to be made, puzzling and
pain ful. Some will never again become
part of the family which they left. But,
even if these difficulties should be far
more numerous than we anticipate, they
will, nonetheless, remain individual.
From them arises no large issue from
which might take growth that group

440

THE CANADIAN NURSE

consciousness and feeling of separation
from the civilian world which it is im-
perative to prevent. From these indivi-
duals' difficulties the most opportunistic
and power-hungry politician can snatch
no catch phrase to raise him into lime-
light.
Some of the difficulties are figments
of our own imagination. We have been
told that men who have been taught
to kill and to destroy will be lively cus-
tomers in any family circle. We forget
the fact that this experience has been
limited to a very small part of the lives
of our men. By far the greater part of
their lives, and all the formative years,
have been spent in living and working
together in family groups. Moreover,
in no place more than in the armed
forces are the values of co-operation,
of self-sacrifice for others, of interde-
pendence set so highly.
I t is to be anticipated that the matter
of the wife who has sought and enjoyed
employment outside the home during
her husband's period of service will
present a problem. \Vhile this may be
brought more vividly into view, by the
way, it is the outcome of a trend which
has been apparent and growing since
the turn of the century. It is one of the
reasons for the growth of nursery
schools and kindergartens, it is tied up,
in a way which renders it very hard
to distinguish cause and effect, with the
development of labor-saving devices in
the home, with cafeteria meals, with the
progressive conversion of heavy manual
jobs in industry into light mechanized
operations. It expresses itself in the steady
progress of women over the last half
century to the attai.nment of full and
.equal citizenship.
Because of this, though there may be
individu.al difficulties and clashes, it is
most unlikely that the matter will be-
come one of major consequence. Move-
ment in the direction of greater par-
ticipation by women in life and work
outside the home is massive and is likely
to assume dominance over any counter-
trends for a considerable time to come.

That the man returning to his family
will be different is certain. That these
differences will be so great and so last-
ing as to render re-integration ard uous
or impossible is most unlikely. He devel-
oped new attitudes and new ways in
order to become a good soldier. He can
even more adequately develop or re-
turn to the attitudes necessary to be-
come a good civilian. We can take steps
to further this progress. \Ve can see to
it that measures are provided which
can prepare him for the resumption of
civilian attitudes.
Mea
ures have already been taken for
some time to ensure that the men and
women in the armed forces are kept
as closely in touch as possible with their
families and also with the changing
Canadian scene. Weare all aware of
the continual drive to see to it that let-
ters are written, that news from home
gets through. Some of us are aware of
the efforts to in form the men of chan-
ges in C
madian life through lectures,
discussions and radio addresses. There
is a great need for an extension and in-
tensification of this process during the
final weeks and months before the man
is discharged. During this period the
changes in attitude which were produced
in altering him from a civilian to a
soldier should be pn:sented vividly to
him so that he may be able to realize
that he now actually does possess ways
of looking at things which he did not
have when he was still a civilian and
which may not be helpful when he re-
turns to his old life. The different values
set upon initiative and individualism in
the army and in civilian life, and the
reasonableness of both sets of values in
their proper places require differentia-
tion. Together with this must go the
passing over of as much factual ,infor-
mation as possible concerning employ-
ment, training facilities, housing, farm
gran ts and the like.
As
ost of you are aware, a great
deal of information concerning the per-
sonality, the capabilities, and the be-
haviour trends of the individual soldier

Vol. 41 No. ,

CHILDRE1\ IN HOSPITAL

have been assembled from the time of
his entry into the armed forces. Proper
use of this material as a basis of voca-
tional advice to him would be invalu-
able. This material was assembled with-
in the armed fòrces for the use of the
armed forces but it coul.l be, and should
be, utilized by those members of the per-
sonnel division of the armed forces, who
have had industrial experience, as a
means of ad vising men about to re-
turn to civilian life as to the occupa-
tions in which they might expect to be
most successful.
Finally there is the matter of the pro-
per preparation of the community for
the return of their members from ser-
vice. If each family can be put in pos-
session, in a simple straight-forward
way, of the fundamental facts which I
have ;tlready outlinr:d, it would serve
to put an end to much of the confusion
which is making the problem of return
needlessly difficult. A similar statement
for thos
community organizations w
.o
will perform a useful function in assist-
ing the return, such as the service
clubs, churches and the social agencies,
and for those in supervisory and mana-
gerial positions in industry, is of the
greatest importance.
That the job of guiding and safe-
guarding the processes of return to
civilian life is large and that we are at-
tempting to deal with it by new methods
need in no way deter us. The knowledge
and the tools .are there. 'Vhat we have
to fear is inertia and a lack of clear-
sightedness on our part. On the part of
some few others we have to fear the
dragging in of issues which do not pro-

441

perlv belong, in the hope that in the
pressure and the urgency of the return,
these other matters mav also be car-
ried along. We have also to fear the
efforts of
those who seek to confuse and
disturb the processes of return with the
purpose of creating so much discord that
a public demand for radical measures
and change!5 may be created.
Against all these we may protect our-
sel ves, civilians and returned men alike,
if we fix our most determined energies
upon the mastery of one central objr:c-
tive, namely, that the returned men
should once more become as rapidly and
as com?letely as possible reasonably sa-
tisfied civilians among civilians. If we
lose sight of this objective or if we
fail to obtain it and the returned man
and his fellows stand over against their
civilian world - critical, disillusioned
and hostile, we shall have created a
situation loaded as it has been after
every war with the potentialities of dis-
aster. At the end of this war these po-
tentialities have risen to a level never
reached before. OUf whole social or-
ganization - changing, slipping, break-
ing down in some areas, evolving into
totally new forms in others as it passes
rapidly and irrevocably from its nine-
teenth century form towards that future
design, the outlines of which we can
barely discern, it is lUlstable and ex-
plosive to a degree of which we have
no previous record.
Do not let us be deterred from our
determination to deal effectively with
this matter. The road is reasonably well
defined and reasonably easy to travel, ]f
we ha ve the wiU to take it.

Children in Hospital

LINDA ROBERTSON

1\1anv !'tudents 111 our schools of nurs-
ing ar
doubtless quite familiar with
the handling of children. However,

JUNB, 194'

there are many others who have had
only the sketchiest of contacts with well
youngsters and none at all with thelll

442

THE CAN.-\DIAl\ NURSE

when they are ill. In order to ass:st
nurses in carrying out the necessaq
care of these children and to promote
good fellowship and understanding cer-
tain fundamental psychological methods
should be incorporated in the student's
learning. .
The basic factor which determines,
to a considerahle extent, the child's feel-
ing of happiness or unhappiness is his
sense of security, his feeling of belong-
ing. \Vhen he is admitted to hospital,
he loses this assurance and his reaction
may be demonstrated m one of a va-
riety of patterns. The timid child be-
comes introverted; the bold child mar
kick and scream; the ('babied" child wiÍ1
weep incessantly. These manifestations
all demonstrate fear - fear of the un-
known, of the strange people and sur-
roundings. As quickly as possible efforts
should be made to restore his sense of
security and to establish a regular rou-
tine.
If he is at first unmanageable, wait
for him to become quiet, then tell him
who some of the children are near him;
explain what he must ask for if he
wishes to go to the bathroom. Explain
all proc
dures as ther occur. It is not
the pain he dreads half as much as the
fear of not knowing what is going to
happen to him. \Vhen a treatment is
ordered which necessitates taking- the
child to another part of the ho
pital,
make a game out of the trip. This helps
to place the emphasis on something
other than the dreaded treatment.
The child who frets and fusses over
a prolonged period of confinement will
respond happily to some suggestion of
m.ake-believe. His bed may be the land-
ing-strip where airplanes arrive from
far-away places. The wheel-chair be-
comes the chariot of his "Royal High-
ness". It Heed only take a few minutes
each day to enlarge on this idea and
make him completely reconciled by per-
mitting him to "hold court".
When she is assigned to the child-
ren's ward, the nurse should familiarize
herself with the spontaneous activities

and inquiries of children at different
ages. In particular, she needs to be
aware of the limitations of vocabulary
and adjust her conversation to the levd
of each patient. The health teach:n:;
which the nurse does must be based up-
on facts which the child understands,
so presented that they appeal to him
no'lV. I\lost children love the sound of
words that rhyme and, when the jingle
is made to apply especially to him, the
child will be kept happy for hOllrs re-
peating some apparently senseless com-
bination of words which nevertheless
contain the germ of the idea in health
teachint: the nurse was trying to instil.
How much more likely she is to reach
her goal if the nurse manufactures
some sllch rhyme as':
Potatoes have f'}'es,
But they connot see
That they're on my spoon
Going imide of me.
instead of saying, "If you want to grow
up to be a big man, you must eat your
potatoes" .
::\1any children have a special doll or
other pet which they have been in the
habit of taking- to bed with them. \Vhen
sickness strike
suddenly, the child may
have to be whisked away to hospital and
the beloved teddy hear is left behind.
\Vhen she shouI"d be going to sleep,
not only is the little girl all alone in a
strange bed but she is lost without the
teddy who always slept beside her at
home. In the dark, it is easy to substi-
tute a stuffed sock which allays the
fears as the little fingers close over it.
Habits, sucha5 this, which do not inter-
fere with the child's sleep or health
should he fostered, nor broken.
Children make excellent patients. It
is the exception when their complaints
are not justifiable. What special pre-
paration does the nurse require to enable
her to cope with any problems which
may ar:"
? Tact, intelligence, patience
and good humour are essential requis-
ites. Added to these, the nurse must try
to see things from the child's point of
view. Her attitude must he friendly and

Vot. 41 No.6

u rv1 I S S, IT' S A BOY"

sympathetic, yet firm enough that she
remain:; in control of the
ituation. She
must learn to speak gently and firmly.
never sharply, to the children. She must
make up her own mind what it is she
wants in the way of co-operation.
Children are quick to sense conflls
on
and ineptness and, because they arc
great show-offs, will attempt to take
ad,-antag-e of her. On the other hand,
children are indefatigable and perpetual
imitators and the
' will respond if only
to gain approval, if the nurSe knows
what she wants.

443

To sum up, the nurse will be suc-
cessful in the children's department if
she:
1. Establishes their sense of security
when admitted to the hospital.
2. Is always truthful and remembers
the need for eXplanation.
3. Tries to see the situation from the
chi1d's point of view.
4. Is consistent in her dealings with
them.
5. Is calm and unperturhed no matter
how much confusion there may be
around her.

"Miss, It's a Boy"

LILIAN l\IACKINNON

Lyin
awake in my room in Camp
Lewis hospital the moonlight night of
July ], ] 944, with two blankets tucked
cosily around my shoulders, I considered
m, self ,'erv, ven- luck" indeed. Out-
s:de, the lake,

cant twenty yards
aWa\, slapped softl
' at its sh
re' and
a whip-poor-will in a tree close by called
thrilFngly throughout the night. Less
than eighty miles to the south, !\10ntre.aI
was sweating out its first and fiercest
heat-wave of the summer. People were
wait:ng for hours to catch a train to the
Laurentians and here was I in the very
heart of them, and being paid to stay!

}' satisfaction extended into and
throughout the following day when,
the morning mist drifting from lake
and shore, the moonlit impressions of
great scenic beauty I had had during
the night were more than fully con-
firmed by the brilliant northern sun-
Jight. The camp site was truly lovely.
The main building, which overlooked
the lake, was an old, picturesque grey
stone dwelling known as the Chateau,
and in it were the dining-rooms, kit-
chen, offices. ete. It also housed the
camp
rsonnel with the exception of
the director who lived in a cottage near
th
hospital, both buildings perched
high on the side of a steep hill above

JUNE, J 94'

the Chateau, and reached by a long
f]ight of shallow stairs.
The cabins and tents for the boys
were on .sheltered Presqu'ile separated
from the Chateau by a narrow bay and
almost entirely screened by the thick
leafy green of the trees. On the shore
a heautiful high rock shelved into the
lake, a gorgeous spot for ba
hing, and
nearby were the wharf and diving-
board. Clustering red-painted boat! made
a spot of colour against the green back-
drop.
Had I anticipated the responsibility
devolving upon a camp nurse when the
camp in question cares for some two
hundred and fifty boys as Camp Lewis
did, I might have gazed at the spark-
ling lake and surrounding mountains
with a degree less equanimity that per-
fect Sundar morning. For on Monday
the boys, carrying their city pallor and
knapS-:1.cks and shouting their marching
songs, arrived in Camp Lewis. r looked
no longer with tranquil sp:rit at the
lake, and if sometimes at night I lifted
harassed eyes for a moment to the Great
Dipper, I never did hear the whip-
poor-win again in the tree beJow the
hospital for, with the coming of the
boys, he fled to quieter haunts.
Thereafter life in Camp Lewis cen-

444 THE C.:\N.A DIAl\. 1\URSE
r ".

_;s., .'

/2 perfect setting at Ste. Agnthe des Monts

tered in and revolved around the boys.
All day long the campus and Chateau
echoed to their voices. All day long,
and all too frequently at night, they
arrived singly or with an escort, depend-
ing on the box-office attraction of the
case, up those terrible stairs to thunder,
as if their very lives were at stake, on
the hospital door. In former years Camp
Lewis boasted a doctor's services but
times b
ing as they are this summer a
nurse had to substitute. This was a
little hard on the camp since its isola-
tion made the presence of a. doctor al-
most a necessity.
.-\.5 the glorious summer days sped
by, I found myself Eke St. Paul trying
to be all things to all men, or at least
to all boys. I discussed social ad just-
ments, gave shelter and pep talks to the
homesick and much free advice on per-
sonal hygiene. The feet I cleaned and
bound up will do me quite nicely the
remainder of my life. Though most of
the injuries the boys received were of
a minor nature, here and there a more
serious cut, necessitating sutures, crop-
ped up. Two of those I sent to Ste.
Agathe but in several cases I myself put
in a few horse hair sutures and later had
the satisfaction of seeing the wounds heal.
Probably it was luck but I think it

was sulphathiazole ointment that kept
in juries clean for only in one instance
did a boy have to go to \1ontreal for
treatment for infection. Poison ivy clear-
ed up beautifuHy after a few treatments
with potassium permanganate solution,
while boils were grimly incised and
dressed with sulphathiazole; I also used
it for had cases of sunburn. "-hen to
give anti-tetanus serum proved a major
worry.
I sent one case of measles and ano-
ther of pink eye to Montreal and was
lucky enough to have no other cases
develop. To Montreal also went an acute
abdomen, an infection of the middle ear
and a second degree burn; but all these
patients were seen first by a doctor in
Ste. Agathe.
Now I must not allow you to think
I did ;111 this work by myself for that
would he giving you an entirely wrong
impression. Not at all ! Two orderlies,
thirteen and nine rears respectively,
known as Mike and Junior were my
very perfect assistants. They washed so
many feet and helped with so many
dressings, without audible protest at
least, that sometimes I weakly looked
aside when I saw them bandaging soiled
ones. They kept the hospital clean and
fed the sick, and when a patient, feet

Vol. 41 No. .

B R 0 :\.1 I S :\1

racing or lagging up the long flight of

tairs :1S the case might be, announced
his arrival at the hospital with loud cries,
a conversation something like the fol-
lowing would ensue:
111}'sdf (Having sought the compara-
tive san.:tuary of my room and trying
to concentrate on something else) : "See
who it is, l\like".
J1ike (His voice raised hoarsely above
the clamaur in the surgery): "l\liss, it's
a bov."
J1 v St'lf : "\Ve 11, go 011 ;;Ind f.ix him
up."
/l1ike (Outside my door, his voice stin
hoarselv raised above a perfect chorus
of shrill cries): ":\1iss, it's his foot."
Myself (StiH intent on my personal
work): "Go ahead, lVlike."
iWilie (Accusingly. now inside my
room and trying vainly to stem the tide
of pushing boys): "Miss, it's a Nail!"
J1vH'lt (Resignedly, mentallv tossing
my work out the window because nails,
and above
Ill rusty ones, were my spe-
cial dish): "O.K. Now you boys scram
out of here."
Poor little orderlies' At night they
climbed a ladder to sleep with the scurry-
ing chippie
under the hospital eaves, and
day in a burst of confidence told me of
their ambitions to become great special-
ists; and I can only hope that Canada
in the not too distant future, her war
ended, will place within the grasp of all
her poor, ambitious, clev
r children the
means of obtaining a college educa-
tion.
To-night it must be very lonely in

445

Camp Lewis. The ghost on Ghost
Rock, always a cold, unfriendly spirit,
must brood gloatingly over the dark
and silent Chateau, and the forbidden
and forbidding Rock of Gibraltar must
appear" as withdrawn and remote as the
glittering reflection of the nothern stars
in the cold and silent lake, while the
waters of the Suez must flow with an
unnatural tranquillity over their brown
sands. Perhaps the whip-poor-will, if he
sings this early in the Spring, has come
back t" -:he tree below the hospital but
his clear note'- can only empha
ize the
eerie sil

lce of the campus.
On the Great Rock of Leukamis the
new green leaves will be budding. This
is where Louis, the descendant of Mo-
hawk Chieftains, told his beguiling
tales to an awed and silent audience,
and where to prove their worthiness of
admission into the Honour Tribe, the
young braves, to the accompaniment of
shrill cries and the beating of tom-toms,
were tortured at the stake before the
huge camp-fires and later, their faces
to the lake as the light died upon it, the
members of the tribe chanted their in-
vocations to the Great Turtle. Here,
over the dead ashes of many camp-fires,
the Great Spirit must wonder if those
eager young warriors will one day be
called upon, as so many of his former
braves were caBed upon, to prove that
manhood in flaming skies or in dark
and lonely oceans. Like the campus
and the Chateau and the hospital He,
too, must wait for the com;ng of sum-
mer and the return of the boys.

Bromism

EDITH M. PULLAN

In the study of materia medica a
portion of the study of each drug is de-
voted to toxicology. Th
alert and ob-
servant nurse with a good foundation

JUNE. 1945

of fundamental knowledge can prevent
the toxic symptoms occurring in a pa-
tient while in hospital, through proper
and prompt application of theory and

446

THE CA,,\.-\f)r.\
"\CRSE

practice. The patient is thus safeguarded
heGllI..;e he is under con
tant ohsen'a-
tlon. The aHTage out-patient has a
limited or no hackQ"rollJ1d of knowledo-e
which \\'ould enahle him to realÏ7e the
danger of taking medication
he, ond
certa;n ]"mit
. Th:s pertains (spe
ia]]\
to some of the ingredients \\ hich are
contained in patent medicine
.
There are certain dru!!' which are
u<;ed (.\.ten
i,'el
in patent
ledicine
th:1t
:1re pro\'ing to he the cau
e frequenth
of to\.ic ('ondit:ons. fhe dfll
s to \\ h=ch
r refer are the hromide
;lts. These
drugs are used in man

o-called nerve
tonic
;.nd headache remedies. Bromides
are a,'ailahle to the public br just re-
questinJ them from a pharmacist. \ 1ore-
onT, a prescription containing these
drugs (':1n be refilled unless. of course,
the ph, sician especiall
<;tates otherwise
in the pre1iminan prescription.
Let us review the action of the hrom-
ide
. Ther affect the central nen'ous
s,-stem in such a war as to act as a de-
presçant. The) act o
the entire nervous
s
stem, the brain, the 'pinal cord and
the ner\'es. Tht') relin'e pain slightl}
and prCid uce sleep, especiall} in nervous
patients. The mental activities become
rather sluggish. There is a diminution of
the response of the mu
c1es to stimula-
tion, a lessening: of nervou" and emotion-
al exc;taoilitr
"lnd a decrease in reflex
action. Beca use the bromide molecule

are too large to pass through the tissue
in the
.1omeru]i of the kidne,', thn tend
to aCCl-.mulate in the b()(h "tissuc"s thus
producing a variet) of eff
cts. One ef-
fect of this accumulation is a
kin ra
h
caused when an attempt is made h, the
bod, to eliminate the drug through the

k:n". The rash may heco
l1e ver; pro-
nounced and develop into ulcers. The

econd effect ma,' be a mental condition
that is characterized b} certain changes
in behaviour and mental mechanisms.
The si
ns a 11(1 s
'mptoms displayed are
usuallr characterist:c when the toxicin
affect
the patient in this particular man--
ner. He becomes e\.tremelr confused,
los"ng tl-.
ahiJ:t
to organ:Zl' his thouf!hb.

Familiar ohjects re<;emole nothing that
is commonplace. He fails to recognize
the da) or month; he has no idea of hi,;;
surroundin gs; the) do not con ver to his
mind the memo!") of pre,'ious e'-perien-
ces. Hi
friends are strangers to him.
Furthermore, the thoughts ;hat are in his
mind afe often vividly interpreted by
falçe sensory impressions or hallucina-
tion=-. I mpression
of a visual nature are
most common. These usually take th

form of very fantastic, frightening: l11on-

ter" or wriggling objects. These are
"er)' often described in detail by the
patient. Thq appear to him to be very
real and marked I" influence his beha-
,iour. Other sen
ory perceptions which
may be manifest are false sensations of
taste, such as a feeling that the food i

poi<;oned, or false auditon' sensations are
heard. Combined with these abnorm.ali-
ti.e" of mental. acti,'in' and oehaviour
is the failure to hred visceral stimulation,
resultim!.' in faulty habits and incontin-
ence. A.ìso there i
a marked tendenn to
disrobe.
The patient's need for medical treat-
ment and nursintr care is veq
reat.
The curati,'e tre;tment is
pe
ifi
and
e\:trem
ly effective when instituted. So-
llium chloride, grains fifteen to twenty,
is given h) mouth, three times a day. If
this form is not tolerated, it can he
i\'en
intra,'ellOusl)'. Fluid intake is incr
ased
hy intr:1venous infusion of 1000 to 2000
cc. of 5 per cent glucose in saline daily.
Vitamin B is given intravenously also.
The nursing care is extremely impor-
tant. The environment must oe protec-
tive in order to prevent the patient from
becoming harmed due to his activities.
Dail} baths stimulate the elimination of
the toxic substances throu
h the skin.
The water used for these
baths should
oe as warm as pos
ible to acti,'ate the
sweat
bnds. This immersion remm'es
any of the irritating bromides from the
skin surface, thus preventing ulcera-
tion. Care must be taken to remo\'e all
excreta from the skin b
callse these pa-
tients neglect personal hahits. NOllrish-
(CrJ1ltl'f1uf'd on pngf' 47C)

V.1. 41 No. 6

PUBLIC

HEAL TH

NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

Personnel Policies and Practices

In Public Health Nursing

DOROTHY DEMING

Public health work is a partner-
ship concerned with promoting
good public relations.
o matter how
skilled YPur
taff, or complete your
equipme.1t. or beautiful }<Hlr building,
the health of the public will not be
greatl} ;-
d\"anced if rour relations to
the peop!
in your communit} are not
happ}. The impression which the pub-
lic receives of your work stems main-
ly from personal contacts - day in
and day out. It is trite but true to say
that evpn the tone of voice of the clerk
who answers the telephone influences
the public's reaction to your service. How
much more important is it then that
the mèmb.>rs of a staff who meet clients
at hom
, on the street, and in clinics be
equipped with every advantage and skill
in making and keeping friends. Under-
lying the productive capacity of work-
ers to wir. the public's friendship are
smooth-working relationships within tì,/,
staff itself - what we call fair person-
nel poFcies and sound administrative
practice.
Let liS examine the working rela-
tionship between the health officer and
the nursing staff. \Vhat factors promote
good service to the public?
The p'lblic health nurse expects three
perfectly definite things from the health
officer.
The fi!'st is informtl
on. She expects,

JUNE, 1945

if she is new to the pOSltlOn, to be told
about th
health department's program,
the plan of work, the special problems in
the community as the health officer
sees th
m. As she becomes familiar with
these, she expects to be kept informed
of new developments, of changes in
policy or
chedules. Many a health offi-
cer has heen known to initiate new ser-
vices, discontinue routines or change
policies without discussing them with
the nurses - indeed without even
Ilotifying them. It is pretty disconcert-
ing Wh'':11 this happens. Not only is the
day's scheè.ule upset, but sometimes the
staff nurse is left "out on a limb" quite
unsupported by her department. May
I give a
jmple example?
A hèalth officer discontinued Schick
testing the children entering school in
the pres
hool clinic, having agreed with
the scholl physician that the latter
would take over the job. The field nurse
was not notified. She had in the mean-
while laboured hard to persuade Mrs.
T ones to take her two preschool children
to the clinic for the Schick test. At last
:\;1rs. Tllne
appeared, her brood in tow,
only to be told that the test had been
dis
ontinurd. How much faith will Mrs.
Tones hav:" in her public health nurse in
the future? How kindly does the nurse
feel tow:l.-d her health officer?
The pì.ihlic health nurse wants infor-

447

44H

THE CA
ADIAN NURSE

mation I)f a formal kind also. Are yuu
planning to use a new drug, new tech-
nique ')r new approach to .a problem f
The mor;;; the public health nurse knows
about it the better assistance she can
give yO!!. Keep her up to date, please!
Urge her to attend professional meet-
ings anJ
ubscribe to professional jour-
nals. Share your new books with her.
She wants to feel that you welcome her
quesÓm,:;. :V1ake it easy for her to con-
sult rOll. [f several nurses .are employed,
they' will expect some formal in-service
training, especially before the introduc-
tion of a new service. .
The second attribute the nur
e 1:'1(-
peets to find in the health officer is
understanding. When only three people
show up at clinic when thirty are ex-
pected, when the newspaper reporter
rnisquot
s the figures of the annual
budget, when Mr. John Doe blows up
in the office about the "neglect" of his
condition-please get the faqs before
you tak
a stand implicating the nurse.'
The nlli"<;e protects you from many a
hard knock and she expects you to under-
stand the conditions under which she
is working. She assumes you are on her
side. In a true partnership not only arc
triumphs
lI1d failures shared but policies
are adht:red to until mutually abandoned.
;\. public health nurse once said to me,
"\Vhen Dr. Blank e:ives us his orders,
they are not orders ;t all, but plans for
a joint adventure."
Lastly, the public health nurse looks
to the health officer for inspiration, and
I really mean inspiration. Is her work
good? \Vhy not tell her so. Ha,"e you
just received figures showing a lowered
(Jeath rate from tuberculosis, or lower
infant mortality? Share the report with
the nUl
(" bef
re she reads it in the
newspaper. Has that appropriati?n
ome
throue:h for a new x-ray machme: In-
terrupt :"t;<ff conference and tell the
nurses
"\105t important, give credit
where crec1it is due. Elementary? "Very
element;lr
, Dr. \Vatson!"
To l'ùnsider the re
erse side of this
partnership. \Vhat does the health of-

ficer exp
LÎ.. of the public heairh nun
e?
The first is preparation. He expects
the nurse to have had sufficient special
training i:1 public health to understand
the aims of his prågram and the methods
of attain:ng them, so that he can en-
trust the nursing service to her. If only
one nur.,
is serving on his staff, he ex-
pects her to come to him when neces-
sary, but to be quite capable of planning
her work :md proceeding without his
constant ()\'ersight. He wants to have the
kind of confidence in her that he would
have in a business partner, so it is up to
you-in your turn, Miss Public Health
Nurse, !o share your successes and fail-
ures rela.ting to the service with him
:md discuss new plans before adoption.
Secondly, we may .as well face it -
the health officer seeks a good-looking
nurse! Perhaps no more hopefully than
the public health nurse looks for a hand-
some health officer. \Ve might com-
promise on personal neatness, good
health and mental alertness. Throw in
good judgment, dignity and tact, and
you have an .acceptable worker under
any tidè. Naturally, you want a con-
tented worker. Pleasant, convenient
11ving quarters, a good salary with regu-
Jar increases, promotion for satisfactory
work. :lI1d e-enerous \ acations .and sick
leaves :d] te
d to make happy as well
as health" workers. You should, of
course, require a satisfactory health rec-
ord when a nurse enters a position. If
vou want to maintain energetic, inter-
ested and alert nurses may I sue-e-est
you set a good example y
urself, -doc-
tor? D
1 you-for instance-take pre-
ventive sick leave, a long week-end or
two or three consecutive days off, when
rou ha'.'è heen putting in a lot of over-
time? DQ you come back on a part-time
schedule f
r a week or two after a bout
with serious illness? Do you star home
when H)U are in the coryza stage of the
cornm
n ('old? If you do these things,
the nurse's wil], too. After all,
teacher
with the sniffles is not a very convinc-
ing example to others of the grave danger
of spre:-làing disease through coughs and

Vol. 41 No.6

PER SON N E L POL I C I E S A:t\ D P RAe TIC E S 449

sneezes. One of the reasons rou have
a right to expect a wholesome looking
nurse is because the public judges your
product by her appearance. Sickl), un-
tidy, w
ary nurses cannot sell health,
whereas an .attractive, workmanlike ap-
pearance inspires confidence. lV1iss Mar-
ion Hov...ell has expressed this well: "In
one d
l}' a public health nurse, attrac-
tively ur:.iformed, well poised, cheer-
fuland. rnthusiastic, making her way
from home to home, from school to
school, fn>m one part of a large factory
to another, or meeting m.any people in
clinic, may do much to make or mar
the standing of nursing in the com-
munity."*
This is the day of uniforms, and their
convenience, general becomingness and
good <;tJ Ie are appealing to all nurses,
besides p;o\'iding the public with a means
of recognition. If your nurse wants to
wear a uniform, encourage her to do so.
The third quality .a health officer
looks for in a public health nur
e is
maturity of judgment and action. I
really think a health officer expects more
self-
eliaj1ce and common sense from a
public !lcdth nurse than from an} one
else in the world-not excepting his
wife. \ Vhen everything goes wrong,
half the staff are ill, flu is rampant, the
clinic o\'aflowing with patients and
the doctor's car breaks down six miles
from the office - the public health
nurse m:l
t carr
T on. You expect her
to cond
:ct herself on all occ
sions with
restraint, affability and intelligence.
You expect her to impro\'ise a sphvgmo-
manometer sleeve from an old tire tube
or a tire tube from an enema bag! !\oth-
ing is beyond her. . \nd that is as it
sh;;uld Ìle-. Reliability is a fundamental
charactai
tic and ind
spensable to thr.-
program rou are directing.
\Vhat if the business partnership does
not live up to these high idealsr The
health officer may find the nurse flight\',
the nun\? may lo
k in vain for explana-
t ions of policies fro m the health officer.
*PuhLir }{ral II Yunin!, .111lY 19-/1,
p. 298.

JUNE. 194"i

That
s the point at which the nursing
supervisor or consultant has her greatest
usefulne
s. She Heps in as the "great
facilitator.') To her should go all prob-
lems rehting to individual difficulties.
I well r
member the occasion some rears
ago when a health officer with a staff
of ten nur
es asked why he shòuld sp
nd
city money on a supervisor. He had al-
ways supervised the nurses himself. Our
national
taff gathered a bushel-basket-
ful of reasons. I give ,'ou a condensed
version of them.
Prim:lriiy, the supervisor adjusts the
details of the nurses' work to the needs
of the community in accordance with
the larg-
plan adopted by the health
officer -- thereby saving time and over-
lapping of effort, and stretching the
service to reach more people.
The
l:pervisor interprets the capa-
citv and I (-actions of the staff to the acl-
mï'nistnt,)r and his administrative poli-
cies to the staff. She is an impartial
spokesm;>.n for the mem bers of the part-
nership. '[his interpretation is not some-
thing that is done at ten o'clock :\londar
mornin
. It is a continuing, finely ad-
justed process requiring close observa-
tion of the daily work of the staff and
a clear understanding of the purpose
back of the health officer's plans.
The supervisor senes as a teachel
of (1) thé new nurse learning the work;
(2) the nurse not so completely pre-
pared as we could wish; (3) the n urSé
facing new or difficult situations
(4)
the whole staff when the number war-
rants in-strvice training programs; (5)
the students .assigned for field practice.
The sl!pervisor develops community
relationships and resources, is sensitive
to social trends and legislation as they
affect the nursing work, and finally,
the supervisor guides each member of
the staff toward the attainment of her
fuIJest .apacities.
T odav. every health officer has a
right to expec
good work from welJ-
prepar
d nurses under compett>nt Sllpel-
vision.
I have tried to offer somt' very s:mple

450

THE C.\ N .-\ D I :\. N N U R S E

suggestions for strcngtheP1ing pcr::onnd
policies in health agencies and to point
out pla-:es at which the machinery may
squeak a bit, thus threatening the good
impression we make upon the puhlic.

\ \
hether you nerd to use the oil can-
or want to-ollly you who are in the
partnership know. I recommend listen-
ing rather frequently for
ounds of faul-
ty gears.

Metropolitan Health Committee, Vancouver

The following nur:,es were recentl) ap-
pointed to the staff of the :Metropolitan
Health Committee, Vancouver:

Margaret Cars'well (University of Alta.
Hospital and University of Toronto);
C VI illllc Eri/?ssoll (St. Eugene's Hospital and
University of B. C); Dorothy McKcrra-
eher, B..4.. (Royal Victoria Hospital and
Univers;ty of \Yestern Ont.) ; Quccllie nOIl-
a!dsoll (Ottawa Civic Hospital and Univer-
sity of Toronto); JIm garet COl1llllacrt.
R..I.Sc. (University of .\Ita. Hospital):
J ell 11 ie HI/eking (Royal Jubilee Hospital and
Universitv of B.C).
[iss Hocking has re-
tumed to the .Metropolitan Health staff fol-
lowing .1 )ear's absence. lIl1's. .Uar!/aret ...1.1-
1011. .B..4..S c. (Yancouver General Hospital
and Cnivcrsity of B.c.); Miriam Coone
(Royal Columhian H()spital and University
of B.C)
Mrs. Jeanlle (Gall) Worrall. B.A.S.. (Van-
couver General Hospital and University of
B.C) has been appointed on a half-time basis
as a public health nurse. 1111's. Shclogh

(Hïllinms) Harris (University of To-
ronto); Mrs. Sadie Duggan, B.Sc. (Uni-
\'ersity of AIta.); Dorothy Elmes (Umver-
sity of T ùronto) ; Bett)' Chinn (Royal Alex-
andra Hospital and University of Alta.);
.1Iarion :1facdonell, .B.A.Sc. (Vancouver
General Hospital and University of B.C)

liss Chi:m and Miss :Macdonell have been
granted leave of absence to join the RCA.

1. C
Dorothro Shields ,(\Vinnipeg General Hos-
pital and University of B.c.) has been
awarded a scholarship by the \V. K. Kel-
logg Fo:mdation for a three-month period
of study in the State of Michigan. Ph).'llis
Nccve (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,
and C'livcrsity of B.C) and Norah Arm-
strvll,ll (Vancouver General Hospital and
Cniversity of B.C) have returned to the
staff following completion of the super-
vision dl1t\ administration in public health
nursing course at the
IcGil1 School for
Graduate
urses. Jl,lrs. R. (Grallger) Green-
wuod CvancoU\'er General Hospital anJ
Cniversity of B.C) recently resigned.

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

The iollowing are the staff appointments
to, transfer!' and resignations from the Vic-
torian ()rder of
urses for Canada:

Marian Slater (University of Toronto
Sc.hool ()f Nursing) has been appointed to
the Toronto staf f.
Mari,Yn Scholfield has been transferred
from the Toronto staff to take charge of
the Cobalt Branch. Lucille Beaudet has heen
transferred from the Moncton staff to take
charge If the hranch in Dighy temporarily.

Glady... ßO';;l'lIlall has been transferred from
the Galt
taff to take charge of the Guelph
Branch. Edlla Dysart has been transferred
from the Digby to the :Moncton Branch.
Jeall Williams has resigned from the Co-
balt Drawh and OIt[Ja Friesen from the Kit-
chener Branch and have been appointed to
Uì\R
\. Í/metfc Martin has resigned from
the Gueiph Branch and Palllillc Roger from
the SherÍJrooke staff to he married. Bla"elu
Uisho/, has resigned from the Toronto staff
to accept
position in industry.

Vol. 41 No. 6

,. -

HOSPIT ALS &: SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A

Tuberculosis Affiliation Course

FERNE TRoFT, B.A.., B..-\..gc.

DETAI LS OF OR(;A
IZATJ()
:

for :-ome
cars past, most of the
schools of nursing in British Columbia
have h.ld a percentage of their stud,'nt
bod
rccei\ e some theor\ and training
in tuhèfculosis nursing. Cntil 1943 this
experience was prn\'ided mainl
hy the
in-patient treatment centrt's of the Di-
\.'
on of l'uherculo:,is Control, wh=ch
arc located at V ancou ver, Tranql1ille
and \ricloria. Stres.;; was put on hedside
nursing- techniques. 'Vith the spotlight
now focusing on more efficient cas('-
finding methods, more adequate clinical
facilities and an e\.panding puh!ic health
program, tuberculosis nursing has broad-
e11ed in outlook and scope. A.s a result
of these changing ideas, in the Fall of
1943, it was decided, after memhers of
the Division met with representative"
of the Registered Nurses .-\ssociation of
Briti"h Columhia, that the affili:ltion
course s!1()1lld he centralized, ..;hould in-
clude e:\.perience in all pha
es of the
work :md accommodate as man
as pos-

ihl(' of the student nursl-s in British
Columhia. The cost of the course was
to he ddrayed hy the PrO\'incial Gov-
ernment. In July of 19++ a qualified
instructress was placed in charge of the
course which was org.anized at the
Vancou\'er or Central Unit of the IY-

JUNE, 1945

\ ISlon. Twenty-eight affiliating students
ch:lnging every five weeks enables the

tudents from five of the province's
seven training schools to obtain a con-
centrated course of them'} and practice
in tuhèfculosis nursing. Of the two
"chools not participating. one has or-
ganized a course as much along the same
lines as possible, and the other is un-
able to utilize the facilities at present,
hecause of the lack of li\'ing accommo-
dation [or the students.

THE PHYSICAL SET-UP:

The ,r ancouver Unit of the Di\'ision
of T 11 herculosis Control is located at
26+ï "7ïllow St. It inc1lides an in-pa-
tient treatment centre of 160 heds and
the m:lin Stationar} Clinic for out-pa-
tients. The treatment centre accommo-
dates hoth medical and surgical cases
and mo
t of the chest surgeq for the
Division is done in this Unit. Also, me-
dical ;md diagnostic problem cases are
admitted to this Unit where specialist
services are availahle. The Stationary
Clin.c is di\ ided into two distinct parts.
The Survl'\ Clinic carries out an exten-
"ive case-finding program and the Diag-
l}Ostic Clinic provides complete diagnos-
tic facilities as well as giving treatmenb
to oUl-patients and supervising di,,-
charged ('a,,('s.

451

4 _)
)-

T H r c \
.\ D I :\). l\. U R S E

Huw lHE PLAN ÜPERArES.

Before commencing affiLnioJ1 at th

Division of Tuherc
losis Control th

students have had approximately two
rears training at their parent
choo1.
They have had lectures in communi-
cable diseases and learned i
olation tech-
nique as it is carried out in their own
hospitals. The students come 'n in two
groups, one week apart. This nece<;s:-
tates repeating introductor) lectures,
hut it aho mean, "moother admini:;;tra-
tion frlJl11
taff placem,.on: point of view
and gins the students sOl11e orienta(on
and out-patient clin:c experience hefore
the
' proceed to the district.
The morning of arrival ther are first

iven :l lecture on tuberculo
i
techni-
que:, and emergenc\, treatments. This
in.eludes a demonstration of gown tech-
nIque. Before proceeding to the ward...
and derartments the student
are all
given tuhercuFn test
and Il1Imature
x-ray films are taken. 'rhis is done rou-
tind" the first d:n o unle
s the
tudent
complains of a ve
y severe reaction to
a previous tuherculin test, in which case
the x-ra\' film only is taken.
\Vith just five short week" it is neces-

.

-

"-:-'

T

lS

,L

an' that the students he rotated quickly
to ensure uniform experience for all.
Each student spends two weeks un one
of the medical floors and a week each
with the surgical department, out-P:l-
tient clinic and the -:\letropolitan Health
Committee, which is the health agenC\
for the city of Vancou\ er.

\Vhile on the medical floors they do
bedside nursing and carry out all rou-
tine procedures. The regulation garb
worn on duty is a short sleeved Hoover
uniform. An isolation gown is worn
over this when in active contact with
the patient or his belongings. Each week
a patient on the floor is discussed at a
student conference. These discus-
s:ons are informal, and the cases chosen
illustrate some of the social anl1 med:cal
aspects which together have contributed
to the individual's breakdown. A. social
worker and the student ins
ructress at-
tend and try to help the student visual-
ize the full scope of tuherculosi
nurs:ng
and the communit}' and social aspects
which are so important. In the surgical
department e"\.perience is given in hed-
side nur
ing of thoracop1a
tr and other
surgical cases. \Vhenever possible stu-
dents are permitted to see any speci:11
treatments or operations.

,

'1

Giving nursmg care

\o\. 41 No.6

I' lr B} R eeL ( )
I S A f' f' I I I \ '1- I () '\

The week in the out-patient clin;c
al ways directly precedes the week with
the puolic health agency. Here the affil-
iating students see how our Survey Clin-
ic operates, doing tuberculin testing and
taking miniature .x.-ray films. In the
Diagnostic Clinic they learn how hi.;;-
tories are taken, ph\ sical examination
and othe'r differential diagnostic proce-
dures are carried out. Film readings,
bronchoscopy and lipiodol injections and
other specal examinations are observed
and th
" are given an opportunity to par-
ticipate in clinic activities as much as po
-
sible. They also attend medical and re-
habilitation staff conferences hdJ w
ek-
ly.
The 1\1 etropolitan Health Committee
in Vancouver carries out a generalized
public health program. in the commun-
ity. Consequently, when the students
are with the Committee they are as-
signed to a public health nurse and have
the opportunity to observe all phases of
the community health program, infant
and pre-school welfare, school health
services and tuberculosis being the three
main services covered.
The lectures given are eighteen in
number and run concurrently with the
practical experience. Since the students
have no night duty and work straight
eight hours, they are given during on-
duty time. This also allows parent

chools to arrange any other lectures at
non-conflicting hours. Lectures are
presented by six doctors, specialists with-
in the Division, the heads of the diffe'
ent dep,trtments such as clinic, social
service and laboratory, and the student
instructress. At the end of the five
weeks a written examination is given.
1\. reading room is available to the stu-
dents where reference texts and current
magazines are on hand. The main text
on which our lectures are based is the
((Handbook on Tuberculosis" by Dr.
\V. H. Hatfield, which came into print
last year. This book refers more specifi-
cally to this provincial set-up and is avail-
able to the students at twenty-five cents
a copy. \Vhen circumstances permit, stu-

JUNE. 1945

(' 0 C R S E +53

!'"'- -

::s;:v

JfR
.. i

r-

-nr-;:'"
.... f..

...

. /I "
'III! :1 j:.
... .
..

T he Vancouv('r Unit

dents are aìlowed off the wards to do
assigned reading.
Oa completion of the course, a re-
sume of student experience is sent to
the parent school with their examination
mark and a rating sheet drawn up to
cover all specific phases of the course.
In so far as health follow-up work is
concerned, any student coming in with
a negative tuberculin test is re-check
d
six weeks after completion of the courst'.
This is done by the parent school with
material sent from the Clinic. If any
other follow-up is necessary the hospi-
tal may do it or they may refer the case
to a Clinic of the Division of Tuber-
culosis Control.

t

Regular lectu.r
s are included

454

T H l C \ ='- -\ D I .\ ='- '';- C R S 1

PROBLEMS:

This
riefl} outlines the cour
e. l'.ow,
some of the problems which come to the
fore when a hospital a
sumes the res-
ponsibility of an ed ucational institution.
First, is the integration of classroom
teaching and ward practice. This diff;-
cult}' is being ()\'prcome h, the den>l-
opment of an organi7ed in-staff educa-
tional program. Head nurses and grad-
uates are given the oppo.rtunitv through
regular staff meetin!!s of òiscus<n

pr;)hlem;-, changes in ,;olin or routine;,
and trends which are of interest to
everyone. \lore ::;tress is also being put
on sub-staff standards, definite teach-
ing- and orientation of nrder1ie
and
w;rd helper
. The patient teachin
pro-
gram, too, is at present progressing on
a more :-ystematized uniform hasis. The
success of an} institutional teaching pro-
gram, which includes so man
phases,
depends on the whole-hearted support
and co-operation of all indi\'iduals con-
cerned.
A second prohlem at this Unit has to
do with living quarters for students
trom ollt-of-town schools. There is no
residencp hae and, at present, parent
schools must make the arrangements
for livin
accommodation. Some of the
students
commute some distance each
day and this means not only inconven-
ie
ce to the nurses but necessitates ar-
rangements for hours compatihle with
travellinO" conditions. 'Vhen the hous-
ing situ:tion hecomes less acute, living
ac
o01modation mav he alTan!!ed close
to the hospital fo
()ut-of-to
'n affili-
ates.
Since this course has gone into ef-
fect most enthusiastic ((J-operation has
heen received from the training schools
and the students. The work is both in-
terestin
and worthwhile. Prohlems are
constan
ly arising and policies need
many changes and modifications hut on
the whole a little thought and effort
seems to kpep things running 011 a fairly
smooth basis. Both students and staff
ì1ave responded most satisfactorily and

it is our hope that this response will have
far reaching effects.

POSSIBLE RESULTS:

:\1 an) sanatoria throughout Canada
complain of inahility to obtain staff
mainly because of fear of contracting
the disease and lack of specific knowledge
concerning it. In British Columhia, we
feel thd these prohlems should he dealt
with during the training period b) in-
cluding supervised, planned experiencc
in tuberculosis nursing as part of the
curriculum, and that such prohlems will
then resoh'e themseh'és. Certainh,
graduates who feel unqualified and who
have had no incentive will not volun-
tarih' choose an unknown field to spe-
ciali
e in. And vet, it is a field which
stimulates nursi
1g abilit), knowledge
and skill, and if presented 1n its proper
light should attract worthwhile person-
nel. Consequently, we consider that this
step will definitely show results and that
it is an important part of our whole pro-
gram,
It is also well recognized that parti-
cipation hy every individual in the coo1-
munin' is essential before tuberculosis
can be controlled and that a planned
educational system is necessary if each
individual is t
be broug-ht to the realiza-
tion of his responsibilit; as a member of
the community. The effectiveness of any
educational program depends on the
alertne

, interest and qualifications of
a well-trained staff. Nur:;es, regardless
of wh:lt branch of nursing the)- pursue,
are in an ideal position to teach the
salicnt facts of prevention and control
hut onh h,' affiliation can we stimulate
their ir';ter
>st, hring ahout a realization
of the extent of the problem, and pro-
vide them w1th the necessary knowledge
and skills to help overcome it. Their
participation in this program is part of
their contribution both as citizens of
their community and as members of
their profession.

Vol. 41 No. 6

GENERAL NURSING

Contributed by the General }Jursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

An Interesting Surgical Case

DOROTHY THOMAS

:\1rs. S. was not the usual type for gall
hladder trcuble, her weight being about
110 pounds, thirty-nine} ears of age, and
slightly over five feet in height. For nine-
teen years she had had occasional at-
tacks of dizziness and vomiting preceded
hy dull aching pain in the left scapular
region. For the past six and a half years
there was also pain in the epigastrium,
at f;rst a smothering sensation, becom-
ing acute pain. During the last two
) ears attacks were more frequent. Con-
stipation W3S marked though no jaundice
was present. There was some tenderness
in the upper right quadrant of the ab-
domen.
:\1rs. S. entered the hospital June
20, 194-4., and x-ray of the gall bladder.
indicated cholelithiasis. She was pre-
pared for operation and as she was very
nervous was given divided doses of lum-
inal in the afternoon, seconal grs. 1 Y2
at bed-time. Seconal grs. 3 was given
preoperatively.
\Vhen the cholecystectomy was done
under general anesthesia, a large num-
ber of
mall stones were found in the
gall bladder. The common duct was
explored élnd no stones found in it. Upon
return to her room her pulse was quite
weak and irregular for a few hours.
However, she has low blood pressure
and her pulse is always easily compres:-.-
ed. Two thousand cc. of 5 per cent

JUNE, 194'

glucose in normal saline was gIVen m-
travenously.
Previous experience indicated that
:\lrs. S. did not tolerate any derivatives
of opium, so sufficient seconal in 3
grain doses was given rectally to keep
her drowsy for the first three days. She
was very restless and changed her posi-
tion every ten or fifteen minutes.
Progress was good except that a slight
jaundice was noted on the second post-
operative day. Jaundice became more
marked hl!t varied from day to day, at
times appearing to clear: Urine contained
visible hilf' and stools varied from gray
to brown.
She sat out of bed on the tenth post-
operative day and was discharged from
the hospital on the fourteenth day. The
doctor was quite disturbed about the
jaundice but decided to watch her for
a time. During the following weeks she
was greatly troubled by itchiness of the
skin. Her bowels moved very freel}
and th
stools were gray and grayish-
brown in colour, the urine contained
much bil
.
1\.lrs. S. returned to the hospital Sep-
tember 4, 1944, very jaundiced, skin
dry and very itchy, temperature 99.2
deg:rees. She had had a cold and was
stiÌi coughing. Her urine contained much
bile and a trace of sugar which persisted
for one week. Hemoglobin 68 per cent,

45'

456

THE CANADIAN NURSE

R.B.C. 3,620,000, \V.B.C. 9,150.
Her bowels moved freely, some stools
were gray and others grayish-brown in
color. She was allowed bathroom privi-
leges. One ampule of vitamin K (Kavi-
tan) was given intramuscularly, daily.
Her appetite was fair and she was
given a low-fat diet.
On September 9 a transfusion of 500
cc. of citrated blood was given and on
September 11 her hemoglobin was 91
per cent, R.B.C. 4,350,000 and \V.B.
C. 9,500. Cough medicine had very little
effect but
1rs. S. slept fairly well at
night. Her temperature was normal with
occasional slight elevation. Bleeding time
was 3 minutes and coagulation time, 6
minutes 20 seconds. The doctor . de-
cided to operate on September 12.
:\ Irs. S. was able to secure the same
three nurses she had had before, and
this gave her more confidence and she
was much more resigned to the second
operation than to the first. Luminal was
given the night before and seconal grs.
3 per rectum, one and one half hours
before going. to surgery.
It was a very difficult operation, tak-
ing three and one half hours. Adhesions
had caused a kink in the common bile
duct and it was hard to separate the
duct frorI). the portal vein. The upper
end of the common duct was opened
a.nd a No. 18 catheter was inserted into
the duct up through the left hepatic
duct to the liver and sutured with No.
n catgut, the other end implanted in the
stomach wall for a distance of 5 cm.
down to the mucous membrane. The
tube wiJl ulcerate into the lumen of the

tomach. A Penrose drain was placed
in the upper part of the incision. The
operation was done under general anes-
thesia - pentothal sodium 1.0 gm. in-
travenously, followed by ether.
Transfusion of 500 cc. citrated blood
was started immediately upon return to
her room, followed by 5 per cent glu-
cose in normal saline intravenously.
Pul5e was a good quality, 112 gradu-
ally dropping to 90, respirations shal-
low and ranging from 30-36 per min-

ute. Mucus in her throat was trouble-
some and considerable clear and white
frothy mucus was expectorated. There
was no nausea. She was conscious short-
ly after returning to her room, and
very restless, changing position about
every fifteen minutes. She was kept in
a twilight sleep by seconal given rec-
tally for the first th
ee days; to all ap-
pearances she was asleep but would do
what she was told to do. She was given
only hot water b
T mouth for three days,
and 5 per cent glucose in normal saline
intravenously.
The day following her operation
transfusion of 200 cc. of citrated blood
was given. Each transfusion was fol-
lowed by elevation of temperature but
no other ill effect. On September 14,
her hemoglobin was down to 72 per
cent, R.B.C. 3,930,000, \V.B.C. 20,-
000. There was considerable sanguinous
bile drainage. She had very little dis-
tress from gas, and progress was satis-
factory. No intravenous was necessary
after the fourth post-operative day, a

she was taking adequate fluid by mouth,
although
he was nauseated that day
for the first time. While she was so
drowsy it was necessary to catheterize
her; the urine contained much bile and
had an offensive odour.
There was a slight enlargement of
th
abdomen which could not be ac-
counted for and during the night of Sep-
tember 1 7 her temperature rose to 102
degrees, her pulse 110, respirations 36.
There was engorgement and discolora-
tion around the incision. On the .morn-
ing of the 18th, the doctor removed
one sutur
and probed the incision.
There was a medium amount of dark
sanguinous discharge. This increased in
amount and became bright red. In the
evening a pressure pad was placed over
the wound. Bleeding continued and
became quite alarming although the
pulse remained a fair quality and did not
go above 122. On September 19, neo-
hemoplastin 5 cc. was given and re-
peated in four hours, also two trans-
fusions of 500 cc. each were given ;md

Vol. 41 No. 6

I!'\TERESTING SURGfCAL CA.SE

hr midnight the hemorrhage was un-
der control.
On September 20, her bowels began
to move very freely, the stools gra
'ish
brown and brown in color. This laxin
continued until October 3, when she
became quite constipated and it was
necessary to use enemata and laxative.
On September 22, the
kin clips were
removed from the upper part of the in-
cision, the lower part having been closed
with silk thread. On September 23, the
temperature was normal, pulse 90, res-
pirations 24, and Mrs. S. was at last able
to take :.oft diet although her appetite
was not good. September 27, the Penrose
drain and all sutures were removed and
another transfusion of 500 cc. was gi\'-
en. There was free bile drainage until
October 1, when it suddenly stopped.
:vIrs. S. felt better and was sitting up
in bed and on October 3 sat with her
feet out of bed. The next day
he com-
plained of distress in the epigastrium
which she described as wave-like con-
tractions in her stomach. This appeared
to be aggravated by the ingestion of
food and made it difficult for her to eat.
She eructated much gas. By evening her
temperature was up to 101 degrees,
she was depressed and ver\' exhausted.
The following morning she had an
emesis which containt:d bilt:, she ached
all over, perspired freely and by the
evening of October 5 her temperature
was 103.8 degrees, pulse 118, respira-
tions 26. During the night the incision
began to drain bile again and the tem-
perature dropped to normal. The con-
tractions gradually became less marked
and appetite improved. Jaundice which
had varied in degree, at last began to
definitely clear.
On October 7, the urine contained
very little bile and continued to be light

457

in colour. The cough was persistent,
appearing to he due to post-nasal drain-
age, and was more marked in the early
morning. October 10, Mrs. S. sat o
t
of hed for twenty minutes. The jaun-
dice was not clearing as fast as we had
hoped, and she was becoming somewhat
depress,:d. Each time the w
und sealed
over and ceased to drain she became
very uncomfortable and had a rise of
temperature. A catheter was inserted
in the wound periodically to keep it open.
On October 13 she was taken out-
of-doors in the wheel-chair and that
Ìluoyed her up considerably. It was a
beautiful autumn and the trip out-of-
doors was repeated every fine day. Fol-
lowing an elevation of temperature to
102 degrees on October 20, the lower
part of the incision opened and drained
bile free hr.
On November 2 Mrs. S. was fluoro-
scoped and the tube could be seen, still
in position. Contractions were less severe
and less frequent. She was discharged
from the hospital November 4, the
wound still draining freely. She was
gaining from one to one and a half
pounds a week but otherwise there was
little improvement. Each time drainage
ceased she became nauseated and had a
high temperature and was becoming
very discouraged. This continued until
a few days before Christmas when drain-
age suddenly ceased, this time with no
ill effects. Jaundice had completely dis-
appeared:md her general condition was
good.
I had hoped to report that she had
passed the tube but x-ray early in Janu-
ary revealed that it had moved very
little, This causes no concern; the tube
may be retained for years. Adhesions
form linking the hepatic duct with the
stomach.

Home Economists' Convention

At the request of the Canadian Home
Economics Association, attention is drawn
to the conference to be held in Winnipeg,
August 27-31, 1945. A glance at the list of

JUNE, 1945

well-known authorities who have accepted
the invitation to speak indicates a stimulat-
ing and vital program. Home economists
from all vyer Canada are invited to attend.

Interesting

Rub)" J\1. Simpson. O.RE., has retired
from her \\'ork as director of nursing ser-
vices, Provincial Department of Public
Health, Saskatchewan, which position
she has held since 1928. Only last year,
Miss Simpson was a recipient of one of
the three Mary Agnes Snively Memorial
Medals, awarded for outstanding contri-
butions to nursing in Canada.
Born and educated in Manitoba, Miss
Simpson entered her training in the
Winnipeg General Hospital after serv-
ing as a teacher in the 'Yinnipeg public
schools fOl five years. Following
rradu-
ation
he commenced her nursing career
in Sask:ltchewan, first as public school
nurse with the School Hygi{'ne Branch
with the Department of Education, then
in 1920, a
health instructor in the pro-
vincial
ormal School, Saskatoon. Her
talents received early recognition and in
1922 she became director of school hy-
giene for the province, leaving that post
to assume her wider duties.
Throll6'hout the years, Miss Simpson

..

-

RUBY M. SIMPSON

4'8

People

constantly gave of her time and strength
to work with the nursing associations.
For five years, she served as president
of the Saskatchewan Registered Nurses
Association. leaving this office for the
broader field of leadership as president
of the Canadian Nurses Association. The
four years of her presidency, 1934
38,
were l'ieh in development under her
sound gllioance. It was during this time
that Canadian nurses were honoured
when .:vIiss Simpson became an officer
of the Order of the British Empire, civil
division.
::.\Iiss Simpson's retiral to her beauti-
ful home on Vancouver Island will pro-
vide her with full opportunity to devote
her energies to her garden and her
books. We wish her many happy years
among her flowers.

Elizabeth Bell Rogers has recently
accepted the position of registrar and
executive fecretary with the Alberta As-
sociation of Registered Nurses. Born in
'Veston, Ontario, Miss Rogers has rec-
ords which trace her English and Scot-
tish ancc.stl'Y back to the fourteenth cen-
tury. Educated in Ontario, she taught

chool for several years before entering
the Schoui of Nursing of the Royal Vic-
toria Ho::;pital in Montreal. Subsequently

he prepared herself for teaching and
supervi.sio:1 in schools of nursing at the
McGill School for Graduate Nurses,
graduating with marked distinction. Af-
ter four years on the teaching staff at
the Royal Victoria Hospital and a like
period as director of the teaching depart-
ment of t.he Ottawa Civic Hospital, Miss
Rogers became the superintendent of
nurses in The General Hospital, St.
John's, Nfld. Immediately prior to mov-
ing west, Ehe was superintendent of the
hospital in Grand'Mère, Que.
Miss Rogers brings many unique gifts
to her new position. In addition to her
broad experience in schools of nursing,
she has long been keenly interested in
the work of provincial and national nurs-
ing associations. She served her ap-

Vol. 41 No. .,

I
TERESTI:-"G Pi- ()PI l

prentice:òÎ1ip on the executive of the
Canadian Nurses Association while chair-
man of the Nursing Education Section of
the Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario. Her knowledge of a5sociation
activities will prove a streng-Ih in her
new work.
Being: a well-rounded personality, not
aU of ::\1ifS Rogers' energies have been
expended (In the professional side of her
life. She knows the lure of the out-of-
doors awl can handle a canoe in
UI11-
mer or a curling stone in winter. Antique
furniture, reading, and knitting claim
her intel'est indoors. The good wighes of
her colleagues follow Mis:-- Rogers to hel
new fidel of endeavour and her
ucce:,g
in Alberta is confidently predicted.

Elizahdh Smith. B..\.. has recently
been appointed to succeed Ruby Simp-
son as Jirector of nursing services, Pro-
vincial Department of Public Health,
Saskatche\\ an. Of Scottish ance:--try, Miss
Smith 'Ya
born in Ontario. :\-lost of he)'
preliminary education was received in
Saskatchewan, including her univen;ity
work. After having taught in rural pub-
lic and t:;gh schools in Saskatchewan,
Miss Smith commenced her nurs-
ing carC'er by entering the school
of nursh1g' of the Vancouver General
Hospital. FoUowing her graduation in
1926, "he returned to her prairie home
to take cr..arge of the health department
of the Provincial Normal School in
Moose Jaw. This work included the sup-
ervision of the health of the student tea-
chers and instructing in health educa-
tion. Mis3 Smith was one of the earlv
recipients of a feUowship from the Flo;-
ence N:g:htingale International Founda-
tion and spent a year studying public
health nursing at Bedford College, Lon-
don, Englund. She was president of the
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Asso-
ciation for three years and ha
alwaY8
participa ted actively in nursing associa-
tion affairs. Miss Smith has a keen mind
and is very progressive and alert to all
the new developments in her chosen
field, which augurs well for the success
of her department. We wish her well.

Marie Brigitte Laliberté, B.S., has re-
cently ret.urned to Montreal after re-

JUNE, 1945

459

ti.

ELIZABETH B. ROGERS

eeiving hu degree at Columbia Univer-
!'ity,

';;; York, to assume the duties of
assistant director of nursing: services
,,'ith the city health deparbnent. Born
and ed'wated in the province of Quebec,
YIi:,s Laliberté g'I'aduated from the St.
Jean de Dieu School of Nursing in 1927.
For two years she !':frved ag a head nurSE
at the Greystone Park Hospital. Morris
Plains, X.J. 'Yhen she joined the staff
of the
Iontreal De!)artment of Health
she becanle particularly interested in
the work of the mentaì hnÓene division.

ELIZABETH SMITH

460

THE CANADIAN NURSE

" .

1IIr

Garcia, Montreal
BRIGITTE LALIBERTE

'Vith her other duties she has now be-
come consultant in mental hygiene. Her
intof'rests extend to many branches of com-
munity and nursing organization activ-
ity and have included the presidency of
St. Jean àe Dieu Graduate Nurses As-
sociation, treasurer of District 12, R.N.
A.P.Q., and vice-president of the nurs-
ing committee of "Le Bureau de la Jeu-
nesse". An all-round person, Miss Lali-
berté enjoys her tennis and swimming.
Her favourite hobby is drawing, though
sh{' is also an accomplished seamstress.

..,

'label Thomson, a graduate of the
Brantford G{'neral Hospital School of
Nursing and the University of Toronto,
has been appointed instructor of nurses
at the Niagara Falls General Hospital.

Obituaries

The sudden death of Harriet J. Blanch,
a graduate of the Saint John General
Hospital and a member of the Class of
1913, occurred recently at Belfast, Maine.
For a period of some five years Miss
Blanch was first supervisor, then assis-
tant superintendent of nurses at her
alma mater, leaving to accept the posi-
tion of superintendent of the Aroostock
Hospital, Houlton, Maine, where she re-
mained ior twenty-five years. At the
time of her death she was superintendent
of the 'Waldo County Hospital, Belfast,
Maine, and president of the Bundles for
Britain Society. She was very active in
Red Cross work and all patriotic en-
deavours as a part of which she lectured
on the wartime needs of small hospitals
in Maine.
Although she practised her profession
principally on the American side of the
line she never lost interest in her own
School and whenever possible attended
the annual dinner of the Alumnae Asso-
ciation.

!\f.rs. Bruce Boreham (Mary Shaver)
passed a way recently in Vancouver. Mrs.
Boreha111 was a graduate of the To-
ronto General Hospital and a member of
the Class of 1914.

Evelyn Edwards died recently. Miss
Edwards was a member of the staff of
the MetTopolitan Health Committee,
Vancouver, for twenty-five years and
retired in October, 1944.

l\Iary Jane Gowdy passed away re-
cently in North Vancouver at the ad-
vanced age of ninety-five years. Born
in Richmcnd, Va., Mrs. Gowdy's family
moved to British Columbia in 1850. Af-
ter the death of her husband sixty years
ago, she became interested in nursing
and worked for many years in St. Mary's
Hospital, New Westminster. When train-
ing schoch: for nurses were established
in the province, Mrs. Gowdy was fearful
that she might have to leave her chosen
work. However, the provincial medical
examin('r, long familiar with her work,
gave her a nurse's diploma, the only
such certificate ever issued in B.C. to
a nurse who had not gone through her
regular training.

Mrs. Blaine Redfern (Donella King-
horn) died recently in Toronto. Mrs.
Redfern v. as a graduate of the Toronto
General Hospital and a member of the
Class of 1915.

V.I. 41 No. 6

:tlotes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretary, The Canadian Nurses Association

Conterence Caned by National
Council of Women

At the closing session of the confer-
ence of representatives of Canadian Wo-
men's National Organizations called by
the Xatlcr..al Council of 'Vomen in Feb-
ruary, 1945, and held in Toronto, the
opinion was expressed that the forming
of a program on which Canadian wo-
men can unite was a momentous step.
The decision was made to call a '-econd
conference to meet May 3 .and 4 for the
purpose of drafting such a program,
based on the recommendations that came
forward at the first conference, and ar-
ranged by a special committee which the
meeting authorized the chairman to ap-
point. The Canadian Nurses A5Soria-
tion was represented by: Miss E. Cry-
derman, second vice-president; Miss N.
Fidler and l\liss Electa MacLennan, as-
sistant secretary, C.N.A.

Visiting the Provinces

In an earlier issue of the J our1Ull men-
tion was made of the possibility cf the
general :md assistant secretaries attend-
ing forthcoming provincial annual meet-
ings. This objective has been achieved in
several provinces thus far. Both the gen-
eral secretary and editor of The Cana-
dian Nurse were privileged to attend the
annual meeting of the Alberta Associa-
tion of Registered Nurses held in Cal-
gary on March 26. Visits were also made
to Edmonton, and opportunity was .tf-

JUNE, 194'

forded to meet and discuss with various
conveners of committees problems re-
lating to nursing and nurses. The Regis-
tered Nurses' Association of British Col-
umbia followed, with a two-day session
early in April. 'Vhile the Sask.atchew
n
annual meeting will not be held until
June, the officers very kindly arranged
general meetings in Regina and Sasb.-
toon, thus affording opportunity to meet
many nurses in that province of widely
scattered population. Manitoba followed
with a two-day sessioin. The assistant
secretary attended the Ontario annu=ll
meeting.
Although many and varied were the
topics of discussion in each province, the
similarity throughout was significant of
the real effort on the part of nurses
everywhere to meet the many demands
being made upon them, both now anà
for the future.

British Nurses Relief Fund

Sever.al provinces have continued to
send funds collected for the British Nur-
ses Relief Fund. In this connection we
gratefully acknowledge the receipt of
a donation of $150 from the Trail
Chapter, Registered Nurses' Associatj')n
of British Columbia.
Extracts from letters received from
British recipients have appeared in rece!1t
issues of The Canadian Nurse. They give
some idea of th.e distress that bombiftg
can and has caused in the lives of OlIr
sisters in Britain. Because of the steadv
V-bombing and increased air bomhing

461

462

THE C.-\.

.\DI.A:\ NURSE

during the latter part of Februar} and
ì\1arch and the daih announcements of
casualtit
;'1 London allt! Southern Eng-
land, the com ener of the British
urses
Relief Fund requested the secret:1ry to
secure the opinion of the members of
the Committee in reference to <;ending
a turther donation to Britain. It was
unanimously agreed by the Committee
that a further sum of $5,()OO should be
sent to th
Ro, al College of 1\ ursing tü
be used as required.
Following is a financial
tatl'ml:'J1t oí
the Fund for the period {kroher 15,
1944, to -\pril 25, 1945:

affairs, (lr are in possession of much mi
-
information on nursing affairs. In the
brave, new world it would appear that
we will nllt he permitted to go hack into
our splendid isolation. Being but one (;1...'-
tor in the health cycle of a comm'.III;ty,
we will ]tave to adjust our organiza-
tion to fit in smoothly with the other
organizations in a community concerned
with health. \Ve ma) even find Y
ry
keen competition in the field of 1l1f'
-
ing itself. \\T e are convinced that ?ro-
fessional nursing service can on 1 , t.e
given h,- professionall
prepared ;:1èopL:.
The puhlic are not prepared to
UpP():.t

B\ Bank Balance. October 15th. 1944.
Interest - Bank.. _ .
Ivterest - Bond.

RECEIPTS:
Decemher. 1944 - British Columbia.
I.ESS EÀchange_

<.)uebec

Donation -
"\liss Dorothv Gunn.
LESS Exchange..
February, 1945 - Saskatche\\-an. _ ...
March, 1945 Trail Chapter (E.c.)
LESS Exchange

DISBURSEMENTS:
April, 1945

Royal College of Nursing. .
EJ\.change & Cable Charges.....

$9,214 4-1
27.26
75.()()
:)9.316.70
$715.20
_
9
S714.31
1. oon . on
---- 1,714.31
:S25 _ 18
.15
25.03
....... .. .. .. 74.85
150 on
19
149.81
---- 1,96-1.00
-- ---
511.280.70

5,000. 00
1. 75

S,OOI.75

Bank Balance.. . . . .... . . .
['ominion of Canada Bond............

S6,278.95
5.000. 00

Total Assets of Fund at April 25. 19-15..

$11,278.95

Publicity

During the past few rears the J1Urs-
ing profession has, in spite of itself, been
drawn into the whirlpool of commu:lity
activity. Ko longer are we allowed to
stand apart .and consider only our own
affairs in the light of our own need:;.
Ih this broadening process we hav
been
constantly surprised to find that there
are well-informed citizens who have
only very vague ideas of nursing 1nd its

this view. \ Vhy? Because the}' do not
understand what is meant by profession-
al nursing service.
The Canadian Nurses Association felt
that the time had come to assume gre:lt-
er responsibility for giving to the J Hlblic
correct and adequate information on
nursing. To this end, a short series of
articles will appear in the daily press
from Halifax to Victoria during \-lay
and June covering very briefly a his-
tory of nursing and the development of

Vol. 41 No. 6

A

UAL 1\1EETING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

the present day ideas of nursing
ducà-
tion, the rise of the university schools
and development of clinical graduate
courses. The recognition of the impor-
tance of Jlursing by the Government is
demonstrated through the federal gr,mt,
and we seck the support of the citizens of
Canada in our endeavours to est.:thli
h'
Practice Acts and in general to estab-
lish the professional status of nursin
.

Legislation
At the I ecent session of the \1anitoba
Leg-islawre, legislation was enacte(l to
pro
vide for th
training, examinat;cn,.
licensing and regulation of practical :lUr-
. ses under the Provincial Department of
Health and Public \VeHare. Copics of
the Bill may be obtained from the Pro-
vincial Department of Health, Lel5i
l:1-
tive Buildings, \Vinnipeg.

Nightingale International
Foundation
"\1rs. :\laynard Carter, chairman of
the Provisional Committee of the F.N.
I.F., arrived in New York in Februar},
and after meeting with the members of
the Executive, International Council of

urses, visited Toronto where she con-
ferred with members of the Cam
dian
Committee (F.K.I.F,). A joint meet-
ing of these committees was held in New
York, :\lay 4, at \\!hich I\liss J. :\bsten,

463

convener, ..I\tliss F. l\1unroe, president,
Canadian Nurses Association, Miss C.
McCorquodale and Miss G. Tv1. Hall,
general secretary, represented the Cana-
dian !\:" 1I rc,e<; Association. 1\1 iss E. K. R us-
sell and 1\liss Jean Browne represented
the Canadian Red Cross Society.

Bursaries

Since the last report issued in March,
1945, awards for long .and short-term
bursaries have been made as follows:
Long-term: (Alberta ) Marjorie F.
Davies, l\ledicine Hat; (Saskatchewan)
Sylvia B. Hagen, Loreburn.
Short-term: (British Columbia) Brt'Jlda
D. 1\1. Carter, \Vhite Rock, subject to
successful completion of registered nur-
ses' examinations; Fanny A. Kennedy,
V ancou ver. (Tvlanitoba) Helen L.
Grace), C. :\1ahel McCaskill, \Vinnj-
peg. (Nova Scotia) Anne C. Camphell,
Inverness. (P.E.I.) Edith Burne, Char-
lottetown. t Quebec) Mildred 1\1. Bro-
gan, Anna A. Christie, Marion E.
Kash, Hilda Nuttall, Mabel A. Russell,
Sr. Edmond du Saveur, Montreal; Sr.
Luc de Sainte-:\larie, Sr. Marie ).'Íajel-
la, Sr. :\1arie-Paul, Sr. 1\1arie du Pre-
cieu"\.-Sang, Sr. Therese d' Alencon,
Quebec.
Long-term bursaries issued 111 J 944-
45 125
Short-term bursaries issued in 1944-
45 71 Total 196.

Annual Meeting in British Columbia

The thirty-third annual meeting of the
Registercù K urses Association of British
Columbia was held on April 6 and 7, 1945,
at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver. There
was a recLrd attendance of more than two
hundred and fifty membt'rs. Fifty-four mem-
bers f[()m twenty centres outside Greater
VancoU\Ter area were present. Miss Gertrude
Han an.1 :Miss Margaret Kerr were hon-

JUNE, 1945

oured and welcome visitors. Miss Grace
Fairley prt:'sided at the five sessions.
Following the invocation given by Rev.
Charles
.f urphy, a minute of silence was
observed ;n trihutë to those of our members
who had I,asscd on during the year, to mem-
bers in the armed forces overseas and with
UXRRA., and to those who are anxious for
or have lo
t relatives in the war. Greetings

46+

THE CANADIAN .NURSE

\\"l're extended b) Dr. A.. K. Ha} \\uod for
the B. C. Hospitals Association and by Dr.
<.;. A. :\fatthews, president of the B. C.

Iedical Association. Messages of greetings
were read from Miss Munroe, president,
Canadiaa Nurses Association, Miss Helen
Randal, Miss Lyle Creelman, and Miss Fran-
ces CptOll, for the Registered Nurses Asso-
ciation of the Province of Quebec.
In her presidential address.
li
s Fairley
referred to the challenge which the future
will inevitably bring to nurses and to the
:\,;sociatioll and she quoted the watchword
of the LOl,èon Congress of 19UY: "Life in
its depth, variety and majesty - a very
sweet élnd precious gift. Life of which we
do well to gauge the value of single minute,;
- The llìue passing of time is not Li fe".
A.nd added: "Surely in this day when life
is so preÓous and yet apparently so cheap,
when the passage of time - of every min-
ute - is fraught with such epoch-making
and historic events which will affect Life
for centuries to come, \\-e might well ponder
over our Founder's :Message"
In the Friday evening session, the mem-
bers were privileged to hear two addresses
- "Bridges to the Future" by
Iiss Gertrude
Hall and "Over the Editor's Desk" by Miss
1fargaret Kerr.
fiss Hall pointed out that
millions of men in the armed forces of
Canada and the United States have been
receiving the advantages of modern dental
and medicai care and will not likely be Con-
tent with anything less and suggested that
their demands will hasten the coming of com-
pulsory ht:alth insurance. The advances and
changes made in nursing education during
the war years, in the United States, Great
Britain and Canada were reviewed. Mi
s
Hall statp.d that the developments of place-
ment service would seem to be one of our
greatest achievements during the past five
years. In this field of activity, British Colum-
bia has led the way. Among urgent needs
listed are. more general publicity on nurs-
ing, repre
entative study groups on and
experimentation in nursing education, and
for nurses to take their place as citizens.
Miss Kerr commented on the rapid growth
of The Canadian Nurse and told of present
and future plans. She urged that more
British Columbia nurses send articles and
gave a preview of articles soon to appear.
The executive of the Vancouver Chapter
were gracious hostesses at a luncheon in the
Vancouve:- Hotel. The guests included Miss

Hall. Mi
s Kerr, Chapter and District dele-
gates ,111d members of the Council. The
Friday a fternoon tea in the Hotel Georgia,
in honour of our guests, was a pleasant
interlude in a busy day.
On Saturday a fternoon, a round table
discussin!1, "The Practical K urse", led by
.
Iiss Aiberta Creasor, was held. Mrs. Paul
Smith presented the community and family
point of view and Miss Alice \Yright out-
lined the characteristics of a licensing act
and listed the immediate and future benefits
which wC'uld result. The discussion which
fol1o\\ ed eIYJpha,;i/ed the need for a suitably
prepared worker willing to take on some
h()usékècl)in
responsibilitie
, in arldition to
the care 01 mildly ill, chronically ill or con-
valescent p.. tients.
\11
ommittee reports were interesting,
and evi.lence increased committee activity.
In the report of the History of
ursing
Committèe, Miss Mabel Gray told the story
of the wlkction of material for the His-
tOr} of 1\ msing in Canaåa, nuw in prepara-
tion, and
upplied interesting biographical
data on tile author, Mr. J. :Murray Gibbon.
Miss Esther Paulson reported the work of
the Joint Study Committee on Health In-
surance (:epresent1ng the
fedical, Dental,
Pharmaceutical, Hospitals and Nursing As-
sociation:;) and the progress made on the
study of nursing needs and resources.
Iiss
Fairley indicated the use made of British
Columbia'
allotment of $18.000 for student
recruitment and training and of the $9,000
for bursaries for post-graduate courses.
Twenty-three RN.A.B.C. members received
hursaries. .Among the activities of the Place-
ment Senice Committee, Miss Mallory
listed the investigation of existing hospital
insurance schemes, which resulted in the
acceptance of the R.N.A.B.C as a member
group of the Associated Hospitals Services
and the enrolment of 174 members; a study
of superannuation plans; initiating a course
of "Techniques of Counselling" which was
offered L_v the Extension Department of the
University of British Columbia and was
open to all members; and a revision of the
organizational structure of placement ser-
vice. The convener of the Press and Pub-
lications Committee, Miss Janie Jamieson,
referred to the generous publicity accorded
the RN.A.B.C. by the press and the gratify-
ing increase in British Columbia Canadian
Nurse subscribers. A study of exemptive
clauses designed to protect nurses compelled

Vol. 41 No. 6

\i\
U.-\L .:\lEETI!\G IÌ'4 BRITISH COLUMBIA

to JOIU unions was made by the committee
on Labou;- Relations as reported by .\i.Ïs...

I.
lacLennan. The main activity of the
Legislati, e Committee, convened b)
lis...
Alberta Creasor, was concerned with pub-
licizing th.: need for licensing pradical nur-
ses.
. \t the I'tïblic Health Section meeting the
results of a study of legislature as it re-
fers to the problems of tuberculosis in
Canada was read by Miss Pauline Capelle
and cr
ated considerable discussion. The
Hospital and School of Nursing Section has
decided to sponsur an institute on "Head

urseship" in the Fall, to be held in sev-
eral centrr
3. At the meeting of the General

ursing Sectiun members reported that staff
conferences had been helpful in solving
problems within their ú\\'n institutiom.
Miss Braund's report of the work of the
Provinci'll Placement Service indicated that
the recommendations regarding salaries and
working conditions, appro\ed by the R.
.
A.B.c. and B.c. Hospitals Association, have
had a
ratifying
ffect in improving condi-
tions for hospital nurses. The director has
travelleJ widely throughout the province
and has talked to graduate and student
groups on
he objectives and work of place-
ment service. Records indicate a steady in-
crease ia number of private duty calls, with
a greater increase in number of unfilled
cal1s.

465

The f(.gi:>trar reported an increase of (,fJ
students in the schools of nursing and a total
of five hU
ldred new members. Twenty-three
students received bursaries from Dominiun-
Provincial Youth Training Plan Funds.
The n
,orts of Districts and of Chapter:.
in unurganized districts showed a great in-
crease jn activity and a broadening of in-
terests. Four new chapters have been form-
ed \Vithi
l the year, bringing the total to
thirty.
\\! ith the election of 1945-4ï ot hcers,
the primary objective of the recent revision
ot the Registered Nurses Act is fulfilled,
ix.; disrrict representation on the Council.
The personnel of the Council is: president,
Evelyn 11allory; first vice-president, Elinor
Palliser; second vice-president, Elizabeth
Clark; l;ol'orary secretary, Esther Paulson;
honourary treasurer, Edith Pringle; imme-
diate past president, Grace Fairley; section
chairmen: General Nursing, Elizabeth Ot-
terbine; Hospital and School of Nursing,
Emily Kelson; Public Health, Trenna Hunt-
er; councillors: East Kootenay District, to
be appointed; \Vest Kootenay District,
lar-
garet Heeney; Kamloops-Okanagan District.
Olive Garrood; Greater Vancouver District,
Lois Grundy, Katherine Lee, Elizabeth Cope-
land: V.1l1couver Island District, Margaret
Baird.
lyrtle Rondeau.
ALICE L. WRIGHT
Executive Secretary, R.N.A.B.C.

Blood Flown to the Wounded

Comhinr
ù figures on east and west coast
flights cf whole blood to the war theatre
has reached 193,000 pints. Since the start of
the blood-flying program over the Atlantic
last Aug-ust. 150,000 pints of whole blood
have been flown from the east coast to the
European theatre. This service has made it
possible for a wounded man to get blood
within '_w
r..ty-four hours after it was drawn
from a donor here. Shipments now average
about twelve hundred pints a day, which
provides transfusions for three to four hun-
dred average cases. Whole blood shipments
being {town from the west coast to the Pa-
cific O-:ean area have totalled 43,000 pints
since the inauguration of the s
rvice last
Novemhrr.
Whole blood keeps in condition for tran5-

JUNE, 194'

fusions Íive days longer than formerly, or
as long a3 twenty-one days, because of a new
system of refrigeration which has been in-
augurated. The bottled blood is now being
flown ovcr!'eas in compact, expendable ice-
boxes made of metal foil on cotton insulat-
ing board which keep the blood within safe
temperatures:' between 39 and 50 o F. The
containers, measuring 21 x 21 x 25 inches,
weigh only 105 pounds when carrying their
full capacity of twenty-four bottles. Each
bottle contains about a pint and a half of
whole "0" type blood. Continued donations
of type "0" whole blood are necessary to
maintain this life-saving service.
Offia of th
Surgeon GC1i-
ral
Technical Infor1tUJtion D.'vision
If' ashiilgton, D. C.

Nursing

Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

Post-Graduate Courses m Clinkal
Supervision

'rhes
are courses offaed primarily
for prepar
tion for the position of hospi-
tal head nurse or clinical supervisor. Such
positions demand a combination of nurs-
ing, administrative and teaching abilities.
The hc.1d nurse is not only the ,adminis-
trative head of the ward, and the per-
son responsible for the nursing done in
it, but she is usually also a member of
the teaching staff of a school of nurs-
ing. For the adequate preparation of
such a 11llrSe, there seems to be required
a course which will combine instruction
in the general principles of supervision
and administration, in educational psy-
chology and teaching methods, and ad-
vanced
nstruction and thorough study
and practice in nursing in one of the
major dimcal fields.
This hst emphasis, on nursing itself,
has comè to be considered increasingly
importa
t. 'Ve have complained for a
long time that the head nurse did not
teaZh enough because she had too many
administrative duties and because she was
not traim:d to teach. Now we realize
that the trouble has often been, not
solely that she did not have time and
did -not know how to teach, but fre-
quently ,:]50 that she did not know what
to teach. The head nurse frequently has
gone no further in nursing than her
students are expected to go. It will be
obvious that this is unusual for' a teacher
who, in most educational fields, has
mastered a far greater content in her
subject than she expects her students to
do.

466

For this reason, that a real study of
nursing in the particular field should be
an important part of the preparation of
the he:üi nurse, it Seems desirable that
the applic
nt for a course in clinical
supervisi,}J1 should choose one definite
clinical fidd in which to make this study;
that is. she will take a course in medical
supervision, obstetrical supervi
ion, or
some other specific field. This does not
mean th
t the graduate in, e.g., medical
supervisioll
should hesitate to take a
position in another clinical fieleL She is
obviously much better prepared for any
supervisory position than the nurse with
no special training. The instruction in
supervision and in te,aching will be the
same for all these courses, but, with this,
the nnrsing content of one field will be
sufficient for eight months' work.
Several of the uni,'ersity schools of
Canada r
ow offer cOllrses in clinical
supervision, In some it is possible, though
not desirable, to take half the course in
one year, and the remainder in the sec-
ond term of a succeeding year. As an
example of the way in which these cour-
ses are organized, the following outline
of one is given:
The ,:ourse commences in the autumn
term with a two weeks' orientation period in
the university in which the work of the year
is outlind, reading is assigned, methods of
study discussed, and the student prepared for
the first ur.it of field work. A block of six
weeks is then given to nursing practice in
the clinicd! field chosen. Here emphasis
is not only on revision of techniques, but
also on attaining a broader conception of
nursing (including the health and preven-
tive and sC'Cial aspects), and especially on

Vol. 41 No. 6

:\CRSI:'\G EDU( -\1'10'\

the planl1im r of nur
ing care for indi\'iduab
and g ro,11h. .\ iter this, the student return

to the un: vt:rsity classroom for three months
oi inten
i',e study in nursing, supervisiun
and admini
tration and teaching, Again she
returns to the hospital for two month... of
iield \\ qri.;. which thi
time consists of prac-
tice in dir.ical teaching and ward adminis-

+07

tration. The cour
e concludes with two
\\ eeks .1t the univer:.ity for con ference, re-
view, and examinations.

In n",,-t month's issue of the J OUr1wl
available (ourses in clinical supervision
will be listed with other post-graduate
courses.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

The
enior nurses of the sc\'en Lount

School Ht.'alth Programs recent!) attended
a conferenCL and round table discussion with
the direct)r and supen-i
ors of tht. lJi\"ision
of Pub!i.:: lIealth :\ ur!-ing. This i
the first
time tbat this group ha
met together since
six of t1'e County programs ha \'e come into
existence during the past year.
JIrs. FWllccS Lindsa'J' (Ferris), B.Se.N.
(Toromo Gencral Huspital and L"niversit)
of \Yestf'n. Ontano degree cours(: in public
health nursing) has accepted an appoint-
ment witi1 the Xorth York Board vi Health.
Jlrs. Dcroth:y Hawkills (Hare) (To-
ronto Ge:1 p ral Hospital and Cniwrsit) of
\\. estern (>ntario public health course) has
accepted an appointment with the
r iddlese)o..
County School Health "Cnit.
Elma Ward, B.Sc.X. (Cniversity of \Yes-
tern Ontario and \ïctoria Hospital, Lun-
don) has H'signed her position with the \\.el-
land Bo2.p:! of Health to be married.
The following graduates of the public
health nursing course at the "Cniversity of
Toronto have accepted appointments: EvclJlt
Cltltlling;zn1lJ. (Brantford General Hospital>
with the Hrantford Board of Health; Will-
ifred HtI}1 (General and ).[arine Hospital,
Collingw')od) with the Kingston Board of
Health; fierllOdette If-alsh (St. Joseph's
Hospital, Peterborough) with the Guelph
Board of Health; Margaret Wright (To-
ronto \Ve:,tern Hospital) with the Hailey-
bury BO],nl (of Health; .'\far)' Kir",ele (
ia-

gara Falls General Hospital) with the Stam-
ford Township Board of Health; Margaret
Roberts (Toronto General Hospital) \\"ith
Hamilton Department of Health; Kathleen
4. bbotf I Wel1esley Hospital) and Patricia
Phil/ips (St. Joseph's Hospital. Toronto),
with the
imcoe County School Health Cnit:
Jlrs. lean Rhoten (Toronto Orthopedic
Hospital) with the Pickering Township
Board ,If Health; \Irs. \lary Fraser (Uni-
n>rsity )f Iowa School of X ursing) with the
Division (Jf Epidemiology of the Ontario
Depart:nuH of Health.
The Ío1ifl\\ ing graduate
of the public
health 11Ursing course at the Lniversity of
\\ estern (}ntario have accepted appoint-
menb: JIa -f/arcl Drummond (\ïctoria Hos-
pital) -,\":th the Cochrane Board of Health;
l uliellllc Gagller (St. Joseph's Hospital,
Chatham) with the Porcupine Health Cnit:
lean .'IlcE7.l'OIz (Brantford General Hos-
pital) 'xith the Kitchener Board of Health;
Dorothy Doll and Ruth BUr/ze}' (Victoria
Hospital, London) with the Kirkland-Larder
Lake He;ilth Cnit: Ruth lVecRcs (Toronto
General I-bspital) with the Fort \Yilliam
Board ,)f Health; Jlary L07.'e (Stratford
General Hospital) and Gertmde .Bridgcttc
(Hamilt,)n General Hospital) with the Ha-
milton Board of Health; Ailem Ogih'ic (St.
Joseph's I-Jospital. London) with the Owen
Sound l
o;ord of Health; loycc H ankinsoll
(Brantf()r..Ï General Hospital) with the Sar-
nia Boa,d of Health for the summer.

Cliders Carry Wounded to Hospitals

A glid
r service had been inaugurated in
the Euro!)ean Theatre to evacuate wounded
men. Observers reported that the shock in-
cident to b
ing "snatched" into the air was
absorbed by an improved towing device. It
is now r)()
sible that gliders may almost
eliminate ambulances for hauling our battle
casualtie3 long distances over shel1-torn

JUNE. 1945

roads, giving them a faster, smoother ride
to the hospital. The gliders serve a dual
purpose. Coming right into the battle area
they can carry twelve litter patients or
nineteen walking wounded. Ambulance glid-
ers were first used experimentally by the
British in Burma and New Guinea.
-TechJzical Information Di'l.1Ïsion

Postwar Planning Activities

Contributed by
POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

The Opportunities and Needs for
Supervisors in Public Health
Nursing
During the past twelve months and
longer, the health of the people has re-
ceived marked attention in the legisla-
ture of every province. Progressive
legislation dealing with health matters
has been enacted, while on the county
and local levels officials and citizens gen-
erally are discussing seriously how they
may secure more adequate health ser-
vices. The establishment and develop-
ment of services in some provinces has
been delayed for lack of qualified per-
sonnel, public health physicians and nur-
ses as well as sanitary inspectors. There
i
reason to expect that the cessation of
hostilities on the European fronts will
have an effect upon this situation. Even
allowing a period of time for graduate
preparation it is not too soon to concern
ours
lves about leaders (supervisors) in
nursmg.
\V riting in the January number of
the The Canadian Nurse Mildred I.
\Valker said: "Supervision is now con-
sidered as guidance, the aim of which
is to promote increasing growth in those
supervised. To practise the principles of
guidance most effectively one must be
truly democratic." It is suggested that
Miss \V' alker's article be re-read and also
the continuing one in the Februarv
Journal for they have an importan"t
bearing on the subject under discussion
here.
If Canadian citizens are demanding
heahh services, and there is ample evi-

'1M

dellce that many are doing so, then pro-
fessional nursing must. accept some de-
gree of responsibility for the provision of
adequ.ately prepared personnel to meet
the needs of Canadian communities.
Each health service unit, official or un-
official, according to the number of its
staff, should have one or more super-
visors if the people of the area are to re-
ceive the best possible service and if the
staff members are to have the opportun-
ity for growth through practice in the
planning .and developing of the program.
Such experience will increase the qual-
ity of their guidance to the community,
the family and the individual.
Nursing shares with other professions
in the health field this need for leaders
and its corollary the opportunity for
service. The preparation may entail some
degree of inconvenience, even sacrifice,
on the part of individual nurses. This
factor should be reduced to its lowest
terms through the action of our na-
tional and provincial associations as well
as the employing agencies. These groups
know the promising young nurses on
their staffs who, with the challenge {of
today's needs, can be called upon to ac-
cept greater responsibilities provided the
possibility of securing preparation is with-
in sight and reach.
No data are at hand regarding needs
in the various provinces or in the un-
official fields. It is suggested, however,
that at the provincial level the postwar
planning committees might with advan-
tage secure such information and present
it not only to their own associations but
to their provincial departments of health
and to universities offering graduate

Vol. 41 No. 6

\V EeL I \1 B F D .\ 'J R E E

courses in nursing, and with these rep-
re
ntatives consider practical steps to
m.eet the situation.
The importance of leadership should
need no supporting argument to the
memhers of this generation. The leaders
of the allied countries, in spite of toil,
carping criticism and m:sunderstanding,
hare ziven of themselves freeh- in the
calise ;\'hich claimed their loyalty. Sure-

4-69

ly sober judgment must affirm that they
are serving their generation. The chal-
lenge to public health nurses now is that
they ;;hould do likewise in their own
sphere.

EDNA L. I\100RE

C o1lveller, Committee on Postwar Plan-
ning, Rf gistrred Xunes A Hocinti'}ll f
Ontario.

We Climbed a Tree

v1ARGARET PRINGLE

"Then lost, a New Brunsw!c
er
climh:, a tree to get his b.earings, t:1<:n
spots a taller tree on higher ground and
makes his way to that for a view of a
lar
er area. \Vhen the l\ew Brunc;;wick
A.ssociat=on of Registered Nurses decid-
ed to initiate a Nurse Placement Ser-
vice and the committee found them-
selves in a wood they decided that the
tallest tree in sight was the set-lip of
the Provincial Placement Bureau of Bri-
tish Columbia. That plan of org-a
jza-
tion was tentatively adopted with some
chanQ"es to adapt ;t to local conditions,
and the work of organization was be-
gun. l\ow from the vantage ground of
six months' experience we can outline
the success we have had, some of our
failures, and can see new obiectivf's.
Publicity which was needed imme-
diately included some newspaper re-
leases, field contacts and direct personal
correspondence. Erirolments, co-opera-
tion and sympathet:c understanding- on
the part of the nurses was sought
fiI st.
Soliciting appEcations from possible em-
ployers was intentionally postponed un-
til we could build up a certain backlog
of nurses seeking new positions. But
events do not wait and the calls for
nurses came in much more rapidly tÍian
the enrolment of position-seeking nur-
ses. Nurses were urged to enrol at 0'1ce
so that their biograpl1ies could he fmilt
up, credentials prepared, and their qua-

JUNE. 1945

lifications studied to prepare for the
fme when the nurse might be read\' for
a new position.
Enrolments were slow. Acceptan.:e of
the Service was whoII" \'oluntary and
the thouQ"ht of using an intermedi:tte
agency when seekint! a new position wac;;
So new that the idea needed some time
to germinate. During the first six
months, approximately 9 per cent of
the membership of N.B.A.R.N. (ex-
clusive of Religious Sisters) has enrolled.
These are chiefly nurses who have the
experience and insight to see its vrllue.
An increasing number of enrolmc'nts
have heen rominQ" in recently from nu;"-
ses with the armed forces. One hun-
dred per cent enroJment is necessary
for 100 per cent efficiency of oper:ltio'1.
Placements have been few. Since the
object is to stabilize the nursing ,ervi.::e
of the province, it has been our þolicy
to encourage nurses to remain in posi-
tions where they are needed and where
they are giving satisfaction to employers
unless a chang-e would mean that the
particular qualifications of perso:laI:ty,
education and experience of the nurse
would be utilized to better advantag-e to
her and the public. Few nurses are
eek-
ing positions today. New graduates are
ah
nrhed immediately.
Immediate needs would seem tn he
to <:ecure: (1) The confidence and co-
operation of the individual nurses, es-

4iO

'1" H L C A. ::\ A. D I A 1\ 1\ V R S E

peciall) those who are within the work-
in
age; ( 2) infcrmation reg::trding
fields
f employment for the nlll;e wh

is handicapped by' age, poor health of
family responsihilities, often accomp;:n-
ied hr geographical isolation; th:it is,
the nurse who is willing: to work but
can give only part-time
r partial :lUf3-
ing service.
.!\urse Placement Service is a
e:'\'iLe
for the nur
e. fhe indi\'jdual nurse mCl}'
strengthen it by enrolling and h)T start-
ing h('r biograph, in uur files. It can h('
supplemented as time goes on :-0 that
eH'r)"thing will he read, when ...hL de-
cides to make a change. If every e
1-
rolled nurse will notify us wilen
he
makes application for a position of which
she ma) have learned through .;;"me
other source, we will send he.r crè.len-
tials, including recommendations fru:n
former emplo) ers. Identifring ha
f-'jf
with her professional organization in-
dicates to the discriminating employer
that she is secure in her relationship:>
with her peers, that is, that she '';is In
good standing" and that her recnr,l of
past performance is open for inspection.
It will also encourage lar emplo)'('r:; to
look to the professional organization fllf
an evallJ"ttion of the nurse. \\T e would

also he very grateful for :01) illf"rm t-
tion regarding new or possihle oppor-
tunities for nurses.
1\ urse administrators ma" stren
the:l
the service h,. registering not onl" their
immedi;.jte needs \ut th;ir pbns for <'x-
pansion. .Enlarged ph) sical plants
l1.d
increa:,ed services require not on1\ :m
increase in the number of the nurs;ng
c:;taff, hut ne\\. nursing po
Ùion:-. 1l1<lY
emerge which ma) reyuire
p
ci"d j're-
paration on the part of the nUrel:'.
Viewed from our present tree-top t! e
po
s'hJit;e
increast". The memo...:-,. of
the l'urse Placement Senict" ('o;nil1/t-
tee have heen made the Postwar Pbn-
ning Committee under another COI1\ (ncr
thus enahling them to avoid unneces-
sary overlapping of activities. Future
developments might include clo<;l'r re-
lationships with other placement c.:er-
vices, eÀtension of the service to ::lclmle
the suhsidiarv nurse or aide, and an ef-
fective co-operation with other ('om-
munit
agencies. Six months has ...hnwn
that to ht' effecti\'e the Sen':ce must
he a long term project, for underst:mJ-
ing of its functions and faith in its rr:Ic-
tical ,'aIue must be huilt up. The h'Jri-
70n recedes and untouch
d fields come
in to view.

( C vl,tinuf'fl from pagt' 446)
ing f1uid
are given freely and also nour-
ishing food. It is uSllall
' necessary to
spoon-feed the patient until the acute
stage has suhsided. Enemata and cath-
eterizations are frequentl) necessary.
As soon as improvement is shm,v/l and
interest is heginning to return, some oc-
cupation fitted to the pi1tient's lim'ted
c.apaci
should he encouraged. Diver-
sions ...uch as reading, crafts and music
come first, then group acti\ .t"e:--. Thes.:
acti\'ities are more henefic 'aI and hav

more therapeutic value if the\" are ar-
ranged to use his previous skills and men-
tal activities.
The final part of the treatment con-
cerns the social aspect of the pafent's
life. S01TIL' adjustments m;1' he nect'ssar
'

Bromism

in order to make the environment to
which he is to return more conducive
to hett'..'r mental health, and also to pre-
vent a recurrence of the situation which
required sedati\'es or so-called nerve ton-
ics in th
first place.
:\1uch of this care and treatment
would he eliminated if the nurses were
alert and ohservant in their health teach-
ing programs. Strong emphasis should
he placed on the teaching of patients and
other p.?rwns that an)' patent medicines
dangerous and many art' dangerous.
IHany persons could be sa\'ed the un-
necessary expense and experience of hè-
ing admitted to a psychiatric hospital if
adequate control oyer the use of prerara-
(ons contain 'ng hromides were pro\'ided
hr 1 a w.

Vol. 41 No.6

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Nursing Care in Typhoid Fever

THELMA MACKINNON
Student Nurse

School of
Vursing, Royal Jubilee Hospital, VictorÎll, B.C.

The boy was admitted to our hospital
on .Au:;ust 27, 19++.
\ lad of fifteen,
his conditIon on admission was apparent-
ly very il1. A chill with rise of tempera-
ture to 104 0 , followed by profuse dia-
phoresi
, occurred soon after admission.
He complained of general malaise,
dull and persistent headache, pain and
tendern
'
<; in the right kidne,- region
and some pain in the right lung hase on
deep respiratio.n. Also, he gave a historr
of having felt "under the weather" for
almost !:wc weeks previously. Gradually
increasing malaise, intermittent head-
aches, and spasmodic epigastric pain had
been troublesome.
Ph} sic:11 examination showed an en-
larged, palpahle spleen; slow, fairh-
regular pulse; tongue heavily coated
white in centre with red, clear edges
and tip.
A diagnosis of typhoid fever was
made on the basis of these findings. This
is an acute infectious disease ca
lsed h,'
the bacilìus typhosus, characterized b}'
hyperphc;ia of the lymphoid tissues -
especially enlargement of the spleen,
and enlargement and ulceration of the
"Peyer',; Patches" ; and accompanied
by fever, headache, and ahdominal svm-
ptoms.
The source of this disease is man -
the org:ll1isms are found in the hlood
during the first week of the disease and
after the first week are present in the

JUNE, 1945

urinc and stools. It is spread usually
through contamination of water, milk,
or food supplies with urinary or fecal
discharg
s from an in fected person.
Our patient had apparently contracted
the disease through drinking i.n fected
water. H
had been hiking through some
woods aoeut two weeks hefore and re-
member
d stopping to drink from a
small creek on the way. .As far as known,
this was the source of his infection.
During the first week, the boy's tem-
perature averaged 101 0 , rising to a peak
of 103<> dailr, usuallr in the evening.
Pulse rate of 84, strong, hounding
quality. Occasional nausea and head-
aches. Stools and urine of normal ap-
pearancc. A leukopenia was present,
white
laod count being 3800.
The
econd week showed increasing
weakne3s and lethargy, burning pains
in the abdomen accompanied by fre-
quent pa

ages of soft stools containing
"rice-like" particles. Bacillus t} phosus
was isolated from the blood culture.
\Vida1 reaction was positive for ty-
phoid "0". The temperature averaged
101 0 , with daily elevations to 103 0 .
Pulse rate 76 - 96, fairly good quality.
These symptoms continued through
the third week with increase of ahdomin-
al pain. Lips cracked severely from the
constant fever; with no appetite the
patient was weak and listless. Diarrhea
was marked, slimy brown or greenish

471

472

THE CA
AnIAN J\URSE

stools, l'ach containing numerous mu-
cous partic1es.
During the fourth week the patient
became extremely weak with anorexia
and senre, persistent abdominal pain.
The daily remissions of temperature be-
came sharper - rising to 104 0 .and
falling to 100 0 . Frequent passages of
curdled, greenish stools in which flecks
of hright hlood were seen. Pulse rate
up to 110 at times, bounding quality.
The fifth week showed an increased
lethargy to a state of stupor at times,
with oCc:Isional periods of violet delirium
due to the absorption of toxins. Tem-
perature was higher, ranging between
]02 0 to 105 0 . Pulse r.ate 120 - 142,
rapid, weak and irregular. Respirations
increast"ll to 28 at times, very shallow.
Frequent epistaxis and passages of large
amounts of bright blood per rectum.
Severe p
in, and abdominal distention
and rigidity preceded these rectal hem-
orrhag
:;. The boy became terribly ema-
ciated
nd his condition grew steadily
weaker.
Duriag the sixth week the boy's con-
dition wr.s weak to the point of death.
There seemed very little hope that he
would lin. The temperature ranged
between 100 0 and 105 0 , rising and
falling sharply each day. Pulse rate of
130 -- 150, very irregular. Respira-
tions 28 tc 42, shallow .and weak. Al-
most continual delirium, constant mus-
cular twitchings of the face and limhs
and, larer, long periods of coma alter-
nating with attacks of noisy irration-
alit
.. Sever
abdominal pain and disten-
tion was ;Jlways present and the rectal
hleedin6" lontinued day after day. The
ho
' finally hecame so utterly weak that
it was imperative for him to have com-
plete re5t if he were to live, which at
this timl.' seemed very doubtful. There-
fore we moved him only when absolute-
ly necessary. Due to this enforced iner-
tia a pï{'
sure sore developed at the
hase of the spine, in spite of all we could
do to jJrevent it. However this later
cleared t;p satisfactorily when the pa-
tient again hecame strong enough to en-

dure I1H;re frequent changes of posItIon.
During the seventh and eighth weeks
a very gradual change for the better oc-
curred, although extreme bodily weak-
ness, mental and emotional instability
of cours
persisted. The rectal bleeding
ceased, the temper.ature gradually he-
came Jlormal, the pulse slower and
stronger and the appetite improved
steadily. A slight lung congestion and
aching of the right ear were trouhle-

ome for
everal days but these complica-
tions did l
ot hecome serious.
Corn-alrscence proceeded well from
the ninÓ to the twelfth week, although
very slowly, of COllrse, after so dt'va
-
tating an illness. During the thirteenth
week our patient was able to be out of
bed for éL short time each dar. His
strength increased and he was discharged
from hospital at the end of the fifteenth
week.
This hoy'
prolonged illne:-:-. tested
Ollr nursing care to the utmost. During
the grea!er part of the fifth, sixth and
seventh weeks his condition was so dan-
gerouslv close to death that only the
most imperative nursing procedures
could he carried Ollt.
Isolation technique was used through-
out the long illness, with careful at-
tention to the disinfection of all excrda.
Ahsolute rest of hody and mind was en-
couraged. The patient was fed until
convale
ccnce was well established.
Fluids, chiefly milk, were gi\ en in the
early st:lge
, with very gradual and care-
ful .addi
ion of non-irritating solid foods
as the temperature fell and nau
ea dis-
appeared. Very frequent cleansing of
the skin and mouth were necessary.
Saline enemata were given every other
day during the fifth, sixth and seventh
weeks to combat the distention and diarr-
hea. Th
extremes of temperature were
controlled. with hot sponges. Trans-
fusions of whole hlood were given every
other day during the seventh week, ap-
proximately 250 cc. each time, to com-
pensate for the rectal hleeding.
Medications used were: vitamin B
and C capsules during the fourth to

Vol. 41 No. 6

B 0 () K REV IE". S

twelfth wecks; sulphaguanidine gr. 7 Y2
q.4.h. during fourth to fifth weeks; mor-
phine gr. 1/6 - 1/8 hypodermically
p.r.n. for pain and restlessness during
the fifth, sixth and seventh weeks; phe-
nobarbit:1ì gr. Y2 t.i.d. during the
sixth to tenth weeks, and hematinic cap-
sules t.i.d. during the seventh to
twe Ifth weeks.

473

This
erious illness, which will with-
our dOllbt adversely affect the boy's de-
velopment for some time to come
could
have heen prevented through wider
teaching and enforcement of sanitary
measur
3. It would seem that there still
remains much to be done, especially in
regard to teaching and supervision, 111
the field of puhlic health.

Book Reviews

"\ ou Are What You Eat, by Victor H.
Lindlahl'. 128 pages. Publi:,hed by Na-
tional Nutrition Soc:ety, Inc., New
York. Price 50 ets.
Reviewed l)y Ð)". L. E. Ranta, Assis-
font P,'ofessor, Dept. of P)'eventive
Medicine, Univet"sity of British Co-
!umbia.

dealing: with each common fruit and
vegetable under standardized headings:
"selection and care/' "preparation," and
"best method of use" provide some u
e-
ful information.
The text affords a few surprises. The
implication is made that healthy per-
sons differ in the manner of metaboliz-
ing stal'ches and sugars. Cheese is re-
ported to be constipating because its
preparation alters the sponge action of
the hemicdlulose of milk! Al!"o, the Lind-
lahr balanced diet is based primarily up-
on the fact that cellular metabolic pro-
cesses must take place in a slightly al-
kaline medium. This leads to the con-
clusion that "alkaline-ash foods should
compri
e more than 50 per c
nt of
the diet." In other words, no recognition
is given to the well-known evidence that
maintenance of the acid base balance of
blood and tissues falls most heavily upon
protein buffer-systems.
It is obvious that the advice on the
front cover. "Let America's Foremost
Authority on Diet Show You How to Eat
for Your Health's Sake," is meant for
the layman. The book can do him no
harm, but no reason can be found to r c-
ommend it as source material for the
nurse interested in an educational pro-
gram. The standard textbooks deal with
nutrition more authoritatively. and
"Canada's Official Food Rules" ably ad-
vise a balanced, adequate diet without
superflu.ms hocus-pocus.

Although the vehicle is radio-loqua-
cious, it ultimately reaches the goal of a
balanced diet, standing squarely on ade-
quate quantities of proteins, energy-pro-
ducing: foods, minera]s and vitamins; but
the route is beset with the half-truth

and unfortunate similes too often pre-
sumed necessary to create popular ap-
peal. In the first part of his book, Diet-
Broadcaster Lindlahr presents the the-
sis that, as we are composed of chemical
substaTlces assimilaterl from foodstuffs.
our bodily composition may become un-
balanced unless the various food com-
ponents are consumed in certain definite
proporticns. Consequently, if we select
our daily diet from prepared lists of pro-
tein, carbohydrate, and protective (milk,
fruits and vegetables) foods in a weight
ratio of 20-20-60, respectively; if our
foods are properly prepared and vege-
tables and fruits are eaten raw whenever
practicable; and if we avoid the "insid-
ious evil", constipation, by selecting foods
rich in hemicelluloses; if we do all this,
we shall be healthier. Part II offers the
prppared lists from which the daily diet
should be selected. Other tables show
the nutritive value of vegetables and
fruits in terms of certain vitamins and Psychotherap}' in )ledical Practice. by
minerals. Part III concludes the book by Maurice Levine, M.D. 320 pages. Pub-

JUNE. 194'5

474

THE CANADIAN NURSE

lished hy The Macmillan Co. of Can-
ada Ltd., 70 Bond St., Toronto 2.
1944. Price $3.50.
Reviewed by Helen M. McCauley, .4s-
sistant Supavisot', .411an llJem 0 t'ial
Institute of Psychiatry.
The author, Dr. Maurice Levine, states
in the In:roduction to this book that he
assumes that a physician who would
want to read a book on psychotherapy
recognizes the fact that psychological
problems play a real part in medical
difficulth
$. So, too, the nurses who will
find this book of value are those who
recognize the need for nursing: the whole
patient. T.) play her role in the doctor's
plan of therapy, the nurse of today must
have as thorough an understanding of
man's {'motional functioning: as she has
of his physical functioning.
The first chapter deals with common
misconceptions in the fields of Psychia-
try, lVhmlal Hygiene and Child Guid-
ance. Twenty-four prevalent miscon-
ceptions are stated and the comment::;:
which follow make easy and informative
reading for everyone. Is heredity the
chief causp for mental disorder? Does
sexual (xperience cure psychiatric dis-
orders? Is the ideal child always obed-
ient? The answers brief, but adequate,
are especially useful to the nurse who
frequently finds she must re-educate her
patient before she can beJ.!."Ín positive
treatment.
Method
of Psychotherapy useò by the
general practitioner are considered next.
In this
ection the nurse may find the
answer to why a doctor varies his usual
routine for a specific patient. Many of
the sU
g'estions made to the physician
regarding- his attitude to. and relation-
ships with, the patient are of equal im-
portan
e to the nurse. The nurse uses
various of the methods outlined daily:
physical J:reatment, medical treatment,

hydrotherapy, hobbies, the g"lvmg of in-
formation, reassurance. Their full mean-
ing to the patient is discussed - their
psychological purposes as well as the
other more obvious purposes.
Infant sexuality is considered in the
part of rhe book devoted to sex and mar-
riage. Marriage, its assets and its dif-
ficulties, i
discussed, and some of the
reasons for poor adjustments to mar-
riage .u'e commented upon. Everyone
having ccntact with children will find
"Basic Attitudes to Children" worthwhile
reading. Dr. Levine states: "Many of the
problems of children with which the gen-
eral practitioner and pediatrician have
to deal are fundamentally based on prob-
lems of the parents of the children, or
on the problems of relatives or nurse-
maids". !Ie then points out how unfav-
orable attitudes of controlling adults
may caww children to develop symptoms
of revolt expressed either in a physical
fashion or in anti-social behaviour.
In conclusion the author outlines the
criterion of emotional maturity and ex-
plains it in terms of everyday incidents.
Weare thus presented with an under-
standable and reliable yardstick for
measuring" our own normality and ma-
turity.
References are mentioned in each sec-
tion of ihe book for use of those who
wish to study more fully that particular
aspect anti. in addition, there is a more
C'''l11T1lete list of suggested reading in
the last chapter.
Thoug'h it is clearly stated in the In-
troduction that this book was written
for the general practitioner, medical
specialist, and medical students, there is
much of value in it for nurses too. The
dear manner in which the information
is Dresented, point by point, makes the
book particularly useful fot' student re-
ference.

Dental Needs of Returned Soldiers

A reòish !bution station, where suldier;;
just returned from overseas receive dental
treatment. has reported that ahout one man
in ten needs an extraction or other emer-
gency de:1tal treatment. This includes the
construction of a denture if the man hasn't
f'nough teeth to chew an average meal. Ac-
cording to this report, about 45 per cent of
the !11en returning from overst:as need one

or more fillings while about 40 per cent
do not require any dental treatment. Figures
pre,"iou
lv released show that about one man
in every four requires emergency dental
trntment at the time of induction.

Office of Sltr(leou Cel/eral
T echllical Illformatioll Di7..fsion
TVashiugfol1. D. C.

Vol. 41 No.6

,

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S

II
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e,u-

.

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A\,A

d .1 /

O,Sr 'e.

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It.

\I

ZlJ ì>

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"

How Z. B. T. Baby Powder Helps to
Resist Moisture Dermatitis in Infants

Dermatitis in infants brou
ht about by wet
diapers, clothes and bed clothes is a com-
mon and troubles
me condition. Because
of it the busy physician is often faced with
questions from anxious mothers. \'('hile
normally acid because cf uric acid content
(C
H.N.O.). urine is sometimes converted
into an alkaline irritant in Òe "amr.1
niacal
diaper" by urea-formed ammonia (NH).
On the basis of simple mechanical pro-
tection, the use of Z.B.T. Baby Powder

with olive cil helr>s to resist moisture der-
matitis. Z.D. T. cÎings and covers like a
protective film-lessens friction and chafing
of wet diapers and shirrs. The mechanical
moisture-resisting property of Z.B.T. may
be clearly demonstrated. Smooth Z.B. T. on
the back of your hand. Sprinkle with water
or other liquid of hiGher or lower plI.
Notice how Z.B.T. Baby Powder keeps skin
dryas the drops roll off. Compare "\\ ith
any ether baby powder.

JU
E. 1945

z. B. T.-the only baby powder made wi
h olive oil

475

Letters to the Editor

Dutch Chijdren in ElIgland
It's high time I gave you some accuunt
ot our activities since coming to England en
route to our European assignment with
Cl\RR_\. \\ e left Xew York about the mid-
dle of November. I wish I could tell you
about the crossing but I am airaid all I
should
ay is that v. e came in a large troop-
:-h;p awl had a most interesting voyage. I
should cxp:ain that by "we" I mean Miss

tephanie Szloch and mysel i. Stephanie was
X ursing A:-ts instructor in a Boston hos-
pital and the two of us are the only nurses
from the other side of the Atlantic who,

11 far, have come to the London office of
C
RRA.
vVe spent over a month in London find-
ing lodg-ings - or perhaps I should say
"digs" - - getting registered at the police
station
tI1d food office, doing some sight-
seeing, and making what plans we could to
carry out our assignment. Because of the
military situation it was obvious that we
would not be able to proceed further for sume
time. \Vhen we learned that plans were un-
derway to bring over to England some Dutch
refugee children from the liberated parts
of Holland and that nurses v.ere neerled we
volunteered to give some assistance.
The hoc;tel where the first group is huu<;ed
is near Coventry. It was left vacant by war
workers and has been converted into rather
conveni
nt lodgings for the children. The
physical set-up consists of an administration
building containing the offices. dining hall.
games mom, and lounges; six blocks, each
housing some eighty to ninety children; staff
blocks; ar:d a ten-bed sick-bay.
Four hundred and ninety-six children, ages
,even to fi fteen, arrived on the evening of
February 11. The appearance of the children
was not as expected. and the newspaper re-
ports of the following day were somewhat
misleading. I think they must have had their
copy re:lcly before they saw the children.
They alTived cheering and singing and
everyone carrying a Dutch flag. They were
a little weary from their four-days' journey
and many were somewhat pale. Apart from
that they fjid not present any obvious signs
of malnu
rition. However, we discovered la-
ter that the apparent age of the children
was weil below their actual age. It was in
this re,;pect rather than in actual thinness
that the effects of their diet were noted.

476

The fir;.l job was to get them fed and to
bed. All bnds, including everyone on the
hostel staff, members of the \Vomen's V 01-
untary Services, and boy scouts; were ready
to welcome the children and to assist. Ever)-
where -:mc turned there were photographers
and represwtatives of the press. The child-
ren seemed quite unaware of all this pub-
licity and attacked their first meal in the
hostel with great zest.
\Ye knew very little about these children
before they came and it was impossible to
glean frcm books much information in re-
gard to th
feeding of the type of malnu-
trition we expected. \Ve knew that their
diet in Holland had been mostly bread, po-
tatoes, and cabbage, and that the fat had
been practical1y non-existent. Consequently,
in order to avoid gastric disturbances, it was
planned t::> limit the fat to 50 grams daily
and the ca rbohydrate to 400 grams. \Ve
started ..1.1 1800 calories and at the end of the
first wee 1 ( had worked up to 2400 calories
daily. V eïy SOO
l they were on a full diet
and could have as much as they wanted to
eat. Under wartimé conditions, and the rigid
food ratin:1Îng in force in England, it is very
difficult to plan well-balanced meals and
also take into account the national customs
of the grcup being fed. Some of the child-
ren were hungry at first. This \\-as under-
standabJe when we learned that, although
most of them had been brought to England
because of lack of sufficient food, some few
had been included who had always received
an adeqlnt
diet. but who had been rendered
homeless due to the flooding of parts of
Holland.
The clothing of the children was in ra-
ther poor condition. Great sacrifices had been
made at heme to send the children over as
well-dres3('d as possible. \Ye heard of one
family of nine children from which two
were selc
ted tu come to England. The par-
ents refuse<:Î the offer because they would
have had to take two of the four coats the
children possessed leaving only two coats
for seven children. Some were dressed in
suits and coats made from army clothing
given hy the soldiers. Several had this mili-
tary-appearing costume completed by Bri-
tish or Canadian Army insignia. The sh()es
were in the worst condition and æany wore
al1-wooden clogs. The busiest people in the
ho<;pital f(lr the first week were the un-

Vol. 41 No. 6

I;
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Rickets during' infancy and through
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A, 1,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin D

-the maximum potencies of Concen

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JUNE, 1945

477

478

'I'HE C.\N.\l)IA
NURSE

McGill UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES

The following courses are offered to graduate nurses:
A TWO-YEAR COURSE LEADING
TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
OF NURSING. OPPORTUNITY IS
PROVIDED FOR SPECIALIZATION
IN FIELD OF CHOICE.

SUPERVISION IN PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING
A twelve-month course of
correlated theory and practi-
ce in this special field will be
available to a selected group
of nurses who have had satis-
factory experience following
graduation.

One-year certificate courses:
Teaching & Supervision In
Schools of Nursing.
Public Health Nursing.
Administration in Schools of
Kursing.
Administration & Supervision
in Public Health Nursing.

Four-nwnth courses:

\Yarcl Teaching & Supervision
Administration & Supervision In
Public Health Nursing.

For information apply to:

ehool for Graduate Nur
es, 'leG ill (Tniv
rsit)'" '1011 treal 2

tiring members of the W.V.S. who fitted
every child with a complete set of clothing.
Many of the little girls refused to wear their
new dre
ses at first. They were just too
nice anù they. wanted them to wear home.
This clothing was all supplied by American
and Canadian Red Cross, and, incidentally,
every bed is covered with quilt or afghan
f rom the Canadian Red Cross.
The children were accompanied by a ma-
tron, leaders or "leidsters", and teachers.
There WdS also a Protestant dominie and
a Roma:1 Catholic priest. The nursing staf f
al ready here was augmented by two nursing
sisters fr3m Holland. I would like to digress
briefly from the story of the children to
tell about one of these nurses. During the
liberation of her home city her home was
machine-gunned and burned, and she lost
all her possessions. Just before coming to
England
he had been working in an under-
ground hospital - not a hospital of the
"underground" movement - but a hospital
actually under the ground. It had been con-
verted by the Dutch civilians from an air
raid shelt
r built by the Germans for their
S.S. polic
. This shelter had central heating,

air conditioning, and its own electric dynamo.
The latter, however, was alwa}s out of
working úrder because it was built for the
Germans by forced Dutch labour and was,
of cour

, well sabotaged during the build-
ing. There was also a large telephone ex-
change capable of covering the whole of
Holland é1!ld hal f of Germany. The police
would thus be able to "listen in" on every
call ma,le in that territory. Unfortunately
for the careful plans of the Germans they
did not have time to make use of the ex-
change before the Allies liberated the area
The shelteí accommodated seventy-two bLùs,
the maj )rit)' of them two-tier Lunks with a
gangway on one side.
Iany nursing di f fi-
culties were presented - shortage of soap
and linen, giving nursing care to patients
in bunb, .and the fact that, due to shortage
of electrical power. the lights wt:re out for
six hours during the day, thus making it
necessary to do all the nursing in a mnch
shorter period.
\V e
xPfcted more illness than at first
developed. An advance message wárned us
to be -eddy to receive a possible appenùix
and an otitis media. Simple treatment and a

Vol. 41 No.6

L
TTERS TO THE EDITOR

479

7
tk
eou,

, ,

At the first sign of a cold, Illany physi-
cians feel that treahnent should indude
a luild, :yet thorough laxative. Phillips'
:\lilk of :l\1agnesia })royides Illild
laxation, and in addition i
an effective
antacid for ga!'ìtric acidity.

GEN\.IllIt
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!JJ:iI I TH
t

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PHILLIPS

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TARTO

night's rest soon cffected a cure in both
cases. T!1e regulation of the diet kept gastric
upsets down to a minimum. The clinic was
the busiest part of the health service at first
because many children had sores on their
hands and feet, due mostly to the poor foot-
wear and the lack of soap. Some of the
adults hf')ught with them a cake of the soap
used in Holland. It was somewhat smaller
than one of o'tr ordinary cakes of toilet
soap, dirty pink in colour, and fillel:1 with air.
It was dlmost impossible to make any lather
with it. This cake was the individual's
month's SUT>ply for toilet use. Our troubles
in the ;ick-bay were to come a little later.
\Ve are just recovering from an epidemic
of infecti.ms jaundice, are in the midst of
an epiden,
c of mumps, and have two cases
of diphtheria. But, considering that it is
next to Ï!npossible to carry out any isolation
precautions without admission to the sick-
bay, we have been very fortunate. Our ori-
ginal ten-bed sick-bay has been enlarged by
crowding tne beds and taking over a vacant
end of .1
taff block.

rany of these children, especially the olrl-
er ones, ha
been encouraged to resist enemy

JUNE, 1945

authority by the performance (If acts of
sabotage. \Ve wondered what would happen
here an
l h0W they would respond \0 dis-
cipline. _\ few did try such things. as letting
the air (IUt of the tires of staff bicycles,
but on
he whole they Quickly reipected the
di f ferep-cc in their environment and res-
ponded well to hostel life and regulations.
There wa
very little homesickness among
the group. Occasionally a little girl will be
found
ilently crying because she is worry-
ing about ter father was was taken to Ger-
many tw.) or three years ago. or about the
rest of the family at home who were living
under ,'ery poor conditions. They can each
send ont' card a week and the messages to
the parents must give the latter a great d
al
of relie!. They tell of the good food they
are getting. how much weight they have
gained (:l11d they have gained, some as much
as eighte
n pounds, and many have quite out-
grown the clothes they were given), the in-
teresting places they have been. and how
mu
h they like England.
This group of children, only a few of
whom ,1re crphans, is the first of some twen-
ty thou-;anù who are to be evacuated from

480

THE CANADI
\N NURSE

AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITY
The Girls' Cottage School is a
public service for non-Roman Ca
tholic teen-age girls in the Prov-
ince of Quebec who need special
training and care. Situated near
Montreal, the members of its staff
are specially qualified to carryon
a full rehabilitation program which
includes academic instruction as
well as practical training in home
economics and mothercraft. Every
effort is made to provide recre-
ation and promote physical devel-
opment.
In order to develop the health
aspects of this program, the
services of a Registered Nurse,
preferably with public health ex-
perience, are required. Applicants
should possess an aptitude for
helping adolescent girls to work
out their own problems.
For full information apply to:
"iss Janet Long, Executive Secre-
tary, Room 216, 1421 Atwater Ave.,
Montreal, P. Q.

Disabled Soldiers Re-Iearn Driving

Disabled soldiers at Army a111putati:1I1
centres are learning to drive again under th('
tutelage of Army reconditioning instructors
who have been specially trained for thi.
purpose by the American Automobile ,\sso
ciation. Dual control cars are used dl1rin

pal t of the training period but the disabled
soldiers, once they have learned how to
compensate for their physical handicap, are
taught to operate ordinary automobiles with-
out any special "gadgets" Tht in--truct, )r.;
pro\'e it Crl.n be done. Most of them are them-
seh'es "disabled" soldiers!

Offit'c of the Surgeoll Gel/eral
Technical blformatioll Di'l,isiol/
H 'a.shillgtoll, D. C.

Soothing, Cooling
Mentholatum on

temples and brow
,

N
\1
. brings Quick relief.
..1\'- Also for neuralgia,
head colds, cuú! and
chapping. Jars and
tubes 30c. 19X
MENTHDLATUM
Gives (OM FORT Daily

Holland lù England for a period of three
months. At the end of that time some will
return home but many will be placed with
English families for a further stay. There
is no doubt that as the groups continue to ar-
rive more and more serious cases of mal-
nutrition will be found.
One thing that worried us at first was h0w
we would get along without any knowledge
of the language. That was certainly cross-
ing the bridge before we came to it. These
children have learned a great deal of Eng-
lish from the soldiers and are very proud of
this knowledge. In any small group it is
always f0ssible to find at least one chilù
who understands what you are trying to tell
them and can interpret to the rest. Our
doctor is not Dutch but can speak their
language very well. A little boy came to the
clinic one áay and the doctor began to Con-
verse with him. The little boy interrupted,
"Y ou don't need to speak Dutch. I speak
English".
These children are just like any group of
Canadian children. They are lively, mischiev-
ous, and happy, if the singing one hears con-
tinually is any indication. There is one (IUdl-
ity more marked-self-reliance. It is probabl)
a characteristic fostered by the nature of
their life under
azi domination and it is
certainly a quality which is valuahle when
they are so far from their parents and can-
not receive very much indiviciual attention
from their leaders.
Stephanie has already gone to another
camp in S( otland where the third group of
children are expected shortly, and I, being
a victim of jaundice, am returning to Lon-
don. It hrtS been a very interesting exper-
ience and we are very glad that we have
been ab''.
to be of some small service to the
first group of evacuees to come from any
liberated country.

-LYLE CREELMAN

S0]11e Itnþressio"s of Scotland
Scothnd, land of the bens and the moors,
the gle
s and the lochs! The bens, in the
fall and willter with their snow-capped peaks,
are sur!'"ou.lded with a glorious bluish-pur-
ple haze. Later, as the seasons advance and
the shrubs, bracken and heather come into
their own, the colour tone changes. One sees
here a patch of broWlI, there green, there
purple, all harmoniously blended into a per-
fect picture.
The 1or1,.;. some with small towns dotted

Vol. 41 No. 6

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

along the edge, some with mountains rising
high on either side, on one side may be green
and ferti!
with, perhaps, a shepherd's hut
nestled 1.t the edge; on the other side a
mountain rises craggy and severe, with
sparse patches of gorse and heather. To
comr,lete the picture and to make it really
thrilling 2nd awesome, all one need"
would he to hear the "ki! I of the bagpipe

high in the hills. The lochs, like people, can
change their mouds very quickly - one
minute gay and sparkling ill the sunshine.
the ne\.t ciarI-., dour and brooding, almost
cruel-looking. How delightful it is to cycle
around these lochs on a fine day - the
gently undulating roads - the spring, sum-
mer and autumn flowers. First come the
rhododendron with their glorillu,,; bright col-
ours; next the primroses, foltowed quickly
by the blue-bel1s, spreading th"2ir deep blue
carpets ever ywhere. One neyer gets weary
of following the same route time after time
as each day brings a dif ference in colour
tune and each turn of the road brings a new
picture.
Then there are the walks on the moors -
wild, rugged and beautiful. On the edge or
across it, through the heather, rUlis a nar-
row foot-path winding its way for miles.
Here we come to a quaint stune bridge
which is walted ofi in the middle to keep
the sheèP from wanderipg; again we come
to a small gate something like a turn-stile
through which one S4uee7eS by stepping in-
side an iron circle, pushing the gate. proper
and skpping out on the other side. These
gates are not huilt for the over-corpulent!
Here agai!1 the scenery is almost impossible
to descrihe. In July and .i\ugust, when the
heater io; at its h:.st, {OI- miles on one side
the purple h!o(Jm
spread their carpet, inter-
spersed with the ta\\ ny hrown of the brack-
en. On th
other side is a panoramic view of
pasture, gl ain field" and gardens with farm
houses in their mi(bt. The next turn wilt
bring' a EÍght of the sea, over and behind
which rise the mountains, one hehind the
other until one gets the feeling that they go
un indefinitely.
Autumn comes quietly in Scotland - no
sudden chémgc from the summer green to
the bright, almost garish. colours of our
autumn. There
me sees the gradual change
from green, through the pa
tel shades until
the leav
s finally drop. One gets the same
desire lhough to walk through the leaves
and scuif one's feet. Dues anyone ever out-
grow that desire?
JUNE, 1945

481

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LúJedd

PROTECTS YOUR CLOTHING:
No unsightly perspiration stains.
PROTECTS YOU:
No disagreeable body odours.
AND LASTS TWICE AS LONG!

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r
%1$
1. Wash underarms and
dry well. If necessary.
sl1ave after application,
not before.

DEVElOPED BY A
MEDICAL MAN -fOR
THE PROfESSION
. was de-
Th' preparation
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d by a medical man
ve o
e perspiration on
to s op h ' I P erform-
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Ing surg
76 FASTIDIOUS piffe
ODO.RO.VO

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TYPES

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3. Rinse the underarms
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wipe off with a damp
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Regular: 3 to 5 days' protection
'nstant: Faster drying than
"Regular" - 1 to 3
days' protection.
3 SIZES: 39c., 17c., 65c.

2. Apply Oda-Ro-No free-
ly with patented non-drip
applicator. Let dry
thoroughly.

4. If these directions are
followed. you and your
garments will be doubly
protected.

" ,\

I, -it

t

482

THE CAN:\DIAN NURSE

UNIVERSITY OF
MANITOBA

Post Graduate Courses for
N u riel

The following one-year certificate
courses are offered in:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. TEACHING AND SUPERVISION IN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING
3. ADMINISTRATION IN SCHOOLS
OF NURSING

For information apply to:

Director
School of Nursing Education
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Man.

TH E VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.

Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.
Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:

Miss Elizabeth Smellie

Chief Superintendent
114 Wellington Street,
Otta,wa.

The people of Scotland are the soul of
hospitaiity. Just step inside the house and
one is immediately "at home". Of course the
very first thing a Scot's housewife does is
to put the kettle on to boil for a "wee cup
of tea" (which usually means three or four
cups). The accent of the people in some p3.rts
is very hard for some of us to understand.
In general, it is not so much the pronuncia-
tion of the words as the inflection and in-
tonation that make the very' great dif fer-
ence. Even on the bus, where the usual con-
versatio
is about queues, di f ficulty in pro-
curing various articles, the numb
r of cou-
pons or po!.nts they have left, Jamie's sore
knee or some one being taken to the hospital,
the conversation never sounds drab or us-
ual because of the natural lilt of their voices.
The favcurite saying of the Scot seems
to be "You can't miss it". When giving di-
rections to a place they would describe so
many turns left, so many to the right, and
so many yards down to the left, ending with
"V ou can't miss it" - which we invariably
did. However, a fter spending over two years
in Scotland I have a very warm spot in my
heart for it and would not have missed the
experience of living there for the world.
Best of éltl, as far as a Maritimer is con-
cerned, in spite of some differences, Scotland
IS like home.
-MATRON SHIRLEY
r. DFCK, R.CN.

I have just returned from an eight-day
leave which I spent in Scotland. It was nice
to get away for awhile but I'm afraid we
didn't get as much rest as we should have.
Quite a ht of time was spent travelling. \Ve
saw Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth
nd Aber-
deen. Amongst the interesting sights was the
Firth of Forth and the famous old Edin-
hurgh Castle where Mary, Queen of Scots,
and an t 1 1e Scotch Kings and Queens lived.
The castle stands in an its splendour on a
high hitt cverlooking the city.
\Ve al50 visited the Scottish
remorial
built in commemoration of aH Scots who
died in vVorld \Var I. It is said to be the
most be:wtiful of its kind in the world and
this I can "'Jell imagine because I was thrilled
w;th its lli:!gnificence. The shrine is lovely,
and in :t casket is a scroll with the names
of all Scots who died in battte. I couldn't
help thinking of al1 the fine lads in the
world wh'J have already paid the supreme
sacri fice in another horrible war which was
never going to be. I only hope that, in <10-

Vol. 41 No.6

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

ing so, they will make it a better wurld fur
all people
.nd that their sons will be spared
the hell ,)1 another war.
I must tell you, too, of our visit to the
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh where so
many surgeons go for post-graduate work.

luriel Sinclair and I bravely walked in
and had an interview with the matron \\ hu
was such C' lovely Scottish lad}. She ar-
ranged for us to sit in the gallery of one of
the theatres and watch Professor Learmouth
perform a thyroidectomy. I am sure the
doctors and internes observing wondered
who we were. The professor lectured all
during the operation and it was something
just to be able to say we had been there.
He certainly performed the operation with
skill and speed.
I hear f:-om Caroline Dauk, a graduate
from St. Elizabeth's, whose home is Anna-
heim. I am sure she could write a much
more interesting letter of experiences than
I becanse they get the casualties almost
directly Írom the field. She is in Belgium.
\Ve :Ire Quite busy now and I can't ex-
plain how much I enjoy nursing these boys.
One is well-paid in satisfaction alone for
all ) ou are able to do for them.
- XURSING SISTER L. P. NEAL.

Wit], UNRRA in Egyþt
I have never regretted guing with UNR
RA. You do not realize until you are in it
what a tremendous project it is and you of-
ten wunder if the spirit is big enough to suc-
ceed in an international mission. \Ve were
fi\"e weeks on the way from the U.S.A. to
Egypt. \Ve stopped a week in London to our
great delight and sawall the sights - Lon-
don Bridge, \Vestminster Abbey, St. Paul's,
Tower of London. I was given also a ticket
to the visitors' gallery in the Houses of Par-
liament while Parliament was in session.
St. Tho:nas's is nobly carrying on u:-ing ju:-t
the hasement of the large hospital. I was
rcady to lar of f 111} coat and put on m) cap
when I came upon a nursing clinic in the
middle of a large public ward at 51. Thom-
as's. The sister in charge was conducting the
clinic with six probationers around the table.
It was three o'clock in the afternoon. There
was only one nurse left on duty and the
twenty-eight patients in the ward were quite
happy anJ did not ring bells nor flash lights
to interrupt the clinic.
Our ÀIt.rliterranean trip was lovely. The
sea was as calm as a millpond. \;Ve travelled

JUNE, 1945

483

Your home test Con bring you
SOET'E1l
,
SmOOTfI'fR SKin
in just 14 days!
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Compare your complexion with your
shoulders. Y ou'lI find your shoulders
look 5 or more years younger. Why?
Because shoulder pores are kept clean
by your regular Palmolive Soap baths
-and so, able to breathe freely. But face
pores, clogged with dirt and make-up,
can't breathe freely and soon your com-
plexion loses its flexible softness and ages
before its time. That needn't happen
to your complexion. Palmolive offers
an easy way to keep it radiantly lovely.
You can look younger in 14days!
o Wash your face 3 times a day with
0' Palmolive, and each time, with II 0
o\..face-cloth massage Palmolive lather

into your skin-for an extra 60-
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help your complexIOn re-
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in just 14 days! o
0
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484

THf

C.\NADIAN NURSE

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL

COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1. A four-months course in Obstetric-
al Nursing.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
logical Nursing.

For further information aPPly to:
Miss Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the Women's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
P. Q.
or
Miss F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, P. Q.

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Placement Service

Information regarding posi-
tions for Registered Nurses in
the Province of British Colum-
bia may be obtained by writing
to:

Elizabeth Braund, R.N., Director
Placement Service
1001 Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
B. C.

on a del\1x
liner and all was well. Egypt -
trips acrass the desert sand, adobe villages,
hordes of filthy but cute children, Muezzin
towers, palm trees, the pyramids silhouetted
against the most gorgeous sunsets, then dark
night anù stars and a moon and a strange
quietness. Alexandria is a beautiful city, Port
Said dirty, Cairo colourful, very dirty in
!-opots. Poinsettias, oleanders and roses bloom
in gardens and along the boulevards. Tea in
gardens under shady trees. The native ba-
7aar - bargaining in Arabic with the shop-
keepers, using my hands and getting along
yc'ry weU. It is easy to speak to the na-
ti \ es. You use one key word in English or
French, ii you know it, then use your hands
a ad they understand.
The camp in the desert consisted of tents
-'ld huts, sand floors, shower huts and lava-
tories }ard
away from your sleeping tent.
. \ batman wakens you at 6.30 with a cup of
tea and hot water in your canvas bowl to
wash. Prices in Cairo are exorbitant. A slip
priced '1>2.00 in Eaton's at home costs $12.00,
a pair of panties, $8.00, skimpies at that,

tockingc;,
..tOo up.

-HELENA IÜBIER

NEW S

NOTES

ALBERTA

PONOKA:

At a recent meeting of Ponoka Di
trict
2, A.A.R.K., Patricia Jamiüon. was el.ected
president and Agnes 1\litchell, vlCe-pres)(ient,
to fill vacancies made by members who have
left the District. Miss Jamieson and Mrs.
L. Stephenson were appointed delegates to
the A.A.RK. annual meeting. A raffle was
held recently and $60 was realized for the
Camp Libraries Fund. Rosemary RusseIl,
the winn
r, is a member of the post-graduate
class in pc;ychiatric nursing at the 11ental
Hospital.
Gertrude Hall, general secretary, CN.A.,
recently vi
ited the Provincial Mental Hos-
pital. She spoke to the student nurses, giv-
ing them some of the highlights of National
Office. Later she met some of the graduates
and her v:sit was very much enj oyed by all.
The members who attended the recent
course in "Administration in Small Hospi-
tals" visited the Mental Hospital. They
toured the hospital and had an opportunity

Vol. 41 No. 6

N E \V S 1\ 0 T E S

485

ot observing special department
and thera-
J>ie
. Dr. R.
IacLean, medical superinten-
dent. and Dr. T. C.
lichie, assistant super-
intendent. lectured 011 the admission and
care of P
} chiatric patients.
Barbara Beattie. superintendent of nurscs
at the
1C::i1tal Hospital. is the nl'\\ b -elected
president of the \..\.R.X. Helen Furnell.
who ha
It. it the District. has been replaced
as supervi'01' of one of tht: infirmar
wards
hy Phyitis Fraser.

EDMO
TON :

Royal A ll'xandra H ospitaZ'

The H..,
al ,-\Ie),.andra Hospital \lumnac
.\s..;ociatipn banquet, in honour of the gradu-
ating c1a
5. was held recently \\ ith about two
hundred present. \\'e \\cre very pleased to
have G.
l. Hall. general secretary, c.
.A.,
and
r. E. Kerr, editor ot The Cal/adiall
Surs(' with us. ).Ii:,.s Hall
poke briefly, de-
picting the ideals. re
pun
ibilities. and plan..
tor nur:.;?s in the post-war world.
hc:: also
brought greeting
from Fann)
Iunroe.
president, C.X. 0\.. who was formerly super-
intendent ('! nurse
at the R..\.H. and now
superintendent of nurses at the Ro
al Yic-
toria HO
IJita1. )'lontrea1.
liss Kerr also

aid a few w()rd
to us. \ congratulatory
telegram \\as read by Yiolet Chapman,
president of the Alumnae, from the alumnae
members in Yancouver. Vie also recei ved a
letter fron
1rs. R. Jensen (Cameron) who
left for South Africa in 1939.
The tùast to the King was given by Hilda
.\dams. ),1 rs. J. Ro\\ lett proposed the toast
to the .\lumnae. Kay Stackhouse gave the
toast to tl1(' graduating class which was res-
ponded
ù by L.
angster. ,-\. \ \ oodhead pro-
posed the toa
t to the members serving with
the armed forces which was responded to by
X S Emiiv
Ia\"hew.
.;\ fter d
nner' the R.A.H. X urses Choral
Club, comprised of students, under the di-
rection of :Mr. Alex Kevan, rendered several
musical numbers.
At a regular monthly meeting of the
'\.lumnac :-\ssociation. with V. Chapman pre-
siding. plans were discussed for the Fall
bazaar, th
proceeds to go partly toward the
scholarship fund and toward the general
fund. A report of the A.A.R.X. annual meet-
ing was giyen by
liss Chapman who was
the alumnae delegate. Ha7el Bishop. execu-
tive director of the Council of Social Agen-
cies, gave an informative talk on the set-up
and work of the Council.

NEW BRUNSWICK

ST. STEPHEN:

At a rccent meeting of the St. Stephen
Chapter, )J.B.A.R.X.. the report of the
executive meeting of the lJrovincial associa-
tion was given and all nurses were urged
to register with the Placement Bureau in
Saint John. The members voted to purchase
a $50 \ïctory Bond. Mrs. R. Rogers and

JUNE, 1945

WHITEX CREATES THE
WHITEST WHITE
You Ever Sow . . .

CrisP. fresh - looking
Nurses can acquire
that snow-white ap-
pearance with
All - Fabric Whitex.
Whitex ends off-white,
shoe stained stockings.
ALL. FABRIC
WHITEX. the magi-
cal blueing. works on
all fabrics including
silk and woo I .
W'HITEX, made by
the Makers of
ALL - FA B R Ie
Timex. is sold ever},
where!

/-
- "L
- -L; t
-
'\fVì -----
'--
=
" .- --;rJ
hitex

Keeps
hoes
Jþ7
Professlonolly '(

Wh ite ,Ii I'

Easy to put on, hard
to rub off . 2 IN
I White is a special
help to nurses . . .
keeps all kinds of
white shoes whIter
. . . helps preserve
leather.

2'"

INß
W[x]DLJ

--
W",r

( ll>"UI

s'

.ct...

486

THE CANADIAN NURSE

'C

!

D - ("

C.T. NO. 320
.&"
.

Calcium phosphate (tribasic)
7% gr.
Vitamin D (HOstog-en")
1000 Int. units
Cevitamic Acid (Vitamin C)
200 Int. units

DOSE
for perfect tooth structure,' and to
maintain calcium balance:
Two tablets daily in water.

IN BOTTLES OF 100 TABLETS
.

(b &"1IDOôt&Cb.
MONTREAL CANADA

The Canadian Mark of
Quality Pharmaceuticals
Since 1899

TABER'S
CYCLOPEDIC
MEDICAL DICTIONARY

CLARENCE w. TABER, Editor

This should be in the hands of every
nurse. It will be found invaluable from
th
beginning of her student days right
through her graduate career. It covers
all of the important information con-
c
ming anatomy and physiology, bac-
teria and microbiology, chemistry, medi-
cal synonyms. materia medica, diseases
with their diagnosis, prognosis, treat-
ment, and nursing procedures. Over 500
drugs are listed, giving action, uses, etc.
h indud
8 psychiatry, physical therapy,
toxicology and dietetics. This is the only
abridged medical dictionary to include
illustrations. 50.000 words. 1,490 pag('s.
273 illustrations.

Price $3.75; Indexed $4.00.
THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

11iss Mason were appointed to answer a
questionnaire regarding the local registry.
K IS Aldana Leland gave an interesting talk
on her exreriences overseas.
Nurses attended an evening service in
May at the Presbyterian church as a part of
a nation.ll observance in memory of Flor-
ence Nightingale.

ONTARIO

Editor's .Yote. District officers of the
Registered X urses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication of
news items by writing to the Provincial Con-
vener of Publications, 11iss Irene \Veirs,
Department of Public Health, City Hall,
Fort vVilliam.

DISTRICT 1

LONDON:

A refresher course for the nurses of the
various registries was held recently at the
Institute of Public Health, University of
vVestern Ontario. This course was realized
through the Federal Government Grant.
Twenty-ope nurses from all parts of On-
tario were in attendance and all felt that
the course was most educational and in-
structive. "The Registry of the Community"
and "Guidance in the Community Registry"
were the topics under discussion.

'I'

DISTRICT 5

Toronta TVestern Hospital:
The following of ficers were recently
elected by the Alumnae Association: hOllour-
ary presidwts, B. Ellis, .Mrs. C Currie;
president, Mrs. G. Kruger; vice-president,
G. Ryde; recording and corresponding sec-
retaries, Mmes Townsend, L. Brown; treas-
urer, .M. Patterson; committees: program,
Mrs. Vale (convener), ),1 rs. Edwards, Miss
Perry; budget, Miss \Vestcott '(convener),
Miss Scheetz, Mrs. Chant; social, Mrs. H.
Brown (convener), Mmes Smeltzer, Mc-
Kellar, Boadway, McDonald; sick benefit,
G. Sutton (convener), A. Gillett, Mrs. F.
Robinson; scholarship, A. Bell ( convener),
Mrs. Davies, Miss Lawless; visiting, Mrs.
A. Norman (convener), Mrs. A. Clarke, E.
Sinclair; Red Cross, Mrs. Douglas (con-
vener), M. Agnew (treas.) Membership,
Mrs. Chant (convener), Mmes McKellar, Mc-
Millan, Mis!' Thomas; representative to R.N.
A.G., M. Agnew; Local Council, Mrs. G.
Calder; W.P.T.B., M'rs. C. McMilb,.1;
The Canadian Nurse, E. Titcombe.
The association extends their heartfelt
thanks to Mrs. D. Chant, the retiring presi-
dent, who has been. untiring in her efforts
and has so ably led the association for the
past five years.

Vol. 41 No. 6

NEWS NOTES.

. The alumnae report re\"t
aled the follO\"ing
124 knitted garments have been sent to the
armed forces; 641 articles to the Birming-
ham Children's Hospital; 17 quilts were
distributd to the Red Cross and Salvation
Army; $100 was contributed to the Chinese
Relief; an oxygen tent was given to the
hospital hy the association.
The passing in South Africa of
Irs.
Robert Parkinson (1Iary Sterling), a
T.\Y.H. graduate, was heard of recently.
Beatrice Ellis, tormer superintendent of
nurses, wa
one of the guests of honour
at the annual dinner of the R.N .A.O. held
recentl v.

DISTRICT 10

PORT ARTHUR:
The first meeting of the public health
nurses ,)f District 10, R.N.A.O., was held
at the Public Health OHice and the second
meeting took the form of a dinner. Mrs.
Gladys \Vard, Port Arthur, is the chair-
man, and the secretary is Violet vVeston,
Fort \Villiam. At the first meeting Bessie
Jackson, of the V.O.N., Fort William, gave
an interesting outline of her work in that
city. A n:commendation was passed to en-
dorse any movement to establish a V.O.N.
branch in Port Arthur. Twenty-two were
present at the dinner meeting when :Mr. Fred
Mills, superintendent of the Children's Aid
Society in Fort \Villiam, was guest speaker.

QUEBEC

MONTREAL:
Royal Victoria Hosp1tal:
The annual dinner given by the Alumnae
Association in honour of the graduating
class was held recently with two hundred
present and ninety-one in the graduating
class. Seated at the head table were the
president, vVinnifred MacLean, Fanny Mun-
roe, head of the School, the speaker of the
evening, Dl". W. W. Chipman, and the guests
of honour. After the toast to the King, Miss
MacLean welcomed the guests and the toast
to the class of 1945 was proposed by Kath-
leen Stanton to which Alice Foster respond-
ed. Miss Munroe announced the prize win-
ners as follows: Highest marks: Dorothy
Ford, 1st division; Doris Boyce, 2nd divi-
sion. General proficiency: Pearl Murray, 1st
division; Ruth Curtis, 2nd division. Alex-
ina Dussault Prize for best bedside nurs-
ing, Dorothy Blinco. Dr. Tremble's Prize,
Madeline Cheney.
Dr. Chipman's address on Mary Queen
of Scots delighted everyone, after which
a short reception was held and the alumnae
members had an opportunity of meeting the
new graduates.
P 1M Janet MacKay, of Sussex, N.B.,
was in Montreal for the alumnae dinner.

JUNE, 194'

487

'" .

Wi.

8A "
7: 8'fS OWN
A8LErs

A time-pro-
ven reliable
relieving aid
for infant's simple constipation, te'ething fe-
vers, stomach upsets. A boon to mothers and
nurses as an evacuant in the digestive dis-
turbances which often accompany teething
er which som
times follow a change of food.
where prompt yet gentle elimination is de-
sirable. Sympathetic to baby's delicate sys-
tem. No opiates of any kind. Over 40 year.
of ever-increasing use speak hi
hly for theilr
effectiveness.

For Those
Who Prefer The Best

o
@dereUo

WHITE TUBE CREAM

will
Make Your Shoes Last Longer
Give A Whiter Finish
Prove More Economical To Use.
Made in Canada
For Sale At All Good Shoe Stores
From Coast to Coast.

48H

rI' H E C .-\ :\ .-\ I) r \

'\ URSI-

WANTED
One Science and one Practical A rts Instructor are required for the Victoria
Hospital. Prince .\lbert, Saskatchewan. for September 1, 1945. The salary is $150
per month, with fuU maintenance. I<'our weeks vacation and four weeks sick.
leave with pay each year. Apply, stating particulars, age, and qualifications,
etc. to:
Mrs. J. 8. Harry, 8upt. of Nurses, Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, 8ask.

FOR SALE
The Home Hospital. beautifuUy situated on Victoria Ave., 81. Lambert,
P. Q. Near Montreal; ideal for doctor or nurse. Six beds; room for enlarge-
ment; equipped for Obstetrical or Medical cases. Good clientele. Oil fur-
nace; electrical stove; refrigerator. O,vner retiring'. Could vacate October 1.
Apply to:
G. W. ('lark. Heal E
tate, 2
6 Elm St.. St. Lambert, P.q. (Phone: 2
8:
;
Res.: 2767)

rrsl
It) S'

"o

As a
IOlltllWftsll

In the :sick roonl

It coagulates and clears away offensive matter

SASKA TCHEW AN

During April the S.R
.A. \,'elcomed
(;ertmf!C Hall, general secretary, CN.A.,
and .Margaret Kerr, editor and business
manager úi The C muulillll .'\'/1 rsc. as special
visitors. Tiley spoke at well attended meet-
ings in Regina and Saskatoon, nurses com-
ing from other parts of the province to be
present. Miss Hall revie\\ ed acti vi ties and
developmeuts sponsored by nurses through-
out Canada. She made a strong plea for in-
dividual interest and for progressive think-
ing and action in a changing world. In ber
talk Miss Kerr placed responsibility for the
support of the ] o/lrnal at the door of every
nurse. The immediate response was grati fy-
ing and w(: hope that subscriptions from
Saskatchewan \\ ill increase considerably.
Miss Kerr also met the senior students in
schools 0f nursing in the two centres.

The organization of the Prince Albert
Chapter has just been completed.

"""ORKTUN CHAPTER:
The Chapter was recently addressed by
Dr. C. J. Houston on "A Plan for Health
InsuranLe". He urged the nurses to give
"erious thought to the study of all plans and
to support only that which will give the
best to th
people of Canada. He urged nur-
ses to guard jealously their high professional
standanls and to be ready to challenge any-
thing which might jeopardize these.
X / S lIargaret Simpson has returned to
YOI-kton él fter three years' service in South
\ f rica. <';he reports having seen
IS Agnes
Orr befcre leaving for Canarla. 1\ IS Simp-
son also worked with NIS's Charlotte Cook,
Regina. .1 t ld Betty Langstaf f, Y orkton.
/S
Lyle K ewton (A. ppleton), \\ ho has been in
England for the last three years, has also
returned to Yorkton. N /S Newton was form-
erly instructor of nurses at the Queen Vic-
toria Hospital. A shower was held at the
home of Mrs. \V. M. Bowan in honour of

/ S Newton and a tri-light was presented
to her O!1 behalf of the thirty-five friends
present.

Vol. 41 No. 6

WANTED
Vancouver General Hospital desires applications from Registered Nurses
for General Duty. State in first letter date oi graduation, experience, refer-
ences, etc., and when services would be available. Eight-hour day and six-day
week. Salary: $95 per month, living out, plus $] 9.92 cost of 1.iving bonus, plus
laundry. One and one-half days sick leave per month accumulative with pay.
One month vacation each year with pay. Note: The Hospital can obtain exemp-
tion for accommodation from Emergency Shelter Administration. The nurse
is not exempt, excepting through employ of Hospital. Apply to:
}Iiss E. M. Palliser, Director of Nurses, Vancouver General Hospital,
Vancouver, B. C.

WANTED
Applications are invited for the following positions, with monthly salary
as indicated: Floor Nurses, $108; Supervisors, $118; Night Supervisor, $133 -
plus Cost of Living Bonus, $4.50. Flom the above is deducted $28 for room,
board and laundry. After six months, appointment to the Hospital staff carries
with it admission to the permanent Civil ServiCE: of the Province, with pension
rights. Apply to:
'Irs. Grace T. Lewin. Supt. of :Xurses. The Provincial Hospital, Saint John, N.R

WANTED
Applications are invited immediatelv for the fonowing positions in a
130-bed hospital in Western Ontario: .
Instructress of
ursing. with Post-
Taduate training' in Teaching
Operating Room Supen isor, fully qualified
Apply in care of:
Box 6, The Canadian !';llrse, 522
ledical Arts Bldg., \lontreal 25. P.Q.

WANTED

A Registered Nurse is required as Night Supervisor; three Registered
nurses are also required for General Staff Duty. Eight-hour day and six-day
week, with full maintenance. Apply, stating salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Shriners' Hospitals for Crippled Children, Montreal Unit,
:\lontreal 25, P. Q.

WANTED
Applications are invited immediately for Staff positions with the Depart-
ment of Public Health and Welfare, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Apply, stating
qualifications, in care of:
Supervisor of Nurses, Department of Public Health & Welfare,
c 0 Dalhousie Clinic Bldg., Halifax,
.S.

WANTED

An Instructor and a Clinical Supervisor an
required for the Port Arthur
General HospitaL Bed capacity, 150; student body, approximately 50. Apply,
stating qualifications and salary expected, to:
.\fiss A. Hunter, Supt., Port Arthur General Hospital, Port Arthur, Onto

WANTED

A Director is required for the Sodal Service Department, Toronto General
Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications and experience, to:
:\Iiss J. 1\1. Kniseley, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

JUNE, 1945

489

WANTED
Nurses are required for General Duty in the Verdun Protestant Hospital,
Montreal. This is a splendid opportunity to obtain psychiatric nursing exper-
ience. State in first letter experience, references, etc. and when services would
be available. Apply to:
Director of Nursing, Verdun Protestant Hospital, Box 6034, Montreal, P. Q.

WANTED

General Duty Nurses, registered or graduates, are required for the Lady
Minto Hospital. The salary is $90 and $80 per month, with full maintenance.
Apply, stating full particulars of qualifications, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Ont.

WANTED

Two Registered Nurses are required for permanent Night Duty. The salary
is $90 per month, plus full maintenance. One full night off each week. Apply to:
Superintendent, Brome-l\Iissisquoi-Perkins Hospital, "Sweetsburg, P.Q.

WANTED
General Staff Nurses are required for the Allan Memorial Institute of
Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1Iontreal. Fo-rty-eight hour week. The
salary is
100 per month, plus meals and laundry. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal 2, P.Q.

WANTED

An Assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses is required by the Sherbrooke
Hospital. Applicants must also be able to assist with the instruction for a
rapidly-expanding English School of Nursing. Position available immediately.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, ?nd salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are urgently required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis
Hospital. Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary
is $10ú per month, with fuIi maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Ex-
perIence unnecessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
Misä 1\1. L. Buchanan, Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED

Two Registered Nurses are required for the Huntingdon County Hospital.
The salary is $80 per month. Board and room provided. Apply to:
Mrs. Irene MacDonald, Matron, Huntingdon County Hospital. Huntingdon, P.Q.

490

Vol. 41 No. 6

Official Directory

International Council of Nurse.
Executive Secretary, MI.. Anna Scln,anenber,. 1819 Broadway. New York Ci
21
New York, U.S.A.

THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

President ........__.._......_____Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal 2, P. Q.
Past President ............_____Miss Marion Lindebura-h, U66 University Street, :\lontleal 2, P. Q.
First Vice-Pre.ident .........__Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Calgary, Alta.
&econd Vice-President .......... Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ol\t.
Honourary Secretary ...._...._Miss Evelyn Mallory, Univeraity of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. O.
Honourary Trealurer .........._Miss Marjorie Jenkinl, Children's Hospital. Halifax. N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Numerall (ndieate off(ce held: (1) Pruid."t, Provincial Nurses Association;
(I) Chairman, Ho8Pital and &Aool of N"r.in, Section; (3) Chairman, Public
Health Section; (6) Chairman, General Nur.ing Section.

Chairmen, National Section!: Hospital and
School of Kursing: Miss Martha Datson, Mon.
treal General Hospital. Public Health: MI

Nova Scotia: ( 1 ) MIg R. MacDonald . Cit y of Helen McArthur, 218 Administration llIdg..
Edmonton, Alta. General Nursing': Miss
Sydney Hospital: (2) Sister Cathertne Gerard. Pearl Brownell, 212 Dalmoral St.. WInnipeg.
Halifax Inflnnary; (8) Miss M. Shore. au. Man. Convener, Committee on Nursing Educa-
R D OY bII ßld S g t .' H H all l f Jf ax; (6) },Ii.. M. Ripley. 61 tion: Miss E. K. Russell, 7 Queen's Park,
un.. a ax. Toronto, Onto
General Secretary, Misl G. M. Hall. National Office. 1411 Crescent St.. Montreal 25. P.Q.
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS OF CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
Hosþ;t.l .nd School of Nurs;n, Sec';on CQUNCILLORS: Alberta: Miss N. SewaIII s. 9918-
108 St., Edmonton. British Columbia. Miss E.
Otterbine, ]334 Nicola St., Ste. 5. Vancouver.
Manitoba: Miss J. Gordon. 3 Elaine Court.
Winnipeg. New Brunswick. Mrs. M. O'Neal, ]70
Douglas Ave., Saint John. Nova Scotiat MiM
M. Ripley. 66 Dublin St., Halifax. Ontario.
Mrs. F. Dahmer. 73 Patricia St., Kitchener.
Prince Edward Island: Miss M. Lannigan,
Charlottetown Hospital. Quebec: Mile Anne-
Marie Robert, 6716 rue Drolet, Montreal,
Saskatchewan: Miss M. R. Chisholm, 805-71h
A ,"e. N.. Saskatoon.

Albuta: (I) Miss B. A. Beattie, Provincial Mental
Hospital, Ponoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-
gen. Calgary General Hospital; (3) MFs. R.
Sellhorn. V.O.N., Edmonton; (4) MISS N.
Sewallis, 9918-108th St.. Edmonton.

Britiab Columbia:(1) Miss E. Mallory, 1086 W.
loth Ave.. Vancouver: (2) Miss E. f'elson.
Vancouver General Hospital; (3) Miss T.
Hunter, 4238 W. lIth Ave., Vancouver; (4)
Miss E. Otterbine, 133-1 Nicola St., Ste.
.
Vancouver.

Manitoba: (I) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlpe.
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win.
nipe
General Hospital; (3) Mis9 H. Miller,
723 Jessie Ave., Winnipeg; (4) Miss J. Gor-
don, :3 Elaine Court. Winnipeg.

New Brunswick: (I) Miss M. Myers, Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Murdoch.
Saint John General Hospital; (3) Miss M.
Hunter. Dept. of Health, Fredericton; (4)
Mrs. M. O'Neal, 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John.

CHAIRMAN: Miss Martha Batson, Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital. First Vice-Chairman: Reverend
SIster Clermont. St. Boniface HospItal, Man.
Second Vice-Chairman: Miss G. Bamforth,
Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton. Alta.
Secretary: Miss Vera Graham, Howoeopathlc
Hospital, Montreal.

COUNCILLURS: Alberta: Miss B. J. von Gruenllen.
Calgary General Hospital. British Columbia:
Miss E. L. Nelson, Vancouver General Hospital.
Manitoba: Miss B. Seeman, Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital. New Brunswick: Miss M.
Murdoch. Saint John General Hospital. Nova
Scotia: SIster CatherIne Gerard. Halifax In.
firmary. Ontario
Miss B. McPhedran, Tor-
onto 'Vestern Hospital. Prince Edward Island:
Sr. M. Irene. Charlottetown Hospital, Quebec:
Miiis Wlnnifred MacLean, Royal Victoria Hos-
pital, Montreal, Saskatchewan: Miss Ethel
James, Saskatoon City Hospital.

Gen.,..1 N"r.;n, S
d;OfI

CHAIRMAN: MI
Pearl Brownell. III Balmoral
St.. Winnipeg. Man. First VIce-Chairman:
Miss Helen Jolly, 8286 COllege Ave.. Relina.
Sask. &!cond Vice-Chairman: Miss Dorothy
Parsons, 876 George St.. Fredericton, N. B.
Secretary-Treasurer. MIss Margaret E. War.
rea. 86 Nlapra St., Wlnnlpea-, Man.

JUNE. 1945

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten, H.
pital to.
Sick Children. Toronto; (2) Miss D. McPhe-
dran, Toronto Western Hospital; (3) Miss M.C.
Livingston 114 Wellington St., Ottawa; (4)
Mrs. F. Dahmer, 73 Patricia St., Kitchener.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss D. Cox, ]01
Weymouth St., Charlottetown; (2) Sr. M.
Irene, Charlottetown Hospital; (3) Miss S.
K ewson, Junior Red ClOSS, Charlottetown; (,I,)
Miss M. Lannigan, Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: (I) Miss Eileen Flana!\,an, 3801 Uni-
versity St.. Montreal; (2) Mis
Winnlfred
MacLean. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal;
(8) Miss Ethel ß. Cooke, 830 Richmond Sq..
Montreal; (4) Mile Anne-Marie Robert. 6716
me Drolet, Montreal.
Saskatchewan: (1) Miss M. R. niedelidl
, Grey
Nuna' Hospital, Regina; (2) Miss Ethel James.
Saskatoon City Hospital: (3) MIss Mary B.
Drown, 5 Bellev..e Annex, Regina; (4) Mills
M. R. Chisholm. 805-7th Ave. N., Saskatoon.

Public Health SectioN

HAlRMAN: Miss Helen McArthur, 218 Adminis-
tration Bldg., Edmonton. Alta. Vice-Chair-
man: Miss Mildred I. Walker. Institute of
Public Health, London. Onto Secretary-Treas-
urer: Miss Jean S. Clark. 218 Administration
Bldg., Edmonton, A Ita.
CoUNCILLORS: Alberta. Mrs. R. Sellhorn, VIc-
torian Order ot Nurses, Edmonton. Britltb Co-
lumbid: Miss T. Hunter. 4238 'V. lJth Ave.,
Vancouver. Matitobe. Miss H. Miller, 723
Jessie Ave.. Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Miss

f. Hunter, Dept. of Health, Fredericton.
No"a Sc.tia. Miss M. Shore, 314 Roy Bldg..
Halifax. Ontario: Miss M. C. Livingston. I16
Wellington St. Ottawa. PrlaC'e Edward Island:
Miss S. Newson. Junior Re.1 Cross, Charlotte-
town: Quebeci Mis!'! Ethel B. Cooke, 830 Rich-
mond Sq. Montreal, Saskatchewan: Miss M.
E. Brown 5 Bellevue Annex, Regina.

491

Provincial Associations of Registered Nurses

ALBERTA

Alberta Association of Registered Nurses
I'res.,
1i,;s B. A. Beattie. Provincial
lelltal
Ho!<pital, I'olloka; First \. Ï<.-e-P res., Miss H. G.
I\kAI-thur; Sec. \'ice-Pres., Miss E. K. Connor;
CUlmrilfor, Sister A. Herman. Holy Cros" H
-
pita I. Calgar}: Chairmen of Sections: Ho
it(fl
& Sr/wol of SlIrsill(l. Miss B. J. von Gruenig-en.
Call-!:ar}' (;eneral Hospital; Pllhlic Health. )Irs.
R. SelllwrH. \. .O.X.. Edmonton; General Sllr-
sing. )Ii"s !\. Sewallis. 91118-1118th St.. Edmon-
ton: He
istrar & Secrehll"}",
Iiss Elizabeth B.
Hog-ers. St. Stephen's Colleg-e. Edmonton: TreHs..
Miss Ruth Gavin, St. Stephen's College, Ed-
monton.

Ponoka District. No.2. Alberta Association of
Registered Nurses
Pres.,
Iiss Patricia JHlllieson: Vice-Pres.,
Miss Agnes )1itchell: Sec.-Treas..
Iiss
raf1('a-
rethe Lefsmd, Provincial :\Iental Hospital, Po-
Iloka; Rep. to Tile Canadian Xllrse,
fiss Mil-
dred Xelsoll.

Calgary Districr, No.3. Alberta AlI9ociation of
Registered Nurs..
Chairman. Miss Kathleen Connor. Central Al-
berta Sanatoïium; Vice-Chairman, Miss M.
Deane-Freeman: Secretary, Miss Louise Thorne.
120&-!loth Ave. S. E. ; Treasurer. Miss Mary
Watt; Convene1'S of Sections: Hospital &
School of NI/1'Ûng, Miss J. Connal: Public
Health, Miss 1\1. Pinchbeck; General NursinD,
Miss G. Thorne.

Medicine Hat District, No.4, Alberta As.ocÏatioD
of Registered Nur...
President. Mrs. Margaret Cove. Medicine Hat
General Hospital; Vice-President. Miss Marjorie
Middleton. 177 ffhird Street, Medicine Hat;
Secretary-Treasurer, Mrg. Florence &kestrand.
861 Third Street. Medicine Hat.

Edmonton District, No.7, Alberta Association of
Registered Nurses

Chairman, Miss Helen McArthur; First Vice-
Chairman, Miss G. ßamforth; Sec. Vlce-Chalr-
man, Rev. Sr. Keegan; Sec., Mlsg R. Ball. 11901-
1Ilth St.: Treas., Miss I. Underdahl; Committee
Conveners: Program. Miss M. Franco: Member.
ship, Miss ß. Emerson; Reps. to: Local Council
of Women, Miss V. Chapman: The Canadian
Nllrse, Miss E. Matthewgon.

Lethbridge District, No.8, Alberta Association of
Registered Nurs"s

Pres..
liss E. (;u )"lIe": \"ice-I'res..
I rs. B.
Dawson: Sl'C., :\Iiss E. '
1. Eastle}'. Galt Ho.-.-
pita I: Treas.,
Iiss :\ . York, !\llI"sing- :\Iission,
I.ethhridge.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Registered Nurses Association of British Columbia

Pres.. Miss Evelyn )Iallorr, 10
ti "T loth Ave.,
Vancouver: First \'iee-I'res.. Miss E. Palliser:
Sec. \'ice-Pres..
fiss E. Clark; Hon. Sec., ]\fiss
1".. Paulson: Hon. Tn'as..
frs. E. Prin
le; Past
Pres., 'Iiss n. Fairle,': Sprtion Chairmen: Gen-

rul .\"wr.'lÎ1If},
liss 'E. Otterbine, 133," Kicola

492

st.. Ste. 5. Vancouver: Ho.'tlJital & S('hool of
Ynrsillg, :\fiss E. Xelson. \'ancouver (;eneral
Hospital: Pllhlir Health. :\liss T. Hunter, 4238
\\". lIth .\ \"c.. \" :1nC(I\I' el'; /Jistrirt CmU!('illons:
(;rf'uter ranrolll'er,
Irs. L. Grundy.
lisses E.
Copeland. K. Lee
rallrOlll"er IÛ(lIId, )lisses M.
Haird. :\1. Rondeau: Ka mlo(jlJ,
-nk(lIlag(/Il. Miss
(). Garruod: W e,
t Kootf'I/(/
'.
liss M. Heeney;
g(/.
t K(JoteIUl
/. To he appointed: E"\ecutÌ\e Sec-
retar}' & Hegistmr.
liss -\lice I.. "Trig-ht. IOU
\'ancou\"er ßlo('k, VancOlner.

New \Vestminster Chapter, Registered Nurse.
Association of British Columbid

Hon. Pres.. :\lis",es C. E. CIa rk. K H. (;ould-
hu rn: Pres..
I rs. G. Grieve; \"ice-Pres.. Misses
D. Lindsay. R. Donaldson: Sec.. )Iiss
1. Ha-
milton. In2."5-Hth Ave.: Treas..
liss I. !\"eilson,
('/0 Dr. ß. Cannon. 713 Columhia St.: Assist.
Sec.-Treas.. :\liss E. Kerr. Hoval Columhian Hos-
pital: Rep. to The r"lImfit;1I Sllr.
e, \lis
M.
Wallace, R.C.H.

Vancouver Island Di.trier

Victoria Chapter. Registered Nurses AssociatioD
of British Columbia

Pres.. Mrs. J. H. Russell; First Vice-Pres.,
Sr. M. Claire; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss H. Latornell;
Rec. Sec., Miss G. Wahl: Corr. Sec.. Miss H.
Unsworth, Royal Jubilee Hospital; Trens.. MI!!!!

. Knipe; Conveners: Geneml N1I1..
ing, MIs!! K.
Powell: Hospital & School of N1l1'sinf}. Sr. M.
Gregory; Pllblic Health. Miss II. Kilpatrick;
Dire('tory. Mrs. G. Bothwell: Finance, Mlsg M.
Dickson; Membership, Sr. M. Gat>1"ielle; P1'O(})'am,
Miss D. Calquhoun; Publications, Miss 1\1. La-
turnus; Nominating, Misg L. Fraser; COlT. Dele-
gate of Placement 8m'emf, M
. not h .....en ; Re-
gistrar, Miss E. Franks.

West Kootenay District

Trait Chapter, Registered Nurses As
ociation of
British Columbia
Pres.. 'Irs. K. GonIon: \'ke-I'res.. :\Iiss Ber-
nÎl'e QuÎl'k: See.. Miss Bett). Kirkpatrkk. :\'lIrse

Re..;i ::ence, Trail: Treas.. 'II'''. nett r Kennedr.

Okanagan District
Kamloops-Tranquille Chapter. Registered Nurse.
Association of British Columbia

I're,;., )Ii,.,s
1. Helen )laeKar. RO}'al Inland
Hospital. Kamloops; First Vke-Ples., Mrs. E.
Rowson, Tranquille; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. K. M.
Waugh. Sec.. Mrs. L. Bell. 187 Connallght Rd..
Kamloops; Treas., Mrs. H. Hopgood, 460 Nicola
St., Kamloops..

Great'er Vancouver District

Vancouver Chapter. Registered Nurses Association
of British Columbia
Pres.. :\Iiss C. CHhùorn: \'Ìl'e-l're,;..
Irs. A.
Grundy, Miss B. Breeton: Rec. Sec., 'liss
Iary
Hawkins, 2707 \V. 33rd Ave.; COl"!". Sec., Mrs.
M. Whitman; Treas..
fiss .T. HockinI-!:: Section
Chninnen: PI/1J[iI" Rel/lt/I, ì\liss P. Reeve; Hos-
pital & S('/lOol of NI/r.<dng, Miss D. Jamieson:
General Nur
flg. Miss M. Stew;\rt.

493

MANITOBA

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

ONT ARlO

Manitoba A..ociation of Registered Nurses.

Pres..
fjss L. E. Petti
Tew. 'Winnipe
Gen-
eral Hospital; First "ice-Pres., !\fiss I. Hartpn.
Deer Lodge Hospital, Winnipeg; Sec. Vlce-
Pres..
Irs. D. L. Johnson. 3n-13th St., Brandon.;
Thirrl 'ïce-Pres., Rev. Sr. Clermont, St. Rum-
f:l.(."e Hospital: B()ard JIe-mbers: Mrs. A. Sa.vage.
7

Somerset ..he.. \\ïnnipeg-;
lrs. A. Thlerrr.
74 Sherhurn St.. Winnipeg-;
Iiss
1. Wilson. 16ti
Lipton St.. \\ïnllipeg-: 'Iiss K. Ruane: Chihl
eIÙ;
Ho
pital. Winnipe
:
Iiss n. Spice. st. Bomface
Ho...pital; :\Iiss L. :\lacKell7.ie. Citr Health D
pt..
Winnipeg-:
liss E. Sch.midt. (T!:ace Hospl!
I.
\\ïnnipeg-:
fjss :\1. :\1 a rrill. l!1l. KIIlg-swa
'. \\ 111-
nipeg; Sertio/( CIUlil"lllen; Hospilal & SrlH1fI1
I
."lfr!;ill!1, :\liss ß. Seeman. W.
-;.H.: PIf'!!'C
Hnllth. :\liss H. \liller. i23 Jessie Ave.. "111-
nipe o " Geneml Sllrsing. :\liss J. Gordon 3
Elai

Court. Winnipeg-: ('olllmittpe ('01/l'eners:
So61ll
lis>o J.
Ioorlv. 76 "'alnut St.. Winnipeg-:
Cllil'. . of JIlin Li(li!;
ln. :\liss A. (:arpt!!lter. \\:

G H . The ('llIlfldiall .\"lfr:;e. "rs. ... \\ II..on. ".
G:H:; Pres!;. :\liss F. Waug-h. 21-1 Balmoral Sf..
Winnipeg: Vi!;l"tin!l. :\!iss F. Stra.
tOl
. W.G.H..;
Ml'mbel..
hi,Þ. :\liss L. Shepherd. \\ III 111 pel! :\lul1l-
cipal Hospitals; Le(,;slatll'e.
liss (T. Spiel': St.
Boniface Hospital; Re!)!;. to: L()cal ('vlfnrll of
JI'''IIIf'n.
Irs. ß. :\Ioffatt. llH:I Dorche..ter Ave..
Winnipeg-: ('m/)/ril vI Sf/cial .-tflenries, :\I!ss L.
Pettig-rew. \'" .(T.H.; .T!lltwr Red Cross, :\hss L.
Johnson. i
H 'ïdor St.. \\'innipe/C: (',,". J.'ollth
('()'YIimis.<:;()II,
hs. V. Willer. !HI Furhr St.. Win-
nipeg; Directorrl Committee: :\fjss .\.. :\kKee. 701

ledÏl'al Arts ßldg., \\ III III peg- : Urs.
1. Rey-
n(lllls. 20 Biltmol"e .\pts.. \\ïnnipeg-:
lI"s. ".
Hafl"i
(Jn. ] 6 _\ lIi
on ,,"pt..... \\ïnnipeA'; Execu-
ti\"e Secretar
-. :\Iiss :\Iar
aret M. Street, 212
Balmoral St., \\ïnnipe2'.

NEW BRUNSWICK

New Brunswick Association of Registered Nurses

Pres..
liss },f.
Irers, Saint John General Hos.
pital; First Vice-Pres.. Miss R. Follis; See; Vice-
Pres.. Miss H. Bartsch; Hon. Sec., MISS B.
Hadrill: Section Co IH'eners : Public Health, Miss
l\1. Hunter. Dept. of Health. Frederidon: Hm;-
pita I & "','hool vf S!lrsill!l,
liss
1. :\furdoch. St.
.John General Hospital; (;enerlll Slln
illfl,
lI"s.
M. O'Xeal. 170 DouA'las AYe.. Saint .John; ('01/1-
mittel' CmlJ"eJlers: Legislllti()lI.
liss D. Parsons;
The Canadian Nurse. l\1i.<:s L. Henderson. 95
Coburg Sf.. Saint John: Cmtncillors: Saint John,
Mis!!
1. Murdoch: ]10ncton. Mi!is A. Mac-
Master. Sr. Anne de Parade: St. Stephen. Miss
M.
1c
fuIJen: U"oonstork, Mrs. X. King: Camp-
bellton. Sister Kerr; Secretary-Registrar. Miss
Alma Law. 29 Wellington Row. Saint John.

NOVA SCOTIA

Reeistered Nurses Association of Nova Scotia

Pres.. Mi!';s Rhoda MacDonald. City of Sydney
HOIIpltal; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. D. J. Gillis.
P. O. Box IB/i. Antigonish; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss
L. Hall. Kingscote Apts.. Bedford; Third Vice-
Pres., Miss G. E. Strum. Nurses Residence. Vic-
toria General Hospital. Halifax: Registrar-
Treas.-Corr. Sec., Miss Jean C. Dunning. 801
Barrington St.. Halifa't; Rec. Sec.. Mis
L.
Grad}'. Halifax Infirmar}'; Chairmen 01 Sec-
ti01ls: Public Health, Miss
f. Shore, 314 Roy
Bld
., Halifax: General Nursing, Miss M.
JUpley. 46 Dublin St.. Halifax; Hospital &
8('11001 of Nursing. Sister Catherine Gerard, Ha-
llfax Infirmarr; The Canadian Nurse Commit-
tee. Mrs. D. Luscombe. 364 Spring Garden Rd..
Halifax; Program & Publicati01l., Mrs. C. Ðen-
Dett, 98 Edward St., Halifax.

Registered Nur.es Association of Ontario
Pres.. :\liss Jean I.
rasten: First Vice-Pres..
Miss :\1. B. AndersoIl; Sec. '"ice-Pres..
Ii
s O.
Ross; Section ('hairmel
: Huspital & School of
S 1/I'sin(1. :\Iiss B. :\IcPhedran. Toronto \\T estern
Hospitål, Toronto 2B; Public Health.
1iss M.
C. Lh ingston. ] 14 Wellington St.. OUa wa; Gen-
eral ;Y"rsiIlY,
liss K. Layton. :In Sherhourne
St.. Toronto 2: District ChllÏrlllen: 'Ii 'IS M.
,Jones.
Il"s. K. Con ie, :\liss A. Scheifele. Misi
C. :\kCol"Quodale. :\lI"s. E. Braekenridg-e. :\liss I.
:\Iae:\lillan.
liss W. Cooke. :\liss S. Laine. Miss
'I. Spidell; .\sSO('. Sec.
Iiss Florence H. Walker;
See.-Treas.
Iiss
Iatilda E. Fitzgeralù. Rm. 71',
..6 Bloor St. \"., Toronto
.

Di.trict 1
Chairman, :\Iiss
I. Jones; Vice-Chairmen,
Misses I. Stewart. L. Hastin
s: Sec.-Treas.. Mig
M. Hanson. London; Section Chairmen: Hoapital
& School of !I'ul'sino, Miss R. Beamish; General
!I'ursino, Miss D. Ellis; Public Health, Mils M.
:\facIlveen; Committee Conveners: Member_hip,
Major C. Chapman; Publications, Miss Z. Cree-
den; Canadian Nurse Circulation, Miss M. Har-
die; Councillors: London, Miss C.
lurray;
Chatham, Miss D. Thomas; Wind_or, Miss J.
Poisson; St. Thoma_, Miss D. McNames: Strath-
rOll. Miss L. Trusdale; Peh'olia, Mu. J.
Whiting-; Sarnia, Mrs. M. Elrick.

Districts 2 and 3
Chairman.
rrs. K. Cowie: First Vice-Chair-
man.
1iss D. Arnold: Sec. 'ïee-Chairman, :\fiss
L. Kerr; Sec.- Treas..
1i!'''1 1\1. Felpush. Kitchener
& Waterloo Hospital. Kitchener; Sfction C011r
t-eners: {;eneral Xursin!1.
Ii<;s E. Clark; Hos-
pital & !'('h()()l of Xursing.
1is
G. Westbrook;
Public Health,
1is" ". Grieve: Cmmcillors:
Brant.
liss H. Cuff: Dufferin. l\liss I. Shaw;
(;rev, :\Iiss Wakefield: ().rf()l"(l.
frs. J. Sander
;
Humn. :\liss \\'. Dickson ;Bnlce. Miss H. Saun-
ders; .Ue7llbership Com'eller,
liss C. Attwood.

District 4
Chairman. Miss A. Scheifele; Vice-Chainnen,
:\lisses H. Brown. A. Oram: Sec.- Treas.. MIs.!! B.
Lawson, 2!1 AUf1,"llsta St.. Hamilton; Section Co.,...
venel's: (:eneral !I'w'."ing, :\Iiss A. Lu
h: Hos-
pital & Sch()ol of Nursin!l.
liss S. Hallman;
Public Health, Miss F. Girvan.

District 5
("hairman. 'lis.; C.
lc("orQu(Nlale: \ïee-Chair-
men. 'Iis,.;es J. "'alIace. H. Bennett; See.-Treas.,

lI"s. (;. L. \\ïlli:un"on. 2
Drake Cres.. Scarhoro
ßluffs; ('IJI/Ilrill(lr.
.
Ii"ses E. Hill. O. BlOwn.
". Winter. (T. .Jone.... F. \\'atsoll. T.
Treen:
S,'("tion ('IJ/II'eller,;: (;ener<ll X 11I'!;in g,
hs'" D.
'larl'ellus: P"b/ir Hel/lfh.
fi",.; L. Curtis: Hos-
l Þi t,,1 & SI'I","1 ()f S,,/"!;ill(l.
Ii,.;s H.
fcCallum.

District 6
Chairman.
(rs. E. Brackenridg-e: First V ice-
Chairman.
Ii"" :\1. Ros.;;: Sec. \'iee-Chai.rIHa..
:\Iiss J. Graham: Third 'ïee-Chairman. .
h<;s A.
Flett: Sec.-Treas..
liss A. L
.nch. 215 PrlIlee St..
Peterborough: rOI/l'eners: H()SlJit".1 & S,'h()ol .01
.Y/lrsin(1. Re\". Sr. Beneclil'ta: Pllb/,,: Hpalth
:\hss
H. Furlong: {;eneml SIIrs1//9: :\h,,
:\1. Ston.e;
Uemhcr!lhip.
Iiss :\1. :\Iackenzle: Fmllnce, :\hs.!l
Ì.. Stewart: Rep. to The ('alladian SIIrse, :\Irs.
H, Cole.

District ,

Chairman.
fis" I rma.
lac:\lillan; Vice-Chair-
men.
1iss K. \\. alsh. Sr. Hughes.
liss A. Church;
Sec.-Treas.,
Iis!' D,
Iorgan. Kin.
ton Gener!!'
Hospital: rmmcill()rs.
li!'se", O. \\ 1 lion, B. Gnf.
fin. E. :\loffatt. D. Hollister. Sr. Bre
ult, Mrs.
:\1. Hamilton. :\Iatron Thomas:.. S
ctlOn. Con-
t'
ners: Ho!;pital & S,.h()()l of .\ !lTsmg, MIss L.

494

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Acton; General Nursing, Miss Irene MacMilIen;
Public Health. Miss G. Conley; Publication.,
Mrs. K. Burke; Membership, Miss M. Quigley;
Finance, Miss E. Oatway; Prooram, Miss L.
Acton; Epidemic, Miss G. Conley; Rep. to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss E. Sharpe.
District 8
Chainnan. Miss W. Cooke; Vice-Chairmen,
Misses M. Robertson, K. MclJraith; Sec.-Treas.,
Mrs. Beatrice Taber, 03 Cartier St., Ottawa;
Councillors, Sr. M. Evangeline, Misses I. Allan,
V. Belier, E. Craydon, M. Hall, G. Moorhead;
Section Conveners: Hospital & School of Nursino,
Miss M. Thompson; Public Health. Miss M.
Woodside; (jeneral Nursing. Miss R. Alcxander;
Pembroke Clla1Jter, Miss E. Cassidy; CO'1"nwali
Chapter, Sr. Mooney.
District 9
Chairman, Miss S. Laine; Vice-Chairman, Miss
A. Walkcr'; Sec., Miss D. Lemery, 12 Kay Blk.,
Kilkland Lake; 'freas., Miss Jean Smith, Mus-
koka Hospital, Gravenhurst; Committee Con.-
veners: General Nursiny, Mrs. E. Sheridan;
Public Health, Miss G. McArthur; Jlembenhip,
Mis" R. Densmore; Epidemics, Miss Black; Rep.
to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Elizabeth SmIth.
District 10
Chairmlln, Miss M. Flanagan; Vice-Chairman.
Miss M. Spidell; Sec.-Treas., Miss M. Beer, isola-
tion Hospital. Fort W ilIiam; Section Chairmen:
Public Health, Miss I. Dickie; General Nursino,
Mrs. E. Geddes; Hospital & Bchool of Nursing,
ftev. SI'. Sheila; Committee Conveners: Prooram,
MIss .J. Hogarth; /Jlembership, Miss M. Bu
.;
CouncillOl's: Misses E. McKinnon, M. Buss, O.
Waterman, Sr. Sheila.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

PI.ince EdwaI"d Isl.md Registered Nurses Association
Pres., Miss Dorothy Cox, 101 "Teymouth St.,
Charlottetown; Vice-Pres., Miss Mildred Thomp-
son, P. E. I. Hospital, Charlotteto"n; Sec., Miss
Helen A rSCIHI1I It, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown; Treas. & Registrar, Sr. M. Magdalen,
Charlottctown Hospital: Section Chairmen:
Public Health, Miss Sophie Newson, Junior Red
Cross, Charlottetown; Hospital & School of
Nursing, Sr. 1\1. Irene, Charlottetown Hospital;
Geneml Nm'siny, Miss Mary Lannigan, Char-
lottetown Hospital.

QUEBEC

Registered Nurses Association of the Province of
Quebec (Incorporated, 1920)
Pres. !\Iiss Eileen C. Flanagan: Vice-Pres.
(EnoUsh), !\fiss l\Iary S. Mathewson: Vice-Pres.
(French). Rev. Soeur Valérie de la Sagesse;
Hon. Sec., Mile Annonciade Martineau: Hon,
Treas.. Miss Mary .Jeffrey Ritchie; Memben
without Office: Misses M. K. Holt, Marion Nash.
Ethel Cooke, Rev. Sister Flavian, Rev. Soeur
Mance Décary, Miles Maria Roy, Jeanne La-

mothe (Three Rivers), Anne-Marie Robert, Mar-
guerite Taschereau (Quebec); AdvÏ$oTJ/ Board:
Misses Gertrude Hall. Margaret L. Moog, Cathe-
rine M. Ferguson, Vera Graham, Miles
Iaria
Beaumier (Quebec), Juliette Trudel, Louise Tas-
chereau; Conveners of Sections: Hospital & School
of Nursino (Enolish) , Miss Winnifred MacLean,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal: Hospital &
School of Nm'sino (French), Rev. Soeur Denise
Lefebvre. Institut Marguerite Youville. Mon-
treal; Public Health Section (Enolish) , Mis!
Ethel B. Cooke, Chandler Health Centre, 830
Richmond Sq., Montreal; Public Health Section
(French), Mile Marie E. Cantin, 4352 St. Denis,
Apt. 3. Montreal; General Nursino (English),
Miss Effie Killins, 3533 University St., Montreal;
General Nursino (French), Mile Anne-Marie Ro-
bert, 6716 Drolet St., Montreal; Board of Exam-
iners (English): Miss Mary S. Mathewson (chair-
man), Misses Madeleine Flander, Elsie Allder.
K. Stanton,
hs. S. Townsend, Clara' Aitken-
head; (French) ; Rev, Soeur Marie Clair.
Rheault (chairmlln), Revs Srs. Paul du Sacr6-
Coeur, Marcellin. Jeanne de LorraIne, Miles
Juliettc Trudel. Maria Beaumier; Executive Sec-
retary, Registrar & Official School Visitor, Miss
E. Frances Upton. Ste. 1012, Medical Arts B1dg"
Montreal, 25.

SASKATCHEWAN

Saskatchewan Regisntred Nurses AssocialÏon
(Incorporated 1917)
Pres.. Miss M. R. Diederichs, Grey Nuns' 110.
pital, Regina; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. D. Harllson,
4,11 Cumberland Ave., Saskatoon; Sec. V ice-
Pres.. Rev. Sister Perpetua, St. Elizaheth's Hos-
pital, Humboldt; Cmmcillors: Rev. Si
ter hene,
Holy Family Ho
pital. Prince Albert; Miss M.
E. Pierce, Barry Hotel, Saskatoon: Chnirmen
01 Sections: General Nm'sing, Miss M. R.
Chisholm, 805-1th Ave. N., Saskatoon; HOlJ1)ital
& School of Nursino, Miss E. ,James, Saskatoon
City Hospital; Public Health, Miss M. E. Brown,
5 Bellevue Annex. Regina; Secretary-Treasurer,
Registrar and Adviser, Schools for Nurses, MIs!
K. W. Ellis. 104 Saskatchewan Hall, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

Regina Chapter, District 7, Saskatchewan
Rl!gistered Nurses Association
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. Krause; Pres., Miss E.
Worobetz: First Vice-Pres., Miss M. Nell; Sec.
Vice-Pres.. Miss H. Lusted; Sec.-Treas., Mrs. G.
F. McNeill. 18iO Rose St.; Ass. Sec., Mrs. J. B.
Thompson; Registrar, Mrs. G. F, McNeill; Com-
mittee:;: Reoisf1'y, Miss M. Gillis; Program, MrI!.
D. '''eaver: Membership, Misses Earle, Chenier;
Finance, Mrs. G. Deverelle: War Service. Mrs.
Shannon; Sick Nurses, Miss M. Fleming, Mrs.
G. Campbell: Section Conveners: General Nur-
sino, 1\Irs. M. McBrayne; Hospital & School of
Nltrsino, Mrs. Martin; Public Health, Miss R.
Doull: Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Miss D.
Whitmore.

Alumnae Associations

ALBERT A
A.A., Calgary General Hospital, Calgary
Hon. P)'es., Miss A. Hebert; Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Miss J. Connan Hon. Members, Misses M.
Moodie, A. Casey. N. Murphy; Past Pres., Mrs.
G. Macpherson: PI'es., Mrs. A. Mcintyre; Vice-
Pres., Mmes E. Hall, H. Holland; Ree. Sec..
Mrs. J. Eakin; Corr. Sec.. Mrs. W. Kemp, 815-
18th Ave. N.W.; Treas.. Mrs. W. Kirkpatrick;
Committee Conveners: RefTel'thmenls, Mrs. W.
MacMiIlian; Entertainment, Mrs. T. Hall; Mem-
bership, Mrs. E. Connolly; Ways & J}Ieam, Mrs.
A. McGraw; Visitinq, Mrs. G. Boyd; Overseas
Nurses Allxiliaf'?I, Mrs. T. Valentine; Rep. to
Press, Mrs. C. Glover.
A.A., Holy Cross Hospital, Caleary
President, Mrs. Cyril Holloway; First Vice-
President,
hs. D. Overand; Second Vice-Pre.
Ident, Miss L. Aiken; Recording Secretary. Mrs.

B. McAdam; CorrespondIng Secretary, Mrs. J.
E. Hood, 1811-1!Jth St., West; Treasurer. Mrs.
L. Dalgleish.
A.A., Edmonton General Hospital, Edmonton
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. O'Grady. Rev. Sr. Keegan,
Mrs. E. A. Frazer; Pres.. Mrs. R. J. Price; First
Vice-Pres., Mr
. J, Loney; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs.
W. McCready; Rec. Sec., Miss V. Protti; Corr.
Sec., Mrs. J. G. Kato, 10038-107thSt.; Tress.,
Mrs. D. Edwards; Blandino Committee, Mmes
E. Barnes. J. Hope, J. Kerr, Misses E. Bietsch.
J. Richardson; Rep. to Private Duty, Miss M.
Franko.
A.A.. Misericordia Hospital. Edmonton
Pres., Mrs. V. d'Appolfnia. Ð!UI8-102nd Ave.;
Vice-Pres., Miss P. MacDonald, 102ID-I00th Ave.;
Sec. Mrs. M. Fitzell, 10712-104th St.; Treas., Miss
D. Wild, Miser. Hosp.; Press Reporter Miss B.
Ramage, D!J21-108A Ay..

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

A.A., Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton
Hon. Pres.. Miss M. S. Fraser; Pres., Miss V.
Chapman; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. N. Richardson;
Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss A. Lord; Rec. Sec., Mrs.
D. Ferrier: Corr. Sec., Miss M. A. Kennedy,
R.A.H.; 'freas.. Miss B. Long, I0729-128rd St.;
Committee Conveners; PrO(Jram, Mrs. J. F.
Thompson; Visitin(J. Miss M. Moore; Social, MI8s
L. Watkins: Extm Executive: Misses M. Griffith,
I. ,Johnson, !\frs. R. Umbach.
A.A., University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton
HOIl. Pres., .!\Iiss H. Peters; Pres., Mrs.
Charles Ouke; Vice-Pres., Miss B. Fane; Rec.
Sec., I\liss U. Armitage; Corr. Sec., Miss B.
Eggen, ] 0 !11O-84th Ave. ; 'freas., Miss R. GIl-
christ. ]11:19-8-;th Ave.; Social Committee. Mmes
C. Slean. I.. Gardner, Misses E. Eickmeyer, E.
Markslad.
A.A., Lamont Public Hospital, Lamont
11011. Pres., Miss F. E. 'Velsh; Pres., !\frs. J.
L. Cleary; Vice-Pres., !\fmes S. 'Varshowsky,
Southworth: Scc.-Treas., Mrs. H. I. Love. Elk
Island f\.alioJlal Park, Lamont; Executive, Mmes
Cowan. U. II. Shears, Miss A. Sandell; Social
CUlIl'eller, :\lis'i .J. Graham; News Editor. !\frs.
A. 1>. Pctt'NOn, Hardisty.
A.A" Vegreville General Hospital. V.sreville
Hon01l1 a r
President, Sisler Anna Keohane;
Honoum r
\'ice-I'residellt, Sister J. Boisseau;
Presi'lent. 1\Irs. Hené Landry, VegrevilIe: V ice-
President, :\Iiss Gladys Babbage, Box 213, Vegre-
vllle; Secreta!"} Treasurer, Miss Margaret Nord-
wick, Box :n:l, Vegreville: Visitin(J Committee
(clWSl'lI IlIolllltly).

BRITISH COLUMBIA

A.A., St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver
Pres., :\Irs. K Faulkner; Vice-Pres., Mrs. E.
"l'II(IIIIIISOII: Scc.. Miss Ethel llIack 2765 "'. 83rd
Ave.: AssL Scc., Mrs. Murray; Treas., Mi!!s L.
OUerhille; Assf. '1"1 eas., !\frs. Myrtle; Editora,
Mi.sse<; A. (;jeshrecht. ,1. Nelson; Sick Benefit,
l\Iisse<; (
. Corcoran. C. Connon, K. Flah-iff; Rep.
to Tit" ('(/llarlinn Nurse, Mrs. F. G. \\'estell.
A.A., Vallcouv
r General Hospital. Vancouver
lion. })res.. Miss E. Palliser: Pres., Miss E.
McCann; Vice.Pres., Misses J. Hoy, C. Clibborn;
Sec., !\Iiss !'It. :\fllnl"O: Corr. Sec., Miss D. May.
616 W. Juth Ave.; Treas., Mrs. M. Faulkner;
C0711mi/lee ('o/ll"ellers: Membership, Mrs. L. Find-
lar; Pm{Jmm. !\Iiss K. Heaney; Publicity. Mrs.
A. Grund}' : Refreshments, Miss D. Jamieson;
Visiting, :\frs. F. Brodie; Social, Mrs. L. McCul-
Icwh.
A.A., Roy.tl Jubilee Hospital, Victoria
I'I'es., :\Iiss It. Kil'kendale; Vice-Pres., Mrs. C.
Sutton, !\Iiss 1'. Ualbour; Sec., Mrs. D. J. Hun-
ter, Ifi75 Oak Bay Ave.: Assist. Sec., Miss M.
Bawclen; Treas. I\Irs. N. P. McConnell, 1161 Old
Esquimalt Uti.: ('onlmittee Conveners: Member-
.
/tip, Miss C. Shankman: Visifin(J, Miss V. Free-
man; SlIri"l. 1\Irs. G. Duncan; Rep. to Press,
Mrs. G. McCall.

A.A.. St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria
11011. Pres., SI'. M. Kathleen; Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Sr. !\f. GreU'ory; Pres., Mrs. N. Robinson; First
Vice-Pres.. Miss .1. .Johnson; Sec. Vice-Pres.,
Miss S. Decker; Rec. Sec., Miss L. Perron; Corr.
Sec., Miss A. Abery, St.J.H.; Trea!!., Mls8 J.
Dengler: Cmt1lcillors: Mmes Sinclair, Welsh.
Evan,;, Uidewood.

MANITOBA

A.A., SI. Boniface Hospital, St. Boniface
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. Clennont; Pres., Miss Z.
ßeattie; Vice-Pres., Miss L. Thompson, Mrs.
Robinson; Rec. Sec.. Miss E. Collister; Corr. Sec.,
Miss C. DcPape, JOll8 Clarence Ave., Fort Garry;
Archivist. Mrs. T. Hulme: Committees: Advisortl.
Rev. Sr. Brodeur, Misses Gri
e, Laporte, C.

495

Bourgeault, M. Gibson; Visiting, Miss A. de la
Barrière; Social & Pro(Jram, Miss S. Gage;
Membership, Miss V. Peacock; Scholarship Fund,
Miss Bourgeault; Reps. to: Local Cmtncil 01
Women. Mrs. P. Bibaud; M.A..R.N" Mis!! M.
MacKenzie; Nurses Directory, Miss I. Skinner;
Red Cross, Mrs. M. Kerr; The Canadian Nur$e.
Miss H. Linn.
A.A., Children's Hospital, Winnipea
Hon. Pres.. Mrs. G. S. Williams; Pres., Mrs.
Kirby; Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. W. Moore; Rec. Sec.,
Miss B. Andrews; Corr. Sec.. Miss C. Barber. C.
H.; Treas.. Mrs. O. Prest; Committee Conveners:
Red Cross, Mrs. S. McDonald; Pro(Jram, Mrs. R.
Elleker; Membership, 1\Irs. T. 1\1. Kaye; Visitin(J,
Mme8 W. Campbell, Moore.
A.A., Misericordia General Hospilal, Winnipeg
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. St. Del tha; Pres., Mrs.
T. P. Hessian; Vice-Pres.. Miss D. Amhrose:
Sec., Miss J. Chisholm, 12-1 Chestnut St.; Treas.,
Mrs. J. A. Cutts; Committee Conveners: Social,
Miss M. Ronnan; Red Cross, Mrs. V. I\kKenty;
Private Dllty Section. l\Iisses S. Boync, D. Solh-
ern; Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs. A.
Thierry.
A.A., Winnipeg Genet'al Hospilal, Winnipeg
Hon. Pres., !\frs. A. W. Moody; Pres.. Miss
K. I\IcLearn; First Vice-Pres., Miss J. White-
ford; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss n. Monk; 1'hlrd
Vice-Pres., Miss }<'. WauA'h; Ree. Sec., !\fiss A.
Carpenter; Corr. Sec.. Miss G. Callin, Nurse!!
Residence, W. G. II.; Treas., l\Iiss H. Smith;
Committee Convenel's: Pro(ll'am, I\Irs. F. \Vil80n;
J[emncrship, Miss V. Walker: Visilil1(/, !\lis!!
A. Aikman; Journal, Miss J. Simmie; An'1Ii1Jist.
)'liss 1\I. Stewart; Sand/m'd Sc/wlarsltip Fund,
lrIiss J. Whiteford; Reps. to: School of NUTsin,
Committee. Miss F. Waugh; Doctors & Nurses
Director'lI, Mrs. L. Farrell; Local Ctmncil 01
Women. Mmes P. A. Randall, \V. Thoma!!;
Council of Social Agencies, I\Irs. A. Spcirs; The
Canadian Nurse, Miss I. Marner.

NEW BRUNSWICK

A.A., Saint John General Hospital, Saini John

Hon. Pres., Miss E. J. Mitchell; l' I'es. , Miss S.
Hartley; First Vice-Pres., Miss 1\1. Foley; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Mis!! M. Scott; Sec., Miss K. Lawson.
267 Charlotte St.; Treas., Mrs. L. Naylor;
Executive \1lsses M. Murdoch. M. Honald; Con-
veners: Pro(Jram, Miss D. \Vetmore, Mrs.
Denyer
;:)fI'.:wl, Mrs. Lewin: Plower. !\Iiss Self-
ridge; Refreshment. Mrs. B. Watt; Publicitf/,
Miss I. Clark; Vis-iting, Mr!!. A. Burns.
A.A., L. P. Fisher Memorial Hospital, Wood.tock
President, Mrs. Heber Inghram. Green St.;
Vice-President. Mrs. Wendal SJlpP. Chapel St.;
Secretary, Mrs. Arthur Peabody. Woodstock;
Treasurer, Mis!! Nellie Wallace. Main St.;
Execlltit'e Committee: Mrs. John Charters. Union
St.; Miss Margaret Parker. Victoria St.; Mlu
Pauline Jackson, Cedar St.

NOV A SCOTIA

A.A.. Glace Bay General Ho.pital, Glace Bay
Pres.. Mrs. C. MacPherson; First Vlce.Pre!!.,
Miss K. Davldøon; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Mrs. F. Mac-
Klnnon; Rec. Sec., Mrs. W. Bishop; Corr. Sec.,
Miss Flora Anderson. General Hospital; Trea8..
Mr8. John Kerr: Visitin(J Committee: Mr!!. O.
Turner, Mrs. L. Buffett.

A.A., Halifax Infirmary, Halif..
Pres., Miss N. Harley; Vice-Pres., MiS5 M.
Doyle; Rec. Sec.. Miss K. Duggan; Corr. Sec.,
Mrs. L. O'Brien, 86 Inglis St.; 'freas.. Mls8 N.
Thibodeau; Committee Conveners: Press, Mls8 M.
West; Nominating, Miss C. MacDonald; ].ibrary,
MI!!8 V. MacDonald; Entertainment, Miss V.
BoWD.

496

THE CA1\ADIAN 1\URSE

A.A., Vicroria General Hospiral. Halifax
Pre,;ident. :\Irs. V. R. Gormley: Vice-President,
:\Irs. Ouroth\" Luscombe: Sec..'
Ii

F. Rand,
:n
Ro} mdg.; Treasurer,
Irs. W. :\1. Hunt,
H .Juuilee Road.
A.A.. Aberdeen Hospiral, New Glasgow
Hon. Pres., Miss Nina Grant; Pres., Mrs.
Harry Murrar; Vice-Pres., Miss Mabel Grant;
Sel'., :\Irs.
Iaxwell Fraser, 107 Mitchell St.;
Treas.. 1\lrs. Don MacLean; Social Committee,
l\lIues MacG. MacLeod. H. Cantley, P. Carter;
Rep. to l'res
, :\Irs. A. M. MacLeod.
ONTARIO

A.A., Belleville General Hospiral. Belleville
Pr'es.. Mrs. A. E. Miles; First Vice-Pres.. Miss
N. Hush; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. J. Bean; Eec.,
Miss G. Donnelly, B.G.H.; Treas., Miss K. Brick-
man: COIlr:eners: Flower & Gift, Miss M. Bonter;
Social. Mis.; B. Heaumont; Prooram, Miss M.
Mcintosh; Nep. to Press & The Canadian Nurse,
Miss
1. Plumton.

A.A., Branrford General Hospiral, Brantford
Hnn. Pre
.. :\liss J. \nlson; Pres., Miss H.
('uft': \'Ïl'e-I'res.. :\fiss L. Raines; Sec., Miss O.
PlulIIsle:\(I. B.G.H.: Treas., Mrs. Oliver; Com-
7/lilfl'f'.': Flower, :\fisses Kichol, Mullor; Gift,
Misses K. ('hamIl'\". J. Landreth; Social, Miss
L. Hurt('h. :\Irs. 0: Hankinson: Red Cross, Miss
JlalTett:Hl'}ls. to: Local C01tncil of Women. Mrs.
"'aItcm; Tile CrnHlrlirm Surse & Press. :\liss D.
Fnlnklin.
A.A.. O. ockville General Hospiral, Brockville
HOII. Pre".,
Iisses A. Shannette. E. Moffatt;
p'e...., :\IIs.
r. White; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. W.
Cooke: Sec. Vke-Pres., Miss L. Markley; Sec.,
Mrs. II. Hi"hop. H9 King St. W.; Corr. Sec., Miss
:\1. .\ /'Imld, William St.; Treas., Mrs. H. Van-
clusen: ro11/111 ilfees : Gift, Mi..s V. Kendrick:
Sflr;,". :\Irs. II. Green; Property, Mrs. M, Derry,
Misse" .I. \Jd.aug-hlin, :\1. Gardiner; Annual
Fees, :\lis" \'. I'reston; Rep. to Tile Canadian
t-,'lnw, :\Ii.;;s H. Corbett.
A.A., Public General Hospiral, Charham
Hlln. I'res..
fi
s 1'. Campbell: Pres.. Miss D.
1I0Ilpt'r: First \"ice-Pres.. Mrs. J. Goldrick; Sec.
\ïee-I','p".,
Iiss K. Anderson; Rec. Sec., Miss E.
Miller: ('OIT. Sec., :\Iiss 1\1. Gilhert. 220 St. Clair
St.; Assi
t. COlT. Sec.. !\fiss A. Parle}': Treas..
Mi...s D. Tholllas: Committees: Shopping, Miss A.
Hp;\(t (convener).
Imes Renouf. Tarlor; Social,
1\1 rs. Stoeh,' (eon vener). l\fmes J. Harrington. R.
Hc"gen. It. .Iulld: COl/llcillors, Misses L, Baird.
A. Head. V. Drer.
1.
Ic
aughton: Reps. to:
rr('s.
. :\fiss "'. Fair: rile Canadian .Yurse, Mrs.
IL Sheldon.
A.A.. Sr. Joseph', Hospiral. Chatham
Hon. I're....
rother :\1. Pascal; Hon. Vice-
Pres.. Sr. 1\1. Valeria: Pres., Mrs. C. I. Salmon;
First \ïc'e-I"'es.,
rrs. :\01. Brown; Sec. Vice-Pres.,

rs. M. Millen: Corr. Sec., Miss A. Kenny.
Ahe,.cleen Hotd: Sec.-Treas., Miss F. Major;
('ol/I/('ilh)/"s: :\Ii
ses H. Grar, L. Pettypiece. M.
Durie, :\I,.s. .J. Embree; Committees: Lunch,
I\hlle<; U. .Iuhem'ille. :\I. "Tatters, I. Mulhern,
1\1 iss 1\1. !\ eweomb: Progmm, Mmes H. Kennedy,
M. O'Uourke. E. Peco, A. Conle}'; Red Cross,
Mi"se
I.. Ukha nlson. .J. Coburn: Buying. Mrs.
L. Smith, :\fiss :\1. Ro}.te; Rep. to The Canadian
NI/rsf', :\I/'s. :\1. Jackson.
A.A., Cornwall General Hospital. Cornwall
Hon. Pres., I\flss H. C. Wilson; Pres., Mrs. M.
Quail: First 'Tice-Prp.s.. Mrs. F. Gunther; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. Wagoner; Sec.-Tress.. Miss
Ii:. Allen, '-8rd St. E.; Committee ConvemTs:
'>rogram & Social Finance: Misse!! Summers
Sharpe; Flower. MI!!s E. Mdntyre: Membership,
Miss G. Rowe; R
f.'. to The Canadian Nurse, Miss
J. McBain.

A.A.. Hotel Dieu Hospital, Cornwall
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. St. Ge01'ge; Pres., Rev.
Sr. Mooner; Vice-Pres.. Miss G. Caron: Sec.-
Treas.. !\liss E. Y oung,
fi lies Ruehl's. Ont.;
Committee Cmn'eners: Orrlll)utional Therapy,
Rev. Sr.
Iooner: r oll/ufeer lYIU'si1l!J,
liss R.

fcDonal.l: Social & J/l/sÙ', :\Ii
s J<:. Young;
Readiny Jlaterial.
fiss I. :\I<'Oonalll: (;ift. I\lis!!
G. Duhe: rl/b1irit!I,
Ii
s n. \uhe.
A.A., Galt Hospital, Galt
President, l\lrs. .1. Ker.sh; \ïce-I're
iclent. Mr!!.
"'. Hell: Secretan'-Treasurer,
liss Florence
Cole. :17 \ïl"Ì
'ria Ave.: ('olllmiftl'f' ('OII1'ellers:
Flow"r, :\1 rs. Hoht. Park; Press, l\Ii"s Florence
('Ja rke.
A.A.. Guelph General Hospital, Guelph
Honoura!"}' President. Miss S. A. CampbeU i
President, Mrs. F. C. McLeod; (<'irst Vicct-
Pre!!ldent, Mis!! H. Barbe,': Sel"l"etary, Mrs. J.
Taw!!e. U Delhi St.; Treasurer, !\fiss M.
orrlsh.
A.A.. Sr. Joseph's Hospiral. Guelph

lutllPr Super illl'. Sr.
1. Clotilde; Supt. of
Xurses, Sr.
l. .\..sumptilln: I're
., :\1 IS,., M.
Hanlon: \ïcc'-I're.... \li';;se
:\1. Hasson. D. MiI-
tOil: See.,
Ii"s E. Yoetz, 1!1II Eclillhow Htl. N.;
('('n. Ser'. \lis.. B. ('rimmin... \\"
IIdham St.;
T,'eas.,
lis.s .I. BosomwlI/.th: HI/tel fllil//llent
('o/ll/llitlee. :\Ii.."es :\1. Hl'ffenlan I('onv.). K.
TholllpSOIl. :\1. Hill. O. Houthier, 1\1. Daby, A.
\kDennott. E. Kaine: NI}I. lu Thl' ('IIIII,dim

.\"llrl<e,
Ii....
1. Hanlon.
A.A.. H
mihon G'enE'I'al Hospital, H.tlltihon
Hon. Pres..
Ii,,;; C. K Brewster; Pre;;., Mr!!.
-\.
Iassie: First \ïee-I'res..
Iiss K Bainl: Sec.
Vice-Pres., Mi;;s H_ (<'ashen: Hec. Sec.. !\fiss C.
Leleu: Assist. Hec. Sec., !\liss I. MeClltcheon;
Corr. Sec.,
liss E. Ferguson. 11.(;.11.: Treas.,

Iis<;
. Coles. HI!I
Iain St. E.: \ssi
t. Treas..
Mrs. A. Smith; Sec.-Treas.. Mutual Benefit Ass'n,
:\Ii"s J. Harri"ou: COlllmittce Cm,reuen: E:recu-
tit'e,
Jìss
1. "'atson: Prof/nl1l1. \li"s M. :\101'-
gan; Flo/.Cer & Visiting, Mrs. M. DuncHn; Bud-

lel.
I n.. S. \\'. Uoy: .111- /lllIa..I, ill, \Ii
s E. Gay-
fer. PllbliCfltill1'.
, :\lis.. :\1. I niul!: He }IS. to: R.N.
-1.0., \li
" C. Inrig'; [ß(,1l1 ell/wl'il of JI'omen,
\Ii"s ('ole;;.
A.A.. Onrario Hospital, Hamihol1
lion. l'res..
liss K. E. TUI"III'Y: 11011. \ï.-c-
1'1"(".. \Iis
F. 1'. Dodd: I'rl's.. :\Irs. :\1. Suther-
la/lll; \ïce-Pres.,
Ii"" A. Uohert"clll: Sec. Miss
\1. ,rhittun. Ii" \k
ah St. :'.: I'rea.... \Ii"s M.
Fineh: ('oll/mittee..: Sorill/. :\Ii
"e
.\. Busell. M.
Smith. \11.... (;. Wa Ilace: ri..itil/Y. \Ii". E. I.ee:
NI-' /I. to P, ess. \Iis.. D. I'a rke,'.
A.A.. Sr. Joseph's Hospiral. Hamihon
Hon. Pres.. Re\'. Sr.
f. St. Edward; 11011.
YÏl'e-Pres.. He\'. S,.. :\1. fT,'sula : I"'e
.. :\fis!!
L. .Johnson: 'ïce-Pres.. :\Iiss F. O'Brien: Sec.,
:\Iis;; :\1. :\finnes. 1311 Hunte,' Sf. W.; Treas.,

Iiss L. Leatherdale: Ji:.rerllfi,'e, :\ohs. 1\lujr,
:\Ii
ses \'. .Jennings.
1. Pullano. N. Hinks. E.
Quinn: He})l<. to: R.N..I.O., :\Iiss K. O\'erholt;
PreRt: & The Callfldian [....".Re,
fiss 1\1. lIaley.
A.A.. Hôtel.Dieu, Kin
srol\
Hon. Pres.. Rev.
Iotller DOllovan: HOIl. Vice.
f'res.. Re\'. Sister Rouhle: Pres..
Iiss :\nn
:\Iurphr: \"ice-Pres..
Irs. L. Keller: See. V ice-
Pres.. :\frs. D. Hegan; Sec.,
liss .Joan (Hhson,
4911 Brock St.: Treas., Mrs. A. Thollll)Soll: ('om.
7"littee!l: Sorial. :\Iisses .J. Coulter. !\t. Quigley;
Visitiny,
Irs. E. Kipkie,
liss 1\1. Coderre.
A.A.. Kin
sron General Hospiral. Kingston
Hon. Pres..
liss L. D. Acton; Pres..
lis!!
Emma L. Sharpe. K.G.H.; First Vice-Pres., Mis!!
Elsie Duncan, K.G.H.; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Mrs.
Gwen Hunt. 313 Collingwood St.: Sec., Miss G.
B. McCulloch. K.G.H.: Treas.. Miss Ole via M.
"'ilson. K.G. H.: Assist. Treas., Aliss Emilia :\fac-
IRan. 313 Frontenac St.

OFFICI \L

A.A., St. Mary's Hespital. Kitchener

Hon. Pres., Sr. Geraldine; Pres..
liss Helen
.
tumpt : \ïee-l're.....
lisse.. There"a Drunck,

Ielba Lapsler; Rec. ::iec..
liss
liIdred Hostet-
tier:: COI r. Sec..
lis.;; Ethel Sommers. 15 'Vilton
.\\'e.: 'freas..
Ii..s
Iargaret Kirschke.

A.A.. Ross '\1emorial Hospital. Lindsay
Hon. }'res..
liss E: S. Reid; Pres.,
lrs. I.
Radman; Fir..t \ïce-Pres.,
lis
G. Lehil!h; Sec.
Vice-PI'es..
Irs. lJ. Cresswell; Sec.. :\liss A.
Webher; Treas.,
Irs. D. Elliott: Committees:
Red CI'OSS SlIpply,
Iiss L. Gillespie: Pro(Jram.

Irs. William"on. )Iiss A. Flett; Refreshment,

Ij"se.. Pogue. C. Fallis; Xotification of Meetin(Js.
:\Iis.. B. )Iar..h; Rep. to Pre:;:;,
Iiss Strath.

A.A.. Ontaric;a Hospital, London

Hon. Pres..
liss Florence Thomas; Pres.,
\1 rs. Fred Cline: Vice-Pres., Miss E. Beechner;
Sec.. Mrs. :\1.
liIlen. 398 Spruce St. ; Ass.
See.. Miss L. Steele; 'freas..
liss N. Williams;
Committee Convenol-s: Flower,
Irs. E. Gros-
vener; Social, Mrs. E. Bruner; Soldiers' Com-
forb. Miss :\. Williams: Social Service, Miss F.
Stevenson: Pllblications.
Irs. P. Robb.

A.A.. St. Joseph's Hospital, London

Hon. Pres.. Re\". Sr. St. Elizabeth; Hon. V ice-
Pres.. He\".
1.
Ial"ion; PIt.os..
liss C. Murray;
First \"ice-P,es..
lis" A. Riff; Sec. Vice-Pres..

liss
1. Coleman; Rec. Sec., Miss A. Irwin;
Corr. Sec.,
liss S. Gignac, 297 Cheapside St.;
Trea
..
Iis" J. Willis; Committee Conveners:
Social. )Ii,,"es )1. Cunningham, I. \Veigle;
Fi1lCI/lf'e. )1 i sse;:: F. .\ Ibert. J. Johnston; Reps.
to: RefJisfr
/.
lis"es
r. Baker, E. Beger; Press.

liss E. Haggerty.

A.A., Victoria Hospital, London

Hon. Pres.,
liss H.
1. Stuart; Hon. Vice-
Pres.,
hs. A. E. Siherwood; Pres., :\liss G.
Erskine; Fil'st Vice-Pres.. :\fiss A. McColl; Sec.
Vice-Pres.,
liss A. Mallock: Rec. Sec., Miss A.
Versteeg; Corr. Sec..
Irs. :\1. Riple}', 422 Central
Ave.: "freas..
Iiss E. O'Rourke, 188 Colborne
St.; Publications: Misses L.
lcGugan, E. Ste.
phens.

A.A.. Nidgara Falls General Hospital. Niagara F .Ills

I'res., .\Ir". White; :-iee.. 'Ii,.;,: .\Ike
r. Laur.
Ii:!!' .\rlllourr
t.: Trea,:..
Irs. (ïtill
: Rep. to
R..\".AJJ. \lr". "-0011.

A.A.. Orillia Soldiers' Memorial Hospital, Odilia

HOll. Pres.. 'fi,.:" Kilpatrkk: Pre.....
Iiss
1.
MaeLeIlallll: \"It'e-I'res..
Ii.."e" E. Dunlop. E.
Mae Ewell:
e('..
liss P. Dixon, Soldiers'
Ie-
morial Hospital: I"reas.,
Iis': L. \'.
laeKenzie.
21 William St.: A /ldifors,
hnes Guild. Burnet:
[Jirerfors.
frllcs 'fiddletoll. HanllafOl'd,
Ji,.:-
I'earson.

A.A.. Oshawa General Hospital, Oshawa

Hon. Presidents. Misses E. MacWIlliams. E.
Stewart; Pres., Miss E. Tick; First VIce-Pres.,
Mr
. Simmons: Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss D. Noble:
Sec., Mrs. Sharp; Corr. Sec., Miss W. Smith,
tIll Masson St. : Assist. Corr. See.. MIM L.
Carter; Treas.. Mrs. C, Chesebrongh; Social
Cont)en
r. Miss M. Rae; Rep. tn The Canadian
NUT.e, Miss V. Nlddery.

1) I R 1:' C '1- () R ,-

+9ï

A.A., La
y Stanley Instimte (Incorporated 1918)
Onawa

HOIl. Pre..... )lrs. "-. :0;. Lnlla II: HOIl. \ï('t
-
Pre.... )Iis" :\1. Stewa,"t; Pres.,
lrs. E. Oli\"er;
\ïee.Pres..
Ji"s K. Pridmore;
ec..
Irs. R. ß.
Br
ee, 1 n Primrose _'\\e.: Treêl".. )Irs. C
Port :Hi:! Clifton Rd.: F10ll'er ('I1I1I'I'"er,
1is"
D. Booth: /);,.'('fllr:;. )Ii...,:c... P. \\'alker, .\. \le-

ieee. )Jrlles \\-. Ca \"ell. F. Lo\\; Rvp:;. to: ('(JIIt-
IIl/l/Iilll!.'
fli.
tr!l.
Ii","'es 'I. Slillll. ,I. Seott:
Pr{.
.
.
Ii.." C;. Halpellnr: Till' ('(ll/(/(Iillli SlIrse,
\Ii.." E. \I..c;ihhllll.

A.A., Onawa Civic Hospital. Onawa

HOIl. Pre"..
Ii,.s G. \I. Bellllett: I're".. \li"s 1.
))Ï<'ksoll: \"lee-I'res.. 'Ii..." \'. \dair.
Irs. D.
rrue: He,..
,'c.,
Iï...s :\1. Iho\\lI: ("orr.
ec. &
I're....... \Ii..." :\1. LI/\\"e. HI" EI,!:"ill St. \pt. :I:
I"le;l.... :\Ii".. \. (;add. O.CII.; (""'llf"illors.
1is...es
\\ïl"oll. Caner. C1ubtie. BOlld. Hohiodu,;
Il"-
Farlalle: ('"",,,,,fll'eR: J'isitlllY &. FIII/("er.
Iisscs
\. Xapier. .1. '1I'Ta\ ish: f.'l'fres/"'lI'lIf.
. \Ii..ses
I.. I'atter"oll, D. (;rie\"e. \I. Cuwie; nOllol.
lìss
L. C;ourlar: Ed. Alu",,,ue I'u/wl",
lis" :\1. Do\\-
lIe
; J.'vp.
. to: ('O"'I/I"""
I N('!lislr
/. )Ji",;cs H.
\Ie'ander. (;ollrl<l\. (;. )Iolllh('all: rh" ('u/ladiun
S""SI'. \Ii..,. E Sìliel". .

A.A.. Ouawa General Ho,pitdl. Ona"a

Hon. Pres.. Sr. F\;wie Do 111 it iI Ie ; Pres., Sr.
'Iadeleine of Jesus: \'ice-Pres.. .\Jrlle
L. DUllne.
'\. ("ha.....(-: SCI'.- 1"1 ea".. :\Iiss H. Bracelalld. 309

t>I>eall :-;t.; \lelllht>r"hil) ('OJI\..
I. Helt'n of
HOllie: ('"/(/(('ill,,r.
, :\llIIe.. II. Haeine. E. \"lau.
:\Ii.....e... (;. Boland. H. {"hamhl'rlaill. \-. Foran, K.
Hrall; NI'''.
. to: It,,!,;sfq/.
Ii"...t'..
1. l.allllrt'
iIIe.
E. Bamhrick. \. Sander,,: ,<"if"/,.. RI't/efif.
1j.." J.
Frappier; D.C.C.A..
Iiss M. O'Hare; Rell Cross,

Jrs. A. Powers; The ('(l/l(uliull SlIrse,
Jiss .J.

tnl'k.

A.A.. St. Luke's Hospital. Onawa.
HUll. I're"..
li"s ....
I;"well. O.B.E.; Pres..
"I". R. Stewart: \Ïn'-l'l'cS.,
Jrs. It. Brown;

ec.. 'Ii.." E. HOlle
weIl. 51/-211d .\\e.; Treas..

Ii..... L .\lJen. :!
Ja
a St.: ('""",lÏft('t'.
: Fit. 11'1'1')>.

hlle... E.
\\ erdfagcr. .J. PI'ikhard; Rille ('rf)ss
IIISIII"((IIt'I'. 'Ii..... r. Johnston: SO/llillf/fiIlY.
Jisses
'\. Le\\ï.... r. Johll...ton: Rep!;. to: ('milt/limit."
RI'"i,
t/"ll.
Ii"...e... D. Bronll. ....
Ieledith: Lon,'
('o;I//(.if III n-"""I!.
h'.... "'. ('rei
hton.
liss N.
tt\tl;n;

t'i J:,'
!(

/Ji
I

{!
;"

ell':l if:.('t
..J

..ton.

A.A., Owen Sound General and Marine Hospital.
Owen Sound
Hon. Pres..
lisses E. \Vebster, R. Brown:
Pres..
liss Catherine Cameron: Vice-Pres.. Miss

1. Kerr; Sec.-Treas..
liss M. Lemon. 371-IOth
St. W.: As<<ist. Treas., Miss Eliza Cook; Rep-
resentati'Ve to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Miller.

A.A., Nicholb Hospital. Peterborough
Hon. Presidents, Mrs. E. M. Leeson, Miss E..
G. Yonng: Pres., Miss L. Ball: First Vice-Pres..
Miss M. Annstrong; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss I.
King; Sec., Miss J. Preston, 172% Hunter St.
W.; Corr. Sec.. Miss M. E. Ross; Treas., MI"I.
Conway; Committees: Flower, Miss M. Beavis;
Social, Mrs. Campbell. Miss B. Beer; Nominating,
Miss M. Renwick; Rep. to Local Council 0/
Women, Mrs. McLaren.

A.A.. St. Joseph's Hospital, Port Arthur
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Mother ComllIus; Hon. VIce-
Pres.. Rev. Sr. Sheila; Pres.. Mrs. Bert Dowelå;
Vice-Pres., Miss Isabel Misener; Sec., Miss
Ida Bain, 384 Van Norman St.; Treas.. Mn.
Ruth Dicks; Executil1e: Misses Cecilia Kelly,
Dorothy Claydon, Aill Johnson, Isabel Morrison.
Mf!!. PhllIips.

498

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., Sarnia General Hospital, Sarnia
Hon. Pres., Miss Rahno Beamish; Pres., Miss
Olive Banting; Sec.,
Iiss Carol Sa}"ers, General
Hospital; Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
Mary Ell ick, 1-11 Penrose St.

A.A., Stratford General Hospital, Stratford

Pres., Mrs. ß. Ische; Vice-Pres., Miss Thistle:
Secretan'. Mrs. May Dodds, 190 Queen St.;
Treas., 'Miss M.
lc
laster: Committee Con-
t:ene7'S: Social, Miss V. Fryfogle; Flower, Miss
Stewart; Prooram, Miss M.
Iurr.

A.A., Mack Training School, St. Catharines

Pres., Miss A. Ebbage; First Vice-Pres., Mrs.
Spencer; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss Colvin; Sec., Miss
E. Purton. 63 Pleasant Ave; Treas., Miss R.
Fowler; C07nmittee Conveners: Program, Miss
M. Kirkpatrick; Social, Miss L. Crawford;
Flower, Miss L. Kottmeir; Visitino, Miss S.
DaboU; Advisory, Mmes J. Parnell, C. Hesburn,
S. Murray. Ridge; Reps. to: Press, Miss H.
Brown; The Canadian Nurse, Miss J. Nelson.

A.A., St. Thomas Memorial Hospital, St. ThoDU\S

Hon. Pres., Miss I. Stewart; Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Miss M. May; Pres., Miss B. Pow; Vice-Pres.,
Miss A. Ronson; Sec., Miss E. Jewell; Treaa.,
Miss J. Lunn.

A.A., The Grant Macdonald Training School
for Nurses, Toronto

Hon. Pres., Miss P. L. Morrison; Pres., Mrs.
B. Darwent; Rec. Sec.. Miss I. Lucas; Corr.
Sec.. Mrs. P. Jacques, 23 Fuller Ave., Toronto 3;
Treas.. Miss M. McCullough; Social Convener,
Mrs. Smith. L I_I

A.A., Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto

Hon. Pres.. Miss J. Masten; Pres., Mrs. H.
Clifford; Vice-Pres., Misses P. Norton, F. Wat-
son; Rec. Sec.. Miss I. George: Corr. Sec., Miss
B. Lillklater, 1i7 Avenue Rd. Apt. D-4, Toronto;
Treas., Miss D. Muckle; Assist. Tress., Miss A.
Hazen.

A.A., Riverdal. Hospital, Toronto

Pre!!.. Mis!! A. Armstrong; First Vice-Pres.,
Mrs. J. Bradshaw; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. G.
Bourne; Sec., Miss Olga Gerker, Riverdale
Hospital; Trea!!., Mr!!. T. Fairbairn. 118 du Ver-
net Ave.; Conveners: Program, Miss K. Mathie.
!Ion: Vi.iting: Mmes C. Spreeman, H. Dunbar;
R.N.A.D., Miss M. Ferry: Rep. to The Canadian
Nur.e, Miss A. AJ"Dl8trong.

A.A., St. Joba'. Ho.pital, Toronto

Pres., Miss A. Tobin: Vice-Pres., Misses E.
Longo, I. Glynn: Rec. Sec., Miss E. Flannery:
Corr. Sec., Miss L. Ryan, 81 Cowan Ave.; Treas.,
Mrs. W. Spencer: Committee Conveners: Pro-
gram, Miss M. Rice: Membership, Miss J. Dutri-
zac; Rep. to: R.N.A.O. & Central Registrv, Miss
M. Kelly.

A.A., St. Joseph's Ho&pital, Toronto
Pres., Miss A. Tobin; Vice-Pres., Misses E.
Lungu. I. Gh-nn; Rec. Sec., Miss E. Flannery;
Corr. Sec. Miss L. Ryan, 31 Cowan Ave.; Treas.,
Mrs. W. Spencer: Committee Conveners: Pro-
gram, !\Iiss M. Rice: Membership, Miss J. Du-
trizac; Rep. to: R.N.A.O. & Central Registry,

fiss M. Kelly.

A.A., St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto.
Pres., Miss
I. Hunt: Vice-Pres.. Misses M.
Regan, L. Riley, M. McGarrell; Rec. Sec., Miss
1\1. Doherty: Corr. Sec.. Mrs. M. Forrester, 185
Glenholme Aye; Treas., Miss N. O'Connor;
Assist. Treas., Miss E. Cooper: Cm/ncillors,

lisses K. Boyle, D. Murphy, K. Meagher; Con-
veners: Active Membership, Miss L. Huck:
Assoc. Membersh:1J,
Irs. M. Meaùen: Plan for
Hospital Care, Miss V. Murphy; Reps. to:
Public Health, Miss M. Tisdale; Nursing Edu-
cation, Miss G. Murph}"; Local Council of
JVomen, Mrs. Scull}-; Prf'ss, Miss E. Darrach;
Ed. "The Neu;s",
fiss K. Bo}'le; Assist. Ed. Mrs.

1.
e\'ille.

A.A., School of Nursing, University of Toronto.
Toronto

Hon. Pres., Miss E. K. Russell: Hon. VIce-
Pres.. Miss F. Emory: Past Pres., Miss M. Mac-
farland; Pres., Miss Jean Leask; First Vice-
Pres., Miss E. Manning; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs.
S. Lauchland; Sec., Mrs. R. G. Slater, 174
Dunvegan Rd.; Treas., Mrs. R. Page.

A.A., Toronto General Hespital, Toronto

Pres. Mis!! E. Cryderman; First Vice-Pre!!..
Miss M. Stewart; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. F. :Y. G.
Coombs; Sec.-Treas., Miss L. Shearer.
High
Park Ave. : Councillor$: Misses E. Moore. M.
Dulmage, E. Clancey. J. Wilson; Conveners;
Archives, Miss J. M. Kniseley; "The Quarterl,!,'.
Miss H. E. Wallace; Program, MIss J. Wilson;
Social, Miss F. Chantler; Flower, Mrs. J. B.
Wadlan
; Gift, Miss M. Fry; Press, Miss P.
Steeves; Scholarship, Miss G. Lovell; Tnut
F1Utd,
I1ss E. Grant; Aid to British NurseB,
Mrs. G. Brereton; Pres. 01 Private Dul", MIII8
A. Thoburn.
A.A., Training School for Nurses of the Toronte
East General Hospital with which i. incorporated
the Toronto Orthopedic Hospital, Toronto

Hon. Pres.. Mlsø E. Maclean: Pres., Miss J.
Llsk; Vice-Pres., Miss A. Morrison; Sec., MI..
A. Davison, 597 Sammon Ave.: Tre8.!l.. Miss E.
Peters: Conveners: Bocial, Miss J. Fry; Pro-
uram, Miss F. Cleland: Membership, Miss D.
Golden: Red Cros.. Miss E. Campbell; Pren,
Mrs. Margan!!on: Reps. to: RegistTfl: Mlsøea
Wlllis. McPheeters, Peters; R.N.A.D., Miss Mc-
Master.

A.A., Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto
Hon. Pres.. Miss B. L. Ellis, Mrs. C. T. Cur-
rie: Pres., Mrs. G. \V. Kruger; Vice-Pres., Miss
G. Rvde: Rec. Sec., Mrs. Townsend; Corr. Sec.,
Mrs. 'L. Brown, 157 Hammersmith Ave.: Treas..
Miss M. Patterson; Committees: Prooram, Mrs.
Vale (conv.), Mrs. Edwards, Miss Perry; Bud-
get, Miss \\Testcott (conv.), Miss Scheetz, Mrs.
Chant; Social, Mrs. H. Brown (conv.), Mmes
Smeltzer, McKellar. Boadway. McDonald: Sick
Benefit, Miss G. Sutton (conv.), Miss A. Gillett.
Mrs. F. Robinson: Scholarship, Miss A. Bell
(conv.), Mrs. Da.vies, Miss Lawless; Visiting,
Mrs. A. Norman (conv.), Mrs. A. Clarke, Miss
E. Sinclair; Membership, Mrs. Chant (conv.).
Mmes McKe!la r. McMillan. Miss Thomas: Red
Cross, Mrs. Douglas (conv.), Miss M. Agnew
(treas.); Reps. to: R.N.A.O., Miss M. Agnew;
Local Council 01 Women, Mrs. G. Calder; W.P.
T.B., Mrs. C. McMillan; The Canadian Nurse,
Miss E. Tltcombe.

OFFICIAL

A.A., W.II..I.)' Ho.pital, T eronto
Hon. Pres.. Miss E. K. Jones; Pres.. Miss A.
Steele: Vice-Pres.. MIMes G. Bolton, D.
Stephens; Rec. Sec., Miss E. Turner; Corr. Sec..
Miss !\1. Russell. 4 Thurloe Ave.; Ass. Corr.
Sec.. Miss D. Arnott; Treas.. Miss J. Brown;
Au. Tr.eas.. Mills D. Goode; Custodian. Miss D.
Fatt; Auditors: Miss E. Cowan, Mrs. G. Gundy;
Convener, Elisabeth Flaws Scholarship Fund,
Mr.. D. Bull.

A.A., Women's College Hospital, Toronto

Pres., Miss D. Gordon; Vice-Pres., Misses R.
Watson, I. Jones; Rec. Sec., Mrs. P. Dodson;
Corr. Sec.. Miss M. Atkinson, 213 Davis-
ville A ve., Toronto 12; Treas., Mrs. E.
Munro: Advisory Council, Mmes V. Slater, M.
Hood, P. McMillan; Conveners, Misses B. :Brown,
J. Kilpatrick, M. Jantzen, Mrs. B. Campbell;
Reps. to: R.N.A.O., Miss E. Clarke; The Cana-
dian Nurse, Miss E. Wiltshire.

A.A., Ontario Hospital, New Toronto

Hon. Pre".. Miss P. Graham; Pres.,
liss E.

li-Calpin; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. E. Olson, :\liss L.
Sinclair; Rec. Sec., Mrs. A. Enchin; Corr. Sec.,
:\liss S. Jopko. 2(12 Geoffrey St.; Treas.. Mr
. E.
Claxton; Committee Conveners: Pro(/Tam, Miss
K. Wright; Social, Miss E. Dowdell; Member-
ship, Miss E. Moriarity; Scholarship. Miss A.
Burd; Flower, Mrs. E. Baker; Reps. to: W.P.
T.B., Mrs. M. Grosvenor; Red Cross, Miss Burd;
The Canadian Nurse, Miss A. McArthur.

A.A., Grace Ho.pital, Wind.or

President, !\frs. Wallace Townsend; Vice-Pres-
Ident. Miss Audrey Holmes; Secretary, Miss
Louise Corcoran, 43!J Pitt Street, West; Treas-
urer, Mrs. A. Shea; Echoes' Editor, Adjutant
O. Barker.

A.A., Hôtel-Dieu Ho.pital, Wind.or

Hon. Pres.. Rev. Mother Claire Maitre; Hon.
Past Pres., Sr. Marie de la Ferre; Pres., Miss
Marlon Coyle; First Vice-Pres.. Miss JuUette
Renaud; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss Cannel Grier;
Corr. Sec. & Treas., Miss Margaret Lawson, 15211
Victoria Ave.; Publicity, Sr. Marie Roy, HlItel-
Dleu.

A.A., General Hospital, Woodstock

Hon. Pres., Misses F. Sharpe, H. Potts; Pres.,
Mrs. N. "'ood; Vice-Pres.. Misses L. Pearson,
N. X eff; Sec., Miss M. Mitchell: Assist. Sec.,
Miss M. Goad; Corr. Sec.. Miss G. Jefferson,
393 Brant St.; Treas.. Mrs. E. Colclough; Assist.
Treas., Miss A. Waldie; Committee Conveners:
Flou'er & Gift, Miss G. Boothby; Social, Miss
M. Charlton; Program, Miss F. Mahon; Group
Hospitalization, Miss L. Pearson; Rep. to Press,
Miss E. Watson.

QUEBEC

A.A. Lachine General Ho.pital. Lacbia.

Honourary President, Miss L. M. BroWD:
President, MIII9 Ruby Goodfellow; Vice-Presi-
dent, lllss Myrtle Gleason; Secretary- Trea.urw.
Mn. Byrtha Jobber. I4A-51st Ave., Dixie-La.
chine: General Nv.rsing RepreHntatille. MIa
Ruby Goodfellow; Æ%ecutive Committee: Mn.
8arlow, Mrs. Gaw, Miss Dewar.

DIRECTORY

499

A.A., Childl"en'. Memorial Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Presidents, Misses A. S. Kinder, E.
^ lexander: Pres., Miss
f. Robinson; Vice-Pres.,
Miss E. Richardson. Sec., Miss A. E. Collins,
16l!J Cedar Ave.; Treas., Miss M. Collins; Social
COnt'ene7', Mrs. R. Folkins; Rep. to The Cana-
dian Nurse, Miss M. Flander.

Staff Association Executive,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal

Pres.. Miss B. O. MacInnes fO.C.H.); Vice-
Pres., Mb5 M. MacDougal (R.C.H.. Xew West-
rnin,;ter); Sec., Miss J. Cochrane, C.M.H.; Treas.,

1i
5 1\1. Cochrane (R.J.H., Victoria); Committee
Com:eners: Social, Miss L. Gray (O.C.H.): Edu-
cational, Miss M. Urede (V.G.H.); Rep. to The
Canadian
Yurse, Miss Uye,:e.

A.A., Homooopathic Hospital, Montreal

Hon, Pres., Miss V. Graham; Pres.. Mrs.
Rice; First Vice-Pres., Miss D. Cunnington; Sec.
Vice-Pres.. Miss D. Ward; Sec..
lisa P. Thomp-
son, 417" West Hill Ave.; Assist. Sec., Mrs. Lee;
Treas.. Mrs. 'Varren; Assist. Treas.. MI88 Gar-
rick; Committees: Pro(Jram, Misses M. Stewart.
V. Fairburn, Mrs. Johnston; Refreshment,
Mtsses A. McDonald, M. McMillan, M. Boyd;
Sick Benefit, Mmes Warren, Hardin&" Piper,
Misses Garrick. Sanders; Vi,iting, Misses Mc-
Murtry, Campbell; Reps. to: Local Council of
Women. Mrs. Harding; The Canadian Nur,e.
Mmes Hebb, Holland, Misses Bourne, Boa.

L' Association des Gardes-Malades Diplômées,
Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal

Pres., :\liss L. Bock; Vice-Pres., Misses L.
Steben, L. Lorange; Rec. Sec.. Miss S. Lord;
Corr. Sec., Miss D. Leduc; Assist. Sec., Miss E.
Bernier; Treas.,
liss I. Bélanger; CouncìUors,
Misses C. Koel. J. Ferland, M. Demers.

A.A.. Montreal General Ho&pital, Montreal

Hon. Members, Miss E. Rayside. O.B.E., Miss
Jane Craig, Miss Isabel Davies, R.R.C.; Hon.
Pres., Miss J. Webster. O.B.E.; Pres., Miss Mabel
Shannon; First Vice-Pres.. Miss M. Batson; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Miss A. Peverley; Rec. Sec.. Miss
K. Clifford: Corr. Sec., Miss A. Christie, M.G.H,;
Hon. Treas., Miss I. Davies; Committees: Execu-
tive. Misses M. K. Holt, B. Birch. E. Denman,
A. Reid, Mrs. S. Townsend; Program, Misses M.
Foreman (convener), J. Anderson. M. Brocan;
Visitin(J, Misses B. Miller (convener), R. Cald-
well; Refreshment, Misses F. Moroney (con-
vener). ß. Adam, E. Colley. Mrs. L. Beaton;
Reps. to: Local Council of Women, Misses A.
Costigan, M. Stevens; General Nursin(J Secti01l.,
Misses M. Macleod, H. Miller. M. Cluff; The
Canadian NurMe. Miss J. Anderson.

A.A., Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Pres., Mrs. A. M. Stanley; Pre!!.. Mia
W. MacLean; First Vice-Pres.. Miss B. KillIDS;
Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss E. MacLennan; Rec. Sec.,
Miss E. IIIsey; See.-Treas., Miss G. Moffat.
R.V.H.; Board of Directors (without office),
Mrs. R. G. Law, Misses J. Rutherford, F. Mun.
roe, W. MacLeod; Committee C01I.t'ener.: Fi.
nance, Mrs. R. Alexander; Program, Mn. IL
MacKay; Private Dutfl, Nlss M. Neild; Red
Cross, Mrs. F. E. McKenty; Visitino, Misses F.
Pendleton, H. Clarke; 'HiBtorv' Miss E. Mac-
Lennan; Rep.. to: Locol Council of Womett,
Mmes R. A. Taylor. E. O'Brien; Pre&ð, Miss J.
Cooke; The Cßnadiøa Nurse, Mlu G. Martin.

URSF

soo

THE C.-\ N _-\ D r A 1\

A.A., Woman's General Hospital, Westmowu

A.A.. St. Mary's Hospital, Montreal
UOII. 1'1'1'''', RI'\. S,'. RozolI; !fOil. \ÏI'I'-1' res..
He\. S... :\1. Fla\iall: I'res.. :\lrs. 'L .Iohllsoll:
\"ice-I'res., :\Ii"" 1-:. Or-Iare; Rel". See.. :\Ii".. R.
("owall: ("0 IT.
el'.. :\Iis" .-\. :\kà.ellna. 21' I!I
:\lalJlewood -\ \ 1'.; rrea,... :\Iis,. E. TOIle": ('0111-
lIIi/tp('s: e"terta;II"/I:"t, :\Iisse,.. T. De"ïtt, D.

\lIIi..an. C ll'wis. :\11',... r. Cherq: :{pl'f"iul
-,"arsf'.
, :\Ii""l'" It. "'0011. ,I. SlIIith: 'Is;t;"".
"isse..; E. Hrall. H. ('hahot: H"sp;talizat;o/l Pia;,.
.\lisses :\1. Hanet!.
. ("a!lag-han. :\1. (;oodlllan;
l:f'l1 s . to l'n's,
. \1I11I'S (;. leu. T. "'heatII'Y: Till'
((/llIId;,,,, -,"I(rs(-' , 'Ii..;" -\. Pepper.

A.A., School for Graduate NUrses.
McGill UniV'ersity, Montreal
I'res.. :\Ii".. E. :\Iad.ennall: 'ïee-I', 1.',.., :.\Iiss
'I. Fla 11111'1': St'l'.-Trea..;.. :.\Ii..;s R. fall..;e\, :\1011-
Ireal CO/l\ale..l'l'lIt Ih''''llital. :\11111 KI'/I't -\\1.'..
('''III'('I(( r.
; Flora 11. ,--h(11(" J/Pll(or;al Fr(lId, :.\11',..
I.. II. Fi..;he,': I'ro!lrll III , :\Ibs :;. Le\illllon:
U",'S. to; l,fI{'(/1 (""rllu';1 of H'oll/en, :\lIne,.. Hard-
ill
. F. .J. I.arkill: Tilt ('al/l/(I;(//I S/lrs,' :\Ii,.,

I,,
Sia/ll(lll.

A.A.. Jcffcl)' H.lle's Hospital, Queoec
Pres.. Mrs. A. \\'. G. l\Iacalister; First Vice-
l'res.. :\Iiss G.
I;Hlill; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss
\1. .'olles; Set'.. Miss M. G. Fischer, 30!l Grande
\IIt'e: 1'1'1';1,.,.. \11',... "'. :\1. I'fciffer; ('''/lII(";lIors,
.\lis"'c..; C. I\.e/llletlr. K Ford, M. Jones, Mme!!
:\1. Beallie. I. West. .I. Cormack. N. Teakle;
('oll/lII;fI!'!'s: I' ;.
;t;"(,, Misscs E. Ford, F. O'Con.
nell, A. Marsh. 1\Irs. I. West; Progl'am, Misses
\1. I.lInalll (l'OIl\'Cllel'). E. \Valsh, Mme!! C.
Youn
, 1\1. Beattie: Pl(rchasino, Misses M.
l.U/lalll, (;. Wearr. !\Irs. E. Seale; Refreshment,
'lis...e... 1\1. D;I\\..;on. A. Marsh, M. Me}'ers, G.
Kert"oll. I\lrlll'S C. I>a\ itlson. E. Seale; Service
"'und. :\IIIICS to:. :-;eale, S. Ua()tist, A. MacDonald,
1'. Hollesloll. J\li,.;,;es E. "Talsh, F. Imrie; War
Work, Mis"c
G. Weary (convener), E. Ford,
\1. Da wson, l\lrlles ,I. lIa leh, .J. Cormack; Reps.
to: l'/";mte VII/!I, Misses G. Campbell. M. Mac-
['a lIu III ; 7.lte Cnllaclian Nurse, Miss A. Mac-
I)onall!.

A.A., ShCl.blooke Ho
pildl, Shel'brooke
111111. I'I'e,.... :\Iiss O. Haney; Pres.. Mrs. E.
!'ar illr ; First \'in' I'rcs.,
Irs. F. Simpson; Sec.
\'Ïl'e-I'res., Miss II. Dund:n; Hec. Sec. Mrs. O.

angster; Corr. Sec., Mrs, G. Osgood c/o Mr!l. H.
Leslie, Cliff HII.; S(/cinl & Entertainment, Mrs.
O. Heaman: !lel)s. to: Pril'ate Duty Section, Mrs.
N. Lolhrop; 7'/le Cnnadian Nurse, Miss K. Vau-

han.

Hon. Pres., :\lisses E. Trench. V. Pearson;
Pres.,
Ii;;s C. Martin; First Vice-Pres., Miss L.
Hanson; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. Davis; Rec.
See.. :\Irs. Rutherford; Corr. See.. Miss L. Smith,
1532 Crescent St. ; Treas., Miss E. Francis;
Committees: risiting, :\Irs. A. Chisholm, Miss G.
Wilson; Social. Misses Hanson, Fletcher; Reps.
to: Ge.neral Nursino Section, Miss L. Smith, Mr!!.
Rutherford; j'he Canadian Nurse, Miss Francis.

SASKATCHEWAN

A.A., Grey Nuns' Hospital, Re&ina

Honourary President, Sister
I. J. TouglU:
President, Mrs. R. }Iogridge; Vice-President.
.\frs. J. Patterson; Secretary-Treasurer. Miss F.
Philo. Grey Nuns' Hospital; Correspondfol
Secretary, Miss Rolande Martin.

A.A.. Re&ina General Hospiral, Resina
Honourary President, :\Iiss D. Wilson; Pre.
ident, Miss M. Brown; Vice-President, Miss R.
Ridley; Secretary, Miss V.
llI.nn. General Ho.
pital; T.reasurer. Miss Victoria Antonini; Rep-
resentatives to: Local Paper, Miss G. Glasgow;
The Canadian Nurse, Miss E. Peterson.

A.A., St. Paul's Hospital. Saskatoon
Hon. Pres., Sister L. LaPierre; Pres., Mr.
F. J. Lafferty; First Vice-Pres.. Sister J. Mao-
din; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. Turner; Sec., Mlsø
:\1. H
tcheon, S1. P. H.; Treas., Mrs. E. Atwell;
C01I11Clllor!: Mmes A. Thompson, A. Hyde, I.
Doran. MIss D. James; Ways & JIeans Commit-
tee: Mmes O. Cowell, B. Rodgers.

A.A, Saskatoon City Hospital. Saskatoon
HOIl. 1'11''''" \1,.". H. Ha,'llley: I'n's.. :\Ii"s
f.
Chi...hflllll: Hee. :,el".. :\Ii" 'I. :\klllik: Con.
e(".,
'Ii..;..; "'. l{outled
(',
.("'II.: rreas.. 'Irs.
1.
()t'rrit'\..: f'ollll1l;ff(-'(-' ,'ol/rl'/lprs: "";'willl l\: Pro-
Y"(III/, :\1I's. I. Flekber: 1I"(f!I,
& .11p(lII.
. :\lis..; M.
.Janis: Jï.
;t;/lrl & Flflw(-'r. 'Ii"s F. Bell: Reps.
to; I'rpss, \1l"s. :\1. E. ("allll'r\)n: TII(-' CrllJ(/(Iinn
\'"r.-p. :\Irs. DerrÏl'k.

A.A., Yorkron Queen Victoria Hospital, YorktoD
Honourary President. Mrs. L. N. Barnes;
President, Miss E. Flanagan; Vice-President.
Miss K. Frances; Secretary. Miss P. Wother.
spoon, Y.Q.V.H.; Treasurer, Mrs. S. Wynn;
Social Convener, Mrs. M. Klsbey; Councillors:
Mrs. J. Young, Mrs. M. Campbell. Mrs. II.
Westbury.

N 111
in.: Sislers' Association of Canada

Associations of Graduate Nurses

I'res., Mis" :\Iande Wilkin,;on. Turonto: First
\'ke-I'res..
Iìss Isabelle McEwen. Toronto; Sec.
Vice-Pre..., :\I/"s. Grace Gra}' "'ilson, Toronto;
Third Vice-Pres.,
Irs. C. A. Young, Ottawa:
5cc.-T/"eas.. Mrs. Helen Dnff Forgan. 5!1 High-
lanel Cres., York Mills, R.R.2, Toronto.

MANITOBA

Brandon Gl'adnafe Nurses Associarion

11011. Pres.. Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; Pres..
Mrs. H. E. H3l11mh; Vice-Pres., Mrs. R. Alexan-
der; Sec.. Miss M. Donnelly. Brandon General
Hospital; Treas., Mrs. J. Selbie; Registrar, Miss
C. Macleod; Conveners: Red Cr9ss, Mrs. S.
Lewis; War Work, Mrs. S. J. S. Pierce; Social
Miss K. Wnkes; Membership, Mrs. C. Cripps;

VisitinO,
Irs. D. L. Johnson; Reps. to: Pre..,
:\frs, D. :\lcDougall; The Canadian Nurse. Mrs. R.
Darracb; Community Chest, Mis!! D. Stowe.

QUEBEC
!\1onrreal Graduate Nurses Association
Pres.. :\Iiss Agnes Jamieson; First Vice-Pres.,

liss E. Gruer: Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss I. Mac-
Kenzie; Hon. Sec.-Treas..
liss Jean M. Smith;
Director, Nursino Reoistry. Miss Eftie KIlUns;
Royal Victoria Hospital. Misses B. Teed. J. Al-
lison. H. Rvan. K.
1cNab: Montreal General
Hospital, :\Ifs."es J. Morell. H. Elliott. L. Mac-
Kinnon. C. Marshall; Homoeopathic Hospital.
Misses D. Fairbairn, F. Smith; Woman's GeMral
Hospital, Misses G. Wilson. V. Matheson; St.
Mart.ls Hospital, Miss R. Wood; Out--oJ.'ro.tDA,
Mmes T. Hill, R. Brown.

THE
CANADIAN
NURSE

OLUME 41
rUMBER 7

JULY
1 9 4 5

ÇJ
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At the Immunization
Clinic

A880ciated Screen New8, Montreal

OWNED AND PlIULISHED RY
THE CAN AD IAN NlIß SES ASSn c JAIl O _
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it's a headaelw .

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it"s

one of illY

"tr
iug da)'
' Bu t nlu'u)'s -
if r\C a
iJnple pain - I rt'lnellllwr
hon t he Doctor often
iH's
pat it'n t!o' \nacÏn to r..Iit'\-e pain.

_\11<1 that"s nl
('lIf' for actiou -
,dth .\nacin - to
oothe nl
- 0\\11
pain. Then. bdicH
Inc. it"s only
min.. tt.!o' he fore ['111 a
king Ill:p
elf
,\ ha t I wa
worr
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hefore.

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"I'm all fortaking . \
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medicine" I

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\uaciu is cOlnpound('d of ingredients
that /.!iv(' a greater analgl'sic efTcct for
relief of pain associated with simple
headaches. minor ucuralgia and regular
Ineustrual periods.

Whitehall Pharmacal (Canada) Limited
Walker-ville. Ontario,

"

During the
Hay Fever
Season

,
PRlvi
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poTENT
" C ONSTItICTOI
VASO-
úbo c
mpOt1Y

Prolonged symptomatic rel.ief
lasting from 2 to 6 hours with

PRIVINE

,ò

T. M. Reg'd.

PRI

,.
.........

"

Physicians and patients alike will
"/
Icome the unprecedented com-
fort PRIVINE will afford those
who are allergic to dusts and pol-
lens. Almost immediately follow-
ing the application of a few drops
of PRIVINE in the nose and eye,
secretion is diminished, sneezing
reduced, tearing, sw
lIing and
adhesions of the eyelids checked
for sev
ral hours.

. .< 1

Ii>

, PRIVINE
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.

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Treatment of hay fever symptoms with PRIVINE is most economical
and convenient. Issued in bottles of 1 oz. with dropper, also bottles
of 8 ozs.

CIBA COMPANY LIMITED, MONTREAL, CANADA

JULY, 1945 501

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Onawa. Canada, a. ..cond cl... maneI'.
Editor tmd Business Mtmagrr:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A.. R.N.. 522 Medical Art. Blda'.. Montreal 25. P.Q.

CONTENTS FOR Jl:L Y, 1945

IN UNITY THERE IS STRENGTH

AI. l\lyers

517

THE PLACE OF MENTAL HYGIENE AND MENTAL NURSING IN THIS RECONSTRUCTION
PERIOD - G. H. Stevenson, 1'..l.D.
MENTAL HYGIENE AND HOSPITAL NURSING - L. W. Fitzsimmons

OCCUPATIONS FOR THE SICK CHILD -
THE HOSPITAL AND THE HEALTH DEPARTl\IENT
FOOT HEALTH AND DISEASE
PREPARnlO
FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

- G. .\l. Watts
- .A. Peverley
A. S. Solloll's
H. Bennett

519
523
527
532
535
539

MENTAL HYGIEKE PROBLEMS IN GENERALIZED PUBLIC HEALTH NURSU\G - -
· E. Cryderman
RED CELL PASTE IN TREAT\ffiNT OF ULCERS E. E. Hartz

How CAN NURSES FIGHT FOR PEACE?
NURSING EDUCATION
NOTES FROM NATIONAL OFFICE
PROVINCIAL ANNUAL MEETINGS
EXPERIENCES AT A Nt:RSING OUTPOST
REFLECTIONS ON AN AFTERNOON AT BABY CU!\IC
BOOK REVIEWS
NEWS NOTES

L. Holland

543
547
549
552
556
559
564
567
568
575

A. PhillijJs
Jl. Boyd

Subscription Rates: $2.00 per year - $5.00 for
years; Foreign & U.S.A., $2.50; Student
Nurses. $1.50; Canadian Nursing Sisters Over!eas and Canadian nurses .erving with UNRRA,
$2.00 only. Single Copies. 20 cents. All cheques, money orders and postal notes should be made
payable to ThE' C,lInadittn Nurse. (Whtn remitting by cheques add 15 cents for exchange).
Change of Address: Four weeks' advance notice, and the old address. as well as the new. are
necessary for change of subscriber'. eddress. Not responsible for Journals lost in the mails due
to new address not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. EditOTi.1
Coøtent: N-ews items should reach the Journal office before the 8th of month preceding publica-
tion. All published ms.. destroyed after 3 months, unless asked for. Official Dir
ctory: Publi.h.d
complete in March, June. Sept. ðc: Dec. issues.
Address all communications to '22 M
dical Arts Bldg., Montr
al 2'. P. Q.

'02

Vol. 41. No. '7

FATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

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THE fìrst penon to be granted a license to
practise "Physic, Surgery ond Midwifery" in
Upper Cønada, Gilchrist walked seventy miles
from Cobourg to Toronto to undergo examina-
tion by a Medical Board. He was granted his
license to practise on the 5th of June, 1819.
He was barn on February 5th, 1792, at Bed-
ford, New Hampshire, and was the eldest of
four brothers, all of whom practised medicine,
ond all of whom built similar houses.

In 1822 he was gazetted surgeon to the First
Northumberland Regiment of Militia. In 1824
he settled in Otonnabee Township. In those
early days it was frequently necessary for
doctors to supplement their incomes by other
pursuits. Gilchrist found it necessary to conduct
a general store and a grist and saw mil/.
Gilchrist unsuccessfuly contested a seat for
the Legislative Assembly in 1834 and again in
1836. In 1841 he was returned by a consider-
able majority for the then New Colborne Dis.
trict and, in the following year, was elected
Treasurer for the District. He was one of twelve

*ONE 01 A SERIES

J.

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Upper Canada Academy, Cobourg,
Ont., opened June 18th, 1836. Later
named Victoria College.

M.D., J,P., l.M.8.U.C., M.P. (1792-1859)

persons arrested in the Newcastle District lor
sympathizing with the rebels during the Mac-
kenzie u.prising.
He was instrumental in the building of Upper
Canada Academy (Methodist) at Cobourg (Vic-
toria College). Later the College was moved to
Toronto.

Gilchrist removed to Port Hope where he
resided until he died in the month of December,
1859.

His attitude towards the practice of medicine
may be best illustrated by his reply to a potient
who was unable to pay his medical bill: "When
you see a fellow creature 'in distress, relieve
him as for ás your abilities will allow; and in
50 doing you will discharge the debt you owe
to John Gilchrist."
William R. Warner & Company pays tribute
to John Gilchrist for setting the practice of
medicine in Canado at such a high standard.
Records like this inspire us to maintain with un-
ceasing vigilance our policy . , . Therapeutic
Exactness and Pharmaceutical Excellence,

1856 -1945
\W A I
N lIE R & COMPANY LTD.

MANUfACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

JUL Y. 1945

50J

Reader's Guide

The primary function of all nursing
service is to provide the essential care
for those who are ill. Yet, mental illness,
which surely merits as adequate care as
any other form of sickness, has been
abandoned in many instances to the un-
skilled ministrations of attendants. To
evoke a greater interest in this field, a
symposium on mental hygiene and the
nursing responsibilities for providing
care was featured at the recent conven-
tion of the R.N.A.O. \Vith the firm con-
viction that nurses are willing to assume
their rightful responsibility when they
are fully prepared to meet the demands
made upon them, we recommend these
four articles dealing with mental hy-
giene. Dr. G. H. Ste,-enson, 1\1.0., F.R.
S.C., is professor of psychiatry at the
University of \Vestern Ontario and su-
perintendent of the mental hospital in
London, Ontario. Mrs. Laura 'V. Fitz-
simmons is nursing consultant to the
Committee on Psychiatric Nursing,
American Psychiatric Association, New
York. Hilda Bennett is on the faculty
of the School of Nursing, University of
Toronto. Eileen Cryderman is a member
of the public health nursing staff of the
City Health Department, Toronto, On-
tario. \Vatch for developments in the
scheme for the affiliation of student
nurses in Ontario.

Complementing- the discussion of how
to deal with children in hospital, we are
very pleased to present the informative
and interesting article on how to keep
the sick child happy, through activity,
prepared by Gertrude .:\1. Watts. Miss
\Vatts was occupational therapist at the
country branch of the Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, for several years. She

504

is now on the teaching staff of that de-
partment at the University of Toronto.
She is a very gifted person and has al-
ways been most successful in devising
constructive occupations for hospitalized
children, both singly and in group3. Her
explicit instructions will be welcomed by
nurses and harassed mothers alike.

What factors in the physical set-up of
the hospital are of particular concern
to the local health department? Aside
from giving student nurses an insight
into community health services, what
contribution has the health department
to make to the general welfar
of the
hospital?
\nn Peyerley, supervisor in
the Westmount Health D( partment. in-
dicates that there are numerou<; points
of contact where each can as:;:ist the
other. \Ye are indebted to Miss Peverley,
also, for the interesting study on our
cover.

\Vhen illness forced Atlanta S. Sollows.
of Saint John, N.H., to forsake her active
nursing career, she found a place for
herself in a related service, chiropody.
But this is only half the story of her
activities. For over two months Miss
Sollows spent all her leisure hours mak-
ing- quaint birds with gaily coloured
wings and feet, white mice, etc. These
were shipped to the organization spon_
sored by Mrs. J. B. Priestly for distribu-
tion to the children of Britain. And, as
if this wu.e not enough, Miss Sollows has
published a book of poems, and a novel.

Erna E. Hartz is a supervisor at the
Saint John General Hospital.

V.I. 41, No.7

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ROVER doesn't feel so well. When the hot August sun beats down,
Rover is through. He knows it and sif!1plytakes it easy. Lucky dog !
Unlike the average human, he is able to do much as he pleases. It's
trying enough for normal people to keep going on days like these,
but for the hay fever sufferers it's really tough. You can be certain
that they will be spending part of their time in the doctor's office.
This will mean prescriptions for Pd yules and 'Enseals' * Ephedrine
and 'Seconal Sodium;** Pulvules and Tablets Ephedrine and
'Amytal;*** Pulvules Epragen, and Pulvules Amesec. Check your
stocks today. Order from your service wholesaler.
ELI LILLY AND COMPANY (CANADA) LIMITED. T'JRONTO, ONTARIO

;:.:}; *'Enseals' (Enteric-Sealed Tablets, Lilly)
__

! **'Seconal Sodium' (Sodium Propyl-methyl-carbinv l Allyl Barbiturate. Lilly)
f'r. -' Amy tal' (Iso-amyl Ethyl Barbituric Acid, Lilly)

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LI BBY'S HOMOGENI ZED
FR
U I T AND VEGETABLE

BALANCED
COMBINATIONS

Homogenization of Baby Foods is a Patented Libby Process

Libby's novel practice of combining at least three fruits or vegetables in
their Homogenized Baby Foods is based on recent discoveries regarding
the importance of a balanced diet for optimum health. In combination, the
nutritional values of one or two foods compensate for the dietetic defi-
ciencies of the other.

Researches undertaken for Libby, McNeill and Libby reveal that canmng
vegetables in combination has the following effects:

( 1) It scientifically compensates for the
natural deficiencies of each vegetable
so that each food combination pos-
sesses substantial fuel values as well
as being a good or excellent source
of vitamin A and C and of iron.

(2) It increases significantly the biologic-
al value of the iron content above
the level of the vegetable in the com- .
bination which has the highest iron
content.
(3) It augments the caloric as well as the
biological value of the total iron.

M
ENIZEO
(E .XTJlltA-CE LLuLAR '

Experiments supporting these findings are re-
ported and discussed in a series of bulletins
which are available to pediatricians and physi-
cians on written request.

\ ,
ABY FOOD$.. >\

ONLY LIBBY'S BABY FOODS ARE HOMOGENIZED
7 BALANCED BABY FOOD COMBINATIONS

These combinations of Homogenized vegetables, cereal, soup and fruits
make it easy for the Doctor to prescribe a variety of solid foods for
infants.

1. Peas, beets, asparagus.
2. Pumpkin, tomatoes, green beans.
3. Peas, carrots, spinach.
6. Soup-carrots, celery, tomatoes,
chicken livers, barley, onions.
7. A meatless soup consisting of celery,
potatoes, peas, carrots, tomatoes,
soya flour and barley. Can be fed to
very young babies.

9. An "all green" vegetable combina-
tion-many doctors have asked for
this. Peas, spinach and green beans
are blended to give a very desirable
vegetable product.
10. Tcmatoes, carrots and peas-these
give a new vegetable combination of
exceptionally good dietetic proper-
ties and flavour.
And in addition, Three Single Vegetable
Produc.s Specially Homogenized:

PEAS, SPINACH, CARROTS AND LIBBY'S
HOMOGENIZED EVAPORATED MILK

Chatham

LIBBY, McNEILL AND LIBBY OF CANADA LIMITED

Ontario

BFM-I-45

506

Vol. 41, No.7

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SAFETY

Fact! .Ior the patient
inquiring abottt the

OF INTERNAL MENSTRUAL PROTECTION

Tampax menstrual tampons are more
than merely adequate for catamenial
protection...they possess a wide margin
of safety, particularly on prolonged use.
Careful and extended research by au-
thorities in different parts of the coun-
cry-involving studies on bacterial flora,
hydrogen ion concentration, vaginal
mucosal biopsies, glycogen determina-
tions and gross examinations in hun-
dreds of cases-has failed to reveal
any untoward results from the regular
use of this form of menstrual hygiene.
For instance, one investigator 1 re-
pOrts, "By exact research in 218 women
who wore tampons regularly during
their menstruation for one year and
over, no production of irritation or
discharge, vaginitis or cervicitis was
found. ..
Another 2 states that, in 110 subjects
using tampons throughout each period
for a minimum of one year to a maxi-

TAMPA X

mum of two years, "there was no evi-
dence of any irritation of the cervix or
vagina by the tampon."
A third clinician 3 (with a series of 21
subjeas) writes that "no evidence was
observed of any infection carried by
the tampons."
Finally, the general COnsensus would
seem to indicate that i
travaginal men-
strual protection will not cause block-
ing of the flow or cramps-rather that
"tampons actually acted as a wick to
draw away the blood from the cervix:'l
Thus, Tampax can be soundly rec-
ommended to patients of menstruating
age-on the basis that "the evidence is
conclusive that the tampon method of
menstrual hygiene is safe, comfortable
and not prejudicial to health."4
(1) West. J. Surg., Obst. & Gyn., 51 :150, 1943.
(2) Am. J. Obst. & Gyn., 46:259, 1943. (3)
Clin. Mee!. & Surg., 46:327, 1939. (4) Med
Rec., 155:316, 1942.

accepted for advertising hy
the Journal of the American Medical Association

Canadian Tampax Corporation Ltd.. NAM F
Brompton. Onto

Please send me a professional supply
of the three absorbencies of T ompox. 01Y

JULY, 1945

PI) .1.8

ADDRESS

507

Readily Digestible
MILK MODIFIERS
for INF ANT FEEDING

.'
;
,. _.

Crown Brond and Lily White Corn Syrups are well
known to 1'he medical profes!ion as a thoroughly
safe and satisfactory carbohydrate for use as a milk
modifier in the bottle feeding of infants.

t[)WAfwsaURV
CROWN BRAB
q'm:1
tnftÑ'
YRd'

Thue pure corn syrup! can be readily digested and
do not irritate th
delicate intestinal tract of fhe
infant.

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,.,.

tll....'/{l}
fIf 1\('.
rnITi1
q i<lo; "
^
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,
I=

HCROWN BRAND"
and"LIL
WHITE" CORN SYRUPS
',Manufactured by THE CANADA STARCH COMPA
Y Limited
MONTREAL AND TORONTO

v
..-' . . ---../ - ...... . ._

f ( '?? f1ee! I w,íh Nurse would use'
.. y!(j b MERCK
-'
\ZlNC STEARATE POWDER)
IJ
Jy .JJt's W
/ /

ij 7.? }
This powder was born just to keep my
\ /' skin free from chafing and that darn old

'- I -^-A- :.iaper rash. Just wait till nurse trys
O:;r=' \ \ -^-" it and sees how smooth and sweet
......

and soft it makes me-bet she'll
\.
. ) -
n_ver again use any other toilet IF .
--=
W--
'-

powder for babies. ..
YOU DON'T HAVE TO BE A BABY . . . MERCK
No sir! Many new customers have been added. Adults find Merck iRe STEARAJ(
Zinc Stear:Jte ex::::ellent for eliminating skin and feet irritations ...........".".,"'..
caused by p.:rspiration in hot weather.
NURSES-if your feet are hot and sore after hours of ward duty, do
try this truly excellent poweer. Rerrerrber teo. it's the powder in
the self-closi!1g cot1tainer-pr
vents baby's spilling.

>

MERCK & CO. LIMITED

MONTREAl & JORONT

508

Vol. 41. No.7

The Torture of Ivy

and Other Plant

Poisonings

T HE irresistible urge that woodlands and
forests have for children is apt to make
youngsters incautious in their wanderings.
Hence, ivy and oak, as well as other plant
contact dermatitides, are especially prevalent
in children. The prompt use of Calmitol im-
mediately removes the commonest cause of
spread-scratching. Calmitvl controls the tor-
menting itching so characteristic of these
lesions. Thus traumatic irritation is elimi-
nated, and healing is measurably hastened.
Calmitol Ointment, because of its specific
antipruritic properties, is the preferred medi-
cation in itching skin lesions of children.

he
IJJtiæ& &0 ::é'td
504 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal, Canadal

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1_PRURITIC
'-' NDABlE
THE DEPE

The active ingredients of Calmitol are camphorated chloral, menthol and hyoscyamine oleate in an alc()o.
hol-chloroform-ether vehicle. Calmitol Ointment contains 10 per cent Calmitol in a lanolin-petrolatum
base. Calmitol stops itching by direct action upon cutaneous receptor organs and nerve endings, prevent-
ing the further transmission of offending impulses. The ointment is bland and nonirritating, hence can be
used on any skin or mucous membrane surface. The liquid should be applied only to unbroken skin arèas.

JULY, 1945

50"

r

New Cream
Deodorant
Safely helps
Stop Perspiration

.IZ/
, CL '.'

'j^

1. Does not irritate skin. Does not rot
dresses and men's shirts.
2. Prevenrs under-arm odor. Helps stop
perspirarion safely.
3. A pure, white, anriseptic, stainless
vanishing cream.
4. No waiting to dry. Can be used right
after shaving.
S. Arrid has been awarded the Approval
Seal of the American Institute of
Laundering-harmless to fabric. Use
Arrid regularly.

ID IS THE
::
STSELLING
III J Illl L DEODORA
T
ARRID

39
,so 15
and 59t sizes
AT ANY STORE WHICH SELLS TOILET GOODS
MORE MEN AND WOMEN USE ARRID
THAN ANY OTHER DEODORAf\.T
..

510

1

J\

,- '"1

;i

,

- ----==

IDENTIFICATION
is easy with CASH'S
WOVEN NAMES.
Most Hospitals, Institu-
tions, and Nurses use
them in preference to
all other methods. They are the
sanitary, permanent, economical
method of marking,
(Larger .i:r.e, dyle D-54 name.-di._
continued until further notice).
CASH'S, 35 Grier St,. Bellevllle.Ont.
CASH'Sl.3doz-SI
6doz-$2Q.Q NO.SOCem
nt
NAMES I 9 doz -$2
12 dOl - $.3Q.Q 250; d tub

TI-lE CENTRAL
REGISTRY OF GRADUATE
NURSES, TORONTO

Furnish Nurses
at any hour
DA Y or NIGHT
TELEPHONE Kingsdale 2136

Physicians' and Surgeons' Bldg.,
86 Bloor Street, West, TORONTO 5.
WINNIFRED GRIFFIN, Reg. N.

DYSPNE INHAL

For QUICK relief of
Asthmatic Attacks, Emphysema,
Hay Fever, Dyspnoea and Respir-
atory Embarrassment.
For inhalation only

SAFE and ECONOMICAL
TREA TMENT

ROUGIER FRERES
350 LeMoyne St., Montreal.

Check Sniffling
. Mentholatum
quickly relieves
summer head colds;
checks sniffling;
soothes irritated
membranes. Jars or
Tubes 30c. 12X

,^1.

:\t

(.O\.

MENTHDLATUM
Gille5 COMFORT Døily

Vol. 41, No.7

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Less Need for Restricted Diets

"The diet has become more liberal since the use of Aluminum Hydroxide has
been included as part of management. Three meals a day, consisting of the
usual bland diet, were used at the start of treatment, and within the first week.
meat
as added. Ground meat was used at the start of treatment in cases of
massive hemorrhage. By the end of the second week, vegetables and fruit in
cooked form ami :o.oon thereafter citrus fruit juices were included. The impor-
tance of a well-balanc..d (Iiet has heen emphasized in all instances."

1. CULLINS, E. N., PRITCHETT, C. P. and ROSSMILLER,
H. R.: The use of Aluminum Hydroxide in the treatment uf Peptic
Ulcer. J.A..I\l.C., 116: 109 (Jan. II) 1941.

The Con\cnient Supplement to Amphojel* Therapy
AMPHOJEL TABLETS Wyeth
Each tahlet produces the antacid effect of
two teaspoonfuls of Amphojel.

DOSE: Place one-half or one tablet on the tongue> and :-; r P oue-
half glass of water as tahlet dissolves. Repeat five or six timps
daily ùetween meals and on retiring. Supplied in hottk'i of
50 tablets.

AMPHOJEL

ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL
*Trademark reg'd in Canada

JOHN WYETH & BROTHER (CANADA) LIMITED, WALKERVILLE, ONTARIO

JULY, 1945

'11

,.A

l!. -L.....",.

J

. . . has been the choice of doctors
and nurse: for over 75 years when
prescribing
oap for baby care.

wuukþ

safe, gentle
cleansing. It's hygieni-
colly manufactured to
measure up to high
st
Jinical standards and
contains only the fin-
est and best of ingre-
dients.

'.ð "tWWL .JLtt

1

i
....v \

V

. you can recom-
mend this special soap
with confidence. You
may have absolute
faith in its continued
general excell.::nce and
particular purity.

.en.
.

h;.
'" "f
BABY'S OWN
J) /' SO'rAf

-Á -\

The J.B.WlllIAMS co. (CANADA) limited

512

THE UNIVERSITY OF
WESTERN ONTARIO

Division of Study for Graduate Nurses
offers the following courses:
A five-year course leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science
in Nursing.

Courses covf'ring one academic year
and leading to cèrtifÌLL.t(s in:
1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. INSTRUCTOR IN NURSING
(Teaching and Supervision in
Schools of Nursing)
3 HO
PITAL ADMINISTRATION
For information apply to:
Division of Study for
Graduate Nurses
Faculty and Institute of
PL.blic Health
London - Canada

UNIVERSITY OF
MANITOBA

Post Graduate Courses for
N u riel

The following one-year certificate
courses are offered in:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. TEACHING AND SUPERVISION IN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING
3. ADMINISTRATION IN SCHOOLS
OF NURSING

For information apply to:

Director
School of Nursing Education
Univenity of Manitoba
Winnipeg. Man.

Vol. 41, No. 1

ANTISEPSIS

The Test of Experience

'The destruction of bacteria (disinfec-
c tion) orinterferencewith their activities
'(antisepsis) by chemical means is at-
e tempted daily in proceedings ranging
e between proved usefulness and utter
e futility. The value of such proceedings
C must be judged ultimately by their
e clinical results, but - in devising or
C making a choice between them when
C such results are equivocal, theoretical
, considerations must be given weight.'

· Dettol ' has been increasingly used for
over ten years throughout the British
Empire - in general hospitals, maternity
homes, factories, schools and house

holds. It has been put to test in all
the contingencies that call for the use
of an antiseptic - and under every con

ceivable condition, from the planned
operation quietly and unhurriedly per

formed in the modern operating theatre
to the pressing emergency treated against
time in the field casualty station. The
experience has been long enough and
varied enough to define its scope and
limitations, to test its strength and expose Thus, the testimony of the laboratory
any fundamental weaknesses. and of the controlled clinical in

It is not without significance that in vestigation has been borne out and
this period · Dettol " which first came strengthened by the test of experi

into use as the routine antiseptic in ence - vast, ever growing, and
obstetric practice, has become the most tending only to extend the range
widely used general-purposes antiseptic of conditions in which · Dettol '
in the Empire. Obstetricians were is applied as the antiseptic of
particularly influenced by its complete choice.

Garrod, L. P., and Keynes, G. L. (1937). Brit. med. J. 2, 1233

and certain bactericidal action on
the hæmolytic streptococci re

sponsiblc for the great majority of
puerperal infections; and by its
capacity to form a durable barrier
against re-infection by these or'
ganisms. Surgeons were not slow to
see the possibilities of an antiseptic
which combined high bactericidal
power-even in the presence of
blood, pus and wound contamin

ants- with complete non-toxicity;
which could in short be used, safely
and effectively, on the skin, in the
wound and for instruments. The
general public was influenced by
less weighty considerations: by the
fact that its application, whether
to wounds, abraded surfaces or
mucous membranes, did not cause
pain; that it did not stain or injure
linen; and that, unlike poisonous
antiseptics, it could be left in an
accessible place for the use of the
whole household.

RECKITf & COL'IAN (CANADA) LIMITED. PHAR:\fACEUTICAL DEPARTMENT. MONTREAL
1f .6c-

JUL Y, 1945

513

McGill UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES

The foHowing courses are offered to graduate nurses:
A TWO. YEAR COURSE LEADING One-year certificate courses:
TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR . . .
OF NURSING. OPPORTUNITY IS TeachIng & SupervIsIon in
PROVIDED FOR SPECIALIZATION Schools of Nursing.
IN FI ELD OF CH OICE. Public Health Nursing.
Administration in Schools of
Nursing.
Administration & Supervision
in Public Health Nursing.

SUPERVISION IN PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING

A twelve-month course of
correlated theory and practi-
ce in this special field will be
available to a selected group
of nurses who have had satis-
factory experience following
graduation.

Four-month courses:

"'T ard Teaching & Supervision
Administration & Supervision in
Public Health Nursing.

For information apply to:
School for Graduate Nurse
, 'lcGill University,
Iontreal 2

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Placement Service

Information regarding posi-
tions for Registered Nurses in
the Province of British Colum-
bia may be obtained by writing
to:

Elizabeth Braund, R.N., Directar
Placement Service
1001 Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
B. C.

514

THE VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.

Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.

Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment,

Apply to:

Miss Elizabetb Smellie

Chief Superintendent
114 Wellington Street.
Ottawa.

Vol. 41, No. ,.

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SpecjaI Delivery " ',' -0.' .-
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Gosh, Doctor, us babies hope you're spreadin' the news-about the im-
pT01..'ed, better baby powder! It's workin' wonders in helpin' to prevent heåt.
diaper rash. chafing, urine irritation and many other skin troubles. That's
l\{ennen Antiseptic Baby Powder-it's antiseptic, mild and soothin'."
1. Most Baby Specialists prefer Mennen Antiseptic Baby Powder to any other bahy
powder (and S out of 4 doctors say baby powder should be antiseptic) * .
2. Mennen is smoothest-shown in microscopic tests of leading baby powders. Only
.Mennen powder is "cloud-spun" for extra smoothness, extra comfort.
3. Makes baby smell so sweet. . . new, mild flower-fresh scent!1

--

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.

Also, .4 times as many doctors prefer MENNEN ANTIISEPTIC
BABY OIL as any other baby oil or lotion*
Pharmaceutical Division, The Mennen Company, Ltd., Toronto, Canada.

JULY, 1945

.

.

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"1"e most etticient metÞod at doing t"is
ltreating pernicioUs anaemia) is to us." t"at
torm at t""rapY w"ic" will accomPlis!> t"e
Ò . Ò nd wit" t"e least e"pen se and
eS\r e e ..* 1" .

inc",,
enience to t"e patient. e
ar
e Y
at torm s and potencies at J..
erst li
er
E"tr acts a
ailab'e tacilitates t"" practiCe.

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CtS

'0'1<0'" ("0. 9\5\-. ,.",,,,,.M .,,,,,,,,,,'c. 1 """'.
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.516

\- .->.. 41, No. ,

CJ;;(
CANADIAN NURSE

A M 0 NTH L Y J 0 URN A L FOR T II E "I' I
S E'" () F C A " A D A
PUB LIS H E D B Y THE CAN A D I A N f\: l' I'
E". ASS (J C I '\ T ION

VOLUME FORTY-ONE .'I/u.'nff.'l( SEVEN

JDL Y 1945

In Unity There IS Strength

There can be little doubt that, be-
hind many of our difficulties in work-
ing out more unified national pro jeets)
lies the British Korth America Act. The
interpretation of this .:onstitut;on gives
to the nine provinces uf Canada wide
legislative power, but due to the dif-
ferences in lucation, size and natural
resources of these same provinces, we
observe wide financial variation with
resulting inequality of possibilities. A
country split into such units, each an
entity in itself, is of course democrafc,
stimulating to provincial enterprise and
wholesome rivalry; but with a popula-
tion of twelve million dispersed in this
way, it lacks the cohesive force neces-

.ary to national strength and develop-
ment. Such a background is reflected
in every phase of Canadian life. lVlore
especially do we recognize this influence
in our educational and health services.
Our nursing association is likewise
scattered and distributed. Each provin-
cial organization has developed its own

JULY, 1945

comÙll
'nn prov:ncial law:;; and sys-
tems. Thus it is that we tend to develop
provincially and many acti,'ities must, of
necessity, be planned accord:ng to this
arrangement. As we face the impact of

Cl:mn Sfllrlin.
. S'I nf John
\1.,\RIO
1\1vERs

517'

518

'I'HE C.\N.\DI \N NURSE

social changes, especially in health ser-
VIces, it is inevitable that experiments
must he tried and new developments
studied. If we are to make our best
contribution every method toward un-
ity, insofar as our present framework
permits, must be utiliz
d. The latest
form of activity is Placement Bureaux.
In most of the provinces, the initial
step in this sudden development was, of
course, stimulated through Government
Grant funds. together with the need to
know our own resource". The Nation-
al Committee on Placement Bureaux
is to be congratulated for suggesting that
some sort of co-ordinating in fluence he
brought into these scattered services at
once.
The setting up of a diversity of
schemes leads to duplication and greater
overhead. The National Committee on
Nursing School Records has been trying
for some time to bring out a set suitable
for the whole of Canada. The variety
they have encountered shows the need
to study our Placement Bureaux rec-
ords before they, too, become difficult
to mould. From the out-look of a sm.all
province plunging into this experiment
it becomes evident that such a service
.cannot maintain itself well provincially.
Such factors as a small area, limited
funds and number of members, even
apart from wartime, superimpose limi-
tations.

Nurses. on the whole, move ahout a
very great deal. This characteristic has
been even more stimulated through the
war years. Interprovincial contacts w.::re
made through more post-graduate cour-
ses. l\1any married nurses moved back
and forth from. Vancouver to Halifax
following their hushands. Others, caught
by the restlessness of the time, moved
anyway, a practice most upsetting to a
stable service but, in the iong run, pro-
ducing a consciousnes-- of Canada as a
whole and a hond of unity among our
scattered people.
In the meantime, as the machinery
for better co-ordination gets warmed up,
the provincial experiments .are having
a try-out and we shall doubtless learn
much from this sporadic outburst.
In the United States, where Place-
ment Service is older and better estab-
lished, we observe the trend toward
larger units for more effective results.
U nitv does not come through creating
dive;sity, rather let National leadership
and direction give rise to the provin-
cial branch whose re.aching out and ex-
perimentation is only valuable as it
blends into a well co-ordinated national
structure.

l\lARION MYERS
President
New Bruns.wick Association
of Registered Nurses.

Here comes the twilight so silently creeping,
Holding the garments of night in her hand;
Day has departed with laughter and weeping
Flinging its dew to the slumbering land.
There in the western skies tapestries hanging,
Arching the mountain tops white with their
flame,
God is the artist of that lovely etching
Painting'" oicture that's never the same.
A far in th.. 'voodlands the song tl1rush is
singing

Twilight

Caroling vespers-how sweet the refrain,
From the deep shadows your love strain is
ringing,
Pervadi:lg the twilight with beauty and pain.
Grant that life's day so quietly drifting,
Slipping through shadows of night to its
goal-

fay in the twilight see the curtain uplifting-
Revealing God's anthem of love to the soul.
E. JAMESON
Calgary General Hospital

Vol. 41, No.7

The Place of Mental Hygiene and Mental Nursing

In this Reconstruction Period

G. H. STEVENSON, M.D.

It is interesting to note changing em-
phasis jn the programs of scientific bodies
for their annual meetings. To us in the
nursing and medical professions these
changes in our own programs are es-
pecially :wteworthy. This new interest
is due not only to an increasing recog-
nition of the importance of this subject
but also to a changing concept on the
part of psychiatry as to the extent of its
field and to the gradually emerging close
relationship between physical and men-
tal, a relationship which actually demon-
strates that physical and mental are not
separate entities, but rather two closely
interrelated aspects of health. As doctors
and nurses we are now realizing that
we are not caring for the physic.al as-
pects of disease, but that we are car-
ing for people, endeavouring to keep
them in the best possible health, physi-
cal and mental. When they become ill
we think primarily of them as sick per-
sons, sick perhaps both mentally and
physically, whom it is our joint respon-
sibility to bring back to good health.
This union of the mental and phy-
sical aspects of health has resulted in a
new concept of medicine, now known
as psychosomatic medicine. This word
need not alarm anyone as it is only the
Greek roots of mind and body, the
psyche and the soma, and please note
there is not even a hyphen between the
two parts of this word, indicating again
the indivisibility of health, but indicating
nevertheless that health has at least these
two aspects.
I do not propose to discuss this concept
at any lC!1gth, but do desire to indicate
that much physical disease has a mental
element, that disturbed emotions can
and do influence such somatic expres-
sions as peptic ulcer, hypertension, car-
diac symptoms, insomnia, fatigue, skin

JULY, 194'

conditions, metabolism, allergic condi-
tions; that the individual's attitude to
his disease may greatly influence its sev-
erity and its outcome; that people may be
made delirious by disturbed emotions;
that many emotional disturbances can
and do produce a great variety of phy-
sical symptoms, as seen so commonly in
the war neuroses; that emotional dis-
turban.:es are often the result of envir-
onmental difficulties and adjustment
problems with which the public health
nurse is constantly confronted and chal-
lenged to do something. Conversely,
purely physical diseases lower our men-
tal health, decrease our efficiency and
feeling of well-being, produce emotional
instability and conduct disorders, and
when emotions are made unhealthy, by
physical illness or any other cause, we
may not think clearly and logically, may
even develop delusions.
This brief summary indicates some-
thing of the remarkable transition of
psychiatry from its former narrow field
of the psychoses as seen in mental hos-
pitals, unrecognized by physicians and
nurses alike, as cases of illness coming
within their sphere of professional in-
terest, to its present integration with
general medicine and its increasing cen-
tralization in the general hospital. It in-
dicates also why the medical and the
nursing student are no longer well-
trained for their respective tasks unless
they are thoroughly conversant with the
psychological factors in disease and the
relationship of the environment as a
whole to health as a whole, that is, pub-
lic health or social medicine.
This does not mean that psychiatry
is no lone-t"r interested in the psychoses.
This large group, occupying as many
hospital beds as all other sick people
combined, is a constant challenge to our

".

520

'f H E C A l\J A D I A. 1\ 1\ U R S E

.: 'I. : I :' ..' f
i
respective professions. I prefer to use the tually it means the attempts we make to
word delirious to psychotic as, in my influence ,favourably the psychic aspects
opin:on, these two names are "equiv.al-' of the patient's health b} the direct or in-
ents, and because we cannot refuse res- direct l se of mental elements in our own
ponsibility for delirious patients. Our personalities. Direct psychotherapy might
mental hospitals are hosp:tals for the care inyolve an analysis of the patient's life
and treatment of delirious persons. These experiences, his mode of thinking, his
delir
ous states may be due to physical reactions to his environment. It might
or mental etiology, or a combination of call for hypnotic or narco-hypnotic treat-
the two. They may be of short or long ment and analysis, as has been used so
durat:on, but they are definitely our much in war neuroses. It might entail
joint responsibility. This means that the strong positive suggestions to the pa-
nursing of the patients in these hospitals, tient; it might involve re-education of
not only the phy
ical nursing hu
all the personality, encourage better sub-
the nursing of both women and men l.mat,ons and healthier
scape mechan-
alike, should be directed by a qualified isms. Indirectly, the personality might
director of nursing, and that every ward need to be built up by the strengthening
should be directed and supervised by a of the somatic features by appropriate
broadly trained registered nurse, as- medication, diet, exercise, etc. The whole
sisted by other registered nurses and sub- attitude of the doctor and the nurse to
sidiary non-professional staff. Nor should the patient is important, their Success
such nurs:ng be necessarily limited to in encouraging his will to be well, the
women nurses. The nursing profession degree to which by their tact they se-
should train male nurses for, in the nurs- cure his co-operation, the example they
ing care of delirious persons, registered show the patient in their own attitudes
men nurses should be a valuable group. to life and its problems. All these are
In th
g-eneral hospital we find an psychotherapeutic considerations. The
increasing tendency to have a psychiatric division of psychotherapeutic responsibil-
ward or service. Certainly every gen- ity between the doctor and the nurse
eral hospital should have a unit for the should be well understood in the same
diagnosis, proper treatment and nursing way that the surgeon and the surgical
care of delirious patients. Such units nurse divide their responsibilities. Only
should be for short intensive therapy and the surgeon makes the diagnosis, only
only the more severe or protracted delir- the surgeon makes the incision. The
ious patients should be sent on to the nurse makes the preparation, she assists
provincial mental hospital. In every gen- him with the operation, she is largely
eral hospital there will also be non-delir- responsible for the after-care. Similarly
ious mental conditions, the neurosis and in psychotherapy the physician will have
mental complications of physical diseases. to assess the factors and make the diag-
The nurse has her part not only in the nostic evaluation. He may have to cut
use of the modern "shock" therapies, into the depths of the patient's con-
hydrotherapeutic techniques, some oc- sciousness, at times painfully; he will
cupational and physiotherapeutic assis- have to develop the therapeutic program.
tance but also in the psychotherapeutic The nurse's part will be that of full
approach. She has a right to know the co-operation with the doctor, being care-
full nature of the patient and his illness, ful not to work at cross purposes with
so far as the doctor may be aware of it, him, to go no further with the probing
and should expect to collaborate with or dressing of mental wounds than the
him in everything that may be for the doctor instructs, to protect the patient's
patient's welfare. personality from unnecessary injury in
Psychotherapy is a broad and perhaps either its psychic or somatic aspects; she
rather vague term to many of us. Ac- develops the patient's confidence in his

Vol. 41, No.7

1\1 E N TAL H Y G I ENE

ability to recover and in the treatment
program; she takes part in the re-edu-
cational and sublimative features; she
emanates optimism ílnd encouragement;
she shows a healthy personality reaction
to her own life and her job. This brief
survey of psychotherapy does not attempt
anything more than an indication of its
importance, additional features of which
should be included in every nurse edu-
cation curriculum.
Psychosomatic medicine has íln in-
creasing importance in the out-patient
department of general hospitals, in child-
ren's hospitals, in buterculosis hospitals,
in hospitals for chronic diseases, in hos-
pitals for the aged and in home nursing.
Hospitals for the care of the aged (ger-
ia tries), a coun terp.art to hospitals for
the care of children (pediatrics), are
urgently needed. With the old age
group, a constantly increasing group,
having a high incidence of mental en-
feeblement as well as physical degenera-
tion, such hospitals serving geographical
areas will be found to fill a real need,
will prevent the overcrowding of menta]
hospitals, and will provide a broad fieJG
for nursing skills.
Mental hygiene, preventive psychia-
try, is a part of the broad field of pre-
ventive medicine in which both doctors
and nurses have a part. Preventive psy-
chiatry involves the right to be well-
born, to have intelligent, well-adjusted
parents, cap.able of giving good health
training to the young; it involves good
housing, a balanced "and sufficient diet,
good habit formation, well-conducted
schools (and well-conducted teachers),
decent economic opportunities and good
international relations. Obviously the
doctor and nurse cannot be responsible
for all of these things but it is certainl}'
our duty to know the various factors
which influence mental health and to
give leadership in the movement for
good health in its physical and mental
aspects.
In the prevention of mental disorders
and the preservation of good mental
health the public health nurse holds a

JULY, 1945

521

key position. The first rule for keeping
mentally fit is to keep phys:cally fit, so
that whatever the publIc health nurse
does for physical fitness and the avoid-
ance of communicable disease, in decent
housing, and decent food must make
for better mental health. Better pre-
natal, obstetrical and post-natal care con-
tribute to this end. The public health
nurse is in a position to .appraise other
factors in the home which may have an
influence on mental health - economic
security, domestic happiness, good ethi-
cal standards, emot:onal stability, affec-
tion, example set - if these be good the
effect will be good, if they be poor, the
effect is likely to be ad verse. Broken
homes, foster parents, invalidism, de-
pendence, anti-social hehaviour - all
these may have significant influences on
growing children and need to be hand-
led with care.
The mental health clinic has been a
development of recent years and has
served a very useful purpose in assist-
ing physicians, parents and the schools
with e.arly or incipient mental disorders
or behaviour problems of an unhealthy
nature. In Ontario there have been
travelling clinics covering every part of
the province, although not as extensively
as could be desired. In order to enlarge
and improve this service the Department
of Health plans additional clinics as soon
as trained staff are available. Ultimately
these clinics will be divorced from the
mental hospital and will become a part
of the services of the municipal health
unit, along with other clinics, dental
services, etc.
The personnel of such clinics has us-
ually consisted of a physician, a social
worker, a psychologist and a secretary.
You will note that a nurse is not a mem-
ber of this group, in spite of the fact
that it deals with the health of people
in its largest aspects. The reason for this
omission lies in the historical develop-
ment of the mental health clinic, having
its origin in the United States in con-
nection with state mental hospitals.
These hospitals have had relatively few

522

THE CANADIAN NURSE

registered nurses as members of their
st.affs, most of the actual care of the de-
lirious patients having devolved upon
non-professional personnel. The com-
parative lack of interest of the nurs-
ing profession in severe mental illness
and their employment in such small
numbers made them a relatively unim-
portant group in the psychiatric set-up.
Parallel with this nursing indifference
there was a marked growth of interest
among social workers in the problems
relating to the environment as contrib-
uting to mental illness, a movement
which led to the development of a
specially trained group known as psy-
chiatric social workers. These persons
are primarily social workers who have
taken additional training in psychiatric
factors. We adopted the United States
type of clinic personnel, even though
few of our social workers had had pre-
vious psychiatric experience. The so-
cial worker without psychiatric nursing
experience is undoubtedly handicapped
in such work. The registered nurse,
psychiatrically trained but lacking in
certain aspects of social work, would be
similarly handicapped in this important
preventive field.
I am not .at all sure that the nursing
profession wishes to undertake this ad-
ditional field of responsibility but it is
a field to be greatly enlarged and it is
definitely in the field of preventive me-
dicine. I would recommend it to your
serious consideration. The mental health
clinic may be one of the most remark-
able achievements in the post-war per-
iod. In the same way that every contact
with .a case of active tuberculosis is ex-
amined by a tuberculosis clinic so every
child an:! adult in contact with a frankly
mentally ill person should be examined
by a mental health clinic. Mental ill-
nesses, like tuberculosis, are always due to
exposure to adverse influences and that
old superstition, defective inheritance,
need be no more regarded than it is in
tuberculosis. It is probable that Boards
of Education, at least in the larger cen-
tres, will in time develop their own guid-

ance clinics for school children. The
public health nurse, in the role of the
school nurse, working with the doctor,
the teacher, the psychologist and the
parent, will be an important and con-
structive member of such an organiza-
tion.
In the field of family care of mental-
ly'ill patients and in the care of patients
returned to their homes from mental
hospital there is no question that these
functions belong to the nurSe rather than
the social worker. It should be rea]]zed
that the fruit of the mental hospital is
to be found in the number of patients
it is able to return to the community.
The importance, therefore, of keeping
these people well in their homes and of
returning them to employability, or at
least good social adjustment, cannot be
overstressed and should be a nursing res-
ponsibility. It is both home nursing and
public health nursing to a marked de-
gree and should be adequately staffed.
There is little gain if we spend weeks and
months aiding a person back to good
mental he.alth unless we do our best to
provide an environment in which that
personality c.an thrive.
In
umming up, therefore, I would
emphasize the responsibility of the medi-
cal and nursing professions for all peo-
ple in their health relationships, keep-
ing them well and restoring them to
health when ill. I would stress the con-
cept of health as a psychosomatic unity,
not divided into physical and mental.
Sick people have to be nursed in their
homes and in hospitals of all types and
most sicknesses have a psychological ele-
ment, smaIl in some predominantly phy-
sical ailments, large in others and in the
deliria seen in mental hospitals. In the
broad field of preservation of mental
health, an attempt has been made to in-
dicate the role of the nurse in public
health, in the mental health clinic, in
the school, in the out-patient department.
The nurse, in addition to being a well-
trained bedside nurse, needs training in
public health, in social medicine, in men-
tal hygiene principles and psychotherapy.

Vol. 41, No. 7"

Mental Hygiene and Hospital Nursing

L -\URA W. FITZSIMMONS

That mental hygiene should be a
part of all nursing is a fact too elemen-
tary to need mentioning, yet, strange
as it may seem, all too often mental hy-
giene has been more conspicuous by its

bsence than by its presence in the cur-
riculum of the student nurse.
There are several angles from which
I should like to approach this subject -
first, as to guidance or the practice of
mental hygiene in relation to adjustment
of the nur
e herself. I am happy to sav
that in recent years we have made pro-
gress at least to the extent of recogniz-
ing that there is a place for mental h
'-
giene and guidance in the development
-of the nurse, but we in the United States
.are far from an achievement of this goal.
Almost ten years ago the League of
Nursing Education published the Cur-
riculum Guide for schools of nursing
which had for its central theme "The
Ad justment Aim", but we have contin-
ued tò subject the young woman who
comes into a school of nursing to a pat-
tern of discipline and repression which
is not conducive to self-development and
those who emerge as individuals do it in
spite of, .and not because of our educa-
tional system. For instance, many of the
young women who enter our schools of
nursing, and especially those who have
enrolled during wartime, have been to
-college or have been earning a living with
full responsibility for themselves. As stu-
dent nurses they are directed for prac-
.tically every minute of the twenty-four
hour day, and subjected to discipline in
most instances if they fai1 to transform
quickly from individual to automaton and
"to confo:-m consistently to a stereotyped
pattern. After this crippling process of
approximately three years, we expect the
nurse to assume full responsibility for
herself and for others. It seems to me
that we have here a whole field for

)UL Y. 1945

the application of mental hygiene in the
form of guidance which will stimulate
and direct the young women who come
into our schools of nursing. Do not mis-
understand me and believe that I .am
advocating a lack of moral training or
responsibility. On the contrary, I be-
lieve that we would have a higher de-
gree of total development with fewer
eliminat:ons from the student body if
we set about to study ways and means
of aiding the development of the stud-
ents by understanding their problems
and encouraging their special talents, ra-
ther than disregarding the concept of
individual differences, attempting to
pour them all into the same mould in-
wardly even as we have patterned their
uniforms outwardly. This has been very
forcibly brought to our attention in re-
gard to the apparent necessity for draft-
ing nurses into the army. Over and over
one heatd the remark made, "'Vhy
didn't they tell us what to do?" or "\Ve
were just waiting to be told what we
should do" or "Now I shall go in. I
was just undecided". So great has been
the response to President Roosevelt's
message that an actual draft may not be
needed. But the point is that our j,_d

of the practice of good mep..tal hygiene
has tended to atrophy in the nurse the
most prized of all human possessions,
that of individuality, and the fre
dom
that com

from reasoned choices. An
entire paper could be written upon this
subject but I shall paSs on to other an-
gles of this topic.
Proceeding more directly to the hos-
pital situation-for years we have talk.
ed of well-rounded programs of edu-
cation for student nurses, yet with more
beds in the United States occupied by
mental patients than by all others com-
bined we have fourteen states that give
no courses whatsoever in psychi:-.
ric
523

52+

THE C A K
-\ D I ANN U R S E

nurSIng (January, 1944, survey) al-
though everyone of those states have
schools of nursing. \Vhat does this
mean? Briefly this, that while money
has been spent lavishly to recruit stu-
dent nur.,es and to prepare them, many
of our mentally ill are being cared for
by people untrained in psychiatric nurs-
ing. Because so many of our nurses were
untrained in the c.are of mental patients,
the army has had to establish courses in
psychiatric nursing. It is indeed a shock-
ing situation when graduate professional
nurses, who are taken into the army as
commissioned officers, must return to
the status of students and the army,
under the burden of war, be forced to
cumplete the necessary educ.ation for
these nurses before they can adequately
meet the army's present needs. This
should make us hide our faces in shame
at the job we have done or rather failed
to do. Until every nurse is prepared to
care for mental cases, we will not have
learned th
lesson of th:s mistake.
'Vith regard to the thirty-four states
giving courses in psychiatric nursing -
these range from an elective course ta-
ken by a few students to a specified
course as pre-requisite to registration. .-\t
this time three states and the District of
Culumbia require this in the basic pro-
gram before the nurse can obtain her
license to pract:ce. The most prevalent
type of course is the affiliation r.anging
from eight weeks to siÀteen weeks, the
trend being toward the shorter periods
following: the compression of the entire
course of study under the United States
Cadet Nurse Corps plan. There are also
oasic courses where the nurse receives
two years of her education in the men-
tal hopsital and one year in the general
h()
pital. These, however, are very few,
oeing actua]]y only thirty-two out of a
total of 1,307 accredited schools of nurs-
ing in the U
ited States. There are also'
senior cadet programs in psychiatric
nursing. Under wartime planning, the
formal class work has been placed III the
first thirty-month period of the three-
year program leaving the last six months

for option.al work by the student where
she really functions as a relief for the
graduate nurse. During this period many
of the students choose a mental hos-
pital, thus adding this experience if
it has not been given or supplementing,
in some instances, a short affiLation.
Dr. Pratt* has said that (in the
United States) alre.ady more than three
hundred thousand men have been dis-
charged for psychiatric condit"ons
nd
about thirty thousand more are being
discharged each month. This does not
take into consideration the acceleration
in mental illness among the civilian
population .as a result of the broken
homes and other maladjustments asso-
ciated with global war.
'Vhat are we going to do to stem the
tide? How will we, as nurse educators,
meet the problem? 'Vhat provisions are
we making for the future or even to care
for the more than half minion mental
patients that are presently with us? Call
these post-war plans,. or planning for
the future, or what you will. Briefly,
what we, who are concerned with psy-
ch:atric nursing, propose is this: First,
to encourage and strengthen the basic
schools in every possible way. Second,
to use the psychiatric hospitals for affil-
iate courses for students in the general
school of nursing to the extent that this
will become a part of the educ.ation of
every nurse. \Vhile it is conceded that
a few weeks or months spent as an un-
dergraduate student does not make a
clinical specialist in psychiatric nursing
this should be a valuable experience to
the nurse in many ways. It should give
her a bett.::r understanding of all of her
patients, and thus contribute immeasur-
ably to her efficiency in the general hos-
pital. No hospital and no field of nurs-
ing is without its psychiatric problems
whether they be so labelled or not. 1\.lind
and body are not separate entities, but
parts of a whole and one cannot be
considered except in relation to the other.
"'Pratt. George K., M.D., "Soldier to Civilian
- Problems of Readjustment". \Vhittlesey
House, :!'\ew York. 1944. p. 15.

Vol. 41, No. '3

1\1 E 1\ T
L H Y G I E 1\ F

'Ve have come a long way during the
last twenty-five years in establishing this
concept. Only a few years ago menta]
iHness was considered hopeless and cus-
todial care was the accepted treatment.
'Ve have seen that p;cture change. Now
many of the large med;cal treatment and
research centres have their psychopathic
departments even as they have pedia-
trics, ohstetrics and others. Psychosoma-
tic medicine is so permeat;ng the picture
that the nurse and physician of the fu-
ture cannot afford not to have this pre-
paration. You w]l be interested to learn
that one of our universities having a
psychopathic department also has a num-
ber of beds on halls in the general hos-
pital where patients are be:ng treated
by physicians of the department of psy-
chiatry, without being transferr
d to the
psychopathic unit. These are, of course,
selected cases but it is a novel procedure,
and merits mention as a trend. That
psychiatry for all nurses is not impossible
of achievement has been demonstrated
by the fact that it is being required al-
ready hv three states and the District of
Col
mbia. If by these, why not by all?
Such a program would give an introduc-
tion to p5}"Chiatry and undoubtedly many
nurses, after graduation, would seek this
as a field for further endeavour. Under
the present system, many of our nurses
graduated every year have never heen
inside of a mental hospital and, there-
fore, are often ag apprehensive and fear-
ful as a lay person when in contact with
a case of frank mental disorder. A fur-
ther significant contribution from such
a program should be that of developing
the personality of the nurse herse1f. Any
course in psychiatric nursing- which does
not make the nurse more tolerant, more
tactful, more observant and withal bet-
ter able to adjust to life situ.ations has
failed in its purpose.
The chief handicap to the realiza-
tion of this goal of study is a lack of
competent leaders to estahlish and dir-
ect such courses. Knowing that the sup-
ply has never been adequate, little relief
can be expected with the cessation of
JUL Y. 1945

525

hostilitie:-; and con:equent retlirn of nur":
ses to civilian life. \Ve helieve that the
approach to this will have to be made
through the establishment of post-grad-
uate courses. In 1942 and 1943, post-
graduate courses had practically ceased
to exist. In hospitals visited in the U n:ted
States during those two years, there has
been recorded a total of only four gr.ad-
uate students enrolled. Naturally young
nurses are not going to take time for this
when they are so greatly needed for
immediate service. However, the col-
leges and universities do not report such
a drastic curtailment in enrolment.
Therefore, in order to attract students
and raise the level of psychiatric nursing
education, it was thought desirable to
work out co-operative arrangements be-
tween some of the universities with
established curricula in nursing and cer-
tain of the better psychiatric hospitals.
This, it was thought, would lead to
post-graduate courses of a higher caliber
and consequently, more satisfactory
than many given heretofor
.
It is a fact that by far the'larger num-
ber of the so-called post-graduate courses
were in reality prolonged bedside courses
at an undergraduate level. True the
nurse had graduated, but often it was
her first introduction to psychiatric nurs-
ing. Frequently, the lectures for grad-
uate and student nurses were combined.
As a consequence, the post-graduate
course became merely an extension of
the basic preparation. The graduate stu-
dem, who came to the course with pre-
vious psych:atric nursing experience, of-
ten was disappointed with her program
hecause she received little more Lh;Jn ner
sister who had a basic affiliate course.
'Vhile bedside courses have much to
recommend them, they do not prepare
the leaders in psychiatric Ih.1r
ing so ur-
gently needed at this t;me.
Hosp:ta]s arc pr:mari!v servICe jil
;-,- .
tutions and few have the educAtional
staffs for advanced teaching. U r'liversi-
ties, on the other hand, serve this p2r-
ticular purpose. Does it not ';ee!n reas\Jn-
a h 1c, therefore, to combine the two?

526

THE CANADIAN NURSE

With this in mind, plans for such cour-
ses were evolved and eight have already
been estaUished. The first of these was
between the Catholic University of Am-
erica anJ St. Elizabeth's Hospital, a
mental inc.:titution of over seven thou-
sand b
ds in \Vashington, D.C., and
the second was .at the University of :\1in-
nesota a:ld the Rochester State Hosp:tal.
During the survey period of my work
the best course for graduate students
that I c;une upon anywhere was that
given in Ontario. It furnished much of
the inspiration and pattern for the cour-
ses whi.:h we have subsequently estah-
lished. An article which appearl'd ill
the December, 1944, issue of the
/1 1nl'rican ] ournnl of .X ursing ga\'
the
details of this program as to its orga
l.-
ization and curriculum content.
This discussion has centreJ
Iround
the registered nurse or the student who
expected to become a regi
tered nurse.
You are, of course, familiar with the
concept of nurse education fostered b,-
Miss Nightingale, who, wise woman
that she was, advocated the preparation
of two types or groups of nurses. Tho

less well-qualified pr:or to train:ng wer

entered as probationers; the better edu-
cated who were the potential leader5
were called the lady probationers. The
schools of nursing lost this concept eadr
and the whole drive has been to have
only graduate nurses prepared and t})o,e
upon the basis of higher and higher
5tandards. This has worked man) hard-
ships upon the hospitals, the patient:- and
th nurses. Until the United States Ca-
det .Nurse Corps came into existence,
as an emergency measure, our plan of
education of a nurse wa.., expensi\ e to

her which in turn made her service
costly and reduced the number of nur-
ses in direct proportion to the elevation
of the standards for admission. Yet, no
provision was made by the nursing pro-
fession to prepare others at a lower
level for the less specialized duties not
requiring the high degree of intelligence
and skill a
those performed by the pro-
fessional nurse. 'Vith the large numbers.
of patients in mental hospitals, few psy-
chiatric nurses, and with budgets often
too low to employ those that might have
heen available, the mental institutions
have depended to a great extent upon
attendants for nursing care. There
ha\'e been no courses developed for this.
group except by the individual hospitals,
and in a few instances by the State De-
partments of lV1ental Hygiene as an
0\ er-all s
llabus. Lacking a standard
curriculum, the range has been from no
instruction to courses out of all propor-
tion to the status of the position or the
dutie
to be performed. Such a system
is time-consuming, economicall} waste-
ful and leads to a variety of techniques.
Plans are now heing made for recog-
nized courses for attendants and prac-
tical nurses. Fifteen states now issue a
license to practical or vocational nurses
as they are often called.
In
ummary, the major trends in psy-
chiatric nursing are as follows:
1. To inch;de psychiatry in the pro-
gram uf ever\'
tudent nurse.
'- 2. To e
tahlish post-graduate courses
which will he truly what the term im-
plies, cours
s at th
graduate level.
3. To establish relatively uniform
cour!-es for attendants and practical nur-
ses on tht hasis of a curriculum.

Preview

During the past five years there has
been an acstounding increase in the num-
ber of nurses engaged in Ì11dustrial
health services throughout Canada. The
Committee on Industrial Medicine of the
Canadian Medical Association has adop-
ted for m;e here the "Standing Orders

for l'urscs in Industry" formulated by
the Inrlustrial Health Council of the
American Medical Association. In order
that all Canadian nurses may have ready
access to these standing orders, they are
to b( included in the August issue of the
Journal.

Vol. 41, No.7

Occupations for the Sick Child

GERTRUDE 1\1. \V ATTS

Occupations for sick children may be
divided into two groups: those planned as
specific treatment, when occupational
therapy has been prescribed, and those
given in response to the plea of the con-
valescent child "\Vhat can I do now?"
The nurse is often the one to whom the
plea is made. The following activities
are suggested to create a happy atmos-
phere for your patients, to make them
more content and co-operative and thus
help to maintain treatment.
M05t children have a great deal of
energy, ánd after the acute stage of ill-
ness th15 desire for activity should be
directed into constructive channels.
Children in bed have little outlet for
their energies, especiaHy when treat-
ment necessitates immobility or limita-
tion of movement. If no opportunity is
given for constructive occupation, fre-
quently destructive behaviour is the re-
sult. Many occupations can be adapted,
with a 1ittle ingenuity, for the child in
bed.
Before he goes to school the child
learns bv investigating the objects about
him, d.I1d imitating the actions of the
people ill his home. If a patient's con-
valescence will he long we should see
that he does not miss the everyday
things which he would normally learn
if his environment were not limited. In
his daily occupations the child of pre-
school age should be gradually absorb-
ing knowledge of colour, shape, size
and proportion. He should learn how to
play with toys, colour with crayons, cut
with scis<,ors, and to count. These are
all things which he will be expected to
know when he goes to school. His ac-
tivities should be as nearly like those of
a well child as his illness will permit.
In hospital occupations may be in-
dividual or group activities depending
on the circumstances and the hospital
JUL Y, 1945

set-up. Sick children tend to individual
play in contrast to well children who
tend to play in groups. \Vhere possible
it is ad,'isable to include the sick child
in group projects or in group games. It
makes him less self-centred, and adds to
his intere5ts and happiness, for children
are sociable little people and like other
children. Unless they are given some
guidance and help from the adults who
are caring for them, group play is diffi-
cult. Frcyuently the occupation must be
individu:IÌ as there is a wide difference
in the requirements of the patients.

EIGHTFEN MONTHS TO FOUR YEARS

From the age of eighteen months to
four years we find that occupations do
not diff:t very much for boys and girls.

-\t this ag-e the span of attention is short,
and th
child should not be given a
large :md bewildering collection of toys
at one time. The easy way is to make
up his bcd, give him all his toys, and ex-
pect him to be happy and amuse him-

c

. 1

..

....

tllt
""

Listening for the cc click".

527

528

THE CAN. \ D I .-\]\; 1\ U R S E

self. Usually he tires of them all in a few
minutes 'lnd begins the fascinating game
of thr.Jwmg them over the side of his
crib. It js Detter to !rive him one or two
playthin6s for half ';n hour then, if he
seems to be getting bored with them,
remO\'e t
em, allow time for a short
rest and provide him with a new toy for
the ne}.t hour. This method requires
plannins- but it is well worth it. Small
children en jor the same toy each day
for a .:;urprising number of days if they
do not
lave it long enough each day to
tire of it. Some little thing about it can
he changed to make it seem new and
interesting.
Toys Íür the tiny child m
y include:

1. A bright balloon tied to the side
of the
riL. If the patient is 1) ing down
it can he suspended from a cord stretched
taut from one side of the crib to the other
side.

2. SpolJls painted bright colours and ar-
ranged on a strong cord in the same wav.
These ;nay be varied by painting the spoois
like a tr .:Ün and sho\\'ing the hab
how to
make it go acros!' his bed on the cord as if
it were going o\'er a bridge. Another varia-
tion can be made by substituting for the
spools òl.>eks that have pictures on them (es-
pecially picture
in relief that the ch;ld can
feel) or
mall animals, little betts. boats.
tiny dolls or toy soldiers. I f the cord is
fastened so that it is taut and secure, it is
di f ÏiUl
t f (.r the çátimt to [Jut the to) s i.l
his mouth and they do not slip out of h's
reach ,ud fall on the floor. The articles
mav have holes drilled through them or b

fasten::-d by loops of string so that they w:ll
move rack and forth on tI;e suspended
ord.
3. A Xoah's ark with the animals. It may

fJ
1#' It ';

...

1 T sing thf' spinal mlrror.

be varied hy removing the ark dnd replac-
ing it by a barn, a house, trees and fences.
so that It can be used as a farm.
4. Blocks. There are many different kinds.
The "Hi-La" blocks, with raised ridges on the
sides so that one block fits into .mother block,
are easy to handle. Nests of blocks are
popular
ince they can also be used as little
boxes.
5. A ,>ea
hett that sings a song like the sea.
6. A (t)lùur cone consisting of a base with
an upright peg and several disks of different
colour and size. A hole in the centre of each
disk makes it possible to slip the disk over
the peg.

_-\11 children of this age en joy toy

which involve fitting objects into a
container, removing them, and replac-
ing them. Of this kind are peg boards,
large and small, with coloured pegs,
simple puzzles, and beads and spools
fQr stringing. rr 0 make it easy for the
heginner to thread beads the end of the
lace may be stiffened by dipping it :nto
shellac.
If it is difficult to obtain equipment,
a l:ttle in!?:enuity can readily make suh-

titutes. Dowelling can be cut into
lengths <md painted for pegs. The peg
hoard can be made from scrap wood
with hol
s bored in it. Spools or larg

buttons y.\.ill serve as beads. 1\1any little
children will be quite happy dropping
large beads into a cardboard tube, made
from :hc roll in which calendars are
mailed. One end is closed by sticking
cotton ovu it and the roll is painted a
hright c
,lour, The child is given twelve
or fiftecll beads, the tube, .and a box,
and sho\:\11 how to fill it up with be:\ds,
then Jump them out in the box. The
beads Tn3ke a delightful "click" as they
fall on e::ch other in the cylinder and a
grand noise as they are dumped out
again - very satisfying to a two-year-
old in bed.
A bed table of the right height will
make your patient more comfortable as
he play:;. If one is not available, one of
the heavy cardboards which come with
x-ray fihr.s will make a satisfactory sub-
stitute.

Vol. 41. No.7

o C CUP A T ION S FOR THE SIC K CHI L D 529

Some children are imaginative in their
play and will always be able to happily
occupy [hemselves. It is the ones who
do not know how to play, and who,
given equipment) do not know how to
use it, who will need your help. After
you have made some suggestions and
have played with the unimaginative
child for a few moments, go away and
leave hii.n to carry out your suggestions
by himsdf) or with the child in the next
bed. Rt!'ist the tempt.ation to do the
child's playing for him, with him in the
role of cnlooker. He needs practice in
playing as in all the other things he is
learning.

FOUR TO SIX YEARS

For four and five-year-olds, colour-
ing with crayons, cutting with scissors
and other forms of paper work which
are simplified; kindergarten activîties,
are useful. Colouring should be simple
and may progress by the following steps:

1. To become accustomed to holding and
control1in
the crayon the child can make
random marks on paper kept from old Christ-
mas card". !\ever leave a smaIl child with
cra)ons, v.:thout paper. It takes him only a
few minutes to find that the bedspread or
the wall will do.

2. Draw
imple pencil outlines of balloons,
kites, apples or boats. Show the child how to
colour the area inside the outline.

3. Aft
r a little practice the patient ma)
be gi\en pages from colouring books in
".hich the pictures have large simple out-
lines with little detail.

Lfarning to cut with
cissors should
also progress in graded steps and, here
again) the little girl will not be tempted
to cut her hair if you see that she has
something more interesting to cut when
she has the scissors:

1. Show her how to hold the blunt scis-
sors, and how to open and' close them. Some
children find this quite difficult She will
JULY, 1945

"

,....4

C o11lpletely abwrbed

be awkward at first but will soon get the
"feel"
)f the action.

2. Have her make random cuts on scrap
paper until she learns how to control the
scissors. This is a good time to teach that
it is morc fun to cut the scraps into a box
than to let them fall all over the bed or the
floor.

3. Acruss an oblong of scrap parer draw a
line about one half inch from each end, and
show her how to cut a f ringe, the cuts go-
ing in 35 far as the pencil line from each
end. \\lltn finished she has a little "mat
which Play be decorated with cra) on
and
used in :1 doll's house.

4. She \\il1 now probably be ready to do

traight line cutting, then advance to cutting
out objt"c:t", and finally will enJU) CilLL.i1g
a paper dol1 and her clothes.

After small children learn to cut and
colour [hq can pro
!.Tess ea,ilr to all
furms of paper work which incl ude
drawin
, cutting and pasting. n;rections
for paper rarquetrrand pap
r construc-
tion are available in man\, books and
may inðuàe pictures to iJ]ustrate stories
that have been read aloud) Va]ent:nes,
Christm:is cards) Hallowe'en and
Christm:15 decorations, and numerous
other Sllbjects. Paper chains are alwJ.}'s
popular. There are two kinds. The sim-
plest is made by threading alternately
on a
t]iJlg, pieces of coloured paper
with a hole punched in the centre, and
óné-inch lengths of drinking straws. A

530

THE CAl\IADIAN NURSE

blunt needle is used. The other kind
you will rememher making in kinder-
garten. It consists of about thirty pieces
of colo'..lred p.aper, each piece measuring
six inches by one half inch. The ends of
the first piece are overlapped and pasted
so that a circle is formed. The next
piece is slipped through the circle, then
pasted to form the second link, and so
on until the chain is complete.
Painting may be introduced to young
children by means of paint with water
books. These books have the colour
printed in the picture and require only a
moistened brush. It is more satisfactory
to give the child in bed one picture at a
time rather than the whole book, as it is
easier to handle. Clip clothespegs can be
used to fasten his paper in place if -he
can use only one hand.
Small cotton picture books, made by
pasting pictures on pages cut from crin-
oline, then stitching them down the
centre, are practical. They should not
exceed six by seven inches when fin-
ished, to be easy to handle in bed.
The tmiest children like nursery
rhymes. \Vhen they have learned the
words, they en joy them more if you say
part of the line, then wait for them to
guess the terminal word. For example:

Y dlt: Little Jack Horner sat in a -
Children: corner!
You: Eating his Christmas -
Children: PIE!

N ursery rhymes set to musIC, and
songs '..vith actions, are fun. If you can-
not sing, a portable phonograph will
help you, and it can be used in many
different ways. Records of lullabies, and
of nursery songs with appropriate sound
effects, make good listening records,
while music with a marked rhythm to
which the children can keep time by
clapping their hands is a good choice to
alternate with the others. Robert Louis
Stevenson's poems set to music-"My
bed is a boat" and "The land of coun-
terpane" have a direct appeal for child-
ren in bed.

Stories, particularly the well-known
and well-loved stories such as "The
Three Bears," "The Old Woman and
her Pig", "Peter Rabbit" and "Little
Black Sambo", have an important part
in a sick child's life. Choose a version
that is well expressed, and always tell
or read } our story in the same words.
Little children like to hear the same tale
over and over again, but they like it
told the same way, and you dare not
change a word or therè are protests.

SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

\Vhen a child goes to school, he ac-
quires sKills and ideas which enable him
to provide himself with individual occu-
pations more readily than can the young-
er child who has not had this advantage.
Therefore the adult looking for occupa-
tions for 0lder children who are ill finds
that the group activities are those which
require more planning and direction by
her. These may consist of games, music,
storie", and group craft projects.
A group of children usually shows a
happier and more spontaneous response
to games than to any other form of ac-
ti,'itr. If the difference in age is not too
gre
t, the game may be one of skill. If
the age spread is wide, the game should
be one '...,hich depends on chance, other-
wise the dder children always win. For
two players there are such games a"
checkers, Chinese checkers, dominoes,
parcheqi, and many progressive paper
games. Games for a group of six or
more must be planned, and sometimes
constructed, too. They are more satis-
factory jf they can be conducted by some-
one whù is free to move from bed to
bed, taking equipment from one player
to the next player. Here are some ex-
am pies:

Clotht'sþrg game: This requires a substan-
tial cadboard box, and a spinner, of the
kind often used in games, with V-shaped
\\ edges ùf colours. The round knobs at the

Vol. 41, No.7

OCCUPATIONS FOR THE SICK CHILD 531

top oi several clothespegs are painted in the
same colours three of each colour. Each
piayer is given three pegs of One colour.
The spinner and the box are carried from
player to player, who each spin in turn. I f the
arrow stops at the same colour as that on
the player's pegs, he may put one peg on the
box-for example - the child with red pegs
must spin red to put a peg on the box. The
first play
r to get his three pegs on the box
wins the game.
lJ or SI' racing game: Each player is given
a cardboard with coloured squares which
represents a race track He also has a small
toy horse. The person conducting the game
goes from bed to bed to each player, carry-
ing a :,m.1]] box containing several blocks
with numbcrs on the wrong side. The players
draw in turn. If a player draws a block
marked three his horse advances three
squares. The player whose horse reaches the
end of
h
track first, wins the game.
Alatel,-it: Picture cards whose two halves
match to form a picture are shuffled and
dealt. I f possible each player should have
an equal Humber. A selected player begins
by holding up a card and saying, "\\'ho has
half a .1og?" or whatever the pictUl e is. The
player with the other half calls "Match-it"
and the card is carried to its new owner,
who in turn calls out (Ine vf his unmatched
pictures. The player to match all his cards
first wins the game.

Bingo and Picture Bingo are also
useful
.tmes for a group of patients in
a ward.
Some older children are fond of
mus!c, and th:s interest can be fostered
by teaching songs and Christmas carols,
and by the use of phonograph records
on which the artist whistles, for the
children like to whistle too. A rhythm
band ca'1 be used with music which has
a marked rhythm, such as marches and
waltzes, each child playing an instru-
ment. Select the records that have some-
thing very definite for which the boys
and gir
s can listen. \Valt Disney's Snow
\Vhite, Dumbo, and Pinocchio are popu-
lar. Short eXplanations. should precede
the playing of The March of the T o
's.
Saint-Saens' Carnival of Animals, and
the symphonic stoq of Peter and the
W oIf. 1\1 usic can he pruvidt-d for all
JUL Y. J945

tastes, but it is important to buy the best
recordings, by the best artists. Surpris-
ingly often, children comment on the
quality ')f the performance, and our
choice may be helping to form their
standards.

OLDER CHILDREN

The hed occupations of older child-
ren should. be planned, so that there
is a bal:mce between those we might
call constructive, and those which are
merely entertaining. Children on sur-
gical wards are usually mentally alert,
but tho
c on medical wards often become
sluggish mentally. If the child is ill a
long time, his occupations should pro-
gress in difficulty. He should first be
given something that he can do eas
ly,
which gives him a .feeling of success.
Later
he intricacy of his work can be
gradualJv increased. In this way we can
avoid
he fatigue and frustration which
goes with failure and the inevitable cry
"I can't do it, give me something. else",
which i.:; the beginning of poor work
habits.
>,1any boys learn, by playing with
!Vleccano sets, the rudiments of hand-
ling skilfully small screws and nuts and
parts of machines.
\V oodwork is the favourite OCCllpa-

'

\

Reed work.

532

THE CAN ,\ D 1 ANN U R S E

tion of oldt'f hoys. Balsa wood, heing
'ott
and easy to cut, is good for a hegin-
ner to use, and later he can work with
basswood or white pine. Some hed pa-
tients OIl use a coping saw if the cut-
ting does not take too long. 1\1any
small ohjects, such as model aeroplanes,
bo.ats, trains, paper knives, garden
stakes, painted in colour to mark the
location of the tomatoes and carrots,
totem poles, aI}d door stops are easily
made in bed. Older boys also enjoy
drawing and painting. Attractive pos-
ters carl bf_ made to brighten the walls
of the wards.
Basket rv and caning are interestirg,
but the:r use is limited because the ma-
terial requires soaking in water. Soap
carving ;5 a clean, quiet craft which ap-
peals to [-oth boys and girls.
Older girls usually enjoy needlework,
which ha" a wide scope. The patient
herself
h(luld do as much as poss:ble
in preparing, working and finishing the
project. Generally it is more interesting
if it is bir ly short, if it is something to
wear, and if it has bright colours to
make it a
tract:ive. Once a mother was
heard to remark that she was going to
start h
r daughter, a post-poliomyelitis
patient, eleven years old, on a quilt, be-
cause it would keep her busy for a long
time. The girl was not interested in
plain sew"ng and qu Ls did not ap?eal to
her. A long project of this kind, in ad-
dition t\) hecoming very tedious, would
be diffi:.::ult for her to handle and quite

impossibl
for her to finish. \Ve per-
suaded the mother to give her a more
suitable iJroject - a lapel ornament or
purse made of felt, or some dainty em-
broidery.
Girls ('n joy sorting .and stringing
beads. 1\1::my like to do leather work,
knotting, and weaving. The girls of
eight, nìne, and ten years love to play
with dolls, and dolls' trunks full of
clothes, baking sets and dishes, toy card-
board villages, and mosaic beads. Magic
dolls,
vhich have a suede-like finish, and
clothes made of flannel, are useful for
the sm
ll girl in bed who has difficulty
in handling paper dolls. The clothes
stick on the doll easily.
Paintin
and drawing are usually
popular. Older girls enjoy crayon draw-
ing on Lotton. The design on a laundry
bag or apron is applied with wax crayons.
It is then pressed on the wrong side us-
ing a damp cloth and hot iron. This
pressing
ets the design and makes it
washable.
These suggestions are intended as a
foundation on which the adult who is
intereste r ! may build. Children today
have little leisure time, and the occupa-
tions used during a long convalescence
may be the means of introducing the
child to new and hitherto undiscovered
interests. In addition to keeping him
temporarily content, they may develop
abilities dnd skills and broaden his hori-
70ns,
hl1s contributing to his future
happiness.

The Hospital and the Health Department

ANN PEVERLEY

Every community requires the spe-
cialized services of both hospital and
health department. It is, therefore, rea-
sonable that considerat;on be given to
some of the relationships existing
etween

these two bodies. It is also timelv, 5ince
increased emphasis is being placeJ on
the integration of health and socia] as-
pects of nursing in the basic .::ourse of
training for student nurses.

Vol. 41. No.7

HOSPIT.A.L A.i\D HEALTH

.

".

,

OIl,

,.
.-

D E P "'- R T IVI E NT 533

j

.J

-1

T he school girls are interested in health.

Associated Screen Sews, Jlont,.eal

From the hospital point of view, the
patient comes first. Therefore, a health-
ful environment and sanitary proce-
dures as they relate to the patient, either
directly or indirectly, are very important.
These matters are of equal concern to
the hospital and the health departmen t,
and all resources of the health depart-
ment are at the disposal of the hos
ital
administrator. Health practices are pos-
sible when the administrative authori-
ties within the hospital have recognized
the significance of this aspect of the p::t-
tient's care. Then follows organization
and the intelligent co-operation of all
concerned. These factors includf?:
Adequute accommodation alld þroþer ven-
tilati011. The health department has definite
regulations governing these conditions and
is able to be1p solve problems relating there-
to.
Care of milk alld other foods. Good house-
keeping methods are extremely helpful. We
recognize the fact that certain types of foods
provide excellent media for the growth of
bacteria. We know that a constant tempera-
ture should be maintained in refrigerators,
and that attention should be given to over-
crowding and ventilation as well as to
regular defrosting and soap and water clean-
ing.
I ceo It is essential to avoid contamination
of chipPf'd ice served to patients. This in-
JULY, 194'

voh'es proper storing on racks, small trucks
to oonvcy the ice, and the washing of the
ice before it is crushed. It is necessary that
the crushing machine and pails be sterilized
daily by thf. use of a chlorine compound.
Dish 'washing. This is a very important
part of hospital housekeeping and one which
frequen
ly requires the advice of the health
departmcnt'5 trained sanitary inspector. 'vVe
are accustomed to exercising precautions in
the adequate care of dishes used by persons
known Lo have a communicable disease, but
we sometimes overlook the menace to pa-
tients not known to have a communicable
disease, and to the staff when any institu-
tional dishes are improperly washed. This
contributèS greatly to the spread of com-
municable disease. It is agreed that cracked
dishes and worn, misshapen forks should be
discarded.
Use' oJf detergents. The person in the hos-
pital responsiBle for purchasing such items
could profitably consult the health depart-
ment so that a wise selection might be made.
The cI
ansing and sterilization of baby's
bottles and utensils used in the preparation
of feedings, as well as care following steri-
lization. This constitutes a procedure in
which the health department is most defin-
itely concerned as well as with the method
of tramferring milk from bulk to bottle.
Cleanliness, adequacy and location of
utility-rooms and isolation bathrooms. Prob-
lems ar!sing through various circumstances
may be
uccessfully solved through the joint

534

THE CANADIAN i\URSE

efforts of health department and hospital.
I solation technique and terminal disinfec-
tion.. This is of interest to the health depart-
ment because of its policy regarding the
prevention and control of communicable di-
seases. na
ic to these procedures is a knowl-
edge of the health department's regulations
as well as the technique taught by the hos-
pital.
Cuþboards. Any woman who has kept
house appreciates the significance of cup-
boards. Ail cleaning materials and insecti-
cides can he safely kept in suitable cup-
boards if Vroperly labelled. The health de-
partment is anxious to reduce the accident
hazard as well as interested in the good
houseke
ping aspect.
Garbage ca1tS. These unromantic but neces-
sary articles also concern the health depart-
ment. It is recommended that they travel by
freight elevators, not through corridors and
kitchens, and be kept covered when not in
use. One satisfactory method of caring for
them is to 5ubject them to live steam followed
by chlorine after daily disposal of garbage.
SUþerz,i:;lCH of post-mortem room. This
falls withiil the field of the hospital admin-
istrator who may very profitably consult
with the ht:alth department in matters relat-
ing to I.hc sanitation of this room.
0 great
powers (If imagination are required to visu-
alize this room as a possible source of in-
fection if tadly located and improperly kept.

. .,
'1 " . ·
..
...

4ssoc:ated Saeen fìews, Montreal
C ollrcting a sample for inspection.

The danger of spread of typhoid fever and
the dissemination of tubercle bacilli from
fresh 2natomical specimens is worthy of
consideration.

These factors relate directly or in-
directly to the healthful environment of
the patient and are of equal concern to
both hospital and health department.
Both have further responsibility concern-
ing those persons who are employed
in the kitchens and laundry. Consider-
ation must be given to the periodic
health examination of all such employees
together with a definite policy regard-
ing health education of this group. In
this field, as in all others, good rela-
tions between hospital and health de-
partment assist in achieving health ob-
'jectives which are of mutual benefit.
The teacher in the school of nursing.
placing increased emphasis on health as
a way of life, may use to the fullest ex-
tent the facilities of the health depart-
ment. Health education material and
statistical information are available as
well as the specialized services which the
department provides. As she develops
her program in relation to individual
health, hospital, horne, school and in-
dustry, the instructor will seek from
the health department educational ma-
terial and posters suitable for use in the
classroom and out-patient department.
If the health department is adequately
staffed with trained personnel, it should
be able to meet the growing demand to
take part in the basic preparation of nur-
ses by offering opportunities for !"tudent
affiliation.
In thinking of student nurses, it ;5
interesting to note that not infrequent-
ly it is the public health nurse from the
health department who first stimulates
the interest of the high school
tud
n

in nursing. The health departmt:"nt is
concerned with the housing of that
student and provides by-laws governing
health and safety. Where the nurses de-
light in their own swimming-pool, the
health department is responsible for the
safety of such water.

Vel. 41, No.7

FOOT HEALTH A
D DISEASE

If we turn now for a moment from
the hospital and think in terms (Jf the
health department, we might ,:onsider
briefly just how it carries on where the
hospital leaves off. A close working re-
lationship and joint planning mean bet-
ter service to the community. The new-
born infant, having received the bes! of
care in hospital, is discharged. Then
comes the need for infant welfare 5
r-
vices in the community. An adequate
program assures every baby of regubr
health supervision and immunization
against specific diseases. This may be
done either by the family physician, pri-
vate agency or the official health de-
partment. As the child grows, int:erec;t
in his physical and emotional health
should be reflected in the health (lepart-
ment's services, the education of P:li.--
ents, teachers and children and the pre-
vision of facilities for diagnosis and prl'-
vention of disease.
"Vhile the hospital is caring for the
patient with syphilis, gonorrhea or tllb-
erculosis, it is the aim of the health de-
partment to co-operate with the hospital

535

and with private and official agencies
in the follow-up of contracts. It is rea-
sonable to expect the hospital to be in-
terested in what the health department
is doing to secure an educated public
opinion, the enforcement of legisbtion
and the provision of facilities for diag-
nosis and control.
In conclusion, we may think of nurs-
ing as a symphony of service, whose con-
stituent parts are specialized groups that
by themselves Can be limited, but work-
ing together with understanding can
practise harmoniously the art of nurs-
ing in its fullest sense. As we strive to
understand and develop the relationship
between the hospital and the health de..
partment it seems reasonable to emrha-
size the importance of more planned con-
tact between them. This would undoubt-
edly result in more uniformity of
eahh
teaching, the maintenance of high
r
standards and more adequate care uf pa-
tients. These ends are surely worthwhllë
in themselves j but in addition would
also have a decided bearing on the bet-
ter preparation of nurses.

Foot Health and Disease

.-\TLANTA S. SOL LOWS

\Vhen our remote ancestors deserted
the tree as their place of abode and be-
gan to walk in an upright position, the
foot as we know it today took form and
shape. Structurally very similar to the
hand, the digits have become shortened
through the centuries and the great toe
has lost some of the power it once had.
The ankle developed larger bones than
the wrist because of the necessity of
carrying the weight of the body. The
twenty-six bones of the foot are held to-
gether by ligaments and muscles in such
a way that they are suited not only to
support the body's weight without tiring
but also to give a certain degree of elas-
JULY, 1945

ticity to the stride. The bones of the foot
are connected with the large muscles of
the leg by means of long tendons which
are boul1'd down .at the ankles by bands
of ligaments. Thus the powerful move-
ments of the leg muscles are transferred
to the foot and
walking is made possible.
The bones of the normal human foot
are so arranged as to form well-defined
arches. The longitudinal arch extends
from the heel forward to the ball of the
foot on the inner side, and is commonly
caJIed the instep. The transverse or an-
terior arch is across the ball of the foot
back of the toes and at right angles to
the horizontal arch. The position of the

536

THE C:\ 1\ A D I
-\ 1\ ::\ C r R S E

bones compnsmg these arches depends
upon the support given them by the
exceedingly powerful ligaments which
bind them together and the supporting
muscles on the soles of the feet. If these
muscles become flabby through lack of
use. the weight placed on the ligaments
causes them to stretch, letting the bones
down. Care in preserving the normal
arch is, therefore, of primary importance
in promoting foot health.
In the normal foot, the weight-bear-
ing areas form a triangle whose base is
the transverse arch. 'Vith the weight
thus distributed upon the heel, the ball
and the outer edge of the foot, the posi-
tion of greatest strength and spring in
the stride is when the toes are pointing
straight ahead. Where there is a weak-
ened arch the foot tends to swing out-
ward and the centre of gravity then
passes through the middle of the longi-
tudinal arch. The arch is highest here,
less well supported by ligaments and
not suited to bearing a weight. The ef-
fective use of the great toe and trans-
verse arch is lost.
The cause of most ordinary foot trou-
bles is improperly fitting shoes, with too
short stocking-feet a close second. Van-
ity, thoughtlessness, carelessness are all
contributing factors. The people who
think they must wear excessively high
heds because of an abnormally high in-
step are numberless. Nurses who have to
be on their feet for long periods of time
should look for the following in choos-
ing a shoe:
1. An approximately straight inner line
from heel to toe. Stand in front of a mirror
and note the straight inner line of the foot.
I f there is an inward or outward flare shoes
must be "dapted to this but the average foot
is straight.
2. The front part of the shoe should be
as broad as the foot that wears it. The mea-
sure of the breadth should be taken in a
standing position when the weight has spread
the transverse arch to the full extent.
3. The heel of the shoe should not be over
an inch and a hal f in height anel should be as
broad on the wearing surface as the heel
that will rest upon it. Rubber heels are de-

cidedly preferable f@r general wear on hard
floors and pavements to relieve the body
of jar as much as possible.
4. The shoe should have a combination last
in order to fit snugly over the instep and
heel, loosely over the toes.

FOOT DISEASE

'Vith 110 possible foot diseases and
minor deformities, it is not surprising
that recent surveys in schools .and health
clinics have disclosed the fact that there
is an increasing number of minor foot
ailments. Of children up to ten years of
age, 14 per cent were found to have
some foot defect. From eleven to eight-
een years, 88 per cent of those examined
were foot defective in some degree. It is
estimated that there are approximately 3
pairs of perfect feet in ten thousand
children from 6 to 18. Among the whole
adult population of Canad.a it is doubt-
ful if there could be found a dozen pairs
of absolutely perfect feet!
At Jeast fifty of the foot diseases are
of an infectious nature. Verruca, a be-
nign, highly vascular neoplasm is caused
by a specific, filterable \,irus. The growth
seems to be carried into the surrounding
tissues through the medium of the lym-
phatics, thus producing multiple ver-
ruca. There are several types, the most
common being rough, fissured, cauli-
flower-like in appearance. A cross sec-
tion of this growth shows elongated
papillae which are encased individual-
ly in epithelial covering. This covering
is of the stratified squamous type. In
some types of verruca the resemblance
to epithelioma is very marked. Occa-
sionally, late syphilis takes on a papillary
appearance which might be mistaken
for verruca. Heloma molle, the soft, ma-
cerated slightly yellowish overgrowth,
is located usually upon the interdigital
surfaces. A careful differentiation should
be made between the true heloma moUe
and secondary syphilitic lesions, the lat-
ter also occurring as squamous patches
between the toes.
Of the thirty-three con
titutional or
systemic diseases in which foot symptoms
Vol. 41. No.7

FOOT HEALTH AND DISEASE

may occur, none gi\'es as much concern
as diabetes mellitus. This is chiefly be-
cause the sequelae are frequently tr.agic.
Helomata of all types may be found on
the feet of diabetics. In some, the skin
is dry and fissured, the nails show loss of
transparency and assume a yeHowish
color with onychauxis; others complain
of tingling or numbness of the toes, and
in advanced cases there is cyanosis and
loss of dorsalis pedis pulsation. Caustic
corn remedies are dangerous things at
all times, but too much stress cannot be
placed upon the hazard entailed in their
use by diabetics. In the care of diabetic
patients, nurses should be on guard to
prevent the development of ingrowing
toe-nails. Bathing the feet with hot s.a-
line solution, to which a teaspoonful of
soda is added, helps to reduce the risk
from caHuses or corns. ..-\.s a further
protection, the toes are painted all over
with metaphen every week.
Contrary to general belief, it is not
considered advisable to cut the toe-nails
straight across. It is doubtful if the peo-
ple 'Yho advocate this ever stopped to
think why they do it. 'Vhen the nails

537

are cut in this way, a sharp tip is left
which grows into the soft nail groove
causing irritation and possihle abscess.
The nail naturally spreads as it reaches
the distal end. It may be appreciably
wider than at the matrix so to avoid
such complications as ulceration, dif-
fused cellulitis, proud flesh, etc., it is
sensible to cut all of the nails with a
gentle curve to the tip of the toe and
slightly rounded at the corners.
For the adequate treatment of these
and all the wide range of foot disorders
one of the younger members of the
healing arts, chiropody, has been recog-
nized hy legislative enactment in sev-
eral provinces and is regulated and con-
trolled by Boards of Registration. This
is an interesting specialty to which nur-
ses might turn with an assurance that,
when qualified, they would be capable
of rendering a great assistance to a foot-
sore humanity. The only school in Can-
ada where training can be secured is lo-
cated in Saint John, N.B. The writer
would he glad to answer any enquiries
regarding the course. The address i"
156 King St. E., Saint John, N. B.

Hospital Administration Course

During each of the past two years, one
of the projects of the Alberta Association
of RegIstered Nurses has been a short
course for nurse administrators of small
hospitals, sponsored by the School of K urs-
ing, University of Alberta. The course cov-
ered a period of two months. Applicants had
to be registered nurses in good standing.
Matriculation was not required. This enabled
many nurses to attend who other\\ ise would
not have teen able to take such a course at
a university due to deficiencies in education-
al requirements. Certificates of attendance
from the University of Alberta were granted
to those who satisfactorily completed the
course. A fee of one dollar was required
for registration at the University. The ac-
tual costs were met by the Federal Grant
awarded to Alberta. Expenses. such as liv-
ing, etc., were of cours(' the responsibility
of the student.

JUL Y, ! 945

The ò.dministration of the course was
in the hands of a group which included the
director, School of Nursing, University
of Alberta, the president, registrar and rep-
resentatiyes from the Alberta Association
of Registered Nurses. The adviser was Dr.
A. C. M cGugan, medical superintendent,
University of Alberta Hospital, who is also
a member of the School of Nursing Coun-
cil, University of Alberta.
The course was planned to assist inexper-
ienced nurses to understand the principles
of hosp:tal administration and the problems
of .small hospitals; to assist them to adjust
and adapt to this specific field of nursing;
to assist them to meet problems of per-
sonnel, board and community relationships;
to interpret the legal aspects of hospital ad-
ministration; to broaden their knowledge
regardin
newer ntm:;ing and medical pro-
cedures.

538

THE C_\NADIAK KURSE

. J

"

(;

k'

, <-. \

. I

1

Housez Studios, Edmonton
The class in administration.

In Alberta there is an extensive system of
small h03pitals staffed by registered nurses
and unde. the administration and supervision
of nurse
l1perintendents. Basically, the course
,,-as to be of general assistance to these ad-
ministraï:')rs in carr} ing out their many
duties as IlUsiness manager; purchaser of
."upplies: director and supervisor of nursing,
operating room, case-room, x-ray, labora-
tory, dispensary; dietitian; housekeeper;
personnel manager and guide.
Lectures were planned to include a wide
variety of topics, such as: purchasing; hos-
pital accounting; records; food service and
nutrition; hospital housekeeping; burial
preparatio,ls and requirements; and a gen-

eral review of the work carried on in the
various hospital departments. The relation-
ship of the hospital to the public health
department was reviewed. Two days were
devoted to observation at the Provincial

Iental Hospital at Ponoka.
Lecturers included: leading members of
the med!cal profession interested in the
problems
md difficulties of the rural hos-
pital; members of the University Faculty;
members ûf the Public Health Depart-
ment responsible for supervision and inspec-
tion of small hospitals in Alberta: instructors
and ward supervisors fròm schools of nurs-
ing; hospital personnel, including dietitians,
x-ray technicians, record librarian, purchas-
ing agents, business managers -and engineers.
\Veekly con ferences under the supervision
of the director of the School of Nursing,
University of Alberta, were conducted and
planned by the individual students who had
been instructed in the value and technique
of staf f conferences.
A questionnaire was submitted to each
student for constructive criticism of the
course. The general concensus of opinion
was that the course fulfilled a great need.
Two m.::l!lths appeared to be a satisfactory
length of time to permit the active learning.
It ,..as demonstrated that there was a defin-
ite need for a more intensive course in x-ray
technique as this often is the responsibility
of the <;uperintendent. A more complete un-
derstanding of Provincial rules and regula-
tions governing hospitals was also felt to be
desirable.

Nova Scotia Refresher Course

A very stimulating refresher course was
conducteJ by :Miss Mary
[athewson, assis-
tant dire.:tor of the McGill School for Grad-
uate K Uïses, in the early Spring under the
auspices or the Registered Nurses Associa-
tion of X ova Scotia. In order to reach as
wide a group of public health nurses as
possible. at the conclusion of a very success-
ful week in Halifax, Miss Mathewson re-
peated t!le course in Sydney. Supplementing
the .ma
crial presented by Miss Mathewson,
which included such topics as Ways and

1eans (If Improving our Service and our
Teaching, Family Health Service, etc., Miss
Juanita \rchibald, provincial nutritionist,

spoke on Kutrition, and Dr. Hiltz and Dr.
Beckwith discussed the problems related to
Tuberculosis. :Miss Electa MacLennan, as-
sistant secretary, Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, gave an interesting insight into many of
the developments in Canada.
N umer
us social events were arranged
which provided the opportunity for the nurses
to meet CIAr guest speakers, to renew old
friendships and to make new acquaintances.
Altogether, the whole refresher course
was well worth attending and should help
each of us to do a more effective job which
will be reflected in the increased health and
'Jlrel fare oi our communities.

Vol. 41, No. ,

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A

Preparation for Psychiatric Nursing

HILDA BENNETT

Dr. Stevenson has drawn for us a
comprehensive picture of psychiatry and
mental hygiene in the post-war period.
I wish to discuss a plan for preparation
for psychiatric nursing.
Inadequate knowledge of mental hy-
giene, psychiatry and psychiatric nurs-
ing by profession.al nurses is a recognized
fact. The need for the inclusion of these
subjects in the curricula of training
schools has been realized for many years.
The need, due to the war, is greater
than ever. Let us recognize the need
and plan how to meet it.
There are at present four methods of
preparation for psychiatric nursing: (1)
In psychiatric hospital schools of nurs-
ing (two years, psychiatric hospital; one
year, general hospital); (2) affiliations
between general and psychiatric hospital
schools (three months); (3) exper-
ience for undergraduates in psychiatric
units attached to general hospitals; (4)
post-graduate courses in psychiatric hos-
pitals (six months).
These methods, on analysis, are gen-
erally conceded to be inadequate. The
few psychiatric hospital schools now in
operation do not graduate sufficient nur-
ses to provide adequate staffs for their
own needs. Thus there is no surplus of
graduates with psychiatric preparation
for general hospital staffs.
But you may ask "Why do we need
nurses with psychiatric preparation in
JULY, 1945

general hospitals?" In the Globe and
Mail, April 6, 1945, was an article en-
titled "\Vider Knowledge of :\lental
Ills is Seen as Need". The following
statement is quoted from the Canadian
Medical A ssocÏatwn Journal: "Inade-
quate knowledge of mental and ner-
vous diseases is possessed by general me-
dical practitioners in Canada". The ar-
ticle dealt with a study, made by the
Canadian Army Medical Officers, of
psychoneurotic ex-service men and wo-
men, and their attempts to re-establish
themselves in civilian life. Psychoneur-
osis has been the cause or contributory
cause of about one-third of all medical
discharges from the Canadian Army.
The article noted that the psychoneurosis
group comprised 15 per cent of all me-
dical discharges and that another 15
per cent were ill with a v.ariety of psy-
chiatric conditions. The article goes on
to question whose responsibility it is to
educate and retrain this large group.
Granted the criticism is levelled at the
medic.al profession, but is it not equally
a criticism of the professional nursing
group? Should we not accept it as a
challenge?
.\s professional nurses, we must rea-
li7e that the care and retraining of psy-
chiatric patients is our responsibility. Nor
does our responsibility end there. The
teaching of mental hygiene, as a preven-
tive measure in our everydav contact
,..

540

THE CANADIAN
URSE

with all patients and all people, has been
too long neglected. Psychiatric nursing
is as old as nursing, but we have not in-
cluded it as an integral part of our
teaching in general nursing. Once again
emphasis is being placed on the need for
the care of a large group of mentally
and nervously disturbed members of so-
ciety; added to the old responsibility is
the unquestionably greater responsibility
- prevention; to educate our people
how to maintain a healthy mental life.
This, then, is the answer to the question
of why we need nurses in all hospitals
to have preparation in mental hygiene
and psychiatric nursing.
Let us survey what is being done to-
day to prepare nurses for psychiatric
nursing. In 1943-44 there were ap-
proximately 5,300 student nurses in the
sixty-five schools in Ontario. Six of these
schools are in psychiatric hospitals where
the total student enrolment was about
225 students. Of the 5,100 students in
general schools, 123 affiliated in psy-
chiatric hospitals - 83 in Toronto Psy-
chiatric Hospital and 40 in Ontario Hos-
pital, London. The affiliating students
were from 18 schools - 41 schools
have no psychiatric affiliation. The U ni-
versity of Toronto School of Nursing is
the only school arranging a psychiatric
affiliation for all undergraduates in the
school. This school also integrates men-
tal hygiene with the general nursing
throughout the whole training.
You may say that there is not a suf-
ficiently large clinical field in which to
give all students a three-months affilia-
tion. Th.lt inay be true under existing
circumstances but have we made an ur-
gent demand for the clinical field to be
broadened? How can we go about creat-
ing a clinical field? First, we must be
convinced that psychiatric nursing is not
a specialty but an integral part of gen-
eral nursing and should be incorporated
in every graduate nurse's preparation.
Second, we must draw up a plan. Third,
convinced of the need, and having a
workable plan, it is not a very daring
step to demand a clinical field.

Dealing with these points in turn, are
we convinced that psychiatric nursing
should be .an integral part of the pre-
paration of every professional nurse?
More and more it is being realized that
the so-called normal patients are not
normal- the majority of those who are
physically ill have nervous disturbances
in varying degrees, and should be treated
with understanding. Only an emphasis
on. mental hygiene throughout the train-
ing can give the understanding that will
help to restore patients to society as well
adjusted individuals.
The plan for integrating mental hy-
giene and psychiatric nursing with gen-
eral nursing in essence is taken directly
from the "Proposed Curriculum for
Schools of Nursing in Canada." Briefly,
the outline is this:

1st )'ear - Theory: (1) A good basic
course !n p.ormal psychology in the prelimin-
ary period; (2) a good course in mental
hygiene; (3) psychiatric interview with the
c;tudent -- health examination; (4) emphasis
on mental hygiene in all classroom lecture
courses.
Practice: In the period of supervised prac-
tice on medical and surgical wards when
theory <l.nù practice are being correlated,
an opportunity is af forded for an early ap-
plication of the principles of mental hygiene.
2nd }'car - Three months affiliation in a
psychia
ric hospital. Theory: Psychiatry;
psychiatric nursing including occupational
therapy, and hydrotherapy; neuro-anatomy
and neurology.
Practice: Experience on wards and in the
out-patient department; home visits with
the psychiatric social worker; clinics, in-
dividual and group conferences, group dis-
cussions.
On return to the home school - Theory:
Advanced course in mental hygiene.
Practire: Teaching and supervision in all
departments to include the application of the
principles of mental hygiene to all aspects
of nursing. Group discussions of patients in
hospital and' the community will give an
added emphasis to mental hygiene aspects.
Health teaching should be closely allied to
all mental hygiene teaching.

This outline pre-supposes members
Vol. 41, No.7

PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

of teaching staffs, supervisors, head nur-
ses, in both psychiatric and general hos-
pitals, who have had general hospital
training integrated with psychiatric pre-
paration. Naturally the question arises
"Where are all these supervisors and
teachers to be obt.ained?" They can-
not be prepared overnight. This will be
a gradual development, too gradual for
the peace of mind of those who are
familiar with the present great need in
the field of psychiatric nursing. \Ve could
start by integrating psychiatric and gen-
eral nursing. In three years time we
could, in Ontario, h.ave over five thou-
sand graduate nurses with an apprecia-
tion of the meaning of psychiatric nurs-
ing. \Vith our present set-up of teach-
ing staffs with no psychiatric nursing
preparati'Jn, the preparation of those five
thousand graduates would be far from
perfect, but it would be an encourag-
ing beginning. Post-graduate courses
have offered organized lecture courses
in psychiatry and psychiatric nursing,
combined with ward practice. It is in-
teresting to note that many of the grad-
uate students in these courses were mem-
bers of staffs of psychiatric hospitals who,
realizing the great importance of under-
standing the treatment of psychiatric
patients, desired more advanced study
than their years of experience had af-
forded. During these years of war the
post-graduate groups have dwindled.
This in part is due to war conditions,
but candidates for clinical supervision
courses are still applying for entrance to
other clinical courses. Thus we are
forced to conclude that it is due to lack
of knowledge. We have then the picture

541

of hospitals admitting more and more
patients who need psychiatric care, and
less and less nurses with psychiatric pre-
paration to provide that care.
To fill the needs for graduates with
psychiatric prepar.ation, we must fill the
post-graduate classes with our prospec-
tive teachers, then place them in
charge of the units in mental and gen-
eral hospitals where students are to re-
ceive their practical experience. This will
take time. If the clinical field for grad-
uate students is inadequate, we must
make the demand for a broader field.
It is fairly generally agreed that psy-
chiatric hospitals would best be used as
clinical fields for undergraduate and
post-graduate students. Thus, gradual-
ly, the psychiatric hospital schools would
be eliminated.
Now for the third point - demand-
ing the clinical field. At the present time
students from nine schools in Western
Ontario are affiliating in the Ontario
Hospital School, London. The Toron-
to Psychiatric Hospital also has affilia-
tion arrangements with nine schools.
The demand for affiliation has not
yet t.axed the available field. As need
for a wider field is demonstrated, other
psychiatric schools can be approached.
But the demand has not been made. It
is not for the psychiatric hospital schools
to go to the general hospitals to try to
sell their fields. It is for the general hos-
pitals who so sorely need that field to go
to the psychiatric hospital schools with a
plea for the valuable experience which
the general hospital nurse so much needs,
and which the psychiatric hospital school
has in such abundance to give.

Nursing Sisters' Association of Canada

The Cal[lary Unit reports an active year
during 1944 with a membership of thirty-

ight. Meetings were held monthly at the
homes of the various members. On seYeral

JULY, 1945

occasions nursing sisters of the present war
were welcomed. Activities for the year in-
cluded making Red Cross dressings, helping
at the Bleod Jìt.llor Clinic, Blood Typing

542

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Clinic, \Var Savings Stamps Bar, anti at the
Red Cr .Jss Reception Centre. Donations were
made to the Mrs. Churchill War Fund, Ditty
Bag and Canadian Legion Christmas Tree
funds. A successful rummage sale was held
as well as a draw for a hand-woven suit
length donated by one of the members.
The proceeds, which amounted to $300, were
used to furnish a room for nursing sisters
in the Col. Belcher Hospital. Recently Miss
N. Gunn, the president, and her committee
presented the key and contents to Dr. Park,

district aciministrator for Veterans Affairs.
In accepting this gift from the Calgary Unit
Dr. Park commended the nurses of the 1914-
18 war f'Jr remembering the nursing sisters
of the present war.
Alma Froelich, matron of the Col. Belc.her
Hospital for some years, retired at the end
of the ò"e.lr. The Unit lost three of its mem-
bers when Mrs. Harding Priest moved to
Toronto, Mrs. D. Da11 to Ottawa, and Mrs.
G. Grout also left the city.

Institutes In Saskatchewan

Very successful institutes for members of
the public health, general nursing, and hos-
pital and school of nursing section:; were
held in Regina and Saskatoon the latter part
of Februar
'.
The public health refresher course was
convened by E. Smith, director of Public
Health 1\ ursing Service, Regina. Advan-
tage was taken of the intensive course in
Venereal Disease Epidemiology ronducted
by the Department. of Public Health under
the direction of Capt.c. G. Sheps. This con-
stituted the course for a11 public health nur-
ses. By special invitation nurses attending
the other refresher courses also attended
several of these sessions. Alice Kresge, di-
rector o
field work, Institute of Syphilis,
University of Pennsylvania, was one of the

principal speakers and the guest of the
S.R.N.A.; also Orma J. Smith of Kerrobert.
Miss Smith spoke at the joint refresher
course for the general nursing and hospital
and school of nursing sections on "The
rural hospital - its attractions and oppor-
tunities." Other interesting session included
"Newer drugs", a round table on psychiatry
and simplifying procedures, and other topics.
The joint refresher course for the general
nursing and hospital and school of nursing
section was convened by E. James and M.
Chisholm of Saskatoon. Mrs. Helen Martin
of Regina and Eileen Sheffer of Saskatoon
were co-conveners.
Over one hundred nurses attended in each
centre. Representatives from many parts of
the province were included.

Laundry Process Utilizing Sea Water Developed

A process which makes use of sea water
for laundry pt1rp
es has been developed,
and will soon be in use 011 all army hospital
ships. In initial experiments the United
States army hospital ship lYisteria, was
selected for a practical test at sea, and in
a thirty-day period, 36,101 pieces were suc-
cessfully laundered with sea water. This
meant a saving of about two-thirds the linen
inventory carried by hospital ships, or rOOIh
for four more bed patients or ten more

walking cases on each ship. The savir.g ef-
fected in fresh water was 4480 ga110ns a day,
and the reduction in amount of linen used
represented a considerable financial saving.
The process can be insta11ed in any ship's
laundry by cutting in the salt water pipe.
Its use on troopships and island bases is
also contemplated.
Office of the Surgeon General
Technical Information Di'vision
Washington, D. C.

Vol. 41, No. .,

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

Mental Hygiene Problems In Generalized
Public Health Nursing

EILEEN CRYDERMAN

Public health nursing is not a service
complete within itself, but exists only as
an essential part of the general public
health program. Its function is to aug-
ment any part of this program where the
dexterity of a skilful nurse will contribute
to the safety and comfort of the patient,
and where teaching on an individual, fa-
mily or community basis, will contribute
to the prevention of disease and promo-
tion of health. In the field of menta]
health, the necessity for active promotion
of positive health is being more and more
recognized. The public health :1Urse has
a strategic and unique position to aid in
this program, as few other community
workers have entry into as many homp.s
as she has. In analyzing some of the
mental hygiene opportunities met in the
public health nursing field, let us con-
sider them from the standpoint of the
group we serve.
In order to more clearly understand
who we, as public health nurses, serve,
may I outline what a generalized pro-
gram of today includes: maternal health
(pre-natal and post-natal); infant and
pre-school health; school health; adu1t
health; industrial health; communicable
and non-communicable disease (in this
are included mental disease, tuberculosis
and venereal disease). All these services
together form a well rounded public
health nursing program. In this outline,
JULY, 194'

I have not mentioned mental he:\lth and
hygiene as separate divisions of our work.
They are woven so integrally into each
branch it would be impossible to separ-
ate them. May I take some of the sec-
tions and attempt to show wher
our
opportunities lie.
Maternal Health: If we, as public
health nurses, are to be successful in
helping not only to lower the maternal
mortality rate but also to contribute to
the mental health of the mother Uby
applying knowledge of human hehaviour
to all professional services", we must
have an understanding of the emotion-
al factors in the whole maternity cycle,
including fears, superstitions, pre judices
of the patient, family attitudes and ad-
justments. We must realize that failure
on the part of the expectant mother to go
to her physician for advice frequently is
based on causes other than ignorance of
the need for this care. Her attitude may
result in a rejection of the pregnancy
because of inadequate finances. Other
causes of fear may be: poor health on
the part of either parent, especially the
mother; fear of pain and labour; fear
of transmitting handicaps either mental
or physical; unsatisfactory relationships
between parents; unwillingness to go to
a public clinic; the size of the family;
difficulties in a previous pregnancy.
We must rem
mber that the mother's

54J

544

THE CANADIAN NURSE

attitudes are a reflection of her relatiún-
ship to the other members of the family
and the community. Today we :'tre rec-
ognizing the need to help the father and
the family, as well as the mother, to make
necessary adjustments. The father':; ac-
ceptance of the pregnancy can do rnnch
to help or hinder the mother's ad just-
ments. The nurse should be ready to help
both parents appreciate the need for pre-
paring the other children in the family
for the arrival of a new baby. Hostility
toward the new arrival may be normal,
and the children must be helped !o make
this adjustment.
Infant find Pre-School Health: In no
phase of the public health nursing pro-
gram is the need for mental hygiene
more in evidence than in the work with
the parents of infant and pre-school
children. It has been stated that "educa-
tion begins at birth and is a gradual pro-
cess throughout life". The nurse needs
to realize that certain factors, such as
the significance of early feeding and
handling of the infant, are sourc
s of
satisfaction to him and a basis for the
early relationship between mother and
child; that so-called problems of the pre-
school period are, in fact, stages in nor-
mal development through which all
children pass. The work of the nurse is
to help the parent to give the child the
sense of security which comes from being
wanted and loved, and which is },;:Jslc for
normal development. To really give this,
the parent himself must feel secur
and
happy, for children soon absorb the ten-
sions which are in the home. The public
health nurse should have learncd to re-
gard feeding, nail-biting, thumb-suck-
ing, and other problems which occur in
this period, not as problems in them
elves
but rather as evidence or symptoms of a
disordered home to which children re-
act by the presentation of abnormal be-
haviour. \Ve have not always been able
to give as much help as we should have,
but we should work toward thi:; goal in
our infant and pre-school centres and 1ß
our home visiting program. We should

recognize our own limitations and be
prepared to seek help.
School Health: It has been stated that
the school health program "is that pha
e
of service which considers the well-be-
ing of the school-aged child ::md hj
edu-
cation for healthful living. It is ()n
of
the units of health work which is essen-
tial to a well-rounded program for fa-
mily and community health". An en-
larged concept of school nursing shows
the nurse carrying on a co-ordinated
health program which includes the
home, the school and the comml1nity,
and dealing with the health of the en-
tire family, mindful of the needs of the
child. Here she is in different posit!on
than in her other branches of work; her
immediate co-workers are members of a
different profession. Much of the suc-
cess of her work depends upon her at-
titudes, relationships and her .1biEty to
work with other people.
In her individual and classroom con-
ferences she acts as a liaison officer, help-
ing the teacher estimate the load the in-
dividual pupil can carry in the light of
his mental equipment, home environ-
ment and responsibilities. She can be of
help in developing a healthful en viron-
ment in the school, not only physical but
emotional. She should be alert in inter-
preting the influence physical defects
may exert on emotiønal developmcnt, in
such cases as eye, hearing, speech and
orthopedic defects, in left-handednes
,
and in such diseases as diabetes and epil-
epsy. She can discuss with the teacher
how to detect early symptoms of emo-
tional or social disturbance in pupils and
how to use available sources of help.
Some of the many types of behavimtT
difficulty referred to the nurse include:
avoidance of group, daydreaming, tem-
per tantrums, extreme shyness, sex mis-
demeanours, enuresis, swearing, quarrel-
ling, lack of application, destructiveness.
The nurse's responsibility in helping
meet the needs of these children dep
nds
upon the resources of the community. In
many of the larger centres there is a
Vol. 41, No. 7

1 E Ì\ T .A L H Y G I ENE

mfntal hygiene service with a psychia-
trist and a psychologist. After rderring
the child to this service she may help by
providing a social history, giving as com-
plete a picture as possible of the child,
his development, interests, personality,
family and home. She may aid appre-
ciably in carrying out the recommenda-
tions of the psychiatrist by interpreta-
tion both in school and home.
A dult Health: In this field the public
health nurse should assume much re5-
ponsibility and should display her re-
sourcefulness and initiative. Not infre-
quently, we have an opportunity t'J see
and talk with individuals who present
more or less serious mental malad jU5t-
ments. Here, again, the public health
nurse must recognize her own limita-
tions as a psychiatric worker. When she
finds people who present many physical
symptoms which have no pathologic^l
foundation, or who seem to have many
anxieties, become easily depr
ssed or Jr-
ritated, it is well to find out what the
trouble may be. The nurse may be able
to help the patient to realize he 13 ill and
to want treatment. At times the family
needs as much help in understanding the
behaviour of the individual as the patient
himself. At other times the patient may
be too ill to co-operate and the nurs

has to work through the family :llone.
Contributing in the recognition of po-
tential mental illness should be a chal-
lenge to all public health nurses.
Illness: Under this section many dif-
ferent types of illness and disease and our
mental hygiene problems in relation to
them could be considered. Tuberculosis
is one that plays a very important part
in our program so let us use it as our
example.
Every nurse knows that, despite puh-
lic education in regard to tuberculosis,
she still has to deal with many problems
of emotional non-acceptance (fear of the
disease itself, a feeling of ostracism by
members of the family or others in the

5+5

community). \Ve must also recognize in
situations where a parent is affected that
we must deal with the problems which
we find in any broken home. If the fa-
ther is ill, there is the problem of in-
come. If the mother is ill, who will care
for the children in the home? A dual res-
ponsibility is placed upon the parent left
in the home and the relationship of one
parent to the other is altered.
Tuberculosis affecting the adolescent
or young adult must be reckoned with
as a complication in the individual's abil-
ity to make his total adjustment. Tuber-
culosis contracted at the age of fifty is
one problem, but at twenty requires a
different mental adjustment. In addi-
tion to the problem faced by all tuber-
culous patients, the youth must decide on
such issues as vocation, marriage, pater-
nity, etc.
In outlining some of our problems and
opportunities in mental health work, I
have attempted to prove that mental hy-
giene is an integral part of all our wor.k.
Perhaps, at times, this fact seems to n
a
somewhat intangible one and is
tjll dif-
ficult to associate with ollr practical needs.
If so, this is partly because in our whole
background of training, the emphasis has
been on physical rather than mental
health, and although this emphasis has
undoubtedly changed and is continuing
to, we ourselves feel insecure. \Ve must
remember that mental hygiene is a com-
munity responsibility, and we, as one of
the groups of community workers, have
a real responsibility. In concluding, may
I quote from an article in Public Health
Nursing: "Mental hygiene is a vital part
of the nurse's equipment, and it weaves
itself into the pattern of her daily activi-
ties with infinite variation. It colours her
approach to her patients. It fosters her
understanding of them. It enlarges her
knowledge. In every aspect of her work
it enables her to render better service,
more helpful to her patient, more satis-
fying to herself'.

There is three times the amount of vitamin C in the peel of an apple than there
is in the flesh. -Ohio State Medical JoIt rJral.

JULY, 1945

The Soviet Union Controls Epidemics

Among the striking contrasts between
Czarist Russia and the Soviet Union is the
health of the population. Old Russia was
notorious for its uncontrol1ed epidemics,
particularly in time of war. During the pres-
ent war it is reported there have been no
epidemics in the Soviet-control1ed areas.
In the last war, more Russians were killed
by typhus, the disease of poverty and dirt,
than by enemy gunfire. Typhoid fever, dysen-
tery, smallpox, trachoma, cholera and
plague were as common as rainfall.
These diseases were accepted as a na-
tural part of life. Children died like
flies and so did women in childbirth.
The superstitious regarded epidemics as
a punishment from Divine Providence.
The Soviet government began in 1918
to organize public health services. But their
application on a broad scale was delayed by
the civil wars and intervention which fol1owed
the World War. It was not until the be-
ginning \)i the Five- Year plan in 1928 that
satisfactory coverage of public health mea-
sures was begun.
I t is, therefore, a remarkable achievement
that in less that two decades the Soviet
health authorities reported complete elimin-
ation of :::mallpox, cholera and plague, and
that they brought under control typhoid,
typhus and other diseases that were rampant
in old Russia. An article in the February
issue of the American Review of Soviet
Medicine details some of the methods that
were used. In the Czar's army, vaccination
against typhoid was forbidden. The Soviet
government introduced a program for regu-
lar immunization of the civilian as wel1 as
military population and at the same time
established sanitation and food control.
Millions used to die every year from ty-
phus in the old days. The 1914 war was
fol1owed by the 1?lockade, interventions, civil
war, famine, scarcity of fuel and soap, and
a broken-down transportation system. These
factors helped to spread the infe.ction to an

unparal1eled extent. The Czarist regime had
provided no hospital facilities for typhus
patients. In 1920, among the first acts of
the Soviet government was the provision of
250,000 beds for typhus patients. It set up
an extensiye network of stations for obser-
vation, isolation, and disinfection. Millions
of pamphlets, leaflets and posters were dis-
tributed in all languages of the U.S.S.R.
Hundreds of thousands of volunteers were
enlisted in the war against typhus. Slogans
were broadcast and "bathing weeks" insti-
tuted. The government allotted generous
funds for this work and typhus has been
no problem in this war.
Diphtheria and measles have received spe-
cial attention by research and practising'
public health workers. Both these diseases
of childhood have been brought under com-
plete control. Immunization against
diphtheria is compulsory for all children
between the ages of one and eight. In
1940, ten million children were immun-
ized against diphtheria. During the war,
the public health centres all over the
country have conducted a program of
re-immunization and research workers
are searching for a more effective pre-
paration which would require less frequent
injections.
MeaslèS used to strike at millions of
children in old Russia. It no longer threatens
that many. Soviet medical workers began
to use anti-measles serum when it became
safe and by 1937 the use of such serum be-
came obligatory throughout the U.S.S.R. In
1940 alone, 1,241,000 children were immun-
ized against measles. The inoculations are
given free to all children. "The aim", it is
stated in the Soviet health report, "is to raise
the age of measles patients, and create an
immunity by developing an abortive form
of the disease. Soviet scientists are now
searching for methods of active immuniza-
tion against measles. Some experiments
have yielded encouraging results".
- Toronto Daily Star

Previews
Patients are frequently baffled by the deafened friends for an expert OpInIOn
regular battery of laboratory tests to on the possibility of having their hear-
which they may be subjected in the pro- ing restored by the delicate fenestration
cess of reaching a diagnosis. In phrase- operation? That your information may
ology so simple that the lay person may be thoroughly authentic Dr. 'Villiam Mc-
understand Dr. Watson Sodero has de- Nally has prepared a description of the
scribed the principal tests for us. operation for us. Bernice Stewart out-
Have you been pestered by your lines the required nursing care.

'46

Vol. 41. No. "7

GENERAL NURSING

Con tributed by the General K ursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

Red Cell Paste In Treatment of Ulcers

ERNA E. HARTZ

Interest in this procedure developed
after an interne at our hospital, the Saint
John General, applied the red cell paste
to varicose ulcers that we had been
treating for a period of twelve weeks
without success. In less than five days,
six of the superficial ulcers were healed
completely and in two weeks the pa-
tient was discharged from the hospital.
This treatment was first used in a naval
hospital in Philadelphia when someone
wanted to make use of the red blood
cells which are important by-products of
plasma production. These cells were ad-
ministered first as red cell infusions to
patients suffering from anemia. Later
two doctors used the red blood cells on
a decubitus ulcer of long standing, but
the problem of making these cells adhere
to the wound presented itself so a sterile
paste was prepared.
Preparation: The red hlood celIs
which remain after the plasma has been
aspirated should be fresh type "0" cells,
a universal group, so they can be used
on any person regardless of their blood
type. The paste is made by dusting pow-
iered tragacanth, a gummy exudate of
plant origin (astragalus gummifer) into
a herylresorcinal solution. The herylre-
sorcinal is a germicide which is very
'5trong but does not harm tissues. This
mixture after several hours forms a gela-
tinous mass and is then ready to mix
JUL Y. 1945

with the red cells. After thorough mix-
ing by agitation the paste is stored at from
2 0 -5 0 C. while not in use. An analysis
of the composition of the paste reveals
eight to ten million red blood cells and
two to three thousand white per cubic
millimetre. The hemoglobin is varied,
from 28 to 31 gms. per 100 cc.
iJ1 et/zod of Application: During the
treatment the wound is cleansed with
isotonic solution of sodium chloride and
dry gauze; the paste is then applied with
sterile cotton applicators. Ulcers are
treated by applying a thin film of paste
over the are.a which is allowed to dry
before being covered with a sterile dry
dressing. Infection developing, the crust
is removed, the wound cleansed lightly
with isot.mic solution of sodium chlor-
ide and a second application of the paste
is applied. A sterile scab soon develops
under which epithelization takes place.
In deep granulating wounds the paste is
applied in relatively large quantities, af-
ter which the wound is covered with a
sterile dry dressing. When the wound
is re-dressed, it may be noted that a
rather large quantity of the paste is ab-
sorbed by the affected tissues, the dis-
charge decreased and the granulation
takes on a healthy appearance.
NHrsing Care: The wounds are dress-
ed either once or twice daily, depend-
ing on their condition and progress. This
54'1

548

THE CAN A D I
-\ 1\ )\ C R S E

eliminates a lot of nursing care as us-
ually ulcers have to be dressed more of-
ten than twice a day. After the ulcers
are progressing well the dressing does
not have to be changed for several days.
Results of Treatment: During the
p.ast few months ten cases of varicose ul-
cers have been beneficially treated with
red blood cell paste. Only one case
failed to heal and it was a syphilitic pa-
tient. This is a very small number of
cases, but it would almost seem that
the paste works only in straight vari-
cose ulcers. It must be remembered that
this method is only .a means to promote
local healing. Other procedures, such as

ligation and injecting of veins, should be
performed when indicated.
Comment: How this red blood cell
paste works has not yet been determmed.
The most plausible theory is that requir-
ed nutritional elements or proteins are
supplied to tissues which may be defi-
cient in these substances because of ina-
dequate circulation. The red blood cells
appear to be .absorbed to a certain de-
gree by the tissues until the granulations
reach the surface and a crust forms. This
crust serves as a support for new con-
nective tissue. 'Vhen the crust finally
drops off the surface is completely
healed.

Methods of Pasteurization

To kill germs that possibly have invaded
raw milk and have made it unsafe to drink,
it must be put through a protective process
called pasteurization.
Commcrcial pasteurization of milk for
direct consumption involves a process of
heating it to a temperature not lower than
142. F and not higher than 145 0 F for not
less than thirty minutes. The milk is then
cooled - lowered to 45 0 within forty-five
minutes.
This process can also be carried out in
the home - in a smaller way, of course. In
sparsdy settled areas where pasteurized milk
is unobtainable, home pasteurizers should ob-
tain a heavy aluminum container with faucet
attached about two inches from the bottom.
Also needed is a removable metal rack which
should clear the bottom of the container by
about 1 Y2 inches. The container should be
deeper than quart bottles which can be used
to hold the milk. An armored thermometer
also is needed.
The fiUed bottles of milk with the ther-
mometer inserted through the cap of one
bottle
Ire placed in the container, in cold
water abJut an inch from their tops. \Vhen
the thermometer reaches 145 0 F, the heat
is reduced so that the thermometer reading
remains between 142 0 and 145. for thirty
minutes.
All virult
nt disease germs will then have
been killed and, if ice or snow are available,
the water should be drawn off a little at a
time and ice or snow added, until the read-
ing is 45 0 . The milk is cooled to 45. be-

cause ths.t is the temperature at which it
keeps be:;t'.
Another home pasteurization method used
in farms homes is to heat the milk to a boil-
ing point and then immediately cool it. More
care has to be exercised in cooling until
the temperature falls to about 100 0 .
-Hcalth .\rC'i.i.'S Scrvice

Siamese Twins

An interesting and unusual delivery oc-
curred recently in a northern Ontario town.
The mother, aged nineteen, was a primipara
She was ill labour when she reached the
hospital. Her physician diagnosed twins and
after two hours decided to do a Cesarean
section. The patient was delivered of fe-
male twins, weighing tdl pounds. They were
united from the breast line to the umbilicus,
and had a single cord and placenta. They
appeared normal in every respect. They did
not breathc. The specimen has been sent to
the museum at Queen's University. The
mother is recovering.
We have been wondering if other Siamese
twins have been born in Canada and, if so,
where. Dorothy Fox (Toronto General Hos-
pital) and Christine Cameron (Royal Alex-
andra Hospital, Edmonton) and I were pres-
ent at th
operation.
L. CI.ARA PRESTON
S:lþCY 1 1l tendent, St. pours Hospital
H ear.s!, Onto

Vol. 41, No.7

Postwar Planning Activities

Contributed by

POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

How Can Nurses Fight for Peace?

LAURA HOLLAND

Germany has "unconditionally sur-
rendered". Peace has been declared. The
heart of every Canadian re joices that
organized warfare in Europe has cea-
sed, but we all realize that although
peace has been declared it has not yet
been won, and the extent to which true
peace can be realized will depend on the
attitude and actions of every individual
throughout the world.
It can be assumed that members of
the Canadian Nurses Association are
following with keen interest, and it is
hoped with objectivity and without prr.-
judice, the activities of the United 1\a-
tions Organization, and that they will
contribute in devious ways to local and
national rehabilitation and reconstruc-
tion plans and programs. That is a duty,
as well as an opportunity, that concerns
every Canadian. As an Association, how-
ever, we have an inherent responsibility
to help put into effect those principles
and practices that must be exercised by
each and every profession if the type
of peace that our men and women in the
Services have fought and died for is to
be achieved.
Already our Association, through its
national, provincial and local officials,
has demonstrated its desire and willing-
ness "to serve" in its o.wn particular
field, but to be 100 per cent effective
every member should participate.
\Vhat more c.an we do as an Associa-
tion and as individual members?
As a first and practical step, let us try
to face realistically the many ad just-
ments necessary in our own group if we
JULY, 194'

as nurses are to make the best possible
contribution to the Peace Program. We
can t.ake pride in what the members of
our profession have achieved in the war
zones. Our hearts are warmed and our
spirits lifted when we think of their
return, for Canada needs their help to
meet the new demands in the accelerated
activities concerned with health.
During the war years, the civilian
nurses on the home front (many of
whom would have preferred to serve
overseas if given the opportunity), have
been called upon to assume increased
responsibility, longer hours on duty, and,
in addition, to assist in a variety of com-
munity activities in their leisure. hours.
Both in hospitals and elsewhere, increased
staff turnover, less competent auxiliary
help, and shortage of doctors, only added
to the str.ain of those conscientious nur-
ses who have held the fort so èourage-
ously. It is also true that this group
have had unprecedented opportunity for
widening their individual experience and
advancement in their profession.
It is realized that those nurses in the
Services who have remained in Canada
have not had to contend with the depri-
vations of .active service overseas, but
have accepted cheerfully the temporary
curtailment of their right to choose the
place and type of work they preferred,
and opportunity for personal advance-
ment in their profession has been les-
sened. The nurses who went overseas
have, in addition, faced from the first
unpredictable physical hazards, and have
been subjected to discomforts, dangers
'49

550

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and a way of life that will tend to make
adjustment to the slower pace of civil-
ian life somewhat difficult. The psycho-
logical reaction of those who came in
contact with the tragedies, deprivations
and suffering in Europe is apt to occa-
sion impatience with civilian practices
and proeedures that savour of red tape
and the petty attitudes that seem to be
more prevalent in situations undisturbed
by gunfire and bombs.
There are many adjustments to be
made in the postwar world and nursing
is no exception. Even before the war,
the schools of nursing pnd the universi-
ties responsible for post-graduate cour-
ses and the education of public health
nurses were unable to supply an ade-
quate number of trained personnel to
meet the demand, and the required
nursing personnel for the Armed Forces
has created an even greater shortage.
The recent expansion of preventive me-
dicine, allied with the anticip.ated neces-
sary increase of nursing activities con-
cerned with health insurance, not to
mention the great advance that has been
made in industrial nursing, means that
the demand in the future for the services
of the nurse will be greater than ever.
There is little danger of an unemploy-
ment problem in the field of nursing for
years to come.
I" ollowing is a limited outline of an-
ticipated needs:

1. Plans are underway to increase both
the number of hospitals and the number of
beds in existing hospitals. This anticipates
that not only will an increase in the number
of general duty nurses be required, but also
registered nurses with post-graduate train-
ing and experience in administration and
supervision.
2. There is a shortage of fully qualified
instructors in the schools of nursing and the
department of the universities responsible for
post-graduate courses.
3. Pressure groups are advocating th('
building éJnd extension of convalescent hospi-
tals as well as institutions for both young
and old chronics who should be hospitalized.
4. Exc.ept to the extent the Victorian Order

of Nurs
s is organized nationally to meet t.he
need, it is difficult and often fiFlanciaIly im-
possible to provide nursing care in the
home for J..ersons in the low wage group.
5. There is need to organize the practical
and undergraduate nurses, both for their own
protection and that of the community they
serve, which indicates a need for legislation
concern
d with licensing, training and super-
vision.

6. Insurance is imminent and implies an
increased demand for nursing in all cate-
gories.

\Vhat special problems will the nurse,
discharged from any of the three Ser-
vices, have to face? War nursing, for
obvious reasons, has its own special tech-
niques, practices, methods and discipline,
which differ in degree and routine from
those used in peacetime institutions. A
sudden change-over to duty in a civilian
hospital after five years' absence will
test the tolerance, understanding and
patience of all concerned.
The psychological approach to the
patient, the very diseases and surgical
conditions encountered, differ as to va-
riety, ratio and predominant type under
war conditions. Since 1939, many chan-
ges along somewhat different lines have
taken place in civilian hospitals and, if
one can judge by what took place fol-
lowing the last war, many of the over-
seas nurses on discharge will feel the
need for at least a period of re-orienta-
tion, and others will find satisfaction in
taking a post-graduate course. As there
is such urgent need for nurses in the ad-
ministrative and teaching specialties every
encouragement should be given the re-
turned nurses with the necessary quali-
fications to take training along these
lines. Their recent experience, so rich in
providing an opportunity for a broader
outlook and greater understanding,
should be the best possible foundation on
which to build future leaders in the nurs-
ing field.
There will be others who at first will
not want to consider anything but a
chance to relax, which will become in
realitl' a pp'rioà (If re-creation of energy
Vol. 41, No. 7

H 0 ,v C A

U R S E S FIG H T FOR PEA C E? 551

for the future. Still others, whose capa-
city for adventure has been fully satis-
fied, will have as their chief aim a re-
turn to the more or less routine job they
had known before.
Not only has war tended to change
personal attitudes and working condi-
tions, but it has accelerated the need for
many changes in the present and the
future, and the field of nursing is no
exception. New problems related to the
maintenance and expansion of efficient
nursing service throughout Canada have
arisen for wruch a solution must be
found and toward which the nursing
profession has a responsibility to give
leadership. Through legislation we have
been granted the right to establish ma-
chinery to develop and maintain nursing

standards. Such a privilege implies defin-
ite responsibilities.
Willingness to pool our professional
resources should be
n aim in order that
the best nursing service can be given to
the greatest number most in need of it,
irrespective of whether they are located
in rural or urban areas. This will neces-
sitate the closest co-operation with the
departments of health and education, the
medical profession, as well as the com-
munity at large, all of whom must share
this responsibility if the public are to
receive adequate nursing care.
It is a challenge that must be met if
we are to remain true to. the basic phil-
osophy of our Association and are to play
our part in the Army prepared to fight
for Peace.

The Ida MacGregor Scholarships

The School of Nursing of the Royal Vic-
toria Hospital has received a sum of $10,-
000 from which an annual scholarship of
$400, to be called the Ida
facGregor Schol-
arship, is to be awarded. To quote the donor
who wishes to remair. unknown, "The gift
is a tribute to a private dûty nurse who held
her profession in high honour, and who was
intensely proud when the nurses themselvës
saved the School for Graduate Nurses at
McGill University at a time when the Uni-
versity felt unable to finance it. Though in
poor health herself, Miss MacGregor's

thought was ever of others. Her ways were
ways of skill and gentleness, of wisdom,-
pleasantness and peace."
This scholarship may be. used for uni-
versity post-graduate study, for hospital
post-graduate work, or for a travel schol-
arship for some one who has already had
a good background of preparation and ex-
perience. If no suitable candidate presents
hersel f two scholarships may be awarded
the following year. The emphasis is to be
placed on the character and nursing ac-
complishment of the recipient.

M. l. I. C. Nursing Service

Jacqueline Cadieux (Sacred Heart Hospi-
tal, Hull, and University of Montreal public
health course) has been appointed to the
Metropolitan staff in Montreal. Simonne
Patry (Sacred Heart Hospital, Hull, and
University of Montreal public health cour-
se) recently returned to the Montreal staff.
Miss Patry went on leave of absence in
June 1942 to join the R.C.A.!\LC. Nursing
Service. Lucille Cote (Providence Hospital,

{ontreal, and University of Montreal pub-
JULY, 1945

lie health course), of the Montreal staff,
has resigned.

J rtliette GO'J.er (Hotel Dieu of St. Joseph
Hospital, Montreal, and University of Mont-
real public health course) has been trans-
ferred from Drummondville, P. Q. to
Montreal. Adeste .Marti,!- (Hotel Dieu Hos-
pital, Montreal, and University of Montreal
public health course) was recently transfer-
red from !\fontreal to Drummondville.

Nursing

Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

Post-Graduate Work Available in
Canada

Following two preceding articles on
post-graduate courses, published in the
May and June numbers of the Journal,
there follows a list of post-graduate work
available in Canada.
It is not claimed that this list is ab-
solutely complete. A questionnaire was

sent to all nursing schools, and to c;ome
hospitals without schools. The response
to this was very prompt and gratifying,
and the list which follows is based on it.
\Ve apologize for any unintentional mis-
takes or omissions, and shall be glad to
print corrections.
Nurses who are interested should write
to the school or hospital concerned for
further information.

Name & Location of University

POST -GRADUATE COURSES IN UNIYERSITIES

Courses Available

University of British Columbia Public health nursing.
Dept. of Nursing & Health, Teaching & supervision in schools
Vancouver. of nursing.

University of Alberta, School of Public health nursing 1 yr.
Nursing, Edmonton. Hospital administration. 2 months.
Practical obstetrics (advanced). 3 months.
Degree course for g raduate nurses. 2 yrs.
University of Manitoba, School of Certificate courses in:
Nursing Education, Winnipeg. Public health nursing
Teaching & superv;.
ion
School of nursing administration

University of Western Ontario. Certificate courses in:
Faculty of Public Health, Public health nursing
London. HosDital administration.
Instructor in nursing.

Certificate courses in:
Public health nursing.
Nursing education & supervision
Clinical course in:
Ward teaching & supervision.
Operating room technique.
Pediatric nursing.
De
ee courses for graduate
nurses:
Public health nursing.
Nursing education & supervision
Graduate courses leading to a
certificate:
Clinical supervision.
Hospital administration.
Nursing education.
Public health nursing.
Adyanced & special courses.

University of Ottawa. School of
Nursi
. Ottawa, Onto

C niversity of Toronto, School of
Nursing, Toronto 5. Onto

552

Length of Course
academic yr.
academic yr.

10 months
9 months.
9 months.

8 months.
8 months.
8 months.

1 academic yr.
1 academic yr.
4 months.
4 months.
4 months.

2 academic yrs.
2 academic yrs.

1 academic yr.
1 academic yr.
1 academic yr.
1 academic yr.
1 academic yr.

Vol. 41. Ne. ,

P 0 S T - G R .-\. D U -\ T E \V 0 R K

McGill University, School for
Graduate Nurses, Montreal 2,
Que.

Institut Marguerite d'Youville,
1185 rue St. l\lathieu, Montreal,
25, Que.

Laval University
Quebec City

Graduate courses leading to a
diploma:
Nursing education. 2 yrs.
Public health nursing. 2 yrs.
Graduate courses leading to a
certificate:
Teaching & supervision in
schools of nursing.
Public health nursing.
Administration in schools of
nursing (advanced).
Administration & supervision
in .public health nursing (ad-
vanced).
Administration & suoervision in
psychiatric nuffiing.
Graduate courses leading to a
degree in nursi!!g:
Offered in fields as listed above.

553

academic yr.
academic yr.

academic yr.

academic yr.

academic yr.

2 academic Yr!.

Nursing education (B.Sc. de- 2 yrs.
gree) .
Teaching in schools of nursing yr.
(diploma).
Clinical teaching (diploma). 1 yr.
Ward supervision & administration
(diploma). yr.
Organization in schools of nursing
(diploma). yr.
Certificate courses as listed above
for diploma. 4 months.
Baccalauréat en 2 yrs.
sciences hospitalières

POST-GRADUATE COt:RSES AVAILABLE IN HO
PIT
I SCHOOLS

Name & Location of Hospital

Courses Available

Provincial Mental Hospital, Es- Psychiatric nursing.
sondale, B.C.
Vancouver General Hospital, Van- Operating room technique.
couver, B.C. Obstetrics.

St. Joseph's Hospital, \ïctoria,
B.C.

Medical technology.
X- ray technology.
Operating room technique.
Obstetdcal nursing. .
Surgery (O.R. technique).
Obstetrics.

Length of Course

6 months.

3 months.
4 months.

18 months.
12 months.
4-8 months.
4-6 months.
4 months.
4 months.

Holy Cross Hospital. Calgary, Alta Operating technique & manage- 4 months.
ment.

4 :lìGI1ths.

Royal Alexandra Hospital, Ed- Operating room technique.
monton, Alta.
Provincial Mental Hospital, Po- Psychiatric nursing.
noka, Alta.
Winnipeg Municipal Hospitals, Communicable disease (including 3 months.
Winnipeg, Man. tuberculo sis if desired).

Hamilton General Hospital, Ha- Obstetrics.
milton, Onto

Psychiatric nursing (deferred affi- 3 months.
liation) .

Ontario Hospital, London,Ont.

July, 1945

6 months.

14 weeks.

554

THE CANADIAN NURSE

3 months.

Strathcona Hospital for Commu- Communicable diseases.
nicable Diseases, Range Rd.,
Ottawa, Ont.
St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Operating room technique &
Onto management. 4 months.
Obstetrical nursing. 4 months.

Toronto Hospital for the Treat- Tuberculosis.
ment of Tuberculosis, Weston,
OTJ.t.

Children's Memorial Hospital,
Montreal 25, Que.
Phillips Train.ing School for Nur- X-ray technology.
ses, Homoeopathic Hospital,
Montreal 28, Que.

Pediatrics.

3 months.

6 months.

yr.

Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Pediatric orthopedic nursing (de- 2 months.
Children, Montreal 25, Que. layed affiliation).

Royal Victoria Hospital,
Montreal 2, Que.

Obst
trical nursing.
Gynecological nursing.
Psychiatric nursing.
(s
e also McGill Un.iversity).
Hðpital Stt'.j ustine, 6055 rue Pediatrics.
St. Denis, Montreal, Que.

4 months.
2 months.
1 yr.

6 months.

Verdun Protestant Hospital. P.O. Psychiatric nursing (delayed affi- 3 months.
Box 6034, Montreal, Que. liation).

Ecole des Hospitalières, o.s.a.
Hotel-Dieu de Québec
Québec City
Halifax Infirmary, Halifax, N.S.

9 months

Operating room technique & ma- 5 months.
nagement.
Obstetrical nursing.
Radiography.

Courses Available

Operating room

l 5 months:.
2 yrs.

ADDED EXPERIENCE ARRANGEMENTS IN HOSPITALS

Vancouver General Hospital, Van- Arrangements are made when
couver, B.C. requested.
St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria,B.C Surgical nursing.
Medical nursing.
Calgary General Hospital, Calgary Obstetrics.
Alta. Pediatrics.
Surgery.
St. Boniface Hospital, St. Boniface Operating room technique
Man. requested).

Children's Hospital of Winnipeg, Pediatrics.
Aberdeen & Main Sts., East,
Winnipeg, Man.
Kingston General Hospital, Kings- Operating room.
ton, Onto
Hospital for Sick Children, To- Pediatrics.
ronto, Onto Operating room technique.
Toronto General Hospital, To- Operating room technique.
ronto, Ont.

Name & I.ocation of Hospital

Length of Cour se

6 months.
6 months.

1 yr.
1 yr.
1 yr.

(as

4 months.

1 month.

4 months & 6 months
3 months.
4 months.

Vol. 41, No. '7

POST-GRADUATE WORK

555

Toronto "estern Hospital, To- Operating room technique & ma- 4 monti's.
ronto, Ont. nagement.

:\[ontreal General Hospital, 1\1on- Operating room.
treal 18, Que.
Royal Victoria Hospital, 1\ 10n- Operating room.
treal 2, Que.
Hðpital General Saint-\Ïncent de X-ray technology.
Paul, 132 King St. E., Sher-
brooke, Que.
Shriners' Hospital for Crip;>led Pediatric orthcpedic nursing (as
Children, 1\lontreal, 25, Que. requested).
Hðpital St. Luc.32 rue Ste.l"rsuk Clinical experience.
Quebec City.

3 months.

3-4 months

yr.

6 \\ eeks

Hospital, Exoerience as requested in:
Pediatrics.
Obstetrics.
Medical nursing.
Surgical nursing.
St. Joseph's School of Nursing, Obstetrics.
Hotel Dieu Hospital, Camp- Pediatrics.
bellton, N.R Surgical nursing.
(as requested).

Saint John General
Saint John, N.R

A New Assistant Secretary

The President of the Canadian
ur-
3e5 A.ssociation announces the appoint-
ment of Miss \Vinnifred I\1uriel Cooke
a5 Assistant Secretary of the Association.

riS5 Cooke, a native of the Province
of Quebec, is a graduate of The Mon-
treal General Hospital School for N ur-
ses and of the McGill School for Grad-
uate Nurses where she received a cer-
tificate in teaching and supervision in

chools of nursing.
Miss Cooke has been in charge of the
teaching at the school of nursing in the
Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, B.C.,
the Aberdeen Hospital, New Glasgow,
X .S., and the Ottawa Civic Hospital.
She has been secretary of the Hospital
and School of Nursing Section of the
C.N.A. and has had considerable ex-
perience in local association work. Thus
she comes to the National Office with

JUL Y, 1945

a good knowledge of nursing problems
in various parts of Canada. Miss Cooke
will assume her new duties on August
1, 1945.

Metiers, Montreal
WINNIFRED M. COOKE

:tlotes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

Gener.. Secretary, The Canadian Nunes Ålloclatlon

Provincial Association Activities

The outstanding Äctlvltles of the
Provincial Associations of Registered
Nurses during the past months are sum-
marized for the information of mem-
bers of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion :
.A Iherta .A ssocÏatio 11, of Re gisflered
Nurses: An experimental Placement
Bureau has been -established in Edmon-
ton, in conjunction with the regional
registry office, and is conducted by the
re gional registrar.
The director of publicity and student
recruitment has received splendid c?-
oper::ltion from schools, the press, radio,
stores, etc., and considerable interest
in nursing has been evidenced by high
school girls.
Eleven nurses completed the two-
months' course in administration for
superintendents of small hospitals and
several enquiries have already been -re-
ceived relative to registering for a fu-
ture course.
"A Collection of Facts - Alberta
Hospitals" will be available to schools of
nursing and other interested persons.
These data were collected by Miss Kate
Brighty and are related to the history
of nursing in Alberta.
Registered Nurses' .A ssociotion of
British Columhia: Forty-one graduate
nurses completed courses in the U ni-
versity of British Columbia - thirtv-
two, inc1uding five degree - course

556

students, in public health nursing, and
nine in teaching and supervision, includ-
ing three degree-course students. Seven-
teen of these forty-one students received
aid through the Federal Government
Grant burs.aries.
Four new chapters have organized
during the year and the reports of dis-
tricts and chapters presented to the an-
nual meeting show increased interest
in Association affairs.
In the provincial Placement Service,
which is becoming more active, the
problems of nurse shortage continue and
increase. Married women are resign-
ing in great numbers. The armed for-
ces are continuing to call flurses, and
and the D.V.A. hospitals are absorb-
ing all "unattached" nurses. The few
nursing sisters who return are plan-
ning to take post-graduate work before
accepting positions.
Manitoha Association of Registered
Nurses: An Act to provide for the
training, examination, licensing and reg-
ulation of practical nurses under the pro-
vincial Department of Heatlh and Pub-
lice Welfare was assented to March 23, -
]945.
A Brief was presented by the board
of directors of the Manitoba Associa-
tion of Registered Nurses to the board
of governors, the University of Mani-
toba, requesting that the school of nurs-
ing education be incorporated into thE
University of Manitoba as a perman-
ent faculty.
The Manitoba Student Nurses' Asso-
ciation was formed in
ovember, 1944,

Vol. 41. He. 7

:\ A T I 0 Ì'i _\ L 0 F F ICE

under the spon
orship of the IV1.A.R.N.
:'V1onthly meetings have heen held since
then and the student nurses are most
enthusiastic. At the time of the annual
meeting, your general secretary and the
editor and business manager of The
Canaditm Nurse both addressed the
1Ianitoba Student Nurses' Association.
An amendment to Section 9 of the
Manitoba Registration Act was passed
in 1945, giving greater discretionary
powers to the board of managers res-
pecting the admission to membership in
the Association.
New Brunswick Association of Rf'gis-
tered N ursf'S: Publicity continues to be
active. Posters and pamphlets were dis-
tributed through the local chapters, hos-
pitals and by public health nurses. The
trailer, "'Vhite Sentinels Guard Vital
Outposts". was routed over the theatre
circuits.
. The library, opened last year, is prov-
ing of great interest, as is the dip-
ping sen'ice in connection with it.
The committees on Postwar Plan-
ning and Nurse Placement Service have
been merged to form one, and a sur-
vey of provincial resources and needs
is being undertaken.
A group of practical nurses in one
locality of New Brunswick has appeal-
ed to the N.B.A.R.N. for guidance re-
garding becoming licensed. They are
attempting to make contact with other
groups of practical nurses in the prov-
ince in order to obtain better co-opera-
tion and understanding among them-
selves. .
A.n institute for hospital staff nurses,
under the leadership of Miss Marion
Lindeburgh, director, McGin School
for Graduate Nurses, is scheduled for
June 6, 7 and 8.
Registered Nurses' A ssocia.
on of
_Y Oim Scotia: :\ t the executive meeting
held in Sydney, :\Jlarch 10, 1945, it was
decided to send the following resolu-
tion to Dr. Davis, Minister
f Pub1ic
Health for Nova Scotia: "That the
A.ssociation go on record as approving
and urging the desirability of ps
Thiatric
JULY, 1945

557

units in modern general hospitals, where
a specialist is available, and in particular
that such a unit be established in the
new public hospital in Halifax, under
construction at present."
Miss l\..1ary l\.rlathewson, assistant di-
rector, l\1cGill School for Gr.aduate
Nurses, conducted a refresher course in
public health nursing in February.
1\1iss Electa MacLennan, assistant
secretary, C.N.A., visited Nova Scotia
in February and interviewed many sup-
erintendents of nurses of schools of nurs-
ing regarding student enrolment. She
also addressed some high school groups.
The film, "\Vhite Sentinels Guard
Vital Outposts", has been shown in most
of the theatres throughout Nova Scotia.
Posters and pamphlets continue to be
widely distributed.
Registered Nurses Association of On-
[<<rio: At the annual meeting of the
Registered Nurses Association of On-
tario on April 12, 13 and 14, it was
recommended that the Honorable the
Rlinister of Health be asked to with-
draw the Bin to amend the Nurses'
Registration Act, to indude' the words
"Registered Assistant Nurse". The
meeting felt that a study of a Practice
Act covering all nursing (professional
and assistant) should be made before
any legislation is again submitted.
Resolutions from the General N urs-
ing Section: "That the board of di-
rectors through the proper channels at-
tempt to establish for nurses a priority
in the purchase of uniforms, shoes and
hose."
A resolution requesting that the
R.l\.A.O. take steps to have clinical ex-
perience in Tuberculosis Nursing made
an integral part of the basic course in
nursing was received frem the Nurses
Council on 'ruberculosis Nursing fol-
lowing the special session on "T ubercu-
losis as a Community Problem" when
1\1iss Grace M. Longhurst was the
special speaker. After discussion of this
resolution the following amendment
was adopted: "Therefore be it resolv-
ed that the Registered Nurses AS5ocia-

558

THE CANADIAN NU.RSE

tion of Ontario should take steps to
stimulate more interest in tuberculosis
affiliation for general hospital students
and to facilitate arrangements to ac-
complish it."
Registered Nurses A ssocwtion of
Prince Edward Island: \Vith the mon-
ey received from the Federal Govern-
ment Grant, clinical supervisors have
been placed in the three schools of nurs-
ing for approximately six months each.
TraveHing instructors in chemistry and
dietetics have helped in making the in-
struction of nurses more general in these
subjects.
A very successful refresher course in
pediatrics was given by lVliss
1. Flander
of the Children's Memorial Hospital,
Montreal. Undergraduates were privi-
leged to attend this course, too, to learn
the modern care of the well child. Miss
1\1. Lindeburgh, director, McGill
School for Graduate Nurses, is conduct-
ing an institute in supervision in June.
Studies are being made of provin-
cial Acts and of provincial registration
examinations.
Registered Nurses Association of t!),f!
Province oj Quebec: In Quebec, as in
several other provinces, married and
retired nurses, together with V.A.D.'s,
have done and are doing yeoman ser-
vice, without which there is little doubt
but that our hospitals would have been
in worse than desperate circumstances.
Committees on publicity and recruit-
ment have been active. Newspaper ar-
ticles, distribution of posters and pam-
phlets, window displays, radio talks and
conferences with high school students
have constituted the programs.
Twelve district associations have
been formed through an amendment of
the Act.
The British system of preliminary or
qualifying examinations at the end of
the student's first year was put into
operation in April.
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' A s-
sociation: In the Health Sen'ices Act,

passed in November, 1944, prOVISIon
has been made for nursing service by
registered nurses under con
itions set
forth in the Act, and as part of the
health services. A former president of
the S.R.N'.A. represents this Associa-
tion on the Advisory Commission to the
Health Services Commission.
An Instructors Institute was held in
February under the direction of the tra-
velling instructor. Refresher courses
were held in I\larch, as well as an in-
tensive course on the epidemiology of
venereal disease conducted bv the De-
partment of Health.
Plans for affiliation with the Anti-
Tuberculosis League for students in ap-
proved schools of nursing in Saskatche-
wan are being established.
Action has been taken to include
first year qualifying examinations for
nurse registration.
A joint committee of representatives
of the Saskatchewan Hospital Associa-
tion, Saskatchewan College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons, and the Saskat-
chewan Registered Nurses' Association
is functioning well. It assists with the
study of conditions related to nurses
and nursing service, especially in hos-
pitals.
The organization of chapters has al-
ready produced greater professional UJl-
ity.

Executive Meeting
A meeting of the executive comit-
tee of the Can.adian Nurses Association
was held in l\Iontreal on
1ay 31, June
1 and 2, 19+5. Those present includ-
ed: the president, I\liss F. :\lunroe; the
past president, 1\1iss lV1. Lindeburgh;
first vice-president, :\:liss R. Chittick;
second vice-president,
liss E. Cryder-
man; honourary secretary, Miss E. Mal-
lory; honourary treasurer, Miss 1\1.
Jenkins; chairmen of sections: Miss 1\1.
Batson, Hospital and School of N urs-
ing; l\liss H. McArthur, Public Health;
1\11ss P. Brownell, General Nursing;
conyener of Committee on Nursing
Vol. 41, No.7

A 1\ :\ U A. L :\1 E E T I
G I 1\
f A. NIT 0 B ..\. 559

Education, Miss E, K. Russell; and the
following councillors: Miss B. Beattie
(Aha.); Miss T. Hunter (B.C.); lVliss
L. Pettigrew (Man.); 1\liss M. Myers
(N.B.); lVliss R. MacDonald (N.S.);
lVIiss J. Masten, Miss C. Livingston
(Ont,); l'vliss D. Cox (P.E.I.); lVlisses
E. Flanagan, W. 1\1acLean, A. M. Ro-
bert, J. Trudel, French-speaking asso-
ciate adviser (Que.); 1\.1 i ss
I. Dieder-
ichs (Sask.); Miss 1\1. Kerr, editor and
business IVlanager of The C anodwn
Nurse; Miss G. Hall, general secre-
tary; 1\liss E. :\1acLennan, assistant

secretary. Upon invitation: Miss E.
Rogers, regjstrar (Aha.); Miss A.
,V right, executive secretary (B.C.);
Miss M. Street, executive secretary
(Man.); Miss A. Law, secretary-
treasurer (N .B.); Miss J. Dunning,
registrar (N.S.); Miss M. Fitzgerald,
secretary-trealsurer (Ont.) ; Miss F.
Upton, executive secretary (Que. ) ;
Miss K. Ellis, registrar (Sask); Miss
N. Fidler, lVliss 'V. Cooke. Upon invi-
tation for special committee reports:
Miss E. Johns, Miss E. Beith, Mrs. C.
Townsend, Mother Allaire.

Annual Meeting In Manitoba

The thirty-first annual meeting of the

Ianitoha Association of Registered Nurses
was' held April 16 and 17, 1945, at the Fort
Garry Hotel, \Vinnipeg. Two hundred and
nine members registered. The president,
)'[iss Lillian Pettigrew, presided. The offi-
cers and n1embers of the Association were
delighted to have as their guests upon this
occasion,
Jiss Getrude HaIJ, general secre-
tary of the Canadian X urses Association,
and Miss Margaret Kerr, editor of The
CanadiQl
Surse Journal. These two distin-
guished guests contributed greatly to th

value of the sessions.
In her presidential address, Miss Petti-
grew reviewed some of the major develop-
ments of the past year and stressed the need
of thoughtful planning for the future. \Vith
reference to the Practical :K Ul-se legislation
recently enacted by the !\Ianitoba Legisla-
ture, Mi<is Pettigrew reminded the members
that the thoughts of professional nurses
should now be directed to the obligations
that such legislation implies.
:\fiss Gertrude Hall, in her challenging
address, "Bridges to the Future", stated
that because of the fact. that the war has
brought about such amazing developments in
science, in all branches of medicine, surgery,
nursing t:dvcation, public health and social
security plans, it is our duty both as citizens
and as members of the nursing profession
to prepare ourselves to play a full part in
extending these de\'elopments in the future.
JULY, 1945

The executive-secretary, registrar and
school ,)f nursing adviser, in presenting her
reports, expressed the regret of the Asso-
ciation in Mrs. Marion Botsford's resigna-
tion as assistant executive secretary in July
1944. Mi
s Frances Waugh assumed the du-
ties of ::\.ssistant to the executive secretary
and school of nursing adviser on September
15, 1944. Three members of this Associa-
tion have been accepted for service abroad
under the auspices of UNRRA - Misses
Josephine de Brincat, Helena Reimer and
Jean Petty. Two hundred and sixty-six
members of the Manitoba Association of
Registered Nurses are now serving in the
Armed FGrces. New registrants admitted to
membership in the Association during the
year totalled 297. Under the new schedule of
Registntion Examinations, adopted in No-
vember, 1944, Anatomy and Physiology is
discontinued as a separate paper - (this sub-
j ect bei.lg now written at the end of the
first year). Another feature of the new
schedule is the inclusion of an examination
in Surgicai Specialties (Eye, Ear, Nose and
Throat, Gynecology and Orthopedics) , in
addition to that in Surgical Nursing. With
regard to the First Year Qualifying Exam-
inations, ::t.n analysis of the results from June
1942 to tht: present reveals that, of 845 can-
didates who have written the examinations,
663 or 78.4 per cent passed on first writing,
while a total of thirty-five candidates, or
4.14 per cent have been disqualified.

560

THE CA
ADIAN NURSE

Miss Frances "Vaugh, assistance executive
secretary, reported upon administration of
the Government Grant fund, the student nurse
recruitment program, and the organization of
the Manitoba Student Nurses' Association.
On Monday evening, the members of the

Ianitoha Student Nurses' Association were
privileged to meet Miss Hall and Miss Kerr,
who spoke to them upon professional organ-
izations and our professional J ouma/.
At the morning session, on April 17, re-
ports were presented from the Graduate
Nurses Associations of Brandon, Dauphin,
The Pa,>, Flin Flon, and Selkirk; from the
Public Health, General Nursing and Hos-
pital and School of Nursing Sections; from
standing committees, special committees and
representatives.
The report of the Legislative Committee
(convener, Miss Grace Spice) was of par-
ticular interest, as it dealt with the recently
enacted amendment to the Act of the Mani-
toba A c;sc.ciation of Registered Nurses, as
well as with the Act to provide for the
traulll1g, examination, licensing and regula-
tion of Practical Nurses. The Placement
director, Miss Olive Thomas, traced the
development of the Provincial Placement
Service from the time of its establishment
in August, 1944. To date, there ha'le been
4,420 office interviews and 162 applications
filed by nurses. One hundred and seventy-six
requests for nurses have been received. One
hundred ar.d seven nurses have been placed in
positions, 51 in city hospitals, 26 in rural
hospitals, 15 in sanatoria, and 15 in health
agencies or industrial plants. The Place-
ment director reported continued difficulty
in procuring staff nurses for rural hospitals
and sanatoria. Concluding the morning ses-
sion, an informal talk was given by Mr.
Phillip Dawson, executive director of the

fanitoba Hospital Service Association, who
outlined the development of pre-paid hos-
pital care :lnd medical services.
The guest speaker at the Public Health
luncheon was Lieut.-Co!. Charles H. A.
Walton, M.D., who delivered a most infor-
mative :md inspiring address on "Doctors and
Nurses in Action", with particular refer-
ence to public health developments in the
theatres of war.
At the opening of the afternoon session,
the interesting report of the Manitoba Stud-
ent Nurses' Association was given by its
first president, Miss Dorothy Marshall, who
outlined the aims and organi7ation of thi!'

newly-Íormed body. Miss Marshall des-
cribed the activities of the various commit-
tees of the Association: music, sports, lit-
erary, dramatic and current events. Meetings
have beea well-attended, and have already
"broadened our outlook on nursing and have
made us realize that nurses everywhere have
common problems", the president stated.
The
u
st speaker of the afternoon, Miss

1argaret Kerr, in her most enj oyable and
invigorating address, "Over the Editor's
Desk", traced the development of the J our-
nal during the past forty years and pointed
the way to future growth and development.
\Vith earnestness, sincerity and humour,
Miss Kerr made an appeal to the individual
nurse to realize her responsibility in giving
all-out support to her professional Journal.
"Your Journal is what you make it", Miss
Kerr concluded.
An excellent program, "Co-ordinated Ef-
fort", was then presented by representatives
of the three Sections under the direction of
the conveners, :Misses Lorraine Miller, Beryl
Seeman and. Jean Gordon. This presentation,
which consisted of a number of related pro-
jects, showed the manner in which all fields
of nursing service - private duty, hospital
and scho.Ji of nursing, staff duty and pub-
lic health - co-operate in the education of
the stud'
nt nurse as well as in the care of
the patient, in hospital, home and communit).
In addition to resolutions of appreciation
and thanks, the report of the Resolutions
Committee contained a resolution that the

1anitoba Association of Registered Nurses
request that the membership of the recently
appointed provincial Tuberculosis Control
Commission be enlarged to include two
registered nurses.
The convention concluded with a banquet
attended by one hundred and sixty-five
members and guests. The banquet hall was
beautifully decorated for the occasion by
the Socia.l Committee under the able con-
venership of Miss Kathryn McLearn. Flags
of the united nations and spring flowers in
red, white and blue tones provided an ap-
propriate setting for the address of the
evening. M:-s. R. F. Mc\Villiams spoke up-
on the su1:ject of UNRRA. Her address
was one c.f absorbing interest, realism and
challenge. In simple, sincere, and forthright
words, the speaker painted a vivid picture
of UNRI
A's broad field of service, and
of the need for continued and increased self-
sacrifice on the part of all the people of

Vol. 41. No.7

A N K V A L 1\1 E E T I !\ G I 1\ 0 N TAR I 0

Canada, if the peoples of Europe are to be
saved irûm disasters greater than those
which have yet befallen them-<lisease and
starvati0n.

561

.Miss Lillian Pettigrew was re-elected
president for the coming year.

IAI<GARET M. STREET
Exccutive Secretary, M.A..R.N.

Annual Meeting In Ontario

The twentieth annual meeting of the Regis-
tered Nurses Association of Ontario held in
Toronto, April 12-14, 1945, was opened by
the president, Miss Jean 1.
Iasten. The
Associati
m was very pleased to welcome
Miss Electa MacLennan, assistant secretary,
C.N.A., who brought greetings from the
Canadian Nurses Association and who so
willingly gave assistance on questions under
discussion.
[iss Eileen Flanagan, president,
Registered Nurses Association of the Prov-
ince of Quebec, who attended the meeting is
always a welcome visitor. The president, in
her address at the opening session, summar-
ized the l'ursing trends and events in the
life of the Association during the past year
and statcd the most urgent internal problem
to be that of strengthening the bonds be-
tween the nine districts which together
form the provincial association.
At the afternoon session on April 12 the
topic "The Place of :Mental Hygiene and

fental X ursing in this Reconstruction Per-
iod" was introduced by Dr. G. H. Stevenson,
superintendent, Ontario Hospital, London.
Other })élpers included: "Preparation for
Psychiatric Nursing" by Hilda Bennett,
University of Toronto School of Xursing;
"Mental Hygiene Problems in Generalized
Public Health K ursing" by Eileen Cryder-
man, D'
partment of Public Health, To-
ronto; "Mental Hygiene and Hospital Xurs-
ing" by Mrs. Laura Fitzsimmons, nursing
consultant, Committee on Psychiatric X urs-
ing, American Psychiatric Association. A
second c;pecial session was held on Friday
afternoon when the subject was "Tuber-
culosis as a Community Problem". The
principal speaker was Miss Grace M. Long-
hurst, director of nursing service, :Mt. Mor-
ris Tuberculosis Hospital. 11t. Morris, N.Y.
Following the address "Information Please"
was conducted by Miss Edna L. Uoore with
the following authorities to answer questions:

fiss Longhurst; Dr. G. C. Brink and Dr.
JUL Y, 1945

K. G. Shorey. Division of Tuberculosis
Control, Ontario Department of Health;
Dr. C. G. Shaver, superintendent, Niagara
Peninsula Sanatorium; Mrs. Agnes Hay-
garth, director, public health nursing, Hamil-
ton; Gladys Sharpe, director of nursing,
Toronto \Yestern Hospital. The attendance
of approximately seven hundred at each of
these special sessions demonstrated that this
was the type of meeting the nurses wanted.
The papers presented were aU very interest-
ing.
At the annual dinner, when 494 members
and gue"ts were present, Miss Edith R. Dick
acting director, K urse Registration Branch,
spoke on "Experience with a Canadian Gen-
eral H')spital in England and France". Miss
Dick's talk was extremely interesting and
inform:.J.tive with regard to the work carried
on by
he nursing sisters in hospitals over-
seas. Due to wartime service conditions the
hotel was unable to serve all who wanted to
attend the dinner and many of these came
in later to hear Miss Dick.
[iss Beatrice El-
lis, :Miss A. M. 1Iunn and Miss Janet Neil-
son were
pecial guests of honour.
The business meetings of the three sec-
tions were held concurrently on Saturday
morning. At the Public Health Section meet-
ing the <;p{:cial speaker was Dr. C. C. Gold-
ring, superintendent of schools for Toronto
A general session followed when the Hon-
ourable Dana Porter, Minister of Develop-
ment anJ Planning, was the special speak-
er. In his timely address the Minister stressed
the extcnt to which the government must rely
upon the 2.ssistance of organized group,> in
instituti.,g an effective program of post-war
planning, and the responsibility which these
groups, including the nursing profession,
must assume, each in its own sphere.
Reports were presented at the business
sessions from aU standing and special com-
mittees and sections. A summary of the dis-
trict reports was presented by
fiss Flor-

562

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ence H. \Valker. A folio, including the re-
port of the secretary, financial statements
and the proposed budget, was prepared and
given to all members who registered. The
membership committee reported that the
membership on December 31, 1944, was
7,024 representing aprpoximately 43 per
cent of the nurses holding 1944 registra-
tion in Ontario. The Legislation Committee
presented an amendment to the By-Laws,
which was voted on by ballot and passed,
whereby the annual fee for membership was
increase to $4.00 and will come into ef-
fect for the 1946 fees. The report of the
Registry Adviser stated there were now
twenty-one organized registries in Ontario
with an enrolment of approimately 2,840
registered nurses. The Permanent Education
Fund :-eported that six loans had been
granted in 1944. Loans are available and
granted to members to assist them in tak-

ing post-gl aduate courses. The total con-
vention registration was 599, including
fifty-thr
e students who were representa-
tives from thirty-four schools of nursing in
Ontario. Due to the problem of hotel ac-
commooatton and available dates for con-
ventions it was agreed that the annual meet-
ing in 1946 should be held in Toronto on
October 28-31.
The Eoilowing are the officers: president,
Jean 1. !\Iasten; vice-presidents, M. B. Ander-
son, G. Ross; section chairmen: Hospital and
School of Nursing, Blanche McPhedran;
Public Health, M. C. Livingston; General
Nursing, Kathleen Layton; district chair-
men: 1L Jones, Mrs. K. Cowie, A. Scheif-
ele, C.
kCorquodale, Mrs. E. Brackenridge,
I.
hc
Iil1an, \Y. Cooke, S. Laine, M. Spid-
ell.

M.-\ TILDA E. FITZGERALD
Se.::rrfary-Treasurer, R.N.A.O

Annual Meeting In Alberta

The twenty-seyenth annual meeting of the
Alberta Association of Registered K urses
was held in the Palliser Hotel, Calgary, on

[arch 26, 1945. Despite the one-day meet-
ing confined to business only, the province
was well represented by 127 members in
attendance, many of whom came from out-
lying points.
.-\fter giving her presidential address,

fiss Ida Johnson introduced three special
guests:
fiss Gertrude M. Hall, general se-
cretary of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion; Miss Margaret E. Kerr, editor and
business manager of The Canadian Nurse;
and . :Miss Elizabeth Bell Rogers, newly-
appointed registrar and secretary of the Al-
berta Association of Registered Nurses.
Reports of Districts and Standing Com-
mittees occupied the morning session, follow-
ed by sectional meetings, election of offi-
cers and general discussion in the afternoon.
Miss Ella M. Howard, acting registrar
since the retiral of Miss E. A. Pearston on
February I, 1945, reported on the progress
of the Association, including courses and
activities made possible by the Federal Grant.
For the next three years, as an experiment,
student nurses are to be allowed one week

sick lean:, not cumulative, and Dominion-
Provincial assistance to prospective students
is to be cuntinued for 1945-46.
Seating capacity was at a premium when
Miss Gertrude Hall addressed a luncheon
meeting on "The Future is Already Here".
Later,
fiss Margaret Kerr spoke with en-
thusiasm for The Canadian Nurse, her ad-
dress bearing the title "Over the Editor's
Desk".
At the Hospital and School of Nursing
Section meeting, chaired by Miss Loretta
Shantz in the absence of Miss Bertha von
Gruenigcn, it was decided that Instructors
Groups in Edmonton and Calgary should
study the question of adopting qualifying
registration examinations at the completion
of the student's first year in training as rec-
ommended at the CN.A. Biennial
feeting
in 1944, and to recommend the establish-
ment of a school in hospital teaching and
supervision at the University of Alberta. A
paper on clinical supervision was presented
by Miss
brion Gamsby.
Miss Betty Thorne of Calgary gave a pa-
per on Industrial Nursing at the Public
Health Section meeting, following which
the group considered the feasibility of a

Vol. 41, No.1

R. C. A. T\1. C. N U R SIN G S E R V ICE

short course or institute being given on this
subject.
A discussion of salaries paid to general
duty nurses occupied sessions of the Gen-
eral Nursing Section chaired by Miss Nan-
cy Sewallis.
A good deal of discussion fol1owed the re-
ports of the Labour Relations and Legisla-
tion Committees, which it was decided to
re-organize so that conveners might be is
one centre.
The rehabilitation of women from the
Armed Forces who migbt wish to enter
training in approved schools of nursing in
Alberta was considered in the report of the
Committee on Post-war Planning, and
nurse councillors are to be appointed at the
rehabilitation centres to whom interested ap-
plicants may refer for information on
nursing as a profession.
.-\. report of special interest to al1 nurses

563

dealt with the study of Placement Bureaux
presented by Miss Ida Johnson; fol1owing
which a motion was adopted authorizing the
Council to meet with District representa-
tives at an early date in order to discuss the
possibility of establishing a Placement Bu-
reau in Alberta.
A motion to increase the annual member-
ship fee to $5.00 was adopted, effective
January 1. 1946. Notice of motion to change
By-law 16 of the Constitution relating to
the election of of ficers wil1 be sent to each
memher, to be voted upon at the next an-
nual meeting.
Officers elected for the ensuing term are:
president, Barbara Beattie; first vice-presi-
dent, Helen G.
IcArthur; second vice-pre-
sident, E. Kathleen Connor; council1or,
Sister Alice Herman.
ELIZABETH B. ROGERS
Regi.çtrar & Executive Secretar'j', A.A.R.N.

.

R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service

Iatron-in-chief Dorothy 1. MacRae has
been promoted to the Acting rank of ful1
Colonel. The R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service
is very proud to announce this promotion
which is wel1 merited by Miss MacRae and
the honour which it brings to the Service.
Capt. (Matron) Kathleen D. Ross (Win-
nipeg G
neral Hospital) is Matron of Shilo
Military Hospital, Man. Capt. (Matron)
Helen B. Crease (Wel1csley Hospital, To-
ronto) is teaching instructress at Debert

ilitary Hospital, N.S. Capt. (Matron)
Bessie E. Jfulvagh (Ottawa Civic Hospi-
tal) is As
istant il.latron of Kingston Mili-
tary Hospital. Capt. (Matron) May E. Reid
(Regina Grey Nuns' Hospital) is Assistant
Matron 0 f Vancouver Military Hospital.

Iajor (P/M) AI. C. Crawford is Principal
:Matron of the Hospital Ship Letitia and
has been replaced at Chorley Park Military
Hospital by P/M Shaffner who has recent-
ly returned from overseas. Major (P/.M)
Rose L. King is Principal Matron in the
District Medical Officers' Office in Mili-
tary District No.6, and has been replaced
by (PIM) Kathleen B. llCl1'i'e'j' at Debert
Military Hospital.

JULY, 1945

The iollowing have been awarded the
R.R.c.: Capt. (Matron) Jeannette Vachon
(St. Sacrement Hospital, Quebec); Capt.
(Matron) Isabelle (Gillespie) Wyatt (Roy-
al Victaria Hospital, Montreal).
The fol1owing have been awarded the
A.R.R.c.: Lieut. (N/S) Elizabeth Andreas
(Regina General Hospital); Lieut. (N/S
Ida .Burkholder (Ottawa Civic Hospital);
Lieut. (N/S) Kathleen McLeod (Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal).
The fol1owing have been mentioned in
Despatches: A/Major (P/M) E't.'el'j'n A.
Peþþer (Ottawa Civic Hospital); Lieut.
(N/S) Anna H. Craig (Royal Victoria
Hospital, 1fontreal); Lieut. (N/S) Audrey
Auger (King Edward Hospital, Bermuda);
Lieut. (NiS) Afargaret E. Arnold (Ottawa
Civic Hospital); Lieut. (N/S) Jean T.
(Hacklalld) Marshall (Grace Hospital, De-
troit); Lieut. (N/S) Marjorie M. McCul-
loch (St. Boniface Hospital); Lieut. (N/S
},f arf'e Latour (St. Luke's Hospital, Mon-
treal); Lieut. (N/S) Elizabeth M. Gordon
(St. MCI.ry's Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie);
Lieut. (:!IJ/S) Alice Ecklund (Edmonton'
General Hospital).

Experiences at a Nursing Outpost

Editor's N ole: The following are excerpts
from a letter received from Alice Phillips
who has been nursing with the Grenfell
Medical Mission at their base hospital in
St. Anthony. Newfoundland. From there she
was sent on a medical trip to a nursing out-
post ninety miles away and these are some
of her experiences during those few weeks.

I was whisked off here in a great
hurry, in answer to many emergency
calls and expected to stay only a few
days. It is now exactly three weeks and
I am still terribly busy. Little did I
know what was ahead or w.'lld I ever
have tackled it? I really didn't have
much choice. Two days had been spent
in getting together suitable clothes, me-
dical supplies, etc. They sent a dog-team
for me from Canada Bay and we left
hright and early the next morning. The
trip was a marvellous experience. I had
expected to freeze as one nearly always
does on a dog-team, but I guess the
warm dickie outfit which I wore wa5
adequate. I en joyed it immensely. \Ve
had eleven dÜí!s and two men, the
komatik box al
d mö (quite a load!)
A komatik is the type of dog-sled used
here. The going was good, as there was
not too much snow and we covered a
good sixty miles with the temperature
registering -10 degrees. \Ve stopped at
a woodsman's cabin for a warmup and
tea half way, then camped the night in
l\1ainbrook. \Ve lodged tin a cabin

*' . ,
.

..

Ii .
II
"

Assembling the dog-teams.

56-t-

where our quarters were small and
crowded but the friendly people fed
us and soon I was sleeping soundly on
a feather bed which I shared with the
lady of the house. \Ve rose early to a
breakfast of bread and tea. After tra-
velling about fifteen miles we made
camp, had coffee, soup, corned beef
and chocolates. (As the men told me,
"To keep your blood warm, l\liss".)
\Vell, it was fun and the men were
good to me and I began to think what
a wonderful life this was. \Ve travelled
on into starlight with a full bright moon
shining down on us through the trees,
and finally arrived at our destination
at 8 p.m. On the outskirts of the vil-
lage I had to stop off to see a sick wo-
man who was seven months pregnant
and very ill. After an examination I
decided to leave her till morning and
proceeded to where I was to stay.
To explain matters a bit, there is a
nursing station here which closed down
last October when the nurse Jeft. The
people have been without medical care
for several months and there are few
supplies at my disposal. I am using the
dispensary at the station which is a few
minutes walk from the house.
I was no sooner settled, fed, intro-
duced and in bed, than a knock came to
the door. They wanted me for the "wo-
man" light away. I got up, dressed and
taking with me my maternity bag I
proceeded to walk the long cold three
miles back to the house we had just
passed. I shall never forget the feeling
I had at being dragged out of my bed
that morniní! at three o'clock and into
a howling blizzard. That was when I
began to think of my kind friends' ad-
vice before I left for this country and be-
gan to realize that I was in for it at
last! Nevertheless, it was exciting.
\Ve reached the tiny shack to find
conditions much the same as I had left
them so I decided to stay the night.

Vol. 41, No. 7

AT A NURSING OUTPOST

565

There were three rooms in the house-
the patient in one, three children in the
other, the husband, myself and the
chickens in the kitchen. I got a little
sleep to be awakened in an hour or two
to the tune of the rooster crowing and
to the realization of the tasks that con-
fronted me. My patient had slept on her
hypodermic of morphine, her first sleep
for three weeks. I gave her morning
care, fed and bathed her, and left in-
structions with a neighbour as to her
diet, etc. Later I took her to hospital
where it was found she had cancer of
the cervix and was unable to deliver
herself.
I left for home after a breakfast of
the eternal bread .and tea. It was a beauti-
ful sunny morning as I walked back
over the ice and I saw something of
this new part of the country. I watched
the sun rise above the snow-capped
hills and as it shimmered on the fresh
snow I feIt re juvenated in spirit and
ready to tackle whatever came.
I arrived home to a sea of aches and
pains, cuts and infections, and people
calling me from every doorwa.y. \Vith a
scant supply of sterile dressings and ban-
dages, I soon began to get uneasy. Most
of the wounds were old, infected and
neglected, and never before had I to
make so many decisions by myself so
hastily. The people took my word as
gospel truth and in return expected me
to have .a direct cure and answer for
all their "wonderful" aches and pains.
The work became so heavy it was neces-
sary to open the nursing station which
made things a lot easier, with a girl to
help keep up supplies. For the first few
nights I was called every night; then
things quieted down until a call came
from a place ten miles away.
We arrived in two hours by dog-team.
My patient was a boy of sixteen suffer-
ing severely from a long standing in-
fection from impetigo and running a
temperature of 104 degrees.1 showed
his mother how to put starch poultices
on and left some ammoniated mercury
ointment with her to apply when the
JULY. 1945

crusts were removed. A week later I
visited him and found him almost cured.
It is cases like these which give impetus
to our work up here.
Everyone in the village wanted to
see "the nurse", but I had a feeling I
should get back to my station that night.
Sure enough I was no sooner in bed at
midnight than a call came to a "wo-
man in fits". How I dashed! I pulled
on my ski pants over my pyjamas, grab-
bed my bag and followed the m.an to
their home where I found a woman
in an eclamptic convulsion. I learned
she had been taking convulsions for
twenty-four hours. I wired to the doc-
tor at St. Anthony who rushed up some
intravenous glucose and she did well
for a few days. However, her family
believed in faith healing and, the crisis
passed, they ceased to co-oper.ate. With
all my tact and patience (what little
was left) I tried to persuade them to
send her to hospital by plane but all to
no avail. Later she died and I felt
very dispirited knowing she might have
been saved. That is one of our many
problems here. .
Eventu.ally the work was somewhat
under control, and with four of the
sickest patients I started our long trek
back to St. Anthony. The night before
I had been called to a maternity case,
the fifteenth on my own but my first
in a home. After two and a half hours
the mother was delivered a boy weigh-
ing eight and a half pounds, and all w.as
well. Almost immediately, I was called
to see a woman with an apparent acute
appendix whom I watched for the rest
of the night. I decided she would have
to go to hospital, and we got her off at
4.30 in the morning by dog-te.am. By
ten o'clock our other three teams were
on the trail despite the storm which was
brewing. I had packed the patients in
their coach-boxes well wrapped in
blankets and quilts with hot irons to
their feet. Crossing the barrens the
dogs sunk in the snow up to their ears
but there was no turning back. We
crawled along at four miles an hour and

566

THE C _\ 1"
\ D I ANN U R S E

I thought of the ninety miles ahead!
The poor drivers worked as hard as
the dogs and in some cases pulled the
komatiks themselves.
After the first six or seven miles
the men were nearly exhausted so we
stopped to "boil a kettle", which is done
on top of the finn
now. The warm tea
tasted good to everyone and we also ate
a snack of lunch. The next ten miies
were even worse than the first and my
patients were none too well. The wind
started to blow, it was snowing and
breaking the trail was no picnic. In some
places the driver had to go ahead on
snowshoes to lead the dogs. At one
point we lost the trail and knew our-
selves to be mùes from IVlainbrook
where we were to spend the night. At
last it stopped snowing, the sky cleared,
and we had the most gorgeous moon-
light night. The full moon and bright
stars shining down on the thick forest,
laden heavy with fresh snow, was a
picture of rare value.
At 3 a.m. we caught our first glimpse
of a light. \Ve had reached M.ainbrook!
Kind friends took us in and we un-
loaded the patients one by one from
their komatiks to improvised beds. After
several hours I had them comfortable
and was settling to some rest myself when
a knock came to the door and a team
drew up. It turned out to be the pa-
tient who had left s;x hours ahead of us!
Poor woman! During the storm they
had lost their way and after making
camp had waited for da
'light. Appar-
ently they had heard our dogs .as they
went by, followed the sound, and found
the trail. The patient was badly shaken
up hut otherwise her condition was much
the same. \Ve rested all that day and
the night and feh much better. A start
was made early next morning to con-
tinue the last sixty miles of our trip to
St. Anthony.
It was much better going, with the
snow not so deep and we drove across
the frozen bays nearly all the way. I now
had lots of time to think, and wondered
what it }Vas that had brought me so
far to this strange country and stra.ng

people; but I realized with satisfaction
that this ,,,,'.as the type of work I had
longed to do and was at last fulfilling
my cherished dream of "backwoods
. "
nursmg .
Finally we got onto the home stretch
and at midnight our hearts leaped for
jo
as we dashed down the last "fox
farm h;ll" leading into St. Anthony.
\Ye awakened the whole staff .as we
drew up to the front door of the hos-
pital. The nurses and aides helped me
get the p2tients to bed. The cook got
up and made us a hot lunch. The doc-
tor greeted me warmly and the load of
responsibility fell from me for the first
time in three weeks. It was good to be
back again, but I am looking forward
to making another trip and staying all
summer, just as soon as navigation opens
in June.
I had numerous other cases in Can-
ada Bay, answering cans to all parts of
the surrounding country. Living condi-
tions are poor and yet the people amaz-
ingly contented. A lot of my time was.
spent in te.aching diet and general health
measures. Beri-beri exists here stin from
lack of foods containing vit:lmin B.
There is much scope for
public health,.
dietetics and agriculture, besides gen-
eral medical aid. All this makes me ap-
preciate more than ever the standard of
our nursing service in Canada.
It is a gre.at life, and I love the scope
and breadth of our work. I wish you
could try it for yourself some day; you'd
feel the same!

The Riboflavin Content of Milk

Reports on the quantity of riboflavin in
milk vary according to a number of biologi-
cal assays, but consumers can rest assured'
that pastelll-ization does not destroy the ribo-
flavin contt-nt to any appreciable extent. Ac-
tual rib.)ilavin content of milk is said to be-
controIleJ by the breed of cow and by sea-
sonal variations. It is said to be higher in
summer than in winter; highest in Jersey
cows, medium in Holsteins, and lowest in
Guernseys and Ayrshires.

Vol. 41, No. 7"

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Reflections on an Afternoon at Baby Clinic

MARY BOYD
Student Nurse
School of lVursing, Victoria Public Hospital, Fredericton, N.B.

One of the many jobs of the Victor-
ian Order of N' urses is the holding of a
weekly well-baby clinic. I attended clin-
ic on two afternoons in April - warm
Spring days when babies were brought
from far and near.
Babies are brought to clinic every
wee k for the first six mon ths and every
two weeks thereafter. It is surprising
the number of older children who come,
boys and girls three and four years old.
I, of course, was very interested in our
own babies-babies that we had had in
our case room and nursery. It is in-
teresting to note the difference in ba-
bies after six months or a year. They all
had had exactly the same start in the
nursery but were sent home to vastly
different environments.
There were three women in whom I
became especially interested. They, at one
time, belonged to an Opportunity Class
(for backward children) and now two
of them are doing a fine job at being
mothers, while the third appears under-
nourished, unkempt, and dirty, and the
baby is in the same condition. I was also
interested to see scatter-brained girls,
whom I knew in high school, making
perfect mothers, discussing teeth, for-
mulas, ete.
One other person in terested me very
much. She is a young English war bride,
and told of her experiences while cross-
ing the Atlantic, when she found her-
JULY, 1945

self in a very small cabin in a very
crowded ship, along with seven other
mothers and six babies besides her own.
In the midst of this con fusion she had
gone to other parts of the boat to look
after seasick, frightened older children.
But to get back to the clinic itself.
It is here the mother brings all her
problems--things that seem too unim-
portan t to take to the family doctor -
teething troubles, diet, stool, rashes, etc.
Babies 3re weighed every week, and
measured about once a month. Protrud-
ing navels are strapped down, tight fore-
skins are pushed back, and mouths are
examined for tied tongues. Mothers are
advised in regard to starting babies on
nutrim, pablum, orange juice, white fish,
egg yolk, vegetables, etc. The nurse
also advises her when to have the child
inoculated for whooping cough and
diphtheria. Each baby has a card on
which is recorded the weekly weight
and measurement and any remarks such
as "foreskin retracted." The nurse keeps
a chart with the weight and measure-
ment and anything of interest since the
last weekly visit is recorded. She works
in perfect harmony with the doctors of
the city and is familiar with their pre..
ferences regarding new foods in the
diet, etc.
The nurse showed me an emergency
pack, which they were advised to have
ready at the beginning of the war. It
567

568

THE CANADIAN NURSE

includes all the articles necessary for a
home delivery.
If you think babies are uninteresting

go down and visit the well-baby clinic
for a Ettle while some afternoon. You
wi}] find it a few hours well spent.

A New Affiliation

Arrangements have been completed
whereby an affiliation has been estab-
lished between schools of nursing in
Saskatchewan .and the Saskatchewan
.Anti-Tuberculosis League. A teaching
department has been set up at the Fort
Qu' Appelle Sanatorium at Fort San,
Saskatchewan. Early in June the first
class of sixteen students was welcomed
to the sanatorium.
The major objectives of the eight-
week course are to prepare the student
to recognize the opportunities for the
prevention and control of tuberculosis
and to give her an appreciation of the

treatment and nursing care of the tub-
ercular patient. Thus, as a graduate
nurse, she will be able to apply the prin-
ciples she has learned reg.ardless of what
field of nursing she chooses.
_ \. great deal of credit is due to the
League officials for making this course
possible to the superintendents of nur-
ses who recognize its value and have
rearranged educational programs so as
to give their students the benefit of such
a course; also to the Saskatchew.an
Registered Nurses Association for its
enthusiastic support.

Mani
oba Student Nurses' Association

The members enj oyed hearing
1argaret
Kerr, <,dior of The Canadian Nurse. and
Gertrude Hall, general secretary of the
CN .A., at the monthly meeting in April.
There was so much interest in tht' editor's
talk that each school is sponsoring a drive
among the student nurses for the purchase
of the .f oll1"nal.
Approximately two hundred members en-
joyed the IJerformance of "The Question of
Figures", a play staged by members of the
St. Boniface Hospital Student Dramatic
Club. This was the opening number of the

Association's .May meeting when the con-
stitution c.. f the Association was adopted
and the drawing of the prizes for the raf fIe
was done by Frances \Vaugh, assistant ex-
ecutive
ecretary of the M.A.R.i\. The
meeting closed with election speeches for
officers for 1945-46, the results being as
follows: president, L. McDonald, St. Boni-
face H,y.;pital; vice-presidents, S. Bickwell,
Grace Hospital; H. McGavin, \Vinnipeg
General Hc<;pital; P. Scott, St. B. H.; treas-
urer, 1. Stuart, St. B. H.; recording secre-
tary, A. 11 cBain, St. B. H.; corresponding
secretary, ]. Simpson, \V.G.H.

Book Reviews

Patients have Families, by Henry B.
Richardson, M.D., F.A.C.P., Associate

Profes5or of Clinical Medicine, Cornell
University Medical College. 408 pages.

Vol. 41, No. 7

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How Z. B. T. Baby Powder Helps to
Resist Moisture Dermatitis in Infants

Dermatitis in infants brought about by wet
diapers, clothes and bed clothes is a com-
mon and troublesome condition. Because
of it the busy physician is often faced with
questions from anxious mothers. While
normally acid because of uric acid content
(CH 4 N403), urine is sometimes converted
into an alkaline irritant in the "ammoniacal
diaper" by urea-formed ammonia (NHI).
On the basis of simple mechanical pro-
tection, the use of Z.B.T. Baby Powder

with olive oil helps to resist moisture der-
matitis. Z.B.T. clings and covers like a
protective film-lessens friction and chafing
of wet diapers and shirts. The mechanical
moisture-resisting property of Z.B.T. may
be clearly demonstrated. Smooth Z.B.T. on
the back of your hand. Sprinkle with water
or other liquid of higher or lower pH.
Notice how Z.B. T. Baby Powder keeps skin
dryas the drops roll off. Compare with
any other baby powder.

z. B. T.-the only baby powder made with olive oil

JULY, 1945

569

570

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Published by The Commonwealth
Fund, 41 .East 57th St., New York
City 22. Price $3.00.
Reviewed by Electa MacLennan, As-
sistant Secretary, Canadian Nurses
Association.
Under the auspices of the faculties of
public lwalth, medicine and psychiatry
of Cornell Medical College, a group of
eminent specialists in public health, pre-
ventive medicine, nursing, 80cial work
and psychiatry, have undertaken a unique
research in co-operative thinking about
illness in families. "Patients have fami-
lies" is thE' first presentation of the find-
ings of this study. Although Dr. Richard-
son addl'esses his book to the medical
profession, there is much for public
health nurses and case workers. 'lne
book is written, for the most part, in an
easy readable style, but the author uses
highly technical phrases and at times
seems to get lost in the jargon of his
specialty.
The purpose of "Patients have fami-
lies" is to present "(a) the value to the
medical profession of seeing the patient
as a personality and as part of his fa-
mily constellation, and (b) the essential
contribution which can be made by psy-
chiatry and the 'social disciplines' (i.e.
professions) to this view of the patient
and to treatment plans geared to such
an emphasis".
In the introduction the author clari-
fies the area of interest covered by the
study, cf which this book is but the ini-
tial report, thus: "The profession of me-
dicine progressed from the diseased or-
gan to "the total personality of the pa-
tIent and is now ready for the concept
of the individual as a member of a family
in its ('ommunity setting . . . other pro-
fessions think of the family unit as na-
turally as a doctor thinks of a patient
. . . Som'
nursing services also start with
the famiJy in the community and proceed
. . . fram family health to individual
health to sickness . . . The timE> is now
ripe fOl' a co-ordinated attack on the
problems of family adjustment in rela-
tion to the maintenance of health and
the treatment of illness".
"Patients have families: hospitals have
patients: therefore the hospital has
something to do with the family". Thus
does the author introduce his readers
to the pr{)blem undertaken by the study

group to prove and support this appar-
ently :.,elf-evident syllogism. In Parts
1 and 2, through the medium of case
history analyses, we are shown "The
Family as a Unit of Illness" and "The
Family as a Unit of Treatment". These
analyses show that hospital case his-
tories ilre oriented to the search for a
diagnosis and, over a period of more than
five years, case histories reveal only in-
dividual diagnoses and say nothing about
the family. Thus, though hospitals have
patients and patients have families, the
conclusion that hospitals have some-
thing to do with the families could not
be established in the discussion of "The
Family a
a Unit of Treatment". The
interrelationship of the work of the phy-
sician, psychiatrist, case worker and
public health nurse i5 clearly set forth
in these chapters.
The presentation of the part of the
public health nurse in the treatmellt of
the family as a unit is set forth in ex-
cellent fa3hion. "The public health nurse
. . . in addition to her remedial activi-
ties is interested in prevention in a
direct sense: in maintaining family equili-
brium before it has a chance to break
down", and, if I may be permitted one
more quotation: "The public health nurse
bears a
'e8emblance to the doctor in her
interest in medicine; to the bedside nurse
in her i-a
ic training; to the medical so-
cial workp}" in her knowledge of the com-
munity and its medical resources; to the
family case worker in having a base in
the community and an interest in the
family H3 a fundamental unit of prac-
tice. The condition which is constant for
all of the
E> is her interest in prevention,
through wh
ch she
ets into action ear-
lier than the others, often before the
disturbances of the family equillì:rium
have taker.. the form of illness".
In Part 3, "Present and Future", the
author touches briefly on the stresses
and strair
s, emotional as well as phy-
sical, which the war has p'aced upon our
family structure causing a disturbing
break-up of the family as a unit. This
report is concluded with a short discus-
sion on "The Family Unit as a Subject
of Research", in which the author de-
picts the techniques adopted in conduct-
ing this "family study". The book is
carefully' and fully documented through-
out. In thE extensive appendices we find

Vol. 41, No.7

BOO K REV I E \V S

571

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... : :f . '%:4i/'> PERSPIRATION J
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examples of the professional techniques
used by the Committee, the lay-out of
the StuJy, and a glossary of psychiatric
terms. These appendices are of consid-
erable value in making this book a real
and useful contribution to the literature
of family studies.

Cheating Your Children, by S. R. Lay-
cock, Ph.D., and Alan Brown, M.D.,
F.R.C.P. 36 pages. Published by The
Nation?l Committee for Mental Hy-
giene (Canada), 111 St. George St.,
Toronto 5. 1945. Price 15 cents,
Dr. Laycock and Dr. Brown presented
this series of nine talks on the School
for Parents conducted by the Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. They are writ-
ten in the language of the layman with
copious case illustrations and would
make an excellent addition to the child
health conference library shelf. The to-
pics covered include cheating the child
of love, independence, success, approval,
self-esteem, friends, clear minds, good
character5 and good bodies.
JULY, 1945

The Control of Communicable Diseases,
an official report of the American Pub-
lic Health Association, published un-
der their auspices at 1790 Broadway
N ew York 19. 146 pages. 6th Ed. 1945.
Price
5 cents; special rates for large
numbers of copies. French translation
available.
First published in 1916, this handbook
has been fully revised and brought into
line with present-day knowledge of the
wide range of communicable diseases.
Each lisease is briefly described with
regard to its clinical and laboratory
recognition, the etiologic agent, the
source of infection, the mode of trans-
mission, the incubation period, the per-
iod of communicabilitjy, susceptibility
and immunity, prevalence and methods
of contr"ol. A concise, useful text for every
ñurse to own.

The Attendant's Guide, by Edith M.
Stern, in collaboration with Mary E.
Corcoran, R.N., psychiatric nursing
adviser, U. S. Public Health Service.

572

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Keeps Shoes A
professionally }

White t, I'
ì I

Easy to put on, hard
to rub off _ 2 IN
1 White is a special
help to nurses . . .
keeps all kinds of
white shoes whiter
. . . helps preserve
leather.

. '
I

INß
W[x]DLJ

.." 114-
. t.-.ltU

i

104 pages. Published by The Common-
wealth Fund, 41 East 57th St., New
York 22. 1945. Price 50 cents; special
rates for large numbers of copies.
With mental hospitals employing more
attendants than ever before in their his-
tory, a comprehensive outline of their
functions and duties makes a useful ad-
dition to the growing list of available
material j or aides. Hospitals which pro-
vide a course for attendants will find
this publication useful as a reference
text. For those institutions where no
particular instruction is given, "The At-
tendant's Guide" presents a clear picture
of desirable practices.

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA
(Incorporated )
An examination for the tiUe and certi-
ficate of Registered Nurse of British
Columbia will be held September II,
12 and 13. 1945.
Names of Candidates for this examina-
tion must be in the office of the Regis-
trar not later than August 11, 1945.
Full particulars may be obtained from:
ALICE L. WRIGHT, R.N., Registrar
1014 Vancouver Block, Vancouver, B.C.

Part 1 outlines the general routines
of hospital care. Instructions regarding
ward housekeeping, ventilation, personal
hygiene cf the patients, clothing care,
meal-time routines, exercise, etc., are giv-
en with simple, practical suggestions
which may make for a much better ward
atmosphere. Part 2 describes the various
types of p
rsonalities the attendant will
encounter. The wise advice on the hand-
ling of disturbed individuals will make
for much smoother service. "Nobody likes
being pawed, so keEp your hands off pa-
tients. Never show annoyance, surprise
or disgust. . . Explain what you are do-
ing and why, and praise improvement
. . . Invalids, physical or mental, are not
punished; they are treated". Part 3 dis-
cusses t
è future for attendants in this
type of work.

Asepsis in Communicable-Disease Nurs-
ing, hy Ella Hasenjaeger, R.N., M.A.
182 pages, 27 illustrations. Published
by the J. B. Lippincott Company;
Canadian office: Medical Arts Bldg.,
Montreal 25. 2nd Ed. 1944. Price $2.00.
Every step in the establishment of
adequa te technique in the care of pa-
tients having a communicable disease is
carefullv' described. To make learning
more p
sllive, there are excellent posed
illustrations. Part 1 outlines the prin-
ciples of medical asepsis - to limit the
infecting micro-organisms to a small
area; to limit infectious material to the
fewest :po.;:;sible number of articles; to
prevent contact infection, etc. Detailed
instruct;ions applicable to every type of
infectious nursing care are outlined. A
section on the application of these rules
to army hospitals is included. Part 2
will be ('specially useful to instructors
and war:! teachers as the various meth-
ods of instruction are discussed and il-
lustrated. There is an extensive refer-
ence bibliography designed to encourage
broader reading on the numerous as-
pects ')f aseptic care.

How ShaH I Tell my Child, by Belle S.
Mooney, M.D. 192 pages. Published
by Longmans, Green & Co., 215 Vic-
toria St., Toronto 1. 1944. Price $2.50.
Sub-titled, "A Parents' Guide to Sex
Education for Children", this book is
valuable for its simplicity, clarity and
commonsense. The whole problem of who
Vol. 41, No. ,

VICTORIAK ORDER OF NURSES

573

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Whether it's a bridal shower that marks a lifetime turn- 1RAD[ ....RK
ing point---()r merely an everyday incident, friends like Delicious and
to s
ow you hew they feel. ThEY rely a lot on the pause Refreshing
that refreshes with ice-cold Coca-Cola-because the in-
vitation Have a Coke rates high in the language of
friendship.

WANTED
Applications are invited immediately for Staff positions with the Depart-
ment of Public Health and 'Yelfare, Halifax, Xova Scotia. Apply, stating
qualifications, in care of:
Supervisor of Nurses, Department of Public Health & Welfare.
c 0 Dalhousie Clinic Bldg., Halifax, N.S.

should giv
the instruction is discussed.
Dr. Mooney places the responsibility
squarely where it belongs "on the par-
ents' shoulders". She recognizes that the
reason so many parents shirk their
teaching responsibility is becam
e they
find thdr own knowledge of facts and
vocabulary either hopelessly immature
or so (
rusted over with taboos they
shrink from bringing the information

out into the open. In an understanding
fashion, Dr. Mooney advises parents how
to answer the questions their children
ask. She goes further and answers a
host of qùestions which parents them-
selves ha va asked her. To solve the prob-
lem of wJz<
n to stárt sex education, par-
ents are
dvised "to think less in terms
of age and number of birthdays a
d
more in terms of individual capacities".

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

The following are the staf f appointments
to, transfers and resignations from the Vic-
torian Order of X ur!'"es for Canada:

JULY, 1945

The following nurses, who have been on
leave of absence with scholarships from the
Victorian Order of
urses for Canada, hav-

574

THE C A
.\ D I ANN U R S E

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Weston, Ontario
T H R E E MONTHS POST-
GRADUATE COURSE IN TIlE
N U R S I
G CARE, PRE-
VE
TION AND COlXTROL
OF TUBERCULOSIS

is offered to Registered NUlses.
This includes organized theoretical
instruction and supervised clinical
eXiJerience in all departments
Salary - $80 per month with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Positions available at conclusion of
course.

For further particulars aPPly to:

Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto
Hospital, Weston, Ontario.

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL

COURSES FOR GRADUA IE
NURSES

1. A four-months course in Obstetric-
al Nursing.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
logical Nursing.

FOT fUTther information aPPly to:
Miss Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the Women's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
P. Q.
or
Miss F. Munroe, R. N., Superill-
tenden t of Nurses, Royal Viet}ri 1
Hospital. !\Iontre.ll,P. Q.

ing completed their course in public health
nursing at the University of Toronto have
been posted as follows: Doris S'mall, Owen
Sound, Ontario; V Ï1-rian Dodd, N apanee,
Ontario; Margaret :McPherson, \Valkerton,
Ontario; Eli::;abeth 1I icks, Porcupine, On-
tario.
The following nurses have been appointed
to the Toronto staff: Lola Pea/sail (S1.
Paul's Hospital, Saskatoon, and public
health course, University of Toronto): Do-
rothy Rogers and I sabel Oliver (Victoria
Hospital, London; B.Sc.N. University of
\Vestern Ontario).
The following nurses have been appuinted
-to the London staff : Margaret Bain (S1. J 0-
seph's Hospital. London, and public health
course, University of \Vestern Ontario);
lean Bl/ryo:n (Victoria Hospital, London,
and public health course, Uniwrsity of
\Vestern Ontario); Ruth Burston (Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal. and public
health course, Cniversity of \Vestern On-
tario) .
The following nurses have been appointed
to the York Township Branch: Rllth .11.
Kidd (\Ïctoria Hospital, London, and pub-
lic health course, University of \Vestern
Ontario); Ioy Robillson (University of
Toronto School of Nursing).
Jlar)' McLean. (St. Joseph'
Hospital,
Yictoria, and public health course, Uni-
versity of British Columbia) has been ap-
pointed to the Kingston staf f.
Grace Grant (Hospital for :..;ick Children,
Toronto, and public health course. Cniver-
sity of Toronto) has bee.n appointed to the
Timmins staff.
J!ildred HïlliallIs (Ro)al Jubilee Hospi-
tal, \Ïctoria, and public health course, "Cni-
\Trsity of BI itish Columbia) has been ap-
pointed to the Victoria staff.
.\ allcy ßoltoll (\-ancouver General Hospi-
tal, and public health course, Cniversity of
British Columbia) has been appointed to
the Surre) staff.
H dell FlIrloll!! has been transferred from
the Peterborough to the Ottawa staff. Flo-
rellce GO'ì.l.'ard has been tl ans fer red from the
Vancouver to the \Yest \-ancol1\'er staff.
Jlllr!laret Graham, flo:n the Saskatoon
staff, and ]{athleen Tapl'. from the \Vest
VanC,)l1\Tr staff, have resigned to be mar-
ri
d. XorllIa ncc/
ett has I esigned from the
\\-innil:cg staff. Kathl)'1l JlJacDonneli has
'resigned from the East YOlk staff.

Vol. 41, No.7

Obituaries

Mary Florence Galbraith died recently
in Toronto. l\Iiss Galbraith was a grad-
uate of the Toronto General Hospital and
a member of the Class of 1906. She was
-engaged in private duty for some time,
then joinE'd the Toronto staff of School
Nurses. She held this position until
1915, when she joined the No. 4 Cana-
dian Hospital Unit. 'While overseas she
.served in France, Malta, Greece, England
and on hospital ship3.

!\1argar(>t D. Kelman, who more than
fifty years ago graduated from the Gen-

ral and Marine Hospital, St. Catharines,
and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, died
recently ill Toronto. For many years she
was superintendent of the ho
pital in
North Bay founded by the Victorian
Order of Nurses. Later, for twenty-five
years, o;he was on the staff of the St.
Elizabeth Visiting Nurses' Association,
Toronto.

Mrs. A. H. King (Annie Orr) died re-
cently. Mrs. King was a graduate of St.
Luke's Hc.spital, Ottawa, and a member
()f the Class of 1920.

NEWS

NOTES

ONTARIO

Editor') \" ofe: Di
triLt officer;;; of the
Registered X urses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication of
news items by writing to the Provincial
Convener of Publications. '\[iss lJena Bam-
forth, 54 The Oaks, Bain A ve., Toronto

DISTRICTS 2 AND 3

BRAN rFORD:

'{embers of Districts :2 and 3, R.X.A.O.,
met recently at the Brantford General Hos-
pital \"ith -Kathleen CO\\ie. chairman, pre- ...
siding. The invocation wa<; given by the
JULY, 1945

')

tBladL
S1n

dúw:L
ifJ 91lL 1

/

'n - lTain-
Nurses - lrnu st w
ar
ing, who stockll\g
black, havelOO. The
troubles 1 tiun is All-
ideal. SO Tint.es ,?ye..
Fahr 1C slockllW;"
l>ye a1\:- it's quic
.
l\LAfK A 1\d All_Fabrl

easY, . u!\I'aI\teed .
'
"
F:b
icg
fdi :vte
;: 1 rt X
l>YeS are s e
Al
-fABR\C \11

-

FAST DYES AND TINTS

NUGGET
WH ITE DRESSING

(the cake in the non-rust tin)

A gt and White
for White Shoes

It takes Nugget White Dress-
ing to keep your White I!fho

looking their best.

Nugget is also available in
Black, and all shades of Brown.

...,.

575

576

THE CANADIAN NURSE

"

I

tablets

is;

1106ót

FOR RELIEF OF PAIN

QUICKLY-SAFELY
Acetophen 31f2 gr.
Phenacetin 2 1 / 2 gr.
Caffeine citrate 1f2 gr.

Tubes of 12, and bottles of
40 and 100 tablets.
DOSE: One or two tablets as
required.

Sample Pack-
ages of Frosst
"217" Tablets
will be sent on
request.

The Canadian Mark of Quality
Pharmaceuticals Since 1899

.

6.
IIOOM&eo.
MONTREAL CANADA

PREPARATORY ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY

By B. A. Bennett. A new English text-
book for nurses in training, Girl Guides
and others who wish a simply-written
book. The eleven chapters discuss the
framework and organs of the body; the
circulatory, digestive, excretory, nervous
and reproductive systems, and the system
of ductless glands. 96 pages, 64 illustra-
tions. $1.76.

CLINICAL PROCEDURES &
THEIR BACKGROUND

By Agnes E. Pavey, Examiner to the
Gen
ral Nursing Council for England and
Wales. A new English textbook for sen-
ior nursing students. It shows the sig-
nificance for clinical work of the find-
ings of pathologist and bacteriologist. It
discusses: thoracic radiography, blood
erouping and transfusions, x-ray and
radium therapy, shock therapy, etc. 331
paees. 43 illustrations.
3.00.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

..

Rev. H. \Y. Mollins and greetings from the
medical staff wtre extended by Dr. D. G.
Twiss. An interesting report of the activi-
ties ot the Districts was presented by Marie
Felpush.
Ir. George Goodfellow addressed
the gathel ing on war conditions in England.
_\t supper, served by the E.G.H. Alumnae
Association, Dr. A. Overholt told the mem-
bers of the work of the nursing sisters in
Italy. Florence \\" alker, associate secretary
of tr.e R.N.A.O., ga\e a brief talk on the
work of the organization. Piano and vocal
solos were rendered by Shirley Campbell and
EliLabeth Russell, student nurses.
An impressive Yes per Service was held
in ::\Iay in Central Presbyterian Church,
BrantfOl d. The Rev. J. Kelman addressed
the nUrses and anthems were sung by a
choir of student nurses. 1frs. R. Hamtlton
rendered a vocal solo.

Brantford General Hospital:
At a well attended meeting of the Alum-
nae Association Dr. C R. Rudolph spoke
(,n anesthesia and 11r. T. A. Staples, Do-
minion Oxygen Company, gave an informa-
tive address on oxygen therapy and showed
pictures illustrating the administration of
oxygen.

DISTRICT 8

ÜTTAWA:

At a recent meeting of District 8, R.N.
A.O., seventy members were present. The
session opened with a few words of thanks-
giving for the end of hostilities in Europe.
:\Irs. Stewart, representative to the War-
time Prices and Trade Board, reported on
the shortage of uniforms, hose and shoes,
and it was decided that a higher priority
for these articles for nurses be forwarded
to the Administrator of the \V.P.T.E. Com-
plaints were voiced as to the finishing of
gal ments. The report of The CaJUldio.n.
Nurse circulation, presented by Evelyn
Shiels, showed that twenty-three new sub-
scriptions and four renewals had been re-
ceived. Several have taken advantage of the
new offer of three years for $5.00. Reports
of the R.N.A.O. convention were presented
by \V. Cooke, C Livingstun, and Miss Sa-
bourin.
fiss Landon was appointed to the
executive as representative to the General

ursing Section.
Dr. J. E. Plunkett gave an informative
address on "The Cardiac Patient". Slides
served to emphasize the main points in this
discussion. Hazel Latimer moved a vote of
thanks to Dr. Plunkett.

Ottawa Civic Hospital:

The following nurses from the O.CH.
recently attended a refresher course in
teaching and supervision in Toronto: G. Fer-
guson, H. Tanner, D. Johnson, D. Grieve,
M. MacFarlane, L. Patterson, K. Dooley.
Vol. 41. No.7

QUEBEC

N E \V S ?\ 0 T E S

l\10NTREAL:
C hildnm's ,ll4. emorial Hospital:
Dora Parry, superintendent of nurses,
spent a short period of observation. at the
Children's Hospital in Boston dunng the
latter part of April. Recent additions to the
staff are: Anne H. Dubé (Hôpital Ste.
Jeanne D'Arc, Montreal) ; Jean MacDougall
(Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria). Jessie
\VaU and Phyllis Bierling have resigned.

St. Mary's Hosp:tal:
The St. Mary's Hospital School for Nur-
ses Alumnae Association recently entertained
the 1945 graduating class at a dmner. T. De-
Witt, C. Lewis, D. Sullivan and Mrs. T.
Cherry were in charge of arrangements.
Adela Marwan, who resigned recently
from the operating room staff, has returned
to us as supervisor of the medical wing, 2nd
floor. She replaces Joan Tallon who will
spend the next few months in Cornwall.

SASKA TCHEW AN
HUMBOLDT CHAPTER:

This Chapter reports a three-day ref resher
CO\lrse given by Grace Giles, travelling in-
structor, which was attended by the Rever-
end Sisters and married nurses in the dis-
trict.

REGINA CHAPTER:
Mrs. Mary E. McNeill (McKenzie) has
resigned as registrar of the Regina Chap-
ter. Mrs. Margaret Stark (Kahlo), her suc-
cessor, is already known for her contribu-
tions in the past to professional activities in
the pro','ince. Eleanor W orobetz, president
of the Regina Chapter, is congratulated on
the recognition recently bestowed upon her
brother, Capt. Stephen Worobetz, M.C., for
distinguisheå services rendered in action in
Italy.

Saskatoon Ci!y Hospital:

Fifty graduates from the Saskatoon City
Hospital recently met in the Hotel Georgia,
Vancouver, for a reunion. Classes from 1930
to 1944 were represented and membërs came
f
om various centres throughout the pro-
VInce.

Colour experts have found that paints of
green and blue shades tend to avert nausea of
passengers when applied to the interior of
airplanes, while yellows and browns tend to
increase the unpleasantness.

JUL y
1945

\:

577
,

When
First
Real
Meals
"
Upset
Baby

Al;out 75 per cent of babies are allergic to
oce food or another say authorities. Which
agre4!'S and which does not can only be de-
termined by method of trial. In case such
allergic symptoms as skin rash. colic, gas.
diarrhea. etc. develop, Baby's Own Tablets
will be found most effective in quickly free-
ing baby's delicate dig-estive tract of irrita-
ting accumulations and wastes. These time-
proven tablet triturates are gentle - war-
ranted free from narcotics - and over 40
years of use have estabJ:shed their depend-
ability for minor upsets of babyhood.

BABYS OWN Tablets

For Those
Who Prefer The Best

,?,
,
@dereUO

WHITE TUBE CREAM

will
Make Your Shoes Last Longer
Give A Whiter Finish
Prove More Economical To Use.
Made in Canada
For Sale At All Good Shoe Stores
FroM Cððn to Coosi'.

WANTED
VanCOUHr General Hospital àesires applications from Registered Nurses
for General Duty. State in first letter date oi graduation, experience, refer-
ences, etc., and when services would be available. Eight-hour day and six-day
week. Salary: $95 per month, living out, plus $J 9.92 cost of l.iving bonus, plus
laundry. One and one-half days sick leave per month accumulative with pay.
One month vacation each year with pay. Note: The Hospital can obtain exemp-
tion for accommodation from Emergency Shelter Administration. The nurse
.. is not exempt. excepting through employ of Hospital. Apply to:
Miss E. M. Palliser, Director of Nurses, Vancouver General Hospital,
Vancouver, B. C.

WANTED

General Duty Nurses, registered or graduates, are required for the Lady
Minto Hospital. The salary is $90 and $80 per month, with full maintenance.
Apply, stating full particulars of qualifications, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Ont.

WANTED

Applications are invited immediately for the positions of Science Instructor
and Nursing Arts Instructor for a School of Nursing of 150 students in a 335-
bed hospital in Alberta. Apply, stating qualifications and salary expected, in
care of:
Box 7, The Canadian
urse, 522 Medical Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P.Q.

WANTED

A permanent position is available for a General Duty Nurse in a modern
37-bed hospital. Salary, $100 per month; 8-hour day. For more information
write or wire to:
Superintendent, I....lin Flon General Hospital, Flin Flon, Man.

WANTED

Two experienced Operating Room Nurses are required. General Staff
Nurses are also wanted for day and night duty. 8-hour day; 6-day week.
Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto Hospital for Tuberculosis, Weston, Onto

WANTED
Registered Nurses are required immediately for General Duty in Ex-
. Servicemen's Pavilion. Nurses are also required for Operating Room and Ob-
stetrical Unit. Salaries depending upon experience. Full maintenance living
out. Railway fare to Edmonton refunded after six months' service. Apply,
stating experience, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, University Hospital, Edmonton, AIta.

WANTED
A Registered Nurse is required as Night Supervisor; three Registered
nurses are also required for General Staff Duty. Eight-hour day and six-day
week, with full maintenance. Apply, stating salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Shriners' Hospitals for Crippled Children, Montreal Unit,
Montreal 25, P. Q.

578

Vol. 41, No. 7

WANTED

A Senior Instructor of Nurses is required for a Training School of 60
pupils. Salary, $135 per month. Apply, stating qualifications, age, religion,
etc., to:
Superintendent, Glace Bay General Hospital, Glace Bay, N.S.

WANTED

A Tuberculosis Lnit Supervisor is required for a Tuberculosis Unit of 48
beds. Salary, $105 per month; 8-hour day; 6-day week. Apply, stating quali-
fications, age, religion, etc., to:
Superintendent, Glace Bay General Hospital, Glace Bay, N.S.

WANTED

A qualified Instructress is required immediately for a 120-bed hospital.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent, General & Marine Hospital, Owen Sound, Onto

WANTED

A Lady Superintendent and two nurses are required for the Barrie Mem-
orial Hospital in Ormstown. For full particulars write to:
The Medical Superintendent, Barrie Memorial Hospital, Ormstown, P.Q.

WANTED

An Assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses is required by the Sherbrooke
Hospital. Applicants must also be able to assist with the instruction for a
rapidly-expanding English School of Nursing. Position available immediately.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are urgently required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis
Hospital. Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary
is $10ú per month, with fuIi maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Ex-
perIence unnecessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
Miss 1\1. L. Buchanan, Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED

A qualified Dietitian is required for a 117 -bed General Hospital. Apply to:

Superintendent St. Joseph's Hospital, Peterborough. Onto

JULY: 1945

579

Official Directory
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1411 Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q.
President ......................_.._.._Miss Fanny Munroe. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal 2. P. Q.
Past President ...._...._____Miss Marion Lindeburath. 8466 University Street. Montreal 2. P. Q.
Fint Vice-President ........_._Mis8 Rae Chittick. Normal School. Calgary. Alta.

econd Vice-President ........_Miss Ethel Cryderman. 281 Sherbourne Street. Toronto. ORt.
Honourary Secretary .........._ Miss Evelyn MaUory. University of British Columbia. Vancouver. B. O.
Honourary Treasurer .........._Mis8 Marjorie Jenkins. Children's Hospital. Halifax. N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Numc-at..
ndieate office held: (1) Preaident. Provincial Nursea Aaøociation;
(I) Chairman, Hoapital and S:Aool of Nurnfll1 Section; (8) Chairman. Public
Health Section; (t) Chairman. General Nuning Section.

Alberta: (I) Miss B. A. Beattie, Provincial Mental
Hospital. Ponoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-
gen. Calgary General Hospital; (3) Mrs. R.
Sellhorn. V.O.N.. Edmonton; (4) Miss N.
SewalJis, 9918-108th St.. Edmonton.

British Columbia:(I) Miss E. Mallory, IOS8 W.
loth Ave.. Vancouver; 12) Miss E. Nelson.
Vancouver General Hospital; (3) Miss T.
Hunter. 4238 W. lIth Ave.. Vancouver; (4)
Miss E. Otterbine, 1334 Nicola St.. Ste. !I.
Vancouver.

Manitoba: (1) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlpe.
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, WiD-
nipe<< General Hospital; (3) Miss H. MiHer.
723 Jessie Ave., Winnipeg; (4) Miss J. Gor-
don. 8 Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brun
wick: (1) Miss M. Myers. Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Murdoch.
Saint John General Hospital; (3) Miss M.
Hunter, Dept. of Health. Fredericton; (4)
Mrs. M. O'Neal. 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John.

Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald, City of
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard.
Halifax Infirmary: (3) Miss M. Ross, V.O.N..
Pictou; (4) Miss M. MacPhail, 29 St. Peter's
Rd., S}"dney.

Ontario: (]) Miss Jean I. Masten, Hospital fo.
Sick Children. Toronto; (2) Miss B. McPhe-
dran. Toronto Western Hospital; (3) Miss M.C.
I.Ivin
"fnn 1U Wellin!!'ton St.. Ottawa; (4)
Miss K. La}"ton, 3n Sherbourne St.. Toronto
2.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss D. Cox, 101
Weymouth St., Charlottetown; (2) Sr. M.
Irene, Charlottetown Hospital; (3) Miss S.
Newson. Junior Red Cross, Charlottetown: (4)
Miss M. Lannigan. Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: (1) Miss Eileen Flanagan, 38111 Uni-
versity St., Montreal: (2) Miss Wlnnlfred
MacLean. Roral Victoria Hospital. Montreal õ
(8) Miss Ethel B. Cooke. 830 Richmond Sq..
Montreal; (4) Mile Anne-Marie Robert. 671ð
me Drolet. Montreal.
Saskatchewan: II)
Irs. D. Harrison, 1l0
El-
liott St.. Saskatoon; (2) Miss A. Ralph.
Moose Jaw General Hospital: (3) Miss E.
Smith, Dept. of Public Health. Parliament
Blrlgs., Re
ina; (4) Mrs. V. M. McCrory, 400-
19th St. E., Prince Albert.
Chairmen, National Sections: HoslJltal and
School of Nursing: Miss Marlha Batson. Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: Mi.
Helen McArthur. 218 Administration ß]dg..
Edmonton. Alta. General Nursin
; Miss
Pearl Brownell. 212 Balmoral St., Wlnnl
.
Man. Convener, Committee on Nursing Educa-
tlon: Miss E. K. Russe]]. 7 Queen's Park.
Toronto. Onto

OFFICERS OF NATIONAL SECTIONS

General Nursing: Chairman, Miss Pearl Browne]], 212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg. Man. First Vice-
(,hairman. Miss Helen Jolly, 3234 Co]]ege A ve.. Re
ina. Sask. Second Vice-Chairman, Miss
Dorothy Parsons, 376 George St.. Fredericton, N. B. SeC1.etary-Treasurer Miss Margaret E.
"'arren, 64 Kiagara St.. Winnipeg. Man. '
Hospital and School of Nursing: Chairman, Miss Martha Batson.
fontreal G'eneral Hospital. First
I'
ce-Chairman. Rev. Sister Clermo
t. St. Boniface Hospital, Man. Second Vice-Chairman,

hss G. Bamforth. !l4 The Oaks, Bam Ave.. Toronto, Onto Secretary Miss Vera Graham Homoeo-
pathic Hospital Montreal. '
Public Health: Chairman, Miss Helen McArthur, 218 Arlministration Blrl
. Erlmonton AJta. Vice-
Chairnwn, Miss Mildred I. Walker, Institute of Public Health Lond
n Onto Se
retary-Treas-
11rer, Miss Jean S. Clark, 218 Administration Blrl
., Edmonton, 'Alta. .
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

International Council of Nurses: 1819 Broadway. New York City 23. U.S.A. Executive Secretary,
Miss Anna Schwarzenberg.
Canadian Nurses Association: un Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q. General Secretary. Miss Ger-
trude 1\1. Hall. Assistant Secretaries, Miss Electa MacLennan.
liss Winnifred Cooke.
PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Alberta Ass'n of Registered Nur:Jesz Miss Elizabeth B. Rog-ers, St. Stephen's eoJlege, Edmonton.
Registered Nurses Ass'n of British Columbia: Miss Alice L. 'Wright, 1014 Vancouver Block. Van-
couver.
Manitoba Ass'n of Registered Nur:Jes: Miss Margaret M. Street. 212 Balmoral St.. Winnipeg.
New Brunswick Ass'n of Registned Nurses: Miss Alma F. Law, 29 \VeUington Row, Saint John.
Registered Nurses Ass'n of Ncwa Sc?tia: Miss Jean C. Dunning, 301 Barrjngton St.. HaJifax.
Prince Edward Island Regi,tned Nurses Ass'n: Miss Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown.
Registered Nurses Ass'n of the Proyince of Quebec: Miss E. Frances V'pton, 1012 Medical Arts Bldg.,
Montreal 25.
Saskatchewan Registned Nurses Ass'n: Miss Kathleen W. ElJis, 104 Saskatchewan HaU. University of
Sa.<;katchewan, Saskatoon.

580

Vol. 41. No. 7

VOLUME 41
NUMBER 8

CANADIAN
NI(RS

AUGUST
1 9 4 5

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Lazy Days in Midsummer

i
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phutn by N,S B Jenkins

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See paRe 584

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o "V N E IJ
-\ N IJ
THE CANAIJIt\N

PUßLISHED RY
NllHSES ASSOeIL\TION

One io One . . . and not a minute to
lose. Time for /lunch . . . just what the
doctor ordered. .. in the familiar pink can.

:

;

...:.

.'

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1

......
""

*'-

(jH,e to. (jne...

is the S.l\I.A. nIle: une measurt"* of S.l\I.
\..
PO",òt"r to onc ounce uf warm (previously
boiled) ,\ater. whateH'r the lJuantit) (lesirt"d.
It is easy to prf'pare S'-
LA. and it i::; easy for
<lol'tors to tell mothers how to do so.

Be('ause
.l\1..\. so ('lost"1
resemblc::, breast
milk habit's relish it . . . digest it easily. . .
thri\ e on it. Like hrea!'t milk the S.)I.A.
formula rf'mains constant. Onl) the quantit)
need t"\ er he changed.
. \1.A. hahies are
bueh comfortahle hahiers . . . (loctors as ,\t.1I as
muthers are grateful f-or S.
LA.

IT'S EASY T
: -:..: @
in Canada

R.::\-1.A. is df'rivcd from tuherrulin-tested rows' milk
in whirh part of the fat is replaced by animal and
vegetable fats including biologically assayed cod liver
oil; with the addition of milk sugar, vitamins and min-
erals; altogether formin!/:' an antirachitic food. \\"hf'll
diluted acrording to directions. it is essentially the
same as human milk in percentages of protein. fat,
earboh:vdrates and ash. in chemical constants of the
fat and in physical properties.
*One S.:Af.A.
asuTiTtg cup enclosed
in each 16 oz. can of S.:M.A. Powder.

EVERYBODY'S HAPPY IF IT'S AN S.M.A. BABY

JOHN WYETH & BROTHER (CANADA) LIMITED, W AlKERVlllE, ONTARIO
Nutritional Division

CERTAIN FOODS

J I
,1- if

.>1 , '
- ..."
..

.,

PERSPIRATION

TRUE

FALSE

IT'S A FACT! Eating spicy foods will
induce gustatory ref!ex perspiration.
This perspiration is usually confined to
the face, appearing first on the upper lip
and tip of the nose, and later on the
forehead and infraorbital areas.

IT'S A FACT, TOO, that in areas of
the body where rapid evaporation is
difficult, perspiration soon becomes mal-
odorous due to bacterial action.

...

,'
........
:;. ^ \k" , 't",,,, ù,
'
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That is why fastidious nurses apply
l\IUl\f to armpits, perineal region, and
on the feet. They know and trust l\fUl\I
because l\IUl\l's formula is based upon
years of exacting research and experi-
ments encompassing the entire subject
of perspiration.

Try a iar of MUM today. And
suggest its use to your patients.

BRISTOL-MYERS COMPANY OF CANADA LTD.
3035-00 St. Antoine Street, Montreal, Canada

Y ,

r

,
,

... '.
'
\.1" d

".f"SlDL-M'1t
Ø
. g,urÁ...MUM TAKES JUST 30 SECONDS TO APPLY

. .Toft...MUM IS HARMLESS TO SKIN AND CLOTHING '. ,11
. !Æie-II/i/i
.,. DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH NORMAL SWEAT-GLAND ACTIVITY .

TAKES THE ODOR OUT OF STAlE PERSPIRATION

AUGUST, 194

. ,
.' .

581

The

Canadian

Nurse

Regi.tered at Ottawa, CaDada, a. ..cond cia.. matter.
F Jilt'T iT'>d fj".;.,,... /fltl..tlll''''':
MARGARET E. KERR. M.A.. R.N.. 522 Mrdical Arb BI
.. Montreal 25. P.Q.

CO
TE1\TS }-OR ACCrST. ]945

UNLIMITED IIoRIZONS
OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DE"-FJ'.;ES<;- THE FENESTRATIO!\ 0PERATION

1\URSING CARE FOLLOWIJ\"G TI"E FE
ESTRATIO
('.PERAT1O

L'\BORATORY DIAG='iOSIS
STANDING ORDERS FOR Nl:RSES IN Ir-.m'sTRY
NURSIJ\"G CARE FOR ALL THE PEOPLE
PLEASED TO MEET You
THE FUTURE OF THE ì':VRSE IN PllBLlC HE\LTH

n . ]. .UcNally, M.D.
B. Stewart

c.

1 "
I.

Sor!PT() , lU.D.

(,. IH. Hall

1\1. R. 1If(J(d(mald, AI.D., D.P.H.

A CHALLENC.E TO HEAD NURSES
A WORD TO THE GENERAL NURSI:-.iG S
("TIOK
POSTW AR PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Boo!\. REVIEWS
NOTES FROM NATlO!\;AL OFJ:'KE
THROUGH THE YEARS
NURSING EDUCATION
ADVICE OF ONE STUDENT TO AKOTJ-'ER
NEWS NOTES

F. 1\/. Wilson
,11. E. R rnlin

E. F. Upton

B. Alulligan

SUb'CT.þt.on Rate,: $2.00 per year - $
.OO for
years; Foreign & U.S.A., $2.
0; Student
Nur.e.. S1.S0; Canadisn Nursing Si.ters Over..eas and Canadian nurses serving with UNRRA,
$2.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cheques. Bloney orders and postal note. should b. I112d.
payable to Thl' C
tld'tm NunI'. (When remitting bv cheques add IS cents for exchance).
Ch.m
e of Addreu: Four weeks' advance notice, and th'e old address. as well as the new, are
necelllary for change of sub.criber'. addre... Not responsible for Journob lost in the mail. due
to new address not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Editori.1
Content: N'ews item. should reach the J"u",al office before the 8th of month preceding pahlica-
tion. All published mil. destroyed after 3 month.. unless asked for. Official Directory: Publi.hed
complele in March, June, Sept. & Dec. issues.
Address all communications to 522 Medical Arll Bldg., Montre61 2J, P. Q.

S82

Vol. 41, No. 8

603

605
f08
609
612
617
621
625
629
635
636
638
G39
643
645
647
652

"'
FATHERS OF CANADIAN MIDI(INE

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ABRAf-!AM GESNER is one of the best known
of the early physAns of Nova Scotia.
He studied surgery and medicine in England
under Abernethy and Astley Cooper, returning
to his native place,
ornwallis, to practise his
professlon. Because of his geniol ond generous
nat"re, his popularity was widespreod.

Abraham Gesner was a man of medium
height, with deep chest and square shoulders.

is eyes reflected his charming personality and
his black hair never changed colour throughout
his lifetime. He was devoted to scientific pursuits,
geology being one of his main interests. While
traversing the country making professional calls,
he invariably would pick up specimens for his
collection. Music was a delight to him and he
played both the flute and violin. He married at
the age of 28 and had eleven children.

In 1838 Gesner wos appointed Provincial

*ONE OF A SERIfS

C#
q

M.D., 1797-1864

Geologist of the Province of New Brunswick.
During his scientific inspection of that province,
he collected valuable 'and !nteresting specimens
of minerals, plants and bird and animal life. His
exhibit is now housed in the museum of Saint
John City and is valued to this doy. A number "
of books dealing with his scientific discoveries
were written and published by Gesner. In 1854
he patented, in the United States, his discovery
of coal oil under the name of Keroselene. This
name was afterwards shortened to Kerosene.

A year before his death, Gesner was offered
the Choir of Natural History in Dalhousie
College. Despite his zeal in scientific realms, he
never forgot his choice of occupation and many
a sufferer along his routes was helped or healed
by his skill. To the memory of men of Abraham
Gesner's calibre the Warner policy is maintained
. . . Therapeutic Exactness. . Pharmaceutical
Excellence. . . One price and one discount to all.

ESTABLISHED 1856
\W fA II
IINij II! R

& COM PANY LTD.

MANUfACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

AUGUST, 1,}4

'8J

Reader's Guide

According to the most recent figures,
there are 7,194 totally deaf persons in
Canada, 6.3 per 10,000 population. For
these, there is little or no hope of any
device or technique which will p
rmit
them to hear. However, there are, in
addition many, many thousands with a
small degree of hearing for whom va-
rious aids can be secured. Still another
small group have the form of deafness
which may respond to operative treat-
ment. It is of this fenestration operation
which Dr. \\ïlliam J. )lcNally, promin-
ent ear specialist in Montreal, has writ-
ten. In keEping with our policy to bring
authentic information to the nurses of
Canada on relatively new techniques,
we recommend this enlightening descrip-
tion to you for study. llernice Stewart
has been the nurse assistant in many
of these operations. She emphasizes the
importance of post-operative nursing
care.

Gertrude 1\1. Hall. general secretary,
C.
.A., challenges us to think very ser-
iously of the status of professional nurs-
ing in her discussion of the varieties of
persons providing nursing care in most of
our communities. 'Vhat is to be the fu-
ture of nursing in Canada? Every nurse
has a responsibility to hel'
elf and to the
profession at larg'e to ponder carefully
these assorted straws which tell us how
the 'winds are blo'wing.

1\lrs. Florence 1\1. 'ViIson is clinical in-
structor in medical nursing at the 'Vinni-
peg General Hospital. Her thoughtful
challenge to head nurses is full of sug-
gestions on how to utilize every oppor-
tunity for student teaching.

Dr. Watson Sodero, of Sydney, N. S.,
modestly sug'gested that his material on
laboratory diagnosis was too elementary
for nurses. 'Ve felt that for many who
have been away from the classroom for
a long time, it would prove a useful re-
fresher in a nutshell. Don't you agree?

Dr.
l. H. :\lacdor.ald \-vas recently ap-
pointed director of. the Cape Breton Is-
land Health Unit in Nova Scotia. Be-
cause of his considerable experience with
public health nurses, his opinion on
their future is well worth studying.

Mrs. :\Iabel E. Brolin is secretary of
the Prince GeOl'ge Chapter of the Regis-
tered Nurses Association of British
Columbia. Such nurses as she are the
backbone of the professional group pro-
viding the essential nursing services in
our smaller communities.

Esther Reith. who is chairman of the
National Labour Relations Committee,
is the wise and beloved director of the
Child 'Velfare Association in Montreal.
She is exceedingly well informed on all
matters relating to working conditions
and legislation as they may affect nurses.

\Ye are indebted to Lieut. (N S) Ber-
tha Jenkins, of the Military Hospital
Victoria, B.C., for the interesting photo-
graphic study on our cover. Kalamalka
Lake, a beautiful gem set among tawny
mountains, is near Vernon, B.C,

v,,:. 41, No. 8

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A VERST. McKENNA & HÞqRR ON
I
ITED . Biologicòl Q:nd Plaørmoceu'i
oI Chemists. MONTREAL CANADA

AUGUST, 1945

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Th
Bo<dftI Co. Ltd

A keen sense of responsibility
is a tradition at Borden's.

We believe that the production
of Evaporated Milk calls for
the utmost in quality and
purity protection. This is why
Borden's have built up an
efficient and smoothly operat-
ing system of supervision.

No milk is accepted at a
Borden plant more than a few
hours old or over 60 0 F. On
arrival milk is immediately
checked for acidity, flavour,
odor and general quality. Each
farmer's lot is tested in well-
equipped laboratories and

GOOD ENOUGH
WONT DO !

must comply with Borden
standards.

During manufacture, the most
painstaking care and attention
is given to sanitation of hand-
ling and plant equipment.

We realize, at Borden's, that
only continual vigilance can
maintain the high standard of
purity and quality of Borden's
Evaporated Milk. Thus the
final product meets the phy-
sician's most exacting require-
ments for infant feeding. There
is good reason for saying, "If
it's Borden's, it's Got to be
good !"

THE BORDEN COMPANY LIMITED
TORONTO 4, ONTARIO

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J. S. Morrison, B. S. A., chief bio-
chemist of Borden's Laboratory,
Tillsonburg, Onto Laboratories act as
the final safeguard in the chain of
Borden's quality safeguards.

586

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This is a Borden homogenizer.
To ensure sanitation, all machinery is
thoroughly sterilized with live steam
after each day's operation.

Vol. 41, No.8

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Each of these huge stainless steel
tanks has a capacity of 9,000 gallons.
They are typical of the modern and
efficient equipment in Borden plants.

DONT LOOK SO SURPRISED
LOTS-A BABIES FEEL
UKE THIS ON A FORMULA
OF BOROEN',
EVAPORATED MILK I

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Here in a plant laboratory standard pro-
cedure is followed in testing milk. Samples are
compared with every known bacterial condition
that may develop.

THE BORDEN COMPANY LIMITED
TORONTO 4, ONTARIO

AUGUST. 1945 587

ANTISEPSIS

From Obstetrics to General Purposes

C A general disinfectant must
r possess activity against the most im-
'ponant pathogenic organisms and, it
, is suggested, against at least these
, three: typhoid, staphylococcus and
'streptococcus. Moreover, any claim
I made should be required to be sub-
· stantiated by a test designed to prove
'activity in the particular conditions
C made in the claim. Activity in the
'presence of blood, serum or other
'organic matter is very important, for
'so many are ineffective in these
, conditions. 'i)

Among the original investigations of
c Dettol " not the least important was
a study of its bactericidal potency
against the haemolytic streptococci
responsible for the great majority of
puerperal infections and its capacity
to form a durable barrier against these
organisms. With respect to these
qualities it proved far more depend,
able than any of the antiseptics with
which it was compared; it eliminated
the organisms completely in one,and'a,
half minutes; on the treated skin it
provided a protective covcring which
could prevent re,infection for five
hours; its repeated application at
full strength proved harmless; on the
freshly scratched skin or the vaginal

. mucous membrane it caused neither
pain nor other irritative effects.
At Queen Charlotte's, London's
great maternity hospital, the in'
troduction of this antiseptic was
followed by an over 50 per cent.
decline in the incidence of haemo'
lytic streptococcal infections.

Today C Dettol ' is preferred before
all other substances not only in
obstetrics, but in the operating
theatre, casualty post, factory and
home. For its remarkable bacteri,
cidal power is not specific to
haemolytic streptococci, but ex'
tends to such common pathogenic
organisms as Staph. allTellS, Bact.
typhosum and Bact. coli. Surgeons,
physicians and obstetricians feel
secure with an antiseptic whieh
has been shown by repeated lab,
oratory tests, confirmed by ten
years' clinical experience, to be
effective - even in the presence of
blood, pus and wound contaminants
- and at the same time non'toxic
at full strength. And patients
prefer it because its application,
whether to wounds, abraded sur'
faces or mucous membranes, does
not cause pain - and because it is
a pleasant preparation which,
unlike poisonous antiseptics, can
be left in an accessible place for
the use of the whole household.

I) Berry, H. (1944) Pharmaceutical Journal, 3.

RECKITT & COLMA!,; (CANADA) LIMITED, PHARMACE(!TICAL DEPARTMENT, MONJ:
;
:

'88

Vol. 41. No. 8

KEEPING ABREAST OF THE

LITERA TURE ON NUTRITION

r----------------------- - -------,
I AMERICAN CAN COMPANY
l\IEDICAL ARTS BUILDING, HA;\lILTON, ONT.
Please send me my free copy of "The Cannell
Food Reference Manual"".
NAME .......... ..........
PROFESSIONAL TITLE.. . . .
ADDRESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CITY. . . . . . . .. . _ . _ . PROV.. . .
(PLEASE PRINT)

WITH rationing, the layman's need
for sound, dietary guidance be-
('oml::;; even more important.

For this reason, you will find St:c-
tions II, III, and IV, of "The Canned
Food Reference :\lanuar' particularly
invaluable as an up-to-date source.

SECTION II, Modern Knowledge of NUfrifion,
contains chapters on human nutritive
needs, requirements for proximate
food components, mineral and vitamin
requisites, the chemistry and quanti-
tive estimation of \ itamins, and pres-
ent vitamin units and standards. This
! ection alone has more than 76 refer-
ences to up-to-date reports, papers,
and research.

SECTION III, Diefary Inadequacies, lists the
common ones, the latent variety, and

l

.

GÞ

AUGUST. 1945

food fads and fancies. There æ'"
more than 40 rpferences.

SECTION IV, Recommended DiefaryPrad;ces,
describes the modern pattern of nu-
trition, the dietary patterns of the
National Nutrition Programme and
Canada's Food Rules.

For the busy professional man or
woman, these sections of this compact
book provide concise, fpliable refer-
ence material.

In addition. "The Canned Food
Reference :\lanuar' contains detailed
information on the history of canned
foods, how they are processed, and
much other co!lateral information of
interest to doctors, dentists and public
health officials. It is free. Fill out
coupon below and mail.

..

'c
ooe@

589

The Nurses' Album of New Mothers

NO.6: PROGRESSIVE MRS. PARSONS

Dh, Mrs. P. has read books. She
believes in letting a child express his
little self . . .

She hands Junior the Sevres vase to
help develop His Aesthetic Sense.

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She's proud of his lusty voice-till
the doctor points out it springs not
from musical leanings but from
diaper rash!

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Mrs. P.'s doctor prescribes a little ..-
more attention to the torso- begin-
ning with Johnson's Baby Powder.
More doctors recommend Johnson's
for ba by skin care than all other
brands of baby powders put together.

JOHNSON'S BABY POWDER

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:::::

90

Vol. 41, No. 8

(Jh(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTHLY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSE,) ASSOCIATION

rOLUJlE rORTY-ONE NUMBER EIGHT

AUG1JST 1945

Unlimited Horizons

A philosopher has said, "E very man
takes the limits of his own field of vision
for the limits of the world". The an-
cients, believing only what they could
actually se
, considered the world to he
flat, with the sun, moon and stars re-
volving around their particular section
of this flatness. \Vhen Christopher Col-
umbus wa., daring and fool hard
' en-
ough to sail off the edge of the world,
he changed the whole field of vision.
Today when we read that the maximum
elapsed time by .air travel hetween any
two spots on the earth's surface is only
sixty hours, our field of \ ision is en-
larged aga;n. Ph
'sically there would
appear to be unlimited horizons before
us. Has our mental or "piritllal vision
k
pt pace with this rapid eJ\.pansion

Can we see the hroad professional per-
spective or is our vision of the future
of nursing hampered by our personal
shortsightedness?
The recent meetings of the Canadian
Nurses Association ex
cutive, which will

AUGUST, 1945

be reported in greater detail in subse-
quent issues of the Journal, provided
an opportunity to observe how broad a
view the leaders in nursing in Canada
ha \"e of future possihilities. Provincial
representatives, thinking and planning
nationall}, concurred in the discussions
of a wide variety of problems which are
confronting us. The report of the La-
hour Relations Committee which appears
on the Notes from l\ational Office page
in this i

ue is a good illustration of the
scope of the activities of the national
association. As a group we are prepared
to support these daring explorers who
have a far vision of what is hest for
nursing and for our patients.
But what about our capacity as in-
dividuals to look beyond our own im-
mediate problems? Are we being myopic
and so failing to see any horizons at all?
Is what may happen to us persona))y
of greater concern than how the pro-
fession a., a whole shaH ::;erve the purpo-
se., for which nursing stands? The long

\nfirlJJ/

Cb
60J
,!

604

rHE CA.l'ADIA::\ :t\URSE

years of war brought unlimited oppor-
tunitie
for nurses, \ oung and old, to
serve. By the hundreds and the thou-

ands they joined the armed serVIces.
Other thousands who had not thought
to nurse again, often at considerable
personal sacrifice have returned to fields
of duty in order to fill the gaps left by
their younger sisters who had gone to
distant lands. The impelling demands
of war have been met with a loyal
agreement that has had an element of
grandeur in it. "That about the demands
of pe.ace?
Reduced to the simplest terms, the
functions of our profession are to pro-
mote health, to prevent illness and to

provide care for those who are sick.
Of these functions, the actual day-by-
day care of sick persons is the most ex-
acting, the most difficult and, in the
long run, the most satisfying. Since this
is so, it is difficult to reconcile the re-
peatedly heard remark, "No more bed-
side nursing for me!" If we as profes-
sional nurses shirk our responsibility,
the job for which we are trained, there
are others who will supersede us. Let
US therefore look beyond our immediate
field of vision to the unlimited oppor-
tunities which await us jf we do not al-
low selfishness, vainglory and short-
sightedness to blur the horizon.
-M.E.K.

Write to Win

As announced in the !\1ay issue, the
J ou.r1tfil is sponsoring a competition in
which nurses all over Canada are in-
\'ited to participate. The purpose of the
competition is to encourage thinking in-
dividuals to assess the present situation
in nursing and. from that vantage point,
to write of the'r hopes and a
p 'rations
for our profess:on in the years to come.
Every nurse who has been following the
trend of developments ;n recent years is
aware that there is nothing static in
nursing today. Tncreased industrializa-
tion providing more money in the puh-
lic's pocket-book has resulted in a hos-
pitalization demand which has swamped
existing facilities. Shortage of medical
personnel has thrown new and more
involved responsib
litifs upon the nur-
ses. \lore and more nurses' aides have
had to be trained to take over the simple
routine duties. How are these factors
going to influence the future of nurs-
ing in your community. \Vhere are we
going professionally? "That do YOU
think about it all?
The competition is open to any Cana-
dian nurse, graduate or student. The
articles should be not less than five hun-
dred Dor more than a thousand words in

length, '....ritten or preferably typed
( triple-space) on one side of the paper
only. The names of the competition
judges, who are representati\'e both of
sectional interests and of the various
areas of the country, will be listed in
the September issue. _\11 entries shall be
submitted to the offices of The C anodion
Nurse J ollrnal, 522 lW rdical Arts Bldg.,
Montreal, 25, and marked "Competi-
tion". The closing date for the entries
will be September 30, 1945. The win-
ning articles will he puhlished in the
Journal.
Prizes shall be awarded as follows:-
for the best article, $25; second and
third choice, $15 and $1 0 respectively.
Other articles of merit will be given
honourable mention. The submitted ar-
ticles will be adjudged on the basis of
the originality of the ideas, the clarity
of thought, the pertinence of any sug-
gestions and the ultimate value to nurs-
ing of projected plans. It is understood
th.at all articles must be original, have
not been submitted elsewhere for pub-
lication, and hecome the property of
The Canadian Nurse.

-lVLE.K.

Vol -no No.3'

Operative Treatment of Deafness-
The Fenestration Operation

\V. J. :\IcNALLY, l\1.D.

\Vithin recent rears much has been
learned about the ear in health and
disease. Better methods of testing hear-
ing in animals enabled physiologists to
study the normal function of the ear.
Pathological studies in large numb
rs of
human cases added greatly to the under-
standing of ear diseases. The use of the
vacuum tube has' enabled physicists to
find out more about how we hear and
how to im prove hearing aids.
A dramatic step forward in treat-
ment has been along surgical lines.
:rvlany of th
newer drugs have been
used in the hope of bringing about im-
provement in hearing but so far there
is no satisfactory form of medical treat-
ment for hearing loss.
The oper.ative treatment is applicable
only in certain cases of hearing loss and
the proper selection of cases is of the
utmost importance.
The suitable case is one in which there
is middle ear deafness with the hearing
nerve in good condition. The most sa-
tisfactory results ha,-e been obtained in
the young individual in good general
health and with normal ear drums and
a normal nose and throat. This type oÍ
deafness is called otosclerosis. The lesion
consistð of a bony overgrowth sealing
the footplate of the stapes (one of the
middle ear bones) in the oval window
of the outer wall of the internal ear
which houses the cochlea or ear nerve
endorgan. The stapes becomes immobile
and fails to transmit the sound waves
from the drum to the nerve. The opera-
tion is designed to make a new opening
or window in the wall of the internal
ear to replace the one which has been
closed by the bony overgrowth. If the
ear nerve is not in good condition it
cannot conduct the sound to the brain
AUGUST, 1945

and thf' operation d,)es not Improve
the hearing.
'rhe proper selection of cases is not an
easy matter because the methods of test-
ing hearing and the equipment for test-
ing hearing, particularly the equ:pment
for testin!! bone conduction, are not
standardiz
ed. Te
t'ng the patienes
ability to hear pure tones by air conduc-
tion can be done with a fair degree of
accuracy by using an audiometer. The
chief difficult:es are in testing the pa-
tient's hearing for bone conduction and
for speech. The bone conduction tests
are particularl) importL1l1t in jud
ing
the amount of nerve (t:afness present.
It has been determined that the aud:o-

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Fig. 1. Drawing showing the fenestra or
window A over the ampulla of the right
horizontal semicircular canal (stopple in
position). B is the skin flap of the external
canal attached to the drum. (From Julius
Lempert, Arch. Otolaryng01. Vol. -n, Jan.
1945).

605

6U6

THE CAr\ADIAN NURSE

meter readings for bone conducted
sounds within the speech .area - from
512 cycles to 2048 cycle
- should be
within thirty decibels of normal. The
bone conduction should also be tested
with tuning forks to confirm the audio-
meter tests.

The fenestration operation has been
in the process of evolution
ince about
1876. Jack (1895) removed the stapes
in sixty patients. Jenkins in 1915 des-
cribed an operation in which he made
an opening in the inteIïlal ear through
the horizontal semicircular canal. A
great difficulty has been to keep the
opening in the bony wall from clos-
ing. Holmgren (191 Î) and Sourdille
(1929) reported impr()vement
in Jen-

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Fig. 2. An operating microscop(' adapted
from a Zeiss Colposcope ami an improvised
floor mounting. (:Mechanical work hy \\' m.
J. Jones, Roval Yicturia H o"pita 1, instru-
ment 1
pa i r (kpt.)

kins' operation but their operations were
in several stages. Lempert (1938) de
-
cribed a technique in which Sourdille's
operation was done in one stage and the
incision was through the external can:!l
- the endaural approach - instead of
be hind the ear over the mastoid. Lem-
pert also found that if the opening in
the hori'lontal semicircular canal was
made at the ampullated end the window
could be made larger and was more like-
ly to remain permanently open. Sham-
baugh (1942) further ..implified the
technique b
' advocating the use of a.
ll:ssecting miscroscope which provides
about seven times magnification and en-
ahles the operator to more easily avoid
damage to the membranous internal
ear when making the new window. He
also ad ,"ocated a continuous flow of
irrigating fluid while drilling the win-
dow in the bone thus reducing the like-
lihood of bone dust and blood entering
the internal ear.
The operation might be described as
a microscop
c plastic to shift the ear
drum and its attached
kin in order to
cover the new window leading into the
internal ear through the horizontal
semicircular canal.
. \t the beginning of the operation the
inc:sion is made in such a way as to en-
large the opening of the external ear
canal. Through this opening the mastoid
cells are removed and the incus and the
maJILu
, two of the bones in the top of
the middle ear, are exposed. The bon}
wall of the eAternal canal is carefully
remo' ed so as to leave the skin of the
external canal intact and attached to
the drum. The incus is removed and
the head of the malleus is excised and're-
mm"ed. The window or opening is then
drilled through the ampullated end of
the horizontal semicircular canal, care
being taken not to injurè the underlying
membranous canal which is part of the
hody's balancing mechanism (Fig. 1).
This part of the operation is done under
microscopic vision (Figs. 2 and 3). A
flap (If the skin of the external canal is
Vol. 41,
oi
. S

FENESTRATION OPERATION

607

then cut and th.e upper part of the ear
drum is separated from its attachments
so that the skin flap attached to the ear
drum is swung in ward and placed in
position over the new window in the
internal ear (Fig. 4).
It is thought that this drum-skin flap
in some way carries the sound waves to
the new window. It is also thought that
the flap tends to prevent the formation
of new bone closing the window.
An important consideration at opera-
tion is the need to avoid infection,
through blood and bone dust entering
the internal ear because of the possibil-
ity of labyrinthitis and meningitis. If
any of these complications øccur there
may be not only a loss of hearing but
even a loss of life.
When the operation was first devel-
oped in many cases the bony window
closed. This stiB may occur but it is
less likely with the newer techniques.
Usually the closure takes place within
the first six months but it may occur
within the fir
t or even the second yea.-
after operation.
The improvement in hearing takes
place slowly within the first few months
after operation and the hearing may
continue to improve within the first
post-operative year.
If one considers an the cases that
have been operated upon it is probably
fair to say that about 50 per cent have
had a return of hearing to a practical
level. The h
aring rard), if ever, re-
turns to normal. A. good result is a gain
of twenty-five to thirty-five decihels in
hearing within the speech range when
the average hearing loss was not more
than about sixt\'-five decibels hefore
operation.
In view of the fact that this opera-
tion is still in the experimental stages
every patient should be told ever) thing
possihle about it so that he is in a posi-
tion to decide as to whether or not he
will submit to it. The dangers and com-
plications should be stressed more than
the ad van tages.
AUGUST, 1945

:\
.. ....
. r

c.

...' ,

7
,

';.

..:..:.ii:.:.:.":-..;r;:..,,--:';".."",.

Fi
. 3. A. close-up view of the microscope
showi.ng how we arranged the anterior A
and posterior B lights. Also the hand screw
adjuster C can be set'n. It was adapted from
an old microscope. It is placed at ten inche..
from the eye-pieces to avoid contamination of
the hand by the head. The great advantage of
the Colposcope is that the focal distance at
seven times magnification is IS em. This
al1uws suf ficient room fur manipulating in-
struments between the wound and the scope.

It should be pointed out to these pa-
tients that they are well suited to wear-
mg a properly selected electrical hear-

f1
[lC
J

).R'
/ ./

/

..

i I
I.
"
II

:{
.
.." I

,'" .... II
"

.....
i J
i
j' ,.

I

Fig. .t. Drawing showing skin-drum flap
A in position over the new window in the
intenl..ll C.lf. (From J tllius r .t'mpert).

6()h

THE CAI\ADIAK :KURSE

ing aid. \Vith such a hearing aid they
could expect to get just as much or
more improvement in hearing than they
could hope to get from a successful oper-
ation. They should also b-: told that with
information ga:ned during the war
about vacuum tubes and batteries the
post-war hearing aids should be very
much superior to any of the instrument,;;
now on the market. If the patient has
been made aware of aU the above facts
and he still would prefer to have an
operation, the1'1 the well-trained opera-
tor may feel free to carry OUt the opera-
tion providing he has satisfied himself
that the patient is a suitable case. H

should not be too much influenced by
a patient's wining-ness to have an opera-
tion no matter how poor the chances for
success may be.
I f progress is to be made in this impor-
tant problem the patients must be follow-
ed for many years post-operatively. The
hearing should be tested repeatedly and
the results faithfu]]" reported in the me-

dical journals so that operating surgeon,
may compare their results and all bene-
fit from the contribution, of each.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Holmgren, G: Some Experiences in the
Surgery of Otosclerosis, Acta Oto-laryng.
5; 460-466, IlJ23.
2. Jack. F. L; Remarks ('n Stapedectomy,
Bustun
L & S.]. 132. 34-35, 1895.
3. Jenkins, G. ]. Otosclerosis' Certain Clin-
ical Features and Experimental Ol)erative
Procedures. Tr. Internat. Congo .Med.,
Sect. Octol., p1. 2 (1913), 1914, pp. 609-
618.
4. Lempert, J.; hnprovemcnt of Hearing in
Cases of Otosclerosis. .\rch. Otolaryng.
2R: 42-97. July, 1938.
5. Lempert.].: Lempe't Fen{:stra X ov-Ovalis
\\ïth
[()bile Stopple. .-\rch. Otolaryng.
41: 1-41. January, 1945.
6. Shamhaugh, G. E., Jr.; -\ Modified Fen-
estration Technic. .-\lTh. ()tolaryng. 36:
23-4ó, July. 1942.
7. Sourdille. 11.: Techniques chirurgicales
nou\"elles pour Ie traitement des surdités
de conduction. Bull. .-\cad. de med. 102:
fí74-fí7R, 1929.

Nursing Care Following the Fenestr ation Operation

BFRNICE STEW 4.RT

The nur
ing care of a patient sub-
jected to the fenestration operation for
deafness is of particular importance. If
infection occurs at operation, it not only
lessens the }X>ssihility of improvement in
hearing, but it is a real threat to the
pat:ent's life because of the imminence of
meningitis. The operation, in most cases,
is a long and difficult procedure and the
pa
iC'nt requ'res careful nursin2 during
the post-operative period. The pO"t-
operative care of the wf)und is almost
as important as the actual operation it-
self. Every effort must be made to avoid
the introduction of secondary infection
before the wound has completely healed.
The sterilization of the instruments
must be done w:th the same scrupulous

detail as would be nece
san. in the case
of a neuro-surgical procedure. --\.11 sharp
and delicate instruments are soaked in
94 per cent alcohol for twent
'-foUl-
hours before operation. Drill points,
sharp elevators and mastoid curcttes are
boiled for six minutes in 2 per cent
sodium hydroxide. The ordinary instru-
ments. including artery force(Y'J mastoid
rongeurs, etc., are boiled for twenty
minutes in soda water. The whole drill
head of the electric dental drill is de-
tached and autoclaved, being well oiled
with sterile lubricant hefnre and after
autodaving. Two important parts of the
technique are the suitahle draping of
the dissecting microscope (Fig. 5) and
of the (lrilL Before these can be pro-

,",,,.. 41. No. 8

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

609

perl) done without danger of contamina-
tion a considerable amount of practice
by the operating room nurse is required.
In such .a delicate operation as this it
is most essential that the nurse and
surgeon work as a wen-trained team.
All details must have been previously
decided upon by the surgeon and his
operating room nurse.
The post-operative dressings should
be carried out under strict sterile pre-
cautions. Unless there is a special dress-
ing room it is ad visable to do the first
dressings in the operating room. The
detailed set-up necessary should be de-
cided upon by the surgeon and the oper-
ating room nurse. As a rule, dressings
are done every second or third day and
the patient remains in hospital about
two weeks after operation. Subsequent
dressings are done at the doctor's office,
still using sterile precautions.
The post-operat!ve .nursing of the pa-
ti(mt,
s mentioned before, is important
bec.ause many operators have chosen to
use intravenous anesthesia or very hea'"}
pre-operative sedation and as a result
the patient may remain asleep for man)
hours after operation. This requires spe-
cial vigilance on the part of the nurse
to check the p.atient's breathing, to
watch the circulation, to prevent pres-
sure sores, etc. During the first few
days post-operative it is frequently nec-

\.

,..

Fig. 5. The microscope fully draped. A
special adapter hCls been devised to keep the
drapes from covering the lenses and lights.
The eye-pieces are covered by sterilizable
ril1g
similar to those used by Shambaugh.

essary to resort to intravenous feeding,
when careful note must be kept of the
patient's intake and output.
In "iew of the fact th.ït the new bony
window is made into the balancing por-
tion of the internal ear almost all pa-
tients are troubled with severe vertigo
on awakening. This is frequently asso-
ciated with nausea and vomiting and
may persist for about two to four weeks.
The patient must not be allowed out of
bed unless supported by some one and
must be warned not to .attempt any
movement of locomotion alone until
the unsteadiness has subsided.

laboratory Diagnosis

G. "TATSON SODERO, \1.D.

Laboratory diagnosi
is growing in
importance in present day medicine.
By laboratory diagnosis we mean the
chemical and microscopic examination
of the fluids of the body in hf'alth and
disease - the examination of the urine,
stools, blood, spinal fluid and stomach
contents and in disea
ed states the exam-
ination of sputum and pleural and peri-
toneal effusions.

UGUST. 1945

Examination of the u.rine is routine-
ly done on every patient entering hos-
pital today. In this way, man)" cases of
unsuspected diabetes are discovered -
cases which if given an anesthetic with-
out proper treatment would 'vuy like-
ly end disastrously. Cases of latent .and
unsuspected nephritis are often discov-
ered as are also cases with inflamma-
t
r)' infections of the kidneys and urinary

610

THE CAI\ADIA.1\ i\URSE

tract. You may ask why these cases
should be unsuspected by the physician.
The answer is that the condition may
be present without any marked symptoms
or with atypical symptoms. Nowadays
examination of the urine is done regu-
larly throughout pregnancy. It is not
so many decades ago that man}" women
went through their entire pregnancy
without having a urinalysis done. This
exp'ains why convulsions in pregnanc}',
not uncommon a few years ago, are
comparatively rare today. Some authori-
ties say that practically every case of
eclampsia c.an be discovered early by
regular examinafon of the urine and
the development of convulsions pre-
vented by treatment. Estimation of the
amount of urea in the urine, following
a dose of urea by mouth, constitutes an
important test of kidney function.
Examination of the stools discloses
parasites, pus and blood, and an excess
of fat in pancreatic deficiency. The
common parasites are pin worms, round
worms and tape worms. Pus is present
in ulcerative colitis. Gross blood can be
detected by a layman but the presence
of occult blood in the stools can only be
detected in the laboratory. This is of
great value when slight, continued bleed-
ing occurs from ulceration or carcinoma
of the stomach or intestines. Some cases,
by this means, are diagnosed before
there are any clinical signs or x-ray
findings. In every case of severe second-
ary anemia, where the cause is not evi-
dent, the stools should be examined for
occult blood.
Examination of the blood is used
in the detection of a variety of condi-
tions. Blood counts are most often done
to determine whether a patient is ane-
mic and the degree of anemia present.
The number of red cellJ- (per cu. mm.)
is counted and the percentage of hemo-
globin estimated. Examination of the
patient's eyes or mucous membranes does
not tell with any degree of accuracy
whether or not a patient is anemic,
and it is much wiser to have a blood
munt done.

The white cells of the blood shoukl
be counted tOI). They will be raised in
inflammatory conditions, such as pneu-
monia or appendicitis. They are lowered
in tuberculosis and in agranulocytosis-
a condition in which the ability of the
blood-forming organs to produce this
type of blood cell is depressed. Sulfa
drug therapy sometimes causes this con-
dition and white cell counts should be
done frequently when the patient is
undergoing sulfa treatment. The num-
ber of white celL, is greatly increased in
ieukemia - a malignant disease of the
blood. In the earlier stages there may
be no other obvious physical signs.
Blood smears should also be made and
stained, and a differential count done;
by this means the number of ëach type
of white cell is counted and expressed
as a percentage. The diagnosis of per-
nicious anemia is made mainly on the
examination of blood smears and often
the expert opinion of a pathologist is
necessary. By the examination of these
smears, the actual size of the cells can
be determined by measuring their dia-
meters. In pernicious anemia the cells
are larger than normal and this is called
a megalocytic anemia. In most second-
ary anemias the cells are below the aver-
age in size and they are called micro-
cytic. Thus a routine blood count may
disclose an unsuspected case of perni-
cious anemia or leukemi:.I.
The rVasserlllmUl tr.d f(lr syphilis is
a complement fixation test using the
blood serum. It is now done routinely
on all patients in some hospitals, and
many more cases of syphilis are discov-
ered which would otherwise go untreat-
ed. More and more practitioners are
doing rout1;1e \Vassermann tests on
pregnant women, because congenital
syphilis in the new-born infant can be
prevented if the dise.ase in the mother
is discovered before the fifth month and
she is given proper anti-syphilitic treat-
ment throughout her pregnancy.
Examination of the blood urea or
rlo'n-protein nitrogen is a test of kidney
Vol. 41. No. 8

LABORATORY DIAGKOSIS

function. In more serious c<lses of renal
insufficiency, there may be retention of
nitrogenous products, especially urea in
the hlood, so that the blood urea, in-
stead of being the normal 20-40 mgm.
may he considerably raised. This is par-
ticularh true in some trpe
of chronic
renal disease, sometimes in acute neph-
ritis and in kidney changes, secondary
to the ohstruction caused b
- an enlarged
prostate. Kowadays, surgeons routinely
do this test on their older patients be-
fore an operation. The} recognize the
fact that in days gone' hy, when the ex-
;lmination was not done, some of their
post-operative deaths were due to kid-
ney failure which might have heen pre-
\ ented by proper investigation and treat-
ment. In the pre-operative care of pros-
tate cases thi" test is' used to indicate
the most favourable time for operation.
It is also used to determine whether the
operation should he don
in one or two
stages.
The ff'di1ll0lttlti()1l ratl' is now done
fairly frequently. If hlood is citrated
ami thus kept fluid and placed in a ver-
tical tuhe, the corpuscles settle from the
plasma at a fairly constant rate. A great
increase in the rapidity of the sedimenta-
tion rate is ohserved in many infections,
pregnancy, carcinoma, and other condi-
tions. The test ha5. little diagnostic value
hut it has its place in prognosis. For in-
stance. the rapid sedimentation rate of
pulmonarr tuherculosis ma} hecome
slower as the patient re
ponds to treat-
ment. Similarly the test may have a
prognostic value in nephritis and in
rheumatic fever -. a lowering of the
rate indicating improvement. :\ rapid
sedimentation rate is considered as evi-
dence of activity in rheumatoid arthritis,
and is taken as one indication for gold
therapJ.
The clotting .imf' is the time taken
for hlood to clot, normalh' 1-2 minutes.
I t is
reath- prolonged in hemophilia.
The bfrl'ding timr is the length of time
the hlood continues to flow when the
finger is pricked. 1'<orma]]
it i!' ahout
AUGUST, 1945

611

four minutes. In certain forms of pur-
pura it may he prolonged. Both thes

tests are routinely done hefore the oper-
ation of tonsillectomv. If ahove normal
the patient is gi\"en calcium and vitamin
K, until the tests are normal, hefore
operation is performed. \\Thether because
of this precaution or hecause the opera-
tion is performed more skilfully, cases
of hemorrhage following tonsil opera-
tions are much le

frequent than the\
used tll he.
The prothromhin timr, estimating
the le\.el of the prothrombin in the blood.
is a relati\'ely new test. It has to be done
daily to control the administration of
heparin and dicumarol, two new drugs
used to diminish the dotting time of the
hlood, in such diseases as acute thromho-
ph leoitis.
E:\.amination of the arf'bro-spinal
fluid is so important that no neurologi-

al diagnosis can be considered complete
without it. Elaborate chemi'cals and
microscopic methods are now availahle
which are of great help in many cases,
and frequently essential. Blood is found
in the cerehro-spinal fluid in basal frac-
tures of the skull, leakage of cereoral
anurysma, ventricular hemorrhage. The
fluid may be turbid or definitely puru-
lent in
eningitis, especially meningo;-
coccal meningitis. A microscopic cell
count aids in the diagnosis of tubercu-
lous meningitis and of syphilitic menin-
2"itis. A.I
o the fluid mar be examined
for hacteria and the causati\'-e org.mism
identified. A \Vassermann test done on
the fluid is usually positive in syphilis
of the nervous system. \\Then positiv

:n the spinal fluid it is usually positive
in the hlood, though exceptions occur.
The reverse is not necð:,arily true and
neuro-syphilis cannot be estahlished on
a positive Blood \Vassermann alone, even
though the signs of a ner\"ous lesion are
present.
Examination of the st
mnch contrnts
is an important labo'ratory procedure and
an aid to the diagnosi; of pernicious
anemia, suhacute comhint'd degenera-

612

"I' HE LA '\ .-\ D [ :\
1\ U R S F

tion of the cord,
astric and duodenal
ulcer and cancer of the
tomach.

It is not necessary that every patient
be subjected to all these laboratory tests.
The history and clinical examination of
the patient, will, in ordinary cases, give
the clue as to which laboratory investi-
gations are applicahle to that particular
case. In any case in which the diagnosis
is at all obscure, a compJ('te !ahoratory in-

\ fstigation should he done. In the past
there has been a tendenc
T on the part
of the practitioner to limit his in vesti-
gation hecause of the fear of putting
the patient to unnecessarv expense; but
in a rase where the diagnosis is not evi-
dent, the patient's health, and not his
pocket hook, should he given primary
consideration, and no doctor should he
called upon to makt: 3. diagnosis until
he has a11 the facts at his dispo<;aI.

Standing Orders for Nurses In Industry

Editor':; Note: The Committee on Indu
-
trial 11edicine of the Canadian
[edical As-
sociation has adopted for use the "Standing
Orders for Nurses in Industry", developed
by the Council un Industrial Health of the
American 1\[edical Association. \\ïth the
kind permission of this Council, we are re-
producing most of the details included in
these standing orders which are printed in
full in the Journal of the American 'Medica!
Association, August 28, 1943, Vol. 122, pp.
1247-1249.

GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS

Standing orders represent a prelim-
inary understanding between physician
and assisting personnel about routine
<:onduct of a medical service. In estab-
lishing such orders in an industrial me-
dical department, several considerations
need to be borne in mind:
1. The greater the amount of person-
al supervision exercised by the physician
directly in the industrial environment,
the better is the industrial health ser-
VIce.
2. Standing orders cannot be written
to meet every situation likely to arise
in industry. They must be modified to
meet specific requir
ments and in ac-
cordance with the training and profes-

ional competence of the assisting per-
sonnel. They shou1<i be signed by the
supervising medical authority and posted
prominently in the medical department.

3. The nurse in industry should as-
sume no responS:hiI: t} for service outside
the field of her professional training.
This applies par
icularly to individual
case management, from which the nurse
should rigidl
ah<;tain except: (a) In
emergencies demanding immediate in-
dependent judgment and action; (b)
procedures of preliminary or first aid
nature routinely required by reason of
the nature of the work and which are
clearly stipulated in the standing orders.
This statement conEnes itself mainly
to these last named aspects of medico-
nursing relations in industry.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE IN INDUSTRY

General principles which operate in
all emergency situations apply to indus-
try as well. They are: (1) Call a physi-
cian immediately; (2) stop bleeding;
(3) restore breathing; ( 4 ) prevent
shock and infection; ( 5) do no more
than is actually needed.
The supervising physician should as-
sure himse If that these instructions are
thoroughly understood and should insti-
tute special training when necessary.
Nurses in industry should qualify as
first aid instructors.
Emergency Supplif'J: Emergency
packs with essential sterile supplies should
be available at all times in the medical
department and in first aid kits suitably
Vol 41, No. 8

STANDING ORDERS FOR
URSES II\" Iì\DUSTRY 613

located throughout the plant. Regular
inspection is necessary.
H emorr}
age: Bleeding calls for im-
mediate attention. The nurse should
notify the physician and, until he ar-
rives, proceed as follows: (l) Expose
the wound; (2) remove 0 bvious for-
eign matter; (3) apply pressure.
Direct manual or bandage pressure
firmly applied over sterile gauze pack-
ing at the bleeding site will effectively
control moderate hemorrhage. Indirect
compression is indicated in excessive
bleeding not controllable by direct
methods. Digital compression over the
vessel against underlying structures
either adjacent to the wound or at the
nearest pressure point will usually suf-
fice until the physician arrives. Indirect
pressure should be applied proximal or
distal to the wound, in keeping with the
arterial or venous character of the bleed-
ing. Hemostats or clamps should be ap-
plied whenever the emergency warrants
it.
A void applying a tourniquet if pos-
sible. If severe bleeding in an extremIty
suggests the use of a tourniquet, apply
a blood pressure cuff. The nurse should
remember that: A direct pressure band-
age should not act as a tourniquet; a
tourniquet must be periodically released
at least every fifteen minutes; no dress-
ing should be applied over a tourniquet;
asepsis must be observed at all times.
A sphyxia: Cessation of hreathing
from any cause demands: (1) Artificial
respiration at once and at the site of the
occident; (2) notification of the physi-
cian; (3) maintenance of body warmth.
A void excessive heating.
All industrial nurses should demon-
strate ability to apply artificial respira-
tion by the prone pressure method and
shoud realize the need for its continuous
application until breathing is restored
or until careful repeated medical exam-
ination advises otherwise.
Shock: Early and adf'quatt> shock
treatment i3- life saving. Do not delay.
Common symptoms of shock following
AUGUST, 1945

in jury are pallor, perspiration and rapid
thready pulse. Emergency management
by the nurse should include: (1) Notifi-
cation or the physician; (2) removal of
cause - if shock is due to hemorrhage,
control it. If it is due to trauma not as-
sociated with bleeding, all active treat-
ment of injury should be deferred untii
shock management has been instituted.
Wounds should be covered with sterile
dressings to prevent infection. (3) Re-
lief of pain: 1/6 to 11+ grain (0.010 to
0.016 Gm.) of morphine sulfate, re-
peated if necessary, or barbiturates as
routinely ordered except in injuries to
the head or trunk. (+) Keeping the pa-
tient warm, dry, and on his back with
his head low. A void overheating.

ROUTINE NURSING CARE OF INJURIES

Successful medical management of in-
dustrial in juries depends on: <.1) Prompt
treatment; (2) meticulous cleansing and
dressing; (3) examination of deep as
well as superficial structures.
To accomplish these aims the routine
functiofls of the nurse should be confined
to care (Jf minor wounds as follows: (1)
Protect wound with sterile gauze while
adjacent area is cleansed with soap and
water or solvent; (2) discard protective
dressing and clean wound margins;
(3) irrigate wound with sterile water
or isotonic solution of sodium chloride;
( 4 ) apply antiseptic of physician's
choice; (5) apply dry sterile dressing,
interfering as little as possihle with func-
tion. Sterile dressings should be covered
with protective material for use at work.
The worker should be instructed not to
remove the dress:ng but to return to
the medical department if it becomes
loosened or uncomfortable.
The nurse s}"ould do no more than
is actually needed. The following con-
ditions require direct medical supervi-
sion: (1) \ V ounds requiring debride-
ment; (2) those with obvious or sus-
pected involvement of deep structures;
(3) wounds with edges which do not

6]4

THE CANADIAN NURSE

approximate; (4) wounds about the
head and face; (5) contaminated
wounds requiring tetanus prophylaxis.
Management of Common Injuries:
Injuries most likelv to be encountered
in industry inc1ude the following con-
ditions:
1. Abrasions: Clean and apply dry
dressing. Extensive or deep loss of skin,
especially about the fingers and hands,
needs medical attention.
2. Contusions: Treat with cold com-
presses directly following injury, later
with moist heat. If soreness or disability
persists or if deep involvment is sus-
pected, refer to the physician.
3. Lacerations: Clean and apply dress-
ing as directed. Any possibility of injury
to joints, nerves or tenàons should be
brought to the physician's attention at
once.
4. Puncture vVounds: Puncture
wounds through the skin need direct
medical supervision to avoid or treat sev-
ere infection. If superficial, clean and
apply sterile dressing.
5. Slivers and Splinters: Penetration
through the skin by slivers or splinters
always carries the risk of an infected
puncture wound and should be treated
as such. Those lodged superficially and
easily removed without added trauma
or incision may be extracted asepticaHy
by the nurse.
6. Burns and Scalds: Clean minor
burns with soap and water. Apply petro-
latum or 5 per cent boric acid ointment,
bandaging firmly without interfering
with function. Leave blisters alone.
In all other cases: (a) Notify the
physician; (b) cover the burn
d area
with a sterile dressing or sheet moistened
with isotonic solution of sodium chloride
or 5 per cent sodium bicarbonate solu-
tion; (c) combat pain and shock.
In the absence of specific orders,
chemical burns should be treated by ir-
rigation or immersion in water for at
least twenty minutes and then by dress-
mg.

7. Sprains and Strains: Treat first with
cold compresses, elevation of the part
and rest. A physician's advice is neces-
sary regarding strapping, other methods
of support or fixation, further examina-
ticm or special therapy.

EVE INJURIES

Rigid aseptic technique must be scrup-
ulously observed in all eye conditions.
Never attend consecutive patients with-
out sterilization of instruments and care-
ful hand washing. Remember that early
symptoms of infection simulate foreign
body.
Minor Burns: Do not apply ointments
to minor burns of the skin about the eye.
Apply a sterile dressing and refer to the
physician.
Burns of the Eye: 1. Chemical
Burns: Irrigate chemical burns of the
eye copiously and at once with water,
preferably by immersion. Neutralizing
solutions are usually inadequate or un-
available. The rapidity with which the
irrigation occurs is more important than
the type of solution used. Continue to
irrigate at least twenty .minutes by the
clock.
2. Hot Metal Burns: Apply a sterile
pad and refer at once to a physician. Do
not irrigate. An anesthetic should be ap-
plied as orrlered by the doctor. Every
hurn of the eye should receive compe-
tnzt medicol attention earlv.
Foreign Bodies: The nurse should
attempt to remove only those foreign
bodies of the eye which can be readily
located and which can be easily washed
out or removed with a dry sterile cot-
ton applicator. An antiseptic may be ap-
plied if the physician so orders.
Direct medi<4i1 care is essential: (1)
If the foreign body cannot readily be
located - stains to aid in the location
of foreign bodies should be used only on
specific medical order; (2) if removal
requires any instrum
ntation; (3) if
irritation or pain persists after removal.

'\ al. fill, No. 8

STANDING ORDERS FOR :NURSES IN INDUSTRY 615

No pf'rson with an eye injury should be
discharged without examination by lJ
physician.
uFlorh" Injury: First aid treatment
should include local anestheic as ordered;
cold compresses; sedatives. Persistent
pain following flash needs medical ex-
amination and treatrr.ent.
Conjunctivitis: Conjunctivitis or other
forms of conjunctival irritation should
be referred routinely to the physician or
ophthalmologist.

FRACTURES

Preliminary steps for the nurse are:
( I) Call a physician at once; (2) keep
the patient quiet and warm; (3) im-
mobilize before any movement is at-
tempted; ( 4) do not attempt reduc-
tion; (5) if the fracture is compounded,
cover the site of the fracture with a dry
sterile dressing. Do not cleanse or re-
duce. Special instruction in splinting
should be provided every industrial nurse.

HEAD INJURIES

Until the physician takes over, the
nurse should keep the patient lying
down; elevate the head; apply ice cap
or cold compress (no sedatives); record
pulse and respiration every ten minutes;
clip or shave and cleanse areas adjacent
to scalp lacerations, and cover with a
sterile pad.

CHEST AND ABDOMINAL INJURIES

Contusions of the chest and abdomen
wIth or without external evidence of in-
jury may result in trauma to underlying
organs. Until seen by the physician, such
patients must be kept warm and quiet;
allowed no sedatives; have pulse, tem-
perature and respiration recorded fre-
quently; suitably bandaged to avoid
contamination; in c.ase of abdominal in-
jury give nothing by mouth.

AUGUST, 1945

NON-OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS

Treatment of injury or illness which
has no relation to occupation is not a
function of the industrial medical û.:-
partment except:
I. First aid for emergency sickness.
Such measures as the situation demands
must be taken until notification of the
family physician discharges responsibil-
ity.
2. For minor ailments which tempor-
arily interfere with an employee's com-
fort or ability to complete a shift and
for the relief of which a physician
would not ordinarily be consulted.
In all relationships of this kind, judg-
ment
md tact are required of the indus-
trial nurse. Several principles apply:
( I) Before giving any treatment, the
temperature, pulse, general appearance
and a history of the presenting complaint
should be recorded; (2) palliative treat-
ment, especially for chronic or recurr-
ing disoI clers, should not be repeated.
Every properly trained nurse under-
stands the difference between attention
of this kind and systematic treatment.

CARE OF MINOR ILLNESS AND
SYMPTOMS

Persistent or augmenting symptoms
of irritation, discomfort or disabiJity sug-
gest faulty work environment. The
nurse should not hesitate to ask for
medical examination of workers and of
the premises.
Fever: A rise in temperature of I de-
gree suggests medical consultation be,:"
fore work is resumed. Findings should
be checked by repeated thermometer
recordings.

Headache: Record temperature. If
headache is accompanied by dizziness,
nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, injury, his-
tory of recurrence, fever, general mal-

616

THE CANADIAN NURSE

aise or other symptoms the patient needs
medical attention. I f not, give an anal-
gesic as ordered by the physician. ".e-
member that headache or dizziness may
be premonitory signs of intoxica

orL
Unconsciousness: 1. Fainting: Usual
symptoms are pallor, with
'lallow
breathing, slow and weak pulse. Period
of unconsciousness is of short 611r.ation.
Keep the patient lying dowr. ,....nh head
lowered until fully recovered. Be sure
the patient has plenty of fresh '11T. Cloth-
ing should be loosened and s
imulating
inhalants used, such as amr.10nia or
smelling salts.
2. Other causes: If other signs are
present or if un.:onsciousness persists
longer than a few minutes, call for me-
dical assistance. Give nothing by mouth.
Toothache: If there is a cavity, the
nurse may pack it with cutton dipped
in oil of cloves for tempora=-y relief. For
further examination and treatment re-
fer to a dentist.
NOjebleed: Spontaneous nosebleed
may be treated by cold packs or pinch-
jng .the sides of the cose against the
-septum. Keep the patie nt sitting erect
.or standi:1(l .and loosen :he collar if :t
tends to (
nstrict the neck. Advise the
patient not n breathe '_Jr blow through
the nose for an hour or two after bleed-
ing has
topred. Bear in mind that cer-
tain occupational exposures are mani-
fested by nasal damage and bleeding.
Sore Throat: Patients with sore throat
may be given a hot saline gargle if they
.have a normal temperature. Do not
"paint" the throat. Any persist
nt sore
throat or one associated with fever needs
medical care at home.
Respiratory Irritation or Infectwn:
Repeated or persistent signs of bronchial
or chest irritation without associated in-
fection suggests an un favourable occu-
pational exposure. A plant hygiene sur-
vey is indicated. Persons having acute
respiratory infections with elevated tem-
perature, cough, sneezing or nasal dis-
charge should be sent home for proper
segregatioll, rest and medical attention.

1n mild infections, work may be contin-
ned, if under medical or nursing super-
vision simple measures will control symp-
toms and prevent spread.
A vailable medical evidence at the
present time cannot support routine ad-
ministration of cold vaccines or vitamin
prepar.ations as methods of reducing the
incidence or severity of acute respira-
tory infections. Frequent colds or chron-
ic respiratory conditions require special
medical consideration.
/! bdominal Distress: Early signs of
occupational intoxication may be ab--
dominal in character. In any case ab-
dominal distress, nausea or pain, espe-
ciaIly if severe or persistent, requires
competent medical diagnosis and man-
agement.
Laxatives should never be dispensed
from an industrial medical department.
Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation
not associated with fever or gastro-in-
testinal disturbances may he treated with
an analgesic ordered by the physician
and the patient placed at rest with heat
to the lower part of the abdomen. If
there is no relief or if other signs or
symptoms present themselves, she should
be referred to her physician.
Patients with recurrent severe dys-
mt::nùrrnecl should not be given pallia-
tive treatment. They should be referred
for examination and treatment.

DERMATITIS

lVlanagemeil .:;f skin disorders III m-
dwtrv depenås vB cause.
Specifi.: lrntrrz.ts: Materia1s or pro-
cesses in the r-'lant capable of causing
skin disease shodd be identified an 1 spe-
cial orders provided for control. Compe-
tent dermatologic consultation is essen-
tial in all cbscure or refractory situations.
lVon-r!,ecific Skin Disease: Non-spe-
cific skin irritation in industry is almost
entirely assignable to faulty person '11
hygiene. The nurse can do much to
improve washing routine, the use of de-

Vol. 41, L
O. 8

:\ CRSI:\G CARE FOR ALL PEOPLE

pendable protective coverings, the wear-
ing of dean work clothing, maintenance
of satisfactory housekeeping in the plant
and the general maintenance of accepted
hvgienic procedure.

PREGNANCY

A definite po1icy regarding employ-
ment during pregnancy should embrace
the follo\ving recommendations:
I. The employee should notify the
proper authority in industry about her
pregnancy within the first trimester.
2. She should obtain a statement from
her own physician (a) that her work is
not contra-indicated; (b) regarding the
length of time she should work.
3. Special attention
hould be given
to the nature of the work. Pulling, push-
ing and lifting must be kept within safe

617

limits, Rest periods will tend to mini-
mize emotional and physical instability
during pregnancy.
4. Ordinarily work should terminate
by the thirty-second week (within six
weeh of term). If contra-indications
arise within this period, the employment
should stop.
5. Return to work is inadvisable be-
fore six weeks after delivery and then
only on notification of the employer by
the physician.

EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

Space which can command privacy
and which can be kept clean and pro-
perly prepared for emergency and rou-
tine services by the nurse should be pro-
vided in the plant. Special attention
should be given to heating, light, venti-
lation and accessibility.

Nursing Care for All the People

GERTRUDE M. HALL

The whole field of professional and
vocational nursing is one of such com-
plexity that one cannot begin to present
all aspects in one easy lesson. I shall
take it for granted that all are familiar
with the many excellent articles relating
to this subject which have appeared in
our nursing and hospital journals. Some
of the very best have been prepared by
eminent members of the medical profes-
sion. I refer particularly to "The Future
of Nursing", which was given by Dr.
H. B. Atlee at the biennial convention
in 1938 and was later published in The
Canadian Nurse in September, 1938.
Dr . Joseph Mountain, medical director,
United States Public Health Service,
published an article in the April, 1944,
.American Journal of Nursing, "Sug-
AUGUST, 1945

gestions to Nurses on Postwar Ad just-
ments". Everyone, we trust, has studied
"The Preparation for Profes
ional
Nursing" by Nettie Fidler, in which
l\liss Fidler has presented very clearly
the problem in relation to the Canadian
situation. These are but a few of the
interesting and informative sources of
material for study.
Do we as a group really know what
we mean when we talk about subsidiary
workers? At one of the provincial an-
nual meetings which I had the privilege
of attending recently, a panel of nurses
and a lay woman discussed the subsid-
iary nursing group. Following the
presentation by the speakers, the dis-
cussion from the floor revealed much
confused thinking. i\-1any nurses were

61S

THE CA
..ADIAN NURSE

tot
lIr uninformed on these important
issues. If we as a professional group do
not know what i, happening within our
profession and what is likely to happen,
unless We are prepared to give leader-
ship and direction, how can we be
crit:cal of the lack of an informed puh-
lic? Can we censure la
people when
they employ women to care for the
sick who lack what we consider to be
thf:' essential qualifications and prepara-
tion? \Vhat is our responsibility? How
can we as individuals inform the public
intelligentlr. These are questions that
every nurse must ask herself at th:s time.
r quote from an article which appeared
in Hospita. ' s, October, 1944, "Some
Trends of Today that win heIp Shape
Tomorrow's Hospital", Lv F. G. Car-
ter, \'1. D., superintendent, St. Luke's
Hospital, Cleveland:

"'ar necessitiö ha\"e demonstrated pre-
vious statements that 50 per cent of nurs-
ing duties were of a non-professional nature.
to be very consen-ative. \\" e have seen
women, trained in as little as eighty hours,
do in creditable fa
hinn numerous tasks
which previously many nurses had claimed
should be dune only by pr0fes
i(1nal nurses.
Hospitals cannot afford to pa
profes-
sional salaries for non-professional work.
Some kind of adequate bedside nursing is
the backbone of good hu
pital sen-ice. yet
()ur nurses are being educated to the point
where the) ha\'e an il1\'e
tment that does not
permit them to do the simpler types of
nursing. \\'hen h()
pitals pay professional
salaries for such tasks they are paying for
talents that a
e nut needed and are not used.
Some one, preferably the nurses them-
selves, must si ft out of nursing all the acti-
vities \\ hich can be carried on by people of
non-profe
si0nal status, \Yhat we need in the
hospital and health fields today is a less
highl) trained group for routine duties and
a more highly trained group for medical
technical service of al1 kinds, A \"ast field
awaits cultivation in the latter area and the
nurses are the logical ones to do the cultiva-
ting.

Here is a challenge to nurses to so
inform themselYt's that the,- may parti-
cipate in formulating plans for the pre-

paration of more than one type or nurse.
In the May, 1945, dma'icfi1z Journal
of .YursÌllg, there appeared an article
by Edward L. Bernays, public rela-
tions specialist, entitled "The Nursing
Profession - a Puh1ic Re1ations View-
point". He states:

Good public relatIOns het,,-een the nurs-
ing profession and the public depends on
two factors. One is that you and the public
understand each other; and the other is that
you definitely meet the real needs of the
public for nursing service.

One of our ohjecti,'es, as stated in
tht' Constitution and Hr-Iaws of the
Canadian 1\urses .Associ;tion, is: "To
elevate the standard of nursing educa-
tion and practice, in ord,l'Ï to re
der the
best type of public service". Similarly,
each of the Provincial Registered Nurses
As
ociation Acts has as one of its major
objectives a statement such as: "To
maintain the honour and status of the
nursing profession and render serVIce
in the interest of the puhlic".

This immediately raises questions
which we must serious1\' consider. Are
we sincere in these state-ments? Are we
rean
. concerned with the necessity for
the provision of a comp1('te nursing ser-
vice, hoth preventi,'e ;-Inri curative, for
the naÓm, taking into account questions
of demand and supply and putting avail-
able skill to the most profitahle use in
the interests of the public? If we can
answer those questions honestly and
frankly, then we are readr to take the
next step in our approach to a stud}" of
the \\-ars and mean" b
which adequate
nursing service can be provided for all
the people.

:\lore than two
'ears ago, In Jan-
uary, 1943, to be exact, our own
Canadian Nursc Journal puhlished Sec-
tion 1 of the report of the Nursing Re-
construction Committee for Great Bri-
tain. It will be recalled that this report
\\ as preparf:'d h" a ('oJ11mittef:' <;ponsored

Vol. 41, No. .

ì\U RSIKG C -\RE FOR ALL PEOPLE

by the Royal College of Nursing, of
which Lord Horder, :\1.1). is the chair-
man and :\liss F. Goodall and I\-lrs. H.
1\1. Blair-Fish are joint secretaries. The
report differs from all previous surveys
of nursing service and nursing educa-
tion, because it assumes that the posi-
tion of the assistant nurse is pivotal and
that "her status offers the key to the
improved training and employment of
her senior partner, the State Registered
Nurse".

The first s
ction of the report con-
cerns the instructions, qualifications,
control and emplorment of the assis-
tant nurse. It may he asked why the
section of the report dealing with this
grade of nurse should take precedence
over those sections which concern the
State Registered Kurse,
ut a review of
the posi
ion from a nati,mal rather than
a sectional angle shows that the posi-
tion of the ass'stant nurse is pivotal. Far
from lacking imFortance, the assistant
nur
e of the future, as t"m"isaged by the
commit
ee, should become one of the
most stahle elements in the national
nur<:'ng service, an integral part of the
profes
ion and, again we repeat, a per-
son whose status offer.. the key to the
improved training and t-mployment of
her Sf. nior partner, the St:1.te Registered
Nurse. }JoreO\'er, it is onl} when the ser-
vices of the as
istan t n ur:;e have he en de-
fined amI regulated that matter, affect-
ing the State Registered 1\ urse can he
hwught into line. \\Then orefull} <;tud-
ied and anah zed, the British approach
to the cfJ1nple'C prohlem of solving total
communit} needs seems mo
t logical.
Turning now to the Canadian scene,
there is not at the present time, nor has
there ever existed in Canada, a Nurse
Practice Act. Any woman, with or with-
out training, ma} wear a nurse's uniform
and present herself as one skilled to give
nursing- care. If, however, she calls her-
self a ;egistered nurse and is not entitled
to do so, she does so in violation of the
various Acts respecting registration.
Other than this, she may call herself d1

AUGUST. 1945

619

"nurse", render care to the sick and
accept remuneration for
o doing. Ther

are no data at hand which would re-
veal the extent to which women with-
out train
ng, or with little training, ren-
der nursing senice for remuneration.
It is definitely known that there is an
undetermined number of women with-
out any training whatever who accept
calls for nursing care and are remuner-
ated for their services. Legi.,lation to pro-
"ide for I:cens'ng- and enrolment would
hring this group into the open. Then
some preparation for service could be
given and supervision of their activities
would be possible.
It is not an exaggeration to say that
the people of Canada never have been
provided with adequate nursing service.
\Vithin the whole structure of nursing
service there are inherent defects which
operate less conspicuously in normal
times, but in periods of stress, such as
economic depression or world war, the
results of these defects are cumulative
and are frequently misinterpreted as
causes. It would be impossible to over-
state the comple.\.ities of the whole prob-
lem of nursing in Canada and elsewhere.
In Great Britain and in the United
States, research committee.. h:1.ve been
working toward amelioration of nurs-
ing problems, and it will be necessary
for us to keep in touch with findings
and recommendations of these commit-
tees, since nursing is international in its
philosophy and organization and many
reciprocal ;nternational agreement.. have
been in effect for a numoer of years.
These agreements do not, as yet, include
an}' but nurses who are registered ac-
cording to thcir own provincial and na-
tional legislative acts, but the time may
not be far distant when this reciprocity
may be e}..tended to include the licensed
practical nurse.
It is conceded by those who are com-
petent to judge in Great Britain, Can-
ada and the United States, that there
is a place for the "ervices of the "assist-
ant" or "practical" nur
f:', but that ser-

620

THE CAXAÐIA
XURSE

vice must be directed, supervised and
controlled by legislation. \Vhile I do not
propose to deal with all the problems of
professional nursing, it must be acknowl-
edged that those problems and the prob-
lems of the subsidiary worker as so inter-
related as to be inseparable, and these
combined problems have a grave and di-
rect bearing up adequacy or inadequacy
ûf nursing service. There are certain fac-
tors which should be kept in clear focus
by any agency vested with responsibility
for the administration of legislation res-
pecting the subsidiary worker in the
nursing field. Very briefly, then, some
of these factors are:

1. Nursing care has up to the present de-
pended upon the patient's financial status
and not upon his actual needs.
2. There is not at present, nor has there
ever existed, any satisfactory plan whereby
nursing care might be graduated according
to the degree or type of illness. Frequently
-when a patient could afford his own "spe-
cial nurse" there has been a tendency to re-
tain her services long after he required the
services of a professional nurse.
3. There has been faulty distribution of
skilled nursing care because nurses, like
other professional workers, have shown a
disposition to remain in or gravitate toward
the 1arger centres where living and working
conditions have been more satisfactory.

These are factors which must be kept
in clear focus before proceeding to leg-
islate for the non-professional or sub-
sidiary group. They, too, require the
sense of security that stems from the as-
surance that they are, or will be, ade-
quately prepared for the work they will
be called upon to do, and from the
knowledge that they will en joy a certain
amount of economic security and feel-
ing of personal worth. Such legislation
must protect them from exploitation of
any sort.
Our concept of the words ((nursing
care" is undergoing a rapid change.
This is due in part to trends and devel-
opments occurring during the war.
Many duties onc
considered the sacr
d

prerogative of the grad uate nurse are
now being done, .and well done, by par-
tially trained people. The lay worker
who can give baths, make beds, take
temperatures and do much of the rou-
tine care of the patient will have to be
trained and carefully prepared for his
or her tasks in the care of the sick, but
on no such elabor.ate scale as that of the
professional nurse.
A "break-down" of services rendered
to the patient during illness reveals many
duties which might be performed by the
"practical nurse" without danger to
the patient. As an example - let us
analyze the nursing care given during
a typical day to a few representative
patients in a general hospital, such as:
Mrs. L. - diagnosis, diabetic: T.P.R.;
pre-breakfast care; breakfast; bath and
change of linen; medications (and pro-
tamine zinc insulin); luncheon; trip
to x-ray for special studies; rest period;
visit and examination by staff doctor;
afternoon nourishment; T.P.R.; after-
noon care; medications; supper; last
attention for the day.
Of the above list there are just two
items which must actually be in the
hands of a graduate nurse or of a stu-
dent nurse under supervision, and they
are the two items during the day (total-
ling perhaps fifteen minutes) when
medication is given to this patient. All
the rest of the care given her might just
as well and quite as safely be given by
a trained worker. The exception is, of
course, expert observation.
Another example is: 1\1rs. V. - fifth
day post-partum; nursing care much as
outlined above, with th
following
x-
ceptions: with morning bath, breast care;
with bed pans, perineal care; babe to
breast every four hours. The care of this
patient, with the exception of the noted
items, may be done by a trained work-
er. In fact perineal Care is now being in-
troduced as part of th
r
gular technique
to be taught volunteer Red Cross Nurses
Aides in the United States. The daily

\'01. 41. No. 8

URSI
G C_\RE .FOR AI L PEOPLE

inspection of breasts, fundu" of the uter-
us .and lochia is part of the duty of the
bead nurse, while the routine care may
be delegated to others.
On the other hand, let us consider
the care required by !\1r. C. B, - first
day post-operative prostatectomy. Pro-
per care of this patient includes watching
drainage for bleeding and pulse for
shock; irrigation of tubes; careful check
on intake and output with forcing of
special fluids; assistance given to doc-
tor in redressings, administration of
nursing measures and narcotics for pain;
encouragement given patient dU'I"ing
period of depression following opera-
tion. :\10st of these duties could not be
delegated to an untrained worker. This
is a sick patient who requires skilled
nursing care, and whose symptoms may
indicate changes in his condition, which
anyone less well trained than a nurse
co
Ild not be expected to see.
But what happens? In many cases all
three of these patients are provided (at
great difficulty by the hospital) with
equal amounts of care by the professional
nurse with the result that the really ill
patient is neglected, while the less ill
patients are waited on by persons whose
time should go to the care of the really
sick. ·
In hospitals with sufficient registered
nurse staff, adequate supervision of the
trained worker is feasible. In the home
it may not be quite so simple. If the pa-
tient receiving home care required only
part-time services of a professional nurse,
this could be arranged on an hourly
basis with the trained worker remaining
in the home to take care of the more
simple duties.
This raises the question as to why
practical nurses are so frequently re-
quested for home care. \Vhen the pa-
tient is the homemaker, there are home-
making duties to be performed. Both the
professional and non-professional groups
have frequently reported that these
home-making duties are required of

AUGUST 1945

621

them. It is interesting to recall that in
the 'Veir Suney Report (1932) it was
revealed that 85 per cent of registered
nurses giving nursing care in homes ex-
pressed a willingness to perform these
light home-making duties. There have
been, however, many instances of the
home-making demands exceeding the
point of reason and interfering with the
nursing care needed by the patient. If
the home-making tasks are heavy and
the services of a housekeeper are re-
quired, it might be possible to meet this
need through a visiting housekeeper ser-
vice, with nursing care arranged on an
hourly basis. The hours of service pro-
vided at the present' time by the group
are in excess of what could reasonably
he expected of any human being. There
is room for reform in the practice of
employing women for twelve, fourteen,
sixteen and twenty hours daily, and an
exposure should be made of the extent
to which the public exploits this group.
Long hours of service in the home in
an occupation which is exacting and ar-
duous are not compatible with the ef-
ficiency and he.alth of the worker. There
could be no justification for the practice
of undermining the health of one group
in an effort to restore the health of
those already suffering from illness.
There would seem, too, to be suffi-
cient evidence to indicate that the prac-
tical nurse is called frequently when the
senices of a fully trained nurse are re-
quired by the patient and when the family
encracrin g her could well afford the best
t:: b
service available.
To an undetermined extent, physi-
cians are asking this practical nurse
group to perform certain procedures
which can only safely be undertaken
by the fully qualified nurse. Increased
hospital expansion and the establishment
of some form of health insurance should
make it possible for acutely ill patients
to receive hospital care. The profession-
al and non-professional worker must be
adequately protected so that in the minds
of the public there will be no confusion

622

THE CANADI1\.
NURSE

between nursing needs
md housekeeper
shortage.
Turning now to the subject of pre-
paration for the practical nurse. In Great
Britain .and in the United States the
concensus amongst those who have been
concerned with drafting legislation for
the subsidiary worker would seem to
be that training and experience should
not be given in hospitals where a pro-
fessional school of nursing already ex-
ists; that this training and experience
might be given in hospitals that do not
conduct .a professional
chool of nurs-
ing, where such hospitals are wiIling to
provide qualified classroom and ward
teachers and adequate equipment for
the classroom; but there seems to be
general agreement that it would be more
advisable to establish a central school
for this purpose. Those who have had
preparation for and experience in the
fidd of nurse
ducation admit quite
frankly that it is most ill-advised to at-
tempt to train two types of workers in
the same institution.
Then, too, in some instances there
might be a tendency on the part of the
hospital to enrol student-subsidiary work-
ers in large numbers without regard for
a desirable ratio of super
/isors to stu-
dents, so that teaching and supervision
might be negligible and patient well-
being jeopardized. Added to this, large
numbers of workers would be turned
out yearly without any guarantee of
placement. The hospitals might not be
interested in these workers as soon as
they were ready to be placed on a salary
basis.
A central school for the training of
subsidiary workers offers many advan-
tages, some of which may be enumer-
ated:

1. The development of standardized tech-
niques built upon the principles which un-
derlie good nursing care.
2. An opportunity to develop group ideals
and good working relationships with other
workers in the medical and nursing fields.

3. An awareness that the school is con-
ducted primarily as an educational project
and not as a means of providing direct hos-
pital service.
4. Closer supervision of students and a
better understanding of student needs.
5. Opportunities for developing the type
of rotation in these hospitals selected for
clinical experience according to the level
of maturity and aptitude of the student.
6. An opportunity to assist the student,
when she graduates, to find that particular
field of activity, or t)pe of work, for which
sh
is best suited.
7. Greater opportunity for personnel work
with the students.
8. The impartial reviewing of reports from
hospitals providing clinical experience.

Clinical experience in general hospi-
tals with an aII e-raduate staff is desir-
able. In one pro;ince where an experi-
ment in training practical nurses was
carried out, s
veral smaIl rural hospitals
were selected. The instructor, who had
conducted the central school, arranged
for .and assigned the students for their
clinical experience. She also carried out
a supervisory program by paying per-
iodic visits to each hospital where stu-
dents had been placed. Conferences with
the nursing staff and students were
found !o be mutuaIly beneficial.
This type of experience may not be
possible or practical in all situations. An
alternative plan, which merits consider-
ation, is that of utilizing convalescent
hospitals, hospitals for the chronically
ill, and last but by no means least, the
tuoerculosis sanatoria. The latter offers
an exceIIent experience in medical nurs-
ing and, under normal conditions, the
quality of nursing care given to patients
in tuoerculosis sanatoria is, in the opin-
ion of those competent to judge, of a
superior quality.
The areas of service for the practi-
cal nurse or trained worker include:
( 1) hospitals, sanatoria and nursing
!lames, under the direct supervision of
registered nurses; (2) in private homes,
where to a limited extent they may be
under the supervision of visiting nurse

Vol. 41, No. 8

P LEA SED TO 11 F E T YOU

5ervice, citr and provincial nursing ser-
vice, with all-over direction and super-
vision by a provincial supervisor ap-
pointed under legislation.
I t is suggested that :l recprd (If
er-
vice rendered and dutie
performed for
the patient be kept by the licensed sub-
sidiary worker and thf5 record placed
on file with the provincial supervisor as
each assignment is completed. A similar
record should be available from each
type of hospital engaging licensed sub-
5idiary workers.
\Vhile the licens:ng of these workers
would be carried out hy the agency
vested with that authority, the registra-
tion and placement of these workers
should be the responsibility of the nurse
placement bureaux.
In conclusion, I will summarize the
ide.as presented by Miss Fidler in her

623

paper on "The Preparation for Profes-
s:onal 1\ ursing". She has
uggested
plans for the p;eparation of two t}
es of
prof
ssional nurse, plu
the subsidiary
nursmg group:
The eli'lienl or bedside nurse, who would
be required to have Junior
fatriculation and
who, having been prepared in two years,
would have professional status and be elig-
ible for registration.
The tl'achill.Q group \\ ho, being required
to have Senior
fatriculation, would be pre-
pared in four years for more advanced
r-
vice. This group would probably graduate
with a degree in nursing.

I have, therefore, actually placed be-
fore you three t\"pes of nurses, all of
whom would seem to be needed, if the
nursing service requirements of the
community as a whole are to be ade-
quately met.

pleased to Meet You

Perhaps every other professional
group has as frequent meetings as we
do but it is doubtful if any have more.
Starting with staff conferences, nurses
are continually either going to or just
coming from a meeting. Autumn, win-
ter and spring they assemble in commit-
tees, in local associations, in annual con-
ventions. 1\;10st of the business at these
meetings is conducted in quick order
with very little dispute or controversy.
Usually, the business session over, the
nurses settle down in reasonable com-
fort to enjoy a guest speakf>r who brings
them the latest word in new medical
treatments, an educational symposium
or plain, carefree entertainment. The
high moment of the meeting, the release
fr
m tension comes when
the redolent
odour of coffee drifts over the assembly
and refreshments are served. Then pent-
up tongues which have been curiously
AUGUST, 1945

hushed are husy in pleas:lI1t conversation.
Nurses like meetings.
For six weeks this past spring, it was
our privilege to attend a few dozen of
those meetings in six provinces from the
Pacific to the Atlantic. \ ,r e were there
as the guest speaker and on each occa-
sion our talk was nn the ,ame topic -
the Journal of the Canadian Nurses
-\ssociation, of the mlr
es of Canada.
The response to aU of these numerous
contacts was so heartening, so fuU of
interest and resulted in so many new
subscribers for the J ollr1wl it seemed
appropriate to gi\"e a brief accounting
in order that these scattered groups
might realize the mutual pleasure so
widely shared. Perhaps as never before
hundreds upon hundreds of nurses in
Canada realize that this magazine, The
Canadian Nurse, is their personal res-
ponsibility. They know that it can only

62+

THE CA
ADIAN NURSE

be as good as the material that they pre-
pare in the form of articles can make it.
They understand that each has a share
in interesting others in the Journal, to
read, to criticize its contents, to help to
make it the best nursing magazine it is
possible to produce. For ;111 of these con-
tacts, for the splendid support which has
been assured, our thanks.
There were several interesting fea-
tures on the lighter side which deserve
some special mention. Her embarrass-
ment when the editor drew her own ti-
cket at an alumnae raffle in British Col-
umbia; the original tribute. beautifully
penned as an illuminated address by a
clever Sister in Saskatchewan; the fresh
lobster on the half shell in Nova Scotia;
the thrill of the swift progress from point

to point by air travel; the beautiful cor-
sages; the generous co-operation of pro-
vincial executive secretaries and Canadian
_Yurse conveners - ail of these and
m
my other incidents too numerous to
mention made the trips memorable.
Many areas have not yet been visited.
Plans are being-made to attend as many
as possible of the annual meetings of the
Ontario district associations. Other areas
will be visited as the occasions are pres-
ented. In the meantime, local represen-
tatives all over Canada are co-operating
to make our Journal, The Canadian
Nurse, worthy of its proud heritage. It
was a pleasure to meet with so many,
m
mJ nurses. Thank rou for in,'iting us
to come í!gain.

-l'vLE.K.

Treatment of Venereal Diseases Revolutionized

The newest development in the venereal
disease control program lies in the rapid
treatment of both gonorrhea and syphilis
cases. The United States Public Health Ser-
vice recommends that gonorrhea cases be
hospitalized for twenty-one hours, treated
with penicillin and released as cured.
In syphilis it is proposed to treat cases at
the hospital for a period of eight days, fol-
lowing which they are released as cured with

instructions for follow-up being given.. It

s proposed to combine the use of penicillin,
arsenic and bismuth in this eight-day treat-
ment. It is stated that this method is rela-
tively non-toxic and causes few undesirable
n
actions. It se
ms to be the best method
for the mass treatment of cases of early

yphilis and its use has been recommended
to various local health departments.
-California's Health

National Immunization Week

National Immlllli:;afiOlJ lVeeh, sponsored
by the Health League of Canada in co-
operation with health departments, will be
held this year from September 30 to October
6. The object of the week's observance is
to draw attention to th
fact that every
Canadian child should be and can be pro-
tected against smallpox, diphtheria, whoop-
ing cough and scarlet fever.
In 1944 there were 3,211 cases oi diph-
theria and 13,382 cases of whooping cough.

Dominion Bureau of Statistics 1944 fatality
figures were incomplete at the time of writ-
ing, but for the first nine months of the
year there were 168 deaths attributed to
diphtheria and 209 to whooping cough. Thus
it can readily be seen that this common
disease of childhood is a killer.
Immunization against diphtheria can be
obtained through use of harmless but ef-
f ective toxoid.

-H ca/fll LCG.'ll/C of C ollada

Vol. 41, No. 8

PUBLIC HEAL TH

NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

The Future of the Nurse in Public Health

:\1. R. lVIACDONALD, !\-LD., D.P .H.

Today when social security is a very
familiar topic of conversation for al-
most everyone, in almost every land, a
person in the puhlic health field would
like very much to peer into the future
and attempt to see just what develop-
ments in this particular field are going
to take place. Great should be the re-
sults of all this invigorating interest in
the social, health and welfare problems
-of our nation. r am sure most nurses
would like to know the ultimate posi-
tion of the nursing profession, in such
a broad and challenging program.
Being unahle to see the future, an
we can do is attempt to envision it and
con jecture as to the potential develop-
ments; that per
on who does not think
that these developments are to be of
major importance is indeed not ver\,
imaginative. The nursing professio.n wiÍl
have to take hold steps and win have to
take a very active part in this develop-
ment if it is to maintain its position in
the forefront of health activities. It must
chart its course not as individuals but as
:an influential and capahl(' body of pro-
fessional workers whose responsibility is
great.
In the public health field, the need
for additional nurses is recogniz
d under
the present program, and how much
greater will be the need in an expanded
program? Puhlic health activities to a
large extent revolves .about the public
AUGuST, 1945

health nursec;. The success or failure of
programs mar depend directly upon the
nurses who are vested .with the respon.,i-
bilit}' of doing the work in the field. For
this reason, great care will have to be
exercised in the selection, the training
and the development of public heal
h
nurses.
Can the hospital of the future or its
staff of nurses, or the private duty nur-
ses remain aloof from these develop-
ments? Can they continue to leave the
interest in work pertaining to the pub-
lic health entirely in the hands of a com-
paratively small body of specialized work-
ers? It is very doubtful. The field is
large enough and important enough for
the whole nursing profession and if ex-
pansion is to be of the magnitude envis-
ioned by many today, then it will be very
difficult for any nurse in any hospital or
in pri\'ate dut} to rema'n aloof:
I en vision the hospital of the future
as a community health centre that will
not only be responsible for therapeutic
or curative medicine but will indeed pay
as much attention to the preventive :JS-
pect of medicine. It is hardly conceivable
that hospitals can remain behind in an
expansive and popular program that has
for its objective the maintenance of a
positive health among the people of the
community which it serves.
The position of a hospital in such a
program will he only as good 0.. as u
-
625

626

THE CAl\ADIAN :ì\URSE

ful as the interest and energy displayed
in an expanding public health program
by the superintendent and the nursing
and medical staffs. It will behoove this
personnel to acquire a broad and sym-
pathetic understanding of the many and
varied public health problems, because
only if they are acquainted with the
problems can they be of much practical
use in the solving of them. Indeed at the
present time m;ny of the lay membeI s
of hospit.al boards are ahead of the medi-
cal and nursing personnel in their ap-
proach and their knowledge of problems
that are receiving the attention of public
health workers across Canada.

If the comparatively small band of
public health nurses is to be augmented
and increased in size, then it becomes
part of the training hospitals' responsibil-
ities to interest and teach the young nur-
ses-in-training so that they will acquire
a better and more complete understand-
ing of public health work. This, of
course, will be in contrast to present day
standards where, at best, in the majority
of teaching hospitals a smattering only
of preventive medicine is provided the
nurse during her period of training. To
insure that the public health worker is
competent and interested in her work,
much will depend upon the direction :md
encouragement given her by those res-
ponsible for her nursing education.

The potential public health nurse vllJ1
ask and will want a fairly complete pic-
ture of her duties and responsibilities 3S
a public health nurse. Underpaid and
overworked public health nursing staffs
will not act as a drawing card for the
recent graduate. They will have fa be
shown that they are not to be regarded
as pioneers or' crusaders to the degree
that they were not so long ago ;md de-
vote their time and talent to work which
mayor may not be appreciated. That
day in public health is gone. The work
must be made attractive and the volume
of work should be no more than a per-
son can handle with satisfaction, con-
tentment and for a remuneration which

will assure her of a standard of living
comparable to the rears of preparation
and the maintenance of a status of life
in the community that is expected of
her. On the other hand, the nurse en-
tering the fieJd of puhlic health should
have an appreciation of what is expected
of her. She should remembn that public
health still requires a lot of missionary
zeal. She must remember that her res-
ponsibilities are great and that she has
much to contribute to the success of any
public health program. There is JlO place
in the public health field for the shift-
less, arrogant or selfish worker. As a
part of an organization she must be able
to assume her role working in unison
and harmony with the other members
uf the urganization, Her potentialities
for contribution to the general welfare
and success of a program are almost un--
limited.
In earlier days of development of
public health techniques, the public
health nurse did "specialized work", that
is, she confined her efforts to a limited
field or to a single problem, such as.
tuherculosis. This did Hot prove to be.
satisfactory in the majority of places for
a number of reasons. This led to a va-
riety of nurses in a community doing
specialized work and able only to de--
vote their time to the particular problem
to which they were assigned
tnd in many
cases they lost sight of the general pic-
ture. Also, patients and their families
were subjected to the visits of several,.
rather than one nurse, and this proved
to be a source of annoyance a
well as.
being impractical.
Today we find the pendulum is
swing
ng in the other direction and most
nurses are doing a generalized
er"Jj.:e
in public health,'- Thi; tends to build up
the confidence of the public in the !1llrse.
Likewise, it reacts favourably for th

nurses, as they have a more interesting
variety of work and it makes the ap-
proach to a family much easier. Recent-
ly in the control of venereal diseases,.
specialized workers who have been d
s-.
Vol 41, No.8'

F{lTCRE O
. THE :\ L1RSE IX PUBLIC HEALTH 627

cribed as non-medical epidemiological
workers have entered the public health
field, and along with these non-medical
,:orkers have been nurses lacking a pub-
lIC health training, but with the few
months training given to non-medicll
epidemiological workers. Our experience
in this regard has been good and much
excellent work has been done, but one
wonders if this work could not be done
by the nurse in the generalized field.
Personally, I would say "yes". \Vhi1e
the specialized worker may have l'r
develop certain attributes which enable
her to show a marked progress in her
particul2.i" field, yet the determininl! fac-
tor is a question of time availahle i.:)to he
devoted to a particular duty. The O"en-
eralized public health nurses have a bbet_
ter and less auspicious approach to a
fan: ily o
p
rson; they may go seeking
or mterv]ewmg a person for a variety of
r
a
ons,
ut once the nurse in the spe-
cIalIzed fIeld undertakes to locate or in-
t
rview a p:rson, immediately eyes are
lIfted and opmions expressed. The "V.D.
nurse" or the "TB nurse" was to see So
and so.
Regarding special tact or diplomacy
needed for venereal disease work - this
I believe is a myth, and the farther we
go in the control of these diseasès the
more it will be proved to be so. Ou/nur-
:es, like our doctors, and like the public
m general, have been very reluctant to
speak of syphilis or gonorrhea, or to
have very much to do with persons af-
flicted with either disease. Once this har-
:ier is bro
en down and greater progress
]s made, ]t is reasonable to assume that
the generaEzed public health nurse, who
has the necessary tact. to make a g()od
appro;1ch to a family regarding tuher-
culosis contacts or for other reasons. will
be just as tactful and will have as good a
method of approach in regard
o the
venereal diseases. Our nurses need to
be educated regarding these diseases as
much as other workers in the field. A
com
lete understanding of the problem
and Its control or cure will serve to huild
up their confidence to the degree where
AUGUST. 1945

venereal disease contacts are no more
difficult to deal with than other persons
requiring care.
The public health nurse is a health
e.ducator and is probably in the best posi-
t]on to do the educating. In order to Le
successful, much will depend upon ber
scholastic training, her hospital training
and her public health training. In hospi-
tals, particularly, I feel that nurses are
not impressed sufficiently with the res-
ponsibilities which they should dischar;:re
once they are graduate nurses. \Vheth
r
they later enter the public health field or
not, they are health ed ucators for the
rest of their lives for, because they are
nurses, people seek them out for inéor-
mation pertaining to health matt
r3. If
this information is given, but is not cor-
rect or is not explained fully, incalcul-
able harm may be done, which refl'
cts
upon the nursing profession as a \vÌ1ole.
It is far better for a nurse to refuse to
answer questions than to give an an-
swer that is incorrect or biased and to
mislead people who readily accept her
word as authoritative.

A recent innovation in the puùlic
health field is the "Health Educator'"
whose duty it is to direct and super-
vise the health education of the public.
\Vhether this form of health education
will prove to be practical or not is a moot
question, but the public health nurse will
remain alone as the person who is be..
able and is in the most desirable positlon
to explain and demonstrate what is es-
sential for the individual with whose
care she is entrusted. The "Health Edu-
cator" may certainly occupy a role of
supervision and direction of education.
In other fields, such as nutrition and
phys:cal fitness, private nurses 1nd p"b-
Ec health nurses will have to share a
responsibility, if these programs ar
to
be successful. In some instances it W]1l
mean no more than displaying an inter-
est; in others it will mean taking an ac-
tive part and the success or failure of
such a program may very well depend
upon the degree of acceptance and en-

62tJ

THE CA:\"ADIAN
URSE

thusiasm with which they are received
by the great body of nurses.
With the forward march in ((Social
Legislation
nd Social Security", a gr
at-
er liaison and a greater degree of co-
operation between health and the dif-
ferent welfare agencies will have to be
worked out, so that we will not revert
to the old problem of duplication of vis-
its. A whole program of social, health
and welfare activities may very well f.ail
because of the little things which will

break down public confidence in our
workers. An otherwise well-intentioned
and efficient program may fail becallc;e
of lack of co-ordination and direction.
Indeed the future will provide a chal.
lenge to the nursing profession, rn ac-
tive energy and interest will be J1
eded,
a broadening of viewpoints and a wIlling-
ness to co-operate will have to be devel-
oped if nurses are to maintain the en-
viable position of esteem and res
ct in
which they are rightly regarded by an
appreciative public.

Beware of Poison Ivy

Each year as amateur gardeners busy
themselves in their vegetable or flower
gardens, or as hikers or campers get out
into the fields and woods, a fresh crup of
suffeers from plant dermatuses de,'elops.
Symptoms may vary in degree from a mild
erythema to a vesiculati,.e dermatitis. The
eruption usually occurs on the face but the
neck, hands, ankles, knees and genitals may
be affected. An acute dermatitis of the face,
associated with marked edema of the eyes,
usually indi
ates that the patient has been in
contact with the oils, pollens or even the
leaves of some plant. The dermatitis may last
for several weeks, sometimes until the frost
kills the offending plants.
I vy poisoning is the most common form
of plant dermatitis. The offending agent
is a vine or low bush fouud widely through-
out Canada, in moist soil and dry, in the
woods and in open areas. It ma) be recog-
nized by the three shiny, dark green taper-
ing leaflets, by their reddish tinge in au-
tuum and by the whitish wa "y berrie
. Close-
ly akin to the ivy is poison oak. the leaves
of which are blunter, more rounded. Equal-
ly poisonous, is the poison sumac which
grows in swampy places and can be distin-
guished from the harmless variety by the
white berries instead of red and by the non-
sticky fuzz covering the stems. Since it is
estimated that one person in every eighteen
is susceptible to the poisonous sap or oils
which these plants exude, their immediate
recognition is important.
The c1inical picture most frequently seen

is an acute vesicular dermatitis on the ex-
posed areas of the skin chiefly, though the
irritation may spread to any part. Inten<;e
itching and burning are common symptoms.
Constitutional symptoms are seen in rare
cases of great severity. The incubation period
varies from twelve hours to seven days.
Those who have been exposed to this plant
poison should take a hot hath immediately,
lathering the body well with a rich suds
to dissoh-e the oils. The nails should be
scrubbed and thoroughly cleaned with an
orangewood stick to remove every \"estige of
resin. All the clothing worn at the time of
exposure should be dry cleaned. Soothing
alkaline cold creams may be applied to the
skin. Creams containing 10 per cent sodium
perborate have been found useful as prophy-
lactic agents. Sponging the areas with al-
cohol may also be effective.

\Vhen the eruption occurs, creams or
ointments are contra-indicated since the
resin is oil-soluble and the irritation may be
further spread. In the acute inflammatory
stage, cuntinuous wet boric compresses or
applications of 1 :5000 potassium permangan-
ate are soothing. After twenty-four hours
calamine and zinc oxide lotion will bring
relief, applied cold every hour, more often
if necessary. In some cases, antigen injec-
tions may bring relief. The oily preparation
of the antigen is less painful than the alco-
holic but not so effective. Desensitization is
problematical. The sa fest preventive is to
know and avoid the of fending agents.

\"01 41, No. 8

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A.

A Challenge to Head Nurses

FLORENCE M. WILSON

Gradually, in the field of nm-sing
education, there has arisen a method ûf
teaching student nurses known as clini-
cal instruction. It is generally recognized
that the word "clinical" refers to rhc
patient - his disease, his treatment, his
nursing c
re, or his prognosis, and thus
in a school of nursing clinical teaching
is the instruction of the student nur
e
with reference to the patient. In a "light-
ly narrower sense, clinical teaching ;s
carried out on the ward, in other words,
while the student is caring for the pa-
tient.
Probably no one would deny the tre-
mendous advantage to the student J1urse,
and ultimately to the patient, of organ-
ized ward teaching. However nurses
who are not instructors are inclined to
feel that teaching is a specialized branch
of nursing which they know little or
nothing about, and as a result they h:lVe
decided to leave all the clinical te
ching
to the ward supervisor or the clinical
instructor. This article is written for
head nurses and general duty nur
s in
the earnest hope that it will awak
n in '
them a re.alization of the fact that they

re all indispensable to any ward teach-
mg program.
To emphasize the value of clinical
teaching, Wayland in "The Hospital
Head Nurse" states: "No more dy:umic
and favorable learning situation is to be
found in the total educational program
AUGUST. 194'

than that offered by the actual care of
patients, nor one that provides for more
integrated learning. \Vithout competent
educational direction, however, the SIU-
dent in the midst of a wealth of I.-
arn-
ing opportunities m.ay not 'see the woods
for the trees', or she may be so driven
to get the work done that she fails to
learn from her experience. Clinical prac-
tice provides opportunities for learning
the art of nursing, but the art will be
learned only if good nursing is attentive-
ly and intelligently practised in the Juit,
and if the head nurse utilizes her unique
opportunity of teaching the student, as
she repeatedly and progressively prac-
tices not the manual processes alon
,
')ut
the whlJl
art of nursing."
The more organized forms of clinical
teaching, such as the nursing clinic and
the bedside demonstration, are gen
rdly
recognized, but this article deals oilly
with methods of clinical instruction
which are going on all the tim
, but
which .are not recognized as formal in-
struction, and methods of teaching which
could be used with very little adjustment
in the daily routine. The following
methods are included: precept and ex-
ample; impromtu teaching; the orien-
tation conference; the morning circle;
the individual conferénce; supervision
of procedures.
Precept and Example:
Every graduate nurse is a teacher
62g.

630

THE CA
ADIA'\ '\URSE

whether or not she wants to be or
ninks
she is. Think of the graduate nurse in a
school of nursing - she is the goal to-
ward which every student nurse is
tiiv-
ing; she represents the ultimate, the
ideal of accomplishment. All of :.IS ;;re
inclined unconsc:ously to imitate tJwse
who are senior to us, and certainly 11l1ch
of what the student in the
chool of nurs-
ing learns, whether it is good or bad, she
learns from the var OU'i graduate nurses
with whom she works. Everything "bout
the graduate nurse is closely scrutinized
by the student nurse: her appearance,
her methods of dealing with patients ;!nd
personnel, and her nursing techniques,
to mention a few. At aU times this type
of teaching of the student nurse is go-
ing on. \Ve have all seen the transfor-
mation in quality of work done by a
group of students when they are placed
in a situation where the head nurse fir
another graduate nurse on the ward sets
a splendid example for them. On the
other hand, students in contact with a
careless, muddling, or boisterous type of
graduate nurse will develop many 'Jf her
bad habits, and some of them wiU never
lose those hahits. Before any te3ching
in a scÌlo[)1 of nursing, be it classroom
or ward teaching, is going to ha"c a fair
chanC'e of producing the type of student
nurse desired, it falls upon every grad-
uate nurse in the institution to realize
what :m important part she is playing

I

f

þ

'"

Impromptu teaching ,;t the patil'11t's
bedsidr'.

in the moulding of each student wIth
whom she comes in contact.

I
omtu
eaching:
A second method of teaching which
could go on most of the time on th

ward may be called impromtu tea.:h-
iug. 'Vayland says: "Indeed, much of
the most effective and worthwhile teach-
ing in the whole school program is UP--
head nurse teaching." This type of
teaching means exactly what the nam

implies - the situation arises, and thc
head nurse takes advantage of it to bring
some point to the attention of the stu-
dent. For example - what student
would forget the symptoms .and treat-
ment of acute cardiac decompensatIOn if
someone took the time to do a litt1
im-
promtu teaching while she was admit-
ting the patient, and carrying CUt the
doctor':) first orders? Much impromtu
teaching may be done at the patient's
bedside while the student is giving bed-
side care - for example - assistance
with the pillows of a patient who has
had a thyroidectomy, or assistance in
making a very iU patient comfortahle.
A group of students may be taught
in this war also. If an unusual situation
suddenly arises on the ward, its signi-
ficance may be lost to the student.5
if
no one takes time to give them some
explanation and direction in their oh
er-
vations. One of the hest examples is the
admission of a patient in diabetic ("oma.
To wait two or three days befo
'e dis-
cussing such a patient with the stuJ;
nts
caring for him means that much of the
value of that teaching situation has been
lost, because by that time the patient \yill
prohahly be up and around the w2rd,
and th.e students wiU have forgotten a
great deal about the picture he present
d
on admission.

There are two points about this type
of teaching which should be stre<;sed:
First, the head nurse must be on the
alert for such situations - many good
opportunities are probably lost. Secondly,
where impromptu teaching is done at the
Vol. 41. 1':0. 8

. \ C H -\ L L 1:::
G 1:- T 0 H E A D 1\ U R S E S 631

patient's bedside, the student must not
be made to feel that her work is heing
criticized, for she will immediatel"
e
on the defensive, which is a poor hegin-
ning for teaching. The teaching mu.:t
be done in such a manner that the stud-
ent feels she is being taught and not
"snoopen ised."

The (Jril'ntation Conference:

"The term 'to orient' m
ans to get
one's bearings, to see and understa:1d
relationships clearly." <\V arland).
The orientation conference should
take place on the morning of the stu-
dent's first day in the new department,
and should occupy almost an hour. If
possible, a group of students. should he
given this instruction at one time, there-
by saving the head nurse's time. Ac-
tually orientation cannot he accomplish-
ed in one conference only, hut will re-
quire three or four such periods (bll.jn

the student's first week on the ward.
Although this t
pc.- of teaching may ap-
pear to be verr time-consuming, it pays
dividends in that the student knows
what she is doing, and understands her
objectives much more dearly, aId th1:s
is able to render more sati'ìhctory s:!"-
vice; she w:Il find her entire e\.per:ence
better frr>m her own learning point of
VIew.
The material discussed at the orien-
tation conference would naturally vary
with the experience of the individual stu-
dent. In the main, such things as ward
geography, ward routines, special treat-
ments, and so on, are discussed. As p:u t
of the first conference, the new studt-nt
is introduced to the other ward person-
nel, and to the patients she is to care jor
particularly, and is given d"etailed instruc-
tions about her own work. It seems ad-
visable t3 leave a discussion of the diag-
noses, etc., of all the patients on the wa
d
to a second or third conference when
the student has her hearings a little het-
ter.
The orientation conference should be
conducted b} the head nurse, hec1.u<;e
she. better than anrone else, knows all
AUGUST, 1945

...

'-

-..1
-i
...oj
..(
....

" .

,
\
\

"

--""-

The mornl1lg cÏrd{'.

about her ward. In making a plea f()r
adequate orientation to a dep3rtment, one
feels that many errors which a stud('nt
makes are the result of her not knowing
what she should ha\'e done because no
one took the time to tell her, and much
of the time she ma) waste is the re
u1t
of not knowing where to find things or
of not having heen informed of ward
practices.
The ]Worning Cire/I':
Quoting from Jensen: "The Jaily
morning conference, which all nurses,
graduates and students, on any ward
attend offers a great opportunity for
teaching. It is the time when the night
nurse in charge of the ward or divisio:1
gives her report of all the patients' con-
ditions during the night, so that the
day staff may be prepared tn give h('t-
ter nursing care."
Th:s conference should take place at
the heginning of the day. usually at 7
a.m., and should not last longer th,111
fifteen to twentr minutes. The rep )rt
is read to the group hy the night .lUrse,
during which time the head nurse should
ask questions of interest tn the !?;roup.
Follow:n.t
the reading of the report there
is a discussion on newl\' admitted pa-
tients, patients who are to have opaa-
tions, special tests or treatments, and
outstanding changes 111 patient
' condi-
tions, diets, etc. The head nurse may
have some point of general interest to
hring- to th" attrntinn of the nursing- staff

ó32

THE CA1\"ADIA?\ NURSE

or occasionally she may use pan of this
period to draw to the attention (\f the
nursing staff any laxity which their own
work has shown. Nurses are always giv-
en an opportunity to ask questions during
any part of this conference, and are en-
couraged to mention any points which
are of interest to everyone. Following
this discussion assignments of work
are given and, where necessary, explan-
ations are made.
The value of a properly conducted
morning circle cannot be too greatÌy
stressed. The nursing staff will
:ave a
greater interest in all the patients and
will be able to start their day's work
feeling that they understand what is
gomg on.
The Individual Conference:
As the term implies, this type of
teaching is a discussion between the
head nurse and the student alone. It is

bsolutely essential during every student's
experience in a department, and each
student should have the privilege of
several such conferences.
The general purpose of such a con-
ference is to direct the student in her
work, to find out her aims and amhi-
tions, and to give her advice where nec-
essary . To begin with, a good relation-
ship must be established between the
student and instructor, by keeping the
discussion on the level of instruction I'a-
ther than criticism, and by puttiag the

..

..

f

.

'\

The orientation conference.

.....

student sufficiently at ease, so that
he
will not be embarrassed about showing
her ignorance of the special problems of
that ward. The discussion must be he1d
in a place where there will be no inter-
ruption, and the length of time obvious-
]y would vary with the problem at hand.
Routine conferences which should be
held with each student would be con-
cerned with her progress in the d
p:1f
-
ment. A final conference would be help-
ful in summing up the type of work she
has done, commending her where she has
excelled, and directing her in solving any
problems which she may have. Students
who are consistently below aV
lage
would probably have more individual
conferences with the head nurse, who
would do all possible to find out why
the student's work was not accepta
le)
and thu5 attempt to improve its quality.
Other students may have personal dif-
ficulties, or difficulties peculiar to that
situation (e.g. O.R.) which an indivi-
dual conference would do much to solve.
Those in charge of directing students
in a department must make the student
feel free to seek an interview. If :\t the
time th
student seeks advice the head
nurse is busy, she should arrange another
period which would be more suitabl
.
\Vayland, in discussing supervision
through individual conference,
tates:
"For the head nurse, it is the moment
of all moments at which she can learn
most about the student and can exert
her own personal influence UpOJ1 the
student's personal and professional
growth to the fullest extent - a mo-
ment of great challenge to a real tea-
cher. For the student, it is the moment
when she is free to avail herself of the
head nurse's help with the problems of
learning and personal adjustment. The
benefits to both head nurse and student
will come about only if the student feels
that the head nurse is sincere in her de-
sire to help and is fair in her dealing5."
Superv
sion of Procedures:
In most schools of nursing, the stu-
dents are required to carry out
ome
Vol. 41. No. 8

PLAY THERAPY EXHIBIT

procedures for the first time under
up-
ervision - for example - catheteriza-
tion, hypodermic injection, vaginal
douche, etc. The alert head nurse wiH be
certain to make this a good learning t:X-
perience for the student.
Before doing the procedure, the stu-
dent should be required to review what
teaching she previously has had ,)11 the
subject - this would include defin:tion,
purposes, necessary articles, procedure,
and precautions. \Vhere necessary, the
instructor will supplement the student's
information.
During the actual carrying out of the
procedure, the instructor should assist in
such a manner that the student wIll car-
ry out the procedure herself, but wiil be
more at éase than would be the case if
she were heing closely scrutinized.
Following the procedure a short dis-
cussion is held on the type of work which
the student has done, and any questions
which she may have are answered.
As was stated in the heginning, this
article has been written for graduate

633

nurses working with student nurses 111
an effort to show how much influ
nce
they have on the type of learning which
the student receives. Surely you will all
agree with Anna Taylor that "ward
instruction is basic if adequate nursing
care is to be practised." An attempt has
been made to show that there are r.ertain
means by which the graduates in :t ilOS-
pital may contribute to a student's learn-
ing exp
rience, in fact are contributing
at all times, even though they may not
be part of the te;lching staff. The con-
tribution which they make is immeasur-
ably important to the student nurse, the
patient, and the smooth functioning of
the entire institution.
It has been said that of all avenues
open to the registered nurse, that of head
nurseship is the most satisfying. To com-
bine the satisfactory administration of a
ward with the contribution to the edu-
cation of student nurses is the task you
have set yourself in becoming a h
ad
nurse. The challenge is there -
c
ze
the opportunity!

S.R.N.A. Handicraft and Play Therapy Exhibit

The handicraft and play therapy exhibit,
prepared by Miss Grace Giles, created much
interest at the recent annual meeting of the
Saskatchewan
egistered
urses Associa-
tion. Stimulated by such articles as "Neces-
sary Ingredients", which appeared in the
F ehruary issue of The C alladia" Nurse, it
was decided that the S.R.N.A. convention
exhibit this year should centre around Handi-
crafts and Play Therapy for Children. A
list of arts and hobbies was circularized
among nurses and people interested in arts
and crafts, inviting them to loan articles
for the exhibit. The enthusiastic response
resulted in a beauti ful and interesting dis-
play of handicra fts.
In addition to lovely examples of all the
commoner forms of handwork, there was
weaving, leathercra ft, doll furniture
delicate and complete to the smallest cu-
AUGUST, 1945

shion, ornaments, wood carving: modelling,
j ewellery and ornaments of nuts, pine cones,
felt and leather. A sewing basket woven
from dyed wheat straw drew much admira-
tion, as did the book-ends, vases, bowls and
other pieces of pottery made from Saskat-
chewan clay. Under the caption "Book Re-
pair", all thc steps in rebinding used books
were shown. Inner facings of birchbark and
bindings of overalling were some of the un-
usual materials used for this work. In ano-
ther section an intriguing little flowered
hat reposed in its transparent hat box, made
of old x-ray film. Beautiful lino-prints,
colourful posters, soap carving, cunning
rag-bag toys, with other articles too numer-
ous to mention, made a unique display.
A very fine collection of stamps, samples
of weaving and a handmade copper lamp-
shade formed the contribution from one

634-

THE CANADIAN NURSE

nurse "on duty" in one of ou; smaller hos-
pitals. In addition to seeing the possibilities
of hobbies the nurses received information
on where to obtain materials, patterns and
directions, and approximate costs. A graduate
nurse with years of experience in craft work
gave an illustrated talk on several of the
cra f ts represented.
One of the pleasantest incidents COn-
nected with the exhibit was the "preview"
held for the Sanatorium patients On the

vening before the convention. Patients
were delighted to recognize work done in
their own hospital and to gain a new idea
of the many possibilities in handicra fts.
There were even some who were wheeled
about the tables on stretchers. An exquisite-
ly modelled dog had come from the hands of
a little Sister, whose face shone with hap-

piness as her carriage was moved up and
down the aisles.
It was not solely to introduce nurses to
the joys of hobbies that the exhibit was
planned. There is a real need for trainoo
Occupational Therapists in our hospitals and
to widen interest and increase understand-
ing of the work, an additional display was
arranged. The Canadian National Associa-
tion of Occupational Therapists kindly
loaned a number of posters and photographs
describing and illustrating Occupational
Therapy. The nurses were much interested
and hope to promote the development of
this important branch of therapy. An ex-
cellent article on "Occupational Therapy
for Children" with some accompanying pic-
tures from the Hospital for Sick Childrea,
Toronto, was greatly appreciated.

liven Up Your Meetings

Three very useful little books have been
received recently. The first, "Planning your
Meeting" by Ruth HaIler, price 50 cents,
di9Cusses practical points to remember in
preparing for various kinds of meetings.
Such forms as panel discussions, symposia,
round tables are explained very simply.
Methods for "dressing up" meetings to
give variety are outlined. The second hand-
book has the intriguing title of "How to
Make a Speech and Enjoy It" by Helen Part-
ridge, price is cents. So many nurses when
asked to give a talk, shudder and get stage
fright. "Treat yo\,}r stage fright as the asset
it is. Beforehand-nervousness charges your
batteries. The more multitudinous your mis-
givings, the more you wiIl be goaded into
preparation and the better your speech will
be". Explicit instructions are included on
how to. prepare the speech, what to wear,
dc. The third booklet is a comprehensive
outline of the "Rules of Order and Proce-
dure for the Conduct of Public Meetings"
by W. H. Fuller, price IS cents. Here is
parliamentary procedure in a nutsheIl. The
officers and members of nurses' associations
will find this information a valuable guide
to the effective transaction of business.
The first two books may be procured from
the National Publicity Council, 130 East
22nd St., New York City 10. The last book-
let is published by N. A. MacEachern &
Co. Ltd., 165 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Onto

Recreation Conscious

A nation virile and active has no place
for diseas
and attendant miseries. A nation
of individuals interested in organized re-
creational p:-ograms has neither the time nor
the inclination to take paths which lead to
unhappiness. Therefore, there appears to be
a definite place in Canada's life for the
National Physical Fitness Act which is aimed
at the promotion of the health and happiness
of all the nation's citizens. Also, it appears
that establishment of a Division of Physical
Fitness and Recreation in the Saskatchewan
Department of Public Health probably is
the most constructive step so far in any
implementation of the national act.
This provincial department organized a
Saskatchewan Recreational Movement
(SRM) and lit a fire which, in the words
of the movement's official publication, Sas-
katche'Wolt Recreation, is "sweeping th

province". SRM hopes to interest every vil-
lage, town and city in helping promote so-
cial, cultural, and athletic activities, enter-
prises clnd events for the nearly nine hundred
thousand men, women, and children of the
prairie province.
The Saskatchewan movement is said by
Major Ian Eisenhardt, national director of
Physical Fitness, to be "the most advanced
provincial proposal to date".

--H
alth News Sl'reXce.

Vol. 41, N". 8

GENERAL NURSING

Con trìbmed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

A Word to the General Nursin 9 Section

1\;lABEL E. BROLIN

\Ve .are missing the boat. . . Having
just returned from meeting nurses
from all nursing groups, I realize with
a pang that all is not well with our own
particular group.
We are the backbone of the nursing
profession - we are the ones to whom
the ultimate privilege is granted, that
of nursing back to health, with our own
hands, another human being. Ours is
the happiness of receiving the thanks of
a grateful patient. \Ve are the ones to
whom the sick turn, in pain, in sorrow
or in joy. In our hands, in a very large
measure, lies the fate of each patient's
recovery. \Ve are the human link in a
strange white world which guides them
back from pain and from death. \Ve are
indispensable . . . yet for some strange
reason we have allowed people to slip
into the error of regarding ours as an
inferior position in the nursing world.
Stranger still, we are allowing ourselves
to acquiesce in that thought. \Ve seem
to have adopted a chip on the shoulder
attitude to the other branches of the
profession, in a vain effort to combat
what has become an inferiority complex.
Administration is a very necessary
part of our profession. \Vithout it our
nursing world would be a chaos in-
stead of the well (un machine we have
the right to demand in order to do our
AUGUST, 1945

own best work. It is a different type of
work, that is all, not a better one. The
person fitted for that type of work needs
perhaps, a different personality to be as
successful in her place as you are in
yours. \Ve are component parts, and
must co-operate to achieve a success-
ful whole. Let us remember that and
avoid dissension.
\Ve must get ourselves back on the
road to happiness and service. I would
say the first step on that road is to ask
ourselves if the work we are doing is the
work that we wish to do. If it is not, by
all means seek some other branch of the
service. I believe the primary desire on
first entering the profession is to give
personal service, but by allowing our
status to appear inferior in the eyes of
our profession we are sometimes asham-
ed to admit th.at there is where our real
interest lies.
If your real happiness in your work
is in administering personally to the sick,
then I would say - get behind your
Section's activities. Then by precept,
well-chosen leadership, and by fullest
participation in post-graduate education
in our own field, let us guide ourselves
back to our place in the sun and convince
the profession as a whole and the world
at large that there may be different
branches of service but none better.

6Jó

Postwar Planning Activities

Contributed by

POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Re-establishment Information

Although many nursing sisters will
have set aside their uniforms before this
is published we think perhaps some of
the information contained here may be
of interest and help to many who still
are in uniform. The April issue of the
Journal carried some suggestions about
the nursing positions waiting for the
nurses. In the July issue is a list of the
university courses, hospital post-graduate
courses and added experience courses
which you will find very useful should
you wish to do a bit of studying or
brushing up before seeking work.
In the brochure prepared for the nurs-
ing sisters we have made reference to
the various Acts which have been passed
by the Federal Government to aid in
the re-establishment in civilian life of all
armed service personnel, and we think
that all should be familiar with the con-
tent of these Acts.
The Post-Dischargt: Rc-establishment
Order (P.C. 331, January, 1945).
"University Education (U ndergrad-
uate): In case any discharged person
(a) has been regular! y admitted to a
university hefore his discharge, and re-
sumes within one year and three months
.after discharge a course, academic or
professional, interrupted by his service, or
(b) becomes regularly admitted to a
university and commences any such
course within one year and three months
after his discharge; a grant may be paid
to su
h discharged person for any per
od
during which he pursues such course,
upon the terms and subject to the con-
ditions" of the Act.
636

"U niversity Education (Post-Grad-
uate): \Vhere any discharged person
resumes or commences a post-graduate
course, eith"er academic or professional,
in a university within one year and three
months after discharge, or commences
such a course as soon as may be after
completing an undergrad,uate course
commenced or resumed by him after
discharge, or where such person, on ac-
count of ill health or other reason satis-
factory to the Department, delays re-
sumption or commencement of such
course beyond such periods, and the De':
partment, having considered such per-
son's attainments and his course, deems
it in the public interest that such dis-
charged person should pursue such course,
a grant may be paid to him upon the
terms and subject to the conditions" of
the Act.
"The scale of grants provides for pay-
ments of $60 monthly to single men or
women and $80 monthly to a man and
his wife when the ex-service man or
woman is taking training or completing
education."
The Veterans Insurance Act, 1944.
Parliament has enacted legislation pro-
viding government insurance for veter-
ans on discharge:
"1. One of the principal features of
\V ar Veterans Insurance is that, with
very few exceptions, it is available at
low cost, without medical examination.
2. Any ex-service man or woman is
eligible.
3. The plans of insurance available
are IO-payment Life, IS-payment Life,
20-parment Life, Life paid-up at 65
and Life paid-up at 85. Term and En-
dowment policies are not issued. The

Vol. 41, No. 8

R.E -E S TAB LIS H 1\1 E '\; T I 1\ FOR 1\1 -\ T I 0 i\J 637

insurance is of the nun-participating type,
that is, no dividends are paid.
4. Policies may he applied for in
amounts ranging from $500 to $1 O,OIlU.
5. After premiums have been paid for
two full years, the polic
' mar be sur-
rendered for its Cash Surrender Value.
There is no provision for loans against
the policy.
6. "There the insured is married, the
henef:ciarr must be tht' wJe or hus-
band or children, or buth. If the veteran
is single, the beneficiary must be the
future wife or hushand, with a parent,
brother or sister named as .a contingent
beneficiary to receive the in<;urance mon-
ey should the veteran die unmarried.
7. In addition to being free of occu-
pational restrictions, the insurance is
also free of restriction as to travel and
residence.
Further information may be obtained
from the nearest office of the Depart-
ment of Veterans Affairs or hy writing
direct to the Superintendent of Veter-
ans Insurance, Departmen t of Veterans
Affairs, Ottawa."
Reinstatcmé'llt jn Ci'uil E mplor ment
Act, 1942. .
One of the first Act-. placed on the
statute books looking- towards re-estah-
lishment was the Reinstatement in Civil
Employment Act. The main points in
the new Regulations may he summarized
briefly thus:
In the case uf .a person who imme-
diatelv after discharge is delayed in re-
turni
g to his or her
former e
ployment
hy reason of hospitali7ation or physical
incapacity, any period of hospital treat-
ment or incapacitr mar be counted as
continuity of service for seniority, pen-
sion, and so forth, in the same way a<;
is the period in the Armed Forces under
the Act. (See. 4).
'Vhere an employer's business is car-
ried on in more than one establishment,
and where an employee cannot reason-
ably be reinstated in the particular estab-
lishment in which he was last employed,
the employer is required to reinstate the

AUGUST. 1945

applican t in one of his other establish-
ment., if it be reasonably practicable to
do so, and if it has been the practice
of the employer to transfer employees
of the type of the applicant from one
establishment to another (Sec. 6).
A person discharged from the Forces
in Canada is allowed three months un-
der the Act in which to claim h:s former
employment-or four months if dis-
charged overseas. The Regulations gua-
rantee the applicant this interval he tween
discharge and reinstatement, regardless
of whether an employer may in the
meantime offer the applicant an imme-
diate return to his employment. It is
felt that those dischargc-d from the For-
ces mar require a period of rest or re-
orientation, and should be free to have
this rather than be obliged to return
immediately to empluyment upon noti-
fication from the employer. (See. 7).
A discharged person, who requires
time to recuperate from a physical or
mental disahility before returning to
work, will be allowed to claim rein-
statement during an additional period
of six months - in other words, such
a person may claim reinstatement with-
in nine months if discharged in Canada,
or ten months if dischar;!ed overseas.
The effect of this section will be to
safeguard for this extra period the rights
of a man who returns in a handicapped
condition. (See. 9).
'Vhere an employer claims (under
Sec. 4 (e) of the Act) that an appli-
cant is not digible for reinstatement since
he was employed to take the place of an
employee who had previously entered
the Forces, the employer must prove
that the applicant was employed directly
or indirectly to take the place of the
other employee and would not have been
employed if the other employee had not
left. (Sec. 10).
The Minister of Veterans Affairs has
issued a booklet entitled "Back to Civil
Life" which contains many suggestions
and facts concerning discharge proce-

63

THE CANADIAN NURSE

dUTe. This booklet includes information
on many of the following topics: reha-
bilitation, reinstatement, post discharge
re-establishment, rates of grants, uni-

versity education, unemployment insur-
ance benefits, tr6fitment branch, pen-
sions commission, list of Vetcralils Wel-
fare offices.

Book Reviews

American Medical Practice in the Per-
øpectives of a Century, by Bernhard J.
Stern, Ph.D. 159 pages. Published by
The Commonwealth Fund, 41 East
57th St., New York 22. Price $1.50.
Reviewed by Mary S. Mathewson, As-
sistant Director, McGill School for
Graduate Nurses.
This monograph is the first in a series
of st\ldies being undertaken by the Com-
mittee 1m Medicine and the Changing
Order of the New York Academy of Me-
dicine. The main purpose of the series
is to investigate the economic and so-
cial changes taking place now and those
likely to occur in the immediate future
and the probable effect of these changes
on the various branches of medicine. It
is also concerned with the preservation
of the best in the art and science of
medicine and of medical service to the
public as well as the search for new ways
and means for improvement and adjust-
ment to meet changing conditions.
The first volume presents a broad his-
torical pkture of the changes in social
and economic life in the United States
during the past century and their in-
fluence 011 the development of medicine.
Tbe tOpICS discussed include the ex-
pansion of the medical horizon, develop-
ment of specialties, patient load, income
of physicians, distribution of medical
services, and the effect on civilian ser-
vices of the entry of enormous numbers
of physicians into the armed forces.
This interpretation provides insight
into the origin of current problems in
medical education and medical service.
Such a perspective is essential to an
understanding of the present situation
and as a basis for intelligent planning
of future action. The story closely paral-
lels the g'eneral development in this coun-
try and is interesting, therefore, to those

who ar
concerned with the future of
medicine and allied fields in Canada.
Future volumes will deal with hospi-
tals, public health services, rural medi-
cine, industrial medicine, {..repayment
and insurance plans, nursing, and den-
tistry.

The 'V oman Asks the Doctor, by Emil
Novak, M.D., F.A.C.S. 130 pages. Pub-
lished by The Williams & Wilkins Co.,
Baltimore. Canadian agents: Univer-
sity of Toronto Press, Toronto. Price
in Canada $2.00.
This small, compact volume of fifteen
chapters, written in a clearly under-
standable style for the laywoman, con-
tains the quieting answers to the many
vague questions that continually arise
in the minds of women of all ages.
The chapters on menstruation should
be of particular interest and once and
for all should clarify the confused ideas
that exist regarding this female pheno-
menon, T]
at part devoted to the "change
of life" should be read by every woman
if only Lo destroy the needless fears too
often planted by well meaning and over
eager friends. The sections on the repro-
ductive OI'gans and sex lüe of the fe-
male, written in non-technical terms,
answer the many questions that doctors
are continually faced with by their wo-
men patients. The vital difference be-
tween cancer and tumours is dealt with.
The nur3e realizes that, too often, these
two conditions are regarded in a con-
fused way as "practically the same
thing" .
This IS an inexpensive book that the
nurse could well profit by reading her-
self as well as recommending to her pa-
tients.

Vol. 41, No. 8

t
otes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

GenerCiI Secretory, The Canadion Nunes Association

Labour Relations Committee
In the report of the Labour Reia-
tions Committee submitted to the last
meeting of the Executive Committee
in October, 1944, the committee re-
ported that its work was concerned
with (1) methods of coIlective bargain-
ing for nurses; (2) the relationship of
nurses with trade unions; (3) interest
in Dominion and ProvIncial labour
department regulations that affect or
may affect nurses.
Collective Bargaining for Nurses
Since the 'last meeting of the Execu-
tive, further consideration w.as given to
the resolution passed by the Executive
Committee at their meeting in Novem-
ber, 1943, namely, "That the Na-
tional and Provincial Associations should
be the bargaining agent for nurses".
The 'Vartime Labour Regulations
Act, P .C. 1003, which the Dominion
Government passed by Order-in-Coun-
cil in February, 1944, preserves for all
employees the right to bargain collective-
ly under certàin prescribed conditions.
These regulations, in common with
most provincial legislation in reference
to collective bargaining where such
exists, state definitely that a bargaining
agreement must be between employers
and employees.
An employer is defined as a person
employed in a confidential capacity, or
one having the authority to employ or
discharge employees. This raised the
question - Could Provincial Nurses
Associations which have an employer,
employee membership, be the legal bar-
gaining agent for nurses? As this ques-
AUGUST, 1945

tion was subject to provincial inter-
pretation, it was referred to the Pro-
vincial Associations for study with a
strong recommendation that they secure
leg.al advice.
In the majority of provinces, Pro-
vincial Labour Relations committees
were set up and to date we have heard
from six provinces, giving the foIlow-
ing information: Five provinces - Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba,
Saskatchewan and Alberta - have se-
cured leg.al advice and the decision has
been either that it is not legally possible
or not expedient for Provincial Nurses
Associations to act as bargaining agents
for nurses. Quebec is still exploring the
possibility in relation to the Quebec Col-
lective Agreement Act.
Contact was made with other pro-
fessional groups, notably the Corpora-
tion of Professional Engineers. This or-
ganization, with other professional or-
ganizations combined under the name
of the Canadian Association of Scientific
\V orkers, explored, as reported in Oc-
tober, 1944, the possibility of securing
separate legislation for professional
workers in reference to collective bar-
gaining. So far, this has not been granted
and they report that the chances of ob-
taining such a separate code are Tery
meagre.
The Canadian Association of Scien-
tific \V orkers made an exhaustive survey
of the possibility of their professional
associations conducting bargaining nego-
tiations for their members. The con-
clusion was that as all professional asso-
ciations included in their membership,
both employers and employees, they
were unfit so to act. They then decided
639

640

THE C.-\l\.-\DIA:K NURSE

that suitahle employees organizations
would have to be set up .as separate new
bodies, unaffiliated with any e:xisting
professional association or society. This
has resulted in Quebec in the forming
of the Quebec Federation of Profes-
sional Employees in Applied Science and
Research, and in Ontario in a separate
organization for professional engineers
who are employees. The advisability of
a separate provincial organization of
nurse employees presents difficulties and
dangers and is questioned by your Com-
mittee.
Consideration was given by the La-
bour Relation
Committee of the Cana-
dian Nurses Association to the possi-
bility of joining .with the professional
groups, which asked for separate bar-
gaining legislation for professional work-
ers. This raised the question of the sta-
tus of nurses. Is nursing a profession in
the legal sense? This question was also
referred to the Provincial Associations
who again sought legal advice.
Nova Scotia was advi:,ed that mem-
bers of the Registered Nurses Associa-
tion en joy the privileges and status of
a profession, hecause they are so named
in the Registered Nurses Association
Act of 1931. New Brunswick reports
that the Director of Labour states that
the only phase of nursing that might
possiblr come under lahour legislation
is the Industrial Nurse. The controllers
of industrial plants state that the nurse
is a confidential employee and has the
same status as a lawyer or minister. The
st.atus of the indut;trial nurse is now,
being argued upon by the 1\ew Bruns-
wick Department of Labour. 1\lanitoba's
legal adviser states that in accordance
with all legal interpretations of the de-
finition of a profession in Canada and
the United States, nursing is now a pro-
fession. Alberta reports that the Regis-
tered Nurses Act of 1941 falls short
of estabìishing nursing as a profession
inasmuch as it does not legally consti-
tute membership in the Association, a
condition precedent to the practice of

mn sing. Saskatchewan reports that, on
the advice of their legal adviser, it is
not considered ;tdvisable at the present
time to seek further interpretation of
the status of nursing in that province.
Due to the conflicting interpretations
of the status of nursing as a profession
and with the ad vice of our legal ad-
viser, the Canadian Nurses .\ssociation
did not join with the other professional
groups in their efforts to secure a separ-
ate code governing collcctive bargain-
ing for professional workers. The Com-
mittee, therefore, felt that if it is not
legally possible for their Provincial As-
sociations, in the majority of Provinces,
to act as bargaining agents for nurses,
that a modified resolution should be con-
sidered br the Executive Committee to
replace the resolution of November,
1943, and that some other method of
collective bargaining for nurses be de-
vised by which this responsibility can
be kept within the professional group.
The Labour Relations Committee in-
vited 1\1i5s Margaret I\1ackintosh, Chief
of the Division
of Labour Legislation,
Dominion Department of Labour, to
meet with the Committee on \lay 15,
1945. Miss lV1ackintosh suhstantiated
the opinion received from the five prov-
inces that the Provincial Registered Nur-
...es Associations could not act as bar-
O"aini1l0" agents. Arising nut of informa-
cion s
lb
itted by Manitoba and Al-
berta, the following recommendation
was the result of this meeting:
That the N"ational Committee on Labour
Relations advise the Executive Committee
that we suggest to the Provincial Associa-
tions that they consider the following plan:
That the local or district organization of
the Provincial Registered Nurses Association
select three or more emploJ'('e 11U?mbcrs, who
would inform themselves on Labour condi-
tions in their locality and be prepared to act,
if asked, as a certifiable negotiating or bar-
gaining group, either with or without repre-
sentatives from the nurse employees affected
in any disagreement.

lVliss Mackintosh feels that the certi-

Vol. 41. No.8

L .-\ B 0 eRR E L A. T I ()
S C 0
I :\1 I T TEE 641

fied hargaining group should be chosen
localh for their interest in and knowl-
edge of local conditions. 'Vhether this
negoti.ating group would act as members
of the local or district association, or as
interested individuals in their personal
capacity, would depend upon the legal
interpretation in each province. It
would seem from the legal advice re-
ceived from ..Alberta that they might
act as members of their Association, but
in l\.1anitoha, they would act as indivi-
duals in their personal capacity.
It is further suggested that each Pro-
vincial .Association have an active Labour
Relatiuns Committee, as distinct from
their Legislation Committee, but have
an interlocking memhership, especially
applied to the two conveners. That this
provincial Labour Relations Committee,
with the approval of the Executive Com-
mittee or Board of y1anagement, be
prepared to act with
he certified ne-
gotiating group in an advisory capacity,
in order to add the influence of the
Provincial ..Association to the bargain-
mg group.
That the :Kational Labour Relations
Committee with the approval of the
National Executive Committee be pre-
pared, if asked by the provincial Execu-
tive, to act in an advisory cap.acity with
the provincial Lahour Relations Com-
mittee and the certified negotiating
group, provided the agreement contem-
plated is of major importance, and the
added influence of the "'\ational Asso

ciation would be of value.
It should be clearl" unders
ood that
this advisory assistance would be avail-
able, only if the agreement contemplated
has the a ')roval of the Provincial As-
sociation and, if required, of the Na-
tional Association.
\Vhile this type of organization seems
somewhat involved, it would provide,
within the professional nursing group,
means through which the members of
the Provincial Association could look
to their own Association for assistanee,
in their collective bargaining agreementc;.
AUGUST, 194'

Its possIble success would depend on the
willingness of the dissatisfied nurses to
call upon the personnel selected as the
negotiators.
Trade Unions
The question as to whether profes-
sional registered nurses
hould become
members of Trade Unions is a matter
of grave concern.
The thinking of the Lahour Rela-
tions Committee is, that solely for the
purpose of collective bargaining, they
should not. 'Ve do, however, think that
we should have a tolerant and question-
ing attitude toward the type of organi-
zation which, in spite of an the criticism
that can be brought against it, has re-
sulted in improving the working and
living conditions of millions of our fel-
low citizens during the last century.
The groups of nurses most likely to
become involved in the question of af-
filiation with Trade U ninns, at the pres-
ent time, are nurses employed in pro-
vincial and civic departments of health
and nurses in hospitals where there are
employees associations. Nurses in in-
dustry may also be .affected. The present
practice is as divergent as the opinion
in reference to the professional status
of nurses. Nurses in the Department of
Health in Calgary state that the only
bargaining agent the City Council will
recognize is ((The Civic Federation of
Employees", which is affiliated with a
labour union. Until recently the public
health nurses were not members of this
group. They were dissatisfied with their
salary schedule, but could get no action.
At the request of the sanitary inspectors,
the public health nurses, dentists and
clerical workers of the Health Depart-
ment decided to form a separate Local.
One hundred percent of the nursing
staff are in favour of joining. Dr. Hill,
the 1\1.0.H., and the heads of the Civic
Federation approve. Thi5 Health De-
partment Local is affiliated with the
Civic Federation of Employees and with
the 'I'rades and Labour Council.
In Toronto, the nurses of the De-

642

THE CANADIAN NURSE

partment of Public Health are consid-
ering joining (if they have not already
joined) the Toronto 1\1unicipal Em-
ployees Association, Local 79, of the
A. F. of L. affiliated with the Trades
and Labour Congress. 'rhe nurses are
stressing "\Vhat nurses can contribute
to union organization r:ilther than the
benefits they may derive". Three physi-
cians of the Department and the social
workers of the welfare Division are al-
ready members of the union organiza-
tion. The dental staff were considering
the matter at the time of writing. The
. nurses, and I think the social workers,
have a definite agreement in writing
with the Trades and Lahour Congress
that they would not be expected to
strike. The Trades and Lahour Con-
gress stated in writing that for the last
three years they have been on record as
favouring a "No strike policy" for nur-
ses and for professional workers in es-
sential services. Insofar as the National
Labour Relations Committee has in-
formation, other groups of nurses affil-
iated or that have been asked to affil-
iate with Trade Unions are nurses em-
ployed as civil sef'vants hy the Provincial
Government of Saskatchewan, and nur-
ses of the Department of Health, 1\10n-
treal, Saskatoon, Regina and 1\100se
Jaw. Our information states that some
nurses have already joined, but is not
clear as to the position of the groups as
a whole. Nurses on the staff of the Civic
Hospital in Saint John, New Brunswick,
through their Employees Association, are
affiliated with the Trades and Labour
Congress of Canada.
Whìle we know that some industrial
nurses have joined the union, favoured
by the plant il
which they work, we
have not the information on record. The
information we have shows the trend
toward Trade Union participation by
nurses. For public health nurses and
social workers, the effect of whose ser-
vice is so dependent on the financial
ability of families to maintain a decent
standard of living, this trend is quite
UI
derstandable.

These experiments in Union Asso-
ciation have value for Canadian nurse.!
as a whole. \Ve can only learn from
experience, but we must move slowly.
Other Dominion and Provincial Labour
Legislation ti.a
Affects or may Affect
Xunes:

[Tnf'r//plr;)'mcnt Insurance
The Alberta Labour Relations Com-
mittee has asked for information as to
whether all gr.aduate registered nurses,
regardless of position, come under "The
Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940".
Nursing under this Act is an excepted
employment. The Act states, under ex-
cepted employment:
Employment in a hospital or in a chari-
table institution where in the opinion of the
Commission such hospital or charitable in-
stitution is not carried on for the purpose
of gain.
Employment as a professional nurse for
the sick or as a probationer undergoing
training for employment as such nurse.
Employment at a rat
of remuneration

xceeding in value two thousand dollars a
year is also excepted.
Whether or not nurses may wish
to come under unemployment insurance
is a matter for consider:iltion.
Minimum TVage Legislation
While in most provinces this type of
legislation does not affect professional
nurses, it should be watched carefully
by each province.
TVage Control Orders
At the time of submittin! the report
of this committee .at the biennial meeting
in \Vinnipeg, it was not thought that
this type of legislation could affect nur-
ses. It is now reported that in February,
1945, the salaries of nurses in doctorl.'
offices in Lethbridge, A]hel à, were by
order of the \Var Lahour BO:ilrd re-
duced from $115 to $100 a month for
senior nurses and set at $80 per month
for new employees. The salary of an
untrained receptionist was set at $90.
\"hile this is a provincial matter, your
committee has asked Miss 1\1ackintosh
to give US ad vice on this ruling.
Vol. .n, ND. 8

THROUGH

U or!.. men's C ompens ati'J1
Act
There is considerable divergence in
the practice of hospitals and organiza-
tions as to whether nurse employees are
included under these Acts. As this again
is provincial legislation, it should be
considered by the provincial Labour
Rel4ltions Committees.
\Vith the end of the war in Europe,
and possible changes in botH Dominion

rHE YEARS

643

and Provincial Government admini9tra-
tion, there will no doubt be changes in
Labour Legislation. \V e mu
keep
ourselves informed of such changes as
they affect the nursing profession.
ESTHER M. BEITH

Convener, Lahour Rela.tions
Committee
Canadian N urst's If ssocifltion

Through the Years

E. FRANCES UPTON

In December last, when plans were
launched for the celebration of our
twenty-fifth anniversary, I was asked to
prepare a brief history of those years. I
4lccepted the honour veïy reluct.antly,
feeling in my bones, that, apart from
the fact that I possess no particular
ability to write things, to complete this
assignment on time was a physical im-
possibility. However the story has been
written. I might call it "an eJ\..periment
in mutual understanding". I cho
e
that title because I have always believed
that that is exactly what our Association
stands for and, having been closely as-
sociat
d with its work and development
for sixt} -four percent of its lifetime I am
beginning to believe that the experiment
could work if the one and only thing
which retards its progress were removed.
That weakness is, and I say this with
sincere apology to the Hon. \Vinston
Churchill, "So much is expected by so
many of so few".
Towards the énd of the first world
war, when events similar to those which
we have experienced since September,
1939, persuaded nurses to pool their
re<
ources and work for a common cause
and aim, a smaJI group of leaders in
nursing in Montreal brought into being
The Graduate Nwrses Association of

AUGUST, }9.1':5

the Province of Quebec which had for
its main objective "The improvement of
the lot of the smaller school", the secur-
ing of legislation to establish standards
in preparation for nursing services be-
ing, of course, the idea in the back of
their minds. For three years this little
group laid the foundation for the society
whose twenty-fifth anniversary we have
been celebrating and to whom much of
the success attained is due.
Their first meeting was held on July
9, 1917, in Montreal when lV1iss Grace
1\1. Fairley was appointed president and
Miss Mabel F. Hersey, honourary sec-
retary. 1\liss Fairley continued in office
for two years resigning when. she left
1\10ntreal. l\1iss Hersey carried on and
formed the bulwark around which the
whole structure developed.
During their first annual meeting held
on September 16, 19] g. reports in-
dicated that "a proposed biJI to provide
for the legislation of nurses had been
drawn up and fully d;scussed, amend-
ments made and th
final draft for-
warded to the Association's legal ad-
viser, a copy having heen sent to tl1e
Montreal IHedico-Chirurgical Society
for approval, criticism
nd support".
1\1iss Jean Gunn, president of the
"Ca.n...'ldian National A.ssociation of

6++

THE CAN _\ D I .\ 1\
U R S E

Trained Nurses", later known as the
Canadian 1\urses Association, was guest
speaker, her address being "The Value
of Centralization of Teaching".

Fifteen English-speaking nurses, whost'
names are listed in the minutes, six from
Hôtel-Dieu and three sisters from Hôpital
Notre Dame constituted the audience upon
that historical occasion.

The Committee was re-elected and
plans were laid to approach the V.O.N.
regarding "the possibility of recognized
training schools sending their pupils for
a two-months course in Y.O.
. work
in order that our pupil nurses might
learn how to teach hygienic living".
That was in Sept em her, 1918.
Space will not permit me to enum-
erate the steps taken and the opposition
encountered. Suffice it to say that this in-
domitable and courageous group reached
its objective and on F ebmary 14, 1920,
the Lieutenant Governor of the province
signed their bill which provided the
State's recognition of graduates in nurs-
ing in this province, and created the As-
sociation of those so qualified. It is a
significant fact that growth cannot take
place in any institution without an or-
ganization in which the people concern-
ed can come to some agreement as to
their goals or objectives. Until we have
unity of purpose among individuals,
growth in terms of improvement cannot
be achieved. These leaders of ours, con-
scious that the adv.ancement of nursing
could only he accomplished by greater
unity of purpose and understanding and,
in a sincere endeavour to improve exist-
ting conditions, secured the one instru-
ment which provided the first step in
that endeavour, namely Registration.
The objectives of our Association
since that day in 1920 have been three-
fold and all inclusive. They are:

To provide a body of fully qualified and
competent nurses for the care of the sick,
to provide means whereby those who possess

such competency and training may be made
known to the public and also to promote the
efficiency, mefulness and welfare of nurses
generally.

That has been for twenty-five years
d t ' ll '" k " , . h
an S I IS, our tas - tIS a eavy
one and requires the individual effort
of each one of us.

Provided with the tools, and armed
with a goodly supply of human wisdom
and understanding, the great work be-
gan and continued on a voluntary basis
for the first five years. Only another
group of women might match that for
courage and determination. How many
of you know that during the first year
Miss Hersey and MIle Guillemette act-
ed as Registrar, in addition to their full-
time johs, during which time they regis-
tered ] ,415 nurses. As soon as R. N.
certificates made their appe.arance, op-
position hegan to develop and in 1922,
in order to avert disaster, a compromise
was made through Act amendment. \Ve
will not dwell upon the effects of this
first rehuff because such difficulties have
long since been removed.
The early development of the organ-
ization was greatly aided by the facili-
ties and opportunities afforded through
the schools for graduate nurses estab-
lished at McGill and the University of
Montreal. Refresher courses were con-
ducted under Association auspices and
scholarships were provided for members
wishing to avail themselves of these new
and excellent opportunities.
\Vith the formation of sections, of
service groups and special committees,
our relationship with our confreres in
the other Canadian provinces, the United
States and the world at large was firm-
ly established and has developed and
prospered to the extent of our contri-
butions to the common cause.

In keeping with the progress of the
times our standards were raised in 1925,
(C oncluded on ptfge 646)

Vol. 41. No. 8

Nursing Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

The Past and the Future

The war is not over, and there is
still much emergency nursing to be done;
but the end is in sight, and our plan-
ning now must be for the future. At
this transitional point, we naturally
pause for a moment to ask ourselves
what has been done in Canadian nurs-
ing during six years of war, and what
suggestions this experience holds for the
future. \Vhat permanent benefits might
accrue from the experience? \Vhat les-
sons can be learned for nursing educa-
tion? \Vhat are the matters that have
emero-ed to claim the attention of the
c
Canadian Nurses Association and the
Committee on Nursing Education, and
what will be their place in the future of
Canadian nursing?
One of the great landmarks was the
Government Grant - the grant by the
Federal Government to the Canadian
Nurses Association, to be used for edu-
cational purposes, with the primary ob-
jective of producing more well qualified
nurses. This naturally suggests the pos-
sibility of grants from the provincial
governments. It raises also for the care-
ful consideration of all nurses the whole
question of responsibility for and control
of nursing education. On the one hand
we .are told that nursing education, like
all other education, is the responsibility
of the state; on the other, we are warned
to beware of bureaucratic control. Does
the one necessarily imply the other?
These are not simple questions, but it
will be observed that in this country the
Government Grant was made outright
to the professional association and, with-
in the broadly stated purposes for which
AUGUST, 1945

it was made, was controlled and dis-
bursed entirely by the Association.
Another question which arose early
in the war was that of dccelerating the
basic educational program. The Educa-
tion Committee was asked to prepare
a plan for this, and outlined a course by
which students would be available for
service in two and a half years. As far
as we know, this plan has been used by
one school only. 1\1uch nursing opinion
has felt strongly that while there were
far more .applications for the armed
services than were accepted, and while'
large numbers of nurses continued on
private duty registries and refused, and
were not officially required, to do gen-
eral duty in hospitals, telescoping of the
basic training to meet service ends was
quite unjustified. This may be true. On
the other hand, it does not dipose of
the fundamental problem of whether the
traditional three years is, in fact, the
optimum period for basic training in
bedside nursing.
A large number of nursing auxiliaries,
voluntary and paid, military and civil-
ian, have .received varying degrees of
training and have participated in nurs-
ing during the war. \Vhere does this
lead? Will many wish to continue in
nursing? Is there a need for their ser-
vices? What of their further training,
conditions of work, the control of their
practice?
Many returning members of the wo-
men's services are interested in profes-
sional nursing and are eligible for nurs-
ing schools. Among the questions raised
in this connection is that of how such a
prospective student will select a nursing
64-5

640

THE CANADIAN NURSE

school. The Executive Committee of the
Canadian Nurses Association has re-
ferred the matter of the accreditation
of nursing schools to the Comp1ittee on
Nursing Education for study and rec-
ommendatIOn.
Finally, there still remain on the
agenda the questions of a Canadian Nur-

ses Association First Aid qualification
for nurses, and of the second type of
professional n'urse.
These, then,
re the problems which
will occupy the immediate attention of
the Committee on Nursing Education,
and on which all Canadian nurses should
be thinking with them.

Through the Years

(Conclude" it'om page 644)
by Act amendments, which more fully
described an approved school of nursing
and set examinations as a requirement
for registration. The work: carried out
by our Boards of Examiners from that
time merits the highest possible praise
and appreciation.
Delegates of both language group

have represented us at all conventions of
our national association held through the
years and have carried ollr voice acrcss
the seas in 1933 and 1937, \ÿhen they
shared the experience of the congresses
of the International Council of Nurses.
We have been privilegell to have been
hostess group to the Canadian Nurses
Association upon two occas:ons and wiII
never forget the thrills we experienced
when we helped to steer the sixth Qua-
driennial Congress of the International
Council of Nurses held in Montreal in
July, 1929. Registration at that time
indicated the largest convention ever held
here. Yes ! Verily! we shall never for-
get that experience.
\\Then our country declared war in
September, 1939, we immediately took
stock of our resources and found the
names of one thousand of our memhers
on the voluntary enrolment fOf national
emergency - that thousand and many
more were available immediately. The
preparation of instructors in First Aid
was organized at once, to be followed
by lectures and demonstrations in air
raid precautions and the results of gas
attack. Thou
nds of Ollr members haTe

shared this valuable knowledge and the
modern teaching of First Aid has been
included in our school curriculum. Now
that victory in Europe has been won, our
special committees, appointed -for the
purpose of ;Isslsting in po
t- war planning
and thl rehahilitation ()f service person-
nel, are ready and .aÍert to guide our
endeavours, in relation to our respon-
sibility toward
other groups with simi-
lar aims and interests.
\Vhere are we? \\That are we doing
today ? Fourteen thousand, five hundred
and eleven have been received into mem-
berstip during the years under review,
5,058 on training alone, 8,483 on
training plus special examination and
970 hy reciproc:ty. Our requests for
reciprocity have involved a study of the
nursing laws in all the Canadian provin-
ces, most of the States in the U.S.A.,
Australia, England, Scotland, Norway,
Denmark, France, Finland, HoIland
anrl Sweden.
In conclusion may I suggest thóit we
remember and honour that little band
of pilgrims who, having contrihuted to
the organization .and dC'velopment of
our Association, are now numhered
among the "Saints who from their la-
bours rest" . To the grateful memory
of Mary Shaw Barrow, Louise Bérub6,
Huhf'rta Chagnon, Mabel Clint, Louisa
Dickson, Sister Faf.ard, !Vlabel Hersey,
1\lother 1\ 1aI1lollx, . LiIli,lJ1 Phillips,
fvbry Samuel. Ethel Sharpe,
lora
I\1adeline Shaw, Nora Tedford, Zaidee
y OlJrl!!, Chri
ina \" atling.

Tot. 41, rq.. a

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Advice of One Student to Another

BRIDGET MULLIGAN
Student Nurse

School of 1\ ursing, JllIisericordia Hospital, Edmonton,

Dear Elizabeth:
So you are discouraged! Being a
student myself, and moreover your best
friend, you will permit me, won't you,
to give you a helping hand? I know
what you are going through. I under-

tand your feelings for they were mine
one day.
It was only four months ago that you
bade your family and friends good-bye,
and boarded the train to begin your
new career. When you first arrived in
the city do you remember how it fas-
cinated and excited you? The first week
in the residence was just what you had
expected - everyone was so helpful
and considerate. However it does not
take long, unfortunately,. for "cliques"
to form. Clothes, personalities, hobbies
and manners make fissures too gre.:..t for
the average young person to span. You
kept wishfully thinking that you would
hecome adjusted in time without any
consciou
effort on your part, and all
the while the entire situation was under-
mining your self-confidence.
The first day you went on the floors
you just knew you couldn't do .as well
as Mary, becaw\e she had wit and per-
sonality. Everyone said so. Betty's hair
and clothes were always in stich perfect
order. Doreen could sing like a bird
and play the piano too. Seriously now,
Elizabeth, can you tell me what real
AUGUST, 1 '4S

difference wit and musical talent makes
to people wnen they need nursing care?
As for clothes, we are all offered the
same chances to look neat and trim in
our uniforms.
These were the things that really
mattered to you that first morning. It
would not have been surprising had you
spilled a tray, dropped a wash basin, or
knocked over a screen. Head nurses and
seniors can loom as insurmountable hurd-
les to a mere preliminary student and
that is just what they were to you.
Gradually you began to feel that you
were being singled out as a target for
their wrath. Each day .added more depth
to the already overwhelming whirlpool
of discouragement that was steadily en-
gulfing you. Finally you gave up even
trying to study for examinations; doubt
and fear of failure had set in. You
had no one to turn to for that extra
pat of encouragement that means so
much. So you groped about, not realiz-
ing that the required strength must
come from within.
You need not be discouraged, nor
need you fear failure, for success is
primarily a state of the mind. If one
feels one is a success that is the first
step toward the goal. You say you like
nursing mor
than anything else, and
yet you are willing to hand in your book5
and uniforms and quit! That sounds a
MY

643

THE CANADIAl\" 1\oURSE

bit unreasonable to me, wanting some-
thing so badly but walking out on it
because you think you are a failure. It
leaves you with a feeling of disappoint-
ment, mostly with yourself, doesn't it?
In some cases confidence in oneself
might be "false pride", but not so in
your case. Anyone who has passed the
rigid entrance qualifications which a
student nurse must, should never allow
the word failure to cast a shadow over
her training days. The diploma which
entitled you to enter the school of nurs-
ing, should also give you the inspiration
and confidence you need in your theory.
Next to confidence as a requisite to suc-
cess comes determination. Few people
realize how essential just
bit of "old-
fashioned spunk" is. It is that quality
which forces us to keep practising even
if mir first attempt at bandaging was
bad. It is that inner voice that urges us
on - tomorrow wiH be better. Deter-
mination is not a native quality; it is
a long and steady process, a day-by-day
building. So you see you are offered the
same chance for success as your class-
mates, bearing in mind that you must
have confidence and determination.
Take stock of your outward appearance.
Choose your ideal type of a nurse and
never let her image fade from mind.
Another requisite for success is the
thirst for knowledge. It is an inner urge
and must not only be present through the
three years of training, but an through
one's life. It must m.ake a nurse desire
a thorough understanding of her own
daily work, and also of the new and
many vast fields in science and medicine
that are opening up to her. A nurse must
remember that she is a pillar of strength
to those around her. She is the only con-
tact with the outside world that some of
her patients have. Therefore she can-
not for a fleeting second let her confi-
dence fail her, lest her patients feel that
she is at loss for a solution to their prob-
lems. A patient win never quite trust a
nurse again who has betrayed this con-
fidence.

Being a good nurse is the same as
being a renowned musician or a famous
athlete. These people do not learn their
skill in a day. They practise daily, and
so must the nurse. Each day brings
something new and interesting. How-
ever, understanding must come first -
for without knowledge of what one is
attempting to do, practise would prove
useless.

From all this, Elizaheth, you will
gather that I am not urging you to
stick with nursing as a three-year course;
T feel it is a life work. In any career one
must accept the dark days with the
bright ones; similarly, in nursing. The
nurse not only serves humanity, which
in its pettiness may remember or forget
her, but she is constantly serving God,
who never forgets even the smallest of
her hardships. To me nurses have a dis-
tinct adv.antage over people of other
professions. There is such a wealth of
satisfaction to be derived from the
smallest task in nursing. Just a simple
"thank you" from some aged woman to
whom she has given a drink, or just the
smile of gratitude in the eyes of some
suffering young patient can make a
nurse's spirits soar to heights unknown
to the average work-a-day ,\'orId. In a
nurse's life there is such a close associa-
tion of sorrow and happiness, of life
and death, that some religious life is
necessary. It is this gentle tone which
helps to blend all other qualities ofa
nurse into an admirable character.

So, Elizabeth, square your shoulders
just .a little bit more, as you pin on your
bib. and apron tomorrow morning. Tilt
your chin just a little higher as you pùt
on your cap, and smile just a little often-
er as you begin on your renewed attempt
at being a successful nurse. You can
do it.

Sincerely yours,

EVELYN.

Vol. 41, No. 8

Manitoba Student Nurses' Association

Despite the IPany "growing pains" of our
new Association, it is felt that all members
have derived benefit from our meetings.
They have broadened our outlook on nurs-
ing and have made us reali7e that nurses
everywhere have common problems. Each of
us has enlarged her circle of friendships.
The Association has broadened the outlook
on student life for many of us. \Ve have
actually seen many fine things that other
training schools are <loing, and this makes

us aspire to better things - for example -
the St. Boniface Hospital Student Dramatic
Club and the \Vinnipeg General Hospital
Record Night.
It has brought us all in closer touch with
the M.A.R.N., what it can do for us, what we
can do for it. We will be better
I.A.R.N.
members for having been members of our
1LS.N.A.

DOROTHY MARSHALL
Past President, M.S.N.A.

Valuable Chemical Harvested from lake

Cr
.;tal-covered lakes dott{'d across the
Canadian pr airies yield each year an unusual
and valuab!e harvest of a widely used chemi-
cal compound, sodium sulphate.
When investigation of the deposits in
\Vhite Shore Lake, near Palo, Saskatche-
wan, was first undertaken by Canada's De-
partment of Mines, it was estimated that
approx
mately 19,760,000 tons of hydrous
salts exist
d in the lake in deposits varying
in depth from three to seven or more feet.
Tens of thousands of tons of the dehy-

drated cry
tal, known to the trade as "salt
cake", are required each year in the manu-
facture of kraft paper. Canada's glass in-
dustry also uses the chemical and large ton-
nages arc required in the smelting of nickel
and copp
r ores and in various branches of
the chemical industry.
In the tate summer and in dry seasons, the
lake be(:omes a huge deposit of crystallized
salts. Thc3e deposits are harvested by scrap-
ers and fleets of trucks which pile up huge
reserve stocks.

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

The following are the staff appointments
to, transfers, and resignations from the Vic-
torian Order of Nurses for Canada:
Mary Bastedo and Winnifred Tredaway,
who have been on leave of absence with
scholarships from the V.O.N., having com-
pleted their course in public health nursing,
have been posted to the staffs in Brantford
and N orth York (Ontario) respectively.
Marguerite Ries, having completkd her
course in public health nursing at the Uni-
versity of B. c., has been appointed to the
Gananoque staff.
Margaret Baker (Vancouver General Hos-
pital and public health nursing course, Uni-
versity of B.c.) has been appointed to the
Burnaby staff. Isabel Barron (St. Joseph's
Hospital, Winnipeg, and public health nurs-
ing course, University of Toronto) has
been appointed to the Winnipeg staff. B,.,."
AUGUST, 1945

Crawford (St. Joseph's Hospital, London,
and public liealth nursing course, University
of \\"estern Ontario) has been appointed to
the \Vaterloo staff.
The following nurses have been appointed
to the Toronto staff: Ben-lice BO/mister and
Frmtces Y. Carroll (Brantford General Hos-
pital) and Marion A. Hatcher (Royal Vic-
toria Hospital, Montreal), All have taken
the public health nursing course at the Uni-
versity of Toronto. Dorothy Wyeth (Vic-
toria Hospital, London; B.Sc.N., University
of Western Ontario) has been appointed to
the Border Cities staff.
Louise Steele has resigned as nurse-in-
charge of the .London Branch to accept a
position with the Ontario Provincial De-
partment of Health. Ellen Holland has re-
signed from the York Township staff to
be married.

649

M.L.I.C. Nursi-ng Service

.Uonctte Ger'l'ais (St. Françoise d'Assise
Hospital, Quebec City) has completed the
public health nursing course at the Univ
r-
sity of Montreal and will return shortly to
the Mount Royal Nursing Staff.
Jeannine Couþal (Ottawa General Hospi-

tal and public health nursing course, McGill
School for Graduate Nurses) recently re-
signed from the Company's service. Befòre
joining the R.CA.F. in January, 1942, Miss
Coupal was nurse-in-charg
at Chicoutimi.
P.Q.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Irene Weirs (Wellesley Hospital, Toronto,
and University of Toronto public health
nursing course), who has been until recently
the public health nursing supervisor at
Fort William, has accepted the appointment
as supervisor of the \Vel1and-Crowland
Unit.

The following graduates of the public
health nursing course at the University of
Toronto have accepted appointments: }'fild-
red Laugh len, (Belleville General Hospital)
with the North Bay Board of Heath; Eliza-
beth Pike (Toronto General Hospital) with
the Welland-Crowland Health Unit; Mar-
.fIBret MacMackon (Royal Victoria Hospi-

tal, Barrie) with the Kirkland-Larder Lake
Health Unit; Ethel Rutledge (Kingston
General Hospital) with the Guelph Health
Department; Barbara Wood (Kingston
G..:neral Hospital) with the Hamilton De-
partment of Health.
The following graduates of the University
of Western Ontario public health nursing
course have accepted appointments: [reM
:McCarty (Ontario Hospital, London) with
the \Yelland-Crowland Health Unit; Eli:;a-
beth Skinner" (Stratford General H06pital}.
with the Port Arthur Department of Health;
Georgina Harrington (Ontario He-spital,
London) with the Middlesex County Schoo1
Health Unit.

Saskatchewan Public Health Nursing Service

DorÜ Corcoran (Holy Cross Hospital,
Calgary) ar:td Getzevieve }.t[ atht'S.on (General
Hospital, Port Arthur), who have recently
joined the staff, have taken up their duties
in the Assiniboia \Ve
t and Shaunavon
South districts respectively.
Sara Ba'j'lJrtf and Roberta Cornelius (Re-
gina General Hospital), who joined the staff
at the beginning of the year, are working
in the Regina and Kerrobert districts.
Louise .Miner, the most recent appoint-
ment to the staff, completed the University
of Toronto public health course in !\fay.
Marion DtJlf!71tIS of the Kindcrsley district
has resigned to be marri
d.
M Mjoric Ú!ger, Edna Moore and Blanch

Trublc, who have recently returned from
6M

University, have gone to the district! of
\Vynyard, Preeceville and Maple Creek,
r
spectivdy.
E'l'el).tz Bo).lw transferred recently to the
Tisdale District.
Mrs. H. A. Fletcher, who has b
n work-
ing in the Tisdale district, transferr
d to
the Estevan Larger School Unit. In addi-
tion to a generalized program of pwblic
health nursing, Mrs. Fletcher will carry on
a special health education program in the
schools of the unit.
Lorella M cC oil, North Battleford, took
part in th
program of the annual S.R.N.A.
convention, speaking on the iubject, "How
Th
Canadian Nurse has helped the public
health nurse".

Vol. 41. Met. 8

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How Z. B. T. Baby Powder Helps to
Resist Moisture Dermatitis in Infants

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Dermatitis in infants brau
ht about by wet
diapers, clothes and bed cb:!:cs is a com-
mon and troublesome conGi:::on. B
cause
of it the busy phy
ic:ian is often faced with
questions from anxious mothers. While
normally acid because of uric acid content
(GH4N
03), urine is sometimes converted
into an alkaline irritant in Òe "ar:1moniacal
diaper" by urea-formed ammonia (NfL).
On the basis of simole mechanical pro-
tection, the use of Z.ß.T. Baby Pcmder

with olive cil helps (0 resist moisture der-
matitis. Z.D.T. clings and covers like a
protective (1m-lessens friction and chafing
of wet diapers and shirts. The mechanical
moisture-resisting property of Z.B.T. may
be clearly tlemonsrrated. Smooth Z.B.T. on
the back of your hand. Sprinkle with water
or other liquid of hiGher or lower pH.
Notice how Z.ll. T. Baby Powder keeps skin
dryas the drops roll off. Compare with
ar.] other baby powder.

z. B. T.-the only baby powder made with olive oil

A
JGUST. I
1'i

ft5:t

R.C.A.F. Nursing Service

The Director of
[edical Services (Air)
:announces the following promotions and
changes which have recently taken place in
the RCA.F. Nursing Service:

AI l\Iatron A. H. N elle.
(Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto), has recently re-
.ceived her promotion and is on duty at the
R.CA.F. Hospital, St. Thomas.
N/S D. C. (Pitkethly) Lindsa)' (Ottawa

Civic Hospital) was awarded the A.R.R.C
in the King's Birthday List. She was with
the :Mobile Field Unit Overseas and was
one of the first nursing sisters. to land on
the continent following D-Day.
N/S N. II'!. (Chittim) Trotter (General
Hospital, Chatham) was awarded the A.R
R.C in the King's Birthday List for valu-
able service N 1ST rotter is at present on
duty at R.CA.F. Headquarters, Ottawa.

Royal Canadian Naval Nursing Service

The following nurses received honours in
the King's Birthday Honours List:
R.R.C.: P/M A. R. Fel/mves (Royal Vic-
toria Hospital, Montreal) ; P/M F. M. Roach

(S1. Michael's Hospital, Toronto).
A.R.R.C. : Matron C. A. Evans (Vic-
toria Hospital, London): N/S M. I. Green
(Toronto General Hospital).

NEW S

ALBERTA

EDMONTON:

Royal A lexandra HosPital:

Three graduates of the Royal Alexandra
Hospital School of Nursing have recently
been awarded scholarships and will take uni-
versity post-graduate courses this autumn.
The RA.H. Alumnae scholarship was
awarded to Jean E. Mackie, Class of 1944.
She pUr
oses taking a course in clinical
supervision. One Tegler scholarship goes to
Olive Keith, assistant supervisor of the
children's ward, who will take the course
in clinical supervision with pediatrics the
specialty chosen. The other Tegler scholar-
'ship has been awarded to Florence Watkins,
char
e nurse on the men's surgical ward.
She will also take the course in clinical

0652

NOTES

supervision, specializing in surgical nursing

BRITISH COLUMBIA

KAMLOOPS:

The annual meeting of the Kamloops-
Okanagan District, RN.A.B.C, was held
recently with about forty members for din-
ner, among whom were delegates represent-
ing the six chapters - Salmon Arm, Vernon,
Penticton, Kelowna, Princeton and Kam-
loops-Tranquille. At the conclusion of din-
ner the members were delightfully enter-
tained with musical numbers supplied by
local talent. Following this the business
meeting was conducted by the president, O.
Gar rood. The delegates read interesting
reports of their year's activities, showing
that much had been accomplished.
Helen MacKay, of the Royal Inland Hos-

Vol. 41, No. 8

Your home test con bring you
o SOR'ER, 0
sl11 0 0TtKR SKIn 0
in just 14 days!
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;1'Â
Compare your complexion with your
shoulders. You'll find your shoulders
look 5 or more years younger. Why?
Because shoulder pores are kept dean
by your regular Palmolive Soap bath9
-and so, able to hreathe freely. But face
pores, dogged with dirt and make-up.
can't breathe freely and soon YOllr com-
plexion loses its .flexible softne.r.r arJd ages
before its time. That needn't happen
to your complexion. Palmolive offers
an easy way to keep it radiantly lovely.
You can look younger in 14 days!
Wash your face 3 times a day with
o Palmolive, and each time, uJÙh a

face-cloth massage Palmolive lather 0

o into your skin-for an extra 60 g
seconds! This easy Palmolive
Massage stimulates the dr-
0 0 culation, dears the pores to
8 heiP your complexion re-

gain its .flexible softne.r.r,
o become.rofter,.rmoothet' 0

in jnS[ 14 days! oCl; 0
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-AUGUST, .19'"

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IoRRTI
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RATE

[PRATE'

The cleansing alkaline

-:r

DOUCHE POWDER

· Mild and soothing
· Free from medicinal odor
J

Your recommendation on'
so intimate a matter as
the vaginal douche will
naturally seek to answer
two important questions:
Will it truly cleanse? Is
it safe and non-injurious
to the tissues? In advising
the use of Lorate you
assure your patients a
douching preparation
which is cleansing and
deodorant yet non-astrin-
gent and soothing.

:::-

f
I
t5

LORA TE
For Vaginal Cleanliness
. . . releases nascent oxygen-
an excellent detergent. Has a
pleasing fragrance-free from
medicinal odor. May be safely
and effectively used asarouúne
douche; after menstruation; in
leukorrhea; after childbirth;
during the menopause and in
trichomonas va
inalis and ;:
other forms of vagJOiús.

The Hall-marlc 01 Excellence

OMHIS OÞ81S

-'\

f."

W,LLIAM R. WARNER
& co. LTD.
727 KING ST. W., TORONTO

WARNER
UTAILISKfD liS'

653

65+

rHE CANADIAN NURS.F

DOll6':o1ectiofl
P WITH
ODO.RO.17O

i

PROTECTS YOUR CLOTHING:
No unsightly perspiration stains.
PROTECTS YOU:
No disagreeable body odours.
AND LASTS TWICE AS LONG!

;

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Ç?J ? \.y,.
J
W

1. Wash underarms and
dry well. If necessary.
snave after application,
not before.

(

3. Rinse the IInderarms
well with cleor water or
wipe off with a damp
cloth.

2. Apply Odo-Ra-l'Io free.
Iy with patented non-drip
applicator. Let dry
thoroughly.

4. If these directiOM are
followed, you ond your
garments will be doubly
protected.

DEVElOPED BY A
MED\(Al MAN fOR
THE PROfESSION
. oration was de-
TI\ls prep dical man
ve\
ed b
:r;
ration on
to 5 op h . \ P erform-
g h' hands w Ie
f
IS. _I O p erations.
ing surg lCw
76 FASTIDIOUS fnffe
ODO.RO.170

.

TYPES

Regular: 3 to 5 days' protection
Instant: Faster drying than
"Regular" - 1 to 3
days' protection.
3 SIZES: 39c. 15c., 65c

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pital, was a::.keù to take the chair for tbe
electiun of officers for the coming year.
Miss Garrood was unanimously returned
to office for a second year of able presi-
dency. Mrs. M. Pegeau of Penticton was
elected vice-president and Mrs. \V. R.
\Vaugh, Kamloops, secretary-treasurer. The
cOllveners of the various committees were
elected as follows: Mrs. Mary Barton, hos-
pital and school of nursing; Mi
s Newby,
of Kelov.-na, public health; L Harbell, of
Salmon Arm, general duty and private
nursing. Miss Garrood was voted councillor
to the provincial executive, and Helen Mac-
Kay as delegate to attend the provincial
allnual meeting. The new vice-president then
extended a hearty invitation to hold the
district meeting next October at Pcnticton.
The speaker of the ev
ning was Dr. F. A.
Humphreys, bacteriologist of the Labora-
tory of Hygiene, Department of National
Health and WeHal e, who s,oke on "Tick
and Insect Borne Diseases". Slides were
sho\\ n depicting closeups of tick and insect
Ii fe v. hich proved both interesting and in-
structi\'e.
Irs. Barton thanked the speak-
er. Several of the student nurses from th

Royal Inland Hospital arri\ ed in ti
e to
enjoy Dr. Humphreys' lecture.
During the afternoun the visiting delegates
and executive of the Chapter were entertained
at the home of
rrs. Roy Bell.
The \' alentine tea held in Fehruary was
a great success, $272.25 being realized from
the apron stall, white el
phant table, tea
and 1 affle.

CHILLIWACK:

Uiss D. Priestley, retiring president of
the Chilliwack Chapter, RN.A.n.C., dealt
briefly with the four years work done by
the organization here at the recent annual
meeting. An interesting note wa
the fact
that Miss Claire Tait, first presiùent of the
Ll1apter, has. accepted a position with
UKRRA and "ill serve in Europe. Miss
Pricstky extended thanks to matrons of
Chilliwack Hospital, Chilii"'d.ck Military
Hospital and Coqualeet7.a Indian Hospital
tor acting hostes
e
, and to of ficers and
mcmhers for loyal support.
New officers include; A. McKay, presi-
dent:
I s. E. B. M.
ennedy, vice-president;
E. Morton, secretary; F. Roberts, treasurer;
chairmen of sections: K. Crowley, hospital
and school of nursing; D. PriestJey, vublic
health;
lrs. C. S. Pennuck, genelal nurs-
ing. Standin
committees include; p ognun,
l\Jmes. H. R. Hatfield, H. K. Arnould; re-
freshments, F. Ruberts, .I. HaP 1.... ,::.loane;
membt:rship, T. Fagan, M. F. Bridges, Mrs.
Carl \Vebh; The Cmtadwn Nurse, L. Hodg-
kins; press and publications, Mrs. J. D.

4:t1l1roe: visiting, Mrs., Storey; ways and
means, M.s. T. E. Heato!1.
A cummittee was -appOinted to handle
Special N uri;e6 Emergency funds. Two gift
subscriptions to The Canadian N1trs
will
be sent to ChilJiw-.\ck
'irls graduating tlüs
yeal".

Vol.. 401. No. .

N E \V S
0 T E S

655

ffltU tamtúm
U Heeded",

Phillips' Jlilk of.Magnesia is generally accepted hy
the nledical profession as a
tandard tll('rapt
utic
agent, being so recognized for nwre than 60 }'ears.
As a laxath'e-it is gentle, smooth-acting without embarrass-
ing urgenc).
4s an antacid- Prompt. effective relief. It contains no car-
bonate!". hence no discomfort in!.!: bloating.

GENUllit
,.
PHILLIPS' I
(I _...__ I

; ,,r Of MAG"
:,
.. : +\\."
"ÇS
,
Ii , tfsf\) ,
:; :. I C8ICUIIIm

IIIIQ I
I
: I ,f, "
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. ": ---..,.

!! ==

.-::=

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:9 : i

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()"i '.:!'c,.,
s
_._. 0.,
.... "" \\
ï ....._ ::
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.
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J

..........
..."......_.."" .... ..". \
110 ""'......... -.c... ....
--. ...... ................. ............
., ...... .... .... ........... .... ......
. -
. .

(taxar;.',,)
,"",,'- ---7- · , , 2 to 4 taLI""poonfuls

( ',"Iacid)
110 4 l..a
poon{uI8
or 110 4. labl",s

PHILLIPS

IILK OF
IAGXESI..L\.

Prepared only by
THE CHAS. H. PHILLIPS CO. DIVISION
or Sterlin
Drug Inc.

1019 Elliott Street, W.
Windsor, Ontario

NOVA SCOTIA

NEW GLASGOW:

The w1Veiling of a plaque honouring
graduates from Aberdeen H05pital School
of Nurses who had entered the fighting ser-
vices took place recently in the presenc

of more than fifty persons.
The plaque was donated by the Aberdeen
Hospital Alumnae Ass0ciation and was un-
veiled by Mrs. Eaton, the oldest graduate.
Mrs. Harry .Murray, president of the Alum-
nae Association, spoke briefly, and Canon
I. E. Fraser noted the service of Florence
Nightingale in war and how her exampl

had been followed. Dr. \Y. H. Robbins told
of the services he had seen nurses per forR'1
in the last war.
The plaque has been placed on the wall
of the waiting room by the main entranc

of the hospital. Tea was
erved by Alum-
nae members at the conclusion of the cere-
monies.

Following are the names of the graduat
s
of Ab
rdeen Hospital who are now in the
services: Frances Charman, Nellie Mills,
Ethe-l Duncan. Ruth
íilli
an, Helen
Iorash,
I
abel Thompson.
fae MacChesney, Evdyn

egug, Mabel MacKenzie, Ruth Fawcett.

AUGUST. 1945

Sarah !\{iller, Jean Johnson, Beryl Ripley
and Margaret Treen.
The Alumnae Association recently h
kl
a rummage sale which netted $90. The pro-
ceeds will go towards the endowment of a
room in the new hospital which is un&r
consideration.

ONTARIO

Editor' 3 Note: District of ficers of the
Registered :K urses AS80ci2\ tion may obtain
information regarding the publication of
news items by writing to the Provincial
Convener of Publications, },,fiss Gena Bam-
forth, 54 The Oaks, Bain Ave., Toronto

DISTRICTS 2 AND 3
Brnntford G
tlernl Hospital:
The graduation exercises ('If the Brantford
General Hospital School of X ursing took
place recently when The ).lost Rev. C. A.
Seager, D.D., Archbishop of Huron, ad-
dressed the class. In the afternoon a garden
party was held at the hospital. In t

v
n-
ing a danc
was much enj oyed by the nurse5

656

THE C.-\
.A D I -\:'\ X
J R S E

BACK COPIES
WANTED

To complete the set of bounù
volumes in the office of The Cana-
dian Nurse the following issues of
the Journal are required:
1911: Jan. to Dec. inclusive.

1912: Jan. to Dec. inclusive.

1913: Jan. and Oct.
1914: Jan., Feh. and June.
If any subscriber has these is-
sues in their posses
ion anù would
be willing to sell them, kindly com-
municate with the The Canadian
Nurse, 522 :\Iedical _\rt
BldJ!.,
:\Iontreal 25, P. Q.

Proper Illumination

Requests for illumination studies are be-
ing made with increasing frequency. Cer-
tain factors are found common to all of
the places studied and are probably typical
of situations in office cubicles. These are:
1. An intensity of illumination from arti-
ficial sources entirely inadequate to meet
the needs of the seeing job being done.
2. A
el ious degree of glare at windows
resulting either from direct sunlight or sun-
light reflected from light coloured build-
ings.
3. Excessive contrasts in degree of il-
lumination as a result of desk lights used
in an effort to correct for inadequate in-
tensities of general illumination.
Replacement of incandescent lighting fix-
tures with fluorescent lighting fixtures pro-
vides the 11'\0st desirable remedy in most
cases. Modern fixtures are difficult to
obtain, however, and the changes in wiring
increase the cost,

and their friends. A week lat<:r the .\lum-
nae Association entertained the graduates at
a banquet and dance.
The Association held their closing meet-
ing for the season on the terrace of the.
hospital grounds, where an enjuyable picnic
lunch was served.
liss Helen Cuff, the
president, conducted the meeting and the
election of of ficers took place as follows:
Honourary president, J.
L \\ïlson; presi-
dent, H. Cuf f; vice-president, O. Plum-
stead; secretary, 1\1. Patterson: treasurer,
1\lrs. J. Oliver; committees: gift. J. Lan-
drette, Y. Buckwell; flower,
I. .Malloy, L.
Burtch; social, l\lmes J. Grit:rson, P. Smith;
representatives to: Local Council of \Vo-
men,
Irs. E. Walton; Red Cross,
frs. A.
D. Riddell; The CmlOdian .VlIrse and press,
D. Franklin.

DISTRICT 4

HAMILTON:

A regular meeting of the Hamilton Chap-
ter, District 4, R.N.A.O.. was held recently
at St. Joseph's Hospital, with Miss Blackwuod
presiding. Miss J can
Iasten, president of
the R.
.A.O. and superintendent of nurses,
Huspital for Sick Children, Toronto, pres-
ented to the meeting some of the more re-
cent trends in nursing such as "The Prac-
tice Act", which would give legal status to
nurses, the advisability of setting up a
placement bureau for the Province, and the
possibility of a pension fund for nurses.
Miss Masten also spoke of the great need
I existing among the European nurses for
uniforms. shoes, etc. To help meet this need
all Canadian nurses will be given an op-
portunity to make a contribution.

\\TELLAND:

The last regular meeting of the \Yelland
Graduate K urses Association took the form
of a business meeting with
Irs. C. Hill in
charge. The room committee reported the
purchase of a new mattress and was asked to
have the room linen brought up to the
standard amount. The final financial reports
were read and a satisfactory bank balance
was revealed. Fall activities were also dis-
cussed and a social hour followed.
At the annual dinner some sixty nurses
were present from the various branches of
nursing in the city. Mrs. Peggy Sharp and
:Mrs. Marg Beatty won door prizes donated
by :Miss Rossi. Many enjoyed a walk on the
terrace after dinner and card games were
played.

DISTRICT 7

BROCK VILLE:

Miss Kay Kerr, secretary of the Brock-
-California's Health, ville Chapter, District 7, R.N.A.O., reports

Vol. 41. No. 8

E \\- S 1\ 0 T E S

657

that a recent meeting wa, held in the On-
tario Hospital, \, ith
f iss Preston, the ne\\--
ly-elected president, in the chair. Mrs.
Gilpin introduced the guest speaker, Dr.
Barrie, who spoke on "Electro Shock Ther-
apy". To stimulate interest it was decided
to have an advertisement inserted in the
local paper t\\-ice during the week preced-
ing the meeting night and to include the
name of the speaker. 1\1rs. Orr and her staff
later served refreshments.

KINGSTON:

The Hotel Dieu Hospital will celebrate its
one hundredth anniversary on September
11 of this Year. It is the sincere wish of the
Rev. Mother Superior that all graduates of
the Training School will make a special
effort to be present and to celehrate with
the Sisters this memorable event. Invitations
will be sent to each graduate in the near
future and the Alumnae "ould appreciate
names and addresses for its mailing list.
Among the Hotel Dieu graduates at the
new Veterans Hospital on Princess St. are
Rita Davis, Marjorie O'Toole, Esterine
Johnston, Rita Ca"sidy,
largaret Stephens,
Mildred Kennedy,
farjorie
IcGrath, Mar-
garet Coderre, Eulia \Vilkinson,
[arcella
O'
leara, "ïllena Hurley.

QUEBEC

1\10NTREAL:

Children's
lemorial Hospital:

At a recent meeting of the Staff .\ssocia-
tion, as part of the education program, Dr.
1\1:. Digby Leigh, chief anesthetist, gave an
interesting and informative talk on "O'.y-
gen Therap
", complete with a film presen-
tation and practical demonstration. The
teaching department. together with the staff
nurses, have been husy revising the student
nurses' report forms. The present issue un-
der discussion is the question of improving
charting methods.
The iollowing nurses have success fully
completed their six-month post-g'raduate
course: X orah Edgar (St. Boniface Hospi-
tal, Man.): Christena Geddes (
fi5ericordia
Hospi tal, Erlmotnon); R uhy De" ar ( Dau-
phin General Hospital,
fan.)
The new class of post-graduates started
May 15. They are Brenda Corker (Ro)'al
Columbian Hospital, New \Vestminsterî:
Yacko Kagai (Vancouver General Hospital) ;
Maric Linkletter (St. Joseph's Hospital,
P.E.I.); Pauline \\. right (Royal Jubilee
Hospital, Victoria).
Recent appointments to the sta ff are
Christena Geddes, Doris Llovd and Pauline
Markham (Hotel-Dieu, \\'indsor). Joan
McPhail has resigned.
AUGUST, 1945

,

Hope
of the

Future

Keep them heaIth)'-let Baby's Own Tablets
help you. Plea-;ant. simple tablet triturates,
they can be safely depended upon for relief
of constipation, upset stomach. teething
fevers and other minor ailments of baby-
hood. Warranted free of narcotics and
opiates. A standby of nun;es and mothers
for over 40 years.

BABY'S OWN Tablets

SOCIAL ASPECTS OF
TUBERCULOSIS

B) S. Roodhouse Gloyne. Public health
and other nurses will find this new Bn-
tish book of special interest. It is an en-
lal'gement of lectures given at the Royal
College of Nursing to health visitor stu-
dents. It deals with infection, resistance
and other problems as they concern both
the individual and the community. 52.50.

THE NURSE AND THE LAW

By Gene Harrison. "The nurse's chief
concern is not only to avoid tangles with
the law, but also to know enough about
law to enable her to give hope and rom-
fort to her patient if occasion arises."-
L. E. Dickinson,
\I.D.
"There should be a place on the shelves
of each nurse, beside her medical books,
for this volume, in which an attempt ha

been made to fill a want hitherto un-
satisfied." - J. H. Harrison, Attorney-
at-Law. 33.75.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

658

THE CANADIAN NURSE

"NED-CHEMICAL" FOOD

TONIC

VITAMIN AND
MINERAL fOOD
SUPPLEMEN1

The most complete, effective and
economical nutritional supple-
ment available at this time.

DOSAGE:

Two teas;>oo:'1fuls - or two
capsules daily.

In 73,4 oz., 23 1 ,4 oz. and 461/2 oz.
bottles or boxes of 53, 100 and
250 capsules.

.-

g&"
&eo.
MONTREAL CANADA

The Canadian Mark of
Quality Pharmaceuticals
Since 1899

NURSE PLACEMENT SERVICE
N. B. A.. R. N.

Qualified Nurses are required for
the fOllowing positions in New
Brunswick:
Assistant Instructor of Nurses;
Instructor of Nurses to act also as
Assistant Superintendent of small
hospital; Night Supervisors; Super-
\'isors and Head nurses for Operat-
ing Room, Private Patients, Mater-
nity Divisions; General Staff
(General Duty) nurses for general
and special hospitals; School
Nurses; Infant 'Ye1fare nurse;
Nurse in Industrial plant; Record
Librarian.

For further information JIIrite to:

NURSE PLACEMENT
SERVICE
29 WELLINGTON ROW
SAINT JOHN, N. B.

Royal Victoria Hospital:

Bertha Cameron and Elizabeth Stewart
spent a week recently observing in neuro-
surgery and urology at New York Hospi-
tals. Henrietta Adams and Jean Trenholm
recently visited the Massachusettt; General
and the Peter Brent B:-ig1-:cm Hospitals.
Marian ::\lcE\\"en, of t:.(' outdoor depart-
ment staff, recently joit...J the R.CN. Nurs-
ing Service.
NIS's Rita Ackhurst, Rita Fulton, Mar-
garet
10watt and Doris Carter were recent
visitors at the hospital from overseas.

St. M MY'S Hospital:

The annual dinner tendered by the Alum-
nae Asscciation of St. Mary's H06pital
School for Nurses for the graduating class
was held recently with Mrs. W. E. J ohf.l-
son, president of the Association, presid-
ing. At the head table were Alyce McKenna,
Regina Cowan, Patricia Corbett, president
of the graduating class, Rev, Father A.
Carter, Chaplain of the Association, Em
O'Hare, NIS Mary Morrow and Emily
Toner.
Father Carter addressed the nurses and
commended their spirit of unity and com-
radeship. Toasts were proposed by E. Toner,
M. Barrett, G. Kennedy, E. O'Hare, and P.
Corbett thanked the Association in the name
of the new graduate
. Arrangements for the
dinner were in charge of T. De\Vitt, Mrs.
T. Cherry, D. Sullivan and CLewis.
A recent visitor to town was N IS Claire
Robillard on furlough from the U.S. Army
1\ urse Corps. Claire has been doing some
interesting work in anesthesia and has seen
action in China, India and Burma. Catherine
Dupuis writes from Santa Barbara, Calif.,
that she has made application to nurse with
the U. S. Navy Nurse Corps. Anne-Marie
Kingston has been awarded a two-year
scholarship at the University of St. Louis.
Miss Kingston will take a post-graduate
course in public health nursing. The degree
of Bachelor of Science in Nursing has been
conferred on Claire MacDonald from the
University of St. Francis Xavier.

QUEBEC CITY:

Jeffery Hale's Hospi..al:

The graduation exercises of the Jeffery
Hale's Hospital School of Nursing were
held recently with a large number of rela-
tives and friends present. Mr. J. T. Ross,
assisted by Miss M. E. Lunam, presented
the graduates with their diplomas and medals.
Following the exercises a reception was
held. A formal dance was given by the
staff and Board of Governors, in honour
of the Class of 1945, and the Alumnae Asso-
ciation also entertained the Class at dinner.

Vol. 41, No.8

NEWS NOTES

The O'radl1ating class recently held a \Var-
time Tea for friends in the city.
M. Taylor and M. Dickson have left w
tak
up their duties with the Roy
l Cana-
dian Navy. Mrs. Mashell has resIgned as
s1Ipervisor of the semi-private and pediatric
wards and has been replaced by :Miss Coull.
Mrs. Pfeiffer has replaced Mrs.
Iashell as
treasurer of the Alumnae Association.
All nurses of J. H. H. who wrote the
Spring examinations for registration passed
succeS6 fully.

SASKA TCHEW AN
MAPLE CREEK CHAPTER:

A dance under the auspices of the 'Maple
Creek Chapter was held recently. Part of
the proceeds have been forwarded to the
Britiih Nurses Relief Fund. The Chapter
is subscribing to the Digest of Treatmcnt and
at each meeting some of the articles will be
read and discussed.

MOOSE lAW CHAPTER:
The first Thursday in each month five
local nurses, each keenly interested in the
public health field, meet for an informal
luncheon. Those attending are Urnes B.
Farquharson, A. Tanney, Misses K. Jamie-
son, N. Armstrong, La Roque.
Grace Motta, superintendent of nurses,
Uoøse Jaw General Hospital, represented
the S.R.N.A. at the recent convention of
the Provincial Council of \Vomen held in
Moose Jaw.
Kristie Jamieson recently spoke to the
Central Collegiate Home Nursing class on
Venereal Disease. Her lecture was met with
much enthusiasm 2'Id interest by the forty-
two members present.

PRINCE ALBE:R.T CHAPTER:

The following nurses ún the Victoria
Hospital staff, Prince .\lbert, are taking
post-graduate com-ses at the Vancouver
General Hospital:
Irs. Jean S. Harry, Mar-
jorie Wilson, Gladys Anderson. Noreen
Lambert, a 1945 graduate of the Cniversity
of Saskatchewan School of N uriing and

EXAMINATIONS FOR
REGISTRATION OF NURSES IN
NOVA SCOTIA
To take place on October 17. 18 and 19. 1945,
at Halifax, Yarmouth. Amherst. Sydney. and
New Gk1",gow. Requ[sts for application forms
should be made at once. and forms MUST BE
returned to the Registrar by September 17.
1945, together with: (1) Birth Certificate; (2)
Provincial Grade XI Pass Certificat2; (3)
Diploma of School of Nursing; (4) Fee of
$10.00.
No undergraduate may write unless he or
she hail passed successfully all final School of
Nursing examinations. and is within SIX weeks
of completion of the course of N ul"6ing_
JEAN C. DUNNING. R.N.. Reldstrar
Thf' ftegistered Nurses Association of
Nova Scotia
3111 Barrington St.. Halifax. N.S.

AUGUST, 1945

659

)

tRiad-
S1o&inrþL
dlall.t1
fD 91lL?

/

. _ tra in -
Nurses - 1
..st wear
ing. who stocking
black. havetoo. The
troubles . is All-
ideal . solut
o
ex Dye.
Fahr1C TIn "toclungs
Dye an
it's quic
,
BLAf
o\.nd All-F>\bn

easY. '. guaranteed .
Tint eJt 1
Tin t e )t

:
;
1\
te

411Þ-
-

-

FAST DYES AND TINTS

For Those
Who Prefer The Best

.

@dereUo

WH ITE TUBE CREAM

will
Make Your Shees Last Langer
Give A Whiter Finish
Prove Mare Economical To Use_
Made in Canada
For Sale At All Good Shoe Stares
FroM Coast to Coosi'.

660

THE C-\1\ -\DIA!\ I\URSE

LSE oftJS

". - A Refined Healthful Habit

There is no substitute for mouth cleanliness

WANTED

Applications are invited for the position of Cla
!Sroom Instructress. Salary,
$120 per month, plus full maintenance, including uniforms and laundry. Four
weeks vacation following one year's service. Apply, stating qualifications
and experience, to:
The Secretary, Board of Commissioner
, Nova Scotia Ho:spital, Dartmouth, N.S.

WANTED

A Matron is required immediately for the Swift Current General Hospital
of 75 beds. No training school. Applicants should state full particulars as to
experience, references, salary desired, and when available. Apply to:
E. H. Rice, Secretary-Manager, Box 10, Swift Current, Sask.

.

WANTED

An A
si!Stant Superintendent is required for the Kootenay Lake General
Hospital.
elson, B. C. Apply, stating experience, to:
Kootenay Lake General Hospital, Nelson, B. C.

S1. Paul's Hospital, Saskatoon, ha
accepted
a position on the staff of the Holy Family
Hospital, Prince Albert, as instructor. 1Iiss
Lambert graduated with distinction from
the University and was presented with the
award for theory at St. Paul's.

REGINA CHAPTER:

Annual Vesper Services were hdd in the
Metropolitan Church and in the. Chapel of
the Grey i\ uns' :Hospital in
1:ay with many
nurses in attendance. Mrs. E, Martin has
taken up her new duties as a public health
nurse. She was formerly supervisor of the
children's ward, Grey 1\uns' Hospital. Mrs.
Dorothy \\' eaver has resigaed her position
with the Cancer Clinic, Regina, after two
and a hal f years service.

SASKATOON CHAPTER:

\Vell-attended Vesper Services for nurses
in Saskatoon were held in )'fay at S1. John's
Cathedral and S1. Mary's Church.
Y ORKTON CHAPTER:

In observance of Hospital Day a success-
f ul tea \\'as recently held by the '- orkton
Chapter at the Y orkton General Hospital.
During the day more than one hundred
guests were received.
Alice Gwilliam, of the Y orkton General
Hospital operating room staf f, has completed
a post-graduate course in surgery at Van-
couver General Hospital and has returned to
the position of supervisor of the operating
room.

Vol. 41, No. 8

WANTED

A qualified Instructress is required immediately for the Carman General
. Hospital. Apply stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Carman General Hospital, Carman. Manitoba.

WANTED
Registued Nurses are required immediately for General Duty in Ex-
Servicemen's Pavilion. Nurses are also required for Operating Room and Ob-
stetrical Unit. Salaries depending upon experience. Full maintenance living
out. Railway fare to Edmonton refunded after six months' service. Apply,
stating experience, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, University Hospital, Edmonton, Aita.

WANTED
Nurses are required for General Duty in the Verdun Protestant Hospital,
Montreal. This is a splendid opportunity to obtain psychiatric nursing exper-
ience. State in first letter experience, references, etc. and when services would
be available. Apply to:
Director of Nursing, Verdun Protestant Hospital, Box 6031, )lontreal, P. Q.

WANTED

A Lady Superintendent and two nurses are required for the Barrie Mem-
orial Hospital in Ormstown. For full particulars write to:
The 11edical Superintendent, Barrie :\lemorial Hospital, Ormstown, P.Q.

WANTED

A
ursing Superintendent and an Assistant
ight Supervisor are required
at once for the CornwaJl General Hospital. Apply, stating experience and
salary expected, to:
F. StidwiIl, Secretar,y-Treasurer, Cornwall General Hospital, Cornwall, Onto

WANTED

An experienced Operating Room
urse as Office Nun:e is required for a
doctor in a middlesized Saskatchewan town. Duties are to begin on September
1. Beginning salary, $150 per month. Apply to:
Dr. 'Yo Bergmann, :\Ieadow Lake, Sask.

WANTED

Applications are invited for the position of Superintendent of a 55-bed

eneral Ho
pital with an 18-bed Maternity Annex. Apply, stating qualifica-
tIOns, experIence, and salary expected, to:
Secretary, Board of Trustees, Colchester County Hospital Trust, Truro, N. S.

AUGUST, 1945

5"<

WANTED

A Registered Nurse is required for Ni
ht Duty. Salary, $90 per month,
plus full maintenance. One full night off each week. Apply to:
Scott }lemorial Hm,pital, Seaforth, Onto

WANTED

General Duty Nurses, registered or graduates, are required for the Lady
Minto Hospital. The salary is $90 and $80 per month, with full maintenance.
Apply, stating full particulars of qualifications, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Ont.

WANTED
Applications are invited for the following positions in a 100-bed hospital
with Training School:
Dietitian - required at once.
Instructor - required for September 1. 1945.
For further information apply to:
Sister Superior, Pro\idence Hospital, \I.)ose Jaw, Sask.

WANTED

An Operating Room
urse is required immediately for a 200-bed Children's
HospitaL Salary, $85 per month, and maintenance. 9G-hour fortnight. Apply to:
Superintendent of :\urses, Children's Memorial HO
I)itaI. ::\Jontreal 23, P. Q.

WANTED

A SuperinteJ
dent of Xurses. Dietitian, and Instructress are required im-
mediately for the Highland View Ho,.;pital. Apply, stating qualifications, to:
Secretary, Highland View Hospital. Amherst, N. S.

WANTED

An _hsistant Superintendent and a Clinical Supervisor are required for
a l80-bed hospital in Southern Ontario. Student body, approximately 40.
Apply, stating qualifications and salary expected. to:
Superintendent of Nurses.
iag-ara Falls General Hospital. Niagara Falls, Onto

WANTED

General Staff
urses are required for the 'Yom en's :\1 issionary Hospital
of the United Church of Canada at Hearst, Onto The salary is $100 per month,
with full maintenance, less tax. Apply to:

uperintendent, St. Paul's Hospital, Hearst, 0n1.

662

Vol. 41, Nc.. .

WANTED

A qualified Dietitian is required for a 117 -bed General Hospital. Apply to:
Superintendent, St. Joseph's Hospital, Peterborough, Onto

WANTED

A Senior Instructor of Nurses is required for a Training School of 60
pupils. Salary, $135 per month. Apply, stating qualifications, age, religion,
etc., to:
Superintendent, Glace Ba) General Hospital, Glace Bay, N.S.

WANTED
A Registered Nurse is required as Night Supervisor; three Registered
nurses are also required for General Staff Duty. Eight-hour day and six-day
week, with full maintenance. Apply, stating salary expected, to:
Superintendent, Shriners. Hospitals for Crippled Children, Montreal Unit,
Montreal 25, P. Q.

WANTED
General Staff Nurses are requ ired for PS} chia tric Teaching Centre.
Straight eight-hour day, with one full day off duty weekly. Three weeks holi-
day a .year; accumulative sick leave. Minimum annual salary, $1200 less per-
quisites. Apply to:
Director of .Kurses, Toronto Ps}'chiatric Hospital, Toronto 5, Onto

WANTED

An Assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses is reQuired by the She"rbrooke
Hospital. Applicants must also be able to assist with the instruction for a
rapidly-expanding English School of Nursing. Position available immediately.
Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are urgently required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis
Hospital. Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary
i
$100. per month, with full maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Ex-
perience unnecessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
Mis
1\1. L. Buchanan. Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED
A Superintendent is required for the Gait General Hospital of 90 beds.
Applicants should have. had post-graduate training in Administra
ion and
Teaching, and experience in the administration of a Training School. Apply,
stating references, experience, and salary expected, to:
H. N. Simmons, Secretary, Galt Hospital Trust, City Hall, Galt Onto

AUGUST, 1945

663

Official Directory
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1411 Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q.
President ...................._...._Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal 2. P. Q.
Past President ........_....__ Miss Marion Lindeburgh, 8466 University Street. Montreal 2. P. Q.
First Vice-President .............. Miss Rae Chittick. Normal School, Calgary, Alta.

econd Vice-President ...._.... Miss Ethel Cryderman. 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, ORt.
Ðonourary Secretary .._........Miss Evelyn Mallory. University of British Columbia. Vancouver, B. 0.
Ðonourary Treasurer ............Mis8 Marjorie Jenkins, Children's Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
NumerølA indicate office held: (1) Pruidcnt, Provincial Nur!fea A!fsociation;
(I) CAairman. Hoøpital and &1001 of Nvrrinu Section; (3) Chairman, Public
Health Section; (6) Chairman, General Nvrring Section.

Alberta. (1) Miss B. A. Beattie, Provincial Mental
Hospital, Ponoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-
gen Calgary General Hospital; (3) Mrs. R.
SelIÌJOrn, V .O.N., Edmonton; (4) Miss N.
Sewallis. 9918-108th St., Edmonton.

British Columbia:(I) Miss E. Mallory, 1088 W.
loth Ave.. Vancouver; (2) Miss E. Nelson,
Vancouver General Hospital; (8) Miss T.
Hunter. 4238 W. 11th Ave., Vancouver; (4)
Miss E. Otterbine, lS84 Nicola St., Ste.
.
Vancouver.

Manitoba: (1) MIss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlpe.
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win-
nipeg General Hospital; (8) Miss H. Miller.
723 Jessie Ave.. Winnipeg; (4) Miss J. Gor-
don, 3 Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brun&wick: (1) Miss M. Myers. Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Murdoch.
Saint John General Hospital; (8) Miss M.
Hunter, Dept. of Health, Fredericton; (4)
Mrs. M. O'Neal, 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John.

Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald, City of
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard.
Halifax Infirmary: (8) Miss M. Ross, V.O.N..
Pictou: (.&) Miss M. MacPhail, 29 St. Peter's
Rd., Syòney.

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten, Ho
pital to.
Sick Children, Toronto: (2) Miss B. McPhe-
dran, Toronto Western Hospital; (3) Miss M.C.
Livingston 114 WellinA'ton St.. Ottawa; (4)
!\fiss K. Layton, 8n Sherbourne St., Toronto
2.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss D. Cox. 101
Weymouth St., Charlottetown; (2) Sr. M.
Irene, Charlottetown Hospital; (8) Miss S.
Newson, Junior Red Cross, Charlottetown; (4)
Miss M. Lannigan, Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: (1) Miss Eileen Flanagan, 8801 Uni-
versity St., Montreal; (2) Miss Wlnnlfred
MacLean. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal;
(8) Miss Ethel B. Cooke, 880 Richmond Sq.,
Montreal; (4) Mile Anne-r.farle Robert. 671Cl
me Drolet, Montreal.
Saskatchewan: (1) Mrs. D. Harrison, 110-1. El-
liott St.. Saskatoon; (2) Miss A. Ralph,

Ioose Jaw General Hospital: (3) Miss E.
Smith, Dept. of Puhlic Health. Parliament
Bldgs., Regina; (-I) Mrs. V. M. McCrory, 409-
19th St. E., Prince Albert.
Chairmen, National Sections: Hospital and
School of Nursing: Miss Martha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: MI.
Helen McArthur, 218 Administration llId
.,
Edmonton, Alta. General Nursin
: Miss
Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., Wlnnlp
,
Man. Convener. Committee on Nur
lng Educa-
tlon: Miss E. K. Russell. 7 Queen's Park,
Toronto, OnL

OFFICERS OF NATIONAL SECTIONS

General Nuning: Chairman, Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St. 'Vinnipeg, Man. First Vke-
Chairman. Miss Helen Jolly, 8234 College Ave., Regina, Sask: Second Vif'e-Chairman, Miss
Dorothy Parsons, 376 George. St., Fredericton. N. B. SeC1.etary-Treasurer, Miss Margaret E.
\\'arren., 6-1. Niagara St., \Vinnipeg, Man.
HO$þital and School of Nur$ing: Chairman, Miss Martha Batson. Montreal General Hospital. First
V
ce-Chairman. Rev. Sister Clermol)t, St. Boniface Hospital, Man. Second Vice-Chairman,
MIss G. Bamforth. 54 The Oaks, Bam Ave.. Toronto, Onto Secretary Miss Vera Graham Homoeo-
pathic Hospital Montreal. '
Public lfealth: C.hairm.an. Miss H
len McArtl!ur, 218
rJministration Blrl
., Edmonton, AIta. Vice-
Chawman, MISS MIldred I. \
alker, Institute of Public Health. London Onto Secretary-Treas-
urer, Miss Jean S. Clark, 218 Administration Bldg., Edmonton, Alia. '
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

International Council of Nur$e$: 1819 Broadway, New York City 23, U.S.A. Executive Secretary,
Miss Anna Schwarzenberg.
Canadian Nur$e$ A$$ociation: 1411 Crescent St., :\lontreal 25, P. Q. (;eneral Secretary. Miss Ger-
trude :\.1. Hall. Assistant Secretarielf, Miss Electa
lacLennan, :\liss Winnifred Cooke.
PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Albt'Tta Ass'n of Regi$tered NurH$: Miss Elizabeth B. Rogers. St. Stephen's College. Edmonton.
Registered Nur$e$ Au'n of British Columbia: Miss Alice L. Wright, 1014 Vancouver Block, Van-
couver.
Manitoba Au'n of Regidered Nuues: Miss Margaret :\1. Street, 212 Balmoral St.. \Vinnipeg.
New Brunswick Au'n of Regi$lered Nunes: Miss Alma F. Law. 29 Wellington Row, Saint John.
Registered Nur$e$ Au'n of No't'a Scolia:
fiss Jean C. Dunning, 301 Barrington St., Halifax.
't.egisterl'd Nurse$ Au'n of Ontario: :\liss :\Iatilda E. Fitzgerald. Rm. 715, 86 Bloor St. \V.. Torunto 5.
Prince Edward Island Regi
'eTed Nune$ Au'n: Miss Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown.
Regi$tered Nur$es An'n of Ihe Pro't';nce of Quebec: :\fiss E. Frances Upton, 1012 \Iedical Arts Bldg.,
Montreal 25.
Sa$katchewan Reg;dered Nurses Au'n: Miss Kathleen W. Ellis. 104 Saskatchewan Hall, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

664

Vol. 41, No.

VOL U M E 41
NUMBER 9

S-E
P
T E M B E R
1 9 4 5

L Dsmos

!oto by Jean Whiteford

rnt

CAN AI. I A N
NIIRSE

I

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o \V N E n AND P II ß LIS HEn ß Y
THE CAN A D I À N N II R
E S ASS 0 C I A T ION

ANTISEPSIS

The

Essential

.: As a universal ant1s
pt1C
" Dettol" IS excellent, as the
'practitioner can use it on the
'surface, 1n the wound, and
'also for his instruments.'*

*\X'akeIey, c.P.G., (1942.) The PractitlOlzer 149.
o

This quotation summarises a view
that has been repeated in numerous
technical reports, scientific parers
and textbooks during the past ten
years. The reason is worth considering.

It is not that · Dettol' is unique with
respect to any single quality regarded
as essential, or at least desirable, in
antiseptic substances. Thus, it is not
alone in being lethal to a diversity of
pathogenic bacteria, including Strep.
þ)'ogenes, Staph. aureus, Bact. t)"pho

sum and Bact. coli; indeed, tested
against these organisms. some anti-
septics have higher phenol coefficients.
Several substances are available which,
like · Dettol " retain high bactericidal
potency in the presence of blood,
pus and wound contaminants: some

Attributes

which are non-toxic, even at full
bactericidal strength: or are applic-
able, without causing pain or injm"y,
to raw wounds and surfaces: or
do not inhibit the n.!tural
processes of repair: or are stable
at all clinically desirable tempera-
tures and at all dilutions: or are
non
staining, agreeable in use and
pleasant to smell.

\Vhat is special to I Dettol ' is that:
it combmes in very high measure
all these qualities of an ideal
general-purposes antiseptic, and
it is to this remarkable coml>ina.--
tion of properties that 'Dettol' owe"
its present position as the anti#
septic favoured above all others in
operating theatres, labour wards.
casualt\' posts, factories and homes
throughout the Empire.

For the general practitioner and
surgeon, obstetrician and nurse.
patient and carrier: for sterilization
of the skin, wounds or instruments:
for all the contingencies of practice
that call for an antiseptic that is
effective and safe: for major surgery
or minor mishaps-the antiseptic
of choice is 'Dettol'.

RECKITI & COLM<\N (CANADA) LIMITED, PHARMACEUTICAL DEP'\R [MENT, MO:'liTREAL
MS,.-

SEPTEMBER 1945

r------ -----,
I AMERICAN CAN COMPANY I
I
IEDICAL ARTS BUILDING. HAMILTON. ONT. I
Please scnd me free coP,y of "The Canned I
I Food Reference
lanual. '
I NAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
I PR OFESSIONAL TITLE... . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . I
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.>1 CiTY.... .... .. (PLËÃSË .PRIw';ROV.......... I
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ß r e \ Inaoe:).1\ C\1. ce .

cscarc 1. DietarY t 'lariet
; -\0 refer dC5cribes
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free copies. Use
Oupon.

'---

..,

The

Canadian

Nurse

Register(!d at Onawa. Canada, a. second class maner.
Editor and Business M anagC'r:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N.. 522 Medical Art. BIela'. , Montreal 25. P.Q.

CONTENTS FOR SEPTE'IBER, 19 t5

NOVA SCOTIA POSER SOME QUESTIONS
PLASTIC SURGERY
A SCHOOL HEALTH SER\ ICE
WHY GIRLS DON'T Go IN TR4.INING
RECOVERY
ROOM TO GROW IN -
CONFLICTING IDEAS IN TEXTBOOKS
RUPTURED SPLEEN
NOTES FROM NATIONAL OFFICE
QUEBEC HOLDS ITS SILVER JUBILEE MEETIr-;G
AN
U\L MEETING IN KOVA SCOTIA
WHEN 1H
S.R.N.A MET IN PRINCE ALBERT
POSTWAR PLANNING ACTInTIES
NURSING EDUCATION
INTERESTING PE(PLE
ABDOMINAL PERINE4.L RESECTION-
ROYAL ALEXANDRA NURSES CHORAL CLl'B
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
B03K REVIEWS
NEWS NOTES -
OFFICIAL DIRECTOLY

R. F. MacDonald 687
R. G. Langtl-ton, AI.D. 689
G. Lovell 693
J. .Lv! ason 696
R. G. Hull 700
H. G. McArthur 703
A E. H Q(Jgarl 705
E. 'Weldon 707
703
715
717
71R
720
721
722
J. Walker 729
L. Olynyk 730
732
736
741
747

Suhnription Rate.: $2.00 per year - $5.00 for \ years; Foreign & U.S.A.,
2.50; Student
Nur.es. $1.50; Canadian Nursing Sisters Overseas and Canadian nurses serving with UNRRA,
12.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cheques, money orders and postal notes should be made
payable to The C.nadian Nurse. (When remitting by cheques add 15 cents for exchange).
Clum<<e of Address: Four weeks' advance notice, and thoe old address, as well as the ne,." are

..ary for chanae of sub.criber's address. Not responsible for Journals lost in the mails due
to new address not being forwarded PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Editorial
C_tnat: N'ews items should reach the /oumøl office before the 8tb of month preceding publica-
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complete in March, June, Sept. & Dec. issues.
Addru. all communications to $22 Medicøl Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P. Q.

666

Vol. 41 No. 9

.'

'f A THE ß S . 0 F (A N A D I A N M E 0 I ( I N E

t
! .

--.
"

I
.J

,

SYMPATHY, kindness, modesty, politeness. .
these qualities attracted people to Jean
Philippe Rottot. Born at l'Assomption, P.Q., he
received his degree in 1847 and for sixty-three
years practised medicine in Lower Canada. His
skill was exerted freely among a large propor-
tion of French-Canadian families.

Rottot was a fine diagnostician and he was
greatly in demand as a consultant. He formu-
lated valuable definitions Qf illness and inflam-
matio'1!. A keen interest in his patients and their
welfare
as evidenced throughout his entire
life and the poor were numbered among his
patients. His appea"rance gave the impression of
well-directed force, health and cheerfulness.

One of the aims of Rottot's life was to teach
medicine and this was realize'd through his
me'mbe
ship in I'Ecole de Medicine et Chirurgie
de Montreal, the first French Medical Schoo'l
established in Montreal. In 1878 when a Mon.
treal branch of Laval University was formed,
Rottot severed his connection with the Montreal
S'chool of Medicine and Surgery and accepted
a professorship in the new Foculty or Succursale,

*ONE OF A SERIÈS

!:J
,-,

QF:

'<;i,..
,. .]I
Crest of "L'Uriion Medica/e du
Canada" when first published.

ßme ø

o&t M.D.
. 1825-1910

as it was known. In this institution he taught
Internal Medicine and headed the medical
clinic, and when the School of Medicine and
Surgery and the Succursale were united, Rottot
was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. _

Rottot was one of the founders and directors
of Notre Dame Hospital, dodor of St. Sulpice
Seminary and of the Grey Sisters. His interest in
medicine was not entirely local and he was
active in the Canadian Medical Association.
Being of a studious nature his talent-s were
directed into journalistic channels and he was
the first director-general of the Union Medicale.
Due to his wise gUidance this publication sur-
vived its first few years..

A man wh
lived unpretentiously and shunned
publicity, Rottars contribution to medical his-
tory is on honorable one. He died in 1910
leaving a rich legacy of medical knowledge to
his followers. The record of h'is professional acti-
vities encourages William R. Worner & Company
in its policy of Therapeutic Exoctn'ess
Pharmaceutical Excellence.

ESTABLISHED 1856
WAII
II
II! I
&

COM PANY LTD.

. MANUFACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

SEPTEMßER, t9
,)

667

Reader's Guide

Rhoda F. MacDonald. whom we greet
as gueEt edi;ol' this month, has been
presidert of the Re
istered Nurses As-
sociation of Nova Scotia s:nce t'
le
Spring of lC44. A dynamo of energy,
Miss ':.VIac Donald has all the enthusiasm
of an old-time crusader as she guides
the destinies of her provincial associa-
tion. Born and educated in Nova Scotia,
she graduated from the Glace Bay Gen-
eral Hospital and has served with vi-
gour and f'uccess in various executivE'
positions in Cape Breto'1 Island hospitals
and in Moncton, N.R At present, she is
instructress at the Sydney City Hospi-
tal. We feel confident she will find the
answers to the queries she has raised.

Dr. Robert G. Lang-sto
is a young
surgeon who has been accomplishing
outstanding wOl'k with battle-scarred
veterans. He is on the
taff of the
Shaughnessy Military Hospital in Van-
couver. A relatively new branch of medi-
cal science, plastic surgery has developed
far beyond the "face-lifting" or cosme-
tic surgery stage and is restoring count-
less injured persons to useful, normal
lives. D1'. Langston's descriptions of the
various techniques will be new to many
of us.

The generalized program, organized
under the Department of Public Health
in Toronto, has long served as a model
to other communities. Despite shortages
of nursing personnel, the school health
services, under the able supervision of
Miss Gordon Lovell, function smoothly
as a part of the whole. How they are
woven into the general pattern makes
interesting and instructive reading.

During the past few years, much ac-

'"

tivity in all parts of Can"'\.da has had as
its focal point ways and means of in-
teresting suitable young' women in
adopting nursing as their chosen pro-
fession. Recently, the publicity C'ounseJ of
th2 C.
.A., IHiss Jean ;\'la
on. c0mpleted
a comprehensive study lof the reasons
why some of these campaigns have fal-
len short of the mark. There is much
food for future thinking and action in
the reasons a cross-sectbn of Canadian
high school girls have given why they
do not turn to nursing as a career.

Helen G. Me Arthur, who is superin-
tendent of the Public Health Nursing
Branch of the Alberta Department of
Health, surveys the broad picture of
public health nursing in Canada from
her vantage-point as chairman of the
Public Health Section, C.N.A. She is
encouraged by the prospect she sees ahead
ar
d spreads the Epark of enthusiasm to
rubli(' health nur
es Everywhere in the
Dominion.

Edith Weldon is a private duty nurse
and a member of the Fredericton Chap-
ter. N.B.A.R.N. Her description of the
C:1.re J"('quired for her patient while in
hmpital has much instructive value.

(Jtes from National Office are well
werth careful and detailed study by
every nurse in Canada. They repres(;nt
the summarized reports of individuals
and committees which were presente,d to
the C.N.A. executive committee at its
sprin
meeting. No nurse call count her-
self well-informed on contemporary nurs-
ing activities unless she becomes thor

oughly familiar with all of these re-
Forts. Their review might well serve as
a chapter meeting pr0gram.

Vot 41 No. 9

Best known and generally considered to be one
of the safest, probably the sQfest, of all analgesic
drugs is Aspirin.

Used by literally millions of people every day
without ill effects, Aspirin can be said to be one
of the least toxic of all analgesics.
Aspi,rin, used where properly indicated can be
administered over long periods of time without a
decrease in therapeutic effect.

ASPIRIN

-h"V

r'u ti-*:'1
t
'. ASPIIIn 1 '.,'
, l
j ""-""
',." 'j
'. . - , ,-;;..::- <
i I

',- ,:

...

SEPTEMBER. 1945

669

Basic Principles.. Amplified!
I n These Lippincott Nursing Texts

2nd Edition AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES of NURSING CARE

By Martha Ruth Smith, M.A., R.N. Professor of Nursing Education, Boston
University, School of Education. Eleven eminent educators in the field of
nursing contribute to the text.
The purpose of this book is to teach the student nurse to adapt fundamental prin-
ciples and correct procedures to any situation she may meet. In a stimulating
and thought-provoking manner, the authors present the correct perspective of
nursing and its relationships; general nursing care; and remedial nursing procedures
used in all the conditions encountered by the nurse. Every instructor of nursing
will value this volume for its clear exposition of principles and procedures fitting
into a well designed plan.
661 Pages. Illustr<<ted. $3.50.

NEW (5th) EDITION - PHYSIOLOGY A.ND ANATOMY

By Esther M. Greisheimer, B.S., M.A., Ph.D., M.D. Professor of Physiology,
Temple University, School of Medicine.
This text covers all the material that the student nurse should know about the
function and structure of the human body. It is based on the Unit Plan of organiza-
tion, according to body systems, and is a veritable store-house of teaching and learn-
ing aids. The New (5th) Edition contains many important new developments from
up-to-date research, including a new chapter on Physiology of Aviation.
841 Pages. 478 Illustrations, 52 in colour. $3.75.

New (5th) EDITION - MICROBIOLOGY APPLIED TO NURSING

By Jean Broadhurst, Ph.D. Professor of Bacteriology, Teachers College.
Columbia University and Leila I. Given, R.N., M.S., Director of State Board
of Health, Wisconsin.
General principles of Microbiology and their clinical application are covered fully
in this splendid book. For the New (5th) Edition, the authors have completely re-
vised the text to include the most recent findings. Changes and additions appear
throughout, especially in the chapter on "The Cell"; in the section dealing specific-
ally with the nine disease organisms; and in the laboratory suggestions. New
emphasis has been placed on teaching and visual aids, and simplified keys for
identifying pathogenic organisms are given. This book is planned for the 60-hour
course. but contains recommended abridgements for use in shorter courses.
569 Pages. 323 Illustrations. 4 Colour Plates. $3.50.

NEW (5th) EDITION (In Preparation) ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY

By Gretchen O. Luros, M.A.. Department of Nursing Education, Cass Tech-
nical High School, Detroit, Michigan, and Florence Oram, M.A., R.N., Assist-
ant Director, School of Nursing, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Ill.
A book on the basic principles of chemistry, with applications to everyday life, and
nursing procedures to meet the needs of the student nurse. The text covers inorgan-
ic and organic chemistry, as well as chemistry of the digestion and body processes.
The Laboratory Manual, bound with the book, contains experiments illustrating the
important Jloints emphasized in the text. A very desirable book for student Use.
Approximately 578 Pages. Approximately 38 Illustrations. $3.50.

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL SCIENCE On a Basis of Pathology.

Here

By Charles G. Darlington, M.D., Lieut.-Colonel, Medical Corps, U. S. A.
and Grace G. Appleton. M.A.. R.N., Director of Nursing Education, State
Teachers College, Plattsburg. N. Y.
is a book that helps the student nurse develop a broad knowledge of the way
in which modern medicine handles the problems of disease
and prevention. The subject matter is closely related to the
student experience in clinical nursing. so that coordination
between the basic sciences and the clinical courses in medi-
cine and surgery is possible. Numerous teaching aids in-
clude charts, diagrams and photographs.
446 PaKes. 170 Illustrations. 4 Colowr Plates. $3.25.

.l\rc>

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RUIA.8U.EXACT'UFIClfNT

670

Vol. 41 No.9

14th Edition ESSENTIALS OF MEDICINE (A Coordinated Text)

By Charles Phillips Emerson, Jr. A.B., M.D., Captain, U.S.A. and Jane Eli-
zabeth Taylor, R.N., B.S., M.Ed., Nursing Education Consultant, Division
of Nurse Education, U.S. Public Health Service.
The objectives of this outstanding text are to provide the nurse with an adequate
source of usefui data from the field of medicine, and to acquaint her with the
problems of nursing related to the prevention, recognition and treatment of disease
states. The book conforms to the Unit Plan as proposed in the Curriculum Guide.
892 Pages. 195 Illustrations. $3.50.

NEW (7th) EDITION - SURGICAL NURSING (A Coordinated Text)

By E. L. Eliason, A.B., M.D., Sc.D., F.A.C.S., Professor of Surgery, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine; L. Kraecr Ferguso:1,
A.B., M.D., F.A.C.S., Captain, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R.; Evelyn M. Farrand,
R.N., E.S.
In a clear, concise style. this text covers th
entire field of surgery, telling the
student nurse the what, how and why of each nursing procedure. The New (7th)
Edition is accurate and abreast of the times in the new technics pertinent to every
branch of surgery. The large number of well prepared photographs, diagrams and
drawings vividly portray points of technic. The book is organized on the Unit Plan.
585 Pages. 259 Illustrations. 6 Colour Plates. $3.50.

9th Edition NUTRITION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (A Coordinated Text)

By Lenna F. Cooper, B.S., M.A., M.H.E., Chief, Department of Nutrition,
Montefiore Hospital, New York City; Edith M. Barber, B.S., M.S., Writer
and Consultant, Food and Nutrition; Helen S. Mitchell, B.A., Ph.D., Prin-
cipò.l Nutritionist, Office of Defense Health and Welfare Service.
This is an intensive, masterful study of nutrition designed to meet the needs of
the student nurse. The book correlates the teaching of Diet Therapy with the
courses in Medical and Surgical nursing; in Pediatrics and in Obstetrics. Vitamin
discussions are up-to-date. Industrial nutrition problems are included. Selected
diagrams and illustrations drawn horn laboratory findir.gs and medical science
provide visual aids of great teaching value. The book is bél
ed on the Unit Plan.
716 Pages. 99 Illustrations. 7 Colour Plates. $3.75.

2nd Edition TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOLOGY (A Coordinated Tex!)

By Margene O. Faddis, R.N., M.A., As:;ociate Professor of Medical Nursing.
Frances Payne Bolton School of NurSInK. Western Reserve University and
Joseph M. Hayman. Jr., B.A.. M.D.. Professor of Clinical Medicine and
Ther-apeutics. School of Medicine. Western Reserve University.
This book skillfcIly presents selected teaching m'lterial and offers special under-
standin
and considerati
m for. the st
l
e
t of ph.armacology. The newer develop-
ments 10 drug therapy. mcludmg pemcllhn. are mcluded, and there is a splendid
and up-to-date section on vit'lmins. Throughout. emphasis is OR the correct method
of administration. This edition is in accord with the U.S. Pharmacopoeia XII
and the National Fo -mulary VII. '
433 Pages. 41 Illustrations. $3.50.

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J. B. Lippincott CompanYI Medical Arts Bldg' l Montreal 25 1 P. Q. CN-945:
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Enter my order and send me:

) An Introduction to the Principles of
Nursing Care. by Smith - $3.50
Pnysiology & Anatomy, by Greisheimer
- $3.75

Essentials of Medicine, by Emerson &
Taylor - $350

Surgical Nursing, by Eliason - $3.50

Microbiology Applied to Nursing, by
Broadhurst - $3.50

Essentials of Chemistry, by Luros &
Oram - $3.50

Nutrition in Health
Cooper - $3.75

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Introduction to Medical
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SEPTEMBER. 1945

by

671

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
IN CANADA

PR'INCIPLES AND PRACTICE

Part

"Principles and General Practice"

Florence H. M. Emory

The first comprehensive survey of public health nursing in
Canada, this important volume is presented at a time when
interest in the field is greater than ever before. Miss
Emory has had wide experience in the development of pu-
blic health nursing and in the training of personnel. In
the first part of the book she covers every aspect of the
work of the public health nurse: her function, preparation,
relation to the community and other professional workers;
the organization and administration of the service; c;uper-
vision, records, nursing education, community health and
national health insurance. Twenty years of class and field
work in the highly complex range of subjects which con-
stitute Public Health Nursing, plus the author's enthusiasm
have combined to produce a living book-a truly basic text.

Part II

Certain Branches of Work; Methods and Procedures

VISITING NURSING - Maude H. Halt Asst. Superin
endent, V. O. N.
for Canada

MATERNAL HYGIENE - Mary B. Millman, Asst. Professor, School of
Nursing, U. of T.

CHILD HYGIENE - Esther M. Beith, Executive Director, Child Welfare
Ass'n. Montreal.

-

672

Vol. 41 No.9

By
FLORENCE H. M. EMORY

With Foreword by
Kathleen Russell

Pre-natal, Infant, and Pre-school

CHILD HYGIENE - Mary B. Millman

The School Child

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES -
dna L.
Moore, Director, Public Health Nursing,
Provo of Onto

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE-Sarah A. Wallace,
Consultant in Industrial Nursing, Div. of
Industrial Hygiene, Provo Dept. of Health,
Ontario.

MENTAL HYGIENE - Samuel R. Laycock,
Prof. of Educational Psychology, Univer-
sitv of Saskatchewan

A SPECIAL FEATURE

J r

\.

J

For more than twenty
years Miss Emory has
been teaching Public
Health Nursing, during
that time having held
such pOSitions as District
Superintendent and Su-
pervisor of the School of
Nursing, Dept. of Public
Health, ToronTO, and Di-
rector of the University
of Toronto School of
Nursing, where she now
holds an AssoCIate Pro-
fessorship of Nursing.

We draw special attention to Chapter X, "Representative Programmes of
Work". The contents comprise a number of charts each describing the
actual set-up of some special piece of work that presents an example
of enterprise ot organization of unusual value and nature within our
Canadian field. These charts were specially produced for this book -
some of them being unique on this continent.
Publicotion date - September - October. Price - Probably $3.00

GOOD READING
from

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SEPTEMBER, 1945

Ð

AT ALL BOOK STORES

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and regular menstrual periods.

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Vol. 41 No. 9

CJh(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTHLY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

rOLUME 'ORTY-ONE

SEPTEMBER 1945

NUMBER NINE

Nova Scotia Poses Some Questions

Recent issues of the] Durnnl have car-
ried accounts of the pres
ing need for
uni,-ersity post-graduate courses for nur-
5es, places where these C0urses mar he
taken, and probable opportunities for
nurses so qualified. The need for high-
ly qualified personnel is as great in thi:;
province as in any other part of Canad.a
but the facilities for securing the train-
ing are sadly lacking. Our nurses must
travel hundreds of miles to reach a
universit
- providing post-graduate op-
portunities and, more sadly still. man\,
of them avail themselves of positions in
other parts of Canada when the course
is completed. "That can we 1\ova Sco-
tians do about this situation

lmmediateh- following tPe [rst world
war, the storr was very different. A
course in public health nursing was in-
aUgurated at Dalhousie University in
1919, the first such courSI
in Ca
ada.
But what happened? Due tn a variety of
causes, though the cour<;e continued for
four rears, the group of re;6str:lIlt" h('-

SEPTEMBER. 1945

came smaller each year. The University
was prepared to sponsor the course into
its fifth year if twelve applicants were
available but alas! there were too few
and the course was withdrawn. That
was twenty years ago and in all of that
time it has not been revitalized. \Vhy?
\\Tith the great advances which have
been made in preventive medicine and
the ever-increasing demands for quali-
fied public health nurses, is it not time
the nurses of
ova Scotia began to think
and plan for a reopening of this course
at our own University?
Furthermore, have we in our prov-
ince the opportunities for refresher cour-
ses and for keeping abreast of new devel-
opments in our work? H:lVe we the nec-
essary centre where institutes could be ar-
ranged? Are our educational require-
ment" for entrance to schools of nurs-
ing of sufficiently high standard to per-
mit any and everyone of the students to
qualif} to enter the University? Is the
course of instruction in our schools of

687

688

THE CA
ADIA
NURSE

nursing of a uniform quality? \Vhat
about our affiliations? Are they so plan-
ned that our students may benefit to
the fullest extent? Have we the affilia-
tions necessary for a full basic course?
It has been stated that "The whole field
of psychiatry has taken on a new mean-
ing in recent years". Is this true of this
field in Nova Scotia? \Vhat are we do-
ing to help to meet the nursing needs of
our mental and tuberculous hospitals, a
need that is now greater than ever?
Let us consider our resources. \Ve have
ambitious students. In Halifax we have
Dalhousie University, two modern,
growing general hospitals, a communi-
cable disease hospital, Children's Hospi-
tal, lVlaternity Hospital, Dalhousie Clin-

ics, the provincial Pathological and La-
boratory Departments, the Victorian
Order of Nurses, the provincial and city
Public Health Departments. Just across
the harbour in Dartmouth are situated
the 1\;lental Hospital and the Polio Clin-
ICS. \Ve have the tools, we have the
students - have we the drive and en-
thusiasm necessary to put tht>se together?
Yet another question - are we going
to accept the challenge these questions
present llnd enter the doors of oppor-
tunity?

RHODA F. MACDoNALD
PrBsident
Registered N U1"S1Js
A ssocia
ion of N OV(1 Scotia.

Stop Press!!!

All Nurses I please Note I

An important bulletin from National
Office, C.N.A. has been f)ent out to all
of the provincial associations regarding
the urgent need for the nurses of the
Netherlands for assistance and how the
nurses of Canada can help. Get in touch

with your provincial Registered Nurses.
office for information, to find out what
is needed and how you can assist. \Vatch
for a fuller story on this whole matter-
in the October issue of the Journal.
-M.E.K.

Beware of Fraudulent Agents!

Every once in a while letters are
received from nurses who inform us they
have not yet received copies of the
J o1trnal for which they paid u a man"
the regular subscription price. Usually
two or three months have elapsed since
the transaction took place which makes it
impossible to trace the miscl'eant who has
duped the purchaser; De!'pite periodic
warning:: through these pag-es, many nur-

es still are not aware of the fact th

Journal E
IPLOYS NO PAID AGENTS,.
that the local nurses' association has a
Conadinn. Nurse convener who is delegat-
ed by the organization to collect sub-
scriptions and who always forwards
them promptly. Do NOT pay any sub-
scriptions to itinerant agents. Do NOT
accept any receipt other than the offi-
cial rf'ceipt of The Canadian Nurse. DO
subscribe to the ] ol/mal f'ither directly
or t P. ..ou::::h th(' ioea 1 conveners.

Vol. 41 No.9'

plastic Surgery

ROBERT G. LANGSTON, 1\1.0.

Plastic surgery is now considered a
-separate and distinct branch of general
surgery. It has gained this recognition
only after a long but steady march of
progress during the past thirty years.
It was during the first world war that
a young British surgeon became inter-
ested in the terribly mutilating gun-shot
in juries of the face. O
her surgeon:-"
frequently too busy but usually with
the feelin2" that little could be done,
were only
too pleased to be rid of this
type of case. Thus it wa" only a .,hort
time before this surgeon had a hO'ìpital
of his own at Sidcup in England and
had
ssociated himself with men that
are today outstandinQ" in the field of
plastic s{lrgery in B;itain, the United
States, and Canada. During this time,
he devoted himself to the care of the
facial wounded and, since then, he ha

pioneered, persevered an\.1 perfected the
science of plastic surgery. "Then the
second world war broke out, this man,
now Sir Harold Gillies, was the recog-
nized doyen of plastic surgery of the
English-speaking world.
Plastic surgery concerns itself, main-
ly, with <;urglT
tn the bce, the skin
and the hands. There is a common be-
lief that it is primarily coo;;metic recon-
struction. This is no"t correct becau'ìe
the majoriq of work coming under this
heading has little to do \\lith what is
popularly known as cosmetic surgery.
This is especially So in wartime.
\Vith the forego;ng preamble, it i
the
aim of this article to describe briefh
some of the procedures, and to poin::
out
ome of the special nursing problems
and techniques that are inherent in this
branch of surgery. Just as other bran-
ches have developed special ways of do-
ing things, so has the plastic surgeon,
usually by the process of trial and error,
found partinllar methods that gIve good

SEPTEMBER. 1945

results. One also has to 1 emember that
the final appearance is important. Thus
small details often assume impurtc1l1ce
both during and after operation. A few
'ìtitches incorrectly placed or allowed to
remain too long may spoil an otherwise
excellent piece of work.
In all cases, where healing takes
place following an. injury or operation
to the animate bod\" there is one prob-
lem that must be met sooner or later-
and that io;; covering the wound or open-
in;; b
a permanent dressing.
ow, it is
rather significant that there is only one
covering that is entirely satisfactory.
rhat is normal skin. No other dressing
will "uffice permanently. Nature pro-
,ides this ideal dres'ìing for covering the
body, and there is ample sufficiency for
m0st emer 6 encies. Should there be a
large skin loss, as in an extensive burn,
as a second best, nature slowly and grud-
gingly supplies scar tissue. But the price
is high - contracture, loss of mobility
and unsiQ"htliness. So far man has not
been abl
to devise any artificial per-
manent dressing or covering.
There are several ways that skin can
be transferred, by surgical means, to
cover a deficiency. (It must be realized
at the outset, that so far it ha'ì not been
found possible to transfer skin from one
per"on to another and make it grow per-
manentl}. Each person must provide his
or her own skin). One way, and that
most widely used, is Ft"a Grafting. To
do this the surgeon shaves off a layer of
=-kin, not the fuU thickness, from the
donor site with a special knife or derma-
tome. This graft is then transferred to
the denuded place that :teeds covering.
Here it is fixed so that it will not slide
and held by an even pressure dressing.
.-\fter the operation it must not be dis-
turbed for four to eight day.; during
which time it attaches itself to the under-

689

690

THE CANADIAN NURSE

lying tissues and starts to grow. The
new skin must be protected for some
weeks during which period it is kept
soft bv gentle massage with lanoline.
The donor area is dressed with an anes-
thetic ointment .at the time of the oper-
ation and left ten days, by which time
it should be healed.
In the case of large areas, as in burns,
until recent J ears it was :1lmost impos-
sible to cover the entire defect. .\s a re-
sult, contractures occurred, limiting
movement of arms, legs and of head.
In some cases the' patient became a
cripple. Then to add to this state of af-
fairs, in the early years of the war, the
treatment of burns so advanced that pa-
tients with up to 60 per cent of their
body surface affected were being saved.
Previously, a 30 per cent burned per-
son almost alwaJ s died. Obviously,
<;;omething had to be done, or these men
- and there are a lar
e numher of
them in wartime - would onl}' be
saved from death to become hdple
s
cripples. After much trial and consulta-
tion it was found that grafting could
be done much more extensively 'Illd
sooner after the burn than was ever
thought pu
sible. Now, with modified
techniqucs and instruments, it is ljuite
feasible to remove ZOO
quare in(he
of
skin at a
lJ1gle operation and use it for
grafting. This process can be repeated at
monthly intervals using a different donor
site at alternate sittings.
Another war to (IIv.:'r small ddects
that happen to he adjacent to an arca
that has an cxcc<;s of skin, is h
rlirf'ä
local shifts. By making certa
n inci
ion

and undermining parts of the ...kin, it is
possihle to so arrange and stitch tInt the
defect can he covered. The ex(('SS Îs
therehy used to good advantage where
it is needed. Examples of this t) pe of
shift are Z plastic, VY plastic and rota-
tion flaps. '(here is no post-operative
nursing problem, aside from maintaining
dressings undisturhed.
A third way of transferring
kin is by
pediclr graft, either directh or indirect-

h. The direct method (ail be used when
the defect is on a mohi1e part of the
blld
', such as a hand, arm, foot or leg.
As an example suppose a finger has been
denuded of skin. .A flap of ahdominal

kin is raised so that the hlood supply to
the flap is m.aintained through its base.
l'he free end is then sutured to the edge
of the finger defect and the hand strap-
ped in position on the abdomen. After
two to three weeks It has acquired a new
hlood supplv from the finger, so that the
base of the flap may be se\'ered. By the
indirect method, a piece of skin is sel-
ected, lIsuaIly on the abd'1men. An in-
ci
i()n is made along the opposite sides
of the flap of skin. undermined. It is
then
titched in such a way to make it
form a tube of skin attached at either
end. This is allowed to remain about
three weeks, at which ti 1 11e one end is
cut loose and sewn into an incision ;n
the wrist,
o that it grows there. Ano-
ther three weeks pas' when it is ready
to detach the other end from the ab-
domen. The wrist now supplies the graft
with its blood supply, so that it mar be
carried to any part of the body to which
the wrist can go, and remain in a com-
fortable position. It is sewn into the de-
fect and there it remains with the wrist
held hJ adhesi\'e strapping for the third
three-week period. Fina!ly, the wrist
connenion is severed and the last end

utured into the defect.
This last method is very useful, es-
peciallJ when a graft is nt'eded helow
the knee or 0\ er a bony prominence, in
which position free grafting does not do
well. The process sounds complicated
and the nursing problems can be just
as troublesome. Dressings are difficult
until one has had experience in chang-
ing them. They require frequent in-
spection, to ascertain the condition of
the
kin with regard to blood supply.
}\. clo
e watch must be kept of the colour
for the first twenty-fuur hou;s. Ano-
ther prohlem is maintaininJ the awkward
po
ition fur a prolonged period of time.
This must be managed
() that there is
Vol. 41 No. 9

PLASTIC SURGERY

691

no tension on the tube attachment. The
involved joints become cramped and re-
quire massage and heat for the first few
days to relieve the muscular spasm. It is
the first few days, after each operation,
that is so trying to both nurse .and pa-
tient. Even' wi
h an of these disadvar.-
tages, the method is often used and it is
becoming more popular. This is because
the excel1ent final results in covering an
area with pliable' skin that cannot be
covered by other methods.
A further word here about dressing.,
in an cases. Infection of suture litH'S, of
grafts and of flaps does a great deal of
damage and can nul1ify weeks or even
months of work and suffering. This t\ pe
of case often requires frequent dressin?""ì
or inspection of flaps. It is during these
dressing changes that post-operati\ e in-
fection can, and does occur. A more or
less general set of rules have been
evolved to minimize the chance of-in-
fection. Dressings are not taken dm....n or
chang-ed during- or immcdiate1} follow-
ing the sweeping of floors, the changes
of blankets or the making of bed
, or
other disturbance in the room. All at-
tendants and the patient himself should
wear masks covering the nose and mouth
when the wound is exposed. No patient
who ha5 any exhibition of infection
should be in the same ward or cuhicle.
Doctors and nurses who have anr res-
piratory infection should not be in at-
tendance.
Another branch of plastic surgeq is
that of the face. This includes fractures
of the bone" of the face ,wd of the jaw
.
It assumes major importance in war
surgery. Until recently, this type of
wo
nd was most unw
1come. A f!un-
shot or an automobile wound of the
face, with part of the upper or lower
jaw involved, becomes infected almost
immediately. \Vithin twelve hours, un-
treated, it is a stinking, swollen mass.
Often some parts of 'the lip are torn and
missing as wen so that the patient loses
control of the saliva. This pour" out
continually and he is wet aU the time.
SEPTEMBER, 1945

If the lower jaw is gone, the support
to the tongue is lost and it hangs over
the neck, becoming dry and swollen. The
patient suffers acutely from general dis-
comfort, thirst, and later from hunger.
Thanks to a combination of recent
developments, it is now possible to oper-
ate immediately. Anesthesia plays an
important part. A routine of induction
by sodium pentothal, bronchial suction,
endotrache.al maintenance using cyclo-
propane and oxygen, usualIy improves
the condition of the patient greatly. Af-
ter the operation he will wake up with-
out vomiting- and have a clear chest. As
for the op;ration, repair is done first
to the bony support, then to the mucous
membrane lining of the mouth and
tongue, and finany to the soft parts. If
there is loss of skin, it is made good by
grafting or by flaps. Broken bones are
held hy wiring, by pin., or by dental
splints. This closure of a dirty wound
of the face has been made possible by
the use of penicillin locally and intra-
mu"cularJy, by the use of "ulpha drugs,
and hy blood transfusions when in-
dicated. After this is done the patient
becomes quite comfortable, he is clean
and dry, he can breathe without inhal-
ing blood, and he can drink and eat.
He stin requires careful nursing. The
mouth and face must be thoroughly
cleaned, frequently and regularly. This
is made easy and efficient bv using a
pressure atomizer and a weak hydrogen
peroxide solution. Feeding is not such
a problem if a bedside drinking cup
has a short piece of rubber tube put on
the spout. This can be introduced
through any gap he may have in the
teeth, hack to the ba5e of the tongue,
and the patient soon le
rns to regulate
the flow. Should the injury have in-
volved the neck or have been a deep
wound of the maxilla, with loss of the
roof of the mouth, one must be con-
stantly un guard for secondary hemorr-
hage for some weeks. The medical at-
tendant should leave specific instruc-
tions as to procedure.

692

THE C.-\ '\ .-\ D I :\.

U R S E

After the iIÚ;:-d healing ha... taken
place come the operations for I econ-
struct;on of the face. This secondary
work can im 01\ e
o mcll1 y aspects of
pla
tic surgery that volumes are written
upon the different operations. ft include"
rone grafting, to replace a lo
t mandible,
or a deformed no
e or fill out a defect
of the face or forehead due to lo

of
bone. A new concept of bone grafting
that ha<; been proven during the war
\ ears br a pla
tic surgeon in England,
!\1r. Rain..;ford \lowlcm, Ie; worth, of
mention here. Instead of .4:,ing the hard,
cortical part of bone takt"n from the
ileum, rib or tihia, as was the accepted
way, he used only the soft cancellous
core and p:lcked it intI) place a

mall
chips. The re<;ults were
o much better
than the old mc.-thod that it is being used
in other parts of the bod), for bone
grafting, by orthopedic
urgeon.... The
results will be published in due time and
it appears that the new method wilJ
make bone grafting a m1!ch safer and
surer proced ure. After the bony stfUC-
ture of the face is repaired, the 'ioft
tissue repair come
ne
t. 'fhis ma.' mean
a new nose or pan of one, new lip'"
ereliès Of eye socket, or replacement of
mucous membrane los5, as well as
kin
for an} pan of the face. Direct local
shifts, pedicle grafts and free grafts .are
all used either alone or in combination.
Finally, when everything that can be
done by surgery is fini
hed, it ma) bc
necessary to resort to artificial prostheses
in the very badly disfigured. There is
a promise, by the use üf some of the
forms of plastic resins, of makin!! vel"}
lifelike noses or ears. These are light,
of natural co]our and consistenc\. \ Vhen

neces
ar), the
e can be worn by the pa-
tient to give him confidence when seen
in puhlic, unobtainable b,. other means.
The ]ast part of our subject is sur-
gen' to the hands. A.n immense amount
of work during the past few years has.
gone ;nto
his complex branch of .<;ur-
gery. The results have been excellent
where skin Joss only has been suffered.
Using thick, even skin, cut by a ma-
chine, called a dermatom.:, goud covering
to the burned hands can he achieved.
Ho\\ enT, where the damage e:\.tends to
the tendons, the nerves or the joints, the
prospect is not as bright. -\ good deal of
progress hac; been, and one hopes, wiII
continue to be made, so that in the fu-
ture tendon grafting and repairing wilT
,Ú\ e a higher percentarze of successes.
rhe main obctade is pnwiding a smooth
<;;heath into which the tendon can glide
after it hac; been repaired. So far no
ITH::thod has been entireh r satisfactory.
This win have to be found before one-
can n.pect to get a high percentage of
'illccesses in restOl ing contracted, im-
mobile fingers and wrists.
Plastic surgery has made great strides'
in the past thirty years. It is possib]e that
it should be caBed Reparative Surgery,
to overcome the popular conception that
it is cosmetic surgery on]y. It is built
around the need of covering defects by
skin, instead of scar tissue, and of trans-
ferring other tissues of the body - bone,.
tendon, fascia, ete., to fin defects or
provide a lost function. It has evolved

pecial techniques, concepts and instru-
men t
, to achieve succes:> where, pre-
\ iously, it may have failed. Asepsis is.
particularly necessary to get good resultsÞ

The existence of mentally retarded
individuals has taken on a new mean-
ing in the past few decades since they
ceased to be objects of derision and be-
gan to receive training and such educa-

Preview

tion as their limited ability would per-
mit. Dr. H. D. L. Goodfellow has dis-
cussed this changing philosophy in his
forthcoming article on the plan for-
training defectives in institutions.

Vol. 41 No. 9>

A School Health Service

G. LOVELL

School health service is one part of
the total school health program of which
the other a8pects are generally
tated as
"health education" and "health em ir-
onment". However, it i
obvious that
the three are so closely interwoven as
to be almost indi\ isible'- The entire pro-
gram is participated in ùy all members
of the school staff as wt'll as b, pupil:;
and parents. The school health service
is, however, usually regarded as that
a
pect of the health program which is
primarily the responsibilit} of the "h
alth
specialists", that is, doctors and I1tIl ses.
dentists and dental assistants, mental
hygienists. The aims of the total health
program ma} be taken to be: the de-
velopment of pupils with
ound ph
sTal
and mental health, useful health knowl-
edge and well-establishf'd health habit....
and attitudes, who will be ahle to con-
duct their lives with the greatest degree
of satisfaction to themselves and useful-
ness to the community. The objectives of
the school health service are: health edu-
cation of individual pupil:;:, teachers and
parents; development of healthful ha-
hits and attitudes; maintenance of a
healthful environment; di
covery and
correction of abnormalities - physical
and mental; control of communicable
conditions; care in accident and ill
health.
In T oronto
the school health service
is organized as part of a generalized
public health program operated br tht'
Department of Public Health. It in-
cludes service in all elementary and
secondary
chools supported by muni-
cipal taxation.
Th
district medical (Jffic
rs give
medical service in the elementary public
schools. They visit the homes of
urils
of an schools for diagnosis of communi-
cable disease. The elementary separate
schools and the secondary schools are

SEPTEMBER, 1945

served by part-time ph}
icians. The doc-
tors visit their schools at regubr inter-
vals - weekly, bi-weekh or monthly.
They act as consultants tn the nurses.
and tèachers in matters pèrt:lÏning to the
school health program. They examine
pupils in the first and
eventh grade

in elementary schools and in the enter-
ing and leaving years in the secondary
schools. In the interval hetween these
examinat:ons pupils are e\:amined who
have been ;esignated 'IS rèljuiring ob-
servation and re-examination and pupils
referred b, parent" an,l teachers be-
cause (If some apparent need. There are
many of these last so-called special phy-
sic..l e-\.aminations arisin
O\lt of obser-
vation e:xercised hy the teachers and en-
courag:ed by the nurses.
lanr special
ph} sical e-xaminations are made in rela-
tion to placement in special classes for
the physicall} handicapped - sight-
saving, hard of hearing, open-air classes
and classes for children with severe or-
thopedic defect. Parents are invited to
be present at the examination of elemen-
tary school children. Their presence is
helpful to the doctor and, of course, pro-
vides an opportunity for first-hand health
education. \Vritten notification of find-
ings of the examination are given or sent
to the parent who is advised, if there is
any abnormality found, to consult a phy-.
sician for further examination and tr:>at-
ment. A form is provided for reporting
back as to the physician consulted and
advice received.
Immunization against diphtheria and
smallpox is carried out in the elementary

chool by a group of phy"icians and nur-
ses who travel from school to school ac-
cording to schedule, completing the work
in one school before going on to the next.
The Division of Quarantine notifies tRe-
school of exclusion and rele.ase of pupils
quarantined as patients or contacts of pa-

69J;.

694

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tients having- acute communicable di-
sease.
Dental service comprises dental sur-
veys annually in elementary schools,
with dental clinics in thirty schools to
treat school .and pre-school children
whose parents state that they are fin-
ancially unable to secure private care.
Dental service in secondary schools is
limited to biennial survey. Notification
of conditions found on survey are sent
to paren ts.
The Division of Mental Hygiene of
the Department of Public Health is un-
der the direction of a psychiatrist and in-
cludes psychologists, a public health
nurse supervisor, who acts as consultant
to the members of the Nursing Division,
a children's psychiatric worker inter-
ested in children presenting mental hy-
giene problems referred to her by the
psychiatrist, two public health nurses
who carryon psychiatric social work
with girls attending the two senior

mxiliarr schools and a social worker
concerned with girls who leave these
schools. This Division is re<;ponsible for
examination of retarded pupils and rec-
ommending pupils for "opportunity"
classes for the mentally retarded and
the senior auxiliary schools. They also
examine and advise regarding pupils
referred because of problems of be-
haviour or personality.
The public health nurses include
health service in the schools in their
generalized public health program. For

dministrative purposes, the city is divided
into eight districts, each of these havin2:
a medical officer and superintendent o
f
nurses and an average of fourteen staff
nurses. Each staff nurse is responsibl

for the public health nursing service in
her area with the exception of bedside
nursing care which is given by the Visit-
ing Nurse Organizations. During the
school year the district staff nurses
spend the greater part of th
morning5
in school where they commence their
day at 8.30. They report in to their
district offices at neon and with some

exceptions rto not return to schools un-
til the following morning. Schools are
visited daily, or two or three times
weekly according to their size and needs.
The nurse's duties in school include
preparation for and assisting with phy-
sical examinations; making appoint-
ments at school dental clinics; testing
of vision of pupils in kindergarten and
Grade IV; giving first aid ín the event
of accidents or emergency illness; in-
terviewing and inspecting pupils pre-
viously noted as requiring supervision;
seeing pupils who are referred to her
because of apparent health problems. A
time is set aside at the heginning of
each day when the nurse is in the health
service room for this purpose. Teachers
":Ire encouraged to make a morning in-
spection of their pupils so that they mar
note promptly any who presents signs
of communicable conditions. Also, they
are encour.aged to observe their pupils
closely from day to day and to bring to
the nurse's attention any who show de-
viations from their customary appear-
verr rapid inspection of all pupils in the
ance or hehaviour. The nurse makes a
elementary school at the opening of the
September term in .om area where there
has heen any occurrence of pediculosis,
or minor skin infections, or where any
one of the acute communicable diseases
has been prevalent. She makes similar
inspections of classes as occasion arises
throughout the year. She plans for more
leisurely inspection of all pupils at least
once during the school year, preferab-
ly during the autumn term. At the time
of this inspection a conference is held
with the classroom teacher when the
nurse and teacher consult their records
of all pupils, exchange pertinent infor-
mation concerning them, and plan to-
gether with reference to the teacher's
progra
of health education and super-
vision in the classroom, and the teach-
ing that appears necessary, or action
which should be taken with refernce to
pupils' health habits or disabilities. Such
class conferences with each teacher are

Vol. 41 No. 9

SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE

held twice during the school }ear and
are invaluable if carefully planned and
followed by appropriate action on the
part of teacher and nurse. They do not,
of course, obviate the necessity for con-
ferences regarding individual pupils'
prohlem
or clas:iroom health projects.
Conferences with parents in the school.
and visits to hOInes of pupils are an
important part of the nurse's service. One
of her chief functions is that of inter-
preter between the school, the home and
other agencies. The nurse keeps a rec-
ord of each pupil found tJ ha \ e a health
condition requiring care or correction
and takes steps necessary to hring about
desirable action. 1\ otification to the
parent at the time of examination may
he sufficient. It mar he ncce
s:try for
the nur"e to clarify the matter further
and to help th(' parent
ecure aid in order
to mercClme thL' di
ahilitr. If the nurse
in whose district the family live.. is not
the nur
e in the school the child at-
tends, they must be alert to keep èach
other informed. The schnol nurse -gIves
all significant informatic\n from the
school, and the district Ilur
t' pa

t s on
to the school nurse repI)rt of her vi.. b
in the home which have a direct hearing
on the school child and, also, informa-
tion which i
sent her from the Ho
-
pital Health Service nurses of the De-

695

partment who furnish information from
the clinics and wards of the hospitals,
from other Department .,ources, and
from social workers.
The nurses visit the homes of pupils
who are absent from school because of
illness where there is reason to helieve
that the condition is one of acute com-
municable disease undiagnosed, or where
it may be necessary to ensure that the
pupil. receives adequate medical, nursing
and home care, eÀtra-mural teaching or
occupational therapy.
Auxiliar
workers who are members
of the K ursing Division assist the nurses
in the control of pediculosis capitis. Four
"matrons" work in the
ch()ols and
homes where this condition is prevalent.
They examine and tn'at pupils and
demonstrate treatment to parents.
The details of service vary somewhat,
neces..arily, from school to school. Sec-
ondarv school procedure differs from
that followed in elementary schools. The
nurse's function is, how:.'ver, much th A
same throughout. She seeb to maintain
;md improve the health of pupils; she
acts as liaison hetween the school. the
Department of Puhlic Hf'alth and the
homes; and she uses ev
ry opportunit)
in schonls and home" to teach health.
Her primar
' function is that of educa-
tion for wholesome living.

Citizenship and the Nurse

Arral1/led at the requ{'
t of the Public
Health Section of the Regi,;tered Xurses As-
<;ociation of Ontario, the School of X ursing
of the Lniyersity of Toronto announces a
brief course on Citi7enship and the X ursc
from October 24 to 27 next. The enrolment
fee is $7.50.
The content as outlined \\>ill be pr
sented
by those prepared to deal authoritatinly with
the many phases of a subject both timely and
Lhallenging. The course, as a whole, will
focus attention upon the sigllificance and
responsibilities of citizenship in the present
day Canadian communit}. emphasis will be
given the relation of the nm-<;e, both \,ithin
the hospital and in the cO'11munity at larg.:'.
SEPTEMBER, 1945

t,) cUrJ"('nt deyelopments in community wel-
fare. \\Ïthin the general framework of the-
teaching, several periods will be devoted to
the field of mental hygiene.
The general content of the course will be
lectures on: (a) Citizenship and community
wel far(' : (b) Citizenship and community
health needs. including mental, social, and
industrial health; (c) Certain factors which
influence the attainment of community
health: scientific research, housing and town
planning. and health and social legislation;
(d) Corporate effort for meeting the com.
munit
's health needs: education. public
\\eHare (health and social). and community
machinery.

Why Girls Don't Go In Training

JEAN MASON

UThe hours, study and amount of
pay"-this answer, one of several an-
swers of Canadian high school girls to
the question, "\Vhat made rou give up
the idea (of nursing as a career)? ",
pretty well summarizes the reasons girls .
give for not choosing to enter the nurs-
ing profession. Let me correct at once,
however, .any impression thi
mar give
that the majority of girls are not in ter-
ested in nursing. Of 566 girls complet-
ing questionnaires in a survey recenth
completed, 192 or 34 per cent plan to
become nurses, more than plan to enter
any other trade or profession.
The survey was made amons- girls in
high school graduating cla
se:" the pur-
pose being to gather data on their in-
terests, with particular regard to their
interest in or feeling about nursing. Girls
in various groups of schools acro.;s the
country were presented with the que
-
tÏonnaire and instructed to fill in their
spontaneous and voluntar
an
wers.
They were not required t
sign their
names, so it may be assumed that their
,answers were honest. A reading- of th

individual questionnaires definit
lr con-
veys an :mpression of sincerity.

Of approximately six hundred ques-
tionnaires distributed, 566 were return-
ed, 391 from urban and 175 from rural
communities. The percentage of rural
population in Canada is greater than
the returns show. Returns are most
heavily weighted by the Maritime Prov-
inces and British Columbia. The pro-
portion of the population in Ontario and
Quebec is also considerably greater than
the proportion of questionnaires. The
girls were a<;ked what their plans were
immediately upon leaving school, that is
after summer vacation. Table 1 sum-

. .
manzes answers gIven.
The chief reason given by girls who
named nursing as their first choice was
the interest and appeal of the profession.
Of the 566 girls answering, only fifteen
did not know what they were going to
do this Fall. Five hundred and fifty-
one had a more or less definite idea of
what thl:'r wanted to do after leaving
high school. Table 2 summarizes rea-
sons for choosing nursing or for choos-
ing another career.
The various degrees of appeal of nurs-
ing are, from all data obtained, sum-
marized as follows: 192 or 34 per cent

TABLE I

PLANS FOR FALL, 1945

NUMBER ANSWE,RINc'.....
['O:1't know
Nursing. .
University... .
Busine
s course.
Teaching. .
L'niversity, then nursing.
Home economics.
Direct into office.. . . . . . . . .
More school. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . .
12th year, then nursing...... . . . . .
l'niversity, then teaching. . _ . . _
L'niversity, then lab. technician...
Selling. . . . . _ . . . . . .. ...........
12th ,ear. then home economics.
H airdi'e3ser . . " . ..... .. ....... _ _ . . . . .
l\1is:ellaneous I each named by less than 4 girls)

,696

laritirres Quebec & Prairies Briti
h
Ontario Columbia

218
7
84
40
18
13
4
8
6
-l
9
4
1
4
17

117
3
42
20
n
9
3
3
1
10
1
1
2

1O.J

127
5
15
37
19
10
9
7
8
2
1
1
2
4
10

18
48
4
8
4
1
3
1
3
3
3

13

10

Vol -n No. q

WHY G I R LSD 0 N ' T G 0 I N T R A I N I N G 697

TABLE II

TOTAL MENTIONS..... .. . . . . .' .....................
Interest and appeaL..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idealistic. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Better prospects. . '"
Best suited. . . .
Inspires respect
Good future. . . . . . . . .
Teaches more of life
Miscellaneous. . . .
No special reason. .

Nursing All other careers
166 298
103 178
34 7
15 66
11 21
1
1
1
36
26 64

named nursing a first choice (either by
itself or in combination with university
tr.aining, ete.); 68 or 12 per cent
named nursing as second choice; 125
or 22 per cent had considered nursing
a career but had given it up; 157 or 28
per cent had never considered nursing
as a career; (the remaining 4 per cent
do not state whether they had ever con-
sidered nursing). The reasons given by
the 22 per cent for having given up the
idea of nursing and by the 28 per cent
for never having seriously considered it

- reasons why girls don't go in train-
ing - deserve careful study on the
part of members of the nursing profes-
sion. These reasons are summarized in
Table 3.
To obtain more information on the
feeling regarding various aspect:!; of
nursing, eight phases of a nursing ca-
reer - working hours, pay, student
nurse life, recreational facilities, career
opportunities, opportunities for marriage,
effect on health and social standing -
were listed, and girls were asked how

COMMENTS

TABLE III

Reasons for having Reasons for never
given up idea having considered
it.

TO
4.L ANSWERING.
No appeaL.. . . . . .. ..............
Prefer other career. .
Too much work..
Dislike idea.....
Poor health.
Long hours.
Not suited. . . . . . .
Don't like illness. .
L'Jw pay.
1\1ay still consider it.
Long training course.
Too squeamish. . .. ...
Advised against it.. .
Nurse surplus after war
Too expensive. .......
No matriculation Latin.
Dislike ho
pital.
Rigid discipline.
Too young..
Poor future...
Coarsening.
No maths. .
No va:ation.
No sports.... .
Irregular hours. .
Never considered it. _.. . ..
Never considered seriously. . . .
Family obligations...... . .
Two nurses in family now.
SEPTEMBER, 1945

125 157
92
14 9
13 9
21
15 2
7 5
1 10
10
3 6
9
5 3
5
4 1
3 1
4
4
3
1 2
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

698 THE CANADIAN NURSE
TABLE IV
GOOD FAIR BAD DON'T KNOW
Total Per cent Total Per cent Total Per cent Total Per cent
Working hours... . . 91 16 266 47 148 26 61 11
Pay....... ......... 169 30 212 37 106 19 79 14
Student nurse life. .. 202 36 206 36 51 9 107 19
Recreational facili-
ties........... 144 25 209 37 56 10 157 28
Career opportunities 336 60 78 14 14 2 138 24
Opportunities for
marriage. . . . . . . . . 257 45 182 32 27 5 100 18
Effect on health.... 195 34 213 38 81 14 77 14
Social staniing.. . . . 388 69 92 16 7 1 79 14

they would rank e.ach of these, whether
they thought each of these phases of nurs-
ing good, fair or bad. Table 4 summar-
izes the answers given.
Table 4- also shows working hours and
pay to be the aspects of nursing con-
sidered only fair or downright bad by
the majority of girls. One girl empha-
sized her opinion on pay by the follow-
ing marginal note: "Not only bad but
very bad. How is anyone to live on
ninety-three cents a month when in
training?" The girl had apparently ob-
tained this figure from her older sister
who, as she had stated previously, had
"gone through the hardship", and caused
her to give up the idea of going into
training. In answer to another question
asking what information the girls would
like on nursing, this girl asked, in ca-
pital letters, "WHY SO SMALL
WAGES? ", and, also, incidentally,
"Why such strict rules on hours to be
in at nights?"
Among other elaborations on the mat-
ter of pay were:
Does not cover nurses' needs; not nearly
enough for the hard work; bad for the
amount of work; not enough to live on;
have no money to have a good time on. Why
is it that student nurses receive such small
pay? If they have to buy hosiery, shoes, per-
sonal articles, and need money for recreation,
you'd think they'd be allowed more than
$3.00 a month.
On the other hand, there was the girl
who stated that she had "higher ambi-

tions" than nursmg (that is, medicine
or pharmacy) and who consequently
thought a nurse's p.ay "good for that
work" !

Less favourable than the feeling about
nurse's pay is the feeling regarding
work. The attitude towar"d this was re-
vealed, not only in remarks on working
hours, but also in remarks regarding ef-
fect of nursing on health, student nurse
life, recreational facilities and oppor-
tunities for marriage:
You have to be 'ZJery healthy to go in for
such a profession. Bad for your feet and
legs. One has to be fairly strong to with-
stand the labour. In some hospitals the nur-
ses have too much night duty. Mother was
a nurse and she says it was too hard work
Is a nurse job as hard and tiresome as I
have been told? Not enough oOf your own
time. One is too tired to go in for recreation
to any extent. They have not much time or
money to mix socially. Too tired to enjoy
yourself.
On the other hand, again, we have
the girl who considers the hardships of
nursing a social asset. She ranks the
social standing of nurses "good" be-
cause "if they choose the nursing pro-
fession, they're brave"! And there's the
gi
l who says of .a nurse's working hours
that they're "rather awkward but noth-
ing to complain about in these times", a
statement that some graduate nurses
might do well to bear in mind.
Attitudes on the effect of nursing on
the health are sharply divided between
Vol. 41 No. 9

\V H Y G I R LSD 0 N ' T G 0 I N T R A I N I N G 699

those who feel that the effect is "good"
because nurses "should know how to t.ake
care of themselves" and those who feel
that the effect is ((bad" because, as one
girl puts it, ((some of the things you
communicate with are not suitable".
Another girl carefully considers the mat-
ter and renders her verdict: "If you're
in good health, I don't think nursing
would necessarily ruin it".

There is less knowledge about re-
creational facilities than about any other
aspect of a nurse's life. A general opin-
ion is that nurses are too busy or too
tired to avail themselves of recreational
facilities. One girl says briefly : "Getting
better - but -".

There is a division of opinion regard-
ing student nurse life. Some rate it
"good", largely because of the .associa-
tion with other girls with the same in-
terests; others rank it only ((fair" or
((bad" because of the amount of work
to be done and the rigid discipline, (al-
though, surprisingly enough, several
girls rate it "good" because of the dis-
cipline). Here are some sample opin-
ions regarding student nurse life:

Not enough of your own time. Not enough
friendliness among nurses for stu&nts.
Watched too carefuIly. N' urses seem to get
on together well. They are weIl disciplined.
Bad (conversations with a nurse). Girls all
seem happy.

Opportunities for maniage .are gen-
erally considered good, although some
girls feel that a nurse hasn't the time to
find herself a husband (unless, of course,
she can grab off a near-at-hand doctor
or patient!). On the pro side' are:

Nurses all marry welt. There are internes
(mal
) around. "Good" because ''all nurses
spend some time with babies and have ex-
}}erience with children". "Good" because
"have medical experience". You have a good
base for the home. You could marry doctors,
which would be a credit. "Good" because

SEPTEMBER, 1945

"most people admire nurses". Patients and
doctors around.

And on the con side:

Too busy. You usually give yourself com-
pletely to this type of a career. Most nur-
ses that are married seem to be middle-
aged. Too tired to enjoy yourself.

This girl probably has the right an-
swer: "Same as other professions - de-
pends on self". And this lassie, we hope,
will never have a rude awakening: ((Op-
portunities for marriage - good -
aren't they always?" Career opportuni-
ties and social standing are almost un-
animously considered good.
Feeling about opportunities in nurs-
ing is summed up in statements like the
following: "A nurse is always needed".
"Always work for a nurse, especially
after this war". "New fields of nursing
developing" .
In a survey recently made in the
United States it was found that many
did not find nursing "socially accept-
able". It is heartening to note that there
is little of this attitude in Canada. Most
girls seem to feel that high social stand-
ing is the nurse's reward for hard work
and sacrifice:

Others respect nurses who care for the
sick. (Nursing) gives you self-assurance.
Everyone feels proud to know a nurse. In-
vited to many socials. (Nurses) seem to
go places where other people do not. (There
might be some doubt about what this would
do for their social standing, but the writer
of the statement rated. social standing
"good").

There .are a few girls who aren't so
sure about a nurse's social standing
though. One girl says, with a rather ob-
vious sneer: "Anyone can go in for it".
Some girls somewhat misconstrued the
meaning of the question, making state-
ments like this: "You can't be into so-
cial life out of the hospital".

700

THE CANADIAN NURSE

One girl answered the question re-
garding social st.anding -with the simple
statement: "Nursing is a profession".
In breaking down attitudes toward
various phases of nursing into provinces,
we find the attitude toward working
hours best in the Maritimes, worst in
Ontario and Quebec: the attitude to-
ward pay overwhelmingly best in the
Maritimes, overwhelmingly worst in
British Columbia; the attitude toward
student nurse life and opportunities for
marriage best in the
hritimes, worst
in British Columbia; the attitude to-
ward recrea tional facilities best in the
Prairies, worst in Ontario and Quebec;
the attitude toward career opportunities
best in the
1aritimes and British Coltlln-
bia; the attitude toward effect on health
best in the Maritimes, worst in Ontario,
Quebec and British Columbia; the atti-
tude toward social standing good
throughout.
In considering attitudes of 11rb:1I1
versus rural girls, we find that the at-
titude of rùral girls is generally more
fa vo ura ble .
The big reason, .as shown on a pre-
vious table, for girls not seriously con-
sidering a nursing career was "no ap-

peal". The reasons why nursing has
"no appeal" to these girls have been
pretty well revealed in their attitude on
the various phases of nUf<;ing as above
discussed. Some miscellaneous statements
give the sentiments of smaller groups:

Can't stand hospitals. Can't stand the
sight of blood. Not interested in sick people.
Can't stand to see people vomit. Blood makes
me sick. \V ork is too depressing.

rrhe survey from which the above
and much other information was ob-
tained is, to the best of our knowledge,
the first of its kind made in Canada.
The 566 replies, spontaneous and unre-
hearsed, are as entertaining as any
novel. But the survey was not made for
entertainment purposes. It was made to
help us in our efforts to attract the best
of young Canadian womanhood to nurs-
ing. To show us, among other things,
what these young women don't like
about nursing. To enable us to examine
their criticisms, and, .where neCf'SJar)',
endeavour to make improvements. The
survey is .a beginning. It will prove
valuable to the extent to which we make
it valuable. Now we know. Let us act.

Recovery

NURSING SISTER RUBY G. HULL) R. C. N.

A little over a year ago, due to the in-
creasing amount of major surgery and
a changing nursing and sick berth at-
tendant staff, it was appreciated by
anesthetist, surgeon and pursing sister
alike that immediate post-operative care
could be more efficiently carried out and
a good many problems overcome by the
institution of a special department
known as the post-anesthetic Recovery
Room.

-\ suitable location, a large five-bed
cabin, on the same floor as the operating
room was chosen. This room was fur-
nished with resuscitator, oxygen tank,
suction apparatus, bed-side tables, elec-
tric fan, intravenous standards and two
cabinets - one for sterile supplies, plas-
ma, intravenous equipment and solu-
tions, the other with hypodermic tray,
mouth and rect.al thermometers, stimu-
lants, sedatives, mouth gags, tongue
Vol. 41 No. 9

RECOVERY

forceps, airway, stethoscope and blood
pressure cuff, ete.
The head of the department is our
chief an[<;:thet"
t, Surg-eol1 Lieut. Cmdr.
Stoddard, R.C .N. V.R., ;md two nurs-
ing sisters comprise the
taff. Our day
begins with a check-up on the previous
da.r's patients who have had spinal, in-
halation, and intra venous anesthetics.
This is of great importance to the anes-
thetist, for if headaches have occurred
or the patient shows
igns of upper
respirator} infection, ele, ated tempera-
ture or re
p:ratorr difficulties, he will
visit them hefore his mnrnin.::r's work
begins. "Spinal" headaches are treated
after the hlood pressure h:1s heen taken,
in the usual manner of elevating the
foot of the hed, placing ice caps to the
patient's head, giving sedatives, intra-
venou'i therap\, pituitrin and, in some
cases, a spinal puncture to lower cere-
bro-spinal fluid pressure. Those show-
ing upper respiratory infections and

J mptoms of atelectasis are held firmly
()\"er the diaphragm and encouraged to
breathe deeply and cou6"h. This proves
most effective, for in a very short time
the patient is coughing up retained secre-
tions, and respirations that have heen
shallow and laboured hecome deeper.
The colour improves as the lungs re-
expand and a possible pneumonia will
ha, e been averted.
\ V e then prepare for .'ur day's work
and, having reviewed the list of ex-
pected patients, we ask the various wards
to send along the anesthetic beds with
extra equipment, such as shock pins, hot
water hotdes and one pillow. :\-lany
times ice collars, ice bag:;, dra:nage bot-
tJe
, hed cradles, fracture hoards and
e
tra pillO\'v s are needed and are re-
qm.
ted.
The first patient usu:dly arr;\ es in the
Reco\'ef\ Room at 9.30 a.m. and from
then on WE are kept bu<;y. Blood pres-
sure, pulse and respiration are recorded
every fifteen minutes during the first
hour and then every half or one hour
as indicated. Except when ordered
SEPTEMBER, 1945

7öì

otherwise, the unconscious patient is
alwa) s maintained in the lateral posi-
t:cm, and in our oral surgical cases par-
ticularlJ', the use of nasal and oral suc-
tion is of great benefit in keeping the
respirator\' tract clear from aspiration
of hlood and mucus.
An outline of the Recovery Room res-
ponsibilities can be briefly summed up.:
1. Starting of int'"a\"en3us amI oxygen
therapy.
2. Introduction of duodenal tubes ancl
\\"agcnsteen suction.

J. -\dmini"tration of sedatives and <;timu-
lants.

4. Constant \\ atching for hemorrhage and
shock and follO\\ ing plaster casts, warmtv
or discolouration of fingers and tees.
5. Reinforcement or changing of dressings.
6. Frequent changing of position and ex-
plaining to the patient why this and deep
breathing are beneficial to them.

ï. Sympathetic understanding and allaying
of fears and apprehension.

" Full or partial sponge bath, back mas-

age and changing of bed linen before being
trans ferred to ward.

lany times the very ill or shocked
patient i:::. kept in the Recovery Room
overnight with a special nurse. But more
often he is sent to a private cabin, leav-
ing the Recovery Room free for the use
of
urvivors and accident cases admitted
dlll';ng the night.
In closing, may I stress the imporl..
tance and essentiality of close co-opera-
tion \V :th the \'arious departments. Dur-
ing a busy da}' with ten ?r twelve pa;-
iients going through our department, fl
con..lition which is becoming more the
rule than the e
ception, it is increasing-
ly evident that we could not function
succe
sfully without it. [here prevails
A.ssistants, the \\T ard 1Iedical ()fficers
and \ V ard Sisters, the Sick Berth At-
tendants, and the staffs of the Centra.l
Supply Room, Operating .Room, Dis-
pensary and Recowry Room, a sympa

702

THE CANADIAN NURSE

thetic feeling, a broad understanding.
We feel that this new department has
been of great help in the prevention of

post-operative complications, and an
added safeguard in the treatment and
c.are of those who fight for us.

D D T Studied for Outdoor Use

Extensive investigations are now being
conducted to determine the benefits and
possible hazards involved in the contemplated
use of the insecticide DDT on a large scale
outdoors as part of a plan to control insect-
borne diseases. One of the largest tests to
date is scheduled to commence in
the Lake Nipigon area north of Fort Wil-
liam, in an attempt to check the spread of
the spruce budworm which is threatening
to destroy valuable stands of timber.
DDT was rushed to Naples in the spring
of 1943 when typhus threatened to reach
the proportions of an epidemic. Military
authorities on typhus control took over and
daily some twenty thousand persons, rich
and poor alike, were dusted with DDT. Over
two million people were so treated. Soon
the decline in the incidence of this louse-
borne scourge was as abrupt as its rise
had been steep. For the first time in history,
a typhus plague had been arrested in mid-
winter. In South Pacific areas, where Al-
lied troops were waging a grisly war with
the J aps, not the least of the killers turned
out to be malaria. Here the story of DDT
was equally dramatic and equally effective.
When Allied troops had to fight their way
from island to island, with supplies of
quinine at a very low ebb, the spraying of
DDT proved fatal to all the mosquito types
transmitting this dangerous disease.
DDT is a chemical compound which was
discovered in the 1870's and, like many
other products of scientific research, re-
mained nothing more than an idle curiosity
until 1939. The reports of lJDT thereafter
read like fairy tales. DDT - or dichloro-
diphenyl-trichloroethane, to give it its full
name - proves relatively harmless to man
and animal, but is a tested killer of many

household insects, many of the innumerable
varieties of insects which prey upon crops,
and of many types of blood-sucking insects
responsible for the spread of disease in
animals and man. Its fatal action is said
to be equally certain whether the insect ate
the drug or simply touched it. As a film
on surfaces, it is reported to be effective
for weeks at a time.
DDT is effective in solution, or when used
in a dusting powder. Readily soluble in
many solvents, it is possible to disseminate
clouds and sprays from the air as well as
from the ground. On interior walls, DDT
has been shown to retain the lethal effect
for as long as three hundred days. As a
spray in solution, it not only kills insects
on immediate application, but continues to
kill for months. Applied in solid form, it
readily kills body insects.
Only recently has DDT hegun to come
on the market for general purpose use, and
even yet is being restricted by the Direc-
tor of Pesticides for Canada this year to
stable spraying, food packaging establish-
ments, for hospitals, etc. None is yet avail-
able to the ordinary household for fly sprays.
The householder will welcome its protection
against the common fly and hungry mos-
quito, as well as the destructive moth.
Besides killing insects that carry diseases,
DDT may kill other insects that are bene-
ficial, and thus affect the balance of nature
which is important to agriculture and wild
life. In combat zones, where the health of
the soldier was at stake, it was necessary to
ignore these considerations but general out-
door applications will not be adopted until
more is known about these biological effects.

-Dominion Rubber Co. Ltd.

Victory Scholarships

The Royal College of
ursing has an-
nounced that, in token of victory, and in
appreciation of the work of hospital ward
and departmental sisters throughout the war,

forty scholarships of fifty pounds each were
to be awarded under the Halford Bequest
to provide two weeks travelling instruction
and two weeks holiday.

Vol. 41 No.9

.. '

PUBLIC

HEALTH

NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian Nurses
Association

Room to Grow In

HELEN G. McARTHUR

Out on the prairies the citizens boast
of the \vide open spaces. They glow with
pride as they take a visitor to a small
hill and point ahead saying "There to
the South you can see the elevators of
three towns rising from a sea of wheat;
to the East the road winds its way for
some twenty miles) to the North are
more elevators) while to the west lift
up your eyes to the Rocky l\1ountains
standin.s white-capped and majestic
against the sky." There is always an in-
finite variety. You just cannot feel hem-
med in, because there is room in which
to move and breathe. You can see where
you are going and you know there are
still new frontiers to conquer. It's a
glorious feeling - that feeling of room
to grow in, and opportunity ahead.
As chairman of the Public Health
Section of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, I led the same exhilaration when
the reports of the Provincial Sections
come in .and we sit down to review what
is happening in public health nursing in
Canada. Some of the details of these
new developments will be presented next
month by our secretary for your infor-
mation and inspiration. Looking over
the activities of the Provinces we can
see new programs in industrial nursing;
the gr::)wth of closer relationships with
undergraduate students in our training
schools; :t broad expansion in the estab-
lishment of full-time public health ser-

SEPTEMBER. 1945

vices
o rural Canada: the expression by
the general public of a deep and sincere
respect for public health nurses and what
they are trying to do; and an ever in-
creasing army of well qualified young
nurses working earnestly and intensely
that they may achieve the best for them-
selves 2nd for those they serve. It is
thrilling to See that public health nurs-
ing in Canada today has that feeling of
room to grow in and opportunity ahead.
There is also evidence that public
health aurses are not satisfied to have it
said of them "She is an efficient public
health nurse." They want much more.
Nurses ?ore preparing themselves so that
it may be said of anyone of them,
"She is .1 charming woman, a valuable
citizen .and an efficient nurse." And in
that ord-
r too.
Looking in the mirror in the early
morning one realizes that the beauti-
cian) the right dress shop) and getting
to bed earlier are certainly essentials for
the ch:trming woman. Miss Deming!
pointed this up in her well-directed re-
marks t.) the medical officers of health
at the 1944 meeting of the Candian
Public Health Association. However,
most ''v..)men are aware that to be at-
tractive looking helps in making the
first impression but much more is need-
ed to sustain us through a lasting im-
pression. Nurses are being entrusted with
an important social responsibility in

70)

704

THE CANADIAN NURSE

plans for the future of Canada, \Ve are
beginning to realize this - but it is im-
portant for this feeling to be strengthened
by knowledge and by action.
Mrs. Margaret l\lc\Villiams, chair-
man of the sub-committee on Post- \V ar
Problems of \Vomen, Dominion Gov-
ernment Committee on Reconstruction,
at the biennial meeting of the Canadian
Nuses Association:! gave u
insp:ratinn
and some principles to help us develop
a broad interest in the world about us
and for individual growth.
The report of the sub-committee on
Post-War Prohlems of \Vomen gives
nurses broad views on how to function
effective!" as women a'nd as citizens.
This r
port has also challenged nurses
to meet some of the needs of Canadian
women we have hitherto failed to ac-
cept although we are equipped to do
so. Th
report states that during war-
time 'Nomen have played their full
part as responsible citizens and they ex-
pect to continue to be treated as such
in the comin.g years. Their hope is to
be full members of .a free community.
Publi..: health nurses are particularly
fitted tl) give leadership because they
have àad peculiar opportunities for the
development of their professional status
through the social significance of their
work and the lack of competition from
men in the nursing field. Cognizance
must be taken of the fact that the
.achievements of women during wartime
will renuin and become permanent only
if the work and sacrifice of the years to
come match those years in which work
and sacrifice seemed the natural thing.
"One continual need will be sympathy

and understanding among women",
says the Mc\Villiams report. "Without
it there will be little hope of happy solu-
tions of the post-war problems of the
women in whose lives war has made
fundamental changes. Certainly there
must disappear from among us that in-
difference - indifference which at times
becomes antagonism - of women to
women. There is no need to think of
aggressiveness or antagonism on the
part of women tow.ards men or vice
versa. \V c are not antagonistic but, as
war work has shown, complementary.
Our responsibility to the country and
our work is often different in kind and
almost always different in emphasis.
Our
oüntrr needs all that both men
and women can give if our post-war
problems are to be solved and a begin-
nine- is to be made in Canada in the
building of what we like to think of as
'the brave new world'."
Does lIot this statement challenge us
to act as women and as citizens as well
as to f wlfii our professional responsibili-
ties? A<; chairman of the Public Health
Section of the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation, I feel I, too, can say of public
health nursing that there is always an
infinite variety. You just cannot feel
hemmèd in, because there is room in
which to move and breathe. You can
see where you are going and you know
there ap.
still new frontiers to conquer.
It's a glorious feeling-that feeling of
room to t!row in, and opportunity ahead!

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Canadian Nurse, June 1945.
2. The Canadian Nurse, Aug. 1944

Much has been said and written re-
g-arding the usefulness and necessity of
a secondary group to assist professional

urses in meeting the demands for nurs-
ing' service. An eminent physician, Dr.

Preview

J. C. )1 eakins, dean of the School of
Medicine at McGill University, has pres-
ented his opinion on this topic in "The
Future of Nursing". Do you agree with
his hypotheses? Watch for this article.

Vol. 41 r\o. 9

HOSPITALS &. SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A.

Conflicting Ideas in Textbooks

A. E. HAGGART

One of the most difficult problems
faced by an instructor is to determine,
from the conflicting statements in' the
standard textbooks used in our schools
of nursing, which are correct, which
should be taught. If it is hard for the
instructors to reconcile such divergent
facts, how much more confusing must
it be for the students? One of the com-
monest sources of these apparent discrep-
ancies is found in the texts used in
Materia l\1edica and Pharmacology.
Referring to the use of disinfectants
there is a variation in both the amount
required and the length of time the
solution must be in contact with in-
fected material. From several well-
known books, I have selected the fol-
lowing statements dealing with the use
of formalin:

Text 1. "A 10 per cent solution is added
to excreta and allowed to r
main in con-
tact with it for one hour".
"Linen - 10 per cent iormalin - one
hour".
Text 2. "Formalin is used chiefly for the
disinfection of excreta. . . An equal amount
of 10 per cent solution should be used and
allowed to stand for one hour", and "Bowel
discharge may be disin fected by . . . 10
per cent formalin solution, in volume equal
to that of the material to be disinfected, the
mass thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand
for two hours before disposal".
"Soiled sheets and clothing may be im-
mersed in a 5 per cent solution for one hour",

SEPTEMBER, 1945

aJld "Sheets. . may be disinfected by . . .
10 per cent formalin for two hours".
Text 3. "Feces can be deIJdo!'ized and dis-
infected by the addition and thorough mix-
ing of a 10 per cent solution of formalde-
hyde" . _ . "Solution should act for at least
two hours . . . desirable to use an excessive
amount".
"Linen - solution of formaldehyde 10 per
cent" .

\ Vhich is sufficient - a 5 or 10 per
cent solution? Since the germicidal ef-
ficiency of any solution depends largely
on its strength, this difference in sug-
gested disinfectants is important. If the
lower concentration is effective, in the
interests of economy one would use it.
The length of time the solution is in
contact with the infected material is
also important. If one hour is sufficient
why leave it for two? Furthermore,.
formalin is a 37-40 per cent solution of
formaldehyde. How then, can they be
used more or less interchangeably?
Similar confusing statements are
found concerning phenol and its uses.
In one textbook varying strengths of
solution are indicated for disinfecting
purposes:
"Used in 5 per cént solution to disinfect
sheets, etc." "Used in 2 to 5 per cent solu-
tion for stools and urine". "The articles
must be soaked in carbolic acid for a half
hour to several hours". "In weak solutions.
2 to 5 per cent, it checks the growth of all
bacteria except their spores which are resis-

705

706

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tant forms. It is the most efficient antisep-
tic known".

If a 2-5 per cent solution is only
antiseptic how can it be used to disin-
fect? Why should linen require a high-
er concentration than excreta? Some
specie
of organisms may be destroyed
in half an hour but can we expect a
student to remember the varying periods
of time for the different species? One
cannot burden a student with too great
detail because she becomes confused -
she has too much on her mind. \V ould
it not be wiser to give one strength of a
drug and a definite length of time which
offers a wide margin of safety? Prob-
ably several drugs are efficacious in the
space of an hour. Then, allow one hour
as a standard time. Surely, sufficient
experimental work has been performed
for dearer ide.as than are expressed in
present-day texts.
Consider these remarks as further
evidence of the contradictory statements
regarding phenol recorded in approved
texts:
Text 2. "Do not
ive glycerine or oils
u.less they are afterward removed, as they
þrof1.lOte absorption of phenol".
Text 3. "Olive oil may be left in the
stomach to retard absorption and to act as
.a demulcent".

Both of thes
statements cannot be
true. Might it not be wiser to indicate
con troversial opinions and not make de-
finite statements if the true facts are
still in doubt?

Chlorinated lime is an efficient ger-
miciàe for use in disinfecting excreta
safe for use in any home and easily

obtained. Student nurses are bound to
be confused when they read in one of
their texts:

"Its chief use is to disin feet in feeted ma-
terial such as feces and other excreta. A 5
per cent solution is suitable for ordinary
use. To disinfect excreta equal volumes of
excreta and 1:5 solution should be mixed
thoroughly and allowed to stand for one
hour".

Is the HI :5" a misprint or is a 20
per cent solution actually what is meant?
Or may there be confusion with the
strength of slaked lime which is used as
20 per cent for the same purpose?
Even in the definition of terms in our
dictionaries and glossaries, authorities do
not. agree. Consider the following: "In-
farct - an obstruction or embolus; the
morbid condition of a limited area re-
sulting from such obstruction". An ob-
struction or embolus certainly is not
the same as the condition resulting from
it. Again, the majority of authors on
obstetrical works consider the puerper-
ium: "The period from the termination
of labour to the complete involution of
the uterus". However, we do find:
"The puerperium is the period from the
beginning of labour until the genital
org.ans and tract have returned to their
almost normal size and condition".
Needless to ,ay these are not the same
and students must be confused by sllch
definitions.

Instructors and students desire re-
liable information. Examiners often
must be in a quandary. Can we not have
greater uniformity in our ideas so that
all of us may benefit?

I fypothyroidism

One of the most helpfuJ diagnostic
dues in hypothyroidism is tolerance to
heat. The patient whose hands and feet
are always cold, who does not mind hot
.ummers, and who needs heavier cloth-

ing than her friends and heavier bed-
clothes than her husband, is very likely
to be hypothyroid.

-Physician's Bul",.ff.

Vol. 41 He. .

GENERAL NURSING

Con tributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

Ruptured Spleen

EDITH WELDON

On November at 7.30 p.m.,
J ames, a young lad of fifteen years of
age, was .admitted to Victoria Public
Hospital, Fredericton, suffering from
severe ab.dominal pain due to an acci-
dent, which he had had earlier in the
day when he was thrown from a bicycle.
When admitted the patient was suffer-
ing from severe shock. Whíle the doc-
tors were attempting to make a diag-
nosis, the foot of the bed was elevated,
and hot water bottles and a baker were
applied to counteract the shock. X-ray
films were taken at once; they were of
value chiefly from a negative aspect -
they revealed no broken ribs, no pneu-
mothorax, no shift in mediastinum, no
free gas. Urinalysis was normal, red
blood cells 4,020,000 per cu. mm.,
white blood cells 23,200 per cu. mm.,
hemoglobin 72 per cent. After consul-
tation, the doctors decided immediate
operation was imperative. When the ab-
domen was opened, considerable blood
was found in the peritoneal cavity, and
many clots about the spleen. The spleen
is a soft pliable organ lying mostly in
the left hypochondriac region, and at
the tip of the pancreas. Although its
detailed function is not known, it plays
an important part in the destruction and
regeneration of red blood ceUs. One
edge of this organ was found to be bad-
ly torn and contused. At this stage the
patient's condition was poor, so three

SEPTEMBER, lt45

yards of packing gauze were placed about
the spleen, and the abdomen closed.
Immediately upon his return from
the operating room, James was placed in
a specially prepared (anesthetic). heated
bed, and received a blood transfusion of
500 cc. together with 400 cc. of 5
per cent glucose in normal saline intra-
venously. His pulse was 140-160 and
very weak; gradually it became a little
slower until by morning it was 124
and of fair volume. By this time he was
suffering from extreme thirst and nausea.
but no emesis. He was given 1,000 cc.
of 5 per cent glucose in normal saline
intravenously twice a day for the first
six days. From the first the patient did
not complain of extreme pain, but more
or less general discomfort and restless-
ness. Morphine sulphate grs. 1h Q. 4.
H. p.r.n. was given as a sedative.
During these first three days his tem-
perature ranged between 99 0 - 103-F.,
he was taking fluids freely; his abdom-
inal dressing required changing occas-
ionally due to a moderate sero-sanguin-
ous drainage. On the third day the pa-
tient's cond1tion became critical, his
skin was cold and clammy, his abdomen
w.as very distended, he was nauseated
with emesis of brownish-green fluid,
and suffered intermittent attacks of
hiccoughs. A Levine tube was inserted
with immediate suctionage of 600 c..
dark brownish fluid. Within a few

707

708

THE C
\ N .\ D I
\ 1\ N U R S E

hours the abdomen was definitely soft-
er, and the patient's general condition
slightly improved. A soapsuds enema
caused eÀpulsion of considerable flatus,
but very little fecal matter. At this
time the red blood cells numbered 3,-
290,000 per cu. mm, His pulse was still
140-160. However, within a few days
he was taking a soft diet and having
bowel movements daily.
On the eleventh day the patient re-
commenced to vomit, there was in-
creased drainage from the abdominal
incision with a slightly disagreeable odour,
the abdomen was distended in spite of
the passage of flatus per rectum. At this
time the white blood count was 44,500
per cu. mm. The Levine tube was re-
inserted for relief of distention. Solu-
thiazole 5 cc. was given intravenously,
or intramuscularly Q.4.H. for three
days, then Q.8.H. for three days. One
yard of packing around the spleen was
removed, and two days later the other
two yards removed, with no bleeding
whatsoever. The patient's condition
showed little change; carminative ene-
mata were effectual; temperature was
102 0 F., pulse 160, respiration 32.
On the fourteenth day the application
of hot stupes to the abdomen Q.4.H. was
begun, and penicillin ther.apy was start-
ed - 15,000 units Q.3.H. intramus-
cularly. Intravenous infusions, 1,000
cc. of 10 per cent glucose in normal
saline, were given twice daily. \Vater
was taken freely, and in the water was
dissolved Dexin - a preparation of
dextrose supposed to produce a minimum
of gas in the gastro-intestinal tract.
The abdomen remained rigid and tight
with a definite fullness over the blad-
der regIOn, which led us to believe
that the lad had a full bladder. By
means of a rectal examination the doc-
tor discovered in the pelvi!' a mass about
the size of an infant's head. The pa-
tient's condition was poor, and the dQc-
tors considered that the operative risk
wa
too great, so decided to continue
th
treatment as outlin
d.

On the seventeenth day the patient
complained of a definite tightness in the
abdomen, and later there was a sudden
gu!'h of sero-sanguinous fluid (with no
odour) from the abdominal incision.
The dre
sing and bed were saturated-
it is estimated that at least 1,000 cc. of
fluid was discharged. Pulse and tem-
perature were unaffected by this out-
burst, but the abdomen was much softer.
On the next day there w.as another gush
of discharge from the incision, this time
of a purulent nature with a slightly dis-
agreeable odour. The temperature grad-
ually returned to normal, and the peni-
cillin was discontinued after nine days'
administration. The red blood count,
hemoglobin, and urine were normal.
However the pulse rate remained ele-
vated at 112-120.
During these two weeks, the patient
lost considerable weight and his appetite
was poor. His diet had consisted almost
entirely of fluids: water with Dexin,
gingerale, orange juice, chicken broth,
etc. After the nausea had stopped other
foods were added: toast and tea, cream
soups, and soda biscuits, ice cream and
cookies. Gradually he was being given
a full diet, hut his appetite remained
poor and he ate very little. Every effort
was made to prepare .and serve favourite
dishes. such as an oyster stew and dam
chowder, hut nothing seemed to stimu-
late his appetite to any extent. So, after
thirty-seven days in hospital, our patient
was taken home by ambulance. He was
not completely cured, hut it w.as thought
that his convalescence would be more
satisfactory amidst the familiar surround-
ings of his home. However, even then,
the troubles of our long-suffering pa-
tient were not over. A few days after
his arrival home, he was subjected to
the discomfort of an impacted rectum,
which developed in spite of the fact that
he had a daily bowel movement. After
that, his recovery progressed satisfac-
torily and he is now able to participate
in many activities.

Vol. 41 No. 9

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretary, The Canadian Nun.. Alloclatlo.

Reports of Committees
The following summaries have been
prepared from reports of various com-
mittees presented to the Executive Com-
mittee on May 31, June 1 and 2,1945:
Committee on Nursing Education
At the meeting of the committee on
Nursing Education in lVlontreal on Oc-
tober 2ï, 1944, the following resolu-
tion was passed:

That the committee on Nursing Education
recommend now to the Executive Commit-
tee of the CN.A. that the following ar-
rangement be made to facilitate the work
of the Education Committee in the present
biennium -
(a) That appointment be made to full
membership in the Education Committ
e
of at least four persons who reside in the
same town with the chairman of the Educa-
tion Committee; these to be chosen from
the CN.A. membership at large and not
because they have been selected already for
some other CN.A. function.
(b) That the convener and the conveners
of the two sub-committees with the above
four members, be considered as an execu-
tive sub-committee of the Education Com-
mitt<,e. and that this proposed executive sub-
committee be given power to act.
(c) That when possible the remaining ex-
oficio members of the Education Committee
be notified of all meetings and attend when
possible, and that, when they cannot attend
meetings, they be considered as correspond-
ing members and thus receive information
of all action taken by the proposed execu-
tive sub-committee.
(d) That a Vice-Chairman be appointed.
(Secretary assumed.)

SEPTEMBER, 1945

Nurse Practice Acts

Following the report of the sub-
committee on Subsidiary Nursing Groups
to the meeting of the Executive Sub-
Committee on March 27, the following
motion was passed:

That the provincial associations be urged
to take immediate steps to obtain K urse
Practice Acts, which will include both pro-
fessional and assistant nurses.

H ospi;'al and School of Nursing Section

The special page in The Canadian
Xurse has been very active, and the
convener has on hand sufficient material
for each month until November.
Throughout the provinces, studies have
been made of placements, courses in
the curriculum, staff education, ward
teaching, examinations for the admis-
sion into associations of registered nur-
ses, training school records, refresher
courses for instructors, etc.
The following suggestions were sub-
mitted from this Section for the 1946
biennial meeting: (1) use of pre-testing
in the nursing school curriculum; (2)
use of tests and measurements; (3) staff
education program and ward teaching.
A short institute on one of the above
topics would be of gre.at value, if such
could be arranged during convention
week.
General Nursing Section
This section stresses the need for
greater unity, for more active partici-

709

710

THE CANADIAN NURSE

pation in Section and Association activi-
ties by the individual private duty and
general staff nurse.
The Placement Service is proving its
worth, especially in attempting to meet
the needs of rur.al hospitals. The calls
for general staff nurses for sanatoria
and mental institutions still far exceed
the supply. Salaries for general staff nur-
ses have been increased in many instances
and more attention is being paid to liv-
ing conditions. Plans are again being
made to supply summer relief.
Public Health Section

The National Section executive feels
that a definite effort should be made in
the provinces to include industrial nurses
in the public health sections. Therefore
the following resolution was passed and
sent to each provincial public health sec-
tion :
That an attempt be made in each province
to organize the industrial nurses as a sub-
section of the Public Health Section under
a similar plan as exists in British Columbia.

In British Columbia the industrial
nurses have formed a sub-section of the
Public Health Section, and the chair-
man of the Public Health Section at-
tends their meetings. Any resolutions
from the industrial nurses are brought
through the chairman of the Public
Health Section to the Council of the
Registered Nurses' Association of Bri-
tish Columbia.
The Education Committee has been
working on a follow-up study on "The
Use of the Volunteer in Public Health
'Nursing" and reports that questionnaires
and reprints of the report on this sub-
ject, as found in the December, 1943,
issue of the Can
dian Journal of Public
Health will be mailed to each provin-
cial section.

The Publications Committee has been
very busy procuring articles for the
Public Health Nursing page of The
C.nadian Nurse. Material is arranged

for up until a Fall issue. At the last
Executive meeting the following reso-
lution was passed:
That each provincial section should be
made responsible for contributing one ar-
ticle, at least, by September 1, on some in-
teresting public health project in their res-
pective provinces.

British Nurses Relief Fund

Funds continue to come in from the
provinces. Because of th
increased air
bombing during the latter part of Feb-
ruary and early in March, it was de-
cided to send a further donation of
$5,000 to Great Britain. A letter of
thanks has been received from the Royal
College of Nursing for this amount.
National Bursary A ward Committee

On July 19, 1944, the National
Bursary A ward Committee met to con-
sider 164 applications. Out of these, 115
long-term bursaries and 13 short-term
awards were made. Further awards
were made up to June 10, 1945, un-
til the tot.al number of long-term bur-
saries reached 125 and the short-term
bursaries numbered 72; 63 applicants
received assistance with travelling ex-
penses. Of the allocation of $75,000
for bursaries, the division was as fol-
lows: long-term bursaries, $60,000;
short-term bursaries, $10,000; travel-
ling expenses, $5,000. All but $15 of
this amount was used.

Study Committee for Nurse Represen-
tation on Dominion Health C ouneil

A review of the correspondence on
file shows that it is over twenty-one
years since the C.N .A. made its first
approach to the Dominion Government
requesting that a representative of the
C.N.A. be appointed to the Dominion
Health Council.
In July, 1943, a formal request was
submitted to the Honourable the Mm-
ister of Pensions and National Health
by the C.N.A., namely:

Vol. 41 No. ,

NATIONAL OFFICE

711

That, as the Dominion Health Council
deals with the health matters with which the
nursing profession is most vitally concerned,
a well-qualified, experienced nurse be ap-
pointed as a member of the Dominion Health
Council.

The Minister expressed appreciation
of the interest of the C.N .A. but stated:

It is felt at the present time that it would
not be warranted to increase the membership
or chang
the type of personnel forming
the Council in view of the success of its
operations under existing conditions.

It is felt by Canadian nurses that this
request has scarcely received the con-
sideration it deserves. It has been point-
ed out to the C.N.A. that other profes-
sional organiz3tions are not represented
on the Dominion He.alth Council as
such. This fact is recognized but it
does not seem fully relevant or con-
vincing. It is admitted, too, that the
C.N.A. has continued to present this
request to the Government for over
twenty-one years. Nevertheless, other
worthwhile achievements have taken as
long; therefore, it has seemed advisable
that the importance of having nursing
representation on the Council should be
kept before the authorities in the hope
that something can be done abo\X it.

Editorial Board
The Editorial Board was first named
after the Winnipeg meeting last year.
The responsibilities of the Board are
broader than its name would indicate,
for they include financial matters as
wen as editorial policy.
The Journal is owned and published
by the Canadian Nurses Association.
When a full-time editor was first ap-
pointed in January, 1933, it was stated
that the Canadian Nurses Association
would be responsible for any deficit.
The present budget of the Journal is
approximately $25,000 and the pros-
pect of a deficit is most unlikely. It ap-
pears wise, however, that the financial

SEPTEMBER, 194'

policy as it relates to The Canadian Nurse
be clarified as .a guide to the Editorial
Board now and in the future.
Since the present editor assumed of-
fice and the Editorial Board was named.
it has been the practice to refer any ex-
traordinary expenditure, not included
in the budget,to the Editorial Board for
approval, and then to the Executive
Committee of the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation for ratification. The new sal-
ary scale for clerical staff which was
adopted this year provides an example of
this method of dealing with financial
matters. The procedure seems logical
and satisfactory, and it is now recom-
mended that this practice be adopted as
a definite policy to guide future finan-
cial relationships between the Canadian
Nurses Association and The Canadian
Nurse.

Exch{mge 0.1 Nurses Commit:ee
British Civil Nursing Reserve
One meeting of the sub-committee
of the Exchange of Nurses Committee
has been held since the Executive last
met. At this meeting, a letter was read
from Mis!!! \Vatt, of the Ministry of
Health, London, Eng., stating that, in
view of the developments of the war si-
tuation, further recruitment of Canadian
nurses for the British Civil Nursing Re-
serve should now be discontinued. Ap-
plications of four nurses, which were .ap-
proved by the convener in September,
were ratified; three of these nurses had
already left for overseas. When it was
found that passage had not been booked
for the fourth nurse, she was advised" of
the discontinuance of recruitment.
Reports from Miss Watt conc
rning
the fifty-three nurses who have proceed-
ed overseas are for the most part very
satisfactory . We have been notified,
however, that twenty-seven nurses have
severed their connection with the Re-
serve - nine due to pregnancy, four
having completed the full year of ser-
vice, four having been released to re-
turn to Canada wito their husbands,

712

THE CANADIAN NURSE

and seven for personal health or family
health reasons; the other three nurses
left hospitals without offici31 notice.
In recent correspondence, l\1iss \Vatt
made the following comment:

I would like to assure you that the cor-
dial relationships between our two nursing
associations wilI always remain and we will
ever be grateful for the help that the Cana-
dian Nurses Association has given us in
recruiting nurses to join the British Civil
Nursing Reserve. The members "ho re-
main in the Reserve are giving very good
service.

Hirtory of _\Tuning CO!lzrnittee

The chairman has worked closely
with Mr. Murray Gibbon in the use of
the files submitted by the provincial
committees on History of Nursing and
in securing additional source material
as required.
During the past six months, 1\.lr.
Gibbon has visited every province ex-
cept Prince Edward Island and has
gathered a great deal of first-hand in-
formation, many pictures and human in-
terest stories. It has meant a great deal
to the Association that he has established
excellent contacts with the French nurs-
ing sisterhoods.
Mr. Gibbon has made steady pro-
gress in his work of writing the history
and it now appears that the manscript
will be completed by the autumn. The
paper for its printing has been secured
and there is every reason to beli('ve that
the book will be in your hands hefore th

biennial meeting of 1946.

Interim Report, Editor find BusÙ'zess
Manager, The Canadian Nurse

In January, 1945, the Table of Con-
tents and Readers' Guide were moved to
the front of the JournaL. Special pages
were initiated for the Postwar Plan-
ning Committee and for the Nursing
Education Committee in April and May
of this year. Monthly guests editorials

prepared hy the president<; of the pro-
vincial associations also hegan in l\1ay.
During .a promotion ompaign in the
four western provinces. the editor was
privileged to address thirty-one
audiences regarding the Journal.
Many new subscriptions were received
and contact was made with several pros-
pective authors. The splendid co-opera-
tion received from the prm"incial execu-
tive secretaries and C filltldinn Nune con-
veners is extremely gratifring.
For the first five months of 1945,
2,16R new subscriptions' were received,
but during the same period 1,242 sub-
scribers failed to renew. Any suggestions
that will assist in the curhing of failure
of renewals will be gratefully received.
The Editorial Board approved the
purchase of $2,500 in Victory Bonds in
1\ovember, 1944, and authorized the
purchase of $3,000 more in the spnng
drive.

Commit:-ee on Placement Bureaux

At the Octoher meeting, the C.N.A.
Executive adopted th e following motion:

That the appointment of a person to or-
ganize and co-ordinate placement bureaux
on a national basis be given further study
by the general secretary, and that a report
be made on this matter at the next Execu-
tive meeting.

lVliss Gertrude Hall attended a meet-
ing of the Core Committee on April 5.
IVliss Hall reported rapid development
of placement bureaux in the provinces.
Discussion emphasized the need for some
sort of consultant service being made
availahle to provincial associations. It
was agreed that this rapid development
indicated the need for some revision of

he proposal suggested in the October
resolution and the following motion was
passed:

It is the op1l11On of this Committee that
present and future needs would best be met
by a national consultant rather than a co-

Vol. 41 No. 9

NATIONAL OFFICE

ordinator. If. in the opinion of the c.)J..-\.
E),.ecutive, the appointment of such a person
on a full-time basis is not possible, the
Committee recommends that, for those prov-
inces requiring assistance in the establishment
of placement bureaux, consideration be given
to the utilization on a part-time basis and
in a consultant capacity of
ome one already
e)>.perienced in this field.

CommittN on Postwar Planning

The activities of the committee on
Postwar Planning- have been confined
to the original objectives, viz: (1) to
e-ive assistance in the rehabilitation of

ursing sisters; (2) to co-operate with
UKRR.-\; (3) to assist the provincial
nurses associations with problems of sup-
plying distribution of nurses; and to en-
courage promising nurses to prepare for
leadership in all fields of nursing.
Replies have been received from the
nursing sisters in the R.C.A.l'v1.C. over-
seas and from all nursing sisters of the
R.C.A.F. and R.C.
. (T) to the ques-
tionnaires sent out concerning rehabili-
tation. The information obtained from
the questionnaire data has served as a
very constructive basis for preparing the
type of information which will be of
value and interest to those contemplat-
ing demobilization. Public health nursing
in its various .aspects, teaching in schools
of nursing, operating room, and sur-
gical nursing are the four major inter-
ests of service and education.
It was felt that the most effective
means of giving assistance to the nurs-
ing sisters on the basis of the informa-
tion thus received would be through the
medium of a personal letter from the
president of the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation. This letter, which is in the form
of a brochure, covers both educational
and sen-ice plans of the Government
and of the C.N.A. in postwar activities.
This pamphlet has been prepared in
collaboration with the Matrons-in-Chief
of the nursinK services of the Armed
Forces.

SEPTEMBER, 1945

713

UNRRA: On the recommendation
of the Executive Committee in October,
1944, a new quota of fifty nurses of
all categories for UNRRA was set up
by the Association. It is interesting to
note that the appoin tees from Canada
have almost all been public health nur-
ses. Our most recent advice from \Vash-
ington is that they again require only
higher-bracket personnel. .
Following consultation with Mr.
Pearson, Canadian l'v1inister at \Vash-
ington, we were advised that, should
further recruitment of Canadian nurses
he requested by UNRRA for service
abroad, the salary question should be
taken up with UNRRA authorities.
C.C.V.A.: \Ve have heen advised by
the secretary of the Canadian Council
of Voluntary Agencies assisting UNRRA
that the activities of this Council are
indefinitely suspended.
As a means of giving greater publicity
to postwar plans, the committee on
Postwar Planning requested a page in
The Canadian N line for all types of
information on postwar activities.

General Secretary
This report covers the activities of
thi
Association since the last meeting
of the Executive Committee held in
October, 194+. l'v1iss Winnifred Cooke
arrived at l\ational Office on August 1,
1945, to replace
1iss F. \Valker, who
left on December 15, 1944. Miss
Marion lv10seley has replaced Miss
Henderson, the bookkeeper.
Liaison in Foreign C ountrÏes

It was brought to the attention of
the Executive that on more than one
occasion inaccuracies in interpretation or
reporting of Canadian nursing affairs
have occurred in the press in other coun-
tries. It was suggested that some pro-
tective measures should be taken to en-
sure a more careful interpretation of our
affairs in the future; also it would be

714

THE CANADIAN NURSE

beneficial to the C.N.A. to be kept in-
formed of significant trends in nursing
developments - legal, technical and
social - in other countries.
In the light of the above expression
of opinion, the following resolution was
submitted at the October 27-28, 1944,
meeting:

Whereas it is becoming an axiom that if
world peace is to be secured there must be
international goodwill and understanding not
only between nations as such, but also be-
tween like groups within these nations;
therefore be it resolved that the question
be explored of having a Canadian nurse
liaison representative in England and in the
U.S.A., and other countries when possible,
attached to the Royal College of N ursin

and the National League of Nursing Edu-
cation or the American Nurses AssÐciation
in the same way that the Canadian Govern-
ment have commissioners.

A letter covering this resolution was
written to the executive secretary of
the International Council of Nurses on
December 12, 1944, and the follow-
ing reply was received:

I was most interested in the resolution
concerning representatives of the Canadian
Nurses Association in England and in the
U.S.A. I believe that this would be a great
step forward towards an understanding be-
tween national professional groups. I was
particularly pleased as I have lately been
thinking on the same lines for the I. CN.

$urvey of Nursing Service Needs as
Proposed hy Canadian Red Cross Society
In an effort to assist in alleviating
present serious shortages of nursing per-
sonnel in civilian hospitals in Canada,
the Canadian Red Cross Society and
the St. John Ambulance Association
were appro.ached in August, 1944, by
National Selective Service, with a sug-
gestion that the services of nurses' aides,
trained under the auspices of these two
organizations, should be utilized to a
greater extent than at present, in order
to dilute available registered nurse per-

sonne!. These aides, heretofore serving
in hospit.als as volunteef5, would under
the proposal of National Selective Ser-
vice be employed on a full-time and
sala
y basis in hospitals requiring their
serVIces.

In February, 1945, Dr. F. ,V. Rout-
ley, Commissioner of the Canadian Red
Cross Society, Toronto, approached
representatives of the Canadian Nurses
Association to ascertain whether the lat-
ter organization would consent, at the
expense of the Canadian Red Cross, to
undertake an immediate canvass of the
hospital situation throughout Canada in
order to determine the following facts:
(a) the need of nurses' aides in general
hospitals ( urban and rural), mental
hospitals and sanatoria; (b) the number
of nurses' aides requested by each in-
stitution desiring such assistance under
the terms specified by National Selective
Service; ( c) the ability and willingness
of the hospitals to pay such workers $60
a month, plus full maintenance and
lodging.
On the advice of the president of the
Canadian Hospital Council, the gen-
eral secretary of the Canadian Nurses
AS50cÏ.ation sought the co-operation of
Dr. H. Agnew, sceretary of the Cana-
dian Hospital Council, in securing from
each provincial hospitftl association infor-
mation as to the ability and willingness
of the hospitals to pay the suggested
sum of $60 a month, plus maintenance.
Following the .approval of the ma jor-
ity of the Executive of the C.N.A.,
the general secretary of the C.N.A.
then commenced a survey of nursing
needs in the four western provinces,
while the assistant secretary undertook a
similar study in the province of Nova
Scotia. In addition to carrying out the
survey, the general secretary was privi-
leged to attend annual meetings in three
provinces, and opportunity was provided
in the province of Saskatchewan to meet
and address nurses in Regina and Sas-
katoon.

Vol. 41 No.9

QUEBEC SILVER JUBILEE MEETING

715

Forty-two hospitals were visited in
three provinces; these included mental
hospitals anq tuberculosis sanatoria. The
total number of nurses' aides required
by the hospitals visited in the provinces
of British Columbia, Alberta and lV1ani-
toba are as follows: 40 in mental hos-
pitals; 45 in general hospitals; 34 in
sanatoria; 119 in all.

Treasurer
Monthly financial statements have
been prepared for both Canadian Nurses
Association and Government Grant
funds. These have been submitted to
the president, and statements covering
C.N.A. funds and the administrative
portion of the government grant have
been submitted, as is customary, to the
honourary treasurer and honourary
secretary.
Quarterly financial statements for the
periods ended December, 1944, and
March, 1945, have been sent to all
members of the Executive Committee.
The books of the Association were duly
audited for the fiscal year ended De-
cember 31, 1944.
Total membership reported by the

nine provincial 3ssoci.ations as at Decem-
ber 31, 1944 was 21,906, an increase
of 475, or about 2.20 per cent.

Government Grant Committee

A letter was read from Dr. G. B.
Chisholm, Deputy Minister of Health
and \Velfare, advising the C.N.A. that
five-twelfths of the $250,000 grant ap-
plied for, for 1945-46, had been ap-
proved, .and that the remaining seven-
twelfths of the estimated grant would
be considered by Parliament following
the general election.
The allocation of $30,000 for bur-
saries out of the $104,170 available now,
was ratified, as was the policy of con-
tinuing to restrict the award of bur-
saries for short courses, to be t.aken out-
side of Canada, to selected applicants.
It was agreed that $20,000 would be
allocated for administration in National
Office.
The convener of the Bursary A ward
Committee stressed the necessity for
careful selection of bursary applicants
by provincial associations. Those apply-
ing for bursaries should place their ap-
plications through the province where
they are presently registered.

Quebec Holds its Silver Jubilee Meeting

The R.N.A.P.Q. celebrated its Silver
Jubilee recently, during a meeting which
lasted three days, and closed with a ban-
quet. On the Sunday immediately preced-
ing the meeting, hundreds of nurses attended
special na"onal memorial and re-dedication
services, with groups from all of the nurs-
ing service5 of the armed forces, public
health organizations and students represent-
i
g all schools attending in uniform.
The attendance at all tile sessions of the
twenty-fifth annual was exceedingly good,
especially the one which constituted a "For-
um of Current Events as Related to Cana-
dian Nursing". All reports indicated in-
creased activities and demonstrated that

Þinancially our Association is solvent. The
main accomplishment of the year was the
establishment of District Associations in the
twelve areas designated by the Registration
Act Amendment passed in 1943. This chan-
ges the principle of election to the Commit-
tee of Management, which was put into
effect for the first time at this meeting.
The Committee of Management consists of
fourteen members, seven from each lan-
guage group and elected therefrom in alter-
nate years. Official delegates named by the
twelve District Associations cast the vote
on their behalf, there being one vote for
everyone hundred paid-up members in each
district. The nomination ticket forwarded

Vol. 41 No. ,

716

THE CANADIAN NURSE

to the District Associations one month be-
fore the date of the annual meeting pro-
vides the means whereby a secret ballot of
all members permits of democratic proce-
dure in such an election.
Business sessions and the Forum were
conducted bilingually, other sessions being
held separately in French and English, with
speakers and topics of their individual choice
and interest. Space will not permit me to
enlarge upon the reports presented, their
reception and the manner in which they
were taken to heart, nor to do more than
mentions the speakers' names and the topics
which they handled with exceptional ability
as follows:
Miss Rae Chittick, first vice-president,
Canadian Nurses Association, gave us a
great deal to think about in her masterly
address entitled "Can Nurses Assist in th

Retur
of \Var Personnel to Civilian Life".
Miss Gertrude :M. Hall, general secretary
Canadian Nurses Association, provoked much
discussion and not a little concern through
her excellent and timely presentation of
"Two Types of Nurses", many among those
present learning for the first time of no less
than "six types of nurses" who may share
nursing services in a given situation. The
papers presented at the Forum precipitated
healthy and spirited argument which moved
so smoothly one wondered to what extent
rehearsals had been conducted. These in-
cluded "Legislation" by :Miss E. C. Flana-
gan and Miss Ethel Johns; "Labour Rela-
tions" by Miss Esther Beith and Mlle Emma
Rocque; "Postwar Planning" by Miss Marion
Lindeburgh and Mile Juliette Trudel. Con-
tributing to the discussion were Misses Fan-
ny Munroe, Gertrude Hall, Margaret Kerr,
Electa
facLennan, Effie Killins,
1argar-
d Brady, Ann Peverley, Elizabeth Robert-
son, Rev. Sisters Papineau and Lefebvre,
MIles Alice Albert, :Maria Beaumier, Marie
Cantin, Alice Girard, A. Martineau, A. M.
Robert, Emma Rocque and Maria Roy.
Speakers at the French sessions were Dr.
Edouard Desjardins, professor of surgery,
University of Montreal - "Ce que Ie pu-
blic attend de nous" (\Vhat the public ex-
pects of us); Rev. Père André Guillemette,
chairman, Board of Directors, Council of
Federation of French-Canadian Charities -
"Techniques modernes pour la protection
de l'enfance" (Modern technique and method
in child care); Dr. Chas. Emile Grignon,
chief, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpi-

tal Notre Dame, and professor, University
of :Montreal - "Les glandes endocrines et la
personalité" (Endocrine glands and per-
sonality) .
At the banquet which brought the Anni-
versary celebrations to a close, the speakers
were Ì\lme Guy Boulizon, professor of edu-
cation, Stanislas College - "Vues sur les
néces
ités de l'éducation contempora:ine"
(Views on the need for contemporaneous
education) ; Dr. H. L. Stewart, professor of
philosophy, Dalhousie University, Halifax
- "Prospects for the Post-war World". A
brief resume of the Association's history to
date ('ntitled "Through the Years" was
presented by the executive secretary and
read in French by 1111e Marguerite Tas-
chereau.

At the close of the Forum, during which
our legal adviser, .Mr. Roger Ouimet, K.C..
was prescnt to iron out misunderstandings,
two resolutions were presented, discussed
and unanimously carried. These were:

Whereas the status of nursing in the Prov-
ince of Uuebec has never been legally estab-
lished, and whereas it is of public interest
that the nursing profession be recognized
by law, and whereas Labour laws and Labour
codes in Canada and in the Province of
Quebec have made no exception for the
nursing profession as they have in the case
of oth
r professional workers, and whereas
rapidly changing world and social condi-
tions make it imperative that nursing be de-
fined as a profession by law, and whereas
the public has the right to be protected when
dealing with persons whose calling allows
them to care for the sick, and whose incom-
petence would constitute in itsel f a public
menace therefore be it resolved that the
CommiÍtee of Management of the Regis-
tered Nurses Association of the Province
of Quebec be. and they are of these presel!ts
funv empowered and urged to proceed WIth
the -matter of securing a Nursing Practice
Act in the Province of Quebec as soon a,
possible and practicable.
Whereas the Labour Relations Act of the
Province of Quebec contains no provisions
excepting Registered Nurses from its appli-
cation' whereas the nursing profession has
not y
t been defined by law, and whereas
Collective Labour Agreements have been
passed by different public and private bo-
dies which have either included some staff,
of Registered Nurses or threatened to in-
clude same, and whereas it is neither in the
interest of the nursing profession nor of the
public that bargaining agents on behalf of
Registered Nurses be anyone but the
Registered Nurses Association of the Prov-

Vol. 41 No. 9

ANl'UAL :\lEETING IN 1\OV.\ SCOTIA

717

ince of Quebec through its authorized
representatives, and whereas the provisions
of the laws gm'erning similar matters re-
quire full authority on the part of the dele-
gating bodies, therefore be it resolved that
the Registered Nurses Association through
its Committee of Management be and it is
hereby empowered to present any and all
petitions provided for by law to act as
collective bargaining agent for all Regis-
tered K urses of the Province of Quebec
whenever Collective Labour Agreements are
negotiated with any and all employers of
Registered :r\ urses throughout the Province
of Quebec.

Officers elected to the Board for the next
two-year period were Misses E. C Flanagan,
Mabel K. Holt,
Iary S.
lathewson, Ethel
B. Cooke, Rev. Sister Flavian (all re-
elected) Misses Vera Graham and Ann Pev-
erley, following which, according to regu-

lations, the entire board met and elected
from their number the following officers:
president, E. C Flanagan; French vice-
president, Rev. Soeur Valerie de la Sa-
gcsse; English vice-president, lIary Math-
ewson (all re-elected); honourary secretary,
Ethel B. Cooke; honourary treasurer, A.
Martineau.
The principle of pensions for permanent
employees at Association headquarters was
adopted by the Committee of lIanagement
in honour of the occasion. :\11 annuity plan to
which both employer and employee will
contribute is being worked out and will go
into ef feet immediately.

E. FRANCES UPTON
Executive Secretary and Registrar,
R.N.A.P.Q.

Annual Meeting In Nova Scotia

The thirty-sixth annual meeting of the
Registered Nurses Association of Nova Sco-
tia was held at the First Presbyterian
Church. Kew Glasgow, on June 13 and 14,
1945. with the president, Miss Rhoda Mac-
Donald, in the chair. The Association was
entertained by the Pictou County Branch,
R.N.A.N.S.
The meeting opened with an inspiring in-
vocation by the Rev. Lloyd MacLennan of
the First Presbyterian Church, followed by
an address by Mayor MacLeod of New
Glasgow. He welcomed the members to the
town, emphasizing the fact that the war is
not yet won, and that the nurses still have
an important part to play. Miss MacDonald
then welcomed
Iiss Gertrude Hall, general
secretary, CN.A., and Miss Margaret Kerr,
editor of The Canadian Nurse, to the meet-
ings. Miss MacDonald, in h
r opening re-
marks, stressed the need for co-operation
on the part of each and every member if
the Association is to progress.
The reports of the registrar-treasurer-
corresponding secretary were presented. The
financial balance was satisfactory. The paid-
up membership showed an increase 'Of
sixty-nine members over that of the previous
year. Temporary reciprocal registration has
been granted to fifteen active members of
SEPTEMBER, 1945

other associations, and two special permits
have been granted to graduate nurses who
are not registered.
A number of surveys have been made
during the year, and a summary regarding
student and graduate staff of hospitals has
been sent to National Selective Service.
Many letters and posters for recruitment
have been distributed, and a great deal of
publicity has been handled through the pro-
vincial office. The Nurses Placement Bureau
is functioning, but due to the shortage of
nurses has made only a few placements.
The registrar gave a brief account of th

registrars conference held in Montreal on
June 4 and 5, 1945, bringing out points re-
garding reciprocal registration with other
provinces. A committee was then formed,
with Miss Jean Forbes as convener, to
study the application forms for registration
in this province, and to make necessary
changes in order to have more data regard-
ing each applicant on file in the office.
Seven of the eight Branches of the As-
sociation were represented, and interesting
reports of their activities for the past year
were given.
The General Nursing Section recommend-
ed that a refresher course be given later
in the year for that Section, to be financed

718

THE CANADIAN NURSE

by Government Grant funds. They also
suggested that eight-hour duty be enforced
in those localities where there is no short-
age of nurses. Both these recommendations
were approved.
On the recommendation of the Hospital
and School of Nursing Section, a commit-
tee was formed, with Miss Lillian Grady
as convener, to study the first year qualify-
ing examinations with a view to establishing
them in Nova Scotia, beginning with the
January, 1946, class.
The request of the Public Health Section
to study the possibilities of holding a Job
Instruction Training institute, to be fin-
anced by refresher course funds, was granted.
This Section reported having held a refresh-
er course during the past year, conducted by
Miss Mary Mathewson, assistant director,
McGill School for Graduate Nurses. The
Library Committee purchased seven books
during the year.
Miss Gertrude Hall spoke on the need of
an active Legislative Committee, in order to
carefully observe provincial legislation, and
to study the changes in the CN.A. consti-
tution which will be reported by the N a-
tional Committee. Miss Rhoda MacDonald
ga ve an excellent report as councillor to the
C.N.A. executive meeting. Miss Lenore Mac-
Millan gave a comprehensive report on hours
of duty and rates of pay throughout the
hospitals in Nova Scotia.
The afternoon session opened with an
address by Miss Gertrude Hall on "Two
Types of Nurses", who, in a clear concise
way, explained the dif ferences in the train-
ing of these types of nurses, clarifying many
important points in the minds of those
present. Miss Margaret Kerr brought greet-
ings from Miss F. Munroe, president,
C.N.A., to the meeting. In her talk she
stressed the need for more articles and
subscriptions for the Journal.
In connection with the report of the Post-
war Planning Committee, it was decided to
form a special committee to welcome the
returning nursing sisters, with Miss Archard
as convener. Miss Rhoda MacDonald gave

a report 0 f the Labour Relations Committee,
in which she stated that the lawyer had
notified the committee that, in Nova Scotia,
nursing was legally considered a profession.
The committee was then given permission to
investigate the \V orkman's Compensation Act
in relation to nurses. The meeting also de-
cided to engage a lawyer for the Associa-
tion on a retaining basis.
ft was duly carried that the registrar
and president be sent to all CN.A. execu-
tive meetings, the registrar to the annual
registrars conference, and the registrar and
president to the next biennial meeting, with
all expenses paid.
It was brought to the attention of the
meeting the benefits each might receive
through an affiliation with the Provincial
Council of Women, and it was decided to
make a request for this af filiation. A recom-
mendation, "that a committee to study the
advisability and possibility of university
post-graduate courses for nurses in public
health, and teaching and supervision, to be
established in Halifax in conjunction with
Dalhousie, be formed", was approved with
Miss Lenta Hall as convener.
The following of ficers were elec'ted :
president, Rhoda MacDonald, Sydney; first
vice-president, Lillian Grady, Halifax; sec-
ond vice-president, Lenta Hall, Bedford;
third vice-president, Gladys Strum, Halifax;
recording secretary, Frances MacDonald,
Halifax; section chairmen: Hospital and
School of Nursing, Sr. Catherine Gerard,
Halifax; Public Health, Margaret Ross,
Pictou; General Nursing, Mabel MacPhail,
Sydney; committee conveners: program &
publication, Mrs. C Bennett, HaJifax;
legislative, Marion Haliburton, Halifax;
nominating, Betty Duff, Stellarton; library,
Sr. Mary of Calvary, Antigonish; arrange-
ments, Mrs. Bertie Sanford, Amherst; ad-
viser to registrar, Sadie Archard, Halifax.
Several delightful social events brought
the meeting to a successful close.

JEAN C. DUNNING
Registrar, R.N.A.N.S.

When the S.R.N.A. Met in Prince Albert

Nurses from sixteen centres in the
province met in Prince Albert on June 14

and 15, 1945, when the twenty-eighth annual
meeting of the Saskatchewan Registered

Vol. 41 No. .

\\THEN THE S. R. N. A. MET IN PRINCE ALBERT 719

Nurses Association was held. For the third
time, the Association was privileged to have
convention headquarters at the Sanatorium
where everv facility was placed at their
disposal. The personal interest of Dr. and
Mrs. R. VV. Kirkby and Mrs. M. Stephen,
and of the staff at the Sanatorium, was
reflected everywhere.
For the first time in the history of the
. Association, at least one student from each
school attended the meeting. A special ses-
sion for student nurses was held the first
day under the guidance of Miss E. vV oro-
betz when "The Students' Responsibility for
the Social Life of the School" was dis-
cussed.
Following the im'ocation, and the address
of welcome given by His \Vorship Mayor
G. E. Brock, to which 1Irs. G. Droppo,
president of the 1Ioose Jaw Chapter, res-
ponded, the morning session was devoted to
business when reports were presented. These
were mimeographed and a copy given to each
delegate, the highlights only being discussed
by those responsible for them. It is hoped
that the folios will serve as useful refer-
ences during the coming year.
Miss
L Diederichs presided at all ses-
sions. As a result of her recent contacts with
the Executive Committee of the Canadian
Nurses Association, Miss Diederichs was
able to bring much that was of special in-
terest to the delegates. In her inspiring ad-
dress she spoke of the need for new solu-
tions to meet new problems in a chan
ing
world and appealed for the active partici-
pation of every nurse in meeting these.
Business sessions of the three Sections
were held on the first afternoon, followed by
a discussion on "Our Profession, Today and
Tomorrow" lead by Misses M. Chisholm,
E. Smith and E. James, r
presenting the
three Sections. A marionette show, demon-
strating play therapy and a possibility for
a publicity program, was given by high
school students under the direction of Mrs.
R. A. Spencer, Saskatoon, as the conclud-
ing event of the afternoon.
The second day of the convention Mr.
F. A. McKinnon, Staff City Park Collegiate,
spoke on "How Well Do You 'Rub Elbows'''.
This was followed by an address given by
Mrs. Elda Cameron entitled "Nurses as
Citiz
ns". Out of these very stimulating ad-
dresses discussions took place on the value
of a health teacher in a school of nursing,
whose functions would be enlarged to in-
clude care and direction of the entire

SEPTEMBER, 194'

health, recreational and social program in
a school; also the teaching of public health
to students from the time of their entry
into the school. The value of a sports and
recreational program in which individual
nurses, rather than picked teams, would par-
ticipate as a matter of choic
was also
stressed. The exhibit on display was referred
to as including handicrafts which nurses
might well develop.
A lively presentation of "Nursing Needs
a Press Agent" was given by Mr. E. Parker,
Promotional Director of Adult Education
in Saskatchewan. This was ably supported by
Miss Grace Giles who spoke on "The Nurse
as a Press Agent".
Iisses Lorena
IcColl,
:Mary Bohl and :Mrs. Verna McCrory gave
a delightful presentation of The Canadian
Nu.rse as a professional ally.
At the closing session a
pecial resolution
of appreciation was recorded to
Iiss M.
Diederich
",'ho retired fr
m the office
after four years during which she has
served the Association and profession un-
tiringly. In this resolution Miss Diederich's
contributions were referred to as very spe-
cial ones, the lasting ef fects of which would
be reflected in many. future developments
of the Association and profession. On be-
half of the Associati
n Mrs. D. Harrison,
the newly-elected president, presented Miss
Diederichs with a compact and scroll on
which the resolution of appreciation was
inscribed.
The following officers were elected:
president, Mrs. Dorothy (Cotton) Harri-
son, Saskatoon; first viae-president, E.
Peaßton, Fort Qu'Appelle; second vice-
president, M. E. Pierce, Regina; councillors:
Rev. Sf. Irene, Prince Albert; M. E.
Thompson, Regina; section chairmen: Gen-
eral Nursing, Mrs. Verna McCrory, Prince
Albert; Hospital and School of Nursing,
Alice Ralph, Moose Jaw; Public Health,
E. Smith, Regina.
The preparations made for the meetings
by the Prince Albert Chapter, under the
leadership of the president, Mrs. Verna
McCrory, and Mrs. G. Josephine Zakus,
secretary, were in keeping with the record
already set by nurses in this hospitable cen-
tre. Both graduate nurses and students left
with a feeling of warm appreciation and
look forward to a reunion in Moose Jaw
in 1946.

K. W. ELLIS
Registrar. S.R.N.A.

Postwar Planning Activities

Contributed by
POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

Opportunities in D. V. A.
Hospitals

Postwar planning for nurses and
nursing services is now becoming more
realistic in many respect'S. The brochure
of information for demobilized nurs-
ing sisters, prepared by the Postwar
Planning Committee, is now in circu-
lation and can be secur
d from all pro-
vincial nurses associations. \Ve are glad
to know, through letters received by our
president, that the information con-
tained its serving its purpose in assist-
ing nursing sisters to re-establish them-
selves following demobilization.
It is gratifying to know that so many
returned nursing sisters are taking ad-
vantage of the financial ,,
d provided by
the Federal Government for educational
purposes and are enrolin:! 111 university
schools across Canada. Tn man) ways
they will he better prepared to meet the
great ch31Ienge of nursing services that
exists throughout the country.
Facilities in mental and tuberculosis
hospitals, particularly, are being r3pidlr
expanded to meet an urge!lt need, and
provision for hospitalization and rehabili-
tation of veterans is well underw.ay.
Personnel and nursing needs in these hos-
pitals, administered by the Department
of Veterans Affairs, are very important
considerations.
l\1iss Agnes J. Macleod, newly ap-
pointed :\-1atron-in-Chief for Director
General of Tre.atment Services, De-
partment of Veterans Affairs, wishes to
bring to the attention of the nursing pub-
lic, ;nd particularly to nurses returning
from overseas, the need for nurses in
Veterans Affairs hospitals.

720

In the near future a nursing bulletin
will be issued by the Department of
Veterans Affairs bringing to nurses in-
formation regarding the special phases
of medical treatment work. Until such
information is available nurses, who are
interested in applying for positions in hos-
pitals under the Department of Veterans
Affairs, should note the folowing points:

All appointments are made by the
Civil Service Commission; application
forms in English or French are obtain-
able in local post offices of larger towns
and cities, district offices of Civil Ser-
\'ice Commission, or in Ottawa, and in
all Department of Veterans Affairs of-
fices. Applications are sent in duplicate
to the D;strict Civil Service Commission.
The Civil Service Commission reviews
applications and keeps a list of eligible
nurses for vacancies in particular dis-
tricts.

Information as to classification for
grading, including duties, qualifications
and salaries, will be shown in detail in
the forthcoming hulletin, as well as re-
ference to extra allowancf's, csot of liv-
ing bonus, uniform allowance, vacation,
hours of dutr, and other points of inter-
est.

The year ahead will he one of rapid
change and adjustments in all fields of
nursing. Provincial nurses associations
will carry increasing responsibility in
their attempt to supply qualified nurses
for administrative and supervisory posi-
tions, in meeting the increasing needs for
adequate nursing in hospitals and in the
public health nursing fields.

Vol. 41 No. 9

Nursing

Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

The Accreditation of
Schools of Nursing

At the meeting of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion in !\t1ontreal at the end of May.
following the discussion of recommenda-
tions from two provinces, this motion
was passed:

That the Canadian Nurses Association
approve the principle of accreditati()t1 for
schools of nursing in Canada, and that the
Committee on Nursing Education be asked to
initiate a plan of action as quickly as pos-
sible.

The dictionary defines "accredit" as
"to vouch for; to furni"h with creden-
tials" ; and accreditation as "the ac-
tion of accrediting or being accredited;
authoritatively sanctioned". This sanc-
t:oning could result either from meeting
a legal requirement; or it could be vol-
untarily sought by a school which en-
deavoured to meet certain Drofessional
standards.

J t will be noted that our nursing

("hools have a certain amount of statu-
torr accreditation through the inspec-
tion which is carried on provinciall}.
This, however, merely checks on ab-
solutely minimum standards and we
know that there is still great variation

111 the standards of schools within each
province.
The accreditation which is being dis-
cu
sed now by the Canadian Nurses
Association is for all Can:tda, and its
object is to raise the standard of nurs-
ing service throughout the country. The
purposes of such a program have been
defined by American authorities to in-
clude the stimulation of the improvement
of nursing education by defining desir-
able standards for nursing schools; the
encouragement of those responsible for
nursing schools to meet the
e standards;
assisting prospective nursing students in
selecting nursing schools; obtaining in-
formation which will he useful in edu-
cating professional and lay groups re-
garding nursing education.
Schools would apply voluntarily to
he accredited against certain hroad de-
finite standards which would cover all
aspects of the school. Thus accredita-
tion would consider- not only details or
the curriculum, hut such matters as the
organization and administration of the

chool; the school huildin
; teaching
facilities; teaching staff; st
ldents; li

ing and working conditions for students;
the curriculum.

The Education Committee hopes to
present a plan for accr
dit<Jtion to the
Executive Committee this autumn.

An Omission

Due to an oversight, the certificate course
in puhlic health nursing at the University of
Montreal was omitted from the list which
appeared on the Nursing Eùucation Page

SEPTEMBER, 1945

in the July 1945 issue of the J ollrJ/Ql. Thi:;
course for the French-:;peaking nurses
covers one academic year. We regret that
no mention was made of this course

721

Interesting People

Agnes Jean .Macleod, R.R.C., has re-
cently returned from overseas service
with the R.C.A.M.C. to become the ma-
tron-in-chief with the Department of
Veterans Affairs. She will be responsible
for the nursing service in all of the hos.
pitals and treatment institutions SpOT!.
sored by the Department.
After graduating from the University
of Alberta with her B.A. and B.Sc., Miss
Macleod put her normal school training
to good effect by aQting as instructor
in two Alberta schools of nursing. In
1932, she received her M.A. from Tea-
chers College, Columbia University, and
spent the next five years in the teach-
ing department at the Vancouver General
Hospital. At the time of her enlistment
in the R.C.A.M.C. in 1940, Miss Macleod
was director of the School of Nursing
in the .University of Alberta.
As principal matron, Miss Macleod
saw service in Sicily, where she was
wounded, in Italy and later in France
and Belgium. Miss Macleod was awarded

..

....

....
....-.' .

$..

.

AGNES J. MACLEOD

722

the Royal Red Cross for meritorious
service.
Prior to going overseas Miss Macleod
was very active in provincial and na-
tional nursing association work. She was
chairman of the national nursing educa-
tion section at the time of her enlist-
ment, and also chairman of the com-
mittee on nursing of the Canadian Hos-
pital Council.

Lucile Petry, Director of the Division
of Nurse Education, United States Pub..;
lic Health Service, recently received
honourary degrees from Adelphi Col-
lege, Garden City, New York, and the
University of Syracuse, New York.
The degree of Doctor of Humane Let-
ters was conferred upon Miss Petry by
Adelphi College on June 6. At the cere-
mony dedicating the new school of nurs-
ing building at Syracuse University on
June 7 Miss Petry was awarded the de-
g-ree of Doctor of Laws.
Miss Petry is a graduate with hon-
ours of the University of Delaware, of
Teachers College, Columbia University,
and of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
School of Nursing. In July, 1943, she
became the first woman director of a
division of the United States Public
Health Service, and leader of the larg-
est uniformed women's org-anization in
the United States, the U. S. Cadet Nurse
Corps,
In presenting the honourary degree of
Doctor of Laws, Chancellor William P.
Tolley, of the University of Syracuse,
cited her for her "work on programs of
far-reaching significance for the health
of the Nation, striving always with cour-
age and clear vision born of a dauntless
belief in the social importance of the
nurse . . . and labouring to bring about
the hjghest standard in the care of the
sick, in public health and in nursing edu-
cation".

Maude H. Hall, assistant superinten-
dent, Victorian Order of Nurses for Can-

Vd. 41 No. .

723

INTERESTING PEOPLE

..' "":.:'

"tf#
-

..,r

I

Underwood & Underwood, Washington
LUCILE PETRY

ada, was recently awarded a Rockefeller
travelling grant and spent several weeks
visiting various public health and visit-
ing nursing organizations in the United
Sta tes.
BOl'n and educated in Ontario, Miss
Hall is a graduate of the Johns Hop-
kins Hospital School of Nursing and
took post-graduate training in public
health nursing at the University of To-
ronto and at Teachers College, Colum-
bia University.
Miss Hall has had an interesting and
varied career in nursing both in this
country and the United States. During
the first world war, she served in France
as a nursing sister with Base Hospital
No. 18, the Johns Hopkins Unit. After
the war, she worked with the Massa-
chusetts Halifax Health Commission
and then with the Toronto DEpartment
of Health for two years. Following this,
Miss Hall was appointed supervisor of
the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society
in Washington, D.C., amI then became
director of the Visiting Nurse Associa-
tion of Holyoke, Mass. In 1928 she joined
the staff of the Public Health Clinic of
Dalhousie University. In 1930 she be-
came assistant superintendent of the
Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada.
During the four years that Miss SmeI-
lie was Matron-in-Chief of the R.C.A.
M.C. N'tlrsing Socvice, Miss Hall served
SEPTEMBER, 1945

I
r

..
.'" þ

t
-

.""
MAUDE H. HALL

as chief superintendent of the Victorian
Order of Nurses.
Because of the extensive student af-
filiation program of the Victorian Ord
r,
one of Miss Hall's chief interests during
this observation period was student af-
filiations for both graduate and under-
graduate nurses. Her travels took her
to Detroit, Battle Creek and Lansing in
Michigan; to New York City; to Hart-
ford, Conn., and to Boston, Mass.

Lillian J. Johnston has been appointed
chief nurse, Health Division of UNRRA.
Since March, 1944, Miss Johnston has
been serving as acting ('hief nurse. As

t

.

;,..-

,

, .

!"

UNRRA Photo
LILLIAN J. JOHNSTON

724

THE CANADIAN !\URSE

chief nurse she will maintain contact
between UNRRA and other organiza-
tions concerned with nursing on an in-
ternational scale, such as the Rockefel-
ler Foundation. International Council of
Nurses and the Nightingale Internation-
al Foundation. Miss Johnston will be
responsible for the qualification sta:1-
dards to be used in the recruitment of
all American and Canadian nurses for
UNRRA. She will work also in conjunc-
tion with the European Regional Office
to
ecure competent French and other
natiYE' European nurses to help in
U1\RRA's nursing program.
Mi:ss ..Tohnston gradu:tted from the
Hartford Training School for Nurses
and Tea
hers CoIIe
e, Columbia Univer-
"ity. Before her appointment to the
U!\RRA office> she was a Senior Public
Health Nurse with the Office of Foreign
Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, a
subdivÜ:,ion of the State Department in-
strumental in setting up UNRRA's ini-
tial orgal1ization. Previously she worked
in the Public Health Service in New
Y Ot'k as consultant to the Office of Civil-
ian Dcf{:'nse to promote plans for nurses
to take part in the Emergency Medical
Service in :r\ ew York, New Jersey and
Dela" are. She \vas county supervising
nurse in the \Y estchester County Health
Department, in White Plains, New York.
and a staff nurse at the Sprin?field
Visiting Nurse Association in Spring-
field, Mass.

..

:\1ATILDA R. DIEDERIClIS

The many friends of Lyle 11. Creel-
man will be interested to know that she
has recently assumed the duties of chief
nurse, Health Division, UNRRA in charge
of the work in Germany. Miss Creelman
has been associated with the London
office of U
RRA for the past few
months. Prior to proceeding overseas,
:\liss Creelman was director of the nurs-
ing service with the Metropolitan Health
Committee in Vancouver.

:\Iatilda Rose Diederichs, who has been
instructor of nurses at the Regina Grey

uns' Hospital for the past nine years,
has accepted a similar position with St.
Joseph's Hospital, Victoria, B.C., instruct-
ing in the science subjects. A graduate
of St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Miss
Diederichs received her certificate in
teaching and supervision in schools of
nursing from the McGill School for
Graduate Nurses. In addition, she has
taken courses in x-ray technique and
physiotherapy with the Victor Corpora-
tion in Chicago.

:\1 iss Diederichs has made an out-
standing contribution to nursing during
her years in Saskatchewan. She served
in various capacities in both local and
provincial association work, notably as
president of the S.R.N.A. from 1941-45.
Her broad understanding of nursing
needs and her ready willingness to as-

ist wherever possible have proved a
strength during these difficult war years.
\Ye wish hel' wel! in her new endeavours.

Horothea Shields. having comp
eted a
period of observation and study with
the KelIog'g Foundation in Michigan on
a scholar
hip, has returned to the Metro-
politan Health Committee Service in
Vancouver as consultant in communi-
cable disease control.

Miss Shields, a native of Ontario,
graduated from the \Vinnipeg General
Hospital and received her public health
certificate from the University of Bri-
tish Columbia. After two years of spe-
ciamng, she joined the nursing staff of

Vol. 41 N'". 9

I
TERESTING PE()PLE

725

the Vancouver School Board. When the.
amalgamation of the health services in
the metropolitan area of Vancouver took
place Miss Shields continued as a staff
nurse until 1942 when she became one of
the Unit supervisors.

Charlotte Graham Crowe has under-
taken an exceedingly intere!"ting piece of
work as instructor in the new affilia-
tion course for student nurses organ-
ized by the Saskatchewan Anti-Tubel-
culosis League. Graduating: from the
Regina General Hospital, Miss Crowe
served for a year as resident nurse at
Regina College. After she received post-
gradua te training in tuberculosis, she
was placed in charge of the orthopedic
ward at Fort Qu' Appelle Sanatorium.
For the past three years she served as
supervisor of the operating room at that
sanatorium. Miss Crowe broadened her
qualifications for this interesting new
work by recently taking the course in
teaching and supervision at the Univer-
sity of Manitoba.
Miss Crowe believes in having an ab-
sorbing hobby. She is inteyested in petit
point designing and needlework.

After nearly a quarter of a century
of faithful service as public health nurse
in \Velland, Ontario, Anna :\Iary Oram
has retired from active work. Born in
Ontario of Scottish-English parentage,
Miss Oram graduated from the Toronto
General Hospital in 1913. From 1915-
19, during the first wadd war, she
served as a nursing sister with No. 4
Canadian General Hospital, University
of Toronto Unit, in France, Dardanelles,
:Malta. Salonika and Canarla. On her re-
turn to civilian nursing Miss Oram join-
ed the first class in public health nurs-
ing given at the Univer!"ity of Toronto.
Her assignment to infant welfare work
in WeIland followed graduation. Upon
her retirement, numerous presentations
were made to Miss Oram, the most in-
teresting of which was a tribute from
the mothers of 'VeHand whom she had
assisted so ably throughout the year.;;,
a gift of enough Victory Bonds to go a
long way towards the purchase of a car
when they are available.
Miss Oram has always been very active
in nursing association work. At present

SEPTEMBER, 1945

\,

Df1I'id.
rJIIS. TJ'illllippq

CH.\RLOTTE G. CROWE

she is second vice-chairman of District
4, R.N.A.O., and al:5o councillor for the
Niag:ara section of this district. -'Vith
rele
se from her official duties, Miss
Oram will have more time to devote to
her beloved books and her frIends, her
flowers and her home. \" e wish her joy
in her retirement.

Hannah Elizabeth
mith. who has
served with the Ontario Department of
Health for twenty-five years, retired at
the end of June. A native of Halton
County, Ontario, Miss Smith graduated

\NNA :\1. ORAM

726

THE CANADIAN NURSE

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H. ELIZABETH SMITH

from the Roosevelt Hospital, New York
City, in 1917. A year of institutional
work preceded her entry into the pub-
lice health field where her activity com-
menced with the Health Department of
Toronto. The following year, Miss Smith
transferred to the Ontario Red Cross
Society and organized a generalized
program in the Danforth area. Her ac-
tivity following her appointment to the
Ontario Department of Health was to
pioneer in the development of public
health nursing services in isolated com-
munities. In 1925, her work took her to
the Township of Teck, which included
Kirkland Lake. It is a tribute to her
organizing ability that today, twenty
years later, a full-time health unit with
five public health nurses flourishes in

this area. Nine months after her intro-
duction to Northern Ontario, Miss Smith
moved to New Liskeard where her ter-
ritory covered an immense area. She

veraged seven thousands miles of travel
by motor during the summer months.
Despite her busy program, Miss
Smith found time for nursing association
work. She was chairman of District 9,
R.N.A.O., for six years and :played a
prominent role in stimulating the for-
mation of chapters in seven centres.
Retiring now to her home in Oakville,
Miss Smith will have time to indulge in
her greatest delight, working in her
garden. H(.'r many friends join in a sin-
cere wish that she may long enjoy the
".Ai rich contentment to which her years of
activity entitle her.

At its annual meeting this year, the
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Asso-
ciation decided to make provision for
honourary members to include all nur-
ses who, having served long and faith-
fully, are retiring from professional ac-
tivity after having been members for
twenty years or more, and also charter
members whose names appear in the
act of incorporation. The following nur-
ses were named as honourary members at
this time: Jean Browne, Jean 'Vilson,
Effie Feeny, Ruth Hicks, Ellen Love,
Ruby Simpson, Helen Walker, Elizabeth
Van Valkenburg, Norah Armstrong,
Madge Berry, Margaret McGill, and
Catherine Isabel Stewart. To each of
these we offer our sincere congratula-
tions.

Obituaries

On June 11, 1945, at "Hope", 17 St.
Paul's Road, Paignton, England, Emily
Cooper, aged 88, passed peacefully away.
A graduate of the Montreal General
Hospital, Class of 1892, Miss Cooper was
the first graduate nurse to be appointed
superintendent of nurses at the Montreal
Maternity (1892-1896). She and her sis-
ter, Miss Emma, a graduate of the Royal
Victoria Hospital, studied massage in

Philadelphia and returned to Montreal
where they practised their profession
until 1909 when they returned to Eng-
land.

Mrs. Elisabeth Masse, a graduate of
the School of Nursing of the Notre Dame
Hospital, Montreal, died recently after a
lengthy illness. Mrs. Masse was with the
Mount Royal Nursing Staff (Montreal)

Vol. 41 No. 9

ONTARIO PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING SERVICE 727

of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Com-
pany Nursing Service for over twenty-
four years.

Vera MacDonald, a graduate of the
Halifax Infirmary, Halifax, N. S., Class
of 1942, who joined the No.4 Canadian
General Hospital Unit in January,
1944 and went overseas in June of that
year, was fatally injured in a car acci-
dent while on a pleasure trip in Fran-

borough, England. Miss MacDonald was
a graduate of St. Anne's high school
Glace Bay, N.S. She was president of her
class at the hospital, was bright, viva-
cious and a general favorite with both
nurses and patients.

M. Edna Baird, of Woodstock, Ontario,
died recently. She was graduate of the
School of Nursing of the Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal.

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Mrs. Marion (Granger) Green'loood (Van-
couver General Hospital and University of
British Columbia) has accepted an appoint-
ment with the Swansea Board of Health.
Helen Gardner (St. Luke's Hospital, New
York City, and University of Toronto pub-
lic health course) has accepted the appoint-
ment of senior nurse in the Huron County
'School Health Service.
Mrs. Susannah Childerhose (Connaught
Training School for Nurses, Weston, and
University of Western Ontario public
health course) has been appointed senior
public health nurse at \Voodstock.
Mrs. H. D. (Jackson) Rice (Toronto
General Hospital and University of Toronto
public health course) has resigned her posi-
tion with the Woodstock Board of Health.
Rita Sutcliffe (Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, and McGill University public
health course) has resigned her position at
Swansea to accept the appointment of senior
nurse in the Halton County School Health
Service.
Marion Thompson (Toronto General Hos-
pital and University of Toronto public
health course) has resigned her position with
the Peel County School Health Unit to ac-'
cept an appointment with the Windsor De-
partment of Health.
Helen Larkin (New York Hospital and
University of Toronto public health course)
has resigned her position at Kenora to ac-
cept the appointment of public health nurse
at Parry Sound.
Isabel Pringle (Guelph General Hospital
and University of Western Ontario) who
bas recently returned from overseas service
with the R.C-A.M.C, has accepted an ap-
SEPTEMBER, 1945

pointment with the. Windsor Department of
Health.
Bessie SkÏJrucr (Toronto General Hospital
and University of Toronto public health
course) has resigned her position with the
Guelph Board of Health to accept the ap-
pointment of public health nurse at Simcoe.
lvfrs. Mar)! MacPherson (Johns Hopkins
School for Nurses, Baltimore, and summer
course in school nursing) has accepted an
appointment with the Owen Sounà Board
of Education.
Hilda Vollman (Grace Hospital, Toronto,
and University of Toronto public health
course) has resigned her position as public
health nurse at Ajax to accept an appoint-
ment with the Lincoln County Health Unit.
Louise Steele (:Memorial Hospital, Wor-
cester, Mass., and Western Reserve Univer-
sity, Cleveland, public health course) has ac-
cepted the position of supervisQr with the
Durham and
orthumberland County Health
Unit.
The following graduates of the public
health nursing course at the University of
Toronto have accepted appointments: Anne
Gibson (Toronto General H0!'pital) with the
Halton County School Health Service; Edna
Hulst' (\\'omen's College Hospital) with the
Divisicn of Epidemiology, Province of On-
tario Department of Health; Eileen Morris
(St. Uichael's Hospital, Toronto) with the
Oshawa Department of Health; Mrs. Mary
Black Fraser (University of Iowa School of
Nursing) with the Division of Epidemiology,
Ontario Department of Health; Eleanor,
MasOJI (Hamilton General Hospital) with
the United Counties Health Unit.
The fonowing graduates of the public

728

THE CANADIAN NURSE

health nursing course at the University of
\Vestern Ontario have accepted appointments:
JO)'ce Hankinson (Brantford General Hospi-'
tal) with the Brantford Board of Health;
JOI'ct }'{cDonald (Victoria Hospital, Lon-
don) with the Lincoln County Health Unit;

Dorothy Stone (Brantford General Hospi-
tal) with the Oshawa Board of Health.
Mt"fdred Habercr (Stratford General Hos-
pital) and Jean Falconcr (Kitchener-Water-
100 Hospital) with the Huron County School
Health Service.

P.E.I. Registered Nurses Meet

The annual meeting of the Prince Edward
Island Registered Nurses Association was
held in May and it was our good fortune
to have as a guest, Miss Electa MacLennan,
from National Office. After the presenta-
tion of some reports, Miss MacLennan ex-
plained them more fully and helped broaden
the picture for us. She spoke also on some
national problems. Other speakers included
Dr. Wendell MacDonald who spoke on
"X-Ray Therapy" and Mr. Lloyd Shaw who
gave an interesting discourse on "General
Education in Prince Edward Island".
Previous to the meeting the sections met
concurrently and discussed the problems rele-

vant to each. An enjoyable supper was served
by the Ladies Aid of Zion Church.
The following officers were elected: presi-
dent, Dorothy Cox; vice-president, Mildred
Thompson: secretary, Helen Arsenault;
registrar-treasurer, Sr. M. Magdalene; sec-
tion chairmen: Hospital and School of N urs-
ing, Sr. M. Irene; General Nursing, Mary
Lannigan: Public Health, Sophie Newson.
\Ve are looking forward to the time when
the nursing sisters witt be returning to our
provincial association to continue the advance
of our work.

HELEN ARSENAULT
S!!crctary. P. E. I. R. N. A.

Scholarships In Public Health Nursing

The Quebec Provincial Division of the
Canadian Red Cross Society offers scholar-
"hips, of the value of $500 each, to nurse!!,
who are graduates of app'-oved schools of
nursing, in order that they may pursue the
course of one year in Puhli.:: Health Nursing
at anyone of the schools for graduate
nurses conducted under the auspices of the
Universities of the Province of Quebec.
Es.fcntial Qualificatiolls:
1. The candidate must produce a letter
from the director of the school for graduate
nurses stating that she has met all the re-
quirements of the t:'niversitv for admission
to the course in puhlic health nursing.
2. She must possess a strong physique and
good heal tho
3. She must give proo f of personal apti-
tude for community service.
4. She must furnish a certificate of Uni-
versity matriculation or provincial high
school leaving certificate (Grade XI) with
an average of 60 per cent.
5. She must be willing to sign a contract

to serve in a Red Cross Nursing Outpost ùr
in a public health nursing field designated
by the Red Cross for a period of two years
immediately following graduation from the
University.
Dcsirah/e Qualifications:
l.Previous nursing experience under super-
vision.
2. Bilingualism.
For further information address: The
Commissioner, Canadian Red Cross Society,
Quebec Provincial Division, 3416 :\1cTavish
St., Montreal 2.

Preview

Complementing the discussion of the
relationship between the hospital and the
public health department which was
opened in our July issue, Miss Violet
Carroll will describe the operation of
the hospital health service plan in To...
ronto in our next issue.

Vol. 41 No. 9

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Abdom.inal Perineal Resection

JOYCE \VALKER
Student Nurse

School of Nursing, Victoria General Hospital, Halifax.

Mrs. A. entered hospital August 3,
1944. She was a tall, rather stout, pale-
faced woman, sixty-three years of age.
She was not unduly nervous about en-
tering the hospital as her daughter, who
is a nurse, had prepared her for much
of the investigation and treatment and
had accompanied her to th
city. She
was born and had lived all her life in
a little village. She had always been fair-
ly well, had had no operations and only
one serious illness, infantile paralysis,
when a young child, which had left her
right arm paralyzed. Apparently this did
not handicap her greatly as she had
borne and raised eleveR children.
Her complaints were the following:
passing blood and mucus per rectum;
discomfort and pain from abdominal
gas. For many years she had suffered
from constipation which required the
cpnstant use of laxatives. In the past
two years she experienced a feeling of
fullness in the rectum and on efforts
to defecate only passed gas and mucus
which did not relieve the desire to de-
fecate. In April, 1944, she noted blood
in the stool and throughout the early
summer blood was seen in small quan-
tities. On July 17, 194+, she had a sev-
ere hemorrhage and was greatly alarm-
ed. She consulted a doctor who recom-
mended hospitalization for observation.
There was. no further bleeding up to the
time of .admission to hospital.

SEPTEMBER, -1945

Her history was essentially negative,
the only history of cancer in her family
heing a maternal uncle. In the physical
examination nothing in the way of ab-
normal findings were obtained. Her
blood pressure was high, systolic 190
and diastolic 100. There was nothing
abnormal found in the urine and the
blood counts were favourable. The rec-
tal examination revealed a dense con-
stricting band surrounding the rectum,
which bled readily on being touched.
On August 8, 1944, a colostomy was
performed. A blood transfusion was
given .and the patient's condition was
good. On August 12 the colostomy was
opened by cautery and considerable flatus
was expelled which afforded Mrs. A.
relief. Colostomy irrigations ( saline)
were begun on August 14, and were
given daily thereafter. She was advised
what foods to eat to avoid frequent de-
fecation and also how much fluid to
take. Constipation was troublesome at
first but her bowels soon moved well
with irrigations.
On September 12, the second opera-
tion, abdominal perineal resection, was
performed. A midline incision and a
perineal incision were made in order
to free and remove the whole lower
rectum. The perineal incision was p.ack-
ed with gauze and the midline incision
was sealed with a collodion dressing.
She received 1500 cc. citrated blood on

729

730

THE CANADIAN NURSE

return to the ward. The perineal pack-
ing was gradually removed over a period
of several days. When the packing was
all removed the wound was irrigated
twice a day with normal saline through
a catheter inserted in the sinuses. There
was considerable purulent drainage for
sometime from two sinuses. Later the
irrigation solution was changed to half
strength Dakin's. The colostomy was
irrigated daily with saline. The midline
incision healed well with no signs of
infection. About three weeks after the
operation the patient received hot sitz
b.aths. The sinuses gradually healed and
the irrigations and baths were then dis-
continued.
Mrs. A. was unable to void for
twenty-two days following her opera-

tion. It was necessary to catheterize her
q6h. Hot compresses to vulva, prostig-
mine, and other methods were used to
induce voiding but to no avail. The
bladder was irrigated daily with potas-
sium permanganatel:8000 solution and
argyrol 5 per cent instilled. Sulfathia-
zole was given to prevent C} stitis.

Ferrous sulphate grs. III was given
once a day and a high vitamin, high
caloric diet. The patient made an ex-
cellent recovery and left the hospital
undaunted by the fact that she had a
permanent colostomy which was prob-
ably because she knew her daughter was
going to take care of her and none of
the responsibility for the irrigation and
dressing need fall on her.

Royal Alexandra Nurses Choral Club

L. OLYNYK

One of the most interesting and popu-
lar extra-curricular activities carried on
in the school of nursing at the Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Al-
berta, is the Nurses Choral Club. For
nearly eight years now, student nurses
numbering from thirty to fifty have
gathered together once weekly in the
reception room of the nurses home to
spend the evening in song.
Although few of the members poss-
ess outstanding talents as singers, under
the excellent guidance of their leader,
Mr. G. A. Kevan, F.T.C.L., A.C.C.O.,
the Chor.al Club has built up a wide-
spread reputation for its pleasing quality
of tone. This task has not been easy
because of the constant changing of the
members as they progress thorough their
training.
The original purpose of the organiza-
tion was to provide fun and fellowship

for its members; however, many people
outside of the Club have received
pleasure as well. In our own hospital
each Christmas morning both patients
and staff have been cheered by the
strains of Christmas carols sung by the
group. A concert for the tuberculosis
patients is another annual event.
Several radio broadcasts have been
given during each season and these havè
been very favourably received by the
public. Singing at the graduation exer-
cises, at a nurses re-dedication service,
and at Robertson United Church are
other highlights of the year. The club
has also had the pleasure of singing at
the provincial I.O.D.E. convention, .and
last year at the national con vention of
the LO.D.E. In the provincial musical
festival the Choral Club has won warm
praise with its adjudication and, in
1941, the T. Eaton Shield was brought
to the Royal Alexandra Hospital. .
V.I. 41 No. 9

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How Z. B. T. Baby Powder Helps to
Resist Moisture Dermatitis in Infants

Dermatitis in infants brought about by wet
diapers, clothes and bed clothes is a com-
mon and troublesome condition. Because
of it the busy physician is often faced with
questions from anxious mothers. \'V'hile
normally acid because of uric acid content
(CúH,N,Oa), urine is sometimes converted
into an alkaline irritant in the "ammoniacal
diaper" by urea-formed ammonia (NH,).
On the basis of simple mechanical pro-
tection, the use of Z.B.T. Baby Powder

with olive oil helps to resist moisture der-
matitis. Z.B.T. dings and covers like a
protective film-lessens friction and chafing
of wet diapers and shirts. The mechanical
moisture-resisting property of Z.B. T. may
be clearly demonstrated. Smooth Z.B.T. on
the back of your hand. Sprinkle with water
or other liquid of higher or lower pH.
Notice how Z.B.T. Baby Powder keeps skin
dryas the drops roll off. Compare with
any other baby powder.

z. B. T.-the only baby powder made with olive oil

SEPTEMBER. 1945

7J1

732

THE CANADIAN NURSE

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McDermid Studios, Edmonton

1l1iss 1l1argaret S. Fraser, superintendentof nurses, and Mr. G.
1. Kevan, the
director, are shown with the choir.

An outstanding item in the history All in all, the Choral Club has been
of this group was the purchase of a port- a great success, and we are looking for-
able organ to be used in the hospital. w;rd to greater accomplishments in the
Financially, the Club has done well, future. "... e also hope to see the ap-
and has been able to contribute to the pearance of Choral Clubs in many other
Red Cross. ho
pital schools of nursing.

Letters to the Editor

UN RRA Girls Live the H ord U' ay

At Lamia in Greece a small group of
people are doing a job of work of which
very little or nothing has been told. One of
them is Miss Heather Kilpatrick, UNRRA
regional nursing consul tant f rom Vancouver,
Canada. Miss Kilpatrick is a graduate of
the University of British Columbia, of the
Vancouver General Hospital, and was direc-
tor of Public Health Nursing of the Pro-
vincial Board of Health in Victoria, Can-
ada. And another is Miss Ruth D. Ballam,
American public health nurse, who has acted
as a nursing field representative for the
American Red Cross in Tennessee. Miss Kil-

patrick is in charge of the nursing activi-
ties in the Region "A" Attica and Boetia,
assisted by Miss Ballam and Miss Esther
Gilbertson, also from the United States.
There are fifteen of them altogether,
made up of
ese three UNRRA nurses, a
team of eight from the British Red Cross
Society, under the leadership of Dr. Lowe
from the London County Council, and three
International Service Guides. The Guides
are distributing food and clothing. We ran
into them driving their trucks through the
town and. later, dusty and tired, some miles
out in one of the burned villages.
These girls Jive the hard way, far re-
moved from the barest necessities of life.

V
I .41 'N
.

ALIKE IN APPEARANCE-

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. Today, as in 1875, Squibb Cod Liver Oil is helping babies
build strong, healthy bodies. They didn't know it then-
but now most people realize that it isn't the oilitself-but
the vitamin content ofthe oil that counts.

Squibb Cod Liver Oil is twice as rich in vitamins A and
D as oils just meeting official pharmacopeia requirements.
Therefore your patients have to give their babies one tea-
spoonful only of Squibb's daily as against two teaspoonfuls
of these less potent oils.
The high quality of Squibb Cod Liver Oil is the result of
careful rendering and refining of specially selected livers.
Excessive heating and exposure to air is avoided and the
final oil is carbonated and bottled under carbon dioxide to
avoid oxidation of vitamin A.
Squibb Cod Liver Oil supplies, per gram,
1800 Int. units of vitamin A and 175 Int.
anits of vitamin D. It is available in 4 and
12 ounce bottles either plain or mint-
flavoured. Premature or rapidly growing
infants need extra vitamin D and should
therefore receive Squibb Cod Liver Oil
with Viosterol10D, which contains 3000
Int. units of vitamin A and 400 Int. units
of vitamin D per gram.

/'

Tiny bod Ie., externally
. alike, may differ basic-
ally In their requirement.
of Vitamin D. That I.
why Squl.bb Cod liver
011 come. In two pote"'"
cle.-Squlbb" Cod Liver
011 Ìor normal bable.

';and Squibb Cod Liver
011 with Viosterol 100
lor premature or rapidly
. growing Infants.
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For literature write
E. R. Squibb & Sons of Canada Lid.
36-48 Caledonia Road, Toronto.

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. SION SIN "1'0 "'''E
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SEPTEMBER, 191.

733

734

THE CANADIAN NURSE

U1\RRA House, in which the three nurses
live, is very bare and cold. "In Athens",
Iiss
Kilpatrick said, "there is a wild scramble
for a hath unce a week. Here .we are saved
that trouble; we just don't have one at all".
These girls live on Army rations, bread,
margarine and jam. Tea is poured out of a
huge enamel mug into earthenware cups
with no handles. Bulty beef and tinned sal-
mon come up regularly in various forms
and degrees of temperature. At night it is
bitterly cold in the large bare bedrooms
and one sleeps only if one can forget the
chorus of countless barking dogs.
The girls start work at 8 a.m. There are
a hundred-and-one unexpected tasks that
they perform in a day. \\'hen we asked for
a program of their daily round t
y
laughed, "If we made a list", they said, "you
can be sure that two-thirds of it will be
scrapped for the dozens of little jobs that
keep cropping up during the day".

Outside the gate at 8.30 a.m. peuple were
already collecting. They were enquiring
about clothing, where to íind transport, a
son had sore eyes, or a child was sick. A
little blind hay, his head swathed in band-
ages, lay on the curb; his father stood help-
lessly by waiting for l\liss Ballam to arrange
for transport to take the child to Athens
for treatment.

I had a feeling that these girls were ex-
pected to do anything and everything, in-
cluding the performing of miracles. They
are made of the right kind of stuf f. and are
dealing with each emergency as it arises.
During the bitter
;nows of February we
learned that they did a very fine job treat-
ing the hundreds or more hostages and re-
fugees from the mountains. Some refugees
suffered from blistered feet: uthers from
frost-bite and various other infections due
to neglected cuts and wounds.
These girls coyer an area of 268 villages
between them, in which 68 per cent of the
population are suffering from scabies and
70 per cent are suffering from chronic
malaria and various forms of malnutrition.
They bath and rub some 60-70 adults and
children during a day with yeltow sulphur
ointment which the villagers haw come to
look upon as magic. "They feel cheated",
said Dr. Lowe, "if they don't get any".
The viltagers have come to love and res-
pect these girls. Katina, the maid at UNRRA
House placed her hands on the shoulders of

fiss Kilpatrick and l\[iss Ballam, and
said, "These are our friends everybody's
fricnds", \Yatching the efficient but kindly
face of Miss Kilpatrick and the serious ex-
pression on the face of l\Iiss Ballam at the
ho
pital as she talked to a patient, J hnew
what she meant. .
The need in the Lamia area is great. The
prohibitive price of soap makes any hind uf
washing a luxury. Scabie
cannot be cured
whilst the people have no
oap or a spare
garment to change into. Atabrine is needed
for the many cases of malaria. Cod Ii ver
oil is needed for the children. The demand
for sulphur ointment is such
hat the nur-
ses use '-,"hat they have as precious gold.

[ore blankets and beds are needed for the
homeless children at the burnt orphanage
where they sleep on the floor. People have
been dri\'en, sick and maimed, like sheep in
search of food and shelter. Entire viltages
are destroyed without a single house stand-
ing. And they still smile.
That is why a handful of girls remain
fighting against tremendous odds, what must
spem at times a losing battle. This is the true
story hehind the scenes in Greece today. The
desperate need of Greece is not found in
the false veneer of a halî -dozen shops in
.\thens, where a few luxury goods are sold
at ridiculous prices. Even these are not the
true Athens. \Ye could afford to buy such
things in pre-war days; they were not
perched in the windows like dummies just to
be looked at as they are today. Out in the
burned viltages. where the patched and dirty
rags reveal rich.tic limbs and bleeding gums,
that is where we see the aftermath of a
tyranny such as the world has never known.
- ISABEL HUNTER.

T rO'ilcl/ing A rOllnd
\Ye seem to he doing a bit of trave11ing
since
Jay, 1944. \Ve've known Cairo,
Alexandria, then another sea voyage, but
a short one to Italy. I really enjoyeq the
absnlute contrast. The
Iiddle East was so
hot and dirty that we welcomed the sight of
the olive groves and grape vines in the
south, although it was very dusty. Driving
about in everything from a jeep to a ten-
ton truck our clothes were always caked
with grey dust. Then we gave up our lovely
blue uniform, of which I am very fond,
and donned this horrible khaki which is much
more practical for the tJ)e of work which

Vol. 41 No Y

JOHNNY CANUCK RETURNS TO

C I V I L I AN L I FE _ And whether
e needed hospitalization
or not, he will probably have to go
through a period of readjustment to normal living.
One legacy, which many will
bring from the rigors of war, is
a topsy-turvy digestive system
- a "delicate stomach" -
which, for some time, may in-
terfere with normal eating ha-
bits and nutrition.

.

Particularly during its "'rans-
ition period, may 'ile suggest
the distinctive properties of the
liquid-nutrient:

HORLICK'S

Rich and well-rounded in basic
food quality, Horlick's, like-
wise, is exceedingly easy to di-
gest and does not tend to in-
terfere with regular mealtime
food.
The delicious, natural, malty
flavor of Horlick's offers a
special appeal to the palate.

Recommend

H

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The Complete Malted Milk - Not Just a Flavoring for Milk

Obtainable at all drug stores

HORLICK'S
IALTED l\IILK CORPORATION OF CANADA, LTD.

64 Gerrard Street, East

Toronto, Ontario.

SEPTEMBER 1945

73'

736

THE CANADIAN NURSE

:'1'1
........ r.....

e fi

--:-
-=- ...:=
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. \f..Ð '.
\ -:-' ,.
"'1!{0
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J)oðßið
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because this famous Baby's Own
Soap has won their full confidence.
For over seventy-five years it has
been the choice of doctors and nur-
ses in prescribing for baby care.

'Wl
hk.it...
because its excel-
lence has bee n
known for genera-
tions. It is made af
the finest i n g r e -
dient5, carefully cho-
sen to keep Baby's

tender skin soft and
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.it...

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because sensitive in-
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kin needs a
soap made especially
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excf'lle.nce and par-
ticular purity.

- ';.
."

BABY's O
1/
) /' SOtAf

-\

I
The J.B.WIlLIAMS co. (CANADA) limited i

we are doing. I enjoyed my short stay in
Naples. From there I flew to Florence
where we did a spot of work. Now we have
given up city life and have retired to the
country, living in a quaint old village way
on top of the mountains. I'm quite certain
they will never get us out of here after the
trouble they must have had finding the place
originally. Tiny winding strets, paved with
cobble stones, but by far the cleanest spot I
have seen in Italy.
Tomorrow I am going into Rome to
yisit the Red Cross. Must try to scrounge a
bit of equipment for our theatre. but they
have been very generous On previous occa-
sions. I do hope a vehicle win be provided
for transport then we may have time to do
a little sightseeing before coming back to
the hills.

ext week they are sending me back to
Naples to a British hospital for a three
weeks' course in special eye work. Most of
the eye casualties are ,>ent to a certain
centre and, as a result, they get more ex-
perience than the rest of us; so one operating
theatre nurse from each hospital win go
down for three weeks and learn what they
can. I do hope I pass the examination at
the end of that time for it has been a long
time since I've had to do "any book larnin'''.

-NURSING SISTER JUSTINE ÐELMOTTE.

Book Reviews

101 Clinical Demonstrations to Nurses.
by Hamilton Bailey, F.R.C.S. (Eng.)
136 pages. Published by E. & S. Liv-
ing-stone Ltd., Edinburgh. Canadian
agents: The Macmillan Co. of Canada
Ltd.. 70 Bond St., Toronto 2. 1944.
Price $3.00.
Reviewed by Elsie Allder, in charge
of the Teaching Department, Royal
Victoria Hospital, L110ntreal.
In this book, the author has assembled
a collection of "demonstrations" as an
introduction to the study of clinical sur-
gery. There are fifty-one such "demon-
strations", really brief explanations of
conditions commonly seen in surgery,
and more than ninety photographs or il-
lustrations. Dr. Bailey states clearly that

Vol. 41 No. 9

BOOK REVIEWS

73-7

the apparently haphazard arrangement
of the collection is intentional. He has
introduced clinical material from the
simple to the more complex.
Each condition is described as though
the surgeon were giving a clinic at the
patient's bedside. The descriptions are
concise and clear; essential material is
well-worded and stimulating. The photo-
graphs, with accompanying diagrams
and x-ray pictures, should help the stu-
dent to form clear mental pictures of the
conditions discussed.
The author explains terminology in an
interesting manner which should be help-
ful in remembering new terms, for ex-
amJ3le:
Pott's Fracture-Dislocation, page 32:
"Pott's fracture is better called Pott's
fracture-dislocation, for there is usually
a dislocation in addition to the fracture
. . . In 1758, Percival Pott, surgeon to St.
Bartholomew's Hospital, was thrown
from his horse in the Old Kent Road. He
sustained a fracture of his leg, and much
of our knowledge of Pott's fracture-dis-
location is due to the personal observa-
tion of his own case".
Grapes' Disease, page 75: "The symp-
toms (as described) of exophthalmic goi-
tre were first described adequately in
Britain by Robert Graves, 1796-1853.
He was a physician to the Meath Hos-
pital, Dublin".
Charcot's Joint, page 116: "Jean Char-
cot created in the Salpetrière Hôpital,
Paris, the greatest neurological clinic
of all time. His Sunday morning demon-
strations drew students from all parts of
the world. He died in 1893".
This book should be helpful as a ref-
erence book for students taking surgi-
cal nursing classes. In a large hospital,
it cannot be assigned to any definite
course, as lectures in the various fields
are entities, but might be more useful in
smaller hospitals.

Human Anatomy and Physiology, by
Nellie D. Millard, R.N., M.A. and Bar-
ry G. King, Ph.D. 514 pages. Publish-
ed by W. B Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Canadian agents: McAinsh & Co. Ltd.,
388 Y onge St., Toronto 1. 2nd Ed.
1945. Illustrated. Price $3.50.
First published in 1941, this second
edition retains the general plant of or-

SEPTEMBER, 1945

..
:
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ne

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physician, the presence of any
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too often dreading surgery-those
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so in silence. Whenever non-
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Anusol will be found a safe, sane
and effective therapeutic tre
t-
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AnUSOL

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relieve pain and discomfort, and
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Their action is rationally effective.
I OM...150RB/s l

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& co LTD.

H

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738

THE CANADIAN NURSE

: CIE :

. ;
t"<'::
h
..
:..:-..::.<.;:

::.:.
. ':':":::'.:::..:.:.

<:
. Prevents perspiration stains and

.J
I PrO
i

h
r ;:
rol Sweet :

,I
I ODO. RO.l?O(o!>o.RooDo'l
ill CREAM DEODORANT 39 "" i:J
:,..
..., -...'...4
r:m l 'lM L S .L. I fULL Y ;{\.
;:. :-:'.. '.' ...:".if.
._" :}ét1.iß

.:::::;: Also 7'F and C/. 'F sizes OZ ;.
'\;;:.:::::::-:.
.:;

t:=
i'

ganization into the five major units
which proved such a useful teaching
method in the initial edition. Unit 1 dis-
cusses the body as an integrated whole;
Unit 2 describes the erect and moving
body, including the skeletal and muscul-
ar systems; Unit 3 deals with systems
which
re concerned with maintaining
the metabolism of the body, including,
circulatory, lymphatic, re5:piratory, di-
gestive, glandular and excretory systems;
Unit 4 pertains to reproduction of the
human body; Unit 5 shows how the body
is integrated and controlled by the ner-
vous system.
Abundantly illustrated with excellent
line drawings, the factual material is
written in a lucid, direct style which
makes for easy learning. Each new term
is simply and convincingly explained:
.'Fibroblasts are the common connective
tissue cells. Th('y are called fibroblasts
because it is generally believed that they
are responsible for the formation of in-
intercellular fibres". The information of
each chapter is conveniently and con-
cisely summarized, and two or three per-

tinent questions are ineluðed for further
discussion on essential points. Several
new topics, which were not treated in the
first edition, have been added. This is
an exceedingly useful, a different text-
book in anatomy and physiology.

Pediatric Nursing, by Abraham Levin-
son, B.S., M.D. 299 pages. Published
by Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Cana-
dian agents: The Macmillan Co. of
Canada Ltd., 70 Bond St., Toronto 2.
3rd Ed., rewritten and re
et. Illustrat-
ed. 1945. Price $3.45.
Reviewed by
Uadeleine Flander, In-
structress, Children's Memorial Hos-
pital, Montreal. .
The author covers, in a little space,
practically every unit of pediatric prac-
tice and pediatric nursing. This he has
done by a direct, elear and concise pres-
entation. The reader is left with the im-
pression that here is a good summary of
a vast subject, a summary in which all
of the important points have been i.-
eluded without detail or elaboration.
The material is arranged in three
Vol. 41 No. 9

SKIN ADHESIVE

739

Join me at lunch... Have a Coke

'i '

ill,
. 1

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-Q'"' $ øi
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You see them all over Canada at the lunch hour
.
.
ð
Happy groups of girls enjoying wholesome food'
D

with ice-cold Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola makes good food Delicious and
taste better... makes lunch time refreshment time. Refreshing

...... ... j.

parts. Part 1, General Considerations of
the Child in Health and Disease, includes
the newborn, growth and development,
care of the premature, infant feeding,
methods of examination and of treatment.
These last two chapters, methods of ex-
amination and of treatment, are parti-
cularly helpful since they outline the
common diagnostic procedures and dis-
cuss drugs commonly used in pediatric
practice, including the sulfonamides and
penicUIin. In Part 2, the diseases of in-
faney and childhood are outlined in rela-
tion to the systems of the body. There
is also inclusion of anergic and defi-
ciency diseases and general considera-

tions of the communicable diseases. In
the last section, Psychologic and So-
ciologic Aspects of Child Nursing, the
students' attention is directed to the
expectant and perplexed mother and to
the management of the "kind" grand-
mother. Thus with the discussion of the
psychology and art of child nursing, the
patient is seen as an individual and as
a member of a family. This part of the
text is short and concise as are the pre-
ceding chapters, but is valuable and in-
teresting.
This book gives the bare essentials
of pediatrics and of pediatric nursing.
It is well illustrated throughout.

Skin Adhesive

Seldom is there richer reward for indus-
trial research chemists than the knowledge
that they haTe contributed in some way to
the advance of medical or surgical technique.
A recent example of such a contribution
is the development by chemists of the Paint
and Varnish Division, Canadian Industries

SEPTEMBliR, 194

Limited, of a new adhesive cement for use
in skin grafting. The story is told in
the Canadi81J Medical Association Journal
by Dr. J. W. Gerrie, in charge of the Plastic
Surgery Centre, Montreal Military HospitaJ.
The .eed for a. adhesive cement with
special properties arose in 1939 when a

740

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL

COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1. A four-months course in Obstetric-
al Nursing.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
logical Nursing.

Fm fUTthtT information aPPly to:
Mia. Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the Women's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal,
P. Q.
or
MI.. F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
HOlpltal, Montreal,P. Q.

UNIVERSITY OF
MANITOBA

Post Graduate Courses for
Nun..

Th. following one-year certificate
cour"l are offered In:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. TEACHING AND SUPER,VISION IN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING
I. ADMINISTRATION IN SCHOOLS
Of NURSING

'or 1,,!orm41ion applt/ 10:

I,

Director
School o' Nun'", Educatl.n
. University .f Manitoba
Winnipeg, Man.

new method of cutting skin grafts was in-
troduced in Canada. The new method consist-
ed of applying an adhesive liquid to the skin
surface and to a metal drum or plate which
lifts the skin, enabling a graft of known
calibrated thickness and desired size to be
cut. The graft is then removed from the
metal and placed in its new position.
The "adhesive" method had several advan-
tages over older techniques for cutting skin
grafts, but no available cement was without
some practical disadvantages. Some of the
properties required in the cement were that
it could be easily applied in a thin, even film,
would be non-irritating, sterile, readily di-
luted, easily removed from skin surfaces
and instruments, non-corrosive to metal and
would quickly become "tacky". A further
extremely desirable quality was that it should
have a greater affinity for metal than for
skin to facilitate removal of the graft from
the instrument.
"Canadian Industries Limited was ap-
proached and the p.roblem placed
fore
them," Dr. Gerrie states. "By trial and error
over a period of nearly two years a liquid
was finally evolved which belongs to the
pyroxylin or nitrocellulose family of ad-
hesives. This has given outstanding satisfac-
tion and fulfilled the qualifying essentials
enumerated above".
Dr. Gerrie goes on to state that bacterio-
logical studies were conducted at the labora-
tories of the Montreal General Hospital and
the cement declared safe for clinical use.
"It was put into clinical use at the Montreal
General and St. Mary's Hospitals, where
several advantages over previously used
media soon became obvious. The outstanding
advantage lies in the fact that the cement
has a greater affinity for metal than it has
for skin. Upon removing the graft from the
metal drum or sheet the adhesive appears to
cling to the metal, leaving the skin surface
clean and free".
The Company's chemists also suggested
methyl acetate as a diluent and cleanser, and
this, too, has been found entirely satisfactory.
The timeliness of this development needs
no emphasis. Never has th
re been greater
or more widespread need for the surgeon's
skill in mending bodies that have been dam-
agèd and scarred. Small wonder that any
who have had a part in providing the tools
and materials needed to carryon this work
should be filled with pride and satisfaction.

-C-I-L Oval.

Vel. 41 No. 9

Alberta Department of
Public Health

The following are the staff appointments
to transfers and resignations from the Pro-
vi
ciai Public Health Nursing Service of
Alberta:
I. J ean Fareu'
ll and Frances Smith were
recently appointed to the New Brigden and
N ewbrook districts respectively. Alice
Tlzor1leloe, from Vancouver, was recently
appointed to the Sunnynook district.
Elizabeth Wallwork was recently trans-
ferred from Sunnynook to Craigmyle dis-
trict. Dorothy Geeson relieved at Worsley
during the summer before returning to uni-
versity this Fall to allow Mrs. H. A. UVil-
lis) Ta'j'lor to take up her houiewifely du-
ties there. Mrs. J. E. (Kart/man) McPhail
is at present staying on at Kinuso.
M. Blake resigned from the staff this
winter and is at present at home in Kitscoty.
M. A. K. Davis resigned as district nurse at
Craigmyle and is now on the staff of the
Foothills Health District, High River.
Thora McMullen recently resigned from
Rocky Mountain House to be married.

NEW S

NOTES

MANITOBA

Winnipeg GeneraJ Hospital:

Doris Wellar, supervisor of the operating
room, is taking a post-graáuate course in
operating room technique at the Toronto
General Hospital.

NEW BRUNSWICK

ST. STEPHEN:

At a recent meeting of the St. Stephen
Chapter, N.B.A.R.N., routine business was
transacted, the treasurer reporting the pur-
SEPTEMBER, 194'

Your White Shoes
Deserve It

Nugget White Dressing wilt
keep them neat and trim, al-
ways looking their best.
Nugget is also available in
Black and all shades of Brown.

(the cake in the non-rust tin)

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Weston, Ontario
T H R E E MONTHS POST-
GRADUATE COURSE IN THE
N U R SIN G CARE, PRE-
VE
TIO
AND CO
TROL
OF TUBERCULOSIS

is offered to Registered NUlses.
This includes organized theoretical
instruction and supervised clinical
eXiJerience in all departments.
Salary - $80 per month with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Positions available at conclusion of
course.

For further particulars apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto
Hospital, Weston, Ontario.

741

742

THE CANADIAN NURSE

'C

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.éf
.

Calcium phosphate (tribasic}
7 Vz gr.
Vitamin D ("Ostogen")
1000 Int. unit.
Cevitamic Acid (Vitamin C)
200 Int. unitll

DOSE
for perfect tooth structure, and to
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Two tablets daily in water.
IN BOTTLES OF 100 TABLETS
.

t;
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MONTREAL CANADA

The Canadian Mark of
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Since ]899

NURSING IN PICTURES

By Ella L. Rothweiler

In this exceptionally interesting book,
nursing procedure is taught by pictures.
Sections include: Care of the patient's
room, bedmaking, hygiene of the patient,
comfort of the patient, feeding the patient,
postures and positions, medical care of
the patient, emergency care of the in-
jured patient, surgical care of the patient,
obstetrical care of the patient, communic-
able disease, spiritual consolation. Instruc-
tors wj)) find this book invaluable as an
adjunct to classroom instruction. '.fhe pic-
tures, which are of outstanding excellence,
serve to impress on the nurse points which
she has already been taught. A splendid
book for both graduate and undergraduate.
542 illustrations. $6.25.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

chase of a Victory Bond. An interesting
letter was read from Mrs. Elsa Dunbar,
head of the Empire and Foreign Dept. of
Voluntary Services, London, England, thank-
ing Chapter members for parcels sent to
them. The ] une meeting was held at tht
home of Myrtle Dunbar and was in tht
form of a picnic supper. Each member
brought clothing, soap, and other articles fOJ
parcels for Britain, which are to be packed
immediately and sent to London.

Chipman M emorinl H ospitnl:

One of the largest classes in recent years
was recently graduated from the Traininø
School of the Chipman Memorial Hospital.
G. H. 1. Cockburn presided and T. C. Mc-
Nabb of Saint John was the guest speaker.
Diplomas were presented by Dr. S. R. Web-
ber and the
chool pins by Miss Reta Follis:
superintendent of the training school. The
Nightingale Pledge was administered by
Archdeacon E. Hailstone and the invocatior.
by Rev. D. C. McKenzie. Vocal solos were
rendered by Mrs. Raymond Russell and Mr.
Don Jamieson. A reception and dance wa:!
held later.
The annual meeting of the Alumnae As-
sociation of the Chipman Memorial Hospital
was held at the cottage of Miss Annie Spin-
ney at Oak Bay. Annual reports, election of
of ficers and routine business was carried
out. The members voted to present a ther-
mometer to each member of the graduating
class.

NOVA SCOTIA

HALIFAX :

Major Jean Nelson (Victoria General
Hospital), Principal matron of No 9
C.G.H., has been awarded the RR.C. She
recently returned to Halifax. P/M Nelson
had the honour of taking. over this hospital
under Col. R. Forbes. Capt. M. B. MacNeill,
RC.A.M.C. (permanent forces). formerly
Matron of Cogswell St. Military HospÌtal,
has also been awarded the RR.C.
Lieut. Muriel Graham, who went over-
seas in 1942 with No.7 C.G.H., has returned
to Canada and is stationed at \Vindsor, N.S.
Lieut. Graham is on leave from the RN.
A.N.S. having been the registrar before en-
listing.
Mrs. Vera J. MacKenley (Victoria Gen-
eral Hospital), widow of the late Archbishop
MacKenley, has been appointed Dean of
Women at Kings University and commen-
ces her duties this Fall.
A very enjoyable "At Home" was held
ecently in honour of nursing sisters recent-
h.- returned from overseas. Mmes. A. L.
Chaisson, ]. O'Neil, H. Power, Misses A.

{urphy, E. Trudel and E. Dunn assisted
with refreshments and entertainment.
Vol. 41 No.9

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

NE\VS NOTES

743

Through financial assistance from the
Government Grant, the nurses were most
fortunate in having this year an excellent re-
fresher course in pediatrics conducted by
Miss Madeleine Flander, instructor of nur-
ses at the Children's Memorial Hospital,
Montreal and an Institute in Supervision
by .Miss' M. Lindeburgh, director of the
McGill School for Graduate Nurses. The at-
tendance at both these courses far exceeded
all expectations and all members present
were greatly helped by the information that
was given. The speakers were most generous
of their time for informal discussions be-
tween sessions and did much to stimulate
interest and enthusiasm among the members.
At the latter course, two round table con-
ferences, conducted by local nurses, and
Miss Hazel Stearns, dietitian, illustrated
very aptly many facts which Miss Linde-
burgh had stated, and showed how co-opera-
tion amongst the staff is essential in pro-
moting good nursing service.
At the conclusion of each course the speak-
ers were presented with a token of appre-
ciation and grateful thanks were extended
for their untiring efforts in making the
courses successful.

C harlottctown Hospital:

Sister M. Magdalene, registrar of the
P.E.I.R.N.A., has issued registration certi-
ficates to twenty-five nurses who have com-
pleted the provincial exams for registra-
tion. Sister M. Irene, who has been attend-
ing the University of Toronto School of
Nursing for the past year, has returned
to C. H. to take up her duties as instruc-
tress of nurses. Reta Coady, who received
a long-term bursary for study at the McGill
School for Graduate Nurses, has completed
the course in public health. Mae Morrissey,
who took a post-graduate course in sur-
gery at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, has
been surgical supervisor at C. H. for th

past seven months. Bernadine Morrissey has
taken up her duties with the Mobile Unit of
the Tuberculosis League. N/S's Joanne Mac-
Donald and Mary Croken are spending fur-
loughs at their homes, having been overseas
for the past four years. N/S's Genevieve
MacGuigan and Catherine Collings were re-
cently married overseas.

P. E. I. Hospital:

The majority of our nursing sisters have
been welcomed home from overseas. N /S
Hattie E. MacLaine is receiving the con-
gratulations of her friends, having been men-
tioned in despatches recently.
Jean Campbell has returned to the P .E.I.
Hospital after completing a post-graduate
course in surgery at the Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal.
SEPTEMBER, 1945

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41J-J..... '

BACK COPI ES
WANTED

To complete the set of bound
volumes in the office of The Cana-
dian Nurse the following issues of
the Journal are required:
1911: Jan. to Dec. inclusive.

1912: Jan. to Dec. inclusive.

1913: Jan. and Oct.

1914: Jan.. Feb. and June.

If any subscriber has these is-
sues in their possession and would
be willing to sell them. kindly com-
municate with the The Canadian
Nurse, 522 Medica] Arts Bldg.,
Montreal 25. P. Q.

QUEBEC

111. ontreal General Hospital:
Seventy-three nurses recently received the
medal and diploma of the Montreal General
Hospital at the usual afternoon ceremony.
Dr. F. ]. Tees gave an excellent and in-
spiring address to the members of the
graduating class. Col. Dorothy I. MacRae,
R.R.C, Matron-in-Chief, R.eA.M.c., pres-
ented the prizes, On the night previous to
graduation, the Alumnae Association enter-
tained the class at a delightful dinner. The
guest speaker was Major General C. B.
Price, CRE., D.S.O., who delighted the
audience of two hundred guests with his ob-
servation of the splendid work achieved by
the women of Great Britain during the war
years. Mabel Shannon, president of the As-
sociation, W"dS in the chair. We were pleased
to welcome many nursing sisters that night,
who had just returned from overseas.
Kathleen CIif ford, surgical clinical in-
structor, recently spent ten days visiting the
Presbyterian and S1. Luke's Hospitals, New
York, in a period of observation. Anna
Christie and Mildred Brogan, instructors
in nursing arts, also spent a period of ob-
servation at the Toronto General and Hamil-
ton General Hospitals. N /S Catherine E.
Doherty has accepted a position on the oper-
ating room staff at the Central Division.
Miss Doherty recently returned from over-
seas where she served with No. 14 CG.H.
It is with regret that we announce the
retirement of Margaret Foreman as super-
visor of the children's ward. Her place is
taken by Elizabeth Colley whom we are
pleased to welcome back. Flora Moroney,
for the past two years health adviser and
instructor, has also left the school. A tea
was given in their honour and suitable gifts
presented.
At a recent investiture in Ottawa, Lolita
Best had the honour of receiving a decora-
tion for her work in South Africa from the
hands of Fidd :Marshall J an Smuts. In the
King's Birthday H-onour List, Dorothy
Murphy received the Order of the Royal
Red Cross, Second Class.

Royal Victoria Hospital:
The following resignations are announced:
Elizabeth Hebb as charge nurse of the pre-
mature nursery, maternity pavilion; Pauline
. McKendry from the staff of the maternity
out-door department; Genev
Purcell from
the staff of the Ross Pavilion to become
!'uperintendent of the Brockville General
Hospital.

Children's }11. em o rial H ospitn/:
A successful "Swap Bingo" party wa!!
held recently by the Sta ff Nurses Associa-
tion under the convenership of Laura Gray.
A tennis tournament, including the staff
nurses, affiliate student nurses, internes and
technician
, was concluded recently. '
Vol. 41 No. 9

!\. E \Y S !\. 0 T E 5

745

WANTED

A class room Instructress for a 120-bed hospital. Apply stating qualifi-
cations, experience and salary expected to:
The Superintendent, Stratford General Hospital, Stratford, Onto

WANTED
A 26-bed up-to-date hospital is under construction in Sackville, N. B.,
and the Hospital board is looking for a capable experienced nurse to act as
Superintendent. S'ackviIle is the home of Mt. Allison University, and is one of
the most attractive towns in Eastern Canada. The Hospital will open about
January 15, 1946, but the Board would like the Superintendent to be on hand
November I, 1945, or earlier to give advice. If interested please write:
l\lr. Roy Durling, Hospital Board, Sackville, N. B.

1

USE t:J
I -
;
r

fÞ
O
/ The C;;

::'ed

--

You are using the best when you use Lavoris

Elizabeth Wood (St. Boniface Hospital),
who completed her post-graduate course in
pediatrics at the CM.H. in 1944, is back
on the staff. Mrs. James (Soullière) De-
laney has been granted two months' leave of
absence. Norma Craig, Helena Vaughn,
Hazel Needham, Anne Dubé, Marie Leclerc,
Iklla Tozer and Mrs. G. Cuthbert have
resigned.

SASKATCHEWAN

MAPLE CREEK CHAPTER:

Blanche Treble, school nurse for the
Maple Creek School Unit, is making her
headquarters in Maple Creek. Mrs. Mitcheil
(Elizabeth Stephens, St. Boniface Hospital)
has recently been welcomed as a member of
the Maple Creek Chapter.
SEPTEMBER, 1945

REGINA CHAPTER:
Attending the recent S.R.N.A. convention
in Prince Albert were: public health, E.
Smith, R. Doull, 11. E. Brown and M.
Pierce; hospital and school of nursing, M.
E. Thompson; Regina Grey Nuns' Alumnae,
Mrs. W. Martin; Regina Chapter, District
ï. Mrs. D. \Veaver. E. \Vorobetz; repre-
senting Regina Grey Nuns' student nurses,
D. Read, a student taking the combirted
course at the University of Saskat
hewan
and Grey Nuns' Hospital.
Grc)' Suns' Hospital:
M. Diederichs, instructor, has resigned.;
She leaves shortly to take up new duties at:
St. J ost>ph's Hospital, Victoria. F. Chenier,j
assistant instructress, has also resigned to;
take up private duty. Olga Tiegen, of the:
children's ward. has resigned and is to be-
replaced by Miss LaMuir of St. Boniface:
Hospital, Winnipeg. Rev. Sr. Gervais has I
been appointed supervisor following her.
lengthy term as night supervisor.

WANTED

General Duty Nurses, registered or graduates, are required for the Lady
Minto Hospital. The salary is $90 and $80 per month, with full maintenance.
Apply, stating full particulars of qualifications, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Onto

WANTED

A Superintendent of Nurses, Dietitian, and Instructress are required im-
mediately for the Highland View Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, to:
Secretary, Highland View Hospital, Amherst, N. S.

WANTED
Registered Nurses are required immediately fot' General Duty in Ex-
Servicemen's Pavilion. Nurses are also required for Operating Room and Ob-
stetrical Unit. Salaries depending upon experience. Full maintenance living
out. Railway fare to Edmonton refunded after six months' service. Apply,
stating experience, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, University Hospital, Edmonton, Aita.

WANTED
Applications are invited immediately for Staff positions with the Depart-
ment of Public Health & Welfare, Halifax. Salary: Registered Nurses with
public health course, $1500-$1800; Registered Nurses without public health
course $1320-$1440. Uniforms, cost of living bonus, etc. provided. Apply,
stating qualifications, age, etc., to:
Supervisor of Nurses, Department of Public Health & 'Ve1fare, c'o DalhlJusie
Clinic Bldg., Halifax, N. S.

WANTED

A qualified Instructress is required immediately for the Sherbrooke Hos-
pital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Nurses. Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis Hospital.
Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary is $100.
per month, with full maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Experience un-
necessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
'Miss M. L. Buchanan. Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED

Registered Nurses are required for general duty immediatQly. 250-bed
sanatorium. Salary $85 per month, full maintenance. 30 days holiday with
pay per year. Apply to:
Lady Superintendent, Prince Alhert Sanatorium, Prince Albert, Sask.

746

Vol. .u No. 9

Official Directory
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1411 Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q.
President .................._____Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal 2, P. Q.
Past President ........____Miss Marion Lindebureh, 8466 University Street, Montreal 2. P. Q.
First Vice-President ........__Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Caleary, Alta.

econd Vice-President ......_..Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Oat.
HonourBry Secretary _........_ Miss Evelyn Mallory, Univerøit:r of British Columbia, Vancouver. B. 0.
Honourary Trea.urer .........._Miss Marjorie Jenkin., Children's Hospital, Halifax. N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Numer8b indicate office held: (J) Pruicünt, Provincial Nurlle6 Allllociatio".;
(I) Chairman, Holpital and &1001 01 Nurrin, Section; (II) Chairman, Publac
Health Section; (6) Chairman. General Nurring Section.

Alberta. (1) Miss B. A. Beattie, ProvIncial Mental
Hospital Ponoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Gruenl-
gen, CaÌgary General Hospital; (II) Mrs. R.
Sellhorn. V.O.N., Edmonton; (4) MISS N.
Sewallis, D!n8-108th St.. Edmonton.

Brlti.b Columbia:(I) Miss E. Mallory, 10811 W.
loth Ave., Vancouver; (2) Miss E. Nelson,
Vancouver General Hospital; (3) Miss T.
Hunter, 4238 W. lith Ave., Vancouver; (4)
Miss E. Otterbine, 1334 Nicola St., Ste. 5,

ancouver.

Manitoba: (I) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlpe.
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win-
nipeg General Hospital; (3) Miss H. Miller,
723 Jessie Ave.. Winnipeg: (4) Miss J. Gor-
don, II Elaine Court, 'Vlnnlpeg.

New Brunr.wick: (I) Miss M. Myers. Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss
f. Murdoch,
Saint John General Hospital; (3) Miss M.
Hunter, Dept. of Health, Fredericton; (4)
Mrs. M. O'Neal, 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John.

Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald, City of
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard,
Halifax Infirmary: (3) Miss M. Ross, V.O.N..
Pictou; (4) Miss M. MacPhail. 29 St. Peter's
Rd.. Sydney.

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten, I-I8spltal fo.
Sick Children, Toronto; (2) Miss B. McPhe-
dran, Toronto Western Hospital; '3) Miss M.C.
Livingston 114 Wellin
ton St., Ottawa; (4)
Miss K. Layton, 841 Sherbourne St., Toronto
2.
Prince Edward Island: (1) Miss D. Cox, 101
Weymouth St., Charlottetown; (2) Sr. M.
Irene. Charlottetown Hospital; (3) Miss S.
Newson, Junior Red Cross, Charlottetown; (4)
Miss M. Lannigan, Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: (1) Miss Eileen Flanalmn. 8801 Uni-
versity St., Montreal; (2) Mlis Wlnnlfred
MacLean, Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal;
(8) Miss Ethel B. Cooke, 830 Richmond Sq..
Montreal; (4) Mile Anne-Marie Robert. 67111
me Drolet. Montreal.
Saskatchewan: 'I) Mrs. D. Harrison, 11040 EI-
Hott St., Saskatoon; (2) Miss A. Ralph,
Moose Jaw General Hogpital; (3) Miss E.
Smith. Dept. of Public Health, Parliament
Bldgs., Regina; (4) Mrs. V.
f. McCrory, 409-
19th St. E., Prince Albert.
Chairmen. National Sections: Hospital and
School of Nursing: !\Iiss Martha Bato;on, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: Mia
Helen McArthur, 218 Administration Dldg.,
Edmonton. Alta. General Nursin
: Miss
Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., Wlnnlp
,
Man. Convener. Committee on Nursing Educa-
tion: Mi

E. K. Russell, 7 Queen's Park.
Toronto, Ont,

OFFICERS OF NATIONAL SECTIONS

General .Nursing: . Chairman, Miss Pearl Brownell. 212 Balmoral St.. 'Vinnipeg, Man. Fi1'st Vic

Chairman, MIss Helen Jolly, 3234 College A ve., Re
ina. Sask. Second Vice-Chairman, Miss
Dorothy Pars!'ns, 376 George. St., Fredericton, N. B. Secretary-Tl'eaS1l1'el', Miss Margaret E.
'Vanen, 64 Niagara St.. 'Vmmpeg, Man.
Hospit!1' and. School of Nu!sing: Chairman, Miss Martha Batson. Montreal General Hospital. First
V'.ce-C'hmrman. Rev. Sister Clermo
t, St. Bo niface Hospital, Man. Second Vice-Chairma7\,
MIss. G. Ban
forth. 54 The Oaks, BalD Ave., Toronto, Onto Secretary, Miss Vera Graham Homoe().
pathlc Hospital Montreal.
Public J!ealth: C.hairm,an: Miss H
len McArt
ur, 218 Adm,inistration Bldg., Edmonton, Alta. Vic

ChUlrmftn, MIss Mlldl ed I. \\ alker, Institute of PuhlIc Health London Ont Secl'etary-Treas-
urer, Miss Sheila MacKay, 218 Adnnnistration Bldg., Edmonton, Alta. ' .
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

International Council of Nurses: 1819 Broadway. New York City 23, U.S.A. Executîve Secretarll,
Miss Anna Schwarzenberg.
Canadian Nurses Association: 14.11 Crescent St. Montreal 25. P. Q. General Secretary, Miss Ger-
trude M. Hall. Assistant Secretaries, Mis
Electa MacLennan, Miss Winnifred Cooke.
PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Alberta Ass'n of Registered Nu.r
s: Miss E
izabeth B. Rogers, St. Stephen's College. Edmonton.
Registered Nurses Ass'n of Brllrsh ColumbIa: Miss Alice L. Wright. 1014. Vancouver Block, Van-
couver.
Manitoba Ass'n of Registered NurHs: Miss Margaret M. Street. 212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg.
New Brunswick Ass'n of Registered Nurses: Miss Alma F. Law, 2D Wellington Row. Saint John.
Registered Nurses Ass'n of NO"d Scoti.: Miss Jean C. Dunning, 301 Barrington St., Halifax.
'legistered Nurses Ass',. of Ontario: Miss Matilda E. Fitzgerald, Rm. 715, 86 Bloor St. W.. Toronto 5.
Prince EdwlITd Island Regi,tf!Ted Nurses Ass'n: Miss Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown.
Registered Nurses Ass',. of tire Pro"ince of Quebec: Miss E. Frances Upton, 1012 Medical Arts Bldg.,
Montreal 25.
Sa,ltatclrewtln Registf!Ted Nurses Ass'n: Miss Kathleen W. Ellis, 104 Saskatchewan Hall. University of
Sa.o;katchewan. Saskatoon.

SEPTEMBER, 1945

747

Provincial Associations of Registered Nurses

ALBERTA

Alberta Association of Registered Nurses
Pres., Miss B. A. Beattie. Provincial Mental
Hospital, Ponoka; First Vice-Pres., Miss H. G.
McArthur; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss E. K. Connor;
Councillor, Sister A. Herman, Holy Cross Hos-
pital, Calgary: Chairmen of, Sections: Hospital
lit School of Nursing, Miss B. J. von Gruenigen.
Calgary General Hospital; Public Health, Mrs.
R. Sellhorn, V .O.N.. Edmonton; General Nur-
øing, Miss N. Sewallis, 9918-108th St., Edmon-
ton; Registrar lit Secretary, Miss Elizabeth B.
Rogers, St. Stephen's College, Edmonton; Treas.,
Miss Ruth Gavin. St. Stephen's College, Ed-
monton.
Ponoka District, No.2, Alberta Association of
Registered Nune.
Pres., Miss Patricia Jamieson; Vice-Pres.,
Miss Agnes Mitchell; Sec.- Treas., Miss Marga-
rethe Lefsrud, Provincial Mental Hospital, Po-
noka; Rep. to The Canadian Nurae, Miss Mil-
dred Nelson.

Calary District, No.3, Alberta Association of
Registered Nurses
Chairman, Mrs. M. Duthie, Associate Clinic;
Vice-Chairman, Miss L. Shantz; Sec., Miss A.
Taylor, Holy Cross Hospital; Treas.. Miss M.
Watt; Section Conveners: Hospital & School of
N1.lrsing Miss H. Von Gruenigen; Public Health,
Miss I. Reesor; General Nursing, Miss B. Kean.

Medicine Hat District, No.4, Alberta ASlOciatioa
of Registered NUrMI
President, Mn. Margaret Cove, Medicine Hat
General Hospital; Vice-President. MIllS Marjorie
Middleton, 177 Third Street, Medicine hat;
Secretary-Treasurer, Mn. Florence Eakeatrand,
181 Third Street, Medicine Hat.

Edmonton District, No.7, Alberta Association of
Registered Nurses

Chalnnan, Miss Helen McArthur; Flnt VIe&-
Chairman, Miss G. Bamforth; Sec. Vlce-Chalr-
man, Rev. Sr. Keegan; Sec., Miss R. Ball, 1I110S.
HUh St.; Treas., Miss I. Underdahl; Committee
Conveners: Program,
ßss M. Franco; Member-
Mip, Miss B. Emerson; Reps. to: Local Counell
of Women, Miss V. Chapman; The CatlØdiatl
Nurse, Miss E. Matthewson.

Lethbridge District, No.8, Alberta Association of
Registered Nun..s
Pres., Miss E. Gurney; Vice-Pres., Mrs. B.
Dawson; Sec.. Miss E. M. Eastley, Galt Hos-
pital; Treas.. Miss N. York, Nursing Mission,
Lethbridge.

BRITISH COLUMBIA
Registered Nurses Association of British Columbia
Pres., Miss Evelyn Mallory, 1086 W. loth Ave.,
Vancouver; First Vice-Pres.. Miss E. Palliser;
Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss E. Clark; Hon. Sec., Miss
E. Paulson; Hon. Treas.. Mrs. E. Pringle; Past
Pres.. Miss G. Fairley; Section Chairmen: Gen-
eral NurðÏng, Miss E. Otterbine, 1884. Nicola
St., Ste. 5. Vancouver; HOðpital lit School 01
Nursing, Miss E. Nelson, Vancouver General
Hospital; Public Health, Miss T. Hunter, 4238
W. 11th Ave., Vancouver; District CounciUors:
Greater Vancom1er. Mrs. L. Grundy. Misses E.
Copeland, K. Lee; VG
':;v
-':::- Island, Misses M.
Baird. M. Rondeau; Kamloopa-Okanagan, Mlu
O. Garrood; Wed Kootenay. Miss M. Heeney;
East Kootewzy, To be avpoiut.a(j I Ex
cutlve Sec-
retary lit Re
lstrar, Miss Alice L. Wright, 1014
Vancouver Block, VRncouver.

'48

New Westminster Chapter, Roegistered Nurses
Association of British Columbw

Hon. Pres., Misses C. E. Clark. E. H. Gould-
burn; Pres.. Mrs. G. Grieve; Vice-Pres.. MiS.!le.
D. Lindsay, B. Donaldson; Sec.. Miss M. Ha-
milton, I025-8th Ave.; Treas., Miss 1. Neilson,
c/o Dr. B. Cannon, 713 Columbia St.; A8slst.
Sec.- Treas.. Miss E. Kerr. Royal Columbian Hos-
pital; Rep. to The Canadian NU1"Se, Miss M.
Wallace, R.C.H.

Vancouver Island Dutnct

Victoria Chapter. Registered Nurses Associ.tioa
of British Columbia

Pre!!.. Mrs. J. H. Russell; First Vice-Pres.,
Sr. M. Claire; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss H. LatornelI:
Rec. Sec.. Miss G. Wahl; Corr. Sec., Miss H.
Unsworth. Royal Jubilee Hospital; Treas., MIBtI
N. Knipe; Conveners: General Nursing. Miss K.
Powell; HoBPital & School of Nuraing, Sr. M.
Grelrory; Public Health, Miss H. Kilpatrick;
Director1/, Mrs. G. Bothwell; Finance, Miss M.
Dickson; M ember.hip, Sr. M. Gabrielle; PrOfra....
MI.s D. Calquhoun; Publicatio7Ut. MI.. M. La-
turnus; Nom.nating. Miss L. Fraser; Corr. Dele-
gate of Placement Bureau. Mrs. Bothwell: B.
(li.trar, Miss E. Franks.

West :Kootenay District
Trail Chapter, Registered Nurses Association .,
British Columbia
Pres., Mrs. 1\. Gordon; Vice-Pres., Mlsø Ber-
nice Quick; Sec.. Miss Betty Kirkpatrick, Nurse.
Residence, Trail; Treas., Mrs. Betty Kennedy.

Okanagan District

Kamloops-Tranquille Chapter. Registered Nurses
Association of British Columbia

Pres.. Miss M. Helen MacKay, Royal Inland
Hospital, Kamloops; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. E.
Rowson, TranqulIle; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. K. M.
Waugh, Sec.. Mrs. L. Bell. 187 Connaugbt Rd.,
Kamloops; Treas., Mrs. H. Hopgood, 469 Nicola
St.. Kamloops..

GreaR!r Vancouver District

Vancouver Chapter, Registered Nurses Associatioa
of British Columbia
Pres.. Miss C. Clibborn; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. A.
Grundy, Miss B. Breeton; Rec. Sec.. Miss Mary
Hawkins, 2707 W. 38rd Ave.; Corr. Sec., Mrs.
M. Whitman; Treas., Miss J. Hocking; Section
Chairmen: Public Health, Miss P. Reeve; Ho.
pital & School of NurBing, Miss D. Jamle.'IDfl;
General Nurtrlng. Miss M. Stewa.rt.

MANITOBA

Manitoba Asaociation of RegÎstered Nurses
Pres., Miss L. E.. Pettigrew, Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital; First Vice-Pres.. Miss I. Barton,
Deer Lodge Hospital. Winnipeg; Sec. Vlce-
Pres.. Mrs. D. L. Johnson, 841-18th St.. Brandon;
Third Vice-Pres., Rev. Sr. Clermont, St. Boni-
face Hospital; Board Membera: Mrs. A. Savage,
745 Somerset Ave., Winnipeg: Mrs. A. Thierry,
74 Sherburn St.. Winnipeg; Miss M. Wilson, 168
Lipton St.. Winnipeg; Miss K. Ruane, Children's
HMPital. Winnipeg; Miss G. Spice, St. Boniface
Hospital; Miss L. MacKenzie. City Health Dept..
Winnipeg; Miss E. Schmidt, Grace Hospital.
Winnipeg; MiBs M. Marrin, 191 Kingsway. Wln-

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

nipeg; Section Chairmen: Hospital & School of
Nursing, Miss B. Seeman. W .G.H. ; Public
Health, Miss H. Miller, 723 Jessie Ave., WiD-
nipeg; Generfll Nursing, Miss J. Gordon a
Elaine Court. Winnipeg; Committee Conveners:
Social, Miss J. Moody, 76 Walnut St., Winnipeg;
Univ. of Man Liaison. Miss A. Carpenter. W.
G.H.; The Canadian Nllrse. Mr
. F. Wilson. W.
G.H.; Press, Miss F. Waugh, 2U BaImoral St.,
Winnipeg; Visiting, Miss F. Stratton. W.G.H.;
Membership, Miss L. Shepherd. Winnipeg Muni-
cipal Hospitalo;;; Legislative, Mis!'! G. Spice. St.
Boniface Hospital; Reps. to: Local Council of
Women, Mrs. B. Moffatt, 1188 Dorchester Ave.,
Winnipeg; Council of Social Agencies, Miss L.
Pettigrew, W .G.H.; .Tunior Red Cross, Mi
s L.
Johnson. 74R Victor St.. Winnipeg; Can. Youth
Commission, Mrs. V. Willer, 90 Furby St.. WIn-
nipeg; Directory Committee, Miss A. McKee, 701
Medical Arts Bldg., Winnipeg; Mrs. M. Rey-
nolds. 20 Biltmore Apts., Winnipeg; Mrs. V.
Harrison, 16 Allison Apts., Winnipeg; Execu-
tive Secretary, Miss Margaret M. Street. 212
Balmoral St., Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK

New Brunswick Association of Registered Nurse.

Pres., Miss }of. Myers. Saint John General Hos-
pltal; Fh:st Vice-Pre!'!., Miss R. Follis; Sec. Vice-
Pres., MIss H. Bartsch; Hon. Sec., Miss B.
HadrllJ; Section Conveners: Public Health, Miss
M. Hunter, Dept. of Health. Fredericton; Hos-
pital & School of Nursing, Miss M. Murdoch. SL
John General Hospital; General Nursing, Mrs.
M. O'Neal, 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John; Com-
mittee Conveners: Legislation, Miss D. Parsons;
The Canadian Nurse, Miss L. Hencierson, 95
Coburg St., Saint John; Councillor.,: Sai'ltt John,
Mis!! M. Murdoch; Moncton, Misø A. Mac-
Master. Sr. Anne de Parade; St. Stephen, Miss
M. McMullen; Woodstock, l\fr!'!. N. King; Camp-
bellton. SI!'!ter Kerr; Secretary-Registrar, Miss
Alma Law, 29 Wellfngton Row, Saint John.

NOVA SCOTIA

Registered Nurses A.sociation of Nova Scotia

Pres.,
lfss Rhoja MacDonald, City of Sydney
Hosp-ital: First Vice-Pres., Miss L. Grady.
Hahfax Infirmary; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss L. Half.
Kingscote Apts.. Bedford; Third Vice-Pres.,

fiss G. E. Strum, Victoria General Hospital, Ha-
lifax; Rec. Sec.,
liss Frances :MacDonald. Vic-
toria General Hospital, Halifax; Chairm
n of Sec-
tions: Puhlic Health, Miss M. Ross, V.O.N. Pic-
tou: General Sllrging, Miss M. MacPhail. 20 St.
Peter's Rd., Sydney: Hospital & &hool of Nur-
sing, Sr. Catherine Gerard. Halifax Infinnary;
The Canadian Nurse Committee, !\Irs. D. Lus-
combe. 364 Spring Garden Rd.. Halifax; Pro-
gram & P".b1ication.
, Mrs. C. Bennett, 98 Ed-
ward St.. Halifax; Hegistrar-Treas.-Corr. Sec.,
Miss Jean C. Dunning. 801 Barrington St.,
Halifax.

ONTARIO

Registered Nur.es Association of Ontario
Pres.. Miss Jenn I. Masten: First Vice-Pres..
Miss M. R. Anderson; Sec. Vice-Pres.. MI!'!!! G.
Ross: Section Chairmen: Hospital & S('hool of
Nursing, Miss B. McPhedran. Toronto Western
Hospital. Toronto 2B: Public Health, Mi!'!s M.
C. Living-ston, 114 Wellington St.. Ottawa; Gen-
eral Nurg;ng, Miss K. La}'ton, 841 Sherbourne
St., Toronto 2: Di.'1trict Chairmen: Mi!!s M.
Jone... Mrs. K. Cowie. Miss A. Scheifele. Mi!ls
C. McCorquoc1ale. Mrs. E. Brackenridge. Miss I.
MacMillan, Miss W. Cooke. Mis!! S. Laine, Mis!'!
M. Spidell; Assoc. Sec. Miss Florence H. Walker:
Sec.-Treas. Miss Matilda E. Fitzgerald, Rm. '1U,
86 Bloor St. W.. Toronto 5.

Di.trict 1
Chairman. Miss M. Jone!'!; Vice-ChalnneB,
Misses I. Stewart. L. HnstfnA's; Sec.-Tre.... Kia

749

L. Johnston, :\lemoral Hospital, St. Thomas;
SectiOl
Chairmen: Hospital & School of Nursing,

liss R. Beamish; General Nllrsin
, Miss D.
Ellis; Public Health, Miss M. :\facIlveen; Com-
mittee Conveners: Membership Major C. Chap-
lIlan: Pub1iration. Miss Z. Cree.:en:
anadian
Nurse Circulation.
liss :\1. Hardie; Co
ncillors:
London
Iiss C. :\Iurray: Chatham, Miss D.
Thomas; Windsor, Miss M. Sharpe; St. Thomas,

fiss D. McXames; Strathrou, Miss L. Trusdale;
Petrolia, Mrs. J. Whiting; Sarnia, Mrs. M.
Elrick.

Districts 2 and J

Chairman, :\frs. K. Cowie; First Vice-Chair-
man,
liss D. Arnold: Sec. Vice-Chairman, Miss
L: Kerr; Sec.-Treas., :\liss M. Felpush. Kitchener
& Waterloo Hospital, Kitchener; Section Con-
veners: Geneml Nursing, Miss E. Clark; H os-
pital & School of Nursing, Miss G. Westbrook;
Public Health, Miss M. Grieve; C01H'1cillors:
Brant, Miss H. Cuff; Dufferin, Miss I. Shaw;
Grey, Miss Wakefield; Oxford, Mrs. J. Sanders;
Huron, Miss W. Dickson ;Bruce. Miss H. Saun-
ders; Membership Convener, Miss C. Attwood.

District 4

Chairman, Miss A. Scheifele; Vice-Chalnnen.
Misses H. Brown. A. Oram; Sec.-Treas., Miss B.
Lawson, 29 Augu!'!ta St., Hamilton; Section COfIt-o
venel'S: General Nur6ing, Miss A. Lush; Ho.
pital & School of Nur6ing, Miss S. Hallman;
Public Health, Mi!'!!'! F. Girvan.

District 5

Chainnan. Mis
C. McCorquodale; Vice-Chair-
men, Misses J. Wallace, H. Bennett; Sec.-Treas.,
Mrs. G. L. Williamson. 24 Drake Cres.. Scarboro
Bluffs; C01lncillors. Misses E. Hill. O. Brown.
M. Winter, G. Jones. F. Watson, T. Green;
Section Conveners: General Nursing, Miss D.
Marcellus; Public Health, Miss L. Curtis; Hos-
pital & School of Nursing, Miss H. McCallum.

District 6

Chairman. Mrs. E. Brackenridge; First Vlce-
Chairman. Miss M. Ross: Sec. Vice-Chairrwan,
!\Iiss J. Graham; Third Vice-Chairman. Miss A.
Flett; Sec.- Treas.. Miss A. Lynch, 215 Prince St.,
Peterborough; Conveners: Hospital & S("hool of
/I.'un,;no. Rev. Sr. Benedicta: Publir Health. Mis!!
H. :\IcGeary; General /I."ursing. Miss :\1. Stone;
Membership, :\Iiss M.
Iackenzie: Finance, Miss
L. Stewart: Rep. to' The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
H. Cole.

District ,

Chalnnan. Miss Irma MacMilfan; Vice-Chair-
men Miss K. Walsh, Sr. Hughes, Miss A. Church;
Sec.-Treas.. Miss D. Morgan, Kingston Geneml
Hospital: Councillors. Misses O. Wihmn, B. Grif-
fin, E. Moffatt. D. Hollister. Sr. Breault, Mrs,
M. Hamilton. Matron Thomas: Section Con-
1'
ners: Hospital & School of !t"ursing, Miss L.
Acton; General Nursing, MI
Irene MacMfIlen;
Public Health. Miss G. Conley: Publicatimu,
Mrs. K. Burke: Membership, Mis!! M. Quigley;
Finance, Mi
E. Oatway; Program. Miss L.
Acton: Epidemic, Miss G. Conley; Rep. to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss E. Sharpe.

District 8
Chairman. Miss W. Cooke; Vice-Chalnnen.
Misses M. Robertson, K. Mcllraitll; Sec.-Treas.,
Mrs. Beatrice Taber, 68 Cartier St., Ottawa;
Councillors, Sr. M. Evangeline. Misses I. Allan.
V. Belier, E. Crayrlon. M. HaI1. G. Moorhead;
Section Conveners: Hospital & School of Nursing,
Miss M. Thompson: Public Health, Miss M.
Woodilide; General Ntlrsin(1. Miss R. Alexander;
Pembroke Chapter, Miss E. Cassidy; Cornu:all
Chaptel', Sr. Mooney.

750

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Diltñcl 9
Chairman, 1\fiss S. Laine; VIce-Chairman, Mlu
A. Walker; Sec., Miss D. Lemery, 12 Kay Bllc.,
Kh'kland Lake; Treas., Miss Jean Smith, Mu.
koka Hospital. Gravenhurst
Committ

Con-
vene1"B: Geneml Nursing, Mrs. E. Sheridan;
Public Healflt. 1\Iiss G. McArthur; Membership.
Miss R. Densmore; Epidemics, Miss Black; Rep.
to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Elizabeth Smith.
District 10
Chairman, Miss M. Flanagan; Vice-chairman,
Miss M. Spidell; Sec.-Treas., Miss M. Beer, 1801a-
tfon Hospital. Fort William; Section Chairmen:
Public Health, Miss I. Dickie; General Nurring,
Mrs. E. Geddes; Hospital & School of Nurrift.9,
Rev. Sr. Sheila; Committee Conveners: Program,
Miss J. Hogarth;
embershifJ, Miss M. Bus.;
Councillo1"B: Misses E. McKInnon, M. Buss, O.
Waterman, Sr. Sheila.

PRINCE EDW ARD ISLAND

Prince Edward Isldnd Registered Nunel Association
Pres.. !\Iiss Dorothy Cox, 101 Weymouth St.,
Charlottetown; Vice-Pres., Miss Mildred Thomp-
son, P. E. I. Hospital. Charlottetown; Sec., Miss
Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown: Treas. & Registrar, Sr. M. Magdalen.
Charlottetown Hospital; Section Chairmen:
Public Health. Miss Sophie Newson, Junior Red
Cross. Charlottetown; Hospital & School of
NUI'sin(T, Sr. 1\1. Irene, Charlottetown Hospital;
Gene1ul N1/1"siny, Miss Mary Lannigan, Char-
lottetown Hospital.

QUEBEC

Registered Nurses Association of the Province of
Quebec (Incorporated 1920)
Pres., !\liss E. C. Flanagan; Vice-Pres.
(Enylish), :\Iiss
1. S. Mathewson; Vice-Pres.
(French), Rev. Soenr Valérie de la Sagesse;
Hon. Sec., Miss E. B. Cooke; Hon. Treas., Mile
A. Martineau; Jlembers witholtt Office: Misses
M. K. Holt, V. Graham, A. Peverley, Rev. Sr.
M. Flavian, Rev. Sneur J. 1\1. Décarv. Miles M.
Roy, J. Lamothe (Three Rivers), 1\1. . Taschereau
(Quehec), A. 1\1. Robert; Adviso1"Y Board: Misses
C. :\1. Fer
uson. G.
1. Hall, !\f. L. Moag, F.
Munroe. Mile;; 1\1. Beaumier (Quehec), J. Trudel.
L. Taschereau; Cmweners of Sections: Hm;pital
& Sr/wol of l\"lIrsiny (English). !\fiss D. Parry,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal 25;
(French), Rev. Soeur D. Lefebvre. Institut Mar-
guerite d'YouviJIe. Montrc;al; Public Health
(Eny7'.<;h).
Iiss 1\1. Trueman, l/ì.J.H Sherhrooke
St. 'Y.. Montreal; IFrenrh), Mile A. Girard,
Ecole rl'l nfi rmiè> res H:rgiénistes, Université de
Montréal; Oeneml Nur.
ing (Enylish) , :\Iiss E.
Killin.... :!.'í:J:! University st., :\Iontreal; (French),
1\flle A. 1\1. Rohert. 3677 me St. Famille, App.
21'. !\Iontrc;al; BIJrt.rds of E.rarniners: (Enylish).
Miss M. S. Mathewson (chairman), Misses 1\1.
Flander, E. Allrler, K. Stanton, Mrs. S. Town-
send. C. Aitkenhead; (F1"enrh) , Rev. Soeur M.
C'. Rheault (chainnan), Revs. Soeurs Paul du
Sacré-Coeur, Mareeiii n. J. de Lorraine. l\nJes J.

Trudel, M. Beaumier: Executive Secretary, Re-
gistrar & Official School Visitor, Miss E. Frances
L:pton, 1012 Medical Arts Bldg., Montreal 25.
Chairmen District Associations: I-Mile M. A.
Chamard,
ew Carlisle, Cté Bonaventure; 2-
Rev. Soeur M. Madeleine Hôtel-Dieu Lévis; 3-
English Chapter, Mrs. L. S. Lothrop, 85 London
St., Sherbrooke; French Chapter, Mile J. Dupuis,
Hôpital Général St. Vincent de Paul, Sher-
hrooke; 4-:\lIIe L. Ménard, Hôpital St. Charles,
St. Hyacinthe: 5-Mlle M. Beauregard, 228 rue
Collin, St. Jean; 6-Rev. Soeur Ste. Rose, Hô-
pital d'Youville, Noranda; 7-Mlle L. Ro-
bert. Hôpital St. Eusèbe, Joliette; 8-Mlle A.
Benoit. 727 rue Ste. Cécile, Shawinigan Falls;
fI-English Chapter, Miss M. Lunam, Jeffery
Hale's Hospital. Quebec; French Chapter, Rev.
Sneur M. St. Paul. Hôpital St. François d' As-
sise, Québec; 10-l\nJe D. Grimard, 59 ave Ste.
Anne, Chicoutimi; II-English Chapter. Miss M.
Lewis Brown, Lachine General Hospital; French
Chapter, Rev. Soeur Filion, Hôpital Pasteur,
Montréal; 12-Engli.
h Chapter, Mis
C. V. Bar-
rett. Ro}'al Victoria :\Iontreal Maternity Hos.
pital. Montreal; French Chapter, Mile A. Mar-
tineau, 1034 rue St. Denis, Montréal.

SASKA TCHEW AN

Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association
(Incorporated 1917)
Pres. Mrs. D. Harrison, IIO.J. Elliott St., Saska-
toon: First Vice-Pres.. Miss E. Pearston, Sana-
torium, Fort Qu'Appelle; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss

1. E. Pierce, .J.O Qu'Appelle Apts" 13th Ave &
Hamilton St., Reg-ina; Councillors: Rev. Sr.
Irene. Holy Family Hospital. Prince Albert;
:\1i;;s
1. E. Thompson, Reg-ina General Hospital;
Chairmen of Sections: General Nursing, Mrs.
V.
L MeCror}', W9-19th St. E., Prince Albert;
Hm
pital & fir/wol of lÙI1'sing, Miss A. Ralph,
Moose Jaw General Hospital; Public Health,
.\Iiss E. Smith, Dept. of Public Health, Parlia-
ment ßldgs., Regina: Committee Conveners:
Legi.
lfltil'e & Labour Relrt.tions, Mrs. D. Har-
rison, 11114 Elliott St., Saskatoon: Hell/7th Insur-
ance & Sl/rsirlY Se1'vice, Mrs. D. \\'eaver, 10
I inden
Ianor, Regina; Sec.-Treas., Regi>òtrar &
Adviser, SellOols for Nurses, Miss K. W. Ellis,
104 Saskatchewan Hall, University of Saskat-
chewan, Saskatoon.

Regina Chapter, District 7, Saskatchewan
R
gistered Nurses Association
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. Krause; Pres., Miss E.
Worobetz: First Vice-Pres., Miss M. Nell: Sec.
Vice-Pres., Miss H. Lusted; Sec.-Treas., Mrs. G.
F. McNeill, 18.J.0 Rose St.; Ass. Sec., Mrs. .J. B.
Thompson; Registrar, Mrs. G. F. McNeill; Com-
mittees: Regisfl'y, Miss M. Gillis; Program, Mrs.
D. 'Veaver; Membership, Misses Earle, Chenier;
Finance, Mrs. G. Deverelle: War Service, Mrs.
Shannon; Sick Nurses, Miss M. Fleming, Mrs.
G. Campbell: Section Conveners: General Nur-
sing, Mrs. M. McBrayne; Ho.<;pitnl & School 01
Nun;ing. !\Irs. Martin; Public Health, Miss R.
Doull; Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Miss D.
Whitmore.

Alumnae Associations

ALBERTA
A.A., Calgary General Hospital, Calgary
Hon. Pres., Miss A. Hebert: Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Miss J. Connal; Hon. Members. Misses M.
Moor1ie, A. Casey. N. Murphy; Past Pres., Mrs.
G. Macplu
rson; Pres.. Mrs. A. McIntyre: Vice-
Pres., Mmes E. Hall, H. Holland: Rec. Sec.,
Mrs. J. Eakin: COrl". Sec., Mrs. W. Kemp. 815-
18th Ave. N. W.: Treas.. Mrs. W. Kirkpatrick;
Committee ContJeners: RefreSlhments. Mrs. W.
MacMillian: Entertainment, Mrs. T. Hall; Mem-
bership, Mrs. E. Connolly; Ways & Means. Mrs.
A. McGmw: VisitilllJ, Mrs. G. Boyd: Overseas
Nurses Auxiliar", Mrs. T. Valentine; Rep. to
Press, Mrs. C. Glover.
A.A., Hol,. Croll Ho.pital, Cal.ary
Prellident. Mrs. Cyril Holloway; FIrst Vlce-
Prel'lldent, Mrs. D. OverBnr1; Seconr1 Vice-Pres-
Ident. Nlss L. Aiken: Recording Secretary. MrtI.

B. McAdam; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. J.
E. Hood. 1311-15th St.. West; Treasurer. M....
I.. Dalgleish.
A.A.. Edmonton General Hospital, Edmonton
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. O'Grady, Rev. Sr. Keegan,
Mrs. E. A. Frazer; Pres.. Mrs. R. J. Price; First
Vice-Pres., Mrs. J. Loney: Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs.
W. McCready; Rec. Sec.. Miss V. Prottl; Corr.
Sec., Miss J. Yelle; Treas., Mrs. D. Edwards;
Stnnrling r'011l111 ittee. Mmes E. Barnes. J. Hope,
J. Kerr, Misses E. Bietsch, G. Harkhausen; Rep.
to Pri1.'ate D1/ty, Miss M. Franko.
A.A.. Misericordia Hospital. Edmonton
Pres., Mrs. V. ò'Appolinla, 9!1I18-10!nd Aye.;
Vice-Pres,. Miss P. MacDonald. 10!l9-106th Ave.:
Sec. Mrs. M. Fltzell, 10712-104.th St.; Treas., MI.-
D. Wild, Miser. Hosp.; Presø Reporter Mia B.
RamB.ll'e. 05!7-IOIIA AYe.

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

A.A., Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton
Hon. Pres., Miss M. S. Fraser; Pres., Miss V.
Chapman; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. N. Richardson;
Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss A. Lord; Rec. Sec., Mrs.
D. Ferrier: Corr. Sec., Miss M. A. Kennedy,
R.A.H.: Treas., Miss B. Long, l0729-121rd St.;
Committee Convener,,; Program. Mrs. J. ...
Thompson: Visiting. Miss M. Moore; Social, Miss
L. Watkins: Extra Executive: Misses M. Griffith,
I. Johnson. Mrs. R. Umbach.
A.A., University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton
Hon. Pres., :\liss H. Peters; Pres., Mrs.
Helen :\Iorrison; Yice-Pres., Mrs. R. Sellhorn;
Rec. Sec.. Miss B. Armitage; Corr. Sec.
Miss Ruth Fadum, I09HI-8Uh Ave.: Treas., Miss
V. Clark. U. H.: Social Committee Mmes R.
Allen, J. Ward, Misses E. Eickmeyer E. Mark-
stad.
A.A., Lamont Public HOlpital, Lamont
HOIl. Pres., !\Iiss F. E. Welsh: Pres.. Mrs. J.
L. Cle:try; Vice-Pres.,
hues S. Warshowsky,
Southworth; Sec.-Treas., 1\Irs. B. I. Love. Elk
Island Natiollal Park, Lamont: Executive. Mmes
Cowall, n. H. Shears, Miss A. Sandell: Social
C0111'c1,er, !\Iiss .J. G. aham; News Editor, Mrs.
A. D. PeLersoll, Hardisty.
A.A. Vegreville General Hospital. Vegr.ville
HOllourary President, Sister Anna Keohane;
Honourary Vke-Presidellt. Sister J. Boisseau;
President. I\lI"s. Uellé Landry, VegreviJIe; Vice-
President, Miss Gladys Babbage, Box 218. Vegre-
vllle: Se('relary-'f..easurer, Miss Margaret Nord-
wick, nox 21 :I. Vegreville ; Visiting Committee
(chosell lIIonthly).

BRITISH COLUMBIA

A.A., St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver
I'ms., 1\lI-s. to:. Faulkner; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. E.
Thompsoll: SCt'., :\Ii.;s Ethel Black 2765 'V. 88rd
Ave.; Asst. Sec., 1\Irs. Murray: Treas., Miss L.
Otterhille: Asst. Treas., Mrs. Myrtle: Editors,
Misse<; A. Gicshrecht. .J. Kelsoll; Sick Benefit,
Mis.;es G. ('or('or:lII. C. Connon. K. Flah.;fC; Rep.
to Tile etl.JI(u/ial/. N"rse, Mrs. F. G. "'estell.
A.A., Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver
11011. Pres., !\Iiss E. Palliser; Pres., Miss E.
I\fcCanll; Vke-Pres., Misses J. Hoy, C. Clibborn;
Sec., I\liss !'II. !\funro: Corr. Sec., Miss D. Ma}',
UG 'T'. luth Ave.: Treas.. Mrs. M. Faulkner;
C01llmitteT' ('mll'eners: lIIembership, Mrs. L. Find-
la}"; P/"O(Jram. !\Iiss K. Heaney; Publicity, Mrs.
A. Grundy; Nelresllments, Miss D. Jamieson:
Visiting, Mrs. F. Brodie; Social, Mrs. L. McCul-
loch,
A.A., Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria
Pres., !\Iiss U. Kirkendale; Vice-Pres., Mrs. C.
SUItOIl, I\Jiss I'. Barbour; Sec., Mrs. D. J. Hun-
ter. lIi75 Oak Uny Ave.; Assist. Sec., Miss M.
Bawden; Trcas. Mrs. N. P. :\lcConnell, 1161 Old
ESQuimalt HIl.; Committee Conveners: lIle'mber-
,hip, Miss C. Stmnkman: Visiting, :\liss V. Free-
man; Sn,.;rrl. I\Irs. G. Duncan; Rep. to P1'ess,
Mrs. G. I\IcCall.

A.A.. St. Joseph's Hospital. Victoria
111111. Pres.. S... 1\1. Kathleen; Hon. Vice-Pre!!.,
Sr. M. Gre
ory; Pres., I\Irs. N. Robinson: First
Vice-Pres.. Miss .J. .Johnson: Sec. Vice-Pres.,
Miss S. Becke..; Uec. See.. Miss L. Perron; Corr.
See.. :\Iiss A. Ahery. St.J.H.: Treas., Miss J.
[)f>l1l!le,': rmmrill(I1"S: Mmes Sinclair. 'Velsh.
Evan." Ridewood.

MANITOBA

A.A.. St. Boniface Hospital, St. Boniface
Hon. "..es.. Rev. Sr. Clermont: Pres.. Miss Z.
Beattie; Vice-Pres., Miss L. Thompson, Mrs.
Robin!o1on: Rec. Sec.. Miss E. Collister: Corr. Sec.,
Miss C. DePape, 1008 Clarence Ave., Fort Garry;
ArchivIst, Mrs. T. Hulme: Committees: Advi.071l,
Rev. Sr. Brodeur. Misses Grice. Laporte. C.

751

Bourgeault. M. Gibson: Visiting, Miss A. de la
Barrière: Social & Program, Miss S. Gage;
Membership, Miss V. Peacock: Scholarship Fund,
Miss Bourgeault; R
ps. to: Local CoUf
cil QI
Women, Mrs. P. B.baud: M.A..R.N., MIss M.
MacKenzie: Nurses Directory, Miss I. Skinner;
Red Cross, Mrs. M. Kerr: The Canadian Nur.e.
Miss H. Linn.
A.A., Children', Hospital, WinnipeK
Hon. Pres., Mrs. G. S. Williams; Pres., Mra.
Kirby: Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. W. Moore: Rec. Sec.,
Miss B. Andrews; Corr. Sec., Miss C. Barber, C.
H.: 'freas., Mrs. O. Prest; Committee Convener.:
Red Cross, Mrs. S. McDonald; Program, Mrs. R.
Elleker: Membership, Mrs. T. M. Kaye; Visiting,
Mmes W. Campbell, Moore.
A.A., Misericordia General Hospital, Winnipeg
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. St. Bertha; Pres.. MrI
.
T. P. Hessian; Vice-Pres., Miss D. Ambrose:
Sec.. Miss J. Chisholm, 124 Chestnut St.: 'freas.,
Mrs. J. A. Cutts: Committee Conveners: Social,
Miss M. Ronnan: Red Cross, Mrs. V.
kKenty:
Pri1:ate Duty Section, Misses S. Boyne, D. Sotho
ern: Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs. A.
Thierry .
A.A., Wmnipeg General Hospital, Winnipeg
Hon. Pres.. :\Irs. A. W. :\Ioody; Pres.. Miss L.
Gunll; '"ice.Pres., :\lisses F. 'Vaugh, R. Monck.
J. :\Iorgan: Hec. Sec., Miss H. Reid: Corr. Sec.,
:\iiss S. Hoss. Ste. 10 Balll10ral Crt.; Treas.,
:\iiss A. Smith, 8116 Sherburn St.: Committee
('nnl'eners: Program, Mrs. F. 'Vilson: lIIember-
sM]). :\liss V. Walker; JYisitiny. Miss A. Aik-
lIIan: Journal, 'Iiss J. Sinlmie; Archivist,
:\Iiss L. Hig
inhottnm; Handford Srholm'ship
Fund. :\Iiss I. Cooper; Reps. to: Schonl of
.YllrSinfl. :\iiss F. "'augh; Doctors' & Nurses
nirerfnry :\fiss E. English; Local Council of
Jf'omen. :\hnes P. Randall, Thomas; CounÓI of
Hn<"Ïal Aqencies, :\Irs. A. Speirs; Red Cross, Miss
G. Hayden: The Canadian Nurse Miss B. Hunt.

NEW BRUNSWICK

A.A., Saint J obn General Hospital. Saint John

Hon. Pres., M:ss E. J. Mitchell; Pres.. MI!!s S.
Hartley; First Vice-Pres., Miss M. Foley; Sec.
Vice-Pres.. Miss M. Scott: Sec.. Miss K. Lawson.
267 Charlotte St.: Treas., Mrs. L. Naylor;
Executive
1I;:ses M. Murdoch, M. Runald; Con.
veners: Program, Miss D. 'Vetmore, Mrs.
Denypr
',clQl, Mrs. Lewin: Flower, Miss Self-
ridge; Refreshment, \(rs. B. Watt: Publicity,
:\1Iss I. Clark: VisUing, Mrs. A. Burns.
A.A., L. P. Fisher Memorial Hospital, Woodstock
President, Mrs. Heber Inghram. Green St.:
Vice-President, Mrs. Wendal Slipp. Chapel St.:
Secretary, Mrs. Arthur Peabody. Woodstock:
Treasurer. Mi!!s Nellie Wallace. Main St.:
Executit'e Committee: Mrs. John Charters. Union
St. : Miss Margaret Parker. Victoria St.; Miss
Pauline Jackson, Cedar St.

NOV A SCOTIA

A.A., Glace Bay Gener.1 HOIpital, Glace Ba)'
Pres., Mrs. C. MacPherson: FIrst Vice-Pres..
MIss K. DavIdson; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. F. Mac-
ltinnon: Rec. Sec., Mr!!. W. ßI-shop: Corr. Sec..
Miss Flora Anderson, General Hospital: Treas..
Mrø. John Kerr: Visiting Committee: Mrs. G
Turner. Mrs. L. Buffett,
A.A., Halifez Infirmary. Halifaz
Pres., Miss N. Harley: Vice-Pres., Miss M.
Boyle: Rec. Sec., Miss K. Duggan; Corr. Sec.,
Mrs. L. O'Brien, 86 Inglis St.: Treas., Miss N.
Thibodeau; Committee Conveners: Press, Miss M.
West: Nominatino, Miss C. MacDonald; J.ibra.",
PdI"11 V. MacDonald: Entertainment, MIss V.
Bown.

752

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., Victoria General Hospital, Halifax
President, Mrs. V. R. Gonnley: Vice-Prelilident,
Mrs. Dorothy Luscombe; Sec., Miss F. Rand,
IU. Roy Bldg.: Treasurer, Mrs. W. M. Hunt,
H Juhilee Road.
A.A.. Aberdeen Hospital, New Glasgow
Hon. Pres., Miss Nina Grant; Pres., Mrs.
Harry Murray; Vice-Pres., Miss Mabel Granti
Sec., Mrs. Maxwell Fraser. 107 Mitchell St. i
Treas., Mrs. Don MacLean; Social Committee,
Mmes MacG. MacLeod, H. Cantley, P. Carteri
Rep. to Pl'ess, Mrs. A. M. MacLeod.
ONT ARlO

A.A., Belleville. General Hospital, Belleville
Pres., Miss E. Bangay; Vice-Pres., Miss K.
Wells, :\lrs. M. Bean: Sec., Mrs. 1. Barriage;
Treas., Miss A. Howesi Committee Conveners:
F10'l.cer & Gift, Miss M. Bonter; Social, Miss M.
Woorlman: Pl'ogram, Miss U. McComb; Reps.
to: V.D.N., Mrs. D. Howie; The Canadian Nurse
& Press, Miss G. Donnelly.
A.A., Brantford General Hospital, Brantford
Hon. Pres., Miss J. M. Wilson: Pres. Miss
H. Cuff; Vice-Pres.. Miss O. Plumstearl; Sec.,
Miss M. Patterson, B.G.H.; Treas.. Mrs. J.
Oliver: Committees: Gift,
[jsses J. Landrette
V. Buckwell; Flowel', Misses M. Malloy, L:
Bu rkh :; Sucial. l\Imes J. Grierson. P. Smith'
R
ps. to: Local Couneil of TV ornen, Mrs. E:
W alto
; R
d Cross, Mrs. A. D. Riddell; The
Canadwn 1ì, urse & Press, Miss D. Franklin.
A.A., Brockville General Hospital, Brockville
Hun. Pres., Misses A. Shannette. E. Moftatt'
PI'es., Mrs. M. Whitei First Vice-Pres., Mrs. W:
Cooke; Se.c. Vice-Pres.. Miss L. Markley; Sec..
Mrs. H. Bishop. 89 King St. W.; Corr. Sec. Miss
M. Arnold, William St.; Treas,. Mrs. H.' Van-
dus
lI: Committees: Gift, Miss V. Kendrick;
Sn. rzal , Mrs. H. Green; Propert", Mrs. M. Derry.
Misses '!. McLaughlin. M. Gardiner; Annual
Fees, !\JISS V. Preston; Rep. to The Canadian
Nm'se, Miss H. Corbett.
A_A., Public General Hospital, Chatham
HOII. Pn;s., Miss P. CampbeIJ; Pres.. Miss D.
H!>op
r; Flrs
Vice-Pres.. Mrs. J. Goldrick; Sec.
VI.ce-J res., MIss K. Anderson; Rec. Sec., MIss E.
Miller; ÇOl"T. Sec., Miss M. Gilbert, 220 St. Clair
St:: Assist. Corr. Sec., .Miss A. Parley; Treas.,
MIss D. Thomas; Committees: Shopping, Miss A.
Head (convener), Mmes Renout. Taylor; Social,
Mrs. Stoehr (convener). Mmes J. Harrington, R.
Be rJ!;en , R. Judd; Councillors, Misses L. Baird.
A. Hearl, V. .Dyer. M. McNaugilton; Reps. to:
Pres.'I. MIss \\1. Fair; The Canadian /tune, Mrs.
R. Sheldon.
A.A., St. Joseph's Hospital, Chatham
Hun. Pres., MoUler M. Pascal; Hon. Vice.
P!-es.. Sr. 1\1. Valeria; Pres., Mrs. C. 1. Salmon i
First VI{'e-P
es., Mrs. M. Brown; Sec. Vice-Pres..

rs. M. Millen; Corr. Sec., Miss A. Kenny.
Aherdeen Hotel; Sec.-Treas.. Miss F. Major;
Cmmcillm's: Misses H. Gray, L. Pettypiece, M.
Do}"le, Mrs. J. Embree; Committees: Lunch
M!nes R. Jubenville. M. Watters, 1. MUlhern:
MISS
f. Newcomb; Program, Mmes H. Kennedy.
M: 0 Rourke, E. Peeo. A. Conley; Red Cross,
Misses. L. H
chardson. J. Coburn; Buying, Mrs.
L. SIIlIlh, MIss M. Boyle: Rep. to The Canadian
Nm'se, Mrs. 1\1. Jackson.
A.A., Cornwall General He.pital. CorBwaU
Hon. Pres.. Miss H. C. Wilson; Pres., Mrs. M.
Quail; First '.ice-Pres., Mrs. F. Gunther; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. Wagoner; Sec.-Treas.. Miss
E. Allen, 4-lrd St. E.; Committee Clmvcm:ra:
Prooram & Social Finance: Mis.øes Summers
Sharpe; Flower, Miss E. McIntyre; Memberahip,
Miss G. Rowe; Rep ta The Canadian Nurse, Mia
J. McBain.

A.A., Hotel Dieu Hospital, Cornwall
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. St. George; Pres.. Re
.
Sr. Mooney; Vice-Pres.. Miss G. Caron; Sec.-
Treas.. Miss E. Young. ?o-1illes Roches. Ont.:
Committee Cont:enel's: Dcc1l1Jationai Therapy,
Rev. Sr. Mooney; Volunteer Nursiny, Miss R.
McDonalJ; Social & lIlusic, Miss E. Young;
Reading lIlatel'ial. I\lis'! I.
kDonald: Gift, Miss
G. Duhe; Publicity, Miss B. Aube.
A.A., Galt Hospital, Galt
President, Mrs. J. Kersh; Vice-President. Mrs.
\V. Bell; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence
Cole, 37 Victoria Ave.; Committee Conveners:
Flozcel', Mrs. Robt. Park; PI'ess, Miss Florence
Clarke. .
A.A.. Guelph General Hospital, Guelph
Hunouran' President :\lis.." S. A. Campbell:
President. l\fr!". F. C. :\lcLeo::1; First Vice-Pres-
ident, :\lr8. Wm. Redmond; Secretary, Miss
Lois Campbell Guelph General Hospital; Treas-
urer
Iiss K. A. Cleghorn.
A.A., St. Joseph's Hospital, Guelph
Mother Superior. Sr. M. Clotilde: Supt. of
Nurses, Sr. M. Assumption; Pres., Miss M.
Hanlon; Vice-Pres., Misses M. Hasson, D. Mil-
ton; Sec., l\liss E. Yoetz, 190 EdinbOJ"o Rd. N.;
Corr. Sec. :\liss H. Crimmins, Wyndham St.;
Treas., Miss J. Bosomworth; Entel.tainmenl
Committee, Misses M. Heffernan Iconv.), K.
Thompson. M. Hill. D. Routhier, M. Daby. A.
McDermott, E. Kaine: Rep. to 7'!lC Cunadian
Nurse, Miss M. Hanlon.
A.A., Hamilton General Hospilal. Han\ilton
Hon. Pres., Miss C. E. Brewster: Pres., Mn.
A. Massie; First Vice-Pres., Miss E. Uaird; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Miss H. Fasken; Rec. Sec.. Mil'lS C.
Leleu; Assist. Rec. See,. Miss I. McCutcheon;
Corr. Sec., Miss E. Ferguson, H.G.H.; Treaø..
Miss N. Coles, 499 Main St. E.; Assist. Treaa..
Mrs. A. Smith; Sec.-Treas.. Mutual Benefit Ass'n,
Miss J. Harrison; Committee Convene1'S: Exec.
tive, Miss
f. 'Vatson; Progt'am, Miss M. Mor-
gan; Flower & Visiting, Mrs. M. Duncan; Bud-
get, Mrs. S. \V. Roy; Membership, Miss E. Ga)'-
fer, Publications, Miss M. Irving; Reps. to: R.N.
A.D., Miss C. Inrig; Local Council of Women,
Miss Coles.
A.A., Ontario Hospital, Hanlilton
Hon. Pres., Miss K. E. Tumey; Hlln. V ice-
Pres.. Miss E. P. Dodd; Pres.. Mrs. M. Suther-
IRnd: Vice-Pres., Miss A. Robertson; Sec. MI88
:\1. Whitton. 179 McNab St. S.; Treas.. Miss M.
Finch: Committees: Social. Misses A. Busch, M.
Smith, Mrs. G. Wallace: Visiting, Miss E. Lee:
Rep. to Press, Miss D. Parker.
A.A., St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. M. St. Edward: Hon.
Vice-Pres., Rev. Sr. M. Ursula; Pres.. Mia
L. Johnson; Vice-Pres.. Miss F. O'Brien; Sec..
Miss M. Minnes, 180 Hunter St. W.: Treaø..
Miss L. Leatherdale; Executive, Mrs. Muir,
Misses V. Jennings. M. Pullano, N. Hlnks, It
Quinn: Reps. to: R.N.A.D., Miss K. Overholt;
Press & The Canadian NU1'se, Miss M. Haley.
A.A.. Hôtel-Dieu., Kingston
Hon. Pres., Rev. Mother Donovan; Hon. V ice-
Pres.. Rev. Sister Rouble; Pres.. Miss Ann
Murphy: Vice-Pres.. Mrs. L. Keller; Sec. Vice-
Pres.. Mrs. D. Regan: Sec., Miss Joan Gibson.
490 Brock St.: Treas., Mrs. A. Thompson; Com-
7nittees: Social. Misses J. Coulter, M. Quigley;
Visiting, Mrs. E. Kipkie, Miss M. Coderre.
A.A.. Kingston General Hospital, Kingston
Hon. Pres.. Miss L. D. Acton; Pres.. Mise
Emma L. Sharpe. K.G.H.; First Vice-Pres., Mist
Elsie Duncan. K.G.H.; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs.
Gwen Hunt. 318 Collingwood St.; Sec., Miss G.
B. McCulloch. K.G.H.; Treas.. Miss Olevia M.
Wilson, K.G.H.; Assist. Treas., Miss Emma Mac-
Lean. 113 Frontenac St.

A.A., St. Mary'. He.pital, Kitchener

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

753

Hon. Pres.. Sr. Geraldine; Pres.. Miss Helen
Stumpf: Vice-Pres., Misses Theresa Brunck,
Melba Lapsley; Rec. Sec.. Miss Mildred Hostet-
tler;; Corr. Sec.. Miss Ethel Sommers, 15 Wilton
Ave. ; Treas.. Miss Margaret Kirschke.

A.A., Ross Memorial Ho.pital, Lindsay
Hon. Pres., Miss E. S. Reid; Pres.. Mrs. J.
Radman; First Vice-Pres., Miss G. Lehigh; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Mrs. U. Cresswell; Sec., Miss A.
Webber; Treas.. Mrs. D. Elliott; Committee.:
Red Cross Supply, Miss L. Gillespie; Program,
Mnl. Williamson, Miss A. Flett; Refresh'tMnt,
Misses Pogue. C. Fallis; Notification of Meetings.
Miss B. Marsh; Rep. to Press, Miss Strath.

A.A., Ontari. Ho.pital. Londo.

Hon. Pres.. Miss Florence ThomM; Pres.,
Mrs. Fred Cline; Vice-Pres., Miss E. Beechner;
Sec., Mrs. M. Millen. 898 Spruce S1.; Ass.
Sec., Niss L. Steele; Treas., Miss N. Williams;
Committee Convenor.: Fwwer, Mrs. E. Groø-
v.ner; Social, Mrs. E. Bruner; Soldiera' Com-
forts. Miss N. Williams; Social Service, Mias F.
Stevenson; Publicationr, Mrs. P. Robb.

A.A.. St. Jo.eph'. Ho.pital, London

Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. St. Elizabeth; Hon, VIce-
Pres., nev, Sr. Marion; Pres., Miss C. Murray;
First Vice-Pres.. Miss A. Riff; Sec. Vice-Pres.,
Miss M. Coleman; nec. Sec., Miss A. Irwin;
Corr. Sec., Miss S. Gignac, 297 Cheapslde St.;
Treas.. Miss J. Willis; Committee Convener.:
Social, Misses M. Cunningham, I. Weigle;
Finance. Misses F. Albert, J. Johnston; Rep.,
to: Registry, Misses M. Baker, E. Beger; Pre...
Miss E. Haggerty.

A.A., Victoria Ho.pital, Lond.D

Hon. Pres., Miss H. M. Stuart; Hon. Vice-
Pres.. Mrs. A. E. Silverwood; Pres., Mia G.
Erskine; First Vice-Pres., Miss A. McColl; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Miss A. Mallock; Rec. Sec.. Miss A.
Versteeg; Corr. Sec., Mrs. M. Rlpl
. 422 Central
Ave.; Treas., Miss E. O'Rourke, 188 Colborne
St.; Publications: Misses L. McGugan, E. Ste.
phens.

A.A., Niagara - Falls General Ho.pital, Niagara Fall.

Pres., Mrs. White; Sec., Miss Alice M. Laur,
1129 Annoury St.; Treas., Mrs. Uttfng; Rep. to
R.N.A.O. Mrs. Wood.

A.A., Orillia Soldier.' Memorial Ho.pital, Orillia

Hon. Pres., Miss Kilpatrick; Pres., Miss M.
MacLelland; Vice-Pres.. Misses E. Dunlop, E.
MacEwen; Sec., Miss P. Dixon, Soldiers' Me-
morial Hospital; Treas., Miss L. V. MacKenzie.
11 William St.; Auditors, Mmes Guild, Burnet;
Director., MOles Middleton, Hannaford, Miss
Peanlon.

A.A., Oshawa General Hospital, O.hawa

Hon. Pres., Misses E. MacWilltams, E. Stuart;
Pres., Mrs. J. Green; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. J. Sharp,
Miss D. Noble; Sec. Mrs. B. Edwards. 288 Albert
St.; Corr. Secs. Misses Y. Parliament, F. Court-
Ice; Treas., Miss R. Symons; Committee Con-
veners: Program, MOles M. Hunklng, A. Bryce;
Flower Miss M. Brown; Social Miss McKnight;
Rep. to The Canadien Nurse, Mls!il E. Fraser.

A.A., Lady Stanley Institute (lDcorporated 1918)
Ottawa
Hon. Pres., Mrs. W. S. Lyman; Hon. Vice-
Pres.. !\liss M. Stewart; Pres., Mrs. E. Oliver;
Vice-Pres., Miss K. Pridmore; Sec., Mrs. R. B.
Bryce, 147 Primrose Ave.; Treas., Mrs. C.
Port 862 Clifton nd.; Flower Convener, Miss
D. Booth; Dil'ectors, Misses P. Walker, A. Mc-
l'iece, MOles W. Caven, F. Low; Reps. to: Com-
munityRegistry, Misses M. Slinn, l\I. Scott;
Press. Miss G. Halpenny; The Canadian Nurse,
Miss E. McGibbon.

A.A., Onawa Civic Ho.pital, OUawa
Hon. Pres., Miss G. M. Bennett; Pres., Miss I.
Dickson; Vice-Pres., Miss V. Adair. Mrs. D.
True; nee. Sec., Miss M. Brown; Corr. Sec. &
Press, Miss M. Lowe. 405 Elgin St. Apt. 3;
Treas., Miss A. Gadd, D.C. H.; Councillors, Misses
Wilson, Carver, Christie, Bond, nobiodux; Mc-
Farlane; C07nmittees: Visiting & Flower. Misses
A. Napier, J. McTavish; Refreshments. Misses
L. Patterson, D. Grieve, M. Cowie ; Wool, Miss
L. Gourlay; Ed. Alumnae Paper, Miss M. Dow-
ney; Reps. to: Community Registry, Misses R.
Alexander, Gourlay, G. Moorhead; The Canadian
SUTse. Miss E. Shiels.

A.A., Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa

Hon. Pres.. Sr. Flavle DomftllIe; Pres., Sr.
Madeleine of Jesus; Vice-Pres., MOles L. Dunne,
N. Chassé; Sec.-Treas., Miss H. Braceland, 8011
Nepean St.; Membership Con v., Sr. Helen of
Rome; Councillors. MOles H. Racine. E. Viau,
Misses G. Bolantl, H. Chamberlain, V. Foran, K.
Ryan; Reps. to: Registry, Misses M. Landreville,
E. lJambrick, A. Sanders; Sick Benefit, Miss J.
Frappier; D.C.C.A., Miss M. O'Hare; Red Cro..,
Mrs. A. Powers; The Canadian Nurse. Miss J.
Stock.

A.A., St. Luke'. Ho.pital, Ouawa.
Hon. Pres., Miss E. Maxwell. O.B.E.; Pres.,
Mrs. R. Stewart; Vice-Pres., Mrs. R. Brown;
Sec.. Miss E. Honeywell, 50-2nd Ave. ; Treas.,
Miss I. Allen. 28 Java St.; Committees: Flower..
MOles E. Swerdfager. J. Pritchard; Blue Cro..
Insurance, Miss I. Johnston; Nominating, Misses
N. Lewis, I. Johnston; Reps. to: C{)mmunity
Registry, Misses D. Ðrown. F. Meredith; Local
Council of Women, Mrs. W. Creighton, Miss N.
Lewis; W.P.T.B. Miss E. Honeywell; Press, Mis.
M. Lunam; The Canadian Nurse, Miss I. John-
ston.

A.A., Owen Sound General and Marine Ho.pi..l,
OweD Sound
Hon. Pres., Mlst!es E, Webster, R. Brown;
Pres., Miss Catherine Cameron; Vice-Pres., Miss
M. Kerr; Sec.-Treas., Miss M. Lemon, 171-1oth
St. W. ; Assist. Treas., Miss Eliza Cook; Rep-
resentative to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Miller.

A.A., Nicholl. Ho.pital, Peterborougb
Hon. Pre!illdenttl, Mrs. E. M. Leeson. Miss K.
G. Young; Pre!il., Mist! L. Ball; First Vice-Pres..
Miss U. Annstrong; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss I.
King; Sec.. Miss J. Preston, 172% Hunter St.
W.; Corr. Sec., Miss M. Eo Ross; Treu.. Ura.
Conway; Committeeø: FlotDer, Miss M. Beavis;
8ocial, Mrs. Campbell. Mils B. Beer; NominaU"'l
Miss M. Renwick; Rep. to Locol Council ...
Women, Mrs. McLaren,
A.A., St. Joseph'. Hospital. Port Arthur
Hon. Pres., ReT. Mother Cornflhu; Hon. VI

Pre... Rev. Sr. Sheila; Pres.. Mrs. Bert Doweli;
Vice-Pres., MI!ils Isabel Misener; Sec., MI_
ld. Bain, 88. Van Norman St.; Treas., Mra.
Ruth Dlcb ; ExeC1ltåve : Mis!iles Cecilia Kellr,
Dorothy Claydon, Am Johnson, Isabel MorrisOD.
Mn. Phillip..

754

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., Samia General Hospital, Sarnia
Hon. Pres.. Miss Rahno Beamish; Pres.. Miss
Olive Banting; Sec., Miss Carol Sayers, General
Hospital; Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
Mary Elrick, 141 Penrose St.

A.A., Stratford General Ho.pital, Stratford

Pres., Mrs. B. Ische; Vice-Pres., Miss Thistle;
Secretary, Mrs. May Dodds, 190 Queen St.;
Treas., Miss M. McMaster; Committee Con-
veners: Social, Miss V. Fryfogle; Flower, Miss
Stewart; Program, Miss M. Murr.

A.A., Mack Trainina School, St. Catharine.

Pres., Miss A. Ebbage; First Vice-Pres., MI"II.
Spencer; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss Colvin; Sec., Miss
E. Purton. 68 Pleasant Aye; Treas., Miss R.
Fowler; Committee Convener.: Program, Miss
M. Kirkpatrick; Social, Miss L. Crawford;
Flower, Miss L. Kottmeir; Vi.itinu, Miss S.
Daboll; .Advi.ory, Mmes J. Parnell, C. Hesbum,
S. Murray, Ridge; Rep.. to: Pre.., Miss H.
Brown; The Canadian Nur.e, Miss J. NeIaoD.

A.A., St. Thoma. Memorial Ho.pital, St. Thoma.

Hon. Pres., Miss I. Stewart; Hon. Vice-Pre8.,
Miss M. May; Pres., Miss B. Pow; Vice-P.....,
Miss A. Ronson; Sec., Miss E. Jewell; Treu..
Miss J. Lunn.

A.A., The Grant Macdonald Training School
for Nurlles, Toronto

Hon. Pres., Miss P. L. Morrison; Pres., Mrs.
B. Danvent; Rec. Sec., Miss I. Lucas; Corr.
Sec., Mrs. P. Jacques, 23 Fuller Ave., Toronto 8;
Treas.. Miss M. McCullough; Socwl Convener,
Mrs. Smith. 1_.1

A.A., Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto

Hon. Pres.. Miss J. Masten; Pres., Mrs. H.
Clifford; Vice-Pres., Misses P. Norton, F. Wat-
son; Rec. Sec., Miss I. George; Corr. Sec., Miss
B. Llnklater. 97 Avenue Rd. Apt. D-", Toronto;
Treas.. Miss D. Muckle; Assist. Treas., Miss A..
Hazen.

A.A., Riverd.le Ho.pital, Toronto

Pres., Miss A. Armstrong; First Vice-Pres.,
Mrs. J. Bradshaw; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. G.
Bourne; Sec., Miss Olga Gerker, RiYerdale
Hospital; Treas., Mrs. T. Fairbairn, D8 du Ver-
net Ave.; Convener.: Prof/f'am, Miss K. Mathl.
son; Vi.iting: Mmes C. Spreeman, H. Dunbar;
RoN.A.O., Miss M. Ferry; Rep. to The Canadian
Nur.e, Miss A. Armstrong.

A.A., St. John's Hospital, Toronto

Pres., Mrs. M. Owen, :13 Turner Rd.; Vlce-
Pres., Miss E. Price, 97 Avenue Rd.; Miss F.
Young 227 Milverton Blvd.; Rec. Sec.. Mrs. D.
Nelles. 78 Springmount Ave.: Corr. Sec., Miss
M. Turnbull, 88 BalloH St.; Treas., Mrs. P. E.
Thring, 14 Glencastle St.

A.A., St. Joseph'. Ho.pital, Toronto
Pres.. Miss A. Tobin; Vice-Pres., Misses E.
Longo. I. Gl}"nn; Rec. Sec., Miss E. Flannery;
Corr. Sec. Miss L. Ryan. 81 Cowan Ave.; Treu.,
llrs. W. Spencer; Committee Conveners: Pro-
gram, !\Iiss M. Rice; Membership, Miss J. Du-
trizac; Rep. to: R.N.A.O. & Central Regi.try,
!\fiss M. Kelly.

A.A., St. Michael'. Hospital, Toronto.
Pres.. Miss M. Hunt; Vice-Pres., Misses M.
Regan, L. Riley, M. McGarrell; Rec. Sec., Miss
M. Doherty; Corr. Sec., Mrs. M. Forrester, 185
Glenholme Ave; Treas., Miss N. O'Connor;
Assist. Treas., Miss E. Cooper; CounciUor.,
Misses K. Boyle, D. Murphy, K. Meagher; Cem-
venel'S: Active Membership, Miss L. Huc:k;
Assoc. l'YJembel'ship, Mrs. M. Meaden; Plan for
Hospital Care, Miss V. Murphy; Reps. to:
Public Health, Miss M. Tisdale; Nursing Edu-
cation, Miss G. Murphy; Local Council 01
Women, Mrs. Scully; Press, Miss E. Darrach;
Ed. "The News", Miss K. Boyle; Assist. Ed. Mrs.
M. N evilIe.

A.A., School of Nursing, University of Toronto,
Toronto

Hon. Pres., Miss E. K. Russell; Hon. VIce-
Pres.. Miss F. Emory; Past Pres., Miss M. Nac-
farland; Pres., Miss Jean Leask; First Vice-
Pres., Miss E. Manning; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mn.
S. Lauchland; Sec., Mrs. R. G. Slater, 176
Dunvegan Rd.; Treas., Mrs. R. Page.
A.A., Toront. Gen.ral He.pital, Toronto

Pres. Miss E. Cryderman; First Vice-Pres.,
Miss M. Stewart; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. F.
. O.
Coombs; Sec.-Treas.. Miss L. Shearer, 5 Hip
Park Ave. ; CounciUor.: Misses E. MOOFe. M.
Dulmage, E. Clancey. J. Wilson; Convener.;
Archives, Miss J. M. Knlseley; "The Quarterlfl',
Miss H. E. Wallace; Program, Miss J. Wilsoo;
Bocial, Miss F. Chantler; Flower, Mrs. J. B.
Wadlanè; Gift, Miss M. Fry; Pre.s, Miss P.
Steeves; Scholarship, Miss G. Lovell; Trust
Fund, Miss E. Grant; .Aid to British Nurses,
Mrs. G. Brereton; Pre.. of Private Dut", Mias
A. Thoburn.
A.A., Trainina School for Nur.e. of the TorGnt.
East General Ho.pital with which i. incorporated
the Toronto Orthopedic Ho.pital, Toronto
Hon. Pres., Miss E. Maclean; Pres., Miss J.
Llak; VIce-Pres., Miss A. Morrison; Sec., Mia
A. Davison, :197 Sammon Ave.; Treas., Miss B.
Peters; Convener.: Social, Miss J. Fry; Pro-
gram, Miss F. Cleland; Membør.hip, MI88 D.
Golden; Red Cro.., Mlu E. Campbell; Pr,.,
Mrs. Marganson; Rep.. to: Regi.try: Mlaes
Willis. McPheeters, Peters; R.N.A..O., Miss Me>
Master.

A.A., Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto
Hon. Pres.. Miss B. L. Ellis, Mrs. C. T. Cur-
rie; Pres., Mrs. G. W. Kruger; Vice-Pres., Miss
G. Ryde; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Townsend; Corr. Sec.,
Mrs. L. Brown, 1:17 Hammersmith Ave.; Treas.,
Miss M. Patterson; Committees: Program, Mrs.
Vale (conv.), Mrs. Edwards, Miss Perry; Bud-
get, Miss Westcott (conv.), Miss Scheetz, Mrs.
Chant; Social. Mrs. H. Brown (conv.), Mmes
Smeltzer, McKellar, Boadway, McDonald; Sick
Benefit, Miss G. Sutton (conv.), Miss A. Gillett.
Mrs. F. Robinson; Scholarship, Miss A. Bell
(conv.), Mrs. Da.vies, Miss Lawless; ViBiting,
Mrs. A. Norman (conv.), Mrs. A. Clarke, Mill
E. Sinclair; Membership, Mrs. Chant (cony.).
Mmes McKellar, McMillan, Miss Thomas; Red
Cros., Mrs. Douglas (conv.), Miss M. Agnew
(treas.); Reps. to: RoN.A.O., Miss M. Agnew;
Local Council of Women, Mrs. G. Calder; W.P.
T.B., Mrs. C. McMillan; The Canadian Nur.e,
Miss E. Titcombe.

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

A.A., W.n..le, Hoepital, T__..
Hon. Prea., Miss E. K. Jones; Prea., Miu A.
Steele; Vice-Pres., MIMes G. Bolton, D.
Stepbens; Rec. Sec., Miss E. Turner; Corr. Sec.,
YI.. M. Russell, 4 Thurloe Ave.; Ass. Corr.
See Mies D. Arnott; Treas., Miss J. Brown;

: Tr,eas., Mlu D. Goode; Custodian, Miss D.
Fatt; Auditors: Miss E. Cowan, Mrs. G. Gundy:
Convener, Elisabeth Flaws Scholarship Fund,
"n. D. Bull.

A.A., Women'. Colleg. Hospital, Toronto
Pres., Miss D. Gordon; Vice-Pres., Misses R.
Watson, I. Jones; Rec. Sec., Mrs. P. Dodson:
Corr. Sec., Miss M. Atkinson, 213 Davls-
ville Ave., Toronto 12: Treas., Mrs. E.
Munro: Advisory Couneil, Mmes V. Slater, M.
Hood, P. McMillan: Conveners, Misses B. Brown,
J. Kilpatrick. M. Jantzen, Mrs. B. Campbell;
Reps. to: R.N.A.O. Miss E. Clarke; The Cana-
dian Nurse, 1\
iss E. Wiltshire.

A.A., Ontario Hospital, New Toronto
Hon. Pres., Miss P. Graham; Pres.. Miss E.
McCalpln; Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. Olson, Miss L.
Sinclair: Rec. Sec., Mrs. A. Enchln: Corr. Sec..
Miss S. Jopko, 202 Geoffrey St.; Treas., Mrs. E.
Claxton; Committee Convene,..: Program, Miss
K. Wright; Social, Miss E. Dowdell: Member-
ship, Miss E. Moriarity; Scholarship, Miss A.
Burd; Flower, Mrs. E. Baker; Reps. to: W.P.
T.B., Mrs. M. Grosvenor: Red Cross. Miss Burd;
The Canadian Nurse, Miss A. McArthur.

A.A., Grac. Ho.pital, Wind.or

President, Mrs. Wallace Townsend; Vice-Pres-
Ident, Miss Audrey Holmes; Secretary, Miss
Louise Corcoran, 485 Pitt Street. W.est: Treas-
urer, Mrs. A. Shea; Echoes' Editor, Adjutant
G. Barker.

A.A., Hôtel.Dieu Ho.pital, Wind.or

Hon. Pres., Rev. Mother Claire Maitre; Hon.
Past Pres., Sr. Marie de 1a Ferre; Pres., MIø
Marion Coyle: First VIce-Pres., Miss JuUette
Renaud; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss Carmel Grier;
Corr. Sec. & Treas.. Miss Margaret Lawson, 15111
Victoria Ave.; Publicity, Sr. Marie Roy, Hðtel-
Dleu.

A.A., General Hospital, W ood.tock

Hon. Pres., Misses F. Sharpe. H. Potts; Pres.,
Mrs. N. Wood; Vice-Pres., Misses L. Pearson,
N. Neff: Sec., Miss M. Mitchell; Assist. Sec.,
Miss M. Goad; Corr. Sec., Miss G. Jefferson,
898 Brant St.; Treas.. Mrs. E. Colclough; Assist.
Treas., Miss A. Waldie: Committee Conveners:
Flower & Gift, Miss G. Boothby: Social, Miss
M. Charlton; Program, Miss F. Mahon; Grcmp
Hospitalization,. Miss L. Pearson; Rep. to Press,
Miss E. Watson.

QUEBEC

A.A, Lachine General Hospital, Lacbiae

Honourary President, Miss L. M. Bro1nl ;
President, MII'I!J Ruby Goodfellow; VIce-Presi-
dent, Miss M,.rtl
Gleason; Secretary-Treaøurw.
Un. Byrtha Jobber, UA-51st Ave., Dixt.-La-
cJalne: General N'tU'8Ìng Repr,,"ntati... MIa
Rubr Goodfellow: Æs:ecutive C9m17IiU.. : Un.
Barlow. )(1"tI. Gaw, MI.. Dewar.

755

A.A., Children'. Memorial Ho.pital, Montreal

Hon. Presidents, Misses A. S. Kinder, Eo
Alexander; Pres.. Miss M. Robinson; Vice-Pres..
Miss E. Richardson, Sec., Miss A. E. Collins.
11115 Cedar Ave.; Treas., Miss M. Collins; Social
Convener, 1\lrs. R. Folkins: Rep. to The Cana-
dian Nurse, Miss M. Flander.

Staff Association Executive,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal

Pres., Miss B. O. Macinnes to.C.H.); Vice-
Pres., Miss M. MacDougal (R.C.H.. New West-
minster): Sec., Miss J. Cochrane, C.M.H.: Treas..
Miss M. Cochrane (R.J .H., Victoria); Committee
Conveners: Social, Miss L. Gray (O.C.H.); Edu-
cational, Miss M. Uyede (V.G.H.); Rev. to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Uyede.

A.A., Homoeopathic Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Pres" Miss V. Graham; Pres., Mn.
Rice: First Vice-Pres., Miss D. CunnlD<<ton: See.
Vice-Pres.. Miss D. Ward; Sec.. Mlsø P. Thomp-
son, 4174 West Hili Ave.; Assist. Sec., Mrs. Lee;
Treas" Mrs. Warren; AsslsL Tress.. M_ Gar-
rick; Committees: Program, Missea M. Stewart.
V. Fairburn. Mrs. Johnston; RefreaAment,
MIsses A. McDonald, M. McMlIlan, M. Boyd;
Sick Benefit, Mmes Warren. Hardlntr, Piper,
Misses Garrick. Sanders; Visiting, Mlaøes Mc-
Murtry, Campbell; Reps. to: Local Coun.eU of
Women, Mrs. Harding: The Canadian Nurse,
Mmes Hebb, Holland, Misses Bourne. Boa.

L' Association des Gardes-Maladel Diplômées,
Hôpital Notre-Dame, MontréaJ

Pres., Miss L. Bock; Vice-Pres., Misses L.
Steben, L. Lorange: Rec. Sec.. Miss S. Lord;
Corr. Sec., Miss D. Leduc; Assist. Sec.. Mi
s E.
Bernier; Treas., Miss I. Bélanger; Counc1Uors,
Misses C. Noel, J. Ferland, M. Demers.

A.A., Montreal G1!neral Hospital, Montreal
Hon. Members, Miss E. Rayslde, O.B.E., MI98
Jane Craig, Miss Isabel Davies. R.R.C.; Hon.
Pres., Miss J. Webster, O.B.E.; Pres.. Miss Mabel
Shannon; First Vice-Pres.. Miss M. Batson; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Miss A. Peverley; Rec. Sec., Miss
K. Clifford; Corr. Sec., Miss A. Christie, M.G.H.;
Hon. Treas., Miss I. Davies; Committees: Execu-
tive. Misses M. K. Holt:. B. Birch, E. Denman,
A. Reid, Mrs. S. Townsend; Program, Misses M.
Foreman (convener), J. Anderson, M. Brogan;
Visiting, Misses B. Miller (convener). R. Cald-
well; Refreshment, Misses F. Moroney (con-
vener), B. Adam, E. Colley, Mrs. L. Beaton;
Reps. to: Local Council 01 Women, Misses A.
Costigan, M. Stevens; General Nursing Section,
Misses M. Macleod, H. Miller. M. Cluff; Th"
Canadian Nurse, Miss J. Anderson.

A.A., Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Pres., Mrs. A. M. Stanley; Pres., Mias
W. MacLean: Vice-Pres., Misses E. Killins. E.
MacLean: Rec. Sec., Miss E. HIsey: Sec.
Treas., Miss G. Moffat. R.V.H.; Board of
Directors (without office), Misses F. Munroe.
M. Brady, W. MacLeod. E. Williams; Committee
Conveners: Finance, Mrs. R. G. Law: Program,
Miss E. MacNab: Private Duty, Miss C. Hodge;
Visiting, Misses H. Clarke, F. Pendleton; Reps.
to: Local Council of Women, Mmes E. O'Bri
n.
T. Grieves: Press, Miss J. Cook: The Canadzan
Nurse, Miss F. Allum.

756

THE CANADIAN NURSE

A.A., St. Mary'. HOlpital, Montreal
Hon. Pres. Rev. Sr. Rozon; Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Rev. Sr. M. Flavian; Pres., Mrs. W. Johnson;
Vice-Pres., Miss E. O'Hare; Rec. Sec., Miss R.
Cowan; Corr. Sec., Miss A. Mc.ll:enna, 2849
Maplewood Ave.; Treas. Miss E. Toner; Com-
mittees: Entertainmen..t, Misses T. DeWitt, D.
Sullivan, C. Lewis, Mrs. T. Cherry; Special
Nurses, Misses R. Wood, M. Smith; Visiting,
Misses E. Ryan, R. Chabot; Hospital:ization Plan,
Misses M. Barrett, N. Callaghan, M. Goodman;
Reps. to Preis, Mmes G. Leu, T. Wheatley; The
Canadian Nurse. Miss A. Pepper.

A.A., School for Graduate Nur.e.,
McGill Uninr.ity, Montreal
Pres., Miss E. MacLennan; Vice-Pres., MI88
M. Flander; Sec.-Treas., Miss R. Tansey, Mon-
treal Convalescent Hospital, 8001 Kent Ave.,
Conveners: Flora M. Shaw Memorial Fund, Mrs.
L. H. Fisher; ProgJ"am, Miss S. Levinnon;
Reps. to: Local Council of Women, Mmes Hard-
ing, F. J. Larkin; The Canadian Nurse. Miss
K. Stanton.

A.A., Jeffery Hale'. Hospital, QueDec
Pres., Mrs. A. W. G. Macallster; First VIce-
Pres., Miss G. Martin; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mlu
M. Jones; Sec.. Miss M. G. Fischer, S05 Grande
Allée; Treas.. Mrs. W. M. Pfeiffer; CounciUora,
Misses C. Kennedy. E. Ford. M. Jones, Mmes
M. Beattie. I. West. J. Cormack, N. Teakle;
Committees: Visiting, Misses E. Ford. F. o'Con-
nell, A. Marsh, Mrs. I. West; Program, Mlsees
M. Lunall1 (convener). E. Walsh, Mmes C.
Young, M. Beattie; Purchaðing, Misses M.
Lunam. G. Weary. Mrs. Eo Seale; Re!,.uhfMftt,
Misses M. Dawson. A. Marsh. M. Meyers, G.
Kertson, Mmes C. Davidson. E. Seale; 8

Fund, Mlt1es E. Seale, S. Baptist, A. MacDonald,
P. Rolleston, Misses E. Walsh. F. Imrie; War
Work, Misses G. Weary (convener), Eo Ford.
M. Dawson. Mmes .J. Hatch. J. Cormack; Rep'.
to: Private Duty, Misses G. CampbeU, M. Mac-
Callum; Tlte Canadia" Nurse, Miss A. Mac-
Donald.

A.A., Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke
HOIl. Pres., Miss O. Harvey; Pres., Mrs. E.
Taylor; First Vice-Pres.. Mrs. F. Simpson; See.
Vice-Pres., Miss H. Dundin; Rec. See, Mrs. O.
Sangster; Corr. Sec.. Mrs. G. Osgood c/o Mrs. H.
Lulie, ClIrt Rd.; Social & Entertai'Rmeftt, Mn.
D. Beaman; Reps. to: Private Dutll Section, Mn.
N. Lothrop; The Canadian Nurse, Miss K. V.u-
rhan.

A.A., Woman'. General Hospital, WeltmoUD&
Hon. Pres., Misses E. Trench. V. Pearson;
Pres.. Miss C. Martin; First VIce-Pres., Mlu L.
Hanson; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. DaYis; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Rutherford; Corr. Sec., Mlu L. Smith,
1:182 Crescent St. ; Treas.. Miss E. Franc1a;
Committees: Visiting. Mrs. A. Chisholm. Mlu G.
Wilson; Social. Misses Hanson, Fletcher; Rel'"
to: General Nursing Section, Miss L. Smith, Mr..
Rutherford; The Canadian Nurse, Miss Francl..

SASKA TCHEW AN

A.A., Grey Nun.' Ho.pital, Regina
Honourary President, Sister M. J. Tou...;
President. Mrs. R. Mogridge; Vice-President.
Mrs. J. Patterson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss F.
Philo, Grey Nuns' Hospital; Correspondln.
Secretary, Miss Rolande Martin.

A.A., Regina General Ho.pital, R.aina
Honourary President, Miss D. Wilson; Pre.
Ident, Miss M. Brown; Vice-President, Miss R.
Ridley; Secretary, Miss V. Mann, General H

plta.l; Treasurer, Miss Victoria Antonini; Re.,.
resenta.tives to: Local Paper, Miss G. GlasPJW:
The Cattadian Nurse. MI_ E. Peterson.

A.A., St. Paul'. Hospital. SaskatooD
Hon. Pres., Sister L. LaPlelTe; Pres., Mr,
F. J. Latterty; First Vice-Pres.. Sister J. Man-
din; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. Turner; Sec.. Mia
M. Hutcheon, St. P. H.; Treas., Mrs. E. Atwell;
Councillora: Mmes A. Thompson, A. Hyde, I.
Doran, Mlu B. James; Wall' & Means Commit-
tee: Mmes O. Cowell, B. Rodgers.

A.A-, Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatoon
Hon. Pres., Mrs. R. Hartney; P
., Miss M.
Chisholm; Rec. Sec., Miss M. Melnik; Corr. Sec.,
Miss W. Routledge, S.C. H.; Treas.. Mrs. M.
Derrick; Committee Convenera: Social & Pro-
gram, Mrs. I. Fletcher; Ways & Means, Miss M.
Járvis; Visiting & Flower, Miss F. Bell; Rep..
to: Press, Mrs. M. E. Cameron; The Canadaa'R
Nurse, Mrs. Der
ck.
A.A., Yorkton Queen Victoria Hospital, YorktoD
Honourary President. Mrs. L. N. Barnu;
President, Miss E. Flanapn; 'VIce-President,
Mise Ie. Frances; Secretary, Miss P. Wother-
spoon, Y.Q.V.H.; Treasurer. Mrs. S. Wynn;
Social Conven.er, Mrs. M. Klsbey; Cou7Willors:
Mr.. J. Young. Mrs. M. Campbell, Mrs. II.
WestbulT.

Nursing Sisters' Auoc:iation of Canada

Associations of Graduate Nurses

Pres.. Miss Maude Wilkinson, Toronto; First
Vice-Pres., Miss Isabelle McEwen, Toronto; See.
Vice-Pres., Mrs. Grace Gray Wilson, Toronto;
Third Vice-Pres.. Mrs. C. A. Young, Ottawa;
Sec.-Treas.. Mrs. Helen Dutt Forgan, 55 Hltrh-
land Cres., York Mills, R.R.!. Toronto.

MANITOBA

Brando.. Graduate Nurse. A.sociation

Hon. Pres.. Mrs. W. H. Shillinglaw; Pres.,
Mrs. H. E. Hanaah; Vice-Pres., Mrs. R. Alexan-
der; Sec., MIllS M. Donnelly, Brandon General
Hospital; Treas., Mrs. J. Selble; Registrar, Mia
C. Macleod; Conwfte,.a: Red Cro.., Mrs. S.
Lewis: W.,. Work, Mrs. S. J. S. Pierce; Boel4l.
MIllS K. Wilkes: MembersAip, Mrs. C. Crlppe:

Vi8itinu. Mrs.' D. L. Johnson; Rep,. to: Pr..
Mrs. D. McDougall; The Canadian Nurae, Mrs. a.
Darrach; Communitll Chen, Mise D. Stowe.

QUEBEC
Montreal Graduate Nur.e. Allociadon
Pres.. Miss AA'nes Jamieson; First Vice-Pres..
Miss E. Grner; Sec. VIce-Pres.. Mise I. Mac-
Kenzie: Hon. Sec.-Treas.. Miss Jean M. Smltb;
Director, Nttr8Ïng RegiatT1l, Miss Ettie Kllnn.;
ROlltd Victoria Ho,pit.', Misses B. Teed, J. Al.
IIson, H. Ryan. K. McNab; Montreal General
Hospital, Misses J. Morell, H. Elliott, L. Mac>
Klnnon. C. Irfarsball; HomoeOfHJtAic HoØfritGI,
Misses D. Fairbairn. F. Smith; Woman's GeM""
Hoqitøl, Misses G. Wilson. V. Matheson; lit.
Ma'l'1/'s Hoqital, MI. ft.. Wood: Out-ol-'ro"
Mmes T. Hill. R. BI"OWII.

'

CANADIAN
NURSE

VOLUME 41
N U M B E R 10

OCTOBER
1 9 4 5

. ",

-" p

"

We Can... We Shall...
We Must!
Sign Our Names
for Victory!

,. ..

SH "a
rl 760 6> 783

':IV "

.
)
.....
"
OWN E n AND P II nOL ISH E D B Y
THE CANADIAN NlIRSES ASSOCIATION

Wltll! do lfollreeommend lòr

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Baby's distress-and .Mother's rou-
will vanish wht:n 'Borufax' is uSt:d.
<"haft:d and irritatt:d skin is a frt:qut:nt

ourct: of discomfort to small babie\.
To hdp prt:\.t:nt thes
skin iccitations,
apply 'Borofax' after t:\ ery changt: uf
diaper and following baby's daily
bath. 'Borofax' is a southing, pro-
tective, water-resistant ointmt:nt with
10 per cent of boric acid in a bland
emollient base {.ontaining lanolint:.

mlljlor rusn ?

-ßOROFAX' .

BORA fED OINTMENT
fubt:s of 20 gm.-25C
50 gm,-50

&URROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.

(The Weflcome Foundotion ltd I

MONTREAL

^SSOCI^TW HOUSES. LOND0N NEW YOR
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CJ'\P[ TOWN BOMB^V SH^NGH"'I BUENOi> }'IRES

KEEPING ABREAST OF THE

lITERA TURE ON NUTRITION

r------:..--------------- - - -------,
AMERICAN CAN COMPANY
.:\!EDICAL \RTS BUILDl:\G, I-I A 'HLTON, O.'iT.
PIea8e ,.end me my free copy of "The Cannf',)
Food Reference Manual"".

"TITH rationing, the layman's need
[or !'lIund, dietary guidance be-
('omes e\en more important.

For this reason, you will find =,ee-
tions II, III, and IV, of '"The Canned
Food Reference
Ianuar' particularly
im'aluable as an up-to-date source.

SECTION II, Modern Knowledge of Nutrition,
contains chapters on 1mman nutriti,e
need!", requirements for proximate
food components, mineral and \"itamin
requi;;;ites. the chemistry and quanti-
ti\e estimation of \itamins, and pres-
ent vitamin units and standards. This

ection alone has more than 76 refer-
ence;:: to up-to-date reports. papers,
and research.

SECTION III, Dietary Inaclequacies, lists the
common ones, the latent variety, and

J

--

....,....

food fads and fancies. There L'
more than 40 references.

SECTION IV, Recommended DietaryPradices,
describes the modern pattern of nu-
trition, the dietaq patterns of the
National Nutrition Pro/-!;ramme an,1
Canada's Food Rules.

For the busy professional man 01
woman, these sections of this compact
book provide concise, reliable refer-
ence material.

In addition, "The Canned Food
Reference Manual"' contains detailed
information on the history of canned
foods, how they are processed, an-;{
much other collateral inform:ltion of
interest to doctors, dentists and public
health officials. It is free. Fill out
coupon below and mail.

ea

NAME..... ..........
PROFESSIONAL TITLE...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ADDRESS. . . . . . . . . . .
CITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROV.. .
(PLEASE PRINT)
-------------------------------

OCTOBER. 19-t5

757

The

Canadian

Nurse

Register
d at Ouawa, Canada, .. .econd cia.. matter.
Editor ønd Businen Mlmogn:
MARGARET E. KERR. M.A., R.N., 5%2 Medieal Arb Bl..... lI.ntnal II. P.Q.

CO
TEN"TS FOR OCTOBER, 1945

ALBERTA LOOKS TO THE FUTURE

To Do OR NOT To Do

F. Munroe

781
782
783
784
787
792
796
798

B. A. Beattie

SIGN YOUR NAME FOR VICTORY
THE FUTURE OF NURSIKG

-]. C. ""[eakins, lvI.D.
- H. D. L. Goodfellow
- E. Hickey and V. Carroll
lU. E. Schumacher and E. Hartig

TRAINING DEFECTIVES IN INSTITUTIONS

HOSPITAL HEALTH SERVICE

RECORDING FLUID INTAKE

CONTEST JUDGES
ApPLICATION OF CHEI\IISTRY TO THE PRACTICE OF NURSING

G. E. Gibson 799

So FAR _

So GOOD

]. S. Clark 801
C. Doull 805
807
809
811
815

D. Swain

A CHANGED PICTURE

A FIRST An QUALIFICATION FOR NURSE" -
NOTES FROM NATIONAL OFFICE

INTERESTING PEOPLE

HYPERTHYROIDISM

LETTER TO THE EDITOR
BOOK REVIEWS
NEWS NOTES

818
828
830

Subscription Rotes: $2.00 per )'ear - $5.00 for
years; Foreign &. U.S.A., $2.50; Student
Nurses, $1.50; Canadian Nursing Sisters Oversea. .nd Canadian nurses serving with UNRRA,
'2.00 onl)'. Single Copies, 20 cents. All cheques. mone)' orders and postal note. should be made
pa
able to The C.nadian Nurse. (Wb.n remitting by cheque' add 15 cenu for exchange).
Cht,"
e of Addren: Four weeks' advance notice, ilnd the old addres., as well a. tbe new. are
DI!Cl!saary for change of subscriber'. address. Not responsible for ]ournob lost in tbe mails due
to new address not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARL Y AT ALL TIMES. Editori.J
Content: Noews items should reach tbe ]oumol office before the 8tb of month preceding publica-
tion. All puhlished ross. destroyed after 3 month., unless asked for. Officit" Directory: Publisb1!d
_mplete. in March, June, Sept. &. Dec. issues.
Address all communications to 522 Medic.1 Arts Bid"., Montreol 25. P. Q.

'58

Vol. 41, No. 10

FATHERS OF CANADIAN M[DICINE

M ORE than any other man Osler exemplified
all that was best in the tradition and prac.
tice of medicine. One of nine children. he was
born in 1849 ot Bond Head, Ontario, and ob-
tained his prafessianal education at Toronto
and McGill Universities. In those early days
students ossisted a practising physician while ot
college. Osler's preceptor was Dr. James Bovell,
å country practitioner of broad culfure.

After studying obroad. Osler was given the
Chair in Medicine at McGill University. later,
he wos appointed professor of clinical medicine
in the Univenity of Pennsylvanio; Gulstonian
lectur
r at the Royal College of Physicians, Lon.
doni professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins
UniversitYi and reg ius professor of medicine
at Oxford.

His contribution to the profession of medi-
cine was outstanding. To him is attributed the
adoption of bedside teaching ond the system
of internship which afforded students on oppor-
tunity to obtoin proctical experience before
engoging in practi
e.

*ONE OF A SERIES

f:

..\i - -r.

.
-0'
--.i
)
-rI \.-

,è-
"

5Jt !#ilktHt

Bart, M.D., D.C.l., Ll.D., D.Sc., f .R.S., f .R.C.P.
1849-1919

Osler's text-book "The Principles and Practice
of Medicine" was so clear, concise and compre-
hen
ve that is was adopted as the standard
text-book of medicine by all English-speaking
universities. It has been revised and expañded
on 0 number of occasions. While at McGill, he
published the "Pathology Reports' which were
the first of the kind in America.

Osler was unselfish even to effacement. The
generosity of his hospitality wos open-hearted
ond his entertainment of guests delightful. He
hod a richly endowed mind. His nome will live
not only becouse of his greot contribution to
medicine but also because of his "little name-
less unremembered acts of kindness and love."
He was known and beloved in Americo, Greot
Britoin and the Dominions.

In serving the profession of which such men
as Sir William Osler are Q port, William R.
Worner & Company feels its responsibility
keenly, and is inspired to achieve and maintain
the highest standords respecting puríty ond
dependobility of product and the integrity of
its relations with ,he medical profession.

16S\W fA I
I
II! IR & COMPANY LTD.

MANUfACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

OCTOBER, 1945

759

Reader's Guide

""e have much pleasure in welcom-
ing as our guest editor this month, Bar-
bara Alice Beattie, president of the Al-
berta Association of Registered Nurses.
Born and reared in Nova Scotia, 'where
her forebears had settled in 1803, Miss
Beattie completed her education in Al-
berta, later graduating from the Calgary
General Hospital. A brief flurry of pri-
vate duty, five years of general staff
work and Miss Beattie was called upon
to assume the superintendency of first
the Viking Municipal Hospital, and, later,
the Drumheller Municipal Hospital. Fol-
lowing her graduation in hospital ad-
ministration from the McGill School for
Graduate Nurses, Miss Beattie took spe-
cial preparation in p"ychiatric work and,
since 1941, has been superintendent of
nurses at the Provincial Mental Hospi-
tal, Ponoka, Alta. Her ele>ction to the
presidency of the A.A.R.N. this year
followed several years of active associa-
tion with the work of the professional
organization. As if an !his were not
enough, Miss Beattie golfe:;. curls, bowls,
rides horseback and, when supplies are
ayailable, indulges in amateur photo-
graphy and photo tintinp,'. Under the
able> guidance of one with such a diver-
sity of talents and skills, the A.A.R.N.
is striding forward as
Iiss Beattie des-
cribes in her erlitorial.

It is eminently fitting that, with the
close of the war, Fann

lunroe, presi-
dent of the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, should send a meS:5ag"e to all the
nurses of Canada. While the battles were
in progress, the nurses everywhere res-
ponded with true fervour ann patriotism.
Can we do less now? .

Dr. H. D. L. Goodfellow. psychologist,
is director of education at the Ontario
Hospital School in Orillia, Ontario. \Ve
are indebted to the R.N.A.O. for this pa-
per which Dr. Goodfellow delivered at
one of their meetings last Spring.

Dr. J. C.
Iealdns is Dean of the School
()f MerJicine at McGi1l University. During
th
war period, Brig'adier Meaki'18 wa;;;
deputy director general of medical ser-
-dces with the R.C.A.l\I.C. in Canarln.
Hi!-' activities were recog'nized by tp

award of the C.B.E. Dr. l\Ieakks ha"ì

760

long beE:.'n interested in the problems of
nursing.

Elsie Hickey, co-author of "Ho..;;pital
Health Service", is director of the Divi-
sion of Public Health
ursing of the
Department of Public Health, Toronto.
\ïolet Carroll is superintendent of the
Hospital Health Service program which
is carried out under the egis of and In
co-op
ration with the Nursing Division.
Much has been said and written about
the possibilities of some means of ef-
fectively bridging the gap between hos-
pital and home care. Here is one plan
that really works and which might well
be emulated in other communities.

Jean S. C1ark, formerly secretary-
treasurer of the National PuÌJlic Health
Section, was the efficient assistant sup-
erintendent of the Public HE:.'alth X ur
ing
Branch of the Alberta Department of
Public Health. Her summary of the acti-
yities of the provincial public health
sections shows that steady growth and
progress are being maintained.

Gertrude E. Gibson is instructor of
nUrse
in the school of nursing of the
Brockville General Hospital. She belÏpves
in making chemistry a vital subject to
her studl?nts. C. Doull is supervisor of
the children's ward, Calgary General
Hospital.

Thf' interesting project to rletenninf>
the accuracy of fluid intake recording'
was developed at Grace Hospital, 'nn-
nipeg, where :\I. E. Schumacher is clini
al
supé'rvisor. E. Hartig was or)(:
rating rOOlI1
supervisor at the Victoria Hospital at the
time though she is at present at Deer
Lodge Hospital, "ïnnipe
;.

Newspapers have heralded the sig'uing
of a vast number of important documents
in the past few months-enited Xations
pacts, unconditional sUlTPnder pledges
and, no less important for the indiYiduaI
Canadians, applications for Victory
Bonds. Our cover this month shows
Fannv :\1 u-- r:>f'. rJ'csicl::nt pf tIp C'ula-
(lian Npl.
ee:; A
c-o,:,iation.
etti'lg the ex-
ample to all nurses. SÜm Y our
ame
for Victory --- as a symbol of your thank-
fulneH. that Victory ha
}leen ach:e',eo.

Vol. 41, No. 10

SUPERIOR DIETS

SUPERIOR CHILDREN

nIn the 31 cases in which the mother's diet was fgood' or fexcellent',
420/0 of the infants were fsuperior' . . . In the group of 36 infants
whose mothers' diets were f poor to very poor' only one infant fell
in
o this fsuperior' classification.".

As an integral part of the
dietary of the pregnant
woman, the use of Hor-
lick's -

- Encourages milk intake

.

- Is easily digested

- Quickly assimilated

- Wen-balanced in protein

.

Recommend -

HORLICK'S

Powder or Tablets

-,

*Burke, B.S.: Nutrition and It,.
Relationship to the Complications of
Pregnancy and the Survival of the
Infant. Amer. ]. Public Health,
35: 334-339 (April) 1945.

The Complete Malted Milk - Not Just a Flavoring for Milk

Obtainable at all drug stores

Horlick's Malted Milk Corp. of Canada, Ltd.

64 Gerrard Street, East

Toronto, Ontario

OCTOBER, 1945

161

'!;

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762

Vol. 41, No. 10

You have an opportunity to share...
, /

· The satisfaction millions of Canadians have derived from the purchcue of
Victory Bonds is two-sided.
They have known the pride of helping our fighting men to crul>n the Nazis.
And they have created a backlog of security for themselves, a. buying power to
promote prosperity, for the years ahead.
Canada's job is not finished. We have fighting men in the occupation forces.
We have homecoming troops to re-establish... wounded to heal... disabled to
support. . . dependents of those who died to provide for.
We must CO-operate with our allies in bringing essential help to liberated
countries. Proðuction of food and goods for
this, and for accumulated domestic needs,
will help create employment at home.
That is why there will be a Victory Loan
this Fall. Which means that YOU will be
asked to buy more this time. The same rate
of savings as enabled you to buy
Victory Bonds BEFORE will pay
for twice as many Bonds in THIS
Loan-the only one within the next
twelve months.
This necessity is your opportunity
to help finish the job and add to your
backlog of soundly invested savings.

\
,
.

,,:.

OCTOBER, 1945

...

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.

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VICTORY BOlDS.
... mD'elht1ntvt',
do'e

'-

NATIONAL WAR FINANCE COMMITTEE

763

The DoctOl.J' A/buIll of New Mothel.s

NO.7: LITERAL MRS. LEARY.

OH, THAT MRS. LEARY! She does so want to
do right by little Sullavan Leary I

MRS. LEARY KNOWS that things for the baby
should be sterilized. Earnestly, she boils the
Vitamin C right out of the orange juice.

SHE'S BEEN TOLD her baby's skin needs daily
oiling. Next we see Mrs. Leary gazing thought-
fully at the can of what makes the door stop
squeaking

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MOST NEW MOTHERS need very
guidance about things for their babies.

specific

AND SO, many doctors are careful to suggest
Johnson's Baby Oil for the care of the baby's
delicate skin.

JOHNSON'S Baby Oil is made of specially selected
mineral oil with lanolin. It is used daily in many
hospitals and clinics. Even after autoc1aving,
Johnson's does not turn rancid.

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Vol. 41, No. 10

(}h(
CANADIAN NURSE

A MONTI-'LY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSE
OF CANAnA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NUI
SES ASSOCIATIO'

V DLUME FORTY-ONE

OCTOBER 1945

Nll.WBER 1ï':V

Alberta Looks to the Future

'Ve"tern peopl\.' are "aid to be fond
of tr) ing out new ideas :md of being
fearlbs in experimentaticn with new
methods. '\Thether this he true or not,
we now feel that the time is ripe for
action in the matter of improving work-
ing conditions in hospitals,
tahilizing
hospital staffs and providing more social
security for staff nurses.
Th
re have been some excellent pub-
licit,. and recruitment prof!rams carried
on throughout the provinc<"s dur;ng the
wartime
ear", hut we ha"t" heen loath
to attempt any in vestigati,Hl or critici:'ITI
of conditions as they e
i:;t while hospi-
tals are so hea,'ily hurdened with "more
work and le5'i staff".
.-\t the present time, salaries for nur-
ses are at a higher level generally than
they have been for soine years. Y (:t
man} of us can recall the not-too-distant
pa
t when salaries fell to an extremeh
low level. It was with
he idea of stan-
dardi7ing salaries in ho"pir;lls as \\ ell aj
stahilizing hospital staffs that a com-

OCTOBER, 1945

mittce of the Alberta .-\s50ciation of
Registered
urses was appointed to make
a study of this question and to dra
up
a schedule of minimum and maximum
salaries for all categories of nurses in all
types of hospitals. This committee is to
work co-jointly with a corr.mittee from

Nirl' Jlullfre(fl

B L\TTIE

781

782

THL CANADIA1" NURSE

the Associated Hospitals of Alberta who
will report to their executive on the
progress made.
This schedule will include such infor-
mation as yearly increments, vacations
with pay, sick leave, hospitalization, as
well as schemes for superannuation. Sug-
gestions are being included for the bene-
fit of hospital administr:ttors regarding
the organization and numbers of hospital
staffs, of the need for special preparation
for key people and the recommended
hours of work for nursing staffs. This
schedule win be presented to all nurses
and to all hospitals for constructive
criticism and the finaliz
d form will be
presented to the members of the Asso-
ciated Hospitals of Alberta at their an-
nual meeting this Fall for their approval
and acceptance.
While this study has entailed a great

deal of work and many t:ommittee meet-
ings, we feel that it has made us more
aware of the need for projects of this
kind. The organization of a placement
bureau within the province, with the
director making personal contact with
hospitals, will also, we feel sure, help to
unify hospital standards, and will bring
the problems of our hospitals closer to our
organization.
\Ve are also convinced that the work-
ing together, in close co-operation, of
these committees of the two organiza-
tions chiefly concerned with the care of
the sick, will do a great deal toward the
betterment of working conditions and
the provision of more social security for
the nurses of Albert.a.
BARBARA A. BEATTIE
President
A Iberta Association of Registered N m"res

To Do or Not To Do

The "cease fire" order has sounded in
the greatest of all wars and from far
and near prayers of thanksgiving have
been offered by a world rallying to make
a lasting peace. The nurses of Canada
have cause to rejoice that it has been
their privilege to do so much at home
and abroad and that their particular
knowledge and skill are now equally
needed in the rebuilding of a shattered
world.
The immensity of the task ahead is
difficult to comprehend and this very
thing is apt to confuse our thinking,
making us reg.ard as sm;:tll that which
is great - the care of the sick. That
is our first responsibility.
For many years a stalwart band of
nurses has stayed on the job in our
civilian hospitals and to them the public

(and we all are part of the public)
should give thanks. But the stalwart
band can no longer alone shoulder the
responsibility for the nursing of the thou-
sands of patients in our general hospi-
tals, tuberculosis and mental sanatoria.
\Vho then is to do it? \Ve hear that
nurses want to get away from bedside
nursing. This has been discussed al-
ready in a recent editorial in this ] our-
?tal. We hear, too, that nurses no long-
er wish to work in institmions and this
is being glibly repeated as if the entire
fault lay in the' institutiol1. In both in-
stances is there one common reason for
this dislike? -namely that night duty
must be done and nurses must he on
duty on Sundays and holidays and in the
evenings. Illness and suffering take no
heed of time.

Vol. 41, No. 10

S I G N YOU R N A M E FOR V leT 0 R Y 783

What then is the solution? \Ve are
told that women with little preparation
did good nursing during the war year

and undoubtedly they hdped in the
emergency. But would we wish them to
nurse .anyone through a serious illness?
Would we not be highly critical of an
institution where such a <;;ituation exist-
ed? And would we ourselves not demand
nursing care on all days and at all times?
Have you or I the right to demand wh
t
we are unwilling to give others?
During the war years the CawH.ii;m
Nurses Association has endeavoured to
keep its professional house in order so
that with the coming of p
:lce we would
be prepared to embark on an expanding
program of service. To do this it he-
hooves every nurse in Can;1da to "tudr

the trends in our present day nursing
situ.ation. If, in our considered judg-
ment, some nursing duti
s can be dele-
gated to a less highly qualified group,
the responsibility becomes ours to ensure
that these persons are so trained and
supervised that none may suffer. It be-
hooves us, toq, not to emu]ate the Le-
vite who passed by on the other side.,
leaving the wounded one uncared for.
If the thing nurses wish to do is al-
lowed to take precedence over the thing
we ought to do then will public opinion
condemn us and nursing as .a profe!\-
sinn will be doomed.

FANNY MUNROE
President
C mwdian Nurses Association.

Sign Your Name for Victory!

So the war is over! It seems hard to
realize after so many weary months
that there will be no more worry from
casualty lists, that ships m:lY sail at will
through safe seas, untroubled by any-
thing more treacherous than the hazards
of storm .and reef. Soon the thousands
of young men and wome
, including
our nursing sisters, will have returned
to this, our peaceful land. \tVe are all
familiar with the scenes of excitement
of exuberant happiness and, above all
else, of thankfulness that our 10ved ones
are safely home or soon will be. Yes,

e may well be th.ankful that the war
IS over.
But wait a minute! Is it all over? In
our joy at the safe return of our own
family members and our friends, are
we likely to become a little over-satis-
fied, a little hlasé about the job that still
remains to be done? '-"here there has
OCTOBER, 1945

been so much destruction and desolation
there must be enormous programs of
rebuilding, of assistance ::0 those who
have been bereft, of re-instatement to
such health and vigour as is possible fo:
those who have been maimed. That,
too, is expensive busines
. Again, Can-
ada is calling for the loan of money to
.assist in the business at hand. Again
nurses are being asked, not to donate,
but to invest their money in the safest
security obtainable - Vi(:tory Bonds.
The objective for this, the ninth
Loan, is high but it is no greater than
our resolve should be that Canada win
play her role in establishing the peace,
in assisting hruised and battered nations
to find a new hope, and in defeating am"
tendencies to inflation. Let us demon-
strate our faith by buying more and more
Victory Bonds. Sign Your Name for
Victory!

The Future of Nursing

]. C.
IEAKINS
:\1.1)., C.:\1., C.B.E., F.R.C.S., F.R.C,P., F.R.S.C.

The present course of tra1l11l1g in
nursing is one which demands not only
a great deal of intellectllal application,
hut also considerable physical endurance.
Compare it, for instance, with the work
leading to a hache)or of
trt" degree. This
course usuall) covers 1 n
week<:, spread
over some forty months, while the nurs-
ing course is one of 156 weeks. concen-
trated into th
rt\'-si:\ 1110;1111s. It will he
seen that the course of :"tud\' and train-
ing i" not only longer, hut it covers a

horter period of time. Tlwre arc those
\,,'ho helieve that the nur
=ng course
should he lengthened and there is mu
h
to he said in favour of t
is suggestion.
'"fhere is, however, another group who
helieve that the present pr!sic course jn
nursing is adequate to the purposes for
which it is designed. Indeed, there are
some who helieve that "uch training is
too elaborate to meet \vhat might he
called the simple technical aids in nurs-
ing. I wiII ha\'e more to ::;J
' concerni:1g
thi" later.
'Ve are living in a period of rapid
ch,mge and the rhiIosophie
of the past
must he reviewed in the light of future
expectations. Up to comrarativeh re-
cent times the principal outlet for the
nursing profession was in what is usual-
l
' called private duty nursing. In 1931,

lightl
over 6() per cent nf the pract"s-
ing nurses on the register were So em-
rlo
cd and onl
ahout .HJ per cent fol-
lowed other nursing acti\.ities. In 1943,
twelve )'éars later, the pri\.:1te duty nur-
ses constituted onl
' ahout 25 per cent,
tho
e engaged in hospitah
nd
chools of
nursing 50 per cent, while industry,
puhlic health and other activities claimed
the remaining 25 per cent. This shrink-
age of the numher of pr1\'ne duty nur-

e" ha
heen the cause of milch complaint
h\' a certain section of the Iluhlic.
It has been the fash:on to hlame the

784

hortage of nurses on their enlistment
in the A.rmed Forces. These enlistments
numbered around thirt\ -
e\'en hundred
nurse
. I do not wish to pore ) ou with
too much arithmetic, but it"! 19+3 there
were about fifty-two thousand nurses
in Canada. Of these, some twentr-five
thousand were actually engaged in the
practi(:e of their profess:oll, So that the
numher rohhed from thl. general popu-
lation h,' the Armed Forces wa" less
than 15 per cent. Comilrlred with the
medical and dental profes5ions this is a
comparatively insignifican
numher, as
there wae ahout 40 per cent of the
doctors and 30 per cent of the dentists
of the country in the ....\rmed Forces.
There are other factors which are of
much greater importancp in hringing:
ahout this apparent shortage. Prohahly
the first and most demanding has heen
a steady rise in the inc011lf's of a large
group of the population who can now
afford the lu:\.urr of enjoying ill-health.
This is reflected in the lonz waiting lists
for pri\'ate and semi-private accommoda-
tion in lar
e general ho<;pitals. It can-
not he, sure!), that there is more ill-
ness in the population with the pre
t'nt
raised economic standard;;. Cannot it he
that thC\' are now taking ad \'antag-e of
an oppo
-tunit
. to have their frames and
"innards" tidied up? It is interestin
that
the medical diseases are on the decline,
except for high blood pressure, which has
So often a psychological factor in the
offing. 'Y'hate\'er ma) he the cause, the
fact remains that private duty nurses
are in greater demand with a dim=nish-
ing supply. There are onì
' a little o\'er
six thousand a\'ailahle now as compared
to ahout fourteen thousand in 1939. It
i.... aIm :111 estahlished fact that thLTe is
a rapid I) increasing ,-equirement for
well-qualified nurses in hospital p()s:t"ons,
administration, teaching, public health,

Vol. 41, No. 10

FUTURE OF 1\URSING

etc., which now amounts to upwards of
fifteen thousand of the E l:rses on the
active register. This makes the require-
ments for the .-\.nned Forces seL"m ra-
ther insignificant.
It may be asked where the other
twenty-seven thousand nurses are em-
ployed if not in their prdfe<::sion. Thi
is
a que<::tion easiJ
' answerèc!. O,-er twen-
t)--fi,'e thousand are emplo
'ed as house-
wives, and a mere eightee'1 hundred ar('
otherwise engaged. [t mi
ht be contend-
ed that this is a tremendous wastage of
nursing education. \\Tith this r cannot
agree, although I would like to see man)
more nurses available. Perhaps there is
no course of study and tr;Jining which
prepares a woman for her place as a
f!ood citizen better than does that of
nursing. She acquires a knowledge of
the ",'orld, ;J sympathy for the undadog,
and skil1" which are of grnt importance
whether within or withn
1t the house-
hold. There is no re;JSOI1 to belieVè that
the marriage rate is hii!her amongst
those with a nursing training. As a mat-
ter of fact, it may even be lower, as many
young women who enter the nursing
profession become absorbed in its profes-
sional and humanitarian fascinations,
which are of no mean orJer, and these
protect them as an armo"r does, so to
speak, from the onslaughts of biological
and economic forces.
The training and profe
s!onal services
required of a private du!:y nurse have
changed considerably in the last genera-
tion. The duties of such nurses, after
graduation, could roughl
' be divided
into three classes - first is' the nursing
care of the acuteh- ill medical or surgi-
cal case; secondlr
the guidance of co
n-
yalescents and, thirdly, the care of the
chronically ill or chronic invalid. The
professional qualities required in a nurse
looking after these groups are not, br any
means, identical. In thF ;Jcl\tel
' ill me-
dical or surgical case th;: nurse is re-
quired to do many techn;ral and profes-
sional procedures which thirt

ears ago
were unheard of. She i
the physician's
OCTOBER, 1945

785

or surgeon's right hand in more ways
than one and many of the technical pro-
cedures, which she will pe called upon
to do, would not be required in the last
two categories. Those who give seriou'
thought to the matter of ]JJness are con-
vinced that convalescence and the care
of the chronically ill should not be the
responsibility of the active treatment hos-
pitals. It is not only wasteful and extra-
vagant, but the job cannot be done as
weJl in such hospitals as in institutions
of a simpler, but special character. It
seems a popular opinion that convales-
cence is merely a period I)f interminable
rest. Nothing could be hrther from the
truth. Convalescence relJ.uires just a

dynamic and scientific :1I1 approach as
does the acute phase of disease. It is not
only based upon definit
physiological
laws, but also requires a i)S,) chological ap-
proach of a particular qUCllity. During:
the past ten years, the evils of prolonged
bed rest have been incre:1
ingly appre-
ciated. The management of cOI1\'ales-
cence and the care of the chronically ill
require special techniques which in many
wa
's demand psychological discernment
of the highest level and tr.1ining in ph,.-
sical and occupational methods.
I believe that this can only be met
econol11ical1
r when the nursing profes-
sion appreciates that the study and train-
ing of those who will be responsible for
the convalescents and the chronicall" ]11
are of a different order, and relJ.uire a
different type of approach, and prob-
ably also a different age group than for
those taking care of the a
ute1r ill medi-
calor surgical case. I firml
believe that
a great deal of good and much economic
and p
ychological gain would result from
having a corps of women trained in the
care of the convalescent and of the
chronically ill, not only in institutions
but a]so in private practice. There are
few institutions outside of the . \rmed
Forces that have tackled the question
of convalescence in a scil'ntific manner.
The Armed Forces ha,'(' appreciated
the ,.ital necessity of not .mly the ph
'si-

786

THE CANADIAN NURSE

cal and psychological re-education of the
sick and wounded who are capable of
continued service, but also the impor-
tance of these same disciplines towards
rehabilitation to civil life. Certain of the
industries are .appreciative of these neces.,
sities and one of the principal difficul-
ties has been to find men and women
who are trained to accomplish this pur-
pose. How many of you realize the de-
pendence which many people acquire
during a period in the security of a hos-
pital? There is a submèrged fear of
meeting the outside world again which
exists in direct proportion to the dura-
tion of the hospital sojourn. Therefor
.
this stay should be as short as possible
and the transition from the environ-
ment of illness to that of convalescence
should be definite and purposeful.
You may think that I am seemingly
trying to avoid grappling with the prob-
lems of the future of the nursing profes-
sion. I confess that to a certain degree
I am. I am perfectly convinced that the
demand for administrators, teachers,
supervisors, public health and industrial
nurses will steadily increase and this will
he accelerated in direct proportion to the
progress of social legislation throughout
the country. It is true that there will
be also an increasing demand for social
c;ervice workers who are the colleagues
of the nursing profession in the opera-
tion of the so-called social security.
\Vhereas this may slightly reduce the
expected requirement for public health
nurses I think, in the long run, with the
more equitable distribution of health ser-
vices to the people, on what might be
called a county level, both these profes-
sions will become increasingly necessary
to the medical profession to carryon the
work which lies ahead. It is obvious at
the present time that one of the chief
deficiencies in medical services is the
mal-distribution of doctors throughout
the rural and sub-rural districts. This is
equally so with the nurses and social
service workers, but with the re-orien-
tation of medical services .and with the

proper distribution of the facilities and
tools to carryon a personal health ser-
vice, more and more nurses and social
workers will he required.
It would seem to be the temper of
present public opinion, and of govern-
ments which reflect this, that social
legislation will develop a greater and
gre.ater demand for those facilities which
will maintain health and inculcate a
concept of health as distinct from that
of disease. During the last century pub-
lic health has made enOl mous strides
forward. This is particularly reflected
in the steady decline of morbidity .and
mortality from the communicable di-
seases. As a consequence the expectation
at' birth is now somewhat over sixty
years and at the present time about 30
per cent of the population are over forty-
five. By 1980 this percentage will have
risen to forty. It is a well known fact that
the acute communicable diseases strike at
those in the younger age hrackets, while
the more chronic degenerative diseases,
which require more prolonged conval-
escent nursing care, are usually to be
found in the older age groups. As a con-
sequence, with increasing longevity, the
dem.ands for nursing care will shift to
those requiring prolonged convalescence
and to chronic disabilities. Therefore,
it is obvious that there will be an increas-
ing need for a particular type of nurs-
ing. But is it logical that the nurse train-
ed to care for the acutely ill, which
necessitates a highly technical training
in m.any ways similar to that required of
a medical student, should be used to care
for individuals who do not require such
skilled nursing?
These matters may seem to be only of
academic importance. I asmre you it is
quite the contrary. We are facing a situ-
ation today in the fight against tuber-
culosis, for example, wh1ch is almost
catastrophic. This diseas
can only be
mastered by finding the infectious cases
and segregating them in sanatoria. The
first stage is going on apace through the
work of puhlic health organizations. But
Vol. 41, No. 10

TRAINING DEFECTIVES

how about segregation? There has been
a more or less successful campaign over
the years for more beds. Now that we
have them they cannot be used; in-
deed, wards are being closed in increas-
ing numbers because of th
lack of nur-
ses. The tuberculosis problem is not an
exception, but applies to mental hospi-
tals, many general and rural hospitals
as well. \Vhere the wards are not closed
the institutions are understaffed. The
question naturally arises-will we
ver
have enough of the preSt'nt calibre of
graduate nurses to meet our require-
ments? I doubt it, unless this matter is
viewed with a broader horizon and the
graduate and specially trained nurse
properly employed.
I believe we need more nurses spe-
cially trained in administration, educa-
tion, public health, industry, operating
room technique, psychiatry, midwifery,
tuberculosis, convalescence, etc., but to
supply all of these we would make ser-
ious inroads into the ranks of general
staff nurses. Further, it would not be
economical that such specialists should do
.all of the work required in these realms.
They should be supplied with technical
assistants as is done in other professions
and occupations.
I do not think the medica] profession
has by any means solved its difficulties,
but it has made some progress. The d
-
mand for graduate training has steadily
increased; so it should in the nursing

i87

profession, but within reason. Thirty
years ago doctors were thought to be the
only ones equipped to carry out certain
technical procedures in chemistry, phy-
sics, bacteriology, etc. These are now
much better done by technicians. \Vith-
out their help the practical application of
medical science would be imposs1.ble. So I
believe it should be in the nursing pro-
fession and we have indications to this
end. Two ancillary occupations are
growing rapidly, namely, ward or nurs-
ing aides and trained attendants. Both
will fill an increasingly important role.
The former can relieve the nurses in
many institutions of numerous non-
nursing duties which are time-consuming
and of a routine quality. I further be-
lieve there is an important place for the
trained attendant or her prototype in the
home. \Ve must be realistic about present
and future requirements. I do not sug-
gest that the training of nurses should
be depreciated or curtailed but we must
take a broad view of our requirements.
Unorganized planning will lead only to
confusion and waste. \Ve .are on the
threshold of an enormous expansion of
nursing and all it implies, but this must
be met not only by high standards where
required, but also by fluidity and flexi-
bility. No campaign was ever won by
field marshals alone but by the combined
efforts of every arm of the services, each
working in its proper place and after
its special training.

Training Defectives in Institutions

H. D. L. GOODFELLOW

Let HS first view the question of the
changing philosophy which has brought
a new attitude toward training the men-
tally retarded. To use the most .approp-
riate meaning of the word philosophy
in this connection - the way - the
OCTOBER, 1945

trend - the changing influence in
thought toward the so-called defective.
Prior to 1876 there was no marked
appreciation of the upper grade defective
as a social problem; much less was there
any organized association on this con-

-').1
/ () ()

THE C.-\l\.-\DI.-\.1\ 1\VRSE

tinent dealing with the subject of the
mentall) retarded. The Úght of an ob-
vious idiot or imbecile was common-
place in nearly every commlllÙr. They
were tolerated, baited, te
sed and us-
uallr neglected.
o attempt at formal
care was considered unle-3S they bec.ame
destructive or obstreperous and then
ther were relegated to jails or alms
houses. Retarded famil) groups were
looked upon as just "queer" and sub-
sisted upon local charity.
There is no room for (!oubt that the
more extreme degrees of feehle-mind-
edness - idiocy and to .1 certain eÀ
ent
imbecilit) have h
en recognized
from ea rly times. F or the Spartans.
jdiocy presented a soci
l prohlf'm that
was dealt with in the sternest eugenic
fashion and ohviously de fective children
are said to have heen cast into the river
or left to perish on the mO.ltainside. The
laws of Lycurgus countenanced the de-
liherate abandonment of Idiots, .a prac-
tice which wa" followed to a certain ex-
tent throughout Greece :Jccording to
Cicero, and among the Romans also.
The Greek roots from which the
word "idiot" is presumahly derivea are
"iditas", a private person; or "idios",
a person set apart, or alone: thus the old
concept that such people are outside the
pale of society. !t was as
uch eura-social
bejng-s that the feeble-minded for many
long
centurieS' were commonly shunned,
ostracized, derided, persecuted as wit-
ches antI fortune-tellers. t:reatures con-
sidered incapahle of hum
m feeling, and,
therefore, undeserving (If hum:m com-
pa"slOn.
The example of Chri:,t'
teaching as to
the dut) of mankind to the weak and
he1ple"s appears to have
rought some
alleviation to the lot of the mental1r
defici
nt, and from that time on there
were sporadic instances of the recog11l-
tion of social responsibility for the care
of the feeble-minded.
Among the Turks of today and in
some parts of Ireland and Brittany, the
extravagant idea prevails
hat these de-

fecti,"e ) oungsters are r!ddren of God.
The .-\.merican Indian al..o allowed thè
e
children of "The Great ::-ip:rit" to go
unharmed. \Vith such incidents the prt:-
dominance of superstition :
evidt:'nt. A.j
late as (he days of the Reform;Jtion,
Luther and Calvin regarded these men-
tal incompetents as "filled with Sat:Jn."
The scientific :Jpproach came about
1 ï0R with the work of BOnéttcrre, !tani,
Seguin and :\;lontessori. The first ap-
proach wa" through the physiological
channel of sensory development. Origin-
ally it h:.d been thought th1.t these ca:.e

could be cured completeJ). Though pro-
gress wa
made in develdping certain
capacities, the objective never was
reali7C'd but the ,iewpoint gained was
a v;Jluahle one and is the basis upon
which we work today. Though the de-
fectives cannot be completely restored,
their native endowments can be inve
ted
through proper training and hrought to
fruition with
ome mea
urf' of profit to
the communit) of mankind. To para-
ph rase and hetter ill ustrate the point -
we are all horn at a fixf'(! intellectual
levd; we c:Jnnot change that level an,"
more than we can change the number of
our hands or our eyes, hut we can con-
dition and develop these
apacities to the
best possihle limit.
Ahout 1900 work hegan along the
line of individual mental tests. In the
years 1909-1912 these tests hegan to
assume some import in the field of edu-
cation and gr
dually acquired a popular
appeal with their present-dar jnf1uence
in our sociology. A.n {'\ er-\\.idc n . n?" UJ1-
derstanding of the idea of mental limita-
tion is permeating socieq. Coupled with
this goes the idea of trt'
!tment and :J
more wholesome knowJ.:dge of institu-
tIOns.

To treat the question of the defec-
tive in the community we should per-
haps arrive at a true understanding of
what a defective really i
. \\Then the
topic of mental deficiency is discu"sed,
no doubt rou consciou:,lr conjure up a.
. f ""1\ 1 "" J " ." " s
pICture 0 .\ ar}", 111l1l11e, or a-
Vol. 41. No. 10

TRAINING DEFECTIVES

die" with whom you are so well ac-
quainted, and are indeed quite certain
they belong to this so-called variety of
mankind. One should be able here to
enumerate all the anecdotes and howlers
so rare and so typic.al of some defectives.
1\. proper index of these incidents would
be as good as Stephen Leacock's "Liter-
ary Lapses", but I am sure would prove
too distracting to our more serious vein
of thought.
The mental deficiency act of 1927
says that: "
ental defectiveness means
a condition of arrested, 0r incomplete
development of mind existing before the
age of eighteen ye.ars, whether arising
from inherent causes or induced by di-
sease or in jury". That is the formal
definition, but to further simplify the
wording-mental deficiency in the high-
er grade defectives is a matter of so-
cial and economic incomretence. This
social and economic incompetence is
absent in varying degrees in different
defectives. The more ohvious require
continu.l and complete ('are. The higher
grades require training and direction of
their native capacity. The high grade
defectives remind one of the story in
the Scriptures about the talents: defec-
tives must definitely have their talents
invested, i.e., through a sound appraisal
and through good direction. No class of
individual will reflect so clearly or so
stringently the influences about them as
the defective. Like a mirror they reflect
their social pressures.
One must always bea
in mind that
defectives live more by habit than
v
judgment. They may b
adult of statur

but always child of mind. To adequately
direct a retarded person we must con-
tinually repeat these f.acts, otherwise we
will lose patience and fail to get the
goodwill and co-operation of the boy rJr
girl concerned.
This changing philosophy is further
noted in the attitude of the courts to-
wards offenders. Those suspected of in-
tellectual limitation are examined, diag-
nosed and committed according to the
OCTOBER, 1945

789

measure of their underst.anding. It is
not so long ago that many of these cases
were treated as sinners r2ther than as
sick. Fortunately, with the application
of psychological knowledg
, these peop1

who come in conflict with civil ordin-
ances are recommended for care and
training rather than punishment beyond
their power of compreheno;:ion. 'Ve are
gradually learning the les<;on which in-
telligence tests have to te
ch. 'Ve no
longer blame the mentally defective for
industrial inefficiency, nor punish weak-
minded children because of their in-
ability to learn, imprison or hang men-
tally defective criminals because they lack
intelligence to appreciate the ordinary
codes of social conduct. According to an
old oriental maxim, "It is better to light
one small candle than to curse the dark-
ness". By our wider knowledge of the
suhject and more humanitarian views,
the philosophy is definitely changing.
The democratic maxim of today says
that, "Educ.ation is the cheapest defence
of the nations." There is certainly no
doubt that proper education of the de-
fective is by far the greatest protection
for posterity and enables this group to
make a definite contribution to society.
The contribution to society is in direct
relationship with the degree and sound-
ness of the training given to each boy
and girl either at home or in an institu-
tion. \Ve .are here interested in the train-
ing of the higher grade defectives, those
unrecognized but a few short years ago,
i.e., the moron, border-iine and dull
normals. Let us here refer to them as
intellectual inadequates, Hot as caSes of
gross defect. In the majority of cases
if the boys and girls of these groups had
had good home direction with even-
handed immut.able justice they would
not have been formally and publicly
identified as mental defectives. How-
ever, for those that are identified a suit-
able form of care and direCtion is then
necessary. 'Ve come now
o the place of
the institution and its allied links for
training and rehabilitation.

790

THE CANADIAN l'URSE

Through time and devdnpment Sl)me
of the misunderstanding and misconcep-
tions about institutions are gradually he-
ing removed. It is our policy in Orillia
that every interested gllest receive some
sound first-hand knowledge of the place
of an institution of this kind in the so-
cial life of the Province. Each intelli-
gently informed visitor can he made a
good-will ambassador, a :nissionary to
further a good cause, to offset untrue
and nebulous rumour.
The institution at Orillia is blesc::ed
)\
man
' ph
'sical features in its geographical
locat:.m but ahove all it i:; mo"t fortun-
ate in having a genial headmaster, a
supnintendent who is quiet, kindly, not
eac::ily ptrturhed and certainly not blown
hr the contrasting currents of flash no-
tions. Such an a;mosph
r
makes for a
sound, stahle organization. Changes and
de\'elopments are not incid
ntal - thq
are growth ch;mges which. when gradu-
alh developed, h;n'e a purpose and a
permanence in the life nf the institution
and its projective influence on the
uh-
jects trained.
Our school pr
gram i:; s
>t up to teach
the mentally defective child, rather than
to teach academic subjects to mentally
deficient children. In every fidd, the
curriculum of training program is adapt-
ed to the pupil's ability and needs. The
child must he able to rtchieve success
and to arrive at a definite goal that j..:
hoth desirahle and usefu1. .\. reasonap]e
goal must he set and teaching plal
ned
for this directl". Teachin
! on the levd
suitahle for th
normal
hild would be
foolhard
. Too often pu
hing the chiht
into an opaque strata of learn:ng heyonll
his ahility has many untlHvard and un-
pleasant hr-products.
In plannin!! for our hoys' ami girL;'
inst"tut:<mal life, we first make a sound
appraisal of their physical, mental anlÌ
temperamelltal capacities and armnge
their initial placements ;Jccording to
thec::e findin!!s. ".. e have :1 fitting motto
whi{'h ma}
han> a wealth of ;;leaning
to
ou. It is, "From eV<."r';one ;lccording

to his ability, to everyone
ccording to
his need." In other words the program
is almost individually planned to give
the greatest happiness to :
nd to produce
the highest possible industrial efficiency
from each person.
The institution of today is an entire
community and indeed $uch communi-
ties are much larger and more complete
in their public services and facilities than
many villages in this Province. The
Ori11ié1 institution consists of ah0Ht 500
acres of bnd upon whie!! much of the
food and all the m:lk is i-,rolluced. .-\ca-
demic school, sports activities :1nd amuse-
ments, laundn- and industl1al facilities.
hospital, x-ra'r, d'ental, psychological,
dietetic

urg-ica] and rem..:-dia] programs
a]] contrihute to a general plan of hap-
piness and well-heing.
As I said hdore the puhlic concep-
tion of institutions is much happier than
it was
ome twenty years 1

"(). Gradu;11-
Iv the puhlic has heen nude aware of
t'he fact that these in"titutions are the
property of the puhlic 'lnd are only as
good as puhlic interest
nrl puhlic en-
coura!!ement. Irreg-ardle.:;s of the excel-
lent quality of YO
lr staff their efforts
:1re curhed without funds ;!nd wise co-
operation.
Tn 1876 an association wa:; formed hv
the officers of the .-\merjc
n in<;titutions
for the feehle-minded. This association
has !Tone throH!!h variou.:; n:lIne changes
and -toda\ is k
own as the ".-\merican
.-\s
ociation for \-lental Deficiency." Be-
fore !!oing- on to an outline of the in-
stituti:ma( training, a hrief moment
should he devoted to th
objectives of
this a
sociation. Some of these objec-
tives are:

The construction of in"titutions ior the
f cf'hle-milldcd.
Clinical and pathological innstigation to
determine mlJrt.' exactly the causes of men-
tal deficicncy.
'{ental examination of all backward
children. Early recognition of existing men-
tal defects afford
the grcat(st opportunity
for the child.

Vol. 41. No. 10

TRAI
I
G DEFECTIVES

A compkte census and rcg!stration of all
mentally de ficient children ui Scll r )ül age.
The establishment of special class
s for
feeble-mindecl children in large towns and
cities.
The instruction uf parenh of fecblt--
mind
d children.
Extra-institutional !'upen"],,;lon of all de-
fectives in the community.
The segregation of mentally deficient per-
sons for institutional care and training with
a permanent segregation of those who can-
not make satis factory social adj ustmcnts in
the community.
Pawle for all suitable institutionall)
trained mentally defecti\'e persons.
A men
al examination of persons accused
of crime and all inmates of penal institu-
tions.
Special provision for defective delinquents.

The objectives as you ,an see require
the co-operation on the part of teachers,
social workers, parole officers, court of-
ficials, prison officers, j1hpicians, psy-
chiatrists, psychologists, nurses and all
intelligent citizens.
The institution then h....comes the huh
of such a many-spokerl wheel, and is
only as good :1S its officers and empl()
"-
ees irregardless of the physical grandeur
of the plant. Adequate professional
training, good personal tJrientation, and
a realistic appreciation of the problems of
the mentally deficient are particularly
necessar) in those institutional officers
and employees whose work is supervis-
ory or policy forming. There must he
a free and frank interchange of ideas
and
deals among all institutional em-
ployees, including the administrators, the
supervisory officers, and th
teacher and
teacher-attendant groups. There must
he a professional interest in the efforts
of other workers in the field of mental
deficiency and, ahove all, a profession:ll
attitude towards research anrl experimen-
tation. The institutional worker must be
permitted and encouraged to see his task
as part of a larger social prohlem í'\nd
to view his rlaily efforts ".1;: a valuahle
and essential soc:al service.
Our
nstitution for th
mentally dl'-
fective in Ontario' has an enrolment

OCTOBEft. 194

791

in eÀces:: of two thousan(l rrttients made
up of all levels from idiocy to the horder-
line groups. The eduGltional ohjective
for institutional employees is one Gf
training and care for all. E,"eryone must
come under some organized and stimu-
lating de,"elopment from the low graJes
to the high grades. 'Ve work on the
hasis that no one is so low grade they
cannot learn something, èven if it is only

ome measure of personal ,are. l
he im-
hecile can he trained to a point th3t he
(an he returned to his own home, fitted
to live pleasantly anJ u::cfully with 'his
fa mil} , or to fill some nich
of service in
the daily life of the institutional milieu.
The moron, provided he has the proper
temperamental capacir.y, is prepared for
a resumption of community life.
The high grade cases hegin training
and orientation as soon t'!s they come to
the school. Following the induction pro-
gram of examination and <.locum-entation
an interview is arranged. Their parti-
cular prohlem and capacity is known
and discussion is carried in the light of
this knowledge. The institution is de-
picted as a large community in which
good and had company C1n be selecteJ.
It is amazing just what a fine social in-
dicator these friendships make. They

xemplify dearly the oIJ adage, "Tell
me your company and I will tell you
what you are." At the termination of
this interview a training placement is
assigned. SUI'h assignment
are made,
having cognizance of the type of work
and the type of staff supervisor most
suitable to the individual in question.
Regular daily contacts ae made with
their training department with a view to
assisting hoth patient and
taff member
to hecome better acquainted. Regular
monthly progress notes are kept on all
cases and transfers from one training
department to the other
re hased on
thec;;e progress records. Tlw
nr:re plan
is òevised with the ohj::ct-ive of ftting
tllf'c;;e cases for satisfacton harmoniolls
placements 111 the cnmmïnity. Laundn'.
sewing and mending, general hoÙsehnld

792

THE CANADIAN NURSE

tasks, domestic science, and dining room
service cover the major items in the cour-
ses. The latter states of the training are
endowed with wider social privileges,
such as a special residence for a small
select group providing normal living en-
vironment with personal responsibilities

ttendant upon these privileges. Free
access to out-door sports and wider free-
doms for town leave are given. Running
in conjunction with the entire course is
opportune reading and instruction in per-
son?l hygiene, social ethics and the
mores. At the completion of this course
a Colony House service in Toronto pro-
vides the guidance and final amelioration
for the girls. The boys are placed direct-
ly from the school or through the \V ork-
ing Boys' Home in Toronto. .
This Colony House plan has proven
to be an indispensable medium of en-
couragement. It enables these girls to
eventually experience the joy of achieve-
7lent; an achievement still directed by a
vise and tolerant hand.

With the progress of time and wider
knowledge the public has made the
transition from selfish and ignor.ant un-
awareness to the reality, that in words of
Seguin, ((God has scattered among us
rare as the possession of genius - the
mentally defective, the hlind, the deaf
mute, in order to bind the rich to the
needy, the talented to the incapable, all
men to each other, by a tie of indissol-
uble solidarity." The old bonds are dis-
solving; man is already unwilling to con-
tinue to contribute money or palaces for
the support of the indolent nobility, but
he is every day more ready to build
homes and give annuities for the un-
fortunate, or infirm, the chosen friends
of Christian philosophy. This tran5ition
is the corner stone-the .token of a new
alliance between humanity and a class
hitherto neglected.
Let us again remember, "It is better
to light one small candle than to curse
the darkne
." May we still be enabled
to continue this valuable work for pos-
terity .

Hospital Health Service

ELSIE HICKEY and VIOLET CARROLL

Hospital Health Service in Toronto
dates from the year 1905, when Dr.
H. C. Parsons, clinician in charge of the
tuberculosis clinic
t the '[oronto Gen-
eral Hospital, requested the services of
a nurse to assist him in the clinic and to
do follow-up work in the homes of the
patients attending. He realized that his
work would not be as effective as it
should be unless work in the clinic and
the home could be co-ordinated. In res-
ponse to this request, three members of
the Board of Directors of the Hospital
paid the salary of .a nurse for one year.
This brief experiment proved conclusive-

Iv the value of the service and the neces-
s'ity for it to be continued. It was also
felt that this was a community rather
than a hospital responsibility. Dr. Parsons
then approached the Medical Officer of
Health and recommended that this
nurse be taken on the staff of Ñ1e De-
partment of Public Health and that her
s.alary be paid by the city. This was even-
tually arranged and the first public
health nurse appointed in Toronto was
a hospital health service nurse. From
this be'ginning, the Nursing Division of
the Department of Public Health has
extended its service into ?on the general
Vol. oil, No. 10

HOSPITAL HEALTH SERVICE

793

hospitals of the city. In the Toronto
General Hospital, the hospit.al health
service staff does the venereal diseases
and tuberculosis work only, as this hos-
pital has its own department and staff
of public health nurses financed by the
United \VeJ fare Chest.

Hospital health service !s one of nine
units of the Nursing Division. The staff
consists of eighteen full-time .and two
part-time nurses, six epidemiologists, two
tuberculosis nurses and three clerical as-
sistants. This unit gives full time service
in five large general hospitals, part time
in three smaller ones, and in four sana-
toria. The total field staff of the De-
partment accept the follow-up from hos-
pit.als as an important part of their work
and endeavour to bring the total resour-
ces of the community, both health and
social, into playas required in the in-
terest of the patient and his family. This
is done in exactly the same way as though
the patient were ill at home rather than
in a hospital. Many o
the field nurses
have had hospital health service exper-
ience, as it is considered good policy to
rotate the nurses occasionally in order
that the viewpoiltts of both hospital and
comlJ!unity may be kept fresh in the
minds of all.
The function of the hospital health
ser
ice nurses is based on the following:
1. On behalf of the patient she acts as co-
ordinator between home, hospital and inter-
ested agencies, by: (a) Assembling for the
physician all factors bearing on the case,
such as home conditions, type of Care the
patient will receive on discharge, etc.; (b)
translating to the field staff the physician's
orders for treatment and management in the
home.
2. Health teaching and interpritation of
the physician's orders to the patient or mem-
ber of the family.
3. Assistance in dealing with problems and
difficulties of patients, including mental ad-
justment to illness, and detection and refer-
ral of social problems.

The hospital health serVIce nurses,
OCTOBER, 1945

with the exception of two, give full-
time service in the hospitals to which
they are assigned, and have an office
in the out-patients' department. They
are in regular attendance at the follow-
ing clinics: pre-nata1, post-natal, chest,
diabetic, syphilis and gonorrhea, and in
addition give service at the Hospital for
Sick Children to the cardiac, eye, ortho-
pedic and neurological clinics. The nur-
ses assigned to the various clinics are
also responsible for the same type of pa-
tient on the public w.ards. Other patients,
both clinic and on the 'N:lrds, are dealt
with largely by referral. This dose con-
tact with the patients provides splendid
opportunity for carrying out the func-
tion of the service as previously outlined.
Information, reports and requests for
information are sent routinely to the
field staff on certain types of cases from
in-patient .and out-patient service and
on many others when follow-up work is ·
indicated or the physician desires infor-
mation. For instance, a report is sent
to the district on the first attendance at
clinic of every expectant mother. Con-
versely, the field nurse, in addition to the
routine reports, sends to the hospital re-
lated information which she may h
ve
on any patient atttinding clinic or on the
ward. Routine reports of home condi-
tions are forwarded on every infant
admitted k> the Hospital for Sick Child-
ren, and similarly the physici-an's instruc-
tions for continued care are sent to the
district nurse on every infant upon dis-
charge or attending out-patients' depart-
ment. Too, a report is sent on all suspect
or contact tuberculosis patients attend-
ing chest clinic, with such information
as length and type of exposure and any
other data which have hearing on the
case.
In addition to the regular hospital
health service nurses, there .are six pub-
lic health nurses as epidemiologists in
the syphilis and gonorrhea clinics whose
duties include interviewing new patients,
and locating and arranging for subst:-
quent examinations of the i<mtacts of

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I

--:,.. !c
.

'

1:::

HOSPITAL HEALTH SERVIC}<

795

these patients. The follow-up of atten-
dance defaulters is the responsibility of
the hospital health service nurse in charge
of the clinic and the field
taff.
Two nl1rSe
at stated intervals visit
the sanatoria and provide the same type
of service for the Toronto patients as
is gi,'en in the general hospitals.
The following case illu
trates th
close
working relationship hetween Hospital
Health Service and district:

r r
. B. brought her child to the out-
patients' department following the school
doctor's notification that the little girl's
ton
ils were abnormal.
At the hospital, the heal
h service nurse
enquired about :Mrs. B.'s health, as it was
apparent
he was below par physically. She
replied that her food did not seem to do
her much good any more and admitted hav-
ing lost over ten pounds during the preced-
ing six months. She also had noticed she was
increasingly thirsty and had been troubled
with frequency. \\-hen it was suggested she
remain for a medical check-up she said she
was too busy to wait any longer and that a11
she needed really was a good holiday. The
health service nurse told her that this could
probably be arranged for her, but to ensure
maximum benefit from a vacation she should
first let the doctor determine her physical
condition. She agreed and compromised by
registering at clinic, leaving a specimen of
urine. and making an appointment to return
the following Thursday, (rIiabetic clinic
day).
Somewhat reluctantly, she presented her-
"el f for examination as arranged. Her urin-
alysis report showed a four-plus sugar and
the m
dical examinat;.ion revealed that she
was malnourished, and also
omewhat ane-
mic.
r edication \\ as given and she was re-
ferred to diabetic clinic. Latt'r investigation
proveù that she was a moderately severe
diabetic and the doctor referrt'd her to our
dietitian to have a lSOO-calorie ùiet
x]Jlain
d
and then to the health service nurse for
initial health teaching and to arrange for
the patient to have 20 units of Protamine
Zinc Insulin daily.
llr!'. B., who had been co. operative up to
this point. declared quite definitely that she
".ould not take insulin. Amol'g other ob-
Jectior.s was a deeply-rooted fear that once
OCTOBER. 1945

insulin was hegun, it had to be continued
throughout life. The dread of reactions
seemed of greater importance to her than
the danger of going into coma which the
doctor had mentioned as more than a pos-
sibility if she per
isted in her refusal. In
view pf her attitude, the doctor decided she
might try diet alone for one week, during
which time a request for assistance 'with
her did and her objections to insulin were
sent to her public health nurse for follow-up.
This procedure was of inestimable value,
as she had known the nurse when her chil-
d: en were tqddlers and she s:3Ïd
he would
be glad of her help. She insisted, however,
that even sire could not persuade her to take
insulin.
:\ tdephone conversation with the nurse
preceded our written summary and recom-
m
ndations for this patient, 2nd as :Mrs. B.
was receiving Mother's Allowance for her
two daughters, aged 7 and 10 years, a suI>-
plement to her diet was requested and later
obtained.
At her next visit to clinic, the doctor
noted very little improvement in Mrs. Bo's
condition and he again stressed the need for
insulin. The patient said that since she had
had time to thrash out the matter with the
district public health nurse and had had the
opportunity to have all her questions an-
swered at the dinic in a way she could un-
derstand, she supposed she would be willing
to try insulin.
.\

ringe, needles, requisition for free in-
sulin and alcohol were supplied at clinic and
arrangements were made to have a Victorian
Order nurse call to administer the insulin
for a week or so and demon<;trate ànd teach

Irs. B. to prepare and give herself the in-
jection. The public health nurse was noti-
fied to this effect. \\-ith the doctor's
permi
sion arrangements were made with a
community social agency, through her pub-
lic health nurse, for Mrs. B. and her two
children to go to a farm for a month's vaca-
tion.

On her I eturn,
Irs. B. h::td improved so
much that the clinician allowed her to se-
cure part-time employment as a sales élerk.
\\ïth the money obtained
he was able to
afford her complete diet and was evidet:ltly
Tluite happy in a feeling of restored inde-
pendence.

These nurses, 111 their daily work 10

796

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the hospitals of the city, must surely as-
sist in bringing to the hospital student
nurses an attitude of mind and point of
view which helps them to be more con-
scious of the total needs of the patient
and the preventive aspects of nursing.
The' junior students have one or two
lectures on the work; this is followed
by a short perIod of observation with the
hospital health service staff, and a half-
day's home visiting with a district nurse.
This is in addition to the community

observation of health work arranged for
intermediate hospital students.
For over a quarter of a century the
hospitals and the Departm{'nt of Public
Health, Toronto, have been working
very closely together in the interests of
the patients whom they endeavour to
serve, thus putting into íJractice in an
effective way the accepted philosophy
that the hospital and the health organiza-
tion are integral and related parts of a
total community health program.

Recording Fluid Intake

M. E. SCHUMACHER and E. HARTIG

The fluid intake of a patient plays
n
important part in maintaining normal

\

Drh

'Y\' cup

k(:)

r",-nk.
<t c..u p

body functions. A healthy individual
seldom has any restrictions set upon the

So "1'1\-- \\

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ij
'=:'uad ,1Q.ss. )-m qo C.
"5.
Vol. 41, No. 10

RECORDING FLUID INTAKE

amount of fluid which may be taken.
Most patients are permitted to drink as
much water as desired so that no prob-
lem of measuring the quantity con-
sumed arises. The nurse is expected to
know, in a general way, if the quantity
is sufficient to maintain normal body
functions, such as digestion and elimina-
tion. In some cardiac and nephritic con-
ditions the intake may be limited, and
in communicable disease care fluids
may be "forced". In either case the in-
take should be measured and it is the
need for accuracy in making these mea-
surements which presents a serious prob-
lem to the conscientious supervisor.
In the estimation of various student

797

nurses responsible for doing the measur-
ing and recording during the course of
one day, a drinking glass is thought to
contain anywhere from 5 to 10 ounces.
On the other hand, the different capa-
cities of large and small feeders are sel-
dom taken into consideration. In the
light of the importance to treatment of
the accurate gauging and recording of
fluid intake, the "guess" method is prac-
tised far too frequently.
The accompanying chart was made to
assist in the solution of this problem. The
studen 15 were instructed to make the
measurements of all the possible uten-
sils used in giving fluids. These figures
were discussed and standardized at a

eY' .
eup s.. W\, '}Vrl "1. t 0
c.

.
Ô Cup pu.b"c. )v\t :l'0 C.C:"i.

Soup bo\.Wt 1 W
''1.0 t..C'S,

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fj
S, , " e. (' coffe.e. pot

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't .,
;

qo c.c:s.

OCTOBD. INS

798

THE CAN A D I _\ N N U R S E

subsequent class. The "artists" of the
group volunteered to make a number of
copies of the chart for distribution to
each ward. The results obtained have
proved the value of this demonstration.
Instead of making a haphazard guess,
the nurses can estimate with a fair de-
gree of accuracy exactly how much fluid
the. patient has consumed.

This experiment has accomplished a
three-fold purpose: it was an instructive
project for the junior students; proper-
ly mounted behind cleared x-ray film
and placed in a conspicuous spot in the
ward, it has proved a valuable perman-
ent reference record; the measurement
and recording of fluid intakes through-
out the hospital have been stand.ardized.

Contest Judges

Did you send in your entry in our
recent contest or did you feel like the
nurse who told us she "felt tongue-tied
when she tried to write?" '"fhe number
of entries was not as large as we had
hoped for or anticipated from the thou-
s.ands of nurses throughout Canada.
Nevertheless, there were wfficient ar-
ticles submitted to give our judges some
work to do. That you may know who
are responsible for the adjudication of
these papers, here is the list of well-
known nurses across the Dominion who
are giving careful consideration to the
entries: Pearl Brownell, registrar, Doc-

tors' and Nurses' Directorv, \Vinnipeg;
\lary P. Edwards, public health nurse,
\Veyburn, Sask.; Muriel Hunter, direc-
tor, public he.alth nursing service, New
Brunswick Department of Health; Sis-
ter Denise Lefebvre of l'Institut 1\1ar-
guerite d'Y ouville, MOJl.treal; Elinor
Palliser, director of nurses, Vancouver
General Hospital; Helen Penhale, chief
of the Division of Hospital and School
of Nursing Administration, University
of \Vestern Ontario; Mrs. C. Town-
send, instruc.tress, Montreal General
Hospital.

-M.E.K.

An Important Publication

The LCN. announces the publication of
The International NursinlJ Bulletin, a four-
page successor to The blternal1.onal Nursing
Review which was suspended in 1939 due to
the war. The first issue of the Bulletin will
appear in October, 1945, and will be compli-
mentary. It will be published quarterly from
then on, and will be increased in size and
scope until it becomes a revi
w of profes-
sional literature for its international sub-
scribers.
The subscription price for four issues be-
ginning January, 1946, is $1.00. The price
will have to be increased a!\ the Bulletin
is enlarged, but not during the first year.
Please make your cheques payable to The

lutcnzational Cmlncil of Nurses, 1819 Broad-
way, New York City 23, U.S.A. Send in
subscriptions early as the number of copies
of the complimentary October issue is limited.

Preview

What role does the hospital social ser-
vice worker fill in our community health
program? Wherein are her skills differ-
ent from those of the average nurse?
Mrs. H. Aline Paice outlines the history
of the development of this group and,
by practical example, shows us how
valuable they are in the modern hospital.

Vol. 41, No. 10

HOSPITALS &: SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A.

Application of Chemistry to the Practice of Nursing

GERTRUDE .E. GIBSON

An often neglected but basically im-
portant subject in the nursing school
curriculum, chemistry has been defined
hy Luras :md Oram as: "The scienc(
which deals with the composition of sub-
stances and the reactions that these suh-
stances undergo on .the application of
heat, exposure to light and other condi-
tions". J evons has stated that "Chemis-
try is the basis of many useful arts". Of
what practical value will a knowledge
of chemistry he to the nurse, hoth stu-
dent and graduate, iJj the practice of her
profession? Does the present training
in chemistry provide the nurse with the
information it is essential she should
have? Have the ma jorit
, of our stu-
dents had a sufficient background of in-
formation in chemistry thaf its applica-
tion to nursing, and in particular food
and nutrition, can be encompassed in a
few introductory lectures? These ques-
tions are of direct concern to those who
are interested in curriculum building as
the answers to them are fundamental to
planning the course of study.
In the Survey of Nursing Education
in C
nada, Dr. \V eir stat
d that "Only
a hrief review of subject matter, with
special reference to nursing theory and
practice, should be necessary . . ." And
again, "Over 7 5 per cent of the time
devoted to chemistry . . . should relate
to the medical application . . ." He sug-
gests twenty hours for the combined

OCTOBER. 1.4'

courses of chemistry and physics. The-
American Curriculum Guide includes.
an elahorate combined course of ninety
hours. Our own Proposed Curriculum
for Schools of Nursing
uggests thirty
to forty hours. The larger schools in
Canada provide approximately twenty
hours. Some of the small schools do not
have any time allotted specifically to
chemistry.
If the course as given deals only with
the writing of formulae and equations,
plus review of organic compounds and
their detailed uses - .m intensive re-
view of high school chemistry - then
it may be regarded as heing relatively
unimportant. It should give a better
understanding of the physiology of the
body when the anatomy course is stud-
ied. It should ensure an intelligent in-
terest in chemical activities as related to
the diagnosis and treatment of the va-
rious diseased conditions which the nurse
will see. Finally, the student should
develop a continuing appreciation of the
contrihution chemistry is making to pre-
ventive and clinical medicine through
the development of new drugs and pre-
parations. By simplifying, planning and
reorganizing, much more could be done
in our hospital schools "to make chem-
istry live".
So we say to the student throughout
her course, to stop and consider: The
pure water she drinks - how water

,..

800

THE CANADIAN NURSE

functions as a medium in hody processes
and assists in the different types of elim-
ination; why water plays such an impor-
tant part in the spread and control of
disease.
The changing of w.ater to steam for
sterilization; why the autoclave is very
dficient for sterilization.
The reason for reduction of body tem-
perature when a patient perspires pro-
fusely; why a patient is more comfort-
able after an alcohol sponge.
Why it is important to "force fluids" in
a condition where diarrhea is present.
Why normal saline is gi,oen after pro-
fuse vom1ting.
The precautions that must be taken in
the preparation of intravenous injections
of isotonic solutions.
Why glucose is used instead of sucrose
for intravenous injection.
Why she should be extremely careful
in cleaning equipment that is used both
for normal salt solution .and silver ni-
trate solution.
The soap she uses - how it acts chemi-
cally with water; the various stains she
bleaches and removes.
The antiseptics and disinfectants she uses
- why bichloride of mercury is ineffi-
cient for disinfecting excreta.
The drugs and anesthetics in use - why
it is a safe rule never to give two drugs
together unless ordered.
Why egg albumin is used a
an antidote
in bichloride of mercury poisoning.
Why it is important to have urine exam-
in
d while it is fresh.

The relation of the oxygen-carbon dio-
xide content of the air to health and
comfort; the function of oxygen in the
blood stream, and its relation to all life;
why oxygen is administered to patients
suffering from certain diseases and how
the amount to be administered is mea-
sured; the precautions to be observed
when an oxygen tent is in operation
and why.
The chemical significance of .asphyxia-
tion by carbon monoxide. Why carbon
monoxide is so dangerous.
The principles underlying the .action of
fire extinguishers in hospital use.
The chief value in using hydrogen perox-
ide in a wound.
\Nhy it is necessary to watch the circu-
lation in a patient who has had a plas-
ter cast applied.
The importance of the preparation of the
patient for .a basal metabolism test.
The carefully prescribed diet that she
carries to the patient. \Vith modern
methods of purifying and processing
foods and the isolation of the vitamins,
the selection of a safe and adequate diet
would be almost impossible without an
.
understanding of chemistry.
From the above brief outline of sub-
ject matter taken from various curricu-
lar subjects, it is evident that a knowl-
edge of chemistry is basic and essential
to an understanding of the principles
and practice of nursing. Let us not over-
look its worth in planning our courses
of study.

Red Cross In Wartime

Since th
beginning of the war the Cana-
ian Red Cross has 5hippe
39,000,000 various
articles and "comforts" overseas. Some 400
blood-receiving centres have been organized,
and a total of 1,800,000 blood donations giv-
en. 5,500,000 items and comforts bave been
supplied to the Forces in Canada and 15,-
000,000 articles despatched to the Forces
overseas. Mi11ions of sailors' comforts and
cCsuTvivors' bags" have been furnished. 13,-

460,000 food parcels have been shipped by
the Society to Empire and A1lied prisoners
of war. At the present moment 500 Canadian
Red Cross Corps girls are serving abroad.
In Great Britain. a .600-bed hospital was built
and equipped by the Canadian R
d Cross.
Mi1lions of articles of clothing have been
supplied to civilian war victims.

-Leag
of Red Cross Sacuties Bulleti..
Vol.. 41. No. 18

PUBLIC

HEALTH NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian N W"8eS
Association

So Far. . . So Good

JEAN S. CL..\RK

Last month the chairman of our Na-
tional Public Health Section, l\1iss Helen
McArthur, shared with u
in her article
"Room to Grow In" 1 her vision of the
opportunities for expansion in the public
health nursing field. There is a satisfy-
ing yet adventurous feeling in knowing
that we belong to a profession in which
there are always new avenues of en-
deavour. We can enjoy boking to the
future of public health nursing, but we
can also derive pleasure looking back
on a job well done. Such was the feel-
ing shared by the members of the Na-
tional Public Health :;cction Executive
when they reviewed the yearly reports
from the various Province
.
The public health sections in the
Maritime Provinces have now been in
existence for about two years. By their
activities during the past rear they have
displayed all the vigour and enthusiasm
befitting the youngest members of our
group. The public health
ection in New
Brunswick has pioneered
n the field of
publication, and now compjles and is-
sues a quarterly newsletter. This news-
letter, made up of material on newer
developments in organization, pubk:
health, and medicine, is sent to all pub-
lic health nurses in the province as a
link to keep them informed and united.
The public health section in Nova Scotia
has directed most of its
fforts this year
to ;a refresher course on the Principles
OCTOBER. 194'

of Public Health Nursing, which was
held in Halifax and repeated in Sydney
during February and March. This re-
fresher course was conducted by Miss
l\1ary Mathewson, assistant director of
the l\1cGill School for Graduate Nurses,
and proved most beneficial and stimul.at-
ing to the one hundred nurses who regis-
tered. Although Prince Edward Island
has only a few members in its public
health section, a good attendance is re-
ported at the quarterly meetings. Pa-
pers on practical subjects were presented
with lively discussion in which all par-
ticip.ated.
The members of the public health
section in Quebec were fortunate to be
able to a vail themselves of a series of
lectures given under the auspices of
McGill University entitled "Lectures in
Living", the main topic covered being
"The Family in Transition". This series
included eight lectures given by eminent
American
ociologists, psychologists and
psychiatrists. This public health se
ric;;
has established a lending library for the
use of any public health Ilurse in the
province. This library, organized in
April, 1944, is temporarily housed in the
office of the registrar and executive sec-
retary. A list of the avaibble books is
sent to each public health nurse in order
to encourage her use of these facilities.
The national section commends this very
worthwhile activity.

101

R02

THE CANADIAK NURSE

All the local groups which comprise
the public health section in Ontario re-
ported a very successful winter. Dinner
meetings seemed to be th
most popular
means of getting together, and were
held quarterly in some districts, monthly
in others. There are a few districts yet
where public health nur:;es do not meet
together as an organized group, but sev-
eral have e:xpre
sed their intention of
organizing in the near future. The On-
tario nur
es have had thè opportunity of
attending various refresher courses and
lectures during the year. The University
of 'Vestern Ontario provided courses
during February in School Nursing;
Supervision in Public Health Nursing
and Hospitals and School
of Nursing.
A series of talks and discussions on
"Mental Problems and A.d justments"
under the leadership of y1a jar Hobbs,
R,C.A.
1.C., was held in London. The
University of Toronto School of Nurs-
ing held a refresher course in Industrial
Hygiene, and there has heen a reque"t
from the industrial nursing group that
two such courses be held again during
194- 5.

After reading about the Manitoba
Student Nurses' Association in The
Canadian NUrJf'::, it was most interest-
ing to hear that the public health section
had been hostess to this group. In an ef-
fort to stimulate interest in public health
in the Student N urses' A
sociation (re-
ferred to as the Junior M.A.R.N.), the
public health section invited them to
participate in a panel discussion on the
subject "'Vhat M y Profe
sion Offers
Me". The public health section reports
working in co-operation with the other
two sections to produce a pantomine en-
titled "Co-ordinated Effort" which was
presented at the annu.al meeting of the
Manitoba Association of Registered Nur-
ses. An Institute on Family Relationships
was held at the University of Manitob.a
during June, under the di
ection of Miss
Frances Benjamin of Minneapolis.
The public health section in Saskat-
chewan has held monthly meeting!'.

This year the group has studied the book,
"Your Community", hy Joanna Col-
cord, with particular reference to Re-
gina. There are public health nursing
groups functioning in Regina and Saska-
toon, with tentative plans drawn up for
organizing in Yorkton and :\Ioose Jaw.
The public health section in .-\lberta
has been directing its attention to the
industrial nurses of the province. A de-
finite attempt has been made to include
the industri:tl nurse" in the public health

ection. \ recommendation l1as heen sent
to the Council of the ,\lherta Associa-
tion of Regi
tered Nurses requesting that
an institute in Industrial Nursing be
held under the auspices of the School of
1'\ ursing, LT niversit)' of Alberta. T enta-
tive arrangements for this course are
now underway.
The last province to report on is
British Columbia. This year, the section
has been studying the
ubject of tuber-
culosi!' leg-islation, and an excellent re-
port has been presented by the Educa-
tional Committee on their progress to
date, accompanied by recL
mmendations
which were submitted to the Council
of the Registered Nurses Association of
British Columbia. The industrial nurs-
ing group in British Columbia held
monthly meetings as a sub-section of the
public health section. Th
chairm:m of
the public health section attends their
meetings and carries back !:o the Coun-
cil of the R.N.A.B.C. any recommenda-
tions which the industrial nurses wish
considered.
In this resume of sectional activities
it has been impossible to g-ive a complete
report of each provincial section. The
newer lines of development chiefly have
been emphasized, though many routine
activities have also been carried on in
co-operation with the National Section.
Contact has been maintained by the
provinces with the National Section
through their progress reports. The res-
ponse to a letter sent out by the chair-
man of the Publications Committee re-
questing each province to send in an
Vol. 41. No. 10

J U N G L E \V E A P 0 N

803

article on some phase of public health
work, of particular
nteres! in that prov-
ince, has been encouraging. A ques-
tionn.aire, compiled by the Education
Committee on "The Use of the Volun-
teer in Public Health 1\ ursing" has been
distributed to the agencies in each prov-
ince through the pruvincial sections.
The National Executive has directed
the provinces to make a concerted ef-
fort to include the industrial nurses in
their sections through a recommendation
sent out to that effect. In line with this,
a Standing Committee on Industrial
Nursing has been recommended to the

Canadian Nurses Association Execu-
tive, as one of the Standing Commit-
tees of the National PubEc Health Sec-
tion.
It has been said that growth is the
only evidence of life. Your National
Executive feels this repurt is ample proof
of the "life" of public health nur

ng in
Canada today. \Ve can look back on
the past year and say "So far . . . So
good" .

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Canadim
Nurse, Sept. 1945. P. 703.
2. Tke Canadian Nurse, Apr. 1945. P. 312.

Jungle Weapon

It is difficult to stump the chemist. In war
years he has been called upon to meet the
most exacting demands, and he has done SO
either by new developments, or by discover-
ing new uses for materials taken from some
corner of chemistry's well-stocked shelf.'
Take, for instance, the "dyestuff" that has
been used to combat malaria and the "com-
pressed gas" package in which it is supplied
to !'oldiers.
\Vhen the Japanese captured the East In-
dies the Allies were cut off from their main
source of quinine, which up till that time
had been the most effective anti-malarial
drug known. Turning as usual, to the chem-
ist for help, military authorities were assured
by Imperial Chemical Industries Limited of
Great Britain of immediate, large-scale pro-
duction of mepacrine, which is superior to
quinine in many respects. Chemically, mepa-
crine is a yellow dye. In the United States
it is known as atebrin or atabrine.
It was found, however, that mepacrine
tablets dissolved or deteriorated in the damp
heat of tropical jungles. An entirely new
method of packaging had to be devised and
experts tried all ordinary materials without
success. Again the chemist came to the res-
cue Someone thought of the known proper-
ties of the recently di5icovered plastic, poly-
thene.
OCTOBER. 1945

Polythene is made by polymerizing ethy-
lene gas under pressures comparable to those
in a gun. Under these terrific pressures the
gas molecules fasten one to another somewhat
like a ma
s of intertwined paper clips. The
flexible, tough, crystalline
.)lid that results
found its first use as insulating material, and
was largely responsible for successful pro-
duction of the radar equipment without which
Britain might have gone under in the dark
day of 1940 and 1941.
Polythene can be produced in many forms,
including thin, flexible sheets which are both
waterproof and retain their flexibility at

.
.
':

A pol),t/zene strip holding SN.'en indi1..idually
sealed tablets.

804

THE CANADIAN NURSE

temperatures varying from that of ice on the
one hand to boiling water on the other.
When tried as a packaging material, the
most rigorous tests showed that not only was
it unaffected by tropical heat but that the
mepacrine tablets wrapped in it could be
left lying even in salt water for months and
emerge as fresh as when they were packed.
British engineering skill solved the further
problem of how to get the tablet into its
individually sealed compartment in the rib-
bon-like strip of polythene. From that time
on, polythene was mepacrine's indispensable
ally in the anti-malarial war.
Canadian soldiers who fought in North
Africa, Sicily and Italy are well acquainted
with the little yellow tablets that were handed
out to them by the millions. Medical offi-
cers were more than satisfied with the results
of their anti-malarial campaign and special
mention was made by Generals Eisenhower

and Montgomery of the low malaria rate
among Canadians.
On the Burma front a week's supply at a
time, a strip of seven pockets, is issued to
the troops. Each day one pocket, containing
the daily dose, can be torn off the strip,
leaving the rest safely protected from air,
heat and moisture in its polythtne wrapping.
A weapon like mepacrine in the anti-
malarial war is scarcely less important than
any of the weapons that have been designed
for combatting Nazis and J aps. This holds
true even from a military standpoint, to say
nothing of the untold sickness and suf fer-
ing mepacrine has prevented. The large-
scale production of mepacrine, and the de-
velopment of its unique packaging material,
polythene, represents a double triumph for
British chemical skill and engineering.

-C-I-L Of/ol

Sky Meals Present Dietetics Problems

How would you feel as a hostess if your
sponge cake suddenly collapsed and hard-
ened? Or if your whipped cream suddenly
expanded to several times its original vol-
ume?
Suppo:;c the bubbling water poured over
the tea leaves turned out to be heated not
to 212 0 F., but only ISO? What if all your
guests simultaneously developed indigestion?
These arc only a few of the accidents that
might happen in the cabins of speeding air-
liners If airways caterers were not armed
with a knúwledge of the effects on food of
rapid changes in altitude, air pressure and
humidity.
In a commissary close by Dorval Airport
meals are prepared to be served during flight
on five different airlines. A staff of about
a dozen experienced girls work there under

the direction of Jessie McDonald. Thanks
to her passion for research and perfection,
today's air travellers cannot expect to see
cakes collapsing, sauces disintegrating and
other disturbing phenomena at high alti-
tudes. She now knows just what can and
c
nnot be served aloft, just what foods will
and will not stand up to flying conditions.
Plane meals are appetizing and satisfy-
ing withûlJt including an array of sweet or
spicy things that might tempt passengers to
overindulge and risk the onset of indiges-
tion whici1 often results from a combination
of a full stomach and high altitude. Always
excluded arc sponge cake, whipped cream and
other items which are known to behave ca-
priciously when subj ected to sudden changes
in air pressure.

-C-I-L Oval

For many years now there has been
more than enough work to keep every
available nurse busy, be she young or old,
single or married, fit or only half-weIl.
It is reasonable to suppose that there
will be a gradual tapering off of the
demand for the skills and services of

Preview

some of these nurses. In an attempt to
solve some of the problems which may be
presented in this period of readjustment,
the eminent psychologist, Dr. S. R. Lay-
cock, will discuss for us "The Adjust-
ments of the Older Nurse" in our No-
vember issue.

Vol. 41. No. 10

GENERAL NURSING

Con tributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

A Changed Picture

All over our country today people are
talking about that "wonder" drug,
Penicillin, and how it has changed the
picture in so many cases from
hat of
hopelessness to one of complete recov-
ery.
Recently we had a very interesting
case of osteomyelitis in cur children's
ward. He was a boy of nine years of
age from the town of Didsburr. some
sixty miles north of Calgary. He had
first been sent to the Isol.ation Hospital
in Calgary when the diagnosis of polio-
myelitis had been made by the local doc-
tor but, after a consultation with the or-
thopedic surgeon here, it was decided to
transfer the child to the isolated unit
of the children's ward at the Calgary
General Hospital.
On arrival the boy looked acutely ill.
His cheeks were flushed and his eyes
were heavy. At times his speech was in-
coherent and irrational. Breathing was
heavy and his tongue was coated. His
pulse was very rapid and his temperature
was 105 0 . There w.as some swelling of
the left lower leg with ten..derness in the
upper third of the tibia. The boy moved
his leg in flexion and extended it at
times, but at others he complained of
pain in his knee and upper leg on move-
ment. The white blood count was 18,-
200 with 82 per cent polymorphonu-
dears. The x-ray showed a definite
bone abscess in the left upper tibia. 'rhe
OCTOBER, 194'

C. DOULL

prognosis was poor and the child's pa-
rents were given little hope of his re-
covery, as so much time had already
been lost before a definite diagnosis could
be made.
On the night of admission an intra-
venous with an initial dose of 10,000
units of Penicillin in distilled water was
given; also a blood transfusion and sup-
pOl.tive treatment. Penicillin was then
given intramuscularly every two hours.
The following two days the tempera-
ture remained between 104 and 105
dropping to 103, but toxicity still contin-
ued and operation was undertaken on
the left tibia.
An incision was made along the tibia,
the abscess drained and sulfathiazole
powder and vaseline packing were in-
serted. Every day a definite improve-
ment could be seen in the boy's condi-
tion. In three days after operation the
temperature was normal.
After four days Penicillin was re-
duced to every four hours and, five days
later, was discontinued. Two weeks af-
ter operation the packing was removed
and fresh packing inserted. A cast was
applied to the leg. A few days later he
was discharged from the hospital.
He has been back twice since for a
change of packing and cast, and the x-r.ay
now shows decided improvement.
We have had other cases of pneumo-
coccic meningitis and lung abscess where
eo,

806

rHE CANADIAN NURSF

Penicillin has been used, and there ap-
peared to be complete recovery. \V e
re
all looking forward to the da} when
Pencillin will be supplied freely for civil-

ian use and we know that, with its use,
there will be a more complete and speedy
recovery from many infections which
have resisted other treatments.

Would You Make a Good Counsellor?

A nurse may wonder whether she has the
inherent qualities needed by the successful
counsellor. Some questions which she should
ask herself in deciding whether she is inter-
ested in this field and has an aptitude fOî
it are suggested here:
Do I have a genuine interest in people?
This interest is fundamental for all nurses;
for a counsellor it is indispensahle.
Am I a good listener? A counsellor must
listen attentively and sympathetically to the
nurse's problem if she is to be helpful.
Am I sensitive to the reactions of other
persons? Finding the latent potentialities in
a nurse requires intuitiveness and perception.
Do I have patience? A counsellor must
seem unhurried in her interviews, so that
the nurse's total problem may be brought
to light.
Am I tactful? Tact is essential, especially
if criticisms from employers are to be
presented by the counsellor to the nurse in
such a way that she may grow professionally.
Am I able to inspire confidence? If nur-
ses are to look to the counsellor for guid-
ance, this quality is essential.
Am I kind and reassuring? These are
also indispensable qualities in the counsellor
if she is to help the nurse over the hurdles
of hard times and personal tragedy.
Am I adaptable, so that I can adj ust to
changing conditions?
Do I have the vision and perspective to
interpret changing demands in the field of
nursing so as to guide nurses in preparing
themselves to meet new needs?
Do I have the personal qualities necessary
for meeting the public? Such qualities include
a carefully groomed, attractive appearance, a
well-modulated voice, poise, and a gracious
manner.
Do I have the ability to speak easily be-
fore a small group? This is essential, be-
cause the counsellor is often asked to inter-

pret the services of fered through the centre,
to solicit community support, or to meet with
community groups interested in health prob-
lems.

-Bulletin of the California
State Nurses' Association.

Projected College of Nursing
The report of the 1945 conference of the
New Zealand Registered Nurses' Associa-
tion which appears in The New Zealand
Nursing Journal, March, 1945, presents
many features which will be of interest to
Canadian nurses. In her presidential ad-
dress, Miss L. M. Banks laid great stress
on the importance of special preparation for
nurses to fit them "to fill positions of ever-
increasing responsibility".
"\Vhen the future policy of the Registered
Nurses' Association is so bound up in two
main objectives, namely, health and educa-
tion, it does seem that the time has now ar-
rived to give some thought to the formation
of a central reserve fund with which a Col-
lege of Nursing might be established. Such
a scheme may sound grandiose, beyond us
in this country - and even perhaps un-
warranted - but, as nursing is one of the
most important of the community services,
it does seem that, as part of reconstruction
policy, ways and means could be found, even
on a large scale, to build up such a fund.
\Ve would not need a large piece of land,
nor a large ornate building, but one suitably
planned for our future nteds. In this build-
ing - our future college - we could make
provision for a conference hall and lecture
halls where post-certificate and refresher
courses would be held. The reference library
of our Association would be there, and pro-
vision could also be made for the offices
of the Association."

Vol. 41. No. 10

Nursing

Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

A First Aid Qualification for Nurses

There \<., probabh a natural assump-
tion that nurses are, by reason of the
fact that ther are nurse<;, qualified for
first aid. They have had considerable
experience in acute situ:ltions, and thtT
often ha\ e to take action in an eme
-
genc}' when the doctor is not present.
However, at the beginning of the
war nurses quickly found that this as-
sumption was not shared by others.
When a Civilian Defence official had tu
specify a generally recogr1Ízed qualifica-
tion for first aid, he could name onh
the well-known St, John Ambulanc

preparation and certificlte. Doctors
were: needless to say, not .asked to tak

a St. John Ambulance Association course
to practise or teach first aid; but a nurse,
no matter how experienced, had to take
a very elementary course designed for
lay workers before she could become
part of a Civilian Defence organization.
A Canadian Nurses Association Commit-
tee set up a course which utilized the
nurses' more extensive background; but
to teach this to student nurses or volun-
teer workers, the nurse had to obtain
the certificate of the St. T ohn Ambulance
Association. -

A bsurd as this situation was, it never-
theless caused nursing educators to ex-
amine very carefully the training in
first aid which was being given to student
nurses. This inspection undoubtedly re-
vealed some deficiencies. In gene
al, it
may be admitted that the training of
nurses in this field was directed largely
to meeting surgical emergencies .as they
OCTOBER. 1945

arose in the hospital or home and in
cases already under the cart> of the doc-
tor. \
olunteer first aid ,,"orkcrs have
been more read) to tackle the accident
on the road, and this has not been en-
tirely due to the confidenc eno-endered
by
little dangerous kn()wled
. Also
.
t'
members of the St. John Ambulance As-
sociation are required to keep in contin-
uous practice, and this is obviously very
important if a person i<; to he ready in an
emergency.
Last year the Committ
e on .K urs-
ing Education was askèd to submit sug-
gestions for a first aid qU:llification for
gradu.ate nurses. This was lt one and now
the Committee has been instructed to
proceed with a syllabus and the plans
for putting this into oper:ltion. In gen-
eral, the plan will sugge
t that the Cana-
dian Nurses Association e
tablish a first
aid qualification, with a certificate award-
ed by the Association on successful com-
pletion of an examination. Following
this each individual nursing school would
decide whether it would prepare its stu-
dents for this Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion certificate. The su
gestion will be
that this teaching should pe given as
part of the nurses' basi
training, but
that provision should be m<!.de for 2"rad-
!late nurses who wish to obtain eJ the
qualification. Those graduates who al-
ready hold St. John Àmhulance or Red
Cross certificates will be considered
qualified.
In this course, emplnsis should be
placed on actual accident situations, and
the practice be in terms of such situa-
tions. In traffic accidents, patients un-
fortunately do not usually each have
merely one injury on which the first aid
801

808

THE CANADIAN NURSE

worker can concentrate. The nurse
should have a great advantage in her
ability to assess the patients' general con-
dition and to decide what is most urgent.
She should be able to see that no further
damage is done through her efforts tq
help. As one specific example, we have
heen told that many cases of simple
skull or spine fracture have heen con-
verted into brain or cord damage through
improper methods of moving the patient,
or through not refraining from moving
him at all.

The purpose of this Page is to inform
the Canadian Nurses Association mem-
bership of the lines along which your
Committee on Nursing Education is
working, in order that you may think
with us, and that the plans of the Com-
mittee may not be entirely new to you
when they are considered by the Execu-
tive Committee. This question of first
aid training is one of the current pro-
jects of the Education Committee and
we ask you to give it some consideration
now.

Streptomycin Being Studied

A new drug, streptomycin, companion to
penicillin as a killer of hactt'ria, is being
studied and undergoing tests to determine
its suitability as a germ killer. The new drug
shows possibilities which may prove to be
as important to the medical profession as
was the discovery of penici1tin. Streptomycin
is a killer of gram-negative bacteria, such as
tuberculosis, cholera, dysentery, typhoid,
tularemia and salmonella food poisoning.
Penicillin is a killer of gram-positive bac-
teria, such as pneumococcus, streptococcus,
staphylococcus, gonococcus and syphilis.
Even though the new drug is still in the
'aboratory stage, some is being produced
and small quantities are being made avail-
able for experimental purposes. Since strep-
tomycin and penicillin resemble each other
in many respects, experience gained in the
production of penicillin will aid materially in
the production of the new drug. The produc-

tion process, however, is slow and tedious
and it will be 'some time bt>Íore the drug
is available in any quantity just as it took
more than two years to bring penicillin into
production for general use.
Dr. Selman A. Waksman of the Depart-
ment of Microbiology of the New Jersey
Agriculture Experimental Station at Rut-
gers University, New Brunswick, N. J., is
given credit for the discovery of strepto-
mycin. Ever since the discovery of penicil-
lin, medical department and civilian bac-
teriologists, as well as army and commer-
cial laboratories, have been searching for a
drug that would fight the diseases that
penicillin cannot cure. Dr. Waksman re-
ported that he had discovered streptomycin
and had reported on it some twenty-nine
years ago during experiments with soil bac-
teria.

-News Notes, No. 26.

M.LI.C. Nursing Service

Olh,t" Carrier (St. Mary's Hospital, Mon-
treal, and University of Montreal public
Ì1eaIth course) recently resigned. Miss Car-
;-ier was Metropolitan nurse in Joliette, P.Q.

Claire Lalancctte (S1:. Jean
Dieu Hospi-
u!, Gatneiin, P.Q.) nd3 Teslgned from t."rte

Company's Service. Miss Lalancette was on
the Montreal staff.
Gertrude Lapointe (St. Vincent de Paul
Hospital, Sherbrooke, and University of
Montreal public health course) has been ap-
pointed to the Metropolitan staff in Mon

treal.

Vol. 41, No. 10

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

Gener.. Secretary, The Calladian Nunes Alloel.tl..

News from Abroad

A national study of the !1Ursing needs
Jf the future, both from the professional
and public points of view, as to educa-
tion, distribution and standards, will be
undertaken in a five-year program, it
has been announced by !he National
Nursing Planning Committee of the
National Nursing Council for 'Var Ser-
vice in the United States.
It is estimated that the program wilJ
require approximately $500,000, and
initial work is assured through a recent
grant by the 'V. K. Kellogg Found::i-
tion for co-ordinating the work of the
Committee itself. Sup}X>rt will be sought
from other sources for specific studies
and demonstrations. A major under-
taking will be the study C'f schools of
nursing, their number, size, location.
organization, and financial and admin-
istrative control recommended in order
to supply the kind and number of nurses
needed in post-war America. Increased
wartime responsibilities shouldered by
professional nurses, as well as those ari;-
ing from the deyelopment of medical
specialties, haye been considered in for-
mulating the composite program; so
also has been the effective way in which
certain duties have been shared bv suh-
sidiary workers, Red Cross nurse/ aides,
-etc.
Looking to the future, the program
takes into account the il1creased need
for well-prepared nurses which would re-
sult from the expansion of health facili-
ties and hospitals, proposed by. the United
States Public Health Services.

O
TOBER. 1'45

Among specific topics listed for study
or review are: the existing personnel poli-
cies and practices; testing of selected
applicants for schools; fin;ncial aid for
students; counselling and placement
bureaux; professional registries; com-
munity nursing councils; implementation
of standards and greater uniformity in
State laws.
Such a broad study, to determine how
far the war has .affected the whole field
of nursing and what the nursing needs
of the future will be, merits the whole-
hearted interest and support of the nurs-
ing profession and public alike.

India Exhibition

The president of the Trained Nurses'
Association of India ,will represent the
International Council of Nurses at an
exhibition to be held in Delhi in Sep-
tember. She has requested all available
material on possibilities of training in
general nursing, health work, midwifery
and post-graduate trainin!S throughout
the United Kingdom, Canada, America,
Australia and New Zealand. \Ve are
glad to report that the Canadian N ur-
ses Association prepared :md sent to
India material concerninO" all fields of
nursing in Canada. 0

Comlnents on Narcotic Regulations

\Ve are indebted to th
Central Regis-
try of Graduate Nurses for the folÍowing

lOt

810

'r H E C A
A D I A:N 1\ U R S E

information concerning rules regarding
the di
posal of surplus narcot;c,\, as they
apply when nursing in private homes:
1. They should not be destroyed.
2. Unless on orders of the doctor,
they are not left in the patient's
house.
3. In the event of the patient's death
the nurse gives them tc the doctor.
4. Acting as agent nf the doctor,
family or estate, thf' f!ur:-e, when
going off dut), returns the drugs
to the doctor or the drug store.
The drug store,' if it has not al-
ready done so, may obtain a per-
mit to accept surplus narcotics.
5. If, for any reason, the nurse is
unable to dispose of narcotics as
above instructed, she is ad vised
to contact the 10c:!1 R.C.lV1.P.
office and they wi]] call and col-
lect same.
The 1\arcotics Division, Department
of National Health and \VeHare, ha

approved the puhlishing 'If these rules
for the henefit of private dun' nurses
throughout Canada.

British Nurses Relief Fund

The International Council of Nurses
h.as advised the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation of the great need hr clothing and
cash contributions, to assist nurses who
are ill, in the following countries in
Europe: Hol1and, Belgit
m, Denmark,
Finland. France, Norway, Russia, Yugo-
slavia. The Canadian Nur'\es Association
has undertaken to assist the nurses of
Hol1and as far as it has been possible
to do so under restrictions imposed by
the Wartime Prices and Trade Board.
The official request for 25,000 uniforms
has not been granted. P
rmission has
been obtained to supply 1,000 used coats
and 500 capes. \Vhile shoes and stock-
ings are greatly needed, we have not
been given permission to secure them.
It is hoped that the provincial asso-

ciations will endeavour, through their
provincial British Nursc-; Relief Fund
Committee, to secure the_full number
of coats and capes required.

Bursaries

The Bursary A ward Committee of
the Canadian Nurses A.ssociation has
made the following awards for 1945-
46: '-'

Long-Term: (Alberta) Anna
1. Conway,
1\Iorim.ilte; Dorothy Galloway, Edmonton:
Janet G. 11ay, Vancouver; "ilma K. Mc-
Cordicl<:. Breton: Janet G. Porteous, Mon-
treal. (British Columbia) Duris L Brent-
zen, Duncan: Yancom'er: Dorothy E. Ger-
rard, Edith J. Green, Katherine E. Jones,
Hazel Proyins: Audrey E. Kay, Essondale:
G. Lenore Lamb, Victoria. (Uanitoba)
Honah H. Card. \Vinnipeg; Mary T. :Mac-
Kenzie, K orwood;
{ona ),1.
IcLeod,
Ic-
Creary; Verna J. \Villiams. Selkirk. (New
Brunswick) Dorothy D. Parsons, Freder-
icton. (Nova Scotia)
orth Sydney: :Mar-
garet J. Hartigan. Sister \f arion Estelle;
J es!'ie A.
{cCann, \\r all ace. (Ontario)
Iar-
garet C. Cahoon, Picton; K.
hir1ey Camp-
bell, Brantford: Lois L. Ca1Jlpbel1, Guelph;
Gladys E. Hill, Port Arthur: H. Bernice
Lewis, \V oodstock ; Helen H. Littleton.
Brampton; M.ary A.
1unro, Auburn; Mar-
garet L. Peart, Freeman; Lottie Smith,
Kingston; \Vinona Stevenson, London; Sis-
ter
1. Roherta, Kitchener:
ister St. Cuth-
bert, Pembroke; Chatham: Violet Gwalch-
mai, Helen \V. Robbins; Hamilton: Ruth
E. Aiken, Veronica Swain, Elizabeth Ur-
sulak, Sister 11. Paula, :5ister 11. Rose;
OUa wa: Anna M. Beach, Joy K. Clarke;
Toronto: Beatrice Ainslie. Do:-othy A. Arm-
strong, Isabel T. Emmerson, hobel E. Fer-
guson, Dorothy Loveridge, Doris Muckle,
Helen
. O'Rourke, Irene F. Poole,
Iar-
garet J. Romano, Margaret E. .Sanderson.

Iargaret J. B. Thompson. Sister M. Evan-
gelista, Sister M. de Sales. (Quebec) Edith
M. Gayler, Longueuil; Miriam M. MacLeod,
Scotstown; Jean E.
IacGregor, Moose
Creek, Ont.; Marie-Ange Chamard, Gaspé;
Gabrielle Cloutier, St. Hyacinthe; Elizabeth

Vol. 41, No. 10

INTERESTING PEOPLE

Uuirion, Shubrooke; Sist
r
[aric Gock-
froy, Joliette; Sister Marie Victoire, Que-
bec; Montreal: Denise Richard, Henriette
St. Germain, Dorothy L. \Vard, Sister Ce-
cile Leclerc (Saskatchewan) Catherine F.

811

Boyko, Tisdale; Saskatoon: Muriel A.
Jarvis, \Yilla J, Routledge.
Slzort- Term: (British Columbia) Eliza-
beth E. Copeland, Vancouver. (Ontario)
Edith M. Horton, Ottawa.

Interesting People

After serving as Matron-in-Chief of
the Overseas Nursing Service of the
Royal Canadian Army Medical Corp

since 1942, Lieut.-Col Agnes C. Neill.
R.R.C., has returned to Canada to be-
come Matron-in-Chief succeeding Colonel
Dorothy I. MacRae, R.R.C. Lieut.-Col.
Neill, a native of Ontario, graduated
from the school of nursing, Toronto Gen-
eral Hospital. Her executive ability won
her immediate headnurseship in the
Private Patients' operating- room, T.G.H.
After a year's post-graduate study at
Bedford College, London, Miss Neill re-
turned to her alma mater as surgical
supervisor. 'Vhen war was declared in
1939, Miss Neill enlisted immediately and
shortly afterward went overseas as Ma-
tron of No. 15 Canadian G
neral Hospital.
Her new appointment wiII provide ample
scope for her outstanding administrative
abilities.
Lieut.-Col. Neill is admirably suited
for the responsibilities to which she has
been called. Being a woman of many
interests, she has travelled widely, is
fond of reading and a game of bridge,
and gets full enjoyment out of living.
The nurses of Canada are proud to wel-
come Lieut.-Col. Neill back home and
wish her all happiness and success.

Lieut.-Col. Dorothy Riches, R.R.C., has
been promoted to be Matron-in-Chief of
the R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service Over-
seas. A graduate of the University of
Saskatchewan and of the school of nurs-
ing of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Mon-
treal, Miss Riches is well known to nur-
ses in many parts of Canada. Immediate-
OCTOBER. 1945

ly upon the completion of her training,
.Miss Riches went abroad to study nurs-
ing conditions in England, Germany and
Switzerland. She had served as hea

nurse on a medical ward at the Royal
Victoria Hospital for over two years
before she took her post-graduate work
in administration and teaching at the
McGill School for Graduate Nurses. She
was engaged as senior instructor at the
Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, when
war was declared. In 1941, she enlisted
with the R.C.A.M.C. and went overseas
as Matron of No. 8 Canaáian General
Hospital. In 1942, Miss Riches was ap-
pointed to the rank of Major (Principal

A.lü

& Cripp
n Toronto

LIEUT.-COL. A. C. NEILL

812

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Matron) and the following year was
posted to the office of A.M.D. 4, Dir2C-
tor of Medical Services Branch, Cana-
dian Military Headquarters, London. In
the New Year's Honour List in 1944,
she was awarded the R.R.C. Her new
promotion is well deserved in view of
her excellent service overseas.

Ann Peverley has recently been ap-
pointed lecturer in public health nursing
with the McGill School for Graduate
Nurses. Born and educated in Montreal,
Miss Peverley graduated from the school
of nursing of the Montreal General Hos-
pital. Post-graduate work in tuberculosis
nursing at the Royal Edward Laurentian
Sanatorium, and in public health nursing
at the McGill School for Graduate Nur-
ses, was followed by her appointment to
the staff of the Health Department,
We
tmount, P.Q. At the time of h
r ap-
pointment to McGill University, Miss
Peverley was nursing supervisor there.
She has taken an active interest in the
work of her professional association hav-
ing been chairman of the provincial pub-

,

, J

,/

Eugene Suter. Montreal

ANN PE\'ERLEY

lie health nursing section. At present she
is a member of the Board of Manager:;
of the R.N.A.P.Q. Her vivid personality
is reflected in her enthusiasm for her
new work.

Iyrtle I. Graham has returned to the
Toronto Western Hospital, where she
had served as medical supervisor for
four years, as superintendent of nurse
.
Graduated from the school of nursing of
the Winnipeg General Hospital, Miss
Graham held her first positions as head
nurse, later as medical supervisor in her
home school. Post-<graduate work in
teaching and supervision was taken at
the McGill School for Graduate Nurses.
In 1940, Miss Graham became assistant
director of nurses, later moving up to
become director of nurses at the Verdun
Protest
nt Hospit
l, Verdun, P.Q.

J. Mabel Kniseley has retired from the
directorship of the social service (medi-
cal) department at the Toronto General
Hospital, a position which she has oc-
cupied for over twenty-five years.
Graduating from the
chool of nursing of
the Toronto General Hospital in 1906,
Miss Kniseley has been intimately asso-
ciated with the growth and expansion of
this hospital through the years. After
attending the course in social service at
the University of Toronto, Miss Kniseley
received her appointment and has been
instrumental in building the department
to its high degree of efficiency. For
many years she has received as archivist
of her alumnae association. Now, in her
retirement, she will be able to devote
more time to her favourite hobbies of art
and gardening.

Ethel James has recently been appoint-
ed as director of nursing of the Saska-
toon City Hospital. Miss James gradu-
ated from the Royal Alexandra Hospital,
Edmonton, in 1930. For the next six years
she was employed in general staff nurs-
ing at the University of Alberta Hospital,
obt
ining experience especially in psy-
chiatry and maternity care. After two
years in private duty, Miss James re-
Vol. 41, No, ]0

INTERESTING PEOPL

Tham.s Studios. Sm;katoon
ETHEL JAMES

turned to the "Royal Alex" for exper-
ience in the communicable disease hos-
pital. Following her graduation from
the course in teaching and <;upervision at
the University of Toronto, Mi
s James
accepted a position as head nurse at the
Saskatoon City Hospital. The next year
she became nursing arts instructor. mov-
ing on to be a
sistant director of nurs-
ing and finally the director. Miss James
has served as chairman of the hospital
and school of nursing section with the
Sa
katchewan Registered Nurses A
so-
cia tion.

Francine Philo has accepted the posi-
tion of science instructor with the Regina
Grey Nuns' Hospital. Graduating from
the school of nursing of this hospital in
1942, Miss Philo has already had a broad
experience in a variety of positions. She
was one of the early g:raduates of thf>
newly established course in teaching and

813

FR ",-NCINE PHILO

supervision at the University of Mani-
toba. Various forms of needlecraft serve
to fill Miss Philo's leisure moments.
Anotþer interesting hobby to find in a
nurse is a fondness for cooking. Out-of-
doors interests centre chiefly around
skating.

RecEnt changes in the nursing staff
of the Canadian Red Cross Society in
Ontario include the appointment of

Iuriel \Vir.ter as director of the Depart-
ment of Home Nursing, First Aid and
Emergency Reserve in the Toronto
Branch. Bertha :\Iiles has been appointed
as her assistant. .J e!"sie Goodman, who
has been director for over twenty years,
has retired.
Irs. George Hanna, who was
local officer in charge úf the Reservf>
since it was established, has resignp.d.
'Irs. Donald F. Dewar has been appoint-
ed district leader for Central Ontario of
. the Department of Home Nursing, First
Aid and the Reserve.

Obituaries

Lieut. Helt'n Kathleen Laur, U. S.
Army physiotherapist, died in France on
July 6, 1945, as the result of an air-
craft accident. Lieut. Laur was born in
Aylmer, Onto She was a graduate of the
School of Nursing of Victoria Hospital,
OCTOBER, 1945

London, Ont., and a member of the Class
of 1924; she was also a graduate of the
Harvard University of Physiotherapy,
Cambridge, Mass.
Lieut. Laur had followed her pro-
fession in Salt Lake City, Utah, and in

814

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Southern California. Four years ago she
enlisted in the U. S. Army and served
in North Africa and France. It is be-
lieved that Lieut. Laur had started 1m
her return trip to America when she
was killed. Her tragic death is mourned
by her alma mater, Victoria Hospital.

For twenty-five years associated with
the Toronto city public health depart-
ment as a public school nurse, Mrs.
Iary
Eleanor McConnell died there recently.
She retired a year ago.
rs. McConnell
was born in Ireland, received her nurse's
training in Scotland, and came to Canada
in 1918.

The death occuned recently in Vic-
toria, B.C., of l\I rs. Rahno Aitken 'Yalk-
er. Born at Maple, Ontario, she received

her early education in Ontario and at-
tended univ(.rsity in Scotland. She trained
at the Toronto General, graduating with
the Class of 1903. Following graduation
she took charge of the private floors
in the Toronto General. Two years later
she was appointed superint('ndent of the
Western Hospital, Montreal. After five
years in this position she married Dr.
Horatio Walker. Following his death,
she was appointed superintendent of
Good Samaritan Hospital in Los An-
geles. During the twenty-five years that
Mrs. Walker held the position of super-
intendent, this hospital developed from
110 to 740 beds and was considered as
one of the outstanding hospitals on the
Pacific Coast. Mrs. \Valker pioneered in
introducing an eig-ht-hour day for her
staff and students. In 19:
4 she retired
irom nursing to locate in Victoria.

Tropical Skin Disease

Seven centres in the United States spe-
cializing in the treatment (If tropical skin
disease will be de\Ooted to tl'e care of men
returned from on'rseas. particularly the
Paci fic areas. "The new arrangement will
make possible better distrihution of th
limi-
ted supply of specialists in dermatology".

faj or Li \Oingood, consultant in dermatolog).
qid, "and thus gi\"e these
()Idiers the best
possible treatment".
There is no basis for fear of tropical skin
infection

preading in this
ountry. becau
e
practically none of these dis,'ases are conta-
gious and no patient with a transmissible skin
disease would be allowed out of an army
ho<;pital until he was non-
'1fcctious. _-\cne
\".as gi\-en as an e)o,.ample of a common skin.
disease which flares up in
he tropic
. One
army doctor working on the p:-oblem used
the \\ ord "ex plosi \'e" in describin
the
ca:-;es he had seen in the Paci fie.

"The skin diseases are not full) appre-
ciated by the public in the glare of the more
dramatic developments of surgery and prob-
lem
like malaria",
Iajor Liyingood said,
.. Hut It is true that in tropICal areas about
X per cent of all army ho-;pital admissions
- or one in every 12 or 13 - is due to

kin conditions".
One of the dermatologist's main efforts is
to keep men from "overtr
ating" skin di-
sease: but the good nutritional state oi the
American soldier helps protect him from
some of the skin diseases common to na-
tives of tropical areas.
lajor Li\"ingood
cited tropical ulcer as an \.'xample. saying
ulcerations were frequent enough among
Americans. but the peculiar tropical ulcer is
rare and he thinks that the native gets it
because of his poor diet while the American
is free of it beacuse he is well led.
-A'C
l'.\' .\"()fl's. .\"0. 27

Information about a little known to-
pic will be made available with the pub-
lication of F. A. Humphreys' paper on
"Tick and Insect Borne Diseases" in

Preview

our forthcoming issue. Sinre the infected
animals are not restricted to anyonE'
area of the country, this new material
wiH be of "alue and inteTe
t to all.

Vol. 41, No. 10

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

Hyperthyroidism

DORIS SWAIN
Student Nurse

School of Xursing, J.Vicholis Hospital, P,'t{'rborough, Ontario.

Mrs. X is a friendly, co-operative
person who was born in England and
lived there until she was twenty. She is
ver}' impulsive and came to Canada
without much previous thought as thè
resuJt of a quarrel. Thruugh an agency
she secured a position as h'Hlsekeeper for
a farmer and his elderly parents. After
working there for a year she married the
son although he was 'her senior by fifteen
years. Mrs. X has two children - a
girl of eleven and a boy of nine. lV1rs.
X's interest has been centred on her
children, her husband, and their farm.
She has always worked hard, taking a
man's pJace in the fields at harvest time
as well as doing .all the housework. In
fact she has worked so hard at home
that her activities and Clmtacts in the
community have been :;light. The wel-
fare and well-being of the children and
her husband have been her primary
thoughts. She has given
,(";Jnt attentio

to her own health until forced to do so
through inahility to carryon her work.
Mr
. X first found out about her
thyroid enlargement when she applied
for admission into the JlucS"ing
chool of
an Engli
h hospital. However, the hos-
pital offered no suggestion for trea t-
ment 'and
lrs. X did npthing further
about it, Ahout three months before her
admission to hospital, Mr'i. X's menstrual
periods deviated from normal. They be-
OCTOBER. 194'

came irregular and she suffered from
menorrhagia. She hegan to lose weight
rapidly, experiencing weakness and ex-
treme exhaustion. As she was unable to
do her accustomed work she became
worried and consulted the local physi-
cian who referred her to Dr. Y. He
examined her and ad vised her to come
to the hospital to prepare for an opera-
tion.
The first noticeable symptoms on ad-
mission were her flushed f;-tee, prominent
eyes, and quick, jerky movements, all
typical of hyperthyroidism. Mrs. X had
a rapid pulse rate ranging from 100
to 140 beats per minute with good vol-
ume. She suffered from shortness of
breath necessitatin!?: her b,.:-d being con-
stantly in semi-F
wler's rositior
. She
had an eÀcessive appetite which was ap-
peased only by large, high-caloric meals
and frequent lunches. She voided large
amounts frequently and had severall.arge
bowel movements daily with a definite-
ly foul odour. Dr. Y explained that
diarrhea used to be the outstanding
symptom of hyperthyroidism and that it
was usually because of this chronic symp-
torn. that the patient consulted a doctor.
The loss of weight experienced hy
Mrs. X was due to the rapid oxidation
of the tìssues and the burping uþ of the
body'
own tissue protein. Estimation of
the hasal metabolic rate was, therefore,

- 815

816

THE CANADIAN NURSE

a valuable diagnostic me
sure. Mrs. X
had 11er first basal metabolism test taken
immediately; her weight and height were
noted and these, together with her age,
were given to the doctor. Her basal
metabolism was found to be + 45 which
is greatly in excess of the normal rate,
+ 10 to - 10, and indicated a pathologic-
al condition.
\Vhen 1\1 rs. X had heen in hospital
about three weeks she suffered from
severe epistaxis intermittently for over a
week. Her nostrils were packed with
absorbent saturated with adrenalin to
contract the mucous membrane. Final-
ly the left nostril was cauterized. Vase-
line was applied to the nares which were
reddened and sore.
i\. rash appeared on Mrs. X's legs and
face and they became 'ìwoJlen. \Vater
drained off soaked oatmeal was applied
to the affected areas. The itchiness was
somewhat relieved. An accompanying
symptom was a temperature elevation
of 100 o F. to 102 0 F. After about a
week the rash disappeared and the fever
abated. This setback was an emotional
upset as well as a physical one and the
patient was weeks regaining lost ground.
Mrs. X ate heartily and en joyed her
meals. She liked anything and every-
thing, which kept her diEt from being
a difficult problem. Egg-nogs were her
favourite between-meal nourishment.
She drank a great deal of water - a
pitcher of cold water was kept on her
bedside table constantly. She was en-
couraged to drink water freely because
it dilutes the toxins, aids in digestion.
absorption, circulation, and excretion; it
is also eS9Cntial in the regll12tion of body
temperature.
Since the metabolism of a hyperthy-
roid patient is increased 30 much above
normal she needed to eat more than us-

ual to maintain and gain body weight.
Foodstuffs which strongly activate meta-
bolism are protein, fat, and alcohol.
Therefore, these foodstuffs were avoided
and the diet consisted largely of carbo-
hydrates.
Phenobarbital was given before each
meal because it lessens the metabolic
rate, decreases blood pres
ure, and has
a sedative effect. Lugol's solution, con-
taining 5 per cent of iodine dissolved in
10 per cent potassium iodide solution,
was given three times a day. It was
d-
ministered in milk to disguise the un-
pleasant taste.
If possible Mrs. X was given a fun
hed bath and change of linen every morn-
ing. These had a sedative effect and
were neces
ary from a cleanliness view-
point because she perspired so freely.
Her bed was kept curtained because out-
side occurrences and other people upset
her easily. Her family were the onlr
visitors allowed and their short visits
were rare.
In my teaching contact') with her I
tried to impress Mrs. X with the value
of periodic physical examinations. I talk-
ed to her about attempting a more rea-
sonable amount of work. Mrs. X's per-
sonal hygieHe was good and she needed
very little advice on that subject. She
was most interested in any information
about the children's welfare, I eXplained
the value of inoculations against com-
municable diseases.
The nursing care study which I m.ade
enabled me to give Mrs. X better and
more knowledgeable care. In searching
for data I acquired facts I had not known
regarding hyperthyroidism, nursing
technique, and action of \'arious drugs.
A stud" of 1\-1rs. X's backe-rounà and
circum
tances
howed me
the effect
these can have on an individual's health.

WANTED

A Matron is required for the Huntingdon County Hospital at a salary of
$115 per month. Room and board provided. Apply to Dr. H. R. Clouston,
Huntingdon, Quebec.

Vol. 41, No. 10

ALIKE IN APPEARANCE-

.4

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l

....-

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"-
"''''

. Today, as in 1875, Squibb Cod Liver Oil is helping babies
build strong, healthy bodies. They didn't know it then-
but now most people realize that it isn't the oil itself-but
the vitamin content ofthe oil that counts.

Squibb Cod Liver Oil is twice as rich in vitamins A and
D as oils just meeting official pharmacopeia requirements.
Therefore your patients have to give their babies one tea-
spoonful only of Squibb's daily as against two teaspoonfuls
of these less potent oils.
The high quality of Squibb Cod Liver Oil is the result of
careful rendering and refining of specially selected livers.
Excessive heating and exposure to air is avoided and the
final oil is carbonated and bottled under carbon dioxide to
avoid oxidation of vitamin A.
Squibb Cod Liver Oil supplies, per gram,
1800 Int. units of vitamin A and 175 Int.
anits of vitamin D. It is available in 4 and
12 ounce bottles either plain or mint-
flavoured. Premature or rapidly growing
infants need extra vitamin D and should
therefore receive Squibb Cod Liver Oil
with Viosterol10D, which contains 3000
Int. units of vitamin A and 400 Int. units
of vitamin D per gram.

,

Tiny bodies, exte;nally
alike, may differ basic-
ally in their requirements
0' Vhmln D. That il
why Squibb Cod Liver
on camel in two poten-
cie.-Squibb Cod Liver
Oil for normal babies
a"d Squibb Cod Liver
on with Viosterol 10D
for premature or rapidly
growing Infants.

/'"

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For literature write
Eo R. Squibb & Sons o' Canada lid.
36-<48 Caledonia Road, Toronto.

l:-R:s
OF
U N.

B. & SONS
IrfANU'A
DA. Ltd
IrfIDICAI.CTtJalNG Cø ·
pao'IS510
IrfISTS TO' T;
4INCI' I.S:

OCTOBBR, 194'

1

811

Letter to the Editor

By Sailing Ship II' _lfrim
I like ocean tra\"el and look forward to
each trip that I take. This tim
I had a very
special reason for looking forward to a
month on the ,,'ater as I was to travel on
a sailing vessel, the barkentine, Tijuca, a
real three-masted merchant ship, and the
last of its kind owned hy the Argentine
Republic.
\Ve sailed from New Orleans on a small
Argentine freighter carrying three passen-
gers. After an uneventful three weeks, we
arrived in Buenos Aires. B.A., as it is called
by those who live there, is the third largest
city in the Americas. I t is modem in many
wavs and being developed into a very beau-
tif
l citv. The Spanish influence is very
strong a
d the official langua({e is S'panish.
Fortunately Portuguese and Spanish are
very closely allied so that I could make my-
self understood fairly easily.
There were no sailings to Capetown till
January, later till April,' later still, July.
Was there any chance of getting across to
Natal and flying to Leopoldville? The reply
came "very little". FinatIy, rumours flew
that the barkentine Tijuca would sail for
South Africa on its return from Brazil.
Then one glad day, "She is sailing and you
are first on the passenger list". That Sunday
we watched a tall sailing ship sail into the
harbour. Then on
londay we were told,
"Passengers must be men .mly as accommo-
dation is so limited". How could we per-
suade them to change their minds? Persuade
them there was great need for us to get
to South Africa. Finally, a friend. unoffi-
cial representati\'e of his Exiled European
government, was willing tf) approach the
powers that be and present the needs of
our African lepers. He persented it effective-
ly because permission was granted.
So we !'ailed down the River Plate on a
three-masted barkentine to sail across the S.
Atlantic. The Tijllco was built in England
for the French navy in 1868. Napoleon III
sen'ed ahoard her as a canet: later she
served as a cadet ship in the English navy.
Then she became a whaling ship sa.iling
down the' South Atlantic to South Georgia
and across the Antarctic far thirty-seven
years. In 1912 she was pup"hased b) an

81S'

Argentine company and rClloimed the Tijuca
after a. beautiful mountain overlooking the
bav of Rio de Janeiro. She bas sailed around
S;uth America many times and across to
Capetown several times in the past few
years. On one trip last year she met a bad
storm and had her masts bl'}wn away. She is
160 feet long, 150 feet from keel to top of
masts, and displaces 1.600 tons, "matI but
sturdy.
After sailing downstream we anchored
for the night. and waited almo
t twenty-four
hours for wind and tide. Shortly after leaving
the river mouth \,,'e ran into a bit of a
storm in which the passenge
-s got a shaking'
up. Being on a small boat and a sailing one
at that is quite di fferent t wm a trip on a
big passenger ship. Eight of our ten pas-
sengers succumbed and th(- o
her Canadian
and I played stewardess. She is
fargaret
Dorland \Vebb, a sixty-ycar-old "Friend".
who is going out with her !'I.m and their
famil\" to a Congregational mission in
south
m Rhodesia. The going was rough,
but she was a good sport.
Our first
unday at sea we hit some rough
weather and, while I enjoyed it, I wondered
how much longer it was going to last and.
how much rougher it was going to get. We
ran out of the storm and had a calm sunset.
"Yhen there was no wind we could travel at
four miles an hour with the aid of a little
auxiliary engine, but when we had a wind.
we travelled at fi\'e, six, seven and up to the
fast speed of ten miles an hour! \\'e lay on
the deck chairs and relaxed and sun bathed
while watching the sails on the tatI masts
as they flapped in the wind. But some days
the wind deserted us completdy. One Satur-
day night there was a fi re in the engine
room and next day we lay becalmed while
they were repairing the engine. \Yhile drift-
ing the sailors put out a fishing line to try
and catch one of the albatross that had
been foltowing us. One beauty got his wing
caught in the hook and was dragged up on
the deck. a beauti ful bird eight and a half
feet from wing tip to win
tip. of shining
whiteness markt:d with a few hlack featheß.
After painting two hlue linR
around his
neck. the sailors kt him g,) again.
layb

they wilt S
'': him the ne"\.t time they pass
that way.

Vol. 41, No: 10

..
ûfse - b
bies need
b/essingsl//
.

",en tWin

e"" -

"

"

JIMMY: .Jl'c}>crs, Jerry.
urses sure hless the
"twin benefits" they get from using mild.
soothin' :\Iennen A lItiscptic Baby Oil on
bahies in the hospital and at home!
JERRY: You said it! They lo,'e the way
:\Iennen Bahy Oil helps keep bab
:'s skin
smooth and lo\'ely. .\n' second. :\Iennen
helps save
ltrSeS lotsa extra work .. be-
cause. hcin' antisl'ptic, :\Iennen Baby Oil

FREE... send for generous
professional bottle

Me"n
n

NTIS
PTIC B
BV OIL

Most baby specialists also prefer
MENNEN ANTISEPTIC BABY POWDER

OCTOBER, 1945

-- --

...

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_.- .;

helps pren'nt diaper rash. urine irritati.n,
impetigo and many other
kin troubles.
JIMMY: .\n' don't forget. :\Iennen-oiled
hahies smcll .'UJ .'ill'l'd.
o \\"onder mo
t
Doctors, Xurses and Hospitals prefer
:\Iennen AlIti.'i('ptic Baby Oil to any other.*
Gosh.
urse. you help babies plenty when
you teU their :\Iommies to be sure anJ LIse
Jll'1l1u'lI!

.U. S. SUTve'U

r--------------------------------------

The Menrwn Co, Ltd. 64 Gerrard St E.,
Toronto, Ont.

Send me
enerou" professIOnal bottle of ì\lellnen
4nllscpllC Bail) Od. (Offer e'\.plres Dee I, 19.15)

!\ L.RSE........

\(JURE"" ...

JNS

819

820

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Again we were on our way. There was a
steady right-sided slant just as a yacht slopes

o one side with a good wind to drive it
along. \Ve rose and fell with the waves,
rather than rolled from side to side. On the
sailing boat we got what the captain called
the "figure of eight motion", a mixture of
rise and fall and roll, guaranteed to test
your sailing ability. The star-filled sky was'
very bright at night and the sails were very
tall and dark as they were outlined against
the Southern Cross. Several times we were
driven north out of our course and had to
tack due south again towards the pole. One
day, looking for a wind to drive us in the
right direction, we headed s
uthwest baci<
towards Buenos Aires. Some days the wild
beauty of the sea was almost indescribable
as one stood by the steering wheel and
watched the bow of the boat dip down into
the troughs of the waves that broke over it,
with a cascade of white foam. Sometimes the
waves rose up mountain high on either side
as we dipped, with the occasional one com-
ing aboard. One day I started up on deck
just in time to have a wave break over the
boat and me, incidentally, giving me the
only bath I had while on board. I held on
and the sea poured on; it was much more
satisfactory than our weekly b<.l.th in a half
pin
of water provided by the stewards.

Then came the storm. One afternoon a
strong wind blew up and as the captain
watched the flaming yellow sun go down
he said, "This means a gale", and a gale it
proved to be. We settled down for a sleep-
less night. The wavès rose high above the
ship on either side. She dipped to the left
and the waves came over, then she dipped
to the right and received one from the other
side, and so the night passed. One of the
of ficers fell out of his bunk twice during
the night. The little vessel dipped and rolled,
staggered and shook herself free and then
the next wave came along. No matter how
bad the wave, she always bounded up again.
Boats are beautiful things and sailing
ships above all else. I am so glad that I
have had the privilege of spending some
\, eeks on one. It will be a memory that will
last me to my life's end.
-ANNE E. COPITHORNE

Editor's Note: Miss Copithorne, who is a
graduate of the school of nursing of the
Vancouver General Hospital. and in public
health nursing from the University of Bri-
tish Columbia, has returned to her post in
a Leprosarium in Portugue:;e West Africa
after an extended furlough in Canada.

Vitamin C Therapy for Hay Fever now Considered Useless

"About three years ago, the administration
of vitamin C was suggested for the treat-
ment of hay fever and other allergic condi-
tions," the J o1trllal of the American Medical
Association said. Generally this therapy has
bèen viewed with scepticism, but neverthe-
less some have given it fair trial. Most recent
of the reports is that of Sidney Friedlaender
and S. M. Feinberg, who found that hay

fever patients have a normal level of vita-
min C.
Although large doses of this vitamin pro-
duce saturation blood levels, they do not
change the course of hay fever or asthma
In view of this and previously published evi-
dence, vitamin C therapy for hay fever and
other allergic conditions may be considered
useless and wasteful.

Anti-Malaria Program in Greece

The Iélrgest air-borne anti-malaria pro-
gram yet launched in Europe will soon be
undertaken by UNRRA in Greece in co-
operation with the Greek Government. As
part of an all-out drive against the critical
increase of malaria in Greecf', UNRRA is
sending ten specially equipped planes to that

country to be used in spraying mosquito
breeding areas with DDT.
According to the UNRRA Chief Medical
Officer in Greece, Dr. J. Balfour Kirk,
there are some areas in the country where
100 per cent of the population is infected
with malaria fever. Data now available in-

Vol. 41. No. 10

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Our laboratory and technicians
are at your service and will check
with you regarding any parti-
cular prC?blems, without cost or
obligation.

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WINDSO' . WINNIPEG. IEGINA . CALGAI' . EDMONTON' VANCOUVEI . VICTO..A . ICI'.OWNA

..

OCTOBER, 1945

au

822

THE C.-\ 1\ .-\ D I .-\ 1\ N U R S E

Your home fest
Qn hringyou
S
T'EII.
,
smOOTttfR SKin
in just 14 dnys !

Q ll1fl}J/
;

o .

Oii.

Compare your complexion with your
shoulders. You'll find your shoulders
look 5 or more years younger. Why?
Because shoulder pores are kept clean
by your regular Palmolive Soap baths
-and so, able to breathe freely. But face
pores, clogged with dirt and make-up.
can't breathe freely and soon your com-
plexion loses its flexible softness and ages
before its time. That needn't happen
to your complexion. Palmolive offers
an easy way to keep it radiantly lovely.
You can look younger in 14 days!
o Wash your face 3 times a day with
0' Palmolive and each time, with a 0
o\....face-c/oth
assage Palmolive lather g

into your skin-for an extra 60-
seconds! This easy Palmolive
o Massage stimulates the cir-
S) :> 0 culation, clears the I;ores to

help your complexIOn re-
gain its flexible softness,

0 becomesofter,smoother -" (6 (I

in just 14 days! 0 0

OO
)f"^k2
;;
:^'

S"f
'î

.... PALMOL

::
ç
. ......:::
::.,:.: .: .'.....
> ':.",!:;;

.

" . ;:;: /it

dicate that 40 to 50 per cent of the country
will be infected during the season which lasts
from April through October. The present
numb
r of victims approaches the three mil-
lion mark. Prior to the war. the estimated
average number of cases in G;-eece was ap-
proximately fifty thousand per year.
Destruction of supplies and facilities by
the Nazis, disrupting anti-malaria services
during the war, is the direct cause of this
situation. Another factor contributing to the
spread of the disease is the general lack of
fOl
d. People suffering from malnutrition
fall easy \"ictim to the disease.
For the purpose of conducting the Greek
anti-malaria campaign, the country has been
responds to the drainage of one of the ten
di,'ided into ten regions. Each region cor-
ma.ior rivers in the country. An U:-.JRRA
plane will be assigned to each region. Of
the total of one million acres of malaria-
breeding territory in the country, approxi-
mately three-fourths, or 750,000 acres, wiU
be sp
ayed \\ ith DDT by plane. It will be
necessary to treat the remain;ng acreage by
standard methods because of the terrain or
other factors which make a'
rial treatment
impractical.
In spraying the swamps. the plane" will
fly only five to ten feet abo,'e the surface
and will conr 17 acres per minute. Each
plane will carry a load of 33 gallons of DDT
solution. The solution devdoped for the
purpose is 20 per cent DDT mi:-..ed with a
naphthalin solvent, and will kill both adult
mosC]uitos and lan'ae, It is turned into spray
by a special generator and .lischarged through
the motor exhaust. Sixty-five hundred gal-
lons of solution will he shipned to Greece
with the fi Sf füUl. planes: an an:Olnt suffi-
cient to cover approximately 100.000 acrec;
of mosquito-breeding s\\ am)> land. This
am{ll1l1t i" in addition to the .n,ooo pounds :1f
I ()() pl:r ccnt D DT and the t 20.000 pounds
of 10 per cent DDT which ha"e already
been shipped.
In addition to the planes ailrt other equip-
ment necessa,.y fo,' the treatment of malaria
swamps, UXRR:\, will aid health officials
in the work of spraying 750.:JOO hr)mes with
DDT. Cp to the present time, UXRR.-\. has
shipped to Greece 28.000.000 t<lblets of ata-
h, ine and 150 kilograms of {Iuinine. These
drugs are sufficient to provide treatment
ior approximately 2,500,000 malaria victims.

-L".VRR.-i Ne'ws.

Vol. 41, No. 10

R.C.A.M.C. Nursing Service

Lieut. Col. Ag1JU C. Neill, RRC., Ma-
tron-in-Chief, RC.A.
LC. Nursing Service
O,,"erseas, has returned from England to
become Matron-in-Chief of the X ursing Ser-
vice in Canada, replacing Col. Dorothy I.
MacRae, RRC., who is retiring from the
Service and is at present taking a course in
hospital administration at the
fcGin School
for Graduate Nurses.
Major (P 1M) Doroth)' Jf. Riche.f, RRC.
(Royal Victoria Hospital,
tontreal), has
been appointed llatron-in-Chief of the X urs-
ing Service Overseas and ha'ì been promoted
to the rank of Lieut. Col.

lajor (P/
I) .-l
"es J. Jfae/cod, R.RC.,
(Alberta University School of
ursing)
has retired from the Sen-ice and has been
appointed
fatron-in-Chief. Department of
Veterans Affairs.

Capt. Olatron) Dorothy M. Percy (To-
ronto General Hospital) has retired from
the Sen-ice and is now secretary of the
Health Division, United 'Velfare Chest.
Capt. (Matron) Ella G. Co<xy (Toronto
General Hospital) has been appointed Ma-
tron of Petawawa
Iilitary Hospital and has
been replaced on the hospital ship Lad)'
NelS01. by
fajor (P 1M) Sarah Miles
(Royal Victoria Hospital,
rontreal) who
recently returned from overseclS. Capt. (!\Ia-
tron) .Margaret Kellough (Toronto General
Hospital) has been posted as Matron of
Malton Convalescent HospitaL
The following ha\"e been a\\arded th

RR.C.:
fajor (P 1
1) D(lrir Kent (To-
ronto \Vestern Hospital); J[ ary' !If ills
(Vancouver General Hospit
1): J {'all .v cl-
son (Yictoria General Hospital, Hali fax ) ;
Elsie L. Riach (Regina General Hospital);
Capt. Ofatron) 1!ary R. JlacXcill (St.
]oseplÙ Hospital, Glace Bay); AICapt.
(
Iatron) Atala Cololl11lbe (St. Sacrement
Hospital, Quebec).
The following have been awarded the
A.RR.C.: Lieut. (X IS) F;'cda Bossy (Ro-
yal Yictoria Hospital, Montreal); r alcrie
Hora (Kingston General Ho
pital); Mary
Loggin (Cniversity of Alberta Hospital);
Hi/da I. !If orrill (A. ]. Hospital training
school, 1\ewburyport, Mass.); Dorothy E.
}.{-urphy (
Iontreal General Hospital):
De,Ûse A. Rasloul (X otre Dame Hospital.

[ontreal); Rub).' Rogers (Toronto General

OCTOBER. 1945

\lIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIfIlIlIIIIIIIIIIIlIIIIIIlIIIllV

VERACOlATE

.
The Hall-mark 01 Excellence I
WILLlAAfR,"W ARNER
,.. & eel.: LTD.
727 KING,ST. W.. TORON10

The treatment of biliary
affections generally re-
quires regulation of diet
and, for a time at least, ad-
justment of the mode of
living. The medicinal
treatment is adequately
supplied by Veraco-
late Tablets.

r

I :
.

In the prevention and
treatment of functional
disorders of the liver and
gall-bladder Veracolate sup-
plies the essential medication:
Bile salts, sodium glycocholate
and taurocholate, highly puri-
fied; a laxative for the relief of
constipation, and a small
dose of capsicum for its
carminative action and
intestinal tonic effect.

WARNER
UT...IISH(D 18
6

82

824

THE CANL\DIAN NURSE

Let's

Get Down to Cases!
(OF PEDICULOSIS)

There's only one sure way to kill head,
body or crab lice - that's through use
of CUPREX. You'll like CUPREX because
you can rely on it to destroyalnlost ;11-
stantl) not only the lice but their eggs or
"nits" as well. Nice to handle too -
easily applied - no unpleasant odour.
Ask your druggist.

'::p

\ '\. I'í:

y

\ \

CUPREX

A PRODUCT OF
MONTREAL

MERCK AND CO. LIMITED,

Hospital); Jeanette B. Rltsellel (Children's
HQspital, Winnipeg): Flor,
llce B. B aleom
(Toronto General Hospital).
The {ol'lowing have been mentioned in
Despatches: Capt. (Matron) Rita Ackhu.rst
(Royal Victoria Hospital,
Iontreal) ; Lieut.
(N /S) L. E. Bibby (Hotel Die\! Hospital,
Kingston) ; .11. F. Cascaden (Brandon Gen-

eral Hospital); Amle Halabuza (Grey
Kuns' Hospital, Regina); Jlary M. Mac-
DOllaliJ (Misericordia Hospital, Edmonton) ;
Madeline Taylor (Montreal General Hos-
pital); Velma G. Mac KCIl zie (Brockville
General Hsopital); Dorothy M. Knight
(Victoria Hospital, London, Ont.): Frances
J. Tomkins (Victoria Hospital, Winnipeg).

Ontario Public Health Nursing Service

Edith TlwlIlþSUII (Toronto General Hos-
þital and University of Toronto public
health course) has resigned her position
with the Kingston Board of Health.
Helen Ethcrinfltoll (St. Catharines Gen-

ral Hospital and University of Toronto
public health course) has resigned her posi-
tiøn with the Internation2!.1 Kiekel Company
at Cop
er Cliff to accept an appointment
with the B. C. Department of Health.
Helen Carþe1lter, B.S.,
1.P.H. (School
()f Nursing, University of Toronto diploma
course; Bachelor of ScieRce, Teachers Col-

lege, Columbia University; Master of Pub-
lic Health, Johns Hopkins University) has
been appointed supervisor of nurses, East
y urk H
alth Department.
Louise Grover (Toronto General Hospital
and Univ
rsity of Toronto public health
course) and Nora Kenny (Guelph Generalr
Red Cross fo accept an appointmet:1t with the
Markham Township Board of Health.
Isabelle Lucas (Grant Macdonald Training
School, Toronto, and McGill Un'iv
rsity)
has accepted a positron with the Kirkland-
Larder Lake Health Unit.

Vol. 41, No. 10

ONT.-\RIO PUBLIC HEALTH
URSI:\G SERVICE

A,,"e Jack (Hamilton Gcneral Hospital
and University of Toronto public health
course) and }',,< ora Kl'II11)' (C;uelph General
Hospital and Cniversity of Toronto public
health course), formerly nursing sisters with
the RC.AM.C, have joined the staff of the
\Velland-Crowland Health Unit.
Mary 1\1 ason (Toronto Gel 1 eral Hospital
and University of Toront:> public health
course) and Nora Kenll')' (Guelph Gcneral
RC.A
f.C, has accepted a position with the
K orthumberland and Durham Counties
Health Unit.
Irelle Martin (Hotel Dieu. Cornwall, and
:',[cGill University) and :V orma To n.k in
(Toronto \Vestern Hospital and University
of Toronto public health course) have ac-
cepted positions with the Stormont, Dundas
and Glengarry Health Unit.
Norah Ctf.,mingham. B.A.Sc. (Vancouver
General Hospital and University of B.c.)
has resigned from the St. Thomas Board ()f
Health to accept the position of senior nurse
with Haldimand County School Health Ser-
vice.

The following graduates of the public
health nursing course at the University of
Toronto have accepted appointments: Clad-".f
AylS'í.vorth (Toronto General Hospital) and
Gwen}.th Waller (Hamilton General Hospi-
tal) with the Northumberland and Durham
Health Unit; Hilda Vohman (Grace Hospi-
tal, Toronto) with the St. Catharines-Lin-
coin County Health Unit; J[argaret Coodl's
(Hamilton General Hospital) and Jean
Scrimgo.cur (Toronto General Hospital),
formerly nursing sister, RCAM.C., with
the St. Catha rines-Lincoln County Health
Unit; Mrs. Peter B. (Mc1Villiams) Reid
(Brantford General Hospital) with the Pic-
ton Board of Health.
The following graduates of the public
health nursing course at the University of
Western Ontario have accepted appiontments :
Ruth Burney (Victoria Hospital, London)
with Forest and Sarnia Township; Patricia
Bourke (St. Joseph's Hospital, London)
with the Kirkland-Larder Lake Health Unit;
Marguerite Langåon (Stratford General
Hospital) with the Northumberland and
Durham Health Unit; Janet Foister (Hos-
pital for Sick Children, Toronto) and
Dorothy Stolle (Brantford GcnC"ral Ho'Òpital)
with the Oxford County Health Cnit: El-
lell 1I (Jlland (Yictoria Hospital. London)
with York Township.

OCTOBER, 1945

S ì-
...)

...

Do,,6
1ectio"
P WITH
ODO-RO.OO

"I<<'d

!fj
l: ..,.

PROTECTS YOUR CLOTHING:
No unsightly perspiration stains.
PROTECTS YOU:
No disagreeable body odours.
AND LASTS TWICE AS LONG!

".!

:I

!:.J

/
þ// ? \):: -
-i}ø; &J
1. Wash underarms and
dry well. If necessary.
Shove after application,
not before

2. Apply Oda-Ra-Na free-
ly with patented non-drip
applicator. let dry
thoroughly.

:
-- tfI41
1

3. Rinse the underarms
well with dear water or
wipe off with a damp
cloth.

4. If these directions or_
followed. you and your
garments will be doubly
protected.

DEVElOPED BY A
MED\(Al MAN fOR
THE PROfESS\ON
. aration was de-
ThIS prep a medical man
veloped by . t ' lon on
P ersplra
to stop L'I P erform-
I ,?=;", h' hands Will e

'" . IS . cal operations.
In9 surg l
76 FASTIDIOUS Þ,p
ODO.RO.IJO

.

TYPES' i -'

Regular: 3 to 5 days' protection
Instant: Faster drying than
"RegulOi""-1 to 3
days' protection.
3 SIZES: 39c. 1 Sc., 6Sc

. tJP' ..f> Rc>. '"'<
Q
,\,"

S26

THE CANADIAN NURSE

McGill UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
The following courses are offered to graduate nurses:
A TWO-YEAR COURSE LEADING One-year certificate courses:
TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR .
OF NURSING. OPPORTUNITY IS TeachIng & Supervision in
PROVIDED FOR SPECIALIZATION Schools of Nursing.
IN FI ELD OF CH OICE. Public Health Nursing.
Administration in Schools of
Nursing.
Administration & Supervision
in Public Health Nursing.

SUPERVISION IN PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING

A twelve-month course of
correlated theory and practi.
ce in this special field will be
available to a selected group
of nurses who have had satis-
factory experience following
graduation.

Four-month courses:
Ward Teaching & Supervision
Administration & Supervision in
Public Health Nursing.

For information apply to:
School for Graduate Nurses,
lcGill University,
Iontreal 2

Relapsing Fever

The extensive epidemics' of typhus which
swept Xorth Africa during the war have
been followed by an epidemic of louse-borne
relapsing fever. This is stated by Dr. G.
Stuart, Chief of the Epidemic Control Sec-
tion of the UNRRA European Regional Of-
fice, UNRRA Epidemiological Information
Bulletin No. 11. More than forty thousand
cases were reported up to
[arch, 1945, main-
ly in Tunisia, but in recent months the out-
break has spread also to Algeria and Moroc-
co.
After World \Var I, Eastern Europe suf-
fered from extensive epidemics of relapsing
fever, and some twenty years ago this disease

decimated the population of the semi-arid
country south of the North African desert
belt. Lately, there have been small outbreaks
in southern France and in Rumania, but, 80
far, there has been no major epidemic In
Europe.
Several hundreds of typhus cases have been
found among the displaced persons returned
from Germany to their native countries.
Cholera appears to be more widespread
than usual in China, India and French Indo-
China. By the end of June there were eight
thousand cases in Chungking. Since 1921,
cholera has remained confined to Asia, and,
so far, no Case has appeared west of Bombay,

Epidemic Diseases in China

Detailed information regarding the pre-
valence of epidemic diseases in China be-
came availab!e recently for the first time in
histüry. In spite of immense difficulties aris-

)ng from the war, the Chinese Health Ad-
ministration increased the number of hsicR
(county) health centres irom 2
O in 1937
to 895 in 1943, thus covering 66 per cent

Vol. 41, No. lQ

EPIDE:\lIC DISEASES I.:\ CHII\A

827

p
'

01

can be used and recolDIDended
whenever mild laxative and gastric
antacid action are indicated as in
colds, peptic ulcer, hyperacidity, etc.
'DfUage/
As a gentle laxatÏl'e-
2 to 4 tablespoonfuls
As aD antacid-
1 to 4 teaspoonfuls or 1 to 4 tablets

fj ,. ,--"-
"r"'.--.'" ......
t." }
, - V

i
,d
r
I

-
i
! ;

oJ ..un'l: ,
PH ILLI PS i1
oJ. of MAGNtS4! I
"I-\

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P
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\1.J( OF
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If'''I<1I1
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PREP-\RED

PIIILLIPS

?ltit
01 ?1ta9He4ia
Ol'iL1 BY

THE CHAS. H. PHILLIPS CO. DIYISION
of Sterling Drug Inc.
1019 ELLIOTT STREET W. 'n
DSOR.Oì\TAIUO

of tht. h:-;iens in unoccupied China. . \lthough
returns irom these health centres represent
only a fraction of the cast's of epidemic
di
cd
e
occurring in China, these data suf-
fice to show tlw trend and geographical dis-
tribnt1r)]1 of the major diseases.
According to Dr. J. H. Fan, technical
exp<:r-I. at the '\ational Heal
h Administra-
tion of China, bubonic plague has spread
inland during the war from the coast provin-
ces, where the incidence is greatest, but the
provinces around Chungking have not so far
been reached. There is another plague cen-
tre in Yunnan, which includes localities on
the Burma Road, :md one in the north-
we
tern provinces. The spread of plague-
inf
cted rats \\ as facilitated by primitive
methods of transportation (,t rice resorted
to en account of Japanese occupation of ports
and railroads. There is some evidence that
plague-infected fleas may, on two occasions,
have heen spread by J apane5e planes, but it
seems that this atleged attempt of bacterial
warfare nas been only experimental. At any
rak it has had little importaace in compari-
son '" ith the general spread of the disease.
l!nder present conditions t:holera is per-
haps the most feared epidemic disease .11-

OCTOBER. 1945

though in the long run bacillary dysentef)
causes more deaths and is sai
i to kitl more
people in China than any other single di-
sease except tuberculosis. Cholera was wide-
spread ili 1939 and 1942, and is now once
more :-avaging the inland provinces, includ-
ing the province of Szechwan in which
Chungking is located. Like dysentery, chol-
era is mcst prevalent in southern China.
ChiJ
a has also experienced a marked in-
crease of louse-borne typhus and relapsing
fever during tbe war. These diseases are
most prevalent in northern China, but the
incidence is high also in the southern prov-
inces of Yunnan and KwicllO\\' where ftea-
bome typhus also is common. The incidence
.)f relapsing fever has increased steadily
during the last five years and is now great-
er than that of typhus. Typhoid fever and
smallpox are of common occurrence, hut
their incidence is apparently not equal to that
of dy"entery and cholera.
A trem.'ndous task of combatting epidemic
disl.ase in China lies ahead, now the war is
over, but the rapid extensif'n of Chinese
preventive action under most trying condi-
tions a ugnrs wetl for the future.
-UNRRA NC1.t's.

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Weston, Ontario
T H R E E MONTHS POST-
GRADUATE COURSE IN THE
N U R SIN G CARE, PRE-
VENTION AND CONTROL
OF TUBERCULOSIS

is off
red to Registered Nu1t3es.
This includes organized theoretical
instruction and supervised clinical
experience in all departments.
Salary - $80 per month with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Positions available at conclusion of
course.

For further particulars aPPly to:
Superintendent of Nurse8, Toronto
Hospital, Weston, Ontario.

TH E VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
staff nurses in various parts of
Canada.

Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.

Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:

Miss Elizabeth Smellie

Chief Superintendent
114 Wellington Streett
Otta,wa.

.z8

"Nurses on the Home Front"

An exceedingly interesting sketch drama-
tizing tht: close co-operation which is -pos-
sible hetween the nurses in industry, in hos-
pital, and those doing the visiting in the
homes was written by Sister Marg-aret
Mooney, R.H., R.N. Sponsored hy the
Cornwall Chapter of the Registered !\ urses
Association of Ontario this playlet arou.;ed
considerable interest.

The story centres around the prohlems
which arose in a family when the father
received very severe burns in a war-plant
necessitating hospitalization. How the wi fe
and children were assisted in their adj ust-
ments to this situation, how their morale was
boosted by the visits of the nurse is de-
picted \\.ith a sure and humorous touch.
Sister
Iooney's sketch would provide en-
tertainment for other chapters. ". rite to
her at Hotel Dieu Hospital, Cornwall, if
you would like to produce this little play.

Book Reviews

Introduction to Public Health, by HatTy
S. Mustard, M.D. 259 pages. Published
by The Macmillan Co. of Canada Ltd.,
70 Bond St., Toronto 2. 2nd Ed. 194
.
Price $3.50.

Rev;c'i.('cd b).' Kate ][. MeI/raitll, Dis-
h.iet SUþerintendcnt, Ottawa Branch, Vic-
torian Order of Nurses for Callado.
"Introduction to Public Health" is a
book which might well be used, not only
as a reference for public health nurses,
but as a textbook for student nurses in
the training school. It should prove in-
valuable to integrate the social health
aspects of nursing in the basic course.
The author deals with the various
subjects-obstetrics, pediatrics, com-
municable dise&ses, tuberculosis-to men-
tion a few, and at the end of the chap-
ters dealing with each subject he sum-
marizes and lists the pu blic health
s.
peets. Thus, in the student's course, she

Vol. 41, No. 10

BOO K REV I E \V S

could learn to see beyonrl the care of
the patient in the hospital to the com-
munity outside and to realize the impor-
tance of preventive, as weB as curative
nursing and the part that
he might play
in bringing about a realization of the im-
portance of health. It would help her
to see the hospital as just one of several
community agencies working for the
welfare of the patient, rather than as
an isolated and complete unit.
Today instructors are seizing every
opportunity to emphasize the preventive
health and social aspects of nursing
from the time the student entel'S the
school of nursing until the completion of
her !1ursing program, and the regular
and constant use of this book should
prove of inestimable value.

The :\Iarch of
Iedicine in Western On-
tario, by Edwin Seaborn, M.D., F.A.
C.S., Ll.D. 378 pages. Published by
The Ryerson Press, 299 Queen St., 'V.,
Toronto 2 B. 1st Ed. 1944. Illustrated.
Price $6.00.
For those who are interested in the
life histories of the men who formed the
vanguard of the medical profession, par-
ticularly in Western Ontario during the
nineteenth century, this book presents
a very wide range of biographical out-
lines. There is much human interest in
the rambling accounts of the early me-
dical pioneers. At times, the "march"
becomes wearisome through over-em-
phasis on irrelevant data regarding who
was married to whom, the lists of their
progeny and similar non-{>ssential infor-
mation. As a source of this type of vital
statistics, the book will òoubtless hold
interest for those who are more familiar
with that geographical area. The tedium
is relieved, however, by the descriptions
of the difficulties under which this
intrepid group worked, of the struggles
they had to bring medical care to those
in need, by the picture of primitive con-
ditions unòer which they performed oper-
ations. Quite an insight may be gained
into the catastrophe of ("holera epid(-
mies. Excellent line drawings of many
of the personag'es adds greatly to the
interest.

OCTOBER. 1945

829

)

Black
$lJJ&inrþL
iJlaArL
lJJ 9RL?

/

in - train-
Nurses - must wear
ing, who stocking
black, hav
oO. The
troubles . is An-
ideal solut!Ores. Dye.
Fabric: Tin stockings
Dye anY 't's ,uick,
BLACK d Àn_Fabric
easY \ A.n uaranteed \
TinteJt 1
S Tin t e Jt

r

:
;

1\
teX

..-

=-

F A S T
D YES AND TIN T S

UNIVERSITY OF
MANITOBA

Post Graduate Courses for
Nur.e.

The Wlowing one-year certificate
courses ore offered in:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. TEACHING AND SUPERVISION IN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING
3. ADMINISTRATION IN SCHOOLS
OF NURSING

For '''formation applJl to:

Director
School o' Nurling Educotfon
University o' Monftobo
Winnipeg, Mon.

830

THE CANADIAK NURSE

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL
SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL
COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1, A four-months course in ObstetrIc-
al Nuralng.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
loilcal Nursing.

FDf jU1lJur information aPPly to:
MI.. Caroline Barrett, R.N., Su-
pervisor of the Women's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal.
P. Q.
01
Mlaa F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
Hoapltal, Montreal,P. Q.

REGISTERED NURSES'
ASSOCIATION
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Placement Service

Information regr/rding posi-
tions for Registered Nurses in
the Province of British Colum-
bia may be obtained by writing
to:

Elizabeth Braund, R.N., Director
Placement Service
1001 Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
I. C.

The Psychology of Insanity, by Bernard
Hart, .M.D., F.R.C.P. (Lon.). 172 pages.
Published by the Cambridge University
Press, England.
First published in 1912, this admirable
analysis of the psychological factors in-
herent in insanity remains an absorbing
book. The fourth edition presents no ma-
terial alterations in the original text in-
dicating the precision and clarity with
which Dr. Hart originally surveyed this
engrossing subject. With numerous illus-
trative examples he proceeds with the
elucidation of the individual symptoms
which are presented, showing the rela.
tionship of each to the total picture of
the disturbed mind. He uses the scientific
approach in proving that a vast propor-
tion of the cases which crowd our men-
tal hospitals result from a conflict be-
tween the great primary instincts and
the standards and mores Ihe "herd in-
stinct" decrees. Nurses will find the ma-
terial clear and direct, a ready means of
interpreting the queer foibles of which
we are all guilty at one time or another,
and an aid in understanding some of the
eccentricities of their patients.

NEW S

NOTES

ALBERTA

RED DIiH!R:

The following officers were recently
elected by District 6, A.A. R.i\.: chairman,

Irs. Bernice Legge; vice-chairman, Betty
:\Ianning; secretary-treasurer, Martha Smith.
At a recent meeting, with about twenty
present, the members heard an interesting
talg by Dr. G. R. Hancock on "Penicillin
and its Use". The associatian decided to in-
vest in a $50 Victory Bond. At a later gath-
ering in the summer Betty Manning reported
on the meetings she had attended in Edmon-
ton to discuss a N' urses Placement Bureau.
:Martha Smith was appointed as the district
representative to the Labour Relations Com-
mittee for the province and Miss Manninr
as representative to the Provincial Place-
ment Bureau.

Vol. 41, No. 10

... "

831
When
first
Real
Meals
..
Upset
Baby

K E ,,
s K 0 T E S

ONT ARlO
Editor's Note: District officers of the
Registered Nurses Asso
iation may .ob-
tain information regardmg t.he publIca-
tion of news items by writing to the
Provincial Convener of Publications,
Miss Gena Bamforth, 54 The Oaks, Bain
Ave., Toronto 6.

DISTRICT 1

A r(:gular meeting of District 1, R.N.A.O.,
wa'S recently held at the Sarnia General Hos-
pital, with the chairman, May Jones, presid-
ing. The guest speaker, Dr. J. Roberts, Sar-
nia, gave a mos! interesti
? address on
"Modern Trends In Surgery.
The highlight of the business meeting
was the appointment of a committee to
study the standardization of nursing proce-
dures in the District, with Rahno Beam-
ish as chairman. Representatives from Cha-
tham London and Windsor will be chosen
to se
Ye on this committee. May Jones gave
a report of the R.N.A.O. annual meeting.
Reports f rom the various sections were also
read and adopted.
The following officers were elected due
to resignations: secretary-treasurer, Laura
Johnston, Memorial Hospital, St. Thomas;
Windsor councillor, Mabel Sharpe, Essex
County Sanatorium.

DISTRICT 6

The semi-annual meeting of District 6,
R.
.A.O., took place recently at the On-
tario Hospital, Cobourg, with the chairman,
Mrs. E. Brackenridge, presiding. Interest-
ing reports from chapters, sections, and
committees were given. The chapters, report-
ing on monthly meetings, social activities,
and the memorial service for nurses, showed
increased interest. Of special interest in the
hospital and school of nursing report was the
appointment of a part-time social director
for the recreational activities of the student
nurse-s at the Kicholls Hospital; the erection
of a nurses residence at St. Joseph's Hos-
pital, Peterborough; post-graduate courses
for the instructor, operating room and ob-
stetric-al supervisors of the Ross Memorial
Hospital, Lindsay.
Fifty members and guests were entertained
at a banquet. Miss Polson, chairman of
Chapter B (Cobourg and Port Hope) wel-
comed nurses and guests in the evening
when they were privileged to hear Dr. A. R.
Montgomery, director of hospital services,
,peak on "Psychiatry in Relation to Nurse
Education". Interesting points were ex-
pressed by the speaker to an audience of
about two hundred and fifty.
OCTOBER, 1945

About 76 per cent of babies are allergic to
one food or another say authorities. Which
agrees and which does not can only be de-
termined by method of trial. In case such
allergic symptoms as skin rash, colic, gas,
diarrhea, etc. develop, Baby's Own Tablets
will be found most effective in quickly fr
e-
ing baby's delicate digestive tract of irrita-
ting accumulations and wastes. These time-
proven tablet triturates are gentl
_ war-
ranted free from' narcotics - and over 40
years of use have established thpir depend-
ahility for minor up!'ets of babyhood.

BABV:S OWN Tablets

MEDICAL NURSING

By Edgar Hull and Cecilia M. Perrodin.

A new edition of an outstanding text
book. The most important change is th

placing of greater empha!'õis on the p
'in-
ciples which determine good nursing pra
.
tices in the care of medical disease3. 16

illustrations. 641 page::;. $4.40.

THE NURSE AND THE LAW

By Gene Harrison. From this book the
nurse may get a working knowledge of
law sufficient for her own and her pa-
tient'::; welfare. Written by a registered
nurse in collaboration with a lawyer, it con.
tains information on the most urgent
points with which the nurse "lIould be
familiar. 353 pages. $3.75.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

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URSE

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From Cõo.t to Coast.

DISTRICT í

u

Dorothy Riddell, Inspector of Training"
Schools for )J urses, met recently in a con-
ference with the training school of ficials
and supervisors of the Ontario Hospital,
Kingson, to discuss the curriculum for the
proposed affiliation in psychiatry for the
student nurses from the general hospitals
in Eastern Ontario.
The following day the superintendents of
nurses from these hospitals, with
fiss Rid-
dell, Dr. J. S. Stewart, medical superin-
tendent, E. G. Smith, superintendent of nur-
se
and instructresses from the school of
nursing, discussed more fully the plans for
this affiliation. Dr. C. H.
1cCuaig, professor
of psychiatry, Queen's University and 'lS-
sistant superintendent of the Ontario Hos-
pital, was also present to of fer advice.
The course will consist of psychiatry. 12
hrs., mental hygiene - general and child-
hood, 15 hrs., psychiatric nursing, 15 hrs.:
hydrotherapy, 4 hrs., occupational therapy-
theory and laboratory, 9 hr,., neurophysiol-
ogy and endocrinology, 10 hrs. Bedside din-
ics, ward clinics, morning circles and semin-
ars will he conducted during the course.

SASKATCHEWAN

MOOSE JAW CHAPTER:

Rev. Sr. 11.
fodesta, Providence Hospi-
tal, and S. Hagan, General Hospital. have
recently completed their courses in teaching
and supocvision at McGill University. C.
Lennie and J. Cowan have completed cour-
ses in teaching and supervision at the Cni-
versity of Manitoba. ]. Heighton and J.
Purdy are planning to study public health at
the same university this coming year. A.
Skaftfeld has returned from the Universitv
of Toronto where she took
he teaching and
supervision course. K. Jamieson is with the
Department of Public Health in chan
'e of
the new V.D. clinic at the Moose Jaw Gen-
eral Hospital.

HUMBOLT:

The seventh annual reunion of
he St.
Elizabeth's Hospital Alumnae Association
was recently held when the register was
signed by twenty-one graduates ranging
from 1926 to 1945. Among those returning
for the reunion was :\ /S Caroline Dauk who
reccntly arrived from overseas after seeing
service in England. France. Belgium. Hol-
land and Germany. The enjoyable reunion
\Va:, brought to a close with a wiener roast
I and sing-song.

Vol. 41, No. 10

E \V S 1\ 0 T E S

833

-........

CONTACT

D I R ECT
FOR
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Medicated vapors impinlte directly and for
extended periods upon diseased respiratory
surfaces. Thi. i. the method of Vapo-CrellÐ-
lene. Throat Irritability i. quickly .oothed.
coulthing and nasal conltestion subsides. U.ed
to alleviate whooping coulth paroxy.ms. also
for ..cold.... bronchial asthma and bronchitl..
Send for Nurses' literature. Dept. 6. The
Vapo-Cresolene Co.. 504 St. Lawrence Blvd..
Montreal. Canada.

,

/"

,

....;....

""
.. ,

J

\

/

I , ._

. .

USE .,
J
J
}
,
"', (
_
_

.
(f};
> Don't Buy Substitutes

- You can better afford to buy the best

:

-

--

There is no substitute for mouth cleanliness

SA
KATOON :

City Hospital:

I. Ballard has been appvinted assistant
din
ctor of nursing. Miss Ballard served
with the R.C.A.
LC. for two years in Canada
and for twenty-two months 'in Italy, Sicily,
Belgium and Holland.
The following members of the nursing
!-taff of the City Hospital are leaving to
take post-graduate courses: )'L Jarvis, who
has been assistant director of nursing, ad-
ministration in schools of nursing, McGill
Vniversity; \V. Routledge ar.d G. Laing.
teaching and supervision, Cni,'ersity of
B.c.; F. Odegard. operating 1"00111 techniQuc,
Yancouver General Hospital.
St. Paul's Hospital:

Martha Samletzki, who has been with the
Public Health Department as district nurse
at Herbert, left recently for the University
of St. Louis. This university grants a num-

r of fellowships each year to promising
graduates who wish to take ddvanced work
in teaching aNd supervision or vublic health.-
}"Iiss Samletzki ha<; heen chosen by hel- school I
of nursing as worthy of this opportunity.
OCTOBER. 1945

REGISTRATION OF NURSES
Province of Ontario

.

EXAM IN A TION
ANNOUNCEMENT

.

An examination for the Registra-
tion of Nurse" in the Province of
Ontario will be held on November
21, 22, and 23.

Application form3, information
regarding subjects of examination
and general information relating
thereto, may be Ì1aci upon written
application to:

EDITH R. DICK. Reg.
.

Parliament Buildings.

Toronto 2

WANTED

VancoU\"er General Hospital desires applications from Registered Nurses
for General Duty. State in first letter date of graduation, experience, refer-
ences, etc., and when services would be available.
Eight-hour day and six-day week. Salary: $95 per month living out, plus
$19.92 Cost of Living Bonus, plus laundry. One and one-half days sick leave
per month accumulative with pay. One month vacation each year with pay.
Investigation should be made with regard to registration in British Columbia.

Vote: Temporary accommodation at the Hospital can be provided for a few
weeks. Apply to:
!\fiss E. M. Palliser, Director of Nurses, Vancouver General Hospital
Vancouver, B. C.

WANTED

General Duty Nurses, registered or graduates, are required for the Lady
Minto Hospital. The salary is $90 and $80 per month, with full maintenance.
Apply, stating full particulars of qualifications, to:
Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, Onto

WANTED

Applications are invited for the positions of a qualified X-Ray Technician
and a Dietitian. Apply, .stating qualifications and salary expected, to:
Sister Superior, Holy Family Hospital, Prince Albert, Sask.

WANTED

Applications are invit2d for the position of Superintendent flf Vurses in an
80-bed hospital in Southern Ontario. Apply in care of:
Box 8, The Canadian Nurse, 522 Medical
\rts Bldg., Montn'al 25. P. Q. .

WANTED

A Dietitian and a Supenisor for a Tuberculosis Annex are required im-
mediately for the Hi
hland View Hospital, Amherst. Apply, stating qualifica-
tions, to:
Business Manager. Highland View Hospital. Amherst. N. S.

WANTED

Applications are invited for the position of a qualified Operating Room
Supervi<-.or. Salary, $105 per month. An experienced X-Ray Technician is also
required. Apply, stating qualifications, age, religion, etc., to:
Superintendent, Glace Hal General Hospital, Glace Bay, N. S.

WANTED
A qualified Instructre""s is required immediatel
for the Porta
e la Prairie
General Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected,
to:
Superin
er.dent, p(Jrta
e la Prairie General Hospital, Portage la Prair
e, Man.

8J4

Vol. 41, No. 10

WANTED
Applications are invited immediately for Staff positions with the Depart-
ment of Public Health & \Velfare, Halifax. Salary: Registered Nurses with
public health course, $1500-$1800; Registered Nurses without public health
course, $1320-$1440. Uniforms, cost of living bonus, etc. provided. Apply,
stating qualifications, age, etc., to:
Supen-isor of .Kurses, Department of Public Health & 'Velfare, c '0 DalhQusie
Clinic Bldg., Halifax, N. S.

WANTED

A class room Instructress for a 120-bed hospital. Apply stating qualifi-
cations, experience and salary expected to:
The Superintendent, Stratford General Hospital, Stratford, Onto

WANTED

A qualified \ssistant Instructress is required immediately for a 135-bed
hospital. Apply, stating Qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of I\urses, Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, B. C.

WANTED

Two Supervisors, with experience in Tuberculo:sis work, are required for
the
ova Scotia Sanatorium. Kentville,
. S. Apply, stating particulars and
qualifiea tions, to:
Nova Scotia Civil Service Commission, Box 943, Halifax, X. S.

WANTED

A qualified Instructress is required immediatel}" for the Sherbrooke Hos-
pital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected, to:
Superintendent of Xurses, Sherbrooke Hospital, Sherbrooke, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Xurses are required for f.. 350-bed Tuberculosis Hospital.
Forty-eIght and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary is $100.
p
r month, 'with full maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Experience un-
nec-es
ar}. AIJply, stating age, etc., to:

Iiss
1. L. Buchanan. Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. A
alhe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED

T\\ 0 Registered Xurses are required for General Dut).. The salary is
$100 p
r month, plus maintenance. Apply to:
Lad}" :\linto Hospital, Chapleau. Onto

OCTOBER. 1945

eJJ

Official Directory
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1411 Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q.
PrMldent ....................____ Miss Fanny Munroe. Royal Victoria Hospital. Montreal 2, P. Q.
Pa.t Preaident ..........____ Miss Marion Lindebur
h. 8466 University Street, Montreal 2, P. Q.
Fi...t Vice-Pre.ident .........__ Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Cal
ary, Alta.
tsec:ond Vice-President ...._.... Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Oat.
Honourary Secretary .........._Miss Evelyn Mallory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. 0.
HonoDrary Treanrer ........._Miss Marjorie Jenkins, Children'. Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
NumeraL. .ndieate office held: (1) Pre.ident, Provincial Nurse. Allociation;
(I) CAa.nnan, Hospital and B.:Aool of Nur
"fl Secticm; (8) Chairman, Public
HealtA Secticm; (6) Chairman, General Nur
nø Section.

"'IberIa: (I) Miss B. A. Beattie, Provincial Mental
Hospital, Ponoka: (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-
gen, Calgary General Hospital; (3) Mrs. R.
Sellhorn, V .O.N.. Edmonton; (4.) Miss N.
Sewallis, 1I018-108th St., Edmonton.

Briti.h Columbia:(I) Miss E. Mallory. 1088 W.
loth Ave., Vancouver; (2) Miss E. Nelson,
Vancouver Geneml Hospital; (3) Miss T.
Hunter. 4238 W. lIth Ave., Vancouver; (4)

fiss E. OUerbine, 133-i Nicola St., Ste. :I,
Yancouver.

Manitoba: (I) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Winnipeg
General Hospital; (I) Miss B. Seeman, Win.
nlpeg General Hospital; (3) Miss H. Miller,
723 Jessie Ave.. Winnipeg: (6) Miss J. Gor-
don. 3 Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brumwick: (I) Miss 1\1. Myers. Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Murdoch.
Saint John General Hospital: (3) Miss M.
Hunter. Dept. of Health, Fredericton; (4.)
Mrs. M. O'Neal. 170 Douglas Ave.. Saint John.

Nova Scotia: (I) Miss R. MacDonald. City of
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gemrd,
Halifax Infirmary: (3) Miss M. Ross, V.O.N..
Pictou; (4) Miss M. MacPhail. 29 St. Peter's
Rd.. Sydney.

Ontltrio: (I) Miss Jean I. Masten, Hð
ltal roo
Sick Children. Toronto: (2) Miss B. McPhe-
dran, Toronto Western Hospital; (3) Miss M.C.
Livingston IU WellilJ!:'ton St., OttawR; (4)

liss K. Layton, 3U Sherbourne St., Toronto
2.
Prince Edward Island: (I) Miss D. Cox, 101
Weymoulh St., Charlottetown; (2) Sr. M.
Irene, Charlottetown Hospital; (3) Miss S.
Newson, Junior Red Cross. Charlottetown; (4.)
Miss M. Lannigan. Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: Miss E. Flanagan, 3801 Universit}" St.,

llIntreal 2; (2) Re\". Sr. Denisf' Lefeb
re.
Institut Marguerite d'YouviIle, 1185 St. Mat-
thews St.. Montreal 25; (3) Miss A. Gimrd.
rEcole d'infinnières h}ogiénistes, Fniversity
of
rontreal. 2900 Mt. Royal Blvd., Montreal
21J: (-i) Miss E. Killins, 1280 Bishop St..

lontrE'al 25.
Saskatchewan: II) Mrs. D. Harrison, 1104. El-
!IoU St., Saskatoon; (2) Miss A. Ralph.
Moose Jaw General Hospital; (3) Miss E.
Smith, Dept. of Public Health, Parliament
Bldgs.. Re
lna: (4.) Mrs. V. M. McCrory, 4.01-
19th St. E.. Prince Albert.
Chairmen. National Section5: Ho!!pltal and
School of Nursing: Miss Martha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: MI.-
Helen McArthur, 218 Administration Dldg..
Edmonton, Alta. General Nursing: Miss
Pearl Brownell, 211 Balmoral St.. Winnipeg,
Man. Convener, Committee on Nur!!ln'f Educa.
t1on: MI!I!iI E. K. Russell, 7 Queen. Park.
Toronto. Onto

OFFICERS OF NATIONAL SECTIONS

Grnrral . Nurs;ng: . Chairman, Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St.. Winnipeg, Man. First Vice-
Chmrman, MIss Helen Jolly, 3234 College A ve., Re
ina, Sask. Second Vire-Chairman, Miss
Dorothy Pars
ns, 376 Geo.rge St.. Fredericton, N. B. SeC1.etary-Treasurer, Miss Margaret E.
'Varren. 64. NIagara St., Wmnipeg, Man.
Hosp;t.al and. School of Nu,:sing: Chairman, Miss Martha Batson. Montreal General Hospital. Fir.C
VI.ce-Chalrman, Rev. SIster Clermo
t, St. Bo niface Hospital, Man. Second Vice-Chairman,
MIss. G. Ba
forth. !J.I The Oaks, Bam Ave., Toronto, Onto Secretary, Miss Vera Graham Homoe

pathlc HospItal Montreal.
Public 1-!ralth: r:hairn
an, Miss Helen McArthur, 218 Administration Bldg., Edmonton, Alt-a. Vice-
Chazrm..n..n, l\h
s Mlldr
d I. Walker, Institute or PuhlÍC' Health. London, Onto Secre-tary-'rrea.
uTer, MIss SheIla
lacKar. 218 Adllunistration Blc4t., Edmonton, Alta.
EXECUTIVE OFFlCEJf.S

Intrrnationlll Council of Nursrs: 18111 Broadway. New York City 23, U.S.A. Executive SecretaTJI,
Miss Anna Schwarzenberg.
Canadian Nursrs Association: 141I Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q. General Secretary, Miss Ger-
trude M. Hall. Assistant Secretaries, Miss Electa MacLennan, Miss Winnifred Cooke.
PRO VI NCIAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Alberta Ass'n of Registered Nuues: Miss Elizabeth B. Rogers, St. Stephen's College, Edmonton.
Registered Nursrs Ass'n of British Columbia: Miss Alice L. "'right, 10l4. Vancouver Block. Van-
couver.
Manitoba Ass'n of Registered Nuues: Miss Margaret :\1. Street, 212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg.
New Brunswick Ass'n of Registered Nursrs: :\fiss Alma F. Law, 29 Wellington Row, Saint John.
Registered Nurses Au'n of No"a Scotia: Miss JeaJl C. Dunning. 301 Barrington St.. Halifax.
'legistered Nurses Ass'n of Ontario: Miss Matilda E. Fitzgerald, Rm. 715. 86 Bloor St. 'V., Toronto :I.
Princr Edward Island Regi,tere4 Nursrs Ass'n: :\flss Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown.
Registered Nurses Ass'n of thr Pro"incr of Qurbrc:
liss E. Frances Upton, 1012 Medical Arts Bldg..
Montreal 25.
SlIfklllchewan Registered Nurses Ass'n: Mi!!s Kathleen W. Ellis, 10.& Saskatchewan Hall. Un1verslty of
Sa.<:katchewan, Saskatoon.

836

Vol. 41, No. 10

VOL U M E 41
NUMBER 11

NOVEMBER
1 9 4 5

"Comes the Call
of
W aters
Flowing"
- c. G. D. Robert,

NED AND
TJIF r:ANAnIAN

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THE
NADIAN
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PllBLISHED BY
NIIR
F
A

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NO.8: COY MRS. CADY

Mrs. Cady is a sweet, gentle soul who
never got over being a baby herself. So it's
not surprising that mother love makes her
talk like this:

In the hospital: "Wasn't it a sweetie stork
to bring me this cunnin' thing?" she in-
quires of her husband.

........

At home: "We've got itsy-bitsy pink speck-
les on our turn-turn," she wails over the
phone to her doctor.

Luckily, not all mothers talk like Mrs. C.
But because most do get aflutter over
minor skin irritations of babyhood, many
doctors suggest regular use of Johnson's
Baby Powder.

Pure, gentle Johnson's Baby Powder is
the choice of more doctors and nurses
than all other brands combined.

..os..

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1 :::-
BABY
POWDER
fo'-+<-

JOHNSON'S BABY POWDER

UGobd girll Now you're all set-
with double immunity
against Pertussis!"

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Ayerst Pertussis Vaccine with Pertussis Toxoid is the only vaccine
which provides both
I. immunity to H. pertussis organisms
2. immunity to the endotoxin produced by H. pertussis
organisms.

The immunity effected is thus not only antibacterial but also anti.
endotoxic-an important consideration since clinical studies have
indicated that the endotoxin of the pertussis organism plays an important
part in the ætiology of the disease.

æplfJl PERTUSSIS VACCINE WITH PERTUSSIS TOXOID

Also a"ailablt': Pertussis Antitoxin and Antibacterial Serum (Rabbit)
Combined-for passive immunization and treatment; Pertussis Toxin
for the Strean Test-to determine susceptibility.
Ayerst Pertussis Products are prepared and standardized under the supervision of
Professor E. G. D. Murray, Department of Bacte.iology aud Immuuity, .McGill Univer
ity.

AYERST, McKENNA & HARRISON LIMITED - Biological and Pharmaceutical eh_mists _ MONTREAL, CANADA
328

NOVEMBER, 1945

137

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Onaw., C.nad., .1 'Hond cl... matter.
Editor tmd B.uineu Mtmagn-:
MARGARET E. KERR. M.A.. R.N.. 522 Medical Arb BI..., Montreal 21. P.Q.

CONTEN"TS FOR
OYEl\1BER, 1945

UNITY, UNDERSTANDING AND CO-OPERATION
THE ADJUSTMENTS OF THE OLDER NURSE -
TICK AND INSECT BORNE DISEASES
INTERPRET A TION OF MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

- ]. I. Masten
S. R. Laycock
F. A. HumPhreys, D. V.Sc.
- AIrs. H. A. Paice

FROM CNE POST-WAR PERIOD TO ANOTHER IN CANADA AND I
DlA
THE STORY OF JOEY
INSTITUTE ON F Al\I1LY HEALTH COUNSELLING
RENAL CALCULI-
PREPARING MATERIAL F0R RADIO
TUBERCULOSIS AFFILIATION IN SASKATCHEWAN
NOTES FROM NATIONAL CFFICE
PROPOSED CHA!\GES IN THE PREPARATIOI'< FOR NURSING
INTERESTING PEOPLE
ST. PAUL'S GOES RECRUlTI!\.G
BOOKS REVIEWS
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
NEWS NOTES

- E. Buchanan
I. Nessel
I. Black
C. O'Hanley
]. 1I1ason
C. G. Crowe

A. Beechinor

857
859
863
866
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Subsaiption Rates:
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Address all communic.tions to 522 Medictd Arts Bldg., Montre.' 25. P. Q.

838

Vol. 41, No. 11

1

"

.fATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

*ONE OF A SERIES

E!J '
II =
'Ç' ;

,

The medicine chest brought to Vancouver
Island by Dr. He/mcleen on the "Norman
Morrison"

#ðu. / f: IIÆ

M.D., R.C.S., M.R.C.S. 1825 - 1920

TO John Sebastian Helmcken goes the undis-
puted honour of being the first white medical
pra'ctitioner in British Columbia. About 1865 he
was said to be "the leading physician from San
Francisco to the North Pole and from Asia to
the Red River".

Helmcken was born in London, England, in
1825. He served several years of a drug appren-
ticeship and then became a student at Guy's
Hospital. On completing the course he was
granted a diploma from the Royal College of
Surgeons, England; also a license from the
Apothecaries Society. During his first two years'
residence at Guy's Hospital he sawall of the
operations performed without an anaesthetic
and later was present the first time ether was
administered before surgery. For his brilliance
in his studies Helmcken received an appoint-
ment to the Hudson's Bay Company's ship
"Prince Rupert" on its voyage to York Factory
on Hudson's Bay, and return. The reward of a
further year of study was the degree M.R.C.S.
England.

In 1850 the ship "Norman Morrison" arrived
in Esquimalt Harbour bringing a number of

pioneer immigrants. Smallpox had broken out
during the voyage but so skilfully did the young
surgeon, John Sebastian Helmcken, treat his
patients that the epidemic was halted and few
casualties resulted. For his friendly, generous
and humorous nature Helmcken soon was be-
loved by all in the new colony. He distinguished
himself in his profession, both in his private
practice and as Coroner and Health Officer. He
was appointed first president of the British
Columbia Medical Association in 1885. At the
same meeting his son, Dr. James Douglas
Helmcken, was elected secretary-treasurer. He
was active in the provincial government, repre-
senting Esquimalt in the first House Assembly of
Vancouver Island. After Confederation he was
offered a Senatorship but declined, preferring
to continue his medical practice.

Helmcken Road in Victoria commemorates the
life of this pioneer physician-a life spent in
service to his fellow countrymen. The devotion
to his profession which Helmcken exemplified in-
spires this company to reaffirm faith in its policy
. Therapeutic Exactness . Pharmaceutical
Excellence.

ESTABLISHED 1856
\W fA II
II
liE II

& COM PANY LTD.

MANUFACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727-733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

NOVEMBER. 1945

839

Reader's Guide

Jean Isabel Masten, our guest editor
this month, has had an interesting
career. Years before she received her
nurse's training at the Hospital for Sick
Children in Toronto, she took a fifteen-
months course in massage and remedial
gymnastics at Guy's Hospital, London.
Following her graduation in nursing
Miss Masten served successively as di-
rector of physiotherapy and in various
departments in her own and the Toronto
General Hospital. In 1934-35 she took the
course in teaching and hospital adminis-
tration offered in London under the aus-
pices of the Florence Nightingale Inter-
national Foundation. Since 1939 she has
been superintendent of nurses at the
Hospital for Sick Children. As president
of the Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario Miss Masten guides the destinies
of the largest provincial nurses' associa-
tion in Canada with thoughtful gracious-
ness.

We have been honoured twice in one
year by receiving valuable articles from
the pen of Dr. S. R. Laycock, of the De-
partment of Education, University of
Saskatchewan. As well as being an ex-
ceedingly well-informed, versatile lectur-
er and radio speaker on the behaviour
problems and kindred aspects of mental
health, Dr. Laycock is a fluent writer.
His suggestions contained in the current
article should receive careful considera-
tion. Sooner or later each of us will be
in the category of "the older nurse".

Dr. F. A. Humphreys is a bacteriolo-
gist with the Laboratory of Hygiene
(Western Branch), Department of Na-
tional Health and Welfare, stationed at
Kamloops, B.C. This fine condensation of
his address given at the annual meet-
ing of the Kamloops-Okanagan District,
R.N.A.B.C., was prepared by Jean Phil-
lips.

140

1\1rs. H. Aline Paice is a nurse who haa
spent the greater part of her professional
career as a medical social worker. She
is director of this department at the
Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal.
Mrs. Paice seeks to interpret medical so-
cial work to nurses to bring about great-
er mutual understanding with greater
resultant servic,e to the patients.

Edith Buchanan has only recently re-
turned to her post in the school of l1urs-
ing administration, Lady Reading Health
School, Delhi, India, after spending a
year at the University of Toronto School
of Nursing. Her story of prewar life and
nursing conditions in India makes fas-
cinating reading. Next month we will
present the second part of her story -
the account of present-day problems in
nursing in an awakening India.

Isobel Black, B.Sc., is instructor in
public health nursing at the University
of Manitoba. Her interest in and famil-
iarity with family health counselling c.an
be traced back to her years of exper-
ience with the Victorian Order of Nurses
in various parts of Canada. Her review
of the excellent refresher course held in
Winnipeg contains many useful sugges-
tions for public health nurses.

Catherine O'Hanley is a private duty
nurse in Charlottetown, P.E.I.

Our cover pictures, both last month
and this, were taken by a skilled ama-
teur photographer, Ralph Higginson of
Montreal. Though we only need twelve
pictures a year, it is surprisingly diffi-
cult to secure suitable prints. Interest-
ing shots of nursing procedures are al-
ways welcomed. What have you to offer?

Vol. 41, No. 11

-

\

þ

-----

,

One of the safest-probably the safest-of all
analgesics is Aspirin. Proven safe by over forty

seven years' use, by millions of people in all walks
of life, Aspirin enjoys an unique place in the field
of pain alleviation. Aspirin, in therapeutic dosage,
is known to be one of the least toxic of all analgesic
drugs 'even when used over long periods of time.

ASPIRIN

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NOVEMBER, 194'

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IN THE DA;
S WHEN barbers acted as
surgeons also, they suspended a stuffed
animal over the patient who was being
operated on. Its purpose was to keep
away evil spirits. The animal was
usually a stuffed alligator.

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY
HAMILTON, ONTARIO

Now available on request-
II THE CANNED FOOD
REFERENCE MANUAL"

..::.::-. -
"-

- a handy source of
valuable dietary in-
formation. Please
fill in and mail the
attached coupon
now.

842

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TO-DAY, a not-so-dead fallacy is this:
Freezing makes canned foods unwhole-
some. Not true, as you know. The
form and appearance of some foods are
changed by freezing bu t they remain
just as nutritious as ever.

\G&
C@

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY LTD.
VANCOUVER. B. C.

'\

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY
Medical ArtB Building, Hamilton, Onto
PleaBe Bend mc the new Canadian
edition of "THE CANNED FOOD
REFERENCE MANUAL," which iB
free.

Name......... .. .... ...............

ProfeBBional Title.......... .... .. ...

AddreBB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Province. . . . . .. . .

'--------------...

Vol. 41, No. 11

ARE YOU EVER ASHAMED OF YOUR
HANDS?

f<

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"..,.,.

r;;

$ot
E
BOWS ,I
and \ '\ !are enough for both hands. Get a
e e s \\
bottle ofTRUSHAY today...
K N

'- ---
and suggest it to your
.:..:' , . convalescent patients. Used
" daily, TRUSHAY keeps t: .
._ patients interested in their
appearance. . . boosts their morale.

TRUSHA Y softens
rough elbows and
knees and is an
lle nt all-over
exce

body-rub.

NOVEMBER, 1945

""

'HANDS ARE
ROBBED...
of natural lubricant
(sebum) by.constant
immersion m water.
'fRUSHA Y, applied. befo

le
h . f orms an mVISI
was mg. t
h' h helps protec
film w IC . h drying effect
hands agams t t e
of harsh cleansers.

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"

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,.
,. ....
..

,

TRY THIS
SCIENTIFIC TEST

Apply TRUSHA Y to one hand; nothing
to the other. Then go about your soap
and water tasks - and observe the difference.
The unprotected hand is.apt to become
rough and unsightly. But, in most
cases. the TRUSHA Y-guarded hand
will remain soft and lovely as ever!

t;...
i;.

-,;.

JUST A FEW DROPS...

I
THE "BEFOREHAND" LOTlO

Bristol-Myers Company of
Canada, Ltd.
3035.NM St. Antoine St.,
Montreal, Canada

,..--.

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nn'SIUY
11It
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84)

VIOFORM

T. M. Reg'd.

INSERTS and INSUFFLATE

VIOFORM INSERTS and VIOFORM INSUFFLATE

(iodochlorhydroxy-quinoline with boric acid and lactic acid) are
offered to the medical profession as a time-saving, effective and
economical means for combating Trichomonas Vaginalis.

VIOFORM acts to eradicate this parasite, while other included
medicaments quickly restore the acidity and normal flora of the
vaginal vault.

VIOFORM INSUFFLATE, in-
tended for office use, is a spe-
ciaUy prepared powder which
is easii y administered in any
standard vaginal insufflator.

::.

....-,
f...",. Insu.flØtf

..........- -

VIOFORM INSERTS may be
given to patients for home use,
necessitating fewer office caUs.

-:. _":.!
......'....

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!Cof o ,.... ,,.,.lft ,.........
.

7::::=-

ISSUED:
INSERTS, Bottles of 15.
INSUFFLATE, Bottles of 1 oz.

fr

-=. H

rI01n la
l1I !Ptd.
MONTREAL. CANADA

844

Vol. 41 No. 11

íØf/'
;ltit
'tJtt"?
1}pe4Þ1:

I
te#Øt8/lfA

DECIDI
DI"Y-

fA

Only "flat expansion H , provided exclusively by
T.o\MPA\:, can assure "natw-al" comfort Because it so
closely conforms to the contour of the normal col-
lapsed vagina, many womeu are hardly 'lware of its
presence in SItu .

Designed b)' a physician to meet all the requirements
of modern rnenstruaÎ hygiene, rAMP<\.\.. affords protec-
tion unrivaled in comfort. safety, convenience and
external daintiness. Results of recent studies l . 2 . J con-
firm the efficacy of T,\MPAX in abolishing menstrual "-
odor... in pro" iding freeuom from the vulvar chafing
of perineal pads,.. and safety from irritation or from
blod- - 19 of the flO\" ... as weU as Ìr. permittin
a 'wider
rangt'o of Slct:vity during the period.

:7'

,r

)

1

T4.l\IPA(C is avaú1Jble in tht
SJzes: "Super". "Regu-
lar",'and "Jumor", WIth absorpti"e capacities of 45 cc.,

30.3 ce., aod 20 cc. respectively, tor selective choice ..
by discriminating women according to their needs. .' .
Professional samples gladly provided. The couP9 n fr\..J&: 9

_
bel"", ;s for your conven;ence. '=_
\
_
- -

TAM PAX

ACCEPTED FOR ADVERTISING

8'1' THE JOURNAL OF THE AMEIUCAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATfoN '

Ra:
ENCES: 1. West. J. Surg. & Gyn.,
51:150, April, 1943. 2. Clio. Med. &
Surg., 46:327, August, 1939. 3. Am.
J. Obst. & Gynec., 46:259, 1943.

r-' - - -- - - - - -.- - - - --

Canadian Tampax Corporation Limited,
Bra m
ton, Ontario.

Please send me a professional supply of the thee
absorbencies of Tampaxo

Name ....... 0... 0....0....0......................... 0 0 ........ ......_

A ddrell .. 0 0 0 0" 0 0.............. 0...... 0...... 0... 0..... 0..' 0 ......_

City.......................... ProvInce. .................. PI5-Z.

NOVEMBER 1945

NS

_A N TIS E PSI S

In Rare Conditions and

'The successful use of intrapleural
'lavage in a case of pyothorax and
'bronchial fistula was described by
'Gilmour in 1937. The chosen anti-
, septic was Dettol which was used first
, in a concentration of I in 20 and later
'at full strength. At the end of each
'washout 20 c.c. of pure Dettol was
, left in the pleural cavity. Some of this
'was coughed up via the fistula, and
, some swallowed with no ill effect. The
, treatment was continued for 7 weeks,
, at the end of \.,:hich the pleural space
, was obliterating, the fluid serous, and
'the patient's general condition very
'satisfactory. Recovery was uneve
t-
, fuI.'*

*Salltoll Gilmour. (I937) Tubercle, vol. I9. þ. I05.

A rare case - admittedly: yet
not without some bearing on
problems in everyday practice.
For what can reasonably be con-
cluded about the attributes of an
antiseptic that could be so used,
for so long, and with such a

Everyday Practice

result? Obviously it must have
been highly bactericidal; it
must have been non-toxic, eveB
at full strength and even OR
prolonged contact with the
pleura and the gastro-intestinal
mucous membrane; it must
also have been non-irritant and

non-corrosive, for otherwise it
would have increased the vul-
nerability of the tissues to the
infection and inhibited the
natural processes of healing.
And in fact the clinical ex-
perience of over 12 years, in all
the contingencies of practice
that call for rapid, effective and
safe antisepsis, has shown that
" Dettol" does combine, in
high measure, these fundamen-
tal attributes of an antiseptic
for general use in medicine.
surgery and obstetrics.

RECKIT r & COI.M \N (C \N \DA) LIMITED, PHARM \CEUTIC\L DIVISION. MO" ritE \L
H9
_

846

Vol. 41, No. 11

f

,

-

invisible -.
WAX protection for fabrics

DRAX

TRADEMARK REG. CANADA PAT. DFF.

;.
...

. cuts hospital laundering costs!
. makes uniforms last longer'

DRAX, made by the makers of
Johnson's Wax, gives washable
fabrics amazing, invisible protection with
wax! Each fiber of a DRAXed fabric is
surrounded by tiny particles of wax that
make it resist spotting and most stains. . .
make it shed water! Dirt doesn't get
ground in, so uniforms, bedspreads, cur-
tains Icst longer. They'll look better, too,
because they need not be washed as
often or as hard. DRAX will save on
replacement costs!
It's easy to use DRAX. No extra equip-
ment needed. Simply apply DRAX in your
final rinse just prior to extracting. By
DRAXing your wash you will actually cut
down on the running time of your wheel
and turn out more loads per day, per
wheel. DRAX will cut laundry supply and
labour costs, too . . . actually save you
money!

DRAX
ú fflade " eM
D/
'OHNSON'S WAX

(A name everyone knows)

s. C. JOHNSON & SON, Ltd.
Dept. C. N.ll
Brantford, Ontario

I'd like to try DRAX {laundry type). Please send me a
FREE sample plus literature and instructions.

Name

Hospital

Addreu

City

P rovince

NOVEMBER, 194'

847

GASTRI C EVACUATION SPEEDED WI TH
LI BBY'S HOMOGENI ZED* BABY FOODS

*Homogenization of Baby Foods is a Patented LIBBY Process
A fundamental principle in infant feeding is that the diet, in addition to
meeting all of the nutritional requirements, must place a minimum burden
on the infant's digestive system which is peculiarly adjusted to the hand.
ling of milk. Yet numerous investigators have pointed out that milk alone
is inadequate for optimum growth and health, while fruits and vegetables,
even when carefully strained, may injure the infant's delicately adjusted
digestive apparatus.
Libby's special Homogenization process, as applied to fruits, vegetables
and cereals, breaks up the food cells so that nutriment is immediately
exposed for contact with the digestive enzymes. Thus Homogenized foods
may be assimilated without overtaxing the infant's digestive system or
causing digestive upsets.
Experiments to determine the comparative burdens placed upon the gastro-
intestinal tract for the digestion of pureed or Homogenized vegetables show
that the normal time required for gastric evacuation of pureed vegetables
averaged 86% more than for Libby's Homogenized vegetables.
Details of these experiments and other re.
searches <<;)n infant feeding are available to
pediatricians and physicians. Bulletins giving
complete data may be secured on application
to Libby, McNeill & Libby of Canada Limited,
Chatham, Ontario.

\ BAQY FOODS'\

ONLY LIBBY'S BABY FOODS ARE HOMOGENIZED
7 BALANCED BABY FOOD COMBINATIONS

These combinations of Homogenized vegetables, cereal, soup and fruits
make it easy for the Doctor to prescribe a, variety of solid foods for
infants.

1. Peas, beets, asparagus.
2. Pumpkin, tomatoes, green beans.
3. Peas, carrots, spinach.
6. Soup--carrots, celery, tomato
,
chicken livers, barley, onions.
7. A meatless soup consisting of celery,
potatoes, peas, carrot., tomatoes,
soya flour and barley. Can be fed to
very young babies.

9. An nail green" vegetable combina-
tion-many doctors have asked for
this. Peas, spinach and green beam
are blended to give a very desirable
vegetable product.
10. Tomatoes, carrots and peas-th
e
give a new vegetable combination of
exceptionally good dietetic proper-
ties and flavour.
And in addition, Three Single Vegetable
Products especially Homogenized:

PEAS, SPINACH, CARROTS AND LIBBY'S
HOMOGENIZED EVAPORATED MILK

LIBBY, McNEILL AND LIBBY OF CANADA, LlMtTED
Chatham Ontario

BFM.'-4'

...1

Vol. 41, No. 11

CJh(
CANADIAN

NURSE

A MONTffLY JOURNAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

VOLUME 'ORTY-DNE

NOVEMBER 1945

NUMBER ELEVEN

Unity, Understanding and Co-operation

The strains of war have revealed
strengths and we.aknesses, which were
but imperfectly recognized, in organ-
ized nursing. This presents the profes-
sion with a challenge and an opportun-
ity in the immediate post-war years.
Our profession is young and we are yet
groping for a p
ttern of internal organ-
ization and of relationships. Much de-
pends on our wisdom .and our breadth
of vision as we decide the nursing trends
of the future.
During the past war years issues of
provincial, dominion and international
significance assumed greater urgency)
than ever before. This occurred at a
time when each member felt engulfed
by her own local responsibilities. F or-
tunately the Canadian Nurses Associa-
tion, with the assistance of the federal
government grant, was able to expand its
activities and has been of very great as-
sistance in meeting the military and
civilian responsibilities with which we,
as a profession, were confronted.

NOVEMBER. 1945

In the political sphere Dominion-
Provincial relationships constitute one of

.. It

c::. "

.

ø .Jt.
'I);ty (\1 v

JEAN 1. MASTEN

"7

858

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the most important problems of the day
for Canadians. It is very essential that
in the smaller sphere of nursing we es-
tablish these relationships upon firm
foundations. As in the political sphere,
each provincial registered nurses asso-
ciation has its own peculiar problems,
some of which depend on the political
set-up in the particular province, but
most assuredly each association should
look to the national association for over-
all guidance and for the most essential
co-ordination of all provincial nursing
'activities. Out of the Dominion-Provin-
cial conferences will doubtless come
principles and policies applicable to or-
ganizations such as our national and
provincial nursing associations.
One of the greatest problems of the
Registered Nurses Association of On-
tario is to reach every nurse in our large
province, gain her interest and support
and keep her informed of nursing af-
fairs. The war has shown us that, even

in an age providing rapid and reliable
air mail facilities, the real decisions were
all made during personal conferences.
Our immediate intention is to have a
member of the provincial office staff go
to the ten districts of the province, with
time for contacts wider than can be ob-
tained in formal meetings. It will be her
aim to discover how the association can
best serve its members and to dissemin-
ate fuller information than can be im-
parted in minutes and circulars.
The future holds great possibilities
for this most essential of professions.
Much change and evolution are inevi-
table. The nursing profession in Canada
will make its best contribution if we pre-
serve the fullest degree of unity, under-
standing and co-operation in our inter-
prqvincial and our national relationships.
JEAN I. MASTEN
President
Registered Nurses AssocÏa;ion of
Ontario.

Registered Nurses' Identification

When the public see a nurse wearing dull
cherry epaulettes with diamond-shaped ;-,ieces
of green cloth affixed to them, they will
know that she is registered as a medical
and surgical nurse, and as a midwife. South
Africans will soon be able to identify classes
of nurses by their epaulettes and "pips".
Hitherto registered nurses have worn a
metal badge on the breast which, however,
has been optional. The newly-created S. A.
Nursing Council has made regulations -
approved by the Minister of Welfare and
Demobilization, Mr. H. G. Lawrence - mak-
ing it compulsory for persons registered
under the Nursing Act to wear distinguish-
ing badges when on duty.
The following are the colours of the
epaulettes to be worn by the various classes:

Medical and surgical nurses, dun cherry;
male nurses, brown; mental nurses, dark
saxe blue; nurses for mental defectives, light
saxe blue; fever nurses, yellow; midwives,
green. Diamond-shaped pieces of cloth on
the epaulettes will indicate whether a nurse
is registered in two or more classes, or as a
midwife in one or more classes.
A nurse's "pips" will be the Nursing
Council's new badge, which will be embroid-
ered in gold-coloured thread near the should-
er edge of the epaulette. The design of the
badge is a "Florence Nightingale" lamp
over two protea branches, which provide a
South African background. It is ringed by
the words "S. A. Nursing Council" and
"S.A. Verpleegstersraad".
-The South African Nursing Journal.

Vol. 41. No. 11

The Adiustments of the Older Nurse

S. R. LAYCOCK

A great deal of attention is now be-
ing given to both the ph) sical and the
mental hygiene of later life. The study
of our older citizens is being carried on
vigorousl\' by medical men, psychologists,
sociologists, and others. Indeed, in the
field of medicine, an entirely new branch
-of study hac;; grown up - geriatrics, the
study of the aged. Psychologists, too,
have been studying the problem 'of the
aging of the various human abilities, as
well as the extent of the possibilities of
learning by older folk. The mental hy-
gienist also has turned his attention "to
the adjustments of those in later life.
Then, too, educators who are interested
in adult education and vocational guid-
ance have suddenly become aware of
new possibilities for their efforts among
those who have advanced to the last
two or three decades of life.
The problem of the older nurse is
one which gives considerable cause for
concern to the leaders of the nursing
profession. This problem has two as:
pects - the economic and the psycho-
logical.

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF OLDER
NURSES

The economic problem of older nurs-
ses is particularly acute in the case of
private duty nurses, particularly in re-
gard to provision for their old age. N ur-
-ses employed by governments and other
public bodies often come under a civil
service or other pension scheme. With
them, therefore, the spectre of what
will happen to them after retirement
does not stalk abroad as is the case with
private duty nurses. The latter often
find it impossible to save sufficient money
-even to make a beginning of providing

NOVEMBER, 1945

for their old age. This fact is apt to
cause them to feel not onl) financially
insecure, but also to feel" emotionally
insecure. "Freedom from 'Vant," it
must be remembered, is basic to "Free-
dom from Fear." Fear caused by the
prospect of economic insecurity in the
event of illness, accident or retirement
is apt to haunt the minds of nurses over
forty years of age, .and to greatly de-
crease both their efficiency .and their hap-
piness. There would seem to be only
two possible solutions for the economic
insecurit} of nurses. O:1e would be a
change in the status of the nursing pro-
fession so that, like school teachers, they
would be employed by public bodies and
come under provincial pension schemes.
The other would be a change in the so-
cial policy of the nation as .a whole
whereby all elder citizens would, on re-
tirement, receive an adequate pension.

PSYCHOl.OGICAL PROBLEMS OF rHE
OLDFR :J'\"URSE

Nurses are as human as other peo-
ple. They, too, have the basic psychologic
al needs for affection and belonging,
independence, achievement, recognition
and a sense of personal worth. As they
pass the age of forty or forty-five, their
concern over the adequate meeting of
these needs is apt to be increased.
First of all, nurses, like other people,
need to love and he loved, and to feel
that they belong to family, friendship
and community groups. As they grow
older, ties with their own immediate
families are apt to weaken. Their parents
pass on, and their married brothers and
sisters have families and interests of
their own. Because of the very nature
of the hours at which they work the

859

860

'rHE CANADIAN NURSE

social life of many nurses is apt to be
interfered with. It is very easy for an
older nurse to find that she has no close
friends of her own age, especially among
married folk. Actually she needs such
associations desperately. It is not just
a matter of loneliness. Lack of emo-
tional security which often causes de-
linquency in children i3 apt to cause
symptoms of "old m.aidishness" among
many older nurses. These symptoms may

xpress themselves in bossiness and over-

fficiency, gushiness, prudishness or cat

tiness. \Vhen they occur they make a
happy adjustment and reasonable effi-
ciency much more difficult.
Secondly, nurses, like other folk,
need to feel that they have reasonable
freedom in managing their own lives
and making their own decisions. Too
often, in middle life, nurses corne to feel
that they are in a treadmill from which
they cannot escape. If they are private
duty nurses they may feel that they are
condemned to the same locality, to the
same job and to the same pay for the
rest of their lives. Certainly, the fear of
becoming economically dependent after
their retirement, which was described
above, lessens the satisfaction of their
present independence. If, on their re-
tirement, they have to go and live with
married relatives and he dependent on
them, more or less acute unhappiness
is nearly bound to result.
In the third place, nurses, like all hu-
man beings, have needs for achievement,
recognition and self-esteem. They need
to obtain joy and satisfaction from the
work they do and to feel that they get
public recognition for it. They need the
approval of their own consciences, and
to feel that they are worthwhile per-
sons. If they have chosen their profession
wisely and have kept up-to-date profes-
sionally, they can find fulfilment for
these needs so long as they are able to
work. But when they retire, what then?
Here the public health nurse may be in
an even worse position than the private

duty one. She is retired at a definite age
no matter how effective and vigorous she
may be. She has taken .away from her
what Dorothy Canfield Fisher calls
"the vitamin of WORK". Certainly
mental hygienists are agreed that, for
mental health, a reasonable satisfaction
in the day's work and in the accomplish-
ment of worthwhile life purposes is es-
sential. There are apt to be two kinds
of nurses who lack this - the retired
nurse, and the nurse who, though not
retired, has grown stale on the job and
finds her work either distasteful or bor-
ing.

SOME SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS

A ssessment of the Assets and Liabili-
ties of the Older Nurse: In order to
make wise adjustments, nurses must be
aware of the results of psychological
studies of the aging of human abilities.
It would appear that physical and phy-
siological functions are the first to start
declining with age. Then. psychological
functions, like reaction-time, which
involve mental alertness and
quickness of response, are apt to decline.
The<;e p
ychological functions are de-
pendent on physiological ones like vision,
hearing and muscular response, which
are likèly to weaken with age. Imme-
diate memory is also apt to decline. It
is a common observ.ation that old people
are apt to forget recent experiences. Im-
paired efficiency of immediate memor}p
is, therefore, apt to be one of the weak-
nesses of later life. The ability to learn
new things reaches its maximum in the
early twenties and then starts declining
slowly. However, this decline can be
greatly overrated. Those individuals
who continue with new learning during
their mature years are apt to be able to
continue without too much loss until
senility, as such, sets in. It should be
remembered that many older people do
not learn new things either because vf
the cumulative effect of poor work ha-
bits or because they haven't sufficient

Vel. "'1, Ne. 11

AD]USTl\1ENTS OF THE OLDER NURSE 861

desire or incentive to learn. When it
comes to old learning, much of this is
quite well retainid. The one bright
spot in the abilities of older folk is that
their judgment and reasoning ability is
apt to continue at its peak much longer
than their other mental abilities. Milesl
says: "In the test results for perform-
ances, not necessitating quickness in
reaction, but depending solely on com-
prehension, reasoning and judgment;
in matters where experience may con-
tribute to the quickness of response;
older adults appear most nearly to main-
tain their characteristic mature scoring
level while they continue to maintain
mental practice and interest." In this
p.articular field there is apparently a
great waste, in our society, in utilizing
the experience and judgment of older
people. \Vith regard to creative imagin-
ation, this is apparently ageless. Indivi-
duals may think creatively and make
valuable contributions at practically every
chronological age level beyond e.arly
youth. Some scientists have made their
chief contribution after the age of eighty.
It would seem that the contributions of
older folk to the intelligent solution of
problems depend on many other factors
than mere age - an eagerness to learn
and study, good work and study habits,
and the opportunity to make their con-
tribution. How help may be given to
nurses so that they will make effective
contributions in the latter half of their
Career will be discussed in the follow-
ing sections.
The In-Service Education of Nurses:
It is vital that the graduate nurse con-
tinue to study in a systematic fashion
from the day th.at she leaves the train-
ing school. This is for several reasons.
First of all, she must during her pro-
fessional career, compete with her fel-

1. Mites, 'V. R. R., Psychological Aspects
of Aging in "Problems of Aging." Edited by
E. V. Coundry, Baltimore, 1942. Williams
and \Vilkins.

NOVEMBER. 194'

lows, some of whom, if trained ten or
fifteen years later than she, may be more
up-to-date. Being up-to-date has no-:.hing
to do with age as such. Either one is
possessed of the most recent knowledg

and is proficient in the newest tech-
niques, or one is not. It doesn't matter
much whether the nurse who is behind
the times is twenty-five or fifty-five
years of age, except that the latter is
more apt to be suspected of being out-
of-date. It is vital that every graduate
nurse see to it that, by systematic read-
ing of professional journals and books
and by periodic refresher courses, she
keeps herself up-to-date. She does not
need to fall behind. If she does she may
expect to be pushed aside.
In-service professional education is
vital from three other standpoints. First
of all, it will help to ensure that the
nurse continues to find in her profession
a sense of achievement, of recognition
and of personal worth. These come from
efficiency in doing one's job and a keen
interest in improving that efficiency.
Secondly, .as has been pointed out above,
the nurse who keeps learning new things
will be able to continue learning up to
the onset of senility. Thirdly, the nurse
who is able to suggest fresh ideas of her
own is the one who has been stimulated
by constant contact with fresh knowledge
gleaned from her reading, as well as
from reflection upon both her reading
and her experience.
Professional .associations of nurses
should greatly extend the organization
of refresher courses. Perhaps, too, they
might consider the advisability of mak-
ing continuance on the nurses' register
contingent upon attendance at refresher
courses at stated intervals, say, once in
every five years.
A dult Education for Older Nurses:
Entirely .aside from in-service profes-
sional education, all nurses, like all other
citizens, should participate in a well-
organized adult education program.
Such a program should serve two pur-

862

THE CANADIAN NURSE

poses. First of al1, it should develop
community study and di
cussion of all
sorts of community, and nation.al and in-
ternational problems. The greatest prob-
lem of our time is how to live together
co-operatively in both sf!1aller and larger
communities. Only co-operative study
and effort can solve this problem. Sec-
ondly, an adult education program should
promote the development of individual
self-expression through handicrafts, mu-
sic, art, dramatics, and the enjoyment
of good literature. Both of these services
of adult education must be available for
the older nurse, both before and after
retirement. Retired persons need study
and disèussion clubs, and handicraft,
music and .art centres quite as much a:;
adole
cents need teen-age centres. Adult
education is growing rapidly towards
fulfilling its legitimate function of help-
ing adults to solve their dailv problems
and to meet their daily needs. It must
do this for the older nurse whether re-
tired or not. Life can be rich and mean-
ingful so long as there is the sharing
with others of the solving of personal,
community, national and international
problems.

Vocational Guidance for Oldf'r :Vur-
Jes: Because vocational guidance is rela-
tively new, those interested in it are
apt to confine their activities to teen-
agers. In the near future vocational
guidance will not stop with the choosing
of a joh in youth or early adulthood.
It will be a service which wilI continue
throughout the life-span. The war has
accentuated this need. The require-
ments of modern warfare are such that
many jobs can he done effectively only
by those in the twenties, and others by
those not older than the thirties. This
is true of civilian johs too. In the fu-
ture, vocational guidance will be busy
shifting and adjusting individuals with-
in their occupations to the jobs they can
do best as they grow older. In the past

a person was supposed to work at one
job from youth until retiring .age m

spite of the obvious fact that his physical
abilities declined while his experience
and knowledge increased. There ought
to be a gradual shifting of personnel as
they grow older to jobs which mature
persons can do better than younger ones.
If this were done, it would not be a
case of retiring from but of retiring to.
[n the case of nurses, many older ones
still in service are not suited for the
jobs they do. \Vithin the profession
there is room for a wide range of skills
and ahilities. Some of these are possessed
in highest degree by older nurses, others
by younger nurses. The sensible thing
to do would be not to require a nurse of
sixty to do what she could have done
well at thirty. Rather she should be
shifted, without loss of prestige, to a
job which, at sixty, she can do much
hetter than at thirty because of her ex':
perience and her continued growth. It
is, of course, her job to see that she has
grown in knowledge and experience
through the years so that, at sixty. she
has resources which she didn't have at
thirty. There are many contributions to
society which those over
ixty can make
when we think in terms of vocational
guidance as a life-long process and not
merely a matter of picking a job for
an eighteen-year-old with the .assump-
tion that it is equally suitable for her
at twenty and at sixty.
Counselling Sf'rvice for Older Nurses:
In the United States there has been a
rapid growth in old-age counselling
centres where the older citizens are
helped to solve their prohlems and to
make wise adjustments. In the case of
nurses. this service must he performed
by someone connected with the provin-
cia] offices of the nurses' associations.
At the least it should be made possible
by such associations.
Heading Off l/;faladjustments: The
time to head off the maladjustments of
later life is in early life - the earlier
the better. It would seem that counsel-
ling services should he provided for

Vol. 41, No. 11

'r I C K AND INS E C T B 0 R NED I SEA S ES 863

younger nurses so that they may look
ahead and plan, not only for happiness
and efficiency at the moment, but for
a full life-time of such happiness and
efficiency.
Human life is full of problems. Down
through the ages man has set himself to
the solution of these problems. One af-

ter another they have yielded to intel-
ligence, persistently applied. The exper-
ience of the race should give hope that
every problem of human living will, in
the long run (.and often in the short
run), be solved by intelligent and co-
operative effort, the problems of the
older nurse being no exception.

Tick and Insect Borne Diseases

F. A. HUMPHREYS, D.V.Sc.

In Canada and the United States
a number of diseases are transmitted
by the Rocky
10untain wood tick
(Dermacentor andersonii) and the
American dog tick (Dermacentor
variabilis) , both of which are widely
distributed. The so-called wood tick is
not found on trees, as many people think,
but on grass, small brush, and weeds
native to open spaces. Ticks .always tend
to crawl upward. Hence protective
clothing, such as high boots, leggings
or puttees, should be worn in tick-in-
fested areas. The undiscovered tick is
thus prevented from attaching until it
reaches the neck or head where it is
more likely to be seen or felt. In at-
taching, a tick may cause a slight sting,
but usually it attaches without causing
any noticeable irritation whatever be-
cause the hypostome seems to gently
anesthetize the skin as it penetrates. Oc-
casionally the site of attachment be-
comes an ulcer, which is extremely slow
in healing. \Vhen a tick is found at-
tached it is best to remove it immediately
for each added moment increases the
danger of spotted fever being transmit-
ted, although ticks rarely transmit in-
fection until they have fed from four
to six hours. The easiest and quickest
method of removing them is to gently
NOVEMBER, 1945

pull the tick off with the fingers. When
sterile in
truments are at hand ticks of
any species may be removed easily by
pulling the tick gently so .as to make a
tent of the skin surrounding the site
of attachment and then slipping the
point of a hypodermic or <:calpel under
the mouth parts. The instrument is
then raised, thus removing the mouth
parts with a minimum of tissue. Iodine,
a silver nitrate pencil, or some other
antiseptic should be applied to the site.
There is no proven substance which
can be placed either on the clothing or
on the body to prevent tick attachment.
Tick p.aralysis is as yet something of
a mystery. It not infrequently occurs
about the fifth or sixth day following
the attachment of an undiscovered fe-
male tick, usually when the tick is in a
state of at least semi-engorgement. It
is not often seen in children and young
animals, and nearly alw.ays disappears
promptly when the offending tick is
removed, provided extremis has not
been reached.
Infected ticks are extremely danger-
ous visitors, but fortunately the per-
centage that are infected is small. In
the C nited States it is from less than
1 per cent up to 4 or 5 per cent. In
Canada so far it is much less than that.

864

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Areas of infection seem scattered. Part
of the work of the national health la-
boratories is in the nature of surveys
to determine where areas of infection
occur.
Two of the most widely known tick
and insect borne diseases are Rocky
Mountain spotted fever and typhus
fever. They are caused by Rickettsiae,
so called in honour of Dr. Howard
Taylor Ricketts, who was the first, in
1906, to prove that spotted fever is
carried by ticks. Rickettsiae may be con-
sidered as midway between bacteria and
viruses. They can readily be seen when
properly stained and are not filter.able,
but like the viruses, cannot be grown
on lifeless media. Although spotted fever
has been diagnosed in Western Canada
a number of times in recent years, the
causative rickettsia was isolated for the
first time in this country only last year
when it was recovered from a fatal case
of the disease in a man in Southern
Alberta.
Rocky l\10untain spotted fever is not
confined to the mountainous regions as
originaIly thought, but is now known to
have a wide distribution extending into
the Eastern United States. A few cases
have been reported in British Columbia,
and several have occurred in Alberta.
The incubation period is from two to
fourteen days. There may be a prod-
romal period of from two to fourteen
days or longer, characterized by loss
of appetite, irritability and malaise. The

ymptoms most often complained of at
the onset are frontal and occipital head-
ache, intense aching in the lumbar re-
gion and marked malaise. The typical
rash is coloured from pale to bright rose
and is commonly macular. It extends
rapidly to all parts of the body including
the palms of the hands, the soles of the
feet and the mucous membrane of the
mouth and throat. The febrile period
is from two to three weeks, but may
be longer or shorter. The maximum
temperature may not be greater than
103 0 F. In recovery the temperature falls

by lysis and reaches normal by the end
of the third week. In fatal attacks there
is occasionaIly terminal hyperpyrexia,
the temperature reaching as high as
108 0 F. The lungs are usuaIly not in-
volved, but a slight hacking, non-produc-
tive, bronchial cough is typical. Conval-
escence is slow, and complete recovery
may require from one to several months,
sometimes a year or even longer. This
may be true of even relatively mild in-
fections. Careful nursing is important.
The patient should be kept at rest,
avoiding o
ertreatment. Penicillin may
be of value but the sulfa drugs are use-
1 ess.
In diagnosis, Rocky !\10untain spot-
ted fever is sometimes confused with
typhoid fever measles, scarlet fever,
smallpox, post-measles, encephalitis,
secondary syphilis, Colorado tick fever,
and endemic typhus fever.
Typhus fever was long confused with
typhoid and only in the last hundred
years has it been possible to differentiate
between them. The c.ause of typhoid
was discovered in 1880, while the cause
of typhus was not found until 1916.
There are two types of typhus: (1 )
Murine or endemic which is rat-borne
and transmitted by fleasj (2) European
or epidemic which for centuries was
common in the Old World and is
louse-borne. It was known as gaol
fever or ship fever. The word "typhus"
means stupor, and this term was pro-
bably applied because of the extreme
prostration which accompanies the in-
fection.
In 1659 typhus fever was epidemic
in Canada for the first time. It was
brought to Quebec from France and
spread rapidly among the inhabitants
causing many deaths. It has always been
a serious problem in armies. It played
havoc with Napoleon's troops in their
retreat from Moscow in 1812. In this
famous rout, cold, famine and several
other diseases played their parts, but
typhus seems to have been the greatest
factor in the defeat. It was also a ter-

Vol. 41. No. 11

TIC K AND INS E C T BaR NED I SEA S ES 865

rible scourge in the French and British
a.rmies, especially among the French
armies in the Crimean War, 1854-
1856, in which Florence Nightingale
played such an important role.
Plague is one of the world's oldest
diseases. The outbreaks of epidemic di-
sease mentioned in the Bible were pro-
bably this infection, but the greatest
outbreaks of it were those that occur-
red in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries when it became known
as the Black Death. In Europe about
twenty-five million people perished from
it, and in Great Britain alone one half
to two thirds of the population are said
to have died of it. It is usually spoken
of as bubonic plague because of its ten-
dency to form buboes, a bubo being a
swollen and extremely painful lymphatic
gland. The really dangerous form,
though, is the pneumonic type which is
seen when the infection colonizes in
the lungs, as it often does. A broncho-
pneumonia then develops and the in-
fected person, through coughing, is lia-
ble to infect everyone who comes near.
Plague infection is, of course, car-
ried by rats, although other rodents
such as mice, ground squirrels, and
ground hogs are susceptible. It is trans-
mitted by fleas, and is continually being
looked for in rats which may be intro-
duced along the Pacific Coast from ships.
Two years ago and again this year it
was found in rats and mice in Tacoma.
Some spectacular outbreaks have oc-
curred in California. It first appeared
there in 1900. Up to 1925, 405 c.ases
occurred with 257 deaths. Of these, 46
were the pneumonic type, all but 3 of
which died. Since then several mure
cases have occurred. The infection is
picked up nearly every }'ear in ground

squirrels somewhere in the \Vestern
S ta tes.
As an example of the iJ1fectivity of
plague in Los Angeles in 1924, a
Mexican woman died after four days of
illness - no diagnosis. Three days la-
ter the woman's husband and a prac-
tical nurse who had nursed her were
taken ill. Both died. An autopsy was
carried out on the husband and the
cause of death given as double pneu-
monia. A week later eighteen contacts
had been admitted to hospital. All de-
veloped pneumonia and all died after
an average illness of four days. All were
friends and relatives of the original pa-
tient.
Tularemia is a plague-like disease of
rabbits, ground squirrels, and other ro-
dents. It is transmitted by ticks and
biting flies. It is extremely infectious
and causes a variety of symptoms in
man, such as an ulcer at point of infec-
tion, swollen, painful glands, and pneu-
monia. The mortality is not high, pos-
sibly 5 to 10 per cent, but the illness
may be lingering, varying from a few
weeks to two years. The infection is
widely distributed. It has been found
in the Kootenays of British Columbia
and at several points in Alberta and
Saskatchewan.
Relapsing fever is caused by a spiro-
chete and is transmitted by certain ticks
and by lice. The greatest epidemics of
it occur in North Africa and India,
though numerous cases have occurred in
the United States, and several have
been reported in British Columbia. Six
cases occurred at Trail in 1933. As the
name indicates, it causes bouts of fever
which tend to subside after a few days,
but later return. Usually four or five
relapses occur.

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Interpretation of Medical Social Work

H. ALINK P AICE

In order to show something of the
development of this branch of hospital
care it is necessary to understand how
it originated and what special emphasis
may be noted in its growth. As all nur-
ses know, the spirit of service to the
sick is not new.
Throughout the history of the Chris-
tian church, the spiritual welfare of the
sick has .always claimed the attention of
the clergy. In England, as early as
1791, the London Hospital organized a
group of volunteers to follow patients
into their own homes for the purpose
of providing suitahle aftercare. There
are some fundamental differences, how-
ever, between the early concept of so-
cial service and that of the present day.
Formerly, neither the clergy nor the
friendly visitor co-operated closely and
constantly with the doctor, nurse or
community resources outside the hospital.
It has remained for the hospital social
worker of the present day to define and
develop the function of the unofficial
visitor.
The first effort to establish this form
of hospital service was made by Sir
Ch3rles Locke in 1885. After many years
of careful study of hospital systems he
found there existed an appalling waste
of skilled attention, time and material
lavished on the patient, due to the ab.-
sence of a connecting link between the
hospital and the world outside. He made
a report to a Select Committee of the
House of Lords on his findings, which
resulted in the appointment of the first
Lady Almoner (Miss Mary Stewart)
in the Royal Free Hospital, London, in
1895. l\liss Stewart was a trained work-
er who had had considerable experience
with the Charity Organization Society
iFl London. She was the forerunner of
the vast scheme of hospital social ser-
866

vice which, in various guises, has grad-
ually develo
e<t all over the world.
The development in North America
is due in one case to a doctor and in the
other to a nurse. It was Sir \Villiam
Osler who between 1898-1900 started
the idea. Dr. Osler taught the medical
students the social .as well as the medical
aspects of tuberculosis. He made it pos-
sible for two third-year medical students
to follow "the consumptive out-patients
to their home" to investigate the condi-
tions under which they lived and to see
that the proper hygienic directions given
in the hospital were actually carried
out".l Somewhat later, :\1iss :\lary
\Vadley, superintendent of nurses, Bel-
ìevue Hospital, N.Y., required the nur-
ses to visit in the homes of the patients
to secure information pertinent to a
fuller understanding of the conditions
under which they lived. In this way,
she helped them better to appreciate
the connection between patients' ill-
nesses and the problems of their daily
lives. It was in recognition of this need
that Dr. Richard C. Cabot, in 1905,
started medical social work by securing
permission from the Massachussetts
General Hospital to actually bring a
social worker into the hospital, to work
under his direction with special patients
whom he was treating in the ward and
clinic. From this small beginning, the
practice spread rapidly until today well
over five hundred hospitals in the United
States and Canada employ some 2,063
medical social workers. (1943 statis-
tics). "As the movement 2:rew, it was
nat
ral that various emphas
s developed.
Admini"trators saw in this new per-
sonnel a resource for many other uses,
such as collecting bills, preventing .abuse
of free facilities and doing many odd
jobs for which no one else seemed
Vol. 41, No. 11

1 E DIe A L sac I A L \V 0 R K

available".
Because of thi" chaotic
situation, and because those workers
whose experience had continued m(,)re
closely in line with the original concept
were concerned with assuring a thought-
ful and sound development for this
emerging profession, in 1918, with Dr.
Cabot's encouragement, they organized
into a professional group known as the
American ....\ssociation of Hospital Social
\V orkers. "Tithin a few years, district
sections were formed and one of the
early ones was the Eastern Canada Dis-
trict, which started in 1923 with head-
quarters in
lontreal.
As early as 1920, studies were under-
taken to establish what might be con-
sidered the appropriate function of the
hospital social worker. ;\ committee of
the American Hospital Association,
which included members of the hospi-
tal social work organization, made the
first of these studies and, in succeed-
ing years, three others have been made
by the professional association of medi-
cal social workers. The following points
are today accepted as defining the func-
tion of the medical social workers:

(a) Practice of medical social case work:
Inquiry into the social situation of hospital
patients and the reporting of the findings
to the responsible physician; determining, in
collaboration with the physician, the factors
in the social situation pertinent to the
)a-
tient's health and stating these as medical
social problems or diagnoses; setting up, in
collaboration with the physician, a possible
goal for the patient to aim for; distinguish-
ing the role the- social worker is to play in
the plan for helping patient achieve the
goal; executing the social worker's part in
the plan.;.!

In addition to this, the Statement
of Standards, accepted by the American
Association of Medical Social '\T orkers
in l\1ay, 1936, and revised in y1ar, 1940
lists the following additiúnal functions:

(b) Development of the medical social
program within the medical institution.

NOVEMBER, 1945

867

(c) Participation in the development of
social and health programs in the community.
(d) Participation in the educational pro-
gram for professional personnel.
(e) l\ledical social research.
lVledical social casework begins its
function when the clinician desires the'
worker's assistance and when she is re-
leased from pressure of miscellaneous
tasks that divert her from giving a high
quality of social casework service. Social
Service Departments are often asked to
participate in the teaching of student
nurses when the school of nursing wishes
to incorporate
ome aspects of medical
social work in their curr:culul11 and if
there is adequate social
ervice staff, a
worker is delegated to thl" teaching <.le-
partment to work out a suitahle plan for
student nurses. TIl this article we shall dis-
cuss only the main top.c of the medical
social worker's function as a memher of
the "medical team" made up of the
doctor, nurse and social worker, each
hringing h:s or he. r unique contrihution to
the care of the patient in the ward or
the clinic of the hospital.

FeNCTION

The function of medical social work
is to help sick ptople with prohlems aris-

ng from their illness or medical care.
Its most characteristic feature is the in-
dividualization of the patient, his par-
ticular needs, and his rr-actions to his
illness, treatment, and his personal re-
lationships. All of these factors must be
properly understood by the social work-
er to enahle her to gain sufficient in-

ight to meet the patient's needs. Her
best sources of information are the phy-
sician and nurse. JVlutual understand-
ing of each other's function and goal is
vital to success.

.-\s the physician Sees his patient 111
the ward or clinic, he is
.hle to see hIm
in only a comparatively isolated way.
The patient, for the time heing-, is sep-

868

THE CANADIAN NURSE

arated physically from his natural set-
ting. He may be confused by the number
of people who serve him, the highly
technical procedures, the presence of
other sick people, the separation from his
home and family, the difficulties of
carrying out the doctor's recommenda-
tions, lack of understanding of his con-
dition, fear of the future. The patient
with a severe heart condition, faced with
the necessity of a complete change of
work, or even cessation of it, when he
has a family dependent upon him, has
a serious adjustment to make. His res-
ponse to these problems, and his ability
to get .and use help in meeting them at an
early point, often affects the way he
responds to medical care. The patient
with gastric ulcer must often have help
over a long period to adapt himself to
a diet sometjmes difficult to get, or at
variance with his habits of eating, tú
say nothing of the necessity of living
calmly in the face of worries or strains.
The surgical patient who has suffered
the loss of an arm or leg needs under-
standing case treatment, if he is to go
forward in life as an adequate person.
One could enumerate many such il-
lustrations but, through them all, runs
the need for the skilled c.ase work rela-
tionship which can help build strength
for self-direction and readjustment, and
bring forward those resources within the
patient, in his family, in society, which the
patient can use effectively while medical
treatment proceeds and as he gradually
becomes adjusted to his limitations.
Sometimes the medical social work-
er needs only a short contact with the
patient to bring about a release from
tension, fear and insecurity. While the
patient, suddenly faced with a diagnosis
such as tuberculosis, syphilis, or a serious
operation, may need only one, two or
three interviews with the medical social
case worker in order to see his way
clearly, to rally his resources, and to go
forward, he may also need much longer
and more comprehensive treatment. In
addition to her understanding of the

social implications of the patient's di-
sease, and her case work skill in inter-
viewing, there is an added value in her
immediate .availability so that the doctor
or nurse can bring her in at the crucial
point.
There is an increasing tendency to
use the skills of the medical social work-
er at the admitting desk and in the so-
cial review of all cases coming to cer-
tain clinics or wards. The value of hav-
ing the p.atient meet the trained medical
social case worker at his first contact
with the clinic or hospital is that, not
only his medical and
()cial needs are
considered together and integrated in
the decision to admit him to free, part-
pa
', or hill-pay services, but also that
any medical social treatment which he
may need in his later care is started at
that point. The probable expense of his
own medical care, the relation of his
particular illness to his later ability to
earn, to the other expenses of his family,
and to his stand.ard of living, are all
balanced in the light of the policies of
the hospital and its particular facilities
for medical care. The case work ap-
proach, so important if there is to be
lack of tension, readiness to follow ad-
vice, .and the best possible outcome of
his medical treatment, if begun at the
admitting desk may often preclude later
long a
d expensive readjustments, or
even ultimate failure to help him ade-
quately. This type of service is of value
only when there is an adequate staff
av.ailable for the full treatment of which
these services may be simply the first
step - an important one - but effec-
tive only if it can be carried through
in indicated instances. As Dr. Cabot
said, "Quick judgment necessary in
these services calls for the best trained
case workers available at these points,
and one would warn against the estab..
lishment of social admitting, or 100 per
cent social review, until adequately
trained and experienced personnel is
'<lvailable for both types of service."

Vol. 41, No. 11

1 E DIe r\ L S 0 C I .A L \ V 0 R K

Before interviewing ::he patient, the
worker must ha\'e a complete picture,
both from the medical req)n.l and from
the doctor-in-charge, and a knowledge
of .any previous experience which the
patient may have had with other social
agencies in the community, in order to
be as much use as possible to him. It is by
the process of interviewin
that a help-
ful relationship is built up he tween work-
er and patient so that he can express his
problems and try to solve them.
The following case illustrations will
give .an idea of our work with the pa-
tien ts :

Case 1. The patient, a
ingle Ckrainian girl,
age 30, with rheumatic heart disease with
mitral stenosis and aortic i!1
ufficiency and
with chronic passive congestion of the lungs,
was referred to the medical social worker
for convalescent care by the resident doctor.
The patient had scarlet fever at the age of
17 and was hospitalized for rh
umatic f
ver
twice in the next two years. She is a pretty,
intelligent, very sensitive girl. She is de-
manding and sulky when
he feels people
do not like her. Her mother died when she
was born and she wa's placed with foster
parents. They made her feel unwanted and
unloved. At the age of 12 her foster mother
died and she tried living with her real fa-
ther. She was very unhappy there since he
had remarried and had several children.
The patient went to work as a maid at 13
years of age and has supported hersel fever

ince. She has not seen her father since she
left home.
The patient needs a lot of understanding
and attention, more than it is possible for
most people or institutions to give her. \Ve
have tried to give her this with the aim of
helping her obtain medical care and to ac-
cept the limitations illness creates for living.
a full and normal life. For a year our ac-
tivity has consisted of helping in every
area arising from her medical social needs.
She was referred to a family welfare agency
for financial relief. The patient has made
very uneven progress and is at present in
a hospital for chronic and irxurable diseases
because no other placement is available at
this time. She has found it very difficult
to adjust to this hospital since the majority of
patients are aged and there is a high death
NOVEMBER, 1945

869

rate. \Ye have continued to visit and write
her since there is no social service depart-
ment in her present hospital. The patient
depends on us to help her and knows that
our interest will continue until she is ready
to carryon alone.
Case 2. A fall outside the house where she
worked as a personal maid created a prob-
lem for )'liss
I. a 58-year-old single wo-
man "ho had come to Canada about fi fteen
years ago direct from Paris. On admission
to hospital she was found to have a fracture
of the lower right tibia. A bone plating was
done and cast applied. above the knee. Miss
1\1. \,,'as referred to the medical social work-
er by the head nurse 0n the day of admis-
sion because she was upset about the acci-
dent and. would have to make plans for con-
valescence and ultimately a readjustment to
a different type of work. She has an at-
tractive manner and a sensitive face; she
looks young
r than her years. She speaks
English quickly and fluently but with a
marked French accent. During the first
interview sht' cried often, repeatedly stating
that she did not seem able to control her-
self and could not think clearly about what
she should do. She had a real fear that "he
would never be able to walk again; her
physical disability made her feel insecure
because she had to depenrl upon abilities
other than her own for direction. She ex-
plained that she was the only child of deaf
parents, therefore she had early learned to
think for herself and find answers to her
own questions. Because she was born late in
her mother's life, she thought she had not
the same physical stamina to counteract the
effects of such an accident. Although she
was trained as a seamstress in Paris, in order
to save money for her future in Canada
she had also worked as a personal maid. She
foresaw the savings, with which she had
hoped to purchase a boarding house, being
used up in payment for treatment and a long
convalescence. Fortunately she had a room
in the city which she had kept for her use
even while she worked at private residences.
This she can turn to when she is able to
walk on crutches.
l\ledical social case treatment, during the
first four interviews, was directed towards
providing a release from these fears, help-
ing her to regain more of her former emo-
tional stability. The worker discussed the
fact that she, like many people, was hyper-
sensitive and easily overcome by anything

87l

THE CANADIAN NURSE

related to herself. She was given reassurance
that because she was able to plan for her-
sel f before the accident, she would in time
be able to do so again. In addition, she
needed a careful explanation by the doctor
about her fracture and the exact treatment
she would require before she could use her
leg again. She was then rt'ady to use the
convalescent hospital available where, over
an eight-week period, she was helped to walk
and learned to look after herself. This les-
sened her feeling of helplessness and made
her more prepared to look after herself in
her own room.
While this patient has not yet the use
of her leg, from the time of her admission

to the convalescent hospital she has made
her own plans, using the medical social
worker as a sounding board. Her confidence
in the medical treatment, continued careful
interpretation from the doctor, and her in-
creasing adjustment to her disability, in.
dicate that medical social case treatment
can be discontinued shortly.

Brr.LIOGRAPHY
1. Cushing, Harvey, Life of Sir Wm.
Osler, Vol. 1. p. 536; Oxford University
Press, N ew York & London.
2. The Social Worker, Oct. 1941.
3. A.A.M.S.'V. Functions of Hospital So-
cial Service, pp. 62-63; Chicago 1930.

From One Post-war Period to Anoth er

in Canada and India

EDITH BUCHANAN

As a child, I had ridden out on horse-
back with my father on his rounds, to

.

,I

.

Q

It-

those little homes in scattered clearing')
of the jungles of the Vindva mountains

J

Dr. Blldla1lflll 'uÏ.ïited the peopl,o in thc'ir 11mnes.

Vol. 41, No. 11

11' C.\I\ADA AI\D IKDIA

871

in Central India. I had watched him
pull out arrows deeph- imbedded in
flesh and bone. I had watched him stitch
up ugly gashes, seen him with pneumonia
patients, seen him vaccinating the whole
community, seen him dC'sing all the
school children and trying to get down
the size of those chronically enlarged
spleens. I had gone with mother (who
also was a doctor) in the evening when
she visited sick babies an
l mothers; seen
her work to supplement those fever and
dysentery diets; and heard her teaching
relatives how to carryon till the next
visit. I remember her working all night
over people with snake bite, working
over children with convuhions, going out

t all hours to people who were sick,
poring over her medical books looking
up the treatments - and I remember
her scrubbing me with soap and water
and admonitions until I was almost raw,
after I had picked up a medicine bottle
returned from a cholera house. Yes. J
thought I remembered India, when I
went back .at the beginning of 1936 -
but what a lot I had forgotten! Even
the last word of the language!
I needed a job so I went up at the'
beginning of the hot w
ather, after a
short visit in the countryside of 111
'
childhood, to a mission hospital in th(-
Punjab that needed a nurse. It was dirty
and hot on the train. Fifteen minutes
after a hopeful wiping of the seats, a pan
of dust and sand settled down that you
could write your name ;n, your throat
dried up, and earth gritted between your
teeth.
'Vhen I arrived I was shown into a
bare bedroom and discovered that I
needed to supply sheets, towels, curtains,
pillow and mattress, everything of mr
own except the actual sticks of wooden
furniture and the big oval zinc wash
tubs, cleanliness-is-next-to-Godliness
arrangement, with a kerosene oil tin of
hot water beside it. So I sent away for
Enen by mail, hauled out all the para-
phenalia of apron and uniform for tpe
morning, and slept very comfortably on
NOVEMBER, 1945

...

\

..

Primitive hunting weapom.

the tape bed with a sheet over it (it's the
cool way to sleep in hot weather).
The next day we started with a
breakfast that included l'hapatties (un-
leavened bread) and went right over,
with that as a sort of leaden anchor
amid riff, to the hospital. There were
sometimes three or four people who
spoke English and sometimes none in
that hospital. \Vell, if you /Ul'"()e to learn
a language it soon cameo; to you, and
that summer between dust storms and
flies, prickly hë'at, dysentery and sore
eyes, J learned quite a lot, and saw a lot
of life-people rich and poor, in gorgeous
raiment or in rags - but always col-
ourful, a never-ending pageant of peo-
ple. There were long moonlight nights,
too, wh
n we slept out of doors; and
others, longer, and less lovely, when we
fled indoors before a rising dust storm
and tossed in dust-choked heat as the
lightning flashed and the eucalyptus
trees swirled and lashed ;n the earth}
air, like furious breakers in a gale. A
long siege .as a patient was the climax
of the summer, ending UI> in a big C:ll-
cutta hospital. It overlooked a main

872

THE CANADIAN NURSE

thoroughfare of the city, where herds
of cattle wandered all through the night
and into the early hours of the morning,
and sheeted figures, like the dead, sl
pt
out on cots in the stred for air. Fam
whirred a1] night over our beds, and still
our foreheads were damp with perspir-
ation.
And that mav be the colour of the
whole Indian experience for a lot of
people who go to India in the army or
on business, and perhaps never get a
chance to like India because of their
own physiological difficulties in the first
ýear or two before imml'nity is huilt
up and adjustment made. So don't be
surprised if some of our .army men and
women don't like it. l\1any r.f them have
had a bad time physically with malaria
and dysentery. Some of them, however,
may get a chance as I did to see that
same Northern Punjab in the cold wea-
ther, which feels colder than England
and everybody knows how much coldèf
England feels than Canada! (I certain-
ly never wore winter woollies in Can-
ada!) Anyway, the Punjab is a land of
roses in the winter and of all the flowers
you care to grow. The vast wheat fields
stretch to the horizon, watered by a
network of canals from the five rivers
that name the province. Far across the
green plain, against a clem blue sky at
sunset, may be seen the rosy snow-cov-
ered mountains - the mother-of-pearl
fairyland of Ka
hmere. And by the
rO:J.dside long caraVéms of oxcarts camp
for the night, smoke winds up from
fires of cow-dung cake, oxen chew their
cud while bells tinkle drowsily and
camels settle down lugubriously and dis-
gustedly for the night.
I had taken my instructor's certifi-
cate at McGill under the inspiration of
Miss Lindeburgh, and had taught at the
Royal Victoria Hospital for three years
before I went out, so I was looking for
a job in nursing education rather than
supervision and administration. In No-
vember, 1937, I went to the Lady
Hardinge Medical College Hospital in

Delhi to get some experience in differ-
ent fields and with a view to going into
my own particular branch of work.
Delhi is the Ottawa or \Vashington
of India, except that it stretches far back
through a long line of royal capitals to
an ancient and almost prehistoric past. It
is built at the crossing point of the old
caravan routes going from East to \Vest
and from North to South. It has in it
the "star of India" of the future, blend-
ed with all the colour of the past -
all the romance of "The Golden Road
to Samarkand" and the "Twenty
C;Jliphs of Bagdad". Fine modern build-
ings and some of the noblest architec-
ture of the great Moghul period are to
be found in and near Delhi. The fa-
mous Taj Mahal is less than one hun-
dred miles away; Fathepur Sikri, also
the rose-coloured sleeping city of the
great Emperor Akbar (contemporary of
Queen Elizabeth) , and his glistening
tomb at Sikandr.a, open in high marble-
screened solitude to sun and sky.
You may be very miserable in Delhi
if your life is still all prickly heat and
dysentery, for it has six very hot dusty
summer months. If, however, you have
accompEshed
ome physiological adjust-
mf'nt, got some immunity, a healthy rou-
tine. and a zest for life again, then it is a
place to delight mind and fan\:y alike.
For me it was fortunate in progressive
professional interest as wen.
At the Lady Hardinge. Dr. Ruth
Young was medical superintendent of
the Hospital and principal of the Medi-
cal College. She had dcne much in
health and preventive work for India,
and had travelled widely under the
Rockefeller Foundation, visiting Canada,
the United States and many other coun-
tries. (She has since been called out to
advise on health matters in Abyssinia.)
Miss \Vinter, D.N. (London Univer-
sity), was the superintendent of nurses.
She also had had wide experience in
India, and in addition had been for five
years on the staff of the College of
Nursing in London. The Lady Hardinge

Vol. 41, No. 11

IN CANADA AND INDIA

.
..-
...

..'"

,

-If"

873

..
,
.. 1rt.
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i

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I

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,

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t. t
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I/Ç.",

S:reet scene in Delhi.

Medical College, School t)f Nursing and
School of Pharmacy all are organized to
give professional training to Indian wo-
men, and the hospital similarly is de-
signed to serve Indian women and child-
ren. I couldn't have found a more in-
teresting institution in which to work
and learn. 1\1iss \Vinter "pushed" me
about from experience to experience--
much as Miss Hersey had done in my
own hospital-to get the wider back-
ground and knowledge which helps So
much in teaching. I startë'd as "hospital
steward" with the function of ordering,
keeping track of, and distributing ;))1
linen supplies and managing the sewing
department (five cross-legged Moham-
medan tailors on a verandah). I also
had direct charge of the kitchens. l'h(::
hospital was being reorganized to in-
clude better and more varied Indian
diets. I had the fun of burning the mid-
night oil night after night working out
and balancing Indian diets for vege-
tarian and non-vegetarian patients;
working out costs; presenting the new
diets to the hospital committee for ap-
proval. Non-vegetarian kitchens were
introduced in addition to the vegetarian.
NOVEMBER, 1945

Five high caste Hindu women cooked
on the vegetarian side, sitting on the
floor over fires of coals, making some six
hundred chapatties a day in addition to
the other dishes. I might neither touch
anything on that side, nor so much as
step inside the door, for fear of pollut-
ing the food. Two Mohammedan wo-
men cooked on the other side. Only
one woman out of the seven could read
and write a little, so that each kitchen
had its own hot food carriers for every
ward marked in colour to distinguish
them. Each kitchen had a slate ruled
in sections with rows of solid circles to
show the numbers in each ward on the
various diets. Incidentally, I found these
same almost illiterate women interested,
open-minded and eager to do their part
towards improving hospital diets, even
when it entailed more work and worry.
So the next time you find your reforms
blocked, and people unwilling to accept
change, you had better come and bor-
row keen bright-eyed Sobadra, the high
caste head cook woman-to help you.
The post of "diet sister" was given me
to pave the way for a trained nurse
dietitian from the London Hospital, who

874

THE CANADIAN NURSE

came out shortly after, to take ùver
and build up the whole department.
Since I could not qualIty as a per-
manent "senior. sister" without taking
midwifery I then went down to Madras
as a student nurse .again to take a course.
I have always been exceedingly inter-
ested to know what it is like to be a
student nurse in India,
ì1d to see what
a big hospital is like frl)!11 below and
inside as it were.
Madras is rather more different from
the Punjab than Egypt from France or
Italy. Culture, religion, appearance of
its people, speech, language derivations
- aU are different. Again, I had to
pick up as much as I could of the lan-
guage for it was routine to he left alone
with .a ward full of patients on evening
duties. Sometimes there would be a Mo-
hammedan woman speaking a corrupt
form of the Urdu or Hindustani of the
North, and I could use her to help me to
explain things. Sometimes there would
be no one who spoke eitha Hindustani
or English and then came the discov-
ery of what wonderful dr?matic talent
there is in all of us. It's <Jmazing how
much you can exelain by smile and ges-
ture if you have to.
Family illness called me away from
Madras, but I later finished up my mid-
wifery at Delhi and did a junior sister's
work in a gynaecological ward while
doing it, which gave me another useful
close experience with paÚ:nts, stud
nt
nurses and doctors. As soon as my exam-
inations were over I took over the
teaching in the school of nursing, fol-
lowing a sister tutor from St. Thomas's
Hospital, London, with Ì1
r instructor's
certificate from King's College, who h
d
just married. I started right in with a
preliminary training school group. Miss
Winter helped me in adjusting to the
classes of student nurses, drawn from all
over India, of such different language,
religious and cultural groupe;;. She helped
me to adjust to the very different system
of nursing also, based on the English
system. She herself taught, did a lot of

testing, and helped in orgamzmg the
whole programme. She W:lS always help-
ing me in practical ways-for example
-by noting suitable patients for clinical
teaching as she made her rounds. Since
I had most of the organized teaching
for the two classes in each of the three
years (with the exception of doctor'::;
lectures) it was a sound way of mak-
ing ward teaching practicahle in a heavy
programme. In. the wards, sisters who
were able followed the English tradi-
tion and did a lot of informal bedside
teaching. Others did less.
Those years of work uncler 1\liss \Vin-
ter were a great help and inspiration.
Much was being done in an organized
scientific way to improve the hospital,
to improve nursing care and. basic to it
all, to improve nursing education. Grad-
uaIly a waiting list of student nurse ap-
plicants had grown, and the school was
ahle to choose those who were matricu-
lants, those who had one or two years
of university work, and even a Bache-
lor's Degr
e. More than that, as in
other improved schools, students of dif-
ferent cultural groups were seeking ad-
mission, and from all over India. They
carne, and will come, for two definite
re.asons - first, for the dear organized
learning opportunity pnn-ided; second-
ly, for the properly supt'rvised residen-
tial life with a real care for diet and
health and some guidance in that first
experience of freedom after the very
$trict seclusion of hoarding school or
Indian home. \Vhile som
80 per cent
of India's nurses are Indian Christian
or Anglo-Indian women, including
many d';ughters of teachers, ministers,
doctors, etc., there are also students in
smaller numbers (some 20 per cent)
from all the other religious and cultur-
al groupS.l 1 have had students who were
Ra jputs, Sikhs, Brahmins, etc. (occasion-
al ones were widows). I have had 1\-10-

1. Journal of the Chri-;tian
ledical Asso-
ciation of India, Burma and Ceylon, Sept.
1944, p. 197.

Vol. 41, No. 11

STORY OF JOEY

hammedans and Parsees. (The P.arsees
are a small highly intellectual group,
very influential in hospital work in Bom-
bay; Miss Adranvalla, a Parsee nurse,
is nursing superintendent of the great
J. J. group of hospitals in that city).
Most of the students from these varied
religious and cultural groups come from
families where a member is a doctor,
or is in the army or other service, in
Jawor in one of the professions. One
was the daughter of a Rai Bahadur
(equivalent of "Sir"), another of a
Commissioner, .another of a Post-l\;laster
General, another of a :\r1aster of one of
the most select boys' schools in India,
etc. They come from a]] over India
and from outside India as well. Many
know four or five languages, including
English, and learn Urdu, tbe language
of their Delhi patients, during their
training. \Ve used Urdu a good deal in
informal discussion and explanation.
Visual aids, the laboratory method de-
monstration and return demonstration,
assignment, discussion and question -
student participation of eycry sort and
close contact with the student are ob-
viously even more important than in
teaching a single-language group. There
is just the same quick response and light-
ing of the eye that you see in any keen

875

intelligent group of young women, who
are getting satisfaction in preparing them-
selves scientifically for a chosen profes-
sion. A joke and laughter lighten teach-
ing situations in any group and perhaps
even more if the weather is hot and the
"100" is blowing (the desert wind).
They all lived in the same nurses' horne,
ate in the same dining-room - although
some ate vegetarian and others non-
vegetarian dishes. They aU did the same
things on the wards, including the giv-
ing of bedpans. Given .any sort of a lead
from the head nurse (or sister) in doing
that sort of thing herself, they were only
too quick to play their full parts in the
complete care of the patient. Some in-
deed were
ll the more conscientious to
do things that were difficult to them,
just because they had made up their
minds so thoroughly to undertake the
whole of nursing.

(E ditor'J Note: This fascinating story
of the joys and tribulations of nursing in
India will be concluded in next month's
issue. In it, 1\1iss Buch
man's sterling
analysis of the future possibilities for
nursing points the way to a new era. If
you are interested in work Ìn an exotic
foreig'n land, do not mi
5 the final in-
stal
ent. )

The Story of Joey

INEZ NESSET

Joey and Johnny, twins, two months,
four days premature, were born De-
cember 1 +, 1944, at the Paddockwood
Red Cross Outpost. Johnny, hydroce-
phalic, two pounds, nine ounces in
weight, died four hours after birth.
Blonde, twelve-inch Joey, minus eye-
brows, lashes, toe .and fingernails, two
pounds, one-and-a-half ounces, lived.
His head measured eight inches in cir-
NOVEMBER. 194'

cum ference, neck four inches, foot-
length one inch. An ordinary wedding
ring slid up over his elbow.
Joey lived; it is remarkable. Perhaps
he survived only because a suitable
feeding was found. Mother's milk was
not available. Borden's Lactogen, cows'
milk were tried in turn, and finally a
Carnation milk formula agreed. Con-
stant artificial heat was supplied by four

876

THE CANADIAN NURSE

'"
--

] oey at tW? and a haLf monÚ.s.
hot water bottles; a 94':) room tempera-
ture was required night and day; he
was soaked in protein fat five times
every twenty-four hours and wrapped
in non-absorbent cotton. Blue or sink-
ing spells left him limp once or twice a
night. Some of these were severe enouO"h
b
that 3 minims of Cm'amine were needed
to revive him. Until his sixth day Joey
didn't even whine to warn his nurse of
anything amiss.
Joey at twenty-seven days of aO"e was
limp, jaundiced and incredibly
ld in
appearance. He weighed a s
ant one
pound, nine ounces. He refused to swal-

"

Four mont/H. N ofe Size of dol!.

low, so was fed by means of a tiny
catheter one teaspoonful of formwa
every hour, day and night, for forty-
nine hours. From then on he improved
and gradually incre.ased in weight: His
colour turned to pink. Once a day he
was given two drops of Ostogen, and
seven drops of Ferrochloral in water.
By the end of the second month Joey
was able to take two ounces of formula;
the high-pitched squeak was repbced
with a normal cry; Joey could perspire
and his artificial heat was reduced to
one hot water bottle at his feet; eye
lashes began to grow; fingernails ap-
peared and he began to wake every two
hours for his feedings.

\t three mOf1ths of age Joey ate every
three hours, took two and a half ounc
s
of a two-in-six Carnation formula. He
eliminated twice a day without an enema,
if given five drops of castor oil every
ten days. Syrup in the formula m2rely
f!ave him distress if increased. Hard and
fast rules as to feeding or care did not
apply with him. His nurse found him .a
tentative little human. She knew he must
be five pounds at least before bein
dis-
charged from the Outpost Hospit
1.
Joey, at four and a half months,
weighed five pounds, five ounces. He
towered fifteen inches in height on tip-
toes. Three ounces of formula were ta-
ken from an ordinary feeding- bottle in
less than half an hour, every three hOl1rs.
Toey smiled fleetingly and developed a
temper. He disliked other babies, show-
ing much jealousy if his nurse held one.
His measurements were as follows: hat,
thirteen inches; collar, twe1ve inches;
boot, two and a half inches.
Joey is the eighth child in his family.
He has three sisters and one brother liv-
ing. To date he seems to be gaining
slowly but steadily in weight from re-
ports sent in by his mother, as Joey went
home when four and a half months old.

Worried about your Christmas shopping? Let us help you by mailing in your gift
subscriptions to the J oumal early.

Vol. 41, No. 11

PUBLIC

HEAL TH

NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Sect iOI1 of t he Canadian Nurses
Associ"tiùn

Institute on Family Health Counselling
ISOBEL BLACK

For the week of June 18, the public
health nurses of 'Vinnipeg enjoyed the
stimulating comradeship of group study
on topics which are basic to public
health nursing. Our thinking was guid-
ed by Miss Frances Benjamin, Parent
Education Consultant of the 1\ ursing
Bureau of the Michigan State Health
Department. :\-1iss Benjamin was
brought to \Vinnipeg by the School of
Nursing Education of the UniverÙy
of I'vlanitoba.
In planning our Institute we felt that
what we needed most as public he3lth
nurses was to improve our methods of
family health counselling. \Ve realized
th;J.t in addition to a knowledge of in-
terviewing techniques, this would re-
quire a deepening of our understanding
of family living and of the feelings of
people as they meet the most meaning-
ful of their experiences within the fa-
mily. Do we really understand what it
means to all members of the family to
prepare for the new baby, to adjust to
the illness of one member, especially such
illnesses as tuberculosis and syphilis? Do
we really understand the relationship
of parents and children? \Ve were aware
of our need to become more understand-
ing people in order to be effective public
health nurses. \Ve described our needs
to Miss Benjamin and she planned the
following topics for discussion:
NOVEMBER, 1945

The Famil}' Today - The Contribution
of the
urse
1Iaternity - a Shared Family Experience
The Maternity Group
The Parents' Care and Guidance of Child-
ren in the Home
The Infant
The Older Child
The Family and Community \gencies
Services to Supplement the Home
The Child Hcalth Confel ence
The Church, Library, School
The Family
1eets the Problem of Com-
municable Disease
The Essentials of the Interview with In-
dividuals and Parents
Materials:
Useful to Par{'nts in Understanding
Their Children and Themselves
The Professional Development of the
Nurse
The Veteran Returns to His Family and
Community.
It :s always reassuring to be remind-
ed of one's importance in a vital cause.
During our first meeting we experienc-
ed this satisfaction. Among the many
highly trained workers helping the fa-
mily to make the wholesome adjust

ment necessary for the development of
children into healthy, happy and useful
members of society the public health
nurse has a unique and basic contnDu-
tion to make. For instance, what other
family counsellor is associated with the
aTT

878

THE CANADIAN NURSE

family hefore a crisis arises? The pub-
lic health nurse works closely with fa-
milies over a long period of time cover-
ing normal experiences as well as crises.
She is with. the family when it meets the
most vital experiences concerned with
its existence as a family and with the
care and guidance of children. During
the maternity cycle the public health
nurse is close to the family providing
guidance in the preparation for and ad-
justment to the new member. This gives
her an opportunity to help all members
to find this a maturing experience and
to play their parts in giving the baby the
best start towards wholesome living.

Once we were sure of our place in
helping parents to create the kind of fa-
mily life which promotes health and the
happy adjustment that is such a vital part
of health, we were ready to turn our
thoughts to the study of how to ac-
complish our objectives. As we thought
together, we realized that we now have
knowledge in advance of our ability to
apply it. We must increase our skills
in working successfully with people. To
do this we found the nurse must be a
calm, accepting person who can accept
a family at its own level, appreciating
its assets and willing to allow the mem-
bers to meet their needs in their own
way, using the nurse as a resource per-
son who can help by sharing her knowl-
edge without imposing her solution. She
interprets health and the meaning of
children's behaviour in this light of
normal development. She strengthens
the resources already within the family.
The nurse must train herself to see the
resources the family brings to the situ-
ation. What are the strengths of the
family? What are the positive factors in
the situation? It is so much easier to
see problems to solve, the weaknesses of
the family and all the negative factors in
the situation, that sometimes the assets
are obscured. Nevertheless the nurse
must be aware of them. It is those
strengths that the family will use with
our help to solve its problems and build
a more healthful way of living. We

studied an actual record and found many
positive factors in a "problem" family.
Although there were many negative
factors such as poverty, low level of
intelligence, poor house-keeping, crowd-
ed living conditions and poor ad just-
ment of a school child, we found a
number of values. There was evidence
of mutual trust and affection, of the
mother's interest in the children, of good
meal planning and of an easy, happy
home atmosphere. The father was able
to work steadily. The school teacher
and principal were interested and under-
standing. There was a good relation-
5hip between the nurse and the family.
We had to look searchingly to find some
of these assets but they were there.
We found also that the nurse must
be an observing person if she is to under-
stand the true nature of the situation
facing the family, how the various mem-
bers feel about it and what the positive
factors are. She listens, she draws out,
she notices and perhaps most important
of all she records her observations. Later
as she studies her record in the objective
atmosphere of the office she is able to
interpret her observations free from the
responsibilities and tensions which may
have been present in the home. Her ob-
servations become more meaningful and
her insight is deepened.
An appreciative regard for children is
important for the nurse in her family
health work. As she discusses them,
showing genuine interest, the mother is
drawn out to talk about them also and
the nurse learns much about the parents'
relationship to the children and about
the family life in general. She interprets
the normality of growth, development
and learning; the relationship of the
physical to the psychological, and of past
experience to present behaviour and fu-
ture development. If the parents have
this insight they will know how to give
understanding guidance.
With Miss Benjamin's help we came
to see that the public health nurse can
make an important contribution to in-
creasing parent's confidence and giving
Vol. 41. No. 11

F :\ 1\1 I L Y H E A L T H C 0 U N S f L L I N G 879

parenthood status. It might help parents
to realize that t,.hey are the most impor-
tant people in the child's life and that
they have a function which can be per-
formed h,. no one else. :\Iany mothers
and fathe"rs have a feelin a of failure in
o
their role as parents. An understanding
nurse may be able to help them to see the
tremendous contribution they h
ve made
unconsciously to their children and in
this way gi
e them much-needed en-
couragement. A family record was cited
in which this was strikingly illustrated.
A new baby was expected and one of
the older children, a twelve-rear-old
boy, had asked questions about the chan-
ges in his mother's figure. The par-

nts realized by the qt7estions that the
boy had some knowledgé about repro-
duction and was indirectly asking for
more information. Thev felt it was their
duty to give him more knowledge of sex
but because of their own training they
were emotionally unable to tell him the
facts. Consequently they felt thq had
failed. The nurse helped them greatly
by enabling them to see that they had
aÍreadr pla}'cd the basic role of païC'1ts
in sex education hJ giving their children
confidence in family life, in the rela-
tionship of parents with each other and
. with their children. They had given
their son basic attitudes towards life in
general which would carryover into his
;ttitudes toward sex. Even if they had
to leave the task of fact-telling to some-
one else they had already successfully
accomplished the very important part
that only parents can play.
\Vhen we were ready to study the
interview, we found that our past dis-
cus
ions had given us sufficient under-

standing of how to establish good work-
ing relationships that we could formu-
late some principles of succe<:sful inter-
viewing with little trouble. The same
applied to our discussion on the return-
ing soldier and his family. We could
understand something of the experience
of both the soldier abroad and the family
at home during the war and how the
experiences of each will relate to the
problems of adjustment for both the
soldier and his family. The public
health nurse, hy being an understanding
and reassuring person, should be able to
help families as they make these adjust-
ments.
\Vhile studying the community and
how it supplements the home, we saw
the work of the public health nurse in
strengthening and developing commun-
ity facilities .as she co-operates with rep-
resentatives of other agencies, and as she
helps families to be aware of their com-
munity needs and their responsibility in
promoting facilities to meet them.
During our work and study we came
to see that, "So men can reveal to you
aught but that which alre.ady lies half
asleep in the dawning of your knowl-
edge."*
\Ve are beginning to see that we
cannot impose our knowledge. We can
only help to reveal to people the rich re-
sources hidden within themselves. The
Institute was an experience of this type
of learning. Miss Benjamin gave us a
masterly demonstration of how this
slumbering knowledge m.ay be awak-
ened by skilled leadership.

*Kahlil Gibran - The Prophet.

Combat Exhaustion

Combat exhaustion cases. known as shell
shock in the last war and sometimes referred
to as combat fatigue or operational fatigue,
were treated more successfully in this \\>ar

NOVEMBER, 1945

because of the high quality of personnel in
the field, better methods and techniques, and
of the greate t importance is the fact .
psychiatrists got to the men sooner trum evef

880

THE CANADIAN NURSE

before. Army psychiatrists did some of their
most ef fective work right up near the front
at the clearing stations.
There was some variation in the treat-
ment given. Sedation, narco-synthesis, hyp-
nosis. and the new technique of group psy-
chothel apy were some of the methods of
handling these battle-weary soldiers. The
results of group psychotherapy were, in gen-
eral, particularly encouraging.
Symptoms of combat exhaustion were in-
creasing irritability, lack of interest in let-
ters from friends or family, lack of :nter-
est in comrades, and the throwing away of
equipment and food.
There was a direct ratio between the
number of exhaustion cases and the inten-
sity of combat. The number of combat ex-
haustion cases was almost always just about
one-fifth the number of wounded cases.
Every. man has his breaking point, ac-
cording to psychiatrists. It is just a matter
of how much stress and strain is put upon
a man and for how long a period. The fact
that combat exhaustion cases bore a direct

ratio to the number of wounded shows that
as the battle became more intense the pres-
sure was just that much heavier, causing
more men to reach the breaking point.
A factor that lead to combat exhaustion
was the martyr situation. When men were
unavoidably marooned from the main body
of troops so that the situation seemed hope-
less, or when they were on a mission which
they did. not understand and which seemed
futile or when they were isolated and lost
their leader, the average man was more like-
ly to become subj ect to combat exhaustion
under such circumstances.

Combat exhaustion did not mean that a
man was "yellow", or a coward. A big per-
centage of the combat exhaustion cases rep-
resent men who had had long months of ser-
vice at the front as effective and brave fight-
ing men. They simply carne to the point where
the human system could take no more. It is
then that the psy.:hiatrists start to care for
the ailing soldier.

-News Notes No. 28.

Civilian Internees of Jap Prisons

American civilian internees of Japanese
prison camps in the Philippines, who have
recently been returned to the United States,
were found in a survey by nutritional scien-
tists of the Army Medical Department to
be on the borderline state of extreme star-
vation.
According to the report, the food served
the prisoners, in addition to being poorly
cooked, consisted mainly of wilted greens,
moldy corn, dirty rice, and a variety of sweet
potato which was often rotten. This soon
led to vitamin-deficiency diseases. Relief
packages were allowed in the camp only
twice during the period of internment, all
market vendors were barred from the camp,
and the only source of extra rations was
the black market.
The report, in listing the effects of mal-

nutrition on the eight children born in the
prison camps, noted that only three showed.
any signs of vitamin deficiency. This was
attributed to the mild climate and sunshine
of the Philippines. The average weight
oss,
during the time of internment, jumped from
13.5 pounds in 1942 to 20 pounds in the last
six months before liberation.
The most common symptoms stil1 evident
in the liberated Americans is digestive up-
sets, easy fatiguability, and neuritis. Seventy-
eight per cent of the internees, however, re-
ported that they felt "fine" a few days after
liberation. The rapidity of recovery of the
adults and the relatively good condition of
the children is a striking example of how
quickly the human body will return to nor-
mal after semi-starvation.
-News Notes No. 28.

, i

R-emember your friends at Christmas with a subscription to the J oumal.

Vol. 41, No. 11

:11 I t I: J{ ;. .

GENERAL NURSING

Contributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

Renal Calculi

CATHERINE O'HANLEY

Gladys is twenty-nine years old, pale
but well nourished. For the past few
years she has suffered periodic attacks
of pyelitis with frequency and vomiting.
Treated in hospital in 1940, she has
sinced enjoyed fair health. Three days
previous to her admission hospital in
February 4, 1942, Gladys suffered
severe pain in lumbar region accompan-
ied by frequency of urination and nausea.
On admission by stretcher she seemed
to be very ill and was suffering acutely.
Rectal temperature was 105, pulse 98,
respiration 22, blood pressure 140/90.
Murphy drip was started at once and
continued for seventy-two hours until
she could no longer retain the fluid.
Proctoclysis saline and glucose were
given. Linseed poultices were applied
every four hours to the lumbar area and
codeine gr. II2 was given for pain.
Blood picture showed hemoglobin 65,
W.B.C. 26,000, R.B.C. 3,280,000,
urinalysis, albumin +, pus +. A blood
urea done the following morning showed
150 mg. per 100 cc. X-rays taken the
same day revealed stones in both kidneys.
After forty-eight hours her temperature
became normal, and she seemed better
but was unable to retain even water.
For the next month, she was given an
intravenous daily. Frequency had be-
come considerably worse and large quan-
tities of pus are passed daily.
On March 3 and 14 transfusion of

NOVEMBER. 1945

500 cc. citrated blood was given follow-
ing which Gladys showed improvement,
seemed to gain strength rapidly and
was able to eat and retain her meals.
On March 23 she was allowed up;
four days later she had severe recur-
rence of pain in right kidney area oc-
curring at intervals.
On April 28 a pyelotomy was per-
formed and a large stone removed from
the right kidney. She received regular
post-operative c.are t and made satisfac-
tory progress with the clips removed on
the seventh day. Four days later severe
pain occurred in the left kidney area with
elevation of temperature to 102, pulse
100. Sulfathiazole was ordered grs. xxx
to be given immediately then grs. xv
every four hoÜrs for six doses, followed
by grs. xv three times a day. This was
discontinued three days later when pa-
tient could no longer tolerate the drug.
The next day another blood transfusion
was given. Nausea persisted for several
days necessitating intravenouses of sa-
line and glucose daily. The temperature
now was normal, and the patient was
allowed out of bed on the twenty-third
days for fifteen minutes.
The blood picture of May 26 showed
W.B.C. 8000, hemoglobin 75. Though
her condition improved the patient was
not well. X-ray revealed a stone in the
left ureter and the urine was full of
pus. On June 9 ureterotomy was per-
881

882

THE CANAD[:-'...

URSE

formed, and a stone 1 cm. by 6 cm. was
remo\ ed from the left ureter just proxi-
mal to its entrance into the bladder. On
the ninth post-operative day chills, ac-
companied by a sharp elevation of tem-
perature and nausea, occurred. Neo-
plontosil grs. xxx was ordercd and given
at once, then grs. xv every four hours
for six doses followed by grs. À v three
rinl{" a da,' for three dan. Thereafter
the Pâtient - made good rec"overr anò was
allowed up on the fifteenth post-oper-
ative dar. On the thirty-third day she
was di,,
harged feeling wt.ll but still
troubled with considerable frequency,
passing a large amount of pus, and hav-
ing blood urea of 80.

On .Kovcmber 13, 1942, Gladys was
a!!:a:n admitted, this tim
with frequen-
c;, difficulty and pain wnen voiding;

he could scarcely tolerate the passing
(If a catheter, and the urine stJI con-
t.loned large quantities of pus. She ap-
peared quite healthy with blood pressure
of 120 80. Blood chemistry on recheck
was 80. She was given horacic bladder
lavae-e for several dar
, ;md hexamine
grs. -7-1/2 three times a day for three
wcek:,. o.\fter th:s frequency
till per-
si"ted, but pain on voiding was not so
severe. One the twentY-:iecond day there
was an elevation of temperature to 102
w;th severe pain in lumbar re!!ion and
vomiting. Keoprontosil was again order-
ed every four hours. [)uril
g the thr
e
following days Gladys took chills daily,
her temperature going as high as 104.8.
At this time frequency wa" much worse
and she suffered great irritation. Intra-
venous was given and <!rg) rol 10 per
cent instilled in the bladder. :Kinety-six
hours later the temperature was normal
and, although frequency rema 'ned, the
irr;tation was much relieved. Her condi-
tion remained much the same unt]
January when a cystotomy was done.
One month after the operation, the
supra-pubic tube was removed, after
which the patient voided without diff-
culty but suffered intense irritation at

t:mes. Six days later she was out of bed
but W;lS not feeling well. Another x-ray
taken revealed a stone in the left kidney,
and shli had the usual pyuria.
On :\1arch 10, the left renal cal-
culus was removed. Kidne) drainage
was by means of a bottle attached to
the bed. Each day the tube was irri-
gated with boracic solution and every
second day argyrol 10 per cent was in-
stilled into the kidney. The tube was re-
moved on the eighth day. She was al-
lowed out of bed on the fifteenth day.
Dre

ings were changed frequently un-
til the incision had healed. "Then dis-
chare-ed on 1\Tarch 29, blood urea was
66;
freqllency persisted but patient felt
well. November 12, 19+3. Gladys re-
turned for a routine check-up. Examina-
tion
howed a cystocele 2nd n:coriation
and redness at mouth of urethral open-
ing. Blood urea was 55 with only a
small amount of pus in urine. Urea
clearance was 12-27 per cent. Hexamine
was ordered, to be continued until can-
celled by the doctor. She was asked to
return in six months time for check-up.

June 12, 1944, Gladys was admitted
for re-check of blood chemistry and
urine. This time she had extreme ur-
gency and frequency, and was passing
large quantities of pus daily. She now
had prolapse of the bladder. She com-
pla:ned of severe pain in her che
t also.
X -ray taken of chest showed nothing
abnormal. e rea was 60, "T.B.C. 14,-
000, hemoglobin 80, R.B.C. 4,200,-
000. Bladder irrigations were given un-
til retl:rn flow was clear. Hexamine was
continued. On July 4- the patient was
discharged fee ling quite well, and asked
to return later for treatment with
penicillin. September 23, 1944 she was
re-admitted for treatment with penicil-
lin. She had no particular complaint ex-
cept for the usual frequency. Urine cul-
ture grown for twenty-four hours show-
ed almost pure staphylococci, but no
tubercle l:-acilli. Urine contained pus
4+, album:n 2-t-, hemoglonin was 70,

Vol. 41, No. 11

PRE PAR I N G MAT E R I A L FOR R A D I 0

3

W.B.C. 14,000, R.B.C. 3,373,000,
urea 70. She complained of m.arked
tenderness in both loins,. and had a
marked rectocele and cystocele. Penicil-
lin 20,000 units was given every four
hours until 1,300,000 units were re-
ceived. After the administration of

penicillin the urine cleared up remark-
ably. Two negative cultures were ob-
tained; frequency and burning disap-
peared but recurred to some extent on
discontinuance of penicillin. Since dis-
charge from hospital Gladys has b
en
enjoying much better health.

Preparing Material for Radio

JEAN MASON

Radio today vies with the printed
word as a means of publishing informa-
tion. Anyone with a message for the
public does only half a job if he does
not use radio.
Loc.al nurses' associations frequently
have messages for the public which r.a-
dio can help them give. Radio station
managers are usually willing to co-oper-
ate by giving time if they feel that the
message is of enough importance to
enough people and if the program prom-
ises to entertain tIS well as instruct.
The simplest type of progr.am is one
in which one person speaks for a "peci-
fied length of time. Unfortunately, this
is usually the least effective type of pro-
gram. Unless the speaker has an excep-
tionally good radio voice, it is difficult
to hold the interest of a radio audience
no matter how good the material may
be. Both voice .and material must be far
better than would be necessary if the
speaker were addressing an audience
whom he could see and by whom he
could be seen. An audience in a lecture
hall is already interested enough to have
made an effort to be present, they can
see the speaker (which adds interest),
.and the speaker can see them and get
their reaction and adjust his talk to their
mood.
It is, therefore, best, in using radio to
give a message, to make use of several
voices. The different voices provide in-
terest and change, and the audience gets
NOVEMBER. I'.'

the impressIOn ot bemg talked to ra-
ther than addressed.
l\1aterial for panel discussion (or for
any other radio program) should alway:;
be prepared in advance. The master wits
of "Information Please" are the only
group of which J can think off-hand who
have made a real success of an unprepar-
ed and unrehearsed program. A mike in
a radio-station studio provides little inspir-
ation, even for the most spontaneous
after-dinner speaker or celebrated story-
teller - \Vinston Churchill, your fa-
vourite news commentator, Jack Benny,
Edgar Bergen, Fibber McGee all read
from carefully prepared and carefully
rehearsed scripts.
In preparing a discussion script, keep
your cast small - three or four is a
good number. This makes the script
simpler and the program easier to fol-
low. Start with an introduction by the
announcer. Make your opening sentence
as arresting as possible, but better not
try any "stunts"! Have the announcer
introduce the other participants, and
have each one speak as his or her name
is given, so that the audience can couple
the name .and the voice.
In writing radio scripts there is a
form which has become standard because
experience has proven it to be best -
easiest for the actors and the studio en-
gineers to follow. \Vrite the name of
the speaker in capital letters in the left-
hand margin. Do not use this margin

884

l'HE CANADIAN NURSE

for .anything else. If you have any sound
effects, treat "EFFECTS" as a speaker.
"Then rou want an effect, write "E F-
FECTS" in the left-hand margin just
as J "EFFECTS" were a memher of
the cast. Then write, in capital letters
opposite, the effect you want. But he-
ware of too many or too elaborate ef-
fects. If you have effects, you have to
have a sound-effects man, which costs
somebody money and which complicates
your production and sometimes leads to
diffculties even for professionals. If
you need any effects, talk them over
with whomever you are working at the
radio stat:on well in advance.
Make your dialogue conversational.
Let it de
elop as it
ight develop if it
were spontaneous. Say it over to your-
self as you write it. If it doesn't sound
natural, rewrite until it does.
Keep speeches short. The shorter the
better.
If you have any special instructions
for your characters, write them in capi-
tal Íetters and in brackets. For instance,
you mar want someone to read a cer-
ta:n line with part:cular emphasis. 'V rit

('VITH EJ\1PH:\SIS) hefore the sen-
tence. Then, when vou want her to re-
sume her normal v
)ice, write (NOR-
MAL VOICE). If you want a laugh
or a sigh or a whistle, write it in the
same way. It's as simple as that.
End your script with something in-
teresting. Don't let it just peter out.
Build up to something. In writing ra-
dio drama, we call it "the twist" . You
don't need a twist on an educational
broadcast, but you do need a climax.
Bring the announcer back at the end
of the script to tell the audience to whom
they have heen listening.
In writing a script, you need, rough-
ly, one double-spaced typewritten 8-1/2

x 11 page for each minute on the .air.
But a lot depends on the type of the
script and the cast. So rehearse it in ad-
vance
then add or cut as needed, and
rehearse again until it is the right length.
Keep \vithin your time limit. Don't
wr:te quite enough to fill the time al-
lotted to you - at the time of the actual
bro.adcast someone may read more slow-
I) than usual, and if you see your time
slipping hy too quickly you may get pan-
icky. Better to he a little short.
Have the final scripts typed, double-
spaced, on legal-size paper. Double-
spac:ng means easier reading. And legal-
size paper means fewer sheets to turn
anJ rattle and perhaps misplace.
Don't break words at the end of a
rne of a radio script. This means a pause
in the middle of the word while the
reader's eye travels to the next line.
If you are acting as well as writing
the sc
ipt, rememher this: Rehearse suf-
fc:ently. Become entirel} familiar with
your s
ript. Underline words and make
other notations which will help you.
'Vhen rehearsing, practise holding and
turning the pages of the script noiselessly.
Trv ,'our voice in front of the mike be-
for
"you go on the air, and have the
studio eng-ineers show you just where
to stand 0; sit. Don't wander away from
the mike or get too close to it during
the broadcast. Speak in a conversd.tional
tone. Be quick on the pick-up. Be ready
to come in as soon as the last word has
left the preceding speaker's moÙth un-
less the d:alogut indicates a pause for
th:nking it ov
r, but once you're start-
ed, speak a little more slowly than you
ordinarily would.
You can get a lot of enjoyment out
of radio writing or acting. And radio
can do a big job for you.
Good luck!

What is the most up-to-date informa-
tion regarding immunization? How much
value is the inoculation against scarlet

Preview

fever? Dr. Lawrence E. Ranta has pre-
pared an authoritative statement for us
which will be featured in December.

Vol. 41. No. 11

HOSPITALS &: SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. :--J. A.

Tuberculosis Affiliation in Saskatchewan

CHARLOTTE G. CROWE

The 1\ovember, 194-3, i8sue of The
Canadian Nurse containèJ a short item
under the caption "\Vho is to Nurse the
T uherculous Patient". Saskatchewan
hopes to answer this challenge by provid-
ing affJiation in tuberculosj
nursing for
student nurses. The results are imme-
diate and long range j the student pro-
vides efficient nursing care while learn-
ing about tuberculosis j the graduate
nurse will be better prepared to deal
with tuberculosis when
he meets it,
and it is reasonable to suppose that marc
registered nurses will take up tuber-
culosis nursing after they have had an
introduction to this fascinating and
worthwhile field.
In setting up the present course the
Sa8katchewan Registered Nurses Asso-
ciation was approached hy Dr. R. G.
Ferguson, general superintendent of the
Saskatchewan Anti-Tuberculosis Lea-
gue. A tentative curriculum was pre-
pared and presented by thl' superintend-
ent of nurses at Fort San to the super-
intendents of nurses of ail the schools of
nursing in Saskatchewan, to represen-
tatives
of the Saskatchew
m Registered
Nurses Association and the Saskatche-
wan Anti-Tuberculosis League at three
meetings held in different centres. A
generaÌ meeting with the Council of
the Saskatchewan Registered Nurses As-
sociation, held at a later date, passed the
final curriculum and agrc
d to an eight
NOVEMBER. 1945

weeks' course. The approv?! of the Uni-
versit} of Saskatchewan was obtained
and the affiliate school .nade subject to
inspection by the Saskat...:hewan School
of Nursing Adviser.
Contracts (as between the League
and the Board of each ho
pital maintain-
ing a school of nursing) were signed.
These contracts include agreement of
the School of Nursing H,)spital to send
a specified number of students ( with
specified basic nursing qualifications)
every eight weeks and agreement of
the League to provide the educational
opportunities as outlined 1n the curri-
cui urn; to pay each student the same
allowance as she receives in her home
school j to pay transportation to and
from the sanatorium and to provide
sickness and accident in-,urance while
the student is at the $anatorium. The
first group of sixteen students registered
at Fort San on June 1 and 4, 194-5. By
admitting on the two dates it is felt that
the students will have more initial, in-
dividual attention and also that there
will not be a complete change of stud-
ents on one day at the end of each course.
The curriculum includes a total of
thirty-five class hours, wh:ch covers lec-
tures, demonstrations and medical con-
ferences. The curriculum is flexible and
can be adjusted to include material of

pecial interest to the students. Each
student prepares one case :itudy which is
....,

886

'rHE CANADIAN NURSE

^.
. I"""'
:;

....'" .

r

o

.<<Þ,j
{,

''I

j ,

r

,
. !'
J

:' [ ' .', { '
.... _ "..<>:

'

The first affiliate group.

presented as an oral report in a thirty-
minute conference with the instructor
and several staff members. 'rhe students
are on a rotation service, that is, oper-

ting room, diet kitchen, pediatric, or-
thopedic and general wards.
The pediatric and orthopedic de-
partments are two special services where
the student nurse has an opportunity to
observe the child who is not acutely ill
but requires long term hospitalization
and adults, who being orthopedic pa-
tients, present a problem not commonly
encountered in general nursing.

The actual nursing of the tuberculous
patient is not heavy. A properly followed
routine is necessary but this does not in
itself become monotonous as patients are
sometimes in a sanatorium for years and
it is part of the treatment not to let a
routine become tedious to the patient.
The psychology of nursing the tuber-
culous patient is differe:lt from that

.

The Infirmary at Fort San.

used in the nursing, for instance, of the
very ill surgic
l patient. Often the tuber-
culous patient does not realize the ex-
tent of his physical disability nor what is
necessé.\ry in the restriction of exercise
for his complete recovery. It is all very
interesting and the student who is suc-
cessful in attaining a proper balance of
sympathy and tact, plus an understand-
ing of the patient's position, has gone a
long way towards being able to handle
the tuberculous patient.
Prevention of the disease is, of course,
of vital importance. This phase of the
work is also dealt with. Most of the
student nurses have some knowledge
of the effectiveness of B. C. G. vaccina-
tion and with further tuitian and actual
contact with the work being done, the
follow-up work in the Districts will be
better understood and the League will,
therefore, get assistance in their surveys.
Before taking part in nursing at the
sanatorium, the student has x-ray plates
taken, blood counts, urinalysis and a
physical examin
tion by one of the medi-
cal staff. A check is also made before
the student leaves the institution.
The students work an eight-hour day
and a forty-eight hour week. They are
assigned day and evening duty only, be-
cause it is felt that there are fewer edu-
c.ational opportunities on night duty.
Class hours are included in "on duty"
time.
The final grade received by each
student is calculated from the scores
received on special topics, case study and
the final examination. The record re-
turned to the student's home school in-
cludes a summary of her proficiency re-
ports, a record of the types of cases

nursed with the number of patient-days,
J the final grade and percentile ranking.
The eight weeks spent at Fort San
do more for the student nurse than just
introduce her to tuberculosis nursing.
Of great importance is the change of

nvironment. Situated, 3S it is, on the
shores of Echo Lake, in the Qu' Appelle
Valley, the spacious beautifully land-

Vol. 41, No. 11

\\
ELF .-\ REO F THE G E 1\ E R :\ T I 0 K

scaped grounds are in contrast to most
of our city hospitals. The student has
the benefit derived from associating with
nurses from other scho,)l
of nursing
and she has the opportunit,- ::0 learn to
adjust: to a new
ituation where not on1-\
techniques but policies, tOt), are different.
The social life of th!' student is not
forgotten. There are man\" seasonal
sfort<;; such as: tennis, swimming, skat-
ing. There is a movie once a week.
Picnicking is popular and the dietitian
is always ready to be of assistance in
planning af] outing of this sort.

887

Standards of nursing th:lt were rigid-
ly maintained heretofore, ;wd have un-
avoidabl} been lowered on account of
lack of properlr trained rersonnel. are
being hrought back to their former level
and this first group of affiliate
tudents
wi]] go down in h:story as
aving made a
valuahle contribution in assisLing to make
this possible. "
e realize that the suc-
cess of the affiliate couri'e wi]] be deter-
mined by the results obtained and it will
he interesting to note how the ..;tudents
react to th:s trpe of work when they
leave their schools of nur5ing.

The Welfare of the Generation

The welfare of the growing generation.
the creation of all conditions necessary for
tht' upbringing of healthy, happy and well-
educated citizens, has been the special care
of the Soviet Government from the "ery
first days of its rule.
No country in the world has such a wide-
flung network of children's institutions as
the Soviet Lnion. Xurseries. kind-,;,rgartens,
boarding schools, schools and children's
clinics and hospitals were opened in an ci-
ties and villages, in the most remote
orn-
ers of our va
t country.
In the grim years of the war the Soviet
Government has devoted particular atten-
tion to the younger generation. During the
first stage of the war, tens of thousands of
children were evacuated to the eastern re-
gions of the country and the necessary mea-
sures were immediately taken tl) ensure
qualifid medical attention for these young-
ste. s. The fulfilment of these gO\'ernment
decisions wa
laid upon the People's Com-
missariat of Public Health which at once
made preparations for the opening of addi-
tional consultation centres, polyclinics, hos-
pitals and children's homes.
A pa, ticularly great increase has taken
place in the number of nurseries existing in
the RSFSR since the war began. \Vhereas
there were 2,797 permallent nurspries with

NOVEMBER, 194'

!6.2.9-W cob in the thirty-six regions of the
republic on January 1, 1941, hy 1<J.lf the
permanent nurseries were ahl( to accommo-
date 507,000 children and this year this
number wilt be increased to 634.000.
Particularly wide-scale work in this direc-
tion has been carried out by the public
heé'lth organizations in thL viltages and in
the outl
ing regions of the Soviet {; nion.
During these years 55,4ó5 cots were added
to the nurseries in rural regiuns, this being
44 per cent of the prewar number.

":'"

......

"

The (( J;J olod ar t1 Gvardia" Children,' s
Hmllt' - Th[; children listen to a fairy
talr toU hy their t{'(lcher.

888

THE CANADIAN NURSE

J

The children stud)' muszc.

As millions of women went to work in
factories and plants, the brunt of the care
for the health and welfare of their chil-
dren was laid upon the shoulders of the nur-
sery personnel, and many improvements were
made in the care of the babies and sp
cial
sections for sick children were opened in all
nurseries, "hich greatly eased the life of
the mothers.
However, the organization of new nur-
series did not e)<.haust the scope of the mea-
sures taken for maternity and child welfare.
Since the "ar broke out, no less attention
has b
n paid to the formation of new con-
sultation centres and polyclinics for children.
In peace-time the RSFSR had some sixteen
hundred consultation centres for mothers
and children. In the course of the first two
years of the war this number had grown to
1,756 and is steadily increasing; it is sche-
duled to reach 3,374 in 1945. This growth
is particularly noticeable in certain regions.
F or instance, 99 new consultation centres,
of which 77 are in remote villages, have
been opened in the Urals and in Siberia.
A radical change has also taken place in
the nature of the work itself. Everyone of
them now has a staff of highly qualified
doctors, nurses and health visitors. Particular
attention is paid to weak and backward
children who are kept under special obser-
vation and receive increased rations, cod
liver oil, electric treatment and. so forth.
It is natural that the war should have
caused certain di f ficulties with the supply
of provisions and other articles of prime
necessity but, thanks to the tireless efforts of
the Government, this has in no wise touched
the children. The increase in the number of

.

...

Dinner-time.

milk distributing centres is characteristic in
this respect. In 1940 these centres distributed
some 80,000 portions, and during the past
year the children received about 186,000 por-
tions of excellent milk in spite of the fact
that the livestock br
ding regions of the
country had been decreased as the result
of the temporary occupation.
At the same time, a considerable increase
has taken place in the number of children's
homes. In 1941, about 6,568 children were
being brought up in these homes, and at
present 25,000 children of servicemen are
being maintained in like institutions.
I n order to improve the food supply for
children a decision was passed to provide the
children's institutions in the city of Vladi-
vostok with additional provisions to the
sum of 308,000 rubles - 2,602 kg. of choco-
late, 50,000 cans of condensed milk and so
forth. Similar measures were taken in other
regions of the country. Also, in the major-
ity of autonomous republics, regions and
districts, special subsidiary farms were
formed, the products from which went to
improve the children's diet. The Khabarovsk
regional executive committee has given the
children's institutions 150 cows; Kalinin
Region - 120 cows, and so on.
For older children a large number of spe-
cial dining-rooms, catering to 295,000 young-
sters, were opened At present, there are no
regions or districts in which such dining-
rooms do not exist, the majority of them
catering to children of servicemen.
N. MANANNIKOVA
Assistant Peoþle's Commissar
of Pttblic Health of the RSFSR.

Make it a Merry Christmas all year round with a gift of The Canadian Nurse.
Vol. 41, No. 11

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

GenerCiI Secretory, The Canadian Nunes AllociatioR

Placement Bureaux Institute

An institute for directors of Nurse
Placement Bureaux, the first in Can-
ada under the auspices of the Canadian
Nurses Association, was held September
5-15, at the University of lV1anitoba,
\Vinnipeg, with representatives from
eight provinces present.
Dr. Frances Triggs, Ph.D., person-
nel consultant of the American Nurses
Association, was guest lecturer. The
first five days were devoted to group
discussion and the last five days to con-
sideration of personnel management
problems. The meetings, September
10-15, were open to administrators of
hospitals and public health organiza-
tions, and to nurses who were especial-
ly interested in personnel work.
A complete report of this institute
will appear in a later issue of The Cana-
dian N ursc.

Youth Training Plan
Due to the fact that we have re-
ceived so many inquiries about the Youth
Training Plan from various provinces,
we decided to write to each Registered
Nurses Association to find out which
provinces were receiving benefits for
student nurses. The replies were as fol-
lows:
A iberta: Dominion-provincial finan-
cial aid is now available in an amount
of one hundred dollars each to girls of

NOVEMBER, 194'

eighteen years and over who are inter-
ested in nursing as a vocation, but whose
parents are unable to finance the three
years training period. This grant does
not have to .be repaid. Fifty dollars will
be paid after the student has been def-
initely accepted by a school of nursing
and fifty dollars on
uccessful completion
of the preliminary term of approximate-
ly four months. The grant will be re-
stricted to those who sign the agreement
that they will make their services avail-
able as nurses on graduation, eithe.r by
enlisting in the armed forces or by nurs-
ing in a war industry, hospital or simi-
lar public institution, or in departments
of public health.
British Columbia: The provincial De-
partment of Education allocated $2,000
of Dominion-Provincial Youth Training
Plan Fund for bursaries for student
nurses in 1944-45 and $3,000 for the
current fiscal year. The entire amount
was used last year, and many requests
are being made for bursaries for this
year.
Manitoba: 1. The purpose of the loan
fund is to assist nurses in training, who,
without financial assistance, could not
enter on or continue their training.
2. All trainees must sign an agree-
ment that, upon gradu.ation, they wIll
serve as nurses in the armed forces, war
industries, public health work, approved
hospitals or similar government institu-
tions.
3. The maximum loan to any student
shall be two hundred dollars per train-
ing year.

889

890

THE CANADIAN NURSE

4-
Assistance shall be given In the
hrst instance as a loan, but one hundred
dollars of such loan shall be cancelled
for one ) ear's service, as designated in
Regulation .Ko. 2, and fifty dollars ad-
diÚmal for each additional siÀ months
serv.ce.
5.
-\ny trainee who breaks the agree-
ment designated in Regulation .Ko. 2
(eÀcept for reasons beyond her control)
shall immediately be required to repay
the loan in full, with intere
t at the cur-
rent rate.
6. If granted a loan, the applicant
shall s:gn a promissory note for the
amount of the loan, pal able to the Prov-
ince of :\t1an:toba, Department of Edu-
cation, Canadian Vocational Training
Branch, and may be required to provide
security.
7. In the event of a loan being grant-
ed to a minor, the promissory note which
she signs must abo be signed by a per-
son meeting the approval of the Loan
Committee.
New Brunswick: No provision has
been made for student nurses in 1\ew
Brunswick through the Youth Training
Plan.
/Ir- ova Scotia: There are no grants for
nurses under the Youth Training Plan.
This is to be brought to the attention of
the executive of the provincial Registered
Nurses Association at their next meeting.
Ontario : Up to the present the On-
tario Government has not participated in
the Dominion-Provincial Youth Train-
ing Plan. 1\0 subsidies have been avail-
able from this source for student nurses.
It is the intention of the Registered
Nurses Association of Ontario to make
inquiries as to the attitude of the present
Government in this matter.
Prince Ed7.vard Island: No grants for
nurses under the Youth Training Plan.
Quebec: Bursaries are available for
students attending provincial universI-
ties in any year or in any faculty. The
maximum of the
e scholarships is three
hundred dollars, 50 per cent of which
is given a
a grant and 50 per cent as a

loan, repayable one year after the stu-
dent has left the university.
1\" urses taking courses in approved
hospitals maJ also benefit by the annual
scholarships of one hundred dollars given
as a full grant, provided thC) agree not
to engage in private service for a year
after graduation.
.A report from J\;liss Upton, executive
secretary, Registered 1\ urses .Associa-
tion of the Province of Quebec, states
that since 1943, when student nurses
were first included in the plan, more
than five hundred student" have received
financial assistance from the fund creat-
ed by federal-provincial co-operation.
The Committee of
1anagement,
R.N.A.P .Q., recommends a continu-
ance of the Youth Training Plan as
applied to student nurses.
Saskatchewan: The maximum assist-
ance available is one hundred dollars
per year. In order to receive a second
or third grant, it is neces
ary to submit
a request for it, together with an affi-
davit from the parent or guardian cov-
ering his present financial position, .and
a letter of recommendation from the
director of nursing. All applications go
through the regIstrar of the Saskat-
chewan Registered 1\ urses Association.
In a letter received recently from
1\lr. R. F. Thompson, Director of
Training, Department of Labour, Cana-
dian Vocational Training, the following
appears: "Student aid schedules are 111
effect between this department and all
provinces, but assistance to nurses is
only provided for in the province of
Quebec and the four western provinces.
Such assistance was evidently not con-
sidered necessary in the l\1aritimes or
in Ontario, as no request was made to
us for those provinces to include nurses
within the provisions of our schedule."

Canadian Hosp!tal Council
Meeting
The Canadian Nurses Association
was represented at th:s meet"ng in Ha-

Vol. 41, No. 11

NATIONAL OFFICE

milton on September 19-21, 1945, by
the president, Miss F. Munroe, and
Miss \Vinnifred 1\1. Cooke, assistant
secretary.

The chief topics on the agenda were
(l) the personnel situation; (2) pen-
sions for hospital employees; (3) re-
habilitation of demobilized men and
women; (4) training of hospital ad-
ministrators; (5) hospital construction;
( 6) hospital finance; (7) health in-
surance.

Of particular interest to nurses was
the report of the Committee on Nursing
and Nurse Education presented by the
chairman, Miss Blanche Anderson, ;lS-
sistant director of nursing, Ottawa Civic
Hospital. Other members of this com-
mittee are as follows: Sister Anna, All
Saint's Hospital, Springhill, N.S.; Ma-
rion Myers, instructor of nurses, Saint
John General Hospital, N.B.; Rev.
Sister l\1adeleine de Jesus, chairman,
Council on Nursing Education in Can-
ada, Catholic Hospital Association, c/o
University of Ottawa School of Nur-
sing; Frances Upton, registrar, Regis-
tered Nurses Association of the Province
of Quebec, Montreal; Rev. Sister IV!.
Magdalen, registrar, Prince Edward
Island Registered Nurses Association,
Charlottetown; Rev. Sister Delia Cler-
mont, St. Boniface Hospital, Man. ;
Kathleen W. Ellis, registrar and inspec-
tor of nursing schools, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon; Margaret
Fraser, superintendent of nurses, Royal
Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.;
Catherine M. Clibborn, assistant di-
rector of nurses, Vancouver General
Hospital, B. C.

A request was made that the future
chairmen of this committee be granted
the privilege of attending the executive
meetings of the Canadian Nurses As-
sociation, so as to be able to interpret
nursing, on a national basis, to the
Canadian Hospital Council. Whatever
affects nurses or nursing very definitely
affects hospitals, and, therefore, should
NOVEMBER, 194'

891

be of interest to the Canadian Hospital
Council.
Miss Anderson indicated in her ad-
dress that the present situation in nur-
sing shows that the nursing personnel in
hospitals and in other fields of nursing
has faced with increasing difficulties the
problem of meeting the need of the es-
sentials of good nursing care. The un-
essentials have been reduced, nursing
procedures simplified, and the work
carried on with a degree of efficiency
that has earned sympathetic under-
standing of nursing problems on the part
of hospitals, doctors and the citizens of
Canada. The weakness of the graduate
staff nurse is her inexperience and her
lack of preparation. There has been
a marked decrease in the number of
general duty nurses during 1944-45.
Some of the reasons given were: (1)
The appeal of change of work and dif-
ferent environment; (2) Jesser re-
sponsibility; (3) easier hours of duty;
(4) salaries which are higher.
The number of student nurses in-
creased slightly in 1944. Clinical
facilities in special services, teaching and
supervisory staff, as well as living ac-
commodation, have been stretched to a
point at which further increase is un-
desirable until adjustments can be made.
It was felt by all members present
that nursing education should receive
the financial support of the Govern-
ment, as do all other branches of educa-
tion. Nursing service is essential to any
community.
Tribute was paid to the married
nurse and to the nurse who had come
from retirement back into the field of
nursing to render service during the
war years.
It was suggested that the Govern-
ment be asked to delay the educational
and financial benefits for military nurses
for two or three years, so that they could
help out in the present hospital situation.
The domestic staff was a problem
with which all hospitals were faced. and
no solution found.

892

THE (' A N A D I ANN U R S E

The overcrowding of hosp'tals which
has been continuous, is one of the most
trying difficulties w;th which nurses are
faced. Th:s results in decreased work-
ing space, increased physical effort, is
uneconomical of time, defeats interest
and pride in a finished piece of work,
and is unhygienic for patient, nurse and
other workers. Good beds=de nursing
cannot be carried out under such con-
ditions.
The future makes many demands
upon nurses: (a) PubEcity campaign to
bring before the minds of the public the
essential value of nursing service. (b)
If an adeguate flow of students into
our schools of nursing is to be main-
ta 'ned, it is necessary that nursing
education, condit"ons of employment,
and financial returns compare favour-
ahly with other employment of com-
parable reguireme'1ts and respon,ihil-
itie
. r\ public health nurse with post-
graduate universitr course should be
found on the staff of every general
hospital, to interpret commun't)' health
to staff and patients. Legislation should
be secured for the preparation and
licensing of all subsidiary workers. If
these workers are introduced into hos-
pitals, it will necessitate increased super-
vision and responsibility for the grad-
uate staff.
The maintenance of a satisfactory
staff is paramount. There should be
provision for leave, with salary and ex-
penses, for attendance at nurses' con-
ventions; for refresher courses; observa-
fon per:ods at other institutions, and
for long and short-term bursaries for
clinical and university courses; some
inter-hospital government annuity or a
contributory pension scheme simibr to
that recently established for the Vic-
tor"an Order of Nurses; the advisabil-
ity of having capable nurse administra-

tors to act in a technical, advisory capa-
city, to strengthen the building com-
mittee of hospital construction-many
omi
s"ons and "nconveniences would thus
undoubtedly be avoided.
The post-graduate courses in univer-
sities and courses available in hospital
schools and added experience arrange-
ments in hospitals were all listed in
The Canadian _Vurse. See the July,
1945, issue for details.
Other activities and interests men-
tioned in the report were as follows:
( 1) Affiliations in tuberculosis nursing;
(2) placement bureaux; (3) UKRRA;
( 4) the brochure for the returned nur-
sing s:sters; ( 5) labour relations; (6)
masks; (7) labour exit permits.
No doubt this paper will be printed
in detail in the Canadian H ostital maga-
zine. \Ve would advise all nurses to
read and study the report in detail, and
suggest that "t may be used for group
study within the next few months.

Reprints
In response to an une:xpected demand
for copies of the articles in the series
"Nursing and National Health" which
recently appeared in newspapers across
Canada, we have had these articles
bound in a booklet. Copies are now
available at Nat:onal Office at forty
cents per copy.
A third in the series "Discussion on
Nursing" is now ready for di,tribution.
These scripts are prepared for "live air"
on the radio, but we were very much
interested to learn that they have been
adapted on several occasions for use over
imitation microphones in high school
and nursing school auditoria. \Ve think
thi
suggestion worthwhile passing on.

\Yhite, for years the stanrlard paint for
hospitals, is giving way rapidly to soft tints,

ven in the operating rooms. The softer

tones eliminate glare and give a light which
IS easier on the eyes of patients and at-
tendants, with a consequent boost to morale.
Vol. 41. No. 11

Nursing

Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

Proposed Changes In the Preparation for Nursing

Examining thf' proposals
In] une, 19++, certain proposals con-
cerning nursing education were made.
To manr nur:-es, these proposals were
not really new or particularly startling:
to others, ther seemed radical and di's-
turbing,
"
e may assume that in a democracy
anyone has a right to make a suggestion,
a
d t
at anyone else has a right to ques-
tIon It. But we also think it may be as-
sumed that nur
es in good standing who
make selious proposals to the Canadian
Nurses Association do so in good faith
and in what they conceive
o he the
interests of nursin2: and we believe that
those who object to the proposals should
examine them carefullv and make quite
sure what is being proposed. The pro-
poser
should not be accused. instantlv
and automatically, of being willing t

"lower the standards of n
Irsing.))
In-
cidentalh', more than one memhe
r of the
public h
s suggested recently that pro-
fessional standard., are sometimes in-
voked more in the interests of the proff's-
sion than of the public. Unwarranted
assumption., from a proposed plan do
not help the cause of nursing.
Developmnlts in othf'r crntntrin
It may help to secure a calm and
reasoned consideration of the possibility
of change in our nursing system if we
realize that similar suggestions are be-
ing made in other countries, and that in
fact some of these countries have taken
action on them, and are trying out, in
various forms, eÀperiments to try to
meet the nursing needs of these coun-

NOVEMBER, 1945

tries. In England an assistant nur
e i3
now recognized by Jaw, a course of
training of two years is outlined, and
the rules for admitting these nurses to
the register of the General 1\ ursing
Council are now being drafted. Inci-=-
dent<ilh', it is proposed
o teach a much
greater number of somewhat adv;]nced
nursing techniques to this person than
ha\"e ever been proposed for our assis-
tant nurse.
. In New YOlk, the Practice Act pro-
Yides for the training and licensing of
practical nurses as well as profess
nal
nurse".
In India, during the years of the waf,
3500 auxiliary nurses have heen tra
ned,
and will now he ayailahle for ciyilian
ho"pitals.
New Zeahnd in 1939 passed an
amendment to the Nurse, and '-'lid wives
-let. prm iding for the training and regi.,-
trat:on of nur::ing aides. The period-of
training is two rears, followed by a
state e-xamination.
Fuller accounts of these experiments
will he found in the nursing journals
of the countries concerned. The point
is that various countries rec02nize the
need for change, and that s
me have
not heen afraid to tryout new methods.
Here, though the nursing profession
hes:tates to admit it, we are actually
producing and using at least three kinds
of nurse, but we are doing so in an un-
planned and haphazard \
'.ay.
Choosing the tJ'pe of nursing preparation
It has been suggested (and much
controversy has followed the suggestion)

89J

894

THE CANADIAN NURSE

that two types of professional prepara-
tion should be made available. One, the
short course, perhaps two years in
length, would prepare, as simply as pos-
sible, a skilled clinical (and registered)
nurse; the other, four years in length,
would give just as thorough a clinical
training, but would do this as part of a
much broader educational content, so
that the foundation would be laid which
would enable this nurse to progress to
the teaching ranks of the profe.,sion.
Here the word (teaching' is used in a
broad sense to include puhlic health
nursing as wen as the teaching and ad-
ministrative work in hospital nursing.
It has been asked how a young wo-
man is to know whether she wants a
clinical or a clinical-teaching prepara-
tion. Unfortunately, young people leav-
ing- high
chool do not always know
definit
ly what they want to do, but a
choice has to be made. If the choice is
wrong, then it is a matter either of abid-
ing by it, or of st.arting afresh. Many
women who have prepared for teaching
later turn to nursing, and take the com-
plete preparation for it. The occasional
nurse decides that she should have gone
into medicine, and does not question the
nfcessity for taking the medical course.
As personal and vocational counselling
services develop in high schools, girls
will be better equipped to choose their
professions. On the other hand, many

young women would experience no dif-
ficulty at all in deciding on which type
of nursing preparation they wanted.
It has also been asked why it would
not be possible to arrange the shorter
and the longer preparations in such ;t
way that a person who had had the
simpler clinical course could later trans-
fer, and in say two additional years,
complete the longer course. The answer
is simply that the two would be different
from the beginning. The four-ye.ar pre-
paration would have to be given in a
university and would include a much
more extensive foundation in sciences
and public health; and these, with cer-
tain other subjects, are the reason for
the greater length of the course. Thus
it would not be a question of simply add-
ing on certain things to the shorter
preparation; the two courses, being for
different purposes, are different through-
out; and the decision as to which is de-
sired would have to be made at the be-
ginning. However, with the expectation
that some nurses would wish to step
across from the junior to the senior
group. (providing they had the neces-
sary entrance requirements for univer-
sity work), it i
reasonable to assume
that some allowance of time could be
made upon thÛr behalf.
Our next article will discuss the ques-
tion: "\V ould the (teaching nurse' be
able to nurse patients?"

Finding Orthopedic Defects Important
Every child discovered to have any ortho-
pedic de fect. no matter how slight, ;;hould
be considererl a pot
ntial cripple and every
effort should be expended to alleviate or
cont:-ol the condition. It is during the school
age period that good posture habits can be
effectively established and existing orthope-
dic deviations readily corrected, thus ensur-
ing a healthier, happier adult life.
The teacher, through her daily association
with the children, is in an excellent position
to render a very valuable service in such
a program. I f the school nurse will see
that the teachers are given an undcrstand-
bl d I h I -Abstract / '0111 E. M. J Ohl1S011 , Public
ing of the pro em an t 1e pa rt t ey can p ay
in helping to solve it, she will be more tt1an H eo/tit Nursing, 1945, Vol. 37: 472.

repaid by their contribution . . . the teachers
can be urged to be on the alert for any limps,
peculiar gaits, abnormal function of the
arms and hands, habitually poor posture,
tendency toward fatigue, and any other :on-
ditions that show de\"iations from the nor-
mal functioning of the body.
An examination by the orthopedic surgeon
will determine whether these postural c1cvia-
tions are functional and can be corrected by
the application of exercise therapy and other
simple corrective measures: or whether the
condition is structural.

Vol. 41. No. 11

I nteresti ng

Margaret O. C'og;swell, B.A., graduate
of the school of nursing of the Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal, has rece
t-
ly been appointed as the director of the
newly organized Nurse Placement Bu-
reau with the Alberta Association of
Registered Nurses.
Miss Cogsweil has the breadth of back-
ground which is so essential in a voca-
tional counsellor. Prior to entering her
school of nursing, she had useful exper-
ience as a high school teacher. After two
years' service as head nurse on a men's
medical ward at the Royal Victoria Hos-
pital, Miss Cogswell received her train-
ing in public health nursing at the Mc-
Gill School for Graduate Nurses. Follow-
ing a brief period of relief work with
the Alberta Department of Health, she
returned to hospital administration at
the Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmon-
ton. For the past year she has been head
of the teaching department and science
instructor at R.A.H. To round out her
experience before assuming her new
duties, Miss Cogswell is serving as a
general staff nUl'se in a small community
hospital. She has done excellent work
throughout and understands the problems
of both the hospital administrators and
the staff nurses. Miss Cogswell has the

\

:\IARGARET O. COG
WEI L

NOVEMBER. 1945

People

happy faculty of being able to see the
other person's point of view and of as-
sessing difficulties fairly and honestly.
These qualities, combined with her na-
tural diplomacy, and all well mingled
with a sense of humour, augurs well
for the success of the new placement and
counselling service.

The Victorian Order of Nurses for
Canada has been pleased to announce
the appointment of Esther Robertson as
national supervisor of the Western bran-
ches. A graduate of the school of nurs-
ing of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Mon-
treal, and of the public health nursing
course, McGill School for Graduate Nur-
ses, Miss Robertson has taken further
post-graduate
tudy at Teachers Col-
lege, Columbia University, during re-
cent summer sessions.
Miss Robertson has been a member of
the Montreal staff of the V.O.N. for the
past nine years and since 1941 has been
the supervising nurse of the North Dis-
trict. Keenly interested in professional
problems, she has served on many com-
mittees, and, like most truly busy people,
always finds time to do all the extra
things asked of her. We know that her
many friends and associates will regret

.. .

J

\-

ESTHER ROBERTSON

895

896

THE CANADIAN NURSE

FRANCES H. \V AUGH

her leaving Montreal, but we are sure
a warm welcome awaits her in the 'Vest.
Our very best wishes go with Miss
Robertson for success and happinesg in
her new work.

New developments create new oppor-
tunities for nurses. With the passing of
the Act for the training, licensing and
regulation of practical nurses in Mani-
toba, Frances H. Waugh relinquished her
position as assistant to the executive
secretary of the Manitoba Association of
Registered Nurses to become the first
reg'istrar and consultant for the
practical nurses under the Department
of Health and Public 'Velfare.

Littk Studio, London

CORA M. BROOKS

After securing her arts degree at the
University of Manitoba, Miss Waugh
graduated from the school of nursing of
the Winnipeg General Hospital. After a
post-graduate course and a year's exper-
ience in surgery, Miss Waugh further
prepared herself by taking the course
in teaching and supervision in schools of
nursing at the University of Minnesota,
following which she served as instruc-
tor with the schools of nursing in Por-
tage la Prairie and Grace Hospitals. The
new development under Miss Waugh's
guidance will be watched with keenest
interest.

Helen Estelle Schurman, who for the
past fifteen years has held the position
of university nurse at Acadia University,
'V olfville, N .S. has recently been ap-
pointed superint ndent of nurses at Eas-
tern Kings Memorial Hospital in W olf-
ville. A graduate of Acadia University
and of the school of nursing of the Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Miss Schur-
man took her public health nurse's train-
ing at the University of Toronto. She
has shown outstanding ability in her
health program with the hundreds of
students at Acadia and is highly regard-
ed by her townsfolk in W olfviIle.

Gladys Tanner has been appointed
superintendent of the Kincardine (On-
tario) Hospital after serving for five
years as assistant superintendent. A
graduate of the school of nursing of the
Brantford General Hospital, Miss Tan-
ner did private duty nursing before join.
ing the staff of the Kincardine Hospital.

Cora
farcella Brooks, who served in
Newfoundland as a nursing sister with
the Royal Canadian Navy, has been ap.
pointed as director of nursing education
at the General and Marine Hospital,
Owen Sound, Onto Miss Brooks, who
graduated from the Woodstock General
Hospital, winning the Dunlop award, has
had a wide experience in nursing. After
several years of private duty and work
with pediatricians as nurse assistant,
she took post-graduate work in surgery
at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore.
She received her certificate as instructor
of nursing at the University of Western

I
TERESTING PEOPLE

Ontario, London, Onto She served in the
operating theatre at the Victoria Hospi-
tal, London, and at Queen Alexandra
Sanatorium, Byron, immediately prior to
her new appointment.
Miss Brooks has been very active as
an instructor with the Canadian Red
Cross Society both before apd during the
war.

Zeta Hamilton has been appointed as
the new superintendent of the hospital
at Galt, Onto Previously, Miss Hamilton
had successfully administered the school
of nursing at the Stratford General Hos-
pital for sixteen years.

Mrs. Lennie E. MacPherson has as-
sumed the duties of acting superintend-
ent of nurses at the Nova Scotia Sana-
torium in Kentville after serving on the
staff of the Toronto Hospital for the
treatment of tuberculosis in Weston,
Onto Mrs. MacPherson has had broad
experience in a variety of hospitals in
United States and Canada.

After almost ten years of efficient
service as superintendent of nurses at
Falconwood Hospital, P.E.I., Mrs. Ruth
(Rayner) Dignan has resigned. Her
place is being filled temporarily by Mrs.
Esther Seners. who for the past few
years has been ()ß the staff of the 'Mon-
treal Convalescent Hospital and the Pro-
vincial Sanatorium in Charlottetown.

Isabel Davies, A.R.R.C., has retired
from active hospital duties. Miss Davies
has been supervisor of the operating
rooms of the Montreal General Hospital
since her return from overseas and re-
tirement from the R.C.A.M.C. in 1919.
Upon her graduation from the l\I.G.H.
School for NUl'ses in 1908, Miss Davies
joined the hospital's nursing staff as an
assistant in the operating room, a posi-
tion she held continuously until 1915, ex-
cept for a short period in 1913 when she
took up private duty nursing. When N
.
3 (McGill) General Hospital was organ:'
ized in 1915, Miss Davies was invited to
take charge of the operating room and
proceeded overseas with this unit as part
of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.
Miss Davies remained with that hospital

NOVEMBER. 194'

897

..

f\

.

Clara E. ] acksoll christens :he H. hI. S.
Rosamond.

until its return to Canada in 1918, when
she continued her military service as
supervisor of the operating room at
Ste. Anne's Military Hospital. For the
conspicuous services Miss Davies ren-
dered during her period of military ser-
vice she received the decoration of an
Associate of the Royal Red Cross.
In presenting Miss Davies with a purse
containing Victory Bonds as a gift from
the present members of the Consulting
and Attending Staffs, Dr. J. Guy W.
Johnson paid high tribute to Miss Da-
vies' efficiency and the outstanding and
loyal service she has given to the hos-
pital over a period of many years. Some
three hundred guests were present to
extend their best wishes for the future
to Miss Davies.
Capt. (Matron) Cecil l\1. MacDonald,
A.R.R.C., who has recently rf'turned from
four years service in England, Italy and
the North Western European theatre of
operations, has been appointed to fill the
vacancy created by the retirement of
Miss Davies.

A unique honour came to a well-known
nurse recently when to Clara E. Jackson,
superintendent of nurses at the General
and Marine Hospital, Collingwood, Ont.,
came the privilf'ge of christening a new
naval vessel, the H.M.S. Rosamond.

Nancy Dunn, M.RE., who pioneered in
the development of public health nursing
in the Peace River area in British Col-
umbia, has launched on another adven-
ture by taking over the supervision of
the health of the citizens in Telegraph
Creek, Northern B.C. Her territory co-

898

TJ-T E CA.N ADIAN NURSE

vers nearly three hundred square miles,
the remote settlements of which can only
be reached by dogteam and plane. Since
the nearest doctors are some two hundred

miles away, Miss Dunn has recently
completed special post-graduate courses
in Vancouver and Victoria to fit her
for any and ev('ry eventuality.

Obituaries

Beatrice Eileen Cryderman died re-
cently in Bowmanville, Onto A graduate
in 1930 of the school of nursing of the
Toronto General Hospital, Miss Cryder-
man had been engaged in public health
nursing in Toronto.

Agnes Findlay died recently in To-
ronto. Miss Findlay graduated from the
Presbyterian Hospital, N ew York, in
1906. She has resided in Toronto since
her retirement from active work in
1938.

Agnes Lee Inkster died recently at

Salmon Arm, B.C. Member of a pioneer
Manitota family, Miss Inkster was a
gradua te of one of the first nursing
classes of the Winnipeg General Hospi-
tal. After her graduation she served for
a time as matron of the Lady Minto Hos-
pital at Rat Portage. In 1909 she moved
to Salmon Arm where she spent the rest
of her life in service to her fellows.

Margaret (MacKay) 'Vall died re-
cently in Vancouver. Born in Scotland,
Mrs. Wall received her training in Mán-
chester, England. She served overseas in
World 'War I and later nursed at Hart-
ney, Man.

Geriatrics

Probably the greatest changes in hospital
planning have to do with the field of geria-
trics. The progress of medical science is
throwing not hundreds or thousands but lit-
erally millions of people into the age group in
which the principal diseases are those of sen-
escence and decline. During the last decade
these patients have been classified as uninr
teresting cases or not eligible for hospital
care. In the future it will be important that
hospitals consider their proper responsibili-
ties as centres for the care and rehabilita-
tion of these patients.
The day of the home for incurables is
past. The day of the rehabilitation centre
is dawning. In addition to careful medical
supervision, all too often lacking in the past,
hospitals must plan for greatly increased

facilities for occupational therapy, which is
the key to the care of these people.
A longshoreman who has outlived his vo-
cation may quite easily be shunted to a bed
as an invalid 'for the rest of his life. \Vith
proper application of occupational therapy
methods it is perfectlÿ possible to develop
in the same person an entirely new attitude
toward a new occupation which will convert
him from a chronic invalid to a self-sup-
porting and useful citizen.
The requirements are planning, personnel
and understanding of the problems involved.
The convalescent pavilion or rehabilitation
unit should be a part of every hospital that
is attempting to do its full job for its com-
munity.

-The Modern Hospital.

Turning every possible opportunity in-
to a learning experience for the student
is an old story to the good clinical in-
structor. A patient with a paralyzed
bladder provided the material not only
for the teaching of actual techniques but

Preview

also for very much more in understand-
ing of the patient when Clara R. Aitken-
head taught her pupils the care of the
case which Dr. S. A. MacDonald will des-
cribe for us. Watch for both of these in-
teresting articles in the December issue.

Vol. 41, No. 11

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

St. Paul's Goes Recruiting

ANN BEECHINOR

Student N ur.re
School of Yursing, St. Paul's Hospital, Saskatoon

Under the auspices of the Alumnae
Association of St. Paul's Hospital, Sas-
katoon, an interesting function in the
form of a publicity program was held
recently at the nurses re"idence, when
the graduating classes of all the city col-
legiates were invited to come and pay a
visit to our hospital.
Guided by the members of the Alum-
nae, the high school girls toured the hos-
pital, the
edical and surgical wards, as
well as the special departments, in order
to give them an idea of the everyday
life of a nur
e in her actual bedsid

nursing. Then the girls were taken
through the spacious residence where
they saw the lovely bedrooms, beauti-
ful rtception rooms, the library and
study rooms all with the comfortable
and home-like atmosphere. It amused
the girls to see the brightly-coloured ar-
ray of articles in each nurse's room, and
the pennants, all of which are very
precious to each nurse b
cause of their
connection with home.
Later, an enjoyahle get-together was
held in the auditorium. A (;;hort program
consisting of a few musical selections
along with some interesting talks were
given by the members of the school of
nursing. Capably conductf'd by :\liss
l\larvalon Robinson, the Alumnae presi-
dent, the program opened with a stimu-
lating talk by l\-liss Velma :\lacDonald,
a freshman student. :\li:;s \lacDonald

NOVEMBER, 1945

outlined in general the three years course,
indicating the advance in learning and
work through freshman, jU'lior .and sen-
ior years. She spoke of the wide field of
opportunity which lay open to a grad-
uate at the end of her course. l\,1iss Ann
Beechinor, a junior student, then gave
a more informal account of an average
nurse's day, from the sound of the six-
thirty buzzer in the m
rning to the
clang of the ten-thirty beìl at night. She
showed that, though it is a busy life, it
is fun of interest and enjoyment.
On behalf of the gra(hwting clas3,
IVliss \Vensley told her audience that,
"Although the road be long and rough,
there
s at the end the happiness of know-
ing my duty is well done". The classes
every day, the clinical work, the joys
and the sorrows that conc;titute the life
of a nurse seem to balance themselves
at the end of the road. De
pite the diffi-
culties and misfortune;, the speaker
stated emphatically, "1 would do it
again, anytime". ::\ liss Eleanor Pfeiffer,
a student of the combinèd studie", ex-
plained the university COUfse in nursing
as carried out in Saskatchewan, and in-
formed the girls how to enrol in such
a course. The hospital which the student
selects provides the professional and
clinical aspect, while the university is
responsible for the academic studies and
the conferring of degree:;. .-\.t the com-
pletion of this five years, a nurse is en-
899

900

THE C.A
ADIAN NURSE

titled to the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Nur
ing.
Tea was sen-ed after the program,
during which the student nllrses chatted
informally with the collegiate girls.
The afternoon proved a success for

the girls were well ple3sed with their
visit to the hospital. Any O} stander could
overhear them saying to one anuther,
"You know, after 'wh';t I saw tins after-
nopn, I think that I would really like
to he a nur-:e".

Book Reviews

Personnel Work in Schools of :Xur
ing, by
Frances O. Trig"gs, Ph.D. 237 pages.
Published by W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia. Canadian agents: Mc-
Ainsh & Co. Ltd., 388 Y onge St., To-
ronto 1. 1st Ed. 1945. Illustrated.
Price $3.25.
Reviewed by Kathleen Mary Stanton,
R.N., B.Sc., Lectlwer, McGill School
for Gradu.ale Nurses.
This book should be most instructive
for those who teach and supervise stud-
ent nurses both in the class-room and
on the wards. It is generally recognized
in modern educational practice that
teaching is essentially a process of stimu-
lation and guidance through which the
student learns and this book is an ex-
position of this fundamental process. Dr.
Triggs realized the ne.,.)J for such a book
because she possesses the attribute of
caring how workers and learners develop
and especially the student nurse. There-
fore, this publication should be a most
valuable tool in the hands of those who
are responsible for the professional
growth of the student nurse.
The book is divirled into four parts:
Part 1 reviews the fields of psychology
and physiology very briefly, assuming
that most instructors in schools of nurs-
ing have had some background in these
subjects. The author places special em-
phasis upon the sympathetic relationship
between the student and the counsellor
as an 'essential factor in effective coun-
selling.
Part 2 outlines the qualifications of
the counsellor. It also deals with the
counselling program and presents co1'\-.-

cretely the pl'oblems that the student
nurse has to face, treated under specific
situations. A final application is made
separately to each of the various asp2cts
of counselling, namely, educational, voca-
tional and personal.
Part 3 deals with tests. This portion of
the book should be particularly helpful to
teachers and supervisors who have not
made a special study of the purpose of
testing and types of tests that are now
being used in the field of professional
education.
Part 4 brings the content of the book
to a focus by making personal applica-
tion to the "Story of a Sturlent".
The book has addpd merit in that each
chapter is supplemented with excellent
reference books by outstanding authors,
including: Sandiford, Peter: Foundations
of Educational Psychology; Shaffer,
Laurance Frederic: The Psychology of
Adjustment; Strang, Ruth: Behaviour
. and Background of Students in Coìlege
and Secondary School.
A carefully selected bibliography on
personnel work in schools of nursing is
listed at the end of the book.
This text is not highly technical; its
merit lies in the fact that it can be used
as a practical medium by all superin-
tendents of nurses in interpreting the
purpose and scope of a program of edu-
cational guidance in schools of nursing
upon which sound planning can be based.

Public Health and \Ve1fare Reorganiza-
tion in Canada, by Harry M. Cassidy,
Ph.D. 464 pages. Published by The

Vol. 41, No. 11

BOO K REV I E \V S

Ryerson Press, 299 Queen St. 'V., To-
ronto 2B. 1st Ed. 1945. Price-paper
bound, $3.50; cloth bound. $4.50.
A companion volume to his Social
Security and Reconstruction, Dr. Cas-
sidy states his purpose here is "to ana-
lyse the problem of reorganizing and
developing the provincial and local health
and welfare services so as to fit them
into a national plan of social security".
He predicts that "drastiç changes in or-
ganization and administration are re-
quired before the provincial and local
social services in Canada can reach high
standards".
In outlining the premises for provin-
cial planning, Dr. Cassidy summarizes
the proposals contained in the four na-
tional plans which have been submitted
to date - the Marsh plan, the Heagerty
report, Miss Whitton's proposals and his
own suggestions - and points out simi-
larities and differences.
Part 2 describes in detail the develop-
ments which have taken place in British
Columbia, which Dr. Cassidy credits
with being "progressive as comp
red with
other
(provinces) at least in Canada".
Part 3 outlines the status of the health
and welfare services in the other pro-
vinces. Part 4 points to "The Road For-
ward". Here the major flaws in the
present systems are delineated and cor-
rective measures suggested.
The data which this book contain<; are
very well worth the careful study of
everyone concerned with health and wel-
fare practices. It should be a "must have"
in every public health organization li-
brary.

New Steps in Public Health - twenty-
second annual conference of the Mil-
bank Memorial Fund, April, 1944. 148
pages. Published by the Milbank Mem-
orial Fund, N ew York. 1945.
Reviewed by Helen G. lJfcArthur,
Superintendent, Public Health Nur8-
ing Branch, Department of Public
Health, Alberta.
If public health workers are tempted
to feel satisfied with their accomplish-
ments and procedures, or, on the other
hand, feel they are lost in a maze of

NOVEMBER, 194'

901

problems with no sign-posts to guide
them ahead, here is a book that should
help shatter these states of mind. The
volume contains twelve papers prepared
by outstanding American public health
authorities and one Canaòian, Dr. F. 'F.
Tisdall of the University of Toronto
Medical School.

Seven of the papers are in the field
of nutrition, expressing not only our
growing realization that nutrition de-
serves a place of major importance in
our public health and medical programs,
but indicating that research in this field
is giving us many guides for more ef-
fective public health work. Of particular
interest are the papers "The Importance
of Prenatal Diet" and "Nutrition - Its
Place in our Pl'enatal Care Programs"
as well as the papers on "Industrial
Health and Nutrition."

The description of the Peckham Ex-
periment gives a practical demonstra-
tion of how our public health horizons
could be broadened. "The Peckham Ex-
periment was indeed a study of living
structure of society by physicians train-
ed in social medicine and human bio-
logy." .

Some of the papers hit hard! G. St.
J. Perrott, chief, Division of Public
Health Methods, U. S. Public Health
Service, says, "Since the time of Civil
War the high proportion of physical de-
fects found among young men being ex-
amined for military service has been
viewed with alarm. The only result ob-
servable in eighty years, however, has
been a number of papers by medical
statisticians. It is hoped that the pres-
ent results will draw the attention of
others than statisticians and serve to
promote the planning of more adequate
health services for children and adoles-
cents so that young men and women of
future generations may achieve a maxi-
mum level of good health."

The paper "More Adequate Provision
and Better Integration of Community
Facilities" discusses some of the emerg-
ing concepts in the public health field
that give new hope that we really can get
somewhere. Public health workers read-
ing these papers cannot help but be in-
spired to get at the job and try again.

Letter to the Editor

Excitemmt in Halifax
The sea was so calm that a sailboat, try-
ing to induce a fleeting breeze to take it for
a jaunt, was having no success. An R.CA.F.
shore boat, whizzing by, made it bob up and
down like a cork. The water looked
peaceful with lovely lights catching
each smooth ripple, and the setting sun threw
its colours around, to be tossed off by the
water in a gay swirl. The blue sky, decor-
ated with white puffy clouds, made a beauti-
ful back-drop and all was peace. Yes, it
was all very lovely as we watched the usual
activity of a busy harbour - and destruc-
tion, if we thought about it at all, seemed
very far away and unreal.
A game of cribbage out on deck had been
stimulating, even though I confess to having
been "skunked", and I was just about to
start in anew with optimism when suddenly
a deafening noise interrupted the pressure
in my ears and made me gulp. The ship
shivered and with one leap we were all rush-
ing aft to see. what had happened.
A colossal column of smoke, black and
curling, was rising into the air about seven
miles a way as the crow flies, over near
Bedford Basin. We watched its ascent, fas-
cinated, and began to speculate about its
cause. It could be oil, we thought aloud; it
could be ammunition, someone opined; and
yet, there seemed to be no aftermath - there
seemed to be no more smoke - curious -
and we all thought about Halifax and its
past.
In a little while some scattered explosions
could be heard, then more smoke started
up. Flashes of fire could be seen from
where we were, and soon our public address
system announced that Halifax, once more,
was the epicentre of blast from an explod-
ing ammunition dump!
Poor Halifax! How many times she has
had her face shattered by explosions from
one cause or another. There was that dread-
ful holocaust in 1917 in which a couple of
thousand lost their lives. In 1941, too, a ship
was blown up in the harbour, withoùt dam-
age it is true, but with á shock to those who
remembered the last debacle. And then, the
downtown section was wrecked and devas-

902

tated during the V -E Day riots in
Iay.
1945! The awful part of that day's 'vents
was the realization that. while the greater
part of humanity was celebrating the end of
ruin and destruction in Europe, a mob in
Halifax was creating ruin and destruction
there!
\\'hen I arrÌ\ed in Halifax on 1uh- 12
1945, its streets were still pock-marked 'hon;
those riots. Some of the windows in the
shopping district were stil1 boarded up, and,
though the promise of new store-fronts
pleased many of the natives, the merchants
who had to bear the expense of repairs were
stil1 trying to procure plate glass and work-
men to instal it. And - today all is chaos
again! As I walked through the streets the
whole town looked pathetic and dispirited.
\Vindows newly put in were just shatt(
red
heaps on the sidewalks; upper floors of
buildings had large gaping holes ,,-here there
had been windows; and St. 11atthèw's
Church, where we had attended
en-ice just
a few days. before, had a large arched hole
where a stained glass window had adorned
the tower over lovely oak door
. Demoli-
tion and destruction were everywhere, while
at street corners serious people gathered
in clusters to relate their reactions to the
past frightening and sleepless night, and to
specu1at
with apprehension On the immediate
future, which was enough to terrify anyone.
All night long, the intermittent explosions
punctuated the normal noises of city life,
amI all night long, flashes of light and shoot-
ing particles lit up the blackness. Eerily, the
outlines of building" "ere silhouetted against
the flares at irregular intervals, and fearful-
ly we awaited ne\\s of how much destruc-
tion was being wrought.
You see, we were on duty on the hospital
..hip, Letitia, which was .tied up in the har-
bour after returning from Europe with war
casualties a few days before. The whole
staff was ordered to "stand by" for even-
tualities, and we hastily made up beds and
opened wards for the receipt of possible pa-
tients from the danger area. Most of the
night we paced up and down the ship's pas-
sageways fearful of every succeeding blast.
The two four o'clock blasts made the ship.

Vol. 41, No. 11

the imþof.Janf mild case

When a patient suffers from a mild degree of
nutritive failure, or requires res-ular nutri-
tive prophylaxis as in pres-nancy, the care-
ful physician prescribes the entire dietary
allowance-and no less-that are recom-
mended by the Food and Nutrition Board
of the National Research Council.

For literature, write
E. R. Squibb & Sons of C
nada Limited
36-48 Caledonia Road, Toronto

--.........
í1L

Squibb Special Fonnula Vitamin Capsules
meet these essential requirements. Only
one capsule daily, admiRistered under the
physician"s direction, provides:

Vitamin A . . . . . .
Vitamin D . .
Thiamine . . . .
Riboflavin
Niacin
Ascorbic Acid

. . 5030 units
800 units
2 mg.
3 mg.
20 mg.
7S mg.

SQ.,llißß

1J
r

NOVEMBER, 1945

MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION SINCE 18S8

90:'1

90

THE CANADIAN NURSE

rock and shudder, and we wondered if the
main "dump" was in any danger of ex-
ploding.
By breakfa t time we were still fearful
and anxious because, according to the news-
papers, the danger was not yet passed, al-
though the explosions had diminished since
the early morning blasts - but the largest
ammunition dumps were in the path uf the
heat and flame of the extending fire! The
fear was expressed that, if the main dumps
went off, the whole town would be deci-
mated!
I n the meantime, Bali fax "\Iilitary Hos-
pital, quite close to the danger area, had
evacuated 1110 t of its patients to make room
for more that might come. "T e had taken
fifty-eight of .hese patients on hoard and
were keeping them until the danger was
passed; some were victims of the blast but
none seriously hurt. To everyone's unbounderl
relief the danger was declared to be. over
about mid-afternoon and the city learned with
thankfulness that the main dumps had been
success fully flooded.
Those unfortunate,>, who had heen e\ acu

ated from the immediate vicinit) and who

had spent t
enty-four hour.;; in open parks
and. public buildings at a safe åistance,
started their trek back to their homes. They
were all tirt:d. especially "the older ones. hut
they were all guod-natured. and many a
sally was heard amongst different groups as
each tried to bolster up the courage of the
other. Y olunteer groups appeared from no-
\\ here and ministered to the hundreds. Cof-
fee and <;andwiches arrived from all direc-
tiun.;; and neighbuuring communities wired
to .ee what they could do to help. It takes
a disaster to show up the best in people.
However. all is now quiet again - the city
ha<; returned to its normal routine. Stores
are open für business. even though their
fronts are just gaping holes again. Deliver-
ies are being made and an unmistakable air
of relief is abroad as people start to count
the cost and prepare for whatever the future
holds. The air is clear of smoke, the .;ky is
very blue and it e\'en has some \\ hite puffy
clouds floating around. The sea is again
tossing around its colours as we prepare our
hospital ship for another vovage for more
Canadian war casualties.
-
l'RSING SISTFR B. JE
KINS.

Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada

Victorian Onter scholarships for the pur-
pose of assisting nurses to take post-graduate
study in public health nursing have been
awarded to the following nurses who are
attending the uni\'ersities indicated'
Uni'uersity of Alberta: Eleanor Jamieson
Hilda Law, Ruth Sheppard.
University of British Columbia: l-fargaret
Forry.
University of Manitoba: Irene Halford,
Mrs. Jean Howey,
1erle Pringle.
AT cGill lhli'i.'crsity.: Ruth Franklin,
Margaret Joyce, Margaret Lownds,
Christene MacKaracher, Patricia Merriman,
Mrs. Bettie Norris, Mrs. Marjorie Salter,
Marion Shore, Evelyn Weaver.
University of Toronto: Phyllis Beardsall,
Evelyn Boyd, Mary Clancy, Violet Dick,
Marian Doherty, Bernice Giles, He1
n Gow-
dy, Frances Hewgil1, Ethel Irwin, Ruth
Kirkpatrick, Janet Laing, Olwin McInnes,
Marjorie McIntosh, Elizabeth McKenna,

Edith
rcKerIie, Yiolet l\Iabee. Velma
[ar-
tin. Adella
[atu<;aitis. Edith Rose, Eva
Secord, Hilda Tackaberry, Edna. Valiquette,
Lorna '\Tarman, Mrs. Gwen \\Tatt, Mary
\Vhiteside.
C nÌ'ilersit:r of TV e stem Ontario: Betty
Brown, Claire Hicks, Doris Kirkwood, Mary
Leyrlen, Barbara Shook. Helen Thompson,
Annie \Vade, Elsie White.
The following nurses have been appointed
to the Toronto sta f f :
Doris M. Campbell has returned to the
staff on the completion of her post-graduate
studies in public health nursing' at the Uni-
versity of Toronto; 1'.fargaret Anderson
(Wellesley Hospital, Toronto); Mary Co-
martin (St. Michael's Hospital); hll D.
CurrJI (St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto);
Lois Gorman (Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto); Margaret Jam:en (Women's
College Hospital, Toronto) ; Elizabeth Ker-
S'lt..ill (Toronto General Hospital); Ruth

Vol. 41. No. 11

" leT 0 R I .-\:\ a R D E R 0 F 1'\ V R S E S

905

::::;:;.:-::

::.i$ E F F E CTI V E ":"\
"'. ......
. !
1\ :':
PERSPIRATION )
I.:::. .::::.:.......", ....: 5 TO P P E R ./if
I ""._,,. %t .".
rJC:
1}ij
a Protect your natural Sweet Self I
I with the NEW " . ...9.......

.::: OD
"Dr\ ""' 0 .'
. .
f.; '-Ie

. II {ODO.RO"OO']
[1 CREAM DEODORANT \':...:
"'
/.

3

IFatson (\VomelÚ College Hospital, To-
ronto) ; Madeline IVeber (Toronto \-"estern
Hospital); PhJ:lIi.r; M. Kccp (Grey
uns'
Hospital, Regina); Mar}' T. .Horrell (To-
ronto General Hospital); Grace Pilger
(Women's College Hospital. Toronto);
Florence Sinclair (Toronto \\'estern Hos-
pital). These nurses are all graduates of
the certificate course in public heatlh nurs-
ing at the University of Toronto.
The following nurses have been appointed
to the
10ntreal sta f f :
Lall.re BergerOlf (Ottawa General Hospi-
tal) ; Reta Co ad).' (Charlottetown Hospital) ;
Be1"yle Hawley has been re-appointed to the
staff on the completion of her post-graduate
studies in public health nursing. These nur-
ses are graduates of the certificate course in
public heaJth nursing at
1cGill University.
The following nurses have been appointed
to the Vancouver staff:
Jfrs. Ennis lla').'ward (Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital; B.A.Sc., University of B.c.) ;
Mrs. Kathleen H)..slop (Vancouver Gen-
eral Hospital) and Liana Marano (Edmon-
ton General Hospital), both graduates of
NOVEMBER. 1945

the certificate course in public health J1Urs-
ing, University of B.c.
J1argaret A. Campbell (S1. Joseph's Ho's-
pital, \ïctoria, and course in public 'h
alth
nursing, University of B.c.) and VermJ
Campbell (Brantford General Hospita
and
course in public health nursing, Univc
síty
of Toronto) have been appointed to the
York Township staff. - .
1'.1. Hope Gauld (University Hospital, Ed-
monton; B.Sc., Vniversity of Alberta) has
been appointed to the Victoria staff.
Julia Meyer, having completed the course
in public health nursing at the University of
Western Ontario, has returned to the Order
and has been appointed nurse-in-charge pf
the Whitby Branch.
Margaret McNabh (Victoria Hospital,
London; B.Sc.N., University of Western
Ontario) has returned to the Order and has
been appointed to the Hamilton staff. .
Mabel Russell (Homoeopathic Hospital,
Montreal, and course in public health .lUn-
ing. l\IcGill University) has been appoint(d
to the North Vancouver staff.
Carol E. Sellhorn (University Hospit
I,

906

THE CANADIAN NURSE

McGILL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
The following courses are offered to graduate nurses:
A TWO-YEAR COURSE LEADING
TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
OF NURSING. OPPORTUNITY IS
PROVIDED FOR SPECIALIZATION
IN FIELD OF CHOICE.

SUPERVISION IN PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING
A twelve-month course of
correlated theory and practi-
ce in this special field will be
available to a selected group
of nurses who have had satis-
factory experience following
graduation.

One-year certificate courses:
Teaching & Supervision in
Schools of Nursing.
Public Health Nursing.
Administration in Schools of
Nursing.
Administration & Supervision
in. Public Health Nursing.

Four-month courses:
Ward Teaching & SuperVision
Administration & Supervision in
Public Health Nursing.

For information apply to:
School for Graduate Nurses, McGill University, l\'lontreal 2

Edmonton; B.Sc., University of Alberta)
has been appointed to the Edmonton staff.
Marion Schwan beck (St. Michael's Hospi-
tal, Toronto, and course in public health
nursing, University of Toronto) has been
appointed to the Saskatoon staff.
Helen Voss, having completed the CO.1rse
in public health nursing, University of B.c.,
has returned to the Order and has been
appointed to the Sarnia staff.
Marion UT erry (Brantfdro General Hos-
pital and course in public health nursing,
University of Toronto) has been appointed
to the Belleville staf f.
G. Vivian Adair has been transferred from
the Ottawa staf f to take charge of the Belle-
ville Branch. Oli'lJe Bell has been transferred
from the Sydney staff to take charge of
the Brockville Branch. Grace Versey has been
transferred from the Toronto staff to take
charge of the London Branch. Etllel Gordon
has been trans ferred f rom the Belleville
Branch to the position of assistant super-
intendent of the Ottawa Branch. Lucille
Beaudet has been transferred from the Dig-
by to the Sherbrooke staff. Mrs. Cotherint

Kelly has been transferred from the London
to the Vancouver staf f. Therese Laframboise
has been transferred from the Border Cities
to the Montreal staff. Marion Wismer has
been transferred from the Montreal to the
Vancouver staff. Margaret Allen has been
transferred from the Dartmouth to the Saint
John staff.
Mrs. Margaret Hott/grave, Rttth Abell,
Mrs. Frances Da/ziel and Agnes Col/z'er
have resigned from the Toronto staff, the
latter having accepted a position with the
Toronto Department of Health. Ada Ben-vie
has resigned as nurse-in-charge of the W olf-
ville Branch and is retiring from active
nursing. Dorothy Cro::ier has resigned as
nurse-in-charge of the St. Thomas Branch
to take up other work. Mary Al ercer and
Mrs. Kay Jenkins have resigned from the
Montreal staff. Lillian Fryers has resigned
from the Winnipeg staff to take up other
work. Lora Fttrhop has resigned from the
Surrey staff to accept a position with the
Provincial Department of Health, Alberta.
Geraldine Gamett has resigned as nurse-in-
charge of the Brockville Branch to be mar-
Vol. 41. No. 11

PUB LIe H E A L T H N U R SIN G S E R V ICE S 907

ried. Susie Jones has resigned from the Vic-
toria staff and has accepted a position with

the Provincial Department of Health, B.c.
Eli:;abeth Patterson has resigned as nurse-
in-charge of the \Vhitby Branch and is re-
tiring from active nursing. Verona Smith
has resigned from the Victoria staff and
has accepted a position as health teacher in
St. Joseph's Hospital Training School, To-
ronto. Anna JVhiston has resigned as nurse-
in-charge of the Bridgewater Branch.

New Brunswick

Public Health Nursing Service

RaJ.' .'I.f r K e1t:;Ïc (Montreal General Hospi-
tal and McGill University public health
course) has been appointed to Carleton
county.
Corinne Pichette (St. François d'Assise
Hospital, Quebec City, and University of
Montreal public health course) has bee"n ap-
pointed to Madawaska County.
Dorothy Titus (Saint John General Hos-
pital and 1fcGill University public health
course) has been appointed to York County
replacing Cecilia Poþ.e who has resigned.
Katherine MacLaggan (Royal Victoria
Hospital and McGill University public health
course) has been appointed to organize the
work in Westmorland County.

Ontario

Public Health Nursing Service

M arforie Rutherford (Victoria Hospital,
London, and University of Western Ontario
public health course) recently returned from
overseas service with the R.C.A.M.C., and
has accepted the appointment of public
health nursing supervisor of the Elgin-St.
Thomas Health Unit.
Marion Thompson (Toronto General Hos-
pital and University of Toronto certificate
course in public health nursing and lecture
course in administration and supervision)

NOVEMBER, 1945

.
!:::.
-=

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(QRATI

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The cleans;ng alkaline
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DOUCHE POWDER
. Mild and soothing
. Free from medicinal odor
Your recommendation on
so intimate a matter as
the vaginal douche will
naturally seek to answer
two important questions:
Will it truly cleanse? Is
it safe and non-injurious
to the tissues? In advising
the use of Lorate you
assure your patients a
douching preparation
which is cleansing and
deodorant yet non-astrin-
gent and soothing.

i

.f:,.

.-:....

LORA TE
For Vag;nal Cleanliness
. . . releases nascent oxygen-
an excellent detergent. Has a
pleasing fragrance-free from
medicinal odor. May be safely
and effectively used asa routine
douche; after menstruation; in
leukorrhea; after childbirth;
during the menopause and in
trichomonas vaginalis and
other forms of vaginitis.

""
t"

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i WILLlÀM R. WARNER
'w NER & co. LTD.

STA

HU '1)/1 727 KING ST. W., TORONTO

908

'f H E LAN A D I ANN U R S E

ROYAL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL

SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL

COURSES' FOR GRADUATE
NURSES

1. A four-months course in Obstetric-
al Nursinf?.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
logical Nursing.

For fUTther informa
ion aPPly to:
Miss Caroline Barrett, R. N., Su-
pervisor of the 'Vornen's Pavilion,
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal.
P. Q.
or
Miss F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal,P. Q.

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS

Weston, Ontario
T H R E E MONTHS POST-
GRADUA TE COURSE IN THE
N U R SIN G CARE. PRE-
VENTION AND CONTROL
OF TUBERCULOSIS

is off
red to Registered NUlSes.
This includes organized theoretieal
instruction and supervised clinical
experience in all departrnent&
Salary - $80 per month with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Positions available at conclusion of
course.

For further particulars aPPly to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto
Hospital, Weston, Ontario.

and Eli=abetlz Gillespie (Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, and University of To-
ronto public health course, and McGill Uni-
versity course in !ooupen-ision in public health
nursing) have been appointed supervisors
with the \Vindsor Department of Health
which has recently taken over the School
Nursing Service and organi7ed a general-
ized program.
Mrs. Ðoroth')' (Armstrong) 5;haþtcy (Ha-
milton General Hospital and University of
\ Yes tern Ontario public health course) has
accepted an appointment on the staff of
the Elgin-St. Thomas Health Unit.
Kathlyu ß. M acD011.?1l (University of
Otta,,'a School of Nursing and McGill Uni-
versity public health course) has accepted a
position with the York Township Board of
Health.
Ann SIl1Jlka I St. Boniface Ho<;pital and
McGill University public health course) has
accepted an appointment with the East York
Dept. of Health.
Goldie Duncanso1l (St. J o
eph's Hospital,
London, and University of ".estern On-
tari
public health course) has accepted an
appointment with the Chatham Board of
Health.
Alli H Itlzta (St.
fary's Hospital, Tim-
mins, and University of Toronto public
health course), Olive Smith (Toronto Gen-
eral Hospital and University of Toronto
public health course), and bw Vokes (St.
Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, and Univer-
sity of Western Ontario public health course)
have accepted appointments with the St.
Catharines-Lincoln Health Unit.
Eli=abcth Ryan (St. Joseph's Hospital,
London, and University of Western Ontario
public health course) has accepted an ap-
pointment with the Sarnia Board of Health.
Florence Stewart (Toronto General Hos-
pital and University of Toronto public
health course) has accepted an appointment
with the Gudph Board of Health.

M.L.I.C. Nursing Service

Rita Chamberland (St. Sacrement Hospi-
tal, Quebec City), Mariette úger (Notre
Dame Hospital, Montrea1), and Lucinda Le-
Vol. 41, No. 11

N E \V S 1\ 0 T E S

tnay (Notre Dame Hospital,
Iontreal, and
University of Montreal public health coune)
have been appointed to the Metropolitan
nursing staff, l\lontreal.
A[ ode/cine BIt!teGlt (Ste. Jeanne d' Arc
Hospital, l\Iontreal, and University of
Ion-
treal public health nursing course) was
transferred recentl
f rom
Iontreal to take
charge of the Service in ]oliette. Alma Mo-
rache (Notre Dame Hospital, Montreal
and public health course,
IcGill
chool for
Graduate X urses), who has been in charge
of the Service in Niagara Falls, \\as trans-
ferred recently to 110ntrea1.
J eanlle d' A rc Hamel (S1. Sacrement J-Ios-
pital, Quebec City) has been granted a Com-
pany scholarship, and leave of absence from
the Quebec Cit) 'nur<;ing staff, to take the
public health course at the University of
Montreal. SimOlllle Rouillard (S1. Luc Hospi-
tal, 1Iontreal, and University of
Iontreal
public health course) will take leave u f ab-
sence from the
lontreal staff to take up
further nursing studies at 'McGill University
with a Company scholarship.
J eml1tette C oltlombe (S1. Sacrement Hos-
pital, Quebec City), who wa
un the Quebec
city nursing staff, recently resigned from
the Company's service. 11la Die/lie (Hamilton
General Hospital and University of \Vestern
Ontario public health course), who was in
charge of the nursing service in Sudbury, has
resigned to take up further nursing studies.

NEW S

NOTES

ALBERTA

EDMONTON:
The Royal Alexandra Hospital Alumnae
Association recently held its opening meet-
ing of the season, with the president, V.
Chapman, in the chair. Plans were completed
for a bazaar to be held in November, the pro-
ceeds to go towards the scholarship and sick
bendit funds. The meeting took the form of
a shower of articles for the bazaar and many
beautiful gifts were received. This year the
annual scholarship has been awarded to
Jean MacKie of the Class of 1943 who is
taking a post-graduate course in adminis-
tration at the University of Torunto School
of Nursing.
The first regular meeting of the Univer-
sity of Alberta Hospital Alumnae Associa-
tion was held recently when plans for the
future were discussed. These include a dance,
an open forum under the direction of the pub-
lic health section, a student nurses' night:,
NOVEMBER, 1945

909

Your Lome test

Qn :bring you
SOFT-ER,
SmOOT-IHR SKin
in just 14 days!

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shoulders. Y ou'U find your shoulders
look 5 or more years younger. Why?
Because shoulder pores are kept dean
by your regular Palmolive Soap baths
--and so, able to breathe freely. But face
pores, dogged with dirt and make-up,
can't breathe freely and soon your com-
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before its time. That needn't haopen
to your complexion. Palmolive offers
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You canlaokyoungerin 14 days!
Wash your face 3 times a day with
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e help your complexion re- --<j

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ecomesofter,smoother
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<)10

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bottles or boxes of 53, 100 and
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Pro!essioRØ!/y I-

Wh ite L- I'
ì I

IN

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Easy to put on, hard
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1 White is a special
help to nurses . . .
keeps all kinds of
white shoes whiter
. . . helps preserve
leather.

IMI

.. III n;
U""[P

5
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a supper meeting, and a night when scientific
mccJical films will be shown in co-operation
with the Association of Scientific Workers.
Four new committees have been set up
as follows: (1) A public health section un-
der Helen McArthur; (2) a hospital and
general nursing section under Peggy Wylde;
(3) liaison with the Alberta Association of
Registered Nurses, D. Guild, P. Holoway-
chuk, Mrs. ]. Sleath; (4) a committee to
study legislation in Canada and Alberta
which affects the status and working condi-
tions of nurses under Mmes W. Hahn and
R. Milner.
Elizabeth Rogers addressed the members
on the work of the A.A.R.N. of which she is
executive secretary. Following other provin-
ces. Alberta is to !:et up a Nurse Placement
Bureau. Miss Rogers eXplained the salary
schedule that the associatiol1 has drawn up
and is at present negotiating with represen-
tatives of the Alberta Hospital Association.
The alumnae executive for the 1945-46
term follows: president, Mrs. ]. Morrison;
vice-president, Mrs. R. Sellhorn; recording
secretary, B. Armitage; corresponding sec-
retary, R. Fadum; treasurer, V. Clark; so-
cial committee, E. Markstead, E. Eckmeyer.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

C01,VICHAN DISTRICT:
The annual meeting of the Chapter of the
R.N.A. of Cowichan District was held dur-
ing the summer at King's Daughters Hos-
pital, Duncan, when the following officers
wef(
elected: president, Mrs. H. Russell;
vice-president, Mrs. T. Skillicorn; secretary-
treasurer, K. M. Struthers; social convener,
M. W o1fe; press representative, 1. Howard.
It was suggested that, for the coming
year, every second meeting be devoted to
discussions on nursing problems, the alter-
nate meetings to be of a social nature to
which aU graduate nurses in the District
be invited.

ONTARIO

Editor's Note: District officers of the
Registered Nurses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication (\f
news items by writing to the Provincial
Convener of Publications, Miss Gena Bam-
forth, 54 The Oaks, Bain Ave., Toronto 6.

DISTRICT 4

ST. CATHARINES:

A weU attended regular meeting of the
Niagara Peninsula Chapter, District 4,
Vol. 41, No. 11

NEWS NOTES

R.N.A.O., was held recently at the Leonard
Nurses Home. The chairman, Stella Mur-
ray, welcomed those present and minutes of
the last meeting were read by Mrs. J. D.
Lynn, secretary-treasurer. Interesting re-
ports were heard as follows: Investigation
on Job Instruction Methods, by Helen
Brown; Hospital Schools of K ursing, by
Norma Newman; General X ursing Section,
by Catharine O'Farrell.
Lieut. Eleanor Rider, nursing sister at-
tached to the American Army and a St.
Catharines General Hospital graduate, was
welcomed at this meeting. The association
was also pleased to have with them Jean
Scrimgeour who, until recently, was a nurs-
ing sister with the RCA.M.C. N /S Scrim-
geour was one of the survivors who did
such a gallant piece of rescue work when
the ill-fated Santa Helena \\-as torpedoed
and sunk in the Mediterranean in November,
1943. Public health nurses from the Lincoln
County Health Unit and the \\Telland-Crow-
land Health Unit were also welcomed.
Through the courtesy of the Lincoln Coun-
ty Medical Association the members heard
an informative address on Penicillin and
Streptomycin which was given by Dr. Phil-
ip Greey of the Banting Institute.
WELLAND:
The opening gathering of the "Velland
Nurses Association took the form of an en-
joyable weiner and corn roast at the home of
Mrs. J. Reuter. A short business meeting
was held and $100 was donated for purchas-
ing heavy coats and capes for nurses in the
:N etheriands.
At the October meeting Mrs. C Hill, the
'president, was in charge. .Plans were made
to hold a card party. Ten dollars was don-
ated to the Salvation Army and a contribu-
tion was made to the vv clland Children's
Aid Society. Anne Jack, who recently became
associated with the WeIland-Crowl and
Health Unit, told of her experiences with
No. 15 Canadian General Hospital in Africa.
Mrs. E. Hanna thanked the speaker. A so-
.cia I hour followed.

QUEBEC

MONTREAL:
Royal Victoria Hospital:
E. Mansfield is in charge of the private
ward of the newly opened military annex
of the Montreal Neurological Institute. V.
Young is in charge of the public ward. H.
Lamont is now in the training school office
as supervisor of the medical wards. L. Ellis
has charge of the urological department.
Major Christine Crawford, RRC, is now
matron of the hospital ship Letitia en route
to Hong Kong. Mrs. M. (Stacey) McQueen
NOVEMBER, 1945

911

WHITEX CREATES THE
WHITEST WHITE
You Ever Saw

Crisp, fresh - looki!,g
Nurses can acquire
that snow-white ap-
pear.nee with
All - Fabric Whitex.
\Xi bitex ends off-white,
shoe stained stockings.
ALL - FABRIC
WHITEX, the magi.
cal blueing, works on
all fabrics including
silk 8 n d woo I .
WHITEX, made by
the Makers of
ALL - FABRIC
Tintex, is sold every-
where!

.

:! -
-:.:U t (' "':.-
1f -<--- - = ?J=
hitex

.Þ J. .J.L-t

.
'!

. "

'i PRINCIPLES
OF'
INTERNAL MEDICINE
By D. M. Baltzan
Just off the press. A course for nurses.
Dr. Baltzan has taught this course for a
number of years with great success. The
book is an amplification of his lectures.
Chapters are: Y. Disease; II. Disorders of
Respiration; III. Disorders of the Cir-
culatory System; IV. Disorders of the
Blood; V. Renal Disorders; VI. Disorders
of the Digestive System; VII. Disorders
of the Endocrine Glands; VIII. Neuro-
pathological Disorders; IX. Psychopathol-
ogical Disorders; X. Disorders of the Ske-
. letal System.
Dr. Baltzan is chief of medicine, St. Paul's
Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and
Senior Lecturer in Medicine, Nurses Train-
ing Schools, St. Paul's and City Hospital.
affiliated with the University of Saskat-
chE'wan. 898 pages, $5.00.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

912

THE CAKADIAl\ NURSE

DIRECT CONTACT
FOR
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Medicated vapors impinge directly and for
extended periods upon diseased respiratory
surfaces. This is the method of Vapo-Creso-
lene. Throat irritability is quickly soothed,
coughing and nasal congestion subside. Used
to alleviate whooping cough paroxysms, also
for "colds", bronchial asthma and bronchitis.
Send for Nurses' literature, Dept. 6, The
Vapo-Cresolene Co., 504 St. Lawrence Blvd., }
Montreal I, Canada. .,

..........

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As A Precaution

When colds threaten, use the best mouthwash daily

REGISTRATION OF NURSES
Province of Ontario

.

EXAMINATION
ANNOUNCEMENT

.

An examination for the Registra-
tion of Nurse<; in the Province of
Ontario will be held on November
21, 22, and 23.

Application forms, information
regarding subjects of examination
and general information relating
thereto, may be Ì'laå upon written
application to:

EDITH R. DICK, Reg. N.
Parliament Buildings, Toronto 2

DYSPNE INHAL
For QUICK relief of
Asthmatic Attacks, Emphysema,
Hay Fever, Dyspnoea and Respir-
atory Embarrassment.
For inhalation only

SAFE and ECONOMICAL
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ROUGIER FRERES
350 Le Moyne St., Montreal 1.

Easy Breathing

.

Mentholatum
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clears head
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again. Jars
and tubes 30c.
V-14

MENTHOLATUM
(;i"es COMFORT Daily

Vol. 41, No. 11

1'-1 E "r S

recently resigned her I
JSltlOn as assistant
head nur,!,e ut the 1st floor east, Allan Mem-
orial Institute.
The follo\\ing nur:-.e
have registered at
the .McGill S cl1l' 01 for (.;, aduate
urses :
Julia Cookson, Florem:e Ga
s, Edith Green,
teaching and supenisiun certificate cuurse;
Yiolet Boone anJ the recently di
charged
nursing sisters D. Carter, G. Hupkins, 1.
.MacKay, E. Ro\\ell, public h
alth certificate
course; N I
Sheila l\lingic, public health
degree course; Jean )'lcGregur, Jean Ti1irla-
v.ay, teaching anù supervision degree course.
N IS Wilhelmina Bell and Frances Simpson
are taking the teaching and supervision
course at the Cniversity of Turunto School
of X ursing.
.Mrs. C. (King) Bell was a recent vlsltor
at the hospitaL l1rs. A. (Pickard) Crawford
has returned with her family to Beirut,
Syria, after spending several war years at
her former hume in Sackville, N.B.

SASKA TCHEW AN
l\;100SE JAW:
Xaomi \Vebber (Regina General Hospital
and "C ni \ ersity of Saskatchewan SCh001 of
Kursing) has been appointed instructress
at the .Providence Hospital. Florence Kuntz
is leaving the staff of this hospital shortly
for the east.
PRINCE ALBERT:
Rev. Sr. Symphurusa, directre<;s of the
Holy Family .NUl sing School for the pa
l
eighteen years, has been tran
tcrred to Yan-
couver. An entel tainment was held in her
honour- prior to her departure. l{ev. Sr.
Irene and Sr. .\gnes Patricia have returned
from Ea:-.tern Canada \\ here they ath:nded
summer school and classes at Lo) ola College,
Montreal.
/S Ruth (
()rdstrum) Blight
has recently returned from overseas.
The Victoria H{)
pital X ursing School
recently held thdr graduation exercises in
the U ni ted Church.
REGINA:
F. Philo has been appointed instructress
of nurses and Koreen l\Iullen is teaching
practical nursing at the Grey Nuns' Hospi-
taL A class of fifty-three students has just
been enrolled, :U rs. Ann Hernoi, l\Irs. E. L.
Lach and Miss Bolstad have heen appointed
to the maternity department. 1Iary Karabis
has accepted a position at St. Peter's Hospi-
tal, Melville. Mrs. A. Dwight has resigned to
make her home in B. C.
Y OR KTO N :
Alice Mills, recently on the staff of the
Y orkton General Hospital, has accepted a
position at the hospital in Dawson Citv, Yu-
- kon. N IS Betty Langstaff has returned to
Canada after spending four years with the
South African Nursing Service. N /S Lang-
staff has served in South Africa, Egypt and
. Italy.

I NOVEMBER. 194'

NOTES

913

H'J'3

.J ....
of the

Future

Keep them healthy-let Baby's Own Tablets
help you. PlEasant, simple tablet triturates,
they can be safely depended upon for relief
of constipation, upset stomach, teething
fevers pnd other m;nor ailments of baby-
hood. Warranted free of narcotics and
opiates. A standby of nurses and mothers
for over 40 years.

BABY:S OWN Tablets

For Those
Who Prefer The Best

o
@dereUa

WHITE TUBE CREAM

will
Mak. Your Shoe. Lad Long.r
Giv. A Whit.r Fini.h
Prove More Economical To U..
Made in Canada
For Sale At All Good Shoe Starn
Fro'" Coo.. to Coast.

WANTED
Applications are invited for the following positions in an up-to-date hos-
pital:
Ward Supervisor for 15-bed private wing.
'Yard Supervisor for 9-bed private wing. Knowledge of X-ray work or willing
to learn same to relieve X-ray technician.
Floor Supervisor for Night Duty in a 34-bed unit. Three student nurses on
duty.
Eight-hour day or night; staggered hours; six-day week. Salary $85 less
tax, with full maintenance. Apply to:
General & Marine Hospital, Collingwood, Georgian Bay, Onto

WANTED
Applications are invited for the position of an Assistant Superintendent
of Nurses in a 650-bed hospital. A Second Assistant S'Jperintendent of Nurses
(new position) is also required, to be primarily responsible for Ex-Service-
men's Pavilion (250 beds), with some administration duties in main building
and School of Nursing.
Both positions available immediately. Cost of railway ticket to Edmonton
will be refunded after six months service. Apply, stating qualifications and
experience, to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Cniversity Hospital, Edmonton, AIta.

WANTED

A competent nurse is required for the position of Operating Room Super-
visor. Apply, with references, stating experience and salary required to:
Superintendent, Prince County Hospital, Summerside, P. E. I.

WANTED
Registered Nurses are required for the Huntingdon County Hospital. The
salary is $80 per month with room and board provided. For further particulars
apply to:
Dr. H. R. Clouston, Superintendent, Huntingdon County Hospital,
Huntingdon, P. Q.

WANTED
General Duty Nurses are required for a 350-bed Tuberculosis Hospital.
Forty-eight and a half hour week, with one full day off. The salary is $100.
per month, with full maintenance. Excellent living conditions. Experience un-
necessary. Apply, stating age, etc., to:
Miss M. L. Buchanan, Supt. of Nurses, Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital,
Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q.

WANTED

A class room Instructress for a 120-bed hospital. Apply stating qualifi-
cations, experience and salary expected to:
The Superintendent, Stratford General Hospital, Stratford, Onto

WANTED

Applications are invited for the position of permanent Night Supervisor
at a salary of $95 per month. Floor duty nurses are also required at a salary
of $85 per month. Apply to:
Superintendent, Barrie Memorial Hospital, Ormstown, P. Q.

914

Vol. 41, No. 11

WANTED

Vancouver General Hospital desires applications from Registered Nurses
for General Dut)". State in first letter date of graduation, experience, ref.er-
ences, etc., and when services would be available.
Eight-hour day and six-day week. Salary: $95 per month living out, plus
$19.92 Cost of Living- Bonus, plus laundry. One and one-half days sick leave
per month accumulative with pay. Employees' Hospitalization SocIety. Super-
annuation. One month vacation each year with pay. Investigation should be
made with regard to registration in British Columbia. Apply to:

liss E. :\1. Palliser, Director of Nurses, Vancouver General Hospital
Vancouver, B. C.

WANTED

A Dietitian and a Supervisor for a Tuberculosis Annex are required im-
mediately for the Highland View Hospital, Amherst. Apply, stating qualifica-
tions, to:
Business
Ianager, Highland View Hospital, Amherst,. :K. S.

WANTED

An experienced Supervisor for Prh ate Patients Floor is required for a
153-bed hospital. General Duty nurses are also needed. Apply in care of:
Box 9, The Canadian Nurse, 522 Medical Arts Bldg., Montreal 25, P. Q.

WANTED

Graduate :Kurses are required for General Duty in a well-equipped 35-bed
hospital. 8-hom. day and 6-day week. The salary is $22 (less income tax) per
week with full maintenance. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Anson General Hospital, Iroquois Falls, Onto

WANTED

A Dietitian is required fro the Cornwall General Hospital. Salary, $130
per month with full maintenance. Apply to:
Assist. Superintendent, Cornwall General Hospital, Cornwal1, Onto

WANTED

Charge nurse is required for Babies' Cotta
e (birth to 5 yrs) Capacity
25 cots and bassinettes-average 18. Apply, stating qualifications, age, etc. to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto Hospital for Tuberculosis, 'Veston, Ont.

WANTED
A Registered Nurse is required as Night Supervisor for a 75-bed hospital.
The salary is $100 per month with full maintenance. A Registered Nurse is
also required as Assistant Supervisor. The salary is $90 per month with full
maintenance. For particulars apply to:
Superintendent, Grace Hospital, Ottawa, Onto

NOVEMBER, 1945

9U

Official Directory
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1411 Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q.
Preøldent ...._ _ ..........___Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital. Muntreal 2, P. Q.
Past President ..............__.. Miss Marion Lindeburgh, 8466 University Street, Montreal 2, P. Q.
First Vice-President ............_Miss Rae Chittick, Normal School, Calgary, Alta.

econd Vice-President .......... Miss Ethel Cryderman, 281 Sherbourne Street, Toronto,2 Olit.
Honourary Secretary .........._Mis8 Evelyn Mallory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. 0.
Ðonourary Trea8urer .........._Miss Marjorie Jenkins, Children's Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COM
nTTEE
NU'TMrau indicate office held: (1) PrelJident, ProVincial NurselJ Association;
(I) CAairman, Hoøpital and S
Aool of Nursing Section; (8) Chairman, Public
Health Section; (") Chairman, General Nur,ing Section.

-'Ibert.' (1) Miss B, A. Beattie, Provincial Mental
Huspital. Ponoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-
&en, Calgary General Hospital; (3) Mrs. R.

ellhorn, V .O.r-;., Edmonton; (4) Miss N.
Sewallis, 9!118-I08th St., Edmonton.

8riti.b Columbia:(I) Miss E. Mallory, 10811 W.
loth Ave., Vancouver; (2) Miss E. l\elson,
Vancouver General Hospital; (3) Miss T.
Hunter, 4238 W. nth Ave., Vancouver; (4)
Miss E. Otterbine, 1334 Nicola St.. Ste. !S.
''''ancouver.

Manitoba: (1) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlpel
General Hospital; (2) Miss B. Seeman, Win-
nipeg General Hospital; (3) Miss H. Miller,
728 Jessie Ave.. Winnipeg; (4) Miss J. Gor-
don. 8 Elaine Court, Winnipeg.

New Brumwick: (J) Miss 1\1. Myers. Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Murdoch,
Saint John General Hospital; (3) Miss M.
Hunter. Dept. of Health, Fredericton; (4)
Mrs. M. O'ì\eal, 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John.

Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald, City of
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard,
Halifax lnfirmar}": (3) Miss M. Ross, V.O.N.,
Pictou; (-1) Miss M. MacPhail, 29 St. Peter's
Rd., Sydney.

Ontario: (I) Miss Jean I. Masten. Hð!lpltal fo.
Sick Children, Toronto; (2) Miss B. McPh

dran, Toronto Western Hospital; (3) Miss M.C.
Livingston 1 U \\' ellill
t(Jn St.. nUa WI! ; (4)
Miss K. Layton. 341 Sherbourne St.. Toronto

.
Prince Edward Island: (l) Miss D. Cox, 101
Wermouth St.. Charlottetown: (2) Sr. M.
Irene. Charlottetown Hospital; (3) Miss S.
Kewsun. Junior Red Cross, Charlottetown; (4)

liss M. Lannigan. Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: Miss E. Flanagan, 8801 University St.,
:\lontreal 2; (2) Rev. Sr. Denise Lefebvre,
Institut
farguerite d'Youville, 1I85 St. Mat-
thews St.,
Iontreal 25; (3) Miss A. Girard,
l"F.cole d'infirmières hrgiénistes, University
of :\Iontreal. 2900 Mt. Royal Blvd., Montreal
20; (.1) Miss E. Killins, 1230 Bishop St.,

fontreal 25.
Saskatchewan: 'I) Mrs. D. Harrison, 1104 El-
liott St., Saskatoon; (2) Miss A. Ralph.

Ioose Jaw General Hospital: (3) Miss E.
Smith, Dept. oC Public Health. Parliament
Bldgs., Regina; (4) Mrs. V. M. McCrory, 409-
19th St. E., Prince Albert.
Chairmen. National Sections: HO!'lpltal Bnd
School of Nursing: Miss Martha Batson, Mon-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: 1\1188
Helen McArthur, 218 Administration llIdg.,
Elhnonton, Alta. General Nursin
; Miss
Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., Wlnnlpel.

lan. Convener. COlUmittee on Nur!'llng Educa-
tinn: Miss E. K. Russell, 7 Queen's Park,
Toronto, Onto

OFFICERS OF NATIONAL SECTIONS
General. Nursing: . Chairman, Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg, Man. First Vice-
C'hmrman. MIss Helen Jolly. 3234 College A "e., ReA'ina, Sask. Second Vice-Chainnan, Milia
Dorothy Pars
ms, 376 George. St.. Fredericton, N. B. Secretary-Treasurer; Miss Margaret E.
'Yarren. 64 Niagara St., Wmmpeg, Man.
Hosp!t.al and. School of Nu
sing: (,hairm.an, Miss Martha Batson. Montreal General Hospital. First
f. t.ce-Charrman, Rev. SI'Iter Clermol!t, St. Boniface Hospital, Man. Second Vice
hairman,
1\ftss. G. Ban
forth. 5-1. The Oaks, Bam Ave., Toronto, Onto Secretary, Miss Vera Graham Homoeo-
patluc HospItal Montreal.
Public l!ealth: C,hainn..an, Mi,;:s Helen McArthur, 218 Administration Bldg.. Edmonton, Alta. Vice-
Chmrman, MIss Mildred I. Walker, Institute of Public Health London Ont Secretarll-Tre

urer, Miss Sheila MacKay, US Actnllnistration Bldg., Edmonton, 'Alta. ' .
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

International Council of Nurses: 1819 Broadwav. New York City 23. U.S.A. Executive Secretarv,
Miss Anna Schwarzenberg.
Canadian Nurses Association: 1411 Crescent St. Montreal 25. P. Q. General Secretary, Miss Ger-
trude M. Hall. Assistant Secretaries, Mis
Electa MacLennan, Miss WinnlCred Cooke.
PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Alberta Ass'n of Registered NurHs: Miss Elizabeth B. Rogers, St. Stephen's College, Edmonton.
R.egidered Nurses Ass'n of British Columbia: Miss Alice L. Wright. 1014 Vancouver Block, Van-
couver.
Manitoba Ass'n of Registered NurHs: Miss Margaret M. Street, 212 Balmoral St., Winnipeg.
Nl!w Brunswick Ass'n of Registerl!d Nurses: Miss Alma F. Law, 29 Wellington Row. Saint John.
Rl!gistered Nurses Ass'n of No'VtI Scoli,,: Miss Jean C. Dunning, 801 Barrington St., Halifax.
B.l!gistered Nurses Ass'n of Ontario: Miss Matilda E. Fitzgerald, Rm. 7U, 811 BloorSt. W., Toronto 5.
Princ
Edw.,.d Island Rl!tfi"l!rl!d Nursl!' An'n: Miss Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium. Char.
lottetown.
Rl!gistl!rl!d Nursl!s Ass'n of thl! Pro'Vincl! of Quebl!cl Miss E. Frances Upton, 1012 Medical Arts B
.,.
Montreal !!S.
S..lttllch__ Rl!tf'slerl!d Nursl!s A..'n: Miss Kathleen W. Ellis, 104 Saskatchewan. Hall. Unh'erølty of
Sa.qkatchewan, Saskatoon.

916

Vol. 41. No. 11

THE
CANADIAN
NURSE

VOLUME 41
N U M B E R 12
DECEMBER
1 9 4 5

otnphments of
!be
eason

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Christmas Morning

OWNED AND
TUE p'\l\T7\nl'N

PllßlISHED BY
'T IT n c r:
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lock Vita,li
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A heavy
day's schedule. . .

Early
rising. . .

To keep up to such a routine and
maintain ROUND THE CLOCK
VITALITY vitamins may be needed
to supplement hurried meals and
lunch-counter snacks.

'A VICAP' supplies the six essential
,'itamins, A, D, Bit B2' C and Nico-
tinamide that have thus far been
shown to be essential in human nutri-
tion. One 'A VICAP' per day pro-
vides the minimum daily reqUIre-
ments of these vitamins.

. : ,..;\'

Late to
bed . . .

-A VI CAP'

MULTI - VIT AI\-IIN CAPSULE

Each contail1S:-
Vitam;'1 A . . . . . 5000 bIt. Units
Vitamin D . . . . . 500 bIt. Utlits
Vitam;'1 B 1 . . . . 1 mgm.
(Thiam;'le HC/)
V itam;'1 B'l . . . 2 mgm.
(Rihoflal';'I)
Vitam;'1 C . 30 mgm.
(Ascorhic Acid)
SicotÙlamide .. 10 mgm.
Bottles of 30, 90 alld 500 caps1lles.

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.

The Wellcome foundation ltd.)

MONTREAL

ASSOCIATED HOUSES LONDON. NEW YORK. SYDNEY
CAPE TOWN - BOMBAY - SHANGHAI. BUENOS AIRES

HOW TO GUARD AGAINST...
'"'"
3 FAMILIAR
HAN D BLEMISH ES

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CIt
PPING

DON'T WASH
YOUR HANDS

RO CJNo
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until you apply Trushay.
Constant immersion re-
moves the skin's natural
lubricant (sebum). Tru-
shay, applied before washing, forrus
an invisible film which helps protect
)
hands against harsh cleansers.
\

TRUSHAY ON ELBOWS

.

'
AND KNEES

·

And as an all-
....... Ii over body rub.

TRU SHAY IS
ECONOMICAL

Just a few fragrant drops
are enough for both
hands. Get Trushayyour-
self . . . and suggest it to
your convalescent pa-
tients. Used daily, Tru-
shay keeps patients in-
terested in their appear-
ance . . . boosts their
morale.

TRY THE ONE-
HAND TEST

Before soap and water
tasks', smooth Trushay on
to one hand; nothing on
the other. While the un-
protected hand is apt to
soon become coarse and unsightly, the
Trushay-protected hand, in most cases,
will remain soft and pretty as ever!

#)0/
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THE "BEFOREHAND" LOTION

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"HUMI "HP
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Bñstol-Myen Company of
Canada, Ltd.
3035.NM St. Antoine Street,
Montreal 30, Canada.

\

DECEMBER, 194'

."

The

Canadian

Nurse

Registered at Onawa, Canada, a. ..cond cia.. matter.
Editor ønd Business Mønøgn:
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N., 522 Medical Arta BI...., Montreal 21, P.Q.

CONTENTS FOR DECE
IBER, 1945

PULLING THE DRAWSTRINGS 941
COMPETITION WINNERS 942
Too LATE AND Too LITTLE - L. E. Ranta, M.D. 943
THE PROBLEM OF THE PARALYZED BLADDER S. A. JlacDonald, M.D. 947
THE CARE, MAINTENANCE AND CONSERVATION OF HOSPITAL EQUIPMENT
W. J. Coleman 949
FROM O:-JE POST-WAR PERIOD TO ANOTHER IN Co\NADA AND INDIA E. Buchanan 954
CENTRAL SUPPLY RCOM - D. L. Ward 959
USING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH C. R. Aitkenhead 961
AN INSTRUCTORS' GROUP THAT REALLY FUNCTIONS 1\-1. O. Cogswell 965
OPPORTUNITIES IN A RURAL HOSPITAL ]. White 967
AN EXPERIMENT IN GROUP STUDY H. Lusted 969
THE "TwO-YEAR" AND THE "FOUR-YEAR" NURSE 971
NOTES FRON NATIONAL OFFICE 973
NURSING SISTERS RETURN TO CIVILIAN LIFE 975
THE AUSTRALIAN NURSING SCENE 977
INTERESTING PEOPLE 980
THE STUDENT NURSE AND THE V. O. N -A. E. Scoones 984
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 986
NEWS NOTE
991
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY 999

Sub.criþt;on Røtes: $2.00 per year - $S.OO for " )'ears; Foreign &: U.S.A., $2.S0; Stud_.
Nur..., $l.SO; Canadian NUriing Si.ter. Over
as and Canadian nurs.. .ervine with UNRRA.
12.00 only. Single Copies, 20 cenu. All cheques. money orden and postal note. .hould b. DUde
payable to' Thf' Cllnødilln Nurse. (Wb.n remitting by cheques add IS cent. for exchan..).
Cltønge of Address: Four weeks' advance notice. and the old address, a. well a. the new, are
n.c:....ry for chanee of .ub.criber'. addre... Not responsible for Journøb lost in the mail. d_
to new address not being forwarded. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY AT ALL TIMES. Editor_
COfttent: New. item. should reach the }ourftøl office before the 8th of month precedine publica-
tion. All published ms.. de.troyed after 3 month.. unles. ..ked for. Offidøl Directory: Publi.hed
complete in March. June, Sept. lie Dec. issue..
Addre.. all communic.tion. to '22 Medic.1 ArU Bide.. Monlreøl 2', P. Q.

918

Vol. 41 No. 12

fATHERS OF CANADIAN MEDICINE

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PHYSICIAN AND STATESMAN (1821-1915)

COURAGE, boundless optimism and breadth
of vision characterized the distinguished
career of Sir Charles Tupper. Despite the
demands of public office, he maintained an
active interest in all motters concerning the
medical profession.

I.
\:

Tupper was born at Amherst, N.S., July 2nd,
1821. He studied medicine at Edinburgh Uni-
versity where he received the degrees of M.D.
and L.R.C.S. in 1843. Of medium height, erect,
and vigorous. Charles Tupper had an abundance
of nervous energy which contributed to olert-
ness and ceoseless mental activity. His manner
was hearty and genial ond he had a broad
grasp of most topics.
In 1862 Tupper was appointed a Governor
of Dalhousie College, Halifax, where he initiated
a medical course which reached full fruition in
1870. It was largely due to his persistence thot
in 1867 the Victoria General Hospital began its
existence in Halifax as a provincial and city
institution. When the' Canadian Medical Asso-
ciation wos formed in 1867 he was elected
President.

BART., C.B., G.C.M.G.,
M.D., LL.D.

The year 1855 marked the beginning of
Tupper's political career. It is said that history
will record the four years of his administration
as Premier of the Province of Nova Scotia as the
greotest era in Tuppèr's life-an era in which
he achieved the most striking personal success.
Against strong opposition he established a
system of free schools for Nova Scotia.
Tupper was the apostle of Confederotion and
played an important part in the passoge of the
British North America Act. He actively supported
efforts to establish a Federal Department of
Heolth which, ofter much missionary work,
became a reality in 1919.
He was made 0 Baronet in 1888. for two
different periods he held the position of High
Commissioner for the Dominion in London ond
in 1896, was mode Prime Minister of Canada.
Sir Charles died at "The Mount", Bexley
Heath, England, on October 30th, 1915. The
record of his life is a chollenge to the medical
profession and inspires William R. Warner &
Company in their policy of Therapeutic Exoct.
ness . . . Phormaceutical Excellence.

;::.:::;:
:

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lð5W fA. I
NilE R & COMPANY LTD.

MANUfACTURING PHARMACEUTISTS · 727.733 KING ST. WEST, TORONTO

DECEMBER, 1945

919

Reader's Guide

The arguments for early immunization
against whooping-cough, pre
ented so
ably by Dr. Lawrence E. Ranta, will
serve to reinforce the programs con-
ducted by pubìic health nurses every-
where. The high percentage of the deaths
from this disease which occur among in-
fants under one year can be markedly
reduced if adequate protection is secured
at an early ap:e. The case which he
presents for scarlet fever immunization
should help to combat the widespread
reluctance to accept this means of en-
suring even the more limited security
which is afforded. Dr. Ranta is assistant
director of the Connaught Laboratories
(Western Division) and assistant pro-
fessor in the Départ1nent of Bacteriology
and Preventive Mèdicine . at the Univer-
sity of British Columbia.

" .
Dr. S. A. M.acDonald, of Montreal, has
given us an interesting description of the
various types of paralyzed bladder and
a detailed .ace.ount of one particular pa-
tient. Using this same case as an ex-
cellent example, Clara R. Aitkenhead,
chief instructres
at the Homoeopathic
Hospital, Montreal, has shown how teach-
ing opportunities may be turned to good
accou nt.

Under the auspices of the Alberta
Association of Registered Nurses and
the School of Nursing of the University
of Alberta, a course in hospital adminis-
tration was provided. W. J. Coleman, a
representative of a hospital supply
company, presented the exceedingly val-
uable suggestions for the preservation of
hospital equipment to this group. The
many useful points which he has in-
cluded will, we hope, help the harassed
hospital personnel to make this last
until new materials are again available.

In the November issue of the Journa,l
we presented the first instalment of
Edith Buchanan's interesting and timely

920

story of nursing conditions in India.
This month we conclude her account of
the efforts that are being made to raise
the standard of training being provided
and to make a greater voll1me of nurs-
ing care available to India's teeming mil-
lions. Miss Buchanan is a graduate of the
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal.

Dorothy L. 'Yard is a graduate of the
Homoeopathic Hospital, Montreal. At
present, she is taking her course in
# teaching and supervision at the McGill
School for Graduate Nurses, preparatory
to returning to her alma mater as a
clinical instructor.

Jlargaret O. Cogswell, recently ap-
pointed as director of the newly organ-
ized Nurse Placement Bureau in Alberta,
sets a pattern, which Instructors' Groups
in every community might well copy, in
her description of the monthly gather-
ings held in Edmonton. Similarly, Hester
Lusted shows. a way in which public
health nurses may expand their knowl-
edge and understanding of the commun-
ity in which they work and its possible
resources. Miss Lusted is a public health
- nurse in Regina, Sask. The thoughtful
presentation of the possibilities to be
found in a small community hospital by
Jean 'Vhite should be an eye-opener to
many nurses who have never lived any-
where but in the city and whose profes-
sional experience has all been- in large
hospitals.

The four sma.ll tots depicted on our
cover did not wait in vain for a visit
from good St. Nicholas. The empty fire-
place permitted the jovial gentleman to
arrive without even scorching his whis-
kers. It is our sincere wish that this
Christmas will bring the heart's desire
to all of our readers, with a full measure
of happiness to carryover into the New
Year. Merry Christmas!

V.I. 41 No. 12

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Our laboratory and technicians
are at your service and will check
with you regarding any parti-
cular prC?blems, without cost or
obligation

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Liquid Soap Dispensers Disinfecfants Deodorizers Insecticides
Floor Waxes èmd Cleaners - Electric Floor Scrubbers - Paper Towels - Drinking Cups

G. H_ WOOD & COMPANY LIMITED

323 KEELE STREET-TORONTO

.

440 ST. PETER STREET-MONTREAL

B:lANCHES . HA
"AII . nDNIY .
AINT JOHN' MONCTON. QUEaEC cln . THIEE IIVEI

HElaIOOKE . OTTAWA . KING
TON . HAMILTON .
T. CATHAIINU KITCHENEI' LONDON
WIND
OI . WINNI
EG . IEGINA . CALGARY' EDMONTON' VANCOUVER' VICTORIA' KnOWNA

DECEMBER, 194'

921

ANTISEPSIS

A durable barrier to infection

4 Hitherto the antiseptic toilet of
4 the hands has been concerned
4 chicfly \t\ ith avoiding the carriage
4 of pathogenic organisms from
4 or.e patient to another. Recently
. OU] outlook has changed some-
. what. The danger of transfer
· from patient to patient remains,
'Lut we have also learned to
.. recognise another and more
..
ubtle danger, namely, the trans-
, fer of streptococci from the throat
, or nose of the patient herself, or
. of sonleone in attendance upon
, her.' *

* (olebrook, L. (19") J. Ob.rlel & Gynaeç., 40, 977.

Against such hazards - which
have their parallel in the opera-
ting theatre - an obvious precau-
tion, additional to the use of face
masks, is to apply a persistent

antiseptic- one that will form
a durable barrier to infection
on the skin or gloved hands.
Controlled experiments have
shown that 30'Yo "Deuol"
provides such a protectiv

covering for over two hours.
Further experiments, labo-
ratory and clinical, have
demonstrated that "Deuol"
at full strength is non-toxic
and non-irritant - and yet
rapidly lethal to a diversity of
pathogenic bacteria even in
high dilution, and even in the
presence of blood and other
organic contaminants.
For effective, safe and per-
sist ent antIsepsis" Deuol" has
become the preparation of
choice in general and mater-
nity hospitals throughout the
Empire.

RECKITI & COLMAN (CANADA) LIMITED, PH.-\RMACEU I ICAL DIVISION, MONfREAL
111.10=-

922

Vol. 41 No. 12

PERSPIRATI
N
DU
ING SLEEP
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FA L S E
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IT'S TRU
! During sleep the blood pressure, pulse rate,
t21nperature, anù respiration arc rcùuccd-out the secre-
tion of the sweat glands is greatly increased!

IT'S TRU E, TOO, that before l\IU
I was introduced, its
fonnula was subjected to years of painstaking research and
experimentatio
1 i
1 leading hospitals. Effectiyely neutral-
izing perspiration odor-"..ithout interfering with normal
sweat gland activity-
.IUßI is a deodorant YOlt can deþend
1.1 pon. - Special Notice to Pub-
lic Healt.h Nurses -
Suggest MUM-conditioning to your patients.

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They will appreciate YOllr thoughtfulness.

:
.
"C::
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-rslng af
d
leaflets to aid you In
your work with the
younger teen - agers.
Write today for your
copy.

A Product of Bristol-Myers Company of Canada, Ltd.,
3035-00 St. Antoine St., Montreal 30, Canada.

MUM ð"

(

TAKES THE ODOR OUT OF STALE i'ERSPIRATION
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. :ÆWJlüfü:.., DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH NORMAL SWEAT-GLAND ACTIVITY ,', I .'

DECEMBER, 1945

923

"WHY 'DETTOL
OBSTETRIC

C REA.Jl?"

IN ALL ESSENTIALS 'Dettol' Obstetric
Cream has the same properties as
the modern antiseptic, 'Dettol'
liquid-no more, no less. Like the
liquid, it is rapidly lethal to a
diversity of pathogenic
rganisms,
including the hæmolytic strepto-
èocci responsible for most cases of
puerperal infection : again like the
liquid, it is a non-toxic, non-irritant
preparation which can be applied
repeatedly without danger or dis-
comfort: and both preparations
are pleasant in use.

Nevertheless, · Dettol' Obstetric Cream has
its special place in obstetric practice. Firstly,
the antiseptic in this form is ready to use at the
right concentration-namely 30 0 () · Dettol ,-
in a suitable vehicle: secondly, unlike liquid
preparations, when applied to the patient's
skin and mucous membranes, it remains

confined to the site of application:
and thirdJy, · Dettol' Obstetric
Cream · stays put' and so forms a
barrier to reinfection effective for
over two hours.

Thus, · Dettol' Obstetric. Cream is
· Dettol' in a form particularly
suitable for the disinfection of the
doctor's and nurse's gloved hands as
well as of the patient's vulva, thighs
and hands. It is not mûre effective
than · Dettol' liquid at "the same
strength-but for these particular
purposes it is more convenient.

At London's great maternity hos-
pital, Queen Charlotte's, records
show that in the two-and-a-half
years following tb.e introduction of
an antiseptic technique involving the
use of ' Dettol ' liquid and · Dettol '
Obstetric Cream, the incidence of
puerperal infection due to haemo-
lytic streptococci was reduced by
more than 50% when compared with
a similar period immediately prior to
the use of these products.

RECKIIT & COLM\N (CANADA) LIMITED, PH-\RM-\CEUTICAL DIVISION, MONTREAL.
C r.2c.-

924

Vol. 41 No. 12

()j(
CANADIAN

NURSE

-4 MONTIILY JOUR NAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

VOI.VJl. 'OR'I'r-oNII

DECEMBER 1945

NUJlBlfR TWELV.

Pulling the Drawstrings

Every good knitter has a bag into
which she puts the odds and ends of yarn
she has left over. Sometimes it will be
a fair-sized ball, sometimes only a short
strand. Periodically, she has a house-
cleaning of this bag of left-overs and
knits up the wool into more useful ar-
ticles - coat-hanger covers, tea-cosies,
afghan squares, babies' bootees, even
darning holes in sweaters or socks -
none of it is wasted. When the oddments
are all sorted out, the bag is put away
to become a store-room for further
treasures.
Coming to the end of this year 1945,
let us go through our work-bag. There
are many colours left there from which
we may make a pattern. Lord Byron
once said, "The best prophet of the fu-
ture is the past". What colours have we
from which to weave our future?
First, there ar
the long, bright strands
labelled V-E Day and V-J Day. What
gloriously warm, rich hues those days
were! The war was over in Europe and,

DECEMBER, 194'

in an . amazingly short time thereafter,
the war in the far eastern theatre came
to an end. Golden threads a-plenty, as
from far and near absent relatives and
friends flocked homeward. There are
sombre colours here, too, which reach
across to grave-markers in many foreign
lands. Some of the shades are dull just
now, which next year may be brighter
as the sick, the wounded, the prisoners-
of-war are restored to the fullest pos-
sible measure of health. Bright thre.ads,
glad threads of victory!
Many more shining colours are over
in this corner of our bag. These are all
the hundreds of new friends the Journal
has made in the past year. Every sec-
tion of the Dominion has contributed
strands to this ball. Student nurses,
graduates, retired nurses, married nur-
ses - a mighty assembly of friends to
whom The ConodÜm Nurse is a wel-
come helper each month. The kindness
and forebearance when delivery has
been late has added an especial gleam to

941

942

THE CANADIAN NURSE

these colours. These new colours blend
well with the larger pattern of our thou-
sands of old tried and true friends. May
there be a host of new strands added
to our work-basket next year!
A very large measure of the success
of this past twelve months has been due
to the multi-coloured mosaic woven by
our contributors. Already, a very in-
teresting pattern is taking shape for the
months to come. In one section of the
total colour scheme, the material has
been a bit skimpy recently, leaving some
unwanted gaps. "News Notes", which
tells the more intimate story of nursing
activity all over Canada, has not had
threads from many of the provinces.
Perhaps when the 1946 package un 4

folds, these pieces will be found more
plentifully scattered.
There are so many other colours in
our work-bag-the vibrant hues of mu-
sic, the comfortable friendlines
of books
-
hades and tints to numèrous to men-
tion. Christmas itself with its festive
reds and greens is upon us. Let us pull
the draw-strings on 1945 and wish to all
those who have blended their colours
with ours a very happy Christmas, quite
the gayest and most joyful in many a
year. For the New Year, the editor and
staff of the Journal wish all of our read-
ers success, great happiness, and a re-
newal of rour subscription!

-IV1.E.K.

Competition Winners

"T e have much pleasure in announc-
ing the names of the winners in the
recent competition sponsored by The
Canadian lVur.re. The four winning pa-
pers will be published next Yé'ar starting
with the February issue. To each of
these winners we offer our heu-ty con-
gratulations and to all the contestants
our appreciation of your response. It is
hoped that a larger number will watch

for the next competition, the topic for
which will be announced eady in th

New Year.
The winning: entries were written
hy: First place,'" Miss Grace Giles, Sas-
katoon, Sask. j second place, :\Iiss Helen
Saunders, Victoria, B.C. j third place,
l\1rs. Eileen 1\1ayo, Toronto, Onto j
honourable mention, l\liss Elizabeth
Tweedie
\V e
tmount, P.O.

While there have been p{'riodic ar-
ticles dealing ,....ith various aspects of
tuberculods affiliation, etc., in recent
issues, next month we propose to devote
'a considerable part of the Journal to
this topic. Heading the list will be a very
'excellent and informative discussion on
opérative treatment of the disease
through thoracoplasty. Dr. G. H. Hames
describes the p!'ocedure in detail. Pre-
operative and post-operative nursing

Preview

care will be outlined by Elsie Towers and
Helene Kirkpatrick. \Vhat it feels like
to be the patient is humorously portrayed
by B. 1\1. Evjen. A description of fluo-
rographic surveys and the programs for
the prevention of tuberculosi,:; in Sas-
katchewan comes from the able pen of
Grace Giles. Finally, a discussion on the
'Scope and challenge of tuberculosis nurs-
ing written by Esther Paulson will round
out this interesting and vital series.

Vel. 41 Ne. 12

Too Late and Too Little

LAWRENCE E. RANTA, M.D., D.P.H.

Usually with mixed feelings of pit}'
and impatience, most members of nurs-
ing and kindred professions eventually
cross words -with conscientious objec-
tors who voice disapproval of vaccina-
tion, chlorination, pasteurization, or
some equallr well-estahlished health mea-
sure; and in the process of crystallizing
a public health practice we often joust
among ourselves. But our criticisms
should not be the thrusts of a superior
attitude, lest we, in turn, go misunder-
stood when we couch a lance from the
back of our fa'/ourite "hobhy-horse":
for none of us ever escape completely
from preconceptions and pre judices.
However, if we hope to fly the banner
of the "Modern Crusade" and realize
our .ambitions as health teachers in the
communitr, we must ever make efforts
to clarify our ideas regarding the hest
procedures in all branches of health
preservation.

PERTUSSIS IMMUNIZATION

Disappointment in the older type of
pertussis vaccine, made from an aviru-
lent strain of H. pertussis, might be ade-
quate reason to excuse us should we look
skeptically upon later moòificatinns.
But we cannot spurn the proof offered
by many excellent workers in Canada,
United States, and elsewhere, that
whooping cough can be prevented by in-
oculations with a vaccine prepared from
Pþase I, H. pertussis.
During the pioneer work with this
newer vaccine attention was paid prim-
arily to prevention of morbidity. The
selection of older infants for immuniza-
tion, though really governed by experi-
mental necessity, has prohahly heen res-
ponsihle for the reluctance of many
practitioners to administer pertussis vac-

DECEMBER. 1945

cine until the infant approaches the fir5t
birthdar. But, as Phase I pertussis vac-
cine has demon:-trated its ability to pre-
vent morbidity, we must consider how
it can be used in the best interests of
public health.
Each rear of the first decade of life
contributes about 10 per cent of the total
cases of whooping cough, hence, inocu-
lations of vaccine commenced towards
the end of the first year of age could,
ideally, influenre <:)0 per cent of the
prosp
ctive cases. But, .although child-
ren under one }'ear suffer only 10 per
cent of cases, they contribute about 75
per cent of the total whooping cough
fatalities. For example, in a typical year
(1942), of 560 Canadians rlying of
whooping cough, 413 (73.7 per cent
of the total) were less than a year old,
and 499 (89.1 per cent) were under
two rears of age. In Chart I, the curve
repr
sents the
percentage of the t
tal
numher of fatalities from whoopmg
cough occurring up to the age at which
the curve cuts a vertical line. The steep
upward sweep of the curve during the
first vear reveals how every month of
infan
r is paid for by a he
vy .toll of
victims caused by our delay m stlmulat-
ino- resistance acrainst H. pertwsir. The
....

obvious flattening- of the curve after the
second birthday indicates a marked low-
erin (T of the case fatality rate in the
olde
age-groups. It is clear that, if es-
tablish
en
of immunity is delayed until
the end of the first year in accord with
widely pre\ralent practices, the best re-
sult
e can hope for is a reduction of
whooping- cough mortality bv
pproxi-
mately 25 per cent. This would stIll
eave
whooping cough at the top of the hst of
infanticidal communicable diseases. Con-
sequently, our ohjective must b
a post-
ponement of the disease to any tIme after
the second birthday. Moreover, the ;lr-

943

944

THE CANADIAN NURSE

gument for early immunization is
strengthened by the contention that per-
tussis immunity does not become solidly
established until the third or fourth
month after completion of the vaccine
series.
Therefore, giving consideration to the
innocuous nature of the immunizing
agent, to the high case fatality rate dur-
ing infancy, and to the delay in acquir-
ing immunity after vaccination, per-
tussis immunization should be com-
menced as early as the second month af-
ter birth. The practicability of early
immunization should be judged by the
attending physician upon the infant's
physical condition and development. If
these are normal, or if the risk of ex-
posure is great, there is no reason to
postpone inoculation; for the argument
that a young infant fails to develop im-
mune bodies against H. Pertussis is not
supported in the literature. But as the
response to vaccination may not be as
durable as that of an older infant, a re-
inforcing dose should be given on the
first birthday.

It should be emphasized that pertussis
immunization begun during the second
month wiIl not solve the problem of
whooping cough fatalities: reference to
Chart I will obviate further elaboration.
But even though earlier immunization
cannot recall the victims of our ignor-
ance of better preventive practices, it
can reduce the number of victims of our
procrastination in the use of the tools at
hand, until future developments either
confirm the possibility of immunizing
prospective mothers against whooping
cough during the middle trimester of
pregnancy, or provide us with more ef-
fective, rapidly acting, prophylactic
measures.
The establishment of pertussis im-
munity may be secured by inoculations
of pertussis vaccine alone, or in com-
bination with diphtheria toxoid. The lat-
ter preparation has the real advantage
of reducing the total number of immun-
izing injections.
The theoretical objection, that the
ability of diphtheria toxoid to elicit anti-
bodies may be neutralized by the passive-

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Vol. 41 No. 12

TOO LATE AND TOO LITTLE

945

Iy transferred maternal antibodies pos-
sessed by many newly born, has not been
proven by trial; on the contrary, there
is much to nullify the objection. For
some years
ftcr active immunization
with diphtheria toxoid an individual pos-
sesses antibodies sufficient to confer im-
munity against the average infecting
dose of C. diphtheriaé, and to produce
a negative Schick reaction. Yet even in
these individuals a dose of diphtheria
toxoid will, within certain reasonable
limits, elevate their antibody titre to a
higher leveL In other words, despite the
existence of circulating antibodies in ap-
preciable quantities, the toxoid reinfor-
ces the antibody level.
One may also argue in favour of
the combined immunizing agent by
pointing out that many large-sc
le
Schick-testing surveys of persons in the
reproductive age showed that more than
half often possessed insufficient antibo-
dies to render them Schick-negative.
Therefore, many thousands of Cana-
dian infants are born without pas.l)ive
protection against diphtheria, and would
profit from the diphtheria toxoid in the
combined preparation.

SCARLET FEVER IMMUNIZATION

We do not condemn the use of per-
tussis vaccine on the grounds that it
fails to justify itself as a "cure-all" of
the whooping cough problem. Similarly,
we should not label scarlet fever im-
munization as a useless procedure simply
because it is unable to do
ll that we
desire of it. But, oddly enough, some
laboratory and public health workers
thrill with an impulse to do battle when
it is suggested that immunization against
scarlet fever may have merits. However,
scarlet fever immunization has m
ny
supporters among equally well-qualified
and conscientious workers, and this sup-
port would imply that something can b

said in its favour.

DECEMBER. I''''

The objectors base their opposition on
the claim that scarlet fever immuniza-
tion prevents only the appearance of the
rash when an individual becomes in-
fected by an erythrotoxigenic strain of
streptococcus and, as public health regu-
lations do not ordinarily call for isolation
of the rashless streptococcally infected,
this procedure actually encourages the
spread of streptococci. If erythrogenic
toxin had a selective action solely upon
the skin, the objectors could voice their
opinions as though from an impregnable
tower, conscious of their ability to with-
stand siege. But, can the mere act of
naming a toxin limit its toxicity to the
terms of its descriptive adjective? A
misconception of this type has been res-
ponsible for placing too much emphasis
upon the erythema-producing quality of
erythrogenic toxin. The tendency has
been to lose sight of the fact that the
toxin does not act on the skin per see
The rash has wider significance. It in-
dicates that toxin has been elaborated at
the site of infection, usually in the
throat, that it has spread from the site
of elaboration, and that it has acted
upon the capillaries throughout the body,
inCluding those in the skin.
The fact that rabbits can be quickly
killed by intravenous injections of small
quantities of concentrated and highly
purified erythrogenic toxin is sufficient
evidence that the toxin is not 'limited to
its action upon the skin. Autopsy findings
reveal nothing more startFng than a
similarity to fatal human cases of fulmin-
ating toxic scarlet fever, if one excludes
the signs of local infection in the latter.
Some animals show no pathological signs
either in the gros.1) specimens or on mic-
roscopic section, while others have un-
doubted signs of cardiac edema. The
presence of albumin in the urine, which
often occurs even in moderate human
cases, indicates toxicity of the renal ca-
pillaries.
With our present knowledge none
can say whether, in the average attacks
of scarlet fever, the capillary in jury in

946

THE CANADIAK
URSE

organs wen .supplied with these vascular
elements (heart, kidneys, liver, lungs
and brain) might not be perm.anent in
nature, and might not add a substantial
sum to the total organic in jury that oc-
curs from various causes during a lif
-
time. Negation of the possibility of last-
ing damage gives the patient the dubious
comfort of theoretical objections instead
of a chance for protection.
Can objectors to scarlet fever im-
munization maintain a tenable position
in the face of clinical experience with
scarlet fever antitoxin therapy? With
the fact before us that the therapeutic
effect of the antitoxin is almost solely
due to an ti-erythrotoxigenicity, contrast
the average, moderately toxic caSe of
scarlet fever at the time of antitoxin ad-
ministration with the patient's appear-
ance 12 to 24 hours later. Coincident
with the fading of the external mani-
festations of capillary poisoning, the pa-
tient is transformed from a person, sick,
hot, and disinterested in his surround-
ings, to one markedly improved, com-
fortable, and alert. If one can. by the
use of scarlet fl'ver immunization, pre-
vent the patient from receiving the sys-
temic insult delivered by ef\'throgenic
toxin, the patient will have been done
a great service.
\Vhether the prevention of scarlet
fever will do the patient's community
a disservice is highly improbable. If one
takes the general Canadian carrier rate
of Group A Streptococcus hemolyticus
as being 15 per cent (in some urban
surveys it has been found much higher),
and if one increases the rate at one time
by the annual number of prospective
cases of scarlet fever, it would not reach

16 per cent. Huw significant this rise
would be is conjectural. But the evidence
presented by clo
ed communities, such as
nurse
-in-training, indicates that scar-
let fever immunization does not in-
crease the number of streptococcal in-
fections.
However, ewn if scarlet fever toxin
were to be accepted as univer
ally as diph-
theria toxoid, it would be necessary to
reC'ognize its limitations. \Vere every
person to be rendered Dick-negative it
would not assure the disappearance of
scarlet fever, for some rare strains of
the causative agent produce erythrogenic
toxins unneutralized by antitoxins eli-
cited by immunization or, for that mat-
ter, by natural infection with strepto-
cocci producing the commoner erythro-
genic toxin. Furthermore, all persons
inoculated with the recommended five
doses of scarlet fever toxin do not de-
velop sufficient antibodies to protect
their capillaries completely from the ef-
feets of the commoner erythrog
nic
toxin. This situation is comparable to
the occasional failure of diphtheria toxoid
to induce an immunity against an in-
fecting dose of C. diphther;{Tf' , although
failures occur more frequently with the
former than with the latter.
Yet none of
hese objections or limita-
tions should bc used as indictments
against scarlet fever immunization, for
tl
e whole problem revolves about a fun-
damental principle of preventive medi-
cine: whether it is better to depend upon
naturally acquired immunity, and run the
risk of permanent injury to the patient,
or whether we minimize the risk by us-
ing the best available tools. The choice
appears self-evident.

By special permIssIon, we are prIVI-
leged to bring to the readers of TIl,'
Canadian
lfrse the very stimulating
discussion on "The Professional Status
of Nursing" by Genevieve Knight Bixler
and Roy 'Vhite Bixler which was first

Preview

published in the September, 1945, issue
of the American Journal of Nllrs-ing.
Their careful analysis of how well nurs-
ing measures up to appropriate criteria
is "ell worth careful study.

Vol. 41 No. 12

The Problem of the Paralyzed Bladder

S. A. MACDoNALD, M.D.

Paralysis of the bladder has alwars
been and stilI remains a serious clinical
condition. Any interference with urin-
ary drainage whether from the kid-
neys, ureters or bladder is invariably
fraught with dire consequences. These
are due to the stasis of urine which in-
evitably results. Of the many sequelae
which occur infection is one of the first
to appear. It inevitably follows when-
ever prolonged obstruction occurs anv-
where in the course of the urinary tra
t.
Sooner or later it is folIowed by hack
pressure damage which occurs in one or
both kidneys depending on the site of
the obstruction. Calculi are also prone
to form above the obstructed area. If
the condition is unrelieved the kidney
substance and function are destroyed.
If the damage is bilateral death even-
tuaIIy occurs from urinary sepsis or
uremia.
AIl of these effects are associated with
bla?der paralysis. The inability of the
patIent to empty the bladder means
that there is always left within the or-'
gan a pool of unvoided urine. This sta-
tic reservoir leads to all the critical
complications listed above, In this res-
pect such a patient resembles the elder-
lr'
lan with :m enlarged prostate, who
sl
I1Ilarly is unable completely to empty
hIs bladder, and carries a persistent resi-
due. Many of these patients, whether
paralytic or prost.atic, wben questioned
will say that they pass a normal amount
of urine each day. Some win even claim
to. pass too much; in proof of this they
wIll relate their day and nigbt frequen-
cy. A fairly typical history is that of
Mrs. X:

A white woman, aged 52, admitted with the
following complaints: (1)- Dav and night
frequency of urination - six months; (2)
passage of malodorous urine - one month;

DECEMBER, 1945

(3) hematuria - one week. Any previous
urinary tract symtoms were denied. Fifteen
years ago she received an uncompleted course
of treatment for syphilis.
Examination revealed Argyll-Robertson
pupils, absence cf knee jerks and partial
anesthesia of the legs below the knees. The
bhidder was distended to the umbilicus and
completely insensitive.

A diagnosis of tobes dorsalis with
bladder paralysis was made. The man-
agement of this condition and the con-
trol of the hematuria were the imme-
diate problems. The patient was voiding
thick, deeply red, foul-smeIIing, grossly
infected urine. A urethral catheter was
inserted and a const.ant bladder irri-
gation was begun. The bleeding rapidly
ceased and the bladder urine quickly
cleared. The bleeding bad been caused
by inflammatory ulceration of tbe blad-
der mucosa. The disagreeable odour
had resulted from tbe infection of the
bladder and the disintegration of blood
clot within it. The diagnosis of neuro-
genic bladder was. confirmed by cystos-
copy, cystograms and cystometric stu-
dies.
In the hope that dietary deficiency
with 13 avitaminosis might be respon-
sible for the condition large doses of B-
complex were administered but without
cffect. Parasympathetic nerve stimulants
were also utilized hut to no avail.
The patient had a completely flac-
cid, insensitive bladder which was in-
capable of contracting and producing
normal urination. J n such circumst.an-
ces an ineffective type of urination can
be produced by increasing the intra-
abdominal pressure. This is effected by
contraction of the abdominal and dia-
phragmatic muscles. An over-flow type
of micturition occurs. but complete emp-
,tying. of the. bladçler does. nÇ>t .take place,
and residual urine gradually accumulates.

947

948

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Fig. 1. Normal bladder filled with opaque
solution (cystogram). Observe smooth regu-
lar outline and oval shape.

.

.
:f,

:">

Fig. 2. Patient's cystogram. Observe ir-
regular outline, large size tapered fundus.

In this case it amounted to 2000 cc.
Corrective operative procedures some-
times can be employed. The three most
commonly 'utilized are 'per
anent sup-
ra-pubic cystostomy, trans-urethral re-
section of the bladder neck and pre-
sacral neurectomy.
Palliative treatment was decided up-
on at least temporarily for this patient.
She was instructed in periodic attempted
emptying of the bladder and was also
shown how to perform manu.al expres-
sion. By these means, combined with
daily bladder irrigation and emptying,
and the administration of urinary anti-
septics, her general condition immeas-
urably improved.
This patient had what is known as
an atonic bladder. Three distinct types
of bladder paralysis are now recognized.
These are: (1) The atonic bladderj
(2) the autonomous bladder; (3) the
automatic or reflex bladder.
In the atonic group, the lesion present
interferes with the normal sensory im-
pulses and destroys the spinal reflex arc.
The bladder is characterized by low in-
tra-yesical pressure and complete ab-
sence of any waves of contraction. A
large residue is always present and

voiding is of the overflow type. The
disability is usually permanent.
The autonomous bladder is the re-
sult of a lesion in the sacral portion of
the spinal cord, the cauda equina
or the pelvic nerves (anterior
sacral roots). There is resulting inter-
ference with the normal motor inner-
vation of the bladder. Normal bladder
. contractions do not occur but feeble
inefficient contractions do take place.
They probably represent an inherent ca-
pacity of the smooth muscle of the blad-
der w.all to contract, or demonstrate
reflex mural activity. The bladder has
increased tone and decreased capacity.
Voluntary control of urination is lost
and the resulting incontinence is both
active and passive.
The automatic bladder is produced
by a lesion of the spinal cord above the
sacral level. In these cases the sacral
arc, or so called micturition reflex, is
intact. This type of bladder is char-
acterized by decreased cap;ú:íty, in-
creased tone and waves of reflex or
automatic contraction. All voluntary
control of micturition is lost and most
vesical sensation is absent.
In the presence of permanent nerve

Vol. 41 No. 12

C A. REO F H 0 S PIT ALE QUI P :\1 E N T 949

destruction the clinical management of
all three groups is unsatisfactory. In the
case of I\1rs. X, no recovery of bladder
function can be expected. Her ex
ellent
response to treatment largely reflects
the nursing care she received. These pa-
tients are all confronted with prolonged
illness; many of them face permanent
disability with more or less chronic in-
validism. Their nursing demands are
many and not the least of these is the
need for cheer and encouragement. If
there is an associated paralysis of the
extremities, as in many war casualties,
the need for skilled nursing care is still

greater. To maintain the patient's mo-
rale in such circumstances is a triumph
of the art of nursing and, at the same
time, to satisfy the patient's physical
needs all the skill of the nursing craft is
required.

Editors Note: Under the caption "Using
the PS) chological Approach", Clara R. Ait-
kenhead has described the teaching oppor-
tunities which the case of Mrs. X afforded.
How the nursing care resulted in improved
morale in this patient is recorded on the
Hospitals and Schools of K ursing Page
in this issue.

The Care, Maintenance and Conservation of
Hospital Equipment

\V. J. COLEMAN

The long years of war when new in-
struments, materials, and equipment
have been difficult to procure have put
a severe strain on the supplies of these
articles in use in the hospitals in Canada.
This compilation of information will
assist in keeping these things in as good
repair as possible until replacements are
available.

RUBBER GOODS

I t is not necessary to d well on the
difficulties of procurement of the raw
rubber at this time. Prominent authori-
ties estimate that it will take at least
two years after the Japanese are ousted
from Singapore before there can be any
quantity of manufactured natural rub-
ber on the market. The British, .Ameri-
can, and Canadian Governments set
aside certain stocks for the restricted

DECEMBER, 1945

manufacture of some hospital items,
gloves, special urological catheters, Pen-
rose drains, etc., but these stocks are
meagre and every effort must be made to
conserve what is in use. Firms are for-
bidden to sell either natural rubber
gloves or synthetics to any but hospital
and doctor customers. Other items than
those just mentioned are mostly made of
synthetics - generally Neoprene, but in
the case of present day sheeting it may
be almost anything. The most impor-
tant item in the rubber group is gloves.
1\1ost of you will be using when possible
the pure latex, sometimes just called
"white" gloves, although all white gloves
are not necessarily latex. These, if pro-
perly handled, are the most durable of
all rubber gloves, but they have some
characteristics which if not taken into
account Ie.ad to very quick deterioration.
First, if allowed to properly re-vulcan-
ize after sterilization they will last a good
deal longer than the cheaper varieties.
The revulcanizing is not something for

950

THE CANADIAN NURSE

rou to worry about - the rubber will
do it by itself, if it is properly dried af-
ter coming from the sterilizer and al-
lowed to rest for at leasty twenty-four
hours, forty-eight hour::: if it can be
managed. Second, do not test gloves for
holes by blowing up to any marked de-
gree when wet. Let them dry after the
initial washing and rinsing before test-
ing. Latex rubber is weakest when wet.
Consequently, the "ballooning" of fin-
gers in testing results in many "pops"
unles.1) gloves are dry. Keep all rubber
gloves from sunlight and when drying
latex particularly, do not hang in front
of an open window or on a window sill.
The passage of cool air over wet gloves
can and does cause the formation of
small holes, like pin holes, particularly
just at the base of the fingers.
Be careful in your cle.aning. Soap and
plenty of good warm water are indicated.
If you wish, mild blood solvents can be
used with good results. Do not use al-
cohol, ether or other spirits as these will
also dissolve the rubber. Blood solvent
will not harm rubber and will dissolve
normal human oils such as a glove col-
lects in an operation. Water will take
off any of the better known "water sol-
uble" lubricating jellies. Try to have
your doctors use as little liquid petrola-
tum or vaseline as possible with gloved
hands. All grease causes deterioration of
rubber. One word about sterilizing. Go
to quite a bit of trouble to keep your
gloves away from hot metal. I suggest
that when you place your glove envel-
opes in the .autoclave, you place under
them a towel or folded sheet to keep
them well away from the metal tray or
the sides of the sterilizer.
The next problem concerns tubing.
Most of what is in use now is stiffer
than the old stock. This means that it
is built up with a greater percentage of
filler - foreign material - or it may
be synthetic. It is also more brittle. Rub-
ber tubing, even when the best is pro-
curable, should always be stored in a
loose coil - never folded. \Vith the

new material this coiling should be done
with even more care. Coil also when
sterilizing, either around large wooden
spools or, as some hospitals do, have
flat böards fitted with a number of pegs
in a circle so that the tubing can be
coiled around them. This also helps to
keep the tubing from touching the walls
of the autoclave. Also, clean your tub-
ing carefully, inside and out. The Red
Cross Blood Donor Clinics used blood
solvent routinely for this purpose.
Rubber catheters. It has always been
advised that catheters should be stored
flat and straight in special boxes or tubes
or even in the bottom of a long drawer.
Those available at the present time are
practically all synthetic, as good or bet-
ter than pure rubber, but more brittle.
Keeping them flat is even more impor-
tant than heretofore. These new syn-
thetics are not as easily affected by
grease as pure rubber but we would still
ad vise the use of a good surgical lubri-
cant rather than liquid petrolatum for
lubrication. It is a much better lubricant
and more easily removed when cleaning.
Rubber sheeting as available right now
is all synthetic and of different kinds.
It is stiff, the fabric separates easily.
Never fold rubber sheeting. Always store
it rolled .around a stick or cardboard the
full width of the sheeting. That old
advice is very important with this new
stiff sheeting. \Vhen you receive rub-
ber supplies in your hospital try to store
them as you would adhesive plaster, in
a cool dry place. Too often store rooms
in hospitals are located down near the
furnace with overhead steam pipes mak-
ing the store room excessively warm.
Just .a word about one other rubber
item. You are familiar with the latex
rubber operating table, stretcher and
maternity table pads, commonly called
Dunlopillo Pads. These pads need very
little care and will last for years provid-
ing one precaution is taken. They are
fitted with a tight envelope of rubber
sheeting. This is on there for two rea-
sons - one, of course, to keep the por-

Vcl. 41 No. 12

C _\ REO F H 0 S PIT ALE QUI P :\1 E N T 951

ous pad from becoming soaked with
blood or other fluid; the other i
to pro-
tect the pad itself from light and air.
\Vhen rou find this rubber sheeting en-
velope badly deteriorated or torn, please
replace it promptly. Otherwise your good
Dunlopillo Pad will turn into a sort of
gray dust in a comparatively shon time.

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS

Scissors, forceps, retractors, etc., are
somewhat of a problem these days -
difficult to procure, expensive and not
always of high quality. Also, there is a
decided trend in recent years for hospi-
tals to buy and supply them rather than
for individual doctors to have their own.
With all these things in mind it be-
comes increasingly important to con-
serve what we have. It is recommended
that hard scrubbing to remove tissue
and blood be curtailed to the minimum
conducive to aseptic conditions. Trr not
to leave instruments too long with blood
dried on them. Bland blood solvents
can be used in a good many cases to
obviate scrubbing at all. Hard scrub-
bing tends to wear locks, lift plating and
dull cutting edges.
Locks of artery forceps and needle
drivers require special attention. Box
lock instruments have a tendency to
tighten and consequently stiffen if the
trouble is not corrected. \Vhen this
occurs a doctor or nurse, when under
the nervous tension associated with the
performance of a difficult operation,
may impatiently .attempt to force the
instrument and in doing so spring or
bend it permanently out of line. Locks
can be protected to some extent by thor-
ough cleansing and proper lubrication
with some good light-weight lubricat-
ing oil - and once again not mineral
oil. Several hospitals use "three-in-one"
oil. This is good and there are others
that .are just as satisfactory. If a lock
does develop a condition of tightness or

DECEMBER, 1945

binding it should be immersed in a me-
dium strong solution of green soap and
gently opened and closed until the cor-
rosion is worked out. Then immerse it
in oil and use the same process of gently
opening and closing it until it works
smoothl r .
Screw lock instruments are also sub-
iect to lock trouble but instead of tight-
ening they tend to loosen. Proper clean-
ing and oiling is also indicated with
them, but when they get loose you would
be well ad vised to have them repaired
without delay as a loose lock will mean
Door occlusion of both ratchets and teeth
and consequent excessive wear.
To sum up, clean all instruments
thoroughly and with as little abrasion
-as possible, oil carefully and keep all in
good repair. The old adage "a stitch in
time" has never gone out of date.
Some months ago a scalpel blade
sharpening service was offered to the
hospitals and medical men of Canada
for all makes of detachable blades. The
machinery for this processing was very
expensive but apparently very efficient.
'The firm that undertook to supply the
service sent one of their best men down
to the United States to find out how to
perform the operation and also how to
set up .and service the equipment needed.
I\lost of the large hospitals in Canada,
together with the leading surgeons, have
already availed themselves of the service
with apparently entire satisfaction. The
cost of sharpening and reconditioning
these blades is something less than one
half of the original cost of possibly the.
best-known detachable blade. Surely
this is re.al conservation of metal and
labour.

STAINLESS STEEL \V ARE

Included under this heading are bed
pans, kidney basins, sponge bowls, etc.
You probably have in use in your insti-
tutions a certain quantity of it, and are

952

'[HE CANADIAN NURSE

doubtless planning to equip more com-
pletely when a further supply is avail-
able. Stainless steel is undoubtedly the
most durable type of all utensil material
but there are some misconceptions about
its complete indestructability. It is sub-
ject to dissolution and consequent pit-
ting when exposed to certain chemicals.
One of the largest manufacturers warns
against solutions of Zonite, Iodine, Da-
kin's Solutions, Hygeol, Mercuric Chlor-
ide, Bichloride of Mercury, Hychlorite,
Corrosive Sublimate and Sodium or Cal-
cium Hypochlorite, advising never to
leave them in contact with stainless steel
for more than six hours. If there is
danger of damage at six hours there is
undoubtedly a lesser danger for a lesser
period. Also as mercuric compounds
seem to be the chief offenders, we should
add to the list of "be careful" items two
well-known trade name products -
Abbott's Metaphen Compounds and
Lilly's Merthiolate Compounds. When
it is necessary to use any of these solu-
tions we suggest that you use them for
as short a time as pos.l)ible and then wash
and dry thoroughly after each exposure.
Stainless steel is a solid metal alloy and
if kept well scoured will keep its bright
surface and last for years.

HYPODERMIC SYRINGES AND NEEDLES

One of the chief causes of syringe
breakdown is sticking. Immediate and
thorough cleaning after use can obviate
this to a great extent. Good solvents are
again of value in this process. Syringes
are in short supply. By all means treat
what syringes you have with added res-
pect for the next few months.
The hypodermic needle supply situ-
ation is much the same as syringes -
short, very! A good many sizes that
were formerlv made .and used are no
longer available, but there are, in most
cases, substitute sizes which are fairly
satisfactory. Because of this during the

past several years there has naturally
been consideration given to the advis-
ability of re-sharpening used needles.
Two methods are available. One by the
use of an electric motor operating a
high-speed emery wheel. In the hands
of an experienced operator this results
in hollow grinding comparable with the
initial factory precision job. The equip-
ment is quite expensive and hardly feas-
ible for the 'sman imtitutions. The other
method is by hand on a small soapstone.
It is not nearly as succes.l)ful as the emery
wheel process and the time involved
makes the cost almost prohibitive. How-
ever, this method can in some cases re-
move "hooks" on needles that would
otherwise have to be discarded. It is
important to learn the proper angle at
which to hold the needle to the stone.

EQUIPMENT AND UTILITY SERVICES

Possibly the most expenS1ve and im-
portant single unit in the hospital is
steriliz.ing apparatus. As manuf
ctured
in modern times it is comparatively trou-
ble free and self-operating. However,
that does not mean that it should be
expected to go on year after year giving
good service without some c.are. All ma-
chinery needs periodic checking up and
ad justment. There are only a very few
points on a sterilizer battery or on a bed
pan sterilizer that need oiling, but all
hinges should be lubricated occasionally
to effect easy operation and to eliminate
wear. On the initial installation of equip-
ment you have every right to expect
assistance and supervision from your
supplier, and possibly for six months
thereafter. However, it is hardly fair
to expect such supplier to keep on giving
vou service for years. Your own engin-
eer should undertake to keep all valves
tightened, replace valve seats when neces-
sary and clean steam traps. This last
chore incidentaUy is something, on an au-
toclave particularly, that should be done

Vol. 41 No. 12

CAR E 0 F H 0 S PIT ALE QUI P MEN T 953

routinely, possibly every three months, as
most cases of poor dressing sterilization
are definitely attributable to a steam
trap that is not working freely. In one
hospital with which I am familiar there
is a regular contract with a local plumber
for a complete check-up of all plumbing
every three months, and this also in-
cludes all valves, steam traps, fittings,
etc., on their sterilizers. That same hos-
pital, incidentally, has a contract with a
local electrician for a monthly check-up
on all electrical service, including such
things as operating room lights, quartz
lamps, diathermy machines, electric
food conveyors and so on. They believe
that they save money by so doing.
One more thing about sterilizers. You
all know the appearance of the pre-war
instruments which were beautiful1y plat-
ed either with nickel or chrome. A good
many executives have asked what to use
in cleaning them. I can only pass on to
you the advice of the manufacturers and
this goes for any plated surface. They
all advise "Bon Ami" and not substi-
tutes. Brightly nickled or chromed ster-
ilizing apparatus has not been available
for some time, but if you have in your
institutions some equipment of wartime
manufacture it is considered just as dur-
able as pre-war, and frequent polishing
will very likely in time improve its ap-
pearance. Most finishes sùpplied at pres-
ent are either "Matte" finish stainless
steel or Everdur metal. Bright plating
will, of course, eventually come back.
Keep the burners of quartz lamps
clean. Dust or finger marks left on it
will imbed in the quartz and stop emis-
sion of rays. Use a dust cover when not
in use. See that electrical contacts are
kept clean. Do not move the apparatus
when lighted.
For diathermy apparatus or short-wave
equipment use a dust cover. Be sure that
electrode connections are kept clean.
Periodically the cover should be removed
from the back, or top as it may be, and
the interior cleaned with a vacuum
cleaner, being sure not to bend or dis-
place contacts. An accumulation of dust

DECEMBER, 1945

can cause a short circuit and fire.
On hasal metaholism apparatus once
again use a dust cover. Remove and dry
valves periodical]y. After every three or
four tests drop the patient-ends of the
breathing tubes to the floor to allow
condensation water to drain out.
There are several different kinds of
hahy incuhators and resusci-: ators and
with different characteristics. Generally
it is advisable to have your incubator
drained of water - if it uses it - when
not in use. If you use a Heidbrink re-
suscitator, a dust cover is again of ad-
vantage to protect the flowmeters.
Operaizng tahles. The ordinary low
priced table needs very little care al-
though a little oil or grease on all mov-
ing parts is once again very useful. Hy-
draulic tables on the other hand do need
periodic attention. Most of them, for
the first two or three years after they
are put to use, need only to be tightened
and to have the odd oil-hole filled. After
that, however, there are leather wash-
ers or gaskets to be replaced, the Qil in
the pump should either be replace
or
removed and filtered then returnd to its
cylinder in the base of the table. There
are adequate instruction manuals for all
these procedures and if you haven't one
on file covering the tables in your hos-
pital I would suggest that you procure
one so that when it is needed your en-
gineer can undertake an overhaul job
without delay. I wouldn't say that over-
hauling one of these big hydraulic (or
oil-o-matic as they are sometimes
called) machines is an easy job, but it
doesn't need an expert. Patience, a strong
back and a little common sense are all
that is needed.
Gas anesthesia equipment is to some
extent an item apart, in that the doctor
using it is generally a trained anesthetist
and has his own ideas about care and
maintenance. Consequently, I will not
touch on the subject except to tell you
that there wiJ1 undoubtedly be a greatly
increased number of them in use from
now on and that possibilities of getting
expert service for them will be improved.

From One Post-War Period to Another
In Canada and India

EDITH BUCHANAN

Then the war cut across the face of
progress in hospitals and nursing, not
in 1939 nor for the first year or two,
but increasingly and progressively in
the :text years. Finally it underlined so
clearly the vast need for nursing in In-
dia, that it forced attention and brought
far more study of the problem. A very
few facts and figures may help to show
the mag!litude of the health problems and
the need for nurses in India.
In India the death rate is twice that
of Canada and the maternal and infant
mortality rates are high.-L The average
expectation of life at hirth is twenty-
seven years (as compared with sixty
in Canada)'2 Preventable causes, in-
cluding communicable diseases such as
malaria, dysentery and diarrhoea, chol-
era, small-pox, typhoid, plague, etc.,
account for well over three-quarters of
the deaths.3 One half of the deaths are
in children under ten years of age due
to poor nutrition.t Deficienq and nu-
tritional disorders are marked and add
to the common .and severe anaemia
found among women and children.
India is a tropical country with somp
of the greatest variations in temperatur

and in rainfall in the world.:! Tropical
diseases are, therefore, found. Student
nurses, for example, have to study a
whole section in medical nursing which
we in Canada have not had to consider
at all. Further, the health of a com-
munity, as Dr. Grant points out, de-
pends upon social and
conomic condi-
tions, on education, and upon the pub-
lic health services.
First then, something about social
conditions. In India, not counting the
native states, there are over 247 per-
sons per square mile as compared with
5.74 in Canada (excluding the N.\V.T.)

954

The increase in population has been 15
per cent in ten years, or over four times
the total population of Canada.6 More
than three-quarters of the population
make their living by agriculture. Certain
social customs prevail which spread di-
sease, such as bathing in and drinking
the same water, using the bank5
of streams, rivers and roads for de-
faecation, and floating imperfectly cre-
mated bodies down the rivers. Seclusion
and early marriage of women, together
with hard physical toil among working
women, produce a high female mortality
between ten and twenty years. Second-
ly, the average annual income is Rs. 65
(about $15).7 And thirdly, the liter-
acy figure is only about 12 per centg.
This is complicated by the number of
dialects which the census quotes as 222.
About a dozen of these are distinct and
separate languages.
, Finally, India has
some 42,000 doctors and some 7000
nurses 1.t (one nurse to 56,000 popula-
tion). In most western countries there
are about two nurses to a doctor. There
are almost no public health nurses.
The war has brought an increased
study of figures such as these. It cut
across the face of nurSIng progress, as
mentioned above, and hit the hospitals
badly. Many of the more highly quali-
fied nurses joined the army. Indian
nurses, who had been going abroad for
special advanced training, were unable
to go. No more persons with training
for positions of responsibility were avail-
able from Europe or America. A large
proportion of the staff nurses, not a
great number in all, went to army
hospitals. Schools of nursing and nur-
ses' homes suffered badly. The quality
and amount of teaching and the qual-
ity of the residential Jife deteriorated.

Vol. 41 No. 12

11\ CANADA AKD INDIA

955

The many opportunities for joining
auxiliary nursing services and service
corps, such as the W.A.C.I., at bet-
ter salary than that of qualified staff
nurses and sisters, all tended to reduce
the number of applications to schools
of nursing.
Some leaders, however, had been
alive to these trends and worked con-
tinuously for nursing. Some sister tutors
(instructors) who applied to join the
army, were asked to stay at their posts,
and sister tutors in the army were given
special teaching positions to give fur-
ther tr.aining to those of the auxiliary
personnel who wanted to qualify as
nurses. Finally the appalling lack of nur-
ses for army and civil population alike
began to come home to all and sundry.
The Trained Nurses' Association of
India (T.N.A.I.) had been hammering
away, just as the C.N .A. has done for
years, at getting improved nursing edu-
cation as basic for getting more and
better nurses. For some years a School
for Graduate Nurses had been planned,
and some funds raised towards an en-
dowment. A curriculum had been draft-
ed in readiness. Finally in April, 1943,
the army need for short wartime courses
in administration made it possible to
open such a school, half under military
and half under civilian auspices. The
Department of Education, Health and
Lands of the Government of India

ponsored the preparation of instructors
of nurses for civil hospitals, and the
army sponsored short three-month
courses in administration for Indi.an
military matrons and assistant matrons.
Lady LinIithgow formally opened the
School of Nursing Administration in
part of the big Health School in Delhi.
Sir J ogendra Singh, the Minister of
Education, Health and Lands, partici-
pated, as also did the directors general
of Civil and Army l'v1edical Service:;
in India.
\Ve started with small groups in tile
school -
ix sister tutor students (in-
structors) and six army students in ad-
DECEMBER, 1945

ministration. (These last changed every
three months). Just two of us formed
. the internal or permanent staff - Miss
M.. Craig of Johns Hopkins, with her
Master's Degree from Columbia, as
director, and myself as sister tutor and
assistant. We were able to draw on
highly qualified external lecturers from
Delhi University with its various col-
leges, from the Lady Hardinge Medical
College, from the Army Nursingll and
Army Nutrition Headquarters, from
the Lady Reading Health School and
Central Government Maternity and
Child vVelfare Bureau.12 The aim in
the instructor's course has been to make
the work taken of university standard.
The city hospital schools of nursing
and the health school and services pro-
vided observation and practice fields.
Practice teaching in two langu.ages was
done in five different institutions. Two
civilian and two military hospitals (the
Indian and British Military) provided
practice fields for the courses in admin-
istration and the American Military
Hospital was visited.
Our army students had been in hos-
pital behind the front line, some had
been torpedoed, some wounded. All had
had to cope with stupendous problems of
supply and organization and an utter
lack of trained personnel. It was a
privilege and a humbling experience to
work with them.
The student teacher group was com-

A

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.

ra':

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1-
I

Lndy Linlithgo'l{' tnlking to the children
in the H enlfh C t'ntre.

956

THE C A
.\ D I A 1\ 1\0 U R S E

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when it opened tn

,". .

The firs: stud
nts at the School of Nursing AdminisJration
April, 1943, 'with Miss Buchanan.

posed of representatives
ent hy the dif-
ferent provinces of India. During the
first year some were Indian, some Anglo-
Indian and some European. The group
this last year has numhered fifteen, in-
cluding one qualified male nurse, and
is, almost entirely, an Indian group.
Again the problems that these young
instructors are having to cope with ar('
exceedingly heavy. Much is needed and
expected of them, and not nearly
. enough help and wise guidance is avail-
able as yet! All the traditions are still
to be built. But they are the beginning
of a foundation built in India itself for
the future. Trained in India, knowmg
the language and the problems, and
teaching Indian nurses you may imagine
with what high hope we see them go
out all over India. One of these days
there will be a Florence Nightine-ale, a
Miss Nutting or a Flora Madelin; Shaw
among them.
Just as the last post-war period saw
the opening of all our Canadian Univer-
sity Graduate Schools of NUl sing, with
the great development of teacher-train-
ing and the wide introduction of tea-
chers into schools of nursing; of pub-
lic health training; just as it saw the

development of combineà university and
hospital schools, and then the develop-
ment in the United States and Canada
of the complete independent school of
nursing in the university, giving and
controlling the complete and all-round
basic training course in nursing - so
this post-war period is going to he of
immense importance to India, to Can-
ada and the United State,> and the whole
world. If we are ready for it .and know
what we want, we can guide and crys-
ta]]ize puhlic interest in nursing and use
the post-war momentum to accomplish
our dearest hopes for the future of nurs-
mg.
In India then, as elsewhere, we are
commencing a great period in nursing.
\Ve are aiming at a million nurses in
thirty years (to give one nurse per five
hundred population). Th
Trained N Uf-
ses' Association of India is appealing to
every Mission Board to help in more
and better training of nurses, improve-
ment of schools of nursing and nurses'
homes, development of public health
work of every kind. \Ve are asking
every nurse who goes to India from a
\Vestern country, however she goes, or
under whatever auspices, to prepare
Vol. 41 No. 12

I N C _\ N A D A A 1\ DIN D I A

herself with the best that her country
has to give. She must give far more
than a part or mere portion of what
she got. She must read and study and
learn so that she c.an pass on more than
she received. Those of us who gradu3ted
a few years ago have the advances and
developments in health and preventive
work, of recent years, to master. Every-
day nursing is progressing. 1"0 \Vestern
nurse in India can escape heavy res-
ponsibility for improving nursing educa-
tion, for broadening nursing to include
its rightful health and preventive as-
pects, and for working towards a sound
scien tific .and professional preparation
of nurses in India.
Further, there are now a good many
Canadian, American and British nurses
who know India, perhaps from a child-
hood spent there, or from army or other
experience. This is a group who h:tve
a special contribution to make if they will
prepare especially as teachers and public
health workers and come to the India
they loved as children, to build up nurs-
ing in the post-war period. Some defin-
ite affiliation such as a mission board, an
international health service, or family
or connection in India is very necessary.
Some positions just have to be worked
into. Remember that you may spend
four or five years paying back a debt
due to sickness liabilities in your first
year out if you do not have some defin
ite arrangement or affiliation. It takes
a year or two to adjust and build up
immunity and a healthy routine. How-
ever, since India is very dear to many
of us, and since we have the knowledge
of the past 2nd an ear for the language,
we have an understanding and affection
which helps us to see promise and to see
clear and possible lines for ac!Y'ance.
Right now there is very great hope of
Independent Collegiate Schools of Nurs-
ing being started in India for the basic
and all-round training of public health
nurses. The T.N.A.I. has worked for
one in Delhi for some years and hopes
that it may be established with the post-

DECEMBER, 194'

957

graduate school very soon. Already also
the missions co-operating in the Na-
tional Christian Council in India are
working to establish a school affiliated
with \1adras University at VeUore.IS
Various Indian universities seem to be
interested in setting up collegiate schools.
The difficulty is to get the matter so
soundly based that both university and
nursing may benefit and prove an en-
richment each to the other.
A thoroughly sound way of being sure
that the teaching of the subject of nurs-
ing is improved is to get
omplete educa-
tional control by having the school fin-
ancially independent of the hospital, by
putting expert nurse educationalists in
charge, and by using hospital and public
health fields for practice, that is, for
the practice necessary for learning, and
not aU the repetitive work necessary for
servicing as such. This means that money
is needed - an endowment, or state, or
universit}' support - for the getting of
which the post-war period provides a
great new opportunity.
<\n equally sound and thorough way
of being sure that we, as muses, really
do get a full university education, with
nothing "ersatz" about it, is to fulfiII
the complete university requirements for
a Bachelor's Degree in Pass Arts (quite
over and above any purely ntlrsing or
clinical subjects), taking liberal subjects
and choosing biological and social scien-
ces related to nursing. For example,
this might mean entering the university
with senior matriculation (thirteen years
of schooling) and then taking fifteeR
academic courses ordinarily spread over
three years of eight months each (twen-
ty-four in all). In addition to this, how-
ever, the honour subject of nursing,
with all its related clinical subjects,
would be .added and integrated very
carefully with the biological and social
sciences, and then the whole would be
spread out to cover a period of four fun
years (forty-four months when holidays
have been subtracted). This means that
in the four-year p
riod a clear twent;y

95

THE CANADIAN NURSE

months are used for nursing subjects
with co-ordinated practice. In addition,
nursing as the honour subject, or spe-
cialty, is taken closely co-ordinated with
other subjects throughout the whole
four years as any honour subject would
be, no more and no less.
Another method which involves the
same total years of schooling in the end
is to enter the university with junior
matriculation (twelve years of school-
ing), take two years of pre-nursing work
at the university, including liberal sub-
jects and certain required sciences such
as biology and chemistry. The student
then enters the nursing school in the
university. There she takes further bio-
logical and social sciences basic to nurs-
ing, and ß\.J.rsing itself as the major
subject with all its clinical branches in
a course of thirty months. This is fol-
lowed by a ((staff student" or senior ca-
det period of six months.14
And so after eight years in India it
has been wonderful to be home in
Canada this year. I have been studying
the Independent School of N urs,jng
(under a Rockefeller FeUowship grant-
ed at the request of the Government of
India). I hope to be able to put it a11
to the most thorough use, by helping in
the builtling up of an Independent
School of Nursing in India.
No Ðne who h.as studied the Independ-
ent School seriously can fail to realize
the great educational advantages -
first, to nursing and nurs;ng educatien,
giving educational freedom and an in-
tellectual approach in the teaching of
the actual subject of nursing itself; sec-
ond, to nurses as all-round and socially
minded individuals; and third, to the
community, making possible a broader
and a more highly specialized contri-
bution to its welfare. As nurses, we need
an intellectual and scientific preparation
to enable us to contribute that share in
the planning of the post-war period for
which we are justly fitted by broad so-
cial experience. Just as Canada has
played such a real part in the develop-

ment of the modern independent school
so now she needs to lead the way in per-
fecting it in various different forms,
and in using it far more widely. Can-
ada needs a great number of different
types of Independent Schools of Nurs-
ing - endowed hospital schools, state-
supported and university schools. In
short, no nurse can afford to be blind
to the clear-cut educational advantages
that other professions - having had
independent professional schools for
many years-have so long enjoyed. No
nurse can afford to neglect this post-
war period to try to make up the de-
ficiency.
It is a proud matter for us, who travel
away from home, to hear of Canadian
nurses in the forefront of modern de-
velopments. We will watch with special
eagerness the accomplishments of Can-
ada in this great new era before us.

B; DLIOGRAPHY

1. Heagerty, ]. J., Report of the Advisory
Committee on Health Insurance, pp. 240,
266, 296.
2. Grant J. B., Health of India (Oxford
Pamphlets on Indian A Hairs, 1943). pp. 3-4;
Heagerty, J. J., Op. Cit., p. 558.
3. Dolman, Canadian Journal of Public
Health, Aug. 1941: "In ]921 four-fifths of
the deaths in Canada were due to communi-
cable disease. This was reversed by 1939, so
we should be able to realize the possibilities."
4. Grant, J. B., Op. Cit., pp. 7-8.
5. League of Nations Health Organization.
Health Organization in British India (Cal-
cutta, 1928).
6. Statesman's Year Bock (1944), pp.
114-115, 496.
7. Grant, J. B., Op. Cit., p. 5.
8. Grant, J. B., Op. Cit., p. 9; Statesman's
Year Book (1944), p. 119.
9. Simon Report on India: An abridge-
ment by R. W. Brock (Dent & Sons, 193m,
pp. 5-6; Lartog, Lady M., India in Outline
(Cambridge University Press, 1944), p. 5;
Statesman's Year Book (1944) : According to
the last census Russia published books in
111 languages.
10. Nursing Journal of India, May, 1944,
p. 157.

Vol. 41 No. 12

C E N T R .A L SUP PLY ROO 1\1

959

11.
Irs. Wilkinson, now in charge of the
Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing
Service, was then in charge of the Indian
Military Nursing Service, and did a great
deal to help in starting the School of 1\ urs-
ing Administration.
12. Dr. Jean Orkney, officer of
Iaternity
and Child \VeHare, who helped us very

greatly. visited Canada and the Cnited States
on a Rockefeller Fellowship only a few
years ago and will be remembered by many
Canadians.
13. Xursing Journal of India, Feb. 1945.
14. Both students and staff at the School
of X ursing, Vanderbilt University, are en-
thusiastic about the senior cadet period.

Central Supply Room

DOROTHY L. \V ARD

\Yith the increasing shortage of nur-
se.. and in an earnest desire to maintain
adequate nursing service
Central Sup-
ply Room was organized in the Homoeo-
pathic Hospital of Montreal, in Novem-
ber, 1942. Such a department conserves
both time and material and ensure:; bet-
ter standards of performance. It was
felt also that this department would re-
lieve the ward nurses of manv mechani-
cal duties thus aHowing more time for
bedside nursing. The head nurse, too,
is relieved of the responsibility of care
of equipment, thus givin her more time
for ward supervision and the many
added duties which have become her lot
in present times.
In the spring of 1942, a survey was
made and it was decided that a ward
dressing room and a service room, si-
tuated on the top floor of the hospital
near to the operating room would be

uitable. New cupboards with adjust-
able shelves were built into the dressing
room now known as the D:spensing
Room. The sen-ice room was equipped
with a deep sink, a two-hurner gas stove,
and a larO"e hot water sterilizer. To this
was added a IO!lg work tahle with large
drawers underneath for unsterile ::;up-
plies, and a cuphoard ahove for linen,
enamel ware and other supplies. This
now is the Receiving Room.
J n the Dispensing Room on]" ster-

DECEMBER, 1945

ile supplies, clean equipment, and solu-
tions for intra venous use are kept. A
Dutch door, the lower part of which
is alv. a\'s dosed, hars entrance to those
other than the Central Supply Room
staff. All reque
ts for trays and equip-
ment are made on a special requisition,
called an order form, by the head nurse
and presented to the Central Supply
Room Dispensing Room. The order
form contains the name of the ward,
date, article requisitioned, .and signature
of the head nurse. In' cases when a
charge is to he made, the patient's name
is added to the order form which is then
sent to the husiness office. To each tray
in the Dispensing Room is attached an
isinglass covered card and a service slip.
The card contains a list of the articles
on the tray. The service slip contains
the name of the tray, the signature of
the nurse who set the tray up, and the
date of sterilization. There is space on
this s1ip for the ward, ward nurse's sig-
nature, and date on which tray was
used, also space where any breakages,
defective or missing equipment may be
noted.
The Receiving Room, as its name
implies, is the section where all trays
are received after they have been used
on the wards. Cleaning, sterilizing and
assembling of equipment is carried on
here. As the trays are taken in, the ser-

960

T'HE CANADIAN NURSE

vice slip, completely filled in by the
ward nurse, is removed from the isin-
glass covered card and kept for twenty-
four hours to be checked against the
order form. Once every day an entry
of all trays issued from the Central Sup-
ply Room is made in the daily census
book. This book acts as a permanent
record of the trays used, the number,
and to which ward they were issued.
At the end of the month these entries are
totalled and the average number of trays
used each day is asceruined.
The Central Supply Room in the
Homoeopathic Hospital (120 beds) is
set up to service all wards and depart-
ments except the obstetrical ward. All
treatments and examinations, instru-
ments for dressing trays, surgical sup-
plies, needles and syringes, cr8up tents,
bed sides, restraining belts, and jackets,
electrical eq\:liprnent, such as fans, heat-
ers, and thermolights, sand bags, fomen-
tation flannels, ice caps, ice collars, and
rubber air rings are kept in the Central
Supply Room. Equipment for oxygen
therapy is dispensed from here. In this
hospital oxygen therapy is administered
by means of the nasal catheter and
B.L.B. mask and student nurses receive
instruction iR this important therapy.
A graduate nurse is in charge of the
Central Supply Room during the day.
After 7 o'clock, the night supervisor re-
ceives all calls for trays, etc., and dis-
penses them. There is one student nurse
in the department. She spends a period
of three weeks some time after the com-
pletion of the junior operating room
term. A junior student being trained in
the care of anesthetic patients in the
post-operative recovery room works in
the Central Supply Room in the after-

noon. This student spends five hours
five days a week in the preparation of
solutions for ward use. Such solutions
as carbolic solution 5 per cent and boric
solutions 4 per cent, etc., are made un-
der supervision.
The advantages of the Central Supply
Room are many. First to the teaching
program it is a link between the class-
room and the ward. The trays are set
up for ward use in the same way as the
procedure is taught and demonstrated
in the classroom. This standardization
has proven helpful to the head nurse and
student alike especially in this hospital
which is an open hospital with doctors
making rounds throughout the day. To
the student nurse the uninterrupted
period of three weeks when she c;1n
learn the proper care and sterilization
of equipment used in the hospital is an
advantage over the former, often hit-
and-miss, way of cleaning trays and
equipment whenever she could make
the time. Centralization of equipment
lessens duplication of supplies thus prov-
ing an economy in the operation of the
hospital. Equipment lasts longer when
properly cared for, therefore, replace-
ments are fewer. To show how break-
ages have been cut down, the greatly
used 2 cc. hypodermic syringe is an ex-
ample: the breakages in February, 1942,
amounted to 14, in February, 1945, to
4. Similarly, replacements due to break-
age in all articles have been reduced,
so that it is felt that the initial cost of
building cupboards and buying new
equipment has been made up by this
great saving. And to the patient - he,
too, benefits by this wartime measure
since centralization and standardization
make for better nursing service.

Who is responsible for what in the to-
tal picture of welfare work in the com-
munity? When should the public health
nurse refer cases to the social worker?
What may she look for in collaboration

Preview

from her colleague? These are some of
the baffling points on which Lillian
Thomson will throw light in her forth-
coming discussion on the Public Health
Nursing Page.

Vol. 41 No. 12

HOSPITALS & SCHOOLS of NURSING

Contributed by Hospital and School of Nursing Section of the C. N. A

Using the Psychological Approach

CLARA R. ArrKENHEAD

One of the secrets of success in clini-
cal teaching and supervision lies in the
type of approach and contact which is
made between the påtient and supervis-
or or head nurse. In the smaller school
the nursing arts instructor often assumes
some responsibility for the ward teach-
ing program which, if well planned,
should provide considerable satisfaction.
There is a definite advantage in having
the same person perform this dual func":'
tion, since she can perhaps better corre-
late theory and practice than the busy
head nurse of tod;iy who lacks time be-
cause of heavy administrative duties and
may not always be qualified to assume
this very important part of the student's
education. In contrast to "Mrs. Chase",
the patient provides the necessary stimu-
lation for the students, and the instruc-
tor can measure the effectiveness of her
classroom teaching.
There is usually some degree of ap-
prehension on the part of the patient on
admission. If it can be overcome by a
satisfactory contact we have a valuable
aid to efficient nursing and are assured
of a favourable reaction. In the busy
routine of a hospital day nurses are often
too prone to forget this very important
aspect; what appears simple to the
student can seem complicated to the pa-
tient and arouse unnecess;iry fears. A
few minutes spent in reassuring the pa-
tient will prove well worthwhile.

DECEMBER, 194'

What are some of the factors that
help to make a good contact? First, a
friendly yet impersonal attitude. Normal
individuals respond well to an intere
t
in themselves and the sick are no ex-
ception. Dr. Oslerl .has said it is some-
times more important to know what
sort of a person has the disease than
what sort of disease a person has. The
nurse should show a real interet in the
patient as a person2) his or her occup;i-
tion, family, names and ages of child-
ren, who is caring for them, previous
visits to hospital if any, interests and
hobbies. This in many instances is all
that is needed to break down any bar-
rier that might exist between patient and
nursing staff. It is important to learn
from the patient if he has any fears,
worries or questions in his mind and the
. nature of them. Such questions as can
be answered by the nurse should be done
intelligently, others should be referred
to the head nurse or doctor.
Having attended to the mental com-
fort, emphasis is then placed on the phy-
sical well-being of the patient. In the
presence of a skilled, understanding
supervisor a feeling of security and con-
fidence is built up in his mind. Small
details in nursing care, which add im-
measurably to comfort while a treat-
ment is being performed, are too often
forgotten.
Special interest should be shown in

'61

962

THE CANADIAN NURSE

the patient's physical condition, ascer-
taining what factors led up to cOI1SUlt-
ing a doctor and why hospitalization was
necessary. Some brief explanations to the
patient are essential in order that he
may fully understand. An outline of the
prescrihed treatment, what he can do to-
wards his recovery and welfare, and the
part nurses and doctors play - are all
topics which can be discussed,
Students learn by various methods -
classroom instruction, the morning cir-
cle,s conferences, ward clinics. patient
care studies, clinical teaching and super-
vision 4 - the last mentioned being one
of the most effective methods when car-
ried out by a qualified supervisor who is
keenly interested in the welfare of pa-
tÌents and in stimulating students to do
good nursing. Observation of a nurs-
ing procedure well performed is impor-
tant in the learning process, but learn-
ing by doing under proper supervision
is even more important in order to
develop skins. Here with a patient the
young student sees and learns to meet
the physical and mental needs more in-
telligently, to discriminate and thus use
better judgment. This patient-nurse re-
lationship also helps to foster desirable
attitudes in the young student, so es-
sential to good nursing. At the hedside
the value of organization of equipment
is more fulIy realized, nursing skins as
taught in the classroom are put into
practice, new techniques aer learned and
mastered and, what is so often forgot-
ten, opportunities to teach the patient
present themselves. Patients who may
have to do treatments at home have
many questions to ask. How dependent
the patient can be on instructions from
a good nurse, in a way that he can
understand, cannot be over-emphasized.
.-\. great deal of the success in clini-
cal teaching depends on the ward de-
monstrations being performed as soon
as possible after the classroom demon-
strations. In order that clinical super-
vision may be most effective, the stud-
ent must be well prepared prior to per-

forming at the bedside. She must have
a thorough understanding of the nurs-
ing principles involved, the type of per-
son to whom she is giving care, partic-
ularly from a psychological point of
view, special precautions to take and
whether or not there are specific needs
to he met. The head nurse, who usually
knows and understands the patient much
better than the teaching supervisor, is
a well qualified person to give this in-
formation.

'Vhen a demonstration is being giv-
en, the number of students who should
be at the bedside wiII depend on several
factors - the kind of patient, degree of
ilIness and the nature of the procedure
under discussion. 'Vhen it is not consid-
ered fe.asible for a group to be present,
lJaving not more than two students at the
bedside who will act as assistants helps
to remove the feeling in the mind of the
patient that she is being used merely as
learning material. In some instances it
may be considered wise to have only one
student observe. If the nurses are well
prepared beforehand no discussion of ac-
tual technique should be necessary at the
bedside. After the demonstration by the
supervisor a student .who has ohserved
carries out the treatment the next time
it is due while another one looks on.
'Vhile the nurse is concentrating on her
technique the supervisor keeps
an eye
on her, and also talks with the patient,
thus helping to relieve tension both on
the part of the patient and the student.
It is a good plan to have a third nurse
responsible for the physical preparation
of the patient such as draping, protect-
ing and screening bed, adjusting light,
etc., hut she does not ohserve the proce-
dure at this time. This alIows each stud-
ent to concentrate more fully on her
allotted nursing care and
lso saves
time. Later, when the student has ac-
quired more confidence through exper-
ience, supervision of the entire proce-
dure, including care of the patient, can
be carried out. As compared with the
initial performance when the student is

Vol. 41 No. 12

PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

963

primarily interested in technique, the
supervisor at this time can evaluate her
progress and the teaching will be more
effective.
If it is possible to have students per-
form certain treatments for the first
time while they are still in the classroom,
better results will be obtained since the
time element is removed, as compared
with the nurse who is being supervised
when she is on the ward full-time and
is responsible for many additional du-
ties.
When the treatment is completed,
the physical comfort of the patient ta-
ken care of, appreciation expressed for
her co-operation and the equipment
removed from the bedside, there fol-
lows .a short conference and questions
on various aspects of the procedure.
The sun porch on the ward or the
classroom, where the students can be
seated, is a suitable place for this dis-
cussion. Reporting to the head nurse
and charting completes the procedure.
Let us consider the teaching oppor-
tunities that were afforded by Mrs. X
who has been admitted to a w.ard in the
hospital, a slightly-built woman of fifty-
two years, with two boys in the services,
her husband and young daughter at
home. She appeared very weary and
listless when first seen, somewhat ap-
prehensive but most willing to co-oper-
ate .and very appreciative of the nursing
care being given. Her condition is more
fully described in Dr. MacDonald's
article in this issue of the Journal. Daily
catheterization and irrigation of the
urinary bladder was prescribed, using
500 cc. of warm 4 per cent boracic
solution. At first, as much as 1500 cc.
of cloudy urine with .a foul odour would
be withdrawn. Then the doctor asked
that she void just prior to the treatment.
She would pass from 300-500 cc. and
when catheterized the nurse would ob-
tain 1000-1200 cc. of cloudy urine with
a thick sediment at termination. As the
infection in the bladder cleared up, the
patient's appetite improved and she slept

DECEMBER. 194'

better. The amount voided at one time
gradually incre.ased, the urine appeared
more normal, and the amount with-
drawn on catheterization was as low as
500 cc.
While she was in hospital one of the
sons returned from overseas and vis-
ited his mother. Mrs. X was very
happy and on seeing her the next
morning stated she could not help but
feel that the mental state of an individ-
ual had a marked effect on his phy-
sical condition. The physical response
to the psychological stimulus was that
she started voiding unusually large
amounts, and on the day following the
retention was consider.ably less for the
first time. Our patient looked an en-
tirely different person; it was easy to
see that she had been relieved of some
mental strain. While it is well realized
that we cannot separate the mental
from the physical state, so definitely
does the one affect the other, the point
the writer wishes to bring out is that
this comment coming from the patient
spontaneously is of significanøe and
bears out our premise. The atmosphere
in the whole ward seemed brighter be-
cause of this one patient's cheerfulness,
and the response to her daily treatments
was most satisfactory.
Being of the same nationality the
supervisor did not encounter any dif-
ficulty in gaining the confidence of Mrs.
X and making a very desirable contact
with a view to using her for teaching
purposes.
A small group of junior students, who
had not performed this procedure pre-
viously, were chosen to report to the
ward three at a time on successive days,
to carry out under supervision the daily
treatment of this patient. This consisted
of catheterization, collecting a specimen
for laboratory examination and irrigat-
ing the bladder. Prior to the first demon-
stration a short conference was held with
the students, telling as much as possible
about the patient and her condition.
The supervisor performed the pro-

96+

1 0 H E CAN A D I A l\.
U R S E

cedure once assisted by two students to
whom we shall refer as .A and B.
After preparing l\1rs. X mentally for
the treatment B draped her, screened
bed and adjusted light, while A oh-
served the tray set up, scrubbing of
hands, carried the tray to bedside and
observed. The next day .A performed
the treatment, B observed while C
draped the patient. The following day
B performed, C observed and D took
care of the patient. This rotation con-
tinued until all students in the group
had carried out the procedure satisfac-
torily under supervision. The patient's
confidence was so well built up by this
time that she did not mind at an having
a di
ferent student each day. So long,
she said, as the supervisor was present
she felt quite secure .and the treatment
was done comfortably and .with safety.
One of the values of teaching at the
bedside is that the student learns to
attend to simple details such .as turning
the pillow, giving a drink, and making
the patient quite comfortable before
commencing. as well as leaving her com-
fortable when the treatment is finished.
This is mentioned as Mrs. X expressed
considerable appreciation for this care,
stating that when the treatment was
carried out in the absence of supervision,
there was sometimes a lack of attention
to these details - the draping would
not always be adequate which she said
was embarrassing, regardless of the fact
that the treatment was carried out daily.
Th:s was hrOlH
ht to the attention of
the students and emphasized in an en-
deavour to point out to them that,
while this was all taught in the class-
room, it was not mer;ly somethi
g to
be read and not practised, but really 3f-
fected the patient much more than one
would realize: Visualization in the learn-
ing process tends to make a favourable
and permanent impression on the young
student, and getting the patient well as
comfortably as possibly must always be
borne in mind. .

At first very little actual teach;ng was

given at the bedside. \Ve did not know
how the patient would react to verbal
instructions, although she' realized the
students were performing the treatment
for the first time. Then one day Mrs.
X said that she was learning, too, and
was very much interested, saying that
some day she might have to do it her-
self. From then on a simple explanation
of the treatment was made to her as
we went along. "Ylrs. X enjoyed meet-
ing all the different students and look-
ed forward to our daily visit.
\Vhen our patient was about ready to
go home the doctor said she must carry
out her treatments for some time, and
that the nurse would teach. her how to
do it herself. She was rather perturbed
about this, the kind of equipment to
use and the preparation of it. She had
noted how careful the nurses were about
their technique and expressed some fear
regarding her ability to do it safely her-
self at home. The tray set up, while
simple to the nurse, looked most elabor-
ate to her - where and how would she
obtain all the enamelware, sterilize it
properly and not contaminate anything?
This was discussed with the supervisor
who gave I)er the reason for the rigid
technique employed in hospital, how sim-
ple utensils found in the home, when
cleansed and boiled, would serve the
purpose, as well as method of steriliz-
ing the catheter. A simple but safe pro-
cedure was drawn up for home use and
eXplained in detail, in addition to pre-
paration of boracic solution for cleans-
ing and irrigating, and bichloride of
mercury solution for sterilizing- the hard
rubber catheter. This type of catheter
was prescribed by the doctor since it
would facilitate the treatment for the
patient when doing it herself with less
risk of contamination. \Ve observed Mrs.
X carry out the treatment twice with
the aid of a mirror before she went home
and she did it very well. It was a great
sacisfaction to the nurses to note how
effective our teaching had been. Our
patient felt very happy and relieved to

Vol. 41 No. 12

INSTRUCTORS' GROUP

feel that it was not as difficult as she
had thought, and expressed her appre-
ciation for the nursing care, encourage-
ment and instructions given.
\Vhile in hospital :\.1rs. X was taught
the v.alue of sufficient rest, sleep, free-
dom from mental strain, elimination,
posture, a well-balanced diet and plenty
of water, as applied to her particular
condition. She was an intelligent per-
son and responded very well to ad vice.
A visit to the home by the super-
visor was welcomed by the patient to
look over the home set-up to ;tscertain
if it was satisfactory. It was a simple
home, attractive and meticulousl} clean.
The only expense Mrs. X had was for
an Asepto syringe, catheter, absorbent
cotton and bichloride of mercury tab-
lets. For the tray she used a cookie sheet,
two odd custard dishes for cleansing
solutions - using castile soap and bor-
acic - a wide glass pint-size jar for the
irrigating solution, a quart milk bottle
for the bichloride of mercury solution,
and an oblong enamel pie dish in which
she immersed the catheter for steriliza-
tion, rinsing it by pouring boiled warm
water over it. She set her tray out in
the hath tub, placed a bath mat on the
bottom on which to sit, adjusted a hand
mirror by placing it against the glass
jar, then performed the treatment
which she stated soon became as simple
as cleaning her teeth. \Vhen finished she
cleansed and sterilized the articles used,
covered the entire tray with a clean
towel so that everything was ready for

965

the next morning. When seen at the
clinic a few weeks later, our patient
seemed an entirely different person,
bright-eyed and happy about feeling SO
well and pleased with the progress she
feels she has made.
Interest in the welfare of
1rs. X
expressed by the students, led to an in-
vitation from her to visit her home,
where she said she would show them her
tray and tell how she carried out the
treatment. Keen interest and enthus-
iasm was expressed for the simplicity
of equipment, method of preparation of
it, and performing the procedure. Many
questions were asked and answered.
Our patient seemed pleased over the
inquiries made in regard to her health
and family. \Ve were shown through
the home where some of her handicraft
work was much admired.
On return to the hospital a short'dis-
cussion followed regarding the close
correlation between theory and prac-
tice, the value of teaching the patient,
and, lastly, the s.atisfaction derived by
the nurse on achieving the ultimate aim
of nursing.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Principles of
ursing Care. M. R. Smith.
2. Dr. S. R. Laycock, The Callodion Nurse
37: p. 816. '
3. Helen E. Penhale. The CmlOdian Nurse,
40: p. 769.
4. Florence M. Wilson. The Canadi01! Nurse
41: p. 629. '

An Instructors' Group that Really Functions

lARGARET O. COGSWELL

In the Edmonton D:strict, Alberta
Association of Registered Nurses, is a
very enthusiastic "Instructors' Group".
On the third .:\londay of each month,
with the exception of the three summer

DECEMBER. 1945

months, eighteen instructresses from the
various training schools meet to e-et ac-
quainted and to discuss problems. Mem-
bers from the U niversitv of Alberta
and from each of the -four training

966

THE CANADIAN NURSE

schools in the city attend, and nurses
from Ponoka, sixty miles south, Vegre-
ville, sixty miles east, and Lamont fifty
miles northeast, come in by train or
car or bus. We visit each of the hospitals
in turn, and are always warmly welcom-
ed. This has been going on for six
years and, although the personnel has
been continually changing, enthusiasm
has never waned. Partly, it is because
we start out with dinner at six o'clock
-and such a fine dinner! Here we
relax and let ourselves go and really
get to know one another. Everything
is discussed from the weather to the
latest movie.
When dinner is over, we either
gather around a long table or pull easy
chairs into a circle. Paper and pencils
are distributed and we start work. We
have been very fortunate in our chair-
men. People like Laufey Einarson, Gena
Bamforth and our present leader, Mrs.
Virginia Pearson, are all so interested,
enthusiastic and capable that they guide
us and keep us from straying from the
paths of business.
In September, we usually decide
what our program will be for the fol-
lowing months. This is very elastic and
when anything new crops up it receives
due consideration. However, we do
try to plan at least a month beforehand
what the topic of study will be so that
each can be prepared.
Last year we started with a discussion
of the R. N. papers. A report w.as
given by members of th
spring .and
fall panels regarding the methods of
marking the papers, the allotment of
marks and the evident weaknesses there
had been in teaching. In turn, members
of the group weren't backward. in
pointing out what we considered wrong
with the papers.

Our chief studies for the year were
the course outlines used by the different
schools of nursing, two or three sub-
jects being taken up at each meeting.
The plan was as follows: a ne person
would outline her course in, say, ana-
tomy. She would tell us how many
hours she gave, how this time was di-
vided, what aids she used in teaching,
and the relative merits of the textbooks
she used. Then a teacher from each
of the other hospitals in turn would give
her ideas. Each told of the differences
in her plan, why she found another
textbook more valuable, etc.
In January, we invited the super..
visors and head nurses interested in
ward teaching to meet with us in the
hope to correlate the work in the class-
room with that on the wards. About
sixty were present. To stimulate par-
ticipation, four of the instructors opened
the discussion with short talks on bed-
side teaching; treatments and drugs--
their place in the ward teaching pro-
gram. One of the highlights of the
year was a visit from Miss Gertrude
Hall from National Office in March.
She introduced a number of revolution-
ary ideas that stirred us up considerably
During the summer we are to put
some thought on qualifying examina-
tions for students at the end of the
first year. In the fall we plan to make
a study of it.
There is always so much to discuss
that if we hadn't a capable chairman
we would carry on far past the usual
9.15 p.m. For six years no one has
been known to miss a meeting unless
illness or some other major disaster has
overtaken her. Each one feels that
these get-togethers are so worthwhile
that everything else must be set aside
for that evening.

Did you remember that nurse friend with
a subscription to The Canadian Nurse as a

Christmas present? It is not too late to do
it. \Ye will send a gift card in your name.

Vol. 41 No. 12

GENERAL NURSING

Contributed by the General Nursing Section of the Canadian Nurses Association

Opportunities in a Rural Hospital

JEAN \VHITE

One of the biggest problems in the
present-day nursing world is to get and
maintain adequate staffs in the hospitals
located in the small, out-of-the-way
communities. Th
s difficulty is not
pecuEar to any particular area. It seemed
worthwhile, therefore, to do a little
analyzing and to try to discover the ad-
vantages as well as the disadvantages
of nursing in .a small hospital in a com-
munity remote from thl' large, well-
populated areas.
Let us consider first why hospitals are
organized in thinly settled localities.
"'here transportation hetween villages
and towns and brger urhan communities
is difficult, to have read} acce
s to :1 lo-
cal hospital may mean the
aving of
lives. \Vhile a certain level of care can
be provided in the average home, there
are innumerable cases of illness which
require the highly skilled care avail-
able ùnl
. in hospital. l\lost hospitals are
organized and paid for hy the communi-
ties for the benefit of the community. A
considerable amount of local pride is
developed in having as much equipment
and as many services available in the

mall rural hospital as can be provided.
Organized on this bas:s, the hospital
sells its services when possible to pa-
tients who are

ble to pay and gives ser-
vice, which is paid for by the communi-
ty, to those who cannot afford to pay.
The hospital stands read,' to serve the

DECEMBER, 1945

sick as the agent of the commLlnity, looks
to [he community for support, and sup-
plements public funds by charging fees
to patients able to pay them.
It would appear, therefore, that there
is ample justification for the establish-
ment of small community hospitals. \Vho
should give the nursing care in these
institutions? Twenty years ago it was
common practice to have a school of
nursing conducted with student nurses
providing the service. More recently it
has been realized that, even where ade-
quate affiliation facilities were a vailablc
to supplement the training these students
received, the arrangement was far from
satisfactory. The community hospital
was confronted with the problem of
meeting the need for nursing care with
a goodly proportion of their senior
tud-
ents absent from the home school. Grad-
ually, as more and more of these small
training schools have been closed, the
call has gone out for graduate nurses
to staff the wards. Tasks around the
hospital which do not call for the skill
of the fully qualified nurse have been
delegated to ward m.aids and to nurses'
aides. The war has brought in many of
the latter, trained by the St. John Am-
bulance Association or Canac1ian Red
Cross Society, who are capable of mak-
ing beds, giving baths, .and similar tasks
which release the nurses' time for more
technical services.

967

968

THE CANADIAN NURSE

The number of staff nurses required
for a fifty-bed hospital fluctuates in re-
lation to the volume of skilled nursing
care needed. It has been estimated that
"there should be enough nurses to give
an average of somewhere between two-
and-a-half and three hours of nursing
care per patient per day". What advan-
tages has this type of hospital to offer
to the ambitious young graduate? How
can she be persuaded to venture far
from the larger towns and cities to the
small hospitals w here her services are
SO sorely needed? People speak of "be_
ing buried in the country". What has
that country to give to the nurse who
is interested in looking for a' full life.
rich in contentment?
Perhaps the most important factor
is the breadth of experience which may
be secured. In a large institution the
staff nurse is usually limited to one ward.
In the small hospital she must be pre7'
pared to assist with .all types of care,
operative or obstetrical, communicable
or emergent. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity to broaden her knowledge of every
aspect of nursing care. Here, too, the
observant nurse can learn many of the
details of hospital administration, super-
vision of the sub-staff, fIling of records,
accounting, purchasing and hospital
housekeeping. A better understanding of
the patient is possible because the nurse
knows the type of home from which the
sick person has come, the type of life
she leads, the family responsibilities, the
financial worries, the best methods of
providing for successful convalescence.
In matters of health teaching, because
she is familiar with the racial groups in
the community, their habits, diets, etc.,
the nurse can accomplish very real im-
provements. Certainly these are ad-
vantages, par excellence, which the
nurse limited to one ward in a large
city hospital can never en joy.
In off duty hours, what has the small
community to offer for recreation? Golf,
riding, tennis, frequently swimming for
summer leisure; skating, skiing, bad-

minton as winter sports. Nurses who
enjoy a game of bridge will find inter-
ested friends among the townsfolk;
those whose hobby is gardening will
find ample opportunity and space. The
radio makes up for inability to attend
symphony concerts and 'plays. Do the
majority of staff nurses in the large city
hospitals go to them anyway? Book
dubs, knitting clubs, nature clubs -
there is no lack if the nurse will look
for it. Ther
is a sociability to be found
in the small town and the rural area
which is entirely lacking in the large
city. The nurse can belong. She is not
simply one small individual on a big
staff - she can become a, part of the
active community life.
One of the voiced stumbling blocks
is stated to be the smaller salaries paid
to the nurses in the rural hospitals. When
she stops to realize how little actual hard
cash the average farmer and his family
handle in the course of a year, the nurse
will understand a little of the problem
the rural community has in financing
the hospital. I am not attempting to
justify inadequate salaries but exper-
ience has proven over and over again
that, even though she may receive less
than her city sister, the nurse in the
smaller hospital is able to save much
more in proportion. For the ambitious
nurse who is anxious to go on to post-
graduate work, there is no better way
to put money in the bank than to seek
employment in a rural hospital.
It has been suggested that a possible
development in the future may be to
reverse the former affiliation arrange-
ments whereby senior students from the
large schools of nursing might go for a
few months to some of the smaller hos-
pitals. There is considerable merit in
this plan, particularly if there is a pub-
lic health nurse in the community who
could introduce the student to the homes
of the people and familiarize her with
rural psychology. Knowing the oppor-
tunities provided in these hospitals, the
(Concluded on page 970)

Vel. 41 No. 12

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

Contributed by the Public Health Section of the Canadian NUl'le8
Association

An Experiment in Croup Study

HESTER LUSTED

Regina's public health nurses have
been organized and holding regular
meetings for ten years. Officially, we
are Regina Sub-section of the Public
Health Section of S.R.N .A., but we
more often refer to ourselves as the
"public health group". This group holds
meetings the first Wednesday in every
month from October till May at the
homes of the members. There is a short
business meeting, a program, and light
refreshments are served so that we have
a social get-together to finish off our
evening. However, the program is the
main part and each year a plan is drawn
up in the fall. Last season we made a
study of our community and it was one
of the most interesting programs we
have had.
As a basis for study we used Joanna
C. Colcord's book, ccYour Community",
published by the Russel Sage Founda-
tion. This book was specifically designed
as a guide for citizens who wished to
collect facts about their community as
the basis for efforts to promote better
living conditions and is especially valu-
able to groups interested in the field
of social work.
As public health nurses we realize
that living conditions are inseparable
from health problems so we set out
last fall to find out what sort of city
this is in which we live and work. Be-
fore we had gone very far we felt a bit

DECEMBER, 194'

like explorers - there were so many
previously unknown facts to be discov-
ered about Regina.
Our guide-book started us off with
an explanation of how to go about our
fact-finding trips and it suggested that
we keep a social base map of our own
community. This is a large scale map
on which are affixed symbols which in-
dicate the location of various institutions
and facilities - public services, schools,
churches, clubs, welfare institutions, re-
creation facilities and so forth. After
this introduction each chapter of the
book is devoted to one aspect of com-
munity life commencing with founding
and development, local government, and
moving on through housing, provisions
for health care, educational resources,
to the final chapter on community plan-
ning and co-ordination. These are just
a few of the headings. There are nine-
teen chapters, each one covering one
phase of community life, describing its
purpose and value to the community,
then giving a series of questions which
we had to answer for our own city.
Each member of the group was as-
signed one topic and usually two topics
were covered at each meeting. First of
all, the nurse studied the guide-book,
then set out to accumulate enough in-
formation to answer the questions and
make out a report to be presented to the
group. This usuaHy involved interview-

969

9ïO

THE CAÑADIAN NURSE

ing one or mori
persons-the police chief
the regional director of selective ser-
yjce, directors of social agencies - as
well as making good use of the public
library.
It did involve a good deal of time
and work on the part of each member
as she prepared her topic, but it was most
certainly interesting work and every on
(
of us felt that w
could have spent more
time and got more information on our
assignment. By the time we came to
the end of our mretings for the season

we felt that \ve had learned a gr
at
deal and would like to go on and be-
come still better acquainted with com-
munity facilities.
Our only suggestion to any group
undertaking a similar study is that they
assemble their reports into some sort of
file or loose-leaf book in order to hav
a
p
rmanent record of the information
. gathered. We feel that we could use
such a book as a reference, aml it would
be especially valuable to a nurse com-
mencing public health work.

Disease Incidence Up

Tuberculosis and syphilis are the two most
important health problems of liberated Man-
ila, according to Epidemiological Informa-
tion Bulletin N:J. 15 released by UNRRA.
Based on returns for the first three months
of liberation, the death rate for pulmonary
tuberculosis as for a year has been calcu-
lated at 800 per 100,000 inhabitants, or about
twenty times that of the average American
city. In ten weeks,
,045 new syphilis cases
were found among the civilian population,
and the incidence continues to increase.
Gonorrhea is equally prevalent. Manila was
one of the few cities of tropical Asia where
malaria had been reduced to a low level.
During the Japanese occupation the dise:lse
returned and it nOW constitutes a serious

problem. There has been no signi f icant in-
crease of other epidemic diseases.
War-shattered cities in continental Europe
are also sufferi;Jg from serious epidemics.
Pulmonary tuberculosis mortality' has more
than doubled in Rome. Epidemics of bacil-
lary dysentery of a severe type and of ty-
phoid fever are spreading in Berlin, where
diphtheria, too, is once more on the increase.
There were 1.100 cases of typhoid fever
during the first three weeks of August. At
Helsinki, Finland, there have been 2,472
paratyphoid fever rases up to September 6.
Diphtheria remains widespread in t1:le Nether-
lands where now one-half of the cases oc-
cur among adults.

-UNRRA News.

Rural Hospitals
( C ontiJlltcd from þo.r;c 968)
nurse upon graduation will be hetter
prepared, and, possibly, more prone to
accept positions there. Until some sllch
plan as this is evolved, the problem of
securing adequate staff for the small
community hospital remains on the door-
step of the general nursing group. The
adyantages far outweigh the possible
disadvantage of isolation. Let's go to
the rural hospitals!

Multiple Births

It is true that seven infants at one con-
finement have been recorded. There are six
instances of sextets, thirty of quintuplets.
Quadruplets occur once in every hal f mil-
lion births. Triplets occur once in e,'ery eight
thousand births, while twins are much more
common and occur once in every eighty
to ninety births. The probability of prematur

delivery in multiple births is more than
three to one. The incidence of toxemia and
antepartum hemorrhage is also higher.

.

Vel. 41 No. 12

Nursing Education

Contributed by
COMMITTEE ON NURSING EDUCATION OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASS'N.

The "Two-Year" and the "Four-Year" Nurse

In recent discussions of the possibility
of preparing three types of nurses (the
assistant, the clinical, and the teaching
nurse), periods of training of one, two,
and four years have been c;uggested. Ob-
viously, these lengths of time were ap-
preximate, and not meant to be exact
to the month. It was suggested, how-
ever, that there is no real evidence that
three years is the perfect length of time
for educating any, let alone all, nurses;
and to discuss courses, it was necessary
to suggest lengths of time, which would
necessarily differ in different lengths of
training.
One objection to the "two-year
nurse" has been expressed as follows:
"She may not know enough about the
reasons involved in the adequate care of
the patients." It is unfortunately true
that the present three-year nurse does
not always know enough of these rea-
sons; such comprehension, however, is
more dependent on the selection of the
students of nursing and the use that is
made of their experience than on time
cc put in" on certain wards. Certainly
there is a necessary length of experience
but it is suggested that two years may
be found long enough when the purpose
is definite and the conditions favorable.
At least the plan is worth a trial. If the
course which has been suggested for the
clinical nurse is examined, it will be
found to contain five months experience
in medicine, which is the maxim urn

DECEMBER, 1945

suggested by the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation Curriculum of 1932, and four
months in surgery, which is one to two
months less than suggested by the Cur-
riculum. It contains, in addition, the ex-
perience in mental hygiene and psychia-
try, in communicable disease, in pedia-
trics and in public health, which are re-
quired by the Canadian Nurses Asso-
ciation, and which surely contribute to
understanding of the patient's needs, but
which are more frequently than not
omitted from the present three-year
courses. The times suggested for these
latter experiences are not as long as those
in the Canadian Nurses Association Cur-
riculum, but at least they are to be in-
cluded; and we are suggesting a shorter
course. Weare suggesting, also, one
whIch is not striving, unsuccessfully, to
put in more and more from all the fields
of nursing; but which is concentrating
on producing a good clinical nurse.
Doubts as to the "four-year nurse"
have taken this form: "She is to be
trained in specialties and, not having
much experience in direct c.are of the
patient, will not be capable of directing
the two-year nurse in good bedside
nursing which is so important." This
criticism expre
es a complete misappre-
hension of the suggested four-year
course. Its object is to produce a better
nurse, not a worse one. In introducing
the plan this statement was made: "We
are accepting the (present) assumption

971

9ï2

THE CANADIAN NURSE

that public health nursf'S
hould be
qualified bedside nurses, and we are
adding to this the assumption that all
teachers of nursing should be qualified
public health nurses. . .. at the conclusion
of this course the student will be quali-
fied for general staff nursing in either
the hospital or the public health fidd;
and will have some practice in either
field, or preferably in both (a fter gradu-
ation) before going on to teaching or
administrative work in either one." Her
preparation for supervision and teaching
is to be giver.. on a foundation of thor-
ough training in truly general nursing-
that is, in bedside and in public health
nursing. The statement "she is to be
trained in specialties" seems to imply
that she is to be trained only in special-
ties. Nothing could be more untrue
either of the suggested plan or of the
one demonstraticn of it which is in pro-
gress in this country. The nurse we are
discussing is to have a more, not a less,
thorough training in nursing than the
three-year nurse has today; she is to
study and practice nursing in its several
branches for four years. Moreover, pub-
lic health and PS} chiatry are no more
special ties than medicine and surgery,
and, as previously pointed out, they are
supposed to be part of a proper training
for nursing in Canadian schools. Does

anyone seriously contend that a student
will become a better nurse because she
has been denied these essential experiences
in order that she may become an econ-
omic asset by servicing a medical or sur-
gical w.ard for which proper nursing
service has not been provided by the in-
stitution which is responsible for doing
so? The nurse whose "education" has
been limited to medicine, surgery and
obs.tetrics is the nurse who has "special-
ized", prematurely, and to the detri-
ment of her whole future career.
Finally, there has never been a sug-
gestion that a satisfactory nurs.e could be
prepared without "having much exper-
ience in direct care of the patient." The
four-year course as suggested (and
demonstrated) involves direct contact
with the patient in every year. This is
however, contact with all types of pa-
tien ts, in the hospital and outside it; and
content the full implications of which
are brought out by skilful instruction.
Alre.ady a certain number of the pro-
ducts of such a course are being tested
in the practice of nursing. The reports
of patients and employers do not sug-
gest that they lack nursing ability, or
fail to grasp the reasons behind treat-
ment. The four-year nurse can be pre-
pared to nurse patients, ;md to teach
others to do so.

Working with Newspapers

Xursing organizations, public hea1th de-
partments, alumnae associations, in fact
every branch of nursing at one time or ano-
ther wishes to make use of newspaper pub-
licity. There are frequent moans and groans
when what appeared to the writer to be a
perfectly sound article or story i
cut down
almost to the vanishing point. Usually, nur-
ses have not had a great deal of experience
in interpreting their work to the public bv
way of the press. Everyone who has occa-
sion to do this kind of writing will welcome
a recent publication of the N"ational Pub-

licity Council, "\V orking with Newspapers".
The author, Gertrude Simpson, is an exper-
ienced journalist who has had charge of pub-
licity work with various welfare organiza-
tions. Her sound advice on how to get and
hold reader interest, how to know what phase
of the agency program is news, how to work
this news into the right department of the
newspaper, how to find out how effective
the newspaper publicity is, make this one of
the most useful handbooks available. The
price is only 75 cents and the Council's ad-
dress is 130 East 22nd St., N ew York City.

Vcl. 41 No. l

Notes from National Office

Contributed by GERTRUDE M. HALL

General Secretary, The Canadian Nunes Association

General Meetin2 - 1946

The biennial meeting of the Cana-
dian X lIrses Association will be held
July 1-+, 1946, incl lIsive, with J line
29 and .T lily 5 given over to meetings
of the Executiv
Committee. The meet-
ings will be held at the Royal York Ho-
tel, Toronto. \Vatch for future an-
nouncements regarding this meeting.

Personnel Policies and Practices at
Home and Abroad

\\T e are pleased to note the inclusion,
in this issue of the Journal, of a copy of
the report of the Australasian Trained
Nurses' Association personnel policies,
as contained in the September, 1945,
Journal of the Royal Victorian College
of Kursing. The nurses of Australia
have, in this excellent presentation of
living and working conditions as they
concern every branch of nursing, set a
pattern which nursing organizations in
other countries might very well emulate.
A beginning along this line has al-
ready been made by one of the provin-
cial associations in Canada by th
set-
ting up of personnel policies, salary
schedules, etc., in respect to hospital
nursing. Such foresightedness is most
timely, especially in view of the increas-
ing unrest among members of the nurs-
ing profession regarding hours of work,
remuneration, etc., and in view of the
movement among labour unions to at-

DECEMBER, 194'

tract nurses to affiliate with these unions.
It, therefore, behooves every nurse to
become informed of the plans of hel
provincial registered nurses' arsocia-
tion for securing satisfactory working
and living conditions.

State Aid for Post-Graduate Study

The following announcement, en-
titled "Open Scholarships for Tutors",
appeared in the October 6, 1945, issue
of the British Nursing Times:

The nursing prdession will welcome the
announcement that the :Ministry of Hcalth
is offering financial assistance to nurses
who wish to qualify as sister tutors and
male tutors. The scholarships witt cover
training and examination fees. and wilt also
include an allowance of :E150 for the period
of training, payable monthly in arrear, to-
wards maintenance, cost of books and tra-
velling expenses. These scholarships witt
allow nurses to support themselves while
they qualify without incurring debts in the
form of loans, etc. Holders wilt be required
to give an undertaking that they wilt serve
as qualified sisteï tutors for at least two
years, assuming that they pass the examin-
ation. They must have had three years post-
registration experience in hospital, and must
apply to the Secretary,
finistry of Health,
Division -tA (8). \Vhitehall, London, S.\V.I.
\Ve regret that the three years experience
must be "in hospital". Experience outside
hospital is broadening and invaluable to
the teacher, who will not only prepare nur-
ses for institutional work.

973

974

THE CANADIAN NURSE

This information may be used to good
adv.antage by those who are seeking
to inform members of the government
and the public on the need for financial
assistance for nursing.

Nation-Wide Action in Field
of N ursin2

A comprehensive program for nation-
wide action in the field of nursing in
the United States has been prepared and
issued in booklet form by the National
Nursing Planning Committee of the
National Nursing Council for "Var Ser-
vice. This was prepared as a blueprint
for action and it is pointed out that in
order to make the program, as outlined,
effective, all state and local groups must
participate. Comments, suggestions for
readjustment and criticisms are invited
by the Planning Committee.
It is suggested that small groups
should be formed to study the proposals
and to assist in launching plans for pro-
jects suggested in the outline. It is also
pointed out that the program outline
is not a finished product. It must con-
stantly grow and change to meet the
needs as they develop rapidly during
the transition period phead.

Report of the Committee on the
Trainin
of Nurses for the Colonies

Several copies of the Report of the
Committee on the Training of Nurses
for the Colonies, recently published by
His Majesty's Stationery Office, Lon-
don, have been received by National
Office. The committee responsible for
the report was set up in November,
1943, to examine the question of the
training-both in Great Britain and
overseas-of nurses who are to serve in
Colonial territories, .and to make recom-

mendations, having regard also to the
need in those t;rritories for increased
public health activities and for the fos-
tering and development of community
welfare. The committee consisted of
the chairman, Lord Rushcliffe, a vice-
chairman and fifteen members, six of
whom were nurses. The report gives a
short history of the growth of medic.al
and nursing services in the Colonies, and
makes wide and detailed recommenda-
tions for future development.
Copies of this report are being se-
cured from the United Kingdom In-
formation Office, Ottawa, and will be
supplied to all provincial associations.

Clothin
for Nurses of Holland

The response to the appeal for coats
and capes, etc., for the nurses of HoI-
land has been most gratifying. At the
time of going to press, several boxes con-
taining 958 coats and 273 c
pes were
packed and ready for shipping on No-
vember 1. Indications are that we shall
not only reach our objective hut :;hall
go over the top.
The International Council of N"urses
has written requesting that we consider
the possibility of sending food parcels
to individual Dutch nurses. It was
stated that individual packages, sent
parcel post, reach their destination with-
out loss, although the time required is
approximately six weeks from mailing
date. The following suggestions were
made as to contents: soap, rice, Klim,
powdered coffee, tea, chocolate, jam
or jelly, Spam, sal t and de hydrated
soups.
Lists of names and addresses of
Dutch nurses are being obtained and
will be supplied to the provincial as-
sociations. Enquiries should be made
from the executive secretary of the pro-
vincial association as to details of pro-
cedure.

Vol. 41 No. 12

Postwar Planning Acti,,-rities

Contributed by
POSTWAR PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

N ursin
Sisters Return to Civilian
Life

K ursing sisters are being demobilized.
As they return to Canada, we are so
happ) to see them again and, in spite of
hardships and strain to which they were
subjected in theatres of war, they look
remarkably well. 'Yhile they speak with
spirit and satisfaction regarding their
experience overseas, they express their
eagerness to get settled into civilian
nursing life again.
The brochure which was prepared by
your Postwar Planning Committee evi-
dently has served its purpose. 1\bny
nursing sisters have spoken of its in-
structional value in providing informa-
tion regarding rehabilitation benefits,
service opportunities, and university
courses available in Canada. l\1any let-
ters of thanks have been received hy the
secretary of your Committee, extend-
ing thanks to the C.N.A. for the guid-
ance provided in this valuable document
of information. It is gratifying that the
preparation of this material has been a
worthwhile effort.
It must be realized that after four
or more years in military service ahroad,
divorced from civilian nursing, nurses
upon their return to Canada find them-
selves unfamiliar with conditions. \Var
has brought about so many changes, un-
known to them, and they feel the need
of orientation. A process of adjustment
is inevitable.
There is sufficient evidence to indi-
cate that the .adjustment which re-
turned nurses must make varies with
the individual. It would seem to depend
upon interests, past nursing experi
nce,

DECEMBER, 1945

previous specialization, if an
, and to
what extent preliminary thï"nking has
been done as to a plan for the future.
Se,'eral nurses have considered them-
sel ves fortunate in securing desirable
positions immediately upon demobiliza-
tion. The positions which they desired
were waiting for them. Others decided
to take advantage of the educational
benefit plan for veterans provided by the
Federal Government for post-graduate
work.
One hundred and sixteen returned
nurses are enrolled in the several uni-
versity schools. 'Vhile the largest num-
ber .are taking courses in public health
nursing, there is a substantJal enrol-
ment in administration and teaching in
hospitals and schools of nursing. Con-
centration on lectures and study is a
vastly different experience to active ser-
vice overseas, and while some con fess
the difficulty of adjustment. from ob-
servation and report, they are settling
into their new situation with the same
earnestness and spirit that characterized
their services overseas. One student is
quoted, "I wish I had taken post-grad-
uate work before going overseas -
sociology, economics, psychology and
principles of teaching would have helped
me a lot".
I\lany nursing sisters not ret demobil-
ized are preparing to undertake post-
graduate stud} next year. Guidance
which they have received and acknowl-
edaed as to what nursing work would
be :=most purpo:;eful in the
interval is ex-
pressed in the fonowing excerpt:

I took your advice and reported to the
Victorian Order of
urses in Ottawa. I

975

976

'fRE CANADIAN NURSE

am going to Toronto for the two-month
course and then will be posted to a district.
I appreciate so much your suggestion that
I apply to the V.O.N. for experience this
year.

A number of nursing sisters were un-
able to enrol this year and there is con-
cern as to whether some of this number
may be deprived of the educational bene-
fit because of the clause which states
that educational courses must be started
within fifteen months from the date of
discharge. This same factor may again
operate in the case of the large num-
bers who haye signified their intention
of attending universities next year and
may not be admitted because of Jack of
accommodation. In the light of this pos-
sibility, the fonowing resolution passed
by the Canadian Hospital Council is
most timely:

Rehabilitation Courses for Nurses:
Whereas there is not only a serious short-
age of graduate nurses on hospital staffs
but there may also be some difficulty in
providing adequate post-graduate facilities
for those returning nursing sisters who de-
sire to take special courses;
Be it resolved that the federal govern-
ment be respectfully requested to permit
returning nurses desiring to take post-
graduate courses to postpone this utilization
of rehabilitation funds for up to two or
three years from discharge. It is further
suggested that the granting of such post-
ponement of rehabilitation aid be made con-
tingent on the nurse being employed in the
interval in that field in which she proposes
to specialize.

In support of this resolution, the
Postwar Planning Committee has also
.:'ubmitted a resolution to the same ef-
fect, and it is hoped that before this is-
sue of the ] om-nnl appears the resolu-
tion will be approved by the Executive
Committee of the C.N .A.
. Some returned nurses tell us of their
indecision and frustration in undertak-
ing post-graduate work immediately up-

on their return, when civilian and
D.V.A. hospitals are in such urgent
need of nurses. However, in taking the
long distance view, shortage of graduate
nurses for hospital nursing service has
been an unsolved problem for years and
it would seem short-sighted if veteran
nurses who ar
eligible did not appre-
ciate and take advantage of the excep-
tional opportunity afforded to them to
undertake special preparation for execu-
tive positions in the fields of their choice.
In the end, nursing will profit more,
and the nursing profession will be richer
in leadership.
It has been assumed in several quar-
ters that nursing sisters, upon demobili-
zation, should volunteer in the services
in which shortage of nursing personnel
has been most serious, particularly tuber-
culosis and psychiatry institutions. If this
expectation be not realized, it should
not be considered as due to "tot.al in-
difference" as to their '''path of duty".
Careful reflection is necessary. Can we
expect that a suhstantial number of nur-
ses will volunteer for service in any field
in which they have not had a basic pre-
paration? Many of us can turn the
question to ourselves, and admit that in
our own experience we have refrained
from entering unfamiliar fields. Viewing
the situation broadly and objectively, do
we not have to acknowledge that the
fundamental reason for the apparen.t
lack of interest. on the part of many
nurses, in the fields of tuberculosis and
psychiatry goes back to the administra-
tion of the undergraduate course which,
in many instances, does not prmride for
a ba
ic experience in these important
and essential nursing fields? No one can
dispute the fact that the development
of a positive attitude, and a desire to
nurse and specialize in these particular
services, can be best brought about by
a basic experience that is challengilJg
and s.atisfying. Wartime problems in
nursing have accentuated this weakness
in nursing education and it is hoped
that, in the revisioR of our national cur-

Vol. 41 No. 12

AUSTRALIAN NURSING SCENE

977

riculum to meet rapidly changing and
increasing nursing demands in a postwar
era, serious consideration will be given
to what must be included as essential
nursing experiences.
At this time of demobilization when
nurses are making decisions as to what
preparation they need for reinstatement
into purposeful employment, they should
be made aware of the increasing demand
for the clinical nurse specialist. U niver-
sity schools are offering their co-opera-
tion in developing sounder post-graduate
clinical courses and they are gradually

being organized and administered on an
advanced level to prepare experienced
nurses for teaching and administrative
positions. Graduate nurses who are elig-
ible should be encouraged to prepare
themselves to take charge of clinical
departments of nursing, and to many
demobilized nurses this development
should offer new openings for satisfac-
tory civilian nursing service.
MARION LINDEBURGH
National Chairman
Postwar Planning Committee,
C. N. A.

The Australian Nursing Scene

Nurses in all parts of Canada who
are serving on committees for the con-
sider.ation of the various factors in-
volved in working conditions for nur-
ses will be very interested in the com-
parable developments in the Australian
nursing scene. As reported in the Sep-
tember, 1945, issue of Una, the journal
of the Royal Victorian College of N urs-
ing, at the second annual meeting of the
Employees' Association of the R.V.C.N.,
a comprehensive report was presented
dealing with suggested salaries, hours of
work, etc. \Vhile no .action has been
taken on this report as yet by the Hos-
pital Nurses' Board, the recommenda-
tions show the trend to be toward the
improvement of working conditions,
Titles and terminology differ from our
customary phraseology but the intent is
the same. The following are the prin-
ciple recommendations with explanatory
terminology in brackets:

INSTITUTIONAL NURSES

1. Increctse iu Salaries: Sister tutors (in-
structors): 1st yr., fS - 2nd yr., f5/5 -
thereafter, tsjlO. Sisters (supervi30rs):
1st yr., -f5 - 2nd yr., t:5/5 -- thereafter,

DECEMBER, 1945

,:ß5 jlO. Staff nurses: 1st yr., í4j5 - 2nd
yr., f4/10 - thereafter, f4/15.
2. Da'Jls off to aCCUffltÛate: That each
employee on the day staff be allowed off
duty one day each week, provided that by
agreement with her employer such days off
may accumulate and be taken in one con-
tinuous period at a time mutually agreed
upon between the employer and the employee.
That the period during which her leave may
accumulate shall not be in excess of three
weeks.
3. Annual lca.<-'c for staff nu.rSI'.f: That
staff nurses be granted four weeks holiday.
4. Notice of annu.al leave: Unless by mu-
tual agreement, notice of annual leave be
given to all members of the nursing staff
at least one month prior to commencement
of leave.
The following reasons were given in
support:
Sister's salary: That in view of the res-
ponsibility involved in the position of sister,
and the proposed increase of salary of staff
nurses, it is considered that the salary rec-
ommended is the minimum salary which
should be paid to a sister.
Sister tutor: The same reason applies to
sister tutors. Upon the sister tutor much of
the important responsibility of the early
training of nurses depends.

9ì8

THE CANA.DIAN XURSE

Staff 1wrses: That the existing rate of sal-
ary for staff nurses is tota1ly inadequate
and allows no possibility of providing for
old age.
That in view úf the present rate of sal-
ary ruling for female attendants under the
Hospital and Bcnevolent Asylum Attend-
ants Board, i.e.: 1st year, Æ3j8 - 2nd
year, .f3/9 - thereafter, Æ3jlO (less 16s.
for board and lodging); strong disapproval
was expressed of this injustice to qualified
nurses, which fact it is considered must ul-
timately affect recruitment óf nurses.
Staff nurses, particularly in private, in-
termediate and community hospitals. play a
very important part in the ef ficient work-
ing of the hospital and their work should
receive adequate remuneration.
Charge positions available to nurses in
hospitals are !imited; consequently the major-
ity of nurses, particularly on the sta fis of
private, intermediate and community hospi-
tals, remain "staff nurses" for many years,
yet upon these nurses depends so much of the
good nursing carried on in these particular
institutions.

INFANT WELFARE NURSES

Sister Infant Welfare Centre (public
health nurses) - Uniform salary of .f6 per
week.
1. Part-ti-me: A. part-time nurse sha1l be
paid in respect of any part-time work not
less than Ælj5 per day or a proportionate
part of the ordinary rate prescribed for a
permanent nurse for an ordinary week's
work. whichever is the greater.
Where a part-time employee is necessarily
absent from her usual place of residence
on account of her duties she shall. in addi-
tion to the wage prescribed, be paid IDs. for
each night so absent. Such additional sum
shall be deemed to include aUQwances for
board and lodging.
2. Casual: A casual nurSe shall be paid
not less than 4s. per hour with a maximum
of 305. for each day she is called upon to
work.
3. Hours of 'i.('ork: (a) The number of
hours which shall constitute an ordinary
week's work shall be 38; (b) work done in
excess of 38 hours shall be overtime; (c)
a day shall consist of 7 hours duty time.
4. Annual leave: Each employee shall be
entitled to eighteen days annual leave on

completion of each year of service without
deduction of pay.
5. Uniform allm.('allce: An employee after
three months continuous service shall be
entitled to a payment of .f5 as a uniform al-
100.."ance, and on the completion of the first
three months in each and every subsequent
-"ear of service
he shall be entitled to a
further uniform allowance of .f5. The cost
(If laundering all uniforms sha1l be paid by
the employer.
The following reasons were given in sup-
port:
Hours of dut)': In support of the request
for reduced hours of work it is contended
that the nurse in industry must conform to
conditions provided by any A ward, Deter-
mination or Agreement for the general body
of employees in the industry in connection
with which they are employed. Conseqnent-
Iy infant welfare nurses should be granted
the same hours of work as other municipal
of ficers, i.e., 38 hours working time.
That the nurse engaged at an infant wel-
fare centre does not complete her duties when
th
centre officially closes - she has her
reports to write and entry of daily records
which are important and must be kept for
the purpose of statistics for the Government
Statist. In addition, she has the centre to set
in order and miscellaneous duties to perform
before being free to leave.
SalarJ': It is contended that all sisters
engaged in infant welfare centres. etc.,
have an equally high responsibility and con-
sequently should receive the same salary.
That the duties of the nurse engaged in
infant welfare centres include teaching and
training of mothers, which should be recog-
ni7ed as a very exacting educational as well
as a nursing service.
That the nurse engaged in infant welfare
work has to provide her own board and ac-
commodation which, owing to high cost of
living, cannot be obtained at 30s. per week.
That the nurse carrying on the work of
an infant welfare centre is actua1ly a pion-
eer in the field of preventive medicine. She
has the addéd responsibility of recognizing as
such the healthy and the sick child and has
to advise the mother when medical att
n-
tion is necessary. Therefore to be in a posi-
tion to give this advice she must" have highly
specialized knowicdge in the health of
children.
That, unlike the institutional nurse, she

Vel. 41 Ne. 12

a-\ U S T R A L I ANN U R SIN G seE N E

has. to spmd time in travelling to and from
the centre.
It is contended, by nurses engaged in in-
fant welfare work, that a serious anomaly
exists as no provision for part-time workers
is made unless they are to be regarded as
casual employees. I f this be so they are
entitled to 28s. per day, whilst a nurse com-
ing under Clause 6 (b) of the Determina-
tion receives less than il per day. The lat-
ter nurse has no compensation for loss of
time or long travelling hours, and the con-
ditions are far more arduous than for a
part-time worker for one municipality or
employer.

I NDUSTRIAJ. N CR5ES

Salary: It is recommended that the sal-
ary of the nurse engaged in the industrial
sphere shall be 3S follows: 1st year, 1:5 per
week, with annual increments of ;(13 (55.
per week) until the nurse receives a sal-
ary of at least f6 per week.
The following reasons were given in sup-
port:
Salary: That in view of the high cost of
living and based on the salary of the sister
on the staff of a hospital, the rate of salary
granted is not adequate. Further, the nurse
in industry should receive annual incre-
ments as provided for nurses in institutions.
I t is contended that, as in the case of the
institutional nurse, the value of the nurse in
industry increases with her years of ser-
vice. That, unlike the institutional nurse, she
has to spend time in travelling to and from
her work.

OTHFR I
IPRO\T!\tE::-JTS

It was ascertained that, in connection
with a course in post-graduate training,
trained nurses were working junior to the
nurses who were not general trained nurses.
Through the ef forts of the Employees' As-
sociation this practice has been rectified;
also in the same institution, post-graduate
students now receive the salary of the staff
nurse.
Risk allO'lC'ana: The Question of risk al-
lowance was discussed briefly by the Hos-
pital Nurses' Board but it was contended

DECEMBER, 1945

979

that this would be difficult to determine as,
through the various wards of hospitals, pa-
tients might be found to be suffering from
some specific disease. Until able to be trans-
ferred to a special hospital various nurses
might attend the same patient throughout the
day. Then it was contended that, in the
in fectious wards as every precaution
is taken by the nurse, the risk is
less than in the general ward where the
disease may not be detected. Further as the
outcome of the proposals put forward by
the Student Nurses' Association, it is anti-
cipated that compensation will be paid to
nurses who contract tuberculosis or some al-
lied disease in the execution of their duties,
and this should to a great extent meet the
!'ituation.

OTHER PROPOSALS BROUGHT
TO THE BOARD

Roster of hOIt1"s: In view of complaints
received that in many instances due notice
of off duty hours is not given, thus pre-
venting the nurse from making any plans for
recreation, it was decided to approach the
Community and Private Hospitals' Associa-
tions asking them to bring the matter be-
fore the members of their associations. The
committee suggested that a clause be in-
serted in the Determination to cover such,
but it was decided after considerable dis-
cussion at an extraordinary general meet-
ing to try other means rather than enforce
its observance through the Determination
of the Hospital Nurses' Board.
Another matter brought to the notice of
the Board for consideration was the posi-
tion which may arise in regard to the sal-
ary paid to the sister who acts for. the ma-
tron when she is off duty. It was pointed
out by a matrO!1 that, where a sister is re-
quired to hold three certificates in connec-
tion with her duties and take charge while
the matron is off duty, she receives payment
for additional certi ficates and in addition
special rates "at call" thus receiving the
same salary as the matron.
Members of the committee felt these sug-
gestions should receive the utmost consider-
ation, but were of the opinion that they
were so far reaching they should be dealt
with and considered in the planning of post.
war nursing construction.

Interesting People

On October 1, 1945, Helen'l\Iargare1
King was appointed assistant director
of the Vancouver General Hospital
School of Nursing, replacing Catherint>
Clibborn, who, after occupying that pro-
sition most successfully for two years,
resigned to be married..
Miss King was born in Middlesex,
England, where she received her early
education. After graduating from the
school of nursing of the Vancouver
General Hospital in 1927, she occupied
several important positions in her own
School, at the Tranquille Sanatorium,
and at the hospital at Williams Lake,
B. C. In 1942-43, she enrolled for the
course in teaching and supervision at
the McGill School for Graduate Nurses,
returning to the Vancouver General
Hospital as clinical instructor in the
obstetrical department. Miss King lives
with her parents in Vancouver, where
much of her spare time is spent in
gardening and very excellent C,ooking.
By her outstanding teaching ability,
her interest and enthusiasm in the wel-
fare of the students, and her unusual
power of adaptability, Miss King is
making a fine contribution to nursing

."

.

;J>.

..........

8ridgman'iJ Studio, Vancouva

HELEN M. KING

980

at its best. Her appointment is of great
inten
st tlJ the members of her Alumnae
Association and to her many friends
who wish her every success in her new
position.

Helen :\lildred McDonel was recently
welcomed to th
'Winnipeg General Hos-
pital School of Nursing aE their first;
educational director. Her work include:,
responsibilitj? for the planning of all
cia s s schedules; organization of
courses of study; planning for facult}y
conferences and teaching.
BOl'n in Ohio of Welsh parentage,
Miss McDonel received her B.A. (cum
laude) from Wooster College. After an
interval of high school teaching, she
launched upon her nursing career, grad-
uating from the D. Ogden Mills School
of Nursing, Nudeau, N. Y., in 1928. For
the following seven years Miss McDonel
was instructor in and supervisor of
pediatric nursing in the "\\' estern Re-
serve University School of Nursing,
Cleveland, Ohio. She later associated
herself with the nursing education pro-
grams in other universities, first, at the
University of Denver, Colorado, where
she was also assistant dean at the Child-
ren's Hospital School of Nursing. In 1940,
Miss MeDonel received her M.A. from
Western Reserve University and after-
wards was assistant professor of nurs-
ing and assistant director of the Out-
Patient Department, Medical College of
Richmond, Virginia. Immediately prior
to coming to Winnipeg, Miss McDonel
was educational director in the Methodist
Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Added to the assets from this broad
experience, Miss McDonel has served on
the Committee on the Care of the Child,
National League of Nursing Education,
and has taken an active interest in state
nursing association work. \Ve welcome
her to Canada and trust in her present
busy life she may find opportunity to

Vol. 41 No. 12

INTERESTING PEOPLE

HELEN M. MCDONF.L

pursue her chosen avocations of music,
art, and outdoor activities.

Flora Aileen George, who until recent-
ly was matron of Ste. Anne's Hospital
(Department of Veterans Affairs),
Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P. Q., has been
appointed to the position of superin-
tendent of nurses at the Verdun Pro-
testant Hospitäl. Miss George, a grad-
uate of the Sherbrooke Hospital School
of Nursing, took the course in teaching
and administration in schools of nurs-
ing at the McGill School for Graduate
Nurses. Later, she became lady super-
intendent of the Woman's General Hos-
pital in Montreal, a position which she
held for eight years until she was ap-
pointed director of the Nursing Ser-
vice Bureau sponsored by the R.N.A.P.Q.
For two. years she rendered valuable
service as general superintendent of
the Victoria Public Hospital in Freder-
icton, N. B.
Miss George is actively interested in
the work of nursing organizations and
has served the R.N.A.P.Q. as a member
of the board of managers, and of the
board of examiners, as well as chairman
of the Hospital and School of Nursing
Section. Her many friends wjsh her all
success in the important task which
she has undertaken.

:Margaret Irene Brady has recently

DECEMBER. 194'

981

..., . ,.

..

Boris Studios

FLORA A. GEORGE

severed her connection with the Child
Welfare Association of Montreal to
assume the duties of supervisor of nurses
with the Department of Health of the
City of Westmount, P. Q.
A Nova Scotian, Miss Brady received
her B.A. from Acadia University, Wolf-
ville. She graduated from the Royal
Victoria Hospital School of Nursing,
Montreal, in 1932. The following year,
on a scholarship for post-graduate work
provided by the R.N.A.P.Q., Miss Brady
took her course in public health nursing
at the McGill School for Graduate Nur-
ses.
Miss Brady has served her provincial
nurses' association as chairman of the
Public Health Section and as convener
of the Publicity Committee. At present
she is vice-chairman of the English-
speaking chapter of District 12 of the
R.N.A.P.Q.

Edith Irene Stocker has been appoint-
ed as superintendent of the General Hos-
pital, Kelowna, B. C., combining the
functions of administrator and super-
visor of the nursing services.
A native of Manitoba, Miss Stocker
graduated from the Winnipeg General
Hospital in 1924. For six years she
served as night supervisor and assistant
superintendent at the General Hos.
pital, Moose .Taw, Sask. In 1932, de-
veloping her special interest in tuber-

982

'l'HE CANADIAN NURSE

I

. J

...

t;

. . t.'

MARGARET L. MOAG

culosis, Miss Stocker obtained the cer-
tüicate given by the Saskatchewan Anti-
Tuberculosis League and was appointed
superintendent of nurses at the Sana-
torium in Saskatoon. In 1936, she be-
came supervisor of the Vancouver Unit
of the Division of Tuberculosis Control,
which position she relinquished to be-
come field secretary with the Canadian
Tuberculosis Association. Further study
at the University of Toronto School of
Nursing was rewarded by a certificate
in hospital administration. With this
additional preparation, Miss Stocker
became superintendent of nurses at the
Sanatorium, Ninette, Man.
Miss Stocker has always taken an ac-

.
,

LOUISE DRYSDALE

tive interest in association activities in
Saskatchewan, Manitoba and British
Columbia. She is an enthusiastic golfer
and a devotee of motoring.

Culminating a long and exceedingly
useful career, l\1argaret Laura Moag is
tiring at the end of the year from the-
position she has occupied since 1923 as
superintendent of the Greater Montreal
Branch of the Victorian Order of Nurses.
A graduate of the Kingston General
Hospital, Miss Moag served with No.3
Canadian General Hospital in France
and in other hospitals in England during
the first World War. After demobiliza-
tion in 1919, she accepted a post with
the Soldiers Civil Re-establishment Ser-
vice in Ottawa and remained there until
coming to Montreal. Miss Moag's in-
terest in public health nursing antedates
her war experience. A graduate in public
health of the School of Applied Social
Sciences of Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, she was on the staff of the
Detroit Department of Health for sev-
eral years.
Miss Moag's contributions to nursing-
have been many and varied. She has
servp.d on numerous health and social
service committees, has been president
of the Registered Nurses Association.
of the Province of Quebec and, in na-
tional nursing, was chairman of the
Public Health Section and second vice-
president of the C.N.A. She was one of
the delegates representing Canada at
the International Congress of Nurses at
Helsingfors, Finland, in 1925 and again
in 1937 at London. During the latter
visit, she had the honour of being pres-
ented to Their Majesties, Queen Eliz-
abeth and Queen Mary, at Buckingham
Palace. She is also an active member of
the Business and Professional Women's
Club in Montreal.
Miss Moag will be greatly missed
from Montreal when she returns to her
home in Smiths Falls, Ontario, where she
plans to devote some of her time to her
music-she was an accomplished pianist
years ago-catch up with her reading,
and do a bit of gardening. May her years
of retirement be full of happiness for
she leaves a job well done.

Vol. 41 No. 12

INTERESTING PEOPLE

Louise Drysdale has retired from the
nursing profession to take over the
ownership and management of the Will-
ingdon Tea Room in Vancouver. Train-
ed at the Royal Columbian Hospital in
New Westminster and the University of
British Columbia, for nineteen years
Miss Drysdale was a public health nurse
in Vancouver schools and, for the last
few years, was supervisor of Unit No.
2 of the Metropolitan Health Service,
Vancouver.
New kinds of c.ontacts with the public,
struggles with rationing and govern-
ment controls, in fact all the variety
of the business world are providing
much interest and stimulation for her.

Ellen E. Love, M.B.E., has retired from
the position of superintendent of nurses
at the Fort Qu' Appelle Sanatorium.
Miss Love, who was born in Seaforth,
Ontario, is a graduate of the Winnipeg
General Hospital. Following service in
the first World War, she joined the nurs-
Ing staff at Fort San. When the Sas-
katoon Sanatorium opened in 1926, Miss
Love became the first lady superintend-
ent. For the past ten years she has held
this position continuously at Fort San.
In 1943 Miss Love was awarded the
M.B.E. and this year has accepted an

983

honourary life membership in the Sas-
katchewan Registered Nurses Associa-
tion.
At a dinner held in her honour at
Fort San, tribute was paid to Miss
Love for her faithful service wit.
the Saskatchewan Anti-Tuberculosis
League; guests were members of the
staff who were associated with her. Her
many friends and colleagues wish Miss
Love all happiness and good health in
her retirement.

Anna Connor has resigned from the
staff of the Public Health Nursing
Division of the Department of Public
Health, Toronto. Miss Connor graduat-
ed from St. Michael's Hospital School
for Nurses. Previous to entering the
public health nursing field she did pri-
vate duty nursing and was assistant re-
gistrar a t the Central Registry for
Graduate Nurses, Toronto. Miss Connor
had a broad experience in distric.t pub-
lic health nursing, in hospital health
services, and as district superintendent.
She has guided many nurses, both stu-
dents and staff, in a kindly way, and a
wealth of good wishes are extended to
her that she may enjoy, to the full, the
years ahead.

ObituarIes

Madeline Anderson died recently in
Moose Jaw. Miss Anderson served as a
nurse during the Boer War, in which she
received wounds, and in W orId War I.
South African War veterans had charge
of her funeral.

Mrs. Anna Mary (Murray) Ross died
on September 24, 1945. Mrs. Ross was
a graduate of Mt. Clemens Sanatorium,
Michigan, and she nursed for a number
of years both in Saskatchewan and Bri-
tish Columbia.

DECEMBER. 19'"

Gladys Young died on September 6,
1945, in Halifax, N. S., after a lengthy
illness. A graduate of the Class of 1922
of the Victoria General Hospital, the
late Miss Young was a highly esteemed
and valuable member of the hospital
staff, having acted in the capacity of
head nurse on the third floor of the
Private Pavilion for four years. She was
later appointed as night superintendent
of the main hospital, which position she
held for nineteen years until the time of
her retirement in May, 1944.

STUDENT NURSES PAGE

The Student Nurse and the V.O.N.

A. ELIZABETH SCOONES
Student NurJe
School of Nursing, Vancouver General Hospital, B.C.

Student nurses are very fortunate
when they have an opportunity for af-
filiation with the Victorian Order of
.Nurses. Experience with this national
order of public he.a1th nursing is of great
value in developing interests and under-
standing outside the immediate care of
patients in hospital. But it does not end
there. It gives a very valuable introduc-
tion to the field of public health.
The Victorian Order of Nurses, now
nearly half a century old, has for its
primary objective the giving of bedside
nursing c.are in the home, combined with
health teaching. It is of great serrice
to the community, caring for the hea1th
needs of the rich and poor alike, regard-
less of race, colour, or creed. It works
in close co-operation with the hospital,
and the various community health and
welfare agencies. All cases nursed by
V.O.N. staff must be under the care of
,a physician who, of course, prescribes all
medication and treatment.
Every morning shortly after 8
o'clock, after the day's cases were listed
and their records sorted out, the fleet
of V.O.N. cars would leave the he.ad-
quarters, each with one or two public
health nurses and a student. The familiar
black bags containing all necessary equip-
ment would not be forgotten. The day's
work was always carefully planned to
conserve gasoline and prevent waste of
nurses' time. Off we would go driving

984

through sections of half asleep city to
the district.
First there were usu.ally diabetic hypos
to be given - perhaps to an old China-
man living in a wobbly rooming house,
or perhaps to a busy little housewife
anxious to learn how to do it herself.
Then there would be the maternity
cases-home confinements are rare
nowadays because hospitals are more
convenient for the doctors .and for the
patient. However, there are some mo-
thers who are only too glad to be home
after a few days in the hospital and let
the V.O.N. do the rest. This care con-
sists of bathing the baby in the presence
of the mother, eXplaining every step,
then giving obstetrical and general care
to the mother. Many young mothers
are very grateful to the V.O.N. for
coming in for three or four mornings
to bath the baby and explain the impor-
tant points in new-born care. The rest
of the morning would be spent in giv-
ing general care to a variety of patients.
To an old age pensioner who had had
a stroke, we would give a bed bath and
an enema explaining to his wife facts
about his diet, elimination, and the care
of his skin. For an old lady with ad-
vanced carcinoma of the breast we wotÙd
change her dressing and make her com-
fortable. There would be arthritic cases
and many other types of medical and
surgical patients. They are all appre-

Vol. 41 No. 12

S T U DEN T N U R SEA 1\ D THE V. O. N. 985

clatlve and wonder about paying for
the service. For those who can .afford it,
one dollar is charged per nursing visit
but there is a sliding scale for those who
cannot pay in full. The V.O.K. does not
rely on the fees of patients for carry-
ing on the work as civic and governmen-
tal authorities and the community chest
make annual grants.
The .afternoon would be
pent large...
ly in giving pre-natal ad vice on matters
of diet, exercise, elimination, signs and
symptoms of complications, and prepara-
tion of the baby's equipment, to the ex-
pectant mother. These patients are all
urgeò to have early regular medic.aI
supervision. Then there are the babies
to weigh and the mothers to be advised
about breast feeding, baby ras!1es, weekly
gain, etc. New-born supervisi0n is given
until the baby is six weeks old and ready
to attend wen-baby clinics. Often there
would be a sick child to go and see. \Ve
would t2.ke the temperature, examine

for rash, and, if necessary, advise the
mother to call the doctor. These instruc-
tive visits cost nothing and the results
arc seen in the he2lth
er generation of
Canadian children growing up today.
Our work as students was largely ob-
servation. As well as seeing for ourselves
what was being done and helping with
nursing care, we were given lectures on
the keeping of records which any organ-
ization must have in order to run
smoothly and efficiently, and lectures on
the medical and social resources in a
community such as ours. All of us, in
addition to en joying the work, at first
because of the novelty and later because
of the value, find that we can under-
stand the averaQ"e hospital patient so
much better and give him more than
just plain nursing care. \Ve feeI far
better equipped to give him sound health
teaching and advice as to where to
turn with his own and his family's dif-
ficulties.

Well Done, Student Nurses!

In the February, 1 945, issue of the
Journal we carried a story of the cam-
paign conducted by the student nur5es in
the Homoeopathic Hospital. Montreal,
to bring their total of student subscrip-
tions up to 100 per cent. During the in-
tervening months, a number of other
schools of nursing have joined the proud
number of those in which all the stud-
en!s have become
ubscrihers, either in-
dividuaIly or sharing a subscription with
a room-mate. The most recent group
to become 100 per cent subscribed is
the student body of the school of nurs-
ing of St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver.
\Vhv should student nurses subscribe
to the "national nursing Journal? As one
of their best sources of information, both
scientific and professional, they need to
have ready
ccess to The Canadian
Nu.rse. But, you say, our school sub-
!cribes - it is in our library. Yes, it is

DECEMBER, 194'

there, but do you ever read it unless
r ou have a definite assignment? \Ve
heard of one school where the Journal
was kept on a chain lest it disappear.
The incentive to read is lost. But, to have
your own copy, to have it right beside
your bed where you can take a glance
at it before you drop off to sleep, to mull
through it in your hours off-that is the
way to become thoroughly acquainted
with the JounUlI. Student nurse rates
of eighteen months for two dollars may
be applied right up to the day any stud-
ent completes her training. Take advan-
tage of this rate. Receive your own copy
of The Canadian Nurse. Keep up to the
minute with what is going on in every
part of Canada. And let us know when
your student body subscription list equals
that of the students of St. Paul's. We
will tell them about your school.
-M.E.K.

Letters to the Editor

With U NRRA in Germany
Perhaps you would like to have a little
bit of information about the work here, and
also about the Canadian nurses so that you
can put a news item in the ] ournal. I do
think we should have all the publicity pos-
sible. My official title is UNRRA Chief
Nurse, British Occupational Zone. This Zone
is divided into three districts and, as far as
the nursing organization is concerned, in
each district we have a district nursing super-
visor. Under her we will soon have appointed
field nursing supervisors who will have the
immediate supervision of the nursing acti-
vities of anywhere from four to ten teams.
Experience over here has taught us that all
UNRRA nurses down to, and including,
team level are really supervisors. For ex-
ample, an UNRRA team has control of a
group of Displaced Persons. This group
may be anywhere from twelve hundred to
five or more thousand. Obviously all of these
people are not located in one building; they
may be in many camps scattered over an
area having a radius of as much as twenty
miles. Therefore it is the job of the UNRRA
nurse to organize and supervise nursing ac-
tivities within the Centre, as we are trying
to stress the public health aspect of the pro-
gram. Where do we get the nurses, because
we are not engaging UNRRA nurses for
work any lower than team level? As I visit
the teams I am told that there are so many
Displaced Persons "nurses" working. Just
as soon as my field supervisors are appointed
they are going to get accurate details as to
the qualifications of these people. I very
much doubt that any considerable portion of
them are really qualified nurses. We may,
therefore, have to have some teaching pro-
gram for nurses' aides.
Our hospital policy is not definitely de-
fined as yet, but we are anticipating using
German civilian hospitals in which the nurs-
ing is done by the German nurses. In any of
those hospitals which I have visited to date
the D.P. patients !eem to be getting the very
best of care, and the German nurses tire
really devoted to their task.
Each Assembly Centre has its own parti-
cular problems, and no one program can be

986

set down. We can only work on general prin-
ciples. So far we feel that the team nurse
is responsible for organizing a child health
program, ante-natal clinics, instructions to
mothers in regard to the care of children,
supervision of the children's feeding and all
other aspects of the modern public health
program as we know it. My feeling to date
is that the best way to try to improve the
health standards of Displaced Persons is
through the professional members of their
own group. That is why we are going to en-
deavour to retain as many of the qualified
D.P. nurses as possible. The team nurse is
also responsible for visiting the German
hospitals, in which there are D.P. patients,
to supervise all nursing aspects of the care
given.
That, roughly, is our organizational set-up.
As a matter of fact I am still waiting for
one district nursing supervisor, as I am hop-
ing very much that an American who is
now stationed in the American Zone will
come over. The supervisors in the other two
districts are Australian and English res-
pectively. Our ideal of mixing members of
the team as to national groups was really
much too idealistic, but I do believe that it
is a good idea to have a supervisory group
as representative as possible, and thus, in the
meetings which we will be holding, we can
really get many different views.
You will probably be interested in know-
ing who the Canadian nurses are who are
in this Zone. In addition to myself we have
Janet Brenton,
Iargaret Inglis, Jean Laze-
cko, C. L. Bartsch, and Nora Madden. These
nurses came up from Italy about June 1.
N orena Mackenzie is in London and is
coming over here just as soon as she can
get her passage. The remainder of the Cana-
dian group arrived recently and included
Germaine Bernadin, Agnes May Dunn,
Frances Pearl, Lilian Rankin, Mary Wade,
Jean Watt, Edna Osborne, and Janet Vander-
well, and I believe there is one other Cana-
dian waiting in London to come - Marjorie
E. Lownds. I am drawing from the Cana-
dian group for some of the field nursing
supervisors but these appointments have not
yet been made.

Vol. 41 No. 12

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

987

This country is still as beautiful to me
as it appeared when we first arrived. I can-
not understand why Hitler permitted such
destruction. In the country the people seem
extremely industrious. Every inch of land
is cultivated. They have at last taken in
their harvest, but, because we had very heavy
rain in August, much of it was spoilt. Right
now the trees are beginning to change into
autumn colours, and in about a month's time
the hillsides should be very beautiful. I had
a trip down to Frankfurt, and going through
the Hartz Mountains reminded me so much
of home. Frankfurt has certainly been a
beautiful old city but the destruction has been
terrific, and going out of the luxurious hotel
into the streets, with rubble piled high and
the German workers emerging from their
cellars to go to work, was a bit hard to take.
About a couple of weeks ago I was lucky
enough to get in a trip to Denmark as we
are hoping to get some Danish nurses.
Copenhagen was as lovely as I had heard
that it was. There is a great shortage of
transport, and you are extremely lucky if
you manage to get a taxi. Incidentally ,\11
the taxis have a wood-burning appara-
tus on the back as there is no petrol. The
bicycle is very much in vogue and the Danes
ride their bicycles as though they were born
on them; their motions are most rhythmic.
It was grand to see the water again. Sur-
prisingly enough the Baltic is as blue as the
West Coast water I A few days before I
went to Copenhagen I visited some of the
camps along the shores of the Baltic in
Germany. Many times I really felt I was
driving through parts of Canada, especially
along some of the parts of Vancouver Island.
-LYLE CREELMAN.

A Course in Midwifery
The Department of Public Health is try-
ing to extend health services in Saskatche-
wan by organizing health units. There are
to be about seventeen, covering the more
densely populated àreas, and will have hos-
pital service, laboratory technicians, public
health staff, etc. This, however, does not
solve the problems in districts "far from the
madding crowd" where no doctor finds it
profitable to settle and where it may be too
expensive for the Department to put a doc-
tor full-time. As an experiment, nurses with
public health training and a course in mid-
wifery are to be tried in aforesaid lost and
gone areas.

DECEMBER, 194'

The Department is paying for the cour..
for two of us at the Maternity Centre Asso-
ciation of New York which I will briefly
describe.
The Maternity Centre Association was
formed in 1918 to give nursing care to mo-
thers who could not or would not be de-
livered in hospitals and among whom the
mortality rate was high. While still not a
large organization the M.C.A. does consid-
erable work and is now taking in about
twelve to eighteen students a year. The cour.
is about six months and gives considerable
clinic experience, pre- and post-natal care,
and deliveries in the "home, which the student
first observes, then later performs under the
watchful eye of a staff midwife. Anything
abnormal which would make delivery in the
home impracticable is refused if it shows
up in the ante-par tal period. Three doctors,
who give a day each week to the clinic, make
the decision as to whether or not each case
is suitable for home delivery, The patient
usually has two examinations by the doctor
pre-natalIy-one immediately after registra-
tion, the other in the last month-and ano-
ther examination at three months post-par-
tum. All the other regularly spaced examina-
tions are done by the students in the clinic
supervised by staff mdiwives.
Patients have Wassermann and smear,
hemoglobin and blood pressure at first exam-
ination. X-ray of chest is taken as soon as
possible. I f blood pressure is high, hyper-
tension treatment is started; if blood is low
in hemoglobin, iron is started and possibly
liver. Diet is computed on eight-day intake
and deficiencIes are explained and a better
diet urged. Vitamins and iron are routine in
the last two months. Over a period of time
it has been found that the mother is in bet-
ter condition post-natally than she was on
first admittance to clinic. The laboratory
service is being increased to include test for
Rh factor to eliminate the rare case that
might be a fatality. The service is practically
free. The charge of five dollars for the
whole service, plus a most reasonable charge
for iron and vitamins, places the service
within the reach of all parents.
The class work is taken care of by Miss
S. Could, instructress, and one of the doctors.
Weare on night caU quite a lot but have no
work other than study unless a call comes
in. Then off go staff, senior and junior
students into the tenements of Harlem,
Bronx or east Manhattan. There are two

988

Of H E CAN A D I A K i' LT R S E

groups on duty each night, each with the
same three "ratings", and a third group must
be ready to come back on duty if first and
second calI have gone out. There is also a
consultant midwife who can be caIled on
and on,e of the doctors is on call also. though
they are rarely called unless it is for extra
sedation, and occasionaIly a repair is needed.
It reaIly is a most enjoyable experience and
I think the course is one of great value.
The association of staff and student is
markedly lacking in formality and restraint.
The patient is led to think that the student
who delivers is the most important of the
two Even in the clinic" the staff are only
too glad to spend time and care in elucidat-
ing any problem to help the student. On
week-ends, which are two days entirely on
duty one week and the next week two days
off, the student has a chance to talk and
discuss many things with others. \Vhen she
is on for the wcek-end, staff and students
share meals and time together. The clinic is
situated on East 103rd Street with tenements
front, back and either side-a conglomerate
of races with their joys and troubles, angers
and amusements all on exhibit, as it were,
in the street. I find it most interesting. The
street itself is playground, nursery, park, and

show for most of the inhabitants. A foatbaU
game in the street itself, children's games on
the sidewalks, olGer people gossiping from
window to window and on steps. A mission
two doors down and across has a revival
every night with drums and cymbals, shouts
and groans. People grow, live, flirt, pray,
hate and love in this theatre, the street, in
a show that goes on and on. I don't blame
the people who spend an evening gazing and
calling from the ,\'indows. I do myself! (gaze
I mean of course).
In intervals we do other things - climb
the Statue oi Liberty, etc. \Ve were off last
week-end and wanted to go up the Hudson
but it rained so we did a little more of the
city instead. I hope I wiIl not get to like the
place too weU and not want to go back to
Saskatchewan. I don't think there is much
danger.
Iy ears just ache for silence some-
times.

-MARY P. EDWARDS

Editor's Note: :Miss Edwards has been en-
gaged in public health nursing in Saskat-
chewan for a number of years. \Ve share
her interesting account of the course in mid-
wifery which she is taking in Xew York.

Nursing Sisters' Association of Canada

The annual meeting of the Wïllniþcg Unit
was held in February at the home of Mrs.
J. D. Moulden and took the form of a box
dinner. The annual spring tea in June was
convened by Emily Parker and realiz
d the
sum of $300. A bridge held in the Fort
Rouge Branch of the Canadian Legion BaU
netted the war fund $275. This Unit has
worked mainly on behalf of the Women's
Voluntary Service in Britain but local needs
have not been neglected, contributions being
made to the train reception committee and
the Red Cross. Special mention goes to Mrs.
Margaret Payne who worked faithfully on
the train reception committee. Deepest sym-
pathy is extended to her in the loss of her
eldest son at Hong Kong. Many returned
nursing sisters were welcomed at the Re-
membrance Day tea.

Since registering under the ""Var Charities
Act in 1941 the Winnipeg Unit has raised
approximately $4500. Of this amount $3200
was sent to the British \Vomen's Voluntary
Service and $500 went to the Red Crms, the
balance being distributed as foIlows: Hong
Kong cigarette fund, women's naval auxil-
iary ditty bag fund, aid to Russia fund,
\Vinnipeg service centre, train reception
committee, British minesweepers iund,
Greek relief fund, Chinese war relief fund,
and homeward bound carnival.
Mrs. Hamblin and family are now in
Vancouver. At a luncheon, prior to her de-
parture, she was presented with a suitably
framed petit point picture as a token of the
Unit's regard. Maud Andrew, of California,
formerly a nursing sister of Winnipeg, was
also a guest. Mrs. McLeod, of Kamloops.

Vol. 41 No. 12

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Only three drops daily-the average dose of
Navitol with Viosterol-and the normal
child is assured prophylaxis against rickets
throughout his entire growing period.
Three drops supply 5,000 U.S.P. units of
vitamin A and 1,000 U.S.P. units of vita-
min D -the maximum potencies of con-

For literature I u'rite
E. R. Squibb & Sons of Canada, Limited
36-48 Caledonia Road, Toronto

SQUIBB

f/1AJ

centrated Oleovitamin A and D specified
by U.S.P. XII. With Navitol, you gain
all the advantages of the modem three-
drop dosage. Palatable, easy for babies to
digest. Practically odorless, easy on
mothers. Economical, too. A three-drop
dose costs only half a cent daily.

WITH VIOSTEROL

MAN U F ACT U RI N G C HEM 1ST S TOT HEM ED I C ALP R 0 FE S S ION SIN eEl 8 5 8

DECEMBER, 194' 989,

990

THE CANADIAN NURSE

M c G ILL U N I V E
R S
I T" Y

_ __ L.-:';i,
SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES
The following courses are offered to graduate nurses:
A TWO-YEAR COURSE LEADING One-1/ear certificat
courses:
TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR .
O' NURSING. OPPORTUNITY IS Teachlngl & ,Supervision in
PROVIDED FOR SPECIALIZATION Schools of Nursing.
IN FI ELD OF CH OICE. Public Health Nursing.
Administration in Schools of
Nursing.
Administration & Supervision
in Public Health Nursing.

SUPERVISION IN PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING

A twelve-month course of
correlated theory and practi-
ce in this special field will be
available to a selected group
of nurses who have had satis-
factory experience following
graduation.

Four-month courses:
Ward Teaching & Supervision
Administration & Supervision in
Public Health Nursing.

For information apply to:
School for Graduate Nurses, McGill University, Montreal 2

B.c., the first president of the Unit, and
now an honourary member, was a visitor
in Winnipeg last summer. Her niece, N /S
Hall who went overseas with No.5 unit from
Winnipeg, has returned and is taking her
second year of the pre-medical course at
Manitoba University. She received the A.R.
R.c. and was mentioned in despatches for her
overseas service. May Best, one of the Unit's
original members, who has been superin-
tendent of the American hospital in Mexico
City since 1926, is now on the staff of the
Alameda Hospital, Calif. A prospective new
member for the Unit is Mrs. Lebetter,
formerly of Yarmouth, N.S. and Ottawa.
The Toronto Unit held a garden party
and tea in June at the home of Mrs. E. W.
Mitchell. Over two hundred nursing sisters
attended, including fifty recently returned
from overseas. The hostess received with the
president, Mrs. Gilbert Storey, and Matron
Mary Shaffner of Chorley Park Military
Hospital. The social convener, Mrs. Arthur

Biggar, and her assistants were in charge
of all arrangements. Cot. Agnes Neill, Ma-
tron-in-Chief, R.C.A.M.C., was the guest
speaker at the Remembrance Day dinner.
Miss C. J. Stuart's recent visit to Toronto
was the reason for a get-together of No.4
C.G.H. overseas (1915-1918) when Mrs.
Driver gave a tea, as did Maud Wilkinson.
Miss Stuart was the former superintendent
of the Red Cross in Regina. Gladys Sharpe,
formerly superintendent of nurses, Toronto
Western Hospital, has left for Columbia
University to complete her course for the
degree of B.Sc. in Nursing, part of which
was taken at Bedford College, England.
Ethel Greenwood is back in civilian life
and now makes her home in Woodstock,
Onto Mrs. George Hanna has retired from
active duties with the Emergency Nursing
Reserve of the Toronto Branch of the Red
Cross. Marion Henderson will spend the
winter in Florida and Marguerite Carr-
Harris will be in Montreal.

Vol. 41 No. 12

NEW S

NOTES

ALBERTA

EDMONTON:
University HosPital:
Over two hundred couples attended the
recent annual ball of the University of Al-
berta Hospital Alumnae Association held in
"The Barn". Student nurses and nursing
students at the university were also invited.
The medical theme was carried out in all
decorations, the orchestra pit taking on the
appearance of an operating room. Miniature
nurses caps, made by the students, were given
as favours.
Velma Clarke and Elna Eickmeyer headed
the committee in charge of arrangements.
Patronesses were Helen Peters, superinten-
dent of nurses; Madeline McCulla, director
of the University School of Nursing; and
Mrs. Jack Morrison, president of the
alumnae. Proceeds of the dance will be used
to buy a record player for the new nurses
home.

BRITISH COLUMBIA
COWICHAN CHAPTER:
A well-attended meeting of the Cowichan
Chapter, RN.A.B.C., was held recently at
King's Daughters Hospital, Duncan, when
both registered and graduate nurses were
represented. The evening took the form of
a social gathering in honour of the seven
V.A.D.s of the local Red Cross, who have
worked so willingly for the duration of
the war. They were presented with colonial
bouquets by the president. An interesting
paper from The Canadian Nurse was read
to the members. Mr. C. Giesen, who has re-
cently returned from overseas, showed motion
pictures of Peru and New Zealand. Musical
selections and refreshments concluded the
evening.

VANCOUVER CHAPTER:

Mrs. Grundy, president, Misses Breeton,
Hawkins, McCann, Reeve, D. Jamieson,
Hockins, J. E. Jamieson, and Mrs. Faulkner,
members of the executive of the Vancouver
Chapter, R.N.A.B.C., on behalf of the Van-
couver Chapter, entertained the nursing sis-
ters and V.A.D.s from H.M.S. Imþlacable.
A drive on Sunday afternoon was followed
,by dinner. Members of the Council of the
. R.N.A.B.C. were invited to meet the nursing
. sisters and V.A.D.s as were the presidents of
the alumnae associations of the Vancouver
General Hospital (E. McCann), St. Paul's
Hospital (Mrs. McKenzie), and Royal Col-
umbian Hospital, New Westminster (Mrs.
Blackburn). The place of each nursing sister
and V.A.D. was identified at the table by

DECEMBER, 194'

?

GA\101
1,'\IE 1""ER"'P

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thalein .th h a
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t1\inetal. 0 "pet
sta dequ ate
h e 1S nO ......1\d, a . \ SS
'{ et f ficient... ce pa 1n . e ,
but SU . n to pt odu vacuat1on.
stit1\u\a t1O d timed. e f A.ga to \
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- ^ '{he P it easy to gtOwnup 0
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the t1\ost
child.

. ,
:,

OMNIS 011815 The Hall-mark of

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WARNER 727 KING ST. W., TORONTO
ESTAILI SHED 11)(0

991

992

THE CANADIAN NURSE

UNIVERSITY OF
MANITOBA

Post Gr.duate Courses for
N urlel

Th.
Iowing one-year certificate
courses are offered in:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
2. TEACHING A.ND SUPERVISION IN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING
J. ADMINISTRATION IN SCHOOLS
OF NURSING

For information apply to:

Director
Scltool of Nursing Education
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Man.

THE VICTORIAN ORDER OF
NURSES FOR CANADA

Has vacancies for supervisory and
.taff nurses in various parts of
Canada.
Applications will be welcomed
from registered nurses with post-
graduate preparation in public
health nursing and with or with-
out experience.
Registered nurses without pre-
paration will be considered for
temporary employment.

Apply to:
Miss Elizabeth Smellie
Clal.' S...rlataM.t
114 W.llIa.toD Street,
Ottawa.

a maple leaf and on the leaf rested a "Thun-
derbird" souvenir spoon of Vancouver.
These spoons were the gift of the three
alumnaes and were presented to the guests
of honour by Miss McCann. On Monday
the presidents of the alumnaes went on board
the H.M.S. I mþlacable to present spoons
to N IS Colley and the V.A.D.s who remained
on duty on Sunday. They were afterwards
conducted over the ship. On Monday eve-
ning Mmes Grundy, Geddes, Misses McCann,
Reeve, Breeton, Hawkins, and J. E. Jamie-
son were invited to a party on board ship
and a tour completed an enj oyable visit.
Lieut.
Iargaret Jamieson is back home,
arriving in Canada on the Ile de France.
Miss Jamieson was recently mentioned in
despatches.
Vancouver General HosPital:
The following nurses are doing post-
graduate work in the operating room: E.
McCann, formerly instructress at the Royal
Columbian Hospital and the V.G.H.; Helen-
Saunders, recently with the RCA.M.C; A.
Holmes, of the Royal Columbian Hospital;
Joan Taylor, of the Hospital for Sick Chil-
dren, Toronto; A. Odegarde of the Sas-
.katoon City Hospital; E. Kenny, of St.
Joseph's Hospital, Winnipeg. G. McFadyen,
formerly with the RCA.M.C, has returned
to the O.R staff. In January Miss McFad-
yen will attend the University of \Vashington
in Seattle.

NOVA SCOTIA

CANSO:
After a vacancy of several months, the'
position of Victorian Order district nurse at
Canso has been filled by Florence Rand
(Victoria General Hospital, Halifax), of
Canard, who has gone to take up her duties
there. 11iss Rand has been on the V.O.N.
Halifax staff since July, 1944. She succeeds
Mrs. M. Hill who has gone to reside in
Hampton, N.B. The Canso district includes
Hazel Hill, Canso Tickle and Glasgow Head.
YARMOUTH & SHELBURNE COUNTIES:
Registered nurses in Yarmouth and Shel-
burne Counties, to the number of twenty-
five, have organized and are now a branch
of the Registered Nurses Association of
N ova Scotia. For some time the nursing
fraternity in this area has recognized the
value of organizing a permanent group here
to further and maintain the interests of the
nursing profession and to inaugurate many
suggested activities which a combination of
unity and action could bring to such a group.
The following are the executive officers of
the branch: president, Muriel Rice; vice-
president, Mrs. Paul Trask; secretary, Mar-
garet Boutilier; treasurer, Adelaide Munro.

Vol. 41 No. 12

NEWS NOTES

993

7
de
eou,
h- -

, ,

At the first sign of a cold, many physi-
cians feel that treahnent should include
a mild, yet thorough laxative. Phillips'
:!\Iilk of :!\Iagnesia provides mild
laxation, and in addition is an effective
antacid for gastric acidity.

GENU'lIt
:
i I PHt

JPS'

'
,,'I. Of MAGNE:f\ r
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11, ! 1 1

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, :,,:=.
--. _.u '. ::::
"
:..

:.,,:
.:.::

.::. ..n

Z)tJ44tJe :

As. gentle la:r:atiro
2 to 4 tablespoonfuls
As an antacid
1 to 4 teaspoonfuls or 1 to 4 tablets

PHILLIPS'
_?Ita, D/

PREPARED ONLY BY

THE CHAS. H. PHILLIPS CO. DIVISION
of Sterl;nf!. Dnlg In. .
1019 I:LLIOTT STH I::ET. ,. \Hl\DSOR. ONTARIO

ONTARIO

Editor's Note: District officers of the
Registered Nurses Association may obtain
information regarding the publication of
news items by writing to the Provincial
Convener of Publications, Miss Gena Bam-
forth, 54 The Oaks, Bain Ave., Toronto 6.

DISTRICT 1

CHATHAM:
Public General Hospital:
At a recent wen-attended meeting of the
Chatham Public General Hospital Alumnae
Association plans were made for a tea and
òazaar. Mrs. M. Sheldon and Mrs. J. c.
MacWiIliam are in charge of the tea and
Annie Head will be responsible for the
bazaar. A drive is now underway for more
subscriptions to the Journal.

DISTRICTS 2 AND 3

BRANTFORD:
At the first fan meeting of the Brantford
General Hospital Alumnae Association it
was decided to divide the members into
groups, with a captain for every group.
Each group will take turns in being respon-

DECEMBER, 1945

sible for the program every month. Every
section will also try to raise at least ten
dollars for the alumnae.
At a later meeting Dr. J. R Calder gave
an interesting talk on his overseas experi-
ences. The members also heard the Rev.
G. Deane Johnston who served overseas for
five years as chaplain with the army. Among
other things, he told of the immediate care
of the wounded on the battlefield.

DISTRICT 4

HAMILTON:
A meeting of the Hamilton Chapter, Dis-
trict 4, RN.A.O., was held recently at the
Mount Hamilton Residence with H. Snedden
presiding. Squadron Leader Dr. P. Voelker
presented to the well-attended meeting, by
motion pictures, the methods used in the
rehabilitation of the returned soldiers in the
military hospitals. A social hour followed.

Hamilton General Hospital:
At a recent meeting of the Hamilton Gen-
eral Hospital Alumnae Association the mo-
tion to a change in the Constitution was
passed whereby the alumnae fees are raised
two dollars per year. Edith Dick, acting
director of the Nurse Registration Branch,
told of her experiences with the Canadian
Hospital unit overseas.
E. Bingeman and E. Ferguson, from the

994

THE CANADIAN NURSE

ROY AL VICTORIA
HOSPIT AL
SCHOOL OF NURSING
MONTREAL
COURSES FOR GRADUATE
NURSES
1. A four-months course in ObstetrIc-
al Nursing.
2. A two-months course in Gyneco-
loalcal Nursing.
Fin !unh,r information åpply to:
MI.. Caroline Barrett, R.N., Su-
r;nlsor of the Women's Pavilion,
0181 Victoria Hospital, Montreal.
P. Q.
or
Mlaa F. Munroe, R. N., Superin-
tendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria
H08Pltal, Montreal,P. Q.

TORONTO HOSPITAL
FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Weston, Ontario
THREE MONTHS POST-
GRADUATE COURSE IN THE
NUR SING CARE, PRE.
VENTION AND CONTROL
OF TUBERCULOSIS

la offered to Regf8tered NUl....
Thl8 Includes organized tbeoret\

tn8truction and 8upervi8ed eUn1ea1
experience In all department&
Salary - $80 per montb with full
maintenance. Good living conditions.
Poeltlons available at conclusion of
course.

For Jun"" particulars app(, to:
Superintendent orNuneø. Toronto
H
pltaI. W.,.toD, Oatar1o.

H.G.H. staff, are taking post-graduate.
courses at the University of Toronto School
of Nursing.

DISTRICT 6
PETERBOROUGH:

Arrangements have been made with Sta-
tion CHEX for a "spot" morning broadcast
three times a week and once a month
for fifteen minutes, in order that the public
may become better acquainted with the ser-
vices that the public health nursing field
has to offer.
Ruth Kirkpatrick, Victorian Order nurse,
has been granted leave of absence to take a
course in public health nursing at the Uni-
versity of Toronto under a V.O.N. scholar-
ship.
e me Hospital:
Evelyn Lawless has been engaged as
supervisor of nursing. Mae Renwick, who
has completed a course in teaching and
supervision at the University of Toronto, is
in charge of the surgical department, north
pav11ion. 'Evelyn Reid is in charge of the
surgical department, second floor, following
a course in clinical supervisiqn in surgery
at the University of Toronto. Margaret
McIntyre is taking a refresher course in
obstetrics at the University of Toronto,
while Mary Robson and Muriel Langmaid
have registered for the course in clinical
supervision in surgery.

St. Joseph's HospiN//:
Sister M. Loretta is taking a course in
advanced obstetrics at the University of
Toronto.

DISTRICT 8
Ottawa General H osp1tal:
Sisters M. Alban, St. Vatere, and Made-
leine of Jesus recently attended the meetings
of the Canadian Hospital Council and the
Catholic Hospital Association of Canada
held in Hamilton.
Having completed a post-graduate course
in surg-ery and operating room technique at
St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Sister
Andre Marie has returned to the staff a!
operating room supervisor. Viola Downie Is
now nurse-in-charge of the Red Cro!s
Outpost in Apsley, Ont.
The following sisters from the O.G.H. are
taking the nursing education and administra-
tion course at the University of Ottawa:
Sisters M. Alban, Helen of Rome, Andre
Marie, M. Helen. St. Martial. Raymond de
Marie, M. Leonille, St. Honorine, St. Ger-
maine, Elizabeth Marie. K. Bayley, G. Oark,
F. Fournier. M. Nadon, and J. Page are
taking the public health nursing course at
the University of Ottawa, while M. Joyce I.
at the McGill Schoot for Graduate Nurses.

Vol. 41 No. 12

QUEBEC

NEWS NOTES

995

MONTREAL:
Montreal General Hospital:
At a recent meeting of the Montreal Gen-
eral Hospital Alumnae Association Dr. A.
F. Fowler read a paper entitled "Presentin

Newer Aspects of Diabetes". After the meet-
ing a reception was arranged by the enter-
tainment committee for the nursing sisters
recently demobilized. A hearty welcome was
also given to those recently returned from
South Africa.
Recent graduates who have joined the staff
are: Ruth Francis, B.A., in charge of the
third floor recently opened in the Private
Patients Pavilion, Western Division; E. F.
Barnhill, J. E. Donaghy, M. E. Everson,
A. M. Hamilton, E. D. Heatlie, E. H. Lis-
son, J. 1. Lisson, E. C. MacDonald, J. I.
Morrow, A. F. Shea, on nursing staff, Cen-
tral Division. Cecil M. MacDonald is now
in charge of the S.O.R., Central Division,
replacing Isabel Davies who recently re-
signed. (See P. 897, Nov. 1945 issue of the
lournal. )
Mabel Shannon, head nurse in gynecology,
Ward 0, and Elsie Denman, in charge of
eye, ear, nose and throat unit, recently spent
ten days in New York City on an educational
tour of the hospitals in connection with their
respective services. They made their first
flight to and from New York.
N/S Margaret J. McCann received the
M.B.E. prior to her departure from England.
Miss McCann was decorated for her work
under fire in Italy. A recent visitor to the
school was Mrs. Jackson (Boyd) Crawford
who came to say fare.well before leaving to
join her husband in India.
Royal Victoria Hospital:
The Alumnae Association recently held its
first meeting of the fall when about fifty
nursing sisters were welcomed at a reception
by the members of the association.
We welcome to our staff: K. Marsha1t
(Ontario Mental Hospital and University
of Toronto) as instructor, Al1an Memorial
Institute; E. Long (Royal Alexandra Hos-
pital, Edmonton, and McGiU School for
Graduate Nurses) as instructor, Montreal
Neurological Institute. .
Elizabeth Hughes is now clinical instruc-
tor, women's pavilion. Marguerite McDouga1t
and Rita Ackhurst who, until recently, were
with the R.C.A.M.C., are back on the hospital
staff-Miss McDougall in charge of Ross
3 and Miss Ackhurst in the main operating
room. Evelyn Ward has taken a position
with the YouviUe Hospital, Noranda.
Margaret Mowat, who served with the
R.C.A.M.C., is doing post-graduate work
in the neurosurgery operating room at the
Presbyterian Hospital, N ew York. Adelaide
Haggart, science instructor, spent two weeks
at Yale University studying the integration
of science teaching.
DECEMBER. 194'

...
.

4

..

#

BAB Y '
7: SOWN
ASLErs

A time-pro-
.en reliable
"HeYia. aid
for infant'. .imple con.tipation, t..min. fe-
ven, .tomach up..t.. A boon to mothen en"
nune. a. an evacuant in the dige.rive du.
turbance. which often accompany teedtm.
.r which .om.time. follow a chaD8e of food,
where prompt )'et gende elimination i. de-
.irable. Sympathetic to babÿ. delicate .,...
tem. No. opiat
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'ro... eoa. .. Coaat

996

1'HE CANADIAN NURSE

DIRECT CONTACT
FOR
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Medicated vapor. impinae directly and f.r
extended perioda upon m.ea.ed rHpiratol'7
.udacH. Thi. i. the method .f Vapo-Cr_o-
lene. Throat Irritability i. quick},. Hoth'"
coughing and nasal congestion sub.ide. Used ..
to alleviate whoopina cough paros:,..m. .bo
for ..cold.... bronchial a.thma and bron
hitl. r
Send for Nur.ea' literat.re, Dept. 5, Th
\'
Vapo-Cn.olene C.., 104 St. LawreDc. BI....
Montreal I, Canada. ' .-

..

r.

.F'
f'

/

, , .-

SASKA TCHEW AN
MAPLE CREEK:
The Maple Creek Chapter recently met
at the home of Mrs. Broome to say "Good-
bye" to Mrs. L. (Cheeseman) Quick and
"Hello" to Margaret Smith. Mrs. Quick
and family are leaving for their new home
at Creston, B.c. Margaret Smith is back
from overseas, having spent three years with
No.8 CG.H. Compacts were presented to
the two guests and a delightful lunch was
served by Mmes Broome, Hoffman, and
Small.
Nellie Henley, ]. MacNeill, and Alice Ro-
berge were recently appointed to the staf f

PRINCIPLES
OF
PEDIATRICS
AND
PEDIATRIC NURSING

BY CECILIA M. KNOX

.Just off the press. Thi. valuable new
textbook deal. with the child in both
health and disease, from the .tandpoint of
Ita total behaviour and development:
physica.l, mental, social, and emotional.
Units are: I. A history of pediatric.;
U. Growth and development of the child;
In. Nutrition in childhood; IV. Guidance
and care of children: V. Diseasea of the
newborn child: VI-XIII. Disea.ea of child-
hood. 627 pagea, outlinea and bibliograph7
for each chapter, 68 illustrationa. 14.40.

THE RYERSON PRESS
TORONTO

of the Maple Creek General Hospital. Mrs.
Ella Gunderson, night supervisor, has return-
ed to her home at Golden Prairie, Sask.

MOOSE JAW:
Rev. Sister Bonaventure has been appoint-
ed superior of the Providence Hospital.

REGINA:
May Reid has been appointed as super-
,visor of the newly-opened D.V.A. wing at
the Regina General Hospital. Miss Reid
served with the RCA.M.C. for three years.
SASKATOON:
Lucy Willis was recently the first speaker
of the season at the "Choice Nights" organ-
ized by the Y.W.CA. Young Business Wo-
men's Group. Miss Willis spoke on "Health
in its Broader Aspects".

City Hospital:
A preliminary class of forty-five students
recently began studies at the City Hospital.
Gerda Schuman, and Ruth Gilroy who was
recently discharged from the RCA.M.C.,
have been appointed as clinical instructors.
Mabel Barry, who has been with the V.O.N.
for the past year, has been appointed as surgi-
cal supervisor. Mrs. E. (Gloeckler) Dun-
canson has returned to the staff as medical
supervisor.
Mrs. ]. Porteous, recently discharged from
the RCA.F., and H. Bright, a member of the
staff previous to enlistment in the RCA.M.C.,
are completing administration courses at the
McGill School for Graduate Nurses. Mrs. C
(MacKay) Robinson, who has spent the past
three and a half years in nursing service
in South Africa, will leave shortly for
England to join her husband.

Y ORKTON:
Madeline Farbacher has resigned her posi-
tion on the staff of the Yorkton General
Hospital to be married. A presentation was
recently made to Mrs. (Langstaff) MacRae
whose marriage took place recently.
Vol. 41 No. 12

WANTED

Vancouver General Hospital desires applications from Registered Nurses
for General Duty. State in first letter date of graduation, experience, ref.er-
ences, etc., and when services would be available
Eight-hour day and six-day week. Salary: $95 per month living out, plus
$19.92 Cost of Living Bonus, plus laundry. One and one-half days sick leave
per month accumulative with pay. Employees' Hospitalization SocIety. Super-
annuation. One month vacation each year with pay. Investigation should be
made with regard to registration in British Columbia, Apply to:
:\liss E. 1\1. Palliser, Director of Nurses, Vancouver General Hospital
Vancouver, B. C.

WANTED

Graduate Nurses are required for General Duty in a well-equipped 35-bed
hospital. 8-hour day and 6-day week. The salary is $22 (less income tax) per
week with full maintenance. Apply to:
Superintendent of Nurses, Anson General Hospital, Iroquois Falls, Onto

WANTED
A qualified Instructress is required immediately for the Portage la Prairie
General Hospital. Apply, stating qualifications, experience, and salary expected,
to:
Superintendent. Pnrtag-e )a Prairie General Hospital. Portage la Prairie, :Man.

WANTED

An Instructress of Xurse<; is required for the Kennra General Hospital.
Duties are to commence on February 1. Apply to:
Superintendent, Kenora General Hospital, Kenora, Ont.

WANTED

Floor Duty
urses are required at the narrie :\lemorial HOSl)ital. The
salary is $85.00 per month. Apply to:
SUl)erintendent, Barrie :\Iemurial Huspital. Ormstu\\ n. P. Q.

ANTED
Applications are invited for the following positions in tl 'i8-bed hospital
wilh good working and living conditions:
OuaW'ied, experienced Obstetrical Supervisor for a dept. of 15 beds. Qualifieå
Dietitian.
Apply, stating full particulars and qualifications, to:
ì::'J!J.perintendent. Chipman )Iemorial Hospilal. St. Stephen, X. B.

WANTED
General Duh Xurses are reauired for a 100-bed Sanatorium. Tre falary
is $90 to $100 p
r month, with {ull maintenance. Four w<'ek<:' vacatiol1 with
ray is allowed each year. State in first letter date of graduation, experience,
ref rence
. etc. anti ",hpn service'" would he
va.l:'l'_lf 1-\'''11
'liss ,I.
lcCort. Supt. of Xurses.
ia
ara "'eninsula Sanatorium,
St. Catharines. On1.

DECEMBER. 1945

99ï

WANTED
Applications are invited for the following positions in the Hamilton
General Hospital:
Assistants for the Delivery Floor - day and night. Salary, $97 to $112 per
month, plus complete maintenance.
General Duty nurses for Obstetrical Dept. Living in, $82.50 per month; living
out, $100 per month.
Superintendent of Nurses, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ont.

WANTED
Verdun Protestant Hospital desires applications from nurses for General
Staff Duty. State in first letter, date of graduation, experience, and when
services would be available. Registered Nurses are also required for the posi-
tion of Assistant Night Supervisor and as Charge Nurses for wards. Apply to:
Director of Nursing, Verdun Protestant Hospital, Box 6034, Verdun, P. Q.

WANTED

A Night Supervisor is required for a 50-bed Maternity Hospital. Apply,
stating qualifications, salary, etc., to:
Superintendent, Catherine Booth Mothers Hospital, 4400 Walkley Ave.,
1\Iontreal 28, P. Q.

WANTED

Graduate nurses are required for General Floor Duty at the Nova Scotia
Sanatorium, Kentville, N. S. The salary is $85 per month, with full main-
tenance. For further information apply to:
Nova Scotia Civil Service Commission, Provincial House, Halifax, N. S.

WANTED

A competent nurse is required for the position of Operating Room Super-
visor. Apply, with references, stating experience and salary required to:
Superintendent, Prince County Hospital, Summerside, P. E. I.

WANTED

A class room Instructress for a 120-bed hospital. Apply stating qualifi-
ea tions, experience and salary expected, to:
The Superintendent, Stratford General Hospital, Stratford, Onto

WANTED

A Dietitian and a Supervisor for a Tuberculosis Annex are required im-
mediately for the Highland View Hospital, Amherst. Apply, stating qualifica-
tions, to:
Business Manager, Highland View HOiìpital, Amherst, N
S.

998

Vol. 41 No. 12

Official Directory
THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

1411 Crescent St., Montreal 2S, P. Q.
Preeldent ...................._...._ Miss Fanny Munroe, Royal Victoria Hospital.
lontreal 2, P. Q.
Pa.t President ......................Mis8 Marion Lindebur
h. 8466 University Street.
luJ\tleal 2, P. Q.
I'Int Vice-Pre.ident ..............Mis. Rae Chittick. Normal School, Cal
ary, Alta.
Itecend Vice-President .......... Mi8s Ethel Cryderman. 2
1
herbllUlllc
tl eet. Toronto 2, Onto
Honourary Secretary ............ Miss Evelyn Mallory. U niverøity of British Columbia. V ancou vel'. B. 0.
Benourary Trea.urer .........._Mis. Marjorie Jenkin., Children's Hospital, Halifax, N. S.

COUNCILLORS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COl\n.nTTEE
Nunuralß indieat. office held: (I) President. Pr01nncial Nurses Association;
(I) Chairman. Hoøpital and S:Aool of Nvrnn, Section; (3) ChaÚ-man, Pvbllc
llealth Section; (6) Chairman. General Nvrnng Section.

Albutal (1) Miss B. A. Beattie, Provincial Mental
Hospital, Punoka; (2) Miss B. J. von Grueni-
cen, Calgary General Hospital; (3) M.rs. R.
Sellhorn, V.O.N., Edmonton; (4) l\hss N.
Sewallis, 9918-108th St., Edmonton.

aØti.b Columbia:(I) Miss E. Mallory. 108ð W.
11th Ave., Vancouver; (2) Miss E.
elson.
\aUClIUVt:1 üCllelal Hospllal; /3) l\hss T.
Hunter, ..238 W. lIth AVe.. Vancouver; (01)
Miss E. Otterbine, 133-1. Nicola St.. Ste.
,
Yancouver.

Maniloba: (l) Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Wlnnlp,e.
General Hospital: (I) Miss B. Seeman, "ID.
alpeC General Hospital; (3) Miss H. Miller,
723 Jessie Ave., Winnipe
: (4)
Irs. J.
lac-
Tavish, 8 Willingdon Apt
.. Winnipe
.

New Brun!.wick: (1) Miss M. Myers. Saint John
General Hospital; (2) Miss M. Murdoch,
Saint John General Hospital; (3) Miss M.
Hunter, Dept. of Health, Fredericton; (4)
Mrs. M, O'Neal, 170 Douglas Ave., Saint John.

Nova Scotia: (1) Miss R. MacDonald, City of
Sydney Hospital; (2) Sister Catherine Gerard,
Halifax Infirmary; (8) Miss M. Ross. V.O.N.,
Pictou; (4) Miss M. MacPhail, 29 St. Peter's
Rd., Sydney.

Ontario: (1) Miss Jean I. Masten, H.spltal fe.
Sick Children, Toronto: (2) Miss B. Mcl'h.
dran, Toronto Western Huspital; (3) Miss M.C.
Livingston 1101 Wellington St.. Ottawa: (.)
Miss K. Layton, 3 H Sherbourne St., Toronto
2.
Prince Edward Island: (J) Miss D. Cox, 101
Weymouth St.. Charlottetown: (2) Sr. M.
Irene. Charlottetown Hospital; (3) Miss S.
Xe\Vsun, Junior Red Cross. Charlottetown; (4.)

liss M. Lannigan. Charlottetown Hospital.
Quebec: Miss E. Flanagan, 3801 University 51..

Iontl"eal 2: (2) Re\. Sr. Denise Lefebvre,
Institut Marguerite d'YouvilIe, 1185 St. Mat-
thews St.,
Iontreal 25; (3) Miss A. Girard.
rEcole d'infirmières hygiénistes, University
of :\luntreal, 29110 Mt. Royal Blvd., Montreal
26; (..)
liss E. Killins, 1230 Bishop St..

lontreal 25.
Saskatchewan: (I) Mrs. D. Harrison, 110-1. EI-
!iott St., Saskatoon; (2) Miss A. Ralph,

loose Jaw General Hospital; (3) Miss E.
Smith. Dept. of Public Health. Parliament
Bldgs., Regina; (4) Mrs. V. M. McCrory, 4,0t-
19th St. E., Prince Albert.
Chair' lien, National Sections: HU!'I(Jltal and
School of Kursing:
liss
Iartha f!atson, 1\1on-
treal General Hospital. Public Health: MI.
Helen
IcArthur, 218 Administration llIdg.,
Edmonton, Alta. General Nursing; Mia
Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St.. Wtnnlpet,

Ian. Convener, Committee on Nursln'! Educa-
tion: Miss E. K. Russell. 7 Queen 1'1 Park.
TOf"onto. Onto

OFFICERS OF NATIONAL SECTIONS
Gøan"l Nursing: Chairman, Miss Pearl Brownell, 212 Balmoral St., \Vinnipeg, Man. First Vie.
Chairman, Miss Helen Jolly, 323-1 College A ve., Re
ina, Sask. Second Vice-Chairman, Mi.
Dorothy Parsons, 376 George St., Fredericton N. B. Sen'etary-Treasurer Miss Mar...aret E.
Warren, 64 Niagara st., 'Winnipeg, Man.' '"
H.sþ;t.m ."d. School of Nu
sing: Chairman, Miss Martha Batson. Montreal General Hospital. Fird
VIce-Chairman, Rev. Sister Clermont, St. Bo niface Hospital, Man. Second Vice-Chairmaft.
Miss G. Bamforbh,
.. The Oaks, Bain Ave., Toronto, Onto Secretary, :\fiss "era Graham, Homoeo-
pathic Hospital, :\Iontreal.
...hUe l!efllth: C:haÎ1'
an, Miss H
len McArt
ur, 218 Administration Bldg., Edmonton, Alta. Vie.
Chatrman, MIss Mildred I. \, alker, Institute of Puhlic Health. London Onto Secretarfl-Tr

uTer, Miss Sheila MacKa}', 211>> Admmistration Bld
., Edmonton, Alta. '
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

International Council of Nurses: 1819 Broadway, New York City 23, U.S.A. Executive SecretaTJI,
Miss Anna Schwarzenberg.
Ç."IId;an Nursl!s Auociation: Ull Crescent St., Montreal 25, P. Q. fieneral SecrefaT1l, Miss Ger-
trude M. Hall. Assistant Secretaries, Miss Electa MacLennan, Miss Winnifred Cooke.
PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
IIlhnta Au'n of Registered NurHS: Miss Elizabeth B. Rogers, St. Stephen's College, Edmonton.
It.
Ki,tered NUrsl!S Au'n of British Columbia: Miss Alice L. Wright, 1014 Vancouver Block, Va.D-
couver.
IItmitobtJ Au'n of RI!Kistered Nuues: (Acting) Mrs. :\farion E. Bot'ifonL 21
Balmoral St., "Tinnlpeg.
N_ Brunswick Au'n of Registered Nurses: :\flss Alma F. Law, 29 Wellington Row, Saint John.
It...;stered Nurses Au'n of No..-" Seoti,,: Miss Jeas C. Dunning, 301 Barrington St., Halifax.
It.e.;lIered Nurse. Au'n of OntflTio: Miss Matilda E. Fitzgerald. Rm. 71
. 86 :ploor St. 'V.. Toronto '.
Prince Edward Island Regi"ered Nursl!S Au'n: Miss Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown.
a..i.tl!red Nunes Au'n of the PrO'J'ince of Quehl!cI
lisR E. Frances Upton, 1012
Iedical Arts Blde..
Uontreal 2
.
I4øltøkhl!wMl Registered Nurse. Au'n:
Ii
s Kathleen W. Ellis. 10"' Saskatchewan Hall, Unfyentt.,. fill
Sa.c;katchewan, Saskatoon.

DECEMBER, 1945

999

Provincial Associations of Registered Nurses

ALBERTA

Alberta Association of Registered Nunn
Pres., Miss B. A. Beattie, Provincial }.fental
Hospital, Ponoka; First Vice'-Pres.. Miss H. G.
McArthur; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss E. K. Connor;
C!Juncillor. Sister A. Herman, Holy Cross Hos-
pital, Calgary; Chairmen of Sections: Hospital
& School of Nursing, Miss B. J. von Gruenigen,
Calgary General Hospital; Public Health, Mrs.

. SeIl
orn. V .O.N.. Edmonton; General Nur-
.mg, MIss N. SewaIIis, 9918-108th St.. Edmon-
ton; Registrar & Secretary, Miss Elizabeth B.
Rogers. St. Stephen's CoIlege. Edmonton; Treas..

to:;'uth Gavin. St. Stephen's College, Ed-

Ponoka District, No.2, A.A. R.N.

Pres., Miss Phyllis Fraser; Vicc-Pres.,
Iiss
Frances Leek: Sec.- Treas.. Miss Elizabeth Ro-
bertson. P,:ovincial :\fental Hospital, Ponoka;
Representahve to The Canadian
'urse :\Iiss
K essa Leckie. ' .

Calgary District, No.3, A.A.R.N.
r. Chai , rlT!an Mrs..:\1. Duthie. Associate Clinic;
'Ice-Chmnnan, :\hss Betty Thorne; Sec.,
fiss
Isabel Reesor, City HeaIth Dept.; Treas.. Miss

!. W
tt; S
ction Com'eiler.
: Hospital & f:khool of
., IIrsmg,
hss H. von (;rIJeni!!:en: P,,1J1ir Health
Miss F. Reid; General !\'ursino. Mrs. A. Stewart:

Medicine Hat District, No.4, A.A.R.N.

PresIdent,
frs. Margaret Cove. Medicine Hat
General Hospital; Vice-President, Miss Marjorie
Middleton. 177 Third Street, Medicine Hat;
Secretsry- Treasurer, Mrs. Florence Eskestrand
IU Third Street, Medicine Hat. '

Edmonton District, No.7. A.A.R.N.
Chairman, Miss Helen McArthur; First VIce-
Chairman, MIss G. Bamforth; Sec. VIce-CbaJr-
man, Rev. Sr. Keegan; Sec., MIss R. Ball 11901-
1I Ith St.; Treas., Miss I. Underdahl; Co"';'mittee
Co?,veners: Program, MIss M. Franco; Member-
Mtp, Miss B. Emerson; Reps. to: Local Council
of Wome.n, Miss V. Chapman; The Canadian
Nurse, MIss E. Matthewson.

Lethbridge District, No.8, A.A.R.N.
Pres., Miss E. Gurney; Vice-Pres., Mrs. B.

awson; Sec., Miss E. M. EastJe}'. GaIt Hos-
pital: Treai., Miss N. York Nursin... Mission
Lethbridge. ''',

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Registered Nurses Association of British Columbia
Pres., Miss Evelyn Mallory, 1086 'V. loth Ave.,
Vancouver; First Vice-Pres.. MiHs E. Palliser;

c. Vice-Pres., Miss E. Clark; Hon. Sec., Miss
It Paulson; Hon. Treas., Mrs. E. Pringle; Past
Pres., Mis!,! G. Fairley; Section Chairmen: Gen.-
eral Nwrðlng, Miss E. Otterbine, U34 Nicola
St., Ste. 5. Vancouver; H08'[Jital & School 01
Nursing, Miss E. Nelson, Vancouver General
Hospital; Public Health, Miss T. Hunter, 4238
"'. lIth Ave., Vancouver; District Councillor,:
Greater Vancotwer. Mrs. L. Grundy. Misses E.
Copeland, K. Lee: Vañ'::v

r Island, Misses M.
Baird, M. Rondeau; KarrtloofJ,.{)kanagan, Mi88
O. Garrood; West Kootenay. Miss M. Heeney;
East Kootenay, To be avpoi.lted t Executive Sec-
retary & Redstrar. Miss Alice L. Wright, 1014
Vancouver Block, Vancouver.

New Westminster CI:apter, R.N.A.B.C.
Hon. Pres" Misses C. E. Clark, E. H. Gould-
burn: Pres.. Mrs. G. Grieve; Vice. Pres.. Mis.'Iel
D. Lindsay, B. Donaldson; Sec., Miss M. Ha-

1000

milton, 1025-8th Ave.; Treas., Miss I. Neilson.
c/o Dr. B. Cannon. 713 Columbia St.: A8slst.

ec.- Treas.. Miss E. Kerr, Royal Columbian Hoe-
pital; Rep. to The Canadian NU1"Se, Miss M.
Walla('e, R.C.H.

Vancouver Island District

Victoria Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.

Pres., Mrs. J. H. Russell; First Vlce-Pre8..
Sr. M. Claire; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss H. Latornell;
Rec. Sec., Miss G. Wahl; Corr. Sec.. Miss H.
Unsworth, Royal Jubilee Hospital; Tress.. MI.
N. Knipe; Convene1's: Geneml Nursing, Mlsø K.
PowelI; Hospital & School of Nm'sing. Sr. N.
Gregory; Public Health, Miss H. Kilpatrick;
Directorfl, Mrs. G. BothwelI; Finance, Miss M.
Dickson; Membership, Sr. M. Gabrielle; PrograM.
Mlis D. Calquhoun; Publications. Miss M. La-
turnus; NomInating, Miss L. Fraser: Corr. Del.
gate of Placement Bureau, Mrs. ßothwell: R..
gistrar, Miss E. Franks.

East Kootenay District

Fernie Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.

Pres., :\Jiss
f. E. Young'; Vice-Pres., Mrs. A.
Slaine; Sec., :\Jrs. Helen Thompson, P. O. Box
D3. Fernie; Treas., Mrs. K. Quail; Committee
('onrellers: Program. Mrs. E. Kelman; Visiting,
:\Iiss
I. Brown; Refreshment, :\Jiss E. Edgar;
Rep. to The Canadian Nurse. Mrs. A. Slaine.

West Kootenay District
Trail Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.

Pres.. :\Jrs. K. Gordon; Vice-Pres., Miss Ber-
nice Quick; Sec., :\Iiss Betty Kirkpatrick, Nurses
Residence, Trail; Treas., 1\Irs. Betty Kennedy.

Okanagan District

Kamloops-Tranquille Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.

Pres., Miss M. Helen MacKay. Royal Inland
Hospital, Kamloops; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. JL
Rowson, TranquilJe: Sec. VIce-Pres., Mrs. K. M..
Waugh. Sec., Mrs. L. Bell, 187 Connaught Rd..
Kamloops; Treas., Mrs. H. Hopgood, 469 Nicola
St., Kamloops..

Great'er Vancouver District

Vancouver Chapter, R.N.A.B.C.

Pres., Miss C. Clibborn; Vice-Pres., Mrs. A.
Grundy, Miss B. Breeton; Rec. Sec., Miss Mary
Ha wkins, 2707 W. 33rd Ave.; Corr. Sec.. Mrs.
M. Whitman; Treas., Miss J. Hocking; SectiOft
Chairmen: Public Health, Miss P. Reeve; Ro.
pita I & School of Nursing, Miss D. Jamie.
;
Gencral Nurttfftg, Miss M. Stewart.

MANITOBA

Manitoba Aasociation of Registered Nur.e.

Pres., Miss L. E. Pettigrew, Winnipeg Gen-
eral Hospital; First Vice-Pres., Miss I. Barton,
Deer Lodge Hospital. Winnipeg; Sec. VIce-
Pres.. Mrs. D. L. Johnson, 841-13th St., Brandon;
Third Vice-Pres.. Rev. Sr. Clermont. St. Boni-
face Hospital: Board :II/embers: Mrs. A. Thierry,
H Sherburn St., Winnipeg; Miss M. Wilson, 168
Lipton St.. Winnipeg; Miss K. Ruane. Children's
Hospital, Winnipeg; Miss G. Spice, St. Boniface
Hospital; Miss L. MacKenzie. City Health Dept..
Winnipeg; Miss E. Schmidt. Grace Hospital.
Winnipeg; M1.<;s M. Marrin, 191 Kingsway, Wln-

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

1001

nipeg; Section Chairmen: Hospital & School of
Nursmg. Miss B. Seeman, W .G.H.; Public
Health. Miss H. Miller, 723 Jessie Ave., Will-
nipeg; General Nursing,
Irs. J.
IacTavish, 8
WiJIingdull .-\pb.. \\ innipeg; CUllllllittl:e Cu,l-
1:1:111:1",0;: Sucial. \Iiss J. :\hHld}-. 71i Walnut St.,
\\ïnnipelr: ["lIil'. ", J/m,. LmlsulI, :\liss A. Car-
penter. '" .G.H.: The {;cl/wliia/l Sur,o;e. :\Irs. F.
\\ïl...on, 4 Xewha,en Apts., \\ïnnipeg; Press.
:\Irs. :\1. Botsford 211 Balmoral St.. Winnipeg;
"Visiting. :\Iiss F. Stratton. W.G.H.: Membership.
:\liss :\1. Shepherd. Winnipeg- :\lunil'Îpal Hospitab;
Lp(Jislutire, :\Jiss G. Spice. St. Boniface Hospital;
RelJs. to: Local Council of Trowell.
Jrs. B.

Joffatt. 1183 Dorchester Ave.. "ïnnipelr: ('men-
cil of Social A "ellcie.
. :\Iiss L. Pettig-rew. \Y .G.H.;
Jun;(J/' Red Cross. Miss L. Johnson. HI Victor
::\t.. \\ïnnipeg: ('all. r ()II'h ('"mmissiml, Mrs. V.
Willer. !In Furby St.. \\ïnnipeg-: Dlrerforu Com-
rnitfu, :\Iis," A. :\IeKee. 7111 :\Iedil'al -\rts Bldg-..
Winnipel!: :\frs. :\1. Re} nolds. 211 Biltmore Apts..
\\ïnnipe!!": \Ir-.;. Y. Harrison. lIì _-\IIison Apts..
"ïnnipe2": -\ding Executi\-e Secretaf}-. Mrs. :\1.
E. Botsfurd, 2U Balmoral St.. Winnipeg.

NEW BRUNSWICK

New Brunswick Association of Registered Nurses
Pre-.;.. :\Iiss :\1. Myers, Saint John General
Hospital; First Vice-Pres., Miss R. Follis; Sec.
Vice-Pres.. :\Ji-.;s H. Bartsch: Hon. Sec.. Miss
B. Hadrill: Section Conveners: Public Health.
:\liss :\1. Hunter, Dept of Health, Fredericton;
Hospital & School of .Yursin(J,
liss M. Murdoch,
Saint John General Hospital: General Nursing.
:\Irs. Helen Smith. 57 Queen St.. Moncton: Com-
mittee ('onvene1's: Legislation, Miss H. Bartsch,
Victoria Public Hospital. Fredericton: Labour
Relatiml!l, :\Iiss :\1. prin!('le, 29 ". elIington Row.
Saint John: The ('anadian l...."rfle. Miss E. Hen-
derson, 116 Pitt St., Saint John; ('mmcillnrs:
Saint John. :Miss
1. Murdoch; Moncton, Miss
A.
Iac:\Iaster. Sr. Anne de Parade: St. Stp1Ihell,
:\Iiss :\1. :\IdIullen; Woodstock, Mrs. K. King;
Campbe11ton, Sister Kerr: Secretaf}--Registrar,
Mis!' Alma F. Law, 29 Wellington Row. Saint
John.

NOVA SCOTIA

Registered Nurses Association of Nova Scotia
Pres.. Miss Rhoda MacDonald. City of Sydney
Hospital: First Vice-Pres., Miss L. Grady.
Halifax Infirmary; Sec. Vice-Pres.,
liss L. Hall,
Kingscote Apts.. Bedford: Third Vice-Pres..
:\Iiss G. E. Strum, Victoria General Hospital, Ha-
Iifax: Rec. See.. Miss Frances MacDonald, Vic-
toria General Hospital. Halifax; Chairmen of Sec-
tions: Public Health. Miss M. Ross, V.D.N. Pic-
tou: General Nursing. Miss M. MacPhail. 20 St.
Peter's Rd.. Sydney: Hospital & School of Nur-
sing, Sr. Catherine Gerard. Halifax Infinnary;
The Canadian ^'urse Committee. Mrs. D. Lus-
combe. 364 Spring Garden Rd.. Halifax: Pro-
gram & Publications. Mrs. C. Bennett, !l8 Ed-
ward St., Halifax: Registrar-Treas.-Corr. Sec..
Miss Jean C. Dunning, 301 Barrington St..
Halifax.

ONTARIO

Registered Nunes Association of Ontario
Pres., Miss Jean I. Masten; First Vice-Pres.,
Miss :\1. B. Anderson; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss G.
Ross; Section Chairmen: Hospital & School of
.\'ursing, Miss B. McPhedran. Toronto Western
Hospital. Toronto 2B: Public Hearth. Miss M.
C. Livingston. 114 Wellington St.. Ottawa; Gen-
eral Nursing. Miss K. Layton, 341 Sherbourne
St., Toronto 2: Di.
trict Chairmen: Miss M. Jones.

Iiss D. Arnold, Miss A. Scheifele, Miss C. Mc-
Corquodale. :\frs. E. Brackenridge. :\Irs. I. La-.;kin,
\lis-.; :\1. Robertson. :\fiss S. Laine. :\Ii-.;s :\1. Spiclell:
A.ssoc. Sec., !\Iis
Florence H. 'Valker: Sec.-
Trea<;. Miss :\1ati1da E. Fitzgerald, Rm. 715.
1'6 Bloor St. W., Toronto 5.

District I
Chairman, Miss M. Jones: Vice-Chairmen,
Misses I. Stewart, L. Hastin<<s; Sec.-Treu., Illu

L. Johnston, :\Iemoral Hospital. St. Thomas-;
,section Chairmen: Hospital & School of NurBing,
Miss R. Beamish: General Nursing, Miss D.
EJlis; PHblic Health. Miss M. Macllveen; Com-
mittee Conveners: Membership Major C. Chap-
man: Pub1i,'ation, Miss Z. Creeden; f?anadian
Nurse Circulation. Miss :\1. Hardie; Councillors:
London :\Iiss C.
Iurray: Chatham. Miss D.
Thomas; Windsor, Miss M. Sharpe: St. Thomas,
Miss D. McKames; Strathroy, Miss L. Trusdale;
Petrolia. Mrs. J. Whiting; Sarnia. Mrs. M

Elrick.

Districts 2 and 3

Chairman, Miss D. Arnold; Vice-Chairmen,

Iisses M. L. Kerr. :\1. Grieve; Sec.- Treas. Miss
:\Iarion Patterson. Brantford General Hospital;
Section Conveners: General Nursing. Miss A. So-
bisch: Hospital & School of Nursing, Miss M.
Snider; Public Hearth. \fiss Law: Councillors:
Brant. Miss H. Cuff: Waterloo. Miss R. Park-
house: JVeltington, Miss E. Lunau; Dufferin,
l\Iis<; I. Shaw: Oxfm'd.
Irs. J. Sanders; Huron,
:\Jiss 'V. Dickson; Membership Convener. Miss-
K. De:\Iarsh.

District -4

Chairman, Miss A. 5cheifele; Vice-Cha.lrmeD..
Misses H. Brown, A. Dram; Sec.-Treas.. Miss B.
Lawson, 29 Augusta St., Hamilton; Section Cv.
veners: General Nursing. Miss A. Lush: 80.
pital & School of NlIr$ing, Miss S. Hallman;
Public Health. Miss F. Girvan.

District 5

Chairman,
liss C. McCorquodale; Vice-Chair-
men, Misses J. Wallace. H. Bennett; Sec.-Treas.,
Mrs. G. L. Williamsun. 24 Drake Cres., Scarboro
Bluffs: Councillors. Misses E. Hill, D. Brown,
M. Winter, G. Jones. F. "'atson, T. Green:
Section Conveners: General Nursing. Miss D.
Marcellus: Public Health, Miss L. Curtis; Hos-
pital & School of Sursing. Miss H. McCallum.

District 6

Chairman, Mrs. E. Brackenridge; Vice-Chair-
men, Misses M. Gist, E. Swan. E. Flett; Sec.-
Treas. Miss Mary Pickens, Peterborough Civic
Hospital: Section & Committee Conveners: Hospi-
tal & School of Nllrsin(J, Rev. :\1. Benedicta: (Ten-
eml Nursing. Mrs. I. S. Campbell; Public Health.
Miss H. :\IcGeary: Membership, Miss G. Lehigh;.
Finance, Miss L. Stewart; Nominating Commit-
tee, Miss K. Doherty (conv.). Misses Porter.
Davidson; Rep. to The Canaditn Nurse. Mrs. H.
Cole.

District 7

Chairman. \Ir,.. I. I a"kin: \ïl'e-Chairmen.
!\Iiss K. Walsh, Sr. Hughes, Miss A. Church;
Sec.-Treas., :\Iiss D. Morgan, Kingston General
Hospital: Councillors. Misses O. Wlkon. B. Grif-
fin, E. !\foffatt. D. Hollister. Sr. Breault. Mrs.
M. Hamilton. Matron Thomas: Section Cem.-
t'f/ners: Hospital & School of Nursing. Miss L.
Acton; General N1lrsing. MI
Irene MacMilIen;
Public Health. Miss G. Conley; Publicatiom,
Mrs. K. Burke: Membenhip. Miss M. Quigley;
Finance, Miss E. Oatway; Program, Miss L.
Acton; Epidemic. Miss G. Conley; Rep. to TM
Canadian Nurse, Miss E. Sharpe.

District 8

Chairman, :\fÎi'" :\1. Robertson; "Îl'e Chair-
man. :\1 i s s K. :\lcllraith: Sec.-Treas..
Mrs. Beatrice Taber. 63 Cartier St., Ottawa;
Councillors, Sr. M. Evangeline. Misses I. Allan.
V. Belier, E. CJaydon, 1\1. Hall. G. Moorhead:
Section Conveners: HO$pital & School of NurBing,
Miss M. Thompson: Public Health, Miss M.
"'oodsiiIe: General Nursing. Miss R. Alexander:
Pembroke Chapter. Mi!'s E. Cassidy: Cornu..al.
Chapter, Sr. Mooney.

1002

THE CA:\ADIA
.:\CRSE

District 9
Chairman, Miss S. Laine: Vice-Chairman,
ns.
A. Wolker: Sec., Miss D. Lemery, 12 Kay Blk.,
Kirkland I.1Ike: Treas.. Miss Jean Smith, Mu.
koka Hospital, Gravenhurst: Committee Co","
"t'ne1"s: (;elleral Nursing, Mrs. E. Sheridan;
Pt l Mic Heal/h, Miss G. 1\fcArthur; Ifembenhip,
MIss R. Densmore; Epidemics, Miss Black; Rep.
to The Canadian Nurse, Miss Elizabeth Smith.
District 10
Chairman, Miss M. Spidell, Port Arthur Gen-
eral Hospital: Vice-Chairman. Miss E. Wright;
Sec.-Treas. Miss
1. Beer, Isolation Hospital, Fort
William: Section Chairmen: Hospital & School
of Nursing, Rev. Sr. Sheila: Puhllc Health, Mrs.
G. Ward: General Nursing, :\Irs. J. Dawson;
Program Conveners, Misses V. Lovelace, 'V. Bal-
lantyne: Councillors, Misses M. Flanagan, O.
Waterman, Sr. Sheila.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

P
ince Edwa
d Island Registe
ed Nu
.e. AuociatioD
Pres.. Miss Dorothy Cox. 101 'Veymouth St.,
Charlottetown: Vice-Pres., Miss Mildred Thomp-
lion, P. E. I. Hospital, Charlottetown: Sec., Miss
Helen Arsenault, Provincial Sanatorium, Char-
lottetown; Treas. & Hegistrar, Sr. M. Magdalen,
Charlottetown Hospital: Section Chairmen:
Public Health. !\fiss Sophie Newson, Junior Red
Cross, Charlottetown; Hospital & School of
'Nursing, Sr. M. Irene, Charlottetown Hospital;
Geneml NlI1"!lÎng, Miss MalY Lannigan, Char-
tottetown Hospital.

QUEBEC

Registe
ed Nu
ses Auociation of the Province of
Quebec (Incorporated 1920)
Pres., Miss E. C. Flanagan: Vice-Pres.
(English), Miss M. S. Mathewson; Vice-Pres.
(French), Rev. Soeur Valérie de la Sagesse;
Hon. Sec.. Miss E. B. Cooke: Hon. Treas.. MIle
A. Martineau: Members without Office: Misses
M. K. Holt. V. Graham. A. Peverley. Rev. Sr.
M. Flavian, Rev. Soeur J. M. Décary, Miles M.
Roy. J. Lamothe (Three Rivers), )1. Taschereau
(Quebec), A. M. Robert; Advisory Board: Misses
C. M. Ferguson. G. M. Hall. M. L. Moag, F.
Munroe. Miles M. Beaumier (Quebec), J. Trudel,
L. Taschereau: Conveners of Sections: Hospital
& School of Nursing (English). Miss D. Parry.
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal 25;
(Frel1ch) , Rev. Soeur D. Lefebvre. Institut Mar-
guerite d'Y ouville. Montréal; Public Health
(En(1li.r;h). Miss M. Trueman, 16
8 Sherbrooke
St. W.. Montreal: 'French), MIle A. Girard.
Ecole d'Infirmières Hygiénistes, Université de
Montréal: General Nursing (English). Miss E.
Killins, 3533 University St., Montreal; (French),
Mile A. M. Robert, 3677 rue St. Famille, App.
28. Montréal; Boards of Examiners: (English),
Miss 1\1. S. Mathewson (chairman). Misses M.
Flander, E. Allder, K. Stanton, Mrs. S. Town-
send. C. Aitkenhead; (French), Rev. Soeur M.
C. Rheault (chaimlan), Revs. Soeurs Paul du
Saeré-Coeur, Marcellin, .1. de Lorraine, Miles J.

Trudel. )1. Beaumier; EJl.ecutive Secretary, Re-
gistrar & Offidal School Visitor, Miss E. Frances
Upton, lUI

Iedical Arts Bldg.. Montreal 25.
(,hairlllen DIstrict Associations: I-Mile M. A.
('hamanl, Xew Carlisle. Cté Bonaventure; 2-
Rev. Soeur M. Madeleine Hôtel-Dieu Lévis: 3-
t;nylish CI.aptcr, Mrs. L. S. Lothrop. 85 LondoR
St., Sherbl"Ooke; French Chapter, 1\I1Ie J. Dupuis,
Hôpital Général Si. Vincent de Paul. Sher-
brooke; 4-Mlle L. Ménard, Hôpital St. Charles.
St. Hyacinthe: 5-Mlle M. Beauregard. 22M rue
Collin. St. Jean: (i-Rev. Soeur Ste. Rose. H

pital d'Youville. Noranda; 7-Mlle L. Ro-
hert. H ôpi ta I St. Ellsèbe, J oliette ; 8-l\lIIe A.
Benoit. 7
7 rue Ste. Cécilc. Shawinigan Falls;
!I-English Chapter.
liss M. Lunam, Jeffery
Hale's Hospital, Quebec; French Chapter. Rev.
Soeur )1. St. Paul. Hópital St. François d' As-
cise, Québec; 10-l\fIle D. Grimard, 59 a ve Ste.
Anne. Chicoutimi; 11-English Chapter, Miss M,
Lewis Brown, Lachine General Hospital: French
Chapter, Rev. Soeur Filion, Hôpital Pasteur.
MontJ'éal; 12-English Chapter, Miss C. V. Bar-
rett. Roral Victoria Montreal
Iaternity Hos-
pital. Montreal: French Chapter, Mile A. Mar.
tineau. 1034 rue St. Denis, I\fontréal.

SASKATCHEWAN

Saskatchewan Registe
ed Nurses Association
(Incorporated 1917)
Pres. Mrs. D. Harrison. 11001 Elliott St., Saska-
toon; First Vice-Pres., Miss E. Pears ton, Sana-
torium. Fort Qu' AppeIle; Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss
1\1. E. Pierce, 40 Qu'Appelle Apts., 13th Ave &
Hamilton St., RCA'ina; C01l'Tlrilfors: Rev. Sr.
Irene. Holy Family Hospital. Prince Albert;
)fi.;;;; 1\1. E. Thomp.;;on, ReA'ina General Hospital;
Chairmen 01 Sections: General Nursing. Mrs.
V. M.
kCrory, .t09-19th St. E., Prince Albert;
Hospital & Srhool of Nursing, Miss A. Ralph,
:\foose Jaw General Hospital; Public Health,
Miss E. Smith, Dept. of Public Health, Parlia-
ment Bldgs., Regina: Committee ('onveners:
Legislatire & Labour RehI tions, Mrs. D. Har-
rison, 1104 Elliott St., Saskatoon: Herrlth Insur-
ance & Nursing Service, Mrs. D. Weaver, 10
Linden Manor. Regina; Sec.-Treas., Rcgi,.;trar &
Adviser, Schools for Nuri;es, Miss K. W. Ellis,
104 Saskatchewan Hall, University of Saskat-
chewan, Saskatoon.

Regina Chapter, Distdct 7, Saskalchewan
Registered Nurse! Association
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. Krause: Pres.. Mis!! E.
Worohetz; First Vice-Pres., Miss M. Nell: See,
Vice-Pres.. Miss H. Lw
ted; Sec.-Trea,.;.. Mrs. O.
F. McNeill, 1810 Rose St.; Ass. Sec.. MI'8. .1. B.
Thompson; Registrar. Mrs. G. F. McNei1l; ('o

mittees: Registry, Miss M. Gillis: P1"û(Jmm, Mrs.
D. 'Veaver: Membership, Misses Earle, Chenier;
Finance, Mrs. G. DevereIle: War Service, Mn.
Shannon: Sick Nurses, 1\Iiss M. Fleming, Mrs.
G. Campbell; Secti01t Conveners: General Nur-
sing. Mrs. M. McBrayne: Hospitrrl & Srhool of
Nursing. Mrs. Martin; Public Health, Miss R.
Doull: Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Mis!! D.
Whitmore.

Alumnae
ALBERTA
A.A., Calgary General Hospital, Calgary
Hon. Pres., Miss A. Hebert; Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Miss J. Connal; Hon. Members, Mislle. M.
Yoodle, A. Casey. N. Murphy; Past Pres., Mrs.
O. Macpherson; Pres.. Mrs. A. Mcintyre; Vice-
Pres., Mmes E. Hall, H. Holland; Ree. Sec..
Yrs. J. Eakin: Corr. Sec., Mrs. W. Kemp, 815-
l.th Ave. N.W.; Treas.. Mrs. W. Kirkpatrick;
Committee Conveners: Refreshments. Mrs. W.
IlacMiIlian; Entertainment, Mrs. T. Hall; Mem.
hr.hip. Mrs. E. Connolly; Waf/s & Means, Mrs.
A. McGraw; VisitinQ, Mrs. G. Boyd; Overseas
."r.es Auxiliary, Mrs. T. Valentine; Rep. to
Pre.s, Mrs. C. Glover.
A.A., Holy Croll. Hospital, Calpry
President, },Irs. Cyril Holloway; FIrst Vlee-
Pre.ldent, Mrs. D. üverand; Second Vice-Pre.
Went, MI. L. Aiken; Rerordlnc Secretal'J'. )(1"1.

Associations

B. McAdam: CorrespondlnA' Secretary. Mn.. J.
II. Hood, lillI-15th St., West; Treasurer, Mn.
L. DaIgtel!!b.
A.A., Edmonton General Ho!pilal, Edmonton
Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. O'Grady, Rev. Sr. Keegan,
Mrs. E. A. Frazer; Pres., Mrs. R. J. Price; First
Vice-Pres., Mrs. J. Loney; See. VIce-Pres., Mrs.
W. McCready; Ree. Sec.. Miss V. Prottl; Corr.
Sec., Miss J. Yelle; Treas., Mrs. D. Edwards;
Standing Committee, Mmes E. Barnell, J. Hope.
.1. Kerr, Misses E. Blet<;ch. G. Harkhausen; Rep.
to Private Dutf/, Miss M. Franko.
A.A.. Misericordia HOllpital, Edmenton
Pres., Mrs. V. d'Appolfnla. t568-102nd Aye.;
Vice-Pres.. Miss P. MacDonald, 10219-1n6th Aye.;
Sec. Mrs. M. Fitzell, 10712-104th St.; Trea8.. Jolt..
D. Wild, Miser. Hosp.: Pru. Reporter ),fl. ..
Ramage. t!l!T-lOIA Aye.

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

1003

A.A.. Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton
Hon. Pres.. Miss M. S. Fraser; Pres., Miss V.
Chapman; First Vice-Pres.. Mrs. N. Richardson;
Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss A. Lord; Rec. Sec., Mrs.
D. Ferrier; Corr. Sec.. Miss M. A. Kennedy,
B..A.H.; Treas., Miss B. Long. I0729-123rd St.;
Committee Cont:eners; Program. Mrs. J. F.
Thompson: Visiting. Miss M. Moore; Social. Mis.
L. Watkins: Extra Executive: Misses M. Griffith.
I. Johnson. MI.s. R. Umbach.
A.A.. University of Alberta Hospital. Edmonton
Hon. Pres., Miss H. Peters: Pres.. Mrs.
Helen :\Iorrison: Vice-Pres.. Mrs. R. Sellhorn;
Rec. Sec.. !\Iiss ß. Armitage: Corr. Sec.
Miss Ruth Fadum, If1910-8-1th Ave.: Treas.. Miss
V. Clark. U. H.: Social Committee l\hnes R.
Allen. J. Ward. l\Jisses E. Eickmerer E. :\Iark-
iliad.
A.A., Lamont Public Hospital. Lamont
Hon. Pres., Miss F. E. Welsh: Pres.. Mrs. J.
L. CleaQ'; \'ke-Pres.. Mmes S. 'Varshowsky.
Southworth: Sec.-Treas.. :\Irs. B. I. Love. Elk
Island r\atiollal Park, Lamont; Execlttit'e. Mmes
Cowan. H. H. Shears, Miss A. Sandell: Social
Conre1/er. Miss .J. Graham; Sews Editor, :\Irs.
A. D. Peterson. Hardisty.
A.A.. Vegreville General Hospital. Vearevitle
Honmll"al'y I'resident, Sister Anna Keohane;
Honourar}' \'ke-Presidellt. Sister J. Boisseau;
Presiflent.
h's. nené l.andry. Vegrevllle; Vice.
President.
Iiss Gladys Dabbage. Box 213, Ve<<re-
Yltle: . Secretary-Treasurer. Miss Margaret Nord-
wick. nllX 21 :1, Vegreville; Visiting Comfnittee
(chO'iell lIIonthly).

BRITISH COLUMBIA

A.A., St. Paul's Hospital. Vancouver
Pre..'I.,
hs. K Faull..ner; "ice-Pres.. Mrs. Eo
TllOlllp,;lIn: Sec..
Iiss Ethel Black 276:1 \\'. 113rd
AYe.; Asst. Sec..
Irs. Murray; Treas.. Miss L.
OUerhine; A,;st. Treas.. Mrs. Myrtle; Editors,
Misses A. Gieshrecht. .J. Kelson: Sick Benefit,
t.ti!'ilses G. Cormmn. C. Connon. K. Flahiff: Rep.
to 7"1le Cfl1lUdiall Nllrse, :\Irs. F. G. "'estell.
A.A.. Vancouver General Hospital. Vancouver
Hon. PI'es., Miss E. Palliser; Pres.. Miss E.
McCanll: Vke-Pres.. Misses J. Hoy, C. Clibborn;
Sec.. Miss M. Munro: Corr. Sec.. Miss D. May.
.46 W. )(Ith Ave. ; Treas.. Mrs. M. Faulkner;
Commillee ('ollvenenl: Membership, Mrs. L. Find-
lay; Pl"Ogmm. Miss K. Heaney; Publicity. Mrs.
A. Grundr: Re/J'esh1l1ents. Miss D. Jamieson;
Vi.iting. Mrs. F. Brodie; Social, Mrs. L. McCul-
lech.
A.A., Royal Jubilee Hospital. Victoria
PI"es.. Miss Il. Klrkendale; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. C.
Sutton, Miss P. Barbour; Sec.. Mrs. D. J. Hun-
ter. 1675 Oak Hay Ave.: Assist. Sec.. Miss M.
Bawden; Treas. l\frs. N. P. McConnell, 1161 Old
Esquimalt Hd.: Committee Cont:eners: Member-
üip. Miss C. Stmnkman: Visiting, :\Iiss V. Free-
man: Social. :\Irs. G. Duncan; Rep. to Press.
Mrs. G. McCall.

A.A.. St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria
Hon. Pres.. SI".
I. Kathleen: Hon. Vice-Pres.,
Sr. M. GregOl"Y: Pres.. !\Irs. N. Robinson; First
Vice-Pres.. Miss .J. .Johnson; Sec. Vice-Pres.,
Miss S. Becker; nec. Sec., Miss L. Perron: Corr.
Sec..
Iiss A. Ahery. St.J.H.; Treas.. Miss J.
Dengler: C01tllcillors: lImes Sinclair. Welah.

Yan
, Ridewood.

MANITOBA

A.A.. St. Boniface Hospital. St. Boniface
Hon. PI'e!'il.. Rev. Sr. Clennont: Pres., Miss Z.
Beattie; Vice-Pres.. Miss L. Thompson, Mn.
Ilobin!'ilon: Ilec. Sec.. Miss E. Collister: Corr. Sec..
KIM C. DePape. 1008 Clarence Ave.. Fort Garry;
Archivist.
Ir!òl. T. Hulme: Committeeð: Adworv.
an Sr. Brodeur. Misses Grice, Laporte, C.

Bourgeault, M. Gibson; Visiting, Miss A. de la
Barrière: Social & Program, Miss S. Gage;
Membership, Miss V. Peacock; Scholarship Fund.
Miss BourgeauIt; Reps. to: Local Cotmcil 01
W omen,
Irs. P. BilJaud; M.A.R.N.. Miss M.
MacKenzie; Nurses Directory. Miss I. Skinner:
Red Cross, Mrs. M. Kerr; 7'he Canadian Nurse.
Miss H. Linn.
A.A.. Children'. Hospital. W'innipell
Hon. Pres.. Mrs. G. S. Williams; Pres.. Mrs.
Kirby; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. H. W. Moore: Rec. Sec..
Miss B. Andrews; Corr. Sec., Miss C. Barber. C.
H.; Treas., Mrs. O. Prest; Committee Conveners:
Red Cross, Mrs. S. McDonald; Program, Mrs. R.
Elleker; Membership, Mrs. T. M. Ka}.e; Visiting.
Mmes W. Campbell. Moore.
A.A.. l\1:isericordia General Hospital. W'innipeg
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. St. Bel tha; Pres., Mrø.
T. P. He..sian; Vice-PIes.. Miss D. Ambrose;
Sec.. Miss J. Chisholm. 124 Chestnut St.; Treas..
:\Irs. J. A. Cutts; Committee C01wenenl: Social,
Miss M. ROllnan; Red Cross. Mrs. V. Ml"Kenty;
Private Duty Section, Misses S. Boyne. D. Sotho
ern: Rep. to The Canadian Nunle, Mrs. A
Thierry.
A.A., Winnipeg General Hospital. Winnipeg
Hon. Pres.. Mrs. A. W. :\Ioody; Pres., Miss 1..
Gunn; Vice-Pres.. Mis,.es F. Waugh, R. Monck,
J. Morgan; Rec. Sec., Miss H. Reid; Corr. Sec..

Iiss S. Ross. Ste. 111 Bahnoral Crt. ; Treas..
:\Iiss A. Smith. 806 Sherburn St. : Committee
Conveners: Program.
Irs. F. 'Vilson; Member-
ship, Miss V. Walker; Visiting. :\Iiss A. Aik-
man; Jom nal. Miss J. Simmie; Archivist.
:\Iiss L. Higginbottom; Sandford Scholarship
Fund, :\Iiss I. Cooper; Reps. to: School 01
Z"'.llrsing, Miss F. Waug-h: Doctors' & Nurses
Directory :\fiss E. En
lish: Local Council 01
Women, Mmes P. Randall. Thomas; Council 01
Social Agencies, Mrs. A. Speirs; Red Cross. Miss
G. Hayden; The Canadian Nurse Miss B. Hunt.

NEW BRUNSWICK

A.A.. Saint Jobn General Ho.pital. Saint Joho

Hon. Pres.. M:ss E. J. Mitchell; Pres.. Miss S.
Hartley; First Vice-Pres., Miss M. Foley; Sec.
Vice-Pres.. Miss M. Scott; Sec., Miss K. Lawson,
267 Charlotte St.: Treas.. Mrs. L. Naylor;
Executive.
hl'lses M. Murdoch. M. Ronald; Con.-
veners: Program. Miss D. Wetmore. Mrs.
Denyer: ;S.If:lal. Mrs. Lewin; Flower, Miss Self-
ridge; Refreshment. Mrs. B. Walt; Publicity.
Miss I. Clark; Visiting. Mrs. A. Burns.
A.A., L. P. Fi.hel' Memori.1 Ho.pital. Wood.todl
President. Mrs. Heber Inghram. Green SL;
Vice-President, Mrs. Wendal SlIpp. Chapel St.;
Secretary, Mrs. .A.rthur Peabody. Woodslock;
Treasurer. Miss Nellie Wallace. Main St.;
Executit'e Committee: Mrs. John Charters. UnlOD
St. ; Miss Margaret Parker, VictorIa St.: Mlu
Pauline Jack!'ilon. Cedar St.

NOV A SCOTIA

A.A.. Glace Bay General Hoapilal. Glace Bay

Pres.. Mrs. C. MacPherson: First Vice-Pres..
Miss K. Davldl!on: Sec. Vice-Pres.. Mrs. F. MaC).
Klnnon: Rec. Sec.. Mrs. W. Bishop; Corr. Sec..
Miss Flora Anderson, General Hospital: Tre....
Mrs. John Kerr: Visiting Committee: Mrs. O.
Turner, Mrs. L. Buffett.
A.A., Halifax lafirmary, Hatifax
Pres.. Miss N. Harley; Vice-Pres.. Miss ".
Boyle: Rec. Sec., Miss K. Duggan; COlT. Sec.,
Mrs. L. O'Brien. 116 Inglis St.; Treas.. Miss N.
Thibodeau; Committee Convern!rs: Press, Miss M.
West; NOTltÎ7tfltin(1. Miss C. MacDonald: T.ibrarw.
MI..s V. MacDonald; Entertainment, Miss V.
.own.

1004

THE C A. X _-\ D I A.:\
C R S E

A.A., Victo
ia Gene
al Hospital, Halifax
Pres.. :\Irs. Y. Gormley. ....6 Chebucto Rd.;
Yice-Pres.. :\Jrs. D. Luscòmbe: Sec. :\1iss Doris
Brown, Y.G.H.: Treas.. :\Irs. W. :\1. Hunt. 7-t
Jubilee Rd.; Directors. :\Irs. S. Thompson. :\lisses
E. A.tkinson. D. Gill: Social Committee, :\Iiss :\1.
Riple}'. :\lr8. H. S. T. Williams; Rep. to The
CanadlUl
.,"urse :\Ii,..o: D. Gill.
A.A.. Abudeen Hospital, New Glasgow
Ho.n. Pres., :\Iiss Nina Grant; Pres.. Mrs.
Harry Murray; Vice-Pres., Miss Mabel Grant;
Sec., Mrs. Maxwell Fraser, 107 Mitchell St.;
Treas.. Mrs. Don .MacLean; Social Committee,
Mmes MacG. MacLeod. H. Cantley, P. Carter;
Rep. to Press, Mrs. A. M. MacLeod.
ONTARIO
A.A., Belleville Gene
al Hospital, Belleville
Pres., :\liss E. Bangay; 'Ïce-Pres., :\liss K. ".
Wells. :\Irs. :\1. Bean; Sec., 1\Irs. I. Barriage
B.G.H.; Treas..
liss A. Ho
es; Committee Con-
t'eners: Flower & Gitt. Miss :\1. Bonter: ,',ocial,
:\Iiss :\1. Woodman: Program. :\fiss {;. :\IcComb;
Reps. to: r.o.x.. :\Jrs. D. Howie: The Canadian
Nurse & Press, Miss G. Donnelly.
A.A., B
antfo
d Gene
al Hospital, B
antfo
d
Hon. Pres.. :\Iiss J. :\1. Wilson; Pres.. :\fiss
H. Cuff: Vice-Pres., :\Ji"s O. Plumstead: Sec.,
:\liss :\1. Patterson, B.G.H.; Treas.. Mrs. J.
Oliver: Committees: Gift, :\fisse<; J. Landreth. Y.
Buckwell: Flower, :\Iisses :\1. :\fulloy, L. Burtch;
f'ocial, :\Imes A.. Grierson P. Smith; Red Cross,
Mrs. A. Riddell; Reps. to: Local COllnnl of
Tromen, :\Irs. E. "'alton: The Canadian Xurse
& Press. Miss D. Franklin.
A.A., B
ockville Gene
al Hospital, B
ockville
Hon. Pres.. Misses A. Shannette, E. Moffatt;
Pres., Mrs. 1\[. W)lite: First Vice-Pres., Mrs. W.
Cooke: Sec. Vice-Pres., Miss L. Markley; Sec.,
Mrs. H. Bishop. 89 King St. W.; Corr. Sec., Miss
M. Arnold, William St.: Treas., Mrs. H. Van-
dusen; COfllmittees: Gift, Miss V. Kendrick;
Social, 1\Irs. H. Green: Property, Mrs. M. Derry.
Misses ,J. McLaughlin, M. Gardiner; Annual
Fees. Miss V. Preston; Rep. to The Canadian
Nurse, Miss H. Corbett.
A.A., Public Gene
al Hospital, Chatham
Hon. Pres.. Miss P. Campbell: Pres., Miss D.
Hooper; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. J. Goldrick; Sec.
'"ice-Pre's., Miss K. Anderson: Rec. Sec., Miss E.
Miller; COlT. Sec., Miss M. Gilbert. 220 St. Clair
St.; Assist. COlT. Sec.. Miss A. Parley; Treas.
Miss D. Thomas; Committees: Shopping, Miss A:
Head (convener), Mmes Renouf, Taylor; Social,
Mrs. Stoehr (convener), Mmes J. Harrington, R.
Ber
en, R. Judd; Councillors, Misses L. Baird,
A. Head, V. Dyer, M. McNaugßton; Reps. to:
Press. Miss W. Fair; The Canadian N\trse, Mrs.
R. Sheldon.
A.A., St. Joseph's Hospital, Chatham
Hon. Pres., Mother M. Pascal; Hon. Vice-
Pres., Sr. M. Valeria; Pres., Mrs. C. I. Salmon;
First Vice-Pres., Mrs. M. Brown; Sec. Vice-Pres.,

s. M. Millen: Corr. Sec., Miss A. Kenny,
Aberdeen Hotel: Sec.-Treas., Miss F. Major'
Cotl'>>cillm's: Misses H. Grar. L. Pettyplece. M:
DorIc, Mrs. J. Embree; Committees: Lunch
Mmes R. Juhem'ille. 1\1. Watters. I. Mulhern:
Miss M. Newcomb; Program, Mmes H. Kennedy
t.f. O'Rourkt;, E. Peco, A. Conley; Red Cross:
)'I1sses. L. H
chardson, J. Coburn; Buying, Mrs.
L. Sll11th, MIss M. Boyle; Rep. to The Canadian
Nurse, Mrs. M. Jackson.
A. A., Co
nwall Gene
al Hospital, Comwall
Hon. Pres.. Miss H. C. Wilson: Pres.. Miss C.
Smirl: Yice-Pres.. Mmes A. Snow. E. Wagoner;
Sec.-TI:eas.. MIss V. McMurray. 120 Adolphus St.;
CommIttee C07lreners: Program & Social Finan-
ce: l\li;;ses A. :\Ic
aughton, K. Brownell: Fl.ower,
MIss E. :\lcIntyre: J{embership. Miss BrownelJ;
Re}.!. to Tile C(lnfldim
!\'urse, l\Irs. G. Whitney.

A.A., Hotel Dieu Hospital, Cornwall
Hon. Pres., Re\". Sr. St. George; Pres., Re9.
Sr. Mooney; \"ice-Pres., Miss G. Caron; Sec.-
Treas.. :\Iiss E. Young, !\lilies Roches. Oot.:
Committee Conl'enel's: Occllpational Thera'Ptl,
Rev. Sr.
Iooner: rolllnteel' NursÎ1rg, :\fiss R.
McDonald: Sncial & .11usic,
1iss E. Young:
Reading .11aterial, :\Iiss I. :\IeDonald; Gift, Mi8S
G. Dube: Pllblicity, :\liss B. Aube.
A.A., Galt Hospital, Galt
President, Mrs. J. Kersh: Vice-President, Mn.
"'. Bell; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Florence
Cole. 37 Victoria Ave. ; Committee Conveners:
Flowel', Mrs. Robt. Park: Press, Miss Florence
CIa rke.
A.A., Guelph General HOllpital, Guelph
Honourarr President Miss S. A. Campbell;
Pre
ident. :\Jrs. F. C. McLeo.!; First Vice-Pres-
ident. :\11"1-. Wm. Redmond; Secreta 1 y, Miss
Lob Campbell Guelph General Hospital; Treas-
\IIer :\Jb
K. A. Cleghorn.
A.A., St. Joseph's Hospital, Guelph
Mother Superior. Sr. M. Clotilde; Supt. ct

urses, Sr. :\1. Assumption; Pres., Miss M.
Hanlon: '"ice-Pres.. !\lisses M. Hasson, D. Mil-
ton; Sec.,
Iiss E. Yoetz, 190 Edinboro Rd. N.;
Corr. Sec. :\lis,", B. Crimmins, Wyndham St.;
Treas., :\flss J. Bosomworth; Entertainment
C07ltmittee, Misses 1\1. Heffernan (conv.), K.
Thompson. M. Hill. D. Routhier, M, Daby. A.
:\IcDermott. E. Kaine; Rep. to Tlte Canadia..
SlIrse, Miss 1\1. Hanlon.
A.A., Hamilton Gene
al Hospital, Hamilton
Hon. Pres., Miss C. E. Brewster; Pres., Un.
A. Massie; First Vice-Pres., Miss E. Baird; See.
'"ice-Pres., Miss H. Fasken: Rec. Sec., MIllS C.
Leleu; Assist. Rec. Sec., Miss I. McCutcbeoa;
Corr. Sec.. Miss E. Ferguson. H.G.H.; Treas..

liss
. Coles, 499 Main St. E.; Assist. Treaa.,
Mrs. A. Smith; Sec.-Treas.. Mutual Benefit Asø'n,
:\Iiss J. Harrison: Committee Convene1's: E:re

tire, Miss M. Watson; P1"Oymm. l\liss M. Mor-
gan; Flou'er & Visiting. Mrs. M. Duncan; BtNI-
{Jet, Mrs. S. W. Roy; ftl embership, Miss E. Gay-
fer. Publications, Miss 1\1. Irving; Reps. to: R.1f.
A.O., Miss C. Inrig; Local Council of Wome..,
Miss Coles.
A.A., Ontado Hospital, Hamilton
Hon. Pres., Miss K. E. Turney: Hon. Vice-
Pres.. Miss E. P. Dodd: Pres., 1\Irs. :\1. Suther-
land; Vice-Pres., Miss A. Robertson; Sec. MI.

1. Whitton. 179 McNab St. S.: 'heas.. Miss N.
Finch; Committees: Social. Misses A. Busch. N.
Smith.
Irs. G. Wallace: Visiting. Miss E. Lee;
Rep. to Press, Miss D. Parker.
A.A., St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Sr. 1\1. St. Edward; HOD.
Vice-Pres.. Rev. Sr. M. Ursula; Pres., )lbe
L. Johnson: Vice-Pres., Miss F. O'Brien; See..
Miss M. Minnes. 130 Hunter St. W.; 1'reu..
Miss L. Leatherdale; Executive, Mrs. Muir.
:\lisses ". Jennings. M. Pullano. N. Hinks. It
Quinn: Reps. to: R.N.A.O., Miss K. Overholt;
Press & The Carw.dian Nurse, Miss M. Haley.
A.A., Hõtel-Dieu. Kingston
Hon. Pres.. Rev. Mother Donovan; Hon. VIce-
Pres.. Rev. Sister Rouble: Pres.. Miss Aon
Murphy: \"ice-Pres.. Mrs. L. Keller; Sec. VIce-
Pres.. Mrs. D. Regan; Sec., Miss Joan Gib80a,
490 Brock St.: Treas., Mrs. A. Thompson; Cmn.-
'Nlittees: Social. Misses J. Coulter, M. Quigley;
Visiting, Mrs. E. Kipkie, Miss 1\1. Coderre.
A.A.. Kingston Gene
al Hospital, Kingstoa
Hon. Pres., Miss L. D. Acton; Pres., MI.
Emma L. Sharpe. K.G.H.; First Vlce,Pres., M_
Elsie Duncan. K.G.H.; Sec. Vice-Pres.. )In.
Gwen Hunt. 313 Collingwood St.; Sec.. MI!I!I O.
B. McCulloch. K.G.H.; Treas.. Miss OIe't'ia )I.
Wilson, K.G.H.: Assist. Treas., Miss Emma Mac-
Lean, 313 Frontenac S1.

A,A., St. J\lar} 's Hospital, Kitchener

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

1005

Hon. Pres.. Sr. )lal1' Grace: Pres.. )liss ::\1iI-
dred Hostetler: \"ice-Pres..
Iis"es Adine Sobish,
!\Iarga ret Kirschke: Rec. Sec..
Iiss Dori.,
Iar-
..hal: COHo
ec..
Iiss
Iargaret
Ionaghan. g-t.
DeKa
' St.: Treas., )Ii...., Bernice
Ianler, 139
Elgin St.

A.A., Ross Memorial Hospital, Lindsay

Hon. Pres., Miss E. S. Reid; Pres., Mrs. I.
Radman; First \"ice-Pres., Miss G. Lehigh; Sec.
Vice-Pres., Mrs. U. Cresswell; Sec., Miss A.
Webber; Treas..
Irs. D. El.Iiott; Committees:
Red Cros6 Supply. ::\liss L. Gillespie; Program.
Mrs. Williamson. Miss A. Flett; Refreshment,
Misses Pogue. C. Fallis; Notification of Meeting6.
Miss B. Marsh; Rep. to Press, Miss Strath.

A.A., Ontario Hospital, London

Hon. Pres.,
liss F. Thomas; Pres., ::\lrs. E.
Grosvenor; Vice-Pres.. MInes P. Soutar, M. Dun-
can: Sec.,
Irs. E. Bruner, 207
fill St.; Treas..
Miss K. Williams; Assist. Sec.-Treas. Miss L.
Steele: ('nnl1"itft:e ('Ollt ?ner.-
:
nri"l. )Ir;;. P.
Robb; f;ocial Service,
frs. M.
1iIlen: Flo'LCer
Fund,
Irs. E. Gros'enor.

A.A.. St. Joseph's Hospital, London

Hon. Pres., Rev. Sr. St. Elizabeth; Hon. Vice-
Pres., Rev. Sr. Marion; Pres.. Miss C. Murray;
First Vice-Pres., Miss A. Riff; Sec. Vice-Pres.,
Miss M. Coleman; Rec. Sec., Miss A. Irwin;
COHo Sec., Miss S. Gignac, 297 Cheapside St.;
Treas., Miss J. Willis: Committee Conveners:
Social, Misses M. Cunningham. I. Weigle;
Finance. Misses F. Albert. J. Johnston; Reps.
to: Registry, Misses M. Baker. E. Beger; Pre6s.
Miss E. Haggert}..

A.A., Victoria Hospital, London

Hon. Pres., Miss H. :\1. Stuart; Hon. Yice-
Pres.. )frs. A. E. SiI\"erwood: Pres..
liss Dor-
othy Ball; Vice-Pres. Miss
I. Stevenson,
Irs.
R. Hag-erman; Rec. Sec..
frs. L. Ewener; COHo
Sec., Mrs. H. Blakeley, 534 Dundas St.; Treas.,
Mrs. V. Fry, 426 William St.

A.A., Niaeara Falls General Hospital, Niaeara Falls

Pres., Mrs. White; Sec., Miss Alice l\I. Laur,
1%9 Armoury St.; Treas., Mrs. Utting; Rep. to
R.N.A.O. Mrs. Wood.

A.A., Orillia Soldiers' Memorial Hospital, Orillia

Hon. Pres., Miss Kilpatrick; Pres., Miss M.
MacLelland; '"ice-Pres., Misses E. Dunlop, E.
MacEwen; Sec., Miss P. Dixon, Soldiers' Me-
morial Hospital; Treas., Miss L. V. MacKenzie,
11 William St.; Auditors, Mmes Guild, Burnet;
Directors, Mmes Middleton, Hannaford, Miss
Pearson.

A.A., Oshawa General Hospital, Oshawa

Hon. Pres.. Misses E. l\facWilUams, E. Stuart;
Pres.. Mrs. J. Green; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. J. Sharp,
Miss D. Noble; Sec. Mrs. B. Edwards. %38 Albert
St.; COIT. Secs. Misses Y. Parliament, F. Court-
ice; Treas., Miss R. Symons; Committee Con-
veners: Program, Mmes M. Hunking, A. Bryce;
Flou'er Miss M. Brown; Social Miss McKnight;
Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Miss E. Fraser.

A.A., Lady Stanley Institute (Incorporated 1918)
Ottawa

Hon. Pres..
lrs. 'V. S. Lrman; Hon. Yice-
Pres.. )liss )1. Stewart; Pres.,
frs. E. Oliver;
\"ice-Pres..
Ii"s K. PriJmore; Sec., Mrs. R. B.
BI"} ce, 14 7 Primrose Ave. ; Treas.,
Irs. C.
Port 362 Clifton Rd.; Flower Conr:ener,
fiS8
D. Booth; Directm's, :\lisses P. Walker, A. Mc-

Iece,
frnes "-. Caven. F. Low; Reps. to: Com-
11lUllityRegistry. )lisses
1. Slinn, M. Scott;
Press, :\fiss G. Halpenny; The Canadian Nurse,
:\fiss E.
fcGiLJLJon.

A.A., Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa

Hon. Pres.. :\liss G. M. Bennett; Pres., Miss I.
Dickson; Vice-Pres., Miss V. Adair, Mrs. D.
True; Rec. Sec.,
fiss M. Brown; Corr. Sec. &
Press,
fiss M. Lowe. 405 Elgin St. Apt. 3;
Treas.. Miss A. Gadd, O.C.H.; Councillors, Misses
"Tilson, Carver, Christie, Bond, Robiodux; Mc-
Farlane; Committees: Visiting & Flower, Misse.
A. K apier, J. ::\fcTa vish ; Refreshments, Misses
L. Patterson, D. Grieve, 1\1. Cowie; Wool, Miss
L. Gourlay; Ed. Alullma.e Paper, Miss M. Dow-
ney; Reps. to: Community Registry. Misses R.
_"-Iexander, Gourlay. G. Mool"llead; The Canadian
Surse, Miss E. Shiels.

A.A., Ottawa General Hospital. Ottawa

Hon. Pres., Sr. Flavie Domitl1le; Pres., Sr.
Madeleine of Jesus; Vice-Pres.. Mmes L. Dunne,
N. Chassé; Sec.- Treas.. Miss H. Braceland, 30.
!\epean St.; Membership Conv., Sr. Helen of
Rome; COlin ril101's , Mmes H. Racine, E. Viau.
Misses G. Boland. H. Chamberlain. V. Foran, K.
Rran; Reps. to: Registry, Mi
ses M. LandrevilIe.
E. Bambrick, A. Sanders; Sick Benefit, Miss J.
Frappier; D.C.C.A., Miss M. O'Hare; Red CrosSl.
Mrs. A. Powers; The Canadian Nurse, Miss J.
Stock.

A.A., St. Luke's Hospital, Ottawa.

Hon. Pres., Miss E. Maxwell, O.B.E.; Pres.,

frs. R. Stewart; Vice-Pres., Mrs. R. Brown;
Sec., Miss E. Honeywell. 50-2nd Ave.; Treas.,
)fiss I. Allen, 28 Java St.; Committees: Flowers.
Mmes E. Swerdfager. J. Pritchard; Blue CrosSl
Insurance, Miss I. Johnston; Nominating, Misses
X Lewis. I. Johnston; Reps. to: Communitfl
ÎÚgistry, Misses D. Brown, F. 1\
eredith; Local
Council of Women. Mrs. W. CreIghton, Miss N.
Lewis; W.P.T.B. Miss E. Honeywell; Press, Miss
:\1. Lunam; The Canadian Nurse, Miss I. John-
ston.

A.A., Owen Sound Gannal and Marine Ho.piaa1.

Owen Sound

Hon. Pres.. Misses E. Webster. R. Brown;
Pres.. Miss Catherine Cameron; Vice-Pres.. Misa
M. Kerr; Sec.-Treas.. Miss M. Lemon, 37l-1oth
St. W.; Assist. Treas., Miss Eliza Cook; Rep-
resentative to R.N.A.O., Miss G. Miller.

A.A., Nicholls Hospital, Peterboroueh

Hon. Pres., Miss E. G. Young; Pres., Mrs. I.
Walker' Vice-Pre.... Mmes 1\1. Pringle. W. Con-
way; S
c.,
fiss ):I. Renwic
; Con. Sec., .Miss
D. Pid
eon. K H.; Treas.. 1\hss E. Reid; EcJäors.

frs. J. Thornton. Miss Pidgeon; Committees:
Floll'er, Miss S. Beer; Social, Mmes F. Revoy.
R. McIntyre; Reps. to: Local Council of Women,
\Irs. W. McLaren; Hospitalization Plan, Mrs.
R. Tarlor.

1006

THE C
-\
.-\ D I A l\
L' R S E

A.A., Sarnia General Hospital, Sarnia
Hon. Pres., Miss Rahno Beamish; Pres., l\Hss
Olive Banting; Sec., Miss Carol Sayers, General
Hospital; Rep. to The Canadian Nurse, Mrs.
Mary Elrick. HI Penrose St.

A.A., St
atford General Hospital. Stratford
Hon. Pres.. :\liss A. M. Munn; Pres., :\Irs. ß.
Ische; Vice-PI e.;;.. Misses E. Stewart, E. \Vilson;
Sec., Mrs. J. Robertson, 64 Grant St.; Treas.,
Miss )1. !\1dlaster; Committee.'!: FloweJ', Mi,;s
B. Schellenhe g"er: Program. Misses
1. Murr,
M. Dahms: Social, Misse<; D. Griffin, V. Fry-
fogle, 1\1. Dirby, Sr.. R. Cleland.

A.A., Mack Training School, St. Catharines

Pres.. !\Iiss
tella :\llIrra
": Vice-Pres.. Mic;s
Helen Brown: See.. Miss Stella Daholl, 72 Queen
St.; Treas., Miss Margaret Anderson, 169 King
St.

A.A., St. Thomas Memorial Hospital, St. TholDft.

Hon. Pres.. Miss I. Stewart; Hon. VIce-Pres..
Miss M. May; Pres., Miss n. Pow; VIce-Pres..
Miss A. Ronson; Sec.. Miss E. Jewell; Treas..
Miss J. Lunn.

A.A., The Grant Macdonald Trainine School
for Nun!!!., Toronto

Hon. Pres., Miss P. L. :\-Iorrison; Pres.. Mrs.
B. Darwent; Rec. Sec.. Miss I. Lucas; Corr.
Sec., Mrs. P. Jacques. 23 Fuller Ave., Toronto 3;
Treas.. Miss M. McCullough; Social Convener,
Mrs. Smith.

A.A., Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto

Hon. Pre
.. Miss J. Ma.'iten; Pres., Mrs. H.
Clifford; Vice-Pres.. Misses P. Norton, F. Wat-
son; nee. Sec., Miss I. George; Corr. Sec.. Mis.
B. Llnklater, 97 Avenue Rd. Apt. D-4., Toronto;
Treas., Miss D. Muckle; Assist. Treas., Miss A.
Hazen.

A.A.. Rivardal. HO.pital, Torant.

Pre
.. Mls
A. Armstronl'; First Vice-Pr....
Mrs. J. Bradshaw: Sec. Vice-Pres.. Mra. G.
Bourne; Sec., Miss Olp Gerker. Rh'erdale
Hospital; Trea
.. Mr
. T. Fairbairn. 08 du Ver-
net ATe.; Conveners: Program, Miss K. Math!.
1IOJ1; Viliting: Mmes C. Spreeman. H. Dunbar;
R.N.A.D., Miss M. Ferry; Rep. to The Canadian
Nurle, Miss A. Armstrong.

A.A.. St. John'. Hospital, Toronto

Pres.. Mrs. M. Owen, !i!J Turner Rd.; Vice-
Pres., Miss E. Price, 97 Avenue Rd.; Miss F.
Young 227 MiJverton Blvd.; Rec. Sec.. !\Irs. D.
Nelles. 7!J Spring-mount Ave.: Con. Sec., Miss
M. Turnbull. 83 BatIoiJ St.; Treas., Mrs. P. E.
Thling. 14. GlencastJe St.

A.A., St. Jo.eph'. Ho.pital, Toronto

Pres., Miss A. Tobin; Vice-Pres., Misses JL
Longo, I. Glynn; Rec. Sec., Miss E. Flannery:
Con. Sec. Miss L. Ryan, 31 Cowan Ave.; Treas..
Mrs. 'V. Spencer; Committee Conveners: Pro-

gram. :\liss M. Rice; Membership, Miss J. Du-
trizac. Rep. to: R..\'.A.O. & Central ReglstT'II.
;\fis...
1. Kelly.

A.A., St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto.
Hon. Pres., Sr. M. Margaret; Hon. Vice-
Pres., Sr. :\1. Kathleen; Pres.. Miss M. Hunt;
Vice-Pres., :\lisses M. Regan. L. Riley, M. Me-
Garrell: Rec. Sec., 1\Ii!'s :\1. Doherty: Corr. Sec..
Mrs. M. Forrester, 185 Glenholrne Ave; Treas..
Miss K. O'Connor: Assist. T'ea.;.. )Ii..;s E. Coo-
per; COlmrillors. Misses K. Boyle. D. Murphy,
K. :\Ieagher; Conveners: Active Membership,
Miss L. Huck; Assoc. Membership. Mrs. M.
Mea
:en; Plan for Hospital Cm'e. Mi!'s V. Mur-
ph}"; Reps. to: Public Health, Miss M. Tisdale;
["ursin" Edl/rati,.n. Miss G. !\Iurphy: l,ocnl ('nun-
ril of JVomf'n.
Irs. Scully; Press, Miss E. Dar-
rach; Ed. "The l"'-ews", Miss K. Boyle; Assist.
Ed. :\Irs. 1\1. NeviJIe.

A,A.. School of Nursing, University of Toronto.
Toronto

Hon. Pres.. !\fiss E. K. Russell; Hon. VIce-
Pres., Miss F. Emory; Past Pres.. Miss M. Mac-
farland; Pre!'., Miss Jean Leask; First Vice-
Pres., Miss E. Manning; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Mn.
S. Lauchland; Sec.. Mrs. R. G. Slater. 176
Dunvegan Rd.; Treas., Mrs. R. Page.

A.A., Toronto General Hospital, Toronto

Pres.. ;\Ii"" :\-1. Stewart; Vice-Pres.. Mrs. R.
E. Will. ;\liss E. Robson; Sec.-Treas.,
Iiss L.
Shearer 1
Hewitt A ve.. Toronto 3; COl/ncil-
lors. )Iis,;es E. )Iom'e. F. Robertoll. J. "ïlson;
;\Irs. G. Fmser: Arrhivist. ;\liss J. Kniseler; Ed.,
"The Q'lCtrtt:rly". ;\Iiss :\1. Thompson: Committee
rmtlxners: Program. ;\fi
s S. Bm nett; Social,
:\liss 1\1. Di\:: FlO'l.cer, :\In;. W. S. Ho
Jgens;
Press, !\Irs. D. E. :\IacLachl:m; Gift. Miss M.
Fr}': SrlwlarNh:p, Miss
1. Winter; JIcmÌJership,
!\Iiss S. St'well: !l;ominating, :\-liss B. Beyer;
Tru.'!t f
ll/ld. :\liss R. Leavens; Reps. to: Alum-
nae Room. ;\liss L. Bailey; Red Cross Cll/b, Miss
:\1. Dulmage; Pril'ate Dllty Group, Miss M. Dix;
Group Leader, Plan for Hospital Care, To be
appointed.

A.A., Trainins School for Nunes of tha TCH'on..
East General Ho.pital with which i. incorporated
the Toronto Orthopedic Ho.pital. Toronto

Hon. Pres.. Miss E. Maclean; Pres., Miss J.
LI.k; Vlce-Preß.. Miss A. Morrison; Sec.. MI.
A. Davison. !i!J7 Sammon Ave.; Treas.. Misa B.
Peters; Conveners: Social, Miss J. Fry; P,..
gram, Miss F. Cleland; Member.hip, Mis. D.
Gotden: Red CrOls, Mlsø E. Campbell; Pre..,
Mrs. MargansOD; Rep.. to: Regi6tT1/: Mi_
WIllis. McPheeters. Peters; R.N.A.D., MI. ....
Master.

A.A., Toronto We.tern Ho.pital, Toront.

Hon. Pres.. Miss B. L. EHis. Mrs. C. T. Cur-
rie; Pres.. Mrs. G. W. KruKer; Vice-Pres.. Mis.
G. Ryrle: Rec. Sec., Mrs. TownsenrJ: Corr. Sec..
Mrs. L. Brown. 157 Hammersmith Ave.; Treas..
Miss M. Patterson; Committees: Program, Mrs.
Vale fconv.). Mrs. Edwards, Miss Perry; Bud-
get, Miss Westcott (conv.). Miss Scheetz. Mrs.
Chant; Social. Mrs. H. Brown (conv.). Mmes
Smeltzer, McKe]]ar, Boadway. McDonald: Sicll
Benefit, Miss G. Sutton (conv.). Miss A. Gillett,
Mrs. F. Robinson; Scholarship. Miss A. Bell
(conv.), Mrs. Davies, Miss Lawless: Visiting,
Mrs. A. Norman (conv.). Mrs. A. Clarke. Mis.
E. Sinclair: Membership, Mrs. Chant (conT.).
Mmes McKe!lar. l\JcMiJlan. Miss Thomas: Red
Cross, Mrs. Douglas (conv.), Miss M. Agnew
(treas.): Reps. to: R.N.A.O., Miss M. Agnewi
Local Council of Women, Mrs. G. Calder: W.P.
T.B., Mrs. G. McMillan; The Canadian NurM,
Miss E. Titcombe.

OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

1007

A.A., W.II..I., H...ital, Tee__
Hea. Pres., Mias E. K. Jones: Pr...., Miu Å.
...: ViM-Pr.., Miøøfi G. BoItea, D.
........; k..e. See., M....s E. Turner; Con. Sec"
... M. Rtuliell, , Thur10e Ave.; Ass. Corr.
Iec.., N!M D. Arnott; Treas., Miss J. BrowD:

. TJ;*L'" Wias D. Goode; Cu.todian, )11ss D.
htt: .I",,'.s: lUøs E. Cowan, Mn. G. Gundy:
ø..vflNf", Dnb.th FI.wlJ Schol4rahi1' Funs,
"n. D. Bull.

A.A., Women', Collea;:e Hospital, Toronto
Prell., Miss D. Gordon: Vice-Pres.. Misses R.
Watson, I. Jones; Rec. Sec., Mrs. P, Dodøon;
Corr. Sec.. Miss M. Atkinson. 213 Davis-
Tille Ave.. Toronto 12; Treas., Mrs. E.
Munro: Adwort/ Council, Mmes V. Slater, M.
Hood, P. McMillan; ConvenerlJ, Misses B. Brown,
J. Kilpatrick, M. Jantzen, Mrs. B. Campbell;
Rep.. to: R.N..!.O _ Miss E. Clarke: The Cana-
dian Nune, Miss E. Wiltshire.

A.A., Ontario HO'pital. New Toronto

Hon. Pres.. Miss P. Graham: Pres., Miss E.
M:cCalpIn: Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. Olson, Miss L.
Sinclair: Rec. Sec.. Mrs. A. Enchin: Corr. Sec.,
Miss S. Jopko, 202 Geoffrey St.: Treas.. Mrs. E.
Claxton: Committee ConvenerlJ: Pror;ram, Miss
K. Wright: Social. Miss E. Dowdell; Member-
IJhip, Miss E.
Ioriarity: Scholarship, Miss A.
Burd; l'101u.r. Mrs. E. Baker: ReplJ. to: W.P.
T.B., Mrs. M. Grosvenor: Red Cross. Miss Burd;
The Canadian Nurse, Miss A. McArthur.

A.A., Grace Ho.pital. Windsor

President, Mrs. Wallace Townsend: Vlce-Pres-
Neat. Miss Audrey Holmes: Secretary, Miss
LouiH Corcoran. '35 Pitt Street. West; Treas-
.nr, Mrs. A. Shea: EchoelJ' Editor, Adjutant
G. Barker.

A.A., Hðtel-Dieu Ho.pital, Windsor

Hon. Pres.. Rev. Mother Claire Maitre; Hon,
Past Pres., Sr. Marie de Ja Ferre; Pres., Mlu
lfarlon Coyle: First Vice-Pres., Miss Juliette
Renaud: Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss Cannel Grier;
Cerr. Sec. & Treas., Mlsa Margaret Lawson, UfO
Victoria Ave.: Publicitll, Sr. Marie Roy. Hðtel-
Dleu.

A.A., General Hospital, Woodstock

Hon. Pres.. Misses F. Sharpe. H. Potts: Pres..
Mrs. N. ".'ood: Vice-Pres., Misses L. Pearson,
N. Neff; Sec., Miss :\1. Mitchell: Assist. Sec..
Miss M. Goad: Corr. Sec., Miss G. Jefferson,
893 Brant St.: Treas., Mrs. E. Colclough: Assist.
Treas.. Miss A. Waldie: Commiff
e ConvenerlJ:
Flower & Gifl, :\liss G. Boothbr: Social, Miss
M. Charlton: Program, Miss F. :\Iahon: Group
Hospitalizatinn, Miss L. Pearson: Rep. to PreslJ,
Miss E. Watson.

QUEBEC

A.A. Lachine General Hospital, Lacb..

Honourary President. Miss L. M. BrOWll i
President. Miss Ruby Goodfellow: Vice-Prest.
rJent, MIS!! Myrtle Gleason: Secretary-Treasurer.
"n. Byrtha Jobber, UA-!llst Ave., Dlxl.....I..a.
cliine' General NvrlJi'Rfl RepreHntati'Ðc. MIa
Rub, . Goodfellow; .P;:r:ecufi"e Committ..: Mra.
Barlow. Mn. Gaw. MI.. Dewar.

A.A., Children', Memorial Ho.pital, Montreal

Hon. Presidents, Mlsse
A. S. Kinder. B.
^ lexander: Pres.. Mias M. Robinson; Vlce-Prea.,
Mlü E. Richard
on. Sec., Miss A. E. Collin..
UIl5 Cedar Ave.: Treas.. Mi1l1l M.. Collins; BociGJ
COnt'

r, Mrs. R. Folkins; Rep. to The CaftCI-
dian Nurse, Miss M. Flander.

Staff Association Executive,
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal

Pres., Miss B. O. MacInnes fO.C.H.); VIce-
Pres., Miss M. MacDougal (R.C.H., New West-
minster): Sec., Miss J. Cochrane. C.M.H.: Treas.,
Miss M. Cochrane (R.J.H., Victoria); Comm-ittee
Conveners: Social, Miss L. Gray (O.C.H.); Edu-
cational, Miss M. U}'ede (V.G.H.); Rev. to The
Canadian Nurse, Miss Uyede.

A.A., Hom
opathic Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Pre
., Miss V. Graham; Pres.. Mn.
Rice; First Vice-Pres., Miss D. Cunnlncton; See.
Vice-Pres., Miss D. Ward; Sec., Mlsa P. Thom...
80n, 4.174. West Hill Ave. i Assist. Sec., Mrs. Lee:
Treas., Mrs. Warren; Assist. Treas., )1i811 Gar-
rick; Committees: Program, Misses M. Stewart.
V. Fairburn. Mrs. Johnston: Refre.hfll&ef&l,
MIsses A. McDonald, M. McMillan, M. Boyd:
Sick Benefit, Mmes Warren, Harding. Piper,
Misses Garrick, Sanders; VilJitino, MIMes y

Murtry, Campbell: ReplJ. to: Local Council 01
Women. Mrs. Harding: The Canadian Nw.e,
Mmes Hebb, Holland. Misses Bourne, Boa.

L' Association des Gardes-Malades Diplômées,
Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal

Pres., Miss L. Bock: Vice-Pres., Misses L.
Steben, L. Lorange: Rec. Sec., Miss S. Lord;
Corr. Sec.. Miss D. Leduc: As
ist. Sec., Miss E.
Bernier: Treas.. Miss l. Bélanger; CounciUoTl,
Misses C. Noel. J. Ferland, M. Demers.

A.A., Montreal General Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Members. Miss E. Rayslde, O.B.E., Mlu
Jane Craig, Miss Isabel Davies, R.R.C.; HOD.
Pres., Miss J. Webster. O.B.E.: Pres.. Miss Mabel
Shannon: First Vice-Pres., Miss M. Batson: See.
Vice-Pres., Miss A. Peverley: Rec. Sec.. Mis.
K. Clifford: Corry Sec.. Miss A. Christie, M.G.H.:
Hon. Treas., Miss l. Davies: CommitteelJ: Exe

tive, Misses 1\1. K. Holt, B. Dlrch, E. Denman,
A. Reid. Mrs. S. Townsend; Program. Misses M.
Foreman (convener). J. Anderson. M. Brolan;
VilJiting. Misses B. Miller (convener). R. Cald-
well; Refreshment, Misses F. Moroney (con-
vener), B. Adam, E. Colley, Mrs. L. Deaton:
Reps. to: Local Council of Wom
n, MI
ses A.
Costigan, M. Stevens: G
'leTal Nursing Section,
Misses M. Macleor1. H. Miller. M. Cluff: TA.
Canadian Nurse, MIss J. Anderson.

A.A., Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal

Hon. Pres., Mrs. A. M, Stanley; Pres., Mia
W. MacLean; Vice-Pres., Misses E. KUlins, B.
MacLennan; Rec. Sec.. Miss E. IlIsey; Sec.
Treas.. Miss G. Moffat, R.V.H.; Board of Direc-
tors (without office). Misses F. Munroe M. Bra-
dy, W. MacLeod, Mrs. E. Fleming; Committee
Conveners: Finance, Mrs. R. G. Law: Program,
Miss E. MacNab: Private Duty, Miss C. Hor1ge;
Visiting, Misses H. Clarke, F. Pendleton: ReplJ.
to: Local COUßcil of Women, Mmes E. O'Brien,
T. Grieves; Press, Miss J. Cook; The Canadian
Nurse, Miss F. Allum.

1008

THE C ,,\ Ì'i .A. D I .-\
!\ L R S E

A.A., St. Mary's Hospital, Montreal
Hon. Pres. Uev. Sr. Rozon; Hon. Vice-Pres..
Rev. Sr. M. Flavian; Pres.,
Irs. W. Johnson;
Vice-Pres., Miss E. O'Hare; Rec. Sec.,
liss R.
Cowan; Corr. Sec..
1iss A. Mc.L:enna, 28-&9
Maplewood A "e.; Treas. Miss E. Toner; Com-
mittees: Entertain7ll.nt, Misses T. DeWitt, D.
Sullivan. C. Lewis. Mrs. T. Cherry; Special
l'turses. Misses H. "'ood, M. Smith; Visiting,
Misses E. Ryan, R. Chabot; Hospitalization Plan,
Misses 1\1. Barrett, N. Callaghan, M. Goodman;
Reps. to Pl'e1JS, l\Imes G. Leu, T. 'Vheatley; The
Cut/(ulir11l Nurse, Miss A. Pepper.

A.A., School for Graduate Nurses,
McGill Uni\"
rsity, Montreal
P res., Miss E.
lacLennan; Vice-Pres.. Miss

1. Flander; Sec.-Treas., Miss R. Tansey, Mon-
treal Convalescent Hospital. 3uOl Kent Ave..
('rmnmers: Flora M. Shale JIP1norial Fund, Mrs.
L. H. Fisher: Prog1"am,
liss S. Levinnon:
Re1J.
. to: Local Council of fV'Jmen, Mmes Hard-
ing, F. J. l.arkln; The Canadian l>;urse, :\liss
K. Stanton.

A.A.. Jeffery Hale's Hospital, Queoec
Pres., Mrs. A. W. G. Macalister; First Vice-
Pres., Miss G. Marlin; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Miss
M_ .Jolles; See.. Miss M. G. Fischer, 30:1 Grande
A lIée: Treas.. Mrs. W. 1\1. Pfeiffer: Councillors,
Misses C. Kelllled}'. E. Ford. M. Jones, Mmes
M. BeaUie, I. West, ,I. Cormack, N. Teakle;
Cmu milfees: Vï.
iting, Misses E. Ford, F. O'Con-
nell. A. Ma rsh, Mrs. I. West: Program, Misses
\1. I.lIlIalil (collvenel'). E. ''''a Ish. Mmes C.
YOllllg, 1\1. Beattie: Pllrchasing, Misses M.
Lunam. G. Weal'Y. Mrs. E. Seale; R
frelfhment,
Misses 1\1. Dawson. A. !\Iarsh, l\I. Meyers, G.
Kel.tsoll. l\lrlles C. Davidsoll. E. Seale: Service
rund. l\hnes K Seule. S. Baptist. A. MacDonald,
P. Hollesion. Misses E. Walsh, F. Imrie: War
Work, l\Iisse
G. ''''ear}' (convener), E. Ford,
M. Dawson. Mme>! ,J. Hatch. J. Cormack; Rep,.
to: /'l"il'"le [July, !\-lisses G. Camphell. 1\1. :\fac.
('a 1111111; TIle Cuuadian Nurse, Miss A. Mac.
Oflllalct.

A.A.. Sh.,rbrook., Ho>pital, Sherbrooke
111111. Pres.. Miss O. Harvey; Pres., Mrs. E.
1"11\'1111'; Firsl Vice-I'res., Mrs. F. Simpson; Sec.
ViI'e-Pres.. Miss H. Dllnd:n; Rec. Sec. Mrs. O.
Sangster: Corr. See.. 1\1I's. G. OSlI;ooct c/o Mrs. H.
Leslie. Cliff Rd.: Social & Entertai'Rment, Mrs.
D. Ht'alllllll; /(ell.
. 10; I'nl'utf' /11/(1/ :.w,.(,,,,,_
In.
N. 1.01 hrcD; The ('(lnfldian Nurse. Miss K. V QU'
2"h" II.

A.A., Woman's General Hospital, WeltmoUßl
Hon.
res.. :\lisses E. Trench, V. Pearson;
Pres., MIss C, Martin; First Vice-Pres., Miss L.
Hanson; Sec. Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. Davis; Rec.
See.. Mrs. Rutherford; Corr. Sec., Miss L. SmIth.
1532 Crescent St.; Treas., !\fiss E. Francis'
C,!
mittees: Yisiti1}O, Mrs. A. Chisholm, Miss G:
" lIson: SocLUl, Misses Hanson, Fletcher; Rep..
to: General Nursinfl Sectiun. Miss L. Smith, Mrs.
Rutherford: The Canadian Nurse, Miss Francis.

SASKA TCHEW AN

A.A., Grey Nuns' Hospital, Reeina
HC?nourary President. Sister M. J. Tougu;
President, Mrs. R. Mogridge: Vice-President.
Mr
. J. Patterson; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss P.
Phllo, Grey Nuns' Hospital; Correspondtnl
Secretary. Miss Rolande Martin.

A.A., Reeina General Hospital, Reeina
Honourary President.
[jss D. Wilson: Pre&-
Id.ent, Miss 1\1. Brown: Vice-President, Miss R.
Ridley; Secretary, Miss V. Mann, General Hoe-
pital;
reasurer. Miss Victoria Antllnini; Re".
r
lf
ntatlvelf to: Local Puper,
fiss G, Glasgow:
The CaRadian Nurlff', Miss E. Peter
on.

A.A.. St. Paul's Hospital. Saskaroon
Hon. Pres., SIster L. LaPierre; Pres., Mr.
F: J. Lafferty; First Vice-Pre>!.. Sister J. Man
dm; Sec. Vice-Pres.. Mrs. E. Turner' Sec. MIst!
M. Hutcheon, St. P. H.; Treas.. :\Ir,..' E. A'twell:
Councillor!,: Mmes A. Thompson. A. H}'de. I
Doran, MIss B. James; Ways & J1
ans Commit.
tee: Mmes O. Cowell, B. Hor1gers.

A.A, Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatoon
Hon. Pres., Mr.,. R. Hartner; Pres.. :\lis
}t.
Chisholm: Rec. Sec..
Ii.,;; :\1.
fe]nik: Corr. Sec.,
:\liss "'. Rout J er1ge. S.C.H.; Treas.. :\Irs. :\1.
DeJTick; Comm rtee Conl'enel"s: So('ial & Pr'l-
gram, :\frs. I. Fletcher; Way.
& JJeans. :\liss :\1.
Jarvi"; Vis;t;71
1 & FI()wer, :\Iiss F. Bell: Rpps.
to: Pres.ç, MI"'- :\L E. Cameron; The Canadian
Nurse, :\Irs. Denil"k.

A.A., Y orklon Queen Victoria Hospiral. Y orkron
Honoumry President,
lrs. L. S. Harnes;
President.
Ii.... E. Flanagan; Vlce-Presir1ent,

Iiss K Fnllll'ei; Secretary,
liss P. Wother.

poon, Y .Q. V. H.: Treasurer. Mrs. S. WynD;
S,.('ull r""('f')Jf'r,
Irs. M. Klsbey; Councillon:
:\Irs. J. Y uung, :\In. 1\1. Campbell. Mrs. B.
\\' estbu ry.

Associations of Graduate Nurses

NursinJò: Sisters' Association of Canada
P,-e.,.
Iiss :\Ialld "ïlkillsoll. 17.) I.nHlhurst
!\ \"e.. To"ollto 111: '"ice-Pre.,;.. :\1 is., håhel \Ic-
EWPII. 2 (;lplI Elm .\ ve.. Toronto 12; :\Irs. -\Iex
',"ilsl'n. "iB (
Ielll'airn _\,'e., Toronto 12: :\Ir,..
C. A. You II !!". 2
:J :\Iadal'ell \\e. Ottawa;
('mlllrilfor.
: :\Irs. .\. "'. Cnlllllnr. .\pt. 5fi. Haml
-
ton Court Apt.,., To'-ollto: :\frs. Geor!!"e Sherritt.

Rt) "PntH' Rd.. Toronto 12: Sec.-TI'eas. :\Irs.
David FOI'
all. 53 Hig-h'alld Cres., York :\1iI1.,;.
n_H.I: Pre
.. Torollto ("IIit, :\Irs. Gilhert Store,.,
17
Doug-'a., Dr. Toronto. 5. .

MANITOBA

Brandon Graduare Nurses Asso
iation
Hon. I're
., :\Irs. "-. H. Shillillg-Iaw: r'e.;;..
":..,, F B......-: "j'.e.p. P';;.. :\Irs. .J. Brereton: See..
:\I;"s J-{. ^"lersoll. Box
211, BI'anrlon; Treas.,
l\lrs. J_ Far
en': He!!"i4mr. :\liss C. :\Iacleod:
('nmm:ffpf' (""IJ:f'""I"
: n',,,. n',wk. :\Ir". S. J. S.
riercp: Snr;(f{, :\Ii.,;.,; K. "ïlke
: Jlemhel"-''':p.

\11'". H. Rohe't...on: ri"iti"'J. :\11.... D. L. John-
...011: .....rlt,,'t/r"{,.p :\Ii,.." :\. CIt'i!!"htlln; RI'/I
. to:
Prf"". :\p,,", (
. Lamont; Tile (ffl/rIC/f(1II .\"llrse,
:\I;s. E. :\Il":\al!r.

QUEBEC
Montreal Graduare Nurse. Association

Pres.. :\flss Agnes Jamieson: First VIce-Pres..

Iiss E. Gruer: Sec. \rice-Pres.. Mis!! I. Ma..
I\f"n:r.it': Hlln. Sec.-Trea.... !\-fl.... Jean l\f. Smith;
Director, NurllÏnu RegilftTfl, Miss EffIe KIIUns;
Ruyal Vicwrw Husplflt/. Misses B. Teed. J. Al-
lison. H. Hran. K. :\k:'\ab; Montreal General
Tlmlpit"I, "i
"
.. J \lor.. II. H. Elliott. L. ]I.f,u'.
Kinnan. C. Yarsball; HOfIWeopathie HoØJrital.
\Ii""e,. O. Vail-tulIrll. ....
"'Ith; H-'Ufnfln'lf CienenU
llORl'ltnl, "'''"'t's G. \\'1I""n. V. Matheson: 8t
"'nn(', Ho".,.'fnl. Mi.... R. \\rood; Out-of-Trtftfl
\11I1
" T. HILI. R. Brown.

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Index to Volume 41

January - December 1945

The material in this Index is arranged under subjects, authors, and titles. Titles are given
in full with the author's name.

fhe page numbers included in each issue of Volume 41 are shown below:

January. _
February.
:\larch .
:\pril. . .

Iay. .
June. .

pp. 1- 76
pp. 7.7- 156
pp. 157-244
pp.245-328
pp.329-412
pp.4-13-500

July.. .
August.
September.
October.
Xovember.
December.

pp.501- 580
pp.581- 664
pp. 665- 756
pp. 757- 836
pp. 837- 916
pp.917-1008

.-\BDOMINAL perineal resection (\Valker), 729
ACCELERATI
G the basic nursing course, 64-5
ACCREDITATION of schools of nursing, 646, 721
ACUTE rheumatic fever, nursing care in
(Brogan), 183
ADDED EXPERIEI\"CE:
Arrangements in hospitals, 554-
Courses in, 385
.\DJUSTME
TS of the older nurse (Laycock),
859
ADl\UXISTRATIO
:
And the head nurse (Mallory), 29
Institute on ward administration, 398
Personnel, 63
ADMI
ISTRATIO
and the head nurse (l\Iallory),
29
ADULT behaviour in relation to supervision in
public health nursing (Walker), 107
ADULT education for older nurses (Laycock),
861
ADVICE of one student to another (Mulligan),
647
.-\D\ïSORY board on nursing education, 106
AITKENHEAD, Clara R., 920
Using the psychological approach, 961
ALBERTA:
Annual meeting in, 562
Association of registered nurses, 51, 556
Clinical courses in, 51
Looks to the future (Beattie), 781
Official directory, 236, 492, 748, 1000
Provincial public health nursing service
(appointments, resignations, transfers),
228, 741
Youth training plan, 889
ALLDER, Elsie,
101 clinical demonstrations to nurses (Bailey),
(rev.), 736
ALLOWA"CE of time on a regular course, 50
ALLUM, Frieda, 332
Group teaching in the prenatal clinic, 358

AMERICAX medical practice in the perspectives
oj a century (Stern), (rev.), 638
A?>;AL YZI
G vital statistics, 234-
A
ESTHESIA:
Recovery from (Hum, 700
A
TI-malaria program in Greece, 820
ApPLICATIO" of chemistry to the practice of
nursing (Gibson), 799
ApPROVED list of hospitals, 215
ARMED services, to the school of nursing, 49
ARSE
ALLT, Helen,
Annual meeting in Prince Edward Island,
728
ASPECTS of rheumatic fever, public health
(Pibus), 185
AUSTRALIAX nursing scene, 977
BADEAUX, Georgine, 160
Problems and difficulties in a tuberculosis
program, 197
Service social de l'Institut Bruchesi: ses
difficultés, 200
B <\OlLEY, Hamilton,
101 clinical demonstrations to nurses (rev.),
736
BATTLE of the bath (Skelton), 60
BEATTIE, Barbara A.,
Alberta looks to the future, 781
Portrait, 781
BECK, Shirley 1\1.,
Some impressions of Scotland, 480
BECKER, 1\1., Zablotony V.,
Hospital pests, 44
BEECHI?>;OR, Ann,
St. Paul's goes recruiting, 899
BEITH, Esther, 584, 643
BE
NETT, Hilda, 504
Preparation for psychiatric nursing, 539
BENVIE, Ruth,
A new year episode, 220
BLACK, Isobel, 840
Institute on family health counselling, 877

1

THE CANADIA
KlJRSE

BLOCK System:
Inauguration in South Africa, 126
BLOOD donors needed (Nairn), 202
BLOOD transfusion (Pampana), 46
BLUE cross to the nurse's assistance (Verran),
120
BOLTON, F. P.,
The nurse-a welcome sight, 137
BOOK awards in nursing education, 210
BOOK reviews:
Listed alPhabetically under authors' names
and subject headings indicated by: (rev.)
BOOSTING morale in the V.O.N. (Livingston),
293
BOTSFORD, Marion E.,
Conference on tuberculosis nursing, 39
BOYD, Mary,
Reflections on an afternoon at baby clinic,
567
BRADY, Margaret I., 981
BRAUND, Elizabeth, 80
Provincial placement service, 115
BREEN, Gerald E.,
Fevers for nurses (rev.), 318
BRITISH civil nursing reserve:
Committee on, 711
Termination of, 53
BRITISH Columbia:
Annual meeting of R.N.A., 463
Official directory, 236, 492, 748, 1000
Provincial public health nursing service
(appointments, resignations, transfers),
227
Registered nurses act, 51
Registered nurses association of, 51, 115,
118, 556
Waiver clause, termination of, 118
Youth training plan, 889
BRITISH nurses relief fund:
Contributions to, 128, 212, 384, 461, 710,
810
BRITTON, I.,
Rambling thoughts by a nurse returned
from overseas, 119
BROGAN, Mildred M., 160
Nursing care in acute rheumatic fever, 183
BROLIN, Mabel E., 584
A word to the general nursing section, 635
BROMISM (Pullan), 445
BROOKS, Cora M., 896
Portrait, 896
BROWN, A., Laycock, S.R.,
Cheating your children (rev.), 571
BUCHAN, George F., 195
BUCHANAN, Edith, 840, 920
From one post-war period to another in
Canada and India, 870, 954
BUNDENSEN, Herman N.,
The baby manual (rev.), 66
BURNETTE, N. L.,
Of historical interest, 290
BURSARIES:
Award committee on, 710, 715
Awards for, 211, 463, 810
Red Cross Society, 138
Short-term, 128
By sailing ship to Africa (Copithorne), 818
CAMERON, D. Ewen, 416
Return from war, 435

CANADA'S chapel of remembrance (Thorburn,
Whitton), (rev.), 64
CANADIAN Association of Scientific Workers,
639
CANADIAN Nurses Association:
Canadian Hospital Council meeting, 890
Dominion health council, 710
Exchange of nurses committee, 711
Financial statements d, 715
Government grant committee, 715
International goodwill and understanding,
714
Liaison committee, 383
Nurses' aides, 383
Nursing and national health, 892
Nursing needs of the future, 809
Overcrowding of hospitals, 892
Personnel policies and practices, 913
Problem of providing good nursing care, 891
Publicity of, 54, 462
Supply and demand of nurses, 383
W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 809
Youth training plan, 889
CANADIAN Red Cross Society:
Blood donors needed (Nairn), 202
In wartime, 800
Quehec provincial division, scholarships in
public health nursing, 728
Survey of nursing service needs, 714
. Use of volunteer nurses' aides, 300
CARE, maintenance and conservation of hos-
pital equipment (Coleman), 949
CARROLL, Violet, 760
Hospital health service (Carroll, Hickey),
792
CARSON, Agnes D., 131
CASSIDY, Harry M.,
Public health and welfare reorganization
(rev.), 900
CENTRAL nurse placement service, establish-
ment of, 32
CENTRAL supply room (Ward), 959
CHALLENGE to head nurses (Wilson), 629
CHANGED picture (Doull), 805
CHANGING emphasis in supervision in public
health nursing (Walker), ,U
CHARTER, Christine E., 130
Portrait, 131
CHEATING your children (Laycock, Brown),
(rev.), 571
CHEMISTRY, application of-to the practice of
nursing (Gibson), 799
CHESNIE, Joshua J., 80
Coagulation and thrombosis, 99
CHILDREN in hospital (Robertson), 441
CHORAL club, Royal Alexandra nurses
(Olynyk), 730
CITIZENSHIP and the nurse, 695
CLARK, Jean S., 760
So far. . . so good, 801
CLIBBORN, Catherine, 980
CLIFFORD, Kathleen, 80
Montreal General Hospital sports program,
121
CLINICAL demonstrations to nurses (Bailey),
(rev.), 736
CLINICAL instruction in the operating room
(Eichel), 203
CLINICAL use of penicillin, 58
CLOTHING for nurses of Holland, 974
COAGULATION and thrombosis (Chesnie), 99

2

INDEX TO VOLUME 41

COGSWELL, l\largaret 0., 895, 920
An instructors' group that really functions,
965
Portrait, 895
COLEMAN, W. J., 920
Th e care, maintenance and conservation of
hospital equipment, 9-19
COLLECTIVE Bargaining:
Agents for, 128
For nurses, 127, 639
COLLINS, J. Leigh,
Chest surgery for nurSES (rev.), 218
COMMITTEE on industrial medicine, 612
COMMUNICABLE Diseases:
Asepsis in communicable disease nursing
(Hasenjaeger), (rev.), 572
Diphtheria, vaccination against (Pampana),
48
Disease incidence up, 970
Epidemic diseases in China, 826
Fevers for nurses (Breen), (rev.), 318
Health of the army, 392
. Laryng-eal diphtheria (MacPherson), 393
Malaria (Pampana), 47
National immunization week, 624
Relapsing fever, 826
Soviet Union controls epidemics, 546
The control of communicable diseases (A.P.
H.A.), (rev.), 571
Tick and insect borne diseases (Humphreys),
863
Too late and too little (Ranta), 943
Typhoid, epidemic of (Raynor), 37
Typhoid fever, nursing care in (Mac-
Kinnon), 471
Typhoid, vaccination against (Pampana),
47
COMMUNITY Health:
Nursing for community health (Waterman),
(rev.), 64
CONCERNING shock, 380
CONCESSIONS:
Matriculation, 54
Matriculation requirements, 49
CONFERENCE on tuberculosis nursing (Bots-
ford), 39
CONFLICTING ideas in textbooks (Haggart),
705
CONNOR, Anna, 983
CONTROL of communicable diseases (A.P.H.A.),
(rev.), 571
COOKE, Winnifred 1\1., 555, 713
Portrait, 555
COPEMAN, F. M., 248
COPITHORNE, Anne E.,
By sailing ship to Africa, 818
COUNSELLING service for older nurses (Lay-
cock), 862
CREELMAN, Lyle 1\1., 724
Dutch children in England, 476
With UNRRA in Germany, 986
CROWE, Charlotte G., 725
Portrait, 725
Tuberculosis affiliation in Saskatchewan,
885
CRUTCHER, Hester B., Foster home care for
mental patients (rev.), 66
CRYDERMAN, Eileen, 504
Mental hygiene problems in generalized
public health nursing, 543

CURING the "Focke-\Vulf jitters" (Mac-
Lennan), 390
Cl!SHING, Harold B., 160
The early development of pediatrics as a
specialty, 206
DAVIDSON, George F., 248
Family allowances-a children's charter for
Canada, 271
DAVIES, Isabel, 897
DAY in an Indian hospital (Thomas), 379
DDT:
Program in Greece, 820
Studied for outdoor use, 702
DE BRINCAT, Josephine, 131
DELMOTTE, Justine,
Travelling around, 734
DEMING, D., 416
Personnel policies and practices in public
health nursing, 447
DER\lA TOLOGY:
Poison ivy, 628
Tropical skin disease, 81-1
DFWAR, Donalr! F., 813
DICK, E. R., 388
Portrait, 388
DICUMAROL therapy, prothrombin tests in
(Martin), 103
DIEDERICHS, Matilda R., 724
Portrait, 724
DIGNAN, Ruth (Rayner), 897
DOES your alumnae need revamping? (Morri-
son), 205
DOULL, C.,
A changed picture, 805
DRUGS:
Mepacrine tablets, 803
Narcotic regulations, 809
Penicillin (Doun), 805
Penicillin, clinical use of, 58
Penicillin (Pampana), 46
Production of penicillin, 234
Prothrombin tests in dicumarol therapy
(Martin), 103
Streptomycin, study of, 808
Sulphonamides (Pampana), 46
DRYSDALE, Louise, 983
Portrait, 982
DL'NN, Nancy, 897
DUNNING, Jean c.,
Annual meeting in Nova Scotia, 717
DUTCH children in England (Creelman), 476
EARL Y development of pediatrics as a spe-
cialty (Cushing), 206
EBEN, Barbara, 4
Training storks for Alberta, 23
EDITORIAL board, 711
EDITORIALS:
Alberta looks to the future (Beattie), 781
Dealing in futures (Pettigrew), 433
"God bless us, everyone" (Munroe), 15
Good luck to the new graduates (Kerr), 270
Helping our nursing sisters (Kerr), 269
In unity there is strength (Myers), 517

ecessary ingredients (Kerr), 93
Nova Scotia poses some questions (Mac-
Donald), 687
Our fortieth anniversary (Kerr), 177
Pulling the drawstring-s (Kerr), 941
To do or not to do (Munroe), 782
Two inspirations (Flanagan), 347

3

THE CANADIAN NURSE

Unity, understanding and co-operation
(Masten), 857
Unlimited horizons (Kerr), 603
EDUCATIONAL aid for nurses in U.S.A., 59
EDWARDS, Mary P.,
A course in midwifery, 987
EICHEL, M.,
Clinical instruction in the operating room,
203
ELLIS, Kathleen \V.,
Annual meeting in Saskatchewan, 718
EMORY, Florence H. 1\1.,
Red Cross bursaries for undergraduate
nursing education, 138
EPIDEMIC diseases in China, 826
EPIDEMIC on an Indian reserve (Raynor), 37
ESSENTIALITY no. I-the home (King), 216
EWART, M., 389
EXCITEMENT in Halifax (Jenkins), 902
EXPERIENCES at a nursing outpost (Phillips),
564
FADDIS, Margene 0., \Vayland, M. M.,
McManus, R. L.,
The hospital head nurse (rev.), 399
FAIRLEY, Grace M., 160
International Council of Nurses, 192
F AMIL Y allowances-a children's charter for
Canada (Davidson), 271
FAR be it from me to boast-but CMacKay),
291
FENESTRATION operation-treatment of deaf-
ness (McNally), 60S
FERGUSON, E. Gertrude,
June cover
FINANCIAL assistance to nurses, 973
FIRST aid qualification for nurses, 807
FISHER, Trenholm L., 80
Legal responsibilities and privileges, 95
FITZGERALD, Matilda E.,
Annual meeting in Ontario, 561
FITZSIMMONS, Laura \Y., S04
Mental hygiene and hospital nursing, 523
FLANAGAN, Eileen, 332
Portrait, 347
Two inspirations, 347
FLANDER, Madeleine,
Pediatric nursing (Levinson), (rev.), 738
FLORENCE Nightingale international founda-
tion, 463
FOOT health and disease (Sallows), 535
FOR the mentally ill, 38
FOREIGN Countries:
Anti-malaria program in Greece, 820
Australian nursing scene, 977
Developments in nursing education In
India, New Zealand, 893
Epidemic diseases in China, 826
From one post-war period to another in
Canada and India (Buchanan), 870, 954
India, student nurse recruitment in, 126
Liaison in, 713
New Zealand college of nursing, 806
New Zealand, nursing aides in, 126
Personnel policies, Australasian trained nur-
ses' association, 973
South Africa, block system inaugurated, 126
South African registered nurses' identifica-
tion, 8S8
fhe welfare of the generation (Mananni-
kova), 887
Trained nurses' association of India, 809

FORMAN, M. M.
February, 94
FRIEDMAN test (Martin), 360
FRITH, Monica M., 208
Portrait, 209
FROM one post-war period to another in
Canada and India (Buchanan), 870, 954
FROM the armed services to the school of
nursing, 49
FULLER, \V. H.,
Rules of order and procedure for thp conduct
of public meetings (rev.), 634
FUTURE of nursing (Meakins), 784
FUTURE of the nurse in public health
(Macdonald), 625
GAMBIAE mosquito comes back, 123
GAS gangrene (Haley), 309
GENERAL Staff Nursing:
Accumulative leave, 384
Extending vacations, 383
Group nursing for patients, 383
Reduction of demand upon private duty
nurses, 383
Staff conferences, 383
GEORGE, FLORA A., 981
Portrait, 981
GERIATRICS:
Growing old gracefull\" (Young), 25
Hospital planning for, 898
GIBBON, Murray, 712
GIBSON, Gertruùe E., 760
Application of chemistry to the practice of
nursing, 799
GILES, Grace,
Saskatchewan nurse instructors hold an
institute, 306
GOLDBLOOM, Alton, U8
Twenty-five year retrospect of infant feed-
ing, 279
GOODFELLOW, H. D. L., 760
Training defectives in institutions, 787
GOODMAN, Jessie, 813
GOUl
LOCK, Ruth,
H.M.C.S. "Niobe", 224
GRACE Hospital, Windsor, Ont., 396
GRAHAM, James H., 160
Rheumatic fever, 179
GRAHAM, Myrtle I., 812
GROUP study, experiment in (Lusted), 969
GROWING old gracefully (Young), 25
GRU
DY, L. A., 332
Health pro!-{ram of Wartime Shipbuilding
Ltd., 362
GUN
, Lynette, 130
HACKETT. 1\1.,
Letters from the Alaska highway district,
135
HAGGART, A. E.,
Conflicting ideas in textbooks, 705
HALEY, 8.,
Gas gangrene, 309
HALL, Gertrude 1\1., 584-
Nursing care for all the people, 617
The hosPital head nurse (Wayland, Mc-
Manus, Faddis), (rev.), 399
HALL, Maude H., 723
Portrait, 723
HALLER, Ruth,
Planning your meeting (rev.), 634
HA,nLTo"" R. 1\1. P., 2-1-8

4

INDEX TO VOLU:\IE 41

Management and the promotion of indus-
trial health services, 274
HAMILTON, Zeta, 897
HANNA, George, 813
HARDING, I., Moroney, F.,
Nurses' lending library of R.N.A.P.Q., 219
HARDING, N.,
\Ve had a campaign!!! 134
HARRIS, L. P., 248
HART, Bernard,
The psychology of insanity (rev.), 830
HARTIG, E., 760
Recording fluid intake, 796
HARTZ, Erna E., 504
Red cell paste in treatment of ulcers, 547
HASENJAEGER, Ella,
Asepsis in communicable disease nursing
(rev.),572
HEAD nurse and the administration (Mal-
lory), 29 '
HEALTH Counselling:
Institute on family-(Black), 877
HEALTH program of \Vartime Shipbuilding
Ltd. (Grundy), 362
HENDERSON, Selena, 80
:Mental hygiene (Klein), (rev.), 218
The value of mental hygiene in the school,
109
HEWETT, 1\ I. H., 389
HICKEY, Elsie, 760
Hospital health service (Hickey, Carroll),
792
HIGGINSON, Ralph, 840
November cover
December cover
HILL, A. Edward,
March cover
HISTORY of Nursing:
Committee on, 712
Of historical interest (Burnette), 290
Through the years (Upton), 643
H.M.C.S. "Niobe" (Gouinlock), 224
HOBBIES and interests of teen-age girls,
survey of, 55
HOLLAND, Laura,
How can nurses fight for peace? 549
HORTON, L. E.,
Ideal characteristics of a nurse, 369
HOSPITAL and school of nursing section, 709
HOSPITAL and the health department (Pever-
ley), 532
HOSPITAL equipment, the care, maintenance
and conservation of (Coleman), 949
HOSPITAL health service (Hickey, Carroll),
792
HOSPITAL nursing staff, organization of
(Pringle), 113
HOSPITAL pests (Zablotony, Becker), 44
How can nurses fight for peace? (Holland),
549
How to make a speech and enjoy it (Par-
tridge), (rev.), 634
HOWARD, Ella, 57
Portrait, 57
HULL, Ruby G.,
Recovery, 700
HUMA
anatomy and physiology (Millard,
King), (rev.), 737
HUMPHREYS, F. A., 840
Tick and insect borne diseases, 863
HUNTER, A. B., 389

HeXTER, Isabel,
UNRRA girls live the hard way, 732
HUNTER, Mabel, 389
HYPERTHYROIDISM (Swain), 815
IDEAL characteristics of a nurse (Horton), 369
IMMUNIZATION:
Pertussis (Ranta), 943
Scarlet fever (Ranta), 945
Tetanus, 55
INCOME tax deductions, 55
INDUSTRIAL Health Services:
Health of workers matter of national con-
cern, 288
Health program of Wartime Shipbuilding
Ltd. (Grundy), 362
Industrial nurses sub-section, 710
Management and the promotion of (Hamil-
ton),274
Standing orders for nurses in industry, 612
INSERVICE education of nurses (Laycock), 861
INSTITUTE on familv health counselling
(Black), 877 -
INSTITUTES:
Chicago, 384
Citizenship and the nurse, 695
Hospital administration course, 537
Manitoba, 220
Nova Scotia, 154
Ottawa, 398
Refresher course in Nova Scotia, 538
Saskatchewan, 542
Saskatchewan nurse instructors hold-
(Giles) , 306
I
STRUCTORS' group that really functions
(Cogswell),965
INTERESTING people, 56, 130, 208, 388, 458,
722, 811, 895,980 (names listed alPhabeti-
cally)
INTERESTING surgical case (Thomas), 455
INTERNATIONAL Council of Nurses:
International Council of Nurses (Fairley),
192
I nternational nursing bulletin, publication
of, 798
Resolution concerning, 714
INTERPRETATION of medical social work
(paice), 866
JACKSON, Clara E., 897
Portrait (group), 897
JAMES, Ethel, 812
Portrait, 813
j AMESON, E.,
Twilight, 518
JENKINS, Bertha, 584
August cover
Excitement in Halifax, 902
JENSEN, Frode, Weiskotten, H. G., Thomas,
M.A.,
Medical care of the discharged hosPital
patient (rev.), 400
j OHNSTON, Lillian J., 723
Portrait, 723
JOURNAL Publicity:
Another flood (Kerr), 288
Competition winners, 942
Contest judges, 798
Fraudulent agents, 688
Pleased to meet you (Kerr), 623
Preparing material for radio (Mason), 883
Reprints, 892
We had a campaign!!! (Harding), 134

5

THE CA
ADIAN NURSE

\Vell done, student nurses, 985
\Vhat do you think? 382
Write to win, 604
KING, B.,
Essentiality no. I-the home, 216
KING, Barry G., Millard, N. D.,
Human anatomy and physiology (rev.), 737
KING, Helen 1'.1., 980
Portrait, 980
KING, Kathleen N.,
News from the south-west Pacific, 220
KLEIN, D. B.,
lv/ental hygiene (rev.), 218
KNISELEY, J. Mabel, 812
KOVACS, Richard,
A manual of physical therapy (rev.), 68
LABORATORY diagnosis (Sodero), 609
LABOUR Relations:
Collective labour agreements (Quebec), 716
Committee on, 127, 639
Minimum wage legislation, 642
Trade unions, 641
Unemployment insurance, 642
Wage control orders, 642
Workmen's compensation act, 643
LALIBERTÉ, M. B., 459
Portrait, 460
LANGSTON, Robert G., 668
Plastic surgery, 689
LARYNGEAL diphtheria, general care of, when
a tracheotomy is performed (MacPherson),
393
LAYCOCK, Samuel R., 4, 840
Cheatinf!, your children (rev.), 571
Mental health of the nurse, 17
The adjustments of the older nurse, 859
LEGAL responsibilities and privileges (Fisher),
95
LEGISLATION, committee on, 127
LEST we forget (Wellesley-Smith), (rev.), 314
LETTERS from overseas, 125, 220, 476, 732,
818, 902, 986 (listed alPhabetically under
author's name)
LETTERS from the Alaska highway district
(Hackett), 135
LEVINE, Maurice, Psychotherapy in medical
practice (rev.), 473
LEVINSON, Abraham, Pediatric nursing (rev.),
738
LIEUTENANT governor opens new hospital
wing, 396
LINDEBURGH, Marion, 160, 215,977
What constitutes post-graduate clinical
courses? 188
LINDLAHR, Yictor H.,
You are what you eat (rev.), 473
LINDSAY, Winonah,
News from Belgium, 224
LIVEN up your meetings, 634
LIVINGSTON, Christine,
Boosting morale in the V.O.N., 293
LOVE, Ellen E., 983
LOVELL, Gordon, 668
A school health service, 693
LUSTED, Hester, 920
An experiment in group study, 969
LYNCH, Catherine,
Post-graduate course in psychiatric nursing,
294
MACDoNALD, Cecil M., 897

::\IACDO
ALD, 1\1. R., 584
The future of the nurse in public health, 625
MACDoNALD, Rhoda F., 668
Nova Scotia poses some questions, 687
MACDoNALD, S. A., 920
The problem of the paralyzed bladder, 947
MACKAY, Sheila, 248
Far be it from me to boast-but, 291
MACKINNON, Lilian, 416
"Miss, it's a boy", 443
MACKINNON, Thelma,
Nursing care in typhoid fever, 471
MACKINTOSH, Margaret, 640
MACLENNAN, Electa,
Patients have families (Richardson), (rev.),
568
\Vhat local associations can do to step up
student nurse recruitment, 302
MACLENNAN, N. H.,
Curing the "Focke-Wulf jitters", 390
MACLEOD, Agnes J., 720, 722
Portrait, 722
MACPHERSON, Elizabeth E.,
General care of laryngeal diphtheria when
a tracheotomy is performed, 393
MACPHERSON, Lennie E., 897
MALLORY, H. Evelyn, 4
Administration and the head nurse, 29
MANAGEMENT and the promotion of industrial
health services (Hamilton), 274
MANANNIKOVA, N.,
Welfare of the generation, 887
MANITOBA:
Annual meeting in, 559
Association of registered nurses, 51, 556
Dealing in futures (Pettigrew), 433
Institute in, 220
Licensing of subsidiary workers, 52
Official directory, 237,493, 748, 1000
Placement service, 51
Provincial public health nursing service
(appointments, resignations, transfers),
138
Student nurses' association in, 312, 568,649
Youth training plan, 889
MANITOBA student nurses' association, 312,
568, 649
MARCH of medicine in western Ontario
(Seaborn), (rev.), 829
MARSHALL, Dorothy,
Manitoba student nurses' association, 649
MARTIN, Lillian E., 80
Prothrombin tests in dicumarol therapy,
103
The Friedman test, 360
MASON, Jean, 668
Preparing material for radio, 883
Why girls don't go in training, 696
MASTEN, Jean I., 840
Portrait, 857 .
Unity, understanding and co-operation, 857
::\IATHEWSON, Mary S.,
A merican medical practice in the perspectives
of a century (Stern), (rev.), 638
McARTHUR, Helen G., 668
New steps in public health (M.M.F.),
(rev.), 901
Room to grow in, 703
MCCAULEY, Helen M.,
Psychotherapy in medical practice (Levine),
(rev.), 473

6

INDEX TO VOLUME 41

11cCULLA, Madeline, 248
Summer school for graduate nurses, 293
McDoNEL, Helen M., 980
Portrait, 981
McILRAITH, Kate 1\1., 332
Introduction to publÙ health (Mustard),
(rev.), 828
The nurse's part in prenatal care, 355
McKEE, Adelia, 130
McKENDRY, Pauline, 332
Group teaching in the prenatal clinic, 358
:\1cMANUS, R. Louise, Faddis, M. 0., Way-
land, M. M.,
The hosPital head nurse (rev.), 399
McNALLY, WilliamJ.,584
Operative treatment of deafness-the fenes-
tration operation, 605
McKEILL, ::\largaret. 248
Toxemia of pregnancy, 289
MCPHEDRAN, Blanche, 248
Teaching microbiology, 285
MEAKINS, J. C, 760
The future of nursing, 784
MEDICAL care of the discharged hosPital patient
(Jensen, \\7eiskotten, Thomas), (rev.), 400
MEDICAL social work, interpretation of
(Paice). 866
MENTAL defectives, sterilization of, 300
MENTAL health of the nurse (Laycock), 17
M ENT AI. Hygiene:
And hospital nursing (Fitzsimmons), 523
Bromism (Pullan), 445
For the mentally ill, 38
Foster home care for mental patients (Crut-
cher), (rev.). 66
Mental defectives, sterilization of, 300
::\1ental health of the nurse (Laycock), 17
lIlental hygiene (Klein), (rev.), 218
Occupational therapy for the mentally i11
(Rosse), 133
Problems in generalized public health
nursing and (Cryderman), 543
Psychotherapy in medical practice (Levine),
(rev.),47.3
The place of, and mental nursing in this
reconstruction period (Stevenson), 519
The psychology of insanity (Hart), (rev.),
830
Training defectives in institutions (Good-
fellow), 787
Value of-in the school (Henderson), 109
MENTAL hygiene and hospital nursing (Fitz-
simmons), 523
MENTAL hygiene in the school, value of
(Henderson), 109
MENTAL hygiene problems in generalized
public health nursing (Cryderman), 543
MERRY, Jeanette, 211
Portrait, 211
MESSOLORA, C J., 125
METROPOLITAN health committee, Vancouver
unit (appointments, resignations, transfers),
450
METROPOLITAN Nursing Service:
Appointments, resignations, transfers, 142,
228, 386, 551, 650, 808, 908
MICROBIOLOGY:
Introduction to microorganisms (Thompson),..
(rev.),316
Teaching (McPhedran), 285
MIDWIFERY, a course in (Edwards), 987

MILES, Bertha, 813
MILK:
Is a valuable food, 368
Methods of pasteurization, 548
Over-fortification of, not needed, 36
Riboflavin content of, 566
MILLARD, Nellie, D., King, B. G.,
Human anatomy and physiology (rev.), 737
"MISS, it's a boy" (MacKinnon), 443
MOAG, Margaret L., 982
Portrait, 982
MONTREAL General Hospital sports program
(Clifford), 121
MOONEY, Belle S.,
How shall I tell my child (rev.), 572
Mommy, Sr. Margaret,
uN urses on the home front", 828
1100RE, Edna L.,
Opportunities and needs for supervisors in
public health nursing, 468
MORE hospitals for the incurable and the
chronicallv ill, 74
MORONEY, F., Harding, I.,
Nurses' lending library of the R.N.A.P.Q.,
219
MORRISON, Helen,
Does your alumnae need revamping? 205
MULLENGER, J. K,
A manual of physical therapy (Kovacs),
(rev.), 68
1IuLLlGAN, Bridget,
Advice of one student to another, 647
MUNRoE,Fanny,760
God bless us, everyone, 15
To do or not to do, 782
MURRAY, Marion, 57
MUSTARD, Harry S.,
Introduction to public health, 828
MYERS, Marion,
In unity there is strength, 517
Portrait, 517
NAIRN, K.,
Blood donors needed, 202
NATIONAL conference of Canadian universi-
ties, 53
NATIONAL council of Catholic nurses, U.S.A.,
210
NATIONAL memorial service, 213
NATIONAL nursing planning committee, 974,
809
NATIONAL Office, CJ\.A.:
Dominion health council, representation on,
299

Executive meeting (May, June, 1945), 558
General meeting (1946),973
International Council of Nurses (Fairley),
192
National conference of women, 212,297
National council of women, 461
Notes from, 51,127,211,297,383,461,556,
639,709,809,889,973
Provincial association activities, 556
NATIONAL publicity council, 972
NEAL, L. P.,
In Scotland, 482
NEILL, Agnes C, 811
Portrait, 811
NEILSON, Janet, 56
Portrait, 56

7

THE CANADIAN NURSE

.Î\ESSET, Inez,
The story of Joey, 875
NEW Bruns\\ ick:
Association of registered nurses, 52, 557
In unity there is strength (Myers), 517
Nurse placement bureau in, 52
Official directory, 237, 493, 749, 1001
Provincial public health nursing service
(appointments, resignations, transfers),
907
Youth training plan, 890
N EWFOUNDLAr-;-D:
Experiences at a nursing outpost (Phillips),
564
NEWS From:
Belgium (Lindsay), 224
Greece, 125
Italy (Tulloch), 224
South-west Pacific (King), 220
NEWS Notes, 69,145,228,318,402,484,575,
652,741,830,909,991
NIGHTINGALE, Florence, 290
N OV A Scotia:
Annual meeting, 717
Nova Scotia poses some questions (Mac-
Donald),688
Nurses' placement bureau, 52
Official directory, 237,493,749, 1001
Refresher course in, 154
Registered nurses' association, 52, 557
Youth training plan, 890
NOVAK, Emil,
The woman asks the doctor (rev.), 638
NUMBER of nurses in training, 54
NURSE in public health-the future of the
(Macdonald),625
KURSE practice acts, 463,709,716
NURSE, the mental health of (Lay
ock), 17
NURSES' lending library of the R.N.A.P.Q.,
219
"NURSES on the home front" (Mooney), 828
NURSING Aides:
In New Zealand, 126
Nursing care for all the people (Hall), 617
Relieving professional staff, 383
Services of, 714
NURSING Care:
Abdominal perineal resection (Walker), 729
Acute rheumatic fever (Brogan), 183
Following the fenestration operatio
(Stewart),608
For all the people (Hall), 617
Gas gangrene (Haley), 309
Hyperthyroidism (Swain), 815
In typhoid fever (MacKinnon), 471
Interesting surgical case (Thomas), 455
Laryngeal diphtheria, 393
Recording fluid intake (Schumacher, Har-
tig), 796
Red cell paste in treatment of ulcers (Hartz),
547
Renal calculi (O'Hanley), 881
Ruptured spleen (Weldon), 707
Shock, treatment of, 380
NURSIr-;-G care following the fenestration oper-
ation (Stewart), 608
NURSIKG care for all the people (Hall), 617
NURSING Education:
Advisorv board on, 106
Book a
ards in, 210
Changes in the preparation for nursing, 893

Committee on, 709
Developments in, 893
First aid certificate, 807
In the future, 299
Red Cross bursaries for, 138
Special page, 385, 466, 552, 645, 721, 893,
971
"Two-year" and the "four-year" nurse, 971
NURSING sisters' association of Canada, 144,
378,541,988
NURSING, the future of (Meakins), 784
NUTRITION:
Civilian internees of Jap prisons, 880
Ration test concluded, 61
Sky meals present dietetics problems, 804
Thiamin feedings, react favorably, 207
Vitamin B flour, 210
Vitamin C therapy for hay fever, 820
You are what you eat (Lindlahr), (rev.), 473
OBITUARIES:
Anderson, Madeline, 983
Baird, M. Edna, 727
Blanch, Harriet J., 460
Boreham, Mrs. Mary, 460
Bowman, Mrs. Hannah M. Ferguson, 209
Cooper, Emily, 726
Cryderman. Beatrice Eileen, 898
Dick, Christina M., 296
Edwards, Evelyn, 460
Findlay, Agnes, 898
Galbraith, Mary Florence, 575
Gowdy, Mary Jane, 460
Henderson, Faith Tennys, 209
Inkster, Agnes Lee, 898
Kelman, Margaret D., 575
King, Mrs. Annie. 575
Laur, Helen K., 813
MacDonald, Vera, 727
Masse Mrs. Elizabeth, 726
McCo
nell, Mrs. Mary E., 814
Murray, Dr. \V. c., 368
Redfern, Mrs. Donella, 460
Reid, Mrs. Beatrice, 132
Rendell, Mrs. Minerva Manahan, 210
Ross, Mrs. Anna M. (Murray), 983
Tedford, Nora, 131
Viateur Sister St., 132
Walker, Mrs. Rahno Aitken, 814
Wall, Margaret (MacKay), 898
Young, Gladys, 983
OBSTETRICS:
Friedman test (Martin), 360
Prenatal care, the nurse's part in (Mc-
Ilraith),355 . .
Prenatal clinic, group teachmg m the
(Allum, McKendry), 358
Puerperal care and some complications
(Stevens), 349 .
Toxemia of pregnancy (McNeill), 289
Training storks for Alberta (Eben), 23
OCCUPATIOr\AL therapy for the mentally ill
(Rosse), 133 .
OCCUPATIONS for the sick child (Watts), 527
OFFICIAL Directory, 76, 156, 235, 328, 412,
491,580,664,747,836,916,999
Statement regarding, 296
O'HANLEY, Catherine, 840
Renal calculi, 881
OLDER nurse, the adjustments of the (Lay-
cock), 859

8

INDEX TO \-OLG:\IE 41

OLYr\YK, L.,
Royal Alexandra choral club, 730
O
TARIO:
Annual meeting, 202, 561
Official directory, 237,493,749, 1001
Provincial public health nursing service
(appointments, resignations, transfers),
62,138,314,384,467,650,727,824,907
Registered nurses association, 52, 557
Training of practical nurses, 52
enity, understanding and co-operation
C\Iasten),857
Youth training plan, 890
OPERATIYE treatment of deafness-the fenes-
tration operation (McNally), 605
OPPORTUNITIES in a rural hospital (White),
967
OPPORTUNITIES in nursing service, 301
ORAM, Anna 1\1., 725
Portrait, 725
ORGAr\IZATIO" of provincial placement service
(Braund), 117
ORGANIZATION of the hospital nursing staff
(Pringle), 113
ORTHOPEDIC defects, 894
OVER-fortification of milk not needed, 36
PAICE, H. Aline, 840
Interpretation of medical social work, 866
PAMPA
A, E. J.,
Scientific progress and the victims of the
war, 45
P ARAU ZED bladder, the problem of the
(MacDonald),947
PARTRIDGE, Helen,
How to make a speech and enjoy it (rev.), 634
P<\TIENTS have families (Richardson), (rev.),
568
PEDIATRICS:
Children in hospital (Robertson), 441
Early development of (Cushing), 206
Occupations for the sick child (\Vatts), 527
Ped2"atric nursing (Levinson), (rev.), 738
The baby manual (Bundensen), (rev.), 66
Twenty-five yearretrospect of infant feeding
(Goldbloom), 279
PEr\ICILLlr\ :
Clinical use of, 58
Production of, 234
PERSON
EL administration, 63
PERSONNEL policies and practices in public
health nursing (Deming), 447
PERSON
EL work in schools of nursing
(Triggs), (rev.), 900
PETRY, Lucile, 722
Portrait, 723
PETTIGREW, LiIIian E., 416
Dealing in futures, 433
PEVERLEY,:\nn, 504,812
Portrait, 812
The hospital and the hedlth department,
532
PHILLIPS, Alice,
Experiences at a nursing outpost, 564
PHILO, Francine, 813
Portrait, 813
PHYSICAL Therapy:
A manual of physical therapy (Kovacs),
(rev.), 68
PIBUS, Evelyn, 160
Public health aspects of rheumatic fever,
185

PLACE of mental hygiene and mental nursing
in this reconstruction period (Stevenson),
519
PLACEMENT Service:
Committee on placement bureaux, 712
Establishment of-in U.S.A., 32
Organization of (Braund), 117
Placement bureaux institute, 889
Provincial (Braund), 115
PLA
NING your meeting (Haller), (rey.), 634
PLASTIC eye, a new, 196
PLASTIC surgery (Langston), 689
PLA y Therapy:
Children in hospital (Robertson), 441
Occupations for the sick child (\Vatts), 527
S.R.N.A. handicraft and, 633
POISON ivy, 628
PORTRAITS: (see name of indiv2'dual)
PosT-Graduate Courses:
Available in Canada, 385, 552
In clinical supervision, 466
I n hospital schools, 553
In psychiatric nursing (Lynch), 294
I n universities, 552
State aid for, in England, 973
Summer school for graduate nurses (Mc-
Culla), 293
Fniversity education, 636
\Vhat constitutes. clinical courses? (Linde-
burgh), 188
POST- \Var Planning:
Activities of, 214, 301, 387, 468, 549, 636,
720, 975
Committee on, 212, 713
Financial benefits for military nurses, 891
Need for clinical supervisors, "387
Nursing sisters return to civilian life, 9i 5
Opportunities in D.V.A. hospitals, 720
Post-discharge re-establishment order, 636
Provincial committees, 214
Re-establishment information, 636
Rehabilitation courses for nurses, 976
Reinstatement in civil employment act, 637
Supervisors in public health nursing, need
for, 468
Pniversity education, 636
Veterans insurance act, 636
PRACTICAL Nurses:
In :\lanitoha, 52
Practice acts, 433
Training of, 52
PRENATAL care, the nurse's part in (l\Ic-
Ilraith), 355
PRENATAL clinic, group teaching in (Allum,
McKendry), 358
PREPARATION for psychiatric nursing (Ben-
nett), 539
PREPARING material for radio (1\lason), 883
PRESTON, L. Clara,
Siamese twins, 548
PRINCE Edward Island:
Annual meeting, 728
Government grant committee, 52
Official directory, 238, 494, 750, 1002
Registered nurses association. 52, 558
Youth training plan, 890
PRI
GLE, Edith, 80

'fedical care of the discharged hospital
patient (Jensen), (rev.), 400
Organization of the hospital nursing staff,
113

9

THE CANADIAN NURSE

PRINGLE, Margaret, 416
We climbed a tree, 469
PROBLEM of the paralyzed bladder (Mac-
Donald), 947
PROBLEMS and difficulties in a tuberculosis
program (Badeaux), 197
PROPER illumination, 656
PROTHROMBIN tests in dicumarol therapy
(Martin), 103
PROVINCIAL placement service (Braund), 115
PSYCHIATRIC Nursing:
Combat exhaustion, 879
Post-graduate course in (Lynch), 294
Preparation for (Bennett), 539
The attendant's guide (Stern), (rev.), 571
PUBLIC Health:
Experiment in group study (Lusted), 969
Introduction to public health (Mustard),
(rev.),828
New steps in public health (Milbank),
(rev.), 901
Public health and welfare reorganization in
Canada (Cassidy), (rev.), 900
PUBLIC Health Nursing:
Adult behaviour in relation to supervision
in (\\Talker), 107
Aspects of rheumatic fever (Pibus), 185
Changing emphasis in supervision in
(Walker), 33
Future of the nurse in (Macdonald), 625
Hospital health service (Hickey, Carroll),
792
Personnel policies and practices in (Deming),
447
Room to grow in (McArthur), 703
School health service (Lovell), 693
Setting the social climate in (Walker), 373
So far. . . so good (Clark), 801
The hospital and the health department
(Peverley), 532
PUBLIC health nursing aspects of rheumatic
fever (Pibus), 185
PUBLIC health section (re industrial nurses),
710
PUERPERAL care and some complications
(Stevens), 349
PULLAN, Edith M., 416
Bromism, 445
PURDY, Elizabeth H., 208
Portrait, 209
QUEBEC:
Collective labour agreements, 716
Nurse registration act, 53
Nurses' lending library of the R.N.A.P.Q.,
219
Nursing practice act, 716
Official directory, 238, 494, 750, 1002
Registered nurses association, 558
R.N.A.P.Q. reaches its silver jubilee
(Upton), 305
Scholarships in public health nursing,
Canadian Red Cross, 728
Silver jubilee meeting, 715
Status of nursing, 716
University of Montreal, 721
Youth training plan, 53, 890
RADIO-preparing material for (Mason), 883
RAMBLING thoughts by a nurse returned from
overseas (Britton), 119
RANTA, Lawrence E., 920
Introduction to microorganisms (Thompson),
(rev.), 316

Too late and too little, 943
You.are what you eat (Lindlahr), (rev.), 473
RAYNOR, Wilma, 4
Epidemic on an Indian reserve, 37
READER'S Guide, 4,80,160,248,332,416,504,
584,668,760,840,920
RECORDING fluid intake (Schumacher, Har-
tig), 796
RECOVERY room (Hull), 700
RED cell paste in treatment of ulcers (Hartz),
547
REFLECTlOJli'S on an afternoon at bah} clinic
(Boyd), 567
REGISTERED nurses' identification, 858
REHABILITATION:
For members of the armed forces, 49
Return from war (Cameron), 435
REIMER, Helena, 57
Portrait, 57
With U
RRA in Egypt, 483
RENAL calculi (O'Hanley), 881
REPAIRING old skeletons and manikins, 308
REQUIREMENTS of a nurse, 1730 A.D., 58
RETURN from war (Cameron), 435
RHEUMATIC Fever:
Nursing care in acute (Brogan), 183
Public health aspects of (Pibus), 185
Rheumatic fever (Graham), 179
RICHARDSON, Henry B.,
Patients have families (rev.), 568
RICHES, Dorothy, 811
RIDDELL, Dorothy G., 388
Portrait, 389
ROBERTSON, Esther, 895
Portrait, 895
ROBERTSON, Linda,
Children in hospital, 441
ROGERS, Elizabeth B., 458
Annual meeting in Alberta, 562
Portrait, 459
ROOM to grow in (McArthur), 703
ROSSE, Alice L.,
Occupational therapy for the mentally ill,
133
ROYAL .Alexandra nurses choral dub (Olynyk),
730
ROYAL Canadian Air Force nursing service:
Appointments to, 225, 652
Honours awarded to, 225
Nursing sisters questionnaire, 713
ROYAL Canadian Army Medical Corps:
Appointments to, 64, 392, 563, 823
Honours awarded to, 226
Nursing sisters questionnaire, 713
ROYAL Canadian Naval nursing service:
Appointments to, 226, 308, 652
Nursing sisters questionnaire, 713
Recovery room (Hull), 700
ROYAL College of Nursing:
Advisory board of, 106, 127
RULES of order and procedure for the conduct of
public meetings (Fuller), (rev.), 634
RUPTURED spleen (Weldon), 707
RURAL hospital, opportunities in a (White)
967
SANDERS, Laura M., 390
SASKATCHEWAN:
A new affiliation in, 568
Annual meeting, 718
Division of physical fitness and recreation,
634

10

INDEX TO VOLUME 41

Honourary members of S.R.N.A., 726
Nurse instructors hold an institute (Giles),
306
Official directory, 238,494, 750, 1002
Provincial public health nursing service
(appointments, resignations, transfers),
62, 650
Registered nurses' association, 558
Report of S.R.N.A.. 53
S.R.N.A. handicraft and play therapy
exhibit, 633
Tuberculosis affiliation in (Crowe), 885
Youth training plan, 890
ScHOLARSHIPS:
The Ida MacGregor, 551
ScHOOL health service (Lovell), 693
ScHOOL of nursing, from the armed services to,
49
ScHUMACHER, M. E., 760
Recording fluid intake, 796
ScHURMAN, Helen E., 896
ScIENTIFIC progress and the victims of the
war (Pampana), 45
ScOONES, A. Elizabeth,
The student nurse and the V.O.N., 984
ScOTLAND (Neat), 482
SEABORN, Edwin,
The march of medicine in western Ontario
(rev.), 829
SELLERS, E5ther, 897
SERVICE social de l'lnstitut Bruchesi: ses
difficultés (Badeaux), 200
SETTING the social climate (Walker), 373
SEX Education:
How shall I tell my child (Mooney), (rev.),
572
The woman asks the doctor (Novak), (rev.),
638 '
SHAFFXER, M. R., 208
Portrait, 208
SHARPE, Gladys J., 57
SHIELDS, Dorothea, 724
SHOCK, treatment of, 380
SIAMESE twins (Preston), 548
SIMPSON, R. M., 458
Portrait, 458
SKELTON, Josephine A.,
The battle of the bath, 60
SKIN adhesive, 739
SMITH, Elizabeth, 459
Portrait, 459
SMITH, Hannah E., 725
Portrait, 726
So far. . . so good (Clark), 801
SoDERO, \Vatson, 584
Laboratory diagnosis, 609
SoLLOWS, Atlanta S., 504
Foot health and disease, 535
SoME aspects of the field of urology
(\Villinsky), 21
SOME impressions of Scotland (Beck), 480
ST. PAUL'S goes recruiting (Beechinor), 899
STANDING orders for nurses in industry, 612
STANTON, Kathleen M.,
Personnel work in schools of nursing (rev.),
900
STERN, Edith M.,
The attendant's guide (rev.), 571
STERNS, Bernhard J., .
A merican medical practice in the perspect'tt'es
of a century (rev.), 638

STEVENS, William J., 332
Puerperal care and some complications, 349
STEVENSON, G. H. ,504
The place of mental hygiene and mental
nursing in this reconstruction period, 519
STEWART, Bernice, 584
Nursing care following the fenestration
operation, 608
STOCKER, Edith I., 981
STORY of Joey (Nesset), 875
STREET, Margaret M.,
Annual meeting in Manitoba, 559
STUDENT nurse and the V.O.N., 984
STUDENT Nurse Recruitment:
Canadian Red Cross Society, in aid of, 138
Data and summary report of, 128, 129
In America, 137
In India. 126
St. Paul's goes recruiting (Beechinor), 899
\Vhat local associations can do to step up--
(MacLennan), 302
\Vhy girls don't go in training (Mason). 696
SUBSIDIARY Nursing Groups:
Licensing of, 52, 892
Standards for, 299
Training in Ontario, 52
SUMMER school for graduate nurses (McCulla),
293
SUPERVISION, changing emphasis in public
health nursing (Walker), 33
SUPERVISION in Hospitals:
Organization of the hospital nursing staff
(Pringle), 113
SCPERVISION in Public Health Nursing:
Adult behaviour in relation to (Walker),
107
Changing emphasis in (Walker), 33
Need of supervisors in, 468
Personnel policies and practices in
(Deming),447
Setting the social climate (Walker), 373
SURGERY:
Chest surgery for nurses (Collins), (rev.),
218
Plastic surgery (Langston), 689
Progress in chest, 234
SWAIN, Doris,
Hyperthyroidism, 815
TANNER, Gladys, 896
TEACHING Methods:
Application of chemistry to the practice of
nursing (Gibson), 799
Challenge to head nurses (Wilson), 629
Clinical instruction in the operating room
(Eichel), 203
Group teaching in the prenatal clinic
(Allum, McKendry). 358
In microbiology (McPhedran), 285
Supervision and, 398
TEACHING microbiology (McPhedran), 285
TEDFORD, Nora, 131
Portrait, 132
TEXTBOOKS, conflicting ideas in (Haggart),
705
THE Canadian Nurse:
Interim report of, 712
THE hospital head nurse (Wayland, McManus,
Faddis), (rev.), 399
THE nurse-a welcome sight, 137
THOMAS, D., An interesting surgical case, 455

11

THE CANADIA
NURSE

THOMAS, Margaret A., Jensen, F., \Veiskot-
ten, H. G.,
.J.\fedical care of the discharged hospital
patient (rev.), 400
THOMAS, 0.,
A day in an Indian hospital, 379
THOMPSON, R.,
Introduction to microorganisms (rev.), 316
THOMSON, 1\1., 460
THORBURN, Ella 1\1., Whitton, C. E.,
Canada's chapel of remembrance (rev.), 64.
THROMBOSIS, coagulation and (Chesnie), 99
THROUGH the years (rpton), 643
TICK and insect borne diseases (Humphreys),
863
To do or not to do (Munroe), 782
Too late and too little (Ranta), 943
TORoxTo, public health nursing division, 140
TOXEMIA of pregnancy (McNeill), 289
TRAINI
G defectives in institutions (Good-
fellow), 787
TRAI
ING of nurses for the colonies, 974
TRAINIXG storks for Alberta (Eben), 23
TRAVELLING around (Delmotte), 734
TRIBt.;TE to a gentle lady (Upton), 131
[RIGGS, Frances 0., 889
Personnel work in schools of nursing (rev.),
900
TROUT, F., 416
Tuberculosis affiliation course, 451
TUBERcrLosIs:
A new affiliation in Saskatchewan, 568
Affiliation course (Trout), 451
Affiliation in Saskatchewan (Crowe), 885
Conference on (Botsford), 39
Early diagnosis of (Ross), 50
Problems and difficulties in (Badeaux), 197
Survey of a rural municipality (Wilson), 367
Treatment of (Pampana), 48
TUBERCULOSIS affiliation course (Trout), 451
TUBERCULOSIS affiliation in Saskatchewan
(Crowe), 885
TrBERcuLOSIS nursing, conference on (Bots-
ford), 39
TULLOCH, Aileen,
:-.Jews from Italy, 224
TULLOCH, Elsie 1\1., 57
TWENTy-five year retrospect of infant feeding
(Goldbloom),279
TWILIGHT (Jameson), 518
"Two-year" and the "four-year" nursf, 971
TYPHOID fever, nursing care in (MacKinnon),
471
CNITED States of .America:
Central nurse placement service, establish-
ment of, 32
Educational aid for nurses, 59
Effects of the nurse cadet program, 299
National council of Catholic nurses in, 210
National nursing council for war service,
299, 809
Student nurse recruitment, 137
The nurse a welcome sight (Bolton), 137
UNITY, understanding and co-operation (1\las-
ten),857
UNIVERSITY of Toronto, refresher courses at,
154
lT NRRA :
Appointments to, 214
Concerning qualifications, 215
In Egypt (Reimer), 483

In Germany (Creelman), 986
In Greece, 820
In North Africa, 826
:\urses for, 713
Quota for nurses, 215
UNRRA girls live the hard way (Hunter),
732
UPTO
, E. Frances, 305
:\ tribute to a gentle lady, 131
Quebec holds its silver jubilee meeting, 715
Through the years, 643
C ROLOGY:
Problem of the paralyzed bladder (1\lacDon-
aId), 947
Some aspects of (Willinsky), 21
Psing the psychological approach (Aitken-
head), 961
V ALrE of mental hygiene in the school
(Henderson), 109
VE
EREAL Disease:
Campaign regarding, 128,378
Treatment revolutionized, 624
VERRAN, _'\.. G.,
Blue cross to the nurse's assistance, 120
VICTORIA!\' Order of Nurses for Canada:
Appointments, resignations, transfers, 62,
142, 314, 450, 573, 649, 904
Boosting morale in (Livingston), 293
\TICTOR\" Loan:
Counting up the costs, 304
Sign your name for victory, 783
\'ITAMIX B flour, 210
VOCATIONAL Guidance:
For older nurses (Laycock), 862
Regarding, 212
\Yould you make a good counsellor? 806
V.O.N. the student nurse and the (Scoones),
984
WALKER, Florence H., 130
Portrait, 130
\VALKER, Joyce,
Abdominal perineal resection, 729
\V ALKER, Mildred I., 4, 80, 332
Adult behaviour in relation to supervision
in public health nursing, 107
Changing emphasis in supervision in public
health nursing, 33
Setting the social climate, 373
WARD, Dorothy L., 920
Central supply room, 959
WARD Teaching:
Challenge to head nurses (Wilson), 629
Csing- the psychological approach (Aitken-
head), 961
\VA1ERMAN, Theda L.,
Nursing for community healch (rev.), 64
WATTS, Gertrude M., 504
Occupations for the sick child, 527
\V AUGH, Frances H., 896
Portrait, 896
WAYLAND, Mary M., McManus, R. L.,
Faddis, M. 0.,
The hosPital head nurse (rev.), 399
WE climbed a tree (Pringle), 469
WE had a campaign!!! (Harding), 134
\VEISKOTTEN, H. G., Thomas, 1\1. A.,
Jensen, F.,
lIfedical care of the discharged hosp1ta
patient (rev.), 400
\VELDON, Edith, 668
Ruptured spleen, 707

12

I
DE X TO VOL U ME 41

\YELFARE of the generation (l\Iananni....ova),
887
\YELLEsLEy-Smith, Annette,
Lest we forget (rev.), 314
\\"HAT constitutes post - graduate clinical
courses (Lindeburgh), 188
\\"HAT local associations can do to step up
student nurse recruitment CMacLennan),
302
\VHITE, Jean, 920
Opportunities in a rural hospital, 967
\VHITEFORD, Jean,
January cover
September cover
WHITTAKER, A., 160
\VHITTON, Charlotte E., Thorburn, E.,
Canada's chapel of remembrance (rev.), 64
WHY girls don't go in training (:l\Iason), 696
\VILLlXSKY, Abram L., 4
Some aspects of the field of urology, 21

WILSON, Eo Jo,
Tuberculosis survey of a rural municipality,
367
\VILSON, Florence Mo, 584-
A challenge to head nurses, 629
\\'ILSO
, Harriette 5.,
The baby manual (Bundensen), (rev.), 66
\VI!\TER, Muriel, 813
\\"ITH t":\'RRA in Egypt (Reimer), 483
WITH U
RRA in Germany (Creelman), 986
\\"ORD to the general nursing section (Brolin)
635 '
\\"ORKIXG with newspapers, 972
\VOCLD you make a good counsellor? 806
\\"RIGHT, Alice L.,
.Annual meeting in British Columbia, 463
YOL!\G, George 5., 4
Growing old gracefuly, 25
ZABLOTONY, Yo, Beckerl, M.,
Ho
pital pests, 44

13

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